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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Protestantism - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Terminology\nToggle Terminology subsection\n1.1Protestant\n1.2Evangelical\n1.3Reformational\n2Theology\nToggle Theology subsection\n2.1Main principles\n2.1.1Scripture alone\n2.1.2Justification by faith alone\n2.1.3Universal priesthood of believers\n2.2Trinity\n2.3Five solae\n2.4Christ's presence in the Eucharist\n2.5Other beliefs\n3History\nToggle History subsection\n3.1Pre-Reformation\n3.2Reformation proper\n3.3Post-Reformation\n4Radical Reformation\n5Denominations\nToggle Denominations subsection\n5.1United and uniting churches\n6Major branches\nToggle Major branches subsection\n6.1Adventism\n6.2Anabaptism\n6.3Anglicanism\n6.4Baptists\n6.5Calvinism\n6.6Hussites\n6.7Lutheranism\n6.8Methodism\n6.9Pentecostalism\n6.10Plymouth Brethren\n6.11Quakerism\n6.12Other Protestants\n7Interdenominational movements\nToggle Interdenominational movements subsection\n7.1Evangelicalism\n7.2Charismatic movement\n7.3Neo-charismatic churches\n8Protestant offshoots\nToggle Protestant offshoots subsection\n8.1Arminianism\n8.2Pietism\n8.3Puritanism, English dissenters and nonconformists\n8.4Neo-orthodoxy and paleo-orthodoxy\n8.5Christian fundamentalism\n8.6Modernism and liberalism\n9Protestant culture\nToggle Protestant culture subsection\n9.1Thought and work ethic\n9.2Science\n9.3Government\n9.4Rights and liberty\n9.5Social teaching\n9.6Liturgy\n9.7Arts\n10Catholic responses\n11Ecumenism\n12Spread and demographics\n13See also\n14Explanatory notes\n15References\nToggle References subsection\n15.1Works cited\n16Further reading\n17External links\nToggle the table of contents\nProtestantism\n149 languages\nAfrikaansAlemannischAragonsArpetanAsturianuAzrbaycanca / Bn-lm-gBasa Banyumasan ()BoarischBosanskiBrezhonegCatalCebuanoetinaCymraegDanskDeitschDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFroysktFranaisFryskFurlanGaeilgeGidhligGalego/Hak-k-ngHausaHrvatskiIdoBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaslenskaItalianoJawaKabyKiswahiliKriyl gwiyannenKurdLadinLadinoLatinaLatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviLimburgsLinglaLingua Franca NovaLombardMagyarMalagasyMaltiBahasa MelayuMinangkabau / Mng-dng-ngMirandsNhuatlNederlandsNedersaksiesNorfuk / PitkernNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskNouormandOccitanOromooOzbekcha / PapiamentuPatoisPicardTok PisinPlattdtschPolskiPortugusQrmtatarcaRomnRumantschRuna Simi Gagana SamoaScotsSesotho sa LeboaShqipSicilianuSimple EnglishSloveninaSloveninalnski / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTagalog / tataraTrke / UyghurcheVepsn kelTing VitWalonWinarayZazakiZeuwsemaitka\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikiquote\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nMajor branch of Christianity\nPart of a series onProtestantism\nOutline\nConcepts\nAnti-Protestantism\nBible\nCriticism\nCulture\nDemographics\nEcclesiology\nLiturgy\nRelations with Catholics\nTheologies\nFive Solas\nHistory\nProto-Protestantism\nBohemian Reformation\nReformation\nMagisterial\nRadical\nCounter\nMartin Luther\nNinety-five Theses\nAugsburg Confession\nHuldrych Zwingli\nJohn Calvin\nArminianism\nCrypto-Protestantism\nNonconformists\nDissenters\nPuritans\nJohn Wesley\nPietism\nGreat Awakenings in America\nRevival meetings\nBranches\nProto-Protestants\nHussites\nWaldensians\nLutherans\nReformed\nContinental\nPresbyterians\nCongregational\nAnglicans\nContinuing\nAnabaptists\nAmish\nHutterites\nMennonites\nQuakers\nBaptists\nMethodists\nRadical Pietism\nShakers\nStone-Campbell\nPlymouth Brethren\nAdventist\nIrvings\nHoliness\nKeswickians\nEastern Protestant\nPentecostals\nUnited and uniting churches\nNondenominational\nMovements\nAugsburg Catholics\nCharismatics\nConfessionalism\nConfessing Movement\nConvergence\nChurch Growth\nEcumenism\nEmerging church\nEvangelicalism\nFundamentalism\nHigh church\nLiberalism\nMainlines\nNeo-charismatics\nNeo-orthodoxy\nNew Calvinism\nPaleo-orthodoxy\nProgressivism\nSpiritual Christianity\nChristianity portalvte\nPart of a series onChristianity\nJesusChrist\nNativity\nBaptism\nMinistry\nCrucifixion\nResurrection\nAscension\nBibleFoundations\nOld Testament\nNew Testament\nGospel\nCanon\nChurch\nCreed\nNew Covenant\nTheology\nGod\nTrinity\nFather\nSon\nHoly Spirit\nApologetics\nBaptism\nChristology\nHistory of theology\nMission\nSalvation\nUniversalism\nHistoryTradition\nApostles\nPeter\nPaul\nMary\nEarly Christianity\nChurch Fathers\nConstantine\nCouncils\nAugustine\nIgnatius\nEastWest Schism\nCrusades\nAquinas\nReformation\nLuther\nDenominations(full list)\nNicene\nCatholic\nLatin\nEastern\nOld Catholic\nIndependent Catholic\nEastern Orthodox\nOriental Orthodox\nChurch of the East\nProtestant\nAdventist\nAnabaptist\nAnglican\nBaptist\nFree Evangelical\nLutheran\nMethodist\nMoravian [Hussite]\nPentecostal\nPlymouth Brethren\nQuaker\nReformed\nUnited Protestant\nWaldensian\nNondenominational Christianity\nRestorationist\nChristadelphians\nIglesia ni Cristo\nIrvingians\nJehovah's Witness\nLatter Day Saints\nMembers Church of God International\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\nThe New Church (Swedenborgian)\nUnitarians and Universalists\nRelated topics\nCivilization\nCriticism\nCulture\nEcumenism\nGlossary\nIndex\nLiturgy\nOther religions\nOutline\nPrayer\nSermon\nSymbolism\nWorship\nGlossary\nIndex\nOutline\nChristianity portalvte\nThe door to All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, where Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses in 1517 detailing his concerns with what he saw as the Catholic Church's abuse and corruption. The Ninety-five Theses gave rise to Christian Protestantism as one of the world's primary religions, making Wittenberg the \"cradle of Protestantism\".\nProtestantism is a branch of Christianity[a] that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.[1][2] The five solae summarize the basic theological beliefs of mainstream Protestantism.[1]\nProtestants follow the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began in the 16th century with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church from perceived errors, abuses, and discrepancies.[3][b] The Reformation began in the Holy Roman Empire[c] in 1517, when Martin Luther published his Ninety-five Theses as a reaction against abuses in the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church, which purported to offer the remission of the temporal punishment of sins to their purchasers.[4] The term, however, derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.[5] In the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany[d] into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Iceland.[6] Calvinist churches spread in Germany,[e] Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland, France, Poland, and Lithuania by Protestant Reformers such as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and John Knox.[7] The political separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church under King Henry VIII began Anglicanism, bringing England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement, under the leadership of reformer Thomas Cranmer, whose work forged Anglican doctrine and identity.[f]\nProtestantism is diverse, being divided into various denominations on the basis of theology and ecclesiology, not forming a single structure as with the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy or Oriental Orthodoxy.[8] Protestants adhere to the concept of an invisible church, in contrast to the Catholic, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Ancient Church of the East, which all understand themselves as the one and only original churchthe \"one true church\"founded by Jesus Christ (though certain Protestant denominations, including historic Lutheranism, hold to this position).[9][10][11] Some denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of church membership, while others are confined to a single country.[8] A majority of Protestants[g] are members of a handful of Protestant denominational families; Adventists, Anabaptists, Anglicans/Episcopalians, Baptists, Calvinist/Reformed,[h] Lutherans, Methodists, Moravians, Plymouth Brethren, Presbyterians, and Quakers.[13] Nondenominational, charismatic and independent churches are also on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestantism.[14][15]\nToday, it is the second-largest form of Christianity, with a total of 0.8 1.17 billion adherents worldwide or about 37% of all Christians.[16][17][13][18][i] According to Mark Jrgensmeyer of the University of California, popular Protestantism[j] is the most dynamic religious movement in the contemporary world.[15]\nTerminology[edit]\nMemorial Church, finished and consecrated 1904, in Speyer, Germany commemorates the Protestation.The Protesting Speyer, part of the Luther Monument in Worms, Germany\nProtestant[edit]\nSix princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, who issued a protest (or dissent) against the edict of the Diet of Speyer (1529), were the first individuals to be called Protestants.[20] The edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. The term protestant, though initially purely political in nature, later acquired a broader sense, referring to a member of any Western church which subscribed to the main Protestant principles.[20] A Protestant is an adherent of any of those Christian bodies that separated from the Church of Rome during the Reformation, or of any group descended from them.[21]\nDuring the Reformation, the term protestant was hardly used outside of German politics. People who were involved in the religious movement used the word evangelical (German: evangelisch). For further details, see the section below. Gradually, protestant became a general term, meaning any adherent of the Reformation in the German-speaking area. It was ultimately somewhat taken up by Lutherans, even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed faith in Christ. French and Swiss Protestants instead preferred the word reformed (French: rform), which became a popular, neutral, and alternative name for Calvinists.\nEvangelical[edit]\nThe word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was widely used for those involved in the religious movement in the German-speaking area beginning in 1517.[22] Evangelical is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran, Calvinist, and United (Lutheran and Reformed) Protestant traditions in Europe, and those with strong ties to them. Above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the Protestant Church in Germany. Thus, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, while the German evangelikal, refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore to a certain part of Protestantism rather than to Protestantism as a whole. The English word traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States.\nMartin Luther always disliked the term Lutheran, preferring the term evangelical, which was derived from euangelion, a Greek word meaning \"good news\", i.e. \"gospel\".[23] The followers of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other theologians linked to the Reformed tradition also began to use that term. To distinguish the two evangelical groups, others began to refer to the two groups as Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed. The word also pertains in the same way to some other mainline groups, for example Evangelical Methodist. As time passed by, the word evangelical was dropped. Lutherans themselves began to use the term Lutheran in the middle of the 16th century, in order to distinguish themselves from other groups such as the Philippists and Calvinists.\nReformational[edit]\nThe German word reformatorisch, which roughly translates to English as \"reformational\" or \"reforming\", is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other Reformed theologians. Derived from the word \"Reformation\", the term emerged around the same time as Evangelical (1517) and Protestant (1529).\nTheology[edit]\nMain principles[edit]\nTwo central figures of the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther and John Calvin, depicted on a church pulpit; both Luther and Calvin emphasized making preaching a centerpiece of worship.The Bible translated into vernacular by Martin Luther. In Protestantism, the Bible is the supreme authority of scripture.\nVarious experts on the subject tried to determine what makes a Christian denomination a part of Protestantism. A common consensus approved by most of them is that if a Christian denomination is to be considered Protestant, it must acknowledge the following three fundamental principles of Protestantism.[24]\nScripture alone[edit]\nMain article: Sola scriptura\nThe belief, emphasized by Luther, in the Bible as the highest source of authority for the church. The early churches of the Reformation believed in a critical, yet serious, reading of scripture and holding the Bible as a source of authority higher than that of church tradition. The many abuses that had occurred in the Western Church before the Protestant Reformation led the Reformers to reject much of its tradition. In the early 20th century, a less critical reading of the Bible developed in the United Statesleading to a \"fundamentalist\" reading of Scripture. Christian fundamentalists read the Bible as the \"inerrant, infallible\" Word of God, as do the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican and Lutheran churches, but interpret it in a literalist fashion without using the historical-critical method. Methodists and Anglicans differ from Lutherans and the Reformed on this doctrine as they teach prima scriptura, which holds that Scripture is the primary source for Christian doctrine, but that \"tradition, experience, and reason\" can nurture the Christian religion as long as they are in harmony with the Bible (Protestant canon).[1][25]\n\"Biblical Christianity\" focused on a deep study of the Bible is characteristic of most Protestants as opposed to \"Church Christianity\", focused on performing rituals and good works, represented by Catholic and Orthodox traditions. However, Quakers, Pentecostalists and Spiritual Christians emphasize the Holy Spirit and personal closeness to God.[26]\nJustification by faith alone[edit]\nMain article: Sola fide\nThe belief that believers are justified, or pardoned for sin, solely on condition of faith in Christ rather than a combination of faith and good works. For Protestants, good works are a necessary consequence rather than cause of justification.[27] However, while justification is by faith alone, there is the position that faith is not nuda fides.[28] John Calvin explained that \"it is therefore faith alone which justifies, and yet the faith which justifies is not alone: just as it is the heat alone of the sun which warms the earth, and yet in the sun it is not alone.\"[28] Lutheran and Reformed Christians differ from Methodists in their understanding of this doctrine.[29]\nUniversal priesthood of believers[edit]\nThe universal priesthood of believers implies the right and duty of the Christian laity not only to read the Bible in the vernacular, but also to take part in the government and all the public affairs of the Church. It is opposed to the hierarchical system which puts the essence and authority of the Church in an exclusive priesthood, and which makes ordained priests the necessary mediators between God and the people.[27] It is distinguished from the concept of the priesthood of all believers, which did not grant individuals the right to interpret the Bible apart from the Christian community at large because universal priesthood opened the door to such a possibility.[30] There are scholars who cite that this doctrine tends to subsume all distinctions in the church under a single spiritual entity.[31] Calvin referred to the universal priesthood as an expression of the relation between the believer and his God, including the freedom of a Christian to come to God through Christ without human mediation.[32] He also maintained that this principle recognizes Christ as prophet, priest, and king and that his priesthood is shared with his people.[32]\nTrinity[edit]\nSee also: Trinity and Nontrinitarianism\nThe Trinity is the belief that God is one God in three persons: the Father, the Son (Jesus), and the Holy Spirit\nProtestants who adhere to the Nicene Creed believe in three persons (God the Father, God the Son, and the God the Holy Spirit) as one God.\nMovements that emerged around the time of the Protestant Reformation, but are not a part of Protestantism (e.g. Unitarianism), reject the Trinity. This often serves as a reason for exclusion of the Unitarian Universalism, Oneness Pentecostalism, and other movements from Protestantism by various observers. Unitarianism continues to have a presence mainly in Transylvania, England, and the United States.[30]\nFive solae[edit]\nMain article: Five solae\nThe Five solae are five Latin phrases (or slogans) that emerged during the Protestant Reformation and summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Catholic Church of the day. The Latin word sola means \"alone\", \"only\", or \"single\".\nThe use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching Lutheran and Reformed principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone).[1] This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity).\nThe necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology (the doctrine of how the church as a body works), they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers, compared to the Catholics' idea that certain people within the church, or ideas that were old enough, had a special status in giving understanding of the text.\nThe second main principle, sola fide (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation and justification. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching, sola fide epitomizes the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to, namely the direct, close, personal connection between Christ and the believer, hence the reformers' contention that their work was Christocentric.\nThe other solas, as statements, emerged later, but the thinking they represent was also part of the early Reformation.\nSolus Christus: Christ alone\nThe Protestants characterize the dogma concerning the Pope as Christ's representative head of the Church on earth, the concept of works made meritorious by Christ, and the Catholic idea of a treasury of the merits of Christ and his saints, as a denial that Christ is the only mediator between God and man. Catholics, on the other hand, maintained the traditional understanding of Judaism on these questions, and appealed to the universal consensus of Christian tradition.[33]\nSola Gratia: Grace alone\nProtestants perceived Catholic salvation to be dependent upon the grace of God and the merits of one's own works. The reformers posited that salvation is a gift of God (i.e., God's act of free grace), dispensed by the Holy Spirit owing to the redemptive work of Jesus Christ alone. Consequently, they argued that a sinner is not accepted by God on account of the change wrought in the believer by God's grace, and that the believer is accepted without regard for the merit of his works, for no one deserves salvation.[34]\nSoli Deo Gloria: Glory to God alone\nAll glory is due to God alone since salvation is accomplished solely through his will and actionnot only the gift of the all-sufficient atonement of Jesus on the cross but also the gift of faith in that atonement, created in the heart of the believer by the Holy Spirit. The reformers believed that human beingseven saints canonized by the Catholic Church, the popes, and the ecclesiastical hierarchyare not worthy of the glory.\nChrist's presence in the Eucharist[edit]\nMain article: Eucharistic theology\nA 1547 Lutheran depiction of the Last Supper by Lucas Cranach the Elder\nThe Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.\nLutherans hold that in the Lord's Supper, the Body and Blood of Christ are present \"in, with, and under the form\" of bread and wine for all those who eat and drink it,[35][36] a doctrine that the Formula of Concord calls the Sacramental union.[37] God earnestly offers to all who receive the sacrament,[38][39] forgiveness of sins,[40][41] and eternal salvation.[42]\nThe Reformed churches emphasize the real spiritual presence, or sacramental presence, of Christ, saying that the sacrament is a sanctifying grace through which the elect believer does not actually partake of Christ, but merely with the bread and wine rather than in the elements. Calvinists deny the Lutheran assertion that all communicants, both believers and unbelievers, orally receive Christ's body and blood in the elements of the sacrament but instead affirm that Christ is united to the believer through faithtoward which the supper is an outward and visible aid. Calvin also emphasizes the real presence of Christ by the Holy Spirit during Eucharist. This is often referred to as dynamic presence.\nAnglicans and Methodists refuse to define the Presence, preferring to leave it a mystery.[43] The Prayer Books describe the bread and wine as outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace which is the Body and Blood of Christ. However, the words of their liturgies suggest that one can hold to a belief in the Real Presence and Spiritual and Sacramental Present at the same time. For example, \"... and you have fed us with the spiritual food in the Sacrament of his body and Blood;\" \"...the spiritual food of the most precious Body and Blood of your Son our Saviour Jesus Christ, and for assuring us in these holy mysteries...\" American Book of Common Prayer, 1977, pp.365366.\nAnabaptists hold a popular simplification of the Zwinglian view, without concern for theological intricacies as hinted at above, may see the Lord's Supper merely as a symbol of the shared faith of the participants, a commemoration of the facts of the crucifixion, and a reminder of their standing together as the body of Christ (a view referred to as memorialism).[44]\nOther beliefs[edit]\nProtestants reject the Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy, and have variant views on the number of sacraments, the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and matters of ecclesiastical polity and apostolic succession.[45][46]\nHistory[edit]\nMain article: History of Protestantism\nPre-Reformation[edit]\nSee also: Proto-Protestantism and Girolamo Savonarola\nSpread of Lollardy in Medieval England and Medieval Scotland\nThe execution of Jan Hus in 1415\nGirolamo Savonarola\nWessel Gansfort\nOne of the earliest persons to be praised as a Protestant forerunner is Jovinian, who lived in the fourth century AD. He attacked monasticism, ascetism and believed that a saved believer can never be overcome by Satan.[47]\nIn the 9th century, the theologian Gottschalk of Orbais was condemned for heresy by the Catholic Church. Gottschalk believed that the salvation of Jesus was limited and that his redemption was only for the elect.[48] The theology of Gottschalk anticipated the Protestant reformation.[49][50][self-published source?] Ratramnus also defended the theology of Gottschalk and denied the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist; his writings also influenced the later Protestant reformation.[51] Claudius of Turin in the 9th century also held Protestant ideas, such as faith alone and rejection of the supremacy of Peter.[52]\nIn the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as a part of the wider Reformed tradition.\nIn the 1370s, Oxford theologian and priest John Wycliffelater dubbed the \"Morning Star of Reformation\"started his activity as an English reformer. He rejected papal authority over secular power, translated the Bible into vernacular English, and preached anticlerical and biblically centred reforms. His rejection of a real divine presence in the elements of the Eucharist foreshadowed Huldrych Zwingli's similar ideas in the 16th century. Wycliffe's admirers came to be known as \"Lollards\".[53]\nBeginning in the first decade of the 15th century, Jan Husa Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professorinfluenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric of Constance, in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope.\nLater theological disputes caused a split within the Hussite movement. Utraquists maintained that both the bread and the wine should be administered to the people during the Eucharist. Another major faction were the Taborites, who opposed the Utraquists in the Battle of Lipany during the Hussite Wars. There were two separate parties among the Hussites: moderate and radical movements. Other smaller regional Hussite branches in Bohemia included Adamites, Orebites, Orphans, and Praguers.\nThe Hussite Wars concluded with the victory of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, his Catholic allies and moderate Hussites and the defeat of the radical Hussites. Tensions arose as the Thirty Years' War reached Bohemia in 1620. Both moderate and radical Hussitism was increasingly persecuted by Catholics and Holy Roman Emperor's armies.\nIn the 14th century, a German mysticist group called the Gottesfreunde criticized the Catholic church and its corruption. Many of their leaders were executed for attacking the Catholic church and they believed that God's judgement would soon come upon the church. The Gottesfreunde were a democratic lay movement and forerunner of the Reformation and put heavy stress of holiness and piety,[54]\nStarting in 1475, an Italian Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola was calling for a Christian renewal. Later on, Martin Luther himself read some of the friar's writings and praised him as a martyr and forerunner whose ideas on faith and grace anticipated Luther's own doctrine of justification by faith alone.[55]\nSome of Hus' followers founded the Unitas Fratrum\"Unity of the Brethren\"which was renewed under the leadership of Count Nicolaus von Zinzendorf in Herrnhut, Saxony, in 1722 after its almost total destruction in the Thirty Years' War and the Counterreformation (\"Catholic Reformation\"). Today, it is usually referred to in English as the Moravian Church and in German as the Herrnhuter Brdergemeine.\nIn the 15th century, three German theologians anticipated the reformation: Wessel Gansfort, Johann Ruchat von Wesel, and Johannes von Goch. They held ideas such as predestination, sola scriptura, and the church invisible, and denied the Roman Catholic view on justification and the authority of the Pope, also questioning monasticism.[56]\nWessel Gansfort also denied transubstantiation and anticipated the Lutheran view of justification by faith alone.[57]\nReformation proper[edit]\nMain article: Protestant Reformation\nDistribution of Protestantism and Catholicism in Central Europe on the eve of the Thirty Years' War in 1618\nHenry VIII of England, known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Catholic ChurchJohn Knox, who led the Reformation in Scotland, founding Presbyterianism\nPart of a series on theReformationNinety-five Theses, written by Martin Luther in 1517\nPrecursors\nPeter Waldo and Waldensians\nJohn Wycliffe and Lollardy\nJan Hus and Hussites\nGirolamo Savonarola and Piagnoni\nArnold of Brescia and Arnoldists\nGottschalk of Orbais\nRatramnus\nClaudius of Turin\nBerengar of Tours and Berengarians\nWessel Gansfort\nJohann Ruchrat von Wesel\nJohannes von Goch\nFriends of God\nPataria\nBeginning\nNinety-five Theses\nDiet of Worms\nLuther Bible\nMagisterials\nRadicals\nContributing factors\nWestern Schism\nAvignon Papacy\nBohemian Reformation\nNorthern Renaissance\nChristian humanism\nGerman mysticism\nJohannes Gutenberg and his printing press\nErasmus\nJohann Reuchlin\nTheologies of seminal figures\nTheology of Martin Luther\nTheology of Huldrych Zwingli\nTheology of John Calvin\nProtestant Reformers\nMartin Luther\nPhilip Melanchthon\nHuldrych Zwingli\nJohn Calvin\nMartin Bucer\nWilliam Tyndale\nAndreas Karlstadt\nTheodore Beza\nGeorge Buchanan\nHeinrich Bullinger\nPeter Martyr Vermigli\nWilliam Farel\nFranois Hotman\nJohn Knox\nHubert Languet\nThomas Mntzer\nBalthasar Hubmaier\nMenno Simons\nThomas Cranmer\nRichard Hooker\nJacobus Arminius\nRoger Williams\nMany others\nBy location\nGermany\nSwitzerland (Geneva/Zrich)\nEngland\nScotland\nNetherlands\nCzech Lands\nHungary\nRomania\nSlovenia\nDenmarkNorway and Holstein\nSweden and Finland\nIceland\nEstonia and Latvia\nAustria\nFrance\nItaly\nPoland-Lithuania\nIreland\nMajor political leaders\nHenry VIII of England\nElizabeth I\nOliver Cromwell\nJames VI and I\nWilliam the Silent\nGaspard II de Coligny\nHenry IV of France\nJeanne d'Albret\nStephen Bocskai\nGabriel Bethlen\nGustav II Adolf\nFrederick V, Elector Palatine\nPhilip I of Hesse\nElectors of Saxony\nFrederick III\nJohn Frederick I\nCounter-Reformation\nCatholic Church\nCouncil of Trent\nCounter-Reformation Politics\nCensorship of the Bible 16th century\nAnti-Protestantism\nCriticism\nHoly Roman Emperors\nCharles V\nFerdinand II\nPolitical and religious conflicts\nThirty Years' War\nFrench Wars of Religion\nEighty Years' War\nWar of the Three Kingdoms\nGerman Peasants' War\nWars of Kappel\nSchmalkaldic War\nArt and literaturePainting and sculpture\nNorthern Mannerism\nLutheran art\nGerman Renaissance Art\nSwedish art\nEnglish art\nWoodcuts\nArt conflicts\nBeeldenstorm\nBuilding\nInfluence on church architecture\nLiterature\nElizabethan\nMetaphysical poets\nPropaganda\nWelsh\nScottish\nAnglo-Irish\nGerman\nCzech\nSwiss\nSlovak\nSorbian\nRomanian\nDanish\nBohori alphabet\nFaroese\nNorwegian\nSwedish\nFinnish\nIcelandic\nDutch Renaissance and Golden Age\nFolklore of the Low Countries\n16th century Renaissance humanism\n16th century in poetry\n16th century in literature\nTheater\nEnglish Renaissance theatre\nPastoral\nMorality\nHistory\nTragedy\nRevenge\nMusicForms\nHymnody of continental Europe\nMusic of the British Isles\nHymn tune\nLutheran chorale\nLutheran hymn\nAnglican church music\nExclusive psalmody\nScottish church music\nNormative principle\nAnglican chant\nHomophony vs. Polyphony\nFalsobordone\nVerse anthem\nLiturgies\nReformed worship\nCalvin's liturgy\nFormula missae\nDeutsche Messe\nLiturgical Struggle\nEcclesiastical Latin\nLutheran and Anglican Mass in music\nCyclic mass vs. Paraphrase mass\nRoman vs. Sarum Rites\nSequence (retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent)\nHymnals\nFirst and Second Lutheran hymnals\nFirst Wittenberg hymnal\nAusbund\nSwenske songer\nThomissn's hymnal\nBook of Common Prayer\nMetrical psalters\nBook of Common Order\nSouterliedekens\nGenevan Psalter\nScottish Psalter\nWhole Book of Psalms\nConclusion and commemorationsConclusion\nConfessionalization with subsequent Protestant orthodoxy\nPeace of Westphalia\nSimultaneous rise of Pietism and Rationalism\nMonuments\nReformation Wall\nLuther Monuments\nCalendrical commemoration\nReformation Day\nLutheran\nAnglican\nProtestantismvte\nThe Protestant Reformation began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church.\nOn 31 October 1517, known as All Hallows' Eve, Martin Luther allegedly nailed his Ninety-five Theses, also known as the Disputation on the Power of Indulgences, on the door of the All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, Germany, detailing doctrinal and practical abuses of the Catholic Church, especially the selling of indulgences. The theses debated and criticized many aspects of the Church and the papacy, including the practice of purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. Luther would later write works against the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments.[58]\nThe Reformation was a triumph of literacy and the new printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg.[59][k] Luther's translation of the Bible into German was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy, and stimulated as well the printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets. From 1517 onward, religious pamphlets flooded much of Europe.[61][l]\nFollowing the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organizational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the city of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the city council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563.\nProtestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots (a term of somewhat inexplicable origin). Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century, many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the Cvennes region.\nParallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.\nIn 1534, King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England, after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (due to political considerations involving the Holy Roman Emperor);[63] this opened the door to reformational ideas. Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the English Reformation came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Following a brief Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century.\nThe success of the Counterreformation (\"Catholic Reformation\") on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarized the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England whose proponents desired for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially that of Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.\nThe Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland.[64] The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter.\nSome of the most important activists of the Protestant Reformation included Jacobus Arminius, Theodore Beza, Martin Bucer, Andreas von Carlstadt, Heinrich Bullinger, Balthasar Hubmaier, Thomas Cranmer, William Farel, Thomas Mntzer, Laurentius Petri, Olaus Petri, Philipp Melanchthon, Menno Simons, Louis de Berquin, Primo Trubar and John Smyth.\nIn the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 152425 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its population.[65] The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:\nAll parties would now recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism. (the principle of cuius regio, eius religio)\nChristians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.\nThe treaty also effectively ended the papacy's pan-European political power. Pope Innocent X declared the treaty \"null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times\" in his bull Zelo Domus Dei. European sovereigns, Catholic and Protestant alike, ignored his verdict.[66]\nPeak of the Reformation and beginning of the Counterreformation (\"Catholic Reformation\") (15451620)End of the Reformation and Counterreformation (\"Catholic Reformation\") (1648)Religious situation in Europe, late 16th and early to mid-17th century\nPost-Reformation[edit]\nSee also: Great Awakening and Azusa Street Revival\nAn 1839 Methodist camp meeting during the Second Great Awakening in the U.S.\nThe Great Awakenings were periods of rapid and dramatic religious revival in Anglo-American religious history.\nThe First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.[67]\nThe Second Great Awakening began around 1790. It gained momentum by 1800. After 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism, although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood.[68] It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations.\nThe Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century.[69] It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism.[70] It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements.[71]\nThe Fourth Great Awakening was a Christian religious awakening that some scholarsmost notably, Robert Fogelsay took place in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s, while others look at the era following World War II. The terminology is controversial. Thus, the idea of a Fourth Great Awakening itself has not been generally accepted.[72]\nIn 1814, Le Rveil swept through Calvinist regions in Switzerland and France.\nIn 1904, a Protestant revival in Wales had a tremendous impact on the local population. A part of British modernization, it drew many people to churches, especially Methodist and Baptist ones.[73]\nA noteworthy development in 20th-century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern Pentecostal movement. Sprung from Methodist and Wesleyan roots, it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles. From there it spread around the world, carried by those who experienced what they believed to be miraculous moves of God there. These Pentecost-like manifestations have steadily been in evidence throughout history, such as seen in the two Great Awakenings. Pentecostalism, which in turn birthed the Charismatic movement within already established denominations, continues to be an important force in Western Christianity.\nIn the United States and elsewhere in the world, there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations, especially those that are more exclusively evangelical, and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches. In the postWorld War I era, Liberal Christianity was on the rise, and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well. In the postWorld War II era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's seminaries and church structures.\nIn Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism. The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism.\nSome scholars debate the link between Protestantism and the rise of secularism, and take as argument the wide-ranging freedom in Protestant-majority countries.[74] However, the sole example of France demonstrates that even in Catholic-majority countries, the overwhelming impact of the Enlightenment has brought even stronger secularism and freedom of thought five centuries later. It is more reliable to consider that the Reformation influenced the critical thinkers of the subsequent centuries, providing intellectual, religious, and philosophical ground on which future philosophers could extend their criticism of the church, of its theological, philosophical, social assumptions of the time. One should be reminded though that initial philosophers of the Enlightenment were defending a Christian conception of the world, but it was developed together with a fierce and decisive criticism of the Church, its politics, its ethics, its worldview, its scientific and cultural assumptions, leading to the devaluation of all forms of institutionalized Christianity, which extended over the centuries.[75]\nRadical Reformation[edit]\nMain article: Radical Reformation\nDissatisfaction with the outcome of a disputation in 1525 prompted Swiss Brethren to part ways with Huldrych Zwingli\nUnlike mainstream Lutheran, Calvinist and Zwinglian movements, the Radical Reformation, which had no state sponsorship, generally abandoned the idea of the \"Church visible\" as distinct from the \"Church invisible\". It was a rational extension of the state-approved Protestant dissent, which took the value of independence from constituted authority a step further, arguing the same for the civic realm. The Radical Reformation was non-mainstream, though in parts of Germany, Switzerland and Austria, a majority would sympathize with the Radical Reformation despite the intense persecution it faced from both Catholics and Magisterial Protestants.[76]\nThe early Anabaptists believed that their reformation must purify not only theology but also the actual lives of Christians, especially their political and social relationships.[77] Therefore, the church should not be supported by the state, neither by tithes and taxes, nor by the use of the sword; Christianity was a matter of individual conviction, which could not be forced on anyone, but rather required a personal decision for it.[77] Protestant ecclesial leaders such as Hubmaier and Hofmann preached the invalidity of infant baptism, advocating baptism as following conversion (\"believer's baptism\") instead. This was not a doctrine new to the reformers, but was taught by earlier groups, such as the Albigenses in 1147. Though most of the Radical Reformers were Anabaptist, some did not identify themselves with the mainstream Anabaptist tradition. Thomas Mntzer was involved in the German Peasants' War. Andreas Karlstadt disagreed theologically with Huldrych Zwingli and Martin Luther, teaching nonviolence and refusing to baptize infants while not rebaptizing adult believers.[78] Kaspar Schwenkfeld and Sebastian Franck were influenced by German mysticism and spiritualism.\nIn the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the \"new papists\".[79] Since the term \"magister\" also means \"teacher\", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism.\nAnabaptism in shape of its various diversification such as the Amish, Mennonites and Hutterites came out of the Radical Reformation. Later in history, Schwarzenau Brethren, and the Apostolic Christian Church would emerge in Anabaptist circles.\nDenominations[edit]\nSee also: List of Christian denominations Protestant, and List of the largest Protestant churches\nProtestants refer to specific groupings of congregations or churches that share in common foundational doctrines and the name of their groups as denominations.[80] The term denomination (national body) is to be distinguished from branch (denominational family; tradition), communion (international body) and congregation (church). An example (this is no universal way to classify Protestant churches, as these may sometimes vary broadly in their structures) to show the difference:\nBranch/denominational family/tradition: Methodism\nCommunion/international body: World Methodist Council\nDenomination/national body: United Methodist Church\nCongregation/church: First United Methodist Church (Paintsville, Kentucky)\nProtestants reject the Catholic Church's doctrine that it is the one true church, with some teaching belief in the invisible church, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ.[81] The Lutheran Church traditionally sees itself as the \"main trunk of the historical Christian Tree\" founded by Christ and the Apostles, holding that during the Reformation, the Church of Rome fell away.[10][11] Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs. Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant.\nVarious ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief.\nSeveral countries have established their national churches, linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state. Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several Nordic countries; Denmark (including Greenland),[82] the Faroe Islands (its church being independent since 2007),[83] Iceland[84] and Norway[85][86][87] have established Evangelical Lutheran churches. Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world, while Tongain the Methodist tradition.[88]\nThe Church of England is the officially established religious institution in England,[89][90][91] and also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion.\nIn 1869, Finland was the first Nordic country to disestablish its Evangelical Lutheran church by introducing the Church Act.[m] Although the church still maintains a special relationship with the state, it is not described as a state religion in the Finnish Constitution or other laws passed by the Finnish Parliament.[92] In 2000, Sweden was the second Nordic country to do so.[93]\nUnited and uniting churches[edit]\nMain article: United and uniting churches\nSee also: Continuing churches\nGlass window in the town church of Wiesloch featuring Martin Luther and John Calvin commemorating the 1821 union of Lutheran and Reformed churches in the Grand Duchy of Baden\nUnited and uniting churches are churches formed from the merger or other form of union of two or more different Protestant denominations.\nHistorically, unions of Protestant churches were enforced by the state, usually in order to have a stricter control over the religious sphere of its people, but also for other organizational reasons. As modern Christian ecumenism progresses, unions between various Protestant traditions are becoming more and more common, resulting in a growing number of united and uniting churches. Some of the recent major examples are the Church of North India (1970), United Protestant Church of France (2013), and the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (2004). As mainline Protestantism shrinks in Europe and North America due to the rise of secularism or in areas where Christianity is a minority religion as with the Indian subcontinent, Reformed, Anglican, and Lutheran denominations merge, often creating large nationwide denominations. The phenomenon is much less common among evangelical, nondenominational and charismatic churches as new ones arise and plenty of them remain independent of each other.[citation needed]\nWhat is perhaps the oldest official united church is found in Germany, where the Protestant Church in Germany is a federation of Lutheran, United (Prussian Union), and Reformed churches, a union dating back to 1817. The first of the series of unions was at a synod in Idstein to form the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau in August 1817, commemorated in naming the church of Idstein Unionskirche one hundred years later.[94]\nAround the world, each united or uniting church comprises a different mix of predecessor Protestant denominations. Trends are visible, however, as most united and uniting churches have one or more predecessors with heritage in the Reformed tradition and many are members of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches.\nMajor branches[edit]\nProtestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation, today regarded as branches. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning individual denominations. Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations, this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism. These are, in alphabetical order: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Hussite, Lutheran, Methodist, Pentecostal, Plymouth Brethren and Quaker. A small but historically significant Anabaptist branch is also discussed.\nThe chart below shows the mutual relations and historical origins of the main Protestant denominational families, or their parts. Due to factors such as Counterreformation (\"Catholic Reformation\") and the legal principle of Cuius regio, eius religio, many people lived as Nicodemites, where their professed religious affiliations were more or less at odds with the movement they sympathized with. As a result, the boundaries between the denominations do not separate as cleanly as this chart indicates. When a population was suppressed or persecuted into feigning an adherence to the dominant faith, over the generations they continued to influence the church they outwardly adhered to.\nBecause Calvinism was not specifically recognized in the Holy Roman Empire until the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, many Calvinists lived as Crypto-Calvinists. Due to Counterreformation (\"Catholic Reformation\") related suppressions in Catholic lands during the 16th through 19th centuries, many Protestants lived as Crypto-Protestants. Meanwhile, in Protestant areas, Catholics sometimes lived as crypto-papists, although in continental Europe emigration was more feasible so this was less common.\nHistorical chart of the main branches of Protestantism\nAdventism[edit]\nMain article: Adventism\nAdventism began in the 19th century in the context of the Second Great Awakening revival in the United States. The name refers to belief in the imminent Second Coming (or \"Second Advent\") of Jesus Christ. William Miller started the Adventist movement in the 1830s. His followers became known as Millerites.[95]\nAlthough the Adventist churches hold much in common, their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8[96] refers to the one in heaven or one on earth.[97] The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible, leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs (1980 and 2005), which use Biblical references as justification.\nIn 2010, Adventism claimed some 22million believers scattered in various independent churches.[98] The largest church within the movementthe Seventh-day Adventist Churchhas more than 18million members.\nJames Springer White and his wife, Ellen G. White founded the Seventh-day Adventist Church.\nAn Adventist pastor baptizes a young man in Mozambique\nLoma Linda University, a Seventh-day Adventist Church in Loma Linda, California, United States\nAnabaptism[edit]\nMain article: Anabaptism\nAnabaptism traces its origins to the Radical Reformation. Anabaptists believe in delaying baptism until the candidate confesses his or her faith. Although some consider this movement to be an offshoot of Protestantism, others see it as a distinct one.[99][100] The Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites are direct descendants of the movement. Schwarzenau Brethren, Bruderhof, and the Apostolic Christian Church are considered later developments among the Anabaptists.\nThe name Anabaptist, meaning \"one who baptizes again\", was given to them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants.[101] Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void, the baptizing of believers was not a re-baptism but in fact their first real baptism. As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both Magisterial Protestants and Catholics. While most Anabaptists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government, some who practiced re-baptism felt otherwise.[n] They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Anabaptist reformers of the Radical Reformation are divided into Radical and the so-called Second Front. Some important Radical Reformation theologians were John of Leiden, Thomas Mntzer, Kaspar Schwenkfeld, Sebastian Franck, Menno Simons. Second Front Reformers included Hans Denck, Conrad Grebel, Balthasar Hubmaier and Felix Manz. Many Anabaptists today still use the Ausbund, which is the oldest hymnal still in continuous use.\nDirk Willems saves his pursuer. This act of mercy led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake.\nAn Amish family in a horse-drawn square buggy in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States\nAlexanderwohl Mennonite Church in rural Goessel, Kansas, United States.\nAnglicanism[edit]\nMain article: Anglicanism\nAnglicanism consists of the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures.[102] The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. There is no single \"Anglican Church\" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the archbishop of Canterbury. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion,[103] which has 85million adherents.[104]\nThe Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement.[105] Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition. These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them, the then archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism.[106] By the end of the century, the retention in Anglicanism of many traditional liturgical forms and of the episcopate was already seen as unacceptable by those promoting the most developed Protestant principles.\nUnique to Anglicanism is the Book of Common Prayer, the collection of services that worshippers in most Anglican churches used for centuries. While it has since undergone many revisions and Anglican churches in different countries have developed other service books, the Book of Common Prayer is still acknowledged as one of the ties that bind the Anglican Communion together.\nThomas Cranmer, one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self-identity.\nThe various editions of the Book of Common Prayer contain the words of structured services of worship in the Anglican Church.\nBritish coronations are held in Westminster Abbey, a royal peculiar under the direct jurisdiction of the monarch.\nBaptists[edit]\nMain article: Baptists\nBaptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, pastors and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.[107]\nDiverse from their beginning, those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe, how they worship, their attitudes toward other Christians, and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship.[108]\nHistorians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor.[109] In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults.[110] Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South.[111] The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.[110]\nThe Baptist World Alliance reports more than 41million members in more than 150,000 congregations.[112] In 2002, there were over 100million Baptists and Baptistic group members worldwide and over 33million in North America.[110] The largest Baptist association is the Southern Baptist Convention, with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 14million.[113]\nRoger Williams was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state.\nBaptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers.\nThe First Baptist Church in America. Baptists are roughly one-third of U.S. Protestants.[114]\nCalvinism[edit]\nMain article: Reformed Christianity\nCalvinism, also called the Reformed tradition, was advanced by several theologians such as Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and Huldrych Zwingli, but this branch of Christianity bears the name of the French reformer John Calvin because of his prominent influence on it and because of his role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates throughout the 16th century.\nThis term also currently refers to the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches of which Calvin was an early leader. Less commonly, it can refer to the individual teaching of Calvin himself. The particulars of Calvinist theology may be stated in a number of ways. Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism, though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole. Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all thingsin salvation but also in all of life. This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of predestination and total depravity.\nThe biggest Reformed association is the World Communion of Reformed Churches with more than 80million members in 211 member denominations around the world.[115][116] There are more conservative Reformed federations like the World Reformed Fellowship and the International Conference of Reformed Churches, as well as independent churches.\nJohn Calvin's theological thought influenced a variety of Congregational, Continental Reformed, United, Presbyterian, and other Reformed churches.\nThe Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk by John Henry Lorimer, 1891.\nA Congregational church in Cheshire, Connecticut, United States\nHussites[edit]\nHussitism follows the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus, who became the best-known representative of the Bohemian Reformation and one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. An early hymnal was the hand-written Jistebnice hymn book. This predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness. Among present-day Christians, Hussite traditions are represented in the Moravian Church, Unity of the Brethren and the Czechoslovak Hussite Church.[117]\nFriedensthal Moravian Church Christiansted, St Croix, USVI founded in 1755.\nA Moravian diener serves bread to fellow members of her congregation during the celebration of a lovefest (2015).\nLutheranism[edit]\nMain article: Lutheranism\nLutheranism identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German monk and priest, ecclesiastical reformer, and theologian.\nLutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification \"by grace alone through faith alone on the basis of Scripture alone\", the doctrine that scripture is the final authority on all matters of faith, rejecting the assertion made by Catholic leaders at the Council of Trent that authority comes from both Scriptures and Tradition.[118] In addition, Lutherans accept the teachings of the first four ecumenical councils of the undivided Christian Church.[119][120]\nUnlike the Reformed tradition, Lutherans retain many of the liturgical practices and sacramental teachings of the pre-Reformation Church with an emphasis on the Eucharist, or Lord's Supper. Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in Christology, the purpose of God's Law, divine grace, the concept of perseverance of the saints, and predestination.\nToday, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism. With approximately 80million adherents,[121] it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism.[13] The Lutheran World Federation, the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72million people.[122] Both of these figures miscount Lutherans worldwide as many members of more generically Protestant LWF member church bodies do not self-identify as Lutheran or attend congregations that self-identify as Lutheran.[123] Additionally, there are other international organizations such as the Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum, International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as Lutheran denominations that are not necessarily a member of an international organization.\nLuther's rose seal, a symbol of Lutheranism\nLuther composed hymns still used today, including \"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God\"\nMoses and Elijah direct the sinner looking for salvation to the Cross in this painting illustrating Luther's Theology of the Cross, as opposed to a Theology of Glory.\nAltar of the Turku Cathedral, the matrice of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland\nMethodism[edit]\nMain article: Methodism\nMethodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesleyan Anglican priest and evangelist. This evangelical movement originated as a revival within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80million adherents worldwide.[124] Originally it appealed especially to laborers and slaves.\nSoteriologically, most Methodists are Arminian, emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism). Methodism is traditionally low church in liturgy, although this varies greatly between individual congregations; the Wesleys themselves greatly valued the Anglican liturgy and tradition. Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition; John Wesley's brother, Charles, was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church,[125] and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition.\nJohn Wesley, the primary founder of Methodism\nA United Methodist elder celebrating the Eucharist\nMethodist Central Hall in Westminster, London\nA hymnal of the Free Methodist Church, a Methodist denomination aligned with the holiness movement\nA night shelter of The Salvation Army in Geneva, Switzerland\nThe Holiness movement refers to a set of practices surrounding the doctrine of Christian perfection that emerged within 19th-century Methodism, along with a number of evangelical denominations and parachurch organizations (such as camp meetings).[126] There are an estimated 12million adherents in denominations aligned with the Wesleyan-holiness movement.[127] The Free Methodist Church, the Salvation Army and the Wesleyan Methodist Church are notable examples, while other adherents of the Holiness Movement remained within mainline Methodism, e.g. the United Methodist Church.[126]\nPentecostalism[edit]\nMain article: Pentecostalism\nPentecostalism is a movement that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism with the Holy Spirit. The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost, the Greek name for the Jewish Feast of Weeks. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the followers of Jesus Christ, as described in the second chapter of the Book of Acts.\nThis branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a life empowered by and filled with the Holy Spirit. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healingtwo other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement.\nPentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations, including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, both in the United States and elsewhere. There are over 279million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and Catholic churches through the Charismatic Movement. Together, Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500million adherents.[128]\nCharles Fox Parham, who associated glossolalia with the baptism in the Holy Spirit\nA contemporary Christian worship at Rock Harbor Church in Costa Mesa, California, United States\nA Pentecostal church in Ravensburg, Germany\nPlymouth Brethren[edit]\nThe Plymouth Brethren are a conservative, low church, evangelical denomination, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from Anglicanism.[129][130] Among other beliefs, the group emphasizes sola scriptura. Brethren generally see themselves not as a denomination, but as a network, or even as a collection of overlapping networks, of like-minded independent churches. Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itselfa stance that some of them still maintainthe title The Brethren, is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as brethren.\nQuakerism[edit]\nQuakers, or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers.[131][132] Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity. Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity, the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid creeds and hierarchical structures.[133]\nGeorge Fox was an English dissenter and a founder of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers or Friends.\nOther Protestants[edit]\nMain article: List of Christian denominations Protestant\nThere are many other Protestant denominations that do not fit neatly into the mentioned branches, and are far smaller in membership. Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as \"Christians\" or \"born-again Christians\". They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism or creedalism of other Christian communities[134] by calling themselves \"non-denominational\" or \"evangelical\". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.[135]\nAlthough Unitarianism developed from the Protestant Reformation,[136] it is excluded from Protestantism due to its Nontrinitarian theological nature.[30][137] Unitarianism has been popular in the region of Transylvania within today's Romania, England, and the United States.[30] It originated almost simultaneously in Transylvania and the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth.\nSpiritual Christianity is the group of Russian movements (Doukhobors and others), so-called folk Protestants. Their origins are varied: some were influenced by western Protestants, others from disgust of the behavior of official Orthodox priests.[138][139]\nMessianic Judaism is a movement of the Jews and non-Jews, which arose in the 1960s within Evangelical Protestantism and absorbed elements of the messianic traditions in Judaism.[140]\nInterdenominational movements[edit]\nAn Indonesian Reformed Evangelical Church megachurch\nThere are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. Evangelicalism is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Catholic Church, such as does it the Charismatic Movement, which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity. Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Both are put under a common label of Charismatic Christianity (so-called Renewalists), along with Pentecostals. Nondenominational churches and various house churches often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements.\nMegachurches are usually influenced by interdenominational movements. Globally, these large congregations are a significant development in Protestant Christianity. In the United States, the phenomenon has more than quadrupled in the past two decades.[141] It has since spread worldwide.\nThe chart below shows the mutual relations and historical origins of the main interdenominational movements and other developments within Protestantism.\nLinks between interdenominational movements and other developments within Protestantism\nEvangelicalism[edit]\nMain article: Evangelicalism\nEvangelicalism, or evangelical Protestantism,[o] is a worldwide, transdenominational movement which maintains that the essence of the gospel consists in the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ's atonement.[142][143]\nEvangelicals are Christians who believe in the centrality of the conversion or \"born again\" experience in receiving salvation, believe in the authority of the Bible as God's revelation to humanity and have a strong commitment to evangelism or sharing the Christian message.\nIt gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism.[98] Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones.\nThere are an estimated 285,480,000 Evangelicals, corresponding to 13% of the Christian population and 4% of the total world population. The Americas, Africa and Asia are home to the majority of Evangelicals. The United States has the largest concentration of Evangelicals.[144] Evangelicalism is gaining popularity both in and outside the English-speaking world, especially in Latin America and the developing world.\nWilliam Wilberforce, a British evangelical abolitionist\nBilly Graham, a prominent evangelical revivalist, preaching in Duisburg, Germany in 1954\nWorship service at glise Nouvelle vie, an evangelical Pentecostal church in Longueuil, Canada\nAn Evangelical Protestant church in Hmeenlinna, Finland\nCharismatic movement[edit]\nMain article: Charismatic movement\nHillsong Church, an evangelical charismatic church, in Konstanz, Germany\nThe Charismatic movement is the international trend of historically mainstream congregations adopting beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals. Fundamental to the movement is the use of spiritual gifts. Among Protestants, the movement began around 1960.\nIn the United States, Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence.[145] In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.\nLarry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in Minneapolis. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially \"Hosanna!\" in Lakeville, and North Heights in St. Paul. The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches. There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach. Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement.\nIn Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit.[146][147] Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival. Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the US, in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement, which leading figure is Terry Virgo.[148]\nA minority of Seventh-day Adventists today are charismatic. They are strongly associated with those holding more \"progressive\" Adventist beliefs. In the early decades of the church charismatic or ecstatic phenomena were commonplace.[149][150]\nNeo-charismatic churches[edit]\nMain article: Neo-charismatic churches\nNeo-charismatic churches are a category of churches in the Christian Renewal movement. Neo-charismatics include the Third Wave, but are broader. Now more numerous than Pentecostals (first wave) and charismatics (second wave) combined, owing to the remarkable growth of postdenominational and independent charismatic groups.[151]\nNeo-charismatics believe in and stress the post-Biblical availability of gifts of the Holy Spirit, including glossolalia, healing, and prophecy. They practice laying on of hands and seek the \"infilling\" of the Holy Spirit. However, a specific experience of baptism with the Holy Spirit may not be requisite for experiencing such gifts. No single form, governmental structure, or style of church service characterizes all neo-charismatic services and churches.\nSome nineteen thousand denominations, with approximately 295million individual adherents, are identified as neo-charismatic.[152]\nProtestant offshoots[edit]\nArminianism[edit]\nMain articles: Arminianism and Remonstrants\nSee also: History of the CalvinistArminian debate\nJacobus Arminius, a Dutch Reformed Church theologian, whose views influenced parts of Protestantism. A small Remonstrants community remains in the Netherlands.\nArminianism is based on theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius (15601609) and his historic supporters known as Remonstrants. His teachings held to the five solae of the Reformation, but they were distinct from particular teachings of Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, and other Protestant Reformers. Jacobus Arminius was a student of Theodore Beza at the Theological University of Geneva. Arminianism is known to some as a soteriological diversification of Calvinism.[153] However, to others, Arminianism is a reclamation of early Church theological consensus.[154] Dutch Arminianism was originally articulated in the Remonstrance (1610), a theological statement signed by 45 ministers and submitted to the States General of the Netherlands. Many Christian denominations have been influenced by Arminian views on the will of man being freed by grace prior to regeneration, notably the Baptists in the 16th century,[155] the Methodists in the 18th century and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the 19th century.\nThe original beliefs of Jacobus Arminius himself are commonly defined as Arminianism, but more broadly, the term may embrace the teachings of Hugo Grotius, John Wesley, and others as well. Classical Arminianism and Wesleyan Arminianism are the two main schools of thought. Wesleyan Arminianism is often identical with Methodism. The two systems of Calvinism and Arminianism share both history and many doctrines, and the history of Christian theology. However, because of their differences over the doctrines of divine predestination and election, many people view these schools of thought as opposed to each other. In short, the difference can be seen ultimately by whether God allows His desire to save all to be resisted by an individual's will (in the Arminian doctrine) or if God's grace is irresistible and limited to only some (in Calvinism). Some Calvinists assert that the Arminian perspective presents a synergistic system of Salvation and therefore is not only by grace, while Arminians firmly reject this conclusion. Many consider the theological differences to be crucial differences in doctrine, while others find them to be relatively minor.[156]\nPietism[edit]\nMain articles: Pietism and Haugean movement\nPietism was an influential movement within Lutheranism that combined the 17th-century Lutheran principles with the Reformed emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous Christian life.[157]\nIt began in the late 17th century, reached its zenith in the mid-18th century, and declined through the 19th century, and had almost vanished in America by the end of the 20th century. While declining as an identifiable Lutheran group, some of its theological tenets influenced Protestantism generally, inspiring the Anglican priest John Wesley to begin the Methodist movement and Alexander Mack to begin the Brethren movement under an influence of Anabaptists.[158]\nThough Pietism shares an emphasis on personal behavior with the Puritan movement, and the two are often confused, there are important differences, particularly in the concept of the role of religion in government.[159]\nPhilipp Jakob Spener, a German pioneer and founder of Pietism\nPietism has had a strong cultural influence in Scandinavia\nThe Broad and the Narrow Way, an 1866 German Pietist painting\nPuritanism, English dissenters and nonconformists[edit]\nMain articles: Puritans, English Dissenters, Independent (religion), Nonconformism, English Presbyterianism, Ecclesiastical separatism, and 17th-century denominations in England\nThe Puritans were a group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries, which sought to purify the Church of England of what they considered to be Catholic practices, maintaining that the church was only partially reformed. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some of the returning clergy exiled under Mary I shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England.\nPuritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. Their beliefs, however, were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands (and later to New England), and by evangelical clergy to Ireland (and later into Wales), and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. The first Protestant sermon delivered in England was in Cambridge, with the pulpit that this sermon was delivered from surviving to today.[160][161] They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism.\nThey formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous gathered churches. These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s. Although the English Civil War (which expanded into the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) began over a contest for political power between the King of England and the House of Commons, it divided the country along religious lines as episcopalians within the Church of England sided with the Crown and Presbyterians and Independents supported Parliament (after the defeat of the Royalists, the House of Lords as well as the Monarch were removed from the political structure of the state to create the Commonwealth). The supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church, and the Parliamentary New Model Army, which was made up primarily of Independents, under Oliver Cromwell first purged Parliament, then abolished it and established The Protectorate.\nEngland's trans-Atlantic colonies in the war followed varying paths depending on their internal demographics. In the older colonies, which included Virginia (1607) and its offshoot Bermuda (1612), as well as Barbados and Antigua in the West Indies (collectively the targets in 1650 of An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego), Episcopalians remained the dominant church faction and the colonies remained Royalist 'til conquered or compelled to accept the new political order. In Bermuda, with control of the local government and the army (nine infantry companies of Militia plus coastal artillery), the Royalists forced Parliament-backing religious Independents into exile to settle the Bahamas as the Eleutheran Adventurers.[162][163][164]\nEpiscopalian was re-established following the Restoration. A century later, non-conforming Protestants, along with the Protestant refugees from continental Europe, were to be among the primary instigators of the war of secession that led to the founding of the United States of America.\nJohn Cotton, who sparked the Antinomian Controversy with his free grace theology\nPilgrim Fathers landing at Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620\nBuilt in 1681, the Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts is the oldest church in continuous ecclesiastical use in the United States.[165]\nNeo-orthodoxy and paleo-orthodoxy[edit]\nMain articles: Neo-orthodoxy and Paleo-orthodoxy\nKarl Barth, often regarded as the greatest Protestant theologian of the 20th century[166][167]\nA non-fundamentalist rejection of liberal Christianity along the lines of the Christian existentialism of Sren Kierkegaard, who attacked the Hegelian state churches of his day for \"dead orthodoxy\", neo-orthodoxy is associated primarily with Karl Barth, Jrgen Moltmann, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Neo-orthodoxy sought to counter-act the tendency of liberal theology to make theological accommodations to modern scientific perspectives. Sometimes called \"crisis theology\", in the existentialist sense of the word crisis, also sometimes called neo-evangelicalism, which uses the sense of \"evangelical\" pertaining to continental European Protestants rather than American evangelicalism. \"Evangelical\" was the originally preferred label used by Lutherans and Calvinists, but it was replaced by the names some Catholics used to label a heresy with the name of its founder.\nPaleo-orthodoxy is a movement similar in some respects to neo-evangelicalism but emphasizing the ancient Christian consensus of the undivided church of the first millennium AD, including in particular the early creeds and church councils as a means of properly understanding the scriptures. This movement is cross-denominational. A prominent theologian in this group is Thomas Oden, a Methodist.\nChristian fundamentalism[edit]\nMain article: Christian fundamentalism\nIn reaction to liberal Bible critique, fundamentalism arose in the 20th century, primarily in the United States, among those denominations most affected by Evangelicalism.\nFundamentalist theology tends to stress Biblical inerrancy and Biblical literalism.\nToward the end of the 20th century, some have tended to confuse evangelicalism and fundamentalism; however, the labels represent very distinct differences of approach that both groups are diligent to maintain, although because of fundamentalism's dramatically smaller size it often gets classified simply as an ultra-conservative branch of evangelicalism.\nModernism and liberalism[edit]\nMain article: Liberal Christianity\nModernism and liberalism do not constitute rigorous and well-defined schools of theology, but are rather an inclination by some writers and teachers to integrate Christian thought into the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment. New understandings of history and the natural sciences of the day led directly to new approaches to theology. Its opposition to the fundamentalist teaching resulted in religious debates, such as the FundamentalistModernist Controversy within the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in the 1920s.\nProtestant culture[edit]\nMain article: Protestant culture\nThe Berlin Cathedral, a United Protestant cathedral in BerlinMax Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism\nAlthough the Reformation was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life, including marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts.[9] Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry.[24] Many of their families contributed to the development of intellectual elites in their countries.[168] Since about 1950, women have entered the ministry in most Protestant churches, and some have assumed leading positions (e.g. bishops).\nProtestantism has promoted economic growth and entrepreneurship, especially in the period after the Scientific and the Industrial Revolution.[169][170] Scholars have identified a positive correlation between the rise of Protestantism and human capital formation,[171] work ethic,[172] economic development,[173] the rise of early experimental science,[174][175][176] and the development of the state system.[177]\nAs the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels was strongly encouraged. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 percent, in Scotland 65 percent, and in Sweden 80 percent.[178] Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a center of learning.[179][180]\nMembers of mainline Protestant denominations have played leadership roles in many aspects of American life, including politics, business, science, the arts, and education. They founded most of the country's leading institutes of higher education.[181]\nThought and work ethic[edit]\nSee also: Protestant work ethic\nThe Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God-given faculties, including the power of reason. That means that they are allowed to explore God's creation and, according to Genesis 2:15, make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way. Thus a cultural climate was created that greatly enhanced the development of the humanities and the sciences.[182] Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers, in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ, are to follow God's commandments. Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code.[183][184] In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Therefore, craftsmen, industrialists, and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. In this way, the economy, the sciences, and technology reinforced each other. The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors.[185][186][187][188] The Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. This idea is also known as the \"Protestant ethic thesis\".[189]\nHowever, eminent historian Fernand Braudel (d. 1985), a leader of the important Annales School wrote, \"all historians have opposed this tenuous theory [the Protestant Ethic], although they have not managed to be rid of it once and for all. Yet it is clearly false. The northern countries took over the place that earlier had been so long and brilliantly been occupied by the old capitalist centers of the Mediterranean. They invented nothing, either in technology or business management.\"[190] Social scientist Rodney Stark moreover comments that \"during their critical period of economic development, these northern centers of capitalism were Catholic, not Protestantthe Reformation still lay well into the future\",[191] while British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper (d. 2003) said, \"The idea that large-scale industrial capitalism was ideologically impossible before the Reformation is exploded by the simple fact that it existed.\"[192]\nIn a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data, Arno Tausch (Corvinus University of Budapest) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc.[193]\nEpiscopalians and Presbyterians, as well as other WASPs, tend to be considerably wealthier[194] and better educated (having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States,[195] and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business,[196] law and politics, especially the Republican Party.[197] Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts, the Astors, Rockefellers, Du Ponts, Roosevelts, Forbes, Fords, Whitneys, Mellons, the Morgans and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families.[194][198]\nScience[edit]\nSee also: Merton thesis\nColumbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City, was initially established by the Church of England.\nProtestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the Merton Thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other.[199] The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society (English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values.[200] Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science.[201] Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to identify God's influence on the worldhis creationand thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.[199]\nAccording to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel Prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background.[202] Overall, 84% of all the Nobel Prizes awarded to Americans in Chemistry,[202] 60% in Medicine,[202] and 59% in Physics[202] between 1901 and 1972 were won by Protestants.\nAccording to 100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005), a review of Nobel Prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000, 65% of Nobel Prize Laureates, have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference (423 prizes).[203] While 32% have identified with Protestantism in its various forms (208 prizes),[203] although Protestants are 12% to 13% of the world's population.\nGovernment[edit]\nChurch flags, as used by German Protestants.\nDuring the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (doctrine of the two kingdoms).[204] The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture; 1523).[205] Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen (church elders, presbyters) in his representative church government.[206] The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches[207] and was adopted by some Lutherans beginning with those in Jlich-Cleves-Berg during the 17th century.\nPolitically, Calvin favored a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: \"It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords.\"[208] Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy.[209] Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle. Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.[210]\nConsistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement.[211] Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, Plymouth Colony (Pilgrim Fathers; 1620) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628) practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers.[212][213][214][215] These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God.[216] The Mayflower Compact was a social contract.[217][218]\nRights and liberty[edit]\nEnlightenment philosopher John Locke argued for individual conscience, free from state control and helped influence the political ideology of Thomas Jefferson and other Founding Fathers of the United States\nProtestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Freedom of conscience had a high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy Spirit and could, therefore, not be forced on a person.[219] The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience, and they practiced separation of church and state.[220] In the early seventeenth century, Baptists like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys published tracts in defense of religious freedom.[221] Their thinking influenced John Milton and John Locke's stance on tolerance.[222][223] Under the leadership of Baptist Roger Williams, Congregationalist Thomas Hooker, and Quaker William Penn, respectively, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, including Jews.[224][225][226]\nThe United States Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the American Bill of Rights with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework.[227] The great majority of American Protestants, both clergy and laity, strongly supported the independence movement. All major Protestant churches were represented in the First and Second Continental Congresses.[228] In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the American democracy became a model for numerous other countries and regions throughout the world (e.g., Latin America, Japan, and Germany). The strongest link between the American and French Revolutions was Marquis de Lafayette, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was mainly based on Lafayette's draft of this document.[229] The Declaration by United Nations and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition.[230][231][232]\nDemocracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and statethese achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Age of Enlightenment thinkers. Some of the philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss EnlightenmentThomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Toland, David Hume, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseauhad Protestant backgrounds.[233] For example, John Locke, whose political thought was based on \"a set of Protestant Christian assumptions\",[234] derived the equality of all humans, including the equality of the genders (\"Adam and Eve\"), from Genesis 1, 2628. As all persons were created equally free, all governments needed \"the consent of the governed\".[235]\nAlso, other human rights were advocated for by some Protestants. For example, torture was abolished in Prussia in 1740, slavery in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 (William Wilberforce, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abraham Lincolnagainst Southern Protestants).[236][237] Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf were among the first thinkers who made significant contributions to international law.[238][239] The Geneva Convention, an important part of humanitarian international law, was largely the work of Henry Dunant, a reformed pietist. He also founded the Red Cross.[240]\nSocial teaching[edit]\nProtestants have founded hospitals, homes for disabled or elderly people, educational institutions, organizations that give aid to developing countries, and other social welfare agencies.[241][242][243] In the nineteenth century, throughout the Anglo-American world, numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage.[244][245][246] As an answer to the \"social question\" of the nineteenth century, Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced insurance programs that led the way to the welfare state (health insurance, accident insurance, disability insurance, old-age pensions). To Bismarck this was \"practical Christianity\".[247][248] These programs, too, were copied by many other nations, particularly in the Western world.\nThe Young Men's Christian Association was founded by Congregationalist George Williams, aimed at empowering young people.\nLiturgy[edit]\nMain article: Protestant liturgy\nArts[edit]\nFurther information: Reformation Music and art\nThe arts have been strongly inspired by Protestant beliefs.\nMartin Luther, Paul Gerhardt, George Wither, Isaac Watts, Charles Wesley, William Cowper, and other authors and composers created well-known church hymns.\nMusicians like Heinrich Schtz, Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Henry Purcell, Johannes Brahms, Philipp Nicolai and Felix Mendelssohn composed great works of music.\nProminent painters with Protestant background were, for example, Albrecht Drer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Lucas Cranach the Younger, Rembrandt, and Vincent van Gogh.\nWorld literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser, John Milton, John Bunyan, John Donne, John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, William Wordsworth, Jonathan Swift, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Edgar Allan Poe, Matthew Arnold, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Theodor Fontane, Washington Irving, Robert Browning, Emily Dickinson, Emily Bront, Charles Dickens, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Thomas Stearns Eliot, John Galsworthy, Thomas Mann, William Faulkner, John Updike, and many others.\nLuther Monument in Worms, which features some of the Reformation's crucial figures\nThe International Monument to the Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland.\nThe Adoration of the Trinity by Albrecht Drer\nThe Crucifixion of Christ by Lucas Cranach the Elder\nAdam and Eve by Lucas Cranach the Younger\nA Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day, Refusing to Shield Himself from Danger by Wearing the Roman Catholic Badge by John Everett Millais.\nThe Return of the Prodigal Son, a 1669 portrait by Rembrandt\nThe Church at Auvers, 1890. Muse d'Orsay, Paris, by Vincent van Gogh.\nCatholic responses[edit]\nMain articles: Anti-Protestantism, Counter-Reformation Politics, Council of Trent, and Criticism of Protestantism\nMatanzas Inlet, Florida, where Protestant shipwreck survivors were executed by Menndez \"because they had built it there without Your Majesty's permission, and were disseminating the Lutheran religion\"St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of French Protestants, 1572.\nThe view of the Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations cannot be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas, and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood[p] and therefore lack true apostolic succession.[249][250] According to Bishop Hilarion (Alfeyev) the Eastern Orthodox Church shares the same view on the subject.[251]\nContrary to how the Protestant Reformers were often characterized, the concept of a catholic or universal Church was not brushed aside during the Protestant Reformation. On the contrary, the visible unity of the catholic or universal church was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation. The Magisterial reformers, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, believed that they were reforming the Catholic Church, which they viewed as having become corrupted.[q] Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation, denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Catholic Church that had left them. The Protestant Reformers formed a new and radically different theological opinion on ecclesiology, that the visible Church is \"catholic\" (lower-case \"c\") rather than \"Catholic\" (upper-case \"C\"). Accordingly, there is not an indefinite number of parochial, congregational or national churches, constituting, as it were, so many ecclesiastical individualities, but one great spiritual republic of which these various organizations form a part,[r] although they each have very different opinions. This was markedly far-removed from the traditional and historic Catholic understanding that the Roman Catholic Church was the one true Church of Christ.[s]\nYet in the Protestant understanding, the visible church is not a genus, so to speak, with so many species under it.[t] In order to justify their departure[u] from the Catholic Church, Protestants often posited a new argument,[v] saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a spiritual, invisible, and hidden churchthis notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation.\nWherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church, but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters,[w] namely the Papacy and central authority of the Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th- and 15th-century Conciliar movement, rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the Council of Trent.[x] Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action.\nThere are Protestants,[y] especially of the Reformed tradition, that either reject or down-play the designation Protestant because of the negative idea that the word invokes in addition to its primary meaning, preferring the designation Reformed, Evangelical or even Reformed Catholic expressive of what they call a Reformed Catholicity and defending their arguments from the traditional Protestant confessions.[252]\nEcumenism[edit]\nMain article: Christian ecumenism\nThe Marburg Colloquy (1529) was an early attempt at uniting Luther and Zwingli. It failed as both reformers and their delegations could not agree on the sacrament of the Eucharist. Similar discussions were held in 1586 during the Colloquy of Montbliard and from 1661 to 1663 during the Syncretistic controversy. Anonymous woodcut, 1557.The Edinburgh Missionary Conference is considered the symbolic starting point of the contemporary ecumenical movement.[253]\nThe ecumenical movement has had an influence on mainline churches, beginning at least in 1910 with the Edinburgh Missionary Conference. Its origins lay in the recognition of the need for cooperation on the mission field in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Since 1948, the World Council of Churches has been influential, but ineffective in creating a united church. There are also ecumenical bodies at regional, national and local levels across the globe; but schisms still far outnumber unifications. One, but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement, has been the move to form united churches, such as the Church of South India, the Church of North India, the US-based United Church of Christ, the United Church of Canada, the Uniting Church in Australia and the United Church of Christ in the Philippines which have rapidly declining memberships. There has been a strong engagement of Orthodox churches in the ecumenical movement, though the reaction of individual Orthodox theologians has ranged from tentative approval of the aim of Christian unity to outright condemnation of the perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine.[254]\nA Protestant baptism is held to be valid by the Catholic Church if given with the trinitarian formula and with the intent to baptize. However, as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church, all other sacraments (except marriage) performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid. Therefore, Protestants desiring full communion with the Catholic Church are not re-baptized (although they are confirmed) and Protestant ministers who become Catholics may be ordained to the priesthood after a period of study.\nIn 1999, the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation, although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement.[255] This is understandable, since there is no compelling authority within them. On 18 July 2006, delegates to the World Methodist Conference voted unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration.[256][257]\nSpread and demographics[edit]\nMain article: Protestantism by country\nSee also: Christianity by country\nSt. Peter's Church in Bermuda, built in 1612, is the oldest surviving Protestant church in the \"New World\", including the Americas and certain Atlantic Ocean islands. It was the first of nine Parish churches established in Bermuda by the Church of England. Bermuda also has the oldest Presbyterian church outside the British Isles, the Church of Scotland's Christ Church (1719).\nThere are more than 900million Protestants worldwide,[13][18][8][258][259][260][261][z] among approximately 2.4billion Christians.[18][262][263][aa] In 2010, a total of more than 800million included 300million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260million in the Americas, 140million in Asia-Pacific region, 100million in Europe and 2million in Middle East-North Africa.[13] Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, and are more than one tenth of the total human population.[13] Various estimates put the percentage of Protestants in relation to the total number of world's Christians at 33%,[258] 36%,[264] 36.7%,[13] and 40%,[8] while in relation to the world's population at 11.6%[13] and 13%.[261]\nIn European countries which were most profoundly influenced by the Reformation, Protestantism still remains the most practiced religion.[258] These include the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom.[258][265] In other historical Protestant strongholds such as Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, and Estonia, it remains one of the most popular religions.[266] Although Czech Republic was the site of one of the most significant pre-reformation movements,[267] there are only few Protestant adherents;[268][269] mainly due to historical reasons like persecution of Protestants by the Catholic Habsburgs,[270] restrictions during the Communist rule, and also the ongoing secularization.[267] Over the last several decades, religious practice has been declining as secularization has increased.[258][271] According to a 2019 study about Religiosity in the European Union in 2019 by Eurobarometer, Protestants made up 9% of the EU population.[272] According to Pew Research Center, Protestants constituted nearly one fifth (or 18%) of the continent's Christian population in 2010.[13] Clarke and Beyer estimate that Protestants constituted 15% of all Europeans in 2009, while Noll claims that less than 12% of them lived in Europe in 2010.[258][260]\nChanges in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant.[8][260][273] Since 1900, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America.[24][261][273] That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion.[260][273] Much of the growth has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred.[261] According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians.[261] In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 6%, respectively.[261] According to Mark A. Noll, 79% of Anglicans lived in the United Kingdom in 1910, while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the British Commonwealth.[260] By 2010, 59% of Anglicans were found in Africa.[260] In 2010, more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany, while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined.[260] Almost as many lived in each of Nigeria and China as in all of Europe.[260] China is home to world's largest Protestant minority.[13][ab]\nProtestantism is growing in Africa,[24][274][275] Asia,[24][275][276] Latin America,[275][277] and Oceania,[24][273] while declining in Anglo America[273][278] and Europe,[258][279] with some exceptions such as France,[280] where it was eradicated after the abolition of the Edict of Nantes by the Edict of Fontainebleau and the following persecution of Huguenots, but now is claimed to be stable in number or even growing slightly.[280] According to some, Russia is another country to see a Protestant revival.[281][282][283]\nIn 2010, the largest Protestant denominational families were historically Pentecostal denominations (11%), Anglican (11%), Lutheran (10%), Baptist (9%), United and uniting churches (unions of different denominations) (7%), Presbyterian or Reformed (7%), Methodist (3%), Adventist (3%), Congregationalist (1%), Brethren (1%), The Salvation Army (<1%) and Moravian (<1%). Other denominations accounted for 38% of Protestants.[13]\nThe United States is home to approximately 20% of Protestants.[13] According to a 2012 study, Protestant share of U.S. population dropped to 48%, thus ending its status as religion of the majority for the first time.[284][285] The decline is attributed mainly to the dropping membership of the Mainline Protestant churches,[284][286] while Evangelical Protestant and Black churches are stable or continue to grow.[284]\nBy 2050, Protestantism is projected to rise to slightly more than half of the world's total Christian population.[287][ac] According to other experts such as Hans J. Hillerbrand, Protestants will be as numerous as Catholics.[288]\nAccording to Mark Jrgensmeyer of the University of California, popular Protestantism[ad] is the most dynamic religious movement in the contemporary world, alongside the resurgent Islam.[15]\nProtestant majority countries in 2010.\nCountries by percentage of Protestants, 2010.\nSee also[edit]\nAnti-Catholicism\nCriticism of Protestantism\nEuropean wars of religion\nProtestantism and Islam\nProtestantism in Germany\nThe Reformation and its influence on church architecture\nExplanatory notes[edit]\n^ Generally regarded as a division of Western Christianity, though Eastern Protestant denominations have developed outside of the West.\n^ Some movements such as the Hussites or the Lollards are also considered Protestant today, although their origins date back to centuries before the launch of the Reformation. Others, such as the Waldensians, were later incorporated into another branch of Protestantism; in this case, the Reformed branch.\n^ Specifically, in Wittenberg, Electoral Saxony. Even today, especially in German contexts, Saxony is often described as the \"motherland of the Reformation\" (German: Mutterland der Reformation).\n^ At the time Germany and the surrounding region was fragmented into numerous states of the Holy Roman Empire. Areas which turned Protestant were primarily located in northern, central and eastern areas of the Empire.\n^ Several states of the Holy Roman Empire adopted Calvinism, including the County Palatine of the Rhine.\n^ For further information, see English Reformation. In this article, Anglicanism is considered a branch of Protestantism as a part of movements derived directly from the 16th century Reformation. While today the Church of England often considers itself to be a via media between Protestantism and the Catholic Church, until the rise of the Oxford Movement in the 1830s the church generally considered itself to be Protestant. (Neill, Stephen. Anglicanism Pelican 1960, pp. 170, 259260)\n^ According to Pew 2011 report on Christianity about 60% (defined strictly, as some denominations given individual percentages in the report could be considered a part of one of the seven main distinguishable Protestant branches, e.g. The Salvation Army could be considered a part of Methodism). The majority figures given in such reports or in other sources may vary considerably.\n^ This branch was first called Calvinism by Lutherans who opposed it, but many find the word Reformed to be more descriptive.[12] It includes Presbyterianism, Congregationalism, many of united and uniting churches, as well as historic Continental Reformed churches in France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, Hungary, and elsewhere.\n^ Most current estimates place the world's Protestant population in the range of 800 million to more than 1.1 billion. For example, author Hans Hillerbrand estimated a total Protestant population of 833,457,000 in 2004,[19] while a report by Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary 1,170,803,000 (with inclusion of independents as defined in this article) in mid-2024.[18]\n^ A flexible term; defined as all forms of Protestantism with the notable exception of the historical denominations deriving from the Protestant Reformation.\n^ In the end, while the Reformation emphasis on Protestants reading the Scriptures was one factor in the development of literacy, the impact of printing itself, the wider availability of printed works at a cheaper price, and the increasing focus on education and learning as key factors in obtaining a lucrative post, were also significant contributory factors.[60]\n^ In the first decade of the Reformation, Luther's message became a movement, and the output of religious pamphlets in Germany was at its height.[62]\n^ Finland's State Church was the Church of Sweden until 1809. As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia 18091917, Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system, and a state church separate from Sweden, later named the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, was established. It was detached from the state as a separate judicial entity when the new church law came to force in 1869. After Finland had gained independence in 1917, religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919 and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland lost its position as a state church but gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church, whose position, however, is not codified in the constitution.\n^ For example, the followers of Thomas Mntzer and Balthasar Hubmaier.\n^ Primarily in the United States, where Protestants are usually placed in one of two categoriesMainline or Evangelical.\n^ this varies among Protestants today. In Sweden, the bishops switched to Lutheranism during the Reformation and there was no break in ordinations. See Apostolic succession in Sweden for more on this. Today, as a result of shared ordinations, the entire Porvoo Communion can trace an unbroken chain of Archbishop-level ordinations going back to before the Reformation through the Swedish line. However, today Rome does not accept these ordinations as valid not because there was a break in the chain, but rather because the occurred apart from papal permission.\n^ For more on this, see crypto-paganism and the Great Apostasy. In some areas, pagan Europeans were forced to adopt Christianity at least outwardly, such as after being defeated in battle by Christians. However, outlawing their paganism did not just make it go away. Rather, it persisted as crypto-paganism. For example, Philip Melanchthon, in his 1537 Apology of the Augsburg Confession identified the mechanical character of ex opere operato sacraments as being a form of pagan deterministic philosophy.\n^ This is the position of the Protestants who believe the church is visible. For those who think the church is invisible, organizations are irrelevant, as only individual sinners can be saved.\n^ See Ecclesiology of Augustine of Hippo for an example of a church father who discussed the invisible church.\n^ This is a reference to the Marks of the Church in Reformed theology. It is thus you may think of the State, but the visible church is a totum integrale, it is an empire, with an ethereal emperor, rather than a visible one. The churches of the various nationalities constitute the provinces of this empire; and though they are so far independent of each other, yet they are so one, that membership in one is membership in all, and separation from one is separation from all.... This conception of the church, of which, in at least some aspects, we have practically so much lost sight, had a firm hold of the Scottish theologians of the seventeenth century. James Walker in The Theology of Theologians of Scotland. (Edinburgh: Rpt. Knox Press, 1982) Lecture iv. pp. 9596.\n^ At least at first, Protestants did not depart per se. Rather, they were excommunicated such as in the 1520 Exsurge Domine and the 1521 Edict of Worms. Some Protestants avoided excommunication by living as crypto-Protestants.\n^ Some Protestants claim the church is visible today, this is a matter of dispute.\n^ The assertion of papal supremacy varied through history. For example, in 381 the First Council of Constantinople recognized the sees of Rome and Constantinople as being equal in authority. Papal supremacy continued to evolve after the Reformation with the First Vatican Council.\n^ Lutherans did not completely reject Trent. In fact, some attended it, although they were not given a vote. Instead, Martin Chemnitz on the basis that all councils are subject to examination, wrote the Examination of the Council of Trent in which some parts of Trent were accepted and others dissented from.\n^ In history, Catholic sympathizing Protestants were termed crypto-papists and lived as such because Catholicism was illegal in some areas under the legal principle of cuius regio, eius religio. However, outlawing Catholics did not always force them to emigrate. Instead, they remained continued to influence the dominant church in their area.\n^ Estimates vary considerably, from 400 up to more than a billion. One of the reasons is the lack of a common agreement among scholars which denominations constitute Protestantism. Nevertheless, 800 million is the most accepted figure among various authors and scholars. For example, author Hans Hillerbrand estimated a total 2004 Protestant population of 833,457,000,[19] while a report by Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary961,961,000 (with inclusion of independents as defined in this article) in mid-2015.[18]\n^ Current sources are in general agreement that Christians make up about 33% of the world's populationslightly over 2.4billion adherents in mid-2015.\n^ Estimates for China vary in dozens of millions. Nevertheless, in comparison to the other countries, there is no disagreement that China has the most numerous Protestant minority.\n^ Magisterial Protestant, Independent, Anabaptist and Anglican parties are understood as Protestant as stated previously in the article, as well as in the book: Statistics for the P, I and A megablocs are often combined because they overlap so much-hence the order followed here.\n^ A flexible term; defined as all forms of Protestantism with the notable exception of the historical denominations deriving from the Protestant Reformation.\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c d \"Methodist Beliefs: In what ways are Lutherans different from United Methodists?\". Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014. The United Methodists see Scripture as the primary source and criterion for Christian doctrine, emphasizing the importance of tradition, experience, and reason for Christian doctrine. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine. The truths of Scripture do not need to be authenticated by tradition, human experience, or reason. Scripture is self authenticating and is true in and of itself.\n^ Faithful, George (2014). Mothering the Fatherland: A Protestant Sisterhood Repents for the Holocaust. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0199363476. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2015 via Google Books.\n^ Lffler, K. (1910), Pope Leo X, The Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: Robert Appleton Company, \"The immediate cause was bound up with the odious greed for money displayed by the Roman Curia, and shows how far short all efforts at reform had hitherto fallen...Abuses occurred during the preaching of the Indulgence. The money contributions, a mere accessory, were frequently the chief object, and the \"Indulgences for the Dead\" became a vehicle of inadmissible teachings...(The pope) gave himself up unrestrainedly to his pleasures and failed to grasp fully the duties of his high office.\"\n^ Dixon, C. Scott (2010). Protestants: A History from Wittenberg to Pennsylvania 15171740. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1444328110. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2015 via Google Books.\n^ Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (1974) art. \"Speyer (Spires), Diets of\"\n^ Gassmann, Gnther; Larson, Duane H.; Oldenburg, Mark W. (2001). Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0810866201. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2015 via Google Books.\n^ Kuyper, Abraham (1899). Calvinism. Primedia E-launch LLC. ISBN978-1622090457. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2015 via Google Books.\n^ a b c d e Hillerbrand, Hans J., ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Vol.14. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-92472-6. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020.\n^ a b Heussi, Karl (1956). Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, 11., Tbingen (Germany), pp. 317319, 325326\n^ a b Junius Benjamin Remensnyder (1893). The Lutheran Manual. Boschen & Wefer Company. p.12. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.\n^ a b Frey, H. (1918). Is One Church as Good as Another?. Vol.37. The Lutheran Witness. pp.8283. There can only be one true visible Church. ...Only that one is the true visible Church which teaches and confesses the entire doctrine of the Word of God in all its purity, and in whose midst the Sacraments are duly administered according to Christ's institution. Of all Churches, this can only be said of our Lutheran Church.\n^ Hgglund, Bengt (2007). Teologins Historia [History of Theology] (in German). Translated by Gene J. Lund (Fourth Reviseded.). Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l \"Pewforum: Grobal Christianity\" (PDF). 19 December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014.\n^ World Council of Churches: Evangelical churches Archived 7 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine: \"Evangelical churches have grown exponentially in the second half of the 20th century and continue to show great vitality, especially in the global South. This resurgence may in part be explained by the phenomenal growth of Pentecostalism and the emergence of the charismatic movement, which are closely associated with evangelicalism. However, there can be no doubt that the evangelical tradition \"per se\" has become one of the major components of world Christianity. Evangelicals also constitute sizable minorities in the traditional Protestant and Anglican churches. In regions like Africa and Latin America, the boundaries between \"evangelical\" and \"mainline\" are rapidly changing and giving way to new ecclesial realities.\"\n^ a b c Juergensmeyer, Mark (2005). Religion in Global Civil Society. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0198040699. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2016 via Google Books.\n^ Critical Analysis of Christianity and Human Rights\nDe Rev. Newme Alanpou Noel, 2020, p15 https://books.google.es/books?id=eH_rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=800+million+protestants&source=bl&ots=KteJ2L8QZm&sig=ACfU3U3vBuMmPo6zgC_L1TuB9LIxjY6obg&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihuJT4w6uGAxVkTqQEHfy3C7Y4eBDoAXoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=800%20million%20protestants&f=false\n^ World Religions, 2018, p136 - Casey Howard https://books.google.es/books?id=_4JJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=800+million+number+of+Protestant&source=bl&ots=5-sZQ5O4-2&sig=ACfU3U3ZqQH6czXmJwcQoaDzhQWq21IqwQ&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjikO3YvquGAxUbUqQEHd_wAiQ4WhDoAXoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=800%20million%20number%20of%20Protestant&f=false\n^ a b c d e \"Status of Global Christianity, 2024, in the Context of 19002050\" (PDF). Center for the Study of Global Christianity, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. Retrieved 23 May 2024.\n^ a b Hillerbrand, Hans J., ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Vol.14. London; New York: Routledge. p.2. ISBN978-0-415-92472-6. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020.\n^ a b \"protestant Origin and meaning of protestant\". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.\n^ \"Definition of Protestant\". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.\n^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003). The Reformation: A History. New York: Penguin. p.xx.\n^ Espn, Orlando O. and Nickoloff, James B. An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, p. 796.\n^ a b c d e f Melton, J. Gordon, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. ISBN0-8160-5456-8. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021.\n^ Humphrey, Edith M. (2013). Scripture and Tradition. Baker Books. p.16. ISBN978-1-4412-4048-4. historically Anglicans have adopted what could be called a prima Scriptura position.\n^ Woodhead, Linda. Christianity: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2014). pp. 5770.\n^ a b Herzog, Johann Jakob; Philip Schaff, Albert (1911). The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. p.419. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.\n^ a b Lane, Anthony (2006). Justification by Faith in Catholic-Protestant Dialogue. London: T & T Clark. p.27. ISBN0567040046.\n^ Bucher, Richard P. (2014). \"Methodism\". Lexington: Lutheran Church Missouri Synod. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Also, for Methodists full salvation involves not only justification by faith, but repentance and holy living as well. Whereas in Lutheran theology the central doctrine and focus of all our worship and life is justification by grace through faith, for Methodists the central focus has always been holy living and the striving for perfection. Wesley gave the analogy of a house. He said repentance is the porch. Faith is the door. But holy living is the house itself. Holy living is true religion. \"Salvation is like a house. To get into the house you first have to get on the porch (repentance) and then you have to go through the door (faith). But the house itselfone's relationship with Godis holiness, holy living\" (Joyner, paraphrasing Wesley, 3).\n^ a b c d Willsky-Ciollo, Lydia (2015). American Unitarianism and the Protestant Dilemma: The Conundrum of Biblical Authority. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp.910. ISBN978-0739188927.\n^ Chan, Simon (1998). Spiritual Theology: A Systematic Study of the Christian Life. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic. p.105. ISBN978-0830815425.\n^ a b Avis, Paul (2002). The Church in the Theology of the Reformers. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p.95. ISBN1592441009.\n^ Matt. 16:18, 1 Cor. 3:11, Eph. 2:20, 1 Pet. 2:56, Rev. 21:14\n^ Matt. 7:21\n^ 1Cor 10:16, 11:20, 27\n^ Engelder, T.E.W., Popular Symbolics. 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For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.\n^ Balmer, Randall Herbert; Winner, Lauren F. (2002). Protestantism in America. New York: Columbia University Press. p.26. ISBN978-0231111300.\n^ Haffner, Paul (1999). The Sacramental Mystery. Gracewing Publishing. p.11. ISBN978-0852444764. The Augsburg Confession drawn up by Melanchton, one of Luther's disciples admitted only three sacraments, Baptist, the Lord's Supper and Penance. Melanchton left the way open for the other five sacred signs to be considered as \"secondary sacraments\". However, Zwingli, Calvin and most of the later Reformed tradition accepted only Baptism and the Lord's Supper as sacraments, but in a highly symbolic sense.\n^ Dixon, C. 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A history of Christianity: the first three thousand years. OCLC1303898228. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.\n^ \"Friends of God | religious group | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.\n^ \"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 12941517\". ccel.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021 via Christian Classics Ethereal Library.\n^ \"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 12941517\". ccel.org. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021 via Christian Classics Ethereal Library.\n^ \"The forms of communication employed by the Protestant Reformers and especially Luther and Calvin\" (PDF). Pharos Journal of Theology. 98. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2021. John of Wessel was one member in the group who attacked indulgences (Reddy 2004:115). The doctrine of justification by faith alone was the teaching of John of Wessel (Kuiper 1982:151). He rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation where it is believed when the priest pronounces the sacraments then the wine and bread is turned into the real body and blood of Christ\n^ Schofield Martin Luther p. 122\n^ Cameron European Reformation[pageneeded]\n^ Pettegree Reformation World p. 543\n^ Edwards Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther[pageneeded]\n^ Pettegree and Hall \"Reformation and the Book Historical Journal p. 786\n^ William P. 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Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.\n^ Schaltegger, Christoph A.; Torgler, Benno (1 May 2010). \"Work ethic, Protestantism, and human capital\" (PDF). Economics Letters. 107 (2): 99101. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2009.12.037. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.\n^ Spater, Jeremy; Tranvik, Isak (1 November 2019). \"The Protestant Ethic Reexamined: Calvinism and Industrialization\". Comparative Political Studies. 52 (1314): 19631994. doi:10.1177/0010414019830721. ISSN0010-4140. S2CID204438351.\n^ Cohen, I. Bernard (1990). Puritanism and the rise of modern science: the Merton thesis. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN978-0-8135-1530-4.\n^ Cohen, H. (1994). The scientific revolution: a historiographical inquiry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.320321. ISBN978-0-226-11280-0. Google Print, pp.320321\n^ Ferngren, Gary B. (2002). Science and religion: a historical introduction. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.125. ISBN978-0-8018-7038-5. Google Print, p.125\n^ Becker, Pfaff & Rubin 2016.\n^ Heinrich August Winkler (2012), Geschichte des Westens. Von den Anfngen in der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert, Third, Revised Edition, Munich (Germany), p. 233\n^ Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), History of Religion in the United States, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 6980, 8889, 114117, 186188\n^ M. Schmidt, Kongregationalismus, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band III (1959), Tbingen (Germany), col. 1770\n^ McKinney, William. \"Mainline Protestantism 2000.\" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 558, Americans and Religions in the Twenty-First Century (July 1998), pp. 5766.\n^ Gerhard Lenski (1963), The Religious Factor: A Sociological Study of Religion's Impact on Politics, Economics, and Family Life, Revised Edition, A Doubleday Anchor Book, Garden City, New York, pp. 348351\n^ Cf. Robert Middlekauff (2005), The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 17631789, Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-516247-9, p. 52\n^ Jan Weerda, Soziallehre des Calvinismus, in Evangelisches Soziallexikon, 3. Auflage (1958), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 934\n^ Eduard Heimann, Kapitalismus, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band III (1959), Tbingen (Germany), col. 11361141\n^ Hans Fritz Schwenkhagen, Technik, in Evangelisches Soziallexikon, 3. Auflage, col. 10291033\n^ Georg Smann, Naturwissenschaft und Christentum, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band IV, col. 13771382\n^ C. Graf von Klinckowstroem, Technik. Geschichtlich, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band VI, col. 664667\n^ Kim, Sung Ho (Fall 2008). \"Max Weber\". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2011.\n^ Braudel, Fernand. 1977. Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism. Baltimore: Johns Hopskins University Press.\n^ Manager. \"Protestant Modernity\". Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2017.\n^ Trevor-Roper. 2001. The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century. Liberty Fund\n^ Tausch, Arno (31 March 2015). \"Towards new maps of global human values, based on World Values Survey (6) data\". Mpra Paper. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2015 via ideas.repec.org.\n^ a b B. Drummond Ayers Jr. (19 December 2011). \"The Episcopalians: An American Elite with Roots Going Back To Jamestown\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.\n^ Irving Lewis Allen, \"WASP From Sociological Concept to Epithet\", Ethnicity, 1975 154+\n^ Hacker, Andrew (1957). \"Liberal Democracy and Social Control\". American Political Science Review. 51 (4): 10091026 [p. 1011]. doi:10.2307/1952449. JSTOR1952449. S2CID146933599.\n^ Baltzell (1964). The Protestant Establishment. New York, Random House. p.9.\n^ W. Williams, Peter (2016). Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression. University of North Carolina Press. p.176. ISBN978-1469626987. The names of fashionable families who were already Episcopalian, like the Morgans, or those, like the Fricks, who now became so, goes on interminably: Aldrich, Astor, Biddle, Booth, Brown, Du Pont, Firestone, Ford, Gardner, Mellon, Morgan, Procter, the Vanderbilt, Whitney. Episcopalians branches of the Baptist Rockefellers and Jewish Guggenheims even appeared on these family trees.\n^ a b Sztompka, P. (2003). \"Chapter 1. Robert K. Merton\". [Extract from] the Blackwell ... Social Theorists. Wiley. pp.1233. doi:10.1002/9780470999912.ch2. ISBN978-0470999912 via blackwellreference.com.\n^ Gregory, Andrew (1998). \"Lecture14\" (course handout). 215 The Scientific Revolution. Archived from the original on 13 May 2006.\n^ Becker, George (December 1992). \"The Merton thesis: Oetinger and German Pietism, a significant negative case\". Sociological Forum. 7 (4): 642660. doi:10.1007/bf01112319. S2CID56239703.\n^ a b c d Harriet Zuckerman, Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine New York, The Free Press, 1977, p. 68: Protestants turn up among the American-reared laureates in slightly greater proportion to their numbers in the general population. Thus 72 percent of the seventy-one laureates but about two-thirds of the American population were reared in one or another Protestant denomination-)\n^ a b Baruch A. Shalev, 100 Years of Nobel Prizes Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religion Most 65% have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference.\nWhile separating Catholics from Protestants among Christians proved difficult in some cases, available information suggests that more Protestants were involved in the scientific categories and more Catholics were involved in the Literature and Peace categories.\nAtheists, agnostics, and freethinkers constitute 11% of total Nobel Prize winners; but in the category of Literature, these preferences rise sharply to about 35%. A striking fact involving religion is the high number of Laureates of the Jewish faithover 20% of total Nobel Prizes (138); including: 17% in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine and Physics, 40% in Economics and 11% in Peace and Literature each. The numbers are especially startling in light of the fact that only some 14 million people (0.02% of the world's population) are Jewish. By contrast, only 5 Nobel Laureates have been of the Muslim faith1% of total number of Nobel prizes awardedfrom a population base of about 1.2 billion (20% of the world's population)\n^ Heinrich Bornkamm, Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band VI (1962), col. 937\n^ Original German title: Dass eine christliche Versammlung oder Gemeine Recht und Macht habe, alle Lehre zu beurteilen und Lehrer zu berufen, ein- und abzusetzen: Grund und Ursach aus der Schrift\n^ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 410\n^ Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, 11. Auflage, p. 325\n^ Quoted in Jan Weerda, Calvin, in Evangelisches Soziallexikon, 3. Auflage (1958), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 210\n^ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, p. 10\n^ Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, pp. 396397\n^ Cf. M. Schmidt, England. Kirchengeschichte, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band II (1959), Tbingen (Germany), col. 476478\n^ Nathaniel Philbrick (2006), Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War, Penguin Group, New York, ISBN0-670-03760-5\n^ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 6576\n^ Fennell, Christopher. \"Plymouth Colony Legal Structure\". The Plymouth Colony Archive Project. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.\n^ \"The Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641)\". Hanover College History Department. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2013.\n^ M. Schmidt, Pilgervter, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band V (1961), col. 384\n^ Christopher Fennell, Plymouth Colony Legal Structure\n^ Allen Weinstein and David Rubel (2002), The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower, DK Publishing, Inc., New York, ISBN0-7894-8903-1, p. 61\n^ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, p. 5\n^ Heinrich Bornkamm, Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band VI (1962), col. 937938\n^ H. Stahl, Baptisten, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 863\n^ G. Mller-Schwefe, Milton, John, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band IV, col. 955\n^ Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, p. 398\n^ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 99106, 111117, 124\n^ Edwin S. Gaustad (1999), Liberty of Conscience: Roger Williams in America, Judson Press, Valley Forge, p. 28\n^ Hans Fantel (1974), William Penn: Apostle of Dissent, William Morrow & Co., New York, pp. 150153\n^ Robert Middlekauff (2005), The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 17631789, Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN978-0-19-516247-9, pp. 46, 4952, 622685\n^ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 192209\n^ Cf. R. Voeltzel, Frankreich. Kirchengeschichte, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band II (1958), col. 1039\n^ Douglas K. Stevenson (1987), American Life and Institutions, Ernst Klett Verlag, Stuttgart (Germany), p. 34\n^ G. Jasper, Vereinte Nationen, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band VI, col. 13281329\n^ Cf. G. Schwarzenberger, Vlkerrecht, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band VI, col. 14201422\n^ Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, 11. Auflage, pp. 396399, 401403, 417419\n^ Jeremy Waldron (2002), God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought, Cambridge University Press, New York, ISBN978-0521-89057-1, p. 13\n^ Jeremy Waldron, God, Locke, and Equality, pp. 2143, 120\n^ Allen Weinstein and David Rubel, The Story of America, pp. 189309\n^ Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, 11. Auflage, pp. 403, 425\n^ M. Elze,Grotius, Hugo, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band II, col. 18851886\n^ H. Hohlwein, Pufendorf, Samuel, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band V, col. 721\n^ R. Pfister, Schweiz. Seit der Reformation, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band V (1961), col. 16141615\n^ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 484494\n^ H. Wagner, Diakonie, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 164167\n^ J.R.H. Moorman, Anglikanische Kirche, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 380381\n^ Clifton E.Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 461465\n^ Allen Weinstein and David Rubel, The Story of America, pp. 274275\n^ M. Schmidt, Kongregationalismus, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band III, col. 1770\n^ K. Kupisch, Bismarck, Otto von, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 13121315\n^ P. Quante, Sozialversicherung, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Band VI, col. 205206\n^ Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church, 29 June 2007, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.\n^ Stuard-will, Kelly; Emissary (2007). Karitas Publishing (ed.). A Faraway Ancient Country. United States: Gardners Books. p.216. ISBN978-0-615-15801-3. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. 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At best, it sends confusing mixed signals and should be repudiated by all Lutherans.\n^ \"News Archives\". UMC.org. Archived from the original on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2010.\n^ \"CNS Story: Methodists adopt Catholic-Lutheran declaration on justification\". Catholicnews.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2010.\n^ a b c d e f g Clarke, Peter B.; Beyer, Peter (2009). The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations. Taylor & Francis. ISBN9781135211004. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2015 via Google Books.\n^ Brown, Stephen F. (2018). Protestantism. Infobase Publishing. ISBN9781604131123. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2015 via Google Books.\n^ a b c d e f g h Noll, Mark A. (2011). Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780191620133. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020.\n^ a b c d e f Jay Diamond, Larry. 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Retrieved 23 July 2014.\n^ Johnstone, Patrick, \"The Future of the Global Church: History, Trends and Possibilities\" Archived 19 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 100, fig 4.10 & 4.11\n^ Hillerbrand, Hans J., ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Vol.14. London; New York: Routledge. p.1815. ISBN978-0-415-92472-6. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Observers carefully comparing all these figures in the total context will have observed the even more startling finding that for the first time ever in the history of Protestantism, Wider Protestants will by 2050 have become almost exactly as numerous as Catholicseach with just over 1.5billion followers, or 17 percent of the world, with Protestants growing considerably faster than Catholics each year.\nWorks cited[edit]\nBecker, Sascha O.; Pfaff, Steven; Rubin, Jared (2016). \"Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation\". ESI Working Paper 1613. ISSN2572-1496.\nFurther reading[edit]\nGeneral\nHillerbrand, Hans J., ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Vol.14. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-92472-6. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. 2195 pp. Reprint 2014.\nMelton, J. Gordon, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. ISBN0-8160-5456-8. 628 pp.\nSpecial\nBruce, Steve (2019). A house divided: Protestantism, Schism and secularization. London; New York: Routledge.\nCook, Martin L. (1991). The Open Circle: Confessional Method in Theology. Minneapolis, Mn: Fortress Press. xiv, 130 p. N.B.: Discusses the place of Confessions of Faith in Protestant theology, especially in Lutheranism. ISBN0-8006-2482-3\nDillenberger, John, and Claude Welch (1988). Protestant Christianity, Interpreted through Its Development. Second ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. ISBN0-02-329601-1\nGiussani, Luigi (1969), trans. Damian Bacich (2013). American Protestant Theology: A Historical Sketch. Montreal: McGill-Queens UP.\nGrytten, Ola Honningdal. \"Weber revisited: A literature review on the possible Link between Protestantism, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth.\" (NHH Dept. of Economics Discussion Paper 08, 2020). online\nHoward, Thomas A. Remembering the Reformation: an inquiry into the meanings of Protestantism (Oxford UP, 2016).\nHoward, Thomas A. and Mark A. Noll, eds. Protestantism after 500 years (Oxford UP, 2016).\nLeithart, Peter J. The end of Protestantism: pursuing unity in a fragmented church (Brazos Press, 2016).\nMcGrath, Alister E. (2007). Christianity's Dangerous Idea. New York: HarperOne. ISBN978-0060822132.\nNash, Arnold S., ed. (1951). Protestant Thought in the Twentieth Century: Whence & Whither? New York: Macmillan Co.\nNoll, Mark A. (2011). Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nRyrie, Alec Protestants: The Radicals Who Made the Modern World (HarperCollins, 2017).\nRyrie, Alec \"The World's Local Religion\" History Today (Sept 20, 2017) online\nExternal links[edit]\nLook up Protestant, Protestantism, or evangelical in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Protestantism.\nWikiquote has quotations related to Protestantism.\n\"Personal Christian Statement of Faith (Protestant)\". wikiHow. 29 July 2015.\nProtestantism (Encyclopedia.com)\n\"Protestantism\" from the 1917 Catholic Encyclopedia\nThe Historyscoper\nWorld Council of Churches World body for mainline Protestant churches\nvteChristianity\nIndex\nOutline\nGlossary\nProphets\nPeople\nLists of Christians\nBy country\nBible(Scriptures)\nCanon\nOld Testament\nNew Testament\nFoundations\nChurch\nCreed\nGospel\nNew Covenant\nChristian tradition\nWorship\nHistory(timeline)(spread)EarlyChristianity\nJesus\nin 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Church\nAnglicanism\nBaptists\nCalvinism\nCongregationalism\nPresbyterianism\nReformed\nCharismatic Christianity\nPentecostal\nCharismatic\nNeo-charismatic\nEvangelicalism\nIrvingism\nLutheran\nMethodist\nHoliness\nNondenominational\nPlymouth Brethren\nQuakerism\nRestorationism\nEsoteric\nIndependent Catholicism\nOld Catholic\nJudaizers\nNontrinitarianism\nBible Students/Jehovah's Witnesses\nBritish Israelism\nChristadelphians\nMormonism\nOneness Pentecostalism\nSpiritual\nSwedenborgianism\nTolstoyan\nUnitarianism\nlist\nIslam\nSunni\nAsh'arism\nMaturidism\nAtharism\nSalafism\nWahhabism\nModernist Salafism\nShia\nTwelver Shi'ism\nZaydism\nIsma'ilism\nAlawis\nSufism\nKhawarij\nIbadism\nAlevism\nAhmadi\nMahdawi movement\nQuranism\nMilah 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Mat\nNeo-Hinduism\nlist\nBuddhism\nTheravada\nMahayana\nChan/Zen/Thin\nAmidism\nNichiren\nVajrayana\nTibetan\nNeo-Buddhism\nlist\nOther\nAyyavazhi\nKalash\nJainism\nDigambara\nvetmbara\nSarnaism\nKirat Mundhum\nSrilankan Vedda\nRavidassia\nSikhism\nKhalsa\nSects\nEthnicAltaic\nTurko-Mongolic\nBurkhanism\nTengrism\nVattisen Yaly\nTungusic\nEvenki\nManchu\nAustroasiatic\nSarnaism\nAustronesian\nBatak Parmalim\nDayak\nKaharingan\nTraditional Sabahan religions\nIndonesian\nAliran Kepercayaan\nKejawn\nKapitayan\nKaro Pemena\nMalaysian\nPhilippine Dayawism\nTagalog\nPolynesian\nHawaiian\nMori\nSumbese Marapu\nSundanese Wiwitan\nNativeAmerican\nAbenaki\nAnishinaabe\nBlackfoot\nCalifornian\nMiwok\nOhlone\nPomo\nCherokee\nChilote\nChoctaw\nCreek\nGuarani\nHaida\nHo-Chunk\nHopi\nIroquois\nLonghouse\nSeneca\nWyandot\nJivaroan\nKwakwakawakw\nLakota\nLenape\nMapuche\nMesoamerican\nAztec\nMaya\nOlmec\nPurpecha\nMidewiwin\nMuisca\nNative American Church\nNavajo\nNuu-chah-nulth\nPawnee\nTsimshian\nUte\nZuni\nTai and Miao\nAhom\nHmongism\nMo\nSatsana Phi\nTibeto-Burmese\nBon\nBurmese\nBenzhuism\nBimoism\nBathouism\nBongthingism\nDongba\nDonyi-Polo\nHeraka\nKiratism\nQiang\nSanamahism\nTraditional AfricanNorth African\nBerber\nGuanche church\nSub-SaharanAfrican\nAkamba\nAkan\nBaluba\nBantu\nKongo\nZulu\nBushongo\nDinka\nDogon\nEfik\nFon and Ewe\nIk\nLotuko\nLozi\nLugbara\nMaasai\nMbuti\nOdinala\nSan\nSerer\nTumbuka\nUrhobo\nWaaqeffanna\nYoruba\nIf\nDiasporic:\nCandombl\nBantu\nJej\nKetu\nComfa\nConvince\nEspiritismo\nKumina\nObeah\nPalo\nQuimbanda\nSantera\nTambor de Mina\nTrinidad Orisha\nUmbanda\nVodou\nVoodoo\nWinti\nOther ethnic\nAboriginal Australian\nInuit\nPapuan\nSiberian\nNew religious movementsSyncretic\nBrahmoism\nFalun Gong\nJapanese\nMeivazhi\nModekngei\nNew Acropolis\nNew Age\nNew Thought\nRajneesh\nRastafari\nSant Mat\nRadha Soami\nSpiritualism\nSubud\nTensegrity\nThelema\nTheosophy\nNeo-Theosophy\nAgni Yoga\nTranscendental Meditation\nUnitarian Universalism\nWhite Brotherhood\nModernpaganism\nAfrican\nGodianism\nArmenian\nBaltic\nDievturba\nRomuva\nCaucasian\nAbkhaz\nCircassian\nCeltic\nDruidry\nGermanic\nHellenism (modern religion)\nItalo-Roman\nNeoshamanism\nOssetian\nPolytheistic reconstructionism\nRomanian\nSlavic\nUralic\nEstonian\nModern Finnish paganism\nHungarian\nMari religion\nErzyan native religion\nSmi\nUdmurt\nWicca\nZalmoxianism\nlist\nDe novo\nAnthroposophy\nDiscordianism\nEckankar\nFourth Way\nGoddess\nJediism\nSatanism\nScientology\nUFO religion\nRalism\nHistorical religions\nPrehistoric\nPaleolithic\nAinu\nArabian\nArmenian\nBaltic\nLatvian\nLithuanian\nOld Prussian\nBasque\nCeltic\nDruidism\nIrish\nCook Islands\nDravidian\nEgyptian\nAtenism\nEtruscan\nFinnish\nFuegian\nSelk'nam\nGeorgian\nGermanic\nAnglo-Saxon\nContinental\nFrankish paganism\nNorse\nGreek\nGnosticism\nGreco-Buddhism\nHermeticism\nMysteries\nOrphism\nGuanche\nHarappan\nHittite\nHungarian\nHurrian\nInca\nJamaican Maroon\nManichaeism\nMazdakism\nMelanesian\nMesopotamian\nBabylonian\nSumerian\nMicronesian\nNauruan Indigenous religion\nOlmec\nPaleo-Balkan\nAlbanian\nDacian\nIllyrian\nThracian\nProto-Indo-Iranian\nIranian\nVedic\nRapa Nui\nRoman\nCult of Magna Mater\nGallo-Roman\nImperial cult\nMithraism\nMysteries of Isis\nSemitic\nCanaanite\nPunic\nYahwism\nScythian\nSlavic\nSomali\nTongan\nUrartu\nVainakh\nZapotec\nTopicsAspects\nApostasy/ Disaffiliation\nBehaviour\nBeliefs\nCall to prayer\nClergy\nCovenant\nConversion\nDeities\nDenomination\nEntheogens\nEthnic\nFaith\nFire\nFolk religion\nGod\nGoddess\nIndigenous\nMeditation\nMonasticism\nMonk\nNovice\nNun\nMysticism\nMythology\nOrdination\nOrthodoxy\nOrthopraxy\nPaganism\nPrayer\nProphecy\nReligious experience\nRitual\nLiturgy\nPurification\nSacrifice\nSacred space\nBodies of 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and irreligion\nAgnosticism\nAntireligion\nAtheism\nCriticism\nDeconstruction\nObjectivism\nSecular humanism\nSecular theology\nSecularization\nSeparation of church and state\nUnaffiliated\nOverviewsand lists\nAbrahamic prophets\nDeification\nDeities\nFounders\nIndex\nMass gatherings\nNames of God\nNew religious movements\nOrganizations\nOutline\nReligions and spiritual traditions\nScholars\nTimeline\nReligion by countryAfrica\nAlgeria\nAngola\nBenin\nBotswana\nBurkina Faso\nBurundi\nCameroon\nCape Verde\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nComoros\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nRepublic of the Congo\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nEquatorial Guinea\nEritrea\nEswatini\nEthiopia\nGabon\nGambia\nGhana\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nIvory Coast\nKenya\nLesotho\nLiberia\nLibya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMali\nMauritania\nMauritius\nMorocco\nMozambique\nNamibia\nNiger\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSo Tom and Prncipe\nSenegal\nSeychelles\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSouth Africa\nSouth Sudan\nSudan\nTanzania\nTogo\nTunisia\nUganda\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nAsia\nAfghanistan\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus\nEast Timor\nGeorgia\nHong Kong\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nKorea\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMacau\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nOman\nPakistan\nPalestine\nPhilippines\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTaiwan\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nEurope\nAlbania\nAndorra\nAustria\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCzechia\nDenmark\nEstonia\nFinland\nFrance\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland\nIreland\nItaly\nKosovo\nLatvia\nLiechtenstein\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMalta\nMoldova\nMonaco\nMontenegro\nNetherlands\nNorth Macedonia\nNorway\nPoland\nPortugal\nRomania\nRussia\nSan Marino\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nUkraine\nUnited Kingdom\nEngland\nNorthern Ireland\nScotland\nWales\nNorth America\nAntigua and Barbuda\nBahamas\nBarbados\nBelize\nCanada\nCosta Rica\nCuba\nDominica\nDominican Republic\nEl Salvador\nGrenada\nGuatemala\nHaiti\nHonduras\nJamaica\nMexico\nNicaragua\nPanama\nSaint Kitts and Nevis\nSaint Lucia\nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines\nTrinidad and Tobago\nUnited States\nOceania\nAustralia\nFiji\nKiribati\nMarshall Islands\nMicronesia\nNauru\nNew Zealand\nPalau\nPapua New Guinea\nSamoa\nSolomon Islands\nTonga\nTuvalu\nVanuatu\nSouth America\nArgentina\nBolivia\nBrazil\nChile\nColombia\nEcuador\nGuyana\nParaguay\nPeru\nSuriname\nUruguay\nVenezuela\nCategory\nPortal\nvteBeliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church (list)Antiquity\nAdoptionism\nApollinarism\nArianism\nAnomoeanism\nSemi-Arianism\nAntidicomarianites\nAudianism\nDocetism\nDonatism\nCircumcellions\nCollyridianism\nDualism\nEbionites\nEuchites\nGnosticism\nManichaeism\nPaulicianism\nPriscillianism\nNaassenes\nOphites\nSethianism\nValentinianism\nIconoclasm\nLuciferianism\nMacedonianism\nMarcionism\nMelchisedechians\nModalism\nMonarchianism\nAthinganoi\nModalistic\nMonophysitism\nMonothelitism\nMontanism\nNestorianism\nNovatianism\nPatripassianism\nPelagianism\nSemipelagianism\nPneumatomachians\nPsilanthropism\nSabellianism\nSubordinationism\nValentinianism\nMiddle Ages\nArnoldism\nBogomilism\nBosnian Church\nCatharism\nConciliarism\nDulcinians\nFraticelli\nFree Spirits\nHenricians\nHumiliati\nHussites\nImpanation\nJosephines\nLollardy\nMigetians\nPasagians\nSpanish Adoptionism\nTaborites\nWaldensians\nEarly modernity\nAntinomianism\nConsubstantiation\nFebronianism\nGallicanism\nJansenism\nJosephinism\nPantheism\nProtestantism\nAnabaptism\nArminianism\nCalvinism\nLutheranism\nQuietism\nModernity\nAmericanism\nCommunity of the Lady of All Nations\nFeeneyism\nIndifferentism\nJehovah's Witnesses\nModernism\nMormonism\nNarco-saints\nMaximn\nSanta Muerte\nPositive Christianity\nReincarnationism\nCatholic Church portal\nvteWestern world and cultureFoundations\nCradle of civilization\nOld World\nGreco-Roman world\nGreece\nHellenistic Kingdoms\nRome\nRoman Empire\nWestern\nEastern\nRoman legacy\nRomanization\nRomano-Germanic culture\nChristendom\nHistory\nEuropean Bronze Age\nClassical antiquity\nLate antiquity\nMiddle Ages\nearly\nhigh\nlate\nRenaissance\nEarly modern period\nAge of Discovery\nReformation\nAge of Enlightenment\nScientific Revolution\nLate modern period\nAge of Revolution\nRomanticism\nAbolitionism\nEmancipation\nCapitalism\nIndustrial Revolution\nGreat Divergence\nModern era\nModernism\nWorld War I\nInterwar period\nUniversal suffrage\nWorld War II\nCold War\nPostCold War era\nInformation age\nWar on terror\nCulture\nAlphabet\nGreek\nLatin\nCyrillic\nArchitecture\nArt\nPeriods\nCalendar\nCuisine\nDiet\nClassical tradition\nStudies\nClothing\nHistory\nDance\nEsotericism\nAstrology\nFolklore\nImmigration\nLaw\nLanguages\nEurolinguistics\nStandard Average European\nLiterature\nCanon\nMedia\nInternet\nMusic\nChant\nClassical\nFolk\nMythology\nPainting (contemporary)\nPhilosophy\nScience\nValues\nPhysical culture\nSport\nReligion\nEastWest Schism\nWestern Christianity\nDecline\nSecularism\nPhilosophy\nAncient Greek philosophy\nHellenistic philosophy\nAncient Roman philosophy\nJudeo-Christian ethics\nChristian philosophy\nScholasticism\nRationalism\nEmpiricism\nExistentialism\nChristian existentialism\nHumanism\nChristian humanism\nSecular humanism\nLiberalism\nConservatism\nSocialism\nContinental philosophy\nAnalytic philosophy\nPost-structuralism\nTolerance\nParadox\nRelativism\nPeritrope\nAtlanticism\nValues\nReligion\nAbrahamic\nJudaism\nCulture\nChristianity\nCulture\nWestern/Eastern\nCatholic Church\nLatin Church\nEastern Orthodoxy\nGreek Orthodox Church\nProtestantism\nIslam\nCulture\nCultural Muslim\nBbism\nAzali\nBah\nDruze\nMandaeism\nRastafari\nSamaritanism\nPaganism\nBaltic\nCeltic\nFinnish\nGermanic\nAnglo-Saxon\nFrankish\nGothic\nOld Norse\nHellenistic\nRoman\nSlavic\nNeo\nAgnosticism\nAtheism\nLaw\nNatural law\nRule of law\nEquality before the law\nConstitutionalism\nHuman rights\nLife\nThought\nSpeech\nPress\nReligion\nProperty\nDemocracy\nInternational law\nContemporaryintegration\nABCANZ Armies\nAnglo-Portuguese Alliance\nANZUS\nArctic Council\nAUKUS\nBaltic Assembly\nBenelux\nBritishIrish Council\nBucharest Nine\nCouncil of Europe\nCraiova Group\nEEA\nEFTA\nESA\nEU\nEU Customs Union\nEurozone\nEUUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\nFive Eyes\nG7\nLancaster House Treaties\nLublin Triangle\nNATO\nNordic Council\nOAS\nOSCE\nPacific Islands Forum\nPROSUL/PROSUR\nRio Treaty\nSchengen\nSpecial Relationship\nThree Seas Initiative\nUSMCA\nVisegrd Group\nWest Nordic Council\nWestern Bloc\nWestern European and Others Group\nWesternization\nPortals: Religion Christianity Reformed Christianity Evangelical Christianity\nAuthority control databases National\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\n2\nJapan\nCzech Republic\n2\n3\n4\nOther\nHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland\nIdRef\nslm Ansiklopedisi\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protestantism&oldid=1225760520\"\nCategories: Protestantism16th-century introductionsChristian terminologyHidden categories: Articles containing German-language textCS1 German-language sources (de)Webarchive template wayback linksPages with numeric Bible version referencesWikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2015Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010CS1 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Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Protestantism | Definition, Beliefs, History, & Facts | Britannica\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nLogin\nSubscribe Now\nSubscribe\nHome\nGames & Quizzes\nHistory & Society\nScience & Tech\nBiographies\nAnimals & Nature\nGeography & Travel\nArts & Culture\nMoney\nVideos\nProtestantism\nTable of Contents\nIntroductionOrigins of ProtestantismThe context of the late medieval churchThe continental Reformation: Germany, Switzerland, and FranceThe role of LutherThe indulgence systemNinety-five ThesesLuthers manifestoDiet of WormsRadical reformers related to Luthers reformZwingli and his influenceThe AnabaptistsOther groupsThe role of CalvinCalvinism in FranceThe Reformation in England and ScotlandHenry VIII and the separation from RomeThe role of John KnoxThe rise of PuritanismOriginsPuritanism under the Stuarts (160349)Events under James IEvents under Charles ICivil warThe age of Cromwell (164960)The Restoration (166085)Puritanism in the English coloniesVirginiaMassachusetts BayOther coloniesThe expansion of the Reformation in EuropeProtestant renewal and the rise of the denominationsThe setting for renewalSurvival of a mystical traditionCatholic recovery of Protestant territoriesProtestant scholasticismThe rise of PietismPietism in the 17th century18th-century Pietism in central Europe and England18th-century Pietism in Scandinavia and AmericaDenmark-NorwayNorth AmericaRationalismEvangelicalism in England and the ColoniesMethodismThe Great AwakeningLegacies of the American Revolution and French RevolutionThe revival of PietismGermanyNorth AmericaThe era of Protestant expansionTolerationThe rise of American Protestant influenceThe spread of missionsRevivalism in the 19th centuryNew issues facing Protestantism in the 19th centuryChurches and social changeBiblical criticismProtestantism since the early 20th centuryMainstream ProtestantismConservative and Evangelical forms of ProtestantismPentecostalismFundamentalismEvangelicalismTheological movements within ProtestantismThe ecumenical movement\nReferences & Edit History\nRelated Topics\nImages & Videos\nQuizzes\nChristianity Quiz\nRelated Questions\nWho was the founder of the Society of Friends?\nWhy are members of the Society of Friends known as Quakers?\nRead Next\nWhat Is the Most Widely Practiced Religion in the World?\nDiscover\nSecret Service Code Names of 11 U.S. Presidents\nWhy Do Some Cicadas Appear Only Every 17 Years?\nWhy Is the Indy 500 Held on Memorial Day Weekend?\n9 of the Worlds Deadliest Spiders\nThe 10 Greatest Basketball Players of All Time\nEstimated Battle Casualties During the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944\nFlags That Look Alike\nContents\nHome\nPhilosophy & Religion\nReligious Beliefs\nProtestantism\nChristianity\nActions\nCite\nShare\nGive Feedback\nExternal Websites\nPrint\nCite\nShare\nFeedback\nExternal Websites\nWritten by\nMartin E. Marty\nFairfax M. Cone Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, Divinity School, University of Chicago. Senior Editor, The Christian Century. Author of Religion & Republic: The American Circumstance...\nMartin E. Marty,\nRoland H. Bainton\nTitus Street Professor of Church History, Yale University, 193662. Author of The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century and others.\nRoland H. Bainton,\nJames C. Spalding\nProfessor of Religion, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Editor of The Reformation of the Ecclesiastical Laws of England, 1552.\nJames C. SpaldingSee All\nFact-checked by\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nLast Updated:\nMay 5, 2024\n\nArticle History\nTable of Contents\nMartin Luther's excommunication\nSee all media\nKey People:\nLouis XIV\nPhilip\nJohan van Oldenbarnevelt\nMary I\nSaint Pius V\n(Showmore)\nRelated Topics:\nThe Protestant Heritage\nLutheranism\nBaptist\nprosperity gospel\nZwinglianism\n(Showmore)\nSee all related content \nRecent News\nMay 5, 2024, 2:14 PM ET (AP)\nA milestone reached in mainline Protestant churches' decades-old disputes over LGBTQ inclusion\nMay 5, 2024, 8:38 AM ET (AP)\nMethodists end anti-gay bans, closing 50 years of battles over sexuality for mainline Protestants\nProtestantism, Christian religious movement that began in northern Europe in the early 16th century as a reaction to medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices. Along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism became one of three major forces in Christianity. After a series of European religious wars in the 16th and 17th centuries, and especially in the 19th century, it spread throughout the world. Wherever Protestantism gained a foothold, it influenced the social, economic, political, and cultural life of the area. Origins of Protestantism The name Protestant first appeared at the Diet of Speyer in 1529, when the Roman Catholic emperor of Germany, Charles V, rescinded the provision of the Diet of Speyer in 1526 that had allowed each ruler to choose whether to administer the Edict of Worms (which banned Martin Luthers writings and declared him a heretic and an enemy of the state). On April 19, 1529, a protest against this decision was read on behalf of 14 free cities of Germany and six Lutheran princes who declared that the majority decision did not bind them because they were not a party to it and that if forced to choose between obedience to God and obedience to Caesar, they must choose obedience to God. They appealed either to a general council of all Christendom or to a synod of the whole German nation. Those who made this protest became known to their opponents as Protestants, and gradually the label was applied to all who adhered to the tenets of the Reformation, especially to those living outside Germany. In Germany the adherents of the Reformation preferred the name evangelicals and in France Huguenots. The name was attached not only to the disciples of Martin Luther (c. 14831546) but also to the Swiss disciples of Huldrych Zwingli (14841531) and later of John Calvin (150964). The Swiss reformers and their followers in Holland, England, and Scotland, especially after the 17th century, preferred the name Reformed. In the 16th century Protestant referred primarily to the two great schools of thought that arose in the Reformation, the Lutheran and the Reformed. In England in the early 17th century, the word was used to denote orthodox Protestants as opposed to those who were regarded by Anglicans as unorthodox, such as the Baptists or the Quakers. Roman Catholics, however, used it for all who claimed to be Christian but opposed Catholicism (except the Eastern churches). They therefore included Baptists, Quakers, and Catholic-minded Anglicans under the term. Before the year 1700 this broad usage was accepted, though the word was not yet applied to Unitarians. The English Toleration Act of 1689 was titled an Act for exempting their Majesties Protestant subjects dissenting from the Church of England. But the act provided only for the toleration of the opinions known in England as orthodox dissent and conceded nothing to Unitarians. Throughout the 18th century the word Protestant was still defined in relation to the 16th-century Reformation. W. Owen Chadwick The context of the late medieval church The Protestant Reformation occurred against the background of the rich ferment of the late medieval church and society. It has been difficult for two reasons to gain a proper understanding of the relationship between the late Middle Ages and the Reformation. One reason is the tradition of the sectarian historiography of the period. Catholic historians had an interest in showing how much reform occurred before and apart from the activities of the Protestant reformers of the 16th century. Protestant historians, on the other hand, portrayed the late medieval church in the most negative terms to show the necessity of the Reformation, which was characterized as a movement that broke completely with a corrupt past.\nBritannica Quiz\nChristianity Quiz\nThe second reason for difficulty in understanding the period is that the 15th-century critics of the church were not Pre-Reformers; they neither anticipated Protestantism nor acquired their importance from the Reformation. The events of that period were also not Pre-Reformation happenings but had an identity and meaning of their own. Alexander VIPope Alexander VI, detail of a fresco by Pinturicchio, 149294; in the Vatican.(more)The existence of reform efforts in the 15th-century church from Spain and Italy northward through Germany, France, and England has long been acknowledged. Some of these were directed against abuses by the papacy, the clergy, and monks and nuns. The pious, for example, abhorred Pope Innocent VIII (148492), who performed marriage ceremonies for his own illegitimate children in the Vatican, and Pope Alexander VI (14921503), who bribed his way to the throne of St. Peter and had fathered eight children by three women by the time he became pope. The public was also increasingly aware of and angered by extravagant papal projectspatronage of art and architecture, wars of conquestfor which funds were exacted from the faithful.\nSpecial 67% offer for students! Finish the semester strong with Britannica.\nLearn More\nThe distaste for the papacy increased at a time of rising nationalist spirit. The popes, who had long intervened in European political affairs, faced setbacks when European monarchs acquired new power and asserted it against both the papacy and the local clergy. William of OckhamDuring this time of rising national consciousness, a generation of theologians appeared who remained entirely within the context of medieval Roman Catholicism but who engaged in fundamental criticisms of it. Thus William of Ockham (died 1349?) spoke up as a reformer within the Franciscan order, which he hoped to return to its original strict rule of apostolic poverty. Ockham argued that Pope John XXII was a heretic because he denied that Jesus and the Apostles were possessionless. Ockham saw the papacy and empire as independent but related realms. He believed that when the church was in danger of heresy, lay peopleprinces and commoners alikemust come to its rescue. This meant reform. John WycliffeJohn Wycliffe, an English reformer and theologian of the 14th century.(more)Another English theologian, John Wycliffe, also challenged the churchs abuse of power and questioned its doctrines. Wycliffe encouraged reform of the church and its teachings and granted uncommon spiritual authority to the king. His primary source of inspiration for reform was the Bible. Wycliffe gave impetus to its translation, and in 1380 he helped make it available to rulers and ruled alike. Jan HusJan Hus at the stake, coloured woodcut from a Hussite prayer book, 1563.(more)In Bohemia, Jan Hus, who became rector of the University of Prague, used that school as his base to criticize lax clergy and the recent prohibition of offering the cup of wine to communicants. He also exploited nationalist feelings and argued that the pope had no right to use the temporal sword. Huss bold accusations were judged heretical and led to his death by burning at the Council of Constance in 1415. Hans Holbein the Younger: ErasmusErasmus, oil on panel by Hans Holbein the Younger, 152324; in the Louvre, Paris. 43 33 cm.(more)Alongside a piety that combined moral revulsion with nationalism, Christian humanism was a further sign of unrest in the late medieval church. In Italy Lorenzo Valla (140757) used philology and historical inquiry to expose a number of forgeries, including the Donation of Constantine, which purportedly granted control over the Western Roman Empire to the pope. In Germany Johannes Reuchlin (14551522) studied Greek and Hebrew, the biblical languages, and was involved in an international controversy that pitted intellectual freedom against ecclesiastical authority. Desiderius Erasmus (1466/691536), the most famous and important of the Northern or Christian humanists, used his vast learning and his satiric pen to question the practices of the church. Because of his philosophy of Christ, which stressed a focus on the Bible and rejected much medieval superstition, Erasmus, a lifelong Catholic, was accused of laying the egg that hatched Luther. While these reformers attacked people in high places, they also regarded the Catholicism of ordinary people as needing reform. Such practices as pilgrims visiting shrines or parishioners regarding the relics of saints with awe were open to abuse. The pestilences and plagues of the 14th century had bred an inordinate fear of death, which led to the exploitation of simple people by a church that was, in effect, offering salvation for sale.\nDespite instances of anticlericalism and polemics against the church, most of the faithful remained loyal and found the church to be the vehicle of their eternal salvation. Nothing is more erroneous than the notion that, early in the 16th century, Europe was ripe for a reform of the church. Martin E. Marty\nLoad Next Page\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? 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Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).\nFeedback Type\nSelect a type (Required)\nFactual Correction\nSpelling/Grammar Correction\nLink Correction\nAdditional Information\nOther\nYour Feedback\nSubmit Feedback\nThank you for your feedback\nOur editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.\nverifiedCite\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\nPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\nSelect Citation Style\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago Manual of Style\nMarty, Martin E. , Bainton,\nRoland H. , Spalding,\nJames C. , Nelson,\nE. Clifford and Chadwick,\nW. Owen. \"Protestantism\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 May. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism. Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism\nExternal Websites\nLearn Religion - What is the definition of Protestantism?\nPBS - Hispanic Protestants\nCatholic Online - Protestantism\nChristianity.com - What is a Protestant? Their Beliefs and Differences from Catholics\nHumanities LibreTexts - Protestantism\nMcClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - Protestantism\nEternal Word Television Network - Logic and the Foundations of Protestantism\nprint\nPrint\nPlease select which sections you would like to print:\nTable Of Contents\nIntroductionOrigins of ProtestantismThe context of the late medieval churchThe continental Reformation: Germany, Switzerland, and FranceThe Reformation in England and ScotlandThe expansion of the Reformation in EuropeProtestant renewal and the rise of the denominationsProtestantism since the early 20th century\nverifiedCite\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\nPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\nSelect Citation Style\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago Manual of Style\nMarty, Martin E. , Bainton,\nRoland H. , Spalding,\nJames C. , Nelson,\nE. Clifford and Chadwick,\nW. Owen. \"Protestantism\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 May. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism. Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism\nExternal Websites\nLearn Religion - What is the definition of Protestantism?\nPBS - Hispanic Protestants\nCatholic Online - Protestantism\nChristianity.com - What is a Protestant? Their Beliefs and Differences from Catholics\nHumanities LibreTexts - Protestantism\nMcClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - Protestantism\nEternal Word Television Network - Logic and the Foundations of Protestantism", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Glad Protestantism - The Scriptorium Daily\nThe Scriptorium Daily\nAbout\nArt\nCulture\nLiterature\nPhilosophy\nTheology\nMisc.\nThe Scriptorium Daily\nEssays\nArt\nCulture\nLiterature\nPhilosophy\nTheology\nMisc.\nArt\nCulture\nLiterature\nPhilosophy\nTheology\nMisc.\nEssay / Theology\nGlad Protestantism\nby Fred Sanders on November 11, 2013\nLast Friday, the estimable Peter Leithart posted a little manifesto in his column space at First Things,. declaring The End of Protestantism.\nI didnt like the piece at all. In fact, for a moment I entertained the theory that somebody had hacked his account and posted a satire. Leithart is after all one of a handful of contemporary theologians who actually writes with a personal style, with a voice that could be imitated. And this piece just seemed too over the top, badly considered, and hastily dashed off to be real Leithart. Theres even horrors! a typo in it! I decided it was the real Leithart, but not his best work. Having profited greatly from his writing over the years, I figured it was my duty to cover the nakedness of the fathers and not draw undue attention to this rare, poor performance.\nBut the piece got passed around social media, and I started getting e-mail. Some hailed it as a rallying cry that gave voice to their own inarticulate longings, others were troubled and knew they should disagree but couldnt quite figure out how or why. I took a swat at the piece on Twitter. Friends asked me to say more. Then Jamie Smith poked fun at me for not saying more. Then Peter Leithart asked me to say more. Okay, already. The original post was only 840 words, so Ill try to respect the medium and keep this shortish. The original was also a bit of a puckish provocation, so Ill do my best to show that I didnt miss the joke altogether.\nFirst, something praiseworthy about Leitharts The End of Protestantism. Its very clear what he deplores. He deplores the kind of small-minded Protestant whose heroes are Luther and Calvin, and who has no other heroes in the 1500 years prior to them. He deplores the kind of knee-jerk Protestant who is locked into permanent reaction against whatever Roman Catholics do or say, and who enjoys setting up Roman strawmen (Vatican I, Catholic Encyclopedia vintage, if possible) to knock down. He deplores the kind of unimaginative Protestant who mocks patristic Bible interpretation and thinks that if the grammatical-historical mode of interpreting was good enough for Jesus, it should be good enough for us. He deplores the kind of amnesiac Protestant who leaps from Bible Times to the Reformation, thinking he has skipped over nothing but bad guys in doing so.\nThis is all certainly deplorable. Where shall we find men of such denominational ressentiment? Mostly in the local Baptist or Bible church, but also among conservative Presbyterians. Leithart deplores a fewother things, like preaching in a suit and tie instead of vestments, and a low sacramentology, but lets stick for a moment to the historical outline of the portrait. Leithart calls us away from that kind of small-minded, knee-jerk, unimaginative, amnesiac man of ressentiment, and conjures instead something free and fully realized. He calls it Reformational Catholicism, and builds up its portrait in bright, not to say self-congratulatory, colors, in contrast to the dark tones he has just used.\nTo put it this way is to point out that the essay labors under an inconsistency between its message and its method. You dont beat the man of ressentiment by resenting him harder. And this End of Protestantism essay has asquint, a stoop, a cramp, a kink in the hose. It deplores more than it deploys. The spring in its engine is the decision to turn the word Protestant into a term of abuse, and use it as a label to catch all the mockery directed at the know-nothings depicted above. Im not sure who thats supposed to help. It seems likely to quench the smoking flax of any actual Protestant interest in the great tradition.\nThe comments section below the piece is, predictably, a tangled bank of confusions. Among the Anglicans saying I think weve got what youre looking for, its not a new idea and the Roman Catholics saying youre half right, keep talking, there is the occasional note of perplexity:Im wondering just what the names of Reformational Catholic churches are. Where should I go to worship with these people? One of the confusing bits is that all those churches are likely to have the word Protestant in their names, but this is an essay calling for everybody to bail out of the Protestant ship.\nThe most misleading thing in the essay is that it is a massive act of catastrophic silencing, covering over the witness of the Reformers and their heirs. Leithart leaps over the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries of confessional Protestant theology and spirituality, suggesting that theres nothing there worth investigating. For the purposes of this essay, hes constructed a new dark ages, though a shorter one and a more recent one. On the far side of the chasm is something called Patristic and Medieval Land; and on this side is an anti-Catholic bigot serving the Lords Supper in a Mickey Mouse T-shirt. But theres nothing between them, so choose you this day.\nThe way this essay is set up reminds me of an awkward stage some of my undergraduates go through. They come to Biola from good families and good churches, and we give them, along with all the Bible instruction, a truckload of Irenaeus, Athanasius, Nazianzus, Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, and Dante. They read it, wrestle with it, come to love much of it, and then at some point in the sophomore year they look up and ask, Why dont Protestants read any of this great stuff?\nThey ask this at a Protestant establishment. And not just Protestant, but the evangelical kind, a Bible Institute that turned into a university. They ask it of an evangelical faculty that has carefully led them through the whole heritage of patristic and medieval riches. They are sent here by their Protestant parents from evangelical churches to do this reading at a former Bible Institute with an evangelical faculty, and they want to know, where are all the Protestants?\nTrying to avoid that gobsmacked look, I sometimes ask, By Protestant, do you mean your high school youth group? Sometimes they admit thats what they mean.\nSometimes a student will ask, why dont any Protestants recite the creeds?\nI dont get exasperated. I get pretty excited that I get to be the person who throws open the doors to the vast resources of historic Protestant theology. Come on in, kids, and explore a lost culture: your own! Start with Billy Graham and R. A. Torrey and read your way backwards into the Victorians and the Puritans. Check out the Protestant Scholastics who knew Aristotle by heart. Meet the Methodist revival, run almost exclusively by Anglicans at first. Try to follow Martin Chemnitz as he engages Cyril of Alexandria on the hypostatic union. Watch Calvins mastery of the church fathers, and see him refuse to yield the patristic case to Sadoleto. See if you can figure out what strange mystical spot Luther is reading the Bible from. Explore the hinterland of the soul. All things are yours, and you are Christs, and Christ is Gods.\nWhat bothers me about The End of Protestantism is that it gives people like this the message that the trailhead to the great heritage cannot be picked up in their own church. The trailhead must be in some other church or denomination. Leitharts unfortunate language effaces all signs of the trailhead, covers the tracks that we could follow back, demands a leap. The face of Luther glowers ambiguously from the top of the page, but we are assured that there areunplumbed depths in Scripture, never dreamt of by Luther and Calvin. I expect this kind of dismissiveness from someone who hasnt spent any time reading the exegesis of Luther and Calvin. But I always assume Leitharts read everything, so I boggle at his false dichotomy between the Reformers and the ancient church.\nLeithart gives one final hint that he knows better than the post suggests. He ends with the sentence, Its time to turn the protest against Protestantism and to envision a new way of being heirs of the Reformation, a new way that happens to conform to the original Catholic vision of the Reformers. Wise readers will pick up on the tiny clue here, that the whole point of actual Protestantism (when its not having a new meaning forced on it as a term of abuse) is to claim the full heritage of the church while making necessary adjustments in recent deviations.\nBut, to conclude, this essay is simply misconceived, so the trouble starts immediately. The first two sentences invite readers to join the author in a private definition of a word already in use to mean something else. The third and fourth sentences (about English Evangelicals being antithetical to the Church of England) cant stand up to Gerald Bray politely raising his hand and voting present in the comments section. The fifth sentence (What Im calling Protestantism does the same with Roman Catholicism.)admits investing a word with a new, private meaning, and uses scare quotes to do so, thereby making itself inconsistent with the rhetorical pitch of the full article. The sixth sentence (and a few later ones) seems to trade on a bogus etymology of the word Protestant, that imagines it to be about protesting.\nA little over a year ago, in an essay about how nobody should take any of his arguments to mean that a Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox exit door was the right solution to any problems, Leithart wrote about what he called myProtestantism, myreformedcatholicity. Im going to continue assuming he means the same things today. My Protestantism better, reformed catholicity is not fundamentally anti-. Its pro-, pro-church, pro-ecumenism, pro-unity, pro-One Body of the One Lord. Its not that Im too anti-Catholic to be Catholic. Im too catholic to be Catholic. I believe Leitharts reformed catholicity (the capitals and the -isms arent bringing a lot of clarity, it seems to me) is fundamentally pro-. But in the convoluted case of The End of Protestantism, two anti-s didnt make a pro-.\nShare this essay\n[social_share/]\nPrevious Essay A Class on Trinitarian Theology\nNext Essay Mysteries to Themselves\nFred\nSanders\nFred is a systematic theologian with an emphasis on the doctrine of the Trinity. He and his wife Susan have two adult children and are members of Grace Evangelical Free Church. Read more about Fred here.\nMore from this authorGrowth into Great Things (Augustine)Invest Me With a Graduates Gown (Kit Smart)A Few Questions for You (Commencement 2023)More Theology EssaysShame in PhilippiansTell Pale-Hearted Fear it Lies (Fear in Philippians)Joy in Philippians\nRecent Essays\nGrowth into Great Things (Augustine)\nInvest Me With a Graduates Gown (Kit Smart)\nA Few Questions for You (Commencement 2023)\nPrevious Essay A Class on Trinitarian Theology\nNext Essay Mysteries to Themselves\nRecent Essays\nGrowth into Great Things (Augustine)\nInvest Me With a Graduates Gown (Kit Smart)\nA Few Questions for You (Commencement 2023)\nScriptorium Sponsors\nTorrey Honors College\nConnect\nThe Scriptorium Daily\nCopyright 2024 The Scriptorium Daily\t\t\t\t\t\tAdministrative Editor: Fred Sanders", "url": "https://scriptoriumdaily.com/glad-protestantism/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The End of Protestantism | Peter J. Leithart | First Things\nIf you want this website to work, you must enable javascript.\nSupportFirst Things by turning your adblocker off or by making a\ndonation. Thanks!\nLogin\nforgot password? |\nregister\nClose\nLogin\nMENU\nLogin /\nActivate\nSubscribe\nPrint Edition\nSubscribe\nIssues Archive\nPrograms\nEvents\nIntellectual Retreats\nErasmus Lectures\nROFTERS\nJunior Fellows\nD.C. Lecture\nEvangelicals & Catholics Together\nMedia\nVideo\nPodcasts\nAuthors\nStore\nAbout\nTestimonials\nAdvertising\nSubmissions\nCustomer Service\nMasthead\nContact Us\nE-Newsletters\nDonate\nGive Now\nEditors Circle\nRJN Society\nWays to Give\nWeb Exclusives\nFirst Thoughts\nThe End of Protestantism\nby Peter J. Leithart\n11 . 8 . 13\nThe Reformation isnt over. But Protestantism is, or should be. When I studied at Cambridge, I discovered that English Evangelicals define themselves over against the Church of England. Whatever the C of E is, they aint. What Im calling Protestantism does the same with Roman Catholicism. Protestantism is a negative theology; a Protestant is a not-Catholic. Whatever Catholics say or do, the Protestant does and says as close to the opposite as he can. Mainline churches are nearly bereft of Protestants. If you want to spot one these days, your best bet is to visit the local Baptist or Bible church, though you can find plenty of Protestants among conservative Presbyterians too. Protestantism ought to give way to Reformational catholicism. Like a Protestant, a Reformational catholic rejects papal claims, refuses to venerate the Host, and doesnt pray to Mary or the saints; he insists that salvation is a sheer gift of God received by faith and confesses that all tradition must be judged by Scripture, the Spirits voice in the conversation that is the Church. Though it agrees with the original Protestant protest, Reformational catholicism is defined as much by the things it shares with Roman Catholicism as by its differences. Its existence is not bound up with finding flaws in Roman Catholicism. While hes at it, the Reformational catholic might as well claim the upper-case C. Why should the Roman see have a monopoly on capitalization? A Protestant exaggerates his distance from Roman Catholicism on every point of theology and practice, and is skeptical of Roman Catholics who say that they believe in salvation by grace. A Reformational Catholic cheerfully acknowledges that he shares creeds with Roman Catholics, and he welcomes reforms and reformulations as hopeful signs that we might at last stake out common ground beyond the barricades. (Protestants also exaggerate differences from one another, but thats a story for another day.) A Protestant believes (old-fashioned) Roman Catholic claims about its changeless stability. A Reformational Catholic knows that the Roman Catholicism has changed and is changing. Some Protestants dont view Roman Catholics as Christians, and wont acknowledge the Roman Catholic Church as a true church. A Reformational Catholic regards Catholics as brothers, and regrets the need to modify that brotherhood as separated. To a Reformational Catholic, its blindingly obvious that theres a billion-member Church of Jesus Christ centered in Rome. Because it regards the Roman Catholic Church as barely Christian, Protestantism leaves Roman Catholicism to its own devices. They had a pedophilia scandal, and they have a controversial pope. A Reformational Catholic recognizes that turmoil in the Roman Catholic Church is turmoil in his own family. A Protestant views the Church as an instrument for individual salvation. A Reformational Catholic believes salvation is inherently social. A Protestants heroes are Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and their heirs. If he acknowledges any ancestry before the Reformation, they are proto-Protestants like Hus and Wycliffe. A Reformational Catholic gratefully receives the history of the entire Church as his history, and, along with the Reformers, he honors Augustine and Gregory the Great and the Cappadocians, Alcuin and Rabanus Maurus, Thomas and Bonaventure, Dominic and Francis and Dante, Ignatius and Teresa of Avila, Chesterton, de Lubac and Congar as fathers, brothers, and sisters. A Reformational Catholic knows some of his ancestors were deeply flawed but wont delete them from the family tree. He knows every family has its embarrassments. Protestants are suspicious of a public, Constantinian church. While acknowledging the temptations of power, a Reformational Catholic views public witness as an expression of the Churchs mission to the nations. A Protestant mocks patristic and medieval biblical interpretation and finds safety in grammatical-historical exegesis. A Reformational Catholic revels in the riches, even while he puzzles over the oddities, of Augustine and Origen, Bernard and Bede. He knows there are unplumbed depths in Scripture, never dreamt of by Luther and Calvin. A Protestant is indifferent or hostile to liturgical forms, ornamentation in worship, and sacraments, because thats what Catholics do. Reformational Catholicisms piety is communal and sacramental, and its worship follows historic liturgical patterns. A Protestant wears a jacket and tie, or a Mickey Mouse t-shirt, to lead worship; a Reformational Catholic is vested in cassock and stole. To a Protestant, a sacrament is an aid to memory. A Reformational Catholic believes that Jesus baptizes and gives himself as food to the faithful, and doesnt avoid speaking of Eucharist or Mass just because Roman Catholics use those words. Reformational Catholicism meets George Weigels Evangelical Catholicism coming from the direction of Rome, and gives it a hearty handshake. Protestantism has had a good run. It remade Europe and made America. It inspired global missions, soup kitchens, church plants, and colleges in the four corners of the earth. But the world and the Church have changed, and Protestantism isnt what the Church, including Protestants themselves, needs today. Its time to turn the protest against Protestantism and to envision a new way of being heirs of the Reformation, a new way that happens to conform to the original Catholic vision of the Reformers. Peter J. Leithart is president of Trinity House. He is the author most recently of Gratitude: An Intellectual History,forthcoming from Baylor University Press. His previous On the Square articles can be found here. Become a fan of First Things on Facebook, subscribe to First Things via RSS, and follow First Things on Twitter.\n0\nPost\n0Vote\nPrint\nEmail\nPrev Article\nNext Article\nArticles by Peter J. Leithart\n@PLeithart\nComments are visible to subscribers only. 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Klassen - Paperback - University of California Press\nDisciplines\nAfrican Studies\nAmerican Studies\nAncient World (Classics)\nAnthropology\nArt\nAsian Studies\nBlack Studies\nCommunication\nCriminology & Criminal Justice\nEconomics\nEnvironmental Studies\nFilm & Media Studies\nFood & Wine\nGender & Sexuality\nGeography\nGlobal Studies\nHealth\nHistory\nLanguage\nLatin American Studies\nLegal Studies\nLiterary Studies & Poetry\nMiddle Eastern Studies\nMusic\nPhilosophy\nPolitics\nReligion\nSciences\nSociology\nTechnology Studies\nCourses\nProducts\nBooks\nJournals\nResources\nSupport Us\nAbout\nBlog\nContact Us\nStay informed: Sign up for eNews\nSubscribe\nDisciplines\nAfrican Studies\nAmerican Studies\nAncient World (Classics)\nAnthropology\nArt\nAsian Studies\nBlack Studies\nCommunication\nCriminology & Criminal Justice\nEconomics\nEnvironmental Studies\nFilm & Media Studies\nFood & Wine\nGender & Sexuality\nGeography\nGlobal Studies\nHealth\nHistory\nLanguage\nLatin American Studies\nLegal Studies\nLiterary Studies & Poetry\nMiddle Eastern Studies\nMusic\nPhilosophy\nPolitics\nReligion\nSciences\nSociology\nTechnology Studies\nCourses\nProducts\nBooks\nJournals\nResources\nSupport Us\nAbout\nBlog\nContact Us\nDisciplines\nReligion\nChristianity\nDownload cover image >\nCreate a flier for this title >\nSpirits of Protestantism\nMedicine, Healing, and Liberal Christianity\nby\nPamela E. Klassen (Author)\nJuly 2011\nFirst Edition\nHardcover$70.00, 59.00\nPaperback$29.95, 25.00\neBook$29.95, 25.00\nCourses\nChristianity\nSeries\nThe Anthropology of Christianity\nTitle Details\nRights: Available worldwide\nPages: 348\nISBN: 9780520270992\nTrim Size: 6 x 9\nIllustrations: 15 b/w photographs\nRequest an Exam or Desk Copy\nRecommend to Your Library (PDF)\nRightsLink\nRights and Permissions\nBuying Options\nAmazon\nBarnes & Noble\nBookshop\nPowells\nUC Press\nSkip To\nAbout the Book\nAbout the Author\nReviews\nTable of Contents\nAwards\nRelated Books\nAbout the Book\nAbout the Author\nReviews\nTable of Contents\nAwards\nRelated Books\nSkip To\nAbout the Book\nAbout the Author\nReviews\nTable of Contents\nAwards\nRelated Books\nAbout the Book\nSpirits of Protestantism reveals how liberal Protestants went from being early-twentieth-century medical missionaries seeking to convert others through science and scripture, to becoming vocal critics of missionary arrogance who experimented with non-western healing modes such as Yoga and Reiki. Drawing on archival and ethnographic sources, Pamela E. Klassen shows how and why the very notion of healing within North America has been infused with a Protestant \"supernatural liberalism.\" In the course of coming to their changing vision of healing, liberal Protestants became pioneers three times over: in the struggle against the cultural and medical pathologizing of homosexuality; in the critique of Christian missionary triumphalism; and in the diffusion of an ever-more ubiquitous anthropology of \"body, mind, and spirit.\" At a time when the political and anthropological significance of Christianity is being hotly debated, Spirits of Protestantism forcefully argues for a reconsideration of the historical legacies and cultural effects of liberal Protestantism, even for the anthropology of religion itself.\nAbout the Author\nPamela E. Klassen is Professor in the Department for the Study of Religion at the University of Toronto. She is the author of Blessed Events: Religion and Home Birth in America.\nReviews\nKlassen has taken the first of what will hopefully be several medical anthropological forays into the complex relationship between Christianity and western medicine in North America. In so doing, she has offered a courageous and balanced treatise that is not a plea for the renchantment of anthropology (or medicine) but a nuanced call for the careful analysis of the seemingly familiar.Willson Wills SomatosphereSpirits of Protestantism engages with many of the most important historical and theoretical debates in the field of religious studies. . . . A rich portrait of 20th century Protestant liberalism in (and beyond) Canada. The result is a book that is methodologically astute, wide-ranging in its source materials and cast of characters, theoretically informed and historiographically significant.Heather D. Curtis Religion\"An exceptionally detailed, historically grounded and comprehensive account.\"Toomas Gross Journal of the Finnish Anthropological SocietyKlassens book is much more than a first-rate study of how two churches in Canada positioned themselves within the ostensibly parallel worlds of biomedicine and spiritual healing. It is, at its core, an insightful meditation on the relationship between liberal Protestantism and the project of modernity. A must read not only for students of Christianity, but all those interested in the legacies of secularism and enchantment.\" Matthew Engelke, London School of Economics\nTable of Contents\nList of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: Healing Christians 1. Anthropologies of the Spiritual Body 2. The Gospel of Health and the Scientific Spirit 3. Protestant Experimentalists and the Energy of Love 4. Evil Spirits and the Queer Psyche in an Age of Anxiety 5. Ritual Proximity and the Healing of History Conclusion: Critical Condition Notes Archives Consulted Selected Bibliography Index\nAwards\nAwards for Excellence, American Academy of Religion\nRelated Books\nValentinian Christianity\nDevoted to Nature\nEvan Berry\nInvitation to Syriac Christianity\nMichael Philip Penn, Scott Fitzgerald Johnson, Christine Shepardson, Charles M. Stang\nGlobal Pentecostalism\nDonald E. Miller, Tetsunao Yamamori\nBorn Again Bodies\nR. 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All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nWe use cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. Learn more", "url": "https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520270992/spirits-of-protestantism" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How to stop protestantism? :: Europa Universalis IV General Discussions\nLogin\nStore\nHome\nDiscovery Queue\nWishlist\nPoints Shop\nNews\nStats\nCommunity\nHome\nDiscussions\nWorkshop\nMarket\nBroadcasts\nAbout\nSupport\nChange language\nGet the Steam Mobile App\nView desktop website\n Valve Corporation. All rights reserved. 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RefreshError Reference: Community_8933959_undefinedLoading CSS chunk 2530 failed.\n(error: https://community.cloudflare.steamstatic.com/public/css/applications/community/chunk~f036ce556.css?contenthash=65008c72e7e5586e0c2d)Something went wrong while displaying this content. RefreshError Reference: Community_8933959_undefinedLoading CSS chunk 238 failed.\n(error: https://community.cloudflare.steamstatic.com/public/css/applications/community/communityawardsapp.css?contenthash=9697f81cbeeb8cd9b3dc)\nStore Page\nEuropa Universalis IV\nAll\nDiscussions\nScreenshots\nArtwork\nBroadcasts\nVideos\nWorkshop\nNews\nGuides\nReviews\nAll\nDiscussions\nScreenshots\nArtwork\nBroadcasts\nVideos\nWorkshop\nNews\nGuides\nReviews\nEuropa Universalis IV\nStore Page\nView Stats:\nGlobal Achievements\nEuropa Universalis IV >\nGeneral Discussions >\nTopic Details\nYuo better commit sudoku\nView Profile\nView Posts\nFeb 13, 2016 @ 5:11am\nHow to stop protestantism?\nI play as Poland and it's year 1530, my provinces are being converted to protestantism all the time and I can't convert them back so fast (I play on arcade mode mod). It's very annoying, is there any way to prevent spreading of protestantism? I know that I could conquer and convert the provinces that spread it,but it's impossible for me now.\nSomething went wrong while displaying this content. RefreshError Reference: Community_8933959_undefinedLoading CSS chunk 238 failed.\n(error: https://community.cloudflare.steamstatic.com/public/css/applications/community/communityawardsapp.css?contenthash=9697f81cbeeb8cd9b3dc)\n<\n11\n>\nShowing 1-9 of 9 comments\nSer Twenty of House Goodmen\nView Profile\nView Posts\nFeb 13, 2016 @ 5:22am\nconquer and convert the nearby center of reformation, that will stop your provinces converting\n#1\nYuo better commit sudoku\nView Profile\nView Posts\nFeb 13, 2016 @ 5:35am\nOriginally posted by Ser Twenty of House Goodmen:conquer and convert the nearby center of reformation, that will stop your provinces converting I think you should train your reading skills\" I know that I could conquer and convert the provinces that spread it,but it's impossible for me now.\"\n#2\nBird the III\nView Profile\nView Posts\nFeb 13, 2016 @ 5:36am\nunless you conquer all christian provinces with 10+ developement and convert them by ~1500 it will always start, but no worries you can leave the pope alone hes save from starting protestantism\nLast edited by Bird the III;\nFeb 13, 2016 @ 6:24am\n#3\nBarry White\nView Profile\nView Posts\nFeb 13, 2016 @ 7:49am\nYou have to weather the storm and try to erase the centers of reformation. If its a nations capital then the easiest way to do it is force convert them since that converts their capital automatically.\n#4\nFellini_Fiend\nView Profile\nView Posts\nFeb 13, 2016 @ 12:19pm\nCan't be done in single player. The reformation will always start at some point. However a multiplayer game where every one or almost every one starts as Orthodox, Coptic, Sunni, or Shia you can conquer all of Europe and/or force convert them. DDRJake had a multiplayer session with his subscribers once where that was their goal and they very much got it done. But as far as single player goes you have to hope that the centers of reformations end up on their capitals. Forcing nations with centers of reformation on their capitals to convert will destroy them. That's what happened for me when I played as Austria a long time ago. There wasn't a single province in Europe that wasn't Catholic. Could hardly imagine a more successful HRE campaign than that, destroying France, and taking 90% of all the land the Ottomans controlled since eventually I passed the final reform a few years before the end of the game. Also I had forced Sweden and Lithuania into PUs (I also forced Burgundy, Poland, and Bohemia a long time before that; though I eventually lost Bohemia through an event but it didn't matter) so I literally controlled everything of continental Europe outside of Iberia (hell, I was hoping to get a dynastic member on the throne of Spain as well but unfortunately that didn't happen).Long story short, the reformation in single player cannot be avoided unfortunately. But you can definitely get rid of them all.\n#5\nProphetInReverse\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 29, 2018 @ 9:33pm\nAs Austria, I bided my time, got rid of the first reformation center in Bavaria (it happened to be a neighboring province, so I annexed it and converted it), bided my time some more, then created an elaborate coalition war where one of the losers had another center. I annexed it (too large to force religion) and converted it, then my ally forced religion on the remaining one, converting that. Now, despite once being probably the majority religion of the HRE, with tendrils in England, France, and Poland, the heart of Protestantism has been ripped out of its chest, and it is rapidly collapsing. I expect to utterly eradicate it by 1600. Groer Gott, wir loben dich...\n#6\ntonypa\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 29, 2018 @ 11:43pm\nOriginally posted by Yuo better commit sudoku:I play as Poland and it's year 1530, my provinces are being converted to protestantism all the time and I can't convert them back so fast (I play on arcade mode mod). It's very annoying, is there any way to prevent spreading of protestantism? I know that I could conquer and convert the provinces that spread it,but it's impossible for me now. Nothing else can be done. They will disappear eventually in 1600s.\n#7\nMedicles\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 29, 2018 @ 11:45pm\nLook at the date fellas.\n#8\nFrozenkhan\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 30, 2018 @ 1:35am\nI remember this thread. Nostalgic really.\n#9\n<\n11\n>\nShowing 1-9 of 9 comments\nPer page: 1530 50\nEuropa Universalis IV >\nGeneral Discussions >\nTopic Details\nDate Posted: Feb 13, 2016 @ 5:11amPosts: 9\nDiscussions Rules and Guidelines\nReport this post\nREASON\nNote: This is ONLY to be used to report spam, advertising, and problematic (harassment, fighting, or rude) posts.\n Valve Corporation. All rights reserved. All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries.Some geospatial data on this website is provided by geonames.org.\nPrivacy Policy\n| Legal\n| Steam Subscriber Agreement\n| Cookies\nView mobile website", "url": "https://steamcommunity.com/app/236850/discussions/0/412446890558407310/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "What is Orthodox Protestantism? A Brief Response to Rod Dreher - Ad Fontes\nSubscribe\nIssues\nWeb Exclusives\nBlogs\nBrad Littlejohn\nE.J. Hutchinson\nMiles Smith\nJoseph Minich\nRhys Laverty\nSteven Wedgeworth\nAndrew Koperski\nCommonwealth\nHomepage\nAbout\nDonate\nAbout\nPodcasts\nSubmissions\nSelect Page\nSubscribe\nIssues\nWeb Exclusives\nBlogs\nBrad Littlejohn\nE.J. Hutchinson\nMiles Smith\nJoseph Minich\nRhys Laverty\nSteven Wedgeworth\nAndrew Koperski\nCommonwealth\nHomepage\nAbout\nDonate\nAbout\nPodcasts\nSubmissions\nTheology | Web Exclusives | December 19, 2022\nWhat is Orthodox Protestantism? A Brief Response to Rod Dreher\nCarl R. Trueman\nTaking his cue from my recent article at First Things, Rod Dreher asks a most reasonable question: what is orthodox Protestantism?\nThe problem with defining the term is that orthodox Protestantism is, in one sense, an abstraction. It correlates with no single institution. Thus, the Roman Catholic is here at an advantage, at least in theory: orthodox Catholicism is what the Roman Catholic Church upholds as true and practices in her worship. The unity of the institution makes the question straightforward. As there is no single orthodox Protestant church, the question is inevitably more challenging.\nThe way I was using the term in the article was with reference to the points of consensus of the Protestant confessions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Thus, when one compares, say, the Lutheran Book of Concord with the various Reformed confessions, significant points of agreement emerge: on the Trinity, on the Incarnation, on the uniqueness and sufficiency of Christ for salvation. We might summarize this as agreement upon the creedal faith of the early church, refracted through the debates over sacraments, salvation, and ecclesiology in the Reformation. Significant points of antithesis do exist within Reformation Protestantism, particularly on the Lords Supper as a point of division between Lutherans and Reformed, but aside from this significant issue, there is a high degree of fundamental commonality.\nWhen one looks specifically at the Reformed confessions, the consensus is even stronger. E.F.K. Mllers collection of Reformed confessional documents, Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierte Kirche, is fascinating in this regard: the documents are drawn from across Europe and represent the productions of churches in a wide variety of linguistic, political, and cultural contexts. Yet there is substantial unity on all major topics. From the doctrine of God through the Incarnation to grace, justification, the word of God, the church, sacraments, and the afterlife, a clear core of orthodox Protestant teaching is there, despite the diversity of contextsa diversity arguably much greater than that represented by the bespoke diversities of today, given the lack of information technology, easy and efficient transportation, and pop cultural unity in the sixteenth century (no international Manchester United Supporters Club in Luthers day), things that are now a commonplace in our globalized world.\nCatholics will no doubt respond that I am offering a false unity here. I have chosen those texts that reflect the core of Christian belief I myself prefer and, by privileging them as normative, have granted Protestant orthodoxy a coherence that it did not possess then and does not possess now.\nThis is not a trivial objection and certainly Catholic emphasis on the need for institutional unity as the foundation for recognizing doctrinal unity is a serious one. When Christ prays that his people would be one (Jn. 17:11), the Protestant tendency is to reduce this to a unity of doctrine and then to use this as a way of sidestepping the question of institutional unity. That impoverishes Christs intention here. Institutional unity is important as a witness to the truth. I for one do think it ridiculous that in the USA alone there are numerous presbyterian denominations who hold substantially the same doctrinal position but exist as separate institutional bodies. Yet even so, the problem of defining Protestant orthodoxy is not simply a Protestant problem.\nIf we recast the question as What is Christian orthodoxy? it soon becomes clear that the problem is shared by Catholics and Orthodox too. This is because we live in a world of religious pluralism and that means we all live in a world of religious choice. Critics may say that I choose Reformed orthodoxy as normative for Christianity, but I can respond with precisely the same criticism of my Catholic and Orthodox friends. They too choose. They choose to prioritize historic institutional unity and continuity and make that the basis for their definition of what is the core of orthodox Christianity. That certainly addresses the concern Jesus has for something more than a notional unity based upon mere doctrinal agreement in the midst of institutional chaos but it misses that other important aspect of New Testament unitythat divisiveness is a function of doctrinal deviation (Rom. 16:17). The approach of my institution, right or wrong over doctrine is as problematic in its own way as the Protestant tendency to ignore the challenge that our institutional fragmentation poses for our claims of doctrinal unity. It is why there have been Catholics such as Hans Kng whose teaching was acknowledged by his own church as highly problematic but who remained a priest in good standing. Institution trumps dogma in actual practice, even as this will no doubt be denied in theory.\nAnd no one can avoid this problem of choice. I choose the Reformed confessions, Catholics choose institutional unity focused on Rome. Even cradle Catholics choose to remain Catholic despite the range of other options out there. As the great rock philosopher Geddy Lee expresses it in Rushs Free Will: If you choose not to decide you still have made a choice.\nSo I return to my basic definition: Protestant orthodoxy is reflected in the consensus of the Reformed confessions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. My choice. And they seem to cohere with what the Bible itself teaches. This does not solve all of the problems but, as I repeatedly tell my students, there is a sense in which Christian orthodoxy is the net result of all the problems one can live with as opposed to those one cannot live with. And for me, the fragmentary nature of Protestantism is less of a problemthough still a real, pungent problemthan the way in which institutional unity in Catholicism seems to relativize the relationship between belonging to the Church and actually believing what the Church teaches.\nCarl Trueman is a professor of biblical and religious studies at Grove City College and a fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center.\n Previous: The Birth of the Immaculate Conception: Mary, Apostolic Tradition, and the Protevangelium of James\nNext: Syllables Cannot Hold Him: \"In the Bleak Midwinter\" and the Grandeur of God \nTags\nRelated Articles\nMortal Goods: A Review\nby James R. Wood | May 28, 2024Mortal Goods: Reimagining Christian Political...\nHonorable Conduct in the Negative World\nby Carl R. Trueman | May 21, 2024In reading Ben Crenshaws response to my opinion...\nBeyond Schmitt\nby John Ehrett | May 20, 2024Most people have never heard of the German legal...\nThe Nature of Things Fragile: A Review\nby A.M. Juster | May 16, 2024The Nature of Things Fragile by Peter Vertacnik....\nArrayOther Articles by Carl R. TruemanHonorable Conduct in the Negative WorldCarl Trueman offers a surrejoinder on Christian political conduct.May 21, 2024Why Do Protestants Convert?To celebrate Reformation Day, read Carl Trueman's foreword from \"Why Do Protestants Convert?\", the newest Davenant publicationOctober 31, 2023\nJoin our Community\nSubscribe to receive access to our members-only articles as well as 4 annual print publications.\nSubscribe\nPO Box 358,\nLandrum, SC\n29356\ninfo@adfontesjournal.com\nAd Fontes is a quarterly publication of The Davenant Institute.\nThe Davenant Institute seeks to retrieve the riches of classical Protestantism in order to renew and build up the contemporary church.\nSubscribe\nMy account\nIssues\nPodcasts\nDonate\nAbout Us\nCopyright 2021 | All Rights Reserved | The Davenant Institute | Other Information\nShare This\nFacebook\nTwitter\nGmail", "url": "https://adfontesjournal.com/web-exclusives/what-is-orthodox-protestantism-a-brief-response-to-rod-dreher/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Introduction to Protestantism: Examining the Protestant Faith\nSkip to content\nChristianity in View\nChristianity Q and A\nDenominational Comparison\nCatholicism\nOrthodoxy\nProtestantism\nSurvey\nComments\nIntroduction to Protestantism Examining the Protestant Faith\nSkip to content\nIntroduction\nThe Background\nThe Reformers\nThe Five Solas\nDenominations\nTimeline\nProtestantism Today\nQ and A\nPhoto Gallery\nConclusion\nHome Introduction\nIntroduction\nYou are here: Christianity in View Introduction to Protestantism Home Page\nThe neglect of prayer is a grand hindrance to holiness. John Wesley.\nMartin Luther (10 November 1483 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation\nThe Diet of Worms (1521) was an imperial diet of the Holy Roman Empire.\nThis one is most memorable for the Edict of Worms , which addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation.\nMost Protestant denominations identify two sacraments instituted by Christ; the Eucharist (Holy Communion) and Baptism.\nThe King James Version (KJV), also known as the Authorized Version (AV) or King James Bible (KJB), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England that began in 1604 and was completed in 1611.\n1234PreviousNext\nA personal word\nA warm welcome to this web site, part of the Christianity in View series of websites, which examine the Christian Faith.\nThis web site provides an introduction to Protestantism, exploring its multi-faceted nature and development. There arebetween 800 and 1,000 millionProtestants worldwide, making up about 30% of all Christians. Protestantism continues to shape and influence Christianity in the modern world.\nComplete a survey for Protestant Christians.\nView the Protestant population of Europe.\nClockwise from the top: John Wesley, Elizabeth Fry, William Booth, Martin Luther King, Martin Luther.\nWho is your favourite Protestant?\nMartin Luther\nWilliam Booth\nBilly Graham\nC.S. Lewis\nJohn Wesley\nElizabeth Fry\nMartin Luther King\nJohn Calvin\nView Results\nLoading ...\nThe challenge for all Protestants is to reflect on their shared history within the church founded by Christ himself, who remains its head (Ephesians 4:15-16) and find new ways of relating to the rest of Christendom via ecumenical dialogue. Particularly in the last 30 years or so, the growth of the ecumenical movement has led to new ways by which Christians of all denominations can engage in dialogue and work together in proclaiming the gospel.\nWhat is Protestantism?\nThe word Protestant derives from the protests made by German princes at the Second Diet of Speyer in 1529. The Diet voted to end the toleration of those who followed the teachings of Martin Luther within Germany, which had previously been granted at the first Diet in 1526.\nThe core of Protestant teaching lies within the Five Solae (Latin: Alone), which provide a summary of Protestant theology. Essentially, Protestantism is characterised by emphasis on the Bible as the sole source of infallible truth and the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith alone (These are known as the formal and material causes of the Reformation respectively). In addition, Protestants have traditionally encouraged private interpretation of the scriptures by individuals rather than relying on the interpretation of the church (as is the case, for example in Roman Catholicism with its Magisterium, or teaching authority). Scripture is said to be perspicuous or clear regarding the essential truths of salvation. As a result of differing interpretations, various denominations have emerged such as Baptists, Lutherans and Methodists, each holding their own distinctive doctrines.\nThe Protestant Historian Philip Schaff in the The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge offered this summary of Protestant beliefs:\nThe Protestant goes directly to the Word of God for instruction, and to the throne of grace in his devotions; whilst the pious Roman Catholic consults the teaching of his churchFrom this general principle of Evangelical freedom, and direct individual relationship of the believer to Christ, proceed the three fundamental doctrines of Protestantism the absolute supremacy of (1) the Word, and of (2) the grace of Christ, and (3) the general priesthood of believers\nPhilip Schaff\nNOTE: The term Evangelical (from the Greek evangelion : Good news) is often used as a synonym for Protestant. More accurately, it might be described as a movement within Protestantism emphasising evangelistic outreach and commitment to social change. However it can also be used for anyone with an desire to help spread the gospel of Jesus Christ, irrespective of denomination.\nProtestant Statistics\nJavaScript chart by amCharts 3.19.665252524.518.11815.71515128.56.5The Largest Protestant DenominationsSource: Wikipedia (Totalling 248.3 Million of ~ 800 Million Protestants)Assemblies of GodChurch of EnglandCalvary ChapelEvangelical Church in GermanySeventh Day AdventistChurch of NigeriaSouthern Baptist ConventionZion Christian ChurchVineyard ChurchesUnited Methodist ChurchNational Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.Church of Sweden020406080Members (Millions)JS chart by amCharts\nNOTES:\n1. Figures are taken from the Wikipedia website as of 2015: List of Christian denominations by number of members.\n2. Calvary Chapel and Vineyard are non-denominational churches, but are considered to be Protestant in their theology.\n3. The Evangelical Church in Germany and the Church of Sweden are both Lutheran denominations, the Assemblies of God is Pentecostal and the Zion Christian Church is an independent African church.\nJavaScript chart by amCharts 3.19.6Baptist: 33.00%Methodist: 10.00%Lutheran: 8.00%Presbyterian: 5.00%Episcopal/Anglican: 3.00%Pentecostal: 10.00%Restorationist: 4.00%NonDenominational: 13.00%Other: 14.00%Protestant Groupings in the USASource: Pew Forum Survey, 2014JS chart by amCharts\nNOTES:\n1. Figures are taken from the Pew Forum survey.\n2. 11% of all Protestants (equivalent to 5.3% of the total American population) are affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention.\n3. Restorationist churches include the Church of Christ and Disciples of Christ denominations.\n4. Other includes such denominations as the Holiness and Congregationalist churches.\nJavaScript chart by amCharts 3.19.6EvangelicalProtestant: 25.4%MainlineProtestant: 14.7%Black Protestant: 6.5%Catholic: 20.8%Orthodox: 0.5%Other Christian: 0.4%Muslim: 0.9%Jewish: 1.9%Atheist: 3.1%Agnostic: 4%Nothing inParticular: 15.8%Other Religions: 5.6%Don't Know\\Refused: 0.6%Religious Groupings in the USASource: US Religious Landscape Survey, 2014JS chart by amCharts\nNOTES:\n1. Figures are taken from the US Religious Landscape Survey 2014: Pew Forum.\n2. Sample size: 35,071.\nProtestant Statistics (1517-2017).\nAdditional Statistics on Protestantism in the USA and Latin America.\nProtestantism and the Church\nProtestantism as we now know it dates from the 16th century, but the church from which it sprang is of course much older. The Reformers saw themselves as returning to a bibliocentric form of Christianity as distinct from what they perceived as corruption. The Reformation was thereforeseen as necessary to restore the church to correct doctrine and practice.\nThe Reformation also led to an emphasis on the invisible church, in which all true believers are found across all denominations. This concept, which could possibly be traced back to the 4th century writings of Augustine of Hippo, was developed by John Calvin among others. It stood in contrast to the Roman Catholic church, which insisted on a visible unity, under the headship of the Pope.\nFor we have said that Holy Scripture speaks of the church in two ways. Sometimes by the term church it means that which is actually in Gods presence, into which no persons are received but those who are children of God by grace of adoption and true members of Christ by sanctification of the Holy Spirit. Then, indeed, the church includes not only the saints presently living on earth, but all the elect from the beginning of the world. Often, however, the name church designates the whole multitude of men spread over the earth who profess to worship one God and Christ. By baptism we are initiated into faith in him; by partaking in the Lords Supper we attest our unity in true doctrine and love; in the Word of the Lord we have agreement, and for the preaching of the Word the ministry instituted by Christ is preserved. In this church are mingled many hypocrites who have nothing of Christ but the name and outward appearance.\nThere are very many ambitious, greedy, envious persons, evil speakers, and some of quite unclean lifeJust as we must believe, therefore, that the former church, invisible to us, is visible to the eyes of God alone, so we are commanded to revere and keep communion with the latter, which is called church in respect to men.\nJohn Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, Book IV, Chapter I.\nReformation Europe, Late 16th Century.\nPDF Version\nNorthern Europe, with the exception of much of Ireland, was to come under Protestant influence. The Reformation in England was initially begun under Henry VIII and then solidified under Elizabeth I. Following the counter-reformation, southern Europe remained mainly Catholic, but Central Europe was eventually to become the site of a fierce conflict known as the Thirty Years War, which took place from 1618-1648 and left much of the continent bitterly divided.\nPrayers for Unity\nWhen discussing the subject of unity, the words of Christ come to mind:\nThat they all may be one; as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us: that the world may believe that thou hast sent me. And the glory which thou gavest me I have given them; that they may be one, even as we are one.\nJohn 17:21-12 (KJV)\nA personal prayer:\nLord, thank you for making us part of the Body of Christ. We praise you for your mercy, your goodness and your unfailing love. Throughout the ages, countless peoples have given testimony of your grace and mercy. We pray that this same grace and mercy may be given to us today. Though your church has faltered, it can never fail because you uphold it. May all of us, no matter what our individual denominational reasonings lead us to believe, serve you with openness of heart, gentleness of spirit and keenness of mind. You prayer was that we may be one: may we strive for that oneness today, recognising our common bond as Brothers and Sisters in Christ.\nAmen\nChristian Traditions\n View details on the Catholic and Orthodox traditions of Christianity.\n View a Comparison table between Orthodoxy, Protestantism and Roman Catholicism.\n View The Branches of Christianity.\nMay God bless you as you read these pages.\nIain\nMore information:\nHere is a selected series of links that will give more information:\nA Summary of Protestantism | Evangelicalism a definition | Martin Luther | Wikipedia Protestantism |\nWise words:\nFaith is a living, daring confidence in Gods grace, so sure and certain that a man could stake his life on it a thousand times.\nMartin Luther (1483-1546)\nComments are closed.\nCopyright 2012 - 2024 protestantism.co.uk\nIntroduction\nThe Background\nThe Reformers\nThe Five Solas\nDenominations\nTimeline\nProtestantism Today\nQ and A\nPhoto Gallery\nConclusion\nprotestantism.co.uk is part of Christianity in View", "url": "http://protestantism.co.uk/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Releases mozilla/geckodriver\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\nmozilla\n/\ngeckodriver\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n1.5k\nStar\n7k\nCode\nIssues\n191\nPull requests\n0\nActions\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nActions\nSecurity\nInsights\nReleases: mozilla/geckodriver\nReleases\nTags\nReleases mozilla/geckodriver\n0.34.0\n03 Jan 09:42\nwhimboo\nv0.34.0\n3bcc92b\nThis commit was created on GitHub.com and signed with GitHubs verified signature.\nThe key has expired.\nGPG key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23\nExpired\nLearn about vigilant mode.\nCompare\nChoose a tag to compare\nView all tags\n0.34.0\nLatest\nLatest\n0.34.0 (2024-01-03, c44f0d09630a)\nKnown problems\nStartup hang with Firefox running in a container (e.g. snap, flatpak):\nWhen Firefox is packaged inside a container (like the default Firefox browser\nshipped with Ubuntu 22.04), it may see a different filesystem to the host.\nThis can affect access to the generated profile directory, which may result\nin a hang when starting Firefox. Workarounds are listed in the geckodriver\nusage documentation.\nAdded\nSupport for Virtual Authenticators\nVirtual Authenticators serve as a WebDriver Extension designed to simulate user authentication (WebAuthn) on web applications during automated testing. This functionality encompasses a range of methods, including passwords,\nbiometrics, and security keys.\nGeckodriver supports all available commands:\nAdd Virtual Authenticator\nRemove Virtual Authenticator\nAdd Credential\nGet Credentials\nRemove Credential\nRemove All Credentials\nSet User Verified\nSupport for using a page range as integer for the Print command.\nImplemented by Mitesh Gulecha.\nChanged\nThe error handling has undergone refactoring, now utilizing the anyhow and thiserror crates.\nImplemented by James Hendry.\nSpecifying --port=0 as an argument allows geckodriver to dynamically find and use an available free port on the system.\nUpdated dependencies (base64, clap, rust-url)\nFixed\nWhile searching for a default Firefox installation on the system, geckodriver used the Contents/MacOS/firefox-bin executable instead of the binary specified in the app bundle's info.plist file. This behavior resulted in a malfunction due to a regression in Firefox, particularly affecting the Firefox 121 release.\nThe Firefox version check has been extended to enable the execution of distributions with custom prefixes for the application name.\nImplemented by Razvan Cojocaru.\nRemoved\nRemoved the unknown path error which is not part of the WebDriver specification.\nImplemented by James Hendry.\nAssets\n13\ngeckodriver-v0.34.0-linux-aarch64.tar.gz\n3.12 MB\n2024-01-03T09:42:01Z\ngeckodriver-v0.34.0-linux-aarch64.tar.gz.asc\n833 Bytes\n2024-01-03T09:42:05Z\ngeckodriver-v0.34.0-linux32.tar.gz\n3.21 MB\n2024-01-03T09:42:05Z\ngeckodriver-v0.34.0-linux32.tar.gz.asc\n833 Bytes\n2024-01-03T09:42:09Z\ngeckodriver-v0.34.0-linux64.tar.gz\n3.1 MB\n2024-01-03T09:42:10Z\ngeckodriver-v0.34.0-linux64.tar.gz.asc\n833 Bytes\n2024-01-03T09:42:13Z\ngeckodriver-v0.34.0-macos-aarch64.tar.gz\n1.97 MB\n2024-01-03T09:42:14Z\ngeckodriver-v0.34.0-macos.tar.gz\n2.19 MB\n2024-01-03T09:42:17Z\ngeckodriver-v0.34.0-win-aarch64.zip\n1.64 MB\n2024-01-03T09:42:20Z\ngeckodriver-v0.34.0-win32.zip\n1.68 MB\n2024-01-03T09:42:22Z\nSource code\n(zip)\n2024-01-03T09:55:26Z\nSource code\n(tar.gz)\n2024-01-03T09:55:26Z\nShow all 13 assets\n63\nSeongJaeMoon, SethWiiPlaza, rbri, alwynhawk, theRoboxx, kousuketk, n2nima, 4eknik, 0xlxy, mauriciomartinss, and 53 more reacted with thumbs up emoji\n1\nGarden-Leave reacted with laugh emoji\n6\nRafael-Abne, hamza12225, DenkiDenki, A1exKH, marcosnettoalmeida, and entajari reacted with hooray emoji\n20\nshailshouryya, kadoppe, Leumastai, mdmintz, SethWiiPlaza, AntonioBerna, alwynhawk, AyushRoutray, 0xlxy, 915707436, and 10 more reacted with rocket emoji\n1\nMandelbrot314159 reacted with eyes emoji\nAll reactions\n63 reactions\n1 reaction\n6 reactions\n20 reactions\n1 reaction\n80 people reacted\n0.33.0\n03 Apr 11:17\nwhimboo\nv0.33.0\nc0521a0\nThis commit was created on GitHub.com and signed with GitHubs verified signature.\nThe key has expired.\nGPG key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23\nExpired\nLearn about vigilant mode.\nCompare\nChoose a tag to compare\nView all tags\n0.33.0\n0.33.0 (2023-04-03, a80e5fd61076)\nKnown problems\nStartup hang with Firefox running in a container (e.g. snap, flatpak):\nWhen Firefox is packaged inside a container (like the default Firefox browser\nshipped with Ubuntu 22.04), it may see a different filesystem to the host.\nThis can affect access to the generated profile directory, which may result\nin a hang when starting Firefox. Workarounds are listed in the geckodriver\nusage documentation.\nPotential hang with moz:debuggerAddress capability set to true:\nAfter enabling the site-isolation feature in Firefox with geckodriver 0.32.1\nsome WebDriver clients like Selenium that use the Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP)\nby default for logging events could trigger a hang in Firefox's experimental CDP\nimplementation. The fix for this problem will be shipped with Firefox 112.\nUntil then the following Firefox preferences should be set:\nfission.bfcacheInParent: false\nfission.webContentIsolationStrategy: 0\nAdded\nSupport for Get Computed Label and Get Computed Role\nThe command Get Computed Label returns the accessibility label (sometimes\nalso referred to as Accessible Name), which is a short string that labels the\nfunction of the control (e.g. the string \"Comment\" or \"Sign In\" on a button).\nThe command Get Computed Role returns the reserved token value (in ARIA,\nbutton, heading, etc.) that describes the type of control or content in the\nelement.\nNote that the minimum required Firefox version is 113.0.\nSupport for Find Element From Shadow Root and Find Elements From Shadow Root\nThe commands allow a lookup of individual elements or collections of elements\nwithin an open or closed Shadow DOM. All location strategies except Tag name and\nXPath selector are currently supported.\nNote that the minimum required Firefox version is 113.0.\nChanged\nThe Mozilla specific capability moz:useNonSpecCompliantPointerOrigin has been\nmarked as deprecated. Its removal is planned for the Firefox 116.0 release.\nAssets\n12\n108\nBurntDog, rattananen, Constantin2105, egrojandres, Star-Star999, emnznlg, mypetmonkey, CaiBao-16, 4eknik, chris-ferrell, and 98 more reacted with thumbs up emoji\n7\nstefandrissen, Mikksrund, gowri-apromore, Th0h0, syytt1, turbomaster95, and azorahai19 reacted with laugh emoji\n11\nSukikiroi, syytt1, SudharshanaBabu, theTyster, turbomaster95, sevmeowple, azorahai19, DutchOrange-1, narstr, yashinshekh, and hajarM9 reacted with hooray emoji\n35\naecea, burkolter, BurntDog, watkins-joe, CaiBao-16, tectumopticum, iTechnoLabsPvt, wallacefcosta, Assijnoth, kousuketk, and 25 more reacted with heart emoji\n25\nveerasudhir5, Gonasinkem, julianareitz, iTechnoLabsPvt, dziewannak, jeanzinho509, Mouffle, Julio-Braz, capymind, akhtarmdsaad, and 15 more reacted with rocket emoji\n13\nmfyandnhw, Azeiynali, RosaBCN, waseem-brinsi, Mikksrund, Sukikiroi, syytt1, turbomaster95, Nandhakumar1999, azorahai19, and 3 more reacted with eyes emoji\nAll reactions\n108 reactions\n7 reactions\n11 reactions\n35 reactions\n25 reactions\n13 reactions\n153 people reacted\n0.32.2\n08 Feb 11:56\nwhimboo\nv0.32.2\n96e044c\nThis commit was created on GitHub.com and signed with GitHubs verified signature.\nThe key has expired.\nGPG key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23\nExpired\nLearn about vigilant mode.\nCompare\nChoose a tag to compare\nView all tags\n0.32.2\n0.32.2 (2023-02-08, 602aa16c20d4)\nKnown problems\nStartup hang with Firefox running in a container (e.g. snap, flatpak):\nWhen Firefox is packaged inside a container (like the default Firefox browser\nshipped with Ubuntu 22.04), it may see a different filesystem to the host.\nThis can affect access to the generated profile directory, which may result\nin a hang when starting Firefox. Workarounds are listed in the geckodriver\nusage documentation.\nPotential hang with moz:debuggerAddress capability set to true:\nAfter enabling the site-isolation feature in Firefox with geckodriver 0.32.1\nsome WebDriver clients like Selenium that use the Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP)\nby default for logging events could trigger a hang in Firefox's experimental CDP\nimplementation. The fix for this problem will be shipped with Firefox 112.\nUntil then the following Firefox preferences should be set:\nfission.bfcacheInParent: false\nfission.webContentIsolationStrategy: 0\nFixed\nWith the release of geckodriver 0.32.1 the marionette crate was inappropriately\nbumped to a semver incompatible version and caused cargo install geckodriver\nto fail for older releases.\nAssets\n13\n30\nBurntDog, Svinokur, Panquesito7, ClementBitouzet, gsteigert, BRdassyPT, gbfz, James-Anderson-1, Rorschach3, esraaabbadi, and 20 more reacted with thumbs up emoji\n1\nThomasTrail reacted with laugh emoji\n13\neziocode, Gustanascimento, ajmeese7, UPMOSS, alihamidzadeh, apwine, qtclm, kousuketk, mychamli, Growthor, and 3 more reacted with hooray emoji\n9\nEnnzo0, sandhiya-Zinnext, socratin, EtchDraws, MrPsycho237, zSHUN177, vasiliyaromenka, mfyandnhw, and bandolando941373 reacted with eyes emoji\nAll reactions\n30 reactions\n1 reaction\n13 reactions\n9 reactions\n49 people reacted\n0.32.1\n02 Feb 14:24\nwhimboo\nv0.32.1\n752316f\nThis commit was created on GitHub.com and signed with GitHubs verified signature.\nThe key has expired.\nGPG key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23\nExpired\nLearn about vigilant mode.\nCompare\nChoose a tag to compare\nView all tags\n0.32.1\n0.32.1 (2023-02-02, b7f075124503)\nKnown problems\nStartup hang with Firefox running in a container (e.g. snap, flatpak):\nWhen Firefox is packaged inside a container (like the default Firefox browser\nshipped with Ubuntu 22.04), it may see a different filesystem to the host.\nThis can affect access to the generated profile directory, which may result\nin a hang when starting Firefox. Workarounds are listed in the geckodriver\nusage documentation.\nPotential hang with moz:debuggerAddress capability set to true:\nAfter enabling the site-isolation feature in Firefox with geckodriver 0.32.1\nsome WebDriver clients like Selenium that use the Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP)\nby default for logging events could trigger a hang in Firefox's experimental CDP\nimplementation. The fix for this problem will be shipped with Firefox 112.\nUntil then the following Firefox preferences should be set:\nfission.bfcacheInParent: false\nfission.webContentIsolationStrategy: 0\nFixed\nWhen using the boolean capability moz:debuggerAddress with a value of true\nthe site-isolation feature in Firefox will no longer accidentally be turned off.\nThis behavior affected all users of WebDriver clients especially Selenium, which\nset this capability by default, and caused Firefox on desktop systems to be\nlaunched in an unsupported mode.\nChanged\nUpdate dependencies\nAssets\n13\n10\nBurntDog, VENAXIS, mportesdev, airtower-luna, rbri, Panquesito7, UPMOSS, Teranexan, gsteigert, and Avinashydv123 reacted with thumbs up emoji\n2\nUPMOSS and hua123an reacted with rocket emoji\nAll reactions\n10 reactions\n2 reactions\n11 people reacted\n0.32.0\n13 Oct 19:40\nwhimboo\nv0.32.0\n4f6a980\nThis commit was created on GitHub.com and signed with GitHubs verified signature.\nThe key has expired.\nGPG key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23\nExpired\nLearn about vigilant mode.\nCompare\nChoose a tag to compare\nView all tags\n0.32.0\n0.32.0 (2022-10-13, 4563dd583110)\nAdded\nNative aarch64 builds of geckodriver for Linux and Windows are now available.\nSupport wheel input source for Actions, which is associated with a wheel-type input device. This endpoint is supported by geckodriver when using Firefox version 106.\nSupport touch as pointerType for pointer input source for Actions, which is associated with a touch input device. This also includes the addition of all the remaining properties for pointer input sources as specified by WebDriver. This endpoint is supported by geckodriver when using Firefox version 104.\nFixed\nUsing geckodriver to launch Firefox inside a sandbox -- for example a Firefox distribution using Snap or Flatpak -- can fail with a \"Profile not found\" error if the sandbox restricts Firefox's ability to access the system temporary directory. geckodriver uses the temporary directory to store Firefox profiles created during the run.\nThis issue can now be worked around by using the --profile-root command line option or setting the TMPDIR environment variable to a location that both Firefox and geckodriver have read/write access to e.g.:\n% mkdir $HOME/tmp\n% geckodriver --profile-root=~/tmp\nor\n% TMPDIR=$HOME/tmp geckodriver\nAlternatively, geckodriver may be used with a Firefox install that is not packaged inside a sandbox e.g. from mozilla.org.\nThe sandboxed Firefox binary is now automatically detected when geckodriver is used from within a Snap confinement.\nImplemented by Olivier Tilloy.\nOn MacOS the geckodriver binary is now technically both signed and notarized.\nNote: The actual validation can only be performed if the machine that starts the geckodriver binary for the very first time is online. You can find more details on how to work around this issue in the macOS notarization section of the documentation.\nThe backup of the original Firefox preferences are now correctly restored on Android when the WebDriver session ends.\nChanged\nUpdate dependencies\nAssets\n13\n30\nowezalty, junguler, Madesvi, Vir2S, SuyangLiuPaul, Aadetayo, KpEaT0p, jailbraek, Yoplayer-1, ThayACarvalho, and 20 more reacted with thumbs up emoji\n5\nAripp7, ameharoo, Vir2S, Yoplayer-1, and dev-zarir reacted with laugh emoji\n11\ngusrubin-zz, vladikoff, 4eknik, Aripp7, Alligator84, dinhvb1993, Vir2S, wfang11, junpataleta, Yoplayer-1, and AmmarHaddadi reacted with hooray emoji\n41\nCleoMenezesJr, lread, lollychapman, sukawasatoru, pls-kick-me, lorenzo-stacchio, INK3000, AngelFQC, Ceejay16042, Ravmyster1121, and 31 more reacted with heart emoji\n10\nowezalty, fatihyuksl, Vir2S, rym903, Yoplayer-1, komiljonov, jinjernot, adiseshan, winniesi, and HZG4 reacted with rocket emoji\n14\nCeejay16042, beeodev, AbishekRajkumarS, johngitahi, stakancheck, jabry9, Vir2S, rym903, Yoplayer-1, partoshweb, and 4 more reacted with eyes emoji\nAll reactions\n30 reactions\n5 reactions\n11 reactions\n41 reactions\n10 reactions\n14 reactions\n87 people reacted\n0.31.0\n11 Apr 09:18\nwhimboo\nv0.31.0\n9b5f85c\nThis commit was created on GitHub.com and signed with GitHubs verified signature.\nThe key has expired.\nGPG key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23\nExpired\nLearn about vigilant mode.\nCompare\nChoose a tag to compare\nView all tags\n0.31.0\n0.31.0 (2022-04-11, b617178ef491)\nKnown problems\nFirefox running in Linux Sandbox (e.g. Snap package):\nUsing geckodriver to launch Firefox inside a sandbox -- for example\na Firefox distribution using Snap or Flatpak -- can fail with a\n\"Profile not found\" error if the sandbox restricts Firefox's ability\nto access the system temporary directory. geckodriver uses the\ntemporary directory to store Firefox profiles created during the run.\nThis issue can be worked around by setting the TMPDIR environment\nvariable to a location that both Firefox and geckodriver have\nread/write access to e.g.:\n% mkdir $HOME/tmp\n% TMPDIR=$HOME/tmp geckodriver\nAlternatively, geckodriver may be used with a Firefox install that\nis not packaged inside a sandboxed e.g. from mozilla.org.\nmacOS 10.15 (Catalina) and later:\nDue to the requirement from Apple that all programs must be\nnotarized, geckodriver will not work on Catalina if you manually\ndownload it through another notarized program, such as Firefox.\nWhilst we are working on a repackaging fix for this problem, you can\nfind more details on how to work around this issue in the macOS\nnotarization section of the documentation.\nAdded\nUsers with the Rust toolchain installed can now build and install\ngeckodriver from crates.io using Cargo:\n% cargo install geckodriver\nSupport for Get Element Shadow Root\nImplemented by David Burns.\nThe standardised WebDriver Get Element Shadow Root endpoint provides a way\nto retrieve the Shadow Root of a given web element. This endpoint is\nsupported by geckodriver when using Firefox version 96.\nSupport for additional hosts and origins\nUsers can now specify a list of allowed Host and Origin headers for\nincoming requests using the --allow-hosts and --allow-origins command\nline options, respectively. When such a flag is provided, exactly the given\nvalues will be permitted.\nBy default any request with an Origin header is rejected, and only requests\ncontaining the bound hostname (specified via --host), or an IP address,\nin the Host header are allowed. These configuration options are\ndesigned to support scenarios where geckodriver is running on a different\nnetwork node to the host e.g. some container based setups.\nFixed\nGeckodriver lets Marionette itself select a system allocated port, so that\nit's no longer required to specify a fixed port when using a custom Firefox\nprofile. This is done by reading the MarionetteActivePort file of the\nFirefox profile in-use. This helps to avoid port collisions when multiple\nFirefox instances are run in parallel.\nIt's no longer possible to specify both the androidPackage and binary\ncapabilities togther within moz:firefoxOptions because these capabilites\nare mutually exclusive.\nAssets\n10\n76\ncodewallaci, xuqi0423, adnanhassan23, Codent0101, AldoColorado, siiraaj, Muntasir101, Juan-glitch, mehrabnovin, BenjaminParra, and 66 more reacted with thumbs up emoji\n12\njbsparrow, superpenguin612, JakeCarbone, Leaderofepic134, codewallaci, BenjaminParra, emiz98, Saurabh-LT, zhangmaor, minheezy, and 2 more reacted with laugh emoji\n16\nlcomrade, jbsparrow, JawadPy, TwoDTheTrue, superpenguin612, mkt, Leaderofepic134, codewallaci, emiz98, Saurabh-LT, and 6 more reacted with hooray emoji\n43\njbsparrow, ziyuding, DiyRex, bjmeo8, jpputz, horia94ro, ovcharski, cfrankovich, Tchoow, Milan-Toliya, and 33 more reacted with heart emoji\n16\ngeekecom, mokimo, superpenguin612, kaveensl, cleitoncsl, Leaderofepic134, codewallaci, Diogomes, emiz98, Saurabh-LT, and 6 more reacted with rocket emoji\n12\nmariotrucco, Sac-94, Leaderofepic134, codewallaci, darkylein, emiz98, Saurabh-LT, NikBulatov, GatoVuelta, Thecarisma, and 2 more reacted with eyes emoji\nAll reactions\n76 reactions\n12 reactions\n16 reactions\n43 reactions\n16 reactions\n12 reactions\n136 people reacted\n0.30.0\n16 Sep 13:03\nwhimboo\nv0.30.0\nd06ed1b\nThis commit was created on GitHub.com and signed with GitHubs verified signature.\nThe key has expired.\nGPG key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23\nExpired\nLearn about vigilant mode.\nCompare\nChoose a tag to compare\nView all tags\n0.30.0\n0.30.0 (2021-09-16, d372710b98a6)\nSecurity Fixes\nCVE-2021-4138\nFixed a DNS rebinding issues by enforcing a stricter Host header check.\nReported by Gabriel Corona.\nImproved Host header checks to reject requests not sent to a well-known\nlocal hostname or IP, or the server-specified hostname..\nKnown problems\ngeckodriver restricts connections to local IP addresses. This can interfere\nwith deployments in which geckodriver is running on a different network node\nto the tests e.g. some container or virtual-machine based setups.\nmacOS 10.15 (Catalina) and later:\nDue to the requirement from Apple that all programs must be\nnotarized, geckodriver will not work on Catalina if you manually\ndownload it through another notarized program, such as Firefox.\nWhilst we are working on a repackaging fix for this problem, you can\nfind more details on how to work around this issue in the macOS\nnotarization section of the documentation.\nAndroid:\nFor releases of Firefox 89.0 and earlier Marionette will only be enabled in\nGeckoView based applications when the Firefox preference\ndevtools.debugger.remote-enabled is set to true via\nmoz:firefoxOptions.\nAdded\nSupport for WebDriver clients to opt in to WebDriver BiDi.\nIntroduced the new boolean capability webSocketUrl that can be used by\nWebDriver clients to opt in to a bidirectional connection. A string capability\nwith the same name will be returned by NewSession, which contains the\nWebSocket URL of the newly created WebDriver session in the form of:\nws://host:port/session/<session id>.\nWhen running on Android a port forward will be set on the host machine,\nwhich is using the exact same port as on the device.\nAll the supported WebDriver BiDi commands depend on the version of\nFirefox, and not geckodriver. The first commands will be shipped in\nFirefox 94.\nIt's now possible to set additional preferences when a custom profile has been\nspecified. At the end of the session they will be removed.\nFixed\nAdded validation that the --host argument resolves to a local IP address.\nLimit the --foreground argument of Firefox to MacOS only.\nIncreased Marionette handshake timeout to not fail for slow connections.\nMarionette:Quit is no longer sent twice during session deletion.\nWhen deleting a session that was attached to an already running browser\ninstance, the browser is not getting closed anymore.\nAndroid\nStarting Firefox on Android from a Windows based host will now succeed as\nwe are using the correct Unix path separator to construct on-device paths.\nArguments as specified in moz:firefoxOptions are now used when starting Firefox.\nPort forwards set for Marionette and the WebSocket server (WebDriver BiDi)\nare now correctly removed when geckodriver exits.\nThe test root folder is now removed when geckodriver exists.\nAssets\n10\n170\nharisonmg, URunDEAD, allan-silva, GauravXs, therealadityashankar, chayanmehta, polger, Sanex777, PPPyiii, rameshbabupb-bytesg, and 160 more reacted with thumbs up emoji\n6\nRajrupDasid, S0TTI, winstonmark, furkanayilmaz, Somethingfromthehell, and Prabhu141 reacted with laugh emoji\n16\nsanda0, vapdev, trace1588, SimsumMC, Serjeel-Ranjan-911, ywaf, anajsana, karan-jadhav, avilabss, owezalty, and 6 more reacted with hooray emoji\n59\nebrocamora, Teezton, Anas-Centos, L0y3r, matrixgram, widerkinkakajou67YT, Wutong234, CaballeroGutierrez, SharlSherif, Vhelen, and 49 more reacted with heart emoji\n9\nKrivosheenkova, karan-jadhav, owezalty, zwxeno, S0TTI, winstonmark, furkanayilmaz, Vestibule, and Somethingfromthehell reacted with rocket emoji\n21\nmatrixgram, widerkinkakajou67YT, Wutong234, psycho-baller, AdibaBabaeva, vapdev, trace1588, thehatb0y, jennifer-cooper, MincoMK, and 11 more reacted with eyes emoji\nAll reactions\n170 reactions\n6 reactions\n16 reactions\n59 reactions\n9 reactions\n21 reactions\n202 people reacted\n0.29.1\n09 Apr 08:22\nwhimboo\nv0.29.1\n87fc845\nThis commit was created on GitHub.com and signed with GitHubs verified signature.\nThe key has expired.\nGPG key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23\nExpired\nLearn about vigilant mode.\nCompare\nChoose a tag to compare\nView all tags\n0.29.1\n0.29.1 (2021-04-09), 970ef713fe58)\nKnown problems\nmacOS 10.15 (Catalina):\nDue to the requirement from Apple that all programs must be\nnotarized, geckodriver will not work on Catalina if you manually\ndownload it through another notarized program, such as Firefox.\nWhilst we are working on a repackaging fix for this problem, you can\nfind more details on how to work around this issue in the macOS\nnotarization section of the documentation.\nAndroid:\nMarionette will only be enabled in GeckoView based applications when the\nFirefox preference devtools.debugger.remote-enabled is set to True via\nmoz:firefoxOptions. This will be fixed in the Firefox 90 release for Android.\nAdded\nWhen testing GeckoView based applications on Android it's now enough to\nspecify the androidPackage capability. The appropriate activity name,\nand required intent arguments will now automatically be used for\napplications released by Mozilla.\nNative AArch64 (M1) builds of geckodriver for MacOS are now available. These\nare currently shipped as Tier2 due to missing test infrastructure. Please let\nus know if you experience issues.\nFixed\nFixed a stack overflow crash in thread 'webdriver dispatcher' when\nhandling certain device errors.\nFixed an application crash due to missing permissions on unrooted devices\nby changing the location of the test related files, e.g the profile folder.\nTherefore the deprecated --android-storage command line argument\nnow defaults to the sdcard option, which changed its location to\n$EXTERNAL_STORAGE/Android/data/%androidPackage%/files/. With this change\nproper support for unrooted devices running Android 10+ has been added.\nNote: Do not use the --android-storage command line argument\nanymore unless there is a strong reason. It will be removed in a future\nrelease.\nAssets\n10\n84\nCoringPlay, MilkFlavor, ser-gent, FloPinguin, plamenna-petrova, Minato-Fr, maxtaq, barelywholesome, him-wtag, mateuslacorte, and 74 more reacted with thumbs up emoji\n15\nYoplayer-1, cuber2simple, TheGamingGod85, JIYANG-PLUS, herman-termly, Saurabh-LT, luciferchase, yonatanwr, luosc6688, kerem700916, and 5 more reacted with laugh emoji\n4\nkerem700916, winfredekpe, minhquannshn, and QAautomationhub reacted with hooray emoji\n21\nIM-TECHNO, cuber2simple, TheGamingGod85, rafaelreuber, vodainghia, JIYANG-PLUS, herman-termly, Azelski, yessine66, Saurabh-LT, and 11 more reacted with heart emoji\n14\ncuber2simple, TheGamingGod85, JIYANG-PLUS, herman-termly, Saurabh-LT, sh3ldr0id, luciferchase, JoporiG, yonatanwr, luosc6688, and 4 more reacted with rocket emoji\n6\nkerem700916, rsperry79, lovecode1991, ErfanTavana, trevor-utilityapi, and moonkali reacted with eyes emoji\nAll reactions\n84 reactions\n15 reactions\n4 reactions\n21 reactions\n14 reactions\n6 reactions\n105 people reacted\n0.29.0\n14 Jan 11:17\nwhimboo\nv0.29.0\n8f93764\nThis commit was created on GitHub.com and signed with GitHubs verified signature.\nThe key has expired.\nGPG key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23\nExpired\nLearn about vigilant mode.\nCompare\nChoose a tag to compare\nView all tags\n0.29.0\n0.29.0 (2021-01-14, cf6956a5ec8e)\nKnown problems\nmacOS 10.15 (Catalina):\nDue to the requirement from Apple that all programs must be\nnotarized, geckodriver will not work on Catalina if you manually\ndownload it through another notarized program, such as Firefox.\nWhilst we are working on a repackaging fix for this problem, you can find\nmore details on how to work around this issue in the macOS notarization\nsection of the documentation.\nAndroid:\nMarionette will only be enabled in GeckoView based applications when the\nFirefox preference devtools.debugger.remote-enabled is set to True via\nmoz:firefoxOptions. This will be fixed in the Firefox 90 release for Android.\nIn some cases geckodriver could crash due to a stack overflow when handling\ncertain device errors.\nOn unrooted Android 10+ devices startup crashes of the application can be\nexperienced due to an inappropriate location of test related files, e.g the\nprofile folder.\nAdded\nIntroduced the new boolean capability moz:debuggerAddress that can be used\nto opt-in to the experimental Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP) implementation.\nA string capability with the same name will be returned by NewSession,\nwhich contains the host:port combination of the HTTP server that can be\nused to query for websockets of available targets.\nNote: For this experimental feature the site-isolation support of\nFirefox aka Fission will be not available.\nAssets\n9\n4\nluosc6688, barbads, NikkieCold, and mukuljaiswal2001 reacted with thumbs up emoji\n2\nkerem700916 and mukuljaiswal2001 reacted with hooray emoji\n2\nluosc6688 and mukuljaiswal2001 reacted with heart emoji\n1\nluosc6688 reacted with rocket emoji\n1\nmukuljaiswal2001 reacted with eyes emoji\nAll reactions\n4 reactions\n2 reactions\n2 reactions\n1 reaction\n1 reaction\n5 people reacted\n0.28.0\n03 Nov 17:01\nwhimboo\nv0.28.0\n2acb733\nThis commit was created on GitHub.com and signed with GitHubs verified signature.\nThe key has expired.\nGPG key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23\nExpired\nLearn about vigilant mode.\nCompare\nChoose a tag to compare\nView all tags\n0.28.0\n0.28.0 (2020-11-03, c00d2b6acd3f)\nKnown problems\nmacOS 10.15 (Catalina):\nDue to the requirement from Apple that all programs must be notarized, geckodriver will not work on Catalina if you manually download it through another notarized program, such as Firefox.\nWhilst we are working on a repackaging fix for this problem, you can find more details on how to work around this issue in the macOS notarization section of the documentation.\nAndroid:\nMarionette will only be enabled in GeckoView based applications when the\nFirefox preference devtools.debugger.remote-enabled is set to True via\nmoz:firefoxOptions. This will be fixed in the Firefox 90 release for Android.\nIn some cases geckodriver could crash due to a stack overflow when handling\ncertain device errors.\nOn unrooted Android 10+ devices startup crashes of the application can be\nexperienced due to an inappropriate location of test related files, e.g the\nprofile folder.\nAdded\nThe command line flag --android-storage has been added, to allow geckodriver to also control Firefox on root-less Android devices. See the documentation for available values.\nFixed\nFirefox can be started again via a shell script that is located outside of the Firefox directory on Linux.\nIf Firefox cannot be started by geckodriver the real underlying error message is now being reported.\nVersion numbers for minor and extended support releases of Firefox are now parsed correctly.\nRemoved\nSince Firefox 72 extension commands for finding an elements anonymous children and querying its attributes are no longer needed, and have been removed.\nAssets\n9\n3\nrodukov, regedo, and akashhingde reacted with thumbs up emoji\nAll reactions\n3 reactions\n3 people reacted\nPrevious 1 2 3 4 5 Next\nPrevious Next\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Gecko Robotics\nGecko Robotics Named to 2024 CNBC Disruptor 50 ListLearn moreCantileverIndustries\nCompanyAboutRobotsSoftwareNDT ServicesSustainabilityCareers\nResourcesBlogCase StudiesSafetyVideosPress & NewsContactData for a sustainable, safe, and resilient tomorrow.See how >\nSoftware and hardware to ensure the availability, reliability, and sustainability of the worlds most important infrastructure.HardwareRobotsthat inspectThe worlds most advanced ultrasonic inspection robots for understanding the current condition of critical infrastructure. Our proven automated solutions collect data at an unprecedented scale, increase efficiencies, and promote safety.All our robotsCapabilities >PlatformSoftware thatinformsEnterprise software solutions translate dense inspection data into comprehensive maps, models, and digital twins providing current and predictive insights that simplify decision-making at scale.CantileverRequest demo>IndustriesSolutions for every industryGecko is helping hundreds of customers around the world digitize and optimize operations in energy, manufacturing, government, maritime, and beyond.PowerOil & GasManufacturingGovernmentPowerReduce forced outages and ensure consistent and reliable energy production through full coverage robotic inspections, data visualizations, and actionable insights.Learnmore >Oil & GasGain visibility into current and future asset health to save significant maintenance costs, resources, and time while extending the safe and reliable use of refinery infrastructure.Learnmore >ManufacturingOptimize operations with a predictive maintenance approach to ensure asset reliability and seamless productivity.Learnmore >GovernmentGeckos end-to-end solution enables a proactive approach to increase readiness, maximize workforces, and identify and fix hidden flaws before they impact operational capabilities.Learnmore >\n\"With Gecko, we can stop these outages from happening by making smarter repairs, which at the end of the day is what improves energy reliability and affordability for our customers.Steve FriendPlant Manager, American Bituminous Power\"Gecko is on the frontlines of making sure the assets we rely on are ready if called upon - both today and tomorrow.\"Trae StephensPartner, Founders Fund\"Cantilever is designed to become the primary operating system for the physical world\"Jake LoosararianCEO, Gecko Robotics\nAboutOur Vision for the FutureWe are developing advanced software, robotics, and other technologies that play a vital role in creating a smart, safe, and resilient future for all.CareersAbout us\nLatest blog postsGecko is solving a global challenge that impacts businesses, the environment, and humanity.All blog postsThe Key to Winning the Fight Against Forced OutagesAICan Lead Us to Net Zero - If We Improve Its Data QualityPragmatism Today for a Net Zero TomorrowAll blog postsIntegrity. Reliability. Readiness.Transforming decision making to ensure the availability, reliability, and sustainability of critical infrastructure.Contact us >IndustriesPowerOil & GasManufacturingGovernmentSolutionsCantileverRoboticsNDT ServicesCompanyCareersAbout UsSustainabilityPress &NewsPrivacy StatementResourcesBlogCase StudiesSafetyVideos\ninfo@geckorobotics.com888.350.8960\nCopyright 2024 Gecko Robotics, Inc.All Rights Reserved.\n(opens a new window)\n(opens a new window)\n(opens a new window)", "url": "https://www.geckorobotics.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Gecko's Grill & Pub | Gecko's Grill\nHomeAwards\nCovid-19 Updates\nDisclaimers\nFruitville Geckos: Whiskey & Tequila List\nJoin Our Team\nLocations\nMenu\nSpecials & Events\nThe Geckos Story\nClose This Helper\nFont Resize\nA-\nA+Reset font size\nKeyboard Navigation\nContrast\nChoose color\nblack\nwhite\ngreen\nblue\nred\norange\nyellow\nnavi\nUnderline links\nHighlight Links\nClear cookies\nImages Greyscale\nInvert Colors\nRemove Animations\nClose This Helper\nAccessibility by WAH\nM\nNow Serving\n$8 Summer Lunch Menu\nView Summer Menu\nDine-In Only\nHome | News | Our Story\nLocations\nMenu\nSpecials & Events\nGift Cards\nOrder Online!\nDelivery or Curbside Pickup To Go\nStickney Point & 416606 South Tamiami TrailSarasota, FL 34231Order\nSR 70 at Twelve Oaks Plaza7228 55th Avenue EBradenton, FL 34203Order\nSR 64 at Braden River Plaza4310 SR 64 EBradenton, FL 34208Order\nClark Road at Palmer Crossing5585 Palmer Crossing CircleSarasota, FL 34233Order\nHillview in Southside Village1900 Hillview StreetSarasota, FL 34239Order\nFruitville Rd.351 N Cattlemen RoadSarasota, FL 34232Order\nLocations\nMenu\nSpecials & Events\nGift Cards\nOrder Online!\nDelivery or Curbside Pickup To Go\nStickney Point & 416606 South Tamiami TrailSarasota, FL 34231Order\nSR 70 at Twelve Oaks Plaza7228 55th Avenue EBradenton, FL 34203Order\nSR 64 at Braden River Plaza4310 SR 64 EBradenton, FL 34208Order\nClark Road at Palmer Crossing5585 Palmer Crossing CircleSarasota, FL 34233Order\nHillview in Southside Village1900 Hillview StreetSarasota, FL 34239Order\nFruitville Rd.351 N Cattlemen RoadSarasota, FL 34232Order\nGecko's Grill & PubAmerican Pub Food with a Gourmet Twist\nmenu-5301menu-cantina-8122header-7219menu-dock_01\nLocally Owned. Locally Sourced.\nWhether out on your own, with your family or joining a group of friends, Geckos Grill & Pub is the perfect place to relax and enjoy the camaraderie of a favorite neighborhood grill and sports bar.\nDine-In, Pick-Up, or Delivery\nView Our Menu\nSix Convenient Locations\nFind Your Geckos\nEvents Every Week\nView our Calendar\nFind Your Geckos\nStickney Point & 41SR 70 at Twelve Oaks PlazaSR 64 at Braden River PlazaClark Road at Palmer CrossingHillview in Southside VillageFruitville\nSTICKNEY POINT & 41\n941.248.2020\n6606 South Tamiami TrailSarasota, FL 34231Open Daily: 11 AM 10:00 PM\nThe Original Geckos was established by Mike & Mike just down the street in 1992. Our newest location embraces our heritage of being known for hosting great game watching parties, family celebrations & award-winning Happy Hours. Located just south of the Stickney Point Bridge and 41 at the Gateway to Siesta Key, Geckos Stickney Point offers a spacious, newly renovated Sports Bar, our fresh, locally sourced fare, American Pub food with a Gourmet Twist, a full bar, Barrel fresh Wine on Tap, and a patio with outside seating.\nClick Here forMaps, Directions, Waitlist, & Facebook\nSR 70 at Twelve Oaks Plaza\n941.727.8988\n7228 55th Avenue EBradenton, FL 34203Open Daily: 11 AM 10:00 PM\nSince 1992, Geckos Grill & Pubs have been a favorite of Locals and visitors alike. Join your friends to watch your favorite team on our surrounding TVs! Enjoy an award-winning American pub menu with a gourmet twist and a full bar with outdoor seating. This Geckos is popular with families, golfers and sports enthusiasts so join us for a cold one at Geckos and let us share our winning tradition with you.\nClick Here forMaps, Directions, Waitlist, & Facebook\nSR 64 at Braden River Plaza\n941.744.2664\n2 Miles West of I-754310 SR 64 EBradenton, FL 34208Open Daily: 11 AM 10:00 PM\nWith 5600 square feet of dining, full bar, 17 HD Flat screens two giant Projection screens, and pool tables, the 3rd location in the Geckos family of neighborhood grills and sports connection is a Sarasota & Bradenton favorite! Dark wood paneling, high pub tables, booths and dining tables give Geckos its upscale feel and the welcoming staff and large U-shaped bar continue the Geckos special brand of hospitality and family friendly atmosphere.\nClick Here forMaps, Directions, Waitlist, & Facebook\nClark Road at Palmer Crossing\n941.923.6061\nClark Road & Honore Avenue5585 Palmer Crossing CircleSarasota, FL 34233\nOpen Daily:11 AM 10:00 PM\nGeckos Hospitality Group continues its tradition of serving made-to-order delicious American Pub Food with a Gourmet Twist menu for lunch, dinner or late night at this 4th location on Clark Road. Situated in the Palmer Crossing center, Geckos continues to be the Locals choice for Fresh Fare, Smooth Spirits and Great Fun! With a visual spectrum of HD flat screen TVs, a giant Projection Screen and a full bar, its one of Sarasota & Bradentons favorite Game Watching headquarters.\nClick Here forMaps, Directions, Waitlist, & Facebook\nHillview in Southside Village\n941.953.2929\n1900 Hillview StreetSarasota, FL 34239Open Daily: 11 AM 10:00 PMFri 11 AM Midnight\nGeckos brings its famous casual dining style to the Southside Village neighborhood. Its lucky No. 5 on Hillview Street a natural fit for Geckos popular neighborhood grill and sports connection theme.\nClick Here forMaps, Directions, Waitlist, & Facebook\nFRUITVILLE\n941.378.0077\n351 N Cattlemen RoadSarasota, FL 34232Open Daily: 11 AM 10:00 PM\nGeckos brings its famous & award winning casual dining style and fresh, locally sourced fare to the corner of Fruitville & North Cattlemen Roads at our newest restaurant. Looking for live acoustic entertainment? Join us every weekend on our patio for music, only at Fruitville Geckos.\nClick Here forMaps, Directions, Waitlist, & Facebook\nEat, Play, Fun!\nBradentonHerald\nBest of2023\nSarasotaMagazine\nBest of2023\nHeraldTribune\nBest of2023\nSRQMagazine\nBest of2024\nSee All of Our Awards\n2 Private Event Rooms\nPerfect for Meetings & Special Events\nBook Your Event\nThe Geckos Story\nOwners Mike Gowan and Mike Quillen\nRead Our Story\nGeckos News\nBusiness Observer: Mike Quillens Quest\nOne of the things that drives my success is, every day you wake up theres a different problem, and you just hope you can solve those problems. Mike Quillen, Geckos Hospitality Group Read The Article Here.\nread more\nMaking a teriyaki salmon fusion bowl with Geckos Grill & Pub\nWatch the Suncoast View video here!\nread more\nFlorida Restaurants Serve Homegrown Fare\nRead the article here.\nread more\nClick Here For More News\nGeckos Grill & Pub is proud to be part of Geckos Hospitality Group.Say Hello to Our Family:\nCheck Your Gift Card Balance\nGift Card Questions?\nEmail Us\nDisclaimers\nJoin Our Team\n 2024 Gecko's Hospitality Group. All Rights Reserved.\nWebsite Design, Development, Photography, and Managed Hosting by Creative Sarasota, LLC", "url": "https://geckosgrill.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Therapy Gecko on Apple Podcasts\nExitAppleStoreMaciPadiPhoneWatchAirPodsTV & HomeEntertainmentAccessoriesSupport\n0+\nApple Podcasts Preview\n307 episodes\nAn unlicensed lizard psychologist travels the universe talking to strangers about absolutely nothing. TO CALL THE GECKO: follow me on https://www.twitch.tv/lyleforever to get a notification for when I am taking calls. I am usually live Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays but lately a lot of other times too. I am a gecko.\nTherapy Gecko\nLyle Drescher\nComedy\n4.9 870 Ratings\nAn unlicensed lizard psychologist travels the universe talking to strangers about absolutely nothing. TO CALL THE GECKO: follow me on https://www.twitch.tv/lyleforever to get a notification for when I am taking calls. I am usually live Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays but lately a lot of other times too. I am a gecko.\nMAY 29, 2024\nIM FINANCIALLY SUPPORTING MY BF\"\nIM FINANCIALLY SUPPORTING MY BF\"\nA caller debates whether or not to continue financially supporting her boyfriend and also whether or not to let her mom back into her life after she tried to poison her.Later I talk to a chef about an illegal restaurant hes running and a final caller struggles to navigate his newly formed polyamorous relationship.Paint the walls of your house green. I am a gecko.\n1 hr 6 min\nMAY 26, 2024\nI STOLE HER FAMILY PHOTOS\nI STOLE HER FAMILY PHOTOS\nA caller in the midst of a break up debates whether or not to burn his exs family photos.Then a driving instructor talks about road rage and whether or not kids should drive high, and a final caller confronts her underwhelming feelings after finally losing her virginity at 24.Try to do at least one back flip today. I am a gecko.\n59 min\nMAY 22, 2024\nI WAS SCAMMED BY CAMGIRLS\nI WAS SCAMMED BY CAMGIRLS\nA caller tells me how he overcame his obsession with spending money on cam girls. Then I help him set up a Roth IRA.Afterwards a caller reveals why they feel so paralyzed in their relationship of 8 years.It sounds nice to be a bird. I am a gecko.\n53 min\nMAY 20, 2024\ncome see my live show. new tour dates are on sale. I am a gecko.\ncome see my live show. new tour dates are on sale. I am a gecko.\nwww.therapygeckotour.com\n3 min\nMAY 19, 2024\nITS NOT THAT BADYET\nITS NOT THAT BADYET\nA caller debates whether or not drinking less alcohol is worth it.Then a caller questions if they have a porn addiction, a return caller tells me what abruptly ended their situationship, and a final caller seeks advice on how to be less problematic.I sometimes wonder what scooby doo would taste like if you cooked and ate him. I am a gecko.\n1 hr 1 min\nMAY 15, 2024\nTHE NAVY RUINED ME\nTHE NAVY RUINED ME\nA caller reflects on his experience as a veteran living with schizophrenia.Then a caller prepares to confront his wife after learning about her affair, and a final caller talks about how hard it is to maintain a diet while working at a fast food restaurant.There is always a catch. I am a gecko.\n59 min\n Therapy Gecko\nCustomer Reviews\n4.9 out of 5\n870 Ratings\n870 Ratings\njones.yuh\n,\n04/29/2024\nGECK\nLove you Geck ! You get me through the day and help me to really reflect from callers who just want to be heard and understood! Youre epic !\nDesolateddemon/dave\n,\n04/25/2024\nGecko\nWorks better than actual therapy, thank you \nmar3ci00\n,\n04/11/2024\ngeck 4 ever\ni listen to lyle at work everyday and its the only thing that gets me through my shift, i love u boss man\nTop Podcasts In Comedy\nThe Joe Rogan Experience\nJoe Rogan\nSmartLess\nJason Bateman, Sean Hayes, Will Arnett\nWiser Than Me with Julia Louis-Dreyfus\nLemonada Media\nCall Her Daddy\nAlex Cooper\nKILL TONY\nDEATHSQUAD.TV & Studio71\nWomen Talkin Bout Murder\nAudacy and Paper Kite Podcasts\nYou Might Also Like\nThe Danny Brown Show\nYMH Studios\nBad Friends\nAndrew Santino and Bobby Lee\nTigerBelly\nAll Things Comedy\nStiff Socks\nTrevor Wallace and Michael Blaustein\nH3 Podcast\nEthan Klein\nThis Past Weekend w/ Theo Von\nTheo Von\nMore ways to shop: Find an Apple Store or other retailer near you. Or call 1-800-MY-APPLE.\nChoose your country or region\nCopyright 2024 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Use\nSales and Refunds\nLegal\nSite Map", "url": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/therapy-gecko/id1531593864" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Aki Adagaki | Masamune-kun no Revenge Wiki | Fandom\nMasamune-kun no Revenge Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nCharacters\nClass 2-A\nAki Adagaki\nYoshino Koiwai\nKanetsugu Gasou\nMari Mizuno\nKaneko Sonoka\nKikune Kiba\nClass 2-B\nMasamune Makabe\nKojuro Shuri\nTae Futaba\nNeko Fujinomiya\nothers\nKinue Hayase\nChinatsu Hayase\nSumire Gasou\nForeigners\nMuriel Besson\nFrank Besson\nMedia\nManga\nLight Novel\nAnime\nList of Episodes\nCommunity\nAnime/Manga Hub\nRecent blog posts\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nMasamune-kun no Revenge Wiki\n143pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nCharacters\nClass 2-A\nAki Adagaki\nYoshino Koiwai\nKanetsugu Gasou\nMari Mizuno\nKaneko Sonoka\nKikune Kiba\nClass 2-B\nMasamune Makabe\nKojuro Shuri\nTae Futaba\nNeko Fujinomiya\nothers\nKinue Hayase\nChinatsu Hayase\nSumire Gasou\nForeigners\nMuriel Besson\nFrank Besson\nMedia\nManga\nLight Novel\nAnime\nList of Episodes\nCommunity\nAnime/Manga Hub\nRecent blog posts\nin:\nCharacters, Females, Class 2-A, High School Students\nAki Adagaki\nEdit\nEdit source\nView history\nTalk (0)\nIntroduction\nQuotes\nRelationships\nImage Gallery\nAki Adagaki\nManga\nAnime\nKanji\n \nRomaji\nAdagaki Aki\nAlso known as\nThe Cruel Princess The Brutal Princess\nPersonal information\nGender\nFemale\nAge\n16-17 (Masamune-kun no Revenge)18-19 (Masamune-kun no Revenge Engagement)\nBirthday\nDecember 24 (Capricorn)\nRelatives\nKenji Adagaki (father) Unnamed motherYoshino Koiwai (Servant/Friend) Masamune Makabe (Boyfriend - Future Husband)\nOccupation\nStatus\nAlive\nOccupation\nHigh School Student\nSchool\nYasaka High School\nClass\n2-A 3-A\nPhysical attributes\nHeight\n161 cm (5'3\")\nWeight\n46 kg (101.4 lb)\nBlood type\nAB\nFirst appearance\nManga\nChapter 1\nAnime\nEpisode 1\nPortrayal\nVoiced by (JP)\nAyaka Ohashi\nVoiced by (EN)\nMorgan GarrettAlexis Tipton (young)\nAki Adagaki ( Adagaki Aki) is the main female protagonist of the manga series, Masamune-kun no Revenge. She is the goal of Masamune Makabe's plan.\nContents\n1 Appearance\n2 Personality\n3 Plot\n3.1 Meeting 'Piggy'\n3.2 The Arrival of Masamune\n4 Etymology\n5 Trivia\n6 Navigation\nAppearance[]\nAki is a beautiful fair-skinned girl with thigh-length navy blue hair (black hair in the manga) that is always tied in two messy low pigtails with a square fringe hanging just above her blue eyes and she is shown to have a slim body, even though she has a habit of eating more than an ordinary person.\nAt school, she wears a uniform consisting of a white long sleeve coat buttoned at the lower part, a pink shirt with white linings underneath, and a blue bow with yellow stripes. She also wears a checkered peach skirt, black pantyhose and brown shoes. In season 2 she wears a black blazer over her coat.\nAfter chapter 48 of the manga, she cuts her hair to shoulder-length.\nPersonality[]\nAki is known to have a cruel personality who rejects boys in humiliating ways by giving them bad or cruel nicknames often in front of the whole school and she hurts others to avoid hurting herself. She hates boys and tends to scare them off that she earned the nickname \"The Brutal Princess\" or \"The Cruel Princess\".\nShe has no background knowledge on what is considered as \"normal\" outside, as shown when she wore cosplay clothing to her first date with Masamune Makabe and she relies mostly on Yoshino Koiwai (Aki's maid) as she is incapable of a lot of things.\nShe is also self-aware and embarrassed about her eating habits, partly due to hypoglycemia, but mainly because of the disappearance of Masamune, in which she told him that she gorged it off on food and felt miserable ever since. Since she is called the Cruel Princess, if anything embarrassing was to come out of the school that revolves around her (such as her habit of eating too much) Aki's image of being the cruel princess would be tarnished. This is one of the reasons why she eats in the storage room, another is that if she was eating a normal amount of lunch, her stomach would rumble loudly afterward which can distract her classmates and would embarrass her at the same time.\nPlot[]\nMeeting 'Piggy'[]\nFirst encounter with Masamune Eight years ago, Aki was treated like a princess in the Adagaki Castle. The head maid, Yoshino Koiwai's mother, had scolded Aki for braiding the mop. Her excuse was that she \"grew bored ever since Yoshino wasn't around when she came down with chicken pox\".\nWhile Aki's parents were bickering, which annoyed her, she spent time with her dogs, Sean and Lancelot. Her pets picked up intruders, which were incidentally Masamune Makabe and his bullies. Despising the likes of bullies, she scared off the bullies with Sean and Lancelot, saving Masamune, which he was grateful for.\nCheering up Aki, vowing to stay by her side.\nAki's parents fought over her, wanting her for themselves. They did not consider going out as a family. Much to her dismay and due to the result of this, Aki found it much more pleasing being around Masamune. The \"King\" and \"Queen\" had often bought her presents, most likely to compete for her affections.\nBeing around Masamune, who would have often come to her garden, made her wish that her parents had the same honesty as he did. It was when he started crying that she decided to make him stronger. Being around him raised Aki's emotional state as they grew closer. They even took a picture (the only picture).\nAfter helping accomplish the revenge of Masamune's bullies, she confessed about her parents getting divorced and Masamune comforted her, vowing to always be by her side. Through the fun days they shared, she had grown to love him and when he never showed up, Aki turned to overreact.\nThe Arrival of Masamune[]\nAki's first meeting Masamune after a long time without recognizing who he really is.\nAki's first encounter with Masamune Makabe's evolved appearance was when she came to his classroom to reject and embarrass yet another student, giving him the cruel nickname, \"Prince of Stooges\" (or \"Pudding Prince\" in the anime). She then had not realized or seen the resemblance between Masamune's former 'Piggy' self to his present self.\nThroughout the remainder of the day, she didn't notice Masamune spying on her. When he trips into the place where she secretly eats her bentos, she was shocked but angry in the meantime. He was lucky to have escaped alive.\nMasamune saving Aki from Tanabe's attempt to cut her hair.\nLater, Aki confronts the boy she recently rejected, Akio Tanabe, who tries to snip her hair for giving him the nickname \"Prince of Stooges\" as a reply for his confession. Masamune interferes as Tanabe jabs the scissors, resulting in a hand injury.\nMasamune tells Aki that he knew something like this would happen. When he asked her whether she was hurt, she answered that he was the one hurt. In reply, Masamune says: \"Your safety is more important\", rendering Aki speechless. Masamune hides the pain even though he felt like going unconscious due to it.\nThe later letter Aki sent to Masamune surprised him that she was able to remember who he was so quickly, but it turned out to be from Koiwai.\nEtymology[]\nThe name Aki means \"love, affection\" () (a) and \"princess\" () (ki).\nAki's surname Adagaki means \"peace, quiet\" () (a), \"reach\" () (da) and \"fence\" () (kaki/gaki).\nTrivia[]\nAki's hair color are different in the anime and manga:\nIn the anime season 1, she has blue hair\nIn the anime season 2, her hair gets changed into black hair\nIn the manga, she has black hair.\nAki's eyes color are different in the anime and manga:\nIn the anime season 1, she has blue eyes\nIn the anime season 2, she has violet eyes\nIn the manga, she has black eyes.\nAki has a habit of eating too much.\nThis is due to her hypoglycemia, which is a condition when there are low levels of glucose or sugar in a person's bloodstream.\nMasamune Makabe is 11 months older than Aki, but he moved at the same degree as her due to his revenge.\nIn Chapter 39, Aki admits that she has a bad personality; she is naughty and she has bad eyesight as she was not even able to notice that Kanetsugu Gas was a girl.\nWhen Aki told Masamune to kiss her and he freezes up, he imagines her as being a giant human-shaped ham, which he can no longer eat due to his diet.\nAki's zodiac sign is Capricorn.\nAki declared that she was the most serious on Masamune.\nNavigation[]\nExpandFeatured characters\nMain characters\nMasamune Makabe Aki Adagaki Yoshino Koiwai Neko Fujinomiya\nClass 2-A\nKanetsugu Gasou Mari Mizuno Kaneko Sonoka Kikune Kiba\nClass 2-B\nTae Futaba Kojuro Shuri Akio Tanabe\nOthers\nKinue Hayase Chinatsu Hayase Grandpa Makabe Sumire Gasou Midori Yuisaki\nForeigners\nMuriel Besson Frank Besson\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nFemales\nClass 2-A\nHigh School Students\nAdd category\nCancel\nSave\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Masamune-kun no Revenge Wiki\n1\nMasamune Makabe\n2\nAki Adagaki\n3\nYoshino Koiwai\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nMasamune-kun no Revenge Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://masamunekuns-revenge.fandom.com/wiki/Aki_Adagaki" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Aki Adagaki (Masamune-kun no Revenge) - MyAnimeList.net\nMyAnimeList.net\nHide AdsLoginSign Up\nAllAnimeMangaCharactersPeopleCompaniesManga StoreNewsFeatured ArticlesForumClubsUsers\nView all results for ${ keyword }\nAnime\nAnime Search\nTop Anime\nSeasonal Anime\nVideos\nReviews\nRecommendations\n2024 ChallengeFantasy Anime League\nManga\nManga Search\nTop Manga\nManga Store\nReviews\nRecommendations\n2024 Challenge\nCommunity\nInterest Stacks\nForums\nClubs\nBlogs\nUsers\nIndustry\nNews\nFeatured Articles\nPeople\nCharacters\nCompanies\nMALJapan\nWatch\nEpisode Videos\nAnime Trailers\nRead\nManga Store\nHelp\nAbout\nSupport\nAdvertising\nFAQ\nReport\nStaff\nMAL Supporter\nAki \"The Brutal Princess, The Cruel Princess\" Adagaki\nEdit Character Information\nAdd to Favorites\nAnimeography\nMasamune-kun no Revenge\nadd Main\nMasamune-kun no Revenge: Uchi no Mama ni Kagitte/Tsunade Shima, Futatabi./12-Ji wo Sugita Cinderella\nadd Main\nMasamune-kun no Revenge R\nadd Main\nMangaography\nMasamune-kun no Revenge\nadd Main\nMasamune-kun no Revenge\nadd Main\nMasamune-kun no Revenge 0\nadd Main\nMember Favorites: 2,165\nDetails\nClubs\nPictures\nTop\n>\nCharacters\n>\nAki Adagaki\nAki Adagaki ( )Age\t15-16\nHeight: 162 cm\nHair Color: Black (blue in anime)\nEye Color: Blue\nBlood Type: AB\nBirthday: December 24\nAki Adagaki is a rich, beautiful girl who treats all boys like dirt. She has the talent of giving all boys who ask her out a unique and mocking nickname. She has no real sense of what to do outside, as shown as when she wore cosplay to a date. She is shown to rely on her maid heavily, although she does not treat her well. She is also shown to having a huge appetite, which causes her great embarrassment.\nAccording to her confession about Masamune in her childhood, she was abandoned by him without any notice just after promising that he would stay with her even if her parents were to divorce. But since the time he disappeared, she got a huge appetite and is still searching for the reason through Gasou Kanetsugu or the self-proclaimed Masamune of her childhood.\nVoice Actors\nOhashi, Ayaka\nJapanese\nGarrett, Morgan\nEnglish\nBschken, Olivia\nGerman\nCustodi, Stephany\nPortuguese (BR)\nGris, Gaby\nSpanish\nChetail, Adeline\nFrench\nFelli, Martina\nItalian\nTipton, Alexis\nEnglish\nMoreTop Anime\n1\nSousou no Frieren\n2\nFullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood\n3\nSteins;Gate\n4\nGintama\n5\nShingeki no Kyojin Season 3 Part 2\nMoreTop Airing Anime\n1\nOne Piece\n2\nHibike! Euphonium 3\n3\nHaikyuu!! 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She seems to not even remember rejecting his confession and giving him nickname 'Piggy' and is neither aware that she is the revenge target Masamune has in which his plan is to make her reflect her actions she has done to him or others until now. He wants to make her fall in love with him and reject her brutally as she has done to everyone.\nShe first met him by accident when he was running away from some bullies and whe n he realized he was inside Adagaki property. From that point, they are shown to have been hanging out together in her garden. It is shown that he was in love with her and the feelings were mutual as she was also in love with him. When he confesses his love, Yoshino pretended to look like Aki rejected his confession and gave him the nickname 'piggy'. This is the main reason which triggered Masamune to train his body and become thin and handsome so he can take his revenge on her.\nMasamune kissing Aki. CHAPTER-27 (The Picture)\nIn high school, she starts to pay attention to Masamune after he finds out that she is a glutton when it comes to food which was always kept a secret. She soon gets hungry as soon as she hears anything about food. At starting she just annoys him or pesters him. But it all changed when he protected her from a jealous boy who she rejected and made fun of in cost of getting hurt himself by the scissors up to the point of bleeding which he tries to act cool and make it look like it doesn't hurt much which actually hurt him to the extent that he wanted to fall down. Later on, they gradually become close and she falls in love with him. Even if it were obvious, she denies her feelings for Masamune when Yoshino confronts her about it, being a tsundere and all.\nIn Chapter 39, when they learn of Kanetsugu being an impostor, she states that she wouldn't mind dating Masamune after learning he was the real one. Although embarrassed, she kept her stubborn demeanor. After dating a bit, she invited Masamune on their \"last date,\" before she decided to break up with him.In chapter 48, she sendsYoshino to confess her love for Masamune, and that her true happiness is for her to decide. The last chapter shows that Masamune has made up his mind and that he wanted to give dating with Aki another chance, havingrejectedKowai's confession. Masamune is convinced repairing their relationship will not work, but Aki blushed and says\"It's not completely hopeless.\"She finally asked Makabe to kiss her properly, ending the series with Aki and Makabe together.\nIn the after school arc, Makabe and Aki seems to date each other secretly without telling others except Yoshino. Apparently, Aki was planning to marry Makabe in the future after graduate. On chapter 1 of the arc, Makabe and Aki are having a lunch together at the store room when suddenly Makabe ask his nickname to Aki, unfortunately Aki refuse to tell him his nickname and accidentally blurt out about her trump card to use that nickname in case she ever got a divorce.\nFriends[]\nYoshino Koiwai[]\nKoiwai is Aki's maid who was always been around her since birth . She hated Masamune a lot because Aki would always talk about him. Koiwai decides to help Masamune so she can apologize for what happened 8 years ago. Another reason is that if Masamune broke Aki's heart, Aki would become more sensitive and treat her better. Later on, in theseries, she just wants what's best for Aki. In the end, she helps reuniteAki and Makabe together again.\nOthers[]\nKanetsugu Gasou[]\nShe easily accepted that Kanetsugu Gasou is the Masamune she used to love and hang out with in her childhood. Kanetsugu's target is only her family money and doesn't seem to be interested in Aki due to the fact that Kanetsugu is also a female indisguise. Kanetsugu's family used to be rich but later went poor due to some unknown reasons. She fully takes advantage of Aki's family money by giving the contract that her family should provide funds to Gasou family for being Aki's fiancee. She avoids as much as possible to talk about the past which Aki brings up only to get disappointed by Kanetsugu's answers. However, Aki is in love with Kanetsugu despite all this and she acts like a completely different person when she is with the latter.\nIt can easily be implied that she just didn't want to accept the fact that she is in love with Masamune. At that moment she was thinking about the childhood Masamune, Kanetsugu shows up acting like him and Aki easily accepts it. Later on, Aki asked Kanetsugu about \"his\" disappearance when \"he\" (Masamune) was young and Kanetsugu answers that it doesn't matter since it all happened a long time ago. That makes Aki's feelings towards Kanetsugu become much colder.\nIn the later chapter she seems to be depressed about her which Kanetsugu has not yet realized.\nIn Chapter 39, Kanetsugu and Aki go to an Amusement Park where they are met with Masamune who tells her about who he really is, and that Kanetsugu is an impostor. Due to Masamune punching Kanetsugu, it reveals to her and Masamune that Kanetsugu is a female in disguise.\nCategories\nCategories:\nAdd category\nCancel\nSave\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Masamune-kun no Revenge Wiki\n1\nMasamune Makabe\n2\nAki Adagaki\n3\nYoshino Koiwai\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nMasamune-kun no Revenge Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://masamunekuns-revenge.fandom.com/wiki/Aki_Adagaki/Relationships" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Aki Adagaki | All Worlds Alliance Wiki | Fandom\nAll Worlds Alliance Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nPopular pages\n#Most Visited#\nCharacters\nLelouch Lamperogue\nC.C.\nGintoki Sakata\nKakashi Hatake\nJiraiya (Naruto)\nIbiki Morino\nVan Grants\nFanfic Story\nAll Worlds Alliance - The Prologue\nAll Worlds Alliance Stories\nAll Worlds Alliance Missions - Tales of the World\nAll Worlds Alliance Missions - Negima!\nAll Worlds Alliance Missions - Madoka Magica\nAll Worlds Alliance Missions - Rainbow Rocks\nAll Worlds Alliance Missions - Maken-Ki!\nCommunity\nRecent blog posts\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nAll Worlds Alliance Wiki\n8,165pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nPopular pages\n#Most Visited#\nCharacters\nLelouch Lamperogue\nC.C.\nGintoki Sakata\nKakashi Hatake\nJiraiya (Naruto)\nIbiki Morino\nVan Grants\nFanfic Story\nAll Worlds Alliance - The Prologue\nAll Worlds Alliance Stories\nAll Worlds Alliance Missions - Tales of the World\nAll Worlds Alliance Missions - Negima!\nAll Worlds Alliance Missions - Madoka Magica\nAll Worlds Alliance Missions - Rainbow Rocks\nAll Worlds Alliance Missions - Maken-Ki!\nCommunity\nRecent blog posts\nin:\nCharacters, Females, Student, Yasaka High School\nAki Adagaki\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nAki Adagaki is the main heroine of the Masamune-kun's Revenge anime and manga.\nA rich girl who used to be friends with Makabe when they were children, but suddenly told him to go away and called him \"Pig's Foot\". Haughty and a bit stuck up, and has a sour opinion of men.\nIn the AWA fics, Aki is set to debut in a future AWA storyline.\nIn the TWA fics, Aki debuted in the Twisted World Animania - Masamune-kun's Revenge.\nContents\n1 Appearance\n2 Personality\n3 Trivia\n4 Gallery\n5 External Links\nAppearance[]\nAki is a beautiful girl with long black (for manga) / blue (for anime) hair, which is always in two messy low pigtails. She has a fringe just above her blue eyes. She is fair and slim, even though she has a habit of eating more than an ordinary person.\nAt school, she wears a uniform consisting of a white long sleeve coat buttoned at the lower part, a pink shirt with white linings underneath, and a blue bow with yellow stripes. She also wears a checkered peach skirt, black pantyhose/socks, and brown shoes.\nAfter chapter 48 of the manga. She cut her hair to shoulder length.\nPersonality[]\nAki is known to have a cruel personality, rejecting boys in humiliating ways-- often in front of the whole school. She hurts others to avoid hurting herself. She hates boys and tends to scare them off. Hence she earned the nickname, \"The Brutal Princess\" or \"The Cruel Princess\".\nShe has no background knowledge on what is considered as \"normal\" outside, as shown when she wore cosplay clothing to her first date withMasamune Makabe. Sherelies mostly on her maid,Yoshino, as she is incapable of a lot of things.\nShe is also self-aware and embarrassed about her eating habits, partly due to hypoglycemia, but mainly because of the disappearance of Masamune, in which she told him that she gorged it off on food and felt miserable ever since. Since she is called the Cruel Princess, if anything embarrassing was to come out of the school that revolves around her (such as her habit of eating too much) Aki's image of being the cruel princess would be tarnished. This is one of the reasons why she eats in the storage room, another is that if she was eating a normal amount of lunch, her stomach would rumble loudly afterward which can distract her classmates and would embarrass her at the same time.\nTrivia[]\nAki has a habit of eating too much. This is due to her hypoglycemia, which is a condition when there are low levels of glucose or sugar in a person's bloodstream.\nThe kanji in \"Aki\" means \"love\" and \"princess\".\nMasamune is 11 months older than herbut, due to his revenge, he moved at the same degree as her.\nAki's hair color is blue in the anime, but black in the manga.\nShe admits that she has a bad personality, is naughty, and has bad eyesight in Chapter 39, as she was not even able to notice that Kanetsugu was a girl.\nWhen she told Masamune to kiss her and he freezes up, he imagines her as being a giant human-shaped ham, which he can no longer eat due to his diet.\nHer family owns one of the most famous groups, according to Chapter 22, titled, \"Plan Name F.\"\nHer zodiac sign is Capricorn, while her Chinese zodiac sign is a rabbit.\nShe declared that she was the most serious on Makabe.\nGallery[]\nExternal Links[]\nAki Adagaki at Masamune-kun no Revenge Wiki\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nFemales\nStudent\nYasaka High School\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore All Worlds Alliance Wiki\n1\nTooru Oikawa\n2\nKoutarou Bokuto\n3\nAqua (KonoSuba)\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nAll Worlds Alliance Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://all-worlds-alliance.fandom.com/wiki/Aki_Adagaki" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Masamune-Kuns No Revenge X Male Reader (DISCONTINUED) - To Avoid a princess - Wattpad\nBrowse\nBrowse\nWattpad Originals\nEditor's Picks\nThe Wattys\nAdventure\nContemporary Lit\nDiverse Lit\nFanfiction\nFantasy\nHistorical Fiction\nHorror\nHumor\nLGBTQ+\nMystery\nNew Adult\nNon-Fiction\nParanormal\nPoetry\nRomance\nScience Fiction\nShort Story\nTeen Fiction\nThriller\nWerewolf\nWattpad Picks\nAmplifying AAPI Storytelling\nReading Radar\nIrresistible Baddies \nBound by fate \nWattpad Studios Hits\nPremium Picks\nCommunity\nThe Watty Awards\nCommunity Happenings\nWattpad Ambassadors\nWrite\nCreate a new story\nMy Stories\nHelpful writer resources\nWattpad programs & opportunities\nWriting contests\nTry Premium\nLog in\nSign Up\nMasamune-Kuns No Revenge X Male Reader (DISCONTINUED)\nby -_OutLaw-Rising_-\nMasamune-Kuns No Revenge X Male Reader (DISCONTINUED)\nTable of contents\nNever left in the Past\nThe Pair for pair\nReminders\nPig's Foot\nComplicated\nEmail?\nCompetition\nDoll House\nAlliance\nThe Double Date\nQuestioning the Heart\nTo Avoid a princess\nProblematic\nThe wrath of a princess\nThe Ex-Bully and the Neko\nNeko Fujinomiya\nChore of a Pool\nA Date with Yoshino\nWelcome\nA Date with Yoshino PT2\nVacation?\n\"Acting\"\nHaunted House\nGaming Lovers\nLost Property\nShe's Home Alone\nThe Missing Cat\nBottles and Pills\nBroken Hearts\nNew Reading List\nVote\nYOU ARE READING\nMasamune-Kuns No Revenge X Male Reader (DISCONTINUED)\nFanfiction\nMasamune Kun no Revenge\n#aki\n#akiadagoki\n#hatred\n#male\n#malereader\n#masamune\n#masamunekun\n#reader\n#readerinsert\n#revenge\n#yoshinio\nTo Avoid a princess\n4.3K\n108\n19\nby -_OutLaw-Rising_-\nby -_OutLaw-Rising_-\nFollow\nShare\nPost to Your Profile\nShare via Email\nReport Story\nSend\nSend to Friend\nShare\nPost to Your Profile\nShare via Email\nReport Story\nMasamune's POVI did it. I ignored the cruel princess. Lately, she I noticed that she has been giving me a lot of attention in the from of occasional glances, to her just flat out following me. As the school day went on, I noticed that she grew more and more annoyed with me not noticing her... Is Yoshino's plan really working? Or is Aki Adagaki releaved that a thorn is finally out of her side? I didn't know. All I knew is that I have to go help (YN) and Kojuro on a project. I looked at my phone to check the time as I walked to the library. I felt a sudden chill run up my spin..\nAki: Masamune!\nI suddenly shot up and saw Aki Adagaki, glaring at me with a scary glare that pierced through me. She decided to ambush me?! Her glare grew colder\nAki: I would like to have a word with you.\nWell... If she wanted to confess her feelings, this isn't how it should be playing out..\nMasamune: I-Im kind of busy, Maybe s-some other ti-ACKAki: HOLD IT RIGHT THERE!Masamune: WHATS WRONG WITH YOU?!Aki: I SHOULD BE ASKING YOU THAT!\nAki walked closer to me and spread her arms, preventing me from walking past her. I tried to walk by her and she just scooted into the way, refusing to let me pass. After trying 5 times, I finally managed to get past her, only for her to grab my tie and force me down as she gripped it tightly, causing it to wrap tighter around my neck.\nMasamune: L-Let go I'm chocking-..Aki: No Way! Are you a COMPLETE moron? What is your damage anyway?! You're such a narcissistic hag!\nShe kept yelling at me and I couldn't help but stare at her... She had small bits of tears in her eyes and she kept using harsh words but... Almost like she was scared to take it to far.. But... Then she suddenly loosened her grip on my tie and mumbled.\nOops! This image does not follow our content guidelines. To continue publishing, please remove it or upload a different image.\nAki:...why have you been ignoring me lately..?\nI felt my eyes widen as Aki blushed deeply, staring into my eyes like as if she was desperate for answers. The air in the hall seemed to have grown heavy as her stare seemed to show that...she missed me..being around...\nAki: I.. I don't know what to do...it..it just feels so wrong...why have you been avoiding me..?\nI covered my mouth with my hand as my eyes widened...this was her being shy..nervous...almost scared. I couldn't forget who she was and what she did too me.. It went exactly as Yoshino said it would.\nMasamune: you see...um... I uh...felt like I was annoying you..you always talk down to me and (YN) and i felt that you didn't want us around...so I decided to get out of your hair..\nWhat was I saying?!\nAki:...w-what?..Masamune: Now...(YN) needs my help in the library so... I gotta go..\nI stood up and made my way through the hall... I put my hand on my chest and felt my heart pound... What's wrong with me?\nAki's POVI fell down to my knees and stared at the floor... He was trying to get away because of what ive done...treating him like garbage..a vexation... I... Whats wrong with me?.. I have to ask Yoshino about this..\nReader's POVI sighed before chuckling as Kojuro whined. we have spent a long time on the project and Kojuro still didnt understand the work. I shook my head and stretched\nKojuro: Can we take a break?(YN): we took one 5 minutes ago..Kojuro: I mean a snack break(YN): ohhh.. Then nope. Had that 20 minutes ago\nKojuro groaned before leaning to the side and smiled, waving\nKojuro: Hey Yoshino!\nI tensed up and turned around, seeing Yoshino walking to our table.\nYoshino: h-hey...(YN): yea?Kojuro: What's up Yoshino?Yoshino: I-I...was wondering if we could exchange numbers...\nContinue to next part\nAdd\nNew Reading List\nVote\nPost to Your Profile\nShare via Email\nReport Story\nPromoted stories\nYou'll also like\nWhere stories live. Discover now\nLog inSign Up\nWattpad Originals\nTry Premium\nGet the App\nLanguage\nWriters\n|\nBrand Partnerships\nJobs\nPress\nTerms\nPrivacy\nPayment Policy\nAccessibility\nHelp\n 2024 Wattpad\nssum.casalemedia.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://www.wattpad.com/635738369-masamune-kuns-no-revenge-x-male-reader" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "GitHub - arthurblake/log4jdbc: log4jdbc is a Java JDBC driver that can log SQL and/or JDBC calls (and optionally SQL timing information) for other JDBC drivers using the Simple Logging Facade For Java (SLF4J) logging system.\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\narthurblake\n/\nlog4jdbc\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n148\nStar\n500\nlog4jdbc is a Java JDBC driver that can log SQL and/or JDBC calls (and optionally SQL timing information) for other JDBC drivers using the Simple Logging Facade For Java (SLF4J) logging system.\n500\nstars\n148\nforks\nBranches\nTags\nActivity\nStar\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nCode\nIssues\n43\nPull requests\n1\nActions\nProjects\n0\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\narthurblake/log4jdbc\nThis commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository.\nmasterBranchesTagsGo to fileCodeFolders and filesNameNameLast commit messageLast commit dateLatest commitHistory117 Commitsdocdocliblibscriptsscriptssrc-jdbc4/net/sf/log4jdbcsrc-jdbc4/net/sf/log4jdbc.gitignore.gitignoreFAQ.mdFAQ.mdNEWS.mdNEWS.mdREADME.mdREADME.mdView all filesRepository files navigationREADME\nlog4jdbc is a JDBC proxy driver for logging SQL and other interesting information.\nlog4jdbc is a Java JDBC driver that can log SQL and/or JDBC calls (and optionally SQL timing information) for other JDBC drivers using the Simple Logging Facade For Java (SLF4J) logging system.\nNews\n2023-04-03 Finally converted the ancient Google code help text to Github markdown with some minor updates. Only 8 years late! Also merged a couple of minor simple PRs. Cursory updates for JDK 1.8 / JDBC 4.2\nMore News\nFeatures\nFull support for JDBC 4+. (Archived versions have JDBC 3 Support.)\nEasy to configure, in most cases all you need to do is change the driver class name to net.sf.log4jdbc.DriverSpy and prepend \"jdbc:log4\" to your existing jdbc url, set up your logging categories and you're ready to go!\nIn the logged output, for prepared statements, the bind arguments are automatically inserted into the SQL output. This greatly Improves readability and debugging for many cases.\nSQL timing information can be generated to help identify how long SQL statements take to run, helping to identify statements that are running too slowly and this data can be post processed with an included tool to produce profiling report data for quickly identifying slow SQL in your application..\nSQL connection number information is generated to help identify connection pooling or threading problems.\nWorks with any underlying JDBC driver, with JDK 1.4 and above, and SLF4J 1.x.\nOpen source software, licensed under the business friendly Apache 2.0 license: http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\nUsage\nDecide if you need JDBC 3 or JDBC 4 support.\nJDBC 4.2 support is available in the latest log4jdbc 1.3+ for JDK 1.8+.\nThere is no specific JDBC 4.1 version.\nIf you are using JDK 1.6 or 1.7, you should use the JDBC 4 version of log4jdbc (even if the actual underlying JDBC driver you are using is a JDBC 3 or older driver). This is now defunct but can be obtained as log4jdbc4-1.2.jar under Archived Downloads.\nIf you are using JDK 1.4 or 1.5, you should use the JDBC 3 version of log4jdbc. This is now defunct but can be obtained as log4jdbc3-1.2.jar under Archived Downloads.\nIf you are using an older version of the JDBC driver with JDK 1.8+, JDBC should be able to properly wrap that driver even though log4jdbc is coded for JDBC 4.2.\nChoose which java logging system you will use.\nIn many cases, you already know this, because it is dictated by your existing application. log4jdbc uses the Simple Logging Facade for Java (SLF4J) which is a very simple and very flexible little library that lets you pick among many common java logging systems: * Log4j * java.util logging in JDK 1.4 * logback * Jakarta Commons Logging.\nSLF4J is designed to de-couple your application from the java logging system so you can choose any one you want.\nLatest stable version of SLF4J.\nYou will need two jars: slf4j-api-2.0.7.jar (or the latest available version) and whichever jar you pick depending on the java logging system you choose.\nMaven central SLF4J Downloads\nPlace these two .jar files into your application's classpath.\nPlease read the documentation at the SLF4J website. It's really easy to set up!\nSet your JDBC driver class to net.sf.log4jdbc.DriverSpy in your application's configuration.\nThe underlying driver that is being spied on in many cases will be loaded automatically without any additional configuration.\nThe log4jdbc \"spy\" driver will try and load the following popular jdbc drivers:\nDriver Class\nDatabase Type\noracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver\nOlder Oracle Driver\noracle.jdbc.OracleDriver\nNewer Oracle Driver\ncom.sybase.jdbc2.jdbc.SybDriver\nSybase\nnet.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.Driver\njTDS SQL Server & Sybase driver\ncom.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver\nMicrosoft SQL Server 2000 driver\ncom.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver\nMicrosoft SQL Server 2005 driver\nweblogic.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver\nWeblogic SQL Server driver\ncom.informix.jdbc.IfxDriver\nInformix\norg.apache.derby.jdbc.ClientDriver\nApache Derby client/server driver, aka the Java DB\norg.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver\nApache Derby embedded driver, aka the Java DB\ncom.mysql.jdbc.Driver\nMySQL\ncom.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver\nConnector/J 6.0\norg.mariadb.jdbc.Driver\nMariaDB\norg.postgresql.Driver\nPostgresSQL\norg.hsqldb.jdbcDriver\nHSQLDB pure Java database\norg.h2.Driver\nH2 pure Java database\nIf you want to use a different underlying jdbc driver that is not already in the above supported list, set a system property, log4jdbc.drivers to the class name of the additional driver. This can also be a comma separated list of driver class names if you need more than one.\n-Dlog4jdbc.drivers=<driverclass>[,<driverclass>...]\nIf you don't want to attempt to auto-load drivers at all, you can set a system property, log4jdbc.auto.load.popular.drivers to false. In this case, it will only load the drivers specified in the log4jdbc.drivers property.\nPrepend jdbc:log4 to the normal jdbc url that you are using.\nFor example, if your normal jdbc url is\njdbc:derby://localhost:1527//db-derby-10.2.2.0-bin/databases/MyDatabase\nthen You would change it to:\njdbc:log4jdbc:derby://localhost:1527//db-derby-10.2.2.0-bin/databases/MyDatabase\nto use log4jdbc.\nSet up your loggers\nThere are 5 loggers that are used by log4jdbc, If all 5 are turned off (or for example, set to a level less than error, such as the FATAL level in log4j), then log4jdbc will not log anything and in fact the actual (real) connection to the underlying database will be returned by the log4jdbc driver (thus allowing log4jdbc to be installed and available to turn on at runtime at a moment's notice without imposing any actual performance loss when not being used). If any of the 5 logs are set to ERROR level or above (e.g ERROR, INFO or DEBUG) then log4jdbc will be activated, wrapping and logging activity in the JDBC connections returned by the underlying driver.\nEach of these logs can be set at either DEBUG, INFO or ERROR level.\nDEBUG includes the class name and line number (if available) at which the SQL was executed. Use DEBUG level with extra care, as this imposes an additional performance penalty when in use.\nINFO includes the SQL (or other information as applicable.)\nERROR will show the stack traces in the log output when SQLExceptions occur.\nlogger\ndescription\nsince\njdbc.sqlonly\nLogs only SQL. SQL executed within a prepared statement is automatically shown with it's bind arguments replaced with the data bound at that position, for greatly increased readability.\n1.0\njdbc.sqltiming\nLogs the SQL, post-execution, including timing statistics on how long the SQL took to execute.\n1.0\njdbc.audit\nLogs ALL JDBC calls except for ResultSets. This is a very voluminous output, and is not normally needed unless tracking down a specific JDBC problem.\n1.0\njdbc.resultset\nEven more voluminous, because all calls to ResultSet objects are logged.\n1.0\njdbc.connection\nLogs connection open and close events as well as dumping all open connection numbers. This is very useful for hunting down connection leak problems.\n1.2alpha1\nAdditionally, there is one logger named log4jdbc.debug which is for use with internal debugging of log4jdbc. At this time it just prints out information on which underlying drivers were found and not found when the log4jdbc spy driver loads.\nIn a typical usage scenario, you might turn on only the jdbc.sqlonly logging at INFO level, just to view the SQL coming out of your program.\nThen if you wanted to view how long each SQL statement is taking to execute, you might use jdbc.sqltiming.\njdbc.audit, jdbc.resultset and jdbc.connection are used for more in depth diagnosis of what is going on under the hood with JDBC as potentially almost every single call to JDBC could be logged (logs can grow very large, very quickly with jdbc.audit and jdbc.resultset!)\nBecause SLF4J can be used with many popular java logging systems, the setup for your loggers will vary depending on which underlying logging system you use. Sample configuration files for log4j are provided here: log4j.xml and log4j.properties.\nAdjust debugging options.\nWhen logging at the DEBUG level, the class file and line number (if available) for the class that invoked JDBC is logged after each log statement. This is enormously useful for finding where in the code the SQL is generated. Be careful when using this on a production system because there is a small, but potentially significant penalty performance for generating this data on each logging statement.\nIn many cases, this call stack data is not very useful because the calling class into log4jdbc is a connection pool, object-persistance layer or other layer between log4jdbc and your application code-- but the class file and line number information you really are interested in seeing is where in your application the SQL was generated from.\nSet the log4jdbc.debug.stack.prefix System property for log4jdc to help get around this problem:\n-Dlog4jdbc.debug.stack.prefix=<package.prefix>\nWhere is a String that is the partial (or full) package prefix for the package name of your application. The call stack will be searched down to the first occurence of a class that has the matching prefix. If this is not set, the actual class that called into log4jdbc is used in the debug output (in many cases this will be a connection pool class)\nFor example, setting a system property such as this:\n-Dlog4jdbc.debug.stack.prefix=com.mycompany.myapp\nWould cause the call stack to be searched for the first call that came from code in the com.mycompany.myapp package or below, thus if all of your SQL generating code was in code located in the com.mycompany.myapp package or any subpackages, this would be printed in the debug information, rather than the package name for a connection pool, object relational system, etc.\nOptions\nlog4jdbc options are controlled via system properties. The simplest way to set these is with the java -D command line option. For example:\njava -Dlog4jdbc.drivers=my.funky.DriverClass -classpath ./classes my.funky.Program\nStarting with log4jdbc 1.2 beta 2, you can also define any of these property settings in a file named log4jdbc.properties stored in the classpath. log4jdbc will look for properties both in this file (if it exists) and in the system properties, with the file taking precedence for any properties defined in both locations.\nproperty\ndefault\ndescription\nsince\nlog4jdbc.spylogdelegator\nnet.sf.log4jdbc.Slf4jSpyLogDelegator\nOptional class name used to override default spy log delegator. This class must implement the SpyLogDelegator interface. Any instantiation errors will silenty fail and use the default.\n1.4\nlog4jdbc.drivers\nOne or more fully qualified class names for JDBC drivers that log4jdbc should load and wrap. If more than one driver needs to be specified here, they should be comma separated with no spaces. This option is not normally needed because most popular JDBC drivers are already loaded by default-- this should be used if one or more additional JDBC drivers that (log4jdbc doesn't already wrap) needs to be included.\n1.0\nlog4jdbc.auto.load.popular.drivers\ntrue\nSet this to false to disable the feature where popular drivers are automatically loaded. If this is false, you must set the log4jdbc.drivers property in order to load the driver(s) you want.\n1.2beta2\nlog4jdbc.debug.stack.prefix\n(only relevant when logging at DEBUG level and has potentially negative performance implications) The partial (or full) package prefix for the package name of your application. The call stack will be searched down to the first occurrence of a class that has the matching prefix. If this is not set, the actual class that called into log4jdbc is used in the debug output (in many cases this will be a connection pool class.) For example, setting a system property such as this: -Dlog4jdbc.debug.stack.prefix=com.mycompany.myapp Would cause the call stack to be searched for the first call that came from code in the com.mycompany.myapp package or below, thus if all of your sql generating code was in code located in the com.mycompany.myapp package or any subpackages, this would be printed in the debug information, rather than the package name for a connection pool, object relational system, etc.\n1.0\nlog4jdbc.sqltiming.warn.threshold\nMillisecond time value. Causes SQL that takes the number of milliseconds specified or more time to execute to be logged at the warning level in the sqltiming log. Note that the sqltiming log must be enabled at the warn log level for this feature to work. Also the logged output for this setting will log with debug information that is normally only shown when the sqltiming log is enabled at the debug level. This can help you to more quickly find slower running SQL without adding overhead or logging for normal running SQL that executes below the threshold level (if the logging level is set appropriately.)\n1.1beta1\nlog4jdbc.sqltiming.error.threshold\nMillisecond time value. Causes SQL that takes the number of milliseconds specified or more time to execute to be logged at the error level in the sqltiming log. Note that the sqltiming log must be enabled at the error log level for this feature to work. Also the logged output for this setting will log with debug information that is normally only shown when the sqltiming log is enabled at the debug level. This can help you to more quickly find slower running SQL without adding overhead or logging for normal running SQL that executes below the threshold level (if the logging level is set appropriately.)\n1.1beta1\nlog4jdbc.dump.booleanastruefalse\nfalse\nWhen dumping boolean values in SQL, dump them as 'true' or 'false'. If this option is not set, they will be dumped as 1 or 0 as many databases do not have a boolean type, and this allows for more portable sql dumping.\n1.2alpha1\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.maxlinelength\n90\nWhen dumping SQL, if this is greater than 0, than the dumped SQL will be broken up into lines that are no longer than this value. Set this value to 0 if you don't want log4jdbc to try and break the SQL into lines this way. In future versions of log4jdbc, this will probably default to 0.\n1.2alpha1\nlog4jdbc.dump.fulldebugstacktrace\nfalse\nIf dumping in debug mode, dump the full stack trace. This will result in EXTREMELY voluminous output, but can be very useful under some circumstances when trying to track down the call chain for generated SQL.\n1.2alpha1\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.select\ntrue\nSet this to false to suppress SQL select statements in the output.\n1.2alpha1\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.insert\ntrue\nSet this to false to suppress SQL insert statements in the output.\n1.2alpha1\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.update\ntrue\nSet this to false to suppress SQL update statements in the output.\n1.2alpha1\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.delete\ntrue\nSet this to false to suppress SQL delete statements in the output.\n1.2alpha1\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.create\ntrue\nSet this to false to suppress SQL create statements in the output.\n1.2alpha1\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.addsemicolon\nfalse\nSet this to true to add an extra semicolon to the end of SQL in the output. This can be useful when you want to generate SQL from a program with log4jdbc in order to create a script to feed back into a database to run at a later time.\n1.2alpha1\nlog4jdbc.statement.warn\nfalse\nSet this to true to display warnings (Why would you care?) in the log when Statements are used in the log. NOTE, this was always true in releases previous to 1.2alpha2. It is false by default starting with release 1.2 alpha 2.\n1.2alpha2\nlog4jdbc.trim.sql\ntrue\nSet this to false to not trim the logged SQL. (Previous versions always trimmed the SQL.)\n1.2beta2\nlog4jdbc.trim.sql.extrablanklines\ntrue\nSet this to false to not trim extra blank lines in the logged SQL (by default, when more than one blank line in a row occurs, the contiguous lines are collapsed to just one blank line.) (Previous versions didn't trim extra blank lines at all.)\n1.2\nlog4jdbc.suppress.generated.keys.exception\nfalse\nSet to true to ignore any exception produced by the method, Statement.getGeneratedKeys() (Useful for using log4jdbc with Coldfusion.)\n1.2beta2\nOther\nA simple tool is included which you can use to post-process sql timing logs produced by log4jdbc. It can output simple profiling reports with statistics and a dump of the sql statements that ran the slowest within the log. To invoke the tool, use profsql.sh (for unix/linux) and profsql.cmd (for windows) located in the scripts folder. These scripts take as one argument, the filename of a sql timing log (generated from the jdbc.sqltiming log category. They produce a profiling report to stdout. The tool is currently experimental and I expect it to evolve quite a bit over the next few releases. Nevertheless, it has already been very useful to me for tracking down SQL performance problems.\nSimilar Tools\nSome other tools and libraries that are similiar to log4jdbc.\nP6Spy (link dead as of 2023) is probably the most well known JDBC logging driver but it hasn't been updated in over 5 years.\nCraftsman Spy appears to overlap quite a bit with the feature set in log4jdbc. This library hasn't been updated in 2 years and depends on Jakarta Commons Logging.\nJAMon (Java Application Monitor) is a comprehensive application monitor and monitoring API which includes JDBC/SQL monitoring as part of it's very large feature set.\nJdbcProxy The driver can also emulate another JDBC driver to test the application without a database.\nLogDriver (link 404s as of 2023) appears to be similiar to log4jdbc and the author has written a (nice article)[http://java.sys-con.com/read/204723.htm] (404s as of 2023) on JDBC logging in general and his motivation and experience of writing LogDriver.\nAnd yet another JDBC logger\nlog4jdbc-remix an experimental fork of log4jdbc with some interesting features.\njdbcdslog Another new jdbc wrapper with a lot of crossover with log4jdbc features.\nSqlRecorder A library that is a wrapper around a JDBC driver to record all executed queries to different locations like a file,console or any other remote server via plugins.\nlog4jdbc-log4j2 Another fork of log4jdbc that includes the log4jdbc-remix fork and other features of it's own.\nArchived Downloads\nYou can download prebuilt jars for older versions (2008-2012) at:\nhttps://code.google.com/archive/p/log4jdbc/downloads\nThis would be most useful if using an older/ancient JDK for some reason (or needing JDBC 3 support)\nThere are various forks of log4jdbc out there in Maven.\nThere has never been an official log4jdbc maven artifact published.\nFAQ\nHere\nAbout\nlog4jdbc is a Java JDBC driver that can log SQL and/or JDBC calls (and optionally SQL timing information) for other JDBC drivers using the Simple Logging Facade For Java (SLF4J) logging system.\nResources\nReadme\nActivity\nStars\n500\nstars\nWatchers\n35\nwatching\nForks\n148\nforks\nReport repository\nReleases\n11\ntags\nPackages\n0\nNo packages published\nContributors\n3\nLanguages\nJava\n97.6%\nBatchfile\n1.1%\nOther\n1.3%\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/arthurblake/log4jdbc" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "mysql - Can log4jdbc be used with spring boot? - Stack Overflow\nSkip to main content\nStack Overflow\nAbout\nProducts\nOverflowAI\nStack Overflow\nPublic questions & answers\nStack Overflow for Teams\nWhere developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers\nTalent\nBuild your employer brand\nAdvertising\nReach developers & technologists worldwide\nLabs\nThe future of collective knowledge sharing\nAbout the company\nLoading\ncurrent community\nStack Overflow\nhelp\nchat\nMeta Stack Overflow\nyour communities\nSign up or log in to customize your list.\nmore stack exchange communities\ncompany blog\nLog in\nSign up\nShare Your Experience: Take the 2024 Developer Survey\nHome\nQuestions\nTags\nUsers\nCompanies\nLabs\nJobs\nNew\nDiscussions\nCollectives\nCommunities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCreate a free Team\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCollectives on Stack Overflow\nFind centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most.\nLearn more about Collectives\nTeams\nQ&A for work\nConnect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.\nLearn more about Teams\nGet early access and see previews of new features.\nLearn more about Labs\nCan log4jdbc be used with spring boot?\nAsk Question\nAsked\n5 years, 8 months ago\nModified\n4 years, 4 months ago\nViewed\n4k times\nThis question shows research effort; it is useful and clear\n3\nSave this question.\nShow activity on this post.\nI have a Spring boot app I'm trying to add database logging to which is better than\nspring.jpa.properties.hibernate.show_sql=true\nlog4jdbc, from\nhttps://github.com/marcosemiao/log4jdbc\nseems to be the most up to date fork around, seems to format nicely, fills in parameters and adds timing, exactly what I want.\nBut when I configure it as stated in the readme, changing\nspring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/coindatabase?useSSL=false\nto\nspring.datasource.url=jdbc:log4jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/coindatabase?useSSL=false\nsomething seems to not like my reference to mysql and seems to try to fall back to H2:\nCaused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: Driver org.h2.Driver claims to not accept jdbcUrl, jdbc:log4jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/coindatabase?useSSL=false\nat com.zaxxer.hikari.util.DriverDataSource.<init>(DriverDataSource.java:106)\nIs there some easy way to make this work together?\nmysqlspring-bootlog4jdbc\nShare\nImprove this question\nFollow\nFollow this question to receive notifications\nasked Sep 17, 2018 at 23:06\nIanIan\n1,65733 gold badges2222 silver badges3939 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\n3 Answers\n3\nSorted by:\nReset to default\nHighest score (default)\nTrending (recent votes count more)\nDate modified (newest first)\nDate created (oldest first)\nThis answer is useful\n4\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nlog4jdbc for spring boot wrapper:\n<groupId>com.integralblue</groupId>\n<artifactId>log4jdbc-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>\nwhich seems to pull in the implementation from:\n<groupId>org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2</groupId>\n<artifactId>log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1</artifactId>\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered Oct 12, 2018 at 1:22\nIanIan\n1,65733 gold badges2222 silver badges3939 bronze badges\n1\nthis is really nice. It's a bit of a shame that the default configuration is too verbose. Luckly the documentation is really easy to read. github.com/candrews/log4jdbc-spring-boot-starter\nsoung\nFeb 4, 2023 at 3:06\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n3\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nAdditional info:\nDon't modify the spring.datasource.url property in your Spring Boot application.properties file; leave the URL as previously defined to access your MYSQL instance.\nInstead, after grabbing the com.integralblue maven target, simply set the logging level of choice (ex logging.level.jdbc.sqltiming=info) and your previously defined log4j log will have the DB stuff in it.\nSee here as was well\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered Jun 7, 2019 at 12:01\nIsaac RileyIsaac Riley\n29844 silver badges55 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n2\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nYou need to use this library in your build.gradle:\n// https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/com.integralblue/log4jdbc-spring-boot-starter\ncompile group: 'com.integralblue', name: 'log4jdbc-spring-boot-starter', version: '2.0.0'\nIf you get the warning:\n\"Loading class 'com.mysql.jdbc.Driver'. This is deprecated. The new driver class is 'com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver'. The driver is automatically registered via the SPI and manual loading of the driver class is generally unnecessary.\"\nyou can set the correct Driver yourself via properties:\nlog4jdbc.drivers=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver\nlog4jdbc.auto.load.popular.drivers=false\nThe documentation for configuration can be found on Github\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered Jan 16, 2020 at 14:07\njudosjudos\n44544 silver badges1414 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\nYour Answer\nReminder: Answers generated by artificial intelligence tools are not allowed on Stack Overflow. Learn more\nThanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow!Please be sure to answer the question. 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What can I do?\nWhy can't the water companies go bankrupt?\nIs bonding event\" the best term for an event at which people can bond with each other?\nHow would you ask \"Is there a Klingon word for loneliness?\" in Latin?\nWhy is Siobhan pronounced with a /v/ sound in English?\nAre there any advantages of evaluating expressions differently in compile time and runtime?\nmore hot questions\nQuestion feed\nSubscribe to RSS\nQuestion feed\nTo subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader.\nlang-sql\nStack Overflow\nQuestions\nHelp\nProducts\nTeams\nAdvertising\nCollectives\nTalent\nCompany\nAbout\nPress\nWork Here\nLegal\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Service\nContact Us\nCookie Settings\nCookie Policy\nStack Exchange Network\nTechnology\nCulture & recreation\nLife & arts\nScience\nProfessional\nBusiness\nAPI\nData\nBlog\nFacebook\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nInstagram\nSite design / logo 2024 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. rev2024.5.29.9912", "url": "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/52376778/can-log4jdbc-be-used-with-spring-boot" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "java - Configuring log4jdbc-log4j2 with Liberty Profile - Stack Overflow\nSkip to main content\nStack Overflow\nAbout\nProducts\nOverflowAI\nStack Overflow\nPublic questions & answers\nStack Overflow for Teams\nWhere developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers\nTalent\nBuild your employer brand\nAdvertising\nReach developers & technologists worldwide\nLabs\nThe future of collective knowledge sharing\nAbout the company\nLoading\ncurrent community\nStack Overflow\nhelp\nchat\nMeta Stack Overflow\nyour communities\nSign up or log in to customize your list.\nmore stack exchange communities\ncompany blog\nLog in\nSign up\nShare Your Experience: Take the 2024 Developer Survey\nHome\nQuestions\nTags\nUsers\nCompanies\nLabs\nJobs\nNew\nDiscussions\nCollectives\nCommunities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCreate a free Team\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCollectives on Stack Overflow\nFind centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most.\nLearn more about Collectives\nTeams\nQ&A for work\nConnect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.\nLearn more about Teams\nGet early access and see previews of new features.\nLearn more about Labs\nConfiguring log4jdbc-log4j2 with Liberty Profile\nAsk Question\nAsked\n8 years, 11 months ago\nModified\n8 years, 11 months ago\nViewed\n2k times\nThis question shows research effort; it is useful and clear\n1\nSave this question.\nShow activity on this post.\nI have a web application that is deployed locally to a Liberty Profile server, and that is already working with log4j2. My end goal is to log all of the PreparedStatements with their parameter values included in the query string, just before they are run against a DB2 database.\nI've been following the instructions at https://code.google.com/p/log4jdbc-log4j2 to set up log4jdbc-log4j2. I was able to pull down the dependency files with Maven:\n<dependency>\n<groupId>org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2</groupId>\n<artifactId>log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4</artifactId>\n<version>1.16</version>\n</dependency>\nHowever, I've been stuck at steps 3.1 and 3.2 for awhile, and so far, nothing on stackoverflow or instructional blogs has helped me move forward, so I thought it was time to ask my own question.\nCould someone please let me know in which file(s), and how, I should make the changes mentioned in steps 3.1 (\"Change your JDBC URL\") and 3.2 (\"Change the driver used\")? Please let me know if there's something I can clarify further in order to help get my question answered, and thank you in advance for any help or guidance you can provide.\nUpdate\nAfter making the changes to server.xml suggested aguibert and including all log4j*.jar files from the dependency in the db2 drivers directory, my server.xml entry looks like this:\n<dataSource id=\"myDataSource\" jndiName=\"jdbc/myDataSource\" type=\"javax.sql.DataSource\">\n<jdbcDriver javax.sql.DataSource=\"net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DataSourceSpy\">\n<library>\n<fileset dir=\"<path to dir>/db2\" includes=\"db2jcc_license_cisuz.jar db2jcc4.jar log4j-api-2.3.jar log4j-core-2.3.jar log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4-1.16-sources.jar log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4-1.16.jar\"/>\n</library>\n</jdbcDriver>\n<properties\npassword=\"password\"\nuser=\"user\"\nURL=\"jdbc:log4jdbc:db2://<normal jdbc url>\" />\n</dataSource>\nNow, when the first query is made, I get an InstantiationException on net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DataSourceSpy:\njava.lang.Exception:\nat <my files>\nat javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:595) [com.ibm.ws.javaee.servlet.3.0_1.0.8.jar:?]\nat javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:668) [com.ibm.ws.javaee.servlet.3.0_1.0.8.jar:?]\nat com.ibm.ws.webcontainer.servlet.ServletWrapper.service(ServletWrapper.java:1285) [com.ibm.ws.webcontainer_1.0.8.jar:?]\nat com.ibm.ws.webcontainer.servlet.ServletWrapper.handleRequest(ServletWrapper.java:776) [com.ibm.ws.webcontainer_1.0.8.jar:?]\nat com.ibm.ws.webcontainer.servlet.ServletWrapper.handleRequest(ServletWrapper.java:473) [com.ibm.ws.webcontainer_1.0.8.jar:?]\nat com.ibm.ws.webcontainer.filter.WebAppFilterManager.invokeFilters(WebAppFilterManager.java:1104) [com.ibm.ws.webcontainer_1.0.8.jar:?]\nat com.ibm.ws.webcontainer.webapp.WebApp.handleRequest(WebApp.java:4845) [com.ibm.ws.webcontainer_1.0.8.jar:?]\nat com.ibm.ws.webcontainer.osgi.DynamicVirtualHost$2.handleRequest(DynamicVirtualHost.java:297) [com.ibm.ws.webcontainer_1.0.8.jar:?]\nat com.ibm.ws.webcontainer.WebContainer.handleRequest(WebContainer.java:981) [com.ibm.ws.webcontainer_1.0.8.jar:?]\nat com.ibm.ws.webcontainer.osgi.DynamicVirtualHost$2.run(DynamicVirtualHost.java:262) [com.ibm.ws.webcontainer_1.0.8.jar:?]\nat com.ibm.ws.http.dispatcher.internal.channel.HttpDispatcherLink$TaskWrapper.run(HttpDispatcherLink.java:955) [com.ibm.ws.transport.http_1.0.8.jar:?]\nat java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1145) [?:1.7.0_60]\nat java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:615) [?:1.7.0_60]\nat java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745) [?:1.7.0_60]\nCaused by: javax.naming.NamingException: CWWKN0008E: An object could not be obtained for name jdbc/myDataSource.\nat com.ibm.ws.jndi.internal.WSContext.resolveObject(WSContext.java:128) ~[?:?]\nat com.ibm.ws.jndi.internal.WSContext.lookup(WSContext.java:364) ~[?:?]\nat com.ibm.ws.jndi.internal.WSContext.lookup(WSContext.java:359) ~[?:?]\nat org.apache.aries.jndi.DelegateContext.lookup(DelegateContext.java:161) ~[?:?]\nat javax.naming.InitialContext.lookup(InitialContext.java:411) ~[?:1.7.0_60]\nat <my files>\n... 16 more\n[ERROR ] CWWKE0701E: FrameworkEvent ERROR Bundle:com.ibm.ws.jdbc(id=69) org.osgi.framework.ServiceException: Exception in com.ibm.ws.resource.internal.ResourceFactoryTrackerData$1.getService()\nat org.eclipse.osgi.internal.serviceregistry.ServiceFactoryUse.factoryGetService(ServiceFactoryUse.java:222)\nat [internal classes]\nat javax.naming.InitialContext.lookup(InitialContext.java:411)\nat <my files>\nat javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:595)\nat javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:668)\nat com.ibm.ws.webcontainer.servlet.ServletWrapper.service(ServletWrapper.java:1285)\nat [internal classes]\nCaused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: java.sql.SQLNonTransientException: java.lang.InstantiationException: net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DataSourceSpy\nat com.ibm.ws.resource.internal.ResourceFactoryTrackerData$1.getService(ResourceFactoryTrackerData.java:109)\n... 10 more\nCaused by: java.sql.SQLNonTransientException: java.lang.InstantiationException: net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DataSourceSpy\nat com.ibm.ws.jdbc.internal.JDBCDriverService.create(JDBCDriverService.java:287)\n... 10 more\nCaused by: java.lang.InstantiationException: net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DataSourceSpy\nat java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:359)\nat com.ibm.ws.jdbc.internal.JDBCDriverService$1.run(JDBCDriverService.java:228)\n... 10 more\nEvent:org.osgi.framework.FrameworkEvent[source=com.ibm.ws.jdbc_1.0.8.cl50520150305-2202 [69]]\nIf it looks like there's anything that I've missed, please let me know. Searching for the errors in the stack trace hasn't resulted in any solutions.\nFinal Status\nAs aguibert pointed out, it seems like a different direction will be best here. Based on a comment in Logging PreparedStatements in Java, I've decided to implement a LoggableStatement wrapper as described here: ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-loggable\njavadb2log4j2websphere-libertylog4jdbc\nShare\nImprove this question\nFollow\nFollow this question to receive notifications\nedited Jul 1, 2015 at 13:26\nTyndareus\nasked Jun 29, 2015 at 19:15\nTyndareusTyndareus\n1366 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\n1 Answer\n1\nSorted by:\nReset to default\nHighest score (default)\nTrending (recent votes count more)\nDate modified (newest first)\nDate created (oldest first)\nThis answer is useful\n1\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nFor a WebSphere Liberty server, all of the global server config is done in the server.xml file (located by defualt at WLP_INSTALL/usr/servers//server.xml).\nYou will probably want something along these lines in your server.xml:\n<dataSource id=\"myDataSource\" jndiname=\"jdbc/myDataSource\" type=\"javax.sql.DataSource\">\n<jdbcDriver javax.sql.DataSource=\"net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DataSourceSpy\">\n<library>\n<fileset dir=\"C:/path/to/libs\" includes=\"thedb2jar.jar log4j.jar\" />\n</library>\n</jdbcDriver>\n<properties user=\"user\" password=\"password\"\nurl=\"jdbc:log4jdbc:<the normal jdbc url>\"/>\n</dataSource>\nThe key parts here is that the element has the \"javax.sql.DataSource\" property set and the value is the name of the DataSource class for the log4j jar. Also, in the element, you'll see that the url is specified with the \"jdbc:log4jdbc\" prefix as described in section 3.1.\nThis is untested advice, but you may need to include both jars (the db2 jar and the log4j jar) in the same folder so they are picked up in the same element.\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered Jun 29, 2015 at 19:52\nAndy GuibertAndy Guibert\n42.4k88 gold badges4242 silver badges6464 bronze badges\n8\nThank you for your response. I've included all log4j*.jar files from the dependency in the db2 drivers directory, and updated my server.xml to contain exactly what you suggested (with my application's names/paths populated, of course). I've also tried to use <properties.db2.jcc> instead of <properties>. Either way, when the first query is made, I get an InstantiationException on net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DataSourceSpy. Any insight will be very much appreciated. Thank you again. I'll continue to make modifications to server.xml and see if I get the desired results.\nTyndareus\nJun 30, 2015 at 15:10\n@Tyndareus If you want more help, then I would suggest updating the question with your new error. Alternatively, if this answer helped you make progress, then you should accept it.\nBrett Kail\nJun 30, 2015 at 15:31\n@Tyndareus without the stack I can't help you at all on the InstantiationException, but that sounds like an entirely separate problem. By setting javax.sql.DataSource=\"net.blah.DataSourceSpy\" you're telling Liberty what the datasource impl class is. If that throws an exception then it's an issue with the driver now allowing Liberty to instantiate it.\nAndy Guibert\nJun 30, 2015 at 15:50\nDuly noted and updated accordingly, @bkail - thanks.\nTyndareus\nJun 30, 2015 at 16:09\nThanks for the explanation, @aguibert - I've updated the original question with some hopefully useful information.\nTyndareus\nJun 30, 2015 at 16:09\n|\nShow 3 more comments\nYour Answer\nReminder: Answers generated by artificial intelligence tools are not allowed on Stack Overflow. Learn more\nThanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow!Please be sure to answer the question. 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Just remember, as McCoy said to Kirk so many times, \"D*&@!$ Jim! I'm an engineer, not a web designer!\" Menu ContactAbout MeResumeLog4jdbc Spring Boot Starter Craig Andrews Uncategorized March 27, 2017October 29, 2019 2 MinutesLogging SQL as its executed is a fairly common desire when developing applications. Perhaps an ORM (such as Hibernate) is being used, and you want to see the actual SQL being executed. Or maybe youre tracking down a performance problem and need to know if its in the application or the database, so step #1 is finding out what query is executing and for how long.Solving this problem once and for all (at least for Spring Boot applications), I created Log4jdbc Spring Boot Starter. Its a very simple yet powerful way to log SQL queries (and more, such as timing information). And unlike other solution, the queries logged are ready to run the ? parameters are replaced with their values. This means you can copy and paste the query from the log and run them unmodified in the SQL query tool of your choice, saving a lot of time.For background, my motivation for this work is a result of a Spring Boot / Hibernate application I have in progress. I started by using spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.show_sql=true but that only logs queries with ? place holders. To log the values, add spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.type=trace. At least now I had the query and the values for it, but to run it in my query tool (I need to EXPLAIN the query), I had to replace each ? with the value and I had over 20 place holders. That got old fast.There are other approaches to log queries, such as the one described in Display SQL to Console in Spring JdbcTemplate. Im not a fan of this approach because it only works for queries made through JdbcTemplate (so Hibernate queries arent logged, for example) and its an awfully lot of code to include and therefore have to maintain in each project.I discovered Log4jdbc but its a bit of a pain to setup in a Spring Boot application because it:doesnt use the Spring Environment (application.properties)needs setup to wrap the DataSources in the Log4jdbc DataSourceSpyWanting to solve this problem precisely once and never again, I created Log4jdbc Spring Boot Starter.To use it, just add to your project:<dependency> <groupid>com.integralblue</groupid> <artifactid>log4jdbc-spring-boot-starter</artifactid> <version>[INSERT VERSION HERE]</version></dependency>Then turn on the logging levels as desired in application.properties, for example: logging.level.jdbc.sqlonly=DEBUG When no logging is configured (all loggers are set to fatal or off), log4jdbc returns the original Connection.See the Log4jdbc Spring Boot Starter project page for more information. Log4jdbc Spring Boot Starter by Craig Andrews is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.Taggedhibernatejavaspring Published by Craig Andrews View all posts by Craig Andrews Published March 27, 2017October 29, 2019Post navigationPrevious Post Working around HHH-9663: Orphan removal does not work for OneToOne relationsNext Post Coal to Cryptocurrency: Mining Remains a Threat One thought on Log4jdbc Spring Boot Starter Dipranjan says: July 26, 2022 at 4:12 amI have posted a question on StackOverflow regarding the use of this library as I am unable to get it to log the messages in a file. Neither is it printing the logs to the console. Here is the link:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/73089460/log4jdbc-spring-boot-starter-is-unable-to-generate-log-messagesCould you kindly have a look? It may very well be due to some small configuration-related mistakes in my setup. But somehow I am unable to get it to work for my application. Your help is much appreciated.ReplyLeave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment *Name * Email * Website This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. Search for: Tags.net 3dprinting android aws blockchain cloud communications css docker fff gentoo github gitlab hibernate hosting ipv6 java javascript keyboards linux openwrt performance php ruby security spring versionpress windows wordpress", "url": "https://candrews.integralblue.com/2017/03/log4jdbc-spring-boot-starter/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How to log the JDBC calls using the log4jdbc with the WSO2 products | by Nadee Poornima | Nadees Tech Stories | MediumOpen in appSign upSign inWriteSign upSign inHow to log the JDBC calls using the log4jdbc with the WSO2 productsNadee PoornimaFollowPublished inNadees Tech Stories2 min readOct 17, 2018--ListenShareIf your application has any performance issue which is related to the database query, then this log4jdbc becomes a nice tool to log those JDBC call details of that particular application. Our WSO2 products also support this and here I am describing how to configure this WSO2 product. I am using the Identity Server of the WSO2 and by following this, you can configure this to other WSO2 products as well.Lets see how to do that step by steps.If you have started the server, please stop the serverThen you need to download the log4jdbc driver and put it in lib (<IS_HOME>/repository/components/lib) folder of the Identity Server. You can download the log4jdbc driver from here and the log4jdbc41.2.jar is compatible with JDK 1.8 as well.Then you need to change the master-datasources.xml (<IS_HOME>/repository/conf/datasources/) file by configuring this.For that, you need to change the JDBC url as follows by adding the :log4jdbc: part.<url>jdbc:log4jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sunReg</url>5. Then you need to configure the JDBC driver as follows.<driverClassName>net.sf.log4jdbc.DriverSpy</driverClassName>You can do the above changes which you required a database only. Eg; If you want to add this only to the Registry Database, then you can do the above changes only for the data source configuration relating to the Registry database on the master-datasources.xml file. Then it will log each JDBC call of that particular database.5. Then you need to add the following lines to the log4j.properties (<IS_HOME>/repository/conf/) file and save & close it.log4j.logger.jdbc.sqlonly=INFOlog4j.logger.jdbc.sqltiming=INFOlog4j.logger.jdbc.audit=OFFlog4j.logger.jdbc.resultset=ERRORlog4j.logger.jdbc.connection=ERROR6. Now you can restart the server and then you could able to see JDBC logs as similar to the below screenshot.So advantages of these logs are,You can see how many queries running for a particular transactionHow much time taken to execute a particular queryThrough that, you can understand what query will be affected by the performance of the systemThen you can easily take the decision where you need to modify your code or system to improve the performanceConsume less timeSign up to discover human stories that deepen your understanding of the world.FreeDistraction-free reading. No ads.Organize your knowledge with lists and highlights.Tell your story. Find your audience.Sign up for freeMembershipAccess the best member-only stories.Support independent authors.Listen to audio narrations.Read offline.Join the Partner Program and earn for your writing.Try for $5/monthWso2Jdbc Spy DriverSqlLog4jConfiguration----FollowWritten by Nadee Poornima84 FollowersEditor for Nadees Tech StoriesSenior Software Engineer at WSO2FollowHelpStatusAboutCareersPressBlogPrivacyTermsText to speechTeams", "url": "https://medium.com/nadees-tech-stories/how-to-log-the-jdbc-calls-using-the-log4jdbc-with-the-wso2-products-84fbfbd0cb81" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Log4jdbc-log4j2\nLog4jdbc-log4j2\nJDBC proxy driver for logging SQL and other interesting information.\nHome\nDownloads\nHow to use\nHome\nDownloads\nHow to use\nThis project was imported from https://code.google.com/archive/p/log4jdbc-log4j2/\nOriginal License: Apache License 2.0\nlog4jdbc-log4j2 is a modification of log4jdbc to natively use Log4j 2 (or SLF4J as usual), that supports JDBC 4.1 to JDBC 3, includes all the improvements of log4jdbc-remix, and provides new improvements on its own. log4jdbc-log4j2:\nnatively supports Log4j2. SLF4J can still be used as usual.\nsupports JDBC 4.1 (Java 7), JDBC 4 (Java 6), JDBC 3 (Java 5).\nincludes all the improvements of log4jdbc-remix (can log result sets as tables, can be configured as a Datasource, can use a plugable SQL formatter).\nis available in the sonatype maven repository.\nprovides new improvements on its own (logging of connection opening execution time, of getGeneratedKeys() queries, etc)\nNews\n2013-12-12: Release of log4jdbc-logj2 1.16: fixes issue#8, issue#9, and issue#10.\n2013-06-21: Release of log4jdbc-logj2 1.15: several bug fixes related to the print of the result sets as table (because of modifications in this implementation as compared to log4jdbc-remix).\n2013-06-20: Release of log4jdbc-logj2 1.14: bug fixes and improvements from the log4jdbc-remix trunk, notably the ability to provide different SQL loggers to different data sources (see http://code.google.com/p/log4jdbc-remix/issues/detail?id=9).\n2013-06-19: Release of log4jdbc-logj2 1.13: bug fix (see issue#4).\n2013-04-25: Release of log4jdbc-logj2 1.12: Adding fixes that were committed to the main log4jdbc branch after the last official release.\n2013-04-23: Release of log4jdbc-logj2 1.11: Clearer error message when no proper logging system can be found. Availability on the Sonatype maven repository (finally!).\n2013-03-31: Release of log4jdbc-logj2 1.1: Major update to include all the improvements of log4jdbc-remix, provide support for JDBC 4.1, to allow the use of solely one logger library (either Log4j 2 or SLF4J), and to add several unit tests.\n2012-11-14: Release of log4jdbc-logj2 1.01: minor modification to adapt to a change of API in log4j 2.0 beta2 (the previous release was based on log4j 2.0 alpha2 SNAPSHOT)\n2012-09-05: log4jdbc-logj2 1.0 is out.\nAdvantages\nOne single logger\nThanks to the use of the features provided by Log4j 2, only one single logger is needed to be configured, as opposed to five in the standard implementation of log4jdbc (and six when using log4jdbc-remix). The standard log4jdbc behavior can still be easily reproduced (see below for more details). You can nevertheless use SLF4J and configure several loggers as in the standard log4jdbc implementation if you wish to do so.\nlog4jdbc-remix features\nAll the improvements provided by log4jdbc-remix are included in this implementation: can log result sets as tables, can be configured as a\nDatasource , can use a custom SQL formatter, is available in the sonatype maven repository. If you use Log4j 2, the logging of the result sets are still configurable with a single logger. Also note that this implementation provides an additional way of configuring a custom SQL formatter, through properties (see below).\nJDBC 4.1 support\nlog4jdbc-log4j2 supports JDBC 4.1 (JDK 1.7), JDBC 4 (JDK 1.6), JDBC 3 (JDK 1.5). Please note that we do not provide a JDBC 3 version for JDK 1.4.\nEasy dispatch in different files of different SQL operations\nThanks to the use of the features provided by Log4j 2, you can easily dispatch different SQL operations (SELECT, UPDATE, ...) or errors (Exception thrown) in different files . This is not doable using the standard implementation of log4jdbc.\nAvailability in the sonatype maven repository\nlog4jdbc-log4j2 is available through the Maven repository: group org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2 , artifacts\nlog4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc3 ,\nlog4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4 , and\nlog4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1 .\nOther improvements\nThis implementation provides some slight improvements, for instance: execution time for connection opening and closing, calls to Statement.getGeneratedKeys() logged along with the SQL query it was performed on, etc.\nInstallation\nInstallation is almost the same as with the standard version of log4jdbc.But be careful with the slight modifications, notably:\nthe name of the Driver to load is different than in the standard log4jdbc implementation (but if you use the JDBC 4 or JDBC 4.1 versions, you do not need to load the Driver yourself anyway, log4jdbc-log4j2 will be automatically discovered and loaded).\nIf you choose to use SLF4J rather than Log4j 2, you need to configure the option log4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name to the value net.sf.log4jdbc.log.slf4j.Slf4jSpyLogDelegator (see below for more details).\n1. Install log4jdbc-log4j2\n1.1. Decide if you need JDBC 3, JDBC 4, or JDBC 4.1 support.\nDepending on which JDK you use, you should install different versions of log4jdbc-log4j2:\nIf you are using Java 5, you should use the JDBC 3 version of log4jdbc-log4j2.\nFor Java 6, the JDBC 4 version of log4jdbc-log4j2.\nFor Java 7, the JDBC 4.1 version of log4jdbc-log4j2.\nYou should make your choice based on which JDK version you use, rather than which JDBC version: for instance, the log4jdbc JDBC 4 driver can wrap a JDBC 3 or older driver, as long as you don't call any unsupported method.\n1.2. Option 1: installation via direct download\nChoose and download one of the driver .jar files:\nlog4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc3.jar for JDBC 3 support in JDK 1.5. Please note that starting from version\nbeta5, Log4j 2 is compiled using JDK 1.6, so that log4jdbc-log4j2 for JDBC3 is usable with no later version than Log4j 2 beta4.\nlog4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.jar for JDBC 4 support in JDK 1.6\nlog4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1.jar for JDBC 4.1 support in JDK 1.7\nPlace the log4jdbc-log4j2 jar that you chose into your application's classpath.\n1.3. Option 2: installation via Maven repository\nAdd the following to your\npom.xml configuration file, replace\nlog4jdbc-log4j2-jdbcXX by the value corresponding to the JDBC version you want to use (either\nlog4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1 , or\nlog4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4 , or\nlog4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc3 ):\n<dependency>\n<groupId>org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2</groupId>\n<artifactId>log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbcXX</artifactId>\n<version>1.16</version>\n</dependency>\n2. Install the logging library you want to use\n2.1. If you want to use Log4j 2 (recommended choice)\nGet the last version of Log4j 2, either from their download\npage, or from their Maven\nrepository (this link contains instructions to configure your\npom.xml file).\nYou will typically need to install the\nlog4j-core and\nlog4j-api libraries. Please note that starting from version\nbeta5 , Log4j 2 is compiled using JDK 1.6, so that log4jdbc-log4j2 for JDBC3 is usable with no later version than Log4j 2\nbeta4 .\n2.2. If you want to use SLF4J\nGet the last version of SLF4J, either from their download\npage, or from their Maven\nrepository.\nYou will need at least two libraries: the\nslf4j-api library, and whichever library you pick depending on the java logging system you choose (for instance, Log4j, java.util logging, logback, Jakarta Commons Logging).\n3. Modification of your source code\n3.1. Change your JDBC URL Prepend\njdbc:log4 to the normal JDBC URL that you are using. For example, if your normal JDBC URL is:\njdbc:derby://localhost:1527//db-derby-10.2.2.0-bin/databases/MyDatabase\nthen you would change it to:\njdbc:log4jdbc:derby://localhost:1527//db-derby-10.2.2.0-bin/databases/MyDatabase\nto use log4jdbc-log4j2.\n3.2. Change the driver used\nSet your JDBC driver class to net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DriverSpy in your application (please note that this is not the same class name as in the standard log4jdbc implementation). See the log4jdbc\ndocumentation to see the list of supported drivers, or how to add support for other drivers. log4jdbc supports almost all major drivers.\nNote that it is actually not necessary to set the\nDriver to load (through, for instance,\nClass.forName(\"net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DriverSpy\") ) if you use the JDBC 4 or JDBC 4.1 versions. The driver will be automatically discovered and loaded.\n4. Set up your logger\n4.1. If you use Log4j 2\nLog4jdbc-log4j2 uses only one logger, called log4jdbc.log4j2 (while the standard implementation uses 5, and even 6 when using log4jdbc-remix).\nIts behavior can be set, notably from a Log4j 2 configuration file. This documentation presents some examples (see \"Usage\" below). Almost all features provided by the standard implementations of log4jdbc and log4jdbc-remix can be reproduced by using this single logger, thanks to the use of Markers.\nThis allows a very simple configuration, for instance, at the\nERROR level:\n<logger name=\"log4jdbc.log4j2\" level=\"error\" additivity=\"false\">\n<appender-ref ref=\"Console\"/>\n</logger>\nAnd that's it!\nThis logger is easily configurable via the use of\nMarker s. See the \"Usage\" section below for several examples on how to use them, or how to reproduce log4jdbc and log4jdbc-remix standard behaviors. The recommended configuration at\nINFO or\nDEBUG level is basically:\n<logger name=\"log4jdbc.log4j2\" level=\"info\" additivity=\"false\">\n<MarkerFilter marker=\"LOG4JDBC_OTHER\" onMatch=\"DENY\" onMismatch=\"NEUTRAL\"/>\n<appender-ref ref=\"Console\"/>\n</logger>\nNote that if this logger is turned off (or for example, set to a level less than error, such as the FATAL level), then log4jdbc will not log anything and in fact the actual real connection to the underlying database will be returned by the log4jdbc driver (thus allowing log4jdbc to be installed and available to turn on at runtime at a moment's notice without imposing any actual performance loss when not being used).\nList of all available Markers\nLOG4JDBC_EXCEPTION: associated to all SQLExceptions. This is useful when the feature of logging slow queries with an ERROR level is activated.\nLOG4JDBC_SQL: associated to SQL statements (to all statements, even different operations than select, update, insert, delete, or create, for instance: drop). Parent of the following markers:\nLOG4JDBC_SELECT: associated to SQL statements performing a SELECT operation.\nLOG4JDBC_UPDATE: associated to SQL statements performing a UPDATE operation.\nLOG4JDBC_INSERT: associated to SQL statements performing a INSERT operation.\nLOG4JDBC_DELETE: associated to SQL statements performing a DELETE operation.\nLOG4JDBC_CREATE: associated to SQL statements performing a CREATE operation.\nLOG4JDBC_NON_STATEMENT: associated to all JDBC calls that are not SQL statements, and to the logging of result sets as tables (log4jdbc-remix feature). Parent of the following markers:\nLOG4JDBC_CONNECTION: logs connection open, close, and abort events, as well as dump of all open connection numbers (useful for hunting down connection leak problems).\nLOG4JDBC_OTHER: associated to all JDBC calls, including calls to ResultSet, and to the logging of result sets as tables (log4jdbc-remix feature). Parent of the following markers:\nLOG4JDBC_JDBC: associated to all JDBC calls, including calls to ResultSet. Parent of the following markers:\nLOG4JDBC_AUDIT: associated to JDBC calls, except calls to ResultSet. This is a very voluminous output, and is not normally needed unless tracking down a specific JDBC problem.\nLOG4JDBC_RESULTSET: associated to calls to ResultSet. Produce logs even more voluminous, because all calls to ResultSet objects are logged.\nLOG4JDBC_RESULTSETTABLE: Marker to log JDBC ResultSets as table. Functionality inherited from log4jdbc-remix (corresponds to the jdbc.resultsettable logger in the log4jdbc-remix implementation)\n4.2. If you use SLF4J\n4.2.1 Set the option\nlog4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name\nFirst, you need to tell log4jdbc-log4j2 that you want to use the SLF4J logger. You need to configure the option\nlog4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name to the value\nnet.sf.log4jdbc.log.slf4j.Slf4jSpyLogDelegator . This is done either via the log4jdbc.log4j2.properties file stored in your classpath, or via system properties.\nAdd to the\nlog4jdbc.log4j2.properties file:\nlog4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name=net.sf.log4jdbc.log.slf4j.Slf4jSpyLogDelegator\nOr use System properties:\njava -Dlog4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name=net.sf.log4jdbc.log.slf4j.Slf4jSpyLogDelegator -classpath ./classes my.funky.Program\nSee below for more details about how to configure the options of log4jdbc-log4j2 (notably, the\nlog4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name option allows to set any custom SQL formatter).\n4.2.2. Configure the loggers\nFrom the log4jdbc and log4jdbc-remix documentation: there are 6 loggers that are used. If all 6 are turned off (or for example, set to a level less than error, such as the FATAL level in log4j), then log4jdbc will not log anything and in fact the actual (real) connection to the underlying database will be returned by the log4jdbc driver (thus allowing log4jdbc to be installed and available to turn on at runtime at a moment's notice without imposing any actual performance loss when not being used). If any of the 5 logs are set to ERROR level or above (e.g ERROR, INFO or DEBUG) then log4jdbc will be activated, wrapping and logging activity in the JDBC connections returned by the underlying driver.\nlogger\ndescription\njdbc.sqlonly\nLogs only SQL. SQL executed within a prepared statement is automatically shown with it's bind arguments replaced with the data bound at that position, for greatly increased readability.\njdbc.sqltiming\nLogs the SQL, post-execution, including timing statistics on how long the SQL took to execute.\njdbc.audit\nLogs ALL JDBC calls except for ResultSets. This is a very voluminous output, and is not normally needed unless tracking down a specific JDBC problem.\njdbc.resultset\nEven more voluminous, because all calls to ResultSet objects are logged.\njdbc.resultsettable\nLog the jdbc results as a table. Level debug will fill in unread values in the result set.\njdbc.connection\nLogs connection open and close events as well as dumping all open connection numbers. This is very useful for hunting down connection leak problems.\n4.3. For both Log4j 2 or SLF4J\nThe levels used are the same as in the standard implementation:\nDEBUG includes the class name and line number (if available) at which the SQL was executed. Use DEBUG\nlevel with extra care, as this imposes an additional performance\npenalty when in use.\nINFO includes the SQL (or other information as applicable.)\nERROR includes the stack traces in the log output when SQLExceptions occur (and slow queries if enabled, see below).\nAdditionally, there is one logger named log4jdbc.debug which is for use with internal debugging of log4jdbc. At this time it just prints out information on which underlying drivers were found and not found when the log4jdbc spy driver loads.\nUsage with Log4j 2 These examples assume that you configure Log4j 2 through a\nlog4j2.xml configuration file, placed in your classpath.\n1. Basic configuration at\nERROR\nlevel\nAn example Log4j 2 configuration file: uses the\nlog4jdbc.log4j2 logger, and writes errors (and slow queries if enabled, see below) into the file\nlog4jdbc.out :\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?><configuration status=\"OFF\"> <appenders> <Console name=\"Console\" target=\"SYSTEM_OUT\"> <PatternLayout pattern=\"%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %level - %m%n%ex%n\"/> </Console> <File name=\"log4jdbc_file\" fileName=\"log4jdbc.out\"> <PatternLayout pattern=\"%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %level - %m%n%ex%n\"/> </File> </appenders> <loggers> <root level=\"off\"> <appender-ref ref=\"Console\"/> </root> <logger name=\"log4jdbc.log4j2\" level=\"error\" additivity=\"false\"> <appender-ref ref=\"log4jdbc_file\"/> </logger> </loggers></configuration>\n2. Recommended configuration at\nINFO\nor\nDEBUG\nlevel\nThis modified implementation uses\nMarkers, rather than different loggers as in the standard implementation. Here is a configuration example at\nINFO or\nDEBUG level, to log all relevant information (SQL statements, Connection calls, Exceptions thrown), and to not log JDBC calls, nor result sets as tables (overwhelming logs). It is just a matter of adding one line (\n<MarkerFilter... ):\n<logger name=\"log4jdbc.log4j2\" level=\"info\" additivity=\"false\"> <MarkerFilter marker=\"LOG4JDBC_OTHER\" onMatch=\"DENY\" onMismatch=\"NEUTRAL\"/> <appender-ref ref=\"log4jdbc_file\"/></logger>\n3. Recommended configuration at\nINFO\nor\nDEBUG\nlevel, when additionally logging result sets as tables (log4jdbc-remix\nfeature)\nThis configuration will log all relevant information (SQL statements, Connection calls, Exceptions thrown), as well as result sets as tables (log4jdbc-remix feature):\n<logger name=\"log4jdbc.log4j2\" level=\"info\" additivity=\"false\"> <MarkerFilter marker=\"LOG4JDBC_JDBC\" onMatch=\"DENY\" onMismatch=\"NEUTRAL\"/> <appender-ref ref=\"log4jdbc_file\"/></logger>\n4. Reproducing standard log4jdbc and log4jdbc-remix behaviors Log4jdbc and log4jdbc-remix uses 6 loggers to log different information (see the log4jdbc documentation). This modified implementation rather uses\nMarkers to achieve the same operations. Here are the configurations to reproduce the log4jdbc and log4jdbc-remix loggers behaviors:\njdbc.sqltiming: logs SQL statements with execution time, does not log Connection calls, nor JDBC and ResultSet calls.\n<logger name=\"log4jdbc.log4j2\" level=\"info\" additivity=\"false\"> <MarkerFilter marker=\"LOG4JDBC_NON_STATEMENT\" onMatch=\"DENY\" onMismatch=\"NEUTRAL\"/> <appender-ref ref=\"log4jdbc_file\"/> </logger>\njdbc.audit: logs all JDBC calls except for ResultSets.\n<logger name=\"log4jdbc.log4j2\" level=\"info\" additivity=\"false\"> <MarkerFilter marker=\"LOG4JDBC_AUDIT\" onMatch=\"ACCEPT\" onMismatch=\"DENY\"/> <appender-ref ref=\"log4jdbc_file\"/> </logger>\njdbc.resultset: logs ResultSet calls.\n<logger name=\"log4jdbc.log4j2\" level=\"info\" additivity=\"false\"> <MarkerFilter marker=\"LOG4JDBC_RESULTSET\" onMatch=\"ACCEPT\" onMismatch=\"DENY\"/> <appender-ref ref=\"log4jdbc_file\"/> </logger>\njdbc.connection: logs connection calls.\n<logger name=\"log4jdbc.log4j2\" level=\"info\" additivity=\"false\"> <MarkerFilter marker=\"LOG4JDBC_CONNECTION\" onMatch=\"ACCEPT\" onMismatch=\"DENY\"/> <appender-ref ref=\"log4jdbc_file\"/> </logger>\njdbc.resultsettable: Log the jdbc results as a table (log4jdbc-remix feature). Level debug will fill in unread values in the result set.\n<logger name=\"log4jdbc.log4j2\" level=\"info\" additivity=\"false\"> <MarkerFilter marker=\"LOG4JDBC_RESULTSETTABLE\" onMatch=\"ACCEPT\" onMismatch=\"DENY\"/> <appender-ref ref=\"log4jdbc_file\"/> </logger>\njdbc.sqlonly: the behavior of this logger is not implemented. This is for the will of keeping one single logger, while the logging of events immediately, before the action is executed and before knowing the execution time, would definitely require another logger, or a completely different system of Markers. Also, execution time seems to be an always-useful information to get.\n5. Disabling some SQL operations, or dispatching them in\ndifferent files\nThe standard implementation of log4jdbc allows to disable the logging of some SQL operations, through the configuration of log4jdbc properties (\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.select ,\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.insert ,\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.update ,\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.create ,\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.delete ).\nThe same feature is implemented through the use of\nMarker s (\nLOG4JDBC_SELECT ,\nLOG4JDBC_INSERT ,\nLOG4JDBC_UPDATE ,\nLOG4JDBC_CREATE ,\nLOG4JDBC_DELETE ). This has the advantage to also allow the dispatch of different operations in different files. Note that the log4jdbc properties can still be set, and have priority over the\nMarker s.\nHere is an example configuration file to disable the logging of\nselect operations, while dispatching\nupdate operations in one file, all other statements in another one:\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?><configuration status=\"OFF\"> <appenders> <Console name=\"Console\" target=\"SYSTEM_OUT\"> <PatternLayout pattern=\"%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %level - %m%n%ex%n\"/> </Console> <File name=\"log4jdbc_update\" fileName=\"log4jdbc_update.out\"> <MarkerFilter marker=\"LOG4JDBC_UPDATE\" onMatch=\"ACCEPT\" onMismatch=\"DENY\"/> <PatternLayout pattern=\"%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %level - %m%n%ex%n\"/> </File> <File name=\"log4jdbc_file\" fileName=\"log4jdbc.out\"> <MarkerFilter marker=\"LOG4JDBC_UPDATE\" onMatch=\"DENY\" onMismatch=\"NEUTRAL\"/> <PatternLayout pattern=\"%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %level - %m%n%ex%n\"/> </File> </appenders> <loggers> <root level=\"off\"> <appender-ref ref=\"Console\"/> </root> <logger name=\"log4jdbc.log4j2\" level=\"info\" additivity=\"false\"> <MarkerFilter marker=\"LOG4JDBC_SELECT\" onMatch=\"DENY\" onMismatch=\"NEUTRAL\"/> <appender-ref ref=\"log4jdbc_file\"/> <appender-ref ref=\"log4jdbc_update\"/> </logger> </loggers></configuration>\nIn a similar way,\nSQLException s can be sent to a separate file, using the\nMarker\nLOG4JDBC_EXCEPTION (this is useful when the feature of logging slow queries with an\nERROR level is activated; in this case, an error is not always associated to an\nException ).\nConfigure a\nDataSource\nOption 1: configure Driver class name and JDBC URL\nYou can either configure your\nDataSource to use the log4jdbc-log4j2 driver (net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DriverSpy), and to use the modified JDBC URL (prepending jdbc:log4 to the normal JDBC URL).\nOption 2: wrap into the log4jdbc\nDataSource\nOr you can wrap your own\nDataSource into the log4jdbc-log4j2\nDataSource . For instance (from the log4jdbc-remix documentation), if you have:\n<bean id=\"dataSource\" class=\"...\"> <property name=\"driverClass\" value=\"${datasource.driverClassName}\"/> <property name=\"jdbcUrl\" value=\"${datasource.url}\"/> <property name=\"user\" value=\"${datasource.username}\"/> <property name=\"password\" value=\"${datasource.password}\"/> ... </bean>\nChange this to\n<bean id=\"dataSourceSpied\" class=\"...\"> <property name=\"driverClass\" value=\"${datasource.driverClassName}\"/> <property name=\"jdbcUrl\" value=\"${datasource.url}\"/> <property name=\"user\" value=\"${datasource.username}\"/> <property name=\"password\" value=\"${datasource.password}\"/> ... </bean> <bean id=\"dataSource\" class=\"net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DataSourceSpy\"> <constructor-arg ref=\"dataSourceSpied\" /> </bean>\nCustom SQL formatter\nAs with log4jdbc-remix, it is possible to provide you own custom log formatter. Your logger must implement the interface\nnet.sf.log4jdbc.log.SpyLogDelegator . To make log4jdbc-log4j2 to use it, you have different options:\nOption 1 (recommended way): setting the option log4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name to provide the qualified class name of your implementation of SpyLogDelegator. See below fore more details about setting log4jdbc options.\nOption 2: using the method net.sf.log4jdbc.log.SpyLogFactory.setSpyLogDelegator(SpyLogDelegator) in your application. This method must be called before the loading of the log4jdbc-log4j2 driver, and thus should be called before any call to a DriverManager or DataSource.\nOption 3: using the method net.sf.log4jdbc.sql.jdbcapi.DataSourceSpy.setLogDelegator(SpyLogDelegator) in your application or your bean declaration. This method allows to use different log formatters for different data sources. Note that you still need to provide a default log formatter (used for log4jdbc initialization), either by using the default SpyLogDelegator for Log4j 2 (no action required besides installing Log4j 2), or by configuring through one of the first two options the SpyLogDelegator for SLF4J, or your own custom logger.\nConfigure log4jdbc-log4j2 options log4jdbc-log4j2 can be configured in the exact same way than log4jdbc (see below). Please note two changes as compared to log4jdbc:\nlog4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name: this is a new option, allowing to provide the qualified class name of the logger to use. Notably, if you want to use the SLF4J logger rather than Log4j 2, you must set this option to the value net.sf.log4jdbc.log.slf4j.Slf4jSpyLogDelegator.\nlog4jdbc.debug.stack.prefix: this property is now a REGEX, instead of being just the package prefix of the stack trace. So, for instance, if you want to target the prefix org.mypackage, the value of this property should be: ^org\\.mypackage.*.\nConfiguration file or System properties\nFrom the log4jdbc documentation: you can define any of the log4jdbc settings either from a file named log4jdbc.log4j2.properties stored in the classpath, or via System properties. log4jdbc will look for properties both in the configuration file (if it exists) and in the system properties, with the file taking precedence for any properties defined in both locations.\nFor instance, if you want to set the option\nlog4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name , you can either: add to the\nlog4jdbc.log4j2.properties file:\nlog4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name=net.sf.log4jdbc.log.slf4j.Slf4jSpyLogDelegator\nOr: use System properties:\njava -Dlog4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name=net.sf.log4jdbc.log.slf4j.Slf4jSpyLogDelegator -classpath ./classes my.funky.Program\nlog4jdbc-log4j2 options\nproperty\ndefault\ndescription\nlog4jdbc.drivers\nOne or more fully qualified class names for JDBC drivers that log4jdbc should load and wrap. If more than one driver needs to be specified here, they should be comma separated with no spaces. This option is not normally needed because most popular JDBC drivers are already loaded by default-- this should be used if one or more additional JDBC drivers that (log4jdbc doesn't already wrap) needs to be included.\nlog4jdbc.auto.load.popular.drivers\ntrue\nSet this to false to disable the feature where popular drivers are automatically loaded. If this is false, you must set the log4jdbc.drivers property in order to load the driver(s) you want.\nlog4jdbc.debug.stack.prefix\nA REGEX matching the package name of your application. The call stack will be searched down to the first occurrence of a class that has the matching REGEX. If this is not set, the actual class that called into log4jdbc is used in the debug output (in many cases this will be a connection pool class.) For example, setting a system property such as this: -Dlog4jdbc.debug.stack.prefix=^com\\.mycompany\\.myapp.* would cause the call stack to be searched for the first call that came from code in the com.mycompany.myapp package or below, thus if all of your sql generating code was in code located in the com.mycompany.myapp package or any subpackages, this would be printed in the debug information, rather than the package name for a connection pool, object relational system, etc.\nPlease note that the behavior of this\nproperty has changed as compared to the standard log4jdbc\nimplementation. This property is now a REGEX, instead of being just the package prefix of the stack trace. So, for instance, if you want to target the prefix org.mypackage, the value of this property should be: ^org\\.mypackage.*.\nlog4jdbc.sqltiming.warn.threshold\nMillisecond time value. Causes SQL that takes the number of milliseconds specified or more time to execute to be logged at the warning level in the sqltiming log. Note that the sqltiming log must be enabled at the warn log level for this feature to work. Also the logged output for this setting will log with debug information that is normally only shown when the sqltiming log is enabled at the debug level. This can help you to more quickly find slower running SQL without adding overhead or logging for normal running SQL that executes below the threshold level (if the logging level is set appropriately.)\nlog4jdbc.sqltiming.error.threshold\nMillisecond time value. Causes SQL that takes the number of milliseconds specified or more time to execute to be logged at the error level in the sqltiming log. Note that the sqltiming log must be enabled at the error log level for this feature to work. Also the logged output for this setting will log with debug information that is normally only shown when the sqltiming log is enabled at the debug level. This can help you to more quickly find slower running SQL without adding overhead or logging for normal running SQL that executes below the threshold level (if the logging level is set appropriately.)\nlog4jdbc.dump.booleanastruefalse\nfalse\nWhen dumping boolean values in SQL, dump them as 'true' or 'false'. If this option is not set, they will be dumped as 1 or 0 as many databases do not have a boolean type, and this allows for more portable sql dumping.\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.maxlinelength\n90\nWhen dumping SQL, if this is greater than 0, than the dumped SQL will be broken up into lines that are no longer than this value. Set this value to 0 if you don't want log4jdbc to try and break the SQL into lines this way. In future versions of log4jdbc, this will probably default to 0.\nlog4jdbc.dump.fulldebugstacktrace\nfalse\nIf dumping in debug mode, dump the full stack trace. This will result in EXTREMELY voluminous output, but can be very useful under some circumstances when trying to track down the call chain for generated SQL.\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.select\ntrue\nSet this to false to suppress SQL select statements in the output. Note that if you use the Log4j 2 logger, it is also possible to control select statements output via the marker LOG4JDBC_SELECT (see section \"Disabling some SQL operations, or dispatching them in different files\" above). The use of this property prepend the use of the marker.\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.insert\ntrue\nSet this to false to suppress SQL insert statements in the output. Note that if you use the Log4j 2 logger, it is also possible to control insert statements output via the marker LOG4JDBC_INSERT (see section \"Disabling some SQL operations, or dispatching them in different files\" above). The use of this property prepend the use of the marker.\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.update\ntrue\nSet this to false to suppress SQL update statements in the output. Note that if you use the Log4j 2 logger, it is also possible to control update statements output via the marker LOG4JDBC_UPDATE (see section \"Disabling some SQL operations, or dispatching them in different files\" above). The use of this property prepend the use of the marker.\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.delete\ntrue\nSet this to false to suppress SQL delete statements in the output. Note that if you use the Log4j 2 logger, it is also possible to control delete statements output via the marker LOG4JDBC_DELETE (see section \"Disabling some SQL operations, or dispatching them in different files\" above). The use of this property prepend the use of the marker.\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.create\ntrue\nSet this to false to suppress SQL create statements in the output. Note that if you use the Log4j 2 logger, it is also possible to control create statements output via the marker LOG4JDBC_CREATE (see section \"Disabling some SQL operations, or dispatching them in different files\" above). The use of this property prepend the use of the marker.\nlog4jdbc.dump.sql.addsemicolon\nfalse\nSet this to true to add an extra semicolon to the end of SQL in the output. This can be useful when you want to generate SQL from a program with log4jdbc in order to create a script to feed back into a database to run at a later time.\nlog4jdbc.spylogdelegator.name\nnet.sf.log4jdbc.log.log4j2.Log4j2SpyLogDelegator\nThe qualified class name of the SpyLogDelegator to use. Note that if you want to use log4jdbc-log4j2 with SLF4J rather than Log4j 2, you must set this property to: net.sf.log4jdbc.log.slf4j.Slf4jSpyLogDelegator. This is a new property, not present in the standard log4jdbc implementation.\nlog4jdbc.statement.warn\nfalse\nSet this to true to display warnings (Why would you care?) in the log when Statements are used in the log. NOTE, this was always true in releases previous to 1.2alpha2. It is false by default starting with release 1.2 alpha 2.\nlog4jdbc.trim.sql\ntrue\nSet this to false to not trim the logged SQL. (Previous versions always trimmed the SQL.)\nlog4jdbc.trim.sql.extrablanklines\ntrue\nSet this to false to not trim extra blank lines in the logged SQL (by default, when more than one blank line in a row occurs, the contiguous lines are collapsed to just one blank line.) (Previous versions didn't trim extra blank lines at all.)\nlog4jdbc.suppress.generated.keys.exception\nfalse\nSet to true to ignore any exception produced by the method, Statement.getGeneratedKeys() (Useful for using log4jdbc with Coldfusion\nOf note, an additional property allows to set the name of the property file:\nproperty\ndefault\ndescription\nlog4jdbc.log4j2.properties.file\nlog4jdbc.log4j2.properties\nSet the name of the property file to use\nSlight modifications as compared to the standard\nimplementation\nconnection opening: if the log4jdbc Driver is used to acquire the connection to the database, the execution time to open the connection is now logged. This is not the case if the connection is opened directly in your code as explained in the log4jdbc\nFAQ. However, new constructors for ConnectionSpy have been added, allowing to provide this execution time for logging.\nconnection closing: time to close the connection is now always logged.\nconnection number for statements: : in log4jdbc, SQL connection number information is generated to help identify connection pooling or threading problems. This connection number was not displayed for logging of SQL statements, now it is.\nlogging of getGeneratedKeys():\ncalls to getGeneratedKeys() were not logged as standard SQL statements, but only as an audit information (through the use of the logger jdbc.audit). They are now properly logged, along with the SQL statement on which they were performed.\nMinor changes in line returns or logs presentation. This might break the scripts provided by log4jdbc to parse the logs.\nTo do\nMaybe use the entry() and exit() methods of Log4j 2, rather than the methodReturned() of the SpyLogDelegator.\nLog4jdbc-log4j2 is maintained by Bruno Rozendo.\nThis page was generated by GitHub Pages using the Cayman theme by Jason Long.", "url": "https://log4jdbc.brunorozendo.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "CUBRID Foundation: Tutorials - Analyzing JDBC Logs with LOG4JDBC\nSearch Site\nSign In\nABOUT\nCUBRID\nCUBRID TOOLS\nSTAKEHOLDER\nSPONSOR\nBRAND\nDOWNLOADS\nDOCUMENTATION\nMANUALS\nRELEASE\nGETTING STARTED\nTUTORIALS\nFAQ\nDEVELOPER GUIDE\nCOMMUNITY\nHOW TO CONTRIBUTE\nCONTRIBUTOR AGREEMENT\nCONTRIBUTORS LIST\nFORUM\nNEWS\nBLOG\nCONTACT\nSearch Site\nDOCUMENTATION\nHome\nDOCUMENTATION\nTUTORIALS\nHome\nDOCUMENTATION\nTUTORIALS\nTDefault\nDefault\n\nSegoe UI\nTahoma\n Viewer\nInterfaces\nAnalyzing JDBC Logs with LOG4JDBC\nVotes 0\n?\nShortcut\nPrevPrev Article\nNextNext Article\nLarger Font\nSmaller Font\nUp\nDown\nGo comment\nPrint\n?\nShortcut\nPrevPrev Article\nNextNext Article\nLarger Font\nSmaller Font\nUp\nDown\nGo comment\nPrint\nIntroduction: When using the CUBRID JDBC, you may often want to check the query logs as well as other JDBC logs. This document describes how to analyze JDBC logs by using log4jdbc.\nTable of Contents\nEnvironment System\nPreparing Required Libraries\nPreparing log4jdbc and slf4j Related Libraries\nSelecting the Java Logging System\nSpecifying the JDBC Driver Class in Net.sf.log4jdbc.DriverSpy\nList of Default Drivers Supported in log4jdbc\nConfiguring db.properties\nAdding System Properties\nExample of Adding Eclipse-based System Properties\nConfiguring Logger\nChecking Logs\nEnviromnment System\nThis environment system of this document is as follows:\nCUBRID 2008 or higher\n^ Top of page\nPreparing Required Libraries\nPreparing log4jdbc and slf4j Related Libraries\n1. http://code.google.com/p/log4jdbc/\nA. log4jdbc3-1.1.jar (JDK 1.4 or 1.5) CUBRID jdbc currently supports JDK 1.5.\n2. http://www.slf4j.org/\nA. slf4j-api-1.5.0.jar (providing APIs for interworking of logging service with log4jdbc)\nB. slf4j-log4j12-1.5.2.jar (providing the implementation libraries for interworking of Log4j-based logging service with log4jdbc)\n^ Top of page\nSelecting the Java Logging System\nInstall the following four libraries (3 required libraries + 1 optional library) and continue to the next step.\n1. Log4j\n2. java.util logging in JDK 1.4\n3. logback\n4. Jakarta Commons Logging\n(This document is written based on log4j.)\n^ Top of page\nSpecifying the JDBC Driver Class in Net.sf.log4jdbc.DriverSpy\nList of Default Drivers Supported in log4jdbc\nDriver Class\nDatabase Type\noracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver\nOracle\ncom.sybase.jdbc2.jdbc.SybDriver\nSybase\nnet.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.Driver\njTDS SQL Server & Sybase driver\ncom.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver\nMicrosoft SQL Server 2000 driver\ncom.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver\nMicrosoft SQL Server 2005 driver\nweblogic.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver\nWeblogic SQL Server driver\ncom.informix.jdbc.IfxDriver\nInformix\norg.apache.derby.jdbc.ClientDriver\nApache Derby client/server driver, aka the Java DB\norg.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver\nApache Derby embedded driver, aka the Java DB\ncom.mysql.jdbc.Driver\nMySQL\norg.postgresql.Driver\nPostgresSQL\norg.hsqldb.jdbcDriver\nHSQLDB pure Java database\norg.h2.Driver\nH2 pure Java database\n^ Top of page\nConfiguring db.properties\nType database information to be used in JDBC.\nExample of configuring db.properties\n?drivers:net.sf.log4jdbc.DriverSpycubrid.url=jdbc:log4jdbc:cubrid:localhost:33000:demodb:::cubrid.user=dbacubrid.password\n^ Top of page\nAdding System Properties\nFor a supported driver, you simply need to input the corresponding database in the location where the above cubrid string is located. If a driver is not supported, you must add the following property to the system properties as shown below.\n-Dlog4jdbc.drivers=[,...]\nFor CUBRID, the following property needs to be added:\n-Dlog4jdbc.drivers=cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver\n^ Top of page\nExample of Adding Eclipse-based System Properties\nIf you are developing an Eclipse-based application, configure the system properties as shown below.\n^ Top of page\nConfiguring Logger\nlogger name\nDescription\njdbc.sqlonly\nLogs SQL statements only.\nIf it is PreparedStatement, there is a SQL statement that is configured as a related argument value.\njdbc.sqltimming\nIncludes time information (in ms) used to execute a SQL statement and its corresponding SQL.\njdbc.audit\nLogs all JDBC call information except for ResultSet.\n(Because a large number of logs is created, it is not recommended to use this logger except for tracing a specific JDBC error.)\njdbc.resultset\nLogs all JDBC call information, including ResultSet; a large number of logs is created.\njdbc.connection\nLogs open/close transactions for connections. (1.2alpha1 or later)\nTo check SQL statements, configure jdbc.sqlonly to INFO level.\nIf you want to know how long SQL statements have been executed, use jdbc.sqltiming.\nBecause Jdbc.audit, jdbc.resultset, or jdbc.connection creates a large number of logs, it is not recommended to use it except for a special case.\nFor the log4j configuration file, see the followings.\n- log4j.xml sample:\nhttp://code.google.com/p/log4jdbc/source/browse/trunk/doc/log4j.xml\n- log4j.properties sample:\nhttp://code.google.com/p/log4jdbc/source/browse/trunk/doc/log4j.properties\n* Locate these files under src or classes to make log4j work.\n^ Top of page\nChecking Logs\nIf all tasks are normally processed, you can see the following logs.\n?Log sample2009-06-24 17:47:52.598 DEBUG debug: ... log4jdbc initializing ...2009-06-24 17:47:52.598 DEBUG debug: x log4jdbc.debug.stack.prefix is not defined2009-06-24 17:47:52.598 DEBUG debug: x log4jdbc.sqltiming.warn.threshold is not defined2009-06-24 17:47:52.598 DEBUG debug: x log4jdbc.sqltiming.error.threshold is not defined2009-06-24 17:47:52.599 DEBUG debug: log4jdbc.drivers = cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver2009-06-24 17:47:52.599 DEBUG debug: will look for additional driver cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver2009-06-24 17:47:52.600 DEBUG debug: FOUND DRIVER cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver2009-06-24 17:47:52.606 DEBUG debug: ... log4jdbc initialized! ...2009-06-24 17:47:52.643 DEBUG sqlonly: Execute.service(null:-1)1. {WARNING: Statement used to run SQL} select * from athlete where code=10111\n.Analyzing JDBC Logs with LOG4JDBC\nWhen using a database JDBC driver, you may often want to check the query logs as well as other JDBC logs. This tutorial will show how to analyze CUBRID JDBC logs using popular tool called log4jdbc.\nTable of Contents\nSystem Requirements\nDownloads\nConfigure log4jdbc\nCheck Logs\nSystem Requirements\nCUBRID 1.1 or higher\nlog4jdbc\nslf4j\nDownloads\nlog4jdbc Library\nlog4jdbcis a Java JDBC driver that can log SQL and/or JDBC calls (and optionally SQL timing information) for different JDBC drivers using the SLF4J logging system, which provides APIs for interworking of logging service with log4jdbc.\nDownload the latest version of log4jdbc compatible with JDK 1.5 or higher (CUBRID JDBC supports JDK 1.5 and higher) from the link below.\nhttp://code.google.com/p/log4jdbc/downloads/list\nSLF4J Library\nlog4jdbc uses the SLF4J (Simple Logging Facade for Java), a very simple and flexible small library that enables logging at runtime without modifying the application binary. Moreover, users are free to pick any java logging systems such as Log4j, java.util logging in JDK 1.4, logback, Jakarta Commons Logging. In this tutorial we will be using Log4j as our logging system. SLF4J is designed to de-couple your application from the java logging system so you can choose the one you want. This is the same goal of Jakarta Commons Logging. However, many people have had headaches and issues with classloading problems in complex environments using Jakarta Commons Logging. SLF4J solves these problems with it's much simpler design, and you can even integrate SLF4J to use Jakarta Commons Logging, if you really want to (or are required to) use it.\nDownload the latest version of slf4j from http://www.slf4j.org/download.html.\nSLF4J is distributed in zip archive which has many jar files in it. You will need only two of them:\n1. slf4j-api-1.5.0.jar or any other latest available version. This library will provide APIs for interworking of logging service with log4jdbc.\n2. slf4j-log4j12-1.5.2.jar or any latest version. This library will provide the implementation libraries for interworking of Log4j-based logging service with log4jdbc.\nPlace these two jar files into your application's classpath. Read the SLF4J manual, if you need a guide. It's straightforward to set up!\nConfigure log4jdbc\nSet Driver Class\nSet the CUBRID Driver Class as shown below.\n1.<driver class='cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver'>\nTo see the full list of supported Databases by log4jdbc, visit http://code.google.com/p/log4jdbc/#3._Set_your_JDBC_driver_class_to_net.sf.log4jdbc._DriverSpy_in_y.\nConfigure db.properties\nIt is necessary to add the database information for CUBRID JDBC. You can use the following sample configurations for db.properties.\n1. drivers:net.sf.log4jdbc.DriverSpy\n2. cubrid.url=JDBC:log4jdbc:cubrid:localhost:33000:demodb:::\n3. cubrid.user=dba\n4. cubrid.password\nAdd System Properties\nAdd the following property to the system properties. You can refer to the below image which illustrates how to set the system property in Eclipse-based system.\n1.-Dlog4jdbc.drivers=cubrid.JDBC.driver.CUBRIDDriver\nConfigure Logger\nLogger name\nDescription\nJDBC.sqlonly\nLogs SQL statements only.\nIf it is PreparedStatement, there is a SQL statement that is configured as a related argument value.\nJDBC.sqltimming\nIncludes time information (in ms) used to execute a SQL statement and its corresponding SQL.\nJDBC.audit\nLogs all JDBC call information except for ResultSet.\n(Because a large number of logs is created, it is not recommended to use this logger except for tracing a specific JDBC error.)\nJDBC.resultset\nLogs all JDBC call information, including ResultSet; a large number of logs is created.\nJDBC.connection\nLogs open/close transactions for connections. (log4jdbc version 1.2alpha1 or later.)\nTo check SQL statements, configure JDBC.sqlonly to INFO level.\nIf you want to know how long SQL statements have been executed, use JDBC.sqltiming.\nBecause Jdbc.audit, JDBC.resultset, or JDBC.connection creates a large number of logs, it is not recommended to use it except for a special case.\nFor the log4j configuration file, see the followings.\nlog4j.xml sample:\nhttp://code.google.com/p/log4jdbc/source/browse/trunk/doc/log4j.xml\nlog4j.properties sample:\nhttp://code.google.com/p/log4jdbc/source/browse/trunk/doc/log4j.properties\n* Locate these files under src or classes to make log4j work.\nCheck Logs\nIf all tasks are normally processed, you should be able to see your logs. The following is an example of such logs.\n?01.2009-06-24 17:47:52.598 DEBUG debug: ... log4jdbc initializing ...02.2009-06-24 17:47:52.598 DEBUG debug: x log4jdbc.debug.stack.prefix is not defined03.2009-06-24 17:47:52.598 DEBUG debug: x log4jdbc.sqltiming.warn.threshold is not defined04.2009-06-24 17:47:52.598 DEBUG debug: x log4jdbc.sqltiming.error.threshold is not defined05.2009-06-24 17:47:52.599 DEBUG debug: log4jdbc.drivers = cubrid.JDBC.driver.CUBRIDDriver06.2009-06-24 17:47:52.599 DEBUG debug: will look for additional driver cubrid.JDBC.driver.CUBRIDDriver07.2009-06-24 17:47:52.600 DEBUG debug: FOUND DRIVER cubrid.JDBC.driver.CUBRIDDriver08.2009-06-24 17:47:52.606 DEBUG debug: ... log4jdbc initialized! ...09.2009-06-24 17:47:52.643 DEBUG sqlonly: Execute.service(null:-1)10.1. {WARNING: Statement used to run SQL} select * from athlete where code=10111\nTutorials\nMore detailed information on log4jdbc can be found on their home page http://code.google.com/p/log4jdbc/.\nGetting Help\nIf you have any difficulties with log4jdbc, post your question to CUBRID Forum at https://www.reddit.com/r/CUBRID/\nPrev CUBRID HA (High Availability) Starting Guide\nCUBRID HA (High Availability) Starting Guide\n2020.05.22by soon\nHow to Configure to Log4J to Log Messages to CUBRID Database Next\nHow to Configure to Log4J to Log Messages to CUBRID Database\n2020.05.12by\n0\nLike\n0\nDislike\nFacebook\nTwitter\nGoogle\nPinterest\nUp\nDown\nGo comment\nPrint\nWrite a comment\n?\nWrite a comment You do not have permission to access. Sign In?\nSubject+ContentSubjectContentCommentNick NameUser IDTag\nSearch\nTotal\nInstallation\nServer\nInterfaces\nTools\nEtc\nList\nZine\nGallery\nAnalyzing JDBC Logs with LOG4JDBC\nDate2020.05.21 CategoryInterfaces\nRead More\nHow to Configure to Log4J to Log Messages to CUBRID Database\nDate2020.05.12 CategoryInterfaces\nRead More\nCUBRID ODBC Drvier Testing on Windows\nDate2020.05.12 CategoryInterfaces\nRead More\nCSQL - Command Line SQL Interpreter\nDate2020.05.12 CategoryTools\nRead More\nCUBRID JDBC Tutorial\nDate2020.05.12 CategoryInterfaces\nRead More\nInstalling CUBRID and CUBRID Admin on Windows\nDate2020.05.11 CategoryInstallation\nRead More\nInstalling CUBRID on Linux\nDate2020.05.06 CategoryInstallation\nRead More\nSearch\nSearch\nSubject+ContentSubjectContentCommentNick NameUser IDTag\nBoard Pagination\nPrev 1\n2\n3 4 Next\n/ 4 GO\nJoin the CUBRID Project on\nSite Map\nAbout\nCUBRID\nCUBRID Tools\nStakeholder\nSponsor\nDownloads\nDocumentation\nManuals\nRelease\nGetting Started\nTutorials\nFAQ\nDeveloper Guide\nCommunity\nHow to Contribute\nContributor Agreement\nForum\nNews\nBlog\nContact\n 2024 CUBRID Foundation. All rights reserved.\nSketchbook5, 5Sketchbook5, 5X PC . . Sketchbook5, 5Sketchbook5, 5", "url": "https://www.cubrid.org/tutorials/3826645" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Maven Repository: org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2 log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1 1.16Categories|Popular|Contact Us\nIndexed Artifacts (35.8M)Popular CategoriesTesting Frameworks & ToolsAndroid PackagesLogging FrameworksJava SpecificationsJSON LibrariesJVM LanguagesLanguage RuntimeCore UtilitiesMockingWeb AssetsAnnotation LibrariesHTTP ClientsLogging BridgesDependency InjectionXML ProcessingWeb FrameworksI/O UtilitiesDefect Detection MetadataCode GeneratorsConfiguration LibrariesOSGi UtilitiesConcurrency LibrariesReflection LibrariesAndroid PlatformJDBC DriversDate and Time UtilitiesAssertion LibrariesCollectionsValidation LibrariesBytecode LibrariesData FormatsAspect OrientedBuild ModelsAnnotation Processing ToolsBase64 LibrariesTop CategoriesHome org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2 log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1 \n1.16Log4Jdbc Log4j2 JDBC 4 1 1.16\nLog4Jdbc Log4j2 JDBC 4 1\nLicenseApache 2.0TagsdatabasesqlloggingjdbcDateDec 12, 2013Filespom\n(1 KB)\njar\n(90 KB)\nView AllRepositoriesCentralGeomajasIBiblioMulesoftSilverpeasSonatypeRanking#21351 in MvnRepository (See Top Artifacts)Used By18 artifactsMavenGradleGradle (Short)Gradle (Kotlin)SBTIvyGrapeLeiningenBuildr<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2/log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1 -->\n<dependency>\n<groupId>org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2</groupId>\n<artifactId>log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1</artifactId>\n<version>1.16</version>\n</dependency>\n// https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2/log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1\nimplementation group: 'org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2', name: 'log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1', version: '1.16'\n// https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2/log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1\nimplementation 'org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2:log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1:1.16'\n// https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2/log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1\nimplementation(\"org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2:log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1:1.16\")\n// https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2/log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1\nlibraryDependencies += \"org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2\" % \"log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1\" % \"1.16\"\n<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2/log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1 -->\n<dependency org=\"org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2\" name=\"log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1\" rev=\"1.16\"/>\n// https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2/log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1\n@Grapes(\n@Grab(group='org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2', module='log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1', version='1.16')\n)\n;; https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2/log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1\n[org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2/log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1 \"1.16\"]\n# https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2/log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1\n'org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2:log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1:jar:1.16'\nInclude comment with link to declaration\nCompile Dependencies (0)Category/License\nGroup / ArtifactVersionUpdatesLicensesLicenseURLApache 2\nhttp://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt\nDevelopersNameEmailDev IdRolesOrganizationFrederic Bastianfrederic.bastian<at>unil.chIndexed Repositories (1997)\nCentral\nAtlassian\nHortonworks\nJCenter\nSonatype\nJBossEA\nKtorEAP\nAtlassian Public\nWSO2 Releases\nWSO2 Public\nPopular Tags\naar\nandroid\napache\napi\napplication\narm\nassets\nbuild\nbuild-system\nbundle\nclient\nclojure\ncloud\ncommons\nconfig\ncran\ndata\ndatabase\neclipse\nexample\nextension\nframework\ngithub\ngradle\ngroovy\nios\njavascript\nkotlin\nlibrary\nlogging\nmaven\nmobile\nmodule\nnpm\nosgi\nplugin\nresources\nrlang\nsdk\nserver\nservice\nspring\nsql\nstarter\ntesting\ntools\nui\nwar\nweb\nwebapp\nAbout\nWeb site developed by @frodriguez\nPowered by:\nScala,\nPlay,\nSpark,\nAkka and\nCassandra\nCopyright 2006-2024 MvnRepository. All rights reserved.Web site developed by Fernando Rodriguez OliveraContact Us", "url": "https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.bgee.log4jdbc-log4j2/log4jdbc-log4j2-jdbc4.1/1.16" } ]

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Discovery era\n1.3Rebrand as Max\n2Pricing and features tiers\n3Management\n4Programming\nToggle Programming subsection\n4.1Content providers\n4.2Max Originals\n4.3Syndication\n4.4Acquired rights\n4.5Animation\n4.6Post-launch\n4.6.1\"Project Popcorn\": Warner Bros. same-day premieres\n4.7CNN Max\n4.8Bleacher Report Sports add-on\n4.9Eurosport add-on\n5Technologies and accessibility\n6Distribution\nToggle Distribution subsection\n6.1United States\n6.2International expansion\n6.3Latin America and the Caribbean\n6.4Canada\n6.5Europe\n6.5.1United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Italy\n6.5.2Nordic countries and Spain\n6.5.3Central and Eastern Europe countries and Portugal\n6.5.4France\n6.5.5Netherlands and Belgium\n6.6Australia and New Zealand\n6.7Asia-Pacific\n6.7.1Southeast Asia, India, Hong Kong, and Taiwan\n6.7.2Japan\n6.8Middle East and North Africa\n7Launch\n8Current distribution partners\n9Reception\nToggle Reception subsection\n9.1As HBO Max\n9.2As Max\n10See also\n11Footnotes\n12References\n13External links\nToggle the table of contents\nMax (streaming service)\n30 languages\netinaDeutschEspaolFranaisHrvatskislenskaItalianoMagyarNorsk bokmlPolskiPortugusRomn / srpskiSuomiSvenskaTrkeTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAmerican video streaming service\nMaxLogo used since 2023Screenshot\nMax website on June 4, 2023FormerlyHBO Max (20202024)Type of siteOTT streaming platformAvailablein34 languagesList of languages\nEnglish\nSpanish\nPortuguese\nAlbanian\nArabic\nBasque\nBosnian\nBulgarian\nCatalan\nCroatian\nCzech\nDanish\nDutch\nEstonian\nFinnish\nFrench\nGreek\nHebrew\nHungarian\nIcelandic\nItalian\nLatvian\nLithuanian\nMacedonian\nMoldovan\nMontenegrin\nNorwegian (Bokml)\nPolish\nRomanian\nRussian\nSerbian\nSlovak\nSlovene\nSwedish\nTurkish\nPredecessor(s)\nList\nHBO GoHBO NowCinemax GoDC UniverseFilmStruckDramaFeverHBO NordicHBO EspaaHBO PortugalB/R LiveCNN+Eurosport PlayerGolfTVGCN+MotorTrend+\nHeadquartersNew York City, New York, U.S.Country of originUnited StatesAreaservedUnited States, Latin America, Caribbean, and parts of Europe. (excluding Canada) (see full list of countries)Owner\nWarnerMedia (20202022)\nWarner Bros. Discovery (2022present)\nCreatedbyWarnerMedia Direct, LLCKeypeopleDavid Zaslav (President and CEO, Warner Bros. Discovery)Casey Bloys (CEO, Chairman)ParentWarner Bros. Discovery Global Streaming and Interactive EntertainmentURLmax.comRegistrationRequiredUsers 76.8 million[a] (as of March31, 2022[update])Launched\nMay27, 2020; 4 years ago(2020-05-27) (as HBO Max)\nMay23, 2023; 12 months ago(2023-05-23) (as Max)\nCurrentstatusActive\nMax[b], formerly known as HBO Max, is an American subscription video on-demand over-the-top streaming service. It is a proprietary unit of Warner Bros. Discovery Global Streaming & Interactive Entertainment, which is itself a division of Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD).[6] Max first launched (as HBO Max) in the United States on May 27, 2020.\nThe platform offers content from the libraries of Warner Bros., Discovery Channel, HBO, CNN, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Animal Planet, TNT, Eurosport, and their related brands. The service also carries first-run original programming under the \"Max Originals\" banner, programming from the HBO pay television service, and content acquired via either third-party library deals (such as those with film studios for pay television rights) or co-production agreements (including, among others, those with BBC Studios and Sesame Workshop).\nWhen the service was first launched as HBO Max, it succeeded both HBO Now, a previous HBO SVOD service; and HBO Go, the TV Everywhere streaming platform for HBO pay television subscribers. In the United States, HBO Now subscribers and HBO pay television subscribers were migrated to HBO Max at no additional charge, subject to availability and device support. HBO Max also supplanted the streaming component of DC Entertainment's DC Universe service, with its original series being migrated to HBO Max as Max Originals. The HBO Max service began to expand into international markets in 2021.\nAccording to AT&T,[c] HBO and HBO Max had a combined total of 69.4million paying subscribers globally on June 30, 2021, including 43.5million HBO Max subscribers in the U.S., 3.5million HBO-only U.S. subscribers (primarily commercial customers like hotels), and 20.5million subscribers to either HBO Max or HBO by itself in other countries.[7] By the end of 2021, HBO and HBO Max had a combined total of 73.8 million paying global subscribers.[8][9] At the end of Q1 2022, HBO and HBO Max had 76.8 million global subscribers.[10]\nSince the April 2022 merger of WarnerMedia with Discovery, Inc. to form Warner Bros. Discovery, Max is one of the combined company's two flagship streaming services, the other being Discovery+ (which primarily focuses on factual and reality programming from the Discovery brands). WBD initially announced plans for HBO Max and Discovery+ to merge in 2023, but the company ultimately chose to retain Discovery+. As part of the decision, WBD has migrated some Discovery+ shows to Max, while also leaving them on Discovery+. WBD went on to replace HBO Max with a newly rebranded service that launched first in the United States on May 23, 2023, then in Latin America on February 27, 2024, and in Europe on May 21, 2024, shortening the service's name to \"Max\", introducing a redesigned user interface, and adding more Discovery content among other new series and films. The rebrand would also be applied to Netherlands, Poland, France, Monaco and several other regions in 2024, except in Germany, Italy and the UK, where it will be applied in 2026, and in Belgium and the Netherlands where the name \"HBO Max\" would be retained with rebranded Max logo.\nHistory[edit]\nAs HBO Max[edit]\nHBO Max logo used from October 29, 2019, to May 22, 2023, in the United States. Still used outside the United States until June 11, 2024.\nOn October 10, 2018, WarnerMedia announced that it would launch an over-the-top streaming service in late 2019, featuring content from its entertainment brands.[11] The original plan for the service called for three tiers with a late 2019 launch.[12] Randall L. Stephenson, chairman and CEO of WarnerMedia's parent, AT&T indicated in mid-May 2019 that it would use the HBO brand and would tie into cable operators as HBO cable subscribers would have access to the streaming service. A beta was expected in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a full launch in the first quarter of 2020 at the time.[13]\nOtter Media was transferred in May 2019 to WarnerMedia Entertainment from Warner Bros. to take over the streaming service as Brad Bentley, executive vice president and general manager of direct-to-consumer development, exited the post after six months. Andy Forssell transferred from being the chief operating officer of Otter to replace Bentley as executive vice president and general manager while still reporting to Otter CEO Tony Goncalves, who would lead development.[14]\nOn July 9, 2019, WarnerMedia announced that the service would be known as HBO Max and that it would launch in spring 2020, while Reese Witherspoon's Hello Sunshine and Greg Berlanti were signed to production deals for the service. (The \"Max\" moniker is shared with HBO's sister linear pay television service Cinemax, which has alternately identified by its suffix name since the mid-1980s and used it prominently in its branding from 2008 to 2011.)[15] On October 29, 2019, it was announced that HBO Max would officially launch in May 2020.[16]\nOn January 8, 2020, AT&T announced that Audience, a channel exclusive to subscribers of AT&T-owned television providers such as DirecTV with some original programming, would be sunset on May 22, eventually transitioning to a barker channel for HBO Max.[17] Warner Bros. and HBO Max announced the Warner Max film label on February 5, 2020, which would produce eight to ten mid-budget movies per year for the streaming service starting in 2020.[18] On April 20, 2020, WarnerMedia announced HBO Max's launch date as May 27.[19] Later that year on October 23, it was announced that WarnerMedia decided to consolidate the Warner Max label into the Warner Bros. Pictures Group after its chairman, Toby Emmerich, and his development and production team led by Courtenay Valenti of Warner Bros. Pictures, Richard Brener of New Line and Walter Hamada (who oversees DC-based films), was put to manage the company's entire film output, both theatrical and streaming releases.[20][21][22]\nWarner Bros. Discovery era[edit]\nIn July 2022, as a part of a cost-cutting and strategic move following the merger of Discovery, Inc. with WarnerMedia to form Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), it was reported that HBO Max had ceased new original series development in Central Europe, Nordic Europe, the Netherlands, and Turkey, as well as removed selected international series from the platform worldwide. It was reported that France and Spain had been largely excluded from these cuts, due to French regulations requiring streaming services to produce domestic content, and Spanish-language content appealing to a wide range of markets served by HBO Max.[23][24][25] With the cancellation of Gordita Chronicles later that month, it was reported that the service was also abandoning development of live-action children's and family programming.[26]\nOn August 3, 2022, it was reported that multiple Max Original films and HBO series had been quietly removed from the service without prior notice as part of cuts to direct-to-streaming films. The service then wrote off films and series that had underperformed.[27][28] It was also thought that avoiding payment for residuals played a part.[29] This followed news that had broken the previous day that then-upcoming Max Original films Batgirl and Scoob! Holiday Haunt had been both abruptly cancelled, despite being nearly complete.[30][31] During an earnings call the next day, WBD CEO David Zaslav stated that the company would cut children's programming and emphasize theatrical films over direct-to-streaming releases.[32][33]\nLater that month, more programs were pulled from the streaming service, including animated and unscripted series such as The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo, Final Space, Summer Camp Island, Infinity Train, Close Enough, and nearly 200 episodes of Sesame Street, among others,[34][35] which was met with heavy backlash from fans, critics, actors, and creators alike.[36][37][38] On August 24, 2022, the HBO Max original films House Party (which was pulled from its slate just 17 days before its release) and Evil Dead Rise were both shifted to theatrical releases.[39] WBD later reached licensing deals with the free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) services The Roku Channel and Tubi (owned by Fox Corporation) in 2023; the deal covers over 2,000 hours of library programming, some of which being shows that had been pulled from HBO Max.[40][41]\nDuring its third-quarter earnings report in November 2022, WBD stated that the merged service was now targeting a \"Spring 2023\" launch in the U.S., ahead of the original schedule. Perrette also stated of a potential price increase for HBO Max's ad-free tier in 2023, explaining that it was \"an opportunity, particularly in this environment\".[42] A price hike for the ad-free tier in the U.S. was later announced on January 12, 2023, which saw the price raised by $1 to $15.99 a month (the yearly plan would be unaffected by this move), effective immediately for new subscribers, while current subscribers would see the price hike starting on February 11, 2023.[43]\nRebrand as Max[edit]\nOn March 14, 2022, after Discovery shareholders approved its merger with WarnerMedia, Discovery CFO Gunnar Wiedenfels stated that the company planned to pursue an eventual merger of HBO Max with its own streaming service Discovery+. Wiedenfels stated that this process would most likely begin with a bundle of the two services as a short-term option, with a long-term goal to eventually merge the services into one platform.[44]\nDuring an earnings call in August 2022, WBD head of Global Streaming and Interactive JB Perrette revealed that Discovery+ and HBO Max would merge \"next Summer\", with the unified service launching first in the United States, and rolled out to other markets beginning in late-2023.[33] When announcing the merged service, Zaslav did not immediately indicate whether it would continue to carry the HBO brand. He stated that HBO was one of the \"great crown jewels of the company\" and would \"always be the beacon and the ultimate brand that stands for the best of television quality\".[45] In early-December 2022, it was reported by CNBC via inside sources that multiple names were being consideredincluding simply \"Max\".[46][47]\nIn February 2023, Zaslav revealed during an earnings call that WBD would officially announce the service on April 12.[48] He also announced that WBD would continue operating Discovery+ in conjunction with the service rather than shut it down, stating that it was profitable, and that its subscribers were \"very happy with the product offering\".[49] One day before the scheduled announcement, The New York Times confirmed that the service would be called \"Max\", and that it would retain HBO Max's existing pricing and be available in multiple price tiers for six months (on December 5 its legacy ad-free tier will be removed with former users in this tier downgrading to the ad-free tier after this date).[50][51] WBD acquired the max.com domain name earlier that year from Max International, a nutritional supplement company.[52]\nWBD officially unveiled Max on April 12: the new service would first launch in the United States on May 23, and in other regions throughout 2023 and 2024. While the new service maintains similar price points to HBO Max, support for 4K resolution video and Dolby Atmos became exclusive to the new \"Ultimate\" tier, and the ad-free plan was also reduced from four concurrent streams to two.[53] In addition to all Warner Bros. Pictures releases from 2023 onward, WBD plans to have more library films and television series available on Max in 4K.[52][54][53]\nPerrette explained that the HBO branding had been dropped from the service's name so that it could be associated with its original programming as a content brand on Max, rather than having to be associated with the entirety of its library (which includes children's and family programming that was at odds with HBO having traditionally been associated with premium and adult-oriented programming).[55] The Max logo was designed by the British agency DixonBaxi, and incorporates elements of both the HBO and Warner Bros. logos, including a center-dotted \"a\" resembling the center-dotted \"O\" from the HBO logo, and the \"m\" and \"x\" letters containing curves based on Warner Bros.' long-time shield logo. The service also changed its corporate color from purple to blue, in homage to Warner Bros.' historical use of blue-colored logos.[56][57]\nThe rebrand is being promoted with the tagline \"The one to watch\".[58][59] Pato Spagnoletto, chief marketing officer of Warner Bros. Discovery Streaming, identified the campaign as the largest marketing spend in company history.[57][60] WBD's stock fell by nearly six percent after Max's announcement.[61] Within the first 3 months of Max's rebrand, WBD lost 1.8 million subscribers across their streaming platforms, but attributed it to an overlap of subscribers of Max and Discovery+, as well as expected churn.[62] In November 2023, it was reported that WBD lost 2.5 million subscribers over a six-month period, with their shares falling 19% as a result.[63]\nPricing and features tiers[edit]\nPlan\nMonthly Price\n(USD)\nYearly Price\n(USD)\nFeatures\nRef.\nConcurrent streams\nOffline downloads\nHD\n4K\nHDR\nDolby Atmos\nAd-lite\n$9.99\n$99.99\n2\nNo\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\n[64][65]\nAd-free\n$15.99\n$149.99\n2\n30\nYes\nNo\nNo\nNo\nUltimate\n$19.99\n$199.99\n4\n100\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nExisting HBO Max subscribers were grandfathered under their current plan features for least six months, following that period all legacy ad free customers were moved to the ad free tier (existing ad supported were moved to the ad lite tier).[66][67]\nManagement[edit]\nHBO Max was formed under WarnerMedia's Entertainment division, then headed by Robert Greenblatt. Kevin Reilly, president of WarnerMedia Entertainment Networks, which includes most of the company's ad-supported entertainment channels such as TBS, TNT, and TruTV, was also given the role of as chief content officer of HBO Max with responsibility for HBO Max-exclusive original programming and library content. Andy Forssell was named the service's executive vice president and general manager while still reporting to Otter Media CEO Tony Goncalves, who leads development.[15] Casey Bloys, programming president of HBO, retained oversight of the core HBO service but was not initially involved with Max-exclusive programming.\nOn August 7, 2020, WarnerMedia announced a significant restructuring under new president Jason Kilar, which he described as \"leaning into this great moment of change\" towards direct-to-consumer services. As a result, Greenblatt and Reilly both left the company. WarnerMedia Entertainment was dissolved, with programming operations combined with Warner Bros. in a new Studios and Networks group under that studio's CEO Ann Sarnoff. Bloys was given complete programming oversight of HBO and HBO Max, as well as Reilly's other previous responsibilities, reporting to Sarnoff. Forssell became the head of a new HBO Max operating business unit, reporting directly to Kilar.[68] On April 23, 2021, Adult Swim and HBO Max's adult animation development teams merged under the leadership of Suzanna Makkos.[69]\nOn August 15, 2022, HBO was reorganized by Warner Bros. Discovery, resulting in layoffs within HBO Max's non-scripted originals, live-action family originals, international originals, and casting units (HBO itself never had an in-house casting department). Makkos also began reporting to HBO's head of comedy Amy Gravitt.[70][71]\nProgramming[edit]\nMax features first-run and library content from HBO and other Warner Bros. film and television studios and brands.[72][73][74] The service also includes films available through HBO's existing pay television rights that are sourced from Warner Bros. Pictures only.[73][75][76][77]\nAs with HBO's other streaming platforms, HBO Go and HBO Now (but as opposed to its platforms on Apple TV Channels and Amazon Video Channels), Max does not include feeds of HBO's linear cable channels,[78] nor any content from Cinemax.[79] Though Cinemax shares its film content with the linear HBO channel, and therefore the majority of films in the combined library will be on both services in different windows, these films will not necessarily be available on both Max and Cinemax at the same time.[80]\nContent providers[edit]\nFirst and third-party content providers for Max. Asterisk (*) denotes third parties while cross () denotes former providers.\n9 Story Media Group*\nA24*[81]\nAMC Networks*\nAdult Swim\nAmerican International Pictures*\nAll3Media* [82]\nAnimal Planet\nAmazon MGM Studios*\nAsian Food Network\nBad Robot Productions*[72]\nBBC*\nBig Idea Entertainment*\nBoomerang\nCartoon Network\nCartoonito[74][83]\nMattel Television*\nSesame Workshop*[d][84][85]\nCastle Rock Entertainment[74]\nCinemax\nComedy Central*[74]\nCooking Channel\nThe Criterion Collection*\nCrunchyroll*[74] \nThe CW[74]\nDC Entertainment[74]\nDestination America\nDiscovery Channel\nDiscovery Family/Kids\nDiscovery Life\nEntertainment One*\nEurosport\nFood Network\nGKIDS*[74][86]\nHBO[74]\nHello Sunshine*\nHasbro Entertainment*\nHGTV\nHLN\nITV*\nIllumination*\nImageMovers*\nInvestigation Discovery\nLionsgate*\nMagnolia Network\nMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer*\nMotorTrend[87]\nMGM+ Studios*\nNew Line Cinema[74]\nNBC*\nOprah Winfrey Network\nOrion Pictures*\nParamount Pictures*\nRooster Teeth[74]\nSaban Films*\nScience Channel\nShout! Studios*\nSky*[88]\nSony Pictures*[89]\nStudio Ghibli* (through GKIDS)[74]\nTBS[74]\nTLC\nTNT[74]\nTravel Channel\nTruTV[74]\nTurner Classic Movies[74]\nTurner Entertainment Co.[74]\nTV Globo* (Latin America and the Caribbean only, except Brazil)[90] \nUniversal Pictures*\nViz Media*\nWarner Bros. (except Warner Bros. Japan and Taiwan content, which currently releases through Netflix and Disney+)[74]\nWizarding World\nMax Originals[edit]\nFurther information: List of Max original programming, List of Max original films, and List of Max exclusive international distribution programming\nOriginal content produced will be under the banner Max Originals, including series, films, and specials. Original episodic content is released weekly, eschewing the \"binge\" format made popular by Netflix. Kevin Reilly stated this was to ensure that originals would remain in the spotlight for extended periods, by letting said shows \"breathe\" as opposed to \"fading quickly after a binge and burn\". He also noted that the weekly schedule helped to drive the success of past HBO shows like Succession and Chernobyl which they co-produced with Sky UK, and became hits precisely due to their staying power.[88]\nA slate of 31 original series were planned for its first year, with plans to expand to 50 for its next year, but production timelines may have been interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic.[73] Max also has podcasts about the films and TV series on the service.[91] It also produces original podcasts exclusively for the service, with Batman: The Audio Adventures being the first.[92]\nSyndication[edit]\nNew Warner Bros.-produced television series that have premiered on The CW since the 201920 season beginning with Batwoman, Nancy Drew and Katy Keene (which was cancelled in July 2020) will have their past seasons placed on Max about a month after the season finale airs on television (streaming rights to existing series remains with Netflix under an existing deal).[15] Although the All American spin-off, All American: Homecoming, which premiered on the CW in 2022, was placed on Netflix with its parent show. On July 9, 2019, HBO Max acquired the U.S. streaming rights to Friends in a $425million deal,[15][73] and on September 17, 2019, acquired the U.S. streaming rights to The Big Bang Theory, as part of a deal that also extends TBS's off-network rights to the series through 2028.[93]\nAcquired rights[edit]\nOutside of Warner Bros. Discovery, the service also offers titles from The Criterion Collection,[94] and has a long-term partnership with BBC Studios (which HBO had previously partnered with to create His Dark Materials). Over 700 episodes of BBC content were available on the service at launch, including the first 11 seasons of the 2005 Doctor Who revival, as well as future seasons twelve through fourteen, and a variety of other shows including The Honourable Woman, Luther, Top Gear, and the original British version of The Office. Additionally, future shows by BBC Studios will be co-produced with Max.[95]\nHBO also extended their existing partnership with Sesame Workshop, while moving said content to the front of the Max brand. Select episodes from all fifty seasons of Sesame Street (dating back to 1969) are available to stream on the service for the first time ever.[96] Additionally, future seasons of Sesame Street will stream exclusively on Max, alongside Esme & Roy, and several new spin-offs starting with The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo, Sesame Street: Mecha Builders, and The Monster at the End of This Story.[97] On March 8, 2022, WarnerMedia and Sesame Workshop announced they will plan new shows for Cartoon Network for the new original series run and a second run acquisition rights HBO Max, including Charlotte's Web, and Bea's Block as well as the animation special Sesame Street: The Nutcracker. In addition, new episodes to start of the 53rd season of Sesame Street and spin-offs will be available to stream on HBO Max in selecting Asian territories while holding the second run acquisition rights to replace PBS, more than a new first run for Cartoon Network.[98]\nMax has acquired the streaming rights to several Comedy Central series, including South Park, Awkwafina Is Nora from Queens, South Side, and The Other Two; with the latter two becoming Max Original series.[99]\nIn November 2021, HBO Max acquired the rights to Globo's telenovelas and series for Latin America and the Caribbean outside of Brazil.[90]\nIn February 2022, Sony Pictures and WarnerMedia announced that they will extend their agreement to carry films from its subsidiary companies in its Central and Eastern Europe pay television window rights window along with the library of television series produced by its sister company Sony Pictures Television Studios, the deal will also include the rights to its releases beginning in 2022 for broadcasting on its channels and will be streaming it on HBO Max throughout Central and Eastern Europe.[89]\nAnimation[edit]\nThe service also features many hubs for animated programming, drawing largely from the libraries of Warner Bros. Animation (including the Looney Tunes franchise and Hanna-Barbera productions, such as Scooby-Doo, Tom and Jerry and Tex Avery's cartoons as well) and Cartoon Network, along with Adult Swim. Original animated series (including the Adventure Time epilogue specials Adventure Time: Distant Lands, Jellystone!, Looney Tunes Cartoons, continuations of Infinity Train and Summer Camp Island, and a reboot of The Boondocks produced by Sony Pictures Animation) for both network sections were also announced for HBO Max,[100][101][73] and the service beat out competitors to acquire exclusive domestic streaming rights to South Park and its next three seasons for $500millionwith first-run episodes being added 24 hours after their premiere on Comedy Central.[102] Fellow Otter Media company Rooster Teeth also contributes content, with season two of Gen:Lock to be a timed exclusive for HBO Max.[103]\nPost-launch[edit]\nAll eight films in the Harry Potter series were available to stream on the service on launch day, despite earlier reports indicating that the films, although produced by Warner Bros., would not be available due to a prior broadcast rights agreement with NBCUniversal.[104] It was later announced that the films would be removed on August 25 and made available on NBCUniversal's streaming service Peacock.[105] However, it officially brought them back on September 1, 2021, after an adjustment in the agreement.[106][107] On May 29, 2020, HBO Max acquired the exclusive streaming rights to The Big Bang Theory spin-off Young Sheldon.[108]\nOn June 9, 2020, Gone with the Wind was temporarily removed from HBO Max's library amid the George Floyd protests, following an op-ed in the Los Angeles Times by 12 Years a Slave screenwriter John Ridley.[109][110] On June 25, the film returned in its original form with, as suggested by Ridley, a new introduction by Turner Classic Movies host Jacqueline Stewart discussing the film's treatments of the American Civil War, the Reconstruction era, and American slavery of African people.[111][112][113]\nOn June 27, 2020, it was revealed that DC Universe original Harley Quinn would stream its first two seasons on HBO Max.[114] On June 29, 2020, HBO Max secured the exclusive streaming rights of the Oprah Winfrey Network series David Makes Man.[115] On September 18, 2020, it was announced that all DC Universe content would be migrating to HBO Max, including original shows like Titans and Young Justice, which will have their newest seasons air exclusively on the service. In addition, both Doom Patrol and Harley Quinn have been renewed for third seasons exclusively for the service.[116][117]\nOn October 28, 2020, it was announced that the 1990s series Tiny Toon Adventures would be rebooted for Cartoon Network and HBO Max as Tiny Toons Looniversity, featuring older versions of the characters. Steven Spielberg is expected to return as executive producer. The show was given a two-season order.[118]\nIn February 2021, it was announced that WarnerMedia's international preschool brand Cartoonito would launch in the United States via Cartoon Network and HBO Max later in the year, with a slate of 50 series by 2023.[119][120]\nIn August 2021, Funimation, a subsidiary of Sony, purchased Crunchyroll from AT&T for $1.175 billion, with the intent to create a combined service that caters to anime entertainment.[121] On January 1, 2022, HBO Max removed the Crunchyroll hub, instead redirecting subscribers to a \"global animation\" page that combines selected anime with other international animated films. Since then, the service has slowly started to remove anime from Crunchyroll's line up.[122]\nOn November 22, 2021, Disney and WarnerMedia reached a deal to amend the pre-existing contract HBO had with 20th Century Studios to allow Disney+ or Hulu and HBO Max to share the streaming rights to half of 20th Century Studios' and Searchlight Pictures' 2022 theatrical slate in the United States during the pay-one window, with Ron's Gone Wrong being the first film under the deal, becoming available on both Disney+ and HBO Max on December 15, 2021.[123] Disney will still have full streaming rights to any 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures films produced for Disney+ or Hulu, while the Disney deal with WarnerMedia for streaming 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures films on HBO Max ended in 2022, with Disney+ and Hulu assuming the full pay-one rights to those films in the future.\nOn February 15, 2022, it was announced that first-run episodes of South Park would move to Paramount+ beginning with season 27 in 2024, and the series library would move from HBO Max to the service in the United States in 2025.[124]\nOn August 4, 2022, it was announced that selected Magnolia Network programs would become available on HBO Max in September 2022. Discovery+ will remain the main streaming home of its programming.[125][126]\nOn October 7, 2022, HBO Max announced Harley Quinn: A Very Problematic Valentines Day Special, which premiered on February 23, 2023.[127]\nWith the announced rebrand of HBO Max as Max, WBD announced several new projects, including a television series adaptation of Harry Potter planned to premiere in the 202526 season and run for ten years, and Welcome to Derrya prequel series to Andy Muschietti's film adaptation of It. It also announced the animated series Gremlins: Secrets of the Mogwai and Tiny Toons Looniversity, with the former premiering alongside the rebrand on May 23, 2023.[128][129][130]\n\"Project Popcorn\": Warner Bros. same-day premieres[edit]\nIn late 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, WarnerMedia moved two Warner Bros. films originally intended as major theatrical releases to either exclusive or simultaneous releases on HBO Max. The Witches was released exclusively on HBO Max in the U.S. on October 22,[131] and Wonder Woman 1984 debuted simultaneously in North American theaters and on HBO Max on December 25, although the latter was initially only available on the service for a month.[132] Week-long free trials were discontinued in December 2020.[133]\nOn December 3, 2020, it was announced that the studio's entire 2021 film lineup would see a simultaneous theatrical release and a one-month limited release on the streaming service, starting with The Little Things on January 29.[134] Subsequent films released under the same-day theatrical/streaming window to date were Judas and the Black Messiah (February 12),[135][136] Tom and Jerry (February 26), Godzilla vs. Kong (March 31), Mortal Kombat (April 23), Those Who Wish Me Dead (May 14), The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It (June 4), In the Heights (June 10), Space Jam: A New Legacy (July 16), The Suicide Squad (August 5), Reminiscence (August 20), Malignant (September 10), Cry Macho (September 17), The Many Saints of Newark (October 1), Dune (October 22), King Richard (November 19), and The Matrix Resurrections (December 22). Standard release windows applied to each film after their initial limited-run streaming release on the service; HBO Max would then reassume streaming rights to the aforementioned Warner Bros. films upon their respective pay television premieres on the linear HBO service in mid-to-late 2021 or 2022, depending on the scheduled start of their individual HBO exhibition agreements.[137][138]\nThis decision, called \"Project Popcorn\" within Warner Bros.,[139] was met with backlash from filmmakers, production companies, the Directors Guild of America, the Creative Artists Agency, and movie theater owners as Warner Bros. had not informed anyone about their plan ahead of the announcement.[140][141][142][143][144] Viewership of the films varied, with Mortal Kombat reaching 3.8 million, The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It totaling 1.6 million, and In the Heights totaling 693,000 (according to Samba TV, as WarnerMedia does not report viewership numbers for HBO Max).[145]\nWarner Bros. spent over $200million alone compensating talent for the shift to streaming; Deadline reported in January 2022 that such a business move \"will never occur again given its high cost\".[139]\nIn March 2021, it was announced that Warner Bros. would discontinue same-day releases in 2022, as part of an agreement the studio reached with Cineworld (who operates Regal Cinemas) and will instead use a 45-day exclusive release window for theaters.[146] The Matrix Resurrections was the final film released in 2021 as part of Project Popcorn. The 45-day release window for HBO Max was only used for two films (The Batman and Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore) before it was reported in August 2022 that as part of a restructuring of Warner Bros' film distribution strategy following the merger of WarnerMedia and Discovery, Inc, the length of the window would now be decided for each film on a case-by-case basis.[147]\nCNN Max[edit]\nOn August 13, 2023, CNN announced a new streaming news hub on Max known as CNN Max on September 27, which features a mix of original news programs and simulcasts of primetime programs from CNN's U.S. and international linear networks.[148][149] CNN International will be also available through Max in Europe on regions like France and Poland.[5]\nCNN had previously attempted a standalone subscription service in 2022, CNN+, but was closed almost immediately after the completion of the WarnerMedia/Discovery merger due to it conflicting with the company's goal of having one streaming service to encompass all WBD properties.[150][151]\nBleacher Report Sports add-on[edit]\nMain article: TNT Sports (United States)\nOn March 1, 2022, Turner Sports announced an eight-year deal to hold rights to United States men's and women's national soccer team home matches, such as FIFA World Cup qualifying and international friendlies. This excludes FIFA and CONCACAF events, whose rights are held by Fox, and away matches, whose rights are held by whoever holds the rights to the home team's matches. It was stated that at least half the matches per-season would be exclusive to HBO Max.[152] The first match was streamed on January 17, 2023.[153]\nOn October 5, 2023, Max launched a new sports-focused tier known as the Bleacher Report Sports add-on. The tier features live sporting events and studio shows from TNT Sports, including Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Hockey League (NHL), and the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, as well as exclusive USA Soccer matches and programs, and select on-demand content.[154] On December 14, 2023, amid the closure of the GCN+ service, WBD announced that its programming rights would be consolidated into the sports add-on in February 2024, including the Giro dItalia and various UCI tours and events.[155]\nEurosport add-on[edit]\nSimilar to the Bleacher Report Sports add-on in the United States, a sports-focused tier will be added to Max in Europe during its launch over the summer of 2024 in conjunction with its pan-European sports brand Eurosport. This tier will offer the linear channels Eurosport 1 and Eurosport 2, and coverage for various sports events including the 2024 Summer Olympics, Giro dItalia, Vuelta a Espaa, and Tour de France.[5]\nTechnologies and accessibility[edit]\nAt launch, HBO Max did not support 4K, HDR, Dolby Vision, or Dolby Atmos, but support for these technologies were planned as \"part of the HBO Max product roadmap\".[156][157] Support for 4K, HDR, and Atmos was added starting with the release of Wonder Woman 1984,[158] with WarnerMedia promising to add more content in these formats throughout 2021 and beyond.[159]\nThe service provided closed captioning support at launch, but initially lacked support for audio description (AD) for those with visual impairments.[160] In October 2020, the American Council of the Blind announced it had reached a settlement with WarnerMedia whereby at least 1,500 hours of HBO Max content will be available with AD by the end of March 2021, increasing to at least 6,000 hours by March 2023, along with other accessibility enhancements to the website and apps by September 2021.[161] HBO Max later began rolling out AD on select titles on March 26, 2021.[162]\nDistribution[edit]\nUnited States[edit]\nThe majority of active subscribers to the HBO pay TV service (which previously included HBO Go), and most customers that were subscribed to HBO Now at time of launch, can access HBO Max for no extra charge, with all three services generally sharing the same price point of $14.99 per month. However, this transition is contingent on the customer's current provider or biller having signed a new distribution agreement for HBO Max with WarnerMedia.[78][163]\nOn May 27, 2020, as part of an agreement with Time Warner that renewed its carriage contract for the Turner Broadcasting System networks and gave its over-the-top television service Sling TV distribution rights to the linear HBO channel. Dish Network secured an option to become a distribution partner for HBO Max following the exclusivity period with Apple.[164][165] HBO content is also available as a premium add-on for DirecTV Stream and Hulu for the same $14.99 price as HBO Max.[166]\nIn announcing HBO Max, WarnerMedia immediately confirmed that HBO subscribers on AT&T-owned platforms (including AT&T TV, DirecTV, U-verse, and AT&T Mobility) would receive HBO Max on-launch at no additional charge.[167][168] AT&T customers who are subscribed to their highest-tiered internet, TV and wireless plans would also receive HBO Max for free, while those on lower-tiered plans will get a free trial ranging from one month to one year.[169] Existing HBO Now subscribers billed directly by HBO were also migrated to HBO Max on-launch at no additional charge. On April 27, 2020, an agreement was announced for HBO Now subscribers via Apple (both in-app subscriptions and Apple TV Channels) to be migrated to HBO Max. Content from HBO Max would be listed in the Apple TV app along with there being a dedicated HBO Max hub in the app.[170][171] On Apple TV devices, HBO Max is available to the regular fourth generation Apple TV and fifth and sixth generation Apple TV 4K; earlier versions which do not support third-party app download are not supported.\nWarnerMedia subsequently negotiated with other pay TV providers for similar arrangements.[163] On February 20, 2020, WarnerMedia announced a distribution deal with YouTube TV that would allow members to add HBO and Cinemax, while also being able to include HBO Max as an add-on.[172] On April 15, 2020, WarnerMedia announced a similar deal with Charter Spectrum (which acquired Warner's former cable division after it was spun off in 2009, in May 2016) to give access to HBO Max for HBO subscribers via their TV Everywhere credentials.[173] A similar agreement was announced with Hulu on May 1 for most existing subscribers via Hulu + Live TV, as well as being available as an add-on to all other plans on the service.[174] On May 20, 2020, it was announced that WarnerMedia had made distribution deals with Altice USA, Cox Communications, Xbox, Samsung, PlayStation, Verizon Communications and the National Cable Television Cooperative (NCTC).[175] An agreement with Comcast (Xfinity) was announced a few hours after the platform's launch.[176] Max is also available on Xfinity Flex and Cox Contour Stream Player.[177][178]\nThe most prominent platforms without agreements to carry HBO Max at the launch were Amazon (maker of the Fire TV and Fire HD devices) and Roku, which together are estimated to control 70% of the U.S. streaming player market.[176] With both platforms, non-Max HBO content remained available as usual through the companies' respective channels platforms and/or through HBO Now (which was rebranded to just \"HBO\" on July 31, 2020) while deals for HBO Max were being worked out. On May 13, 2020, John Stankey, CEO of AT&T, revealed to Variety that Amazon was very unlikely to become a launch partner for HBO Max; the parties have remained at an impasse following the launch, reportedly due to a disagreement about whether Amazon can host the additional Max programming directly on its Amazon Prime Video Channels platform as it does for HBO currently.[179][176] On November 16, 2020, it was announced that WarnerMedia and Amazon had reached an agreement to make HBO Max available on Fire TV and Fire Tablet devices beginning the following day, while also allowing subscribers of HBO via Prime Video Channels access to the HBO Max app at no extra cost (although the additional Max programming will still not be hosted on the Prime Video Channels platform).[180] The dispute with Roku was reported to hinge on carriage commissions and advertising sales on the future ad-supported tier.[176] On December 16, 2020, it was announced that WarnerMedia and Roku had reached an agreement to make HBO Max available on Roku devices beginning the following day, while also allowing subscribers of HBO via Roku Channels access to the HBO Max app at no extra cost (although the additional Max programming would still not be hosted on the Roku Channels platform); conversely, Roku remote controls from the past five years which included an HBO Now app shortcut button now route viewers directly to the HBO Max app instead.[181] Dish Network was also erroneously mentioned as a holdout in some media reports; HBO has not been available at all from Dish since late 2018 due to a separate dispute.[182] On July 29, 2021, WarnerMedia and Dish announced that they had reached an agreement to resolve the dispute and restore HBO to Dish's satellite service, along with offering access to HBO Max to HBO subscribers via Dish at no extra cost.[183]\nThere were plans for HBO Max to introduce an ad-supported tier by 2021,[184] with AT&T later announcing during their Investor Day event on March 12, 2021, that the tier would launch in June of the same year.[185] HBO original programming will continue to be ad-free for subscribers of the tier, but the tier will not allow access to Same-Day Premieres.[186] WarnerMedia later announced during their 2021 upfront presentation on May 19 that the ad-supported tier would launch during the first week of June at a price point of $9.99 a month.[187] The tier would end up launching on June 3, while also adding a yearly option for both tiers (priced at $99.99 a year for the ad-supported tier and $149.99 a year for the ad-free tier).[188]\nInternational expansion[edit]\nSee also: List of HBO international channels\nLocalized versions of HBO Max launched on June 29, 2021, in Latin America and the Caribbean,[189] on October 26, 2021, in Andorra, Spain and the Nordics (excluding Iceland), and on March 8, 2022, in Central and Eastern Europe and Portugal, in part by converting existing streaming services operated by HBO in some of those markets to the HBO Max platform.[190][191] In the interim, some HBO Max original programs have been made available on WarnerMedia's existing international platforms, also including HBO Asia.[192][193] The European launches of HBO Max featured a notable promotion, offering the service with a 50% discount \"for life\" for new subscribers as long as they maintain their subscription.[194]\nIn other countries, HBO and/or Max original programs are licensed to third-party networks and streaming services under long-term deals. In these cases, Max has left it up to individual rightsholders to decide whether to offer its programming on an over-the-top basis. The extent and lengths of the deals vary by country; not all networks that carry HBO programs also carry Max programs, and in some cases individual programs are carried by different services.[195][196][197]\nWarnerMedia said in late 2019 that it planned to continue HBO's existing international licensing partnerships for the time being.[198] However, as part of the WarnerMedia further restructuring announced in August 2020, WarnerMedia president Jason Kilar said HBO Max would be expanding its scope globally.[68] Operations chief Andy Forssell indicated later that year that the company ultimately plans to have HBO Max active in 190 countries, but that a timeline for most of the remaining countries had not been decided.[191]\nFollowing the merger of WarnerMedia with Discovery, Inc. in April 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery has decided to halt international expansion of HBO Max in favor of waiting to replace the existing service, as well as HBO Go in Asia-Pacific region, with Max, and instead continuing to license its content to other international distributors such as Sky Europe and Foxtel in markets where HBO Max isn't available, in an attempt to reach financial stability for the company.[199] This also included postponing the launch of Max in France and Belgium until the summer 2024, despite there already being plans to launch the service as HBO Max in 2023.[200] Plans for expansion of Max are expected to restart sometime in 2026.[201]\nLatin America and the Caribbean[edit]\nHBO Max was launched on June 29, 2021, in the 39 territories of Latin America and the Caribbean, where HBO already operated directly its streaming service HBO Go, and premium television channels.[202][203] HBO Max in Latin America and the Caribbean was rebranded as Max on February 27, 2024.[204]\nCanada[edit]\nBefore the launch of HBO Max, Canadian rights to HBO-owned-and-distributed programming were held by Bell Media, the mass-media unit of telecom company Bell Canada.[e] Programming is offered through the hybrid Crave pay television and streaming service, which includes an HBO-branded multiplex channel that launched in 2008, and Bell's French-language pay service Super cran.\nIn 2019, Bell Media announced an expanded partnership with WarnerMedia for the rights to scripted programming produced by Warner Bros. and its affiliates for HBO Max. The deal does not include the rights to series produced for the service by third-party studios.[195] In addition, several youth and family-oriented shows produced for HBO Max were acquired by rival broadcaster Corus Entertainment for their specialty channels.[205][206][207]\nAs of August 2022, Max is not planned to release in Canada. Bell Media has also stated it does not plan to change its deal for rights to programming from HBO Max.[208]\nEurope[edit]\nUnited Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Italy[edit]\nUnder a long-term agreement until 2024 between HBO and Sky Group (Comcast), Sky operates Sky Atlantic which broadcasts the majority of HBO's programming. Sky Atlantic is available in the UK, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Italy. In February 2011, Sky Atlantic launched on the Sky platforms in the United Kingdom and Ireland, which maintains a distribution deal with HBO to offer the majority of its programming on the channel. Under the five-year agreement between HBO and Sky, newer HBO programs will air on Sky Atlantic before airing on other television channels within the United Kingdom and Ireland. Before 2011, TG4 in Ireland had a long-term agreement to broadcast HBO programming free-to-air, this ceased following the creation of Sky Atlantic. In many other countries, Max has licensed exclusive rights to its programming to television networks owned by third parties, including Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom.\nIn March 2021, WarnerMedia confirmed that HBO Max would not launch in the UK, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Italy before 2025 due to an existing deal for HBO programming with Sky Group which was renewed in 2019 but does not automatically include Max Originals produced by third-party companies or Warner Bros. Television themselves.[209][210][211]\nPlans to launch Max in the UK, Italy and Germany were later confirmed during Warner Bros. Discovery's Q4 2023 earnings call, with the launch expected to take place in 2026.[201]\nNordic countries and Spain[edit]\nOn August 15, 2012, HBO announced plans to launch HBO Nordic, a multiplatform video distribution service serving Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland that was created through a joint venture with Parsifal International.[212][213] The video on demand service launched in December 2012.[214] HBO programming also airs in Iceland on St 2.[215] In Spain, HBO programs were previously broadcast on pay television service Canal+, since 2011.[216] In 2016, during the discontinuation of the Canal+ branding in Spain, HBO launched a standalone streaming service called HBO Espaa, which was the Spanish equivalent of HBO Now and HBO Nordic.\nHBO Europe had announced on multiple occasions that they were not aware that they were going to replace their current service with HBO Max, nor would their rates be increased.[217] However, in December 2020, the head of HBO Max, Andy Forssell, revealed that all HBO services in Europe, including HBO Espaa and HBO Nordic, would be replaced by HBO Max. On October 26, 2021, HBO Max was launched in the Nordics (excluding Iceland) and Spain and Andorra.[218][219]\nStarting in 2024, HBO Max's programming began to be integrated as part of more expensive packages in the Spanish TV service Movistar Plus+ with all programming from the service becoming available on Movistar Plus+ by April 2024.[220][221] The rebranding to Max went into effect on 21 May 2024.[222][1]\nCentral and Eastern Europe countries and Portugal[edit]\nIn the 2010s HBO Europe launched streaming service HBO Go in 13 Central and Eastern European countries. HBO programs in Portugal were previously broadcast on the premium television channel TVSries from the services of TVCine, since 2015. In 2019, less than a year before the discontinuation of TVSeries, HBO Europe launched a standalone streaming service called HBO Portugal. Similarly to the Nordics and Spain, HBO Max was launched in Portugal[223] and Central and Eastern Europe on March 8, 2022,[224] replacing HBO Portugal and HBO Go.\nPlans to also introduce HBO Max in certain Eastern European countries where HBO Go was absent, such as Turkey and Greece were announced in October 2021,[225] but these plans were later halted, with Vodafone TV in Greece and various TV operators in Turkey, including Digiturk, instead getting the rights for various HBO and Max programming.[226][227]\nThe rebranding to Max went into effect on 21 May 2024,[1] except in Poland where it will take place on June 11.[228] The Max rebranding will also bring the ability to live stream all of TVN Warner Bros. Discovery's linear television networks in Poland as part of the Sports add-on, except Cinemax 1 and Cinemax 2. Meanwhile, polish users not subscribed to extra add-on will be able to only live stream the three HBO channels in Poland and the free to air network TVN.\nFrance[edit]\nOn November 13, 2008, Orange launched Orange Cinma Sries (renamed OCS in 2012), a five-channel package, dedicated to movie and series. The same year, OCS signed a long-term agreement with HBO. On October 10, 2013, they launched the channel OCS City (initially nicknamed Gnration HBO) to broadcast only HBO productions. The HBO catalog was also available to stream on their streaming service. From 2019 to 2023, OCS had the complete exclusivity on the HBO catalog in France. Before that, other channels like Canal+, Canal+ Sries or NT1 could aired reruns of selected HBO series after their original run on OCS.[229] However, OCS didn't have the rights on the Max catalogue. The deal ended in December 2022, with HBO productions leaving OCS from January 2023 onwards.[230]\nIn October 2021, former Canal+ executive Vera Peltekian was appointed as VP and commissioning editor of original HBO Max programming for France. HBO Max's launch in France was set for 2023, but this ended up getting delayed after Warner Bros. Discovery decided to halt the global rollout of HBO Max in order to replace the existing service with Max first.[200] Meanwhile, Canal+, the TF1 Group, and Warner TV broadcast a selection of the Warner Bros.-produced scripted live-action Max Original series, certain films and reunion specials. Programs not owned by Warner Bros. (like Lionsgate's Love Life) have been licensed separately to other French broadcasters.\nIn October 2022, Amazon Prime Video signed a deal with Warner Bros. Discovery to distribute the HBO Max programs owned by Warner Bros. in France.[231] In January 2023, it was announced that the deal was extended to all HBO productions, following the expiration of the deals with OCS for HBO productions and with Canal+ for carriage of Warner Bros. Discovery's TV channels in France, with the launch of Le Pass Warner (\"Warner Pass\"), a subscription-based channel. Selected programs (like The Last of Us, Peacemaker, Pretty Little Liars: Original Sin and The Sex Lives of College Girls) would be released without a subscription to the channel.[232]\nThe service will now launch as Max in France on June 11, 2024, in time for the 2024 Summer Olympics.[228][2]\nNetherlands and Belgium[edit]\nOn February 9, 2012, HBO Netherlands started as a joint venture between HBO and Dutch cable operator Ziggo. HBO Netherlands aired as a three-channel multiplex service in addition to offering a localized version of HBO Go to subscribers. HBO Netherlands was not limited to subscribers of Ziggo, instead, many Dutch cable operators offered HBO Netherlands. However, on September 28, 2016, HBO Netherlands announced that it would cease operations on December 31, 2016. That same day, it was announced that Ziggo had bought exclusive rights to HBO programming.[233] On November 1, 2016, it was announced that Ziggo will offer HBO programming exclusively as part of their new Movies & Series service starting from January 2017.[234] In September 2021, it was reported that Ziggo's rights to HBO programming is set to expire at the end of the year.[235] Ziggo confirmed that its HBO programming rights are set to expire on January 1, 2022, as a result of WarnerMedia launching HBO Max in The Netherlands in 2022. However, some recently aired seasons will remain on the Movies & Series service.[236]\nOn February 1, 2022, the launch date was officially announced for March 8, 2022.[237]\nIn Belgium HBO and Max programing was broadcast through the pay TV operators BeTV and Streamz (Telenet).[238][239]\nThe Max rebranding in the Netherlands will take place on June 11, 2024, alongside a soft launch in Belgium, before its full launch on July 1,[5][228] but the \"HBO Max\" name will be retained due to trademark conflicts with Omroep MAX, a member of the Dutch public broadcasting system.[240][241]\nAustralia and New Zealand[edit]\nFox Showcase, an Australian premium television service, began airing HBO original programming in 2012, through a licensed distribution arrangement with subscription television provider Foxtel. Before this, limited HBO content was broadcast through the now-defunct Movie Network, which was founded by HBO (through Time Warner), Village Roadshow, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and DisneyABC International Television. HBO Originals are also available on-demand via Foxtel services Foxtel Now and Binge. Sky Movies in New Zealand originally operated as a joint venture between HBO and Sky Network Television. The channel was renamed HBO in 1993; Time Warner later sold its share in the service to Sky in 1998, and it was renamed back to Sky Movies. HBO programming is currently shown by Sky channel SoHo, and its subscription streaming service Neon, in New Zealand. Deals with some other partners including Foxtel in Australia and Sky in New Zealand which includes a significant portion of HBO Max's original programming were agreed or renewed between 2019 and 2021.[196][242] Foxtel and Warner Bros Discovery renewed their partnership in February 2023, making HBO and Warner Bros. content available across Foxtel's pay-TV channels as well as its Foxtel Now and Binge streaming services.[199] However, in a press release, Warner Bros. Discovery president and managing director for Western Pacific, James Gibbons, said the renewed deal with Foxtel \"also provides optionality for future collaboration, including for our future streaming service\", perhaps hinting at plans to launch Max in Australia in the future.[243]\nAsia-Pacific[edit]\nSoutheast Asia, India, Hong Kong, and Taiwan[edit]\nIn June 2021, WarnerMedia appointed a managing director for the launch of HBO Max in eight territories across Southeast Asia and the exploration of the possibilities to launch HBO Max in the Indian market.[244]\nWarner Bros. Discovery India decided to premiere their HBO Max original programming, including their original films, on Amazon Prime Video,[245] and on Disney+ Hotstar (until 2023) due to a previously established deal in 2016.[246] It later moved to Viacom18's JioCinema on May 1, 2023.[247][248]\nThe plans to launch HBO Max in Southeast Asia were later halted, meaning a rebrand of HBO Go in the region in late-2024 is likely to be known instead directly as Max, forgoing the HBO Max name.[54]\nJapan[edit]\nIn Japan, U-Next reached a deal to carry HBO and HBO Max original programs in Japan beginning on April 1, 2021. This replaced a previous deal between HBO and Amazon Prime Video Japan.[249] This deal between Warner Bros. Discovery and U-Next was renewed in March 2023, making the streaming service the home of HBO content in the country in a \"multi-year\" deal between the two.\nMiddle East and North Africa[edit]\nOSN currently carries HBO content across 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa region on its linear channels as well as its OSN+ streaming service. An exclusive, multi-year licensing deal was renewed in March 2023, meaning a Max launch is unlikely in this region in the near future.\nLaunch[edit]\nA variant of the streaming service's logo, which is expected to retain its former name as \"HBO Max\" in the Netherlands and Belgium when it is launched for those territories on June 11, 2024, and July 1, 2024, specific.\nLaunch rollout timeline\nCountry/Territory\nLaunch as HBO Max\nRebrand/launch as Max\nUnited States[f]\nMay 27, 2020[73]\nMay 23, 2023[250]\nAnguilla\nJune 29, 2021[251][252]\nFebruary 27, 2024[204]\nAntigua and Barbuda\nArgentina\nAruba\nThe Bahamas\nBarbados\nBelize\nBolivia\nBrazil\nBritish Virgin Islands\nCayman Islands\nChile\nColombia\nCosta Rica\nCuraao\nDominica\nDominican Republic\nEcuador\nEl Salvador\nGrenada\nGuatemala\nGuyana\nHaiti\nHonduras\nJamaica\nMexico\nMontserrat\nNicaragua\nPanama\nParaguay\nPeru\nSaint Kitts and Nevis\nSaint Lucia\nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines\nSuriname\nTrinidad and Tobago\nTurks and Caicos Islands\nUruguay\nVenezuela\nAndorra\nOctober 26, 2021[253]\nMay 21, 2024[1]\nDenmark[g]\nFinland[h]\nNorway[i]\nSpain\nSweden\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nMarch 8, 2022[237]\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCzech Republic\nHungary\nMoldova\nMontenegro\nNorth Macedonia\nPortugal\nRomania\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nNetherlands[j]\nJune 11, 2024[2][254]\nPoland\nFrance\n\nMonaco\nBelgium[k]\nJuly 1, 2024[l][256]\nHong Kong\nFall 2024 (planned)[257][54][258]\nIndia\nIndonesia\nMalaysia\nPhilippines\nSingapore\nTaiwan\nThailand\nVietnam\nGermany\n2026 (planned)[201]\nItaly\nUnited Kingdom\nCurrent distribution partners[edit]\nCurrent distribution partners for Warner Bros. Discovery-owned Max Originals\nCountry/Territory\nPartner (main services)\nExpiry\nRefs.\nAustralia\nFoxtel (Showcase / Binge)\n2025\n[1]\nBelgium\nBeTV\n2024\n[238]\nTelenet (Streamz / Telenet TV)\n[239]\nCanada\nBell Media (HBO Canada / Crave)\n2025[m]\n[195][260]\nAmazon Prime Video (StackTV)\nChina\nTencent Video\n2026\n[261][262]\nBilibili (films only)\nEstoniaLatviaLithuania\nGo3\n2024\n[263]\nTelia\n[264]\nFrance\nCanal+ (Max original films only)[n]\n2026\n[265]\nTF1 Group (selected programs)[o]\n[230]\nAmazon Prime Video (including Warner TV and Warner TV Next)[p]\n[266]\nGermanyAustriaSwitzerland\nSky Deutschland\n2025\n[267]\nRTL+\n2026\n[268]\nGreece\nVodafone Greece\n2025\n[226]\nIndia\nAmazon Prime Video\n[269]\nViacom18 (JioCinema)\n[247][248]\nIreland\nSky Ireland\n[267]\nItaly\nSky Italia\n[267]\nJapan\nU-Next\n2026\n[249]\nMiddle EastNorth Africa\nOSN (OSN+)\n[270]\nNew Zealand\nSky (SoHo / Neon)\n[242]\nSouth Korea\nSK Telecom (Wavve)\n[271]\nSub-Saharan Africa\nShowmax\n[272]\nTurkey\nDigiturk (Tod TV)\n[227]\nWarner Bros. Discovery (BluTV)\nN/A\n[273]\nUkraine\nMEGOGO\n2026\n[citation needed]\nUnited Kingdom\nSky UK[q]\n2025\n[267]\nReception[edit]\nAs HBO Max[edit]\nHBO Max received mixed reception from media observers on launch. The range of available content was generally well received, but many commented on the likelihood of confusion with HBO's other since-deprecated streaming platforms, HBO Go and HBO Now, and the service's higher subscription price compared to other newly launched streaming platforms like Disney+.[78][274][275] Television critics also expressed frustration that the library of original series (not including its former late night adult content) for sister network Cinemax was not originally available on HBO Max, though much of its output had arrived on the service by the end of 2021.[276]\nAT&T announced in July 2020 that HBO Max had nominally achieved 26.6million subscribers after its first month of operation, including 23.6million wholesale customers, primarily legacy HBO pay TV subscribers that were covered by new agreements that added access to HBO Max at no extra charge.[277] However, only 4.1million customers had activated their HBO Max accounts by the same date.[277] The latter figure was seen by many observers as a disappointment, particularly in light of Disney+ having reached 10 million subscribers within a day of launch; The New York Times's media critic Ben Smith wrote that WarnerMedia had \"badly botched\" the launch.[278]\nHowever, AT&T executives contended that it had been a \"flawless launch\" citing increased customer engagement compared to HBO Now and overall growth in total subscriptions to either HBO or HBO Max (36.3million, vs. 34.6million HBO or HBO Now subscribers at the end of 2019), while acknowledging that there was more to do to persuade existing HBO subscribers to start using the HBO Max apps.[279] Executives had previously noted that HBO Max was starting from a different place than other streaming services as it was building on the existing HBO subscriber base, and had to work within the constraints of many of HBO's pre-existing deals (such as those with Amazon and Roku).[280]\nIn October 2020, AT&T revealed that the number of activated HBO Max subscribers had reached 8.6million by the end of September, while the number of nominal (eligible) subscribers reached 28.7million. The total number of HBO / HBO Max subscriptions in the U.S. also increased to 28 million.[281] With an agreement being reached the following month with Amazon (which is reported to have had 5 million HBO subscribers through Prime Video Channels), the number of HBO Max-eligible subscribers is understood to have increased to over 33million.[180] In September 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery was sued by a shareholder, alleging that WarnerMedia had overstated the number of HBO Max subscribers by including unactivated subscriptions bundled with AT&T services.[282][283]\nAs Max[edit]\nUpon its launch, it was noted that Max had grouped directors and writers for its films and television series under a singular \"creators\" credit.[284] The Directors Guild of America and Writers Guild of America West condemned the move amidst the 2023 Hollywood labor disputes. Max announced that they would fix the credits, agreeing with the outcry from the guilds regarding proper credit for its creators, noting the altered credits were a result of \"an oversight in the technical transition\" from HBO Max to Max.[285] Deadline Hollywood reported the consolidation was a result of WBD's IT departments creating the \"catch all\" in order for the credits to be in place for launch, and that executives, who could have intervened, had been unaware of the single credit until the discourse arose online after its launch. Additionally, it was reported that it would take \"weeks\" to fix, given the service would need to make the adjustment on each platform.[286] The credits would later be fixed, beginning in late June.[287]\nSee also[edit]\nList of streaming media services\nFootnotes[edit]\n^ combined total of HBO and Max subscribers\n^ [1][2] except for the Benelux due to copyright issues.[3][4][5]\n^ At the time, AT&T was the owner of HBO's then-parent company WarnerMedia.\n^ Only in a few countries, while second-run rights are held by PBS Kids and YouTube Kids.\n^ By coincidence, Bell Canada was formerly part-owned by WarnerMedia's 20182022 parent company AT&T until 1975; however Bell's relationship with HBO predated AT&T's acquisition of WarnerMedia. Bell Media and its predecessors had also had a separate partnership with Discovery, Inc. covering Discovery Channel Canada and related services, dating back to 1995, prior to the merger that formed WBD.\n^ including the territories of American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.\n^ including the territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland.\n^ including land.\n^ including the territories of Svalbard and Jan Mayen.\n^ During the planned European rollout of Max in 2024, the service will relaunch with the original name \"HBO Max\" in The Netherlands on June 11, 2024.[3][4][5]\n^ During the planned European rollout of Max in 2024, the service will launch with the original name \"HBO Max\" in Belgium on July 1, 2024.[255]\n^ The launch of HBO Max in Belgium will be preceded by the early pre-launch on June 11, 2024, with only French and English-language content.\n^ Bell's partnership covers Canadian rights to Warner Bros.-produced scripted live-action Max Original series and certain films. Selected programs have been licensed separately to other Canadian broadcasters, including most animated programs to Corus Entertainment.[259]\n^ Max original films rights are included in Canal+ Pay-TV/first window deal with Warner Bros. Pictures for their films.\n^ The TF1 Group has the rights to And Just Like That..., Friends: The Reunion, Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts, and Harry Potter: Hogwarts Tournament of Houses.\n^ From 2020 to 2022, Warner TV and Toonami aired a selection of Max programs. Since 2023, the channels are only available through Prime Video's Warner Pass with a selection of Max programs still labeled as Warner TV / Warner TV Next programs.\n^ This excludes Warner Bros. owned Max originals which are licensed to the BBC and ITV. Most Max originals not owned by Warner Bros. are licensed separately to other UK broadcasters and platforms.\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c d \"Warner Bros. Discovery to Launch Max in Europe Beginning May 21\". 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Retrieved May 28, 2024.\n^ \"WBD's Max to be tailored to 'three categories' of market in Europe\". Digital TV Europe. January 31, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2024.\n^ Haring, Bruce (June 3, 2021). \"WarnerMedia Adds Amit Malhotra As Managing Director For HBO Max In Southeast Asia And India\". Deadline. Retrieved February 9, 2024.\n^ \"2020 Upfront Kids\". Corus Entertainment. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.\n^ O'Brien, Greg (May 21, 2021). \"ANALYSIS: Why the \"end is near\" narrative is wrong\". Cartt. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021. (the 2019 extension [covering HBO Max programming which launched in 2020] is a five-year deal, we were told)\n^ \"Tencent Scores Exclusive Deal To Stream HBO Content In China\". medium.com. November 26, 2014. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.\n^ \"HBO's Website Remains Blocked in China, but Its Shows Aren't\". variety.com. June 27, 2018. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2023.\n^ \"Warner Bros. Discovery inks Baltics Go3 deal\". Broadband TV News. June 26, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2024.\n^ \"Warner Bros. Discovery expands Telia partnership\". Broadband TV News. June 22, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2024.\n^ \"HBO Max arrive en Europe, mais pas en France\". September 8, 2021. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.\n^ \"Warner Bros. Discovery Bows 'Warner Pass' Offer on Amazon Prime Video Channels in France\". variety.com. January 12, 2023. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.\n^ a b c d \"Exclusive: Sky strikes five-year HBO output deal, preps HBO Max co-productions\". TBI Vision. October 29, 2019. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.\n^ \"Warner Bros. Entertainment, RTL Deutschland Set Extensive Content Deal\". variety.com. February 16, 2022. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.\n^ Jha, Lata (July 18, 2022). \"Amazon Prime Video to premiere HBO Max originals in India\". Live Mint. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.\n^ \"OSN extends licensing agreement as MENA home of HBO\". digitaltveurope.com. January 13, 2022. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.\n^ \"wavve extends contract with HBO with new additional series of HBO Max\". K-Odyssey. July 28, 2022. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022.\n^ \"The best HBO shows to stream in South Africa\". The Plumlist. August 6, 2021. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.\n^ \"Warner Bros. Discovery Acquires Turkish Streaming Service BluTV\". Variety. December 29, 2023.\n^ Alexander, Julia (May 26, 2020). \"HBO Max is full of potential, but its biggest hurdle remains AT&T's messy execution\". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 11, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.\n^ Jurgensen, John (May 27, 2020). \"HBO Max Is Here: What You Need to Know\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.\n^ Thomas, Kaitlin (October 2, 2020). \"A Plea for HBO Max to Add Banshee and More Great Cinemax Originals to Its Streaming Library\". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2020.\n^ a b Bridge, Gavin (July 23, 2020). \"HBO MAX SUBSCRIBER MATH DEMYSTIFIED\". Variety Intelligence Platform. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.\n^ Smith, Ben (August 16, 2020). \"The Week Old Hollywood Finally, Actually Died\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 9, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.\n^ Spangler, Todd; Littleton, Cynthia (July 23, 2020). \"HBO Max and HBO Have 36.3 Million Subscribers, Up 5% From End of 2019, AT&T Says\". Variety. Archived from the original on September 15, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.\n^ Alexander, Julia (July 23, 2020). \"HBO Max has more than 4 million subscribers, AT&T says\". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.\n^ Spangler, Todd (October 22, 2020). \"HBO Max Hits 28.7 Million Subscribers in Q3, Warner Bros. Revenue Down 28%\". Variety. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020.\n^ \"Warner Bros. Discovery faces suit alleging inflated HBO Max numbers\". Los Angeles Times. September 28, 2022. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.\n^ \"Warner Bros. Discovery Inflated HBO Max Subscribers, Lawsuit Claims\". TheWrap. September 27, 2022. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.\n^ Sakoui, Anousha (May 24, 2023). \"Max vows to change back credits as writers and directors blast streamer\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 25, 2023.\n^ Spangler, Todd (May 24, 2023). \"Max Will Change Film Credit Listings to Break Out Directors and Writers After Backlash Over 'Creators' Heading\". Variety. Archived from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2023.\n^ Patten, Dominic (May 26, 2023). \"Max Credits Snafu Could Take Weeks To Fix; Execs Didn't Know About New \"Creators\" Label Until After Launch\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 26, 2023.\n^ Patten, Dominic (June 28, 2023). \"Warner Bros Discovery's Fix Of Insulting \"Creator\" Credits On Max Finally Begins Rollout\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 29, 2023.\nExternal links[edit]\nOfficial website\nvteMax original programmingCurrentOriginal\nAdventure Time: Fionna and Cake (since 2023)\nAnd Just Like That... (since 2021)\nBookie (since 2023)\n#BringBackAlice (since 2023)\nConan O'Brien Must Go (since 2024)\nGremlins: Secrets of the Mogwai (since 2023)\nHacks (since 2021)\nJellystone! (since 2021)\nPeacemaker (since 2022)\nPretty Little Liars (since 2022)\nProject Greenlight: A New Generation (since 2023)\nThe Sex Lives of College Girls (since 2021)\nTokyo Vice (since 2022)\nVelma (since 2023)\nYoung Love (since 2023)\nContinuations\nClone High (since 2023)\nHarley Quinn (since 2022)\nSesame Street (since 2020)\nUpcomingOriginal\nCreature Commandos (2024)\nDune: Prophecy (2024)\nDuster (2024)\nThe Penguin (2024)\nWelcome to Derry (2025)\nEndedOriginal\nAdventure Time: Distant Lands (202021)\nAmarres (2021)\nAquaman: King of Atlantis (2021)\nBaketopia (2021)\nBatman: The Audio Adventures (202122)\nThe Big Brunch (2022)\nThe Big Shot with Bethenny (2021)\nClose Enough (202022)\nCraftopia (202021)\nDMZ (2022)\nEqual (2020)\nExpecting Amy (2020)\nFBoy Island (202122)\nFired on Mars (2023)\nThe Flight Attendant (202022)\nFull Circle (2023)\nThe Fungies! (202021)\nGaming Wall Street (2022)\nThe Garcias (2022)\nGeneration (2021)\nThe Girls on the Bus (2024)\nGordita Chronicles (2022)\nGossip Girl (202123)\nHaute Dog (2020)\nHead of the Class (2021)\nHeaven's Gate: The Cult of Cults (2020)\nHouse of Ho (202022)\nThe Hype (202122)\nIt's a Sin (2021)\nJulia (202223)\nKarma (2020)\nLegendary (202022)\nLooney Tunes Cartoons (202023)\nLove & Death (2023)\nLove Life (202021)\nThe Last Movie Stars (2022)\nLittle Ellen (202122)\nMade for Love (202122)\nMinx (2022)\nNot So Pretty (2022)\nThe Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo (202021)\nOur Flag Means Death (202223)\nThe Prince (2021)\nRaised by Wolves (202022)\nRap Sh!t (202223)\nSanta Inc. (2021)\nScavengers Reign (2023)\nSelena + Chef (202022)\nThe Staircase (2022)\nStation Eleven (202122)\nStylish with Jenna Lyons (2020)\nSweet Life: Los Angeles (202122)\nTen Year Old Tom (202123)\nThat Damn Michael Che (202122)\nTig n' Seek (202022)\nTom and Jerry in New York (2021)\nThe Truth About Jim (2024)\nWahl Street (202122)\nThe Way Down (202122)\nYabba Dabba Dinosaurs (202122)\nContinuations\nDoom Patrol (202023)\nEsme & Roy (202021)\nGen:Lock (2021)\nInfinity Train (202021)\nThe Other Two (202123)\nPennyworth (2022)\nScooby-Doo and Guess Who? (2021)\nSearch Party (202022)\nSouth Side (202122)\nSummer Camp Island (202021)\nTitans (202123)\nWarrior (2023)\nYoung Justice (202122)\nFilmsReleased\nOn the Record (2020)\nAn American Pickle (2020)\nOn the Trail: Inside the 2020 Primaries (2020)\nClass Action Park (2020)\nUnpregnant (2020)\nCharm City Kings (2020)\nThe Witches (2020)\nSuperintelligence (2020)\nLet Them All Talk (2020)\nLocked Down (2021)\nZack Snyder's Justice League (2021)\nLFG (2021)\nWomen Is Losers (2021)\nHarry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts (2022)\nBama Rush (2023)\nGlitch: The Rise & Fall of HQ Trivia (2023)\nTurtles All the Way Down (2024)\nUpcoming\nAm I OK? (2024)\nSuper/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story (2024)\nThe Parenting (TBA)\nUnreleased\nBatgirl\nSee also\nHBO Go\nHBO Now\nDC Universe\nList of exclusive international distribution\nCategory\nvteWarner Bros. DiscoveryExecutivesBoard of directors\nSamuel DiPiazza (Chairman)\nDavid Zaslav (CEO)\nRobert Bennett\nLi Haslett Chen\nRichard Fisher\nPaul Gould\nDebra Lee\nJohn C. Malone\nFazal Merchant\nPaula Price\nGeoff Yang\nSenior management\nDavid Zaslav (President and CEO)\nMichael De Luca\nPamela Abdy\nChanning Dungey\nCasey Bloys\nKathleen Finch\nSir Mark Thompson\nJB Perrette\nGerhard Zeiler\nDavid Decker\nWarner Bros.EntertainmentWarner Bros.Motion Picture Group\nWarner Bros. Pictures\nNew Line Cinema\nDC Studios\nWarner Bros. Pictures Animation\nCastle Rock Entertainment\nDiscovery Films\nSpyglass Media Group (minority)\nFlagship Entertainment Group (49%)\nWarner Bros. Studios\nBurbank\nLeavesden\nWarner Bros.Television GroupUnited States\nWarner Bros. Television\nWarner Horizon Unscripted Television\nTelepictures\nA Very Good Production\nAlloy Entertainment\nBlue Ribbon Content\nCartoon Network Studios\nWilliams Street\nWarner Bros. Animation\nThe CW (12.5%)\nThe CW Plus\nCW Seed\nInternational\nWarner Bros. International Television Production\nNetherlands\nUK\nRicochet\nTwenty Twenty Television\nWall to Wall\nHanna-Barbera Studios Europe\nSpain\nAustralia\nCN LA Original Productions\nOther units\nWarner Bros. Theatre Ventures\nWaterTower Music\nFandango Media (25% with NBCUniversal)\nFandango Movieclips\nMovies.com\nMovieTickets.com\nRotten Tomatoes\nFandango Latam\nVudu\nTurner Entertainment Co.\nWolper Organization\nU.S. linear networks\nAmerican Heroes Channel\nAnimal Planet\nBoomerang\nCartoon Network\nAdult Swim\nAdult Swim Games\nToonami\nCartoonito\nbrand\nDestination America\nDiscovery Channel\nDiscovery en Espaol\nDiscovery Family (60%)\nDiscovery Familia\nDiscovery Life\nFood NetworkJV\nCooking Channel\nFree TV NetworksJV\nThe365\nOutlaw\nVCR Action\nVCR Haha\nHGTV\nHogar de HGTV\nInvestigation Discovery\nHLN\nMagnolia NetworkJV\nOprah Winfrey Network (95%)\nScience Channel\nTBS\nTCM\nTLC\nTNT\nTravel Channel\nTruTV\nWBTV\nWatchlist\nKeeping It Real\nAll Together\nSweet Escapes\nPaws & Claws\nSlice of Life\nWelcome Home\nAt the Movies\nHow To\nSupernatural\nCrime Series\nMysteries\nLove & Marriage\nFamily Rules\nHome Box Office\nHBO\nHBO Kids block\nCinemax\nProduction\nHBO Films\nHBO Documentary Films\nCNN Worldwide\nCNN\nCNN Chile\nCNN-News18\nCNN Trk\nCNN Business\nCNN International\nEMEA\nAsia-Pacific\nSouth Asia\nCNN en Espaol\nCNN Headlines\nCNN Fast\nProduction\nCNN Films\nLicensed\nA2 CNN\nAntena 3 CNN\nCNN Brazil\nCNN Indonesia\nCNN Philippines (defunct)\nCNN Portugal\nCNN Prima News\nN1\nTNT Sports\nBleacher Report\nNBA TV\nMLB Network (16.67%)\nGolf Digest\nGolf World\nMotor Trend Group\nMotor Trend\nMotor Trend TV\nHot Rod\nFour Wheeler\nGlobal Streaming& InteractiveEntertainment\nStreaming Services\nBoomerang\nCNNgo\nDiscovery+\nHBO Go\nMax\nPlayer.pl\nTVN24 GO\nTVN24.pl\nKontakt 24\nTVN Warszawa\nTVN Meteo\nTVN Zdrowie\nThreeNow\nBluTV\nWarner Bros. Games\nAvalanche Software\nCartoon Network Games\nMonolith Productions\nNetherRealm Studios\nPortkey Games\nRocksteady Studios\nTT Games\nTraveller's Tales\nWB Games Boston\nWB Games Montral\nVox Media (minority)\nGlobal Brands andExperiences\nConsumer Products\nThemed Entertainment\nWarner Bros. Movie World\nParque Warner Madrid\nWarner Bros. World Abu Dhabi\nStudio Tours\nHollywood\nLondon\nThe Wizarding World of Harry Potter\nHarry Potter: The Exhibition\nContent Sales & Distribution\nTelevision Distribution\nDomestic\nInternational\nHome Entertainment\nStudio Distribution Services (50%)\nThe Burbank Studios\nDC Entertainment\nDC Comics\nDC Black Label\nDC's Young Animal\nMilestone Media\nWildStorm\nDC Universe Infinite\nMad\nInternationalNetworksvteWarner Bros. Discovery AmericasUSA headquarters: Miami LATAM headquarters: Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Santiago, So Paulo, BogotCanadaJV\nAnimal Planet\nAdult Swim\nBoomerang\nCartoon Network\nCooking Channel\nDiscovery Channel\nDiscovery Science\nDiscovery Velocity\nFood Network\nHGTV\nHBO\nInvestigation Discovery\nMagnolia Network\nOprah Winfrey Network\nLatin America, the Caribbean and Brazil\nAdult Swim\nCartoon Network\nCartoonito\nCinemax\nDiscovery\nDiscovery Home & Health\nDiscovery Kids\nDiscovery Science\nDiscovery Theater HD\nDiscovery Turbo\nDiscovery World HD\nFood Network\nGolf Channel\nHBO\n+\n2\nBrasil\nCaribbean\nFamily\nMundi\nPop\nSignature\nXtreme\nHGTV\nHTV\nID\nSpace\nTCM\nTLC\nTNT\nNovelas\nSeries\nTNT Sports\nArgentina\nBrazil\nChile\nMexico\nTooncast\nWarner TV\nvteWarner Bros. Discovery Asia-PacificHeadquarters: SingaporePan-Asia\nAnimal Planet\nAsian Food Network\nCartoon Network\nCartoonito\nDiscovery Asia\nDiscovery Channel\nDiscovery Science\nDMAX\nEurosport Asia Pacific\nEVE\nFood Network\nTLC\nTravel Channel\nEast Asia\nBoomerang Korea\nCartoon Network\nJapan\nKorea\nTaiwan\nMondo TV (Japan)\nTabi Channel\nSouth Asia\nCartoon Network\nIndia\nHD+\nPakistan\nPogo\nAnimal Planet India\nDiscovery Channel India\nHGTV India\nTravel Channel\nFood Network\nDTamil India\nDiscovery Science India\nDiscovery Turbo India\nDiscovery Kids India\nEurosport India\nInvestigation Discovery\nTLC India\nSoutheast Asia\nBoomerang Thailand\nCartoon Network\nAsia\nPhilippines\nCartoonito Asia\nCinemax Asia\nHBO Asia\nFamily\nHits\nSignature\nWorld Heritage Channel\nWarner TV\nAustralasia\nAnimal Planet\nCartoon Network\nDiscovery\nDiscovery Turbo\nInvestigation Discovery\nTLC\nAustralia\n9Rush (co-owned with Nine)\nBoomerang\nNew Zealand\nBravo\nEden\nLiving\nNewshub\nRush\nThree\nOnline\nDiscovery+ (India only)\nHBO Go Asia\nNewshub\nThreeNow\nDefunct\nC4\nC42\nChina Entertainment Television (36%)\nFour\n+ 1\nImagine TV\nImagine Showbiz\nLumiere Movies\nMondo Mah-jong\nOh!K\nRed by HBO\nSetanta Sports Asia\nTabi Tele\nThreeLife\n+ 1\nFood Network NZ\nThe Edge TV\nBreeze TV\nvteWarner Bros. Discovery EMEAHeadquarters: London and AmsterdamFrance, Belgium & Switzerland\nAnimal Planet\nBoomerang\nCartoon Network\nCartoonito\nDiscovery Channel\nEurosport\n1\n2\n2 Xtra\nInvestigation Discovery\nTCM Cinma\nTLC\nWarner TV\nWarner TV Next\nGermany, Benelux & CEE\nAnimal Planet\nGermany\nNetherlands & Flanders\nCartoon Network\nCentral & Eastern Europe\nGermany\nNetherlands & Flanders\nBulgaria, CIS & SEE\nCartoonito\nDiscovery\nFlanders\nGermany\nHungary\nCIS\nDiscovery Science\nDMAX (Germany)\nEurosport\n1\n2\nHGTV\nNetherlands\nTele 5 (Germany)\nTLC\nGermany\nMENA\nNetherlands\nWarner TV\nCzech Republic\nGermany\nComedy\nFilm\nSerie\nRomania\nTravel Channel\nItaly\nBoing\nBoomerang\nCartoon Network\nCartoonito\nCNN International\nDiscovery Channel\nDMAX\nEurosport\n1\n2\nFrisbee\nGiallo\nK2\nMotor Trend\nNove\nReal Time\nWarner TV\nScandinavia\nAnimal Planet\nCartoon Network\nCartoonito\nDiscovery\nDenmark\nFinland\nSweden\nNorway\nEurosport\n1\n2\nTLC\nSweden\nNorway\nTravel Channel\nDenmark\n6'eren\nCanal 9\nKanal 4\nKanal 5\nMax\nFinland\nFrii\nKutonen\nTV5\nKanal 5\nKanal 9\nKanal 11\nNorway\nFEM\nREX\nTravel Channel\nTVNorge\nVOX\nSweden\nKanal 5\nKanal 9\nKanal 11\nIberia\nBoing Spain\nCartoon Network Portugal\nCartoonito Portugal\nDiscovery\nPortugal\nSpain\nDMAX Spain\nTCM Spain\nWarner TV Spain\nUK & Ireland\nAdult Swim\nAnimal Planet\nBoomerang\nCartoon Network\nCartoonito\nDiscovery\nDiscovery History\nDiscovery Turbo\nDMAX\nEurosport 1\nEurosport 2\nFood Network\nHGTV\nInvestigation Discovery\nQuest\nQuest Red\nReally\nTLC\nTNT Sports\nTNT Sports 4\nTNT Sports Box Office\nTurkey\nCartoon Network\nCartoonito\nDMAX\nEurosport 1\nEurosport 2\nTLC\nMiddle East & Africa\nAsharq Discovery\nBoing (Africa)\nCartoon Network\nArabic\nHindi\nCartoonito\nToonami (Africa)\nTNT Africa\nWarner TV\nDefunct\nBoomerang Germany\nBoomerang Spain\nCartoonito Spain\nCartoon Network Spain\nCNN+\nDTX\nTCM Scandinavia, Netherlands & Flanders\nTCM UK & Ireland\nTNT Sweden\nvteTVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryHeadquarters: WarsawTV channels\nTVN\nTVN 7\nTVN24\nTVN24 BiS\nTVN Fabua\niTVN\niTVN Extra\nTVN Style\nTVN Turbo\nTTV\nFood Network\nHGTV\nTravel Channel\nDiscovery\nDiscovery Science\nAnimal Planet\nTLC\nDiscovery Life\nID\nDTX\nDiscovery Historia\nMetro\nEurosport 1\nEurosport 2\nHBO\nHBO 2\nHBO 3\nCinemax\nCinemax 2\nWarner TV\nCartoon Network\nCartoonito\nFAST channels\nTVN Rewolucje w Kuchni\nTVN Millionerzy\nTVN Kultowe Seriale\nTVN Rajska Mio\nTVN Telenowele\nTVN Kryminalnie\nTVN Momenty Prawdy\nTVN ycie Jak w Bajce\nTVN Szpitalne Historie\nTVN Talk Show\nTVN Szkoa ycia\nTVN Seriale o Kobietach\nTVN W Domu\nTVN Moto\nTVN Usterka\nTVN Prawo i ycie\nOnline services\nMax\nPlayer.pl\nTVN24 GO\nTVN24.pl\nKontakt 24\nTVN Warszawa\nTVN Meteo\nTVN Zdrowie\nOther assets\nPlatforma Canal+\nWarner Bros. Entertainment Polska\nFormer unitsfrom WB\nCrunchyroll\nDramaFever\neleveneleven\nHooq (17.5%)\nShed Productions\nIn2TV\nMidway Games\nNew Line Home Entertainment\nInfinifilm\nOutright Distribution\nQuibiJV\nRooster Teeth (Global Streaming & Interactive Entertainment)\nShed Productions\nSnowblind Studios\nStage 13\nSurreal Software\nThe WB\nThe WB 100+ Station Group\nWarner Premiere\nRaw Feed\nWarner Bros. Family Entertainment\nWarner Bros. Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics\nWarner Independent Pictures\nDC Universe\nWarner Max\nWatershed Television\nYalli Productions\nfromTurner\nAudience Network\nAT&T SportsNet\nRoot Sports Northwest (29%)\nPittsburgh\nSportsNet Rocky Mountain\nSouthwest\nBoomerang (Germany)\nBoomerang (Latin America)\nCable Music Channel\nCartoon Network Too\nCNN+\nCNN+ (Channel)\nCNNfn\nCNNSI\nCNN Airport\nCNX\nFilmStruck\nGame Show Network (42%)\nGreat Big Story\nHulu (10%)\niStreamPlanet\nLazyTown Entertainment\nOh!K\nRetro\nSuper Deluxe\nStudio T\nToonami Channel (Asia)\nToonami India\nToonami UK\nTNT Sweden\nTCM South East Asia\nTCM Northern Europe\nTurner Program Services\nTurner South\nWB Channel\nWoohoo (Brazil)\nUniversal Wrestling Corporation\nWPCH-TV\nfrom HBO\nFestival\nHBO Boxing Pay-Per-View\nHBO Defined (India)\nHBO Downtown Productions\nHBO en Espaol\nHBO Espaa\nHBO Hits\nHBO Home Entertainment\nHBO Independent Productions\nHBO Latin America Group\nHBO Netherlands\nHBO Nordic\nHBO Now\nHBO NYC Productions\nHBO Portugal\nRed by HBO\nTake 2\nTime Life Television\nfromDiscovery& Scripps\nAll3MediaJV\n3netJV\n7food network\nAnimal Planet Italy\nCanal 8 Sport\nCanal+ DiscoveryJV (Poland)\nDiscovery Channel Radio\nDiscovery Channel Romania\nDiscovery Civilization\nDiscovery Digital Networks\nDiscovery Family (France)\nDiscovery Geschichte\nDiscovery Health Channel\nDiscovery Home & Health\nSoutheast Asia\nUK & Ireland\nDiscovery Kids\nAustralia\nCanada\nSoutheast Asia\nUnited Kingdom\nDiscovery Kids on NBC\nDiscovery Networks\nCEEMEA\nNorthern Europe\nDiscovery People\nDiscovery Real Time\nFrance\nUK and Ireland\nDiscovery Shed\nDiscovery Showcase HD\nDiscovery Travel & Living Europe\nDiscovery Turbo Asia\nDiscovery Wings\nDiscovery World Europe\nDKids\nDplay\nEurosport 360\nEurosport 2 Xtra Portugal\nEurosport DK\nEurosport News\nEurosport Pluss (Norway)\nFine Living Europe\nFitTV\nFocus\nFood Network New Zealand\nFYI Canada\nGB News (minority)\nGreat American Country\nGood Food\nGolfTV\nGXT\nJoyn\nPixL\nQuest Arabiya\nReady Set Learn!\nSBS Radio Nordic\nSetanta Sports Asia\nVivoltaJV (France)\nSee also\nAT&T's WarnerMedia\nKinney National Company\nTime Inc.\nAOL\nTurner Broadcasting System\nDiscovery, Inc.\nDiscovery Holding Company\nScripps Networks Interactive\nvteVideo on demand services\nDigital library\nStreaming media\nVideo on demand\nFree orad-supported\n3ABN+\n7plus\n9Now\n10Play\nABC iview\nAbema\nAmazon Freevee\nAngel Studios\nArte Boutique\nBBC iPlayer\nCBC Gem\nChannel 4\nCONtv\nCrackle\nCTV Movies / Throwback\nCW Seed\nERTFLIX\nFacebook Watch\nFandango at Home\nFrancetv\nGloboplay Free\nHaystack News\nHoopla\nIci TOU.TV\nITVX\niWantTFC\nJoyn\nKanopy\nLemino\nLibreflix\nLocal Now\nmeWATCH\nMediaset Infinity\nMX Player\nMy5\nNASA+\nThe Network\nOra TV\nPBS\nPBS Kids\nPictureBox Films\nPlex\nPluto TV\nPop Player\nPopcornflix\nPPTV\nRaiPlay\nRT Player\nRTP Play\nRCTI+\nThe Roku Channel\nRTVE Play\nRevry\nSBS On Demand\nShahid\nShout! Factory TV\nSling Freestream\nSnapchat\nSpuul\nSTV Player\nSVT Play\nStirr\nTelemundo\nTF1+\nThreeNow\nToon Goggles\ntonton\nTubi\nTVer\nTvigle\nTVNZ+\ntvyo\nS4C Clic\nUKTV Play\nVeoh\nVevo\nViddsee\nVidio\nViki\nVirgin Media Player\nVision+\nViX\nVoddler\nXfinity Streampix\nXITE\nXumo\nYouTube\nKids\nYuppTV\nSubscription\nAbema Premium\nAcorn TV\nAha\nAlchemiya\nAllblk\nALTBalaji\nAmazon Prime Video\nAMC+\nAmeba TV\nANT1+\nApple TV+\nAPTN Lumi\nAtresplayer\nBBC Select\nBeacon\nBentkey\nBET+\nBinge\nBritBox\nBongo BD\nBrown Sugar\nCanal+\nChorki\nClub illico\nC More Play\nCrave\nCriterion Channel\nCrunchyroll\nCuriosity Stream\nDailyWire+\nDiscovery+\nDisney+\nHotstar\nStar\nd-anime Store\nDocPlay\nDropout\nEros Now\nFandor\nFloatplane\nFilmin\nFox Nation\nFoxtel Now\nGagaOOLala\nGaia\nGloboplay (+ live channels Telecine)\nGreat American Pure Flix\nHayu\nHIDIVE\nHistory Vault\nHulu\nHulu Japan\nIcflix\nIflix\niQIYI\nLemino Premium\nMax\nInfinity+\nMGM+\nIrokotv\nITVX Premium\niWantTFC\nKocowa\nMeans TV\nmeWATCH Prime\nMola\nMotor Trend\nMubi\nNebula\nNeon\nNetflix\nNight Flight Plus\nNOW\nNews9 Plus\nOutTVGO\nPantaya\nParamount+\nPBS Passport\nPeacock\nRTL+\nShahid VIP\nShowmax\nShudder\nSkyShowtime\nSling TV\nSonyLIV\nStan\nStar+\nStarz\nStruum\nSTV Player+\nSundanceNow\nSun NXT\nTAPP TV\nTelasa\nThe Roku Channel\nTIMvision\nToku\nTV 2 Play\nTVING\nU-Next\nParavi\nUpstream\nViaplay\nVidAngel\nVideoland\nVidio Premier\nVision+ Premium\nViu\nVVVVID\nViX Premium\nVoyo\nWondrium\nWOW Presents Plus\nXITE\nYippee TV\nYouTube Premium\nZEE5\nRental orpurchase\nAmazon Prime Video\nFandango at Home\nFandangoNOW\nGoogle Play\nGoogle TV\niTunes Store\nMicrosoft Movies & TV\nNintendo eShop\nRakuten TV\nRedbox\nSky Store\nThe Great Courses\nYouTube Movies & Shows\nHuawei Video\nSports\nAll Japan Pro Wrestling TV\nB/R Live\nbeIN Sports Connect\nBig Japan Pro Wrestling Core\nDAZN\nWrestle Universe\nEleven Sports\nESPN+\nEurosport Player\nFanseat\nFanatiz\nTriller TV\nNWA All Access\nFloSports\nFuboTV\nHonor Club\nIMPACT! +Plus\nKayo Sports\nLaola1\nMLB.tv\nMLS Season Pass\nNBA League Pass\nNBL TV\nNew Japan Pro-Wrestling World\nNFL Game Pass\nPremier Football\nOneSoccer\nSky Sport Now\nSportsnet Now\nStan Sport\nTSN Direct\nUFC Fight Pass\nWWE Network\nTV Everywhere\nABC\nAMC Premiere\nBally Sports app\nCBS\nCinemax On Demand\nCNN TV app\nDisneyNow\nFoxtel Go\nFreeform\nFXNOW\nCanais Globo\nHBO Go\nHGTV\nNBC\nRedbox Free Live TV\nSky Go\nSky Q\nSpark Sport\nThe CW\nWatch TBS\nZiggo Go\nDiscontinued\n123Movies\nAnimeLab\nBlim TV\nCNN+\nDC Universe\nDisney Deluxe\ndittoTV\nDplay\nDramaFever\nFOXNOW\nFunimation\nFX+\nGlobal Wrestling Network\ngo90\nGolfTV\nHBO Now\nHillsong Channel Now\nHitchhike TV\nHOOQ\nLightbox\nNBC Sports Gold\nNoggin\nOn Demand\nPlayStation Video\nPresto\nQuibi\nQuickflix\nRedbox Instant\nSeeso\nShomi\nSky On Demand\nSky Select\nVessel\nViewster\nVoot\nVRV\nVyRT\nWakanim\nWatchESPN\nYahoo! Screen\nRelated\nAustralia\nCanada\nNew Zealand\nvteSports broadcasting in the United StatesSports broadcasting contracts in the United StatesBroadcast NetworksOccasional coverage\nCBS Sports\nESPN on ABC\nFox Sports\nNBC Sports\nScripps Sports (Ion Sports)\nTelemundo Deportes\nCW Sports\nTUDN on Univision\nCable NetworksGeneral\nbeIN Sports\nbeIN Sports en Espaol\nCBS Sports Network\nESPN\nESPN2\nESPNews\nESPN Deportes\nFS1\nFS2\nFox Deportes\nNext Level Sports\nTUDN (Univision Sports)\nTyC Sports\nPro league affiliated\nMLB Network\nExtra InningsO\nStrike ZoneP\nNBA TV\nNBA League PassO\nNFL Network\nNFL RedZoneP\nNHL Network\nNHL Center IceO\nCollege specific\nACC Network\nBig Ten Network\nESPNU\nPac-12 Network\nSEC Network\nSport specific\nFox Soccer PlusP\nGolf Channel\nMAVTV\nRacetrack Television Network\nRev'n\nTennis Channel\nWillow\nSports betting\nFanDuel TV\nFanDuel Racing\nOutdoor\nThe Cowboy Channel\nThe Action Channel\nOutdoor Channel\nSportsman Channel\nWorld Fishing Network\nPursuit Channel\nOccasional coverage\nAXS TV\nCBS Sports:\nNickelodeon\nNBC Sports:\nCNBC\nUSA Network\nUniverso\nPrime Video:\nMGM+\nTNT Sports:\nHBO\nTBS\nTNT\nTruTV\nStreaming ServicesGeneral\nDAZN\nESPN+\nFloSports\nRed Bull TV\nSoonerSports.tv\nStadium\nVenu Sports\nPro league affiliated\nMLB.tvO\nMLS Season PassO\nNBA League PassO\nNFL+ (NFL RedZoneP)\nNFL Sunday TicketO\nNHL.TVO\nSport specific\nT2\nSports betting\nFanDuel TV+\nOutdoor\nCowboy Channel+\nMyOutdoorTV\nRing sports\nTrillerNet\nTriller TV+\nTrillerPass\nHonor Club\nTNA+\nUFC Fight Pass\nWWE Network\nOccasional coverage\nApple TV+\nMax (TNT Sports)\nNetflix\nParamount+ (CBS Sports)\nPeacock (NBC Sports)\nPrime Video (MGM+)\nThe Roku Channel\nTubi (Fox Sports)\nvteRegional sports broadcasting in the United StatesFenway Sports Group\nNESN\nSportsNet Pittsburgh\nMSG Entertainment\nMSG Network\nMSGSN\nMSG Western NY\nNBC Sports Regional Networks\nBay Area\nBoston\nCalifornia\nChicago\nPhiladelphia\nSportsNet New York (part ownership)\nSinclair Broadcast Group\nNevada Sports Net\nMarquee Sports Network (part-ownership)\nYES Network (part-ownership)\nBally Sports\nDetroit\nMiami\nFlorida\nSun\nMidwest\nIndiana\nKansas City\nNorth\nCleveland\nOhio\nGreat Lakes\nSoutheast\nSouth\nSouthwest\nOklahoma\nNew Orleans\nSan Diego\nLos Angeles\nWest\nSoCal\nWisconsin\nSpectrum Sports\nHawaii\nKansas City\nLos Angeles\nSpectrum SportsNet\nSportsNet LA\nSportsNet New York (part ownership)\nIndependent\nAltitude Sports\nBYU TV Sports\nCyclones.tv\nLFSN\nLonghorn Network\nMASN\nMonumental Sports Network\nRoot Sports Northwest\nSpace City Home Network\nArizona's Family Sports\nBuckeye Cable Sports\nMidco Sports\nNevada Sports Net\nScripps Sports (local broadcast)\nSWX Right Now\nvteDefunct television sports networks in the United StatesNational\nAmerica One\nAmerican Sports Classics\nAmerican Sports Network\nBack9Network\nBaseball Network\nCNN/SI\nESPN 3D\nESPN Classic\nESPN Goal Line & Bases Loaded\nESPN Events\nFootball Network\nFox Soccer\nLorimar Sports Network\nMizlou\nNASCAR Hot Pass\nNBCSN\nNHL Network\nNewSport\nOne World Sports\nONTV\nOlympic Channel\nSpeed\nSportsChannel America\nStadium College Sports\nSports Network\nUniversal Sports Network\nRegional\n4SD\nACC RSN\nArizona Sports Programming Network/Cox Sports\nAT&T SportsNet\nRoot Sports Utah\nAT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain\nBally Sports\nArizona\nCarolinas SE\nComcast SportsNet\nSoutheast\nSouthwest\nCox Sports\nEmpire\nFox Sports Networks\nCarolinas\nChicago\nHouston\nTennessee\nGiantsVision\nHawkvision\nMountainWest\nNBC Sports Northwest\nOregon Sports Network\nPASS Sports\nPrime Sports\nPrime Sports Upper Midwest\nPRISM\nRoyals Sports\nSan Diego Cable Sports Network\nSpectrum\nSpectrum Sports\nCarolinas\nFlorida\nNew York\nOhio\nTexas\nWisconsin\nSportsChannel\nCincinnati\nLos Angeles\nPhiladelphia\nSports Time\nSportsvision\nSportsvue\nVictory Sports One\nSyndication\nRaycom Sports (ACC Network)\nBig 12 Network\nSEC TV\nTVS\nOut-of-market\nESPN College Extra\nESPN Full Court\nESPN GamePlan\nMega March Madness\nMLS Direct Kick\nO. Out-of-market sports packagesP. Premium channel\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_(streaming_service)&oldid=1226127284\"\nCategories: Max (streaming service)Android (operating system) softwareInternet properties established in 2020Internet television streaming servicesIOS softwarePlayStation 4 softwarePlayStation 5 softwareSubscription video on demand servicesXbox One softwareXbox Series X and Series S software2020 establishments in the United States2020 introductionsHidden categories: CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listCS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)Pages containing links to subscription-only contentWebarchive template wayback linksCS1 Spanish-language sources (es)Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataUse American English from August 2023All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from August 2023Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2022All articles containing potentially dated statementsAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from March 2024\nThis page was last edited on 28 May 2024, at 18:22(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Max: Stream HBO, TV, & Movies on the AppStore\nAppleStoreMaciPadiPhoneWatchVisionAirPodsTV & HomeEntertainmentAccessoriesSupport\n0+\nApp Store Preview\nThis app is available only on the App Store for iPhone, iPad, Apple TV, and Apple Vision Pro.\nMax: Stream HBO, TV, & Movies\n12+\nThe One to Watch\nWarnerMedia Global Digital Services, LLC\n#2 in Entertainment\n4.9 2.7M Ratings\nFree\nOffers In-App Purchases\nScreenshots\niPhone\niPad\nApple TV\nAppleVision\nDescription\nMax is the one to watch for HBO, hit series, films, reality, sports, and more.\nIts all here. Iconic series, award-winning movies, fresh originals, and family favorites, featuring the DC Universe and HBO. Discover the best entertainment for every mood. Max the one to watch.\nSubscribe now!\nWith Max you'll get:\n Unlimited access to thousands of TV shows and movies.\n A deep library of brands and studios like HBO, the Wizarding World, HGTV, TLC, Magnolia Network, Food Network, and Adult Swim.\n The largest streaming library of the DC Universe shows and movies.\n Hundreds of original series from HBO and Max.\n CNN Max, a 24/7 live feed featuring breaking news and coverage of the worlds biggest stories. Now available in beta to all Max subscribers at no additional cost.\n Stream select live games and matches from the NBA, NHL, NCAA March Madness, MLB Postseason, and U.S. Soccer with the B/R Sports Add-On, on us for a limited time.*\n Award-winning shows and movies that everyone's talking about like the HBO Original series The Last of Us, Succession, The White Lotus, House of the Dragon, and more.\n Iconic favorite TV shows like Friends, South Park, Rick and Morty, 90-Day Fianc, Fixer Upper, Beat Bobby Flay, House Hunters, Sesame Street, Looney Tunes, and more.\n Family-friendly entertainment for the whole household.\n Fascinating documentaries and unscripted series.\n Enjoy your favorite shows and movies at home or on-the-go. Max is available on TV, web browser, mobile, tablet, and gaming console devices.\nFeatures:\n Browse or search with ease across HBO, movies, series, genres, and brands.\n Download shows and movies you love to watch on-the-go with select plans. (Download limits vary by subscription plan.)\n Personalized profiles for the entire family with customizable ratings, profile PIN protection, and kid-proof exit.\n Pick up episodes and movies where you left off across your favorite devices.\n Keep up with everything you love, all in one place with My Stuff.\n Watch on multiple devices at the same time. (Limits vary by subscription plan.)\n Stream with high quality video and surround sound on select plans.\nContent and feature availability on Max may vary by region. Some titles and features shown above may not be available in your country.\nYour subscription will automatically renew at the then-current price of your plan unless auto-renew is turned off at least 24 hours before the renewal. Your App Store account will automatically be charged at the same price for renewal within 24 hours prior to the end of the current subscription period. You can manage or cancel your subscription by visiting the App Store app or Subscriptions under Settings on your Apple device after purchase.\n*Pricing and availability of the B/R Sports Add-On after the promotional period will vary by subscription provider./ 2024 MLB\nPurposes disclosed in the App Privacy label may vary based on features or services that may not be available in all regions. Max is only available in certain territories.\nTerms of Use: https://max.com/terms-of-use/\nWhats New\nVersion History\nMay 21, 2024\nVersion 4.0.1\nWe loaded this update with tons of bug fixes and performance improvements, so you can keep streaming all of the new must-see series, blockbuster movies, and cult classics you dont want to miss.\nRatings and Reviews\nSee All\n4.9 out of 5\n2.7M Ratings\n2.7M Ratings\nEditors Choice\nWhether youre looking for the latest cant-miss dramas, comedies, or reality hits, Max has something for everyone. Watch HBO Original series like Succession, The Last of Us, The White Lotus, and Love & Death. Revisit classics like Friends, South Park, and The Big Bang Theory. And enjoy unscripted treats from Discovery like Fixer Upper, MythBusters, Dr. Pimple Popper, Deadliest Catch, and Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives.\nRey Riggans\n,\n06/13/2023\nThe new Max needs work\nAs of writing this, a couple days after HBO Max became Max, I need to state that this new app / change needs a lot of work. After I launched the app on my cell phone & on my TV, a Roku device, the first issue that appeared was my Continue Watching no longer had shows I was watching & listed movies that I had finished watching & removed from my list. When I searched for the show I was watching, it was not appearing but when I searched for them on my Roku device, it read the show was on Max & when I selected it, it led me to the show on the streaming service. The inconsistency is the first issue. The second & biggest is the audio is out of sync on my shows. There is at least a 5 second delay with the audio when I was able to begin watching my show. The out of sync is also with the searching & selecting process itself. This new version needs a lot of refining.\nUpdate: thank you for the response to my review, I troubleshooted the app on all my devices & followed the link provided & it did fix the issue I was experiencing.\nDeveloper Response\n,\nHi Rey, we appreciate you taking the time to rate and review. We have some great troubleshooting steps here that should improve your experience: https://help.max.com/troubleshoot. If those don't work, please reach out to us at help.max.com/AppReview for additional support. - Max Support\nSpooky0691\n,\n06/18/2023\nPhone to TV Casting Flaw\nGreat options of shows & movies to watch however I have multiple problems when streaming from my phone to my TV. One, once I connect to TV it does not let me operate the rewind & pause from my phone like it typically should. Also it does not let me use subtitles at all when casting to TV which is very frustrating when I am hard of hearing. The tool menu pops up at the bottom of the app but no matter how many times I press subtitles on, or press pause, or rewind, it does not work. Sometimes the tool menu even pops up with no buttons AT ALL & I cannot control the movie. flawed and frustrating. I have no control over the movie or show I am watching, cannot pause, rewind, fast forward, or turn subtitles on. Also once I have streamed no matter how many times I close the app or turn my TV off & on it does not stop streaming, even after the app has been removed from my open & live section on my phone it is some how streaming in the background?? And for HOURS. I played a show around 11am then turned my TV off & removed the app from my open list then at 10pm I turn my tv on & re-open MAX & it immediately streams the same exact movie from 12hours ago?? Why did the movie not close from the lower tool bar & have the app reset like it should. Multiple problems of this app not resetting properly. Very unhappy & horrible change.\nDeveloper Response\n,\nHi, we're happy to help. We have some great troubleshooting steps here that should improve your experience: itsh.bo/troubleshoot-mobile. You also may want to try restarting your network (modem and router) if you haven't yet. If those don't work, please reach out to us at help.max.com for additional support. Thanks! Max Support\nEvents\nLIVE\nLIVE EVENT\n2024 NBA Playoffs\nSign up now to stream the 2024 NBA Western Conference Finals Presented by AT&T on Max with B/R Sports.\nNOW AVAILABLE\nPREMIERE\nDune: Part Two\nReturn to Arrakis for the next chapter of the saga, now streaming exclusively on Max.\nNOW AVAILABLE\nPREMIERE\nShocking Docuseries on Max\nPull back the curtain on the Carter family in Fallen Idols: Nick and Aaron Carter\nApp Privacy\nSee Details\nThe developer, WarnerMedia Global Digital Services, LLC, indicated that the apps privacy practices may include handling of data as described below. For more information, see the developers privacy policy.\nData Linked to You\nThe following data may be collected and linked to your identity:\nPurchases\nLocation\nContact Info\nSearch History\nIdentifiers\nUsage Data\nDiagnostics\nOther Data\nData Not Linked to You\nThe following data may be collected but it is not linked to your identity:\nUser Content\nUsage Data\nDiagnostics\nPrivacy practices may vary, for example, based on the features you use or your age. LearnMore\nInformation\nSeller\nWarnerMedia Global Digital Services, LLC\nSize\n128 MB\nCategory\nEntertainment\nCompatibility\niPhone\nRequires iOS 14.0 or later.\niPad\nRequires iPadOS 14.0 or later.\niPodtouch\nRequires iOS 14.0 or later.\nApple TV\nRequires tvOS 14.0 or later.\nApple Vision\nRequires visionOS 1.0 or later.\nLanguages\nEnglish, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Macedonian, Norwegian Bokml, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish\nAge Rating\n12+\nFrequent/Intense Cartoon or Fantasy Violence\nInfrequent/Mild Realistic Violence\nFrequent/Intense Profanity or Crude Humor\nInfrequent/Mild Alcohol, Tobacco, or Drug Use or References\nInfrequent/Mild Mature/Suggestive Themes\nInfrequent/Mild Sexual Content and Nudity\nInfrequent/Mild Simulated Gambling\nFrequent/Intense Horror/Fear Themes\nInfrequent/Mild Medical/Treatment Information\nCopyright\n 2024 WarnerMedia Direct, LLC. All Rights Reserved.\nPrice\nFree\nIn-App Purchases\nMax Ad-Free Monthly\n$15.99\nMax With Ads Monthly\n$9.99\nMax Ad-Free Monthly\n$15.99\nmore\nDeveloper Website\nApp Support\nPrivacy Policy\nDeveloper Website\nApp Support\nPrivacy Policy\nFeatured In\nWHAT TO WATCH\nThe Best Movies and Series on Max\nOUR FAVORITES\nBe Batman!\nBrawl, sneak, and sleuth in the Dark Knights mobile adventures.\nMore By This Developer\nHouse of the Dragon: DracARys\nEntertainment\nYou Might Also Like\nSee All\nSTARZ\nEntertainment\nWOW Presents Plus\nEntertainment\nThe Criterion Channel\nEntertainment\nPeacock TV: Stream TV & Movies\nEntertainment\nWatch TBS\nEntertainment\nMGM+\nEntertainment\nMore ways to shop: Find an Apple Store or other retailer near you. Or call 1-800-MY-APPLE.\nChoose your country or region\nCopyright 2024 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Use\nSales and Refunds\nLegal\nSite Map", "url": "https://apps.apple.com/us/app/max-stream-hbo-tv-movies/id1666653815" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Availability | Max\nSkip To ContentSign InSign InMax is Not Available in Your Region\nTo learn more about where you can stream Max or to get troubleshooting tips, visit our Help Center.\nPrivacy PolicyChildren's Privacy PolicyTerms of UseDo Not Sell My Personal Information2024 WarnerMedia Direct, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Max is used under license.", "url": "https://help.max.com/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Soos Ramirez | Gravity Falls Wiki | Fandom\nGravity Falls Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nGravity Falls\nList of cryptograms\nEpisodes\nBooks\nGames\nHome media\nMore lists\nTimeline\nList of allusions\nList of goofs\nList of Mabel's sweaters\nList of items in the Mystery Shack\nDisney Channel idents\nList of promotional trailers\nEvents\nCipher Hunt\nGravity Falls special events\nMystery Tour 2013\nConcept art\nGames\nPinesquest\nRumble's Revenge\nPigPig Waddles Bounce Ultra\nMystery Shack Mystery\nMystery Shack Attack\nAttic Stuff Golf\nLi'l Gideon Shrinks Back\nOddity Creator\nMerchandise\nDVD vol. 1\nDVD vol. 2\nBooks\nJazwares toys\nGravity Falls Vinylmation\nEpisodes\nSeason 1\nList\nTourist Trapped\nThe Inconveniencing\nBottomless Pit!\nDreamscaperers\nGideon Rises\nUnaired pilot\nSeason 2\nList\nScary-oke\nInto the Bunker\nThe Golf War\nSock Opera\nSoos and the Real Girl\nSociety of the Blind Eye\nGravity Falls Shorts\nList\nCandy Monster\nMabel's Guide to Dating\nFixin' It with Soos: Golf Cart\nTV Shorts 1\nMabel's Scrapbook: Heist Movie\nSpecials\nBetween the Pines\nCreepy Letters from Lil' Gideon\n\"Old Man\" McGucket's Conspiracy Corner Marathon\nTranscripts\nSeason 1\nSeason 2\nGravity Falls Shorts\nTheme Song\nWorld\nCast\nKristen Schaal\nJason Ritter\nAlex Hirsch\nLinda Cardellini\nCharacters\nMabel Pines\nDipper Pines\nGrunkle Stan\nSoos Ramirez\nWendy Corduroy\nWaddles\nGideon Gleeful\nCreatures\nGnomes\nLilliputtians\nHide Behind\nShape Shifter\nMermando\nSummerween Trickster\nThe Undead\nPlaces\nMystery Fair\nReal places mentioned in Gravity Falls\nSeason 1 places\nSeason 2 places\nShorts places\nRecurring places\nHomes\nObjects\nJournal 1\nJournal 2\nJournal 3\nUniverse Portal\nPitt Cola\nList of items in the Mystery Shack\nList of Mabel's sweaters\nSongs\nWiddle Ol Me\nHomework's Wack\nLamby Lamby Dance\nTraining Montage\nLarge and In Charge\nStan Wrong Song\nMabel Girl\nThe Wiki\nStaff\nGuidelines\nArticles\nAdding Reference\nImages and Videos\nTemplates on FANDOM\nBlogs\nAchievements\nForums\nUser Guidelines\nHelp out\nRecent Blogs\nCreate a Blog\nFun and Games\nUserboxes\nSocial\nAffiliations\nTwitter\nFacebook\nInstagram\nYoutube\nTumblr\nParent Page\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nGravity Falls Wiki\n1,718pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nGravity Falls\nList of cryptograms\nEpisodes\nBooks\nGames\nHome media\nMore lists\nTimeline\nList of allusions\nList of goofs\nList of Mabel's sweaters\nList of items in the Mystery Shack\nDisney Channel idents\nList of promotional trailers\nEvents\nCipher Hunt\nGravity Falls special events\nMystery Tour 2013\nConcept art\nGames\nPinesquest\nRumble's Revenge\nPigPig Waddles Bounce Ultra\nMystery Shack Mystery\nMystery Shack Attack\nAttic Stuff Golf\nLi'l Gideon Shrinks Back\nOddity Creator\nMerchandise\nDVD vol. 1\nDVD vol. 2\nBooks\nJazwares toys\nGravity Falls Vinylmation\nEpisodes\nSeason 1\nList\nTourist Trapped\nThe Inconveniencing\nBottomless Pit!\nDreamscaperers\nGideon Rises\nUnaired pilot\nSeason 2\nList\nScary-oke\nInto the Bunker\nThe Golf War\nSock Opera\nSoos and the Real Girl\nSociety of the Blind Eye\nGravity Falls Shorts\nList\nCandy Monster\nMabel's Guide to Dating\nFixin' It with Soos: Golf Cart\nTV Shorts 1\nMabel's Scrapbook: Heist Movie\nSpecials\nBetween the Pines\nCreepy Letters from Lil' Gideon\n\"Old Man\" McGucket's Conspiracy Corner Marathon\nTranscripts\nSeason 1\nSeason 2\nGravity Falls Shorts\nTheme Song\nWorld\nCast\nKristen Schaal\nJason Ritter\nAlex Hirsch\nLinda Cardellini\nCharacters\nMabel Pines\nDipper Pines\nGrunkle Stan\nSoos Ramirez\nWendy Corduroy\nWaddles\nGideon Gleeful\nCreatures\nGnomes\nLilliputtians\nHide Behind\nShape Shifter\nMermando\nSummerween Trickster\nThe Undead\nPlaces\nMystery Fair\nReal places mentioned in Gravity Falls\nSeason 1 places\nSeason 2 places\nShorts places\nRecurring places\nHomes\nObjects\nJournal 1\nJournal 2\nJournal 3\nUniverse Portal\nPitt Cola\nList of items in the Mystery Shack\nList of Mabel's sweaters\nSongs\nWiddle Ol Me\nHomework's Wack\nLamby Lamby Dance\nTraining Montage\nLarge and In Charge\nStan Wrong Song\nMabel Girl\nThe Wiki\nStaff\nGuidelines\nArticles\nAdding Reference\nImages and Videos\nTemplates on FANDOM\nBlogs\nAchievements\nForums\nUser Guidelines\nHelp out\nRecent Blogs\nCreate a Blog\nFun and Games\nUserboxes\nSocial\nAffiliations\nTwitter\nFacebook\nInstagram\nYoutube\nTumblr\nParent Page\nin:\nFeatured, Characters, A to Z,\nand\n8 more\nSeason 1 characters\nShorts characters\nSeason 2 characters\nGames characters\nMain characters\nMales\nAdults\nRamirez family\nEnglish\n\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nBahasa Indonesia\nItaliano\nNederlands\nPolski\nPortugus\nPortugus do Brasil\nRomn\n\nSoos Ramirez\nView source\nView history\nTalk (15)\nSoos Ramirez\nBackground information\nFirst episode\nTourist Trapped\nLast episode\nWeirdmageddon 3: Take Back The Falls (main series)Sidekicks (Broken Karaoke; overall media)\nVoice\nAlex Hirsch\nInspiration\nJesus Chambrot[1][2]\nCharacter information\nFull name\nJess Alzamirano Ramirez[3]\nOther names\nSoosQuestion Mark[4]Mijo[5]Paladin Radmaster[6]Mr. Mystery[7]Question BabyQuestiony The Question MarkJorge (by Pacifica)\nAge\n21 (\"Tourist Trapped\" to \"Society of the Blind Eye\")22 (\"Blendin's Game\" onwards, born July 13, 1990)[3][8]\nOccupation\nExpandOwner of Mystery Shack (current)Click \"expand\" for full listEmployee at the Mystery Shack (former)[9]Part-time grave digger (former)[10]Part-time bus driver (former)Part-time cook at Greasy's Diner (former)\nAffiliations\nMystery Shack\nGoal\nTo be where the action isTo own the Mystery Shack one day (fulfilled)To be the Mystery Shack mascot (former)To be adopted by Stan and then change his name to Stan Junior[11]\nHome\nAbuelita's house, Gravity Falls, Oregon[3](former)618 Gopher Road, Gravity Falls, Oregon\nRelatives\nExpandGrandpa Ramirez (maternal grandfather)[5]Click \"expand\" for full listAbuelita (maternal grandmother)Unnamed father[3]Unnamed mother[12]Reggie (maternal cousin)[13]Unnamed maternal cousins[3]\nAllies\nExpandDipper PinesClick \"expand\" for full listMabel PinesWendy CorduroyStan PinesGideon GleefulOld Man McGucketCandy ChiuGrenda GrendinatorMelody (girlfriend)Sheriff BlubsDeputy DurlandToby Determined.GIFfany (formerly)\nEnemies\nExpandUnnamed mailmanClick \"expand\" for full listDeuceGideon Gleeful (former)Summerween TricksterBill Cipher.GIFfany (former crush)\nLikes\nExpandHanging out with Dipper and MabelClick \"expand\" for full listBeing a DJ[14]Video gamesCackling skulls[15]FoodGlowing dots[14]Taking pictures of beavers[16]MelodyStraight Blanchin'[17]Dinosaur cookiesAnime[7]Helping the Pines family\nDislikes\nFish food[16]His fatherHis birthday (formerly)British dog man[4]Bats[4]\nPowers and abilities\nWorking with tools[9]DJing[14]Driving\nFate\nReceive Stan's position as the Mystery Shack's owner.\nQuote\n\"Time for a repair-guy to become a repairman!\"\nSignature\n[Source]\nJess \"Soos\" Alzamirano Ramirez[3] (born July 13, 1990[3][8]) is an employee and current owner[7] of the Mystery Shack. He was born in Gravity Falls, Oregon.[10] The tritagonist of Gravity Falls, Dipper and Mabel Pines sometimes include Soos in their adventures. Soos represents the question mark symbol associated with the Bill Cipher Zodiac, as it is present on his t-shirt.\nContents\n1 History\n1.1 Early life\n1.2 Season 1\n1.3 Season 2\n2 Personality\n3 Appearance\n4 Relationships\n4.1 Mabel Pines\n4.2 Dipper Pines\n4.3 Stan Pines\n4.4 Wendy Corduroy\n4.5 Melody\n5 Sightings\n5.1 Season 1\n5.2 Shorts\n5.3 Season 2\n5.4 Games\n6 Quotes\n7 Trivia\n8 Gallery\n9 References\n10 Site navigation\nHistory\nEarly life\nSoos has worked at the Mystery Shack since he was twelve after Stan sacked Durland. After Dipper and Mabel leave a screwdriver from the Mystery Shack at his birthday party in \"Blendin's Game,\" he goes to return it, where Stan Pines basically forces him into a job at the Shack. The Shack is very dear to him, and he never gets upset at Stan no matter what he does.[8] Soos has a very deep connection to Stan, as he was a father figure to him when his own father was never there.\nIt is stated he had a poor relationship with his father, seeing as how he would never visit Soos, even on his birthdays.[18]\nSeason 1\nSoos is needed elsewhere.\nSoos is first seen in \"Tourist Trapped,\" working in the Mystery Shack. When Dipper confides to Soos that he thinks Norman may be a zombie, Soos tells him that he believes him and that he's always noticing weird things in the town. He then shares with Dipper his belief that the mailman is a werewolf because he is very hairy. Soos also tells Dipper that everyone will think Dipper is a \"major league cuckoo clock\" if he doesn't have evidence. When Dipper hops in the Mystery Cart to save Mabel from Norman, Soos gives him a shovel for the zombies and a baseball bat \"In case he sees any piatas.\"\nSoos, Dipper and Mabel running from the Gobblewonker robot.\nSoos' next appearance is in \"The Legend of the Gobblewonker,\" at Lake Gravity Falls, as Dipper and Mabel are deciding they want to look for the Gobblewonker. He pulls up with a boat that is better than Stan's boat, the S.S. Cool Dude, offering to help the kids look for the monster. They accept his offer, riding with him to Scuttlebutt Island. Along the way, Soos destroys several of the many cameras that Dipper brought. He even nominates himself to be Associate Co-Captain. When they arrive at the island, he goes with Dipper and Mabel to look for the beast, making jokes along the way. The group spots what appears to be the Gobblewonker; however, it is only a colony of beavers. Soos then takes pictures of the beavers, before the real Gobblewonker arrives. Soos, along with Dipper and Mabel, is chased by the creature, until they are able to trap it in a cave behind a waterfall. There, he loses his shirt and he and the kids discover that the Gobblewonker that was trapped was not a beast, but a machine created by Old Man McGucket. Soos then tells the kids that they were the real monsters, and they all go to Grunkle Stan's boat, where Stan and the kids spend an evening of fishing and taking pictures together.\nSoos meets his Tent of Telepathy counterpart, Deuce.\nSoos then appears in \"Headhunters,\" showing Dipper and Mabel the Mystery Shack's old wax museum. He later directs the twins toward Manly Dan.\nIn \"The Hand That Rocks the Mabel,\" Soos is seen watching Tiger Fist with Dipper and Mabel, and then Lil' Gideon's commercial, later bringing the twins to the Tent of Telepathy with him. While there, he sees his counterpart, Deuce, and glares at him. He is later seen commenting on Mabel and Gideon's relationship, and coming up with ridiculous portmanteau names for it. When Stan storms out to confront Gideon's father, Soos remarks how it would be funny if Stan had walked into a closet instead of out the real door, and opens it and says that it was the real door.\nIn \"The Inconveniencing,\" he works in the gift shop and advises Wendy Corduroy and the twins not to go up onto the roof.\nIn \"Dipper vs. Manliness,\" Soos helps Mabel help Stan get in shape by dressing up as Lazy Susan for a practice run and by helping to judge Stan's appearance.\nDJ Soos announces the party crown contest.\nIn \"Double Dipper,\" Stan decides to set up a party at the Mystery Shack, and he allows Soos to become DJ (only because he begged and the fact that he'll do it for free). Soos even got a book that taught him how to DJ and tells Stan that he won't regret his decision. Soos hosts the party crown dance competition, a contest where whoever dances best will get the party crown. The only competitors are Mabel and Pacifica Northwest, although Pacifica manages to beat Mabel by bribing Old Man McGucket to applaud for her.[14]\nIn \"Irrational Treasure,\" during Pioneer Day, Soos apparently saw Grunkle Stan trapped in a wooden stock, and, according to Stan, talked to him for an hour, although Stan was most likely exaggerating.[19]\nSoos and Blendin Blandin at the Mystery Fair.\nIn \"The Time Traveler's Pig,\" Stan makes Soos rig the Dunk Tank at the Mystery Fair by making the contraption stiff, making it impossible to make Stan fall into the water by hitting the target with balls. When Stan says nothing will knock him down, Soos suggests that maybe a \"futuristic laser arm cannon\" will (which actually happens later in the episode). When Stan asks where his red screwdriver went, Soos suggests that perhaps a \"paranormal thingum\" took it. Stan doesn't believe him, saying he must be spending too much time with Dipper and Mabel. However, Soos was right; Stan's screwdriver was stolen by a time traveler. Later, when Blendin Blandin rides one of the rides at the fair, Soos tells him he shouldn't ride with his belt holding his time machine, saying it might \"fly off and accidentally fix something.\" Blendin tells Soos to watch over it, but Dipper and Mabel effortlessly steal the time machine from Soos, who wasn't even looking at the device.\nSoos with the Pines at a poker game.\nIn \"Fight Fighters,\" he gives the Pines a tour of the Arcade and shows them some of the games he likes. He is later seen playing poker with Chipackerz instead of poker chips with the Pines at the Mystery Shack. When they hear Robbie playing his guitar, Soos thinks that he is picking up a radio station in his head, and Mabel suggests blinking to change the channel. When Dipper notices that it's Robbie, Soos puts in that Robbie called him \"Big Dude\" once. When Stan gives Dipper a choice about the fight with Robbie and Dipper chooses to be a wimp, Soos tells Dipper he should just forget about Robbie. Soon after, he is seen playing NORT and wonders what it's like to be stuck inside a video game. He soon unscrews part of the machine and goes in, and later scares someone at the arcade who was about to play the game. Later, he asks Dipper if he needs an \"amiable sidekick with a pickup truck,\" and while Dipper and Rumble are fighting, he tries to diminish Rumble McSkirmish's health by waving at the health bar. In the credits, he has a dream that everything is 8-bit and he is a Pac-Man-like head that eats Dipper, Mabel, Stan, and Wendy. When he wakes up he falls back asleep and has the same dream.\nA shrunken Soos in the carpet.\nIn \"Little Dipper,\" after Dipper and Mabel are done with chess, Soos needs help with reaching a preserved brain, he asks Mabel to help him to get it, but Dipper says he can too. Soos then measures them both and Mabel turns out to be one millimetre taller than Dipper. When Mabel and Stan make fun of Dipper because of that millimetre, Soos says, \"Dude, you should lay off a tiny bit.\" Stan takes it as if Soos was in on the joke. Later on, Soos is setting up the mirror maze that Stan is going to take credit for even though it was originally Soos' idea. When Stan looks at himself in the mirror he takes off his hat and leaves, Soos then picks up Stan's fez and tries it on. Soos wants to be the owner of the Mystery Shack someday. Gideon comes in the Mystery Shack, he sees Stan's fez and thinks that it's Stan, but it's actually Soos, so Gideon accidentally shrinks Soos and puts him in a jar with Mabel and Dipper. When Gideon wants to know where Stan is Soos accidentally gives his location away. When Gideon is in the maze, Soos, Mabel, and Dipper get out of the jar and stand on Gideon's neck. When Soos make a \"fat angel,\" Gideon thinks that Soos is a termite and knocks him off his shoulder, and Soos falls into a rug and finds his lost corn chip, and then eats it. After Mabel and Dipper turn back to normal size they destroy the crystal, not remembering that Soos is still shrunken until Soos calls to them for help.\nSoos, Dipper, Mabel, Candy Chiu and Grenda with a wheelbarrow full of candy.\nIn \"Summerween,\" Soos tells Mabel and Dipper the story of the Summerween Trickster before they go trick-or-treating as a warning, and he says the Trickster eats children alive if they lack the Summerween spirit. The twins don't worry about it because they have plenty of Summerween spirit for trick-or-treating. However, they both encounter the Summerween Trickster, who says if they give 500 pieces of candy to him before the last Jack-o'-melon goes out, he will spare their lives. Soos joins the twins, along with Mabel's friends, Candy Chiu and Grenda, and the gang goes through town collecting candy. Soos left to get the car once they finally collected 499 pieces of candy, but Dipper accidentally spills most of the candy into a creek. The Summerween Trickster tries to eat the kids, but Soos comes with his car and unknowingly crashes through the Trickster, causing him to explode in a million pieces; but the Trickster soon reforms and starts chasing them. Soos drives the kids away from the Trickster, and he crashes into the Summerween Superstore.\nSoos wants to play with the cackling skulls.\nThe gang successfully hides from the monster, but Soos decides to press one of the talking novelty skeleton heads he found earlier in the episode. The twins try to tell Soos not to touch it, but Soos had found the talking skull entertaining, so he pressed it to enjoy himself. Fortunately, the toy was out of batteries, much to the twins' relief, until Soos grabs two new batteries and replaces the old ones, and the Trickster finds Soos because of the loud cackling of the skull. The Trickster eats Soos and was about to eat the kids when Soos comes out of the monster's stomach. They learn that the Trickster is made out of discarded candy no one eats, and he wanted revenge on whoever throws the candy away, something that Dipper had done earlier. The Trickster cries in joy after Soos says that he tastes good, which was all the monster wanted to hear. Soos and the kids leave the store and watch a horror movie inside the Mystery Shack with Stan and Wendy for the remainder of the night.\nSoos the Question Baby.\nIn \"Boss Mabel,\" when Soos enters Stan's office, he mistakes Mabel for Stan and asks Mabel where Stan is. Soos is shocked after Mabel says that Stan is no longer with them, and Soos starts crying, thinking that Stan is dead, which Mabel has to clarify. Mabel reveals that she and Stan have made a bet to see who can make more money within 72 hours. Later Mabel becomes too giving and sends Soos on a nature walk in a question mark costume, during which he is adopted into a wolf pack, and Wendy off with her friends for the rest of the day. They then come together to make enough money before Stan comes back.\nIn \"Bottomless Pit!,\" he, Stan, Mabel, and Dipper fall into a bottomless pit and pass the time by telling stories about voices, pinball, football, and being honest. He makes fun of Dipper's voice in \"Voice Over,\" and he even has a techno remix of it, until Dipper changes his voice, initially causing Soos to think that Dipper is a demon and ought to be killed with fire. When Dipper's voice switches back to normal, Soos reconciles with Dipper. Soos' story involves his attempts to beat the high score on Stan's creepy old pinball machine Tumbleweed Terror after four years of trying. At Dipper and Mabel's suggestion, he tilts the machine to win and gains the high score. Soos considers this the greatest moment of his life (completely beating his previous one, eating a piece of pizza that fell from the VCR). The pinball machine is not amused and traps them all inside of it, and begins trying to kill them all. Soos, though distracted by the gorgeous pinball wench and the prospect of losing his high score, turns off the pinball machine and saves them. He then states that he believes saving them all to be a new great life accomplishment.\nSoos freeing the duck inner tubes.\nIn \"The Deep End,\" Soos joins the Pines family in their trip to the Gravity Falls Pool. While there, he is tricked by Dipper and Wendy into thinking that the inflatable pool ducks are alive and becomes determined to save them, even sneaking into the pool at night to rescue them.\nIn \"Carpet Diem,\" Soos finds the hidden room that the twins fight over though he tries to convince them that the attic is better. He later swaps bodies with Waddles due to the carpet's magic static electricity. He enjoys being a pig initially but ends up running for his life when Old Man McGucket decides that he wants to turn him into bacon. Meanwhile, Waddles as Soos flails about in his new human body and unknowingly ends up giving Soos a raise and a girlfriend. In the end, once everyone had changed back to normal, Dipper decides to give the secret room to Soos.\nIn \"Boyz Crazy,\" Soos encounters Ergman Bratsman, who asks him if he had seen the boy band Sev'ral Timez, anywhere. Ergman describes the members as \"perfect boys\" which leads to Soos joking \"only when I look in the mirror!\" and high-fiving himself. Soos then congratulates Gompers for eating Bratzman's car's license plate (which later causes Bratzman's arrest).\nIn \"Land Before Swine,\" Soos assists Dipper in trying to photograph a prehistoric beast. Unfortunately, he ruins the photo by exposing it to light prematurely when Dipper was trying to develop the film. After Waddles is captured by the pterodactyl, Dipper tells Mabel that he doesn't want Soos along, but he doesn't tell Soos after Soos unknowingly makes Dipper feel guilty. Soos frustrates Dipper again when he loses their trail and breaks their lantern. Eventually, Soos ends up saving them by having them walk in the baby pterodactyl's blind spot in its eye.\nIn \"Dreamscaperers,\" Soos follows Dipper and Mabel into Stan's mind in an attempt to stop Bill Cipher from getting the combination to the safe containing the deed to the Mystery Shack. While exploring Stan's mind, Dipper witnesses a memory of Stan discussing Dipper with Soos, Stan explaining to him that the reason he's so hard on Dipper is to toughen him up. At some point, while they are looking for the memory Bill was able to shape-shift as Soos and used him to steal the memory containing the safe code. They manage to ward off Cipher, but Gideon (who sent Cipher in the first place) uses dynamite to blow up the safe. With the deed in hand, he forces everyone out of the Mystery Shack and has his dad destroy it with a wrecking ball.\nIn \"Gideon Rises,\" it is revealed that Soos has a grandmother who lives in Gravity Falls, and he and the Pines' family stay with her for a short amount of time after Gideon took over the shack. In addition, because he lost his job at the shack, he takes on various jobs as a replacement for his position at the Mystery Shack. These include being a cook at Greasy's Diner and a temporary bus driver. He joins the Pines' in their failed attempt to expose Gideon and is later seen helping to rebuild the recovered Mystery Shack.\nSeason 2\nSoos turned into a zombie.\nIn \"Scary-oke,\" after the reconstruction of the Mystery Shack, a grand re-opening party is held, and Soos takes part in it. Dipper accidentally raises the dead back to life where they crash the party. The citizens ran in terror and Soos gets bitten in the shoulder by a zombie. Soos joins his fellow zombies in chasing Dipper and Mabel until he gets distracted by something on TV. Dipper, Mabel, and Stan are able to destroy the zombies. Soos, while still a zombie, revealed he survived due to watching TV inside. Stan planned on attacking him until Dipper told him that there is a cure to turn Soos back to a human.\nIn \"Into the Bunker,\" Soos (back to normal) accompanied Dipper, Mabel, and Wendy to find and investigate the author's hidden bunker in the forest. After entering a secret passage under a tree, a trap that makes the room fold in on itself. They managed to unlock a secret door and escape into it, revealing a surveillance room. They eventually find out the Shape Shifter is inside the bunker, so they formulate a plan to stop the creature.\nIn \"The Golf War,\" he joined the Pines family to play miniature golf. He cheers for Mabel as she shows her skill at the game. When Pacifica is challenged by Mabel at midnight, Soos stands guard while Mabel breaks in. Soos' weird shenanigans creep Stan out and later Soos sings a song while they bring Pacifica home as a nice gesture from Mabel.\nIn \"Sock Opera,\" he finished the repairs to the Laptop he uncovered in the bunker and gave it Dipper and Mabel. Soos also helps Mabel set up for her sock puppet show. Later, he watched the act in the crowd with Wendy, enjoying the act, but the show soon turned into a disaster.\n.GIFfany getting upset and angry at Soos.\nIn \"Soos and the Real Girl,\" as a dear request from his grandmother, he tried to find a date to bring to his cousin Reggie's engagement party. Dipper and Mabel decided to help, bringing him to Gravity Malls. Despite his efforts, he makes a fool of himself each time he tries to ask a girl out. After spotting his cousin at the mall, he runs in shame into a video game store where he finds a video game called Romance Academy 7 that can help him with his dating predicament. He takes it home and immediately plays it and seemingly connects with the game's digital girl, .GIFfany, as he played all night and day, missing work for the first time ever according to Stan. Dipper and Mabel go to his house and force him to leave the game and come outside. While at the mall again, he still lucks out with talking to girls and runs into .GIFfany who popped up on some screens. Though excited, he was confused about how that could be, to which she comments she's \"special\". Soos goes on a kid train with .GIFfany who is electronically there with him but because his coin time was up, she was turned off. He soon meets a girl named Melody and they immediately click. The two decide to go on a date at Hoo-Ha Owl's Pizzamatronic Jamboree that night. Mabel and Dipper congratulate him on getting a date, pointing out that he doesn't need that game anymore. Returning home, he talked to .GIFfany about getting a date, which infuriated her, so he \"turned\" her off. While on his date enjoying himself he sees .GIFfany appearing on the screens. An enraged .GIFfany ends up taking control of the electronics in the place. People run in terror but before he, Melody, Dipper, and Mabel could leave they are shut in. Soos decides to put an end to this and gained .GIFfany's attention on him only. He then burned her game disc, cutting off her connection and getting rid of her. He apologizes to Melody for the mess he got her into but she says this wasn't the worst date she ever had. Despite Melody moving away soon, she still said she'll be able to attend his cousin's engagement party with him and still be in a relationship with Soos, albeit long-distance.\nSoos, Dipper and Old Man McGucket pose as art figures.\nIn \"Society of the Blind Eye,\" Soos is first seen listening to a song while cleaning the Shack, which annoys Wendy. Later, he joins the twins and Wendy to confront Old Man McGucket who Dipper believes is the author. McGucket tells them that he doesn't recall anything about the book. However, seeing a strange symbol in it, McGucket gets surprised and expresses how the symbol belonged to a group who did something to his mind. McGucket goes with the gang to the Gravity Falls Museum of History after McGucket explains the latest thing he remembered involved it. After finding a secret passage leading to an underground floor, they watch as Lazy Susan's memory was erased by the Blind Eye Society. After the coast is clear, the boys look for answers, leaving the girls to keep lookout. After the boys disguise themselves as art figures to not get caught, they stumble across The Hall of the Forgotten, where memories of various townsfolk lied in tubes. He and Dipper are eventually captured along with the girls. As they were going to be wiped of their memories, McGucket frees them, and together they defeat the society members. After erasing the society members' memories, McGucket regains his owns, which reveals that, while not the Author, McGucket happened to be his assistant.\nTrue family.\nIn \"Blendin's Game,\" it's July 13th and Soos' birthday, but he utterly dislikes his birthday because his father failed to visit him after many promises. Unknown to Dipper and Mabel however, they throw him a surprise birthday party, much to his dismay. The twins and the gang try to get his mind off his birthday and just have fun, bringing him to his favorite place, Big Gunz Laser Tag. While at first enjoying himself, he notices Dipper and Mabel nowhere around and gets sad again. Unknown to him, they went back in time where they met 12-year-old him, 10 years back. Suddenly, the twins return, teleporting to him, explaining where they were, as well as telling him that they won the time wish for him so he can wish for his father to be here. But instead, he uses the wish to clean up the twins and for an infinite slice of pizza. He explains that if his father truly cared about him he would be here, and hugs Dipper and Mabel, saying they are true family members.\nIn \"The Love God,\" Soos convinces Stan that there is a potential profit in themed balloons, and together, they make a Mystery Shack themed balloon for the Woodstick festival. When they set off the balloon, it frightens the children there, and ultimately crashes into the Love God.\nStan entrusts Soos to guard the vending machine in \"Not What He Seems.\" Soos does what he is told and expresses the desire to be adopted by Stan and rename himself \"Stan Junior.\" He arrives after the agents have abandoned the Mystery Shack and try to stop Mabel and Dipper from using the machine. This causes an interesting contradiction between Soos and the kids. When the twins overpower him, he is amazed at what lies beyond in the hidden room and says it's like a video game. Upon learning that the portal has a potential to destroy the world, he helps Dipper and Mabel to stop it despite Stan's wishes. Later, when the portal opens and Stan's twin brother is revealed to be the author, Soos volunteers to be the one who'll faint, and he does.\nIn \"A Tale of Two Stans,\" he hears Stan and Ford's backstory, and witnesses Ford deal with the government agents. Once the crisis is over, he calls Wendy, intending to fill her on events. Unfortunately, this takes upwards of six hours (to Wendy's annoyance).\nIn \"Dungeons, Dungeons, and More Dungeons,\" Soos reveals that he is a part of \"FCLORP,\" which stands for Foam & Cardboard Legitimate Outdoor Role Play, and he goes off to his Abuelita's backyard to do so. Toby Determined, Sheriff Blubs, and Deputy Durland are also a part of FCLORP.\nIn \"The Stanchurian Candidate,\" Dipper leaves Stan a note saying that he used all the light bulbs to make a planetarium suit for Soos. Later after Stan refuses to wear the mind control tie, Dipper and Mabel use the tie on Soos to try and win the mayoral election against Bud Gleeful.\nSoos stranded in the corn maze In \"Roadside Attraction,\" Soos comes with the Pines family, Grenda, and Candy to prank the other tourist traps. Unfortunately for Soos, he gets stuck in a corn maze, in which he remains for the rest of the episode.\nIn \"Dipper and Mabel vs. the Future,\" when Dipper, Stan, and Mabel are discussing the future, he mentions that in a week his grandmother will let him eat crackers on his bed.\nIn \"Weirdmageddon Part 1,\" Soos vows to become a hero and protect his friends after he witnesses the effects of Weirdmageddon turn his grandmother into a reclining chair. Later on, he meets up with Dipper and Wendy, who are on a quest to save Mabel. According to himself, he had been helping people in need for days since the start of Weirdmageddon, and apparently the people he's helped have written folk songs about him. When he, Wendy, and Dipper meet Gideon and his henchmen, they become allies and work together to defeat Bill Cipher and rescue Mabel from the Prison Bubble.\nIn \"Weirdmageddon 2: Escape From Reality,\" he, Dipper, and Wendy find themselves falling inside Mabel's bubble. When they reach the ground, Xyler and Craz meet them and take them to Mabel's tower. The group raids the tower to save Mabel but when Mabel wakes up, she reveals that she created the place called Mabeland. Soos then gets distracted so he can play catch with an imaginary version of his dad. After the trial of Fantasy vs. Reality, he, the twins, and Wendy escape from the bubble. The group returns to the Mystery Shack after seeing the town deserted. The group proceeds to raid the shack after hearing noises only to be met by Stan and his resistance group who are taking refuge inside the Mystery Shack.\nIn \"Weirdmageddon 3: Take Back The Falls,\" he, Dipper, Mabel and Wendy barge into the Mystery Shack to find Stan and the surviving townsfolk and creatures having formed a rebellion. He goes in and hugs Stan after Dipper and Mabel do. Old Man McGucket comes up with a plan to defeat Bill Cipher and get back Gravity Falls, which Soos listens to and says, \"We're coming for you, Ford!\" All the refugees band together to realize McGucket's plan: the Shack-tron (a robotic upgrade of the Shack). The refugees sit outside around a bonfire and after Dipper laments that the only birthday present he wants is to actually live to see it happen, Soos assures him that if they live the whole town will throw the twins a party.\nThe gang is now ready to fight, and Soos stands in front of the Shack part of the robot and threatens to fight if Ford isn't freed and given back. After winning the short battle between them and Bill, they go into the Fearamid via parachutes and free everyone in the throne, including Ford. Ford mentions he found ten symbols in a cave many years ago which could create a force powerful enough to defeat Bill. He draws the Zodiac on the ground and, after telling Dipper and Mabel to stand on the pine tree and shooting star respectively, he asks Soos to stand on the question mark. However, the link between the characters are broken and Bill captivates all the non-Pines, including Soos, and turns them into posters. Dipper and Mabel defeat Bill and everyone is freed but Stan now has amnesia and Soos is heartbroken.\nLater, Soos is happy due to Stan regaining consciousness and remembering everyone. Since Stan and Ford want to go on an adventure to the Arctic Ocean, Stan decides to shut down the Shack for good. However, Soos protests and claims that if this happens, his dreams will also be shut down. Stan then realizes Soos would be a perfect replacement for Stan, and promotes him to owner of the Mystery Shack. He is then shown waving goodbye to the twins as they go back home, and in a montage of everyone's activities, he is shown in Stan's costume with Melody as his assistant, having made a statue made in Stan's honour.\nPersonality\nSoos plays with the cackling skulls.\nSoos is a friendly employee whose desire to be where the action is makes him an excellent resource for the twins when they need a ride around town. Aside from the twins, he is one of the only people around who sees and believes all the strange things happening in Gravity Falls, as seen in \"Tourist Trapped\", when he says he is always noticing weird stuff in Gravity Falls, an assertion he makes in other episodes.\nWhile he frequently shows an eager, inquisitive, and childish nature, Soos knows when to draw the line and be an adult, such as when he, Mabel, and Dipper encountered the Gobblewonker, where he carried both of them and outran it. He has good relationships with Dipper and Mabel, though Dipper becomes irritated with him at times, such as in \"Land Before Swine\", when he is clumsy and he does not see the problem. He is also very humorous. He is addicted to pressing the cackling skulls at the Summerween Superstore and believes that the inflatable ducks from the pool can talk. This gives proof of his childish and nave nature.\nAppearance\nSoos without his hat.\nSoos wears a light brown cap, has light peach fair skin, and buck teeth, similar to those of a beaver. He's 6'5\" tall and weighs 420 pounds and also is stocky, and wears dark brown shoes, beige shorts and a jade green-ish gray shirt with a big dark green poorly painted question mark on the front and the word \"Staff\" on the back, which is from the Mystery Shack. He also owns one other shirt that looks just like his trademark shirt, only without the word \"staff\" or a question mark. He also has a double chin and has a few hairs on his face that he glues on himself. He has short light brown hair that is styled similar to Dipper's, which is shown in \"Little Dipper.\" His neck is wider than his head, or so it appears. It seems to be obscured by his double chin. In Journal 3, Ford describes Soos as looking like a creature from a dimension he once visited. According to Dipper, Soos has a gentle blush on his cheeks; ''Like a angel embarrassed by humanity''[20]\nFor nightwear, he only sleeps in his underwear as revealed in the episode \"Gideon Rises\".\nRelationships\nMabel Pines\nMabel, Soos and Wendy playing a round of spin the pig.\nSoos and Mabel are good friends, brought together largely by their mutual love of humor and having fun. They like to goof around together, and they even have their own secret handshake.[16] Soos accompanies Mabel and Dipper on many of their adventures in Gravity Fallsmore so than any other individual. During the events of \"Not What He Seems,\" Soos refuses to cause any form of harm or violence towards Mabel and Dipper when Stan asked him to protect the vending machine, then later proclaimed to Stan that his new mission is to protect Mabel and Dipper.\nDipper Pines\nDipper explains his predicament to Soos.\nAlthough Soos' childish antics get on Dipper's nerves from time to time, they have a close friendship. Soos sometimes acts as a role model for Dipper, offering the boy advice[9] and doing \"childish\" activities with him, like blowing up hot dogs one by one in the microwave.[21] Soos serves as a sidekick to Dipper and his sister on many occasions, being one of the few people in the town to notice Gravity Falls' strange side.[16] He loves tagging along for adventures. During the events of \"Not What He Seems,\" Soos refuses to cause any form of harm or violence towards Mabel and Dipper when Stan asked him to protect the vending machine then later proclaimed to Stan that his new mission is to protect Mabel and Dipper.\nStan Pines\nStan commends Soos for his handiwork.\nAs Stan's employee, Soos respects his boss and complies to his every request.[9] With this submission and Soos' overall clueless nature, Stan tends to take advantage of Soos.[22] Soos' respect for Stan is further explained in \"Blendin's Game\", when it's shown that Soos sees Stan as a father-figure due to Soos' father never having been around for him. Outside of work, they partake in various everyday activities together as friends.[23] Soos has stated he wishes Stan would adopt him, and he would then change his name to Stan Junior.[11] However, during the events of \"Not What He Seems,\" Soos betrays Stan out of distrust and fear for Dipper and Mabel's safety, leaving their friendship damaged. Stan has regained some trust from Soos when Stan's true motives of rescuing his twin brother Stanford were revealed. When everyone was restoring Stan's memory, Soos wanted him to remember their boss-employee relationship, which Stan offensively took as Soos wanting a raise (which may or may not have been the case). When Stan announced his intention of joining his twin brother Ford on a journey and shutting down the Mystery Shack, Soos was upset by this decision and spoke highly of how the business affected things in a positive way. This was enough for Stan to let Soos take over the Mystery Shack.\nWendy Corduroy\nWendy, Soos, and Mabel playing around.\nAs co-workers, Soos and Wendy spend enough time together to be on friendly terms.[21] Despite Wendy getting Soos nervous because she isn't following the rules, they sometimes are seen hanging out with one another and messing around.[14] It is shown, however, in \"Society of the Blind Eye,\" that Wendy has some disdain for Soos' taste in music. Wendy likes to play pranks on Soos.[23] Since Wendy wasn't present when everyone met Ford, Soos took it upon himself to tell her everything about him.\nMelody\nSoos and Melody are surprised at their similar tastes.\nMelody and Soos first met at Gravity Malls in \"Soos and the Real Girl\" and later that same night go out on a date. They get along remarkably well and are very compatible. Melody thinks it's admirable that Soos can do seemingly embarrassing and childish things without worrying about what other people think, and Soos is comforted by her warm and kind nature. They share a similar sense of humor, and while Melody had to go back to her home in Portland, they agree to try at a long-distance relationship. He is later seen talking to her online where Soos tries to impress her by faking walking down the stairs. During Dipper's monologue at the end of \"Weirdmageddon 3: Take Back The Falls,\" Melody is shown working at the Mystery Shack after Soos becomes the new manager.\nSightings\nIntro: \"Gravity Falls Main Title Theme\"\nSeason 1\n101. \"Tourist Trapped\"\n102. \"The Legend of the Gobblewonker\"\n103. \"Headhunters\"\n104. \"The Hand That Rocks the Mabel\"\n105. \"The Inconveniencing\"\n106. \"Dipper vs. Manliness\"\n107. \"Double Dipper\"\n108. \"Irrational Treasure\" (mentioned)\n109. \"The Time Traveler's Pig\"\n110. \"Fight Fighters\"\n111. \"Little Dipper\"\n112. \"Summerween\"\n113. \"Boss Mabel\"\n114. \"Bottomless Pit!\"\n115. \"The Deep End\"\n116. \"Carpet Diem\"\n117. \"Boyz Crazy\"\n118. \"Land Before Swine\"\n119. \"Dreamscaperers\"\n120. \"Gideon Rises\"\nShorts\n1. \"Candy Monster\"\n2. \"Stan's Tattoo\"\n3. \"Mailbox\"\n6. \"The Hide-Behind\" (no lines)\n7. \"Mabel's Guide to Dating\"\n8. \"Mabel's Guide to Stickers\"\n9. \"Mabel's Guide to Fashion\"\n10. \"Mabel's Guide to Color\"\n11. \"Mabel's Guide to Art\" (mentioned)\n12. \"Fixin' It with Soos: Golf Cart\"\n13. \"Fixin' It with Soos: Cuckoo Clock\"\n14. \"TV Shorts 1\"\n16. \"Mabel's Scrapbook: Heist Movie\"\n17. \"Mabel's Scrapbook: Petting Zoo\"\nSeason 2\n201. \"Scary-oke\"\n202. \"Into the Bunker\"\n203. \"The Golf War\"\n204. \"Sock Opera\"\n205. \"Soos and the Real Girl\"\n206. \"Little Gift Shop of Horrors\"\n207. \"Society of the Blind Eye\"\n208. \"Blendin's Game\"\n209. \"The Love God\"\n211. \"Not What He Seems\"\n212. \"A Tale of Two Stans\"\n213. \"Dungeons, Dungeons, and More Dungeons\"\n214. \"The Stanchurian Candidate\"\n215. \"The Last Mabelcorn\" (pictured)\n216. \"Roadside Attraction\"\n217. \"Dipper and Mabel vs. the Future\"\n218. \"Weirdmageddon 1: Xpcveaoqfoxso\"\n219. \"Weirdmageddon 2: Escape From Reality\"\n220-221. \"Weirdmageddon 3: Take Back The Falls\"\nGames\nOddity Creator\nPostcard Creator\nRumble's Revenge\nPinesQuest\nSoos' Confusing Adventure\nGravity Falls: Legend of the Gnome Gemulets\nWaddles Food Fever\nPuzzle Ninja\nTake Back The Falls (game)\nQuotes\n\"My wisdom is both a blessing and a curse.\"Soos Ramirez[source]\n\"I ate a man alive tonight.\"Soos Ramirez[source]\n\"Waddles, you got it good, bro. You got no worries. I mean, nobody thinks it's cute when I lie naked on the living room floor.\"Soos Ramirez[source]\n\"Like the infinite horizon, it eludes my grasp.\"Soos after attempting to lick his elbow[source]\n\"Give it up, dudes! Your fighting only makes us look more rad!\"Soos as a zombie[source]\n\"Hey, dudes! By the way, I taught the zombies how to get into the fusebox! Among these dudes, I'm, like, a genius, ha ha! Get those brains, dawg!\"Soos as zombie[source]\n\"Alright, Soos, you can do this. Just use your mouth to say words that make romance happen. Your face is good! I'm a Soos!\"Soos talking to a girl[source]\n\"Mabel, for half the summer, I thought your name was Maple, like the syrup. No one corrected me!\"Soos Ramirez[source]\n\"I have a new mission now. Protecting these kids!\"Soos Ramirez[source]\n\"I've been wandering the plains like a desperado, helping strangers. I guess there's some folk songs about me now?\"Soos Ramirez[source]\nTrivia\nThe name \"Jess\" is the Spanish version of \"Jesus\". This was used in Mabel's Guide to Dating, when he said he was the \"world's most perfect man,\" and when he helped random strangers during Weirdmageddon.\nThe name is pronounced as \"Hay-Soos\", which is how Soos got his nickname.\nIn the original pilot pitch bible for the series, Soos has some minor differences to his final series version...\nHe works on the gift shop cash register as opposed to Wendy in the show.\nSoos is a gossip-obsessed blabbermouth with a weak moustache and love of Spanish soap operas that he watches at work when Stan isn't looking.\nHe is unable to keep a secret.\nSoos is more of a right-hand-man to Stan's money making schemes.\nDipper and Mabel use Soos to help them out in their adventures, as being an adult, he can drive them around in his pick-up-truck and aside from them, is the only other one who sees the paranormal weirdness of the town.\nMabel sees him as a genius.\nSoos originally was going to be named Jess, but Disney forced the crew to change it. Another variation of his spelling was going to be Sus, which would have a much different meaning nowadays.\nAnother planned variation of Soos' name was going to be Sues, which was rejected due to legal issues pertaining to the name being shared with that of Dr. Suess.\nSome fans have compared him to Patrick Star from SpongeBob SquarePants, due to both being portrayed as a somewhat dimwitted but well-meaning friend, and the fact that they have similar personalities. Additionally, both of their heads are \"bottle\" shaped.\nTV captions often misspell his name as \"Zeus\".\nIn the official Gravity Falls: Journal 3 book, Dipper and Ford also misspelled his name as \"Zeus\", but Ford crossed it out as an error.\nHe is Employee of the Month at the Mystery Shack.[14]\nHe claims to have learned everything from video games.[13]\nSoos thinks the mailman is a werewolf.[9]\nSoos works for free, as revealed in \"Double Dipper.\"\nDespite this, in \"Carpet Diem\", Stan mentions that he does pay Soos and gives him a raise.\nJesus Chambrot\nSoos is based on Jess Chambrot, a friend of Alex Hirsch while a student at Cal Arts University.[1]\nA YouTube channel called frufrufrufee uploaded two videos of Jess Chambrot on May 10, 2011 (over a year before the show began), one of which has him saying supposedly lines for Soos. It is possible therefore Jess was at one point auditioned for the role.[24][25]\nSoos' middle and last names are a reference to storyboard artist Alonso Ramirez Ramos.\nThere is a cryptogram in Rumble's Revenge that appears to refer to him, implying he knows more than he's letting on which was also implied by Bill in \"Dreamscaperers\".\nIn an interview with the \"Gravity Falls Gossiper\" podcast, during which Alex Hirsch voiced Stan, he mentioned that when Soos has a blanket over his head, he falls asleep, like a canary.[8]\nSoos has nightmares about a British dog man.[4]\nSoos practiced martial arts (apparently Karate) when he was younger, as seen in a picture at Abuelita's home.[7]\nSoos' other role model besides Stan and his Abuelita is professional wrestler Terry America, who played the character Eddie Chicago in the movie KICKBOSS.[26]\nSoos hides his stash of \"Cute Janitor Girls!\" magazine in the Mystery Shack gift shop.[27]\nHe keeps a picture of Stan on his break room door.[28]\nSoos' computer password[5] and pick-up truck's license plate[17] is \"FIXINIT1,\" which is based off of his self-made series of shorts, Fixin' It with Soos.\nSoos' license plate, like Stan's, has 8 characters, even though in Oregon, the maximum legal limit is 6 characters.\nSoos stores candy inside his belly button.[29]\nHe writes fan fiction about Stan.[29]\nSoos has not seen his dad since he was four.[3]\nHe is an organ donor.[3]\nHe, Stan, Dipper, Mabel, and Agent Powers are the only characters to directly kill a creature, while other creatures were incapacitated or ran away.\nHe is the only main character without a criminal record (Dipper and Mabel were sent to jail for counterfeiting. Stan has had countless encounters with the police and is an international criminal, Ford is a wanted fugitive across several universes, Gideon is a fraud and he used hidden video cameras inside the pins he gave out to spy on the local citizens, and Wendy and her friends once stole a police car).\nHis father is Caucasian and his mother is Hispanic.[12]\nHis Hispanic surname suggests he took his mother's last name.\nDespite being viewed as a man-child by Stan, Soos has developed into a secondary guardian of the twins, even protecting them from harm, such as the Gobblewonker and Stan in \"Not What He Seems.\"\nSoos is Alex Hirsch's favorite voice to record.[30]\nSoos was born on Friday 13th.[3]\nHirsch has suggested that while Soos may be aware of secrets surrounding the Mystery Shack and Gravity Falls, he is likely not even conscious he possesses this knowledge.[31]\nHe has been called a \"large hairless gopher\" by Ford and possible others, saying \"he gets that a lot\".\nIn Gravity Falls: Legend of the Gnome Gemulets, it is revealed that his favorite RPG is SwordBirth: Age of Swords: Rise of the Swordians.\nSoos's Fantasy dad\nSoos doesn't remember what his father looks like, so he imagines him with the body of a pro wrestler and a face that he once saw on a hot sauce bottle.[32] He also imagines him as Latino on his mother's side, likely being racially mestizo, however his father is a white non-latino.\nIn the Canadian French dub of Gravity Falls, Soos' name is changed to \"Mousse.\"\nWhen in Stan's mindscape, one of the memories that Dipper saw was Stan teaching a young Soos how to box.[33]\nHis favorite anime is Neon Crisis Revelations Angry Cute Girl: Annihilation.[34]\nIn the official Gravity Falls: Journal 3 book, Soos was under quarantine by Ford due to his exposure to portal radiation. During his initial quarantine, he noticed some unique characteristics and finally wrote its entry on the journal. Here are some of his findings:\nHair Growth appears in strange, awkward patches. Is he a man? Is he a Baby?\nEvidence of autolysis suggests that he has survived a zombie bite. When I brought this up, he laughed and said, \"That was one crazy party, dude.\"\nGiggles when prodded.\nSeems to have consumed a nearly INFINITE amount of pizza.\nAfter reading the back of a japanese video game, it's suggested that he can read kanji.\nSoos' favorite song is Straight Blanchin' by Li'l Big Dawg.\nFrog Soos, a homage to Soos.\nStoryboard artist Matt Braly's Disney Channel show Amphibia has a confirmed alternative version of Soos living in the titular world simply called Frog Soos, also voiced by Alex Hirsch. Like Soos, he works in an alternate-universe counterpart of the Mystery Shack called the Curiosity Hut. A cryptogram in the episode states that there is a Soos in every dimension. Braly had also stated that Frog Soos took over the Curiosity Hut just like what happened with Soos and the Mystery Shack.[35]\nGallery\nClick here to view this page's gallery.\nReferences\n 1.0 1.1 Zalben, Alex (June 15, 2012). Interview: Alex Hirsch Returns To His Weird, Monster-Filled Childhood In Disney's 'Gravity Falls'.\n Hirsch, Alex (August 25, 2013). Tweet Number 371810877617369089. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022.The man. The legend. Jesus Chambrot: The REAL Soos\n 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 \"Blendin's Game.\" Jeff Rowe, Alex Hirsch (writers) & Matt Braly (director). Gravity Falls. Disney XD. November 10, 2014. No. 8, season 2.\n 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 \"Dreamscaperers.\" Matt Chapman, Tim McKeon, Alex Hirsch (writers) & John Aoshima, Joe Pitt (directors). Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. July 12, 2013. No. 19, season 1.\n 5.0 5.1 5.2 \"Soos and the Real Girl.\" Mark Rizzo, Alex Hirsch (writers) & Matt Braly (director). Gravity Falls. Disney XD. September 22, 2014. No. 5, season 2.\n \"Dungeons, Dungeons, and More Dungeons.\" Matt Chapman, Josh Weinstein, Alex Hirsch (writers) & Stephen Sandoval (director). Gravity Falls. Disney XD. August 3, 2015. No. 13, season 2.\n 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 \"Weirdmageddon 3: Take Back The Falls.\" Shion Takeuchi, Mark Rizzo, Jeff Rowe, Josh Weinstein, Alex Hirsch (writers) & Stephen Sandoval (director). Gravity Falls. Disney XD. February 15, 2016. No. 20-21, season 2.\n 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Tumblr Post ID 28843074282 (MP3).\n 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 \"Tourist Trapped.\" Alex Hirsch (writer) & John Aoshima (director). Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. June 15, 2012. No. 1, season 1.\n 10.0 10.1 \"Gideon Rises.\" Matt Chapman, Michael Rianda, Alex Hirsch (writers) & John Aoshima, Joe Pitt (directors). Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. August 2, 2013. No. 20, season 1.\n 11.0 11.1 \"Not What He Seems.\" Matt Chapman, Jeff Rowe, Shion Takeuchi, Josh Weinstein, Alex Hirsch (writers) & Stephen Sandoval (director). Gravity Falls. Disney XD. March 9, 2015. No. 11, season 2.\n 12.0 12.1 GRAVITY FALLS 2014 Comic Con [Complete Version] (July 31, 2014).\n 13.0 13.1 \"Fight Fighters.\" Zach Paez, Alex Hirsch (writers) & John Aoshima (director). Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. September 14, 2012. No. 10, season 1.\n 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 \"Double Dipper.\" Tim McKeon, Michael Rianda, Alex Hirsch (writers) & Joe Pitt, Aaron Springer (directors). Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. August 10, 2012. No. 7, season 1.\n \"Summerween.\" Zach Paez, Michael Rianda, Alex Hirsch (writers) & John Aoshima (director). Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. October 5, 2012. No. 12, season 1.\n 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 \"The Legend of the Gobblewonker.\" Michael Rianda, Alex Hirsch (writers) & John Aoshima (director). Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. June 29, 2012. No. 2, season 1.\n 17.0 17.1 \"Society of the Blind Eye.\" Matt Chapman, Alex Hirsch (writers) & Sunil Hall (director). Gravity Falls. Disney XD. October 27, 2014. No. 7, season 2.\n \"Blendin's Game.\" Jeff Rowe, Alex Hirsch (writers) & Matt Braly (director). Gravity Falls. Disney XD. November 10, 2014. No. 8, season 2.\n \"Irrational Treasure.\" Tim McKeon, David Slack, Alex Hirsch (writers) & John Aoshima (director). Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. August 17, 2012. No. 8, season 1.\n Dont Color This Book! It's Cursed!\n 21.0 21.1 \"The Hand That Rocks the Mabel.\" Zach Paez, Alex Hirsch (writers) & John Aoshima (director). Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. July 6, 2012. No. 4, season 1.\n \"Boss Mabel.\" Tim McKeon, Tommy Reahard, Alex Hirsch (writers) & John Aoshima (director). Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. February 15, 2013. No. 13, season 1.\n 23.0 23.1 \"The Deep End.\" Nancy Cohen (writer) & Joe Pitt, Aaron Springer (directors). Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. March 15, 2013. No. 15, season 1.\n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N14rVys4SLo&ab_channel=frufrufrufee\n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKpKmi2q99g&ab_channel=frufrufrufee\n I am Alex Hirsch, creator of Gravity Falls. Ask me anything!. Reddit (August 16, 2013).Soos's other role model besides Stan and his abuelita is professional wrestler Terry America, who played the character Eddie Chicago in the movie \"KICKBOSS\"\n In Mystery Shack Mystery, hover your mouse in the area between the vending machine and short shelf.\n \"Fixin' It with Soos: Cuckoo Clock.\" Gravity Falls. Disney Channel. April 22, 2014. No. 13, inter-season animated shorts.\n 29.0 29.1 Dipper's and Mabel's Guide to Mystery and Nonstop Fun! by Disney Book Group. October 7, 2014. Published by Disney Press. ISBN: 978-1484710807.\n Hirsch, Alex (May 31, 2015). Tweet Number 605250466063130626.\n Gravity Falls - Alex Hirsch at Amazing Houston Comic Con. YouTube. TheMysteryofGF (September 6, 2015).\n \"Weirdmageddon 2: Escape From Reality.\" Jeff Rowe & Alex Hirsch (writers) & Matt Braly (director). Gravity Falls. Disney XD. November 26, 2015. No. 19, season 2.\n Gravity Falls: Journal 3 by Disney Book Group. July 26, 2016. Published by Disney Press. Page(s) Grunkle Stan's Mind!. ISBN: 978-1484746691.\n Gravity Falls: Journal 3 by Disney Book Group. July 26, 2016. Published by Disney Press. Page(s) The Shacktron!. ISBN: 978-1484746691.\n Braly, Matt (August 22, 2020). I'm Matt Braly, creator and executive producer of Amphibia - Ask me anything!!!.Will we see more of Frog Soos? Matt: you mean the new owner of the Curiosity Hut?\nSite navigation\nExpandV - E - H - D Characters and Creatures in Gravity Falls\nCharacters\nMain\nBill Cipher | Dipper Pines | Gideon Gleeful | Mabel Pines | Stan Pines | Ford Pines | Soos Ramirez | Wendy Corduroy\nSupporting\nAbuelita | Agent Powers | Agent Trigger | Blendin Blandin | Bud Gleeful | Candy Chiu | Deputy Durland | Grenda Grendinator | Lazy Susan | Lee | Manly Dan | Nate | Old Man McGucket | Robbie Valentino | Shandra Jimenez | Pacifica Northwest | Preston Northwest | Priscilla Northwest | Sheriff Blubs | Sprott | Tambry | Tats | Thompson | Toby Determined | Tyler Cutebiker\nMinor\nAlex Hirsch | Anti-Mabel | Ascot and Dickie Sibling | Billy | Blind Ivan | Bobby Renzobbi | Carla | Carla McCorkle | Caryn Pines | Charlie (kid) | Charlie (talk show host) | Crampelter | Davey | Deuce | Donna | Doug | Earl | Emma Sue | Emmet and D'Shawn | Ergman Bratsman | Fertilia Mecc | Filbrick Pines | Gabe Benson | Gary | Ghost-Eyes | 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Forces of Evil characters\nAmphibia characters\nDisney XD characters\nEnglish\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nNederlands\nPolski\nPortugus do Brasil\n\nSoos Ramirez\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nSoos Ramirez\nBackground information\nShows\nGravity FallsWander Over Yonder (cameo, as a dog)Star vs. the Forces of Evil (cameo)Amphibia (cameo, as Frog Soos)\nVideo games\nGravity Falls: Legend of the Gnome Gemulets\nVoice\nAlex Hirsch\nInspiration\nJesus Chambrot, a friend of Alex Hirsch.\nHonors and awards\nEmployee of the Month\nCharacter information\nFull name\nJesus Alzamirano Ramirez\nOther names\nQuestion-y the Question MarkMan-childMr. MysterySoosy Du (in Wander Over Yonder)\nOccupation\nHandyman of the Mystery Shack later Owner.\nHome\nGravity Falls, Oregon\nLikes\nHanging out with Dipper and Mabel; being a DJ, video games, Cackling skulls, food, glowing dots, taking pictures of beavers\nDislikes\nBeing hurt, his father not visiting him, labyrinth, his birthday (formerly), being clumsy, his friends in danger\nStatus\nActive\nFamily information\nParents\nMr. Ramirez (father)Mrs. Ramirez (mother)\nOther relatives\nGrandpa Ramirez (maternal grandfather)Abuelita (maternal grandmother)Reggie (cousin)Two unnamed cousins\nPartner(s)\n.GIFfany (ex-girlfriend)Melody (girlfriend)\nSource\nMy wisdom is both a blessing, and a curse.\nSoos Ramirez\nJesus \"Soos\" Alzamirano Ramirez[1] is an awkward yet friendly young man and a major character in the animated series Gravity Falls. He is one of the employees at the Mystery Shack gift (and souvenir) shop (throughout the events of the series). Sometimes he joins the adventure with Dipper and Mabel Pines.\nContents\n1 Background\n1.1 Disney Bio\n1.2 Personality\n1.3 Physical Appearance\n2 Appearances\n2.1 Gravity Falls\n2.1.1 Season 1\n2.1.2 Season 2\n2.2 Other appearances\n3 Relationships\n3.1 Mabel Pines\n3.2 Dipper Pines\n3.3 Stan Pines\n3.4 Wendy Corduroy\n3.5 Melody\n4 Gallery\n5 Trivia\n6 External links\n7 References\nBackground[]\nYoung Soos.\nSoos was the second Mystery Shack employee and has worked there since he was twelve years old after the old handyman got thrown out, literally, for \"not doing how to fix anything\". He is very dear to the Shack since he never gets upset at Stan no matter what he does.\nDisney Bio[]\nSoos is the loveable man-child who works at the Mystery Shack. He is super friendly and likes being in the center of attention.\nPersonality[]\nSoos plays with the cackling skulls.\nSoos is a portly, friendly, lovable, true talking, and bumbling employee whose desire to be where the action makes him an excellent resource for the Dipper and Mabel when they need a ride about town. Aside from the kids, he is one of the only people who sees and believes all the strange things happening in Gravity Falls, Oregon, such as in Tourist Trapped when he says he is always noticing weird stuff in Gravity Falls, and other episodes. He frequently shows his eager, inquisitive, and childish nature. He has good relationships with Dipper and Mabel, though Dipper can be irritated by him at times. He is also very humorous. He is addicted to pressing the cackling skulls at the Summerween Superstore and believes that the inflatable ducks from the pool can talk. This proves he's very childish and naive. However, as Bill Cipher observes in 'Dreamscaperers', Soos is smarter than he appears.\nPhysical Appearance[]\nSoos without his cap. Soos wears a brown cap, has light peach, fair skin, and has buck teeth, similar to those of a beaver. He wears dark brown shoes, beige shorts and a jade green shirt with a big question mark on the front and the word \"Staff\" on the back, which is most likely from The Mystery Shack. He also has a double chin and appears as if he hasn't shaven recently. He has short light brown hair that is styled similar to Grunkle Stan's, which is shown in \"Little Dipper.\" His neck is wider than his head, or so it appears. It could also be considered that he has no neck, given that he appears to have a double chin, and what looks like his neck could just be his other chin. He is also quite chubby.\nAppearances[]\nGravity Falls[]\nSeason 1[]\nSoos is first seen working in the Mystery Shack. When Dipper confides in him that Norman may be a zombie, Soos tells him that he believes him and that he's always noticing weird things in the town, like his belief that the mailman is a werewolf because he is very hairy. He also tells him that everyone will think he is a weirdo if Dipper doesn't have any proof. When Dipper finds out Norman was actually a \"zombie\", he hops into the Mystery Cart but before Dipper drives away, Soos comes and gives him a shovel for the zombies and a bat in case he encounters any piatas.\nSoos' next appearance is at Lake Gravity Falls, as Dipper and Mabel are deciding they want to look for the Gobblewonker. He pulls up with a better boat than Stan's, the S.S. Cool Dude, offering to help the kids look for the monster. They accept his offer, riding with him to Scuttlebutt Island. Along the way, he destroys several of the many cameras that Dipper brought. He even nominates himself to be Associate Co-Captain. When they arrive at the island, he goes with Dipper and Mabel to look for the beast, making jokes along the way. The group spots what appears to be the Gobblewonker; however, it is only a colony of beavers. He then takes pictures of the beavers, before the real Gobblewonker arrives. He is chased by the creature, along with Dipper and Mabel, until they are able to trap it in a cave behind a waterfall. There, he loses his shirt and the kids discover that it is not a beast, but a machine created by Old Man McGucket. McGucket then tells the kids that they are the real monsters, and goes to Grunkle Stan's boat, where he, Soos and the kids spend an evening of fishing and taking pictures together.\nSoos meets his Tent of Telepathy counterpart, Deuce.\nIn \"Headhunters\", he shows Dipper and Mabel the Mystery Shack's old wax museum. He later directs the twins toward Manly Dan. He later appears in The Hand That Rocks the Mabel. Soos is seen watching Tiger Fist with Dipper and Mabel, he then brings the twins to the Tent of Telepathy with him. In The Inconveniencing, he works in the gift shop and advises Wendy and the twins not to go onto the roof. In Dipper vs. Manliness, Soos helps Mabel help Stan shape by dressing up as Lazy Susan for a practice run and by helping judging Stan's appearance.\nDJ Soos announces the party crown contest.\nWhen Grunkle Stan decides to set up a party at the Mystery Shack, he allowed Soos to become DJ (only because he begged and that he works for free). Soos even got a book that teaches you how to DJ, telling Stan he won't regret his decision. Soos hosts the party crown dance competition, which is a contest where whoever dances the best will get the party crown. The only competitors are Mabel and Pacifica Northwest, although Pacifica managed to beat Mabel by bribing Old Man McGucket to applaud for her. During Pioneer Day, Soos apparently saw Grunkle Stan trapped in a wooden stock, and, according to Stan, talked to him for an hour.\nSoos and Blendin Blandin at the Mystery Fair.\nIn \"The Time Traveler's Pig\", Stan makes Soos rig the Dunk Tank at the Mystery Fair by making the seat connected to the target very stiff, making it impossible to make Stan fall into the water just by throwing balls. When Stan says nothing will knock him down, Soos says maybe a \"future arm cannon gun thing\" will (which actually happens later in the episode). When Stan wonders where his red screwdriver went, Soos says maybe a \"paranormal thing\" took it. Stan doesn't believe him, saying he must be spending too much time with Dipper and Mabel. However, Soos was right again; the guy who stole Stan's screwdriver was a time traveler. Later when Blendin Blandin rode one of the rides Dipper suggested to him, Soos told him he shouldn't ride with his time machine, saying it can \"fly off and accidentally fix something\". Blendin told Soos to watch over it, but Dipper and Mabel effortlessly stole the time machine away from Soos, who wasn't even looking at the device.\nIn \"Fight Fighters\", he introduces the Pines to the Arcade and shows them some games he likes. He is later seen playing poker with Chipackerz with them at the Mystery Shack. When they hear Robbie playing his guitar, he thinks that he is picking up a radio station through his ear, and Mabel suggests him to blink to change the channel. When Dipper notices it is Robbie, Soos puts in that he called him \"Big Dude\" once. When Stan gives Dipper a choice on when Robbie forced him to go to a fight at Circle Park, and Dipper chooses to be a wimp, Soos tells Dipper he should just forget about Robbie. He soon is playing Nort and wonders what it is like to get stuck inside a video game. He soon unscrews part of the machine and goes in, and scares someone at the arcade about to play the game. Later, he asks Dipper Pines if he needs a sidekick with a car, and tries to shrink Rumble McSkirmish's health. In the credits, he has a dream that everything is 8-bit and he is a Pac-Man-like head that eats Dipper, Mabel, Stan, and Wendy. When he wakes up he seems to fall back asleep and have the same dream.\nA shrunken Soos in the carpet.\nIn \"Little Dipper\", After Dipper and Mabel are done with chess, Soos needs help with reaching something, so he asks Mabel but Dipper says he can do. Although Soos just measures them both and Mabel turns out to be 1 millimeter taller. When Mabel and Stan make fun of Dipper because of that millimeter, Soos says, \"Dude you should lay off a tiny bit.\" So Stan takes that like Soos was in on the joke. Later on, Soos is setting up the mirror maze and apparently, Stan is going to take his idea and credit for himself. When Stan looks at himself in the mirror he takes off his hat and then the phone rings so Stan leaves his hat and goes to answer while answering, Soos picks up his hat and tries it on. There we learn that Soos wants to be the owner of the Mystery Shack someday. So when Gideon comes in the Mystery Shack he sees Stan's fez hat and thinks it's Stan but it's actually Soos, so Soos is shrunk and put in a jar with Mabel and Dipper. When Gideon wants to know where Stan actually is Soos accidentally gives it away, so when Gideon is in the maze Soos, Mabel, and Dipper get out of the jar and are on Gideon's neck, while Soos is making \"fat angel\" Gideon thinks he is a termite and knocks him off his shoulder and Soos falls into a rug and finds his lost corn chip, so he then eats it. After Mabel and Dipper turn back to real size they destroy the crystal, not remembering that Soos is still shrunken.\nSoos, Dipper, Mabel, Candy Chiu, and Grenda with a wheelbarrow full of candy.\nIn \"Summerween\", Soos tells Mabel and Dipper the story of the Summerween Trickster before they go trick-or-treating as a warning, and he says the Trickster eats children alive if they lack the Summerween spirit. The twins don't worry about it because they have plenty of Summerween spirit for trick-or-treating. However, they both encounter the Summerween Trickster, who says if they give 500 pieces of candy to him before the last jack o' melon goes out, he will spare their lives. Soos joins the twins, along with Mabel's friends, Candy Chiu, and Grenda, and the gang goes through the town collecting candy. Soos left to get the car once they finally collected 499 pieces of candy, but Dipper accidentally spills all of them into a creek. The Summerween Trickster tries to eat the kids, but Soos comes with his car and unknowingly crashes through the Trickster, causing him to explode in a million pieces; but all of the pieces come together and rebuilds back into the Trickster's body. Soos drives the kids away from the Trickster, who begins chasing them, and he crashes into the Summerween Superstore.\nSoos wants to play with the cackling skulls.\nThe gang successfully hides from the monster, but Soos was about to press one of the talking novelty skeleton heads he found earlier in the episode. The twins try to tell Soos not to touch it, but Soos found the talking skull entertaining, so he pressed it to enjoy himself. Thankfully, the toy was out of batteries, much to the twins' relief, but then Soos grabs two batteries and stores them in the skull, and the Trickster finds them because of the loud talking noise the skull made. The Trickster eats Soos and was about to eat the kids, but then Soos popped out of the monster's stomach, which was made out of candy. They learn that the Trickster is made out of the discarded candy no one eats, and he wants revenge on whoever throws them away, which is what Dipper had done earlier. The Trickster cries in joy after Soos said he tastes good, which was all the monster wanted to hear. Soos and the kids leave the store and watch a horror movie inside the Mystery Shack with Stan and Wendy for the remainder of the night.\nIn \"Boss Mabel\", when Soos enters Stan's office, he mistakes Mabel for Stan, and asks Mabel something, Soos is shocked after Mabel is done saying that Stan is no longer with us, and starts crying. Shortly after, Mabel reveals that she and Stan have made a bet to see who can make more money within 72 hours. Later on, Mabel has become too giving and has sent Soos on a nature walk in a question mark costume and Wendy off with her friends for the rest of the day. They then come together to make enough money before Stan comes back.\nIn \"Bottomless Pit!\", he, Stan, Mabel, and Dipper fall into a bottomless pit (rather boomerang pit) and pass the time by telling stories about voices, pinball, football, and being honest. He makes fun of Dipper's voice in \"Voice Over\", and even has a techno remix of it, until Dipper gets it changed, after which Soos initially thinks Dipper ought to be killed with fire. When it switches back to normal, Soos reconciles with Dipper. Soos' story involves his attempts to win Stan's creepy old pinball machine Tumbleweed Terror after four years of trying. At the suggestion of Dipper and Mabel, he tilts the machine to win and gains a high score. Soos considers this the greatest moment of his life (completely beating the last one, finding and eating a piece of pizza that fell from the VCR). The pinball machine is not amused, traps them all inside of it, and begins trying to kill them all. Soos, though distracted by the gorgeous pinball wench and the prospect of losing his high score, turns off the pinball machine and saves them. He then states he believes saving them all to be a great life accomplishment. After Mabel's story, the teeth get locked up in Mabel's \"box of mysterious secrets\" and the gang is spat out of the bottomless pit.\nIn \"The Deep End\", Soos joins the Pines family in their trip to the Gravity Falls Pool. While there, he is tricked by Dipper and Wendy into thinking that the inflatable duck rings are alive and becomes determined to save them. even sneaking into the pool at night to get them out.\nIn \"Carpet Diem\", Soos finds the hidden room that the twins fight over, though he tries to convince them that the attic is better. He later swaps bodies with Waddles due to the carpet's magic static electricity. He enjoys being a pig initially but ends up running for his life when McGucket decides that he wants to turn him into bacon. Meanwhile, Waddles as Soos flails about in his new human body and unknowingly ends up giving Soos a raise and a first girlfriend. In the end, once everyone has changed back to normal, Dipper eventually decides to give the secret room to Soos.\nIn \"Boyz Crazy\", Soos encounters Ergman Bratzman, who asks him if he had seen the boy band, Sev'ral Timez, anywhere. Soos implies that he did not see them. Soos then congratulates Gompers the Goat for eating Bratzman's car license plate (which later causes his arrest).\nIn \"Land Before Swine\", Soos assists Mabel and Dipper in rescuing Waddle from a Pterodactyl.\nIn \"Dreamscaperers\", Soos, Dipper, and Mabel (along with Xyler and Craz) enter Grunkle Stan's Mind to stop Bill Cipher from stealing the combination to the safe containing the deed to the Mystery Shack. In the episode, Soos is shown to be afraid of bats, or just their \"weird little bat fingers.\" During their fight with Bill Cipher, Cipher points out that they're smart, \"especially the fat one.\"\nIn \"Gideon Rises\", it is revealed that Soos has a grandmother who lives in Gravity Falls, and he and the Pines' family stay with her for a short amount of time after Gideon took over the shack. In addition, because he lost his job at the shack, he takes on various jobs as a replacement for his position at the Mystery Shack. These include being a cook at Greasy's Diner and a temporary bus driver. He joins the Pines' in their failed attempt to expose Gideon and is later seen helping to rebuild the recovered Mystery Shack.\nSeason 2[]\nIn \"Scary-oke\", Soos takes part in the grand re-opening party of the Mystery Shack. When Dipper accidentally raises the dead back to life Soos gets bitten in the shoulder by a zombie. Soos joins his fellow zombies in chasing Dipper and Mabel until he gets distracted by something on TV. After Dipper, Mabel, and Stan destroy the zombies, Soos, while still a zombie, revealed he survived. Stan planned on attacking him until Dipper told him that there is a cure to turn Soos back to a human.\nIn \"Into the Bunker\", Soos, Dipper, Mabel, and Wendy went to investigate the author's hidden bunker in the forest. After entering a secret passage under a tree, a trap that makes the room close inactivates. They managed to unlock a secret door and escape into it, revealing a surveillance room. They eventually find out the Shape Shifter is inside the bunker, so they formulate a plan to stop the creature.\nIn \"The Golf War\", he joined the Pines family to play miniature golf. When Pacifica is challenged by Mabel at midnight, Soos stands guard while Mabel breaks in. Soos' weird shenanigans creep Stan out and later Soos sings a song while they bring Pacifica home.\nIn \"Sock Opera\", he finished the repairs to the Laptop he uncovered in the bunker and gave it to Dipper and Mabel. Soos also helps Mabel set up for her sock puppet show. Later, he watched the act in the crowd with Wendy, enjoying the act, but the show soon turned into a disaster.\nIn \"Soos and the Real Girl\", as a dear request from his grandmother, he tried to find a date to bring to his cousin Reggie's engagement party. Dipper and Mabel decided to help, bringing him to Gravity Malls. Despite his efforts, he makes a fool of himself each time he tries to ask a girl out. After spotting his cousin at the mall, he runs in shame into a video game store where he finds a video game called Romance Academy 7 that can help him with his dating predicament. He takes it home and immediately plays it and seemingly connects with the game's digital girl, GIFfany, as he played all night and day, missing work for the first time ever according to Stan. Dipper and Mabel go to his house and force him to leave the game and come outside. While at the mall again, he still lucks out with talking to girls and runs into GIFfany who popped up on some screens. Though excited, he was confused about how that could be, to which she comments she's \"special\". Soos goes on a kid train with GIFfany who is electronically there with him but because his coin time was up, she was turned off. He soon meets a girl named Melody and they immediately click. The two decide to go on a date at Hoo-Ha Owl's Pizzamatronic Jamboree that night. Mabel and Dipper congratulate him on getting a date, pointing out that he doesn't need that game anymore. Returning home, he talked to GIFfany about getting a date, which infuriated her, so he \"turned\" her off. While on his date enjoying himself he sees GIFfany appearing on the screens. GIFfany ends up taking control of the electronics in the place. People run in terror but before he, Melody, Dipper, and Mabel could leave they are shut in. Soos decides to put an end to this and gained GIFfany's attention on him only. He then burned her game disc, cutting off her connection and getting rid of her. He apologizes to Melody for the mess he got her into but she says this wasn't the worst date she ever had. Despite Melody moving away soon, she still said she'll be able to attend his cousin's engagement party with him and still be in a relationship with Soos, albeit long-distance.\nOther appearances[]\nFrog Soos (right) in Amphibia with Mr. Ponds.\nA frog version of Soos simply named Frog Soos briefly appears in the Amphibia episode \"Wax Museum\".\nSoos appears in Star vs. the Forces of Evil episode \"Camping Trip\".\nRelationships[]\nMabel Pines[]\nSoos and Mabel are good friends, brought together largely by their mutual love of humor and having fun. They like to goof around together, and they even have their own secret handshake. Soos accompanies Mabel and Dipper on many of their adventures in Gravity Fallsmore so than any other individual.\nDipper Pines[]\nAlthough Soos' childish antics get on Dipper's nerves from time to time, they have a close friendship. Soos sometimes acts as a role model for Dipper, offering the boy advice and doing \"boyish\" activities together, like blowing up hot dogs in the microwave. Soos serves as sidekick to Dipper and his sister on many occasions, being one of the only people aside from them to notice Gravity Falls' strange side on his own.\nStan Pines[]\nAs Stan's employee, Soos respects his boss and complies to his every request. With this submission and Soos' overall clueless nature, he tends to take advantage of Soos. Outside of work, they partake in various everyday activities together as friends.\nWendy Corduroy[]\nAs co-workers, Soos and Wendy spend enough time together to be on friendly terms. They are sometimes seen hanging out with one another and messing around, and Wendy likes to play pranks on Soos.\nMelody[]\nMelody and Soos first met at Gravity Malls in \"Soos and the Real Girl\" and later that same night go out on a date. They get along remarkably well and are very compatible. Melody thinks it's admirable that Soos can do seemingly embarrassing and childish things without worrying about what other people think, and Soos is comforted by her warm and kind nature. They share a similar sense of humor, and while Melody had to go back to her home in Portland, they agree to try at a long distance relationship. During Dipper's monologue at the end of \"Weirdmageddon 3: Take Back The Falls\", Melody is shown working at the Mystery Shack.\nGallery[]\nThe Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Soos Ramirez.\nTrivia[]\nSoos in Howard the Duck (2015)\nTV captions often misspell his name as \"Zeus\". Viewers commonly misinterpret this as his name as well.\nSoos' full first name is pronounced \"Hay-Soos\", which is where he gets his name from.\nHe often refers to people as \"dude\" and uses the word frequently while speaking.\nHe is Employee of the Month at the Mystery Shack.\nHe claims he learned everything from video games.\nHis hair color is finally revealed to be brown in Little Dipper.\nSoos was based on Jesus Chambrot, a friend of Alex Hirsch (creator of the show), while a student at Cal Arts University.\nThere is a cryptogram in Rumble's Revenge that appears to refer to him, implying he knows more than he is letting on.\nHis ambition is to someday own the Mystery Shack.\nThe only episode he hasn't appeared in so far is Irrational Treasure, but Stan told the kids that he came by to talk to him for an hour when he was in the stocks.\nDuring a podcast, Alex Hirsch voiced as Grunkle Stan as a special guest. He mentioned that when Soos has a blanket tossed over his head, he falls asleep like a canary would.\nAccording to the same podcast, Soos was the Mystery Shack's first employee and has been working there since the age of 12.\nSoos is 22 years old.\nHis full name was revealed in \"Blendin's Game\".\nHe was born on the exact same day that The Jungle Book was re-released to theaters for the last time.\nHe wasn't seen in Irrational Treasure and Northwest Mansion Mystery.\nHis voice sounds similar to actor John Candy.\nIn 2015, Soos cameoed in a Howard the Duck comic book issue, almost about to get in to a fight with Howard; however, his shirt sports an Exclamation Point, rather than a Question Mark.\nOn his mother's side of the family he is ethnically Hispanic, probably being racially mestizo, while his father is a white non-latino.\nAccording to Matt Braly, Frog Soos became the new owner of the Curiosity Hut after the Curator's death.[2]\nExternal links[]\nSoos Ramirez on Gravity Falls Wiki\nReferences[]\n Michael Rianda, creative director and writer on Gravity Falls, confirms Soos's name\n Matt Braly's Rddit AMA\nThis page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from the Gravity Falls Wiki. The list of authors can be seen in the page revision history (view authors). As with Disney Wiki, the text of Gravity Falls Wiki is available under the CC-by-SA Free Documentation License.\nExpand\nv - e - d\nExpandMedia\nGravity Falls (soundtrack) Disney Super Speedway Mystery Shack Attack Rumble's Revenge Disney Infinity: 2.0 Edition Legend of the Gnome Gemulets Lost Legends\nExpandCharacters\nDipper Pines Mabel Pines Grunkle Stan Ford Pines Soos Ramirez Wendy Corduroy Waddles Bill Cipher Sheriff Blubs Deputy Durland Manly Dan Old Man McGucket Tate McGucket Gideon Gleeful Robbie Valentino Candy Chiu Grenda Pacifica Northwest Preston Northwest Priscilla Northwest Ergman Bratsman Blendin Blandin Bud Gleeful Lazy Susan Mr. Poolcheck Paper Jam Dipper Rumble McSkirmish Summerween Trickster Toby Determined Shandra Jimenez Tyrone Tyler Cutebiker Dipper Clones Tambry Melody Mayor Befufftlefumpter Thompson Nate Lee Gabe Bensen Gnomes Gompers Lilliputtians Sergei Pa and Ma Duskerton Manotaurs Gobblewonker Xyler and Craz Wax figures Multi-Bear Quentin Trembley Cheekums Mermando Aoshima Pterodactyl Abuelita Mrs. Gleeful The Undead Shape Shifter Agent Powers Agent Trigger .GIFfany Sprott Lolph and Dundgren Time Baby Greg and Janice Valentino Love God Marius von Fundshauser Ghost of Northwest Manor Blind Ivan Justin Kerprank Probabilitor the Annoying Celestabellebethabelle Darlene Unnamed old woman in pink Unnamed old woman in purple\nExpandEpisodes\nSeason One: Tourist Trapped The Legend of the Gobblewonker Headhunters The Hand That Rocks the Mabel The Inconveniencing Dipper vs. Manliness Double Dipper Irrational Treasure The Time Traveler's Pig Fight Fighters Little Dipper Summerween Boss Mabel Bottomless Pit! The Deep End Carpet Diem Boyz Crazy Land Before Swine Dreamscaperers Gideon Rises\nSeason Two: Scary-oke Into the Bunker The Golf War Sock Opera Soos and the Real Girl Little Gift Shop of Horrors Society of the Blind Eye Blendin's Game The Love God Northwest Mansion Mystery Not What He Seems A Tale of Two Stans Dungeons, Dungeons, & More Dungeons The Stanchurian Candidate The Last Mabelcorn Roadside Attraction Dipper and Mabel vs. the Future Weirdmageddon\nExpandLocations\nThe Mystery Shack Tent of Telepathy Underground laboratory Gravity Falls Gravity Falls Forest Northwest Manor Lake Gravity Falls Gravity Falls Pool Gravity Falls Cemetery Dusk 2 Dawn Summerween Superstore Scuttlebutt Island Mystery Mountain Fearamid\nExpandObjects\nJournal 1 Journal 2 Journal 3 Smile Dip Pitt Cola Height-altering crystals Crystal Flashlight Cloning Copy Machine Cackling Skulls Jack O' Melons Soos' pick-up truck Wax Stan Stanmobile Electron Carpet Tape Measure Time Machine Memory Gun Mystic Amulet Universe Portal Grappling hook The Author's Laptop Nathaniel Northwest's Statue Infinity-sided Dice Time Cuffs Shacktron\nExpandSongs\nGravity Falls Title Theme Disco Girl Li'l Ol' Me The Lamby Lamby Dance Homework's Wack Mabel's the Boss Now Stan Wrong Song Don't Start Un-Believing Training Mix Mabel Girl Taking Over Midnight We'll Meet Again It's Gonna Get Weird\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nGravity Falls characters\nDisney characters\nMales\nPigs\nAmerican characters\nAdults\nHeroes\nHispanic characters\nTransformed characters\nAnimated characters\nTV Animation characters\nZombies\nMechanics\nCustodians\nCousins\nLovers\nCharacters in video games\nWander Over Yonder characters\nStar vs. the Forces of Evil characters\nAmphibia characters\nDisney XD characters\nLanguages\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nNederlands\nPolski\nPortugus do Brasil\n\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nDisney\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Disney Wiki\n1\nInside Out 2\n2\nNostalgia\n3\n2024\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nDisney Wiki is a FANDOM Movies Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Soos_Ramirez" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Soos Ramirez | Near Pure Good Hero Wiki | Fandom\nNear Pure Good Hero WikiTo vote for the Near Pure Good Proposals of the day, see:\n1 - Oscar from Shark Tale - Ends May 30th\nTo vote for the Near Pure Good Removals of the day, see:\n1 - TBAREAD MORE\nNear Pure Good Hero Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Visited\nZhen (Kung Fu Panda)\nSailor Mars\nSailor Moon\nStoick the Vast\nSonic the Hedgehog (Sonic the Hedgehog)\nKim Possible\nWinnie the Pooh (Disney)\nNewly Changed\nN (Murder Drones)\nM-O\nCharles Xavier (X-Men Movies)\nWinnie the Pooh (Disney)\nTubby\nPaper Luigi\nGiorno Giovanna\nCategories\nMovie Near PG Heroes\nComic Book Near PG Heroes\nCartoon Near PG Heroes\nVideo Game Near PG Heroes\nManga Near PG Heroes\nAnime Near PG Heroes\nCommunity\nBureaucrats\n94SideKick\nDual89 Proxima\nAdministrators\nCrystallicWolf108\nIvan the Brony Kaiju\nMr.Jay 641\nRonTheCowardlyDog\nTheAverageDimentio\nModerators\nArctic Vixen Star Gamer\nOscarsfan2004\nSnonk\nVrx04\nFeatured Users\nIvan the Brony Kaiju\nMakyzi143!\nRmb-bousca\nZorLink21\nMultiple Activity\nAffiliates\nImportant\nRules\nStatus\nArticles Needed\nFormatting Guides\nPage Layout Guide\nProposal Guide\nRemoval Guide\nWhite List\nBlack List\nNear Pure Good\nDiscussions\nList of Disallowed Pages\nDiscussion Dates\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nNear Pure Good Wiki\n1,082pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Visited\nZhen (Kung Fu Panda)\nSailor Mars\nSailor Moon\nStoick the Vast\nSonic the Hedgehog (Sonic the Hedgehog)\nKim Possible\nWinnie the Pooh (Disney)\nNewly Changed\nN (Murder Drones)\nM-O\nCharles Xavier (X-Men Movies)\nWinnie the Pooh (Disney)\nTubby\nPaper Luigi\nGiorno Giovanna\nCategories\nMovie Near PG Heroes\nComic Book Near PG Heroes\nCartoon Near PG Heroes\nVideo Game Near PG Heroes\nManga Near PG Heroes\nAnime Near PG Heroes\nCommunity\nBureaucrats\n94SideKick\nDual89 Proxima\nAdministrators\nCrystallicWolf108\nIvan the Brony Kaiju\nMr.Jay 641\nRonTheCowardlyDog\nTheAverageDimentio\nModerators\nArctic Vixen Star Gamer\nOscarsfan2004\nSnonk\nVrx04\nFeatured Users\nIvan the Brony Kaiju\nMakyzi143!\nRmb-bousca\nZorLink21\nMultiple Activity\nAffiliates\nImportant\nRules\nStatus\nArticles Needed\nFormatting Guides\nPage Layout Guide\nProposal Guide\nRemoval Guide\nWhite List\nBlack List\nNear Pure Good\nDiscussions\nList of Disallowed Pages\nDiscussion Dates\nin:\nGravity Falls Near Pure Goods, Science Fantasy Near Pure Goods, Comedy Near Pure Goods,\nand\n70 more\nCartoon Near Pure Goods\nMale\nTV Show Near Pure Goods\nComic Book Near Pure Goods\nBook Near Pure Goods\nChildren's Entertainment Near Pure Goods\nBig Goods\nDimwits\nCrossover Near Pure Goods\nSupporters\nSidekicks\nLoyal\nGentle Giants\nMascots\nOptimists\nNurturers\nVoice of Reason\nProtectors of Innocence\nProtectors\nNeutral Good\nFighters\nIn Love\nHonest\nInsecure\nMerciful\nTricksters\nRescuers\nUnwanted\nObsessed\nDeal Makers\nTragic\nScapegoats\nGood Vs. Good\nMisguided\nThrill-Seekers\nNature-Lovers\nAnimal Kindness\nVirtually Resourceful\nPoor\nVictims\nBond Creators\nBond Protectors\nVillain's Lovers\nFriends of a Villain\nServants of a Villain\nApprentices of Villain\nBetrayed\nAdventurers\nDeterminators\nRight-Hands\nSuccessors\nPossessed/Brainwashed\nUndead\nRevived\nLove Exalted\nBest Friends\nNice to Children\nRighteous Killers\nNear Pure Goods with Heating-up Periods\nFamily Kindness\nCorruption Rejection\nNear Pure Good vs. Near Pure Good\nMischievous\nMinor Lethal\nLocalized Protection\nGlobal Protection\nStrong-Willed\nHope Bringers\nRebellion\nCounter-Terrorists\nSoos Ramirez\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nNear Pure Good\nFull Name\nJesus Alzamirano Ramirez\nAlias\nJesus RamirezSoos RamirezSoosRepair GuyRepairmanQuestion Mark\nOrigin\nGravity Falls\nFamily\nUnnamed parentsUnnamed paternal grandparentsGrandpa Ramirez (maternal grandfather)Abuelita (maternal grandmother)Unnamed maternal unclesReggie (maternal cousin)Unnamed maternal cousins\nAllies\nStanley Pines (idol; father figure)Dipper Pines (best friend)Mabel PinesWendy CorduroyOld Man McGucketCandy ChiuGrenda GrendinatorMelody (girlfriend)Stanford PinesGideon Gleeful\nEnemies\nBill Cipher Li'l Gideon (formerly)Summerween Trickster .GIFfany (ex-girlfriend and archenemy)Stanley Pines (very briefly)\nPowers/Skills\nBrute strengthSpeedDriving skillsMaster of disguise\nGoals\nGet to meet his father (abandoned).Be the best worker at Mystery Shack he can.Help and protect Dipper and Mabel throughout their adventures.Get a girlfriend.Defeat Bill Cipher (all succeeded).Carry out Stan's legacy as the new Mr. Mystery (ongoing).\nGoodness Zone\nDefeating GIFfanny by melting her CD.Helping Dipper and Mabel try to deactivate the portal after learning it could end the universe.Becoming a wanderer that helps whoever is in need during Weirdmaggedon.\nType of Hero\nSupportive Dimwit\n\nMy wisdom is both a blessing, and a curse.\n\n~ Soos to Dipper.\n\nWell, birthdays are supposed to be spent with the people who care about you. But you know what? That dude didn't care about me enough to visit me once, let alone fight monsters through time and space like you dudes. I mean, you had a gladiator fight just to make happy! I've been ridiculous this whole time. Whoever my father was, he can take a hike. I know who my family is, now, and its you dudes!\n\n~ Soos accepting Dipper and Mabel as his new family.\nJesus Alzamirano \"Soos\" Ramirez is the tritagonist of the Disney Channel/Disney XD animated series Gravity Falls.\nHe is a worker in Mystery Shack, a tourist trap in the titular countryside town of Gravity Falls, being extremely loyal to its runner, \"Stanley\" Pines, \"Mr. Mystery\". When Stan's great-niece and nephew come to spend the summer with him, Soos accompanies them throughout many of their adventures and misadventures while undercovering the mysteries of Gravity Falls.\nHe was voiced by series creator Alex Hirsch.\nContents\n1 His Good Ranking\n1.1 What Makes Him Close to Being Pure Good?\n1.1.1 In General\n1.1.2 Season 1\n1.1.3 Season 2\n1.1.4 Shorts\n1.1.5 Comic\n1.2 What Prevents Him From Being Pure Good?\n2 Trivia\n3 External Links\n4 Navigation\nHis Good Ranking[]\nWhat Makes Him Close to Being Pure Good?[]\nIn General[]\nSoos is usually selfless, honorable and friendly, always trying to help those around him.\nAlthough he can be considered incompetent, he is shown to be very handy and this usually overshadows his stupidity, and as shown in \"Land Before Swine\", he always tries to fix things he messed up.\nDespite technically aiding in Stan's \"crimes\", everything he is seen helping with is making the attractions, which isn't a crime, as the only motive people like those is because of their damaged mentality because of the Society of the Blind Eye.\nDespite the high admirable standard, he passes it by defeating the Summerween Trickster and .GIFfany and trying (with Dipper and Mabel) to protect the universe by deactivating Stan's portal.\nSeason 1[]\nHe was the only one to believe in Dipper about the Zombie.\nHe gave Dipper a weapon to defend himself.\nHe helped Mabel and Dipper look for the Gobblewonker with his boat.\nHe helped save the twin's lives with his boat from the Gobblewonker.\nHe helped Dipper catch up with Rumble McSkirmish, giving him a ride to where Rumble was.\nHe tried to convince Dipper to not fight against Rumble McSkirmish for his own safety.\nHe tried to help Dipper defeat Rumble by messing up his HP bar.\nHe tried to discourage Mabel and Dipper from teasing Dipper over being 1 millimeter shorter than his sister, though they mistook it for making fun of him as well, though this genuinely wasn't Soos' intention.\nHe helped save Dipper and Mabel from Gideon.\nHe helped Dipper, Mabel, Candy and Grenda get the candy so they won't be eaten by the Summerween Trickster.\nHe ate the Summerween Trickster, saving a child that was inside him, and ending the possible future deaths of children who disrespected cheap and bad candy.\nHe told stories with Dipper, Mabel and Stan to make time flow faster in the bottomless pit.\nWhen he believed rubber ducks from the pool were living, he tried to free them.\nHe helped Mabel look for Waddles when he was kidnapped by a dinosaur.\nHe atoned with Dipper after their fight over him messing up the dinosaur's photos.\nHe saved Dipper, Mabel, Stan and Waddles from a dinosaur.\nHe and Mabel warned Dipper about Gideon's plan of invoking Bill Cipher.\nHe entered Stan's mind to prevent Bill from messing it up and stealing the scripture of the Shack, alongside Dipper and Mabel.\nIn their first confrontation, Soos used an interrogation shaped laser beam to help fight against Bill.\nHe had all the now homeless Pines stay at his grandma's house.\nHe tried to save Dipper and Mabel from Gideon's bot by driving them away from him as the bus driver.\nSeason 2[]\nHe tried to defend Dipper and Mabel from the zombies before becoming one of them.\nSince he was a zombie, his attempted murder and cannibalism aren't corrupting as he had no control over himself.\nHe helped enter the author's secret banker in order to find information about the author.\nHe warned Mabel that Dipper and Wendy were probably in real danger.\nHe and Mabel defeated the Shapeshifter by locking and freezing him.\nHe defeated .GIFfany, saving Dipper, Mabel, Melony and other potential future boyfriends from her.\nHe helped take down the Society of the Blind Eye.\nWhen McGucket saved his and Dipper, Mabel and Wendy's memories from being erased, he helped fight against the society's members.\nSince Dipper and Mabel fought in an intergalactic gladiator battle to get an omnipotent wish to get him to see his father, he instead used it to cure Dipper and Mabel from their injuries, stating his father never cared enough about him to visit him, and thus, Dipper and Mabel are his family now.\nHe stopped Stan from shooting a hot air balloon.\nWhen Dipper and Mabel made him see that Stan could be dangerous, he decided to go against Stan and protect the kids.\nDespite Stan's interference, he tried to help Dipper and Mabel deactivate his potentially universe-ending machine.\nAfter Bill started Weirdmaggedon, Soos became a wanderer who helped everybody he could find.\nHe helped Wendy stand up after her truck crashed.\nHe helped Dipper and Wendy try to convince Mabel to abandon Mabeland.\nWhile he wanted to play a single catch game with his father, as soon as they got away, he helped them escape Mabeland, so he never forgot about their responsibility towards Weirdmaggedon, but rather wanted to play just one catch game with the father he never had.\nHe taught McGucket about anime to help him build Shacktron.\nHe participated in the Zodiac in a final attempt to stop Bill.\nHe gave Dipper and Mabel their 13th birthday gifts.\nAfter making a speech, he convinced Stan not to close the Mystery Shack, and, to his surprise and happiness, was chosen as the new Mr. Mystery, Stanley's successor.\nHe signed Dipper and Mabel's fond letter of \"see you next Summer\", alongside the rest of their friends.\nShorts[]\nHe helped Dipper investigate the weird mailbox outside of the shack.\nHe helped put a bandage on Stan's eyes after Mabel accidentally burned them.\nHe fixed the golf cart after Dipper and Wendy accidentally destroyed it and made it even more powerful.\nHe and Mabel tried to fix a cuckoo clock that Stan broke.\nHe helped Dipper, Mabel, Stan and Wendy save a mutant cow from being killed for food.\nComic[]\nHe saved everyone from being stuck in the comics universe forever.\nWhat Prevents Him From Being Pure Good?[]\nHe can sometimes be jerkish to others, such as killing a fairy for mistaking it for a mosquito and laughing after realizing his mistake instead of showing remorse, mocking Lazy Susan's eye shadow, and outright ignoring Toby Determined being kidnapped by a Griffin.\nHe has mischievous moments, such as helping Stan make potentially dangerous pranks on Stan's rivals across the state.\nTrivia[]\nHe was once considered Pure Good, before it was decided that some of his inconsiderate/careless moments, especially ignoring Toby while he is being kidnapped, are too corrupting for Pure Good, and then he was removed and approved here.\nExternal Links[]\nSoos Ramirez on the Heroes Wiki\nSoos Ramirez on the Disney Wiki\nSoos Ramirez on the Gravity Falls Wiki\nNavigation[]\nView Near Pure Goods\nAnimated Features\nDisney Animated Canon\nTramp |\nFlora |\nFauna |\nMerryweather |\nBaloo |\nWinnie the Pooh |\nTigger |\nBasil of Baker Street |\nSebastian |\nBeast |\nLumiere |\nAladdin |\nGenie |\nMagic Carpet |\nNala |\nTimon |\nPumbaa |\nArchdeacon 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Good\nMisguided\nThrill-Seekers\nNature-Lovers\nAnimal Kindness\nVirtually Resourceful\nPoor\nVictims\nBond Creators\nBond Protectors\nVillain's Lovers\nFriends of a Villain\nServants of a Villain\nApprentices of Villain\nBetrayed\nAdventurers\nDeterminators\nRight-Hands\nSuccessors\nPossessed/Brainwashed\nUndead\nRevived\nLove Exalted\nBest Friends\nNice to Children\nRighteous Killers\nNear Pure Goods with Heating-up Periods\nFamily Kindness\nCorruption Rejection\nNear Pure Good vs. Near Pure Good\nMischievous\nMinor Lethal\nLocalized Protection\nGlobal Protection\nStrong-Willed\nHope Bringers\nRebellion\nCounter-Terrorists\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Near Pure Good Hero Wiki\n1\nZhen (Kung Fu Panda)\n2\nSailor Mars\n3\nSailor Moon\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nNear Pure Good Hero Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://near-pure-good-hero.fandom.com/wiki/Soos_Ramirez" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Inktober Soos Ramirez | vonholdt\nMain menu\nSkip to content\nAbout\nPortfolio\nPortfolio Doodle a Dayproject\nPortfolio Illustration\nPortfolio DimensionalCrafts\nStuff\nRequests?\nLinks\nvonholdt\nmy art blog\nInktober SoosRamirez\nPosted on October 11, 2018 by vonholdt\nInktober 11 Soos Ramirez full\nInktober day 11\nToday I thought I would draw Soos enjoying his amazing slice of never ending pizza.\nInktober 11 Soos Ramirez full\nShare this:FacebookXLike Loading...\nRelated\nInktober, the otherhalfNovember 6, 2016In \"crafty\"Lil Samurai (Inktober)October 5, 2016In \"doodle\"Inktober RioDurantOctober 31, 2018In \"doodle\"\nCategories: doodle, inktober\n| Tags: doodle, gravity falls, inktober, soos ramirez\n|\nLeave a comment\nPost navigation\n Older post\nNewer post \nLeave a comment Cancel reply\nWrite a comment...Log in or provide your name and email to leave a comment.Email me new postsInstantlyDailyWeeklyEmail me new commentsSave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.Comment\n\nThis site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 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Log in now.\nvonholdt\nCustomize\nSubscribe\nSubscribed\nSign up\nLog in\nCopy shortlink\nReport this content\nView post in Reader\nManage subscriptions\nCollapse this bar\nLoading Comments...\nWrite a Comment...\nEmail (Required)\nName (Required)\nWebsite\nPrivacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use.\nTo find out more, including how to control cookies, see here:\nCookie Policy\n%d\nReblog\nLike\n1 like\nsync.inmobi.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://vonholdt.wordpress.com/2018/10/11/inktober-soos-ramirez/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Soos Ramirez | Heroes Wiki | Fandom\nHeroes Wiki-Welcome to the Hero/Protagonist wiki! If you can help us with this wiki please sign up and help us! Thanks! -M-NUva\nREAD MORE\nHeroes Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Popular Heroes\nStar and Stripe\nCaesar (Planet of the Apes Reboot)\nCharlie Morningstar\nTed (I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream)\nBrooklynn\nKing Baldwin IV\nSatoru Gojo\nNewly Changed Articles\nGarfield\nPaper Mario\nTigress\nShaggy Rogers (Scooby-Doo)\nMoana\nNux\nLenny (Shark Tale)\nHeadlined Hero - Raphael (TMNT 2003)\nCommunity\nRules\nDiscord\nFeatured Users\nMr.Jay 641\nAkaStve\nKYLIE1114\nMakyzi143!\nDrake Gunderson\nWikification\nRobergestudios\nRecent Blogs\nRecent Changes\nAffiliates\nStaff\nBureaucrats\nEmeraldblade95\nJester of Chaos\nAdministrators\nAlexhoskins\nDarkUnknownWarrior\nKyurem147\nMesektet\nMrs. Super Nova\nRed Chevalier\nRobergestudios\nThe Humble Nintendo Master\nModerators\nJaxnys\nNerdWithAKeyboard\nShockwaveDude120\nWiki Manager\nBarneymiller123abc\nPure Good Terms\nPure Good Criteria\nPure Good Proposals\nProposal Permissions\nDiscussion Dates\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nHeroes Wiki\n43,706pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Popular Heroes\nStar and Stripe\nCaesar (Planet of the Apes Reboot)\nCharlie Morningstar\nTed (I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream)\nBrooklynn\nKing Baldwin IV\nSatoru Gojo\nNewly Changed Articles\nGarfield\nPaper Mario\nTigress\nShaggy Rogers (Scooby-Doo)\nMoana\nNux\nLenny (Shark Tale)\nHeadlined Hero - Raphael (TMNT 2003)\nCommunity\nRules\nDiscord\nFeatured Users\nMr.Jay 641\nAkaStve\nKYLIE1114\nMakyzi143!\nDrake Gunderson\nWikification\nRobergestudios\nRecent Blogs\nRecent Changes\nAffiliates\nStaff\nBureaucrats\nEmeraldblade95\nJester of Chaos\nAdministrators\nAlexhoskins\nDarkUnknownWarrior\nKyurem147\nMesektet\nMrs. Super Nova\nRed Chevalier\nRobergestudios\nThe Humble Nintendo Master\nModerators\nJaxnys\nNerdWithAKeyboard\nShockwaveDude120\nWiki Manager\nBarneymiller123abc\nPure Good Terms\nPure Good Criteria\nPure Good Proposals\nProposal Permissions\nDiscussion Dates\nin:\nRejected Good Articles, Cartoon Heroes, TV Show Heroes,\nand\n63 more\nScience Fantasy Heroes\nComedy Heroes\nComic Book Heroes\nBook Heroes\nCrossover Heroes\nMale\nDimwits\nSupporters\nSidekicks\nHonorable\nSelfless\nLoyal\nGiants\nMascots\nOptimists\nNurturers\nVoice of Reason\nProtectors\nProtectors of Innocence\nNeutral Good\nFighters\nIn Love\nHonest\nInsecure\nMischievous\nMerciful\nTricksters\nRescuers\nUnwanted\nObsessed\nDeal Makers\nTragic\nScapegoat\nGood Vs. Good\nMisguided\nThrill-Seekers\nNature-Lovers\nAnimal Kindness\nVirtually Resourceful\nPoor\nVictims\nBond Creators\nBond Protectors\nVillain's Lover\nFriend of a Villain\nApprentice of Villain\nServant of a Villain\nBetrayed\nAdventurers\nDeterminators\nRebellion Heroes\nPossessed/Brainwashed\nUndead\nRevived\nRight-Hand\nSuccessors\nHope Bringers\nTeenagers\nParanoid\nLocalized Protection\nGlobal Protection\nCounter-Terrorists\nTitular\nSoos Ramirez\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nShow\nThis hero was proposed but rejected by the community for not being admirable enough or lacks what is necessary to be a purely good hero. Therefore, this hero shall be added to our \"Never Again List\", where proposed heroes rejected by the community shall be placed to prevent future proposals of the same do-gooder. They can be proposed again (with the permission of an administrator) if new elements appear in their series that can change their status as non-PG heroes.\nAny act of adding this hero to the Pure Good category without a proposal or creating a proposal for this hero without the permission of an administrator will result in a ban.Additional Notice: This template is meant for admin maintenance only. Users who misuse the template will be blocked for a week minimum.\nDo-Gooder\nFull Name\nJesus Alzamirano Ramirez\nAlias(es)\nJesus RamirezSoos RamirezSoosRepair GuyRepairmanQuestion Mark\nOrigin\nGravity Falls\nOccupation\nEmployee at the Mystery Shack (formerly)Owner of the Mystery Shack\nPowers / Skills\nStrengthSpeedDriving skillsMaster of disguiseMechanical expertiseLimited technological skills\nHobby\nEating snacks.Spending time with Dipper and Mabel.\nGoals\nBe adopted by Stan (likely abandoned).Defeat Bill Cipher (succeeded).\nFamily\nUnnamed parentsUnnamed paternal grandparentsGrandpa Ramirez (maternal grandfather)Abuelita (maternal grandmother)Unnamed maternal unclesReggie (maternal cousin)Unnamed maternal cousins\nFriends / Allies\nStanley Pines (idol; father figure)Dipper Pines (best friend)Mabel PinesWendy CorduroyOld Man McGucketCandy ChiuGrenda GrendinatorMelody (girlfriend)Stanford PinesGideon Gleeful\nEnemies\nBill CipherLi'l Gideon (formerly)Summerween Trickster .GIFfany (ex-girlfriend and archenemy)Stanley Pines (very briefly)\nType of Hero\nDimwitted Supporter\n\nOh, so I guess he gets really mad when he gets mad.\n\n~ Soos Ramirez talking about Bill Cipher.\n\nMy wisdom is both a blessing, and a curse.\n\n~ Soos Ramirez\nJesus Alzamirano \"Soos\" Ramirez (born on July 13, 1990) is the tritagonist of the Disney Channel/Disney XD animated series Gravity Falls.\nSoos is a janitor at the Mystery Shack, the central location of the show, working for Stanley Pines, the paternal great-uncle of the main heroes, Mabel and Dipper. Soos is paid minimum wage and given few benefits but Stan Pines treats Soos with more respect than anyone else in town and Dipper and Mabel consider him a best friend. Soos views his duties at the Mystery Shack as his supreme pleasure. Soos is one of the few adults who is willing to believe Dipper or Mable about the strange goings on in town, however few things faze him and he will not take any inactive to understand, debunk or combat them. Soos is very supportive of Dipper and Mabel in their pursuits, wishing to either keep them safe or just have fun with them.\nHe was voiced by series creator Alex Hirsch, who also voices Stanley Pines in the same show, and voiced King and Hooty in The Owl House.\nContents\n1 Overview\n2 Personality\n3 Appearance\n4 Gallery\n5 Trivia\n6 External Links\n7 Navigation\nOverview[]\nSoos is the handyman at the Mystery Shack. He often accompanies Dipper and Mabel on their adventures. Later, it is revealed in the finale that Soos represents the question mark on the Zodiac.\nPersonality[]\nSoos is a amicable and lovable employee whose desire to be where the action is makes him an reliable source for the twins when they need a ride around town. Aside from the twins, he is one of the only people around who sees and believes all the strange things happening in Gravity Falls, seen in \"Tourist Trapped,\" when he says he is always noticing weird stuff in Gravity Falls, an assertion he makes in other episodes. Soos hates celebrating his birthday as it reminds him of his father not being there for him when he was a kid as shown in \"Blendin's Game\". While he is generally rather dim-witted, he is also shown to be quite knowledgeable and intelligent when it comes to certain topics. Additionally, while he is also usually pretty childish and nave, he also knows when it's appropriate to take things more seriously. To summarize, despite now always being super reliable because of his lack of intelligence and immaturity, he is easily one of the most consistently kind-hearted characters on the show, and he normally comes through for others when it really matters thanks to his hidden depths.\nAppearance[]\nSoos is a young Caucasian-Hispanic man who has a pudgy build. He wears a light brown cap, has light skin complexion, and buck teeth, similar to those of a beaver. He's stocky and wears dark brown shoes, beige shorts and a jade green-ish gray shirt with a big dark green poorly painted question mark on the front.\nGallery[]\nSoos eating a chocolate bar.Soos fixing a light bulb.Soos touching his hat.Soos as a zombie in \"scary-oke\".Soos as a child.Everyone bids farewell to Dipper and Mabel.Some sort of large, hairless gopher?\nTrivia[]\nAccording to the show's creator, Alex Hirsch, Soos was based off of an old college buddy of his who was also named Jesus, and who like Soos was a unique blend of being incompetent yet handy.\nHis Italian voice actor, Luca Ghignone, also voiced Robbie in the same show.\nExternal Links[]\nSoos Ramirez on the Disney Wiki\nSoos Ramirez on the Gravity Falls Wiki\nSoos Ramirez on the Near Pure Good Wiki\nNavigation[]\nView Heroes\nAnimated Features\nSnow White |\nSeven Dwarfs (Doc, Bashful, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Sneezy & Dopey) |\nForest Animals |\nThe Prince |\nThe Huntsman |\nPinocchio |\nJiminy Cricket |\nGeppetto |\nBlue Fairy |\nSorcerer Mickey |\nMadame Upanova |\nHyacinth Hippo |\nBen Ali Gator |\nDumbo |\nTimothy Q. 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J. Gene\" Higgins |\nProfessor Miles Quigley |\nPete Oatzel |\nAnnie Hannah |\nRichard Schuyler |\nBradley |\nHenry Fathington |\nMyles Miller |\nWahb |\nMoki |\nSteven Post |\nJennifer Scott |\nRaffles |\nAlbert Dooley |\nKatie Dooley |\nJimmy Dooley |\nCharley |\nFred Hines |\nMiss Eglantine Price |\nTimothy Forsythe |\nJohnny Baxter |\nSue Baxter |\nJesse McCord |\nRichard Baxter |\nWally Perkins |\nChris Baxter |\nCoach Sam Archer |\nMilo Jackson |\nNanu |\nJane Douglas |\nHarry |\nMrs. Petersen |\nCharley Appleby |\nRoy Zerney |\nNettie Appleby |\nLeonora Appleby |\nRupert Appleby |\nWillie Appleby |\nRay Ferris |\nTheodore and Amos |\nAunt Harriet Crumply |\nGus |\nHank Cooper |\nCoach Venner |\nAndy Petrovic |\nDebbie Kovac |\nTim |\nBetty Daniels |\nBrian Daniels |\nKatrinka Muggelberg |\nPete |\nElliott |\nNora |\nZunar-J-5/9 Doric-4-7 |\nFrank Wilson |\nPopeye |\nOlive Oyl |\nTron |\nKevin Flynn |\nAlan Bradley |\nDorothy Gale |\nPrincess Ozma |\nJack Pumpkinhead |\nBillina |\nTik-Tok |\nThe Gump |\nWolf |\nBenji |\nCougar cubs |\nMother Cougar |\nJim Craig |\nRoger Rabbit |\nEddie Valiant |\nJessica Rabbit |\nDolores |\nBenny the Cab |\nBaby Herman |\nTed Johnson |\nSusan Johnson |\nMorogo |\nDuma |\nWhite Fang |\nJack Convoy |\nHenry Casey |\nBuck |\nCliff Secord |\nJenny Blake |\nGordon Bombay |\nWayne Szalinski |\nMax Dennison |\nDani Dennison |\nAllison |\nThackery Binx |\nTom Sawyer |\nHuckleberry Finn |\nAramis |\nAthos |\nD'Artagnan |\nPorthos |\nGeorge Knox |\nScott Calvin |\nCharlie Calvin |\nShadow |\nChance |\nSassy |\nJim Hawkins |\nJames Henry Trotter |\nMr. Centipede |\nMr. Grasshopper |\nEarthworm |\nMrs. Ladybug |\nMiss Spider |\nThe Glowworm |\nCalvin Fuller |\nMr. Toad |\nMole |\nRat |\nMr. Badger |\nGeorge of the Jungle |\nUrsula Stanhope |\nApe |\nPhillip Brainard |\nSara Jean Reynolds |\nMr. Magoo |\nNick Parker |\nAnnie James |\nNick Parker |\nElizabeth James |\nMighty Joe Young |\nJill Young |\nGregg O'Hara |\nMartin |\nInspector Gadget |\nPenny Gadget |\nBrain |\nDr. Brenda Bradford |\nMia Thermopolis |\nMax Keeble |\nMegan |\nRobe |\nCarol Newman-Calvin |\nStanley Yelnats IV |\nZero |\nLizzie McGuire |\nCaptain Jack Sparrow |\nJoshamee Gibbs |\nWill Turner |\nElizabeth Swann |\nHector Barbossa |\nPintel & Ragetti |\nJames Norrington |\nJim Evers |\nSarah Evers |\nMadame Leota |\nEmma |\nAnna Coleman |\nErica Enders (Right on Track) |\nCourtney Enders (Right on Track) |\nPhileas Fogg |\nInspector Fix |\nBen Gates |\nRiley Poole |\nAbigail Chase |\nShane Wolfe |\nZoe Plummer |\nLulu Plummer |\nWill Stronghold |\nLayla Williams |\nWarren Peace |\nZach |\nEthan |\nMagenta |\nRon Wilson |\nThe Commander |\nJetstream |\nFreeze Girl |\nPrincipal Powers |\nCoach Boomer |\nJonathan Boy |\nPeter Pevensie |\nSusan Pevensie |\nEdmund Pevensie |\nLucy Pevensie |\nAslan |\nMr. Beaver |\nDave Douglas |\nThe Snake |\nJess Aarons |\nEthan Dalloway |\nLeslie Burke |\nGiselle Philip |\nRobert Philip |\nPrince Edward |\nPip |\nNathaniel |\nNancy Tremaine |\nMorgan Philip |\nHarry Stamper |\nUnderdog |\nSweet Polly Purebred |\nGretel |\nSkeeter Bronson |\nDarwin |\nBlaster |\nHurley |\nJuarez |\nMooch |\nBucky |\nAlice Kingsleigh |\nMad Hatter |\nWhite Queen |\nBandersnatch |\nPrince Dastan |\nPrincess Tamina |\nSheik Amar |\nDave Stutler |\nBecky Barnes |\nBalthazar Blake |\nBalthazar's Eagle |\nVeronica Gorloisen |\nPrime Merlinean |\nMerlin |\nSam Flynn |\nQuorra |\nSyrena |\nWalter |\nJohn Carter |\nTroy Bolton |\nSharpay Evans |\nRyan Evans |\nGabriella Montez |\nChad Danforth |\nTaylor McKessie |\nThe Lone Ranger |\nTonto |\nOscar Diggs |\nGlinda the Good Witch of the South |\nChina Girl |\nMaleficent (2014) |\nDiaval |\nAurora (2014) |\nPrince Phillip (2014) |\nKnotgrass, Flittle and Thistlewit |\nThe Baker |\nCinderella |\nRapunzel |\nLittle Red Riding Hood |\nCinderella (2015) |\nPrince Charming (2015) |\nAnastasia Tremaine (2015) |\nMice (2015) |\nFairy Godmother (2015) |\nJaq and Gus (2015) |\nLizard Footmen |\nMr. Goose |\nCasey Newton |\nFrank Walker |\nAthena |\nMowgli (2016) |\nBagheera (2016) |\nBaloo (2016) |\nRaksha (2016) |\nAkela (2016) |\nThe BFG |\nSophie |\nPete (2016) |\nElliott (2016) |\nGrace Meacham |\nConrad Meacham |\nNatalie Magary |\nGavin Magary |\nJack Magary |\nBelle (2017) |\nBeast (2017) |\nMaurice (2017) |\nLeFou (2017) |\nLumire (2017) |\nCogsworth (2017) |\nMrs. Potts (2017) |\nChip Potts (2017) |\nHenry Turner |\nCarina Smyth |\nChristopher Robin (Christopher Robin)\nWinnie the Pooh (Christopher Robin)\nMadeline Robin |\nEvelyn Robin |\nEeyore (Christopher Robin)\nTigger (Christopher Robin)\nPiglet (Christopher Robin)\nGiles Winslow Sr. |\nMeg Murry |\nCharles Wallace Murry |\nMary Poppins |\nJack |\nJane Banks |\nMichael Banks |\nAnnabel Banks |\nJohn Banks |\nGeorgie Banks |\nClara Stahlbaum |\nPhillip Hoffman |\nMother Ginger |\nMouse King |\nDumbo (2019) |\nHolt Farrier |\nMilly Farrier |\nJoe Farrier |\nMax Medici |\nColette Marchant |\nAladdin (2019) |\nJasmine (2019) |\nGenie (2019) |\nMagic Carpet (2019) |\nAbu (2019) |\nRajah (2019) |\nDalia |\nThe Sultan (2019) |\nSimba (2019) |\nMufasa (2019) |\nNala (2019) |\nTimon (2019) |\nPumbaa (2019) |\nRafiki (2019) |\nZazu (2019) |\nSarabi (2019) |\nSarafina (2019) |\nConall |\nBorra |\nKing John |\nLady (2019) |\nTramp (2019) |\nJock (2019) |\nTrusty (2019) |\nArtemis Fowl |\nHolly Short |\nJuliet Butler |\nMulch Diggums |\nDomovoi \"Dom\" Butler |\nFoaly |\nCommander Julius Root |\nIvan |\nBob |\nStella |\nRuby |\nSnickers |\nHenrietta |\nMurphy |\nFrankie |\nThelma |\nHua Mulan |\nCommander Tung |\nChen Honghui |\nYao, Ling, and Chien Po (2020) |\nThe Emperor of China (2020) |\nFlora Buckman |\nCruella De Vil (Cruella) |\nJasper and Horace (2021) |\nBuddy |\nWink |\nAnita Darling |\nArtie |\nJohn |\nFrank Wolff |\nLily Houghton |\nMacGregor Houghton |\nProxima |\nDetective Ellie Steckler |\nUgly Sonic |\nMal |\nCarlos De Vil |\nJay |\nEvie |\nBen |\nLonnie |\nJane |\nDizzy Tremaine |\nCelia Facilier |\nAddison Wells |\nZed Necrodopolis |\nZliza Zambi |\nBree |\nBonzo |\nWilla Lykensen |\nWyatt Lykensen |\nWynter Barkowitz |\nPinocchio (2022) |\nJiminy Cricket (2022) |\nGeppetto (2022) |\nSofia |\nFabiana |\nSabina |\nBecca |\nCassie Traske |\nIzzy |\nGilbert |\nTyson Monroe |\nPeter Pan |\nWendy Darling |\nTinker Bell |\nTiger Lily |\nJohn Darling |\nMichael Darling |\nThe Lost Children |\nBen Matthias |\nGabbie |\nTravis |\nFather Kent |\nHarriet |\nBruce Davis |\nAriel (2023) |\nPrince Eric (2023) |\nSebastian (2023) |\nFlounder (2023) |\nScuttle (2023) |\nKing Triton (2023) |\nKing Triton's Daughters (2023) (Mala, Indira, Caspia, Tamika, Karina, Perla) |\nMax (2023)\nLive-Action Television\nBrady Parker |\nBoomer Parker |\nBoz Parker |\nMikayla Makoola |\nMason Makoola |\nJack Brewer |\nKim Crawford |\nMilton David Krupnick |\nJerry Martinez |\nEddie Jones |\nRudy Gillespie |\nK.C. Cooper |\nErnie Cooper |\nJudy Cooper |\nKira Cooper |\nCraig Cooper |\nMarisa Clark |\nRyan Walker |\nMark Walker |\nHarris Harris Jr. |\nSpyder Johnson |\nVeracity |\nStan Mordecai James |\nGracie and Freddie |\nAvery Jennings |\nTyler James |\nChloe James |\nCarl Fink |\nBennett James |\nEllen Jennings |\nTeddy Duncan |\nPJ Duncan |\nGabe Duncan |\nCharlie Duncan |\nAmy Duncan |\nBob Duncan |\nJessie Prescott\nLuke Ross |\nEmma Ross |\nRavi Ross |\nZuri Ross |\nBertram Winkle |\nTony Chiccolini |\nLou Hockhauser\nOther Animated Movies\nBr'er Rabbit |\nToaster |\nBlanky |\nKirby |\nLampy |\nRadio |\nRoger Rabbit |\nEddie Valiant |\nJessica Rabbit |\nDolores |\nBenny the Cab |\nBaby Herman |\nJames Henry Trotter |\nMr. Centipede |\nMr. Grasshopper |\nEarthworm |\nMrs. Ladybug |\nMiss Spider |\nThe Prince |\nThe Pauper |\nThe Glowworm |\nValiant |\nBugsy |\nLofty |\nToughwood & Tailfeather |\nMercury |\nVictoria |\nWing Commander Gutsy |\nSergeant Monty |\nCharles De Girl |\nRollo |\nSamson |\nBenny |\nBridget |\nNigel |\nLarry |\nRyan |\nBlag |\nCloak & Camo |\nStan and Carmine |\nGiselle Philip |\nPrince Edward |\nPip |\nNathaniel |\nNancy Tremaine |\nSilvermist |\nRosetta |\nFawn |\nIridessa |\nBobble and Clank |\nTerence |\nEbenezer Scrooge |\nMilo |\nGribble |\nKi |\nMilo's Mother |\nVictor Frankenstein |\nSparky |\nElsa Van Helsing |\nDusty Crophopper |\nDottie |\nSkipper Riley |\nSparky |\nEl Chupacabra |\nVidia |\nLizzy |\nPeriwinkle |\nZarina |\nGruff |\nSimba (2019) |\nMufasa (2019) |\nNala (2019) |\nTimon (2019) |\nPumbaa (2019) |\nRafiki (2019) |\nZazu (2019) |\nSarabi (2019) |\nSarafina (2019) |\nManny Heffley |\nFrank Heffley |\nSusan Heffley |\nDetective Ellie Steckler |\nUgly Sonic |\nMorgan Philip\nDirect-to-video/Disneytoon Studios Sequels\nCassim |\nAngelique |\nFife |\nJohn Rolfe |\nUttamatomakkin |\nKiara |\nKovu |\nVitani |\nRatso |\nMurgatroid the Snake |\nMelody |\nTip and Dash |\nSylvia Marpole |\nScamp |\nAngel |\nBaker |\nMadellaine |\nZephyr |\nPrudence |\nJane Darling |\nRanjan |\nMessua |\nSparky |\nReuben |\nThunderbolt |\nLars |\nTing-Ting, Su, and Mei |\nZugor |\nCash |\nDixie |\nGranny Rose |\nWaylon and Floyd |\nMena |\nNita |\nQueen Athena |\nBlade Ranger |\nMaru |\nWindlifter\nAnimated Television\nLudwig Von Drake |\nGruffi Gummi |\nZummi Gummi |\nGrammi Gummi |\nCubbi Gummi |\nSunni Gummi |\nTummi Gummi |\nGusto Gummi |\nCavin |\nPrincess Calla |\nKing Gregor |\nSir Tuxford |\nSir Gawain |\nSir Victor |\nPrincess Marie |\nAquarianne |\nLaunchpad McQuack |\nWebby Vanderquack |\nBentina Beakley |\nPapa Heffalump |\nMama Heffalump |\nJunior Heffalump |\nKessie |\nWooster |\nNasty Jack |\nBruno |\nDexter |\nKit Cloudkicker |\nRebecca Cunningham |\nDarkwing Duck |\nGosalyn Mallard |\nHonker Muddlefoot |\nMorgana Macawber |\nPistol Pete |\nPeg Pete |\nGabriella |\nSpot the Killer Whale |\nUrchin |\nBonkers D. Bobcat |\nMarsupilami |\nMiranda Wright |\nGoliath |\nElisa Maza |\nBroadway |\nAngela |\nLexington |\nBrooklyn |\nHudson |\nBronx |\nPenny Proud |\nOscar Proud |\nTrudy Proud |\nSuga Mama |\nBeBe & CeCe Proud |\nDijonay Jones |\nZoey Howzer |\nLaCienega Boulevardez |\nDoug Funnie |\nPorkchop |\nSkeeter Valentine |\nPatty Mayonnaise |\nBeebe Bluff |\nChalky Studebaker |\nConnie Benge |\nChiro |\nJinmay |\nJake Long |\nArthur Spudinski |\nTrixie Carter |\nLuong Lao Shi |\nHaley Long |\nFu Dog |\nRose |\nRandy Cunningham |\nHoward Weinerman |\nFirst Ninja |\nPlop Plop |\nTheresa Fowler |\nHeidi Weinerman |\nDipper Pines |\nMabel Pines |\nSoos Ramirez |\nStanley Pines |\nWendy Corduroy |\nOld Man McGucket |\nPacifica Northwest |\nTime Baby |\nShimmery Twinkleheart |\nStanford Pines |\nPhineas Flynn |\nFerb Fletcher |\nCandace Flynn |\nIsabella Garcia-Shapiro |\nHeinz Doofenshmirtz |\nVanessa Doofenshmirtz |\nJeremy Johnson |\nBaljeet Tjinder |\nBuford Van Stomm |\nMcGee |\nGretchen |\nSquirt |\nCassandra |\nLance Strongbow |\nAdira |\nVarian |\nKiera and Catalina |\nAnne Boonchuy |\nSprig Plantar |\nHop Pop Plantar |\nPolly Plantar |\nSasha Waybright |\nCaptain Grime |\nMarcy Wu |\nLady Olivia |\nGeneral Yunan |\nLuz Noceda |\nEda Clawthorne |\nKing Clawthorne |\nHooty |\nOwlbert |\nWillow Park |\nGus Porter |\nAmity Blight |\nEmira Blight |\nEdric Blight |\nLilith Clawthorne |\nHunter |\nRaine Whispers |\nDarius Deamonne |\nEberwolf |\nAlador Blight |\nVee |\nCamila Noceda |\nBoscha |\nMolly McGee |\nScratch |\nLibby Stein-Torres |\nGretel Grant-Gomez |\nHamster |\nKevin Grant-Gomez |\nMoon Girl |\nDevil Dinosaur |\nHailey Banks\nVideo Games\nSora |\nKairi |\nRiku |\nAqua |\nTerra (Lingering Will) |\nVentus |\nOrganization XIII (Axel, Xion, Roxas, Vexen) |\nLea |\nIenzo |\nLauriam |\nElrena |\nStrelitzia |\nNamin |\nRiku Replica |\nAnsem the Wise |\nMaster Eraqus |\nSpirit Dream Eaters |\nData-Namin |\nData-Riku |\nData-Roxas |\nData-Sora\nShorts\nOswald the Lucky Rabbit |\nOrtensia the Cat |\nMickey Mouse |\nMinnie Mouse |\nHorace Horsecollar |\nClarabelle Cow |\nPluto |\nGoofy |\nDonald Duck |\nDaisy Duck |\nChip and Dale |\nSpike the Bee |\nMax Goof |\nMona |\nP.J.\nComics\nScrooge McDuck |\nHuey, Dewey, and Louie |\nGladstone Gander |\nFethry Duck |\nGyro Gearloose |\nApril, May and June\nSee Also\n101 Dalmatians Heroes |\nA Bug's Life Heroes |\nA Twisted Tale Heroes |\nAladdin Heroes |\nAlice in Wonderland Heroes |\nAmphibia Heroes |\nAtlantis Heroes |\nBeauty and the Beast Heroes |\nBig Hero 6 Heroes |\nBig City Greens Heroes |\nBuzz Lightyear of Star Command Heroes |\nCamp Lakebottom Heroes |\nCars Heroes |\nChicken Little Heroes |\nDarkwing Duck Heroes |\nDiary of a Wimpy Kid |\nDisney Fairies Heroes |\nDuckTales Heroes |\nElemental Heroes |\nEncanto Heroes |\nFinding Nemo Heroes |\nFish Hooks Heroes |\nFrozen Heroes |\nGargoyles Heroes |\nGravity Falls Heroes |\nGummi Bears Heroes |\nHamster & Gretel Heroes |\nHercules Heroes |\nHome Alone Heroes |\nIncredibles Heroes |\nInside Out Heroes |\nKim Possible Heroes |\nKingdom Hearts Heroes |\nLilo & Stitch Heroes |\nLuca Heroes |\nMighty Med/Lab Rats Heroes |\nMilo Murphy's Law Heroes |\nMonsters, Inc. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lokasenna - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Plot\n2Excerpts\n3References\nToggle References subsection\n3.1Bibliography\n4External links\nToggle External links subsection\n4.1English translations\n4.2Old Norse editions\nToggle the table of contents\nLokasenna\n22 languages\nAlemannischCatalDanskDeutschEspaolEsperantoFranaisItalianoBahasa MelayuNederlandsNorsk bokmlPolskiPortugusSuomiSvenska\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nOld Norse poem from the Poetic Edda\nA depiction of Loki quarreling with the gods (1895) by Lorenz Frlich.\nLokasenna (Old Norse: 'The Flyting of Loki', or 'Loki's Verbal Duel')[1][2] is one of the poems of the Poetic Edda. The poem presents flyting between the gods and Loki. It is written in the ljahttr metre, typical for wisdom verse. Lokasenna is believed to be a 10th-century poem.[3]\nLoki, amongst other things, accuses the gods of moralistic sexual impropriety, the practice of seir (sorcery), and bias. Not ostensibly the most serious of allegations, these elements are, however, said ultimately to lead to the onset of Ragnark in the Eddic poem Vlusp. However, Lokasenna does not directly state that Loki's binding is as a consequence of the killing of Baldr. This is explicitly stated only in Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda.\nLee M. Hollander, in his introduction to his translation of the poem, claims that it was in no sense a popular lay and suggests we should not necessarily believe that the accusations of the \"sly god\" were an accepted part of the lore.\nPlot[edit]\nThe setting is a feast given by the sea god gir. In continuity, the prose introduction says: \"gir, also named Gymir, had made ale for the sir, when he had received the great kettle of which was told\" (see Hymiskvia). Thor did not attend, but his wife Sif came in his stead as did Bragi and his wife Iunn. Tyr, by this time one-handed as a consequence of his sacrifice of his hand in the shackling of Loki's son, the wolf Fenrisulfr, attended, as did Niord and his wife Skai, Freyr and Freyja, as well as Vidar, the son of Odin. Many other Vanir, sir, and also elves were there.\nThe servants of gir, Fimafeng and Eldir, did a thorough job of welcoming the guests; Loki was jealous of the praise being heaped upon them and slew Fimafeng. The gods were angry with Loki and drove him out of the hall, before returning to their carousing. On returning Loki encountered Eldir.\nHe threatened him and bade him reveal what the gods were talking about in their cups. Eldir's response was that they were discussing their might at arms, and that Loki was not welcomed.\nLoki then enters the hall of gir after trading insults and threats with Eldir. A hush falls. Loki calls upon the rules of hospitality, demanding a seat and ale. Bragi then responds that he is unwelcome. Loki demands fulfillment of an ancient oath sworn with Odin that they should drink together. Odin asked his son Vidar to make a space for Loki.\nVidar rises and pours a drink for Loki. Before Loki drains his draught, he utters a toast to the gods but pointedly excludes Bragi from it. Bragi offers Loki a horse, a ring and a sword to placate him; Loki, however, is spoiling for a fight, and insults Bragi by questioning his courage. Bragi's response is that it would be contrary to the rules of correct behaviour to fight within his hosts' hall, but were they back in Asgard then things would be different. Iunn, Bragi's wife, holds him back. Loki then insults Iunn, calling her sexually loose. Gefjon is the next to speak and then Loki turns his spite on her. Odin then attempts to take a grip, as do (in turn), Freyja, Njord, Tyr, Freyr and Byggvir. The exchanges between Odin and Loki are particularly vitriolic.\nEventually Thor turns up at the party, and he is not to be placated, nor withheld. Alternating with Loki's insults to him, he says four times that he will use his hammer to knock Loki's head off if he continues. Loki replies that for Thor alone he will leave the hall, because his threats are the only ones he fears. He then leaves.\nFinally there is a short piece of prose summarizing the tale of Loki's binding, which is told in fuller form in the Gylfaginning section of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda.[4] Loki is chased by the gods, and caught after an unsuccessful attempt at disguising himself as a salmon. The entrails of his son Nari are used to bind him to three rocks above which Skai places a serpent to drip venom on him. Loki's wife Sigyn remains by his side with a bowl to catch the venom; however, whenever she leaves to empty the bowl, venom falls on Loki, causing him to writhe in agony; this writhing was said to be the cause of earthquakes. The text says that Loki's other son, Narfi, was turned into a wolf, but does not make clear that he tears his brother apart; also in the Gylfaginning version it is a son of Loki named Vli whom the sir transform into a wolf and who kills Narfi.[5][6] Some editors have therefore chosen to read the names Nari and Narvi as a mistake in the manuscript, and transcribe Nari as Vli. Nari and Narfi are otherwise considered to be variations of the same name.\nExcerpts[edit]\nThorpe's Translation.[7]\nLoki:\n\"Hail, sir!\nHail, Asyniur!\nAnd ye, all-holy gods!\nall, save that one man,\nwho sits within there,\nBragi, on yonder bench.\"\nBragi:\n\"I know that were I without,\nas I am now within,\nthe hall of gir,\nI thy head would\nbear in my hand,\nand so for lying punish thee.\"\nLoki:\n\"Valiant on thy seat art thou, Bragi!\nbut so thou shouldst not be,\nBragi, the bench's pride!\nGo and fight,\nif thou art angry;\na brave man sits not considering.\"\nIdunn stepped in to protect her husband.\nIdunn:\n\"I pray thee, Bragi!\nlet avail the bond of children,\nand of all adopted sons,\nand to Loki speak not\nin reproachful words,\nin gir's hall.\"\nLoki:\n\"Be silent, Idunn!\nof all women I declare thee\nmost fond of men,\nsince thou thy arms,\ncarefully washed, didst twine\nround thy brother's murderer.\"\nIdunn:\n\"Loki I address not\nwith opprobrious words,\nin gir's hall.\nBragi I soothe,\nby beer excited.\nI desire not that angry ye fight.\"\nGefjun:\n\"Why will ye, sir twain,\nhere within,\nstrive with reproachful words?\nLopt perceives not\nthat he is deluded,\nand is urged on by fate.\"\nLoki:\n\"Be silent, Gefjun!\nI will now just mention,\nhow that fair youth\nthy mind corrupted,\nwho thee a necklace gave,\nand around whom thou thy limbs didst twine?\"\nOdin interfered, but Loki called him \"unmanly\" as well.\nOdin:\n\"Knowest thou that I gave\nto those I ought not \nvictory to cowards?\nThou was eight winters\non the earth below,\nmilked cow as a woman,\nand didst there bear children.\nNow that, methinks, betokens a base nature.\"\nLoki:\n\"But, it is said, thou wentest\nwith tottering steps in Sams,\nand knocked at houses as a Vala. (Vala: seeress)\nIn likeness of a fortune teller,\nthou wentest among people;\nNow that, methinks, betokens a base nature.\"\nFrigg tried to defend her husband.\nFrigg:\n\"Your doings\nye should never\npublish among men,\nwhat ye, sir twain,\ndid in days of yore.\nEver forgotten be men's former deeds!\"\nLoki:\n\"Be thou silent, Frigg!\nThou art Fjorgynn's daughter,\nand ever hast been lustful,\nsince Ve and Vili, it is said,\nthou, Vidrir's wife, didst (Vidrir: another name of Odin, Ve and Vili: Odin's brothers)\nboth to thy bosom take.\"\nFreyja:\n\"Mad art thou, Loki!\nin recounting\nthy foul misdeeds.\nFrigg, I believe,\nknows all that happens,\nalthough she says it not.\"\nLoki:\n\"Be thou silent, Freyja!\nI know thee full well;\nthou art not free from vices:\nof the sir and the Alfar,\nthat are herein,\neach has been thy paramour.\"\nFreyja:\n\"False is thy tongue.\nHenceforth it will, I think,\nprate no good to thee.\nWroth with thee are the sir,\nand the Asyniur.\nSad shalt thou home depart.\"\nLoki:\n\"Be silent, Freyja!\nThou art a sorceress,\nand with much evil blended;\nsince against thy brother thou\nthe gentle powers excited.\nAnd then, Freyja! what didst thou do?\"\nNjrr:\n\"It is no great wonder,\nif silk-clad dames\nget themselves husbands, lovers;\nbut 'tis a wonder that a wretched man,\nthat has borne children, (i.e. the horse Sleipnir)\nshould herein enter.\"\nLoki:\n\"Cease now, Njrr!\nin bounds contain thyself;\nI will no longer keep it secret:\nit was with thy sister\nthou hadst such a son (i.e. Freyr)\nhardly worse than thyself.\"\nTr:\n\"Freyr is best\nof all the exalted gods\nin the sir's courts:\nno maid he makes to weep,\nno wife of man,\nand from bonds looses all.\"\nNot only mocking Tr's wound (his arm was bitten by Fenrir), Loki also called him a cuckold.\nLoki:\n\"Be silent, Tr;\nto thy wife it happened\nto have a son by me.\nNor rag nor penny ever\nhadst thou, poor wretch!\nfor this injury.\"\nFreyr:\n\"I the wolf see lying (The wolf: Loki is father of Fenrir)\nat the river's mouth,\nuntil the powers are swept away.\nSo shalt thou be bound,\nif thou art not silent,\nthou framer of evil.\"\nLoki:\n\"With gold thou boughtest\nGmir's daughter, (i.e. Freyr's wife, Gerd)\nand so gavest away thy sword:\nbut when Muspell's sons (i.e. Fire Giants, whose leader would slay the unarmed Freyr at Ragnark)\nthrough the dark forest ride,\nthou, unhappy, wilt not\nhave wherewith to fight.\"\nHeimdallr:\n\"Loki, thou art drunk,\nand hast lost thy wits.\nWhy dost thou not leave off, Loki?\nBut drunkenness\nso rules every man,\nthat he knows not of his garrulity.\"\nLoki:\n\"Be silent, Heimdallr!\nFor thee in early days\nwas that hateful life decreed:\nwith a wet back\nthou must ever be,\nand keep watch as guardian of the gods.\"\nSkai:\n\"Thou art merry, Loki!\nNot long wilt thou\nfrisk with an unbound tail;\nfor thee, on a rock's point,\nwith the entrails of thy ice-cold son,\nthe gods will bind.\"\nLoki:\n\"Milder was thou of speech\nto Laufey's son, (Laufeys son: the giant Loki)\nwhen to thy bed thou didst invite me.\nSuch matters must be mentioned,\nif we accurately must\nrecount our vices.\"\nSif went to pour for Loki.\nSif:\n\"Hail to thee, Loki!\nand this cool cup receive,\nfull of old mead:\nat least me alone,\namong the blameless sir race,\nleave stainless.\"\nLoki:\n\"So alone shouldst thou be,\nhadst thou strict and prudent been\ntowards thy mate;\nbut one I know,\nand, I think, know him well,\na favoured rival of Hlorridi,\nand that is the wily Loki.\"\nAfter this, Thor came in and drove Loki away.\nThor:\n\"Silence, thou impure being!\nMy mighty hammer, Mjllnir,\nshall stop thy prating.\nI will thy head\nfrom thy neck strike;\nthen will thy life be ended.\"\nReferences[edit]\n^ Orchard 1997, p.104.\n^ Lindow 2002, p.214.\n^ Norse Mythology A-Z p. 112\n^ Ursula Dronke (ed. and trans.), The Poetic Edda Volume II: Mythological Poems, Oxford: Oxford University/Clarendon, 1997, repr. 2001, ISBN9780198111818, p. 371.\n^ Dronke, pp. 37172.\n^ \"Nari and/or Narfi\", John Lindow, Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs, Oxford/New York: Oxford University, 2001, ISBN9780195153828, pp. 23637, p. 237.\n^ Thorpe, Benjamin. (Trans.). (1866). Edda Smundar Hinns Froa: The Edda Of Smund The Learned. (2 vols.) London: Trbner & Co. 1866.\nBibliography[edit]\nLindow, John (2002). Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-983969-8.\nOrchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN978-0-304-34520-5.\nExternal links[edit]\nMyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository) Illustrations of Lokasenna from manuscripts and early print books.\nEnglish translations[edit]\nLokasenna Translation and commentary by Henry A. Bellows\nLokasenna Translation by Benjamin Thorpe\nThe Feast of Ager Translation by A. S. Cottle\nOld Norse editions[edit]\nLokasenna Sophus Bugge's edition of the manuscript text\nvteThe Poetic EddaMythological poemsCodex Regius\nVlusp\nHvaml\nVafrnisml\nGrmnisml\nSkrnisml\nHrbarslj\nHymiskvia\nLokasenna\nrymskvia\nVlundarkvia\nAlvssml\nNon-Codex Regius\nBaldrs draumar\nRgsula\nHyndlulj\nVlusp hin skamma\nSvipdagsml\nGrgaldr\nFjlsvinnsml\nGrttasngr\nHrafnagaldr ins\nHeroic LaysCodex RegiusHelgi Lays\nHelgakvia Hundingsbana I\nHelgakvia Hjrvarssonar\nHelgakvia Hundingsbana II\nNiflung Cycle\nFr daua Sinfjtla\nGrpissp\nReginsml\nFfnisml\nSigrdrfuml\nBrot af Sigurarkviu\nGurnarkvia I\nSigurarkvia hin skamma\nHelrei Brynhildar\nDrp Niflunga\nGurnarkvia II\nGurnarkvia III\nOddrnargrtr\nAtlakvia\nAtlaml\nJrmunrekkr Lays\nGurnarhvt\nHamisml\nNon-Codex Regius\nHlskvia\nHervararkvia\nLater poems\nSlarlj\nManuscripts\nCodex Regius\nAM 748 I 4to\nAM 738 4to\nHauksbk\nFlateyjarbk\nCodex Wormianus\nSee also\nProse Edda\nEddica minora\nNorse mythology\nSkaldic poetry\nOld Norse poetry\nIcelandic language\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lokasenna&oldid=1224007786\"\nCategories: Old Norse literatureEddic poetryLokiHidden categories: Articles with short descriptionShort description matches Wikidata\nThis page was last edited on 15 May 2024, at 18:12(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokasenna" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Poetic Edda: Lokasenna\nSacred Texts\nLegends and Sagas\nIceland\nIndex\nPrevious\nNext\nBuy this Book at Amazon.com\nThe Poetic Edda, by Henry Adams Bellows, [1936], at sacred-texts.com\np. 151 LOKASENNA Loki's Wrangling INTRODUCTORY NOTES\nThe Lokasenna is found only in Regius, where it follows the Hymiskvitha; Snorri quotes four lines of it, grouped together as a single stanza.\nThe poem is one of the most vigorous of the entire collection, and seems to have been preserved in exceptionally good condition. The exchange or contest of insults was dear to the Norse heart, and the Lokasenna consists chiefly of Loki's taunt; to the assembled gods and goddesses, and their largely ineffectual attempts to talk back to him. The author was evidently well versed in mythological fore, and the poem is full of references to incidents not elsewhere recorded. As to its date and origin there is the usual dispute, but the latter part of the tenth century and Iceland seem the best guesses.\nThe prose notes are long and of unusual interest. The introductory one links the poem closely to the Hymiskvitha, much as the Reginsmol, Fafnismol and Sigrdrifumol are linked together; the others fill in the narrative gaps in the dialogue--very like stage directions,--and provide a conclusion by relating Loki's punishment, which, presumably, is here connected with the wrong incident. It is likely that often when the poem was recited during the two centuries or so before it was committed to writing, the speaker inserted some such explanatory comments, and the compiler of the collection followed this example by adding such explanations as he thought necessary. The Lokasenna is certainly much older than the Hymiskvitha, the connection between them being purely one of subject-matter; and the twelfth-century compiler evidently knew a good deal less about mythology than the author whose work he was annotating.\n__________________\ngir, who was also called Gymir, had prepared ale for the gods, after he had got the mighty kettle, as now has been told. To this feast came Othin and Frigg, his wife. Thor came not, as he was on a journey in the East. Sif,\np. 152\nThor's wife, was there, and Brag, with Ithun, his wife. Tyr, who had but one hand, was there; the wolf Fenrir had bitten off his other hand when they had bound him. There were Njorth and Skathi his wife, Freyr and Freyja, and Vithar, the son of Othin. Loki was there, and Freyr's\n[Prose. gir: the sea-god; Snorri gives Hler as another of his names, but he is not elsewhere called Gymir, which is the name of the giant, Gerth's father, in the Skirnismol. On gir cf. Grimnismol, 45, and Hymiskvitha, 1. Frigg: though Othin's wife is often mentioned, she plays only a minor part in the Eddic poems; cf. Voluspo, 34, Vafthruthnismol, I, and Grimnismol, introductory prose. Thor: the compiler is apparently a trifle confused as to Thor's movements; the \"Journey in the East\" here mentioned cannot be the one described in the Hymiskvitha, nor yet the one narrated by Snorri, as Loki was with Thor through out that expedition. He probably means no more than that Thor was off killing giants. Sif: concerning Thor's wife the chief incident is that Loki cut off her hair, and, at the command of the wrathful Thor, was compelled to have the dwarfs fashion her a new supply of hair out of gold; cf. Harbarthsljoth, 48. Bragi: the god of poetry; cf. Grimnismol, 44 and note. Ithun: the goddess of youth; cf. note on Skirnismol, 19. Ithun is not mentioned by name in any other of the Eddic poems, but Snorri tells in detail how the giant Thjazi stole her and her apples, explaining the reference in Harbarthsljoth, 19 (q. v.). Tyr: the god of battle; cf. Hymiskvitha, 4, and (concerning his dealings with the wolf Fenrir) Voluspo, 39, note. Njorth: the chief of the Wanes, and father of Freyr and Freyja; cf. (concerning the whole family) Skirnismol, introductory prose and note, also Voluspo, 21 and note. Skathi: Njorth's wife was the daughter of the giant Thjazi; cf. Harbarthsljoth, 19, note, and Grimnismol, 17. Vithar: the silent god, the son of Othin who avenged his father by slaying the wolf Fenrir; cf. Voluspo, 54, Vafthruthnismol, 51, and Grimnismol, 17. Loki: the mischief-making fire-god; in addition to the many references to his career in the Lokasenna, cf. particularly Voluspo, 32 and 35, and notes. Byggvir and Beyla: not mentioned elsewhere in the poems; Freyr's conspicuous servant is Skirnir, hero of the Skirnismol. Fimafeng (\"The Swift Handler\") [fp. 153] and Eldir (\"The Man of the Fire\"): mentioned only in connection with this incident. Glittering gold: gir's use of gold to light his hall, which was often thought of as under the sea, was responsible for the phrase \"flame of the flood,\" and sundry kindred phrases, meaning \"gold.\"]\np. 153\nservants Byggvir and Beyla. Many were there of the gods and elves.\ngir had two serving-men, Fimafeng and Eldir. Glittering gold they had in place of firelight; the ale came in of itself; and great was the peace. The guests praised much the ability of gir's serving-men. Loki might not endure that, and he slew Fimafeng. Then the gods shook their shields and howled at Loki and drove him away to the forest, and thereafter set to drinking again. Loki turned back, and outside he met Eldir. Loki spoke to him:\n1. \"Speak now, Eldir, | for not one step Farther shalt thou fare; What ale-talk here | do they have within, The sons of the glorious gods?\"\nEldir spake: 2. \"Of their weapons they talk, | and their might in war, The sons of the glorious gods; From the gods and elves | who are gathered here No friend in words shalt thou find.\"\nLoki spake: 3. \"In shall I go | into gir's hall, For the feast I fain would see;\np. 154\nBale and hatred | I bring to the gods, And their mead with venom I mix.\"\nEldir spake: 4. \"If in thou goest | to gir's hall, And fain the feast wouldst see, And with slander and spite | wouldst sprinkle the gods, Think well lest they wipe it on thee.\"\nLoki spake: 5. \"Bethink thee, Eldir, | if thou and I Shall strive with spiteful speech; Richer I grow | in ready words If thou speakest too much to me.\"\nThen Loki went into the hall, but when they who were there saw who had entered, they were all silent.\nLoki spake: 6. \"Thirsty I come | into this thine hall, I, Lopt, from a journey long, To ask of the gods | that one should give Fair mead for a drink to me.\n7. \"Why sit ye silent, | swollen with pride, Ye gods, and no answer give?\n[6. Lopt: like Lothur (cf. Voluspo, 18) another name for Loki; cf. Hyndluljoth, 43, and Svipdagsmol, 42.\n7. in the manuscript this stanza begins with a small letter, and Heinzel unites it with stanza 6.]\np. 155\nAt your feast a place | and a seat prepare me, Or bid me forth to fare.\"\nBragi spake: 8. \"A place and a seat | will the gods prepare No more in their midst for thee; For the gods know well | what men they wish To find at their mighty feasts.\"\nLoki spake: 9. \"Remember, Othin, | in olden days That we both our blood have mixed; Then didst thou promise | no ale to pour, Unless it were brought for us both.\"\nOthin spake: 10. \"Stand forth then, Vithar, | and let the wolf's father Find a seat at our feast;\n[9. Bragi: cf. note on introductory prose. Why Loki taunts him with cowardice (stanzas 11-13-15) is not clear, for poetry, of which Bragi was the patron, was generally associated in the Norse mind with peculiar valor, and most of the skaldic poets were likewise noted fighters.\n9. There exists no account of any incident in which Othin and Loki thus swore blood-brotherhood, but they were so often allied in enterprises that the idea is wholly reasonable. The common process of \"mingling blood\" was carried out quite literally, and the promise of -which Loki speaks is characteristic of those which, in the sagas, often accompanied the ceremony; cf. Brot af Sigurtharkvithu, 18 and note.\n10. In stanzas 10-31 the manuscript has nothing to indicate the identity of the several speakers, but these are uniformly clear [fp. 156] enough through the context. Vithar: cf. note on introductory prose. The wolf's father: Loki; cf. Voluspo, 39 and note.]\np. 156\nLest evil should Loki | speak aloud Here within gir's hall.\"\nThen Vithar arose and poured drink for Loki; but before he drank he spoke to the gods:\n11. \"Hail to you, gods! | ye goddesses, hail! Hail to the holy throng! Save for the god | who yonder sits, Bragi there on the bench.\"\nBragi spake: 12. \"A horse and a sword | from my hoard will I give, And a ring gives Bragi to boot, That hatred thou makst not | among the gods; So rouse not the great ones to wrath.\"\nLoki spake: 13. \"In horses and rings | thou shalt never be rich, Bragi, but both shalt thou lack; Of the gods and elves | here together met Least brave in battle art thou, (And shyest thou art of the shot.)\"\nBragi spake: 14. \"Now were I without | as I am within,\n[13. Sijmons makes one line of lines 4-5 by cutting out a part of each; Finnur Jonsson rejects 5 as spurious.\n14. The text of line 4 is somewhat obscure, and has been [fp. 157] variously emended, one often adopted suggestion making the line read, \"Little is that for thy lies.\"]\np. 157\nAnd here in gir's hall, Thine head would I bear | in mine hands away, And pay thee the price of thy lies.\"\nLoki spake: 15. \"In thy seat art thou bold, | not so are thy deeds, Bragi, adorner of benches! Go out and fight | if angered thou feelest, No hero such forethought has.\"\nIthun spake: 16. \"Well, prithee, Bragi, | his kinship weigh, Since chosen as wish-son he was; And speak not to Loki | such words of spite Here within gir's hall.\"\nLoki spake: 17. \"Be silent, Ithun! | thou art, I say,\n[15. Adorner of benches: this epithet presumably implies that Bragi is not only slothful, but also effeminate, for a very similar word, \"pride of the benches,\" means a bride.\n16. Ithun: Bragi's wife; cf. note on introductory prose. The goddesses who, finding that their husbands are getting the worst of it, take up the cudgels with Loki, all find themselves confronted with undeniable facts in their own careers; cf. stanzas 26 (Frigg), 52 (Skathi) and 54 (Sif). Gefjun and Freyja are silenced in similar fashion. Wish-son: adopted son; Loki was the son of the giant Farbauti and the giantess Laufey, and hence was not of the race of the gods, but had been virtually adopted by Othin, who subsequently had good reason to regret it.]\np. 158\nOf women most lustful in love, Since thou thy washed-bright | arms didst wind About thy brother's slayer.\"\nIthun spake: 18. \"To Loki I speak not | with spiteful words Here within gir's hall; And Bragi I calm, | who is hot with beer, For I wish not that fierce they should fight.\"\nGefjun spake: 19. \"Why, ye gods twain, | with bitter tongues Raise hate among us here? Loki is famed | for his mockery foul, And the dwellers in heaven he hates.\"\nLoki spake: 20. \"Be silent, Gefjun! | for now shall I say Who led thee to evil life; The boy so fair | gave a necklace bright, And about him thy leg was laid.\"\n[17. We do not even know who Ithun's brother was, much less who slew him.\n19. Gefjun: a goddess, not elsewhere mentioned in the poems, who, according to Snorri, was served by the women who died maidens. Beyond this nothing is known of her. Lines 3-4 in the manuscript are puzzling, and have been freely emended.\n20. Nothing is known of the incident here mentioned. There is a good deal of confusion as to various of the gods and goddesses, and it has been suggested that Gefjun is really Frigg under an other name, with a little of Freyja--whose attributes were frequently confused with Frigg's--thrown in. Certainly Othin's [fp. 159] answer (stanza 21, lines 3-4) fits Frigg perfectly, for she shared his knowledge of the future, whereas it has no relation to any thing known of Gefjun. As for the necklace (line 3), it may be the Brisings' necklace, which appears in the Thrymskvitha as Freyja's, but which, in some mythological writings, is assigned to Frigg.]\np. 159\nOthin spake: 21. \"Mad art thou, Loki, | and little of wit, The wrath of Gefjun to rouse; For the fate that is set | for all she sees, Even as I, methinks.\"\nLoki spake: 22. \"Be silent, Othin! | not justly thou settest The fate of the fight among men; Oft gavst thou to him | who deserved not the gift, To the baser, the battle's prize.\"\nOthin spake: 23. \"Though I gave to him | who deserved not the gift, To the baser, the battle's prize; Winters eight | wast thou under the earth, Milking the cows as a maid, (Ay, and babes didst thou bear; Unmanly thy soul must seem.)\"\n[21. Snorri quotes line 1; cf. note on stanza 29.\n23. There is no other reference to Loki's having spent eight years underground, or to his cow-milking. On one occasion, however, he did bear offspring. A giant had undertaken to build the gods a fortress, his reward being Freyja and the sun and moon, provided the work was done by a given time. His sole helper was his horse, Svathilfari. The work being nearly done, and the gods fearing to lose Freyja and the sun and moon, Loki [fp. 160] turned himself into a mare, and so effectually distracted Svathilfari from his task that shortly afterwards Loki gave birth to Othin's eight-legged horse, Sleipnir. In such contests of abuse a man was not infrequently taunted with having borne children; cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 39-45. One or two of the last three lines may be spurious.]\np. 160\nLoki spake: 24. \"They say that with spells | in Samsey once Like witches with charms didst thou work; And in witch's guise | among men didst thou go; Unmanly thy soul must seem.\"\nFrigg spake: 25. \"Of the deeds ye two | of old have done Ye should make no speech among men; Whate'er ye have done | in days gone by, Old tales should ne'er be told.\"\nLoki spake: 26. \"Be silent, Frigg! | thou art Fjorgyn's wife, But ever lustful in love; For Vili and Ve, | thou wife of Vithrir, Both in thy bosom have lain.\"\n[24. Samsey: perhaps the Danish island of Sams. Othin was the god of magic, but there is no other reference to his ever having disguised himself as a witch.\n25. Frigg: Othin's wife; cf. note to introductory prose.\n26. Fjorgyn: Othin; cf. Voluspo, 56 and note. Vili and Ve: Othin's brothers, who appear merely as, with Othin, the sons of Bur and Bestla; cf. Voluspo, 4. The Ynglingasaga says that, during one of Othin's protracted absences, his two brothers took Frigg as their mistress. Vithrir: another name for Othin.]\np. 161\nFrigg spake: 27. \"If a son like Baldr | were by me now, Here within gir's hall, From the sons of the gods | thou shouldst go not forth Till thy fierceness in fight were tried.\"\nLoki spake: 28. \"Thou wilt then, Frigg, | that further I tell Of the ill that now I know; Mine is the blame | that Baldr no more Thou seest ride home to the hall.\"\nFreyja spake: 29. \"Mad art thou, Loki, | that known thou makest The wrong and shame thou hast wrought; The fate of all | does Frigg know well, Though herself she says it not.\"\nLoki spake: 30. \"Be silent, Freyja! | for fully I know thee, Sinless thou art not thyself;\n[27. On the death of Baldr, slain through Loki's cunning by the blind Hoth, cf. Voluspo, 32 and note.\n29. Freyja: daughter of Njorth and sister of Freyr; cf. note on introductory prose. Snorri, in speaking of Frigg's knowledge of the future, makes a stanza out of Lokasenna, 21, 1; 47, 2; 29, 3-4, thus: \"Mad art thou, Loki, | and little of wit, / Why, Loki, leavst thou this not? / The fate of all | does Frigg know well, / Though herself she says it not.\"\n30. According to Snorri, Freyja was a model of fidelity to her husband, Oth.]\np. 162\nOf the gods and elves | who are gathered here, Each one as thy lover has lain.\"\nFreyja spake: 31. \"False is thy tongue, | and soon shalt thou find That it sings thee an evil song; The gods are wroth, | and the goddesses all, And in grief shalt thou homeward go.\"\nLoki spake: 32. \"Be silent, Freyja! | thou foulest witch, And steeped full sore in sin; In the arms of thy brother | the bright gods caught thee When Freyja her wind set free.\"\nNjorth spake: 33. \"Small ill does it work | though a woman may have A lord or a lover or both; But a wonder it is | that this womanish god Comes hither, though babes he has borne.\"\n[32. Before each of stanzas 32-42 the manuscript indicates the speaker, through the initial letter of the name written in the margin. Thy brother: Freyr; there is no other indication that such a relation existed between these two, but they themselves were the product of such a union; cf. stanza 36 and note.\n33. Njorth: father of Freyr and Freyja, and given by the Wanes as a hostage, in exchange for Hnir, at the close of the first war; Cf. Voluspo, 21 and note, also Skirnismol, introductory prose and note. Babes: cf. stanza 23 and note. Bugge suggests that this clause may have been a late insertion.]\np. 163\nLoki spake: 34. \"Be silent, Njorth; | thou wast eastward sent, To the gods as a hostage given; And the daughters of Hymir | their privy had When use did they make of thy mouth.\"\nNjorth spake: 35. \"Great was my gain, | though long was I gone, To the gods as a hostage given; The son did I have | whom no man hates, And foremost of gods is found.\"\nLoki spake: 36. \"Give heed now, Njorth, | nor boast too high, No longer I hold it hid; With thy sister hadst thou | so fair a son, Thus hadst thou no worse a hope.\"\nTyr spake: 37. \"Of the heroes brave | is Freyr the best Here in the home of the gods;\n[34. Daughters of Hymir: we have no clue to who these were, though Hymir is doubtless the frost-giant of the Hymiskvitha (q.v.). Loki's point is that Njorth is not a god, but the product of an inferior race (the Wanes).\n35. The son: Freyr.\n36. Thy sister: the Ynglingasaga supports this story of Njorth's having had two children by his sister before he came among the gods. Snorri, on the other hand, specifically says that Freyr and Freyja were born after Njorth came to the gods.\n37. Tyr: the god of battle; cf. notes on Hymiskvitha, 4, and Voluspo, 39. Freyr; concerning his noble qualities cf. Skirnismol, introductory prose and note.]\np. 164\nHe harms not maids | nor the wives of men, And the bound from their fetters he frees.\"\nLoki spake: 38. \"Be silent, Tyr! | for between two men Friendship thou ne'er couldst fashion; Fain would I tell | how Fenrir once Thy right hand rent from thee.\"\nTyr spake: 39. \"My hand do I lack, | but Hrothvitnir thou, And the loss brings longing to both; Ill fares the wolf | who shall ever await In fetters the fall of the gods.\"\nLoki spake: 40. \"Be silent, Tyr! | for a son with me Thy wife once chanced to win; Not a penny, methinks, | wast thou paid for the wrong, Nor wast righted an inch, poor wretch.\"\nFreyr spake: 41. \"By the mouth of the river | the wolf remains\n[38. Snorri mentions Tyr's incompetence as a peacemaker. Fenrir: the wolf, Loki's son; cf. Voluspo, 39.\n39. Hrothvitnir (\"The Mighty Wolf\"): Fenrir, who awaits in chains the final battle and death at the hands of Vithar. The manuscript has a metrical error in line 3, which has led to various emendations, all with much the same meaning.\n40. Thy wife: there is no other reference to Tyr's wife, nor do we know who was the son in question.]\np. 165\nTill the gods to destruction go; Thou too shalt soon, | if thy tongue is not stilled, Be fettered, thou forger of ill.\"\nLoki spake: 42. \"The daughter of Gymir | with gold didst thou buy, And sold thy sword to boot; But when Muspell's sons | through Myrkwood ride, Thou shalt weaponless wait, poor wretch.\"\nByggvir spake: 43. \"Had I birth so famous | as Ingunar-Freyr, And sat in so lofty a seat,\n[41. The mouth of the river: according to Snorri, the chained Fenrir \"roars horribly, and the slaver runs from his mouth, and makes the river called Vam; he lies there till the doom of the gods.\" Freyr's threat is actually carried out; cf. concluding prose.\n42. The daughter of Gymir: Gerth, heroine of the Skirnismol, which gives the details of Freyr's loss of his sword. Muspell's sons: the name Muspell is not used elsewhere in the poems; Snorri uses it frequently, but only in this same phrase, \"Muspell's sons.\" They are the dwellers in the fire-world, Muspellsheim, led by Surt against the gods in the last battle; cf. Voluspo, 47 and 52 and notes. Myrkwood: here the dark forest bounding the fire-world; in the Atlakvitha (stanza 3) the name is used of another boundary forest.\n43. Byggvir: one of Freyr's two servants; cf. introductory prose. Ingunar-Freyr: the name is not used elsewhere in the poems, or by Snorri; it may be the genitive of a woman's name, Ingun, the unknown sister of Njorth who was Freyr's mother (cf. stanza 36), or a corruption of the name Ingw, used for Freyr (Fro) in old German mythology.]\np. 166\nI would crush to marrow | this croaker of ill, And beat all his body to bits.\"\nLoki spake: 44. \"What little creature | goes crawling there, Snuffling and snapping about? At Freyr's ears ever | wilt thou be found, Or muttering hard at the mill.\"\nByggvir spake: 45. \"Byggvir my name, | and nimble am I, As gods and men do grant; And here am I proud | that the children of Hropt Together all drink ale.\"\nLoki spake: 46. \"Be silent, Byggvir! | thou never couldst set Their shares of the meat for men; Hid in straw on the floor, | they found thee not When heroes were fain to fight.\"\nHeimdall spake: 47. \"Drunk art thou, Loki, | and mad are thy deeds, Why, Loki, leavst thou this not?\n[44. Beginning with this stanza, the names of the speakers are lacking in the manuscript. The mill: i.e., at slaves' tasks.\n45. Nothing further is known of either Byggvir's swiftness or his cowardice. Hropt: Othin.\n47. Heimdall: besides being the watchman of the gods (cf. Voluspo, 27), he appears also as the god of light (cf. Thrymskvitha, 14), and possibly also as a complex cultural deity in the [fp. 167] Rigsthula. He was a son of Othin, born of nine sisters; cf. Hyndluljoth, 37-40. In the last battle he and Loki slay one an other. Line 2 is quoted by Snorri; cf. stanza 29, note.]\np. 167\nFor drink beyond measure | will lead all men No thought of their tongues to take.\"\nLoki spake: 48. \"Be silent, Heimdall! | in days long since Was an evil fate for thee fixed; With back held stiff | must thou ever stand, As warder of heaven to watch.\"\nSkathi spake: 49. \"Light art thou, Loki, | but longer thou mayst not In freedom flourish thy tail; On the rocks the gods bind thee | with bowels torn Forth from thy frost-cold son.\"\nLoki spake: 50. \"Though on rocks the gods bind me | with bowels torn Forth from my frost-cold son,\n[49. Skathi: the wife of Njorth, and daughter of the giant Thjazi, concerning whose death cf. Harbarthsljoth, 19, note. Bowels, etc.: according to the prose note at the end of the Lokasenna, the gods bound Loki with the bowels of his son Vali, and changed his other son, Narfi, into a wolf. Snorri turns the story about Vali being the wolf, who tears his brother to pieces, the gods then using Narfi's intestines to bind Loki. Narfi--and presumably Vali--were the sons of Loki and his wife, Sigyn. They appear only in this episode, though Narfi (or Nari) is named by Snorri in his list of Loki's children. Cf. concluding prose, and note.]\np. 168\nI was first and last | at the deadly fight There where Thjazi we caught.\"\nSkathi spake: 51. \"Wert thou first and last | at the deadly fight There where Thjazi was caught, From my dwellings and fields | shall ever come forth A counsel cold for thee.\"\nLoki spake: 52. \"More lightly thou spakest | with Laufey's son, When thou badst me come to thy bed; Such things must be known | if now we two Shall seek our sins to tell.\"\nThen Sif came forward and poured mead for Loki in a crystal cup, and said:\n53. \"Hail too thee, Loki, | and take thou here The crystal cup of old mead; For me at least, | alone of the gods, Blameless thou knowest to be.\"\n[52. Laufey's son: Loki; not much is known of his parents beyond their names. His father was the giant Farbauti, his mother Laufey, sometimes called Nal. There is an elaborate but far fetched hypothesis explaining these three on the basis of a nature-myth. 'There is no other reference to such a relation between Skathi and Loki as he here suggests.\n53. Sif: Thor's wife; cf. Harbarthsljoth, 48, where her infidelity is again mentioned. The manuscript omits the proper name [fp. 169] from the preceding prose, and a few editors have, obviously in error, attributed the speech to Beyla.]\np. 169\nHe took the horn, and drank therefrom:\n54. \"Alone thou wert | if truly thou wouldst All men so shyly shun; But one do I know | full well, methinks, Who had thee from Hlorrithi's arms,-- (Loki the crafty in lies.)\"\nBeyla spake: 55. \"The mountains shake, | and surely I think From his home comes Hlorrithi now; He will silence the man | who is slandering here Together both gods and men.\"\nLoki spake: 56. \"Be silent, Beyla! | thou art Byggvir's wife, And deep art thou steeped in sin; A greater shame | to the gods came ne'er, Befouled thou art with thy filth.\"\nThen came Thor forth, and spake:\n57. \"Unmanly one, cease, | or the mighty hammer, Mjollnir, shall close thy mouth;\n[54. Hlorrithi: Thor. Line 5 is probably spurious.\n55. Beyla: Freyr's servant, wife of Byggvir; cf. introductory prose and note.\n57. Mjollnir: concerning Thor's famous hammer see particularly Thrymskvitha, 1 and note. Shoulder-cliff: head; concerning [fp. 170] the use of such diction in the Edda, cf. introductory note to Hymiskvitha. The manuscript indicates line 3 as the beginning of a stanza, but this is apparently a scribal error.]\np. 170\nThy shoulder-cliff | shall I cleave from thy neck, And so shall thy life be lost.\"\nLoki spake: 58. \"Lo, in has come | the son of Earth: Why threaten so loudly, Thor? Less fierce thou shalt go | to fight with the wolf When he swallows Sigfather up.\"\nThor spake: 59. \"Unmanly one, cease, | or the mighty hammer, Mjollnir, shall close thy mouth; I shall hurl thee up | and out in the East, Where men shall see thee no more.\"\nLoki spake: 60. \"That thou hast fared | on the East-road forth To men shouldst thou say no more;\n[58. Son of Earth: Thor, son of Othin and Jorth (Earth). The manuscript omits the word \"son,\" but all editors have agreed in supplying it. The wolf: Fenrir, Loki's son, who slays Othin (Sigfather: \"Father of Victory\") in the final battle. Thor, according to Snorri and to the Voluspo, 56, fights with Mithgarthsorm and not with Fenrir, who is killed by Vithar.\n59. Lines 1-2 are abbreviated in the manuscript, as also in stanzas 61 and 63.\n60. Loki's taunt that Thor hid in the thumb of Skrymir's glove is similar to that of Othin, Harbarthsljoth, 26, in the note to which the story is outlined. Line 4 is identical with line 5 of Harbarthsljoth, 26.]\np. 171\nIn the thumb of a glove | didst thou hide, thou great one, And there forgot thou wast Thor.\"\nThor spake: 61. \"Unmanly one, cease, | or the mighty hammer, Mjollnir, shall close thy mouth; My right hand shall smite thee | with Hrungnir's slayer, Till all thy bones are broken.\"\nLoki spake: 62. \"Along time still | do I think to live, Though thou threatenest thus with thy hammer; Rough seemed the straps | of Skrymir's wallet, When thy meat thou mightest not get, (And faint from hunger didst feel.)\"\nThor spake: 63. \"Unmanly one, cease, | or the mighty hammer, Mjollnir, shall close thy mouth;\n[61. Hrungnir's slayer: the hammer; the story of how Thor slew this stone-headed giant is indicated in Harbarthsljoth, 14-15, and outlined in the note to stanza 14 of that poem.\n62. On the day following the adventure of the glove, Thor, Loki and Thor's servants proceed on their way in company with Skrymir, who puts all their food in his wallet. At evening Skrymir goes to sleep, and Thor tries to get at the food, but cannot loosen the straps of the wallet. In a rage he smites Skrymir three times on the head with his hammer, but the giant--who, it subsequently appears, deftly dodges the blows--is totally undisturbed. Line 5 may well be spurious.]\np. 172 p. 173\nThe slayer of Hrungnir | shall send thee to hell, And down to the gate of death.\"\nLoki spake: 64. \"'1 have said to the gods | and the sons of the god, The things that whetted my thoughts; But before thee alone | do I now go forth, For thou fightest well, I ween.\n65. \"Ale hast thou brewed, | but, gir, now Such feasts shalt thou make no more; O'er all that thou hast | which is here within Shall play the flickering flames, (And thy back shall be burnt with fire.)\"\nAnd after that Loki hid himself in Franang's waterfall in the guise of a salmon, and there the gods took him. He was bound with the bowels of his son Vali, but his son Narfi was changed to a wolf. Skathi took a poison-snake and fastened it up over Loki's face, and the poison dropped thereon. Sigyn, Loki's wife, sat there and held a shell under the poison, but when the shell was full she bore away the poison, and meanwhile the poison dropped on Loki. Then he struggled so hard that the whole earth shook therewith; and now that is called an earthquake.\n[65. The flames: the fire that consumes the world on the last day; cf. Voluspo, 57. Line 5 may be spurious.\nProse: Snorri tells the same story, with minor differences, but makes it the consequence of Loki's part in the slaying of Baldr, which undoubtedly represents the correct tradition. The compiler of the poems either was confused or thought the incident was [fp. 173] useful as indicating what finally happened to Loki. Possibly he did not mean to imply that Loki's fate was brought upon him by his abuse of the gods, but simply tried to round out the story. Franang: \"Gleaming Water.\" Vali and Narfi: cf. stanza 49 and note. Sigyn: cf. Voluspo, 35, the only other place where she is mentioned in the poems. Snorri omits the naive note about earth quakes, his narrative ending with the words, \"And there he lies till the destruction of the gods.\"]\nNext: Thrymskvitha", "url": "https://sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe10.htm" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lokasenna - World History Encyclopedia\nFacebook\nMembership\nNo ads\nEncyclopedia\nIndex\nTimeline\nMaps\nBook Reviews\nWeights & Measures\nTranslations\nEducation\nTeaching Materials\nLink Database\nQuizzes\nPrimary Sources\nCollections\nSchool Subscription\nMedia\nMedia Library\nAudio Articles\nPodcast\nYoutube Channel\nContribute\nSubmissions\nNeeded Content\nStyle Guide\nTerms & Conditions\nVolunteer\nDonate\nShop\nBooks\nMap Posters\nMagazines\nWall Charts\nClothing\nAbout\nAbout\nOur Team\nEditorial Policy\nAnnual Reports\nMembership\nContact\nLogin\nLogin\nRegister\nLokasenna\nContents\nArticle\nby Irina-Maria Manea\npublished on 11 February 2022\nAvailable in other languages: Spanish\nSubscribe to topic\nSubscribe to author\nThe poem Lokasenna belongs to the Poetic Edda, a bulk of Old Norse poetry written down in Iceland in the 1200s but based on linguistic features dating back as far as the 900s. In this invaluable resource for Norse mythology, Lokasenna stands out as one of the most vigorous poems of the collection, consisting of Loki's taunts to the assembly of gods and their unsuccessful attempts to get back at him.\nLoki Taunting BragiW.G. Collingwood (Public Domain)\nLoki, son of the giant Frbauti and goddess Laufey, is perhaps one of the most controversial and complex characters of Norse myth, with no easy way to straightforwardly define him. In the sources, he is called the sly god, who always seems to get involved in mischief, slander the other gods, or act as a great deceiver. However, some stories feature him as a very cunning and useful assistant to the gods.\nRemove Ads\nAdvertisement\nThe Poem\nThe Lokasenna is one of the less popular poems of the Poetic Edda, preserved in the manuscript Codex Regius, which we should nevertheless appreciate for its wittiness, aspiring to present us the gods in a less solemn and glorified manner, with more entertaining, daring and even scandalous overtones. The concept of a dialogue where the speakers attempt to challenge each other with shameless insults would definitely have gained a satisfied audience among the Norse. The poem alludes to some stories that unfortunately have not survived.\nYouTube\nFollow us on YouTube!\nLoki makes extensive use of insults concerning problematic relationships or sexuality.\nThe title means \"Loki's Truth-Telling,\" and the poem comprises Loki's exchange of insults with twelve gods and two servants, and it might be very probable that the exchange was dramatically performed. There are markings with the first letter of the gods' names in the manuscript, and the prose additions might suggest the existence of something similar in preceding manuscripts. It must have triggered a comical effect if we take into consideration the foul language often used in the poem. One of them, the worst insult possible in fact, is argr or ragr, roughly effeminate, unmanly, coward, even homosexual, thus completely out of the question in an extremely masculine society like the Norse. Throughout the poem, Loki makes extensive use of insults concerning problematic relationships or sexuality. While the vocabulary concerning men appears a little more diverse, women are generally blamed for their lustful behaviour, including their affairs with Loki himself. This points to stricter gender roles than those imagined in popular culture.\nRemove Ads\nAdvertisement\nLoki Enters\nThe poem begins with a prose introduction where we find out about a gathering of many gods, goddesses, and elves in the hall of Aegir, a personification of the sea, located according to the Prose Edda on the island Hlesey (Danish Ls). Thor, however, is absent, as he journeyed east, to the realm of the giants. It is presented as a majestic and peaceful place, with glittering gold and ale pouring itself. Jealous of the praise the two servants of Aegir received, Loki kills the one called Fimafeng. The gods then shake their shields and drive him away. After a while he returns to speak to the other servant, Eldir, inquiring about the \"ale-talk\" going on. Eldir replies that they are talking about their deeds of war, warning him that he would find no friends there. Loki maliciously looks forward to getting involved in their talk, willing to bring slander and hatred to the conversation. Eldir warns him once more, but Loki walks into the hall, acting like a helpless wanderer in need of a drink, and demands he either be given a seat or ordered away. The god Bragi sharply tells him they will prepare no seat for him, as they know very well whom they want to share a feast with.\nCodex Regius of the Poetic EddaUnknown (Public Domain)\nIn a rough translation, Loki replies:\nRemember, Odin,\nthat a long time ago\nwe both mixed our blood,\nthen you promised\nto pour no ale\nunless it was for us both. (stanza 9)\nThe mingling of blood when men swore blood-brotherhood was carried out literally, and such promises that accompany the ceremony also occur in the sagas. The importance of the act is confirmed by Odin's decision to call out Vidar, his son, to offer his seat to the wolf's father, a reference to Loki's son Fenrir, the wolf that will swallow Odin at Ragnark and will then be slain by Vidar.\nRemove Ads\nAdvertisement\nThe Great Insult Match\nAfter stanza 10 the actual wrangling begins, as Loki hails the gods and goddesses and their very holy group. Bragi is willing to give him his horse and sword and he would even pay him with an armring to prevent him from arousing the wrath of the gods. Loki tells him he would lose both horse and armring and accuses him of cowardice. Loki is unimpressed by Bragi's threats to make him pay with his head, calling him an adorner of benches, an offensive phrase implying his womanliness Bragi's wife, the goddess Idunn, responsible for the apples of youth, intervenes; she asks her husband not to speak words of insult to Loki. Stanza 17 begins with the refrain for the rest of the poem: \"Silence!\" Idunn is mercilessly classified as most lustful for men, but she calms down her beer-cheerful husband, as she does not wish him to fight in rage.\nBragi Playing the Harp, Idunn Standing Behind HimNils Blommr (Public Domain)\nThe next stanza features Gefjun, a mysterious goddess not mentioned anywhere else in the poems, urging them not to exchange hurtful words. Loki replies that a fair boy seduced her mind by offering her a valuable gift, which convinced her to lay her thigh next to him. We can speculate that Gefjun might actually be Frigg, Odin's wife, given Odin's reply:\nLoki, you are mad\nand out of your wits\nto rise the wrath of Gefjun,\nbecause she knows everything about\nthe fates of this age\njust like I do. (stanza 21)\nFrigg would seem to share Odin's knowledge of fate. Odin is accused of often giving victory to the slower ones, which suits Odin's opportunistic nature as he chooses the best for Ragnark. Odin makes use of Loki's questionable sexuality, calling him a milking cow and a woman bearing children, truly of unmanly nature. In fact, Loki did bear children; he turned himself into a mare to distract the horse of the giant tasked with building the gods a fortress. One could taunt another man with bearing children in such a contest of abuse.\nRemove Ads\nAdvertisement\nFoul language abounds as Loki refers to Njord's origin from the other family of gods, the Vanir, perceived as inferior.\nThe next stanza mentions Odin's dealings with dark magic on the island called Samsey, particularly associated with mysticism. This is also a hint at Odin's ambivalence, even queerness, as a sign of boundary-breaking, as women were the ones involved in the practice of (dark) magic. \"You went in witch's guise among men,\" Loki says, \"and struck a drum like a seeress.\" Frigg replies that whatever they did should be regarded as ancient events, and one should never tell people about one's fate. Unimpressed, Loki just repeats the refrain \"Silence!\" and accuses Frigg of lustfulness. He offers as evidence for the slander an episode when Frigg would have slept with Odin's brothers, Vili and V. The Ynglinga saga, the first story and attempt at presenting the gods as historical figures from the cycle Heimskringla (Orb of the World) by 13-century Icelandic scholar Snorri Sturluson mentions this episode.\nFrigg threatens him in vain that if her son Baldr had been there in the hall, Loki would not have escaped the wrath of the gods. This allows Loki to remind her that he was responsible for Baldr's death, in which he takes great pride. The story is told fully by Snorri: Frigg had demanded all creatures to swear not to harm her son, a being of light, except for the mistletoe deemed too young. Loki the trouble-maker guided a twig of mistletoe in the hand of Baldr's blind brother Hodr, accidentally slaying him. In stanza 28 we read:\nThen, Frigg, you want\nthat I further count\nmy evil deeds,\nI am to blame\nthat you no longer see Baldur\nriding home to the hall.\nFreyja, daughter of Njord and sister of Freyr, deities associated with fertility, reiterates the might of Frigg and her fortune-telling abilities, only to get slammed herself by Loki. Not taken aback by Freyja's reply, Loki continues the wrangling by telling her she is a witch blended with many curses, either she conjures them or is subjected to them. Njord comes to the rescue and calls Loki a homosexual god who bears children. Foul language abounds as Loki refers to Njord's origin from the other family of gods, the Vanir, perceived as inferior. Njord was a hostage of the sir family of gods, and the daughters of Hymnir a frost-giant used him as a urinal. There is little to counteract such an offensive slur, as Njord only mentions his utmost reason of pride, his son Freyr, a leader whom no one hates. Loki diminishes his boast by reminding him he is, in fact, the product of his relationship with his sister, a detail supported by the Ynglinga saga.\nRemove Ads\nAdvertisement\nFreyrJacques Reich (Public Domain)\nTyr, another battle god defends Freyr as honourable, and it is a good occasion for Loki to make use of the episode with his son, the wolf Fenrir, enchained with a magic fetter. Tyr was given the dangerous task of tricking the wolf into accepting the fetter, and he vouched with his hand in the wolf's mouth that the bond shall break, thus sacrificing his limb in the process. Loki mocks his limblessness, and in a rare instance of almost compassion towards Loki, Tyr acknowledges that they both suffer a loss, one losing an arm, and the other a son. The next stanza resumes the bashing with sexual content, as Loki boasts about having had an affair and even a son with Tyr's wife.\nFreyr then warns Loki that soon he will be on the road to destruction if he does not stop. Freyr's skeletons in the closet include his purchase of Gerd, giant Gymir's daughter, and having sold his sword in the process, which will leave him utterly defenceless at Ragnark. Loki pities him, but Freyr's servant Byggvir intervenes aggressively. Loki does not take the servant seriously and releases a plethora of insults at him, revolving around cowardice.\nThe next two stanzas deal with the exchange between Loki and Heimdall, the deity acting as both the guardian of the gods and forger of social classes, whose antagonistic relation to Loki will end up in a duel at Ragnark, according to Snorri. Heimdall shares a bit of didactic wisdom in stanza 47, calling Loki drunk and thus not in his right mind, since excessive drinking causes every man to not remember their words, echoing similar advice given by Odin in Hvaml. Loki mocks Heimdall for having to endure an ugly fate since he must always stand up straight as a watchman.\nLove History?\nSign up for our free weekly email newsletter!\nHeimdall in the Edda OblongataS.babylonica (Public Domain)\nStanza 49 serves as a foretelling for the epilogue of Loki challenging the gods. Skadi, the wife of Njord and daughter of giant Thjazi, warns him that his loose tongue will still when the gods bind him to a sword (Snorri says a rock) with the bowels of his dead son. According to the prose note at the end of the poem, the gods bind Loki with the entrails of his son Vli, turning the other son, Narfi, into a wolf. In Snorri's version, Vli is the wolf, who tears his brother into pieces, and the gods then use his bowels to bind Loki.\nAlthough he knows he cannot avoid his fate, Loki mentions that he witnessed the deadly fight where Thjazi was caught (told in Snorri's Skldskparml and briefly hinted at the Poetic Edda Thjazi's daughter Skadi had married Njord as compensation). With a slightly ominous undertone, she says that in this case, from her holy places only cold council shall come for him, a leitmotif related to women's ruthless advice in the sagas as well. If they start counting their flaws, nevertheless, she would be running at a loss, given her affair with Loki. Noticing how all goddesses have to tolerate his incessant slurs, Sif, Thor's wife pours Loki some mead, asking him to spare her of the foul talk, as she is blameless. Loki, however, claims to have been his lover by deceit.\nThor to the Rescue\nBeyla, servant Byggvir's wife, foretells in stanza 55 the arrival of Thor, who will definitely silence the slanderer. Soon Thor storms in, and he threatens Loki with his hammer. He also employs the motif of unmanliness, calling him a wimp and threatening to cut off his head. Loki continues playing with the theme of cowardice, slamming Thor for not being able to defend Odin from Fenrir. According to the poem Vlusp about the beginning and end of the world and Snorri, Thor will fight Jrmungandr, the world-serpent, another son of Loki. An enraged Thor thunders:\nCease, you unmanly creature,\nor the mighty hammer\nMjollnir will shut you up\nI will hurl you up\nAnd out in the East\nWhere no one will see you again.\nThe \"East\" refers to the land of giants. Loki taunts Thor that he hid in the thumb of Skrymir, a giant who tricked him. The same topic is used in the contest between Odin and Thor in the poem Hrbarslj (The Lay of Greybeard). Loki makes one last attempt after Thor threatens to break every one of his bones, a reference to the same adventure. He finally gives up faced with Thor's might, boasting that he spoke his mind. In the last stanza, he tells Aegir, the host, that he will not be making such a feast again, wishing that fire would burn everything he owns, probably a reference to the fire that consumes the whole world at the end, according to Vlusp.\nThe prose epilogue describes the binding of Loki, above whom Skadi fastens a snake dripping poison. Sigyn, Loki's wife, holds a pot to gather the poison, but when she empties it, the poison drops on Loki's face, and his struggles cause earthquakes. Snorri provides another and perhaps more plausible explanation for this punishment, namely the death of Baldr, although adding insult to injury did have dire consequences in Norse society.\nLoki's PunishmentChristoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg (scanned by Gudrun) (Public Domain)\nConclusion\nMany of Loki's accusations are known from other sources, while others, chiefly the ones referring to the various sexual encounters but also other small details, are only found here. It is not that odd to imagine that the Norse would have enjoyed such comical material about their gods, as classical literature features similar examples. The poem's conclusion also pinpoints the major role Thor played for the commoner, consistent with many other poems, as the keeper and defender of order.\nThe poem mirrors some essential aspects of Norse society: offering hospitality, the culture of manliness, the fear of sexual deviance, the practice of magic, rules of acceptable conduct limiting sexual behaviour especially for women, and the importance of skillfully composing verses to engage in verbal fights. As for Loki, the poem clearly focuses on his image as a trickster. He is tolerated probably due to his common oath with Odin, and he nonchalantly proceeds to reveal uncomfortable truths about everyone. His party-crashing and vulgarity definitely have their share of charm.\nDid you like this article?\nSubscribe to topic\nBibliography\nRelated Content\nBooks\nCite This Work\nLicense\nEditorial Review\nThis article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our editorial policy.\nRemove Ads\nAdvertisement\nBibliography\nCleasby, Richard & Vigfusson, Gudbrand & Agnarsson, Volundr Lars. The Cleasby & Vigfusson Old Norse to English Dictionary. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011.\nFaulkes, A. (ed.). Edda. Skldskaparml. University College London , 1998\nFaulkes, A. (ed., tr.). The Prose Edda . Everyman London, 1995\nHeather O'Donoghue. Old Norse-Icelandic Literature. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004.\nHildebrand, K. (ed.). Edda. Old Norse-English Diglot. Melbourne, 2011\nJonsson, F. (ed.). Eddadigte. G.E.C. Gads Forlag, Copenhagen, 1932\nLindow, John. Norse Mythology. Oxford University Press, 2002.\nMcTurk, Rory. A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.\nWorld History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.\nSubscribe to this author\nAbout the Author\nIrina-Maria Manea\nA curious and open mind, fascinated by the past.\nHistorian with a keen interest in Norse myth and the Viking Age, as well as history teacher and language instructor.\nOriginally from Bucharest, Romania, now residing in Hesse, Germany.\nTranslations\nSpanish We want people all over the world to learn about history. Help us and translate this article into another language!\nRelated Content\nFilters:\nAll\nDefinitions38\nArticles23\nImages21\nVideos15\nCollections2\nDefinition\nThor\nThor (Old Norse: rr) is the Norse god of thunder, the sky, and...\nDefinition\nSif\nSif is a fertility goddess in Norse mythology, wife of the thunder...\nDefinition\nLoki\nLoki is a god in Norse mythology who is often simply described...\nDefinition\nJrmungandr\nJrmungandr is the Midgard Serpent (also World Serpent) in Norse...\nDefinition\nEdda\nEdda is a term used to describe two Icelandic manuscripts that...\nDefinition\nIdunn\nIdunn (pronounced Ih-dune) is a fertility goddess in Norse mythology...\n1 2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\nNext \nLast \nFree for the World, Supported by You\nWorld History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. For only 4 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide.\nBecome a Member\nDonate\nRecommended Books\nUnbinding the Trickster: A Collection of Lokean Verse, Rokkr Chants...\nWritten by Loptsson, Gralok, published by Gralok (2023)\n$9.36\nUntersuchungen zur Lokasenna\nWritten by Hirschfeld, Max, published by University of California Libraries (2012)\n$9.99\nThe Pocket Voluspa: Old Norse with 3 English Translations Bellows-Bray-Thorpe...\nWritten by Loptsson, Gralok & Bellows, Henry & Bray, Olive & Thorpe, Benjamin & Thorsson, Eirik, published by Independently published (2023)\n$9.00\nThe Poetic Edda: A Collection of Old Norse Poems\nWritten by Unkown & Bellows, Henry Adams & Bellows, Henry Adams & Bellows, Henry Adams, published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (2016)\n$12.95\nThe Poetic Edda: Stories of the Norse Gods and Heroes\nWritten by Crawford, Jackson, published by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. (2015)\n$16.10\nWorld History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.\nCite This Work\nAPA Style\nManea, I. (2022, February 11). Lokasenna.\nWorld History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1938/lokasenna/\nChicago Style\nManea, Irina-Maria. \"Lokasenna.\"\nWorld History Encyclopedia. Last modified February 11, 2022.\nhttps://www.worldhistory.org/article/1938/lokasenna/.\nMLA Style\nManea, Irina-Maria. \"Lokasenna.\"\nWorld History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 11 Feb 2022. Web. 29 May 2024.\nLicense & Copyright\nSubmitted by Irina-Maria Manea, published on 11 February 2022. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.\nRemove Ads\nAdvertisement\nFree Newsletter\nOur latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week:\nAre you a...?\nHistory Enthusiast\nTeacher\nStudent\nLibrarian\nRemove Ads\nAdvertisement\nSupport Us\nWe are a non-profit organization.\nOur mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Thank you!\nDonate\nMembership\nRemove Ads\nAdvertisement\nNumerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University.\nOur publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal.\nPlease note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia.\nOur Mission\nOur mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide.\nFollow Us\nFacebook\nAbout \nContact \nAdvertise \nPrivacy Policy \nPartners \nSupporters \nNewsletter \nSettings\nWorld History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom.\nWorld History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada.\nSome Rights Reserved (2009-2024) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted.\nThe World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark.\nFeatured Partner", "url": "https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1938/lokasenna/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lokasenna's GUI library for Lua v2 - Cockos Incorporated Forums\nCockos Incorporated Forums\n> REAPER Forums\n> ReaScript, JSFX, REAPER Plug-in Extensions, Developer Forum\nLokasenna's GUI library for Lua v2\nUser Name\nRemember Me?\nPassword\nRegister\nSearch\nToday's Posts\nMark Forums Read\nPage 1 of 23\n1\n2311\n>\nLast\nThread Tools\nDisplay Modes\n06-04-2016, 02:02 PM\n#1\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nLokasenna's GUI library for Lua v2\nV3 update, February 2020 - v3 is now available on ReaPack! I'll make a separate thread for it when time allows, but in the meantime you can have a look at https://jalovatt.github.io/scythe\nGUIs. We all need them, and they're a bit of a pain to make in ReaScript. Why not let someone else do the hard work so you can get back to actually making your script do something cool?\nInstallation:\nReaPack\n- Install the Lokasenna's GUI library v2 for Lua package\n- In Reaper's action list, run Set Lokasenna_GUI v2 library path.lua\nAny scripts requiring this library should now be able to find it.\nManual\n- Download the files here (including any subfolders), making sure to keep the same folder structure wherever you put them on your hard drive\n- Find and run the install script, Set Lokasenna_GUI v2 library path.lua\nDevelopers\nA second package, Lokasenna's GUI library v2 for Lua (developer tools), provides example scripts, templates, and documentation.\nDevelopment:\nAll of my work is done at Lokasenna_GUI on Github. Everything there is to be considered unstable, and probably not suitable for release, but any new feature updates or class additions will show up there. Contributions, bug reports, etc are all welcome.\nEnjoy!\nReasons why you should use this sexy beast include:\n- It comes with a GUI builder! (Experimental, see the Developer Tools package)\n- Very little coding required on your part. A simple GUI might need only a dozen lines of code compared to the hundreds (or thousands, for some of my scripts) you'd have to write if you did it yourself.\n- Global font and color settings, so you can change the overall look to suit your fancy.\n- Layer visibility management, so you can have multiple sets of controls or dialog boxes come and go as needed.\n- Graphics use blitting whenever possible, keeping the CPU usage low without any worry on your part.\n- Hooks to run your own functions as part of the GUI's updating loop. You could relabel the options around a knob if you wanted, or have a slider and knob match the selected track's volume/pan... etc.\n- Built-in crash reporting, providing more detailed error messages than Reaper does by itself.\n- Can be told to exit from your own code, and to run a function when it does. For instance, \"save all the current settings, run this action, and quit\".\n- Numerous helper functions in addition to the GUI code, simplifying a number of things that might be annoying to code on your own every time.\n- Modular design, allowing you to use as much, or as little, of my own code as you want. You can also write your own classes if you'd prefer.\nChangelog:\nJuly 8/18: The \"Lokasenna GUI v2.x.x\" watermark now reads its version from ReaPack so I don't have to remember to update it.\nJune 27/18: First stable release, available on ReaPack. It will only be updated directly with bug fixes - any feature updates and new classes will live on the project repository until I feel like they're safe to move over.\nJune 6/18: Added support for creating elements with keyed tables rather than a series of function arguments, and an example script demonstrating it.\nJune 2/18: New class - Window. A number of under-the-hood improvements and new Core functions. Better crash reporting, and handling of Reaper's \"restricted permissions\" mode.\nMay 10/18: Fixed some weirdness with how Knob and Slider return their values. This update changes the parameters for both classes and will break any scripts that use them. My apologies.\nApril 29/18: Added Menubar class.\nApril 25/18: Added a basic crash reporter, moved the project to my own repository on Github.\nApril 22/18: Went through all of the classes/scripts and did some major tidying, as well as breaking most of the longer functions into smaller chunks.\nApril 8/18: Added Listbox and TextEditor classes. There were also a number of bug fixes and efficiency improvements back in... February? I forget.\nSeptember 26/17: Bug fix - the Knob class was ignoring min/max values when drawing values around the knob.\nAugust 19/17: Bug fixes related to macOS using decimal values for the mousewheel, and scrolling the mousewheel on a Menubox with no options in it.\nJuly 31/17: A few bug fixes.\nJune 9/17: First proper release. Classes are modular, tons of new features, code is much more efficient.\nJune 13/16: Rewrote the library to be copy/paste-able rather than distributing the file separately.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLast edited by Lokasenna; 02-09-2020 at 03:25 PM.\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n06-04-2016, 06:13 PM\n#2\nX-Raym\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Apr 2013\nLocation: France\nPosts: 9,967\nThanks for your hard work on this, I'm sure it could be useful to a lot of scripters !!\nCheers !\n__________________\nFree ReaScripts - Premium Scripts - Custom Scripts Dev - Learn ReaScript - XR Theme - Stash Files - ReaLinks - Website - ReaComics - Alien 2347 - Donation\nX-Raym\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to X-Raym\nVisit X-Raym's homepage!\nFind More Posts by X-Raym\n06-04-2016, 10:19 PM\n#3\nmichaeltonight\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jun 2010\nLocation: Texas\nPosts: 357\nThis is amazing, Lokasenna.\nmichaeltonight\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to michaeltonight\nFind More Posts by michaeltonight\n06-08-2016, 08:30 AM\n#4\nOzman\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2015\nPosts: 759\nThis looks awesome!\nOzman\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Ozman\nFind More Posts by Ozman\n06-08-2016, 12:56 PM\n#5\nsfzgeek\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2009\nLocation: Dunedin, New Zealand\nPosts: 205\nBravo! Amazing work and excellent reference scripts!\n__________________\nMy rawk band: The Hidden Venture.\nsfzgeek\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to sfzgeek\nFind More Posts by sfzgeek\n06-10-2016, 04:40 AM\n#6\nBrado231\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2012\nLocation: Oz\nPosts: 196\nGreat stuff! Thanks!!\n__________________\nMy Reaper fix/feature wishlist (in order): Horizontal Zoom Out Issue | Incorrect Region divider colours in arrange view | Screenset focus issue | Native AAC/M4A Rendering in Reaper (Windows)\nBrado231\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Brado231\nFind More Posts by Brado231\n06-11-2016, 05:16 AM\n#7\nraiirock\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Mar 2013\nLocation: Moscow\nPosts: 99\nLooks great !\nraiirock\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to raiirock\nFind More Posts by raiirock\n06-13-2016, 08:49 PM\n#8\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nUpdate to beta 2.\nNo feature changes, but I rewrote a couple of things so the library can now be copy/pasted into your script rather than distributing the file separately. See the comments at the beginning of the file for instructions.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n06-14-2016, 06:21 PM\n#9\nSpacemen Tree\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Mar 2013\nPosts: 515\nJust the licecap in the OP screams AWESOME!!!\nGreat stuff. Kudos!\n__________________\n\"After silence, that which comes nearest to expressing the inexpressible is music\", Aldous Huxley\nSpacemen Tree\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Spacemen Tree\nFind More Posts by Spacemen Tree\n06-15-2016, 11:14 AM\n#10\nspk77\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Aug 2012\nLocation: Finland\nPosts: 2,668\nI haven't tested this yet, but it's looking very good Thanks Lokasenna!\n__________________\nDonations (PayPal) - ReaScripts (ReaTeam GitHub repository)\nspk77\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to spk77\nFind More Posts by spk77\n06-15-2016, 11:24 AM\n#11\ntack\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2014\nLocation: Ontario, Canada\nPosts: 1,620\nIt's not possible to write JSFX plugins in Lua is it? I'd love to be able use this for FX as well, but I fear it's Eel or bust.\ntack\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tack\nFind More Posts by tack\n06-09-2017, 12:08 PM\n#12\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nUpdated to version 1.0.\nLots of new features, new classes, bug fixes, efficiency improvements, 33% less sodium with the same great taste.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n06-28-2017, 07:40 AM\n#13\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nUpdated to version 1.0.\nLots of new features, new classes, bug fixes, efficiency improvements, 33% less sodium with the same great taste.\nvery nice ! thanks a lot! will check this today\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n06-29-2017, 06:18 AM\n#14\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nhello Lokasenna! could you provide some example how to call a simple checkbox like the one you have in the original post, with \"are you a cool guy?\" , .. i tried yesterday but with no success.\nAlso, in the github examples, you are calling example: req(\"Classes//Class - Slider.lua\") which in OSX gives an error and we have to change to: req(\"Classes\\Class - Slider.lua\"), so probably this could be sorted with a separator variable depending on the system.\nThank you\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n06-29-2017, 07:34 AM\n#15\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nalso! you could a provide a way to , without changing the knob class, to not show the 100 in the image:\nthe knob is like this:\nGUI.New(\"my_knob\", \t\"Knob\", \t\t1, 230, 32, 80, \"Attack\", 0, 100, 101, 0,0)\nyou say in comments:\nvals Boolean. Display value labels?\nFor knobs with a lot of steps, i.e. Pan from -100 to +100, set this\nto false and use a label to read the value, update the Knob's caption\nI have seted it to false, but marks still showing and the 100 is just the last mark.\nIs there an example too?\nCheers!\nAttached Images\nScreen Shot 2017-06-29 at 15.29.55.png (11.5 KB, 15781 views)\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n07-01-2017, 02:16 AM\n#16\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\n1. A single-item checkbox just requires making one with no overall caption, and only one option in the list. There's also an option I seem to have missed when I was documenting everything, .frame, that lets you disable the border around the list:\nCode:\nGUI.New(\"my_chk\", \"Checklist\", 1, 16, 16, 200, 32, \"\", \"Are you a cool guy?\")\nGUI.elms.my_chk.frame = false\n2. Good catch. As it happens, you can use GUI.file_sep here:\nCode:\nlocal sep = GUI.file_sep\nreq(\"Classes\"..sep..\"Class - Slider.lua\")\nIf I get a chance I'll update the examples with that.\n3. Working fine here:\nCode:\nGUI.New(\"my_knob\", \"Knob\", 1, 230, 32, 80, \"Attack\", 0, 100, 101, 0,0)\nGUI.elms.my_knob.vals = false\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-01-2017, 03:10 AM\n#17\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nSmall update.\n- Added the file separator check described above to all of the example files.\n- Added a missing parameter to the Checklist documentation. .frame is a Boolean, defaults to True, and tells it whether or not to draw a frame around the list.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-20-2017, 05:28 PM\n#18\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nnice Lokasenna ! meanwhile i noticed that when adding values of 10 ~ or more for padding , the checkbox and also the radio has strange behaviour you click on D , C gets some times checked, Click on C checks D same times, and so on Can you check if you get the same?\nIn example:\nGUI.New(\"chklist\",\t\"Checklist\",1, 30 ,20 , 100, 150, \"\",\"A,B,C,D\",\"v\", 20 )\nAttached Images\nScreen Shot 2017-07-21 at 01.24.08.png (8.6 KB, 15697 views)\nLast edited by deeb; 07-20-2017 at 05:50 PM.\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n07-21-2017, 06:37 AM\n#19\nFlaneurette\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Dec 2016\nPosts: 373\nPretty cool. I am going to utilize this.\nIf there a way to include this lib, like a lib/include? or does it need to be in the same file as the other lua code? (still learning LUA)\nFlaneurette\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Flaneurette\nFind More Posts by Flaneurette\n07-21-2017, 07:14 AM\n#20\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Flaneurette\nPretty cool. I am going to utilize this.\nIf there a way to include this lib, like a lib/include? or does it need to be in the same file as the other lua code? (still learning LUA)\nin the GUI examples lokasenna did for us, he uses a custom function called \"req\". Probably you could check it.\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n07-21-2017, 08:48 AM\n#21\nFlaneurette\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Dec 2016\nPosts: 373\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by deeb\nin the GUI examples lokasenna did for us, he uses a custom function called \"req\". Probably you could check it.\nGot it! the Example - General demonstration.lua explains it.\nFlaneurette\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Flaneurette\nFind More Posts by Flaneurette\n07-21-2017, 10:05 AM\n#22\nFlaneurette\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Dec 2016\nPosts: 373\nLokasenna,\nIs it possible to dump an (multidimensional) array/table inside a menu? would be cool. As I can see, it's only string right now.\nLike:\nCode:\nGUI.New(\"my_mnu\", \"Menubox\", 3, 256, 176, 64, 20, \"Options:\", MyArray)\nCode:\nMyArray = {\n{'FOO', 5},\n{'BAR', 2}\n...etc\n}\nFlaneurette\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Flaneurette\nFind More Posts by Flaneurette\n07-22-2017, 06:44 AM\n#23\nFlaneurette\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Dec 2016\nPosts: 373\nAnother thing that might be interesting. When filling a menubox with many items, it overflows:\nBut it does something strange too, it seems to repeat certain values at the bottom and grey them out:\nFlaneurette\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Flaneurette\nFind More Posts by Flaneurette\n07-22-2017, 02:16 PM\n#24\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by deeb\nnice Lokasenna ! meanwhile i noticed that when adding values of 10 ~ or more for padding , the checkbox and also the radio has strange behaviour you click on D , C gets some times checked, Click on C checks D same times, and so on Can you check if you get the same?\nIn example:\nGUI.New(\"chklist\",\t\"Checklist\",1, 30 ,20 , 100, 150, \"\",\"A,B,C,D\",\"v\", 20 )\nI think the issue is that my check for \"what option is the mouse over?\" doesn't correct for padding at the top/bottom. Or something like that.\nWill have a look.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-22-2017, 02:22 PM\n#25\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Flaneurette\nLokasenna,\nIs it possible to dump an (multidimensional) array/table inside a menu? would be cool. As I can see, it's only string right now.\nIt would much easier to do on your end than to build it into the GUI class, since I can't know what dimensions and indexing are being used for a user's table.\nFor the table listed above, you could do something like this (code might not be 100% correct, can't check it right now):\nCode:\nlocal function GetMenuItems()\nlocal str = \"\"\nfor i = 1, #MyArray - 1 do\nstr = str..MyArray[i][1]..\",\"\nend\n-- This avoids an extra , at the end of the string\nstr = str..MyArray[#MyArray][1]\nreturn str\nend\n...\nGUI.New(\"my_mnu\", \"Menubox\", 3, 256, 176, 64, 20, \"Options:\", GetMenuItems())\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-22-2017, 02:27 PM\n#26\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Flaneurette\nAnother thing that might be interesting. When filling a menubox with many items, it overflows\nThere's no way (AFAIK) to restrict the menu's length or tell it to wrap to a second column - the menu itself is a function provided by Reaper. You should get little up/down arrows when it leaves the screen though.\nQuote:\nBut it does something strange too, it seems to repeat certain values at the bottom and grey them out\nReaper's gfx.showmenu function uses specific prefixes for folders, graying out, etc, so that should only happen if a menu item starts with \"#\". See: https://www.extremraym.com/cloud/rea...a_gfx.showmenu\nHow are you generating the list? The Menubox class doesn't (well, shouldn't be) do anything with the list you give it aside from changing the commas to |s.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-23-2017, 06:20 AM\n#27\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nI think the issue is that my check for \"what option is the mouse over?\" doesn't correct for padding at the top/bottom. Or something like that.\nWill have a look.\nYep seems something like that: Mouse Over is not being affected by The padding. Thank you lokasenna\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n07-23-2017, 06:41 AM\n#28\nFlaneurette\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Dec 2016\nPosts: 373\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nReaper's gfx.showmenu function uses specific prefixes for folders, graying out, etc, so that should only happen if a menu item starts with \"#\". See: https://www.extremraym.com/cloud/rea...a_gfx.showmenu\nHah! Yes, I use # for sharps... that's hilarious. As if sharps aren't used in music... what was he thinking! lol.\nSo... how were going to use sharps? will it take unicode? escaping it with another sharp doesn't work...\nFlaneurette\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Flaneurette\nFind More Posts by Flaneurette\n07-23-2017, 06:56 AM\n#29\nFlaneurette\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Dec 2016\nPosts: 373\nUsing the UTF-8 glyph seems to work:\nOr, a somewhat cleaner method:\nCode:\nutf8.char(9839)\nFlaneurette\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Flaneurette\nFind More Posts by Flaneurette\n07-23-2017, 09:35 AM\n#30\nFlaneurette\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Dec 2016\nPosts: 373\nAlso made a custom adjustment/preference in the Menubox.lua.\nCode:\n290\tlocal x, y = self.x, self.y\n291\tgfx.x, gfx.y = self.x, self.y + 20\nor\nCode:\n290\tself.__index = self\n291\tgfx.x, gfx.y = self.x, self.y + 20\ninstead of:\nCode:\n290\tgfx.x, gfx.y = GUI.mouse.x, GUI.mouse.y\nThis way the dropdown will fit tightly next, and under the menubox instead of floating around wherever I click.\nFlaneurette\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Flaneurette\nFind More Posts by Flaneurette\n07-23-2017, 03:10 PM\n#31\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nWould like to make a request, probably would be nice if elements like:\nMenubox,\nChecklist,\nRadio,\neven knobs\naccept a function as argument like button does for onclick, but in this case for onselect, so that some actions could be maded based on this information immediatlly.\nThanks!!\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n07-24-2017, 07:02 PM\n#32\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nYou can do that easily yourself by rewriting the appropriate method for whichever element you want. i.e:\nCode:\n--Load all the classes\nGUI.New(\"mnu_mymenu\", \"Menubox\", ...whatever the Menubox params are...)\nfunction GUI.elms.mnu_mymenu:onmouseup()\n-- Run the existing code for the menu\n-- This could be after your extra code instead if you want\nGUI.Menubox.onmouseup(self)\nDoMyStuff(self.retval)\nend\nOr, if you need to do that with multiple elements, you can easily create a new class based on Menubox and rewrite the method for that:\nCode:\n-- Load all your libraries\nGUI.MyMenuBox = GUI.Menubox\nfunction GUI.MyMenuBox:onmouseup()\n-- As above\nend\nSee the example scripts for an, er, example of this in action. The code/formatting above might not be correct.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-27-2017, 10:06 AM\n#33\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nYou can do that easily yourself by rewriting the appropriate method for whichever element you want. i.e:\nCode:\n--Load all the classes\nGUI.New(\"mnu_mymenu\", \"Menubox\", ...whatever the Menubox params are...)\nfunction GUI.elms.mnu_mymenu:onmouseup()\n-- Run the existing code for the menu\n-- This could be after your extra code instead if you want\nGUI.Menubox.onmouseup(self)\nDoMyStuff(self.retval)\nend\nOr, if you need to do that with multiple elements, you can easily create a new class based on Menubox and rewrite the method for that:\nCode:\n-- Load all your libraries\nGUI.MyMenuBox = GUI.Menubox\nfunction GUI.MyMenuBox:onmouseup()\n-- As above\nend\nSee the example scripts for an, er, example of this in action. The code/formatting above might not be correct.\nBack to this! awesome\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n07-27-2017, 11:08 AM\n#34\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nImagine this:\nGUI.New(\"menu\" ,\"Menubox\",\t 1, 1,\t1, 250, 30, \"\", \"A,B\" )\nHow can i make this menu be defaulted to B when loading without changing the \"A,B\" string?\nThanks man!\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n07-28-2017, 02:42 PM\n#35\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nGUI.Val can be used for both reading and setting elements' values:\nCode:\nGUI.New(\"menu\" ,\"Menubox\",\t1, 1,\t1, 250, 30, \"\", \"A,B\" )\nGUI.Val(\"menu\", 2)\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-29-2017, 08:34 AM\n#36\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by deeb\nnice Lokasenna ! meanwhile i noticed that when adding values of 10 ~ or more for padding , the checkbox and also the radio has strange behaviour you click on D , C gets some times checked, Click on C checks D same times, and so on Can you check if you get the same?\nIn example:\nGUI.New(\"chklist\",\t\"Checklist\",1, 30 ,20 , 100, 150, \"\",\"A,B,C,D\",\"v\", 20 )\nThis is Whats is buggin me now . I'll try and see if i can fix ir later\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n07-29-2017, 08:36 AM\n#37\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nIs it possible without changing tab classe T have tabs with multiple rows?\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n07-29-2017, 02:53 PM\n#38\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by deeb\nThis is Whats is buggin me now . I'll try and see if i can fix ir later\nThat would be awesome; I'm a couple of weeks away from having any time to fiddle with it myself.\nBoth of them use the same logic - Checklist in nmouseup and Radio in nmousedown:\nCode:\n-- See which option it's on\nlocal mouseopt = self.dir == \"h\" \tand (GUI.mouse.x - (self.x + 0.5*self.chk_w))\nor\t(GUI.mouse.y - (self.y + self.cap_h + self.pad) )\nmouseopt = mouseopt / ((self.chk_w + self.pad) * #self.optarray)\nmouseopt = GUI.clamp( math.floor(mouseopt * #self.optarray) + 1 , 1, #self.optarray )\nEdit: I can't actually reproduce it on my end. If the checklist's height is too small then the last couple of options spill outside the frame and aren't clickable, but it appears to be properly detecting the option I'm over.\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by deeb\nIs it possible without changing tab classe T have tabs with multiple rows?\nNot at the moment.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLast edited by Lokasenna; 07-29-2017 at 03:07 PM.\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-29-2017, 03:03 PM\n#39\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nok! thanks ! all good meanwhile\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\n07-29-2017, 05:21 PM\n#40\ndeeb\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Feb 2017\nPosts: 4,849\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nYou can do that easily yourself by rewriting the appropriate method for whichever element you want. i.e:\nCode:\n--Load all the classes\nGUI.New(\"mnu_mymenu\", \"Menubox\", ...whatever the Menubox params are...)\nfunction GUI.elms.mnu_mymenu:onmouseup()\n-- Run the existing code for the menu\n-- This could be after your extra code instead if you want\nGUI.Menubox.onmouseup(self)\nDoMyStuff(self.retval)\nend\nOr, if you need to do that with multiple elements, you can easily create a new class based on Menubox and rewrite the method for that:\nCode:\n-- Load all your libraries\nGUI.MyMenuBox = GUI.Menubox\nfunction GUI.MyMenuBox:onmouseup()\n-- As above\nend\nSee the example scripts for an, er, example of this in action. The code/formatting above might not be correct.\nThanks for your last edit, i will go to that part next\nsome days ago i had to use this:\nCode:\nfunction GUI.elms.menu1:onmouseup()\n(...)\nGUI.Menubox.onmouseup(self)\nend\nand it worked.\nbut now i had the need to use this, to make the onmouse work for many elements:\nCode:\nfunction GUI.MyMenuBox:onmouseup()\nGUI.Menubox.onmouseup(self)\nend\nand i have an error: \"stack overflow\" on the console. I still didnt find how to solve! would be nice!\nEdit: meanwhile i changed function GUI.Checklistnmouseup()and seems better now\nCode:\nlocal mouseopt = self.dir == \"h\" \tand (GUI.mouse.x - (self.x + 0.5*self.chk_w))\nor\t(GUI.mouse.y - (self.y + self.cap_h ))\naltho i don't like much that between checkboxes that space is always \"clickable\". . In this case for the checkbox before.But it is what it is ! it's great anyway.thank you\nLast edited by deeb; 07-29-2017 at 08:13 PM.\ndeeb\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to deeb\nFind More Posts by deeb\nPage 1 of 23\n1\n2311\n>\nLast\nPrevious Thread\n|\nNext Thread\nThread Tools\nShow Printable Version\nEmail this Page\nDisplay Modes\nLinear Mode\nSwitch to Hybrid Mode\nSwitch to Threaded Mode\nPosting Rules\nYou may not post new threads\nYou may not post replies\nYou may not post attachments\nYou may not edit your posts\nBB code is On\nSmilies are On\n[IMG] code is On\nHTML code is Off\nForum Rules\nForum Jump\nUser Control Panel\nPrivate Messages\nSubscriptions\nWho's Online\nSearch Forums\nForums Home\nREAPER Forums\nREAPER General Discussion Forum\nnewbieland\nREAPER Q&A, Tips, Tricks and Howto\nRecording Technologies and Techniques\nREAPER Compatibility\nREAPER Color Themes and Icon Sets\nMIDI Hardware, Control Surfaces, and OSC\nREAPER Non-English Speaking User Forums\nForum de REAPER en franais\nForo de REAPER en Espaol\nFrum do REAPER em portugus\nForum di REAPER in italiano\nDeutschsprachiges REAPER Userforum\nPycc opy REAPER\nREAPER Bug Reports\nREAPER Feature Requests\nDstruct's Casa De Nitpicks\nREAPER for Live Use\nREAPER for Video Editing/Mangling\nREAPER for Spatial Audio\nReaScript, JSFX, REAPER Plug-in Extensions, Developer Forum\nREAPER for macOS\nREAPER for Linux\nREAPER Pre-Release Discussion\nREAPER Music/Collaboration Discussion\nNINJAM Discussion\nNINJAM User Discussion\nNINJAM Developer Discussion\nOther Software Discussion\nWDL users forum\nLICEcap Discussion\nOSCII-bot forum\nOld Cockos Products Forum\nAll times are GMT -7. The time now is 11:09 AM.\n-- Cockos\n---- REAPER 5\n---- Reaper 3\n---- Reaper 2\n---- Reaper 1\nContact Us -\nockos Incorporated -\nArchive -\nTop\nPowered by vBulletin Version 3.8.11Copyright 2000 - 2024, vBulletin Solutions Inc.", "url": "https://forum.cockos.com/showthread.php?t=177772" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Vlusp - Norse and Germanic Lore site with Old Norse / English translations of the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda\nLokasenna - Loki's Wrangling\nLokasenna Introduction Notes - Bellows's notes on the poem\nLokasenna 1-5 - Stanzas 1-5 with notes\nLokasenna 6-10 - Stanzas 6-10 with notes\nLokasenna 11-15 - Stanzas 11-15 with notes\nLokasenna 16-20 - Stanzas 16-20 with notes\nLokasenna 21-25 - Stanzas 21-25 with notes\nLokasenna 26-30 - Stanzas 26-30 with notes\nLokasenna 31-35 - Stanzas 31-35 with notes\nLokasenna 36-40 - Stanzas 36-40 with notes\nLokasenna 41-45 - Stanzas 41-45 with notes\nLokasenna 46-50 - Stanzas 46-50 with notes\nLokasenna 51-54 - Stanzas 51-54 with notes\nLokasenna 55-60 - Stanzas 55-60 with notes\nLokasenna 61-65 - Stanzas 61-65 with notes\nThe fourth poem in the Poetic Edda, broken down into 5 stanza seqments so that the Old Norse can match the English translations.\nPoetic Edda\nThe Lay of Hymir\nThe Lay of Thrym\nHome\n 2008 Vlusp.org | 2008 Articles, Analysis and Artwork to their respective creators\nEddas, Sagas and Folklore Public Domain", "url": "https://www.voluspa.org/lokasenna.htm" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lokasenna's Theory Helper - Cockos Incorporated Forums\nCockos Incorporated Forums\n> REAPER Forums\n> ReaScript, JSFX, REAPER Plug-in Extensions, Developer Forum\nLokasenna's Theory Helper\nUser Name\nRemember Me?\nPassword\nRegister\nSearch\nToday's Posts\nMark Forums Read\nPage 1 of 9\n1\n23\n>\nLast\nThread Tools\nDisplay Modes\n12-23-2016, 07:03 AM\n#1\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nLokasenna's Theory Helper\nI'm not that great when it comes to music theory. I know enough to get by, but figuring out chords and scales usually means having to get a pen, draw myself a fretboard, and work things out by hand.\nWait, isn't that why we have these expensive digital glorified abacuses?\nThe script is available via ReaPack, or you can install it the old-fashioned way by right-clicking this link right here and choosing Save As.\nRelease history:\nJan. 26, 2017 - Replaced by 'Theory Helper', lots of new stuff; see below\nJan. 01, 2017 - Chords can be inserted as arpeggios, added a velocity slider as well\nDec. 28, 2016 - Added buttons to cycle through a scale's modes\nDec. 26, 2016 - Added to ReaPack.\nDec. 25, 2016 - Rearranging again, added buttons to play the current scale up or down, highlight the last-played chord for each degree.\nDec. 23, 2016 - Rearranged things, added chord arpeggios (preview-only) and button tooltips.\nDec. 23, 2016 - Initial release.\nInstructions:\n- Run it from a MIDI editor.\n- See the script's Help tab for some basic documentation. Most things also display a tooltip.\n- At some point I'll think about putting further documentation here.\nLet me know if you have any questions, comments, bugs, etc, and feel free to click the Donate button down below. No hard feelings if you don't; this stuff is fun anyway.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLast edited by Lokasenna; 03-16-2017 at 11:20 AM.\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n12-23-2016, 07:11 AM\n#2\nzappadave\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2008\nPosts: 1,257\nLooks fantastic\nWill have to give this later.\nVery nice christmas present. Thanks.\n__________________\nMusic is the best\nzappadave\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to zappadave\nFind More Posts by zappadave\n12-23-2016, 09:34 AM\n#3\nNextLevel\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Dec 2014\nPosts: 417\nThank you Lokasenna this is going to be really useful.\nA few things I would'nt mind seeing added;\n1) Ability to sustain chord until mouse button is released.\n2) Maybe a couple of buttons next to the selected scale, buttonA previews the scale ascending, buttonB previews descending.\n3) Maybe an option to preview chords arpeggiated ascending/descending.\nCheers!\nNextLevel\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to NextLevel\nFind More Posts by NextLevel\n12-23-2016, 10:09 AM\n#4\nSexan\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jun 2009\nLocation: Croatia\nPosts: 4,722\nAwesome!!!!!\n__________________\nMy Scripts and ReaPack link | Virtual Tracks (ProTools Playlist/TrackVersions) | Area(51) Selection LUA Script | ReaSpaghetti Visual Scripter | ParaNormal FX Router | Pie Menu 3000 | Donation PayPal Ko-fi\nSexan\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Sexan\nFind More Posts by Sexan\n12-23-2016, 11:43 AM\n#5\nkawa_\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Mar 2016\nPosts: 117\nGreat! Thank you for!\n__________________\nweb | kawaScripts | donate | twitter |\nkawa_\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to kawa_\nFind More Posts by kawa_\n12-23-2016, 11:45 AM\n#6\nMordi\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: May 2014\nLocation: Norway\nPosts: 990\nWoah, that looks great. I'll have to try this out!\nMordi\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Mordi\nVisit Mordi's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Mordi\n12-23-2016, 12:00 PM\n#7\nhopi\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Oct 2008\nLocation: Right Hear\nPosts: 15,619\nwow this is great... only gripe is that reaper api makes you use the VMK with it... kind of a pity and wonder if the DEV's can make it so it works with whatever other midi we might be using\n__________________\n...should be fixed for the next build... http://tinyurl.com/cr7o7yl\nhttps://soundcloud.com/hopikiva\nhopi\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to hopi\nFind More Posts by hopi\n12-23-2016, 12:15 PM\n#8\nnitrousbob\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Dec 2009\nPosts: 37\nVery cool, i cant wait to put it into action\nnitrousbob\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to nitrousbob\nFind More Posts by nitrousbob\n12-23-2016, 12:16 PM\n#9\ndankan\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Apr 2015\nPosts: 17\ngreat tool\nI keep my fingers crossed for development of this tool made by you. Works great with ZD-scales. Thank you very much.Regards.\ndankan\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to dankan\nFind More Posts by dankan\n12-23-2016, 12:22 PM\n#10\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by hopi\nwow this is great... only gripe is that reaper api makes you use the VMK with it... kind of a pity and wonder if the DEV's can make it so it works with whatever other midi we might be using\nAgreed. FR here: http://forum.cockos.com/showthread.php?t=185366\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n12-23-2016, 12:40 PM\n#11\ndankan\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Apr 2015\nPosts: 17\nintegration with midi editor\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nAgreed. FR here: http://forum.cockos.com/showthread.php?t=185366\nI'm not a script writer but user and don't entirely know is above post about this but when i turn on in midi editor snaping to the scale with open chord helper its getting hard work with.\ndankan\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to dankan\nFind More Posts by dankan\n12-23-2016, 12:45 PM\n#12\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nMake sure you have Key Snap turned on in the MIDI editor and \"Sync w/ editor\" turned in Chord Helper.\nWhat's not working?\nEdit: Are you trying to click on the key/scale in Chord Helper to change them? If key snapping is on, you have to changed it from the MIDI editor - Reaper's scripting won't let me change it. In the next release I'll have the scale text get dimmer as a visual cue.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLast edited by Lokasenna; 12-23-2016 at 01:00 PM.\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n12-23-2016, 01:11 PM\n#13\nbob\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Apr 2010\nLocation: Scottish refugee in Germany\nPosts: 4,368\nok figured it.Anyway of adding sustain to the chord?\nlove it reaper rules.you guys are great\n__________________\nSoundCloud Channel\nhttps://soundcloud.com/stream\nLast edited by bob; 12-23-2016 at 01:21 PM.\nbob\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to bob\nVisit bob's homepage!\nFind More Posts by bob\n12-23-2016, 01:25 PM\n#14\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nYeah, I've added sustain to my to-do list. Currently banging my head against the wall to add tooltips to the buttons.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n12-23-2016, 01:27 PM\n#15\ndankan\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Apr 2015\nPosts: 17\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nMake sure you have Key Snap turned on in the MIDI editor and \"Sync w/ editor\" turned in Chord Helper.\nWhat's not working?\nEdit: Are you trying to click on the key/scale in Chord Helper to change them? If key snapping is on, you have to changed it from the MIDI editor - Reaper's scripting won't let me change it. In the next release I'll have the scale text get dimmer as a visual cue.\nAh syncing... yes from midi editor everything works great. I was trying to change scale from ChH.\nIf I may suggest sth... more colorful notes [9,11,13] options would be great. Don't know if it would be hard to program though.\ndankan\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to dankan\nFind More Posts by dankan\n12-23-2016, 01:32 PM\n#16\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nYou mean more types of chords? They're really easy to program, the hard part is deciding what sets to have in the list and what chords to put in each set, without making the list too big. Suggestions are welcome.\nOr I could add a separate \"load .reascale\" button just for chords, maybe.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n12-23-2016, 01:59 PM\n#17\ndankan\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Apr 2015\nPosts: 17\nMaybe according to styles. Hard guitar powerchord there are already in a way [P5 and oct]. Jazz would [there is also partialy:add9,sus chords] be i.e. 9,half diminished,11 etc.\nOr maybe set for the begining like in the attachment: maj m + dim M7 m7 halfdim7 6 m6...\nWell after a while of thinking... indeed it's hard to decide and those are developer's kind of decisions which way to go with the tool... Nevertheless even in beta state it's very usefull tool.\nAttached Images\naaaa.jpg (11.7 KB, 1343 views)\nLast edited by dankan; 12-23-2016 at 02:30 PM.\ndankan\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to dankan\nFind More Posts by dankan\n12-23-2016, 02:07 PM\n#18\nhopi\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Oct 2008\nLocation: Right Hear\nPosts: 15,619\nOK then... I've added to the FR...\nthere is a lotta MIDI Ed. love these days and this script would be such a super feature for Reaper to have implemented for any MIDI input, not just the VMK....\n__________________\n...should be fixed for the next build... http://tinyurl.com/cr7o7yl\nhttps://soundcloud.com/hopikiva\nhopi\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to hopi\nFind More Posts by hopi\n12-23-2016, 03:03 PM\n#19\nPet\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Nov 2015\nLocation: Germany\nPosts: 1,017\nLokasenna, that is great! Thank you for that.\nAdded a post in FR too.\nCheers,\nPeter\n__________________\nIf the v5 Default Theme is too bright for you take a gander at my mod of it: Default v5 Dark Theme\nPet\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Pet\nFind More Posts by Pet\n12-23-2016, 09:06 PM\n#20\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nUploaded a new version.\n- Rearranged the controls to make room for future updates.\n- Option to preview the chords as arpeggios, using the MIDI editor's note length. Doesn't apply (yet) when you insert notes.\n- Hovering over the chord buttons shows a tooltip with the intervals/notes in that chord.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n12-23-2016, 10:37 PM\n#21\nTheWhistler\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Nov 2010\nLocation: In the abyss...gazing at you...\nPosts: 1,239\nI was still not able to try (not enough time, I am wondering how you can knock this out 1 day before X-mas)\nThis is a cool script, thank you for your effort\nAlthough I havent tried it yet I am constantly thinking about it because I have a 2-3 questions:\n1. Would it be possible to assign keys to the pads? Maybe not for every chord but one or two in a row?\nThis would make songwriting and chord choosing much easier and intuitive.\n2. Have you thought about inversions? This could also be combined with a keyboard note.\nThis would really make it more of player than a clicker.\n3. I have an old keyboard lesson book I often refer to, when it comes to chords.\nYou said suggestions for sorting the chords are welcom.\nIn this book the chords are sorted by their relation to the root key.\nIf you are interested I can load up a picture tomorrow.\nThank you again. Now I will go and fulfill some of ma X-Mas duties.\n__________________\nAnd when you gaze long into an abyss the abyss also gazes into you.\nhttps://marrowvoltage.bandcamp.com\nTheWhistler\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to TheWhistler\nFind More Posts by TheWhistler\n12-23-2016, 10:47 PM\n#22\nhopi\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Oct 2008\nLocation: Right Hear\nPosts: 15,619\nI do have this working nicely on my own PC... and of course many thanks\nhowever just tried to run it on a friends Mac though it comes up and though I have the track armed, and set for VMK input, no matter what reascale I load nothing shows up as a possible chord... ?????\nnow it might be that he did not yet have the latest SWS stuff installed so he's working on that .. but thought I'd ask if there any known Mac issues?\n__________________\n...should be fixed for the next build... http://tinyurl.com/cr7o7yl\nhttps://soundcloud.com/hopikiva\nhopi\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to hopi\nFind More Posts by hopi\n12-24-2016, 12:47 AM\n#23\nvanhaze\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jul 2012\nLocation: Netherlands\nPosts: 5,247\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nI'm not that great when it comes to music theory. I know enough to get by, but figuring out chords and scales usually means having to get a pen, draw myself a fretboard, and work things out by hand.\nWait, isn't that why we have these expensive digital glorified abacuses?\n- Grab the script here.\nRelease history:\nDec. 23, 2016 - Rearranged things, added chord arpeggios and button tooltips.\nDec. 23, 2016 - Initial release.\nInstructions:\n- Run it from a MIDI editor.\n- Click the \"Load\" button to choose a .reascale file. If you don't have any, try sample.reascale in the Reaper\\Data folder.\n- Click the key or scale at the top of the window to change them and see what chords are available.\n- You can also change the set of chords being used, and the octave of notes being played. I'm happy to add more chords, it was just a pain deciding which ones to include.\n- If you want to preview the chords, your track has to be a) Record Armed, b) Monitoring, and c) set to receive input from the Virtual MIDI Keyboard, channel 0. This is a limitation of Reaper's API at the moment; I can't find any other way to have a script play MIDI notes.\nLet me know if you have any questions, comments, bugs, etc, and feel free to click the Donate button down below. No hard feelings if you don't; this stuff is fun anyway.\nJeeeez, amazing !!\nvanhaze\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to vanhaze\nVisit vanhaze's homepage!\nFind More Posts by vanhaze\n12-24-2016, 01:09 AM\n#24\nazimuth\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Apr 2014\nLocation: The place that's round on the ends and high in the middle\nPosts: 247\nReally nice job on this Lokasenna. It will definitely get plenty of use here, thank you.\nazimuth\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to azimuth\nFind More Posts by azimuth\n12-24-2016, 08:31 AM\n#25\nNextLevel\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Dec 2014\nPosts: 417\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nUploaded a new version.\n- Rearranged the controls to make room for future updates.\n- Option to preview the chords as arpeggios, using the MIDI editor's note length. Doesn't apply (yet) when you insert notes.\n- Hovering over the chord buttons shows a tooltip with the intervals/notes in that chord.\nAwesome, thank you for the arp mode, the tooltip function is nice too.\nNextLevel\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to NextLevel\nFind More Posts by NextLevel\n12-24-2016, 09:53 AM\n#26\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nTheWhistler\n1. Keyboard keys, yes. MIDI input... I don't think so, but I'll check again. I'll see if I can think of a reasonable way to map them, since you can have up to 12 columns * 13 chords.\n2. There's actually some preliminary code for inversions and open voicings in there. I don't remember why I gave up on it, but I'll take a poke again.\n3. It wouldn't hurt, but IMO the issue is defining what the sets of <14 chords should be. I don't want too much overlap, but I also don't want the same chords in every set just because.\nI am going to add 7ths to the Basic list though.\nhopi\nI don't have a Mac to test on, so I'm not sure what the issue might be. Does the reascale's filename show up when you load it? If not, it could be a difference in how Mac filepaths work. The .reascale file itself is the same, so if the script can find it everything else should work.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n12-24-2016, 10:22 AM\n#27\ndankan\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Apr 2015\nPosts: 17\nI can only repeat that I keep my fingers crossed for development of your grat tool.\ndankan\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to dankan\nFind More Posts by dankan\n12-24-2016, 12:52 PM\n#28\nhopi\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Oct 2008\nLocation: Right Hear\nPosts: 15,619\nthanks about the Mac discussion... yes the reascale files load... I'll hopefully get a chance to try it again... doing this all by Team Viewer remote so it's a little tricky to work out...\n__________________\n...should be fixed for the next build... http://tinyurl.com/cr7o7yl\nhttps://soundcloud.com/hopikiva\nhopi\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to hopi\nFind More Posts by hopi\n12-24-2016, 01:06 PM\n#29\nslipstick\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Apr 2016\nLocation: UK, near Europe\nPosts: 878\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nUploaded a new version.\n- Rearranged the controls to make room for future updates.\n- Option to preview the chords as arpeggios, using the MIDI editor's note length. Doesn't apply (yet) when you insert notes.\n- Hovering over the chord buttons shows a tooltip with the intervals/notes in that chord.\nFabulous work thanks. Loving the tooltips, help me remember how some of the less common chords are built.\nSteve\nslipstick\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to slipstick\nFind More Posts by slipstick\n12-24-2016, 02:11 PM\n#30\nvanhaze\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jul 2012\nLocation: Netherlands\nPosts: 5,247\nI just tested the script.\nReaper 5.31RC1 - 64bit\nOSX 10.12.2\nMacbook Retina 2015.\nLoaded ZD Ultimate reascale succesfully in the chord helper script gui.\nSet instrument track to midi input : virtual keyboard > all channels (works :0)\nThe script seems to work like a charm, wow, a really revolutionary script if you ask me !!\nThis script is greatly leaning towards the Chord Track functionality in Cubase.\nI experienced an issue but i suppose this is not a bug in the script, but how scripts\nwork (at mac at least). which have a GUI;\n- Midi Editor open and then the GUI of the script opened, which becomes on top of the Midi Editor Window.\nWhen i have inserted some chords, i want to play them in the Midi Editor, to audition\nthe chord progression, but spacebar is stealed from the script gui,\nSo then i have to click on Midi Editor window to give it focus so spacebar works again, but then script GUI vanishes behind Midi editor: Really annoying.\nCause now i have to move Midi Editor window to make script GUI visible again.\nI experienced this naughty behaviour also with other Midi Editor scripts that have a GUI.\nCan't imagine that Cockos can't do something about this, IMHO.\nMeanwhile, just a thought : the ability to have PLAY button in Chord Helper, so you can audition\nthe chord progression which is inserted in Midi Editor \"up till now\"\nOr a button that will move playhead in Midi Editor to beginning of the midi item, in which the chords are inserted.\nMany thanks for this great tool !!\nLast edited by vanhaze; 12-24-2016 at 02:59 PM.\nvanhaze\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to vanhaze\nVisit vanhaze's homepage!\nFind More Posts by vanhaze\n12-24-2016, 02:55 PM\n#31\nhopi\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Oct 2008\nLocation: Right Hear\nPosts: 15,619\nthanks Van for what you have said... I'll have to try it again\ntotally agree it is a great script!\nand also yes, same thing on PC about getting the ME to play and not hide the lua, but I have enough screen to move stuff around to solve that problem...\n__________________\n...should be fixed for the next build... http://tinyurl.com/cr7o7yl\nhttps://soundcloud.com/hopikiva\nhopi\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to hopi\nFind More Posts by hopi\n12-24-2016, 02:56 PM\n#32\nvanhaze\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jul 2012\nLocation: Netherlands\nPosts: 5,247\nNo thanks Hopi !\n\"Good\" to hear that my described issue is not only on mac but on PC also .. ;0)\nvanhaze\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to vanhaze\nVisit vanhaze's homepage!\nFind More Posts by vanhaze\n12-24-2016, 03:27 PM\n#33\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nThat hadn't occurred to me; I think there's a way to let keys pass through to the editor, I'll have to look it up.\nEdit: I'm not seeing a way to do it. For now, maybe just don't leave Chord Helper on top of the MIDI editor?\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLast edited by Lokasenna; 12-24-2016 at 03:33 PM.\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n12-24-2016, 03:47 PM\n#34\nvanhaze\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jul 2012\nLocation: Netherlands\nPosts: 5,247\nNot leaving Chord Helper GUI means that i have to assign a midi button to the \"play\" action in Reaper,\nto be able to audition the chordprogression chords, inserted via Chord Helper.\nFor my workflow, that's not desirable ..\nAuditioning the chordprogression while Chord Helper GUI is open, is vital for me.\nAgain: i am aware of the fact that you can't do nothing about this key stealing issue when a script GUI is opened, not your fault :0)\nvanhaze\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to vanhaze\nVisit vanhaze's homepage!\nFind More Posts by vanhaze\n12-24-2016, 03:57 PM\n#35\nhopi\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Oct 2008\nLocation: Right Hear\nPosts: 15,619\nyeah... I'm lucky to have dual monitors and lots of screen-estate...\nso I can put the lua on one monitor and the ME on another...\nit is too bad we have switch between those windows to hear what we have done but ... life is hard... and then you pay taxes, and then....\nOn the other hand ..given the complexity of choices for the big reascale files and how quickly you can access such a multitude of scales and cords, this lua is freakin' AMAXING...\nI do find a prob, but not with the lua itself... it goes like this:\nOK punch in some chords... and the velocities for each note is the same..\nso if you would like to vary that for the diff notes in the chord it is not much fun... due to how reaper displays the velo bar all on top over each other....\nI really wish reaper gave us those little handles for each velo bar so we could see and grab any given one, ...like [if I recall] Fruity Studio does it...\n...\n__________________\n...should be fixed for the next build... http://tinyurl.com/cr7o7yl\nhttps://soundcloud.com/hopikiva\nhopi\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to hopi\nFind More Posts by hopi\n12-24-2016, 04:09 PM\n#36\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nI forget where the setting is, but you can make it so the notes themselves have a velocity bar to drag up and down.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n12-24-2016, 04:40 PM\n#37\nhopi\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Oct 2008\nLocation: Right Hear\nPosts: 15,619\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nI forget where the setting is, but you can make it so the notes themselves have a velocity bar to drag up and down.\nyes that is correct and I do know about that... however it only works decently when you are zoomed in enough to work with it... whereas the velocity lane is much more visible... but what the heck, just a reaper thing that may change someday... I know others have mentioned this and they too like the 'little velo bar handle' that juts out to the right of bar itself...\nMoving along... got the Mac to work ok now but may have found a Mac only buglet... I'll try to describe it:\nOn the PC, in the ME, I load the same reascale file that I load into the lua...\nthen if I have the lua sync to the ME, I can change or select the scales from either place [ME key snap or the lua]\nAnd if I set the lua to NOT sync to the ME, I can still change the type of scale right on the lua GUI and everything shows properly and is happy\nBUT... on the Mac that is not true...\nIf I have the same reascales loaded to the ME and the lua,\nAND IF the lua is set to sync to the ME, it's all good...\nBut IF the lua is not set to sync, then it is not good and no chords show up in the lua GUI....\nbuglet????\nso happy to be a darkside kinda guy... %^)\n__________________\n...should be fixed for the next build... http://tinyurl.com/cr7o7yl\nhttps://soundcloud.com/hopikiva\nhopi\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to hopi\nFind More Posts by hopi\n12-24-2016, 05:12 PM\n#38\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nThat's weird.\n1. You don't need to have the same .reascales loaded in the MIDI Editor and in Chord Helper; when Sync is turned on, it just asks the MIDI Editor for the current scale directly.\n2. Chord Helper only syncs if BOTH \"Sync w/ MIDI editor\" and the MIDI Editor's Key Snap are turned on. If neither of them are on, or only one, it doesn't care.\n3. When you say that no chords appear, does that happen with all scales, and different .reascale files?\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n12-24-2016, 07:22 PM\n#39\nhopi\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Oct 2008\nLocation: Right Hear\nPosts: 15,619\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nThat's weird.\n1. You don't need to have the same .reascales loaded in the MIDI Editor and in Chord Helper; when Sync is turned on, it just asks the MIDI Editor for the current scale directly.\n2. Chord Helper only syncs if BOTH \"Sync w/ MIDI editor\" and the MIDI Editor's Key Snap are turned on. If neither of them are on, or only one, it doesn't care.\n3. When you say that no chords appear, does that happen with all scales, and different .reascale files?\nyes, exactly if sync is not on, no chords show on the lua GUI ... mind you this is only on the Mac\non my own PC it all works perfectly\nOh nice info... I did not know it would get the reascale file directly from the ME if there is one....when sync is on. Very kewl\n__________________\n...should be fixed for the next build... http://tinyurl.com/cr7o7yl\nhttps://soundcloud.com/hopikiva\nhopi\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to hopi\nFind More Posts by hopi\n12-24-2016, 07:51 PM\n#40\ntimbralzoom\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Apr 2010\nLocation: Turkey/Istanbul\nPosts: 1,820\nwonderful!\nThank you so much!\ntimbralzoom\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to timbralzoom\nVisit timbralzoom's homepage!\nFind More Posts by timbralzoom\nPage 1 of 9\n1\n23\n>\nLast\nPrevious Thread\n|\nNext Thread\nThread Tools\nShow Printable Version\nEmail this Page\nDisplay Modes\nLinear Mode\nSwitch to Hybrid Mode\nSwitch to Threaded Mode\nPosting Rules\nYou may not post new threads\nYou may not post replies\nYou may not post attachments\nYou may not edit your posts\nBB code is On\nSmilies are On\n[IMG] code is On\nHTML code is Off\nForum Rules\nForum Jump\nUser Control Panel\nPrivate Messages\nSubscriptions\nWho's Online\nSearch Forums\nForums Home\nREAPER Forums\nREAPER General Discussion Forum\nnewbieland\nREAPER Q&A, Tips, Tricks and Howto\nRecording Technologies and Techniques\nREAPER Compatibility\nREAPER Color Themes and Icon Sets\nMIDI Hardware, Control Surfaces, and OSC\nREAPER Non-English Speaking User Forums\nForum de REAPER en franais\nForo de REAPER en Espaol\nFrum do REAPER em portugus\nForum di REAPER in italiano\nDeutschsprachiges REAPER Userforum\nPycc opy REAPER\nREAPER Bug Reports\nREAPER Feature Requests\nDstruct's Casa De Nitpicks\nREAPER for Live Use\nREAPER for Video Editing/Mangling\nREAPER for Spatial Audio\nReaScript, JSFX, REAPER Plug-in Extensions, Developer Forum\nREAPER for macOS\nREAPER for Linux\nREAPER Pre-Release Discussion\nREAPER Music/Collaboration Discussion\nNINJAM Discussion\nNINJAM User Discussion\nNINJAM Developer Discussion\nOther Software Discussion\nWDL users forum\nLICEcap Discussion\nOSCII-bot forum\nOld Cockos Products Forum\nAll times are GMT -7. The time now is 11:09 AM.\n-- Cockos\n---- REAPER 5\n---- Reaper 3\n---- Reaper 2\n---- Reaper 1\nContact Us -\nockos Incorporated -\nArchive -\nTop\nPowered by vBulletin Version 3.8.11Copyright 2000 - 2024, vBulletin Solutions Inc.", "url": "https://forum.cockos.com/showthread.php?t=185358" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lokasenna Adjust ReaSamplomatic 5000 pitch offset - Cockos Incorporated Forums\nCockos Incorporated Forums\n> REAPER Forums\n> ReaScript, JSFX, REAPER Plug-in Extensions, Developer Forum\nLokasenna Adjust ReaSamplomatic 5000 pitch offset\nUser Name\nRemember Me?\nPassword\nRegister\nSearch\nToday's Posts\nMark Forums Read\nThread Tools\nDisplay Modes\n09-30-2019, 02:31 PM\n#1\nTravesty\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Nov 2014\nPosts: 798\nLokasenna Adjust ReaSamplomatic 5000 pitch offset\nHi,\nI was trying to use Lokasenna Adjust ReaSamplomatic 5000 pitch offset with a relative CC controller (xtouch mini).\nI checked the output and it is outputting the correct values -63 +65 at least according to this thread:\nhttps://forums.cockos.com/showthread...31#post2015431\nBut the parameter only ever goes in one direction.\nI think I've tried every combination of relative on controller and binding, but I'm pretty sure relative 2 is the correct one.\nDid anyone manage to get this to work?\nCheers\nTravesty\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Travesty\nFind More Posts by Travesty\n09-30-2019, 02:49 PM\n#2\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nSounds like your controller is still putting out absolute values. See if this helps: https://forum.cockos.com/showpost.ph...31&postcount=4\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n09-30-2019, 03:49 PM\n#3\nTravesty\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Nov 2014\nPosts: 798\nThanks for the reply, I don't think it is. It's set to relative 2 mode in the config application, and I checked it in the bitwig midi monitor to make sure, and it's showing <63 for left and >64 for right\nTravesty\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Travesty\nFind More Posts by Travesty\n09-30-2019, 04:05 PM\n#4\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nHmm... I see one possible bug in the code, but I don't have a MIDI device to play with anymore. If you don't mind being a guinea pig, when I get home I'll try to make a couple of different versions for you to try.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n09-30-2019, 04:21 PM\n#5\nTravesty\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Nov 2014\nPosts: 798\nSure, thanks a lot\nTravesty\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Travesty\nFind More Posts by Travesty\n10-01-2019, 08:06 PM\n#6\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nTurns out it was an undocumented Reaper behavior causing trouble. I've got a fix working on my end, should be on ReaPack shortly.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n10-02-2019, 12:42 PM\n#7\nTravesty\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Nov 2014\nPosts: 798\nAh ok, brilliant. I had a quick look at it last night and couldn't see what was wrong, glad you sorted it out.\nI was intending to make versions for the other parameters too, but the way it's integrated with Reapack I'm not sure I could. Would I be able to make the modifications and submit them to you?\nTravesty\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Travesty\nFind More Posts by Travesty\n10-02-2019, 12:54 PM\n#8\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Travesty\nAh ok, brilliant. I had a quick look at it last night and couldn't see what was wrong, glad you sorted it out.\nI was intending to make versions for the other parameters too, but the way it's integrated with Reapack I'm not sure I could. Would I be able to make the modifications and submit them to you?\nIf you can get something working, by all means.\n- The script is reliant on its filename for determining the mode (last touched, selected track, focused) and value to apply, so adding other parameters would require more logic there. You can copy/paste the script to a new file and name it whatever you want for testing purposes.\n- In your test version, you'll probably want to change the line local dm = false at the top to true to see some of the debug messages. You can add your own with dMsg(\"Whatever you want here\").\n- RS5K's other parameters will have different multipliers for converting their displayed values to and from what the script uses, which can require some tinkering to work out, and then you would need more logic to handle that as well.\nI'll try to find the test script I was using when I first wrote this, but I probably won't have a chance until at least tomorrow.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\nPrevious Thread\n|\nNext Thread\nThread Tools\nShow Printable Version\nEmail this Page\nDisplay Modes\nLinear Mode\nSwitch to Hybrid Mode\nSwitch to Threaded Mode\nPosting Rules\nYou may not post new threads\nYou may not post replies\nYou may not post attachments\nYou may not edit your posts\nBB code is On\nSmilies are On\n[IMG] code is On\nHTML code is Off\nForum Rules\nForum Jump\nUser Control Panel\nPrivate Messages\nSubscriptions\nWho's Online\nSearch Forums\nForums Home\nREAPER Forums\nREAPER General Discussion Forum\nnewbieland\nREAPER Q&A, Tips, Tricks and Howto\nRecording Technologies and Techniques\nREAPER Compatibility\nREAPER Color Themes and Icon Sets\nMIDI Hardware, Control Surfaces, and OSC\nREAPER Non-English Speaking User Forums\nForum de REAPER en franais\nForo de REAPER en Espaol\nFrum do REAPER em portugus\nForum di REAPER in italiano\nDeutschsprachiges REAPER Userforum\nPycc opy REAPER\nREAPER Bug Reports\nREAPER Feature Requests\nDstruct's Casa De Nitpicks\nREAPER for Live Use\nREAPER for Video Editing/Mangling\nREAPER for Spatial Audio\nReaScript, JSFX, REAPER Plug-in Extensions, Developer Forum\nREAPER for macOS\nREAPER for Linux\nREAPER Pre-Release Discussion\nREAPER Music/Collaboration Discussion\nNINJAM Discussion\nNINJAM User Discussion\nNINJAM Developer Discussion\nOther Software Discussion\nWDL users forum\nLICEcap Discussion\nOSCII-bot forum\nOld Cockos Products Forum\nAll times are GMT -7. The time now is 11:09 AM.\n-- Cockos\n---- REAPER 5\n---- Reaper 3\n---- Reaper 2\n---- Reaper 1\nContact Us -\nockos Incorporated -\nArchive -\nTop\nPowered by vBulletin Version 3.8.11Copyright 2000 - 2024, vBulletin Solutions Inc.", "url": "https://forums.cockos.com/showthread.php?t=225586" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "\"Lokasenna\" Condensed: hyaroo LiveJournal\n?\n?\nLiveJournal\nFind more\nCommunities\nRSS Reader\nShop\nHelp\nLog in\nLog in\nJoin free\nJoin\nEnglish\n(en)\nEnglish (en)\n (ru)\n (uk)\nFranais (fr)\nPortugus (pt)\nespaol (es)\nDeutsch (de)\nItaliano (it)\n (be)\nhyaroo\n\n< no suspend reason >\nReadability\nSubscribe\nMore\nhyaroo\nArchive\nPhotos\nVideo\nReadability\nLog in\nNo account?\nCreate an account\nRemember me\nForgot password\nLog in\nLog in\nQR code\nNo account?\nCreate an account\nBy logging in to LiveJournal using a third-party service you accept LiveJournal's User agreement\nhyaroo (hyaroo) wrote, 2016-11-15 13:05:00 hyaroo hyaroo 2016-11-15 13:05:00 Previous\nShare\nFlag Next \"Lokasenna\" Condensed And just like that, half a year passed. I really should get around to reviewing the rest of Polychrome, but for now... here's a little story from the ol' Norse myths.Basically, I've taken the dramatic poem Lokasenna (\"Loki's Wrangling\"), which is basically about Loki insulting all the other gods. The poem is often used as an example of how clever and witty and eloquent Loki is... but you know, if you look behind all those fancy words and focus on what he's actually saying, Loki in this poem really doesn't come across as either of those things. So here it is -- Lokasenna, condensed and translated to modern-day English: DRAMATIS PERSONAE:Aegir, the host, and a sort of sea-god (No lines).Loki, god of mischief and deceit.Odin, king of the gods and father to most of them.Frigg, queen of the gods and Odin's wife.Bragi, god of poetry.Idunn, goddess of youth and Bragi's wife.Njord, god of the sea, far more legit than Aegir, and father of Frey and Freya.Skathi, goddess of skiing, wife of Njord (but not mother of Frey and Freya).Frey, god of agriculture and son of Njord.Freya, goddess of love and daughter of Njord.Vidar, the silent god. (No lines.)Tyr, god of war.Heimdall, watchman of the gods.Gefion, goddess of ploughing and virginity. Yes, seriously.Sif, goddess of the hearth and Thor's wife.Thor, god of thunder, absent for most of the poem.Balder, the god who died.And introducingFimafeng, Aegir's servant.Eldir, Aegir's other servant.Byggvir, Frey's servant.Beyla. Frey's servant and Byggvir's wife. Aegir holds a party for the gods. Most of them are there... except for Thor, who has an appointment in the East and has promised to stop by later. Everyone else is having a good time, though, and Aegir'sservants, Fimafeng and Eldir, serve everyone lots of tasty beer.Everyone:This beer is excellent! And the servants are really skilled at pouring it! Hooray for Fimafeng and Eldir!Loki:What? Someone is praised who isn't me? Can't have that! Die, Fimafeng!Everyone else:Oh no, he killed Fimafeng! You bastard!Loki:...Bye!Loki manages to escape the angry gods. After they've given up chasing him and gone back to the party, he decides to go back as well.Loki:After all, I didn't finish my beer. Hey, Eldir, can I come back in? Whats going on in there? Eldir:They've started drinking again, but wouldnt advise you to go in there. Everyone's peeved at you. You kinda ruined the party by killing Fimafeng for no good reason.Loki:Oh, really? Ill just go in and tell them all what I think of them.Eldir:No, listen! Everyone's really angry at you, get it?!Loki:Watch it, or Ill insult you too.Loki forces his way past Eldir. The gods all fall silent when they see Loki enter.Loki:Hey, guys! Oh, cmon, now, nobody wants to greet me? Either invite me to join you, or tell me to get lost.Bragi:Get lost.Loki:Odin, come on, we're blood-brothers, you used to be cool. Let me stay.Odin (sigh):Okay, I don't have the energy to put up with this whining, and it's bad form to kill your blood-brother, especially when you're both guests in someone else's house. You can stay, Loki, if you sit down, shut up and behave. Vidar, get him a drink.Vidar:Vidar, who has no spoken lines in this poem, but who is no doubt thinking a lot of nasty things, gets Loki a beer.Loki:Cheers, everyone! I drink to your health except for Bragi, that is. He can go off and die for all I care.Bragi:I knew this would happen. First you kill a guy for no reason, then you beg your way back to the party and as soon as you open your mouth you begin hurling insults. If I give you a horse and a gold ring, will you go away?Loki:As if you had a horse and a gold ring to give. You're a dirty coward, and everyone knows it.Bragi:If killing you wouldn't be a serious brech of party etiquette, I'd totally kill you for that!Loki:Pshaw, you're all talk! You couldn't kill a sick housefly!Idunn:Bragi, don't get him started.Loki:Shut up, Idunn, you're a slut!Idunn:I wasn't talking to you, okay? I just don't want any fighting!Gefion:Yeah, can't we just get along?Loki:Shut up, Gefion, you're a slut too!Odin:Loki, you always do this. Leave Gefion alone, she's cool.Loki:Shut up, Odin, you're a doddering incompetent who gives victory to people who don't deserve it!Odin:A least I didn't spend eight years in the form of a milkmaid and gave birth to several children!Loki:No, you just took on the form of a sexy witch and tried to seduce random men!Frigg:This is stupid. You two are aware that nobody here is interested in your sexual experimentations, right?Loki:Shut up, Frigg, you're a slut!Frigg (sigh):I wish Balder was here. He wouldn't have stood for this.Loki:But he's not! And you know why? I killed him! Hah!Freya:Are you seriously confessing to murder right here, with everyone present?Loki:Shut up, Freya, you're a slut!Freya:Your insults aren't very original, are they?Loki:Well, you also fucked your own brother and then you farted! So there!Njord:Enough with the slut-shaming! Double standard, much?! Who's the father and the mother of the world's biggest monsters?Loki:Shut up, Njord, you're just a stupid hostage, and I'm pretty sure you've got a watersports fetish.Njord:And yet, unlike you, I have a son that everyone likes.Loki:Yeah, a son you had with your sister! Ew, ewwww, Frey sucks!Tyr:Hey, don't diss my man Frey! He's a great guy!Loki:Shut up, Tyr, you only have one hand!Tyr:True, and the wolf who bit off my other hand and that wolf was your son, might I add is now chained up and will remain chained until Doomsday.Loki:yeah, well, shut up, Tyr, I fucked your wife! Who, by the way is a sluuuuuuuuuut!Frey:Seriously, Loki, will you quit this? Your insults are neither as clever nor as funny as you seem to think.Loki:Who are you to talk? You gave away your sword in order to marry some stupid woman, and now you don't have a sword, ha ha!Byggvir:You can't talk to my master Frey that way!Loki:who the hell are you?Byggvir:My name is Byggvir, and I Loki:Yeah, I don't actually care. You look like a total loser anyway.Heimdall:Loki, I think you should seriously consider giving up drinking.Loki:Shut up, Heimdall! You're just a lowly watchman, nobody cares about you!Skathi:Loki, either you quit this crap, or we tie you up for eternity like that stupid wolf son of yours.Loki:Maybe you will but I killed your father, nyah nyah!Skathi:All the more reason for me to be the one who ties you down!Loki:Doesn't change the fact that you're a slut!Sif:look, Loki, just have some more beer, and let's forget all this insulting-everyone-in-the-room nonsense, hmm? We used to be friends!Sif, in a clear desperate attempt to stop Loki from making \"you're a slut\" the Most Used Phrase Of The Day, gives him some more beer.Loki:Well Sif, you're the only goddess in here who's not a slut. You're more of a frigid bitch. Except for the fact that you totally are a slut, and I banged you.Beyla:Hey, I think Thor's arriving! He'll put a stop to this!Loki:Shut up, Beyla, you're a slut.And then Thor arrives, demonstrating that he has some keen hearing, because he's heard what's been going on and now he's pretty angry at Loki.Thor:Okay, that's it! You stop flapping your mouth now, or I beat you senseless with my hammer!Loki:Oh, uh, Thor! Ummm. Why so angry? You're not such hot stuff!Thor:You have until the count of three, and then I smash your skull in!Loki:You're a coward Thor:One!Loki: and a weakling Thor:TWO!Loki:All right, all right, I'm leaving! But only because I know you're the only one here who actually would hit me.Loki turns and walks to the door.Loki:Aegir, this was a lousy party. And it'll be the last one you ever throw. Bye. Shortly after this, Loki is caught and tied up, and Skathi makes a serpent spit acid at him for eternity.Moral of the story:If you've just killed someone for no good reason, and then feel the need to go back to the house where all the angry gods who witnessed the murder are... don't do it.If you absolutely have to, and then by some miracle avoid having your face punched in... don't start yelling about how they all suck.If you can't avoid this either, then at the very least don't start bragging about all those other murders you totally got away with.And if you do that... well, you only have yourself to blame.\nTags: condensions, writing\nSubscribe\n\"The Simpsons Guy\" and the Douchebags So, I watched the Simpsons/Family Guy crossover the other day. (I was pondering doing another Reaction Review but decided against it.) It was... Fanfic: Voldemort meets Death Another short fanfic snippet -- around 1200 words -- which is a crossover between Harry Potter and Discworld. It takes place immediately after A Narnia fanfic snippet... I wrote this for a discussion on Ana Mardoll's blog, where she goes through the Narnia books chapter by chapter and points out the several Post a new comment Error Anonymous comments are disabled in this journal Anonymously Log in default userpic Post a new comment Preview comment\nHelp 1 comment seawasp November 15 2016, 13:52:19 UTC 7 years ago Collapse Expand New comment Report Summarized like that it certainly doesn't make Loki look all that skilled at that bardic tongue thing, no. Of course, part of the skill of insults is HOW you say it, but reading the (translated) original... it isn't much better for Loki. Basically he's that asshole who you always wonder how he got invited in the first place, and then it turns out he just tagged along with a group and everyone ELSE thought they'd invited him.Insofar as Polychrome, only finish it if you really want to, don't feel obligated! 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At first log in to your account or create a new one.\nPost a new comment 1 comment Previous post Pukka, Pukka, Pukka Squeetily Boink hyaroo Next post Christmas Fairies hyaroo\nThey liked it\n0\nApplications\nDownload\nHuawei\nRuStore\nFollow us:\nFollow us on Twitter\nLiveJournal\nCOMPANY\nAbout\nNews\nHelp\nPRODUCTS\n\"Share\" button\nCOMMUNITY\nFrank\nCHOOSE LANGUAGE\nEnglish\nDeutsch\nDansk\nespaol\nFranais\nItaliano\n\n\n\n\nPortugus\nEsperanto\n\nNederlands\nMagyar\nGaeilge\nslenska\nsuomi\n\nNorsk bokml\nSvenska\npolski\n\nLatvieu\nTrke\nBahasa Melayu\n\nBrazilian Portuguese\nChinese Traditional\nLietuvi\nNorsk nynorsk\nEnglishEnglishDeutschDanskespaolFranaisItalianoPortugusEsperantoNederlandsMagyarGaeilgeslenskasuomiNorsk bokmlSvenskapolskiLatvieuTrkeBahasa MelayuBrazilian PortugueseChinese TraditionalLietuviNorsk nynorsk\nv.756.1\nPrivacy Policy\nUser Agreement\nRecommendation technologies\nHelp\nShare\nCopy url\nLink open in new window Remove all links in selection Remove all links in selection Insert Insert\nUser Example: livejournal No such user User title (optional) Insert user\nPaste URL\nDropbox\nInstagram\nMigrate photos BETA\nIf your URL is correct, you'll see an image preview here\nPaste an image URL here:\nRemember: Using others' images on the web without their permission may be bad manners, or worse, copyright infringement.\nWrap image with a link (optional):\nPicture width (px)\n1003006008009001000Original\nAdd to post\nAdd to post\nChoose pictures from your Dropbox account.\nYou do not have a single photo. Upload one\nIf youre using Livejournal Instagram for the first time, simply use your Instagram username and password to login.If you don't have an account, please create one on iPhone/iPad/Android first.\nLogin to Instagram\nSelect pictures\n(pictures will be 640 pixels wide)\nLog out from Instagram\nAdd to post\nAdd to post\nYour albums\nInsert videos\nInsert videos\nMedia\nEmbed, iframe, YouTube, RuTube, Vimeo, Instagram or Gist.GitHub.\nInsert\nInsert\n[]", "url": "https://hyaroo.livejournal.com/107850.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lokasenna's GUI library for Lua v2 - Page 6 - Cockos Incorporated Forums\nCockos Incorporated Forums\n> REAPER Forums\n> ReaScript, JSFX, REAPER Plug-in Extensions, Developer Forum\nLokasenna's GUI library for Lua v2\nUser Name\nRemember Me?\nPassword\nRegister\nSearch\nToday's Posts\nMark Forums Read\nPage 6 of 23\nFirst\n<\n45 6\n7816\n>\nLast\nThread Tools\nDisplay Modes\n07-15-2018, 02:22 AM\n#201\nsolger\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Mar 2013\nPosts: 5,875\nI had some time to check the Listbox selection rectangle position issue mentioned in the ReaLauncher thread.\nAnd it's the same here with the Example file. The y-position of the selection rectangle is sometimes off (usually when selecting items further down the list):\nOSX 10.10.5 Yosemite\nReaper v5.92/64\nLokasenna GUI v2.11.3\nAny ideas?\nLet me know if you need any further info.\nAttached Images\nlistbox-example.png (50.7 KB, 4044 views)\nsolger\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to solger\nFind More Posts by solger\n07-15-2018, 08:44 AM\n#202\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nIt would appear to be an OSX vs Windows issue, but beyond that I'm not sure. The math for where to draw the selection is pretty much the same as drawing the text.\nMy best guess is that the font height (gfx.texth) isn't being reported properly, as Listbox multiplies by that to find the y value for each line.\nAs a test, try fiddling with the font presets and see if it persists. Open Core.lua, find the table GUI.fonts, and change the fonts to something else, or try different sizes. I'm aware that the default, Calibri, isn't an OSX font, but AFAIK OSX just defaults back to Arial.\nI've been meaning to make a font checking script; you type in a font, it draws some boxes with the reported size and whatnot so you can pinpoint issues like this.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLast edited by Lokasenna; 07-15-2018 at 08:58 AM.\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-15-2018, 08:53 AM\n#203\nsolger\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Mar 2013\nPosts: 5,875\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nIt would appear to be an OSX vs Windows issue, but beyond that I'm not sure.\nYeah, I don't have the issue here on Windows.\nQuote:\nAs a test, try fiddling with the font presets and see if it persists. Open Core.lua, find the table GUI.fonts, and change the fonts to something else, or try different sizes. I'm aware that the default, Calibri, isn't an OSX font, but AFAIK OSX just defaults back to Arial.\nOK. I'll investigate further ...\nsolger\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to solger\nFind More Posts by solger\n07-17-2018, 06:35 AM\n#204\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nSmall update - added a .noclose parameter for Window elements to disable the X button and pressing Esc to close them. Handy for simple progress windows that you don't want users to get rid of.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-17-2018, 03:26 PM\n#205\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nSort-of-but-not-update.\nI'm abandoning my work on v3 for now - it's looking like a lot of rewriting to handle the structural changes I want to make, and I've got too much else going on. The upshot is that I've reverted the project repo to v2, and will continue picking away with bug fixes and smaller feature updates there.\nReaPack remains the home for stable releases. Any fixes will be added in both locations, and features will come over from the repo whenever I feel that they're trustworthy enough to not break anything.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-17-2018, 04:43 PM\n#206\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nBig update for the Developer Tools package...\nIt's a little rough, and probably broken in places I don't know about, but it's functional. Build a GUI, export it, etc. Instructions are in the Help menu.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-17-2018, 04:57 PM\n#207\n_Stevie_\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Oct 2017\nLocation: Black Forest\nPosts: 5,086\nHoly moly! Impressive! Will definitely use that, if any of my scripts need a GUI.\n__________________\nMy Reascripts forum thread | My Reascripts on GitHub\nIf you like or use my scripts, please support the Ukraine: Ukraine Crisis Relief Fund | DirectRelief | Save The Children | Razom\n_Stevie_\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to _Stevie_\nVisit _Stevie_'s homepage!\nFind More Posts by _Stevie_\n07-18-2018, 12:44 PM\n#208\nsolger\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Mar 2013\nPosts: 5,875\nQuote:\nBig update for the Developer Tools package...\nVery nice. Looks cool!\nsolger\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to solger\nFind More Posts by solger\n07-18-2018, 11:13 PM\n#209\nMusoBob\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2014\nPosts: 2,645\nAwesome GUI Builder ! it was only a few months ago I ask you for one of them !\nWhat you were saying about the Library path in Reaper/reaper-extstate.ini\nCode:\nlib_path_v2=[path to your user folder here]\\REAPER\\Scripts\\ReaTeam Scripts\\Development\\Lokasenna_GUI v2\\Library\\\nIf I want to create the GUI script with a self contained Library rather than the common one, because if the Library is updated via ReaPack then the script may not work and give errors and need updating.\nHow do I change lib_path:\nCode:\nlocal lib_path = reaper.GetExtState(\"Lokasenna_GUI\", \"lib_path_v2\")\nif not lib_path or lib_path == \"\" then\nreaper.MB(\"Couldn't load the Lokasenna_GUI library. Please run 'Set Lokasenna_GUI v2 library path.lua' in the Lokasenna_GUI folder.\", \"Whoops!\", 0)\nreturn\nend\nto use script_path\nCode:\nlocal info = debug.getinfo(1,'S');\nscript_path = info.source:match[[^@?(.*[\\/])[^\\/]-$]]\nMusoBob\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to MusoBob\nFind More Posts by MusoBob\n07-19-2018, 01:09 AM\n#210\nThonex\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: May 2018\nLocation: Los Angeles\nPosts: 1,723\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nIt's a little rough, and probably broken in places I don't know about, but it's functional. Build a GUI, export it, etc. Instructions are in the Help menu.\nMust.Resist.Temtation.And.Stay.Focused.On.Work.... arrggghg... this is killing me it's so awesome!\nNice one Loka!! One day I'm going to use this gem and your GUI Library!! Too good not to!\nCheers,\nAndrew K\nThonex\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Thonex\nFind More Posts by Thonex\n07-19-2018, 03:41 AM\n#211\n_Stevie_\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Oct 2017\nLocation: Black Forest\nPosts: 5,086\n@Andrew\nReaper and its surroundings are a permanent temptation to learn something new. It's hard and really keeps me off from working!\n__________________\nMy Reascripts forum thread | My Reascripts on GitHub\nIf you like or use my scripts, please support the Ukraine: Ukraine Crisis Relief Fund | DirectRelief | Save The Children | Razom\n_Stevie_\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to _Stevie_\nVisit _Stevie_'s homepage!\nFind More Posts by _Stevie_\n07-19-2018, 04:40 AM\n#212\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by MusoBob\nAwesome GUI Builder ! it was only a few months ago I ask you for one of them !\nAnd I believe I told you \"probably next week\".\nQuote:\nIf I want to create the GUI script with a self contained Library rather than the common one, because if the Library is updated via ReaPack then the script may not work and give errors and need updating.\nThe ReaPack release is very, VERY specifically intended to be the stable version. Only bug fixes. Any feature updates will go through the project repo first and ideally stay there for a while until I'm confident they're safe.\nQuote:\nHow do I change lib_path:\nCode:\nlocal lib_path = reaper.GetExtState(\"Lokasenna_GUI\", \"lib_path_v2\")\nto use script_path\nCode:\nlocal info = debug.getinfo(1,'S');\nscript_path = info.source:match[[^@?(.*[\\/])[^\\/]-$]]\nAgain, don't. I put it on ReaPack because I hate having to distribute the library for each script, and if other people are doing it too there's no way for me to fix any bugs that pop up.\nHowever, if you really have to:\nCode:\nlocal script_path, script_name = ({reaper.get_action_context()})[2]:match(\"(.-)([^/\\\\]+).lua$\")\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-23-2018, 03:17 AM\n#213\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nBig update for the Developer Tools package...\nIt's a little rough, and probably broken in places I don't know about, but it's functional. Build a GUI, export it, etc. Instructions are in the Help menu.\nOh my..........! How do I run this?\nEdit:\nTried to load and run GUI Builder-script but gets Library error:\n\"Couldn't load /home/tompad/.config/Reaper/Scripts/ReaTeam Scripts/Development/Lokasenn_GUI v2/Developer Tools/GUI Builder/modules/func_Elements.lua\"\nand then there is a line with:\nError: cannot open /home/tompad/.config/Reaper/Scripts/ReaTeam Scripts/Development/Lokasenn_GUI v2/Library//home/tompad/.config/Reaper/Scripts/ReaTeam Scripts/Development/Lokasenn_GUI v2/Developer Tools/GUI Builder.....and then the rest of the path is not visible, cant resize window, cant copy text....can just click OK-button.\nStrange with the double // in middle of the error-path...\nMaybe its because I am on Reaper Linux 5.93??\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\nLast edited by tompad; 07-23-2018 at 04:14 AM.\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-23-2018, 04:36 AM\n#214\nMusoBob\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2014\nPosts: 2,645\nYou need to run *Set Lokasenna_GUI v2 library path.lua\nit will write the library location in REAPER\\reaper-extstate.ini\nCode:\n[Lokasenna_GUI]\nlib_path_v2=C:\\Users\\User\\AppData\\Roaming\\REAPER\\Scripts\\ReaTeam Scripts\\Development\\Lokasenna_GUI v2\\Library\\\nyou can add the path manually in a format for Linux.\nLast edited by MusoBob; 07-23-2018 at 03:13 PM.\nMusoBob\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to MusoBob\nFind More Posts by MusoBob\n07-23-2018, 05:46 AM\n#215\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nMy first guess would be a Linux issue, or at least an issue with my script being incompatible with something on Linux, but I wouldn't put it past myself to have simply screwed something up.\n1. Did you install with ReaPack, or manually?\n2. Did you type the path out for your post or copy/paste it? I noticed /Lokasenn_GUI v2/, which isn't a typo in any of the files on my end.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-23-2018, 06:36 AM\n#216\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by MusoBob\nYou need to run Lokasenna_GUI library v2.lua\nit will write the library location in REAPER\\reaper-extstate.ini\nCode:\n[Lokasenna_GUI]\nlib_path_v2=C:\\Users\\User\\AppData\\Roaming\\REAPER\\Scripts\\ReaTeam Scripts\\Development\\Lokasenna_GUI v2\\Library\\\nyou can add the path manually in a format for Linux.\nIts already done....\nChecked .ini and path was there.\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-23-2018, 06:39 AM\n#217\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nMy first guess would be a Linux issue, or at least an issue with my script being incompatible with something on Linux, but I wouldn't put it past myself to have simply screwed something up.\n1. Did you install with ReaPack, or manually?\n2. Did you type the path out for your post or copy/paste it? I noticed /Lokasenn_GUI v2/, which isn't a typo in any of the files on my end.\n1. With ReaPack.\n2. I typed it - its a typo from my side sorry. But the double // is not.\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-23-2018, 06:45 AM\n#218\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\n- Are both of the GUI packages up to date? I did mess up the Library briefly a few days ago and none of the element classes were being included. Try Extensions > ReaPack > Synchronize Packages.\n- Are GUI Builder's files there? In /Reaper/Scripts/ReaTeam Scripts/Development/Lokasenna_GUI v2/Developer Tools/GUI Builder/modules/, there should be 12 scripts.\n- Do the Example scripts in the Dev. Tools package work? That would help us figure out if it's a GUI Builder issue or the Library itself.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-23-2018, 06:51 AM\n#219\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nUpdated to 2.14.1 on both Linux and Windows.\nWorking in Windows - got error in Linux.\nThis is the errorlog:\nCode:\nError: Couldn't get error message.\ncannot open /home/tompad/.config/REAPER/Scripts/ReaTeam Scripts/Development/Lokasenna_GUI v2/Library//home/tompad/.config/REAPER/Scripts/ReaTeam Scripts/Development/Lokasenna_GUI v2/Developer Tools/GUI Builder/modules/func_Elements.lua: No such file or directory\nStack traceback:\nCore.lua:70: in field 'crash'\nCore.lua:131: in field 'req'\nLokasenna_GUI Builder.lua:51: in main chunk\nLokasenna_GUI:\tv2.14.1\nReaper: \t5.93/linux64\nPlatform: \tOther\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-23-2018, 06:59 AM\n#220\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\n- Are both of the GUI packages up to date? I did mess up the Library briefly a few days ago and none of the element classes were being included. Try Extensions > ReaPack > Synchronize Packages.\n- Are GUI Builder's files there? In /Reaper/Scripts/ReaTeam Scripts/Development/Lokasenna_GUI v2/Developer Tools/GUI Builder/modules/, there should be 12 scripts.\n- Do the Example scripts in the Dev. Tools package work? That would help us figure out if it's a GUI Builder issue or the Library itself.\nI run Synchronize.\nYes 12 files in /modules/\nI tested Example - General demonstration and it works\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-23-2018, 07:14 AM\n#221\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nAha, I know what it is.\nMy code for loading external files uses \":\" to tell if it's being given a relative path or an absolute one (C:\\Games\\...), since I'm a Windows guy. Mac and Linux don't, but until now it hasn't been a problem.\nIf you aren't averse to some basic script editing:\n- Find and open ReaTeam Scripts/Development/Lokasenna_GUI v2/Library/Core.lua in a text editor.\n- Scroll down to (should be) line 115, which looks like this:\nCode:\nlocal ret, err = loadfile(( file:sub(2, 2) == \":\" and \"\" or GUI.lib_path ) .. file)\n- Replace it with this:\nCode:\nlocal ret, err = loadfile(( (file:sub(2, 2) == \":\" or file:sub(1, 1) == \"/\") and \"\" or GUI.lib_path ) .. file)\n- Save the file, making sure it keeps the .lua extension, and try running GUI Builder again.\nIf that works I'll push the fix up to ReaPack.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-23-2018, 08:09 AM\n#222\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nAha, I know what it is.\nMy code for loading external files uses \":\" to tell if it's being given a relative path or an absolute one (C:\\Games\\...), since I'm a Windows guy. Mac and Linux don't, but until now it hasn't been a problem.\nIf you aren't averse to some basic script editing:\n- Find and open ReaTeam Scripts/Development/Lokasenna_GUI v2/Library/Core.lua in a text editor.\n- Scroll down to (should be) line 115, which looks like this:\nCode:\nlocal ret, err = loadfile(( file:sub(2, 2) == \":\" and \"\" or GUI.lib_path ) .. file)\n- Replace it with this:\nCode:\nlocal ret, err = loadfile(( (file:sub(2, 2) == \":\" or file:sub(1, 1) == \"/\") and \"\" or GUI.lib_path ) .. file)\n- Save the file, making sure it keeps the .lua extension, and try running GUI Builder again.\nIf that works I'll push the fix up to ReaPack.\nHiayaaaaaa! I'm the codeknocker! Swisch!\nIt works!\nDamn - this will be soooooo fun to make use of! Thanks Lokasenna!\nIs this maybe a solution connected to \"Open Lokasenna GUI Development Tools Folder\"? Nothing happens when running that script.\n---oops, I took a look in the script and found some reg expr....uuuaa, down to earth again, have never understood reg expr!\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-23-2018, 09:22 AM\n#223\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nAwesome, pushing an update for both of those now.\nThe issue with \"Open Dev. Tools folder\" was just that it checked for OSX and then assumed Windows as a default, but Windows commands don't work on Linux. I've rearranged the logic to check for Windows and then use the OSX command otherwise, which AFAIK is the same on Linux.\nThe RegEx you're seeing isn't technically a RegEx, since Lua doesn't use them. Most of the time it works the same, but there are a few different/extra/missing features in Lua's version (called \"patterns\").\nThat pattern just takes the file path of the script and splits it into a path and name, dropping the .lua. In this case the script only cares about the path.\nCode:\n\"(.-)([^/\\\\]+).lua$\"\n- ()s mark values we want to pick out, called \"captures\".\n- . will match any character, with - telling it to capture as few characters as possible while still matching the rest of the pattern. In this case, that will end up being everything prior to the last / - the path.\n- The next capture is a set, denoted by [], that matching that isn't (^) a / or \\. The latter has to be doubled because patterns and RegExes both use single backslashes to mark special characters. \\t is Tab, for instance, and \\\\ is the special character for \"yes, I really mean a backslash\".\n- The + tells it to match at least one character of that set, but as many characters as possible while still matching the rest of the pattern. This is captured and returned as the script name.\n- .lua$ is the extension, obviously, and a marker specifying that must be at the end of the string. Theoretically you could have a .lua somewhere in the middle of the path and, without that, it would match there.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-23-2018, 10:45 AM\n#224\nD Rocks\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Dec 2017\nLocation: Quebec, Canada\nPosts: 550\nWow.. this is awesome stuff man seriously. You will save tons of times to many future developpement. It looks great too in my opinion its not only handy.\n__________________\nAlex | www.drocksrecords.com | Thanks for REAPER\nD Rocks\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to D Rocks\nVisit D Rocks's homepage!\nFind More Posts by D Rocks\n07-23-2018, 01:28 PM\n#225\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nAwesome, pushing an update for both of those now.\nThe issue with \"Open Dev. Tools folder\" was just that it checked for OSX and then assumed Windows as a default, but Windows commands don't work on Linux. I've rearranged the logic to check for Windows and then use the OSX command otherwise, which AFAIK is the same on Linux.\nThe RegEx you're seeing isn't technically a RegEx, since Lua doesn't use them. Most of the time it works the same, but there are a few different/extra/missing features in Lua's version (called \"patterns\").\nThat pattern just takes the file path of the script and splits it into a path and name, dropping the .lua. In this case the script only cares about the path.\nCode:\n\"(.-)([^/\\\\]+).lua$\"\n- ()s mark values we want to pick out, called \"captures\".\n- . will match any character, with - telling it to capture as few characters as possible while still matching the rest of the pattern. In this case, that will end up being everything prior to the last / - the path.\n- The next capture is a set, denoted by [], that matching that isn't (^) a / or \\. The latter has to be doubled because patterns and RegExes both use single backslashes to mark special characters. \\t is Tab, for instance, and \\\\ is the special character for \"yes, I really mean a backslash\".\n- The + tells it to match at least one character of that set, but as many characters as possible while still matching the rest of the pattern. This is captured and returned as the script name.\n- .lua$ is the extension, obviously, and a marker specifying that must be at the end of the string. Theoretically you could have a .lua somewhere in the middle of the path and, without that, it would match there.\nGreat! Will Synchronize again.\nThanks for the explaination of ... well, I will need to read this a LOT of times before I fully understand it. Patterns and captures - hmmmmm....\nnow I read it 4 times and start to see some sort of....logic? Oh no, there it disapeared again... will try again tomorrow - now I need sleep.\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-23-2018, 01:52 PM\n#226\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nRoblox has a great pattern tutorial. But the page is gone. Thankfully we have Google...\nhttps://webcache.googleusercontent.c...&ct=clnk&gl=ca\nHere's the RegEx equivalent of the pattern above: https://regex101.com/r/7oMb6M/1/. I really wish there was a Lua version of that page, but once you've done it a little the differences aren't hard to work around. Holy hell is it useful, though - particularly in NP++ or VS Code if you need to find and replace something complicated.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLast edited by Lokasenna; 07-23-2018 at 02:00 PM.\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-23-2018, 02:00 PM\n#227\nX-Raym\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Apr 2013\nLocation: France\nPosts: 9,967\n@lokasenna\nThis is the non cached version of the Roblox Doc String Patterns:\nhttp://robloxdev.com/articles/string-patterns-reference\n__________________\nFree ReaScripts - Premium Scripts - Custom Scripts Dev - Learn ReaScript - XR Theme - Stash Files - ReaLinks - Website - ReaComics - Alien 2347 - Donation\nX-Raym\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to X-Raym\nVisit X-Raym's homepage!\nFind More Posts by X-Raym\n07-23-2018, 02:02 PM\n#228\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nThank you - updating my bookmark. Google still sends you to the old URL.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-24-2018, 04:52 AM\n#229\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nRoblox has a great pattern tutorial. But the page is gone. Thankfully we have Google...\nhttps://webcache.googleusercontent.c...&ct=clnk&gl=ca\nHere's the RegEx equivalent of the pattern above: https://regex101.com/r/7oMb6M/1/. I really wish there was a Lua version of that page, but once you've done it a little the differences aren't hard to work around. Holy hell is it useful, though - particularly in NP++ or VS Code if you need to find and replace something complicated.\nThanks! Can come handy, definitly help me understand.\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-24-2018, 04:53 AM\n#230\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by X-Raym\n@lokasenna\nThis is the non cached version of the Roblox Doc String Patterns:\nhttp://robloxdev.com/articles/string-patterns-reference\nNice! Thanks X-Raym!\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-24-2018, 06:15 AM\n#231\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\n@Lokasenna\nGUI-builder is great - but how do I delete a selected item?\nEdit: And how to load a already exported GUI? I had a crasch\nof GUI-Builder and was not finished with the GUI.\nCrash report:\nError: tab_Properties.lua:187: attempt to call a nil value (field 'init_properties')\nStack traceback:\nCore.lua:70: in field 'init_properties'\ntab_Properties.lua:187: in method 'onmouseup'\nCore.lua:854: in field 'Update'\nCore.lua:413: in field 'Main_Update_Elms'\nCore.lua:280: in function <...am Scripts/Development/Lokasenna_GUI v2/Library/Core.lua:276>\n[C]: in function 'xpcall'\nCore.lua:276: in function <...am Scripts/Development/Lokasenna_GUI v2/Library/Core.lua:275>\nLokasenna_GUI:\tv2.14.1\nReaper: \t5.93/linux64\nPlatform: \tOther\nThis is a crasch report I made after the second crasch (just two buttons and a textbox)\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\nLast edited by tompad; 07-24-2018 at 06:20 AM.\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-24-2018, 08:36 AM\n#232\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\n- Alt+click to delete. Adding that to the Help screen now.\n- There's currently no load/import functionality, but it's the next thing on my to-do list. Sorry.\n- Crash fixed, updating now. Cheers, and thanks for actually using the crash report. Everyone seems to ignore it.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-24-2018, 08:59 AM\n#233\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\n- Alt+click to delete. Adding that to the Help screen now.\nThought I tested all combinations - apparently not ;-)\nQuote:\n- There's currently no load/import functionality, but it's the next thing on my to-do list. Sorry.\nNo problema - sometimes having a wip over your head is a good thing,\nnow I MUST finish making the GUI ;-)\nQuote:\n- Crash fixed, updating now. Cheers, and thanks for actually using the crash report. Everyone seems to ignore it.\n[singing]Keep smiling, keep shining\nKnowing you can always count on me, for sure\nThat's what crash report are for\nFor good times and bad times....[/singing]\nAll Rights by Burt himself I belive.\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-25-2018, 03:54 AM\n#234\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\n- Alt+click to delete. Adding that to the Help screen now.\nJust discovered -in Linux = ctrl + Alt + click to delete.\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-25-2018, 04:14 AM\n#235\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\n@Lokasenna\nHave been playing with GUI Builder, working good, and started to test\nto get some functionality in button clicks. After some attempts doing\nit my self I gave up and started copy-paste from one of yours exemples\n(Example - Typical script options.lua) but cant get it to run.\nThe example it self is running good but not the copy in my script.\nHave double checked so there were no typos..\nGet a crash everytime I run it:\nCode:\nError: Class - Button.lua:62: attempt to perform arithmetic on a nil value (field 'w')\nStack traceback:\nCore.lua:70: in metamethod '__mul'\nClass - Button.lua:62: in method 'init'\nCore.lua:193: in field 'update_elms_list'\nCore.lua:266: in function <...am Scripts/Development/Lokasenna_GUI v2/Library/Core.lua:212>\n[C]: in function 'xpcall'\nCore.lua:212: in field 'Init'\nDLT_ToDoList.lua:248: in main chunk\nLokasenna_GUI:\tv2.14.1\nReaper: \t5.93/linux64\nPlatform: \tOther\nIs it a Linux-thing?\nMy code is:\nCode:\n-- The Core library must be loaded prior to anything else\nlocal lib_path = reaper.GetExtState(\"Lokasenna_GUI\", \"lib_path_v2\")\nif not lib_path or lib_path == \"\" then\nreaper.MB(\"Couldn't load the Lokasenna_GUI library. Please run 'Script: Set Lokasenna_GUI v2 library path.lua' in your Action List.\", \"Whoops!\", 0)\nreturn\nend\nloadfile(lib_path .. \"Core.lua\")()\nGUI.req(\"Classes/Class - Button.lua\")()\nGUI.req(\"Classes/Class - Listbox.lua\")()\n-- If any of the requested libraries weren't found, abort the script nicely.\nif missing_lib then return 0 end\n------------------------------------\n-------- Functions ----------------\n------------------------------------\nlocal function btn_click()\n-- Be nice, give the user an Undo point\nreaper.Undo_BeginBlock()\nmsg(\"Hi!\")\nreaper.Undo_EndBlock(\"Typical script options\", 0)\n-- Exit the script on the next update\nGUI.quit = true\nend\nlocal function msg(m)\n--reaper.ClearConsole()\nreaper.ShowConsoleMsg(tostring(m) .. \"\\n\")\nend\n------------------------------------\n-------- Window settings -----------\n------------------------------------\nGUI.name = \"New script GUI\"\nGUI.x, GUI.y, GUI.w, GUI.h = 0, 0, 640, 480\nGUI.anchor, GUI.corner = \"mouse\", \"C\"\n------------------------------------\n-------- GUI Elements --------------\n------------------------------------\nGUI.New(\"Button1\", \"Button\", {\nz = 11,\nx = 96,\ny = 160,\nw = 48,\nh = 24,\ncaption = \"Remove\",\nfont = 3,\ncol_txt = \"txt\",\ncol_fill = \"elm_frame\"\n},btn_click)\nGUI.New(\"Listbox1\", \"Listbox\", {\nz = 11,\nx = 16,\ny = 16,\nw = 192,\nh = 96,\nlist = {\"+New\", \"Item 2\", \"Item 3\", \"Item 4\"},\nmulti = false,\ncaption = \"\",\nfont_a = 3,\nfont_b = 4,\ncolor = \"txt\",\ncol_fill = \"elm_fill\",\nbg = \"elm_bg\",\ncap_bg = \"wnd_bg\",\nshadow = true,\npad = 4\n})\nGUI.Init()\nGUI.Main()\nBug or have I missed something?\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n07-25-2018, 07:21 AM\n#236\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nNot sure why it would cause a crash where you're seeing it, but when creating the button you've got btn_click outside the element table:\nCode:\nGUI.New(\"Button1\", \"Button\", {\nz = 11,\nx = 96,\ny = 160,\nw = 48,\nh = 24,\ncaption = \"Remove\",\nfont = 3,\ncol_txt = \"txt\",\ncol_fill = \"elm_frame\"\n},btn_click)\nThis works:\nCode:\nGUI.New(\"Button1\", \"Button\", {\nz = 11,\nx = 96,\ny = 160,\nw = 48,\nh = 24,\ncaption = \"Remove\",\nfont = 3,\ncol_txt = \"txt\",\ncol_fill = \"elm_frame\",\nfunc = btn_click\n})\nWhen using a table for your elements (which is proving to be way easier in a number of ways), all of the parameters have to be in the table and have their appropriate key.\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n07-25-2018, 08:29 AM\n#237\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nWhen using a table for your elements (which is proving to be way easier in a number of ways), all of the parameters have to be in the table and have their appropriate key.\nAhaa, ok, got it! Great, thank you!\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n08-02-2018, 04:26 AM\n#238\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nDropdown meny without an element?\nHi!\nIs this possible to do with Lokasenna GUI library?\nI want a dropdown to show up when I right click on an item\nin a listbox. I have figured out the right click function,\nbut how do I get a dropdown? I dont want a box just the\ndropdown menu.\nEdit: Found out that the answer is YES - GUI Builder have\none dropdown for the elements. But looking in code....I dont\nunderstand how this dropdown works, I am lost! Help is needed.\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\nLast edited by tompad; 08-02-2018 at 05:24 AM.\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\n08-02-2018, 07:23 AM\n#239\nLokasenna\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Sep 2008\nLocation: Calgary, AB, Canada\nPosts: 6,551\nCode:\ngfx.showmenu(\"str\")\nShows a popup menu at gfx.x,gfx.y. str is a list of fields separated by | characters. Each field represents a menu item.\nFields can start with special characters:\n# : grayed out\n! : checked\n> : this menu item shows a submenu\n< : last item in the current submenu\nAn empty field will appear as a separator in the menu. gfx.showmenu returns 0 if the user selected nothing from the menu, 1 if the first field is selected, etc.\nExample:\ngfx.showmenu(\"first item, followed by separator||!second item, checked|>third item which spawns a submenu|#first item in submenu, grayed out|<second and last item in submenu|fourth item in top menu\")\n__________________\nI'm no longer using Reaper or working on scripts for it. Sorry. :(\nDefault 5.0 Nitpicky Edition / GUI library for Lua scripts / Theory Helper / Radial Menu / Donate\nLokasenna\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to Lokasenna\nVisit Lokasenna's homepage!\nFind More Posts by Lokasenna\n08-02-2018, 08:32 AM\n#240\ntompad\nHuman being with feelings\nJoin Date: Jan 2010\nLocation: Fjugesta, Sweden\nPosts: 813\nQuote:\nOriginally Posted by Lokasenna\nCode:\ngfx.showmenu(\"str\")\nShows a popup menu at gfx.x,gfx.y. str is a list of fields separated by | characters. Each field represents a menu item.\nFields can start with special characters:\n# : grayed out\n! : checked\n> : this menu item shows a submenu\n< : last item in the current submenu\nAn empty field will appear as a separator in the menu. gfx.showmenu returns 0 if the user selected nothing from the menu, 1 if the first field is selected, etc.\nExample:\ngfx.showmenu(\"first item, followed by separator||!second item, checked|>third item which spawns a submenu|#first item in submenu, grayed out|<second and last item in submenu|fourth item in top menu\")\nLovely! And I just found out about gfx.mouse_x, gfx.mouse_y!! So now\nit is placed properly! Thanks!\nEdit: Oooh and now I found out where to find this information - Reaper API - the Holy Grail! Didn't know gfx was in it....\n__________________\nToDoList Obliques MusicMath Donation Some of mine and my friends music projects on Spotify\nLast edited by tompad; 08-03-2018 at 07:56 AM.\ntompad\nView Public Profile\nSend a private message to tompad\nFind More Posts by tompad\nPage 6 of 23\nFirst\n<\n45 6\n7816\n>\nLast\nPrevious Thread\n|\nNext Thread\nThread Tools\nShow Printable Version\nEmail this Page\nDisplay Modes\nLinear Mode\nSwitch to Hybrid Mode\nSwitch to Threaded Mode\nPosting Rules\nYou may not post new threads\nYou may not post replies\nYou may not post attachments\nYou may not edit your posts\nBB code is On\nSmilies are On\n[IMG] code is On\nHTML code is Off\nForum Rules\nForum Jump\nUser Control Panel\nPrivate Messages\nSubscriptions\nWho's Online\nSearch Forums\nForums Home\nREAPER Forums\nREAPER General Discussion Forum\nnewbieland\nREAPER Q&A, Tips, Tricks and Howto\nRecording Technologies and Techniques\nREAPER Compatibility\nREAPER Color Themes and Icon Sets\nMIDI Hardware, Control Surfaces, and OSC\nREAPER Non-English Speaking User Forums\nForum de REAPER en franais\nForo de REAPER en Espaol\nFrum do REAPER em portugus\nForum di REAPER in italiano\nDeutschsprachiges REAPER Userforum\nPycc opy REAPER\nREAPER Bug Reports\nREAPER Feature Requests\nDstruct's Casa De Nitpicks\nREAPER for Live Use\nREAPER for Video Editing/Mangling\nREAPER for Spatial Audio\nReaScript, JSFX, REAPER Plug-in Extensions, Developer Forum\nREAPER for macOS\nREAPER for Linux\nREAPER Pre-Release Discussion\nREAPER Music/Collaboration Discussion\nNINJAM Discussion\nNINJAM User Discussion\nNINJAM Developer Discussion\nOther Software Discussion\nWDL users forum\nLICEcap Discussion\nOSCII-bot forum\nOld Cockos Products Forum\nAll times are GMT -7. 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Experience the beauty of Theodore Roosevelt National Park, explore our charming cities and towns. North Dakota has plenty of outdoor adventures including hiking, kayaking, golfing and so much more!\nExplore\nMust See\nNorth Dakota\nPrevious\nAttractions & Entertainment\nGood Eats - North Dakota Style\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\n8 Ways to Enjoy North Dakota Arts and Culture\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\nInterstate 94 Tour\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\n30 Must-See Places in North Dakota\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\n8 Things to see and do in Theodore Roosevelt National Park\nRead More\nNature & Outdoor Activities\n13 Fantastic Hiking and Biking Trails in North Dakota\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\nVisit North Dakota's 13 State Parks\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\n8 Stops on North Dakota Dinosaur Tour\nRead More\nFood & Beverage\nNorth Dakota Brewery and Winery Tour\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\nGood Eats - North Dakota Style\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\n8 Ways to Enjoy North Dakota Arts and Culture\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\nInterstate 94 Tour\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\n30 Must-See Places in North Dakota\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\n8 Things to see and do in Theodore Roosevelt National Park\nRead More\nNature & Outdoor Activities\n13 Fantastic Hiking and Biking Trails in North Dakota\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\nVisit North Dakota's 13 State Parks\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\n8 Stops on North Dakota Dinosaur Tour\nRead More\nFood & Beverage\nNorth Dakota Brewery and Winery Tour\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\nGood Eats - North Dakota Style\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\n8 Ways to Enjoy North Dakota Arts and Culture\nRead More\nAttractions & Entertainment\nInterstate 94 Tour\nRead More\nNext\nExplore North Dakota\nIf you're looking for specific locations, types of places, please use the legend below to check/uncheck your preferences to appear on the map.\nNational Parks\nLakes & Rivers\nState Parks\nTribal Nations\nHistoric Sites\nScenic Byways\nMinotMedoraMandanHettingerGrandForksFargoDickinsonBismarckWillistonWatford CityWahpetonValley CityStanleyPembinaNewTownLintonJamestownDunseithDevilsLakeCrosbyCarringtonBowmanBottineau\nZoom In\nZoom Out\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nBeaver Lake State Park\nComprising 283 acres, the park provides modern and primitive camping and 3 camping cabins close to the lake. Visitors will find an amphitheater, picnic shelters, playground, modern comfort stations with showers and miles of hiking and biking trails.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nTRNP - South Unit\nSet in the colorful canyons of the western North Dakota Badlands this national park's trails and drives take you to scenic vistas with stunning views of the Painted Canyon and the Little Missouri River, a petrified forest and open range populated by bison, horses, elk, prairie dogs, and other wildlife.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nTRNP - North Unit\nScenic views and sweeping vistas and unique opportunities for wildlife viewing. Points of interest include: River Bend Overlook and CCC shelter, Oxbow Overlook, Cannonball Concretions Pullout, Caprock Coulee Nature Trail, and Achenbach Trail.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nFort Union Trading Post\nBetween 1828 and 1867, Fort Union was the most important fur trade post on the Upper Missouri River where the Assiniboine and six other Northern Plains Tribes exchanged buffalo robes and smaller furs for goods from around the world.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nScenic Drives\nChan SanSan\nSouth of Jamestown, starting in Adrian, this scenic backway highlights the beautiful James River Valley.When travelers descend to the valley, they can see the panorama of a winding river surrounded by tall grass prairie and wildflowers.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nScenic Drives\nRendezvous Region\nThis backway located in northeast North Dakota is a special place steeped in history, with natural resources, recreation, scenic beauty and culture. Winding along the bends of the Pembina River you can enjoy the panorama views of the Pembina Gorge.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nScenic Drives\nTurtle Mountain\nThe byway begins its upward accent winding through the calm serene beauty of the Turtle Mountains passing farmsteads, pasture land, recreational areas, beautiful blue lakes, tree covered wildlife areas and then descends into the foothills with a spectacular view of the prairie.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nScenic Drives\nDes Lacs Refuge\nAs its name suggests, the 13-mileDes Lacs National Wildlife Refuge Scenic Backway offers ample opportunities for spotting a variety of wildlife, from deer and moose to more than 250 species of birds like raptors and waterfowl.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nScenic Drives\nKilldeer Mountain Four Bears\nFrom the Killdeer Mountains to the deeply entrenched Little Missouri River Breaks and Badlands, this 64-mile byway provides a unique and enchanting landscape in one of the most scenic areas of western North Dakota.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nScenic Drives\nOld Red Old Ten\nAn alternative to I-94 between Mandan and Dickinson, this route offers a leisurely drive through lovely, rural countryside and leads through Almont, New Salem, Glen Ullin, Hebron, Richardton and the Schnell Recreation Area, a 2,000-acre nature preserve.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nScenic Drives\nStanding Rock\nVisitors are welcome to travel the Standing Rock National Native American Scenic Byway. Grand vistas present the Missouri River along the same routes traveled by Lewis and Clark, Sakakawea and Sitting Bull. View buffalo herds and eagles' nests.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nScenic Drives\nSakakawea\nThis byway highlights fantastic views of the Missouri River Valley along with some of the state's most outstanding Lewis and Clark destinations. Visitors are able to follow the course of this great journey and discover history and culture.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nScenic Drives\nSheyenne River Valley\nNature and scenery at its best, archaeology, history, culture, and recreation can be found along this byway. Tree-lined, rolling hills are dotted by quaint towns and farmsteads, lending to its Americana charm. This is ND's first nationally recognized scenic byway.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nScenic Drives\nTRNP - North Unit\nEnjoy lush meadows and breathtaking backdrops of brilliantly colored rock formations set against wide-open blue skies. Spot wildlife such as bison, prairie dogs, bighorn sheep, coyotes and even an occasional moose.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNative American Culture\nStanding Rock\nThe Standing Rock Nation is part of the Lakota/Dakota/Nakota nation that once controlled a vast area from the James River in North and South Dakota to the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming.North Dakota communities on the tribal lands are Cannon Ball, Fort Yates, Porcupine, Solen and Selfridge.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nNative American Culture\nTrenton\nIn the 1800s, members of the Chippewa tribe expanded their hunting areas westward from the Turtle Mountains into the area of present-day Trenton. In 1975, the Trenton Indian Services Area was established in order for members to maintain their identity with the Turtle Mountain Chippewa tribe.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nNative American Culture\nSisseton-Wahpeton Oyate\nThe Sisseton-Wahpeton Band is a subdivision of the eastern or Dakota Native Americans. Within the three major divisions of the Dakota/Lakota/Nakota Nation, there are seven major bands, which are referred to as the Seven Council Fires.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nNative American Culture\nSpirit Lake Nation\nThis is one nation with different language dialects but only slightly differing cultures. The tribe migrated to the Great Plains from near Lake Superior and by the early 1800s dominated the northern plains. In 1867, a treaty established about 245,000 acres for the Fort Totten Reservation in Benson, Nelson, Eddy and Ramsey counties.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nNative American Culture\nMandan, Hidatsa & Arikara Nation\nThe Fort Berthold Reservation straddles the north and south shores of Lake Sakakawea, named after the Native American woman who accompanied the Lewis & Clark Expedition.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nNative American Culture\nTurtle Mountain Band of Chippewa\nThe Turtle Mountain Reservation is in Rolette County in the wooded, rolling hills of north-central North Dakota. The ancestors of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa migrated from the Great Lakes in the late 1400s. The Chippewa developed lasting relationships with the Cree and French.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nSully Creek\nLocated in the heart of the North Dakota Badlands, Sully Creek is minutes away from the historic town of Medora and Theodore Roosevelt National Park and easy access to the 120-mile long Maah Daah Hey Trail.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nLewis and Clark\nSituated on one of the upper bays of Lake Sakakawea, the rugged buttes of the North Dakota Badlands display a towering backdrop to one of the state's best recreation areas. The park is named for the Corps of Discovery explorers, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nLittle Missouri\nLittle Missouri State Park contains rugged, picturesque Badlands terrain in North Dakota. Most of the park is accessible only by horseback or hiking. Numerous wildlife species frequent the park, including mule deer, coyote, fox, bobcat and golden eagle.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nCross Ranch\nCross Ranch State Park is located along some of the last free-flowing and undeveloped stretches of the Missouri River. A boat ramp and canoe and kayak rentals are available to explore this scenic segment of the river, while anglers will find walleye, trout, catfish, salmon, pike and bass in its waters.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nFort Ransom\nNorth Dakota's homesteading heritage is preserved at Fort Ransom State Park. The park, nestled in the picturesque and heavily wooded Sheyenne River Valley is a natural and scenic area located on the Sheyenne River Valley National Scenic Byway.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nTurtle River\nConstructed in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps, the park is located in a beautiful wooded valley along the meandering Turtle River. The park features year-round recreational activities, including camping, picnicking, hiking, mountain biking, cross-country skiing and sledding.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nIcelandic\nLocated on the north shore of Lake Renwick, Icelandic State Park offers visitors not only a wide array of recreational opportunities, but also glimpses of North Dakota's homesteading heritage and its natural beauty.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nGrahams Island\nGrahams Island State Park offers camping and picnicking facilities, a boat ramp, bait shop and fuel facility. The park hosts numerous national and regional fishing tournaments during the year, as Devils Lake offers some of the best fishing in the Midwest.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nLake Metigoshe\nThe rolling hills, aspen forests and small lakes attract nature and photography lovers to the area.The lake is noted for its northern pike, walleye and perch. Enjoy hiking the The Old Oak Trail, a National Recreation Trail. The park has both modern and primitive camping and more.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nFort Abraham Lincoln\nGeneral George Custer's last home is reconstructed, asare the central barracks, granary, commissary and a stable. Tours take visitors back to 1875, the year before the 7th Cavalry rode to the Little Bighorn. Museum and tour of On-A-Slant Indian Village's five reconstructed earthlodges.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nFort Stevenson\nFort Stevenson State Park was named in honor of Brigadier General Thomas Greeley Stevenson, a Union officer who was killed on May 10, 1864, during the Battle of Spotsylvania (PA). The original site of the fort, now underwater, was located on the north bank of the Missouri River about two miles southwest of the present park site.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nLake Sakakawea\nLake Sakakawea flows 180 miles through central and western North Dakota and is a wonderland for anglers, boaters, campers and swimmers who take advantage of its immense size year-round. With more shoreline than the California Pacific coast and easy access points, there is something here for every outdoor enthusiast.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nChateau De Mores\nThis 26-room, two-story frame building was built in 1883 as the summer residence of the Marquis's family. The Chateau is now a historic house museum and contains many of the original furnishings and personal effects of the de Mores family.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nFort Buford\nThis site preserves remnants of a vital frontier plains military post established in 1866 to protect overland and river routes and is located near the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers southwest of present-day Williston. It served 29 years as a major supply depot for military field operations.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nMissouri-Yellowstone Confluence Interpretive Center\nLocated one-half mile east of Fort Buford State Historic Site, this Interpretive Center tells the story of the confluence of these two mighty rivers.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nFort Clark\nAn important archeological site because of its well-preserved records. More than 150 years ago, it was the scene of devastating smallpox and cholera epidemics that decimated most of the inhabitants of a Mandan and later an Arikara Indian village. The archaeological remains of the large earthlodge village, cemetery, and two fur trade posts.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nDouble Ditch Indian Village\nSite contains ruins of the Mandan Native American earthlodge village believed to have been inhabited for nearly 300 years until 1781. The remains of earthlodges, refuse mounds and the surrounding fortification ditches are clearly discernible.Interpretive signs highlight important features around the site.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nND Heritage Center & State Museum\nThis 97,000-square-foot facility tells the history of North Dakota. Galleries take guests through the state's history from present day all the way back to the Ice Age. Enjoy performances in the digital Great Plains Theater, browse the gift store and enjoy lunch at the cafe.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nFormer Governors' Mansion\nLocated at 320 E. Ave. B in Bismarck, the site consists of a large two and one-half story, restored Victorian house and a carriage house. Constructed in 1884, it housed 20 chief executives between 1893 and 1960. Unique room exhibits feature the restoration process, architectural style changes, and furniture used by several governors.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nCamp Hancock\nThis site preserves part of a military installation established as Camp Greeley in 1872 to provide protection for workers then building the Northern Pacific Railroad. The camp's name was changed to Camp Hancock in 1873.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nWelk Homestead\nThe Welk Homestead, located northwest of Strasburg, interprets agriculture in the early 20th century, German-Russian culture and architecture, and the career of bandleader Lawrence Welk, who grew up on the farm.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nWhitestone Hill\nThe site is a place of remembrance for the 100 to 300 people who were killed here in early September, 1863. Today the site features a 1909 monument to the US soldiers, and a 1941 monument to the Native people who died, 14 interpretive panels and fieldstone shelter.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nHistoric 1883 Stutsman County Courthouse\nBuilt in 1883, it is North Dakota's oldest surviving courthouse and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is significant for its architectural style - one of only two county courthouses in the state in the Gothic Revival Style, and for its pressed metal interior walls of the building.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nFort Abercrombie\nKnown historically as \"the Gateway to the Dakotas,\" Fort Abercrombie was the first permanent U.S. military fort established in what was to become North Dakota. The fort guarded the oxcart trails of the later fur trade era, military supply wagon trains, stagecoach routes, and steamboat traffic on the Red River.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nRonald Reagan Minuteman Missile\nThis site actually consists of two sites telling the story of the Cold War years, they are the Oscar-Zero Missile Alert Facility and the November-33 Launch Facility. They are the last remnants of the 321st Missile Wing, a cluster of intercontinental ballistic missile launch sites.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nGingras Trading Post\nThis site preserves the 1840s home and trading post of Mtis legislator and businessman Antoine Blanc Gingras, northeast of Walhalla in Pembina County.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nFort Totten\nThis site preserves a military post built in 1867 and used continuously as a military location until 1890 when it became a school for Native American children. The brick buildings, which replaced an earlier log fort, appear much as they did when built and the original buildings are being used to house museum exhibits.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nMenoken Indian Village\nThis village was established about 800 years ago on a quiet wooded spot beside Apple Creek and was built just as farming first began to arrive in this region. This Agricultural Revolution brought changes as great as the later Industrial Revolution, and archaeologists continue to look for clues to how these changes affected the villagers at Menoken.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nPembina State Museum\nAfter the ocean drained and the glaciers left, people came to find a rich landscape in the Red River Valley. Bison hunters, fur traders, and farmers have all made this land their home. Visit the Pembina State Museum to see 100 million years of history.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nHistoric Sites\nHuff Indian Village\nListed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a National Historic Landmark, the site preserves a large prehistoric village occupied by the Mandan Native Americans around 1450. Self-guided interpretive walk.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nNational & State Parks\nKnife River Indian Villages\nNative Americansoccupied this area for more than 11,000 years. Remains of three Hidatsa villages with 210 depressions at the national historic site. Home of Sakakawea, a modern museum, and a visitor center.\nExplore Away\nClose Overlay\nWilliston\nThe city most commonly associated with the Bakken oil boom is bustling with things to see and do in the city and nearby areas including dining, shopping and local breweries. Try out the ARC, a hub for recreation enthusiasts, and enjoy attractions such as Missouri-Yellowstone Confluence Interpretive Center, Lake Sakakawea, and Fort Union and Fort Buford.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nWatford City\nLong before Watford City became the epicenter of the state's energy boom, it was the center of activity between the North Unit of Theodore Roosevelt National Park and Williston. It's an area steeped in history, culture and scenic beauty, and today it is bustling with new things to see and do, family fun, shopping and dining.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nWahpeton\nWhether you get excited about fishing in the Red River, golfing a classic course spread out over two states, visiting the zoo or simply riding in circles on a carousel, Wahpeton has something for you.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nValley City\nBegin your tour of Valley City at theRosebud Visitor Center. You will learn the history of the Red River Valley through insightful exhibits that include an 1881 Superintendents railcar. Take in the City of Bridges Scenic Tour, Medicine Wheel Park, VCSU Planetarium, the North Country National Scenic Trail, golfing, dining, shopping and more.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nStanley\nFind unique and fun flavors at Dakota Drug with the only surviving Whirl-A-Whip machine, used to mix various tasty morsels into its ice cream. Learn more about the history of the area, visit Flickertail Village, and over at the Sibyl Center enjoy a wide variety of art programs. Nature lovers can get their fill of birds and wildlife at the Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nPembina\nPembina is a small town situated on the border of the United States and Canada. It is a great place to visit for the adventurous tourist who wants to explore the area and experience a unique culture. It is home to Pembina State Museum, Frostfire Park, and some of the most beautiful scenery in the state with rolling hills, lush green forests, and lakes.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nNew Town\nNew Town is located at the heart of Lake Sakakawea, and this lakeside town is rich in Native American history - visit theMHA Interpretive Center,Three Affiliated Tribes Museum, theFour Bears Bridge,Crow Flies High Butte,4 Bears Casino & Lodge and more.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nLinton\nSmall town hospitality with big city amenities! This clean, progressive community is a well known rural community. If you enjoy hunting, the area is nationally known for pheasant hunting and has an abundant deer population. Enjoy walking and biking trails, a fitness center, and a spacious pool, and many more area amenities.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nJamestown\nJamestown\nJamestown has long been known for its buffalo, but there is a lot more to this eastern North Dakota city than theWorlds Largest Buffaloand theNational Buffalo Museum. Enjoy the Shan Sansan Scenic Backway, Sports Hall of Fame, activity center, arts center, unique lodging, breweries, wineries, art galleries, outdoor art, parks, trails, shopping, dining and more.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nDunseith\nDunseith has a post office that has been in operation since 1884. Visit the stunning International Peace Garden with 2,300 acres of natures beauty, freshwater lakes, scenic hiking and driving trails, wildflowers, and wildlife. Enjoy a round of golf, check out the massive W'eel Turtle sculpture, and relax in the nearby campgrounds.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nDevils Lake\nDevils Lake is known as one of the best fisheries in this part of the country. The city namesake, meanwhile, is equally alluring for its small-town charm and friendly people, making a trip to Devils Lake is exciting year-round. Window shop and browse unique stores downtown than grab a bite to eat at the many dining establishments.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nCrosby\nCrosby is a small city with a surprising number of things to see and do, making it a great destination for a getaway. Visit the Divide County Courthouse, a beautiful building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and features ornate decorations, stained glass, and mosaic floors and more.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nBowman\nDepending on your direction of travel, Bowman, in southwest North Dakota, is the first or last town you will encounter in the state. Take some time to see and learn about nearby dinosaur finds and the town's past by visiting the Pioneer Trails Regional Museum. Enjoy fun eateries and shopping downtown.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nMandan\nThe Bismarck-Mandan area has welcomed visitors since Lewis and Clark paddled up the Missouri River in 1804. Mandan is home to State Railroad Museum, Dykshorn Park, Fort Lincoln trolley, Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park and the Custer House, along with breweries, raging rivers water park, shopping, dining, golfing and more.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nBismark\nThe Bismarck-Mandan area has welcomed visitors since Lewis and Clark paddled up the Missouri River in 1804. Enjoy downtown dining, breweries, shopping, and outdoor art. Cruise down the Missouri River on the Lewis & Clark riverboat. Walk the trails, visit the many parks, the Dakota Zoo, museums and more.\nBismarck\nClose Overlay\nMedora\nMedora is located in the Badlands of North Dakota and is the gateway to the south unit of Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Plan a vacation to this historic and western town and enjoy the beautiful scenery it has to offer. Visit the North Dakota Cowboy Hall of Fame, then enjoy some unique dining and shopping downtown, fun trails, and in the summer, the Medora Musical.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nHettinger\nHettinger is an ideal destination for those seeking an adventure off the beaten path. From its picturesque rolling hills to its vibrant history, Hettinger is a small town with plenty to explore. Visitors can take a stroll down Main street, soak up local culture at the Dakota Buttes Museum or spend an afternoon with nature at one of the town's numerous parks or nearby state parks.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nDickinson\nDickinson\nDickinson is considered the gateway to the Theodore Roosevelt National Park and many recreational opportunities. With fun-filled attractions and annual festivals, downtown comes alive with shopping, dining concerts and street fairs. History buffs will enjoy the Dickinson Museum Center, where life-sized dinosaurs and an array of fossils are on display.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nBottineau\nBottineau is a four-season playground located at the foot of the Turtle Mountains near the International Peace Garden. Bottineau is also a short ride fromLake Metigoshe, and the Bottineau Winter Park ski and snowboard area. This vibrant small community is home toPride Dairy,the last small town creamery in the state, unique shopping, and more.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nMinot\nMinot\nBest known as the Magic City, this vibrant city is full of attractions, including Roosevelt Park Zoo, Dakota Territory Air Museum, Magic City Discovery Center and the Scandinavian Heritage Park. Enjoy local cuisines blended with flavors from around the globe, including bakeries, pubs, fine dining and family style restaurants.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nCarrington\nOutdoors enthusiasts will enjoy this small town in the heart of the Central Flyway with some of the best birding opportunities in the nation. In town visit the Putnam House on Main Street and the Foster County Museumfor a look into the past. Carrington features a collection of unique retail offerings, including Creative Treasures, the Garden Gate and more.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nFargo\nThevibrant downtown offers unique lodging, eating establishments, breweries, theaters and entertainment venues and the metro area has several college and active art communities with several museums, including theFargo Air Museum,Bonanzavillepioneer village,Plains Art Museum,Roger Maris Museum and theChildrens Museum at Yunker Farm.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nGrand Forks\nGrand Forks is a vibrant, picturesque city situated on the banks of the Red River of the North. It is the third largest city in North Dakota and the proud home of the University of North Dakota. With its vibrant downtown area, excellent restaurants and shopping venues, ample attractions, and trails, Grand Forks is an ideal spot to enjoy year-round.\nLearn More\nClose Overlay\nBismarck\nThe Bismarck-Mandan area has welcomed visitors since Lewis and Clark paddled up the Missouri River in 1804. Enjoy downtown dining, breweries, shopping, and outdoor art. Cruise down the Missouri River on the Lewis & Clark riverboat. Walk the trails, visit the many parks, the Dakota Zoo, museums and more.\nLearn More\nYour Legendary\nNorth Dakota Bucket List\nPardon our forwardness, but we think North Dakota should be on everyones bucket list. So weve created this awesome list to help us recommend what to add to your legendary bucket-list.Select the dot to indicate your interest and arrow forward to see more options, and let the endless ideas inspire you.\nShopping\nAgritourism\nAttractions & Entertainment\nFood & Beverage\nHistory\nNature & Outdoor Activities\nAccessible Hiking Trails in North Dakota\nNature & Outdoor Activities\nAccessible Hiking Trails in North Dakota\nWheelchair Accessible Hiking Trails Boicourt Overlook Trail, South Unit of the Theodore Roosevelt National Park Surface: Concrete Boicourt Trail is located approximately halfway along the...\nLearn More\nBreweries, Wineries and Distilleries\nAgritourism\nBreweries, Wineries and Distilleries\nWhether you like your beer robust and rich, hoppy, or light, these breweries are sure to please your senses with their award-winning, in-house brews. An...\nLearn More\nCultural Cuisine\nCulinary Experiences\nCultural Cuisine\nLet your taste buds lead you on an adventure with authentic cultural cuisine served in restaurants with roots from around the globe. Bismarck/Mandan Eat Thai...\nLearn More\nFarm to Table\nFarm to Table\nFarm to Table\nIf you are looking for some of the freshest, mouth-watering, and seasonally-unique foods, you need to grab a seat at these Farm to Table establishments...\nLearn More\nCup of Joe\nFood & Beverage\nCup of Joe\nWhen you are ready to slow down and enjoy a quality, hand-crafted coffee drink, sip on some tea, or munch on some savory baked goods...\nLearn More\nUptown Funk\nFood & Beverage\nUptown Funk\nThese Uptown Funk joints will pique your interest and tease your taste buds with inventive and funky fare. Fargo Rhombus Guys The Red River Valleys...\nLearn More\nFine Dining\nFood & Beverage\nFine Dining\nRevel in the ultimate fine-dining experiences and indulge in tantalizing fare! These upscale eateries provide unique, seasonal-inspired menus and one-of-a-kind atmospheres. Bismarck Butterhorn Located in...\nLearn More\nBy the Slice\nFood & Beverage\nBy the Slice\nIn the mood for a pizza? Check out these By the Slice stops for uniquely creative, homemade, wood-fired, and traditional pies. Bismarck/Mandan A & B...\nLearn More\nSweet Tooth\nFood & Beverage\nSweet Tooth\nFrom made-from-scratch pastries, freshly baked pies, muffins and cookies, to ice cream and chocolate-covered potato chips, you will be sure to satisfy any Sweet Tooth...\nLearn More\nLocal Fare\nCulinary Experiences\nLocal Fare\nEnjoy the nostalgic feeling of old-fashioned home-cooked meals and quaint atmospheres. 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For other uses, see North Dakota (disambiguation).\nState in the United StatesNorth Dakota\nDakta waziyata(Lakota)StateState of North Dakota\nFlagSealNickname(s):Peace Garden State,Roughrider State, Flickertail State, Heaven on EarthMotto(s):Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and InseparableAnthem: North Dakota HymnMap of the United States with North Dakota highlightedCountryUnited StatesBefore statehoodDakota TerritoryAdmitted to the UnionNovember 2, 1889 (39th)CapitalBismarckLargest cityFargoLargest county or equivalentCassLargest metro and urban areasFargoGovernmentGovernorDoug Burgum (R)Lieutenant GovernorTammy Miller (R)LegislatureLegislative AssemblyUpper houseSenateLower houseHouse of RepresentativesJudiciaryNorth Dakota Supreme CourtU.S. senatorsJohn Hoeven (R)Kevin Cramer (R)U.S. House delegationKelly Armstrong (R) (list)AreaTotal70,706sqmi (183,125km2)Land68,995sqmi (178,694km2)Water1,719sqmi (4,428km2) 2.3%Rank19thDimensionsLength300mi (482km)Width200mi (321km)Elevation1,901ft (580m)Highestelevation (White Butte[1][a])3,609ft (1,069m)Lowestelevation (Red River of the North at Manitoba border[1][a])864ft (216m)Population(2022)Total779,179Rank47thDensity10.73/sqmi (4.13/km2)Rank47thMedian household income$61,842 [2]Income rank20thDemonymNorth DakotanLanguageOfficial languageEnglish [3]Time zonesmost of stateUTC06:00 (Central)Summer (DST)UTC05:00 (CDT)southwestUTC07:00 (Mountain)Summer (DST)UTC06:00 (MDT)USPS abbreviationNDISO 3166 codeUS-NDTraditional abbreviationN.D., N.Dak., NodakLatitude4556 N to 4900 NLongitude9633 W to 11803 WWebsitend.gov\nState symbols of North DakotaList of state symbolsFlag of North DakotaSeal of North DakotaCoat of arms of North DakotaLiving insigniaBirdWestern meadowlarkFishNorthern pikeFlowerWild prairie roseFruitChokecherryGrassWestern wheatgrassInsectWestern honeybeeMammalNokota horseTreeAmerican ElmInanimate insigniaBeverageMilkDanceSquare danceLine danceFossilTeredo petrified woodState route markerLists of United States state symbols\nNorth Dakota ( /dkot/ d-KOH-t)[4] is a landlocked U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the indigenous Dakota Sioux. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north and by the U.S. states of Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south, and Montana to the west. North Dakota is part of the Great Plains region, characterized by broad prairies, steppe, temperate savanna, badlands, and farmland. North Dakota is the 19th largest state, but with a population of less than 780,000, it is the 4th least populous and 4th most sparsely populated.[note 1] The state capital is Bismarck while the most populous city is Fargo, which accounts for nearly a fifth of the state's population; both cities are among the fastest-growing in the U.S., although half of all residents live in rural areas.\nWhat is now North Dakota was inhabited for thousands of years by various Native American tribes, including the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara along the Missouri River; the Ojibwe and Cree in the northeast; and several Sioux groups (the Assiniboine, Yankton, Wahpeton, and Teton) across the rest of the state. European explorers and traders first arrived in the early 18th century, mostly in pursuit of lucrative furs.\nThe United States acquired the region in the early 19th century, gradually settling it amid growing resistance by increasingly displaced natives. The Dakota Territory, established in 1861, became central to American pioneers, with the Homestead Act of 1862 precipitating significant population growth and development. The traditional fur trade declined in favor of farming, particularly of wheat. The subsequent Dakota Boom from 1878 to 1886 saw giant farms stretched across the rolling prairies, with the territory becoming a regional economic power. The Northern Pacific and Great Northern railway companies competed for access to lucrative grain centers; farmers banded together in political and socioeconomic alliances that were core to the broader Populist Movement of the Midwest. North and South Dakota were admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, as the 39th and 40th states. President Benjamin Harrison shuffled the statehood papers before signing them so that no one could tell which became a state first; consequently, the two states are officially numbered in alphabetical order.[5] Statehood marked the gradual winding-down of the pioneer period, with the state fully settled by around 1920.[6] Subsequent decades saw a rise in radical agrarian movements and economic cooperatives, of which one legacy is the Bank of North Dakota, the only state-run bank in the U.S.\nBeginning in the mid-20th century, North Dakota's rich natural resources became more critical to economic development; into the 21st century, oil extraction from the Bakken formation in the northwest has played a major role in the state's prosperity. Such development has led to unprecedented population growth (along with high birth rates) and reduced unemployment, with North Dakota having the second-lowest unemployment rate in the U.S., after Hawaii.[7][8][9][10] It ranks relatively well in metrics such as infrastructure, quality of life, economic opportunity, and public safety. It is believed to host the geographic center of North America, Rugby, and is home to what was once the tallest artificial structure in the Western Hemisphere, the KVLY-TV mast.\nHistory[edit]\nMain article: History of North Dakota\nPre-colonial history[edit]\nNative American people lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. The known tribes included the Mandan people (from around the 11th century),[11] while the first Hidatsa group arrived a few hundred years later.[12] They both assembled in villages on tributaries of the Missouri River in what would become west-central North Dakota. Crow Indians traveled the plains from the west to visit and trade with the related Hidatsas[11] after the split between them, probably in the 17th century.[13]\nLater came divisions of the Sioux: the Lakota, the Santee and the Yanktonai. The Assiniboine and the Plains Cree undertook southward journeys to the village Indians, either for trade or for war.[11][14] The Shoshone Indians in present-day Wyoming and Montana may have carried out attacks on Indian enemies as far east as the Missouri.[15] A group of Cheyennes lived in a village of earth lodges at the lower Sheyenne River (Biesterfeldt Site) for decades in the 18th century.\nDue to attacks by Crees, Assiniboines and Chippewas armed with fire weapons[clarification needed], they left the area around 1780 and crossed Missouri some time after.[16] A band of the few Sotaio Indians lived east of Missouri River and met the uprooted Cheyennes before the end of the century. They soon followed the Cheyennes across Missouri and lived among them south of Cannonball River.[17]\nEventually, the Cheyenne and the Sutaio became one tribe and turned into mounted buffalo hunters with ranges mainly outside North Dakota. Before the middle of the 19th century, the Arikara entered the future state from the south and joined the Mandan and Hidatsa.[18] With time, a number of Indians entered into treaties with the United States. Many of the treaties defined the territory of a specific tribe.\nEuropean exploration and colonization[edit]\nThe first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vrendrye, who led an exploration and trading party to the Mandan villages in 1738 guided by Assiniboine Indians.[19]\nFrom 1762 to 1802, the region formed part of Spanish Louisiana.[20]\nFort Union Trading Post National Historic Site\nSettlement and statehood[edit]\nEuropean Americans settled in Dakota Territory only sparsely until the late 19th century, when railroads opened up the region. With the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture.\nDifferences between the northern and southern part caused resentments between the settlers. The northern part was seen by the more populated southern part as somewhat disreputable, \"too much controlled by the wild folks, cattle ranchers, fur traders\" and too frequently the site of conflict with the indigenous population. The northern part was generally content with remaining a territory. However, following the territorial capital being moved from Yankton in the southern part to Bismarck, the southern part began to call for division. Finally, at the 1887 territorial election, the voters approved splitting the territory into two. The division was done by the seventh standard parallel.[21][22]\nCongress passed an omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington, titled the Enabling Act of 1889, on February 22, 1889, during the administration of President Grover Cleveland. His successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889.[23]\nThe rivalry between the two new states presented a dilemma of which was to be admitted first. Harrison directed Secretary of State James G. Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first. The actual order went unrecorded, thus no one knows which of the Dakotas was admitted first.[24][25] However, since North Dakota alphabetically appears before South Dakota, its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large.\n20th and 21st centuries[edit]\nUnrest among wheat farmers, especially among Norwegian immigrants, led to a populist political movement centered in the Non Partisan League (\"NPL\") around the time of World War I. The NPL ran candidates on the Republican ticket (but merged into the Democratic Party after World War II). It tried to insulate North Dakota from the power of out-of-state banks and corporations.\nIn addition to founding the state-owned Bank of North Dakota and North Dakota Mill and Elevator (both still in existence), the NPL established a state-owned railroad line (later sold to the Soo Line Railroad). Anti-corporate laws virtually prohibited a corporation or bank from owning title to land zoned as farmland. These laws, still in force today, after having been upheld by state and federal courts, make it almost impossible to foreclose on farmland, as even after foreclosure, the property title cannot be held by a bank or mortgage company.[26] Furthermore, the Bank of North Dakota, having powers similar to a Federal Reserve branch bank, exercised its power to limit the issuance of subprime mortgages and their collateralization in the form of derivative instruments, and so prevented a collapse of housing prices within the state in the wake of 2008's financial crisis.[27]\nNorth Dakota State Capitol, featuring an Art Deco tower\nThe original North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck burned to the ground on December 28, 1930. It was replaced by a limestone-faced art-deco skyscraper that still stands today.[28] A round of federal investment and construction projects began in the 1950s, including the Garrison Dam and the Minot and Grand Forks Air Force bases.[29]\nWestern North Dakota saw a boom in oil exploration in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as rising petroleum prices made development profitable.[30] This boom came to an end after petroleum prices declined.[30]\nIn recent years, the state has had lower rates of unemployment than the national average, and increased job and population growth.[9][10] Much of the growth has been based on development of the Bakken oil fields in the western part of the state.[8] Estimates as to the remaining amount of oil in the area vary, with some estimating over 100 years' worth.[31]\nFor decades, North Dakota's annual murder and violent crime rates were regularly the lowest in the United States. In recent years, however, while still below the national average, crime has risen sharply. In 2016, the violent crime rate was three times higher than in 2004, with the rise occurring mostly in the late 2000s, coinciding with the oil boom era. This happened at a time when the national violent crime rate declined slightly.[32] Workers in the oil boom towns have been blamed for much of the increase.[33][34]\nGeography[edit]\nThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources:\"North Dakota\"news newspapers books scholar JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nMain article: Geography of North Dakota\nSee also: List of North Dakota countiesNorth Dakota is located in the Upper Midwest region of the United States. It lies at the center of the North American continent and borders Canada to the north. The geographic center of North America is near the town of Rugby. Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota, and Fargo is the most populous city.\nView of western North Dakota\nNorth Dakota is in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota to the east. South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby, North Dakota marking the \"Geographic Center of the North American Continent\". With an area of 70,762 square miles (183,273km2),[35] 69,001 square miles (178,712km2) of which is land,[36] North Dakota is the 19th largest state.[37]\nThe western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands, which are to the west of the Missouri River. The state's high point, White Butte at 3,506 feet (1,069m), and Theodore Roosevelt National Park[38] are in the Badlands. The region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas, crude oil and lignite coal. The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea, the third largest artificial lake in the United States, behind the Garrison Dam.[39]\nThe central region of the state is divided into the Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau. The eastern part of the state consists of the flat Red River Valley, the bottom of glacial Lake Agassiz. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg, supports a large agriculture industry.[40] Devils Lake, the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east.[41]\nMost of the state is covered in grassland; crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. Natural trees in North Dakota are found usually where there is good drainage, such as the ravines and valley near the Pembina Gorge and Killdeer Mountains, the Turtle Mountains, the hills around Devils Lake, in the dunes area of McHenry County in central North Dakota, and along the Sheyenne Valley slopes and the Sheyenne delta. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants.[42][43]\nSoil is North Dakota's most precious resource. It is the base of the state's great agricultural wealth. North Dakota also has enormous mineral resources. These mineral resources include billions of tons of lignite coal. In addition, North Dakota has large oil reserves. Petroleum was discovered in the state in 1951 and quickly became one of North Dakota's most valuable mineral resources. In the early 2000s, the emergence of hydraulic fracturing technologies enabled mining companies to extract huge amounts of oil from the Bakken shale rock formation in the western part of the state.[44]\nNorth Dakota public lands 5 national parks, 5 state forests, 63 national wildlife refuges, 3 national grassland, and 13 state parks[45] plus there are state trust land, bureau of land management, waterfowl production areas, bureau of reclamation, bureau of land management, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, state wildlife management areas[46]\nNorth Dakota wildlife\nCurrently there are 36 Level I species, 44 Level II species, and 35 Level III species.[47]\nList of birds of North Dakota The basic NDGFD list contains 420 confirmed and extant species, two extinct species. Three additional species have been added from the North Dakota Bird Records Committee (NDBRC) review list with some additions from Avibase. The combined lists contain 420 species. Of them, 194 and a subspecies are on the review list (see below). The NDGFD list considers 44 species to be accidental, and eight species have been introduced to North America.[48]\nList of mammals of North Dakota 87 species are known to live in the state. This includes mammals that are currently extirpated or locally extinct in North Dakota such as the gray wolf, swift fox, caribou and grizzly bear.\nList of insects of North Dakota [49] 1,126 Species known in North Dakota\nList of fish of North Dakota [50] 98 Species are currently known in North Dakota\nList of reptiles/amphibians of North Dakota[51] 16 Species of Reptiles and 12 Amphibians found in the state.\nList of crustaceans/mussels of North Dakota\n[52] Three species of crawfish are found in North Dakota: Devil, Calico, and Virile\nNorth Dakota is home to three freshwater shrimp species, gammarus, hyalella and mysis. The latter is an introduced species stocked in Lake Sakakawea in the early 1970s to add to the forage base.\n[53] Cvancara's Aquatic Mussels of North Dakota from 1983. He documented 13 species of what are generally referred to as clams in the state along with 13 species of pill clams, which are very small clams, in the order of a few millimeters in length. He also documented 22 species of snails in the state.\nClimate[edit]\nMain article: Climate of North Dakota\nKppen climate types of North Dakota\nNorth Dakota has a continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are significant because of its far inland position and being roughly equal distance from the North Pole and the Equator.\nAverage daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in North Dakota[54]\nLocation\nJuly (F)\nJuly (C)\nJanuary (F)\nJanuary (C)\nFargo\n82/59\n28/15\n18/0\n7/17\nBismarck\n84/57\n29/14\n23/2\n5/16\nGrand Forks\n81/56\n27/13\n16/3\n8/19\nMinot\n81/58\n27/14\n21/3\n6/16\nWest Fargo\n82/59\n28/15\n16/-2\n9/19\nWilliston\n84/56\n29/13\n22/0\n5/17\nDickinson\n83/55\n28/12\n26/6\n3/14\nMandan\n84/57\n29/14\n20/1\n6/18\nMonthly maximum and minimum temperatures (F/C) in North Dakota[55]\nMonth\nMaximum\nF (C)\nYear\nPlace\nMinimum\nF (C)\nYear\nPlace\nJan\n70/21\n1908\nChilcot\n-56/-49\n1916\nGoodall\nFeb\n72/22\n1992\nFort Yates[b]\n-60/-51\n1936\nParshall\nMar\n90/32\n1910\nEdmore\n-48/-44\n1897\nMcKinney\nApr\n101/38\n1980\nOakes\n-24/-31\n1975\nPowers Lake\nMay\n111/44\n1934\nLangdon\n-3/-19\n1967\nLarimore\nJun\n112/44\n2002\nBrien/Flasher\n18/-8\n1969\nBelcourt Indian Reservation\nJul\n121/49\n1936\nSteele\n23/-5\n1911\nManfred\nAug\n115/46\n1922\nCando\n19/-7\n1915\nNew Rockford\nSep\n109/43\n1906\nLarimore\n4/-16\n1942\nParshall\nOct\n98/37\n1963\nWatford City\n-18/-28\n1919\nZap\nNov\n88/31\n1909\nHaley\n-39/-39\n1985\nPembina\nDec\n70/21\n1939\nNew England\n-50/-46\n1983\nTioga/Williston\nOn February 21, 1918, Granville, North Dakota experienced a record-breaking 83F temperature increase over a 12-hour period, from a low of -33F to a high of 50F.[56] Another weather record set in Langdon in the winter of 193536, with the temperature staying below 0F (17.8C) for 41 consecutive days, January 11 though February 20. This is a record for any location in the contiguous U.S.).[57]\nDemographics[edit]\nPopulation[edit]\nNorth Dakota population density\nAt the 2022 estimate North Dakota's population was 779,261 on July 1, 2022, a 0.02% increase since the 2020 United States census.[58] North Dakota is the fourth least-populous state in the country; only Alaska, Vermont, and Wyoming have fewer residents.[59]\nFrom fewer than 2,000 people in 1870, North Dakota's population grew to near 680,000 by 1930. Growth then slowed, and the population fluctuated slightly over the next seven decades, hitting a low of 617,761 in the 1970 census, with 642,200 in the 2000 census.[60] In the 21st Century North Dakota has experienced significant growth reaching a record population of 783,926 in 2023.[61] Except for Native Americans, the North Dakota population has a lesser percentage of minorities than in the nation as a whole.[62] As of 2011, 20.7% of North Dakota's population younger than age1 were minorities.[63] The center of population of North Dakota is in Wells County, near Sykeston.[64]\nAccording to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 610 homeless people in North Dakota.[65][66]\nHistorical population\nCensusPop.Note%\n18702,405188036,9091,434.7%1890190,983417.4%1900319,14667.1%1910577,05680.8%1920646,87212.1%1930680,8455.3%1940641,9355.7%1950619,6363.5%1960632,4462.1%1970617,7612.3%1980652,7175.7%1990638,8002.1%2000642,2000.5%2010672,5914.7%2020779,09415.8%2023 (est.)783,9260.6%Source: 19102020[67]\nRace and ethnicity[edit]\nNorth Dakota Racial and Ethnic Breakdown of Population\nRacial composition\n1990[68]\n2000[69]\n2010[70]\n2020[71]\nWhite\n94.6%\n92.4%\n90.0%\n82.9%\nNative American\n4.1%\n4.9%\n5.4%\n5.0%\nBlack\n0.6%\n0.6%\n1.2%\n3.4%\nAsian\n0.5%\n0.6%\n1.0%\n1.7%\nNative Hawaiian andother Pacific Islander\n\n\n0.1%\n0.1%\nOther race\n0.3%\n0.4%\n0.5%\n1.5%\nTwo or more races\n\n1.2%\n1.8%\n5.4%\nHispanic Origin\n0.7%\n1.2%\n2.0%\n4.3%\nEthnic origins in North Dakota\nMap of counties in North Dakota by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census Non-Hispanic White 5060% 6070% 7080% 8090% 90%+ Native American 5060% 7080% 8090%\nNote: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.\nLive births by single race/ethnicity of mother\nRace\n2013[72]\n2014[73]\n2015[74]\n2016[75]\n2017[76]\n2018[77]\n2019[78]\n2020[79]\n2021[80]\n2022[81]\nWhite:\n8,940 (84.3%)\n9,509 (83.7%)\n9,354 (82.7%)\n...\n...\n...\n...\n...\n...\n> Non-Hispanic White\n8,531 (80.5%)\n9,036 (79.5%)\n8,796 (77.7%)\n8,486 (74.5%)\n7,931 (73.9%)\n7,816 (73.5%)\n7,567 (72.4%)\n7,199 (71.6%)\n7,407 (73.2%)\n6,965 (72.8%)\nAmerican Indian\n1,021 (9.6%)\n1,032 (9.1%)\n985 (8.7%)\n875 (7.7%)\n820 (7.6%)\n844 (7.9%)\n803 (7.7%)\n771 (7.7%)\n685 (6.8%)\n643 (6.7%)\nBlack\n375 (3.5%)\n504 (4.4%)\n640 (5.6%)\n612 (5.4%)\n608 (5.7%)\n609 (5.7%)\n651 (6.2%)\n659 (6.5%)\n595 (5.9%)\n585 (6.1%)\nAsian\n263 (2.5%)\n314 (2.8%)\n344 (3.0%)\n303 (2.7%)\n286 (2.7%)\n250 (2.4%)\n244 (2.3%)\n250 (2.5%)\n199 (2.0%)\n183 (1.9%)\nHispanic (of any race)\n436 (4.1%)\n480 (4.2%)\n580 (5.1%)\n584 (5.1%)\n587 (5.5%)\n635 (6.0%)\n651 (6.2%)\n672 (6.7%)\n671 (6.6%)\n671 (7.0%)\nTotal North Dakota\n10,599 (100%)\n11,359 (100%)\n11,314 (100%)\n11,383 (100%)\n10,737 (100%)\n10,636 (100%)\n10,454 (100%)\n10,059 (100%)\n10,112 (100%)\n9,567 (100%)\nSince 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.\nThroughout the mid-19th century, Dakota Territory was still dominated by Native Americans; warfare and disease reduced their population at the same time Europeans and Americans were settling in the area. Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, North Dakota, along with most of the Midwest U.S., experienced a mass influx of newcomers from both the eastern United States and immigrants from Europe. North Dakota was a known popular destination for immigrant farmers and general laborers and their families, mostly from Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Germany and the United Kingdom. Much of this settlement gravitated throughout the western side of the Red River Valley, as was similarly seen in South Dakota and in a parallel manner in Minnesota. This area is well known for its fertile lands. By the outbreak of the First World War, this was among North America's richest farming regions. But a period of higher rainfall ended, and many migrants were not successful in the arid conditions. Many family plots were too small to farm successfully.\nFrom the 1930s until the end of the 20th century, North Dakota's population gradually declined, interrupted by a couple of brief increases. Young adults with university degrees were particularly likely to leave the state. With the advancing process of mechanization of agricultural practices, and environmental conditions requiring larger landholdings for successful agriculture, subsistence farming proved to be too risky for families. Many people moved to urban areas for jobs.[82]\nSince the late 20th century, one of the major causes of migration from North Dakota is the lack of skilled jobs for college graduates. Expansion of economic development programs has been urged to create skilled and high-tech jobs, but the effectiveness of such programs has been open to debate.[83] During the first decade of the 21st century, the population increased in large part because of jobs in the oil industry related to development of unconventional tight oil (shale oil) fields.[84] Elsewhere, the Native American population has increased as some reservations have attracted people back from urban areas.\nAccording to the 2010 U.S. census, the racial and ethnic composition of North Dakota was 88.7% non-Hispanic white, 5.4% Native American, 1.2% Black or African American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.5% some other race, and 0.2% from two or more races.[85] At the 2019 American Community Survey, North Dakota's racial and ethnic makeup was 83.6% non-Hispanic white, 2.9% Black or African American, 5.0% Native American and Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.4% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 0.1% some other race, 2.7% multiracial, and 4.0% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.[86]\nNorth Dakota is one of the top resettlement locations for refugees proportionally. According to the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement, in 20132014 \"more than 68 refugees\" per 100,000 North Dakotans were settled in the state.[87] In fiscal year 2014, 582 refugees settled in the state.[88] Fargo Mayor Mahoney said North Dakota accepting the most refugees per capita should be celebrated given the benefits they bring to the state.[89] In 2015, Lutheran Social Services of North Dakota, the state's only resettlement agency, was \"awarded $458,090 in federal funding to improve refugee services\".[90] 29.8% of immigrants in North Dakota are from Africa leading to a rapid increase in the black proportion of the population in recent decades from 0.6% in 2000 to 3.9% in 2020.[91]\nImmigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 3,323 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 21,110 people.[92] Of the residents of North Dakota in 2009, 69.8% were born in North Dakota, 27.2% were born in a different state, 0.6% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 2.4% were born in another country.[93] The age and gender distributions approximate the national average. In 2019, 4.1% were foreign-born residents.[94] The Philippines, Bhutan, Nepal, Canada and Liberia are the top countries of origin for North Dakota's immigrants.[95]\nLanguages[edit]\nIn 2010, 94.86% (584,496) of North Dakotans over 5 years old spoke English as their primary language. 5.14% (31,684) of North Dakotans spoke a language other than English. 1.39% (8,593) spoke German, 1.37% (8,432) spoke Spanish, and 0.30% (1,847) spoke Norwegian. Other languages spoken included Serbo-Croatian (0.19%), Chinese and Japanese (both 0.15%), and Native American languages and French (both 0.13%).[96] In 2000, 2.5% of the population spoke German in addition to English, reflecting early 20th century immigration.[97]\nIn 1940, 56.18% (355,400) of North Dakotans spoke English, 20.34% (128,700) spoke German, 12.85% (81,300) spoke Norwegian, 1.99% (12,600) spoke Swedish, and 8.64% (54,640) spoke some other language.[98]\nReligion[edit]\nSee also: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in North Dakota\nReligious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey[99]\nChristianity (80%)Unaffiliated (12%)Other (8%)\nVang Evangelical Lutheran Church in Manfred\nThe Pew Research Center determined 77% of the adult population was Christian in 2014.[100] In contrast with many southern U.S. states, mainline Protestantism was the largest form of Protestantism practiced (28%). The largest mainline Protestant denomination in North Dakota was the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and the United Methodist Church was the second largest. Evangelical Protestants, forming the second largest Protestant branch (22%), were also dominated by Lutherans; the Lutheran ChurchMissouri Synod was the largest Evangelical denomination. Among the Christian population of North Dakota, the Roman Catholic Church was the single largest Christian denomination. According to the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020, 75% of the adult population were Christian, with mainline Protestantism remaining the majority and evangelical Protestantism at 18% of the population.[101] In 2022, the Public Religion Research Institute determined 80% of the population were Christian.\nPer the Pew Research Center in 2014, non-Christian religions accounted for 3% of the adult population, with Islam being the largest non-Christian religion. Other faiths such as Unitarians and New Agers collectively made up 1% of the practicing population. At the 2014 survey, 20% were unaffiliated with any religion, and 2% of North Dakotans were atheist; 13% of the population practiced nothing in particular.[100] The 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's survey determined 22% were unaffiliated with any religion,[101] and 12% in 2022.\nThe largest church bodies by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 167,349; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 163,209; and the Lutheran ChurchMissouri Synod with 22,003.[102] In 2006, North Dakota had the most churches per capita of any state.[103] Additionally, North Dakota had the highest percentage of church-going population of any state in 2006.[103] By 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives numbered 164,843, remaining the largest Christian body by attendance; it had an adherence rate of 211.58 per 1,000 people.[104]\nA 2001 survey indicated 35% of North Dakota's population was Lutheran, and 30% was Catholic. Other religious groups represented were Methodists (7%), Baptists (6%), the Assemblies of God (3%), Presbyterians (1.27%),[105] and Jehovah's Witnesses (1%). Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations, including other Protestants and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), totaled 3%, bringing the total Christian population to 86%. There were an estimated 920 Muslims and 730 Jews in the state in 2000.[106] Three percent of respondents answered \"no religion\" on the survey, and 6% declined to answer.[103]\nEconomy[edit]\nSee also: List of North Dakota companies and North Dakota locations by per capita income\nSunflowers in Traill County, North Dakota\nAgriculture is North Dakota's largest industry, although petroleum, food processing, and technology are also major industries.[107] Its growth rate is about 4.1%.[108] According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis the economy of North Dakota had a gross domestic product of $55.180 billion in the second quarter of 2018.[109] The per capita income for the state was $34,256, when measured from 2013 to 2017 by the United States Department of Commerce.[110] The three-year median household income from 2013 to 2017 was $61,285.[110]\nAccording to Gallup data, North Dakota led the U.S. in job creation in 2013 and has done so since 2009. The state has a Job Creation Index score of 40, nearly 10 points ahead of its nearest competitors.[111] North Dakota has added 56,600 private-sector jobs since 2011, creating an annual growth rate of 7.32 percent.[112][113] According to statistics released in December 2020, by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, North Dakota had the highest rate of annual growth in personal consumption expenditures of all 50 states, from 2009 to 2018.[114] During this time period, annual nominal personal income growth averaged 6% per year, compared to the U.S. average of 4.4%. North Dakota's personal income growth is tied to various private business sectors such as agriculture, energy development, and construction.[115][116] North Dakota also had the highest growth in personal expenditures on housing and utilities of all states, reflecting the sharply increased demand for housing in the 2010s.\nJust over 21% of North Dakota's total 2013 gross domestic product (GDP) of $49.77 billion comes from natural resources and mining.[117]\nNorth Dakota is the only state with a state-owned bank, the Bank of North Dakota in Bismarck, and a state-owned flour mill, the North Dakota Mill and Elevator in Grand Forks. These were established by the NPL before World War II.\nAs of 2012, Fargo is home to the second-largest campus of Microsoft with 1,700 employees, and Amazon.com employs several hundred in Grand Forks.[118][119]\nAs of December2019[update], the state's unemployment rate is among the lowest in the nation at 2.4 percent.[120] With the exception of a five-month period in 2020, the unemployment rate remained below five percent each month since 1987.[121] At end of 2010, the state per capita income was ranked 17th in the nation, the biggest increase of any state in a decade from rank 38th.[122] The reduction in the unemployment rate and growth in per capita income is attributable to the oil boom in the state.[114] Due to a combination of oil-related development and investing in technology and service industries, North Dakota has had a budget surplus every year since the 2008 market crash.[123]\nSince 1976, the highest that North Dakota's unemployment rate has reached is just 6.2%, recorded in 1983. Every U.S. state except neighboring South Dakota has had a higher unemployment rate during that period.[124]\nAgriculture[edit]\nNorth Dakota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Although less than 10% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector,[125] it remains a major part of the state's economy. With industrial-scale farming, it ranks 9th in the nation in the value of crops and 18th in total value of agricultural products sold. Large farms generate the most crops. The share of people in the state employed in agriculture is comparatively high: as of 2008[update], only two to three percent of the population of the United States is directly employed in agriculture.[126] North Dakota has about 90% of its land area in farms with 27,500,000 acres (111,000km2) of cropland, the third-largest amount in the nation. Between 2002 and 2007, total cropland increased by about a million acres (4,000km2); North Dakota was the only state showing an increase. Over the same period, 1,800,000 acres (7,300km2) were shifted into soybean and corn monoculture production, the largest such shift in the United States.[127] Agriculturalists are concerned about too much monoculture, as it makes the economy at risk from insect or crop diseases affecting a major crop. In addition, this development has adversely affected habitats of wildlife and birds, and the balance of the ecosystem.\nNorth Dakota Mill and Elevator postcard, ca. 1922\nNorth Dakota State Seed Department on North Dakota State University campus.\nThe state is the largest producer in the U.S. of many cereal grains, including barley (36% of U.S. crop), durum wheat (58%), hard red spring wheat (48%), oats (17%), and combined wheat of all types (15%). It is the second leading producer of buckwheat (20%). As of 2007[update], corn became the state's largest crop produced, although it is only 2% of total U.S. production.[127] The Corn Belt extends to North Dakota but is more on the edge of the region instead of in its center. Corn yields are high in the southeast part of the state and smaller in other parts of the state. Most of the cereal grains are grown for livestock feed.\nThe state is the leading producer of many oilseeds, including 92% of the U.S. canola crop, 94% of flax seed, 53% of sunflower seeds, 18% of safflower seeds, and 62% of mustard seed. Canola is suited to the cold winters and it matures fast. Processing of canola for oil production produces canola meal as a by-product. The by-product is a high-protein animal feed.\nSoybeans are also an increasingly important crop, with 400,000 acres (1,600km2) additional planted between 2002 and 2007.[127] Soybeans are a major crop in the eastern part of the state, and cultivation is common in the southeast part of the state. Soybeans were not grown at all in North Dakota in the 1940s, but the crop has become especially common since 1998.[128] In North Dakota soybeans have to mature fast, because of the comparatively short growing season. Soybeans are grown for livestock feed.\nNorth Dakota is the second leading producer of sugarbeets, which are grown mostly in the Red River Valley. The state is also the largest producer of honey, dry edible peas and beans, lentils, and the third-largest producer of potatoes.[127]\nNorth Dakota's Top Agricultural Commodities (according to the USDA as of 2011[update])[129]\n2011 rank in the U.S.\nCommodity\nPercent of nation's production\n1\nBeans, dry edible, all\n25%\n1\nBeans, navy\n35%\n1\nBeans, pinto\n46%\n1\nCanola\n83%\n1\nFlaxseed\n87%\n1\nHoney\n22%\n1\nSunflower, oil\n40%\n1\nWheat, durum\n36%\n1\nWheat, spring\n37%\n2\nSunflower, all\n38%\n2\nSunflower, non-oil\n24%\n2\nWheat, all\n10%\n3\nBarley\n11%\n3\nLentils\n17%\n3\nOats\n8%\n3\nPeas, dry edible\n21%\n3\nSugarbeets\n16%\n4\nSafflower\n1%\n6\nHay, alfalfa\n6%\n6\nPotatoes\n4%\n8\nHay, all\n4%\n10\nSoybeans\n4%\n12\nCorn for grain\n2%\n17\nHay, other\n2%\n26\nWheat, winter\n1%\n21\nSheep and lambs\n1%\n17\nCattle and calves\n2%\n15\nWool production\n2%\nEnergy[edit]\nSee also: List of power stations in North Dakota\nOil well in western North Dakota\nThe energy industry is a major contributor to the economy. North Dakota has both coal and oil reserves. On average, the state's production of oil production grew at average annual rate of 48.4% from 2009 to 2018. During these years, oil production increased each year from 2009 to 2015, with 2016 marked by a slight decline and a return to growth since.[114] Shale gas is also produced. Lignite coal reserves in Western North Dakota are used to generate about 90% of the electricity consumed, and electricity is also exported to nearby states.[130] North Dakota has the second largest lignite coal production in the U.S.[131] However, lignite coal is the lowest grade coal. There are larger and higher grade coal reserves (anthracite, bituminous coal and subbituminous coal) in other U.S. states.\nOil was discovered near Tioga in 1951, generating 53 million barrels (8,400,000m3) of oil a year by 1984.[132] Recoverable oil reserves have jumped dramatically recently. The oil reserves of the Bakken Formation may hold up to 400 billion barrels (6.41010m3) of oil, 25times larger than the reserves in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[133][134] A report issued in April 2008 by the U.S. Geological Survey estimates the oil recoverable by current technology in the Bakken formation is two orders of magnitude less, in the range of 3 billion barrels (48010^6m3) to 4.3 billion barrels (68010^6m3), with a mean of 3.65 billion barrels (58010^6m3).[135]\nThe northwestern part of the state is the center of the North Dakota oil boom. The Williston, Tioga, Stanley and Minot-Burlington communities are having rapid growth that strains housing and local services. As of 30November2022[update], the state is the 2nd-largest oil producer in the U.S., with an average of 1,097,716 barrels (174,522.9m3) per day while producing 3,029,032thousand cubic feet (85,772,600m3) per day of natural gas for a total of 1,619,963 barrels (257,553.5m3) of oil equivalent (BOE).[136][137][138]\nThe Great Plains region, which includes the state of North Dakota, has been referred to as \"the Saudi Arabia of wind energy\".[139] Development of wind energy in North Dakota has been cost effective because the state has large rural expanses and wind speeds seldom go below 10 miles per hour (16km/h).\nTourism[edit]\nNorth Dakota is considered the least visited state, owing, in part, to its not having a major tourist attraction.[140]\nNonetheless, tourism is North Dakota's third largest industry, contributing more than $3 billion into the state's economy annually. Outdoor attractions like the 144-mile (232km) Maah Daah Hey Trail and activities like fishing and hunting attract visitors. The state is known for the Lewis & Clark Trail and being the winter camp of the Corps of Discovery.[141] Areas popular with visitors include Theodore Roosevelt National Park in the western part of the state. The park often exceeds 475,000 visitors each year.[142]\nRegular events in the state that attract tourists include Norsk Hstfest in Minot, billed as North America's largest Scandinavian festival;[143] the Medora Musical; and the North Dakota State Fair. The state also receives a significant number of visitors from the neighboring Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, particularly when the exchange rate is favorable.[144]\nInternational tourists now also come to visit the Oscar-Zero Missile Alert Facility.[145]\nHealth care[edit]\nSee also: List of hospitals in North Dakota\nNorth Dakota has one level-I trauma center, six level-II trauma centers, 44 hospitals, 52 rural health clinics, and 80 nursing homes.[146][147][148][149][150] Major provider networks include Sanford, St. Alexius, Trinity, and Altru.\nBlue Cross Blue Shield of North Dakota is the largest medical insurer in the state.[151] North Dakota expanded Medicaid in 2014,[152] and its health insurance exchange is the federal site, HealthCare.gov.[153]\nNorth Dakota law requires pharmacies, other than hospital dispensaries and pre-existing stores, to be majority-owned by pharmacists. Voters rejected a proposal to change the law in 2014.[154][155]\nCulture[edit]\nThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nNative American First Nations[edit]\nPaul Kane witnessed and participated in the annual bison hunt of the Mtis in June 1846 on the prairies in Dakota.\nIn the 21st century, North Dakota has an increasing population of Native Americans, who in 2010 made up 5.44% of the population. By the early 19th century the territory was dominated by Siouan-speaking peoples, whose territory stretched west from the Great Lakes area. The word \"Dakota\" is a Sioux (Lakota/Dakota) word meaning \"allies\" or \"friends\".\nThe primary historic tribal nations in or around North Dakota, are the Lakota and the Dakota (\"The Great Sioux Nation\" or \"Oceti Sakowin\", meaning the seven council fires), the Blackfoot, the Cheyenne, the Chippewa (known as Ojibwe in Canada), and the Mandan. There are six Indian reservations in North Dakota--Spirit Lake Tribe, Standing Rock Indian Reservation, Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate, Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation, and The Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation.\nPow wows[edit]\nSocial gatherings known as \"powwows\" (or wacipis in Lakota/Dakota) continue to be an important part of Native American culture and are held regularly throughout the state. Throughout Native American history, powwows were held, usually in the spring, to rejoice at the beginning of new life and the end of the winter cold. These events brought Native American tribes together for singing and dancing and allowed them to meet with old friends and acquaintances, as well as to make new ones. Many powwows also held religious significance for some tribes. Today, powwows are still a part of the Native American culture and are attended by Natives and non-Natives alike. In North Dakota, the United Tribes International Powwow held each September in the capital of Bismarck, is one of the largest powwows in the United States.\nA pow wow is an occasion for parades and Native American dancers in regalia, with many dancing styles presented. It is traditional for male dancers to wear regalia decorated with beads, quills, and eagle feathers; male grass dancers wear colorful fringe regalia, and male fancy dancers wear brightly colored feathers. Female dancers dance much more subtly than male dancers. Fancy female dancers wear cloth, beaded moccasins, and jewelry, while the jingle dress dancer wears a dress made of metal cones. Inter-tribal dances during the powwow, allow everyone (even spectators) to take part in the dancing.\nNorwegian and Icelandic influences[edit]\nNorwegian settlers in front of their sod house in North Dakota in 1898\nAround 1870 many European immigrants from Norway settled in North Dakota's northeastern corner, especially near the Red River. Icelanders also arrived from Canada.[156] Pembina was a town of many Norwegians when it was founded; they worked on family farms. They started Lutheran churches and schools, greatly outnumbering other denominations in the area. This group has unique foods such as lefse and lutefisk. The continent's largest Scandinavian event, Norsk Hstfest, is celebrated each September in Minot's North Dakota State Fair Center, a local attraction featuring art, architecture, and cultural artifacts from all five Nordic countries. The Icelandic State Park in Pembina County and an annual Icelandic festival reflect immigrants from that country, who are also descended from Scandinavians.\nOld World folk customs have persisted for decades in North Dakota, with the revival of techniques in weaving, silver crafting, and wood carving. Traditional turf-roof houses are displayed in parks; this style originated in Iceland. A stave church is a landmark in Minot. Norwegian-Americans constitute nearly one-third or 32.3% of Minot's total population and 30.8% of North Dakota's total population.\nGermans from Russia[edit]\nSee also: Germans from Russia\nEthnic Germans who had settled in Russia for several generations since the reign of Catherine the Great grew dissatisfied in the nineteenth century because of economic problems and because of the revocation of religious freedoms for Mennonites and Hutterites, in particular the revocation of exemption from military service in 1871. Most Mennonites and Hutterites migrated to America in the late 1870s. By 1900, about 100,000 had immigrated to the U.S., settling primarily in North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, and Nebraska. The south-central part of North Dakota became known as \"the German-Russian triangle\". By 1910, about 60,000 ethnic Germans from Russia lived in Central North Dakota. These individuals were Lutherans, Mennonites, Hutterites and Roman Catholics who had kept most of their German customs of the time when their ancestors immigrated to Russia. They were committed to agriculture. Traditional iron cemetery grave markers are a famous art form practiced by ethnic Germans.[157][158]\nFine and performing arts[edit]\nNorth Dakota's major fine art museums and venues include the Chester Fritz Auditorium, Empire Arts Center, the Fargo Theatre, North Dakota Museum of Art, and the Plains Art Museum. The Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra, Fargo-Moorhead Symphony Orchestra, Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra, Minot Symphony Orchestra and Great Plains Harmony Chorus are full-time professional and semi-professional musical ensembles who perform concerts and offer educational programs to their communities.\nEntertainment[edit]\nSee also: Music of North Dakota\nNorth Dakotan musicians of many genres include blues guitarist Jonny Lang, country music singer Lynn Anderson, jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter Peggy Lee, big band leader Lawrence Welk, and pop singer Bobby Vee.\nHollywood and TV star Angie Dickinson was born in Kulm and moved to Burbank, California as a ten-year-old. Ed Schultz was known around the country as the host of progressive talk radio show, The Ed Schultz Show, and The Ed Show on MSNBC. Shadoe Stevens hosted American Top 40 from 1988 to 1995. Josh Duhamel is an Emmy Award-winning actor known for his roles in All My Children and Las Vegas.[159] Nicole Linkletter and CariDee English were winning contestants of Cycles 5 and 7, respectively, of America's Next Top Model. Kellan Lutz has appeared in movies such as Stick It, Accepted, Prom Night, and Twilight.\nCuisine[edit]\nMain article: Cuisine of North Dakota\nSports[edit]\nBismarck was home of the Dakota Wizards of the NBA Development League, and currently hosts the Bismarck Bucks of the Indoor Football League.\nNorth Dakota has two NCAA Division I teams, the North Dakota Fighting Hawks and North Dakota State Bison, and two Division II teams, the Mary Marauders and Minot State Beavers.\nFargo is home to the USHL ice hockey team the Fargo Force. Fargo is also the home of the Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks of the American Association.\nThe North Dakota High School Activities Association features more than 25,000 participants.\nOutdoor activities such as hunting and fishing are hobbies for many North Dakotans. Ice fishing, skiing, and snowmobiling are also popular during the winter months. Residents of North Dakota may own or visit a cabin along a lake. Popular sport fish include walleye, perch, and northern pike.[160]\nThe western terminus of the North Country National Scenic Trail is on Lake Sakakawea, where it abuts the Lewis and Clark Trail.\nMedia[edit]\nSee also: List of newspapers in North Dakota, List of radio stations in North Dakota, and List of television stations in North Dakota\nThe state has 10 daily newspapers, the largest being The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. Other weekly and monthly publications (most of which are fully supported by advertising) are also available. The most prominent of these is the alternative weekly High Plains Reader.\nThe state's oldest radio station, WDAY-AM, was launched on May 23, 1922.[161] North Dakota's three major radio markets center around Fargo, Bismarck, and Grand Forks, though stations broadcast in every region of the state. Several new stations were built in Williston in the early 2010s. North Dakota has 34 AM and 88 FM radio stations.[162][163][164] KFGO in Fargo has the largest audience.[165]\nBroadcast television in North Dakota started on April 3, 1953, when KCJB-TV (now KXMC-TV) in Minot started operations.[166] North Dakota's television media markets are Fargo-Grand Forks (117th largest nationally), including the eastern half of the state, and Minot-Bismarck (152nd), making up the western half of the state.[167] There are currently 31 full-power television stations, arranged into 10 networks, with 17 digital subchannels.\nPublic broadcasting in North Dakota is provided by Prairie Public, with statewide television and radio networks affiliated with PBS and NPR. Public access television stations open to community programming are offered on cable systems in Bismarck, Dickinson, Fargo, and Jamestown.\nEducation[edit]\nHigher education[edit]\nMain article: List of colleges and universities in North Dakota\nThe state has 11 public colleges and universities, five tribal community colleges, and four private schools. The largest institutions are North Dakota State University and the University of North Dakota.\nThe higher education system consists of the following institutions:\nNorth Dakota University System (public institutions):\nBismarck State College in Bismarck\nDickinson State University in Dickinson\nLake Region State College in Devils Lake\nMayville State University in Mayville\nMinot State University in Minot\nDakota College at Bottineau in Bottineau\nNorth Dakota State University in Fargo\nNorth Dakota State College of Science in Wahpeton & Fargo\nUniversity of North Dakota in Grand Forks\nValley City State University in Valley City\nWilliston State College in Williston\nTribal institutions:\nCankdeska Cikana Community College in Fort Totten\nFort Berthold Community College in New Town\nSitting Bull College in Fort Yates\nTurtle Mountain Community College in Belcourt\nUnited Tribes Technical College in Bismarck\nPrivate institutions:\nUniversity of Mary in Bismarck\nUniversity of Jamestown in Jamestown\nRasmussen College in Fargo\nTrinity Bible College in Ellendale\nPrimary and secondary education[edit]\nSee also: List of school districts in North Dakota\nThere were 142 schools in North Dakota cities and 4,722 one room schools in the state in 1917. The urban schools had 36,008 students, and 83,167 students attended the one room schools. 1,889 of the one room schools closed between 1929 and 1954. In 1954 North Dakotan cities had 513 schools while 2,447 one room schools were in the state. At that time the urban schools had 94,019 students while the one room schools had 25,212 students.[168] The Nation's Report Card ranks North Dakota fifteenth in the country in K-12 education based on standardized test scores.[169]\nEmergency services[edit]\nThe North Dakota Department of Emergency Services[170] provides 24/7 communication and coordination for more than 50 agencies. In addition, \"it administers federal disaster recovery programs and the Homeland Security Grant Program\".[171] In 2011, the Department selected Geo-Comm, Inc.[172] \"for the Statewide Seamless Base Map Project\", which will facilitate \"identifying locations 911 callers\" and route emergency calls based on locations.[173] In 1993 the state adopted the Burkle addressing system numbering rural roads and buildings to aid in the delivery of emergency services.[174]\nTransportation[edit]\nSee also: List of North Dakota numbered highways, List of North Dakota railroads, and Aviation in North Dakota\nInterstate 94 in North Dakota, near Gladstone\nTransportation in North Dakota is overseen by the North Dakota Department of Transportation. The major Interstate highways are Interstate 29 and Interstate 94, with I-29 and I-94 meeting at Fargo, with I-29 oriented north to south along the eastern edge of the state, and I-94 bisecting the state from east to west between Minnesota and Montana. A unique feature of the North Dakota Interstate Highway system is virtually all of it is paved in concrete, not blacktop, because of the extreme weather conditions it must endure. BNSF and the Canadian Pacific Railway operate the state's largest rail systems. Many branch lines formerly used by BNSF and Canadian Pacific Railway are now operated by the Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad and the Red River Valley and Western Railroad.[175][176]\nNorth Dakota's principal airports are the Hector International Airport (FAR) in Fargo, Grand Forks International Airport (GFK), Bismarck Municipal Airport (BIS), Minot International Airport (MOT) and Williston Basin International Airport (XWA) in Williston.\nAmtrak's Empire Builder runs through North Dakota, making stops at Fargo (2:13am westbound, 3:35am eastbound), Grand Forks (4:52am westbound, 12:57am eastbound), Minot (around 9am westbound and around 9:30pm eastbound), and four other stations.[177] It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the Great Northern Railway, which was built by the tycoon James J. Hill and ran from St. Paul to Seattle.\nIntercity bus service is provided by Greyhound and Jefferson Lines. Public transit in North Dakota includes daily fixed-route bus systems in Fargo, Bismarck-Mandan, Grand Forks, and Minot, paratransit service in 57 communities, along with multi-county rural transit systems.[178]\nLaw and government[edit]\nAs with the federal government of the United States, political power in North Dakota state government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.[179]\nThe Constitution of North Dakota and the North Dakota Century Code form the formal law of the state; the North Dakota Administrative Code incorporates additional rules and policies of state agencies.[180]\nIn a 2020 study, North Dakota was ranked as the 8th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[181]\nExecutive[edit]\nBuilding in Bismarck that houses a variety of state agencies: Workforce Safety & Insurance; Retirement & Investment; Parks & Recreation; PERS; Child Support; Commerce; and OBM Risk Management.\nSee also: List of Governors of North Dakota, List of Lieutenant Governors of North Dakota, List of Secretaries of State of North Dakota, and List of Attorneys General of North Dakota\nThe executive branch is headed by the elected governor. The current governor is Doug Burgum, a Republican who took office December 15, 2016, after his predecessor, Jack Dalrymple did not seek reelection. The current Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota is Tammy Miller, who is also the President of the Senate. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor have four-year terms, which are next up for election in 2024. The governor has a cabinet consisting of appointed leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state, attorney general, state auditor, and state treasurer.\nLegislative[edit]\nThe North Dakota Legislative Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has 47 districts, each with one senator and two representatives. Both senators and representatives are elected to four-year terms. The state's legal code is named the North Dakota Century Code.\nJudicial[edit]\nNorth Dakota's court system has four levels, one of which is dormant. Municipal courts serve the cities. Decisions from municipal courts are generally appealable to district court. Most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 42 district court judges in seven judicial districts.[182][183] Appeals from final district court decisions are made to the North Dakota Supreme Court. An intermediate court of appeals was provided for by statute in 1987, but the North Dakota Court of Appeals has only heard 65 cases since its inception. The North Dakota Court of Appeals is essentially dormant, but capable of meeting if the North Dakota Supreme Court's case load necessitates the reestablishment of intermediate review.[184][185]\nIndian tribes and reservations[edit]\nAdministrative building for the Standing Rock Indian Reservation\nHistorically, North Dakota was populated by the Mandan, Hidatsa, Lakota, and Ojibwe, and later by the Sanish and Mtis. Today, five federally recognized tribes within the boundaries of North Dakota have independent, sovereign relationships with the federal government and territorial reservations:\nMandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, Fort Berthold Reservation;\nSisseton Wahpeton Oyate, Lake Traverse Indian Reservation;\nStanding Rock Sioux, Standing Rock Indian Reservation;\nSpirit Lake Tribe, Spirit Lake Reservation; and\nTurtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, Turtle Mountain Reservation.\nFederal[edit]\nSee also: List of United States Senators from North Dakota and List of Presidential visits to North Dakota\nNorth Dakota's United States Senators are John Hoeven (R) and Kevin Cramer (R). The state has one at-large congressional district represented by Representative Kelly Armstrong (R).\nFederal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota, which holds court in Bismarck, Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot. Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals based in St. Louis, Missouri.\nPolitics[edit]\nMain article: Politics of North Dakota\nSee also: Political party strength in North Dakota and List of political parties in North DakotaMIT's Election Performance Index ranked North Dakota #1 in overall election administration policy and performance in the 2018, 2014, 2012, 2010, and 2008 elections.[186] Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election\nThe major political parties in North Dakota are the Democratic-NPL and the Republican Party. As of 2007[update], the Constitution Party and the Libertarian Party are also organized parties in the state.\nAt the state level, the governorship has been held by the Republican Party since 1992, along with a majority of the state legislature and statewide officers. Dem-NPL showings were strong in the 2000 governor's race, and in the 2006 legislative elections, but the League has not had a major breakthrough since the administration of former state governor George Sinner.\nThe Republican Party presidential candidate usually carries the state by a considerable margin; in 2020, Donald Trump won over 65% of the vote. Of all the Democratic presidential candidates since 1892, only Grover Cleveland (1892, one of three votes), Woodrow Wilson (1912 and 1916), Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932 and 1936), and Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) received Electoral College votes from North Dakota.\nOn the other hand, Dem-NPL candidates for North Dakota's federal Senate and House seats won every election between 1982 and 2008, and the state's federal delegation was entirely Democratic from 1987 to 2011. However, both of the current U.S. senators, John Hoeven and Kevin Cramer, are Republicans, as is the sole House member, Kelly Armstrong.\nA six-week abortion ban is active in North Dakota. Despite this, a simple majority of the state's citizens oppose the legislation.[187]\nState taxes[edit]\nNorth Dakota has a slightly progressive income tax structure; the five brackets of state income tax rates are 1.1%, 2.04%, 2.27%, 2.64%, and 2.90% as of 2017.[188] In 2005 North Dakota ranked 22nd highest by per capita state taxes.[189] The sales tax in North Dakota is 6% for most items.[190] The state allows municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 1.75% supplemental sales tax in Grand Forks.[191] Excise taxes are levied on the purchase price or market value of aircraft registered in North Dakota. The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within North Dakota. Owners of real property in North Dakota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.[192]\nThe Tax Foundation ranks North Dakota as the state with the 20th most \"business friendly\" tax climate in the nation.[193] Tax Freedom Day arrives on April 1, 10days earlier than the national Tax Freedom Day.[193] In 2006, North Dakota was the state with the lowest number of returns filed by taxpayers with an adjusted gross income of over $1Monly 333.[194]\nNotable people[edit]\nFor a more comprehensive list, see List of people from North Dakota.\nLynn Anderson, country music singer\nSam Anderson, actor\nCarmen Berg, Playboy Playmate, July 1987\nBrian Bohrer, minister and author\nPaula Broadwell, American writer, academic and former military officer\nJames Buchli, former NASA astronaut\nQuentin Burdick, former U.S. Senator, third longest-serving Senator among current members of this body\nDoug Burgum, Governor of North Dakota and candidate for president\nWarren Christopher, former U.S. Secretary of State, diplomat and lawyer\nShannon Curfman, American blues-rock guitarist and singer\nAngie Dickinson, Golden Globe-winning television and film actress\nJosh Duhamel, Emmy Award-winning actor and former male fashion model\nCarl Ben Eielson, aviator, bush pilot and explorer\nCariDee English, winner of Cycle 7 on America's Next Top Model. Host of Pretty Wicked\nLouise Erdrich, Native American author of novels, poetry, and children's books\nDarin Erstad, MLB all-star and World Series Champion\nTravis Hafner, Former MLB Designated Hitter for the Cleveland Indians\nRichard Hieb, former NASA astronaut\nClint Hill, United States Secret Service agent who was in the presidential motorcade during the assassination of John F. Kennedy\nVirgil Hill, former WBA World Cruiserweight champion and Olympic boxer\nPhil Jackson, former basketball coach who won 11 NBA championships in his coaching career\nDavid C. Jones, 9th chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff\nGordon Kahl, tax protester best known for the Medina shootout in 1983\nChuck Klosterman, writer, journalist, critic, humorist, and essayist whose work often focuses on pop culture\nLouis L'Amour, author of primarily Western fiction\nJonny Lang, Grammy-winning blues guitarist and singer.\nPeggy Lee, jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter\nNicole Linkletter, winner of Cycle 5 on America's Next Top Model\nKellan Lutz, actor who portrays Emmett Cullen in Twilight and New Moon. Former male fashion model\nRoger Maris, right fielder in Major League Baseball and former single season home run record holder\nConnor McGovern, professional football player for the Denver Broncos and the New York Jets\nCara Mund, Miss America 2018\nThomas McGrath, poet and political activist\nMichael H. Miller, 61st Superintendent of the United States Naval Academ\nGriffin Neal, professional football player for the New Orleans Saints\nMancur Olson, economist\nAlan Ritchson, participant in 3rd season of American Idol, singer, model and actor\nSakakawea, who joined Lewis and Clark on their expedition\nEd Schultz, host of The Ed Schultz Show\nEric Sevareid, CBS news journalist\nAnn Sothern, Oscar nominated film and television actress\nRichard St. Clair, Harvard-educated composer of modern classical music\nShadoe Stevens, host of American Top 40\nBobby Vee, pop music singer\nLawrence Welk, musician, accordion player, bandleader, and television impresario\nCarson Wentz, professional football player for the Los Angeles Rams\nSee also[edit]\nIndex of North Dakota-related articles\nOutline of North Dakota\nNorth Dakota portal\nUnited States portal\nNotes[edit]\n^ As of 2020 United States Census.\n^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.\n^ Also on earlier dates at the same time or other places.\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b \"Elevations and Distances in the United States\". 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Go to North Dakota\". CNBC. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2013.\n^ a b Fernando, Vincent; Jin, Betty (August 23, 2010). \"10 States With Ridiculously Low UnemploymentAnd Why\". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.\n^ a b Shaffer, David (December 22, 2012). \"N. Dakota population growth is tops in U.S\". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.\n^ a b c Wood, W. Raymond and Thomas D. Thiessen: Early Fur Trade On The Northern Plains. Canadian Traders Among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 17381818. Norman and London, 1987, p. 5.\n^ Ahler, Stanley A., T. D. Thiessen and M. K. Trimble: People of the Willows. The Prehistory and Early History of the Hidatsa Indians. Grand Forks, 1991., p. 38.\n^ Wood, W. Raymond: Notes on the Crow-Hidatsa Schism. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 22 (1977), pp. 83100, p. 86.\n^ Milloy, John S.: The Plains Cree. Trade, Diplomacy and War, 17901870. Winnipeg, 1988, pp. 4766.\n^ Wood, W. Raymond: The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland: Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map. Plains Anthropologist. Vol. 55, No. 216 (Nov. 2010), pp. 255276, p. 266.\n^ Hyde, George E.: Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters. Norman, 1987. pp. 915.\n^ Wood, W. Raymond: The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland: Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map. Plains Anthropologist. Vol. 55, No. 216 (Nov. 2010), pp. 255276, p. 272.\n^ Meyer, Roy W.: The Village Indians of Upper Missouri. The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras. Lincoln and London, 1977, p. 90.\n^ \"Audio Transcript of Pierre Gaultier de La Vrendrye 1738\". The Atlas of Canada. 2003. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.\n^ \"Louisiana PurchaseHistory, Facts, & Map\". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2017.\n^ \"Now You Know: Why Are There Two Dakotas?\". Time. 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Insect identification.\n^ \"Current North Dakota Fish Species Listing\". North Dakota Game and Fish.\n^ \"The Reptile and Amphibians of North Dakota\" (PDF). North Dakota Game and Fish.\n^ \"Distribution of crayfish species in select North Dakota streams\". Digital commons.\n^ \"Giant floater clams\". Prairie Public. August 3, 2019.\n^ \"North Dakota climate averages\". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2015.\n^ \"North Dakota temperature extremes\". Info please.\n^ \"Some outstanding temperature rises\". Infoplease.\n^ \"The Most Anomalous Weather Events in U.S. History: Part 2\". Weather underground.\n^ \"QuickFacts North Dakota; UNITED STATES\". 2022 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 26, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.\n^ Bureau, U.S. Census. \"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. 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Henke, Plains Folk: North Dakota's Ethnic History (North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies, 1986) pp 189, 242, 256\n^ Elwyn B. Robinson, History of North Dakota (1966) pp. 28587, 557\n^ \"Germans from Russia Heritage Collection\". Library.ndsu.edu. September 1, 2002. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.\n^ \"Josh Duhamel\". IMDb. 2007. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.\n^ \"Fish Species\". North Dakota Game and Fish Department. 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.\n^ \"First Stations in Each State\". National Radio Club. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 6, 2007.\n^ AM Query ResultsAudio Division (FCC) USA Archived January 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Transition.fcc.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.\n^ FM Query ResultsAudio Division (FCC) USA Archived January 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Transition.fcc.gov. 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Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved October 6, 2007.\n^ VandeWalle, Gerald (September 8, 2013). \"North Dakota Destinctives\" (PDF). Albany Law Review. 76 (4): 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.\n^ \"Elections Performance Index\". MIT. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.\n^ Carvell, Tasha. \"Abortion ban opposed by majority of likely North Dakota voters, new poll finds\". The Mighty 790 KFGO | KFGO. Retrieved November 28, 2023.\n^ \"2017 Tax Tables for Form ND-1\" (PDF). Office of State Tax Commissioner, North Dakota. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2018.\n^ \"States Ranked by Total State Taxes and Per Capita Amount: 2005\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 9, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.\n^ \"Sales and Use\". Office of State Tax Commissioner, Tax Department, North Dakota. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.\n^ \"Grand Forks: EconomyMajor Industries and Commercial Activity\". City-Data.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.\n^ \"Property\". Office of State Tax Commissioner, Tax Department, North Dakota. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.\n^ a b \"Tax Research Areas > North Dakota\". The Tax Foundation. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2011.\n^ \"IRSTax Stats at a Glance\". Archived from the original on August 9, 2012.\nBibliography[edit]\nSee also: Bibliography of North Dakota history\nArends, Shirley Fischer. The Central Dakota Germans: Their History, Language, and Culture. (1989). 289 pp.\nBerg, Francie M., ed. Ethnic Heritage in North Dakota. (1983). 174 pp.\nBlackorby, Edward C. Prairie Rebel: The Public Life of William Lemke (1963), a radical leader in 1930s online edition\nCollins, Michael L. That Damned Cowboy: Theodore Roosevelt and the American West, 18831898 (1989).\nCooper, Jerry and Smith, Glen. Citizens as Soldiers: A History of the North Dakota National Guard. (1986). 447 pp.\nCrawford, Lewis F. History of North Dakota (3 vol 1931), excellent history in vol 1; biographies in vol. 23\nDanbom, David B. \"Our Purpose Is to Serve\": The First Century of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. (1990). 237 pp.\nEisenberg, C. G. History of the First Dakota-District of the Evangelical-Lutheran Synod of Iowa and the Other States. (1982). 268 pp.\nGinsburg, Faye D. Contested Lives: The Abortion Debate in an American Community (1989). 315 pp. the issue in Fargo\nHargreaves, Mary W. M. Dry Farming in the Northern Great Plains: Years of Readjustment, 19201990. (1993). 386 pp.\nHoward, Thomas W., ed. The North Dakota Political Tradition. (1981). 220 pp.\nHudson, John C. Plains Country Towns. (1985). 189 pp. geographer studies small towns\nJunker, Rozanne Enerson. The Bank of North Dakota: An Experiment in State Ownership. (1989). 185 pp.\nLamar, Howard R. Dakota Territory, 18611889: A Study of Frontier Politics (1956).\nLounsberry, Clement A. Early history of North Dakota (1919) excellent history by an editor of Bismarck Tribune; 645pp online edition\nLysengen, Janet Daley and Rathke, Ann M., eds. The Centennial Anthology of \"North Dakota History: Journal of the Northern Plains\" (1996). 526 pp. articles from state history journal covering all major topics in the state's history\nMorlan, Robert L. Political Prairie Fire: The Nonpartisan League, 19151922. (1955). 414 pp. NPL comes to power briefly\nPeirce, Neal R. The Great Plains States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Nine Great Plains States (1973) excerpt and text ssearch, chapter on North Dakota\nRobinson, Elwyn B., D. Jerome Tweton, and David B. Danbom. History of North Dakota (2nd ed. 1995) standard history, by leading scholars; extensive bibliography\nRobinson, Elwyn B. History of North Dakota (1966) First edition online\nSchneider, Mary Jane. North Dakota Indians: An Introduction. (1986). 276 pp.\nSherman, William C. and Thorson, Playford V., eds. Plains Folk: North Dakota's Ethnic History. (1988). 419 pp.\nSherman, William C. Prairie Mosaic: An Ethnic Atlas of Rural North Dakota. (1983). 152 pp.\nSmith, Glen H. Langer of North Dakota: A Study in Isolationism, 19401959. (1979). 238 pp. biography of influential conservative Senator\nSnortland, J. Signe, ed. A Traveler's Companion to North Dakota State Historic Sites. (1996). 155 pp.\nStock, Catherine McNicol. Main Street in Crisis: The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains. (1992). 305pp. online edition\nTauxe, Caroline S. Farms, Mines and Main Streets: Uneven Development in a Dakota County. (1993). 276 pp. coal and grain in Mercer County\nTweton, D. Jerome and Jelliff, Theodore B. North Dakota: The Heritage of a People. (1976). 242 pp. textbook history\nWilkins, Robert P. and Wilkins, Wynona Hachette. North Dakota: A Bicentennial History. (1977) 218 pp. popular history\nWishart, David J. ed. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, ISBN0-8032-4787-7. complete text online; 900 pages of scholarly articles\nYoung, Carrie. Prairie Cooks: Glorified Rice, Three-Day Buns, and Other Reminiscences. (1993). 136 pp.\nPrimary sources[edit]\nBenson, Bjorn; Hampsten, Elizabeth; and Sweney, Kathryn, eds. Day In, Day Out: Women's Lives in North Dakota. (1988). 326 pp.\nMaximilian, Prince of Wied. Travels in the Interior of North America in the rears 1832 to 1834 (Vols. XXII-XXIV of \"Early Western Travels, 17481846\", ed. by Reuben Gold Thwaites; 19051906). Maximilian spent the winter of 18331834 at Fort Clark.\nthe University of North Dakota, Bureau of Governmental Affairs, ed., A Compilation of North Dakota Political Party Platforms, 18841978. (1979). 388 pp.\nWPA. North Dakota: A Guide to the Northern Prairie State (2nd ed. 1950), the classic guide online edition\nExternal links[edit]\nNorth Dakota at Wikipedia's sister projects\nDefinitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityTravel information from Wikivoyage\nOfficial website\nUSGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of North Dakota\nNorth Dakota State Guide, from the Library of Congress\nU.S. Census Bureau facts of North Dakota\nNorth Dakota State FactsUSDA\nNETSTATE Geography\nNorth Dakota at Curlie\nGeographic data related to North Dakota at OpenStreetMap\nPrecededbyColorado\nList of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Admitted on November 2, 1889 (39th)\nSucceededbySouth Dakota\nTopics related to North DakotaThe Peace Garden State\nvteState of North DakotaBismarck (capital)Topics\nIndex\nClimate\nColleges and universities\nCuisine\nDelegations\nGeography\nGovernors\nHistory\nbibliography\nIslands\nLGBT history\nMusic\nPeople\nSymbols\nTourist attractions\nSociety\nAbortion\nCulture\nCrime\nDemographics\nEconomy\nEducation\nGun laws\nLGBT rights\nPolitics\nRegions\nBadlands\nMissouri Coteau\nDrift Prairie\nRed River Valley\nTurtle Mountains\nLarger cities pop. over 5,000\nBismarck\nDevils Lake\nDickinson\nFargo\nGrand Forks\nJamestown\nMandan\nMinot\nValley City\nWahpeton\nWatford City\nWest Fargo\nWilliston\nSmaller cities pop. 1,0005,000\nBeach\nBeulah\nBottineau\nBowman\nBurlington\nCando\nCarrington\nCasselton\nCavalier\nCooperstown\nCrosby\nEllendale\nGarrison\nGrafton\nHankinson\nHarvey\nHazen\nHettinger\nHillsboro\nHorace\nKenmare\nLangdon\nLarimore\nLincoln\nLinton\nLisbon\nMayville\nNew Rockford\nNew Town\nOakes\nPark River\nRolla\nRugby\nStanley\nThompson\nTioga\nVelva\nWalhalla\nWashburn\nWatford City\nWishek\nCounties\nAdams\nBarnes\nBenson\nBillings\nBottineau\nBowman\nBurke\nBurleigh\nCass\nCavalier\nDickey\nDivide\nDunn\nEddy\nEmmons\nFoster\nGolden Valley\nGrand Forks\nGrant\nGriggs\nHettinger\nKidder\nLaMoure\nLogan\nMcHenry\nMcIntosh\nMcKenzie\nMcLean\nMercer\nMorton\nMountrail\nNelson\nOliver\nPembina\nPierce\nRamsey\nRansom\nRenville\nRichland\nRolette\nSargent\nSheridan\nSioux\nSlope\nStark\nSteele\nStutsman\nTowner\nTraill\nWalsh\nWard\nWells\nWilliams\nNorth Dakota portal\nvteProtected areas of North DakotaNational Parks\nTheodore Roosevelt\nNational Historic Sites\nFort Union Trading Post\nKnife River Indian Villages\nNational Wildlife Refuges\nAppert Lake\nArdoch\nArrowwood\nAudubon\nBone Hill\nBrumba\nBuffalo Lake\nCamp Lake\nCanfield Lake\nChase Lake\nCottonwood Lake\nDakota Lake\nDes Lacs\nFlorence Lake\nHalf-Way Lake\nHiddenwood\nHobart Lake\nHutchinson Lake\nJ. Clark Salyer\nJohnson Lake\nKellys Slough\nLake Alice\nLake George\nLake Ilo\nLake Nettie\nLake Otis\nLake Patricia\nLake Zahl\nLambs Lake\nLittle Goose\nLong Lake\nLords Lake\nLost Lake\nMaple River\nMcLean\nPleasant Lake\nPretty Rock\nRabb Lake\nRock Lake\nRose Lake\nSchool Section Lake\nShell Lake\nSheyenne Lake\nSibley Lake\nSilver Lake\nSlade\nSnyder Lake\nSpringwater\nStewart Lake\nStoney Slough\nStorm Lake\nStump Lake\nSunburst Lake\nTewaukon\nTomahawk\nUpper Souris\nWhite Horse Hill National Game Preserve\nWhite Lake\nWild Rice\nWillow Lake\nWintering River\nWood Lake\nNational Grasslands\nCedar River\nDakota Prairie\nLittle Missouri\nSheyenne\nU.S. Wilderness Areas\nChase Lake\nLostwood\nTheodore Roosevelt\nOther Federal\nInternational Peace Garden\nNorth Country Trail\nStateParks\nBeaver Lake\nCross Ranch\nFort Abraham Lincoln\nFort Ransom\nFort Stevenson\nGrahams Island\nIcelandic\nLake Metigoshe\nLake Sakakawea\nLewis and Clark\nLittle Missouri\nSully Creek\nTurtle River\nRecreation areas\nButte Saint Paul\nCrow Flies High\nLittle Metigoshe\nPelican Point\nPembina Gorge\nNorth Dakota Parks and Recreation Department\nvteMidwestern United StatesTopics\nCulture\nGeography\nEconomy\nGovernment and politics\nHistory\nSports\nStates\nOhio\nIndiana\nMichigan\nIllinois\nMissouri\nIowa\nWisconsin\nMinnesota\nNorth Dakota\nSouth Dakota\nNebraska\nKansas\nMajor cities\nChicago\nDetroit\nMinneapolis\nSt. Paul\nSt. Louis\nCleveland\nColumbus\nDayton\nCincinnati\nGrand Rapids\nFort Wayne\nIndianapolis\nMilwaukee\nGreen Bay\nMadison\nDes Moines\nKansas City\nWichita\nOmaha\nSioux Falls\nRapid City\nFargo\nRochester\nToledo\nState capitals\nColumbus\nIndianapolis\nLansing\nSpringfield\nJefferson City\nDes Moines\nMadison\nSt. Paul\nBismarck\nPierre\nLincoln\nTopeka\nvteNew FranceHistory\nFrench colonization of the Americas\nFrench colonial empire\nTimeline of New France history\nBeginnings1533\n15341607\n16081662\n16631759\n1763 Treaty of Paris\nHistory of Quebec\nHistory of the Acadians\nHistory of the French-Americans\nColonies\nAcadia (16041713)\nCanada (16081763)\nTerre-Neuve (16621713)\nLouisiana (16821763, 18011803)\nle Royale (17131763)\nIllinois Country\nOhio Country\nPays d'en Haut\nDomaine du roy\nTowns and villages\nAcadie\nPort Royal\nCanada\nQuebec City\nTrois-Rivires\nMontreal\nDtroit\nle Royale\nLouisbourg\nLouisiane\nMobile\nBiloxi\nNew Orleans\nTerre-Neuve\nPlaisance\nForts\nList of French forts in North America\nFort Rouill\nFort Michilimackinac\nFort de Buade\nFort de Chartres\nFort Detroit\nFort Carillon\nFort Cond\nFort Duquesne\nFortress of Louisbourg\nCastle Hill\nFort St. Louis (Illinois)\nFort St. Louis (Texas)\nGovernments\nCanada\nGovernor General\nIntendant\nSovereign Council\nBishop of Quebec\nGovernor of Trois-Rivires\nGovernor of Montreal\nAcadie\nGovernor\nTerre-Neuve\nGovernor\nLouisiane\nGovernor\nLaws\nCustom of Paris in New France\nSeigneurial system of New France\nCriminal justice in New France\nIntendancy\nSuperior Council\nAdmiralty court\nProvostship\nOfficiality\nBailiff\nMarchausse\nCode Noir\nEconomy\nChemin du Roy\nFur trade\nCoureur des bois\nVoyageurs\nCompany of 100 Associates\nCrozat's Company\nMississippi Company\nCompagnie de l'Occident\nSociety\nPopulation\n1666 census\nHabitants\nCanadiens\nKing's Daughters\nAcadians\nCasquette girls\nMtis\nAmerindians\nSlavery\nPlaage\nGens de couleur libres\nAlcohol\nCurrency\ncard money\nIntellectual life\nMissionary groups\nJesuit missions\nRcollets\nGrey Nuns\nUrsulines\nSulpicians\nWars\nMilitary of New France\nMilitary history of the Acadians\nAcadian Civil War\nIntercolonial Wars\nKing William's War\nQueen Anne's War\nKing George's War\nSeven Years' War\nFrench and Iroquois Wars\nExpulsion of the Acadians\nGreat Peace of Montreal\nLachine Raid\nSchenectady Raid\nDeerfield Raid\nCategory\nvteNew Spain (15211821)Conflicts\nSpanish conquest of the Aztec Empire \nSpanish conquest of Guatemala \nSpanish conquest of Yucatn \nAnglo-Spanish War (15851604) \nAnglo-Spanish War (16251630) \nDutch Revolt \nAnglo-Spanish War (16541660) \nPiracy in the Caribbean \nQueen Anne's War \nWar of Jenkins' Ear \nSeven Years' War \nSpain and the American Revolutionary War\nConflicts with indigenouspeoples during colonial rule\nMixtn War \nYaqui Wars \nChichimeca War \nPhilippine revolts against Spain \nAcaxee Rebellion \nSpanishMoro conflict \nAcoma Massacre \nTepehun Revolt \nTzeltal Rebellion \nPueblo Revolt \nPima Revolt \nSpanish American wars of independence\nCentralgovernmentand administrationHabsburg Spain\nCharles I\nJoanna of Castile\nPhilip II\nPhilp III\nPhilip IV\nCharles II\nBourbon Spain\nPhilip V (also reigned after Louis I)\nLouis I\nFerdinand VI\nCharles III\nCharles IV\nFerdinand VII of Spain (also reigned after Joseph I)\nViceroys of New Spain\nList of viceroys of New Spain\nAudiencias\nGuadalajara\nCaptaincy General of Guatemala\nManila\nMexico\nSanto Domingo\nCaptancies General\nCuba\nGuatemala\nPhilippines\nPuerto Rico\nSanto Domingo\nYucatn\nProvincias Internas\nIntendancy\nHavana\nNew Orleans\nState of Mexico\nChiapas\nComayagua\nNicaragua\nCamagey\nSantiago de Cuba\nGuanajuato\nValladolid\nGuadalajara\nZacatecas\nSan Luis Potos\nVeracruz\nPuebla\nOaxaca\nDurango\nSonora\nMrida, Yucatn\nLa Florida\nPolitics\nViceroy\nGobernaciones\nAdelantado\nCaptain general\nCorregidor (position)\nCabildo\nEncomienda\nTreaties\nTreaty of Tordesillas\nTreaty of Zaragoza\nPeace of Westphalia\nPeace of Ryswick\nPeace of Utrecht\nCongress of Breda\nTreaty of Fontainebleau (1762)\nTreaty of Paris (1783)\nTreaty of Crdoba\nAdamsOns Treaty\nNotablecities,provinces,and territoriesCities\nMexico City\nVeracruz\nXalapa\nPuebla\nToluca\nCuernavaca\nOaxaca\nMorelia\nAcapulco\nCampeche\nMrida\nGuadalajara\nDurango\nMonterrey\nLen\nGuanajuato\nZacatecas\nPachuca\nQuertaro\nSaltillo\nSan Luis Potos\nLos ngeles\nYerba Buena (San Francisco)\nSan Jos\nSan Diego\nSanta Fe\nAlbuquerque\nEl Paso\nLos Adaes\nSan Antonio\nTucson\nPensacola\nSt. Augustine\nHavana\nSanto Domingo\nSan Juan\nAntigua Guatemala\nCebu\nManila\nProvinces andterritories\nLouisiana\nLa Florida (Florida)\nLas Californias\nAlta California (California)\nBaja California\nSanta Fe de Nuevo Mxico (New Mexico)\nTejas (Texas)\nNueva Galicia\nNueva Vizcaya\nNueva Extremadura\nNew Kingdom of Len\nCebu\nBulacan\nPampanga\nOther areas\nSpanish Formosa\nExplorers,adventurers andconquistadorsPre-New Spainexplorers\nChristopher Columbus\nFerdinand Magellan\nJuan Sebastin Elcano\nVasco Nez de Balboa\nDiego Velzquez de Cullar\nExplorers andconquistadors\nHernn Corts\nJuan Ponce de Len\nNuo de Guzmn\nBernal Daz del Castillo\nPedro de Alvarado\nPnfilo de Narvez\nHernando de Soto\nFrancisco Vzquez de Coronado\nJuan Rodrguez Cabrillo\nMiguel Lpez de Legazpi\nngel de Villafae\nlvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca\nPedro Menndez de Avils\nLuis de Carvajal y de la Cueva\nJuan de Oate\nJuan Jos Prez Hernndez\nGaspar de Portol\nManuel Quimper\nCristbal de Oate\nAndrs de Urdaneta\nRuy Lpez de Villalobos\nDiego Velzquez de Cullar\nFrancisco Hernndez de Crdoba (Yucatn conquistador)\nFrancisco Hernndez de Crdoba (founder of Nicaragua)\nGil Gonzlez Dvila\nFrancisco de Ulloa\nJuan Jos Prez Hernndez\nDionisio Alcal Galiano\nBruno de Heceta\nJuan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra\nAlonso de Len\nIgnacio de Arteaga y Bazn\nJos de Bustamante y Guerra\nJos Mara Narvez\nPedro Sarmiento de Gamboa\nAntonio Gil Y'Barbo\nAlexander von Humboldt\nThomas Gage\nCatholic Churchin New SpainSpanish missionsin the Americas\nSpanish missions in Arizona\nSpanish missions in Baja California\nSpanish missions in California\nSpanish missions in the Carolinas\nSpanish missions in Florida\nSpanish missions in Georgia\nSpanish missions in Louisiana\nSpanish missions in Mexico\nSpanish missions in New Mexico\nSpanish missions in the Sonoran Desert\nSpanish missions in Texas\nSpanish missions in Virginia\nSpanish missions in Trinidad\nFriars, fathers,priests, and bishops\nPedro de Gante\nGernimo de Aguilar\nToribio de Benavente Motolinia\nBernardino de Sahagn\nJuan de Zumrraga\nAlonso de Montfar\nVasco de Quiroga\nBartolom de las Casas\nAlonso de Molina\nDiego Durn\nDiego de Landa\nGernimo de Mendieta\nJuan de Torquemada\nJuan de Palafox y Mendoza\nCarlos de Sigenza y Gngora\nEusebio Kino\nFrancisco Javier Clavijero\nJunpero Serra\nFrancisco Palu\nFermn de Lasun\nEsteban Tpis\nJos Francisco de Paula Sean\nMariano Payeras\nSebastin Montero\nMarcos de Niza\nFrancisco de Ayeta\nAntonio Margil\nFrancisco Marroqun\nManuel Abad y Queipo\nMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla\nJos Mara Morelos\nOther events\nOur Lady of Guadalupe\nSuppression of the Jesuits\nCalifornia mission clash of cultures\nCargo system\nIndian Reductions\nSocietyand cultureIndigenouspeoplesMesoamerican\nAztecs\nMaya\nHuastec\nMixtec\nP'urhpecha\nTotonac\nPipil\nKowoj\nKiche\nKaqchikel\nZapotec\nPoqomam\nMam\nCaribbean\nArawak\nCiboney\nGuanahatabey\nCalifornia\nMission Indians\nCahuilla\nChumash\nCupeo\nJuaneo\nKumeyaay\nLuiseo\nMiwok\nMohave\nOhlone\nSerrano\nTongva\nOasisamerica (Southwest US)\nAkimel O'odham\nApache\nHopi\nHualapai\nNavajo\nPueblo peoples\nQuechan\nSolano\nTohono O'odham\nZuni\nAridoamerica\nAcaxee\nChichimeca\nCoahuiltecan\nCochim\nCocopah\nKiliwa\nLa Junta\nOpata\nTepehun\nYaqui\nSouthern Plains\nCaddo\nComanche\nLipan Apache\nPlains Apache\nTonkawa\nWichita\nSoutheastern Woodlands\nIndigenous people during De Soto's travels\nApalachee\nCalusa\nMuscogee\nJororo\nPensacola\nSeminole\nTimucua\nYustaga\nFilipinos\nNegrito\nIgorot\nMangyan\nPeoples of Palawan\nAti\nPanay\nLumad\nBajau\nTagalog\nCebuano\nOthers\nTaiwanese indigenous peoples\nChamorro people\nArchitecture\nSpanish Colonial style\nby country\nColonial Baroque style\nForts\nMissions\nTrade and economy\nReal\nColumbian exchange\nManila galleon\nTriangular trade\nPeople and classes\nCasta\nPeninsulares\nCriollo\nIndios\nMestizo\nCastizo\nCoyotes\nPardos\nZambo\nNegros\nPeople\nJuan Bautista de Anza\nJuan Rodrguez Cabrillo\nFrancis Drake\nMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla\nEusebio Kino\nLa Malinche\nFermn de Lasun\nLimahong\nMoctezuma II\nJunpero Serra\nHasekura Tsunenaga\nCategory\nvtePolitical divisions of the United StatesList of states and territoriesStates\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nFederal districtWashington, D.C.Territories\nAmerican Samoa\nGuam\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPuerto Rico\nU.S. Virgin Islands\nOutlying islands\nBaker Island\nHowland Island\nJarvis Island\nJohnston Atoll\nKingman Reef\nMidway Atoll\nNavassa Island\nPalmyra Atoll\nWake Island\nIndian reservations\nList of Indian reservations\nInternational concessions\nGuantanamo Bay\nPituffik\nAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nCzech Republic\nGeographic\nMusicBrainz area\nOther\nNARA\nIdRef\n47N 100W / 47N 100W / 47; -100 (State of North Dakota)\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Dakota&oldid=1225496146\"\nCategories: North Dakota1889 establishments in the United StatesMidwestern United StatesStates and territories established in 1889States of the United StatesContiguous United StatesHidden categories: Pages with non-numeric formatnum argumentsPages using the Phonos extensionWebarchive template wayback linksCS1 French-language sources (fr)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesUse mdy dates from August 2017Articles containing Lakota-language textPages using infobox settlement with possible nickname listPages using infobox settlement with possible motto listPages using infobox settlement with no coordinatesPages including recorded pronunciationsWikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2021Articles needing additional references from June 2021All articles needing additional referencesArticles containing potentially dated statements from December 2019All articles containing potentially dated statementsArticles containing potentially dated statements from 2008Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022Articles needing additional references from October 2017Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidataPages using Sister project links with default searchOfficial website different in Wikidata and WikipediaArticles with Curlie linksArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with LNB identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz area identifiersArticles with NARA identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersCoordinates on Wikidata\nThis page was last edited on 24 May 2024, at 19:52(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home | NDDOT\nSkip to main content\nAn official website of the State of North Dakota\nSubscribe to News and Alerts\nSelect LanguageEnglishFranaisDeutschEspaolTing VitKiswahiliEuskaraBosanskiHmong\nLanguage: English\nAutomatic translation disclaimer\nThe State of North Dakota provides automatic translation for nd.gov websites, courtesy of Google Translate. Please remember, though, that the English language version is considered the most accurate. In the event of a disagreement or discrepancy between the translation and the original English version of this web site or any notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.\nAccept\nDecline\nMain Nav Desktop\nHome\nDriver\nOnline Services for Drivers\nDriving Tests\nREAL ID Information\nEducation\nCommercial\nMotor Vehicle\nMotor Vehicle Dealer Resources\nMotor Vehicle Locations\nMotor Vehicle Online Services\nVehicle History Reports\nInternational Registration Plans\nConstruction & Planning\nConsultants and Engineers\nConstruction & Contractor Resources\nGrant & Funding Programs\nPlanning Process\nTransportation Plans & Programs\nUncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS)\nTravel & Safety\nHighway Safety\nRoad Conditions & Weather Resources\nTraveling in North Dakota\nNews & Events\nEvents\nNews\nMedia & Downloads\nPublic Input Meetings\nVehicle Auctions\nAbout\nCareers\nCivil Rights\nContact Us\nForms\nMain navigation Mobile\nHome HomeExpandDriverOnline Services for DriversDriving TestsREAL ID InformationEducationCommercialExpandMotor VehicleMotor Vehicle Dealer ResourcesMotor Vehicle LocationsMotor Vehicle Online ServicesVehicle History ReportsInternational Registration PlansExpandConstruction & PlanningConsultants and EngineersConstruction & Contractor ResourcesGrant & Funding ProgramsPlanning ProcessTransportation Plans & ProgramsUncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS)ExpandTravel & SafetyHighway SafetyRoad Conditions & Weather ResourcesTraveling in North DakotaExpandNews & EventsEventsNewsMedia & DownloadsPublic Input MeetingsVehicle AuctionsExpandAboutCareersCivil RightsContact UsForms\nHome HomeDriver Online Services for DriversDriving TestsREAL ID InformationEducationCommercialMotor Vehicle Motor Vehicle Dealer ResourcesMotor Vehicle LocationsMotor Vehicle Online ServicesVehicle History ReportsInternational Registration PlansConstruction & Planning Consultants and EngineersConstruction & Contractor ResourcesGrant & Funding ProgramsPlanning ProcessTransportation Plans & ProgramsUncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS)Travel & Safety Highway SafetyRoad Conditions & Weather ResourcesTraveling in North DakotaNews & Events EventsNewsMedia & DownloadsPublic Input MeetingsVehicle AuctionsAbout CareersCivil RightsContact UsForms\nThe North Dakota Highway Map turns 100!\nCelebrate 100 years of the North Dakota Highway Map by reading our blog.LEARN MORE!\nREAL ID\nGet a REAL ID gold star on your ID by May 7, 2025 or you may not be able to fly.CLICK HERE!\nSkip the Line!\nSchedule your Driver License and Motor Vehicle appointment today.CLICK HERE!\nND Roads App\nGet a heads up on winter weather, flooding, hazards, load restrictions and more!DOWNLOAD NOW!\nOnline Knowledge Test\nSave Time Less Stress Always AvailableCLICK HERE!\n12345\nPrevious\nNext\nThe North Dakota Highway Map turns 100!Celebrate 100 years of the North Dakota Highway Map by reading our blog.LEARN MORE!\nREAL IDGet a REAL ID gold star on your ID by May 7, 2025 or you may not be able to fly.CLICK HERE!\nSkip the Line!Schedule your Driver License and Motor Vehicle appointment today.CLICK HERE!\nND Roads AppGet a heads up on winter weather, flooding, hazards, load restrictions and more!DOWNLOAD NOW!\nOnline Knowledge TestSave Time Less Stress Always AvailableCLICK HERE!\nHome\nMedium\nDriver\nDriver\nOnline services, education and tests, records and suspensions, REAL ID, motorcycles and CDL.\nMotor Vehicle\nMotor Vehicle\nVehicle registrations, history reports, dealer resources, specialty license plates, and more.\nhttps://travel.dot.nd.gov/\nND Roads Travel Map\nInformation about closures, incidents, construction, and weather conditions.\nMedium\nSafety\nSafety\nSafety resources to help you travel more safely on North Dakota roads.\nConstruction and Planning\nConstruction & Planning\nContractor resources, bid opportunities, project plans, and freight.\nTraveling in ND\nTravel in North Dakota\nTrip planning, transit services, maps, and transportation alternatives.\nhttps://nqa3.nemoqappointment.com/Booking/Booking/Index/5KIDD4bc\nOnline Scheduling\nSchedule a driver license or motor vehicle appointment.\nMedium\nMedium\nDrivers\nNoncommercial Driver Licenses & ID Cards\nCommercial Drivers\nCommercial Driver Licenses (CDL)\nContractors\nConstruction and Contractor Resources\nMedium\nCareer Seekers\nJoin team NDDOT\nMembers of the Media\nMedia, events, press releases, etc.\nVisitors and Travelers\nStaying safe on ND roads\nMedium\nRecent News\nView All News\nNDDOT hosts public information meeting for Highway 32 project in Walhalla\nFriday, May 24, 2024 at 09:02 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will host a public information meeting Monday, June 3, from 5-7 p.m. to discuss proposed improvements for North Dakota Highway 32 through Walhalla to the Canadian border.\nBismarck Expressway/Centennial Road traffic control removed for Memorial Day travel\nFriday, May 24, 2024 at 08:12 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. The northbound lane closure on Bismarck Expressway/Centennial Road, between Miriam Avenue and Trenton Drive, will be removed Friday, May 24. The lane closure will be reinstalled the week of June 3.\nNDDOT and partners officially kick-off construction season\nThursday, May 23, 2024 at 10:45 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. - In anticipation of the upcoming travel season, the North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) kicked off the 2024 construction season with a news conference today in Bismarck to discuss upcoming projects and work zone safety. This years construction season consists of approximately $580 million in projects throughout North Dakota to enhance the state highway system.\nRegistration now open for free teen driving safety event\nTuesday, May 21, 2024 at 11:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nVision Zero Driving Skills for Success (DSFS), an interactive driving program designed to give teens hands-on driving experience, is coming to Minot and Bismarck this summer.\nNorthbound Bismarck Expressway/Centennial Road reduced to one lane May 20\nFriday, May 17, 2024 at 08:25 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Beginning Monday, May 20, northbound Bismarck Expressway/Centennial Road will be reduced to one lane from Miriam Avenue to Trenton Drive. All southbound lanes will remain open, but speeds will be reduced in both directions.\nCulvert replacement on US 2 and 52 northeast of Burlington will cause detour for traffic entering/exiting US 52\nTuesday, May 14, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Structural steel culverts underneath U.S. Highways 2 and 52 will be replaced with reinforced concrete box culverts on a two-mile stretch of highway northwest of Burlington, N.D., where the highways intersect. The project will begin May 15 and is expected to end in early October.\nMulti-year reconstruction of Interstate 94 Exit 161 interchange to begin\nWednesday, May 8, 2024 at 04:10 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation will begin reconstruction of the Interstate 94 Exit 161 interchange on May 15. The reconstruction is a multi-year project with a 2026 completion.\nBeulah Motor Vehicle branch office to temporarily close\nMonday, May 6, 2024 at 04:25 pm\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The Beulah Motor Vehicle branch office will close temporarily for an undetermined amount of time due to a changeover in staff.\nNDDOT to visit four Tribal Nations next week to issue Non-Driver Photo IDs for voting\nMonday, May 6, 2024 at 12:42 pm\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will visit four Tribal Nations next week to provide Non-Driver Photo Identification (ID) Cards that can be used for voting purposes.\nNDDOT seeks comments on 2024 STIP Amendment\nFriday, May 3, 2024 at 09:35 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is seeking comments on an amendment to the 2024-2027 State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) to add a previously unpublished project to 2024.\nLane closures on Seventh and Ninth Street starting May 1\nWednesday, May 1, 2024 at 08:45 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Improvements to Seventh Street and Ninth Street are scheduled to begin Wednesday, May 1. Projects will include road resurfacing, sidewalk ramp improvements, partial curb and gutter enhancements, and street lighting updates.\nMotorcycle safety courses benefit riders of all skill levels\nMonday, April 29, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nVision Zero and American Bikers Aiming Toward Education (ABATE) of North Dakota encourage motorcycle riders of any skill level to enroll in a rider safety course.\nLoad restriction set for I-94 Exit 64 bridge in Dickinson\nFriday, April 26, 2024 at 08:56 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. A load limit has been placed on the interstate overhead bridge at Exit 64 on Interstate 94 in Dickinson. Routine inspection by the North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) revealed that maintenance is needed.\nPublic input meeting being held for Dickinsons Transportation Master Plan and Comprehensive Plan update\nThursday, April 25, 2024 at 01:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. Three public input meeting opportunities are being held on Wednesday, May 1, at Dickinson City Hall - Commission Chambers located at 38 1st St. W. in Dickinson to discuss the City of Dickinsons Transportation Master Plan and Comprehensive Plan update, called Direction 2050.\nEveryone Buckled for Click It or Ticket starting May 1\nThursday, April 25, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nPreliminary data shows nearly half (48%) of crash fatalities in North Dakota in 2023 were unbelted. To save lives, law enforcement across the state will have extra patrols from May 1 June 2 for the Click It or Ticket campaign enforcing the state seat belt law.\nDrive Sober or Get Pulled Over campaign results in 145 alcohol or drug-related arrests and citations\nThursday, April 25, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nLaw enforcement agencies across the state participated in the Drive Sober or Get Pulled Over enforcement campaign throughout the month of March to deter motorists from driving impaired.\nState Street improvement project to be finalized, lane closure in effect\nWednesday, April 24, 2024 at 03:58 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction work will resume on State Street Thursday, April 25, to complete the improvement of ADA ramps and sidewalks. The majority of this project was completed during the 2023 construction season. Crews will also be shaping ditches and laying grass seed where construction caused disruptions last year.\nNDDOT hosts public input meeting for I-29 project in Fargo\nTuesday, April 23, 2024 at 11:58 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will host a public input meeting Tuesday, April 30, from 5 to 7 p.m. to discuss proposed improvements to the Interstate 29 and 40th Avenue North interchange.\nNorth Dakota expands Move Over Law to prevent roadside deaths\nMonday, April 22, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nNorth Dakota recently enhanced roadside safety by expanding the Move Over Law. The updated law now includes moving over for any stopped motor vehicle with flashing hazard warning signals.\nHighway maintenance scheduled next week in Bismarck and Mandan\nThursday, April 18, 2024 at 01:40 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Highway maintenance scheduled next week in Bismarck and Mandan will bring overnight ramp closures.\nNDDOT hosts public input meeting for Highway 5 in Pembina County\nThursday, April 18, 2024 at 01:28 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will host a public input meeting Thursday, April 25, from 4 to 6 p.m. to discuss proposed improvements along North Dakota Highway 5 in Pembina County.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on Highway 52\nThursday, April 18, 2024 at 12:51 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, April 22, on U.S. Highway 52 from east of Balfour to Fessenden.\nSeat belt team recognized with award\nThursday, April 18, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nThe Vision Zero Priority Emphasis Area Team for Occupant Protection (seat belts) was recently recognized during the Lifesaver Conference in Denver, Colo. for their work to pass North Dakotas Primary Seat Belt Law.\nLaw enforcement warns of increase in drugged driving on 420\nWednesday, April 17, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nThe number of Drug Recognition Experts (DREs) in North Dakota has increased by 16 to a total of 63 officers in 23 different agencies as 420 approaches.\nNDDOT hosts public input meeting for Highway 52 project in Jamestown\nThursday, April 11, 2024 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will host a public input meeting Thursday, April 18, from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. to discuss proposed improvements to U.S. Highway 52 from Seventh Street Southeast to Fourth Avenue Southwest in Jamestown.\nTraffic flow on Grant Marsh Bridge to be reduced April 15 through late-October\nThursday, April 11, 2024 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Starting Monday, April 15, lane closures will be in effect on the Grant Marsh Bridge as repairs and improvements are underway. Traffic will be reduced to a single lane in either direction until the project is completed by late-October. The on-ramp for Eastbound Interstate 94 traffic from Bismarck Expressway will be closed starting April 15 until the project is completed. A detour to Mandan Avenue at Exit 153 will be in place.\nNDDOT hosts public input meeting for bridge projects in Morton and Sioux counites\nTuesday, April 9, 2024 at 04:20 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will host a public input meeting Tuesday, April 16, from 4:30 to 6:30 p.m. to discuss proposed replacement of three bridges in Morton and Sioux counties.\nNDDOT selects 66 local projects for Flexible Transportation Fund\nTuesday, April 9, 2024 at 12:43 pm\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) selected 66 local projects in the amount $84 million to fund through its Flexible Transportation Fund (Flex Fund) program. A complete list of projects can be found at www.dot.nd.gov/flexfund.\nNDDOT hosts public input meeting for I-94 Menoken Interchange Bridge\nThursday, April 4, 2024 at 11:05 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will host a public input meeting Thursday, April 11, from 4 to 6 p.m. to discuss proposed improvements and detour routes for the Menoken Interchange Bridge located along Interstate 94 at Exit 170.\nND Sober Rides increase during St. Patrick's Day\nThursday, March 28, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nNorth Dakotans continue to choose ND Sober Ride to get home safely when they are out celebrating.\nVision Zero encourages drivers to keep their eyes on the road\nThursday, March 28, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nLaw enforcement across the state will have extra patrols to enforce the states distracted driving law during the month of April as a part of the national distracted driving enforcement campaign Put the Phone Away or Pay.\nGrant Marsh Bridge scheduled for maintenance Wednesday\nTuesday, March 12, 2024 at 09:10 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. The Grant Marsh Bridge on Interstate 94 eastbound will be temporarily reduced to one lane Wednesday, March 13, due to maintenance.\nBridge replacement begins on I-94 near Glen Ullin\nTuesday, March 12, 2024 at 08:30 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Work began on the westbound bridge replacement at the Eagle Nest Interchange on Interstate 94 near Glen Ullin March 11. County Road 139 is scheduled to close at the interchange Wednesday, March 13.\nLucky for you: ND Sober Ride providing discounted rides for St. Patrick's weekend\nMonday, March 11, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nND Sober Ride, a Vision Zero program to remove impaired drivers from North Dakota roads, will offer discounted Lyft rides, where available, in time for St. Patricks Day celebrations. Codes will be available from March 15-17, or while codes last. Use Lyft code VZPATS24 to get $10 off your ride.\nNDDOT adds six new CDL road test sites\nThursday, March 7, 2024 at 03:03 pm\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, ND The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) announced today the addition of six new commercial driver license (CDL) road test sites.\nDrive Sober or Get Pulled Over campaign results in 147 alcohol or drug-related arrests and citations\nThursday, March 7, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nLaw enforcement agencies across the state participated in the Drive Sober or Get Pulled Over enforcement campaign Dec. 15, 2023 through Jan. 31, 2024 to deter motorists from driving impaired.\nNDDOT hosts public input meeting for Highway 18 near Portland\nWednesday, March 6, 2024 at 10:35 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will host a public input meeting Tuesday, March 12, from 5 to 7 p.m. to discuss proposed improvements to North Dakota Highway 18.\nNDDOT hosts public input meetings for structure improvements on I-94\nMonday, March 4, 2024 at 04:45 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will host two public input meetings next week to discuss proposed improvements to four structures along Interstate 94.\nNDDOT hosts public input meeting for Burleigh County bridge structure improvements\nWednesday, February 28, 2024 at 10:15 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will host a public input meeting Wednesday, March 6, from 6 to 8 p.m. to discuss proposed improvements to three bridge structures maintained by Burleigh County Highway Department.\nDon't press your luck; always drive sober\nMonday, February 26, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nLaw enforcement across the state will have extra patrols during the month of March to remove impaired drivers from the road during Drive Sober or Get Pulled Over.\nNDDOT seeks comments on 2024 STIP Amendment\nFriday, February 23, 2024 at 12:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is seeking comments on an amendment to the 2024-2027 State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) to add a previously unpublished project to 2024.\nGrant Marsh Bridge scheduled for maintenance Wednesday\nTuesday, February 20, 2024 at 01:57 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. The Grant Marsh Bridge on Interstate 94 westbound will be temporarily reduced to one lane Wednesday, Feb. 21, due to maintenance.\nNDDOT hosts public input meeting for I-94 interchange bridge near Tappen\nTuesday, February 20, 2024 at 10:40 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will host a public input meeting Tuesday, Feb. 27, from 4 to 6 p.m. CST to discuss proposed improvements and detour routes for the Crystal Springs Interchange Bridge (Exit 221) located along Interstate 94 east of Tappen.\nNDDOT adds new kiosk location in Bismarck\nWednesday, February 14, 2024 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) installed a kiosk at the Family Fare Supermarket, 835 S. Washington Street, in Bismarck.\nValley City motor vehicle office to temporarily close\nMonday, February 12, 2024 at 03:20 pm\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The Valley City Motor Vehicle branch office will close temporarily from Feb. 14 through March 25 due to a changeover in staff.\nNDDOT inducts three members into N.D. Transportation Hall of Honor\nSunday, February 11, 2024 at 09:20 am\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will induct three new members into the North Dakota Transportation Hall of Honor during a ceremony at the annualNorth Dakota Transportation Conference March 5 at the Bismarck Event Center.\nNDDOT hosts public input meeting for Highway 22 project in Dickinson\nThursday, February 8, 2024 at 10:10 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will host a public input meeting Thursday, Feb. 15, from 5 to 7 p.m. MST to discuss proposed improvements toHighway 22 from Ninth Street West to West Broadway Street in Dickinson.\nLane Departure leads fatal crash causes\nWednesday, January 31, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nPreliminary data shows more than half of fatal crashes in North Dakota in 2023 were lane departure-related. Lane departure continues to be a leading cause of fatal crashes in North Dakota.\nStanding Rock joins Vision Zero Schools\nTuesday, January 30, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nRepresentatives from Vision Zero, the North Dakota Highway Patrol, Sioux County Sheriffs Office and school administrators welcomed Standing Rock Community School as the latest Vision Zero School at an assembly today.\nSeasonal highway load restrictions anticipated soon\nFriday, January 26, 2024 at 04:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. Seasonal load restrictions may be implemented on North Dakota state highways as soon as next week due the mild winter and warm weather in the forecast.\nRegistration open for North Dakota Transportation Conference\nFriday, January 26, 2024 at 03:30 pm\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. Registration is now open for the North Dakota Transportation Conference March 5-6 at the Bismarck Event Center.\nI-94W maintenance work rescheduled for next week\nFriday, January 26, 2024 at 03:20 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Routine maintenance work has been rescheduled for next week on Interstate 94 westbound lanes from exits 161 in Bismarck to 147 in Mandan.\nNotice of Finding of No Significant Impact for proposed Main Avenue project\nWednesday, January 24, 2024 at 12:20 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. In accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has determined that the preferred alternative for the Main Avenue Reconstruction project in Fargo will have no significant impact on the environment. The preferred alternative has been identified as Alternative C2, along with Option 1 and Option 3.\nPublic input meetings for proposed improvements along ND 20/57 scheduled next week\nTuesday, January 23, 2024 at 04:55 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. Two public input meetings will be held to discuss extending the shared use path along North Dakota Highway 20/57 from U.S. Highway 2 in Devils Lake to Walking Eagle Circle, west of Fort Totten, on Tuesday, Jan. 30.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Belcourt scheduled next week\nMonday, January 22, 2024 at 05:05 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 4:30 to 6:30 p.m. CST on Jan. 29 at the Tribal Transportation Building located at 1300 Ogema Road in Belcourt. A formal presentation will be held at 5:30 p.m.\nNDDOT seeks comments on 2024 STIP amendment\nMonday, January 22, 2024 at 03:50 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is seeking comments on an amendment to the 2024-2027 State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) to modify the work type and add an additional location to a previously published project in 2024.\nI-94W scheduled for maintenance next week\nFriday, January 19, 2024 at 11:50 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Routine maintenance work is scheduled to begin on Interstate 94 westbound lanes next week from exits 161 in Bismarck to 147 in Mandan.\nND Sober Ride sees massive increase during the holiday season\nWednesday, January 10, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nND Sober Ride continues to be the choice of many to get home safely after a night out.\n3,772 citations issued during Click It or Ticket enforcement campaign\nTuesday, January 9, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nLaw enforcement agencies across the state participated in the Click It or Ticket enforcement campaign from Nov. 1 to Dec. 14, 2023 to help save lives on North Dakota roads.\nGerhart named NDDOT deputy director for administration\nWednesday, January 3, 2024 at 11:35 am\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. Mike Gerhart Jr. has been named the deputy director for administration for the North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) effective Jan. 1.\nShare the road with heavy trucks; especially during colder months\nTuesday, January 2, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Highway Safety\nIn North Dakota in 2022, one heavy vehicle-related crash occurred nearly every 12 hours. A majority of these crashes occur in cold weather months (October-March) and in rural areas.\nI-29 opens from Grand Forks to Canadian border\nWednesday, December 27, 2023 at 08:30 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)and North Dakota Highway Patrol (NDHP) reopened Interstate29 from Grand Forks to the Canadian border.\nI-29 closed from Fargo to Grand Forks\nWednesday, December 27, 2023 at 08:30 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate29 from Fargo to Grand Forks due to icy road conditions making travel extremely hazardous.\nSouthbound I-29 closed from Canadian border to Grand Forks\nTuesday, December 26, 2023 at 10:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed the southbound lane on Interstate29 from the Canadian border to Grand Forks due to vehicles in the ditch and icy road conditions making travel extremely hazardous.\nWestbound I-94 opens from Jamestown to Dawson\nTuesday, December 26, 2023 at 02:30 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol reopened the westbound lanes on Interstate94 from Jamestown to Dawson.\nI-29 opens from Grand Forks to Canadian border\nTuesday, December 26, 2023 at 01:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)and North Dakota Highway Patrol (NDHP) reopened Interstate29 from Grand Forks to the Canadian border.\nWestbound I-94 closed from Jamestown to Dawson\nTuesday, December 26, 2023 at 11:30 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed westbound lanes on Interstate94 from Jamestown to Dawson due to blowing snow and icy road conditions.\nNDDOT awards $10M in Township Assistance Program funding\nFriday, December 22, 2023 at 08:00 am\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) selected 22 projects to fund through the newly createdTownship Assistance Program (TAP).\nNDDOT releases 2023 Name-A-Plow Contest winning plow names\nWednesday, December 20, 2023 at 03:00 pm\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) has selected the winners for the third annual Name-A-Plow contest, in which North Dakota citizens submitted snowplow name ideas.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements for I-94 Midway and Grant Marsh Bridge scheduled next week\nMonday, December 18, 2023 at 04:52 pm\nCategories: Construction, Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. on Thursday, Dec. 7, at the Morton Mandan Public Library - 609 W. Main Street in Mandan.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Devils Lake scheduled next week\nMonday, December 18, 2023 at 04:49 pm\nCategories: Construction, Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. Dec. 12 at the City Hall Commission Chambers at the City of Devils Lake, 423 6th Street NE, in Devils Lake.\nI-29 closing from Fargo to Canadian border\nSaturday, December 9, 2023 at 08:00 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol anticipate closing Interstate29 northbound and southbound from Fargo to the Canadian border at 11:30 a.m. due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, near-zero visibility and stranded vehicles.\nI-29 opens from Fargo to Canadian border\nSaturday, December 9, 2023 at 07:00 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol reopened Interstate29 northbound and southbound from Fargo to the Canadian border. A No Travel Advised remains in effect for the Grand Forks area. The road was closed Saturday morning due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, near-zero visibility and stranded vehicles.\nGrant Marsh Bridge scheduled for maintenance Thursday\nThursday, December 7, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. The Grant Marsh Bridge on Interstate 94 westbound will be temporarily reduced to one lane Thursday, Dec. 7, due to maintenance.\nNDDOT finalizes 2024-2027 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program and begins next planning cycle\nThursday, December 7, 2023 at 08:00 am\nCategories: General\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) 2024-2027 Final Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) is now available. The STIP is a four-year program of transportation improvements to be funded with federal highway and transit monies. Improvements include state and county highways, urban streets, roadway safety features, bikeways and busing programs.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Grand Forks scheduled next week\nThursday, December 7, 2023 at 08:00 am\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. on Thursday, Dec. 14, at The Hive, 375 2nd Avenue North in Grand Forks.\nNDDOT announces 2023 Name-A-Plow Contest\nThursday, November 30, 2023 at 10:30 am\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) today announced the start of the 2023 Name-A-Plow Contest inviting North Dakotans to submit name ideas for a snowplow in their home district.\nNDDOT announces I-94 closures for overhead sign installations in Fargo Correction: Closure time is clarified\nTuesday, November 28, 2023 at 03:55 pm\nCategories: Construction\n*Correction: The closure will occur overnight Wednesday into Thursday morning.FARGO, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) alerts motorists of upcoming short-term closures that will happen overnight Wednesday, November 29 on eastbound Interstate 94 between Interstate 29 and 25th Street.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Max scheduled next week\nTuesday, November 28, 2023 at 01:30 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. on Dec. 5 at Max Civic Hall at 215 Main St. in Max. The meeting will utilize an open house format with a formal presentation at 5:30 p.m.\nBowman Driver License closed during city hall building renovations\nMonday, November 27, 2023 at 08:30 am\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The Bowman Driver License Office is temporarily closed due to building renovations at city hall in Bowman. The area where the Driver License Office operates is estimated to re-open in February 2024.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Minot scheduled next week\nFriday, November 24, 2023 at 09:30 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 6 to 8 p.m. on Nov. 30, 2023, at Perkett Elementary School, 2000 5th Avenue SW in Minot. The meeting will utilize an open house format with a formal presentation at 6:15 p.m.\nNDDOT office closures expected next week\nMonday, November 20, 2023 at 11:00 am\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will temporarily close all full-time Driver License offices and the Bismarck Motor Vehicle office Nov. 28 from noon to 5 p.m. for employee training.\nNorth Dakota Transportation Hall of Honor seeks nominees for 2024\nThursday, November 16, 2023 at 12:00 pm\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Transportation Hall of Honor, formerly known as Highway Hall of Honor, is seeking nominations for individuals who have made a difference in North Dakota's transportation system.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Valley City scheduled next week\nTuesday, November 14, 2023 at 01:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. on Tuesday, Nov. 21, at the Valley City High School Cafeteria located at 493 Central Ave. N. in Valley City.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements on ND 23 scheduled next week\nMonday, November 13, 2023 at 04:30 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting to be held on Monday, Nov. 20, to discuss proposed improvements to North Dakota Highway 23 through Four Bears Village. The meeting will be held from 6 to 8 p.m. central time at the Johnny Bird Veterans Memorial Community Building in New Town.\nPublic hearing for proposed improvements in Fargo scheduled next week\nThursday, November 9, 2023 at 09:30 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public hearing will be held from 6 to 8 p.m. on Thursday, Nov. 16, at the Commission Chambers at Fargo City Hall, 225 4th Street N.\nTemporary closure of southbound I-29 to I-94 interchange scheduled overnight\nWednesday, November 8, 2023 at 03:20 pm\nCategories: Construction\nFARGO, N.D. Access ramps from Interstate 29 southbound to Interstate 94 in both directions will be briefly closed while crews install overhead signs tonight, Nov. 8.\nPublic input meeting for Watford Citys Long-Range Transportation and Future Land Use Plan scheduled next week\nTuesday, November 7, 2023 at 05:00 pm\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. central time on Tuesday, Nov. 14, at the Watford City Middle School, 100 3rd St. Northeast.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Drayton scheduled next week\nTuesday, November 7, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 4:30 to 6:30 p.m. on Tuesday, Nov. 14, at Johnson Hall Community Center, 105 Almeron Avenue in Drayton. The meeting will utilize an open house format.\nNDDOT seeks innovative transportation ideas\nMonday, November 6, 2023 at 02:30 pm\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT), through its Transportation Innovation Program (TRIP), is seeking ideas for innovative transportation projects, processes, and products.\nI-29 southbound in Fargo scheduled to close temporarily over second night\nThursday, November 2, 2023 at 02:17 pm\nCategories: Construction\nFARGO, N.D. Southbound lanes of Interstate 29 in Fargo are scheduled to temporarily close for 30 minutes during night of Nov. 2 into the morning of Nov. 3 for an overhead sign installation. This is a continuation of a nighttime project that began Nov. 1.\nI-29 southbound in Fargo scheduled to close temporarily for overhead sign installation\nTuesday, October 31, 2023 at 04:47 pm\nCategories: Construction\nFARGO, N.D. Southbound lanes of Interstate 29 in Fargo are scheduled to temporarily close overnight the night of Nov. 1 into the morning of Nov. 2 for two overhead sign installations.\nNDDOT announces 2023 Name-A-Plow Contest\nMonday, October 30, 2023 at 10:30 am\nCategories: General, Highway Safety\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) today announced the start of the 2023 Name-A-Plow Contest inviting North Dakotans to submit name ideas for a snowplow in their home district.\nState agencies partner to remind public to travel safely this winter\nMonday, October 30, 2023 at 10:12 am\nCategories: Construction, Highway Safety\nBISMARCK, N.D. Gov. Doug Burgum proclaimed Oct. 30 Nov. 3 Severe Winter Weather Week in North Dakota and partners from the North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT), North Dakota Highway Patrol (NDHP), North Dakota Department of Emergency Services and National Weather Service held a news conference today to provide information to help motorists prepare for winter weather (link is external)and potential traffic impacts.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Minot scheduled next week\nFriday, October 27, 2023 at 03:51 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. central time on Thursday, Nov. 2, at Minot City Hall at 10 3rd Ave. SW in Minot. The meeting will utilize an open house format.\nUS 85 reopens from Watford City to ND 200\nThursday, October 26, 2023 at 07:55 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol reopened U.S. Highway 85 from Watford City to the junction of North Dakota Highway 200.\nUS 85 closed from Watford City to ND 200\nWednesday, October 25, 2023 at 06:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed U.S. Highway 85 from Watford City to the junction of North Dakota Highway 200 due to icy road conditions and near-zero visibility.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Casselton scheduled next week\nWednesday, October 25, 2023\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 6 to 8 p.m. on Nov. 2 at the Veterans Memorial Auditorium in Casselton.The meeting will utilize an open house format with a formal presentation at 6:30 p.m.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Dickinson scheduled next week\nMonday, October 23, 2023\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. -- A public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. Mountain Time on Monday, Oct. 30, at the Dickinson Rural Fire Department (South Station), 706 S Main Avenue in Dickinson.\nI-29 northbound and ramps on Hickson and Davenport exits are scheduled to open by Friday afternoon\nThursday, October 19, 2023 at 10:50 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Interstate 29 north and southbound lanes from mile marker 49.5 to 55.0, the Hickson exit located ten miles south of Fargo and Davenport exit located six miles south of Fargo, are scheduled to fully open Friday, Oct. 20, in the afternoon.\nPortion of Bismarck Expressway westbound to close briefly for traffic signal replacement\nTuesday, October 17, 2023\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Westbound Bismarck Expressway will be closed at Washington Street starting at 10 p.m. Thursday, Oct. 19, while the traffic signal is replaced. Westbound Bismarck Expressway will reopen Friday, Oct. 20, by 6 a.m.\nTemporary closure expected on US 281 near Monango\nThursday, October 12, 2023\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. A temporary closure is expected on U.S. Highway 281 at mile point 16, just south of Monango, Oct. 17-18.\nPublic input meeting for TMC and I-29 SMART Corridor scheduled next week\nThursday, October 12, 2023\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. on Oct. 19 at the Alerus Center Meeting Room 10, 1200 S. 42nd in Grand Forks.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements near Sterling scheduled next week\nTuesday, October 10, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. on Tuesday, Oct. 17, at the Sterling School, 118 McKenzie Street in Sterling.\nTemporary closures expected on East Burdick Expressway Bridge\nMonday, October 9, 2023 at 05:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe East Burdick Expressway Bridge over the Canadian Pacific Railway in Minot is scheduled to be closed October 10-11 as part of the continuing bridge rehabilitation project.\nNDDOT accepting applications for Flexible Transportation Fund program\nThursday, October 5, 2023 at 04:00 pm\nCategories: General\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is now accepting applications for the Flexible Transportation Fund (Flex Fund) program.\nNDDOT seeks comments on 2023 STIP amendment\nWednesday, October 4, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is seeking comments on an amendment to the 2023-2026 State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) for inclusion of two previously unpublished projects in 2024.\nHay bales need to be removed from highway rights of way before November 1\nWednesday, October 4, 2023 at 01:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nAll hay bales on North Dakota highway rights of way, must be removed by Wednesday, Nov. 1. Hay bales remaining on rights of way after this date will be removed as directed by the North Dakota Department of Transportation district engineers. The bales need to be removed for snow management and safety reasons.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on I-94 near South Heart\nMonday, October 2, 2023 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction is scheduled to begin Thursday, Oct. 5, at the westbound Interstate 94 Interchange near South Heart.\nConstruction impacting Grant Marsh Bridge on I-94 to begin next week\nFriday, September 15, 2023 at 12:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation is beginning construction work on Interstate 94 to prepare for a Grant Marsh Bridge (Missouri River bridge) 2024 project.\nLane closure to switch on Interstate 94 Hay Creek Bridge\nWednesday, September 13, 2023 at 08:15 am\nCategories: Construction\nTraffic will be moved to the passing (left) lanes in either direction on Interstate 94 over the Hay Creek Bridge in Bismarck starting Wednesday, Sept. 13.\nLane closures on South Ninth Street to shift\nFriday, September 8, 2023 at 11:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nTraffic on South Ninth Street will return to the two east lanes starting Monday, Sept. 11. The two west lanes will once again be closed for work.\nLane closure to shift on East Bismarck Expressway\nThursday, September 7, 2023 at 08:15 am\nCategories: Construction\nThe left (inside) lane will be closed on East Bismarck Expressway from Main Avenue to Miriam Drive starting Wednesday, Sept. 7, at 5 a.m. Traffic will be moved to the outside lane.\nLane closures on State Street to change daily\nWednesday, September 6, 2023 at 04:45 pm\nCategories: Construction\nLane closures on State Street will be changing daily starting Wednesday night, Sept. 6. Motorists are advised to watch for flaggers and be prepared for traffic changes over the next two weeks.\nNDDOT extending application due date for Township Assistance Program\nTuesday, September 5, 2023 at 02:52 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is extending the application due date for the Township Assistance Program to Oct. 6.\nNDDOT to begin mowing near state highways in September\nFriday, September 1, 2023 at 02:30 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will begin fall mowing operations along state highways in early September.\nTraffic control reduced for portions of I-94 in Bismarck during Labor Day weekend\nThursday, August 31, 2023 at 04:30 pm\nCategories: Construction\nTraffic control under the State Street bridge on Interstate 94 will be removed Friday, Sept. 1, to ease traffic flow for Labor Day weekend.\nDetour adjusted for State Street intersection closure\nTuesday, August 29, 2023 at 08:55 am\nCategories: Construction\nOne of the detours on State Street starting the evening of Tuesday, Aug. 29, has been adjusted.\nDetours to begin for State Street intersection closure\nFriday, August 25, 2023 at 02:37 pm\nCategories: Construction\nDetours will be in place for some State Street traffic starting the evening of Tuesday, August 29.\nPipeline work on US 83 to cause lane closure near Coleharbor\nFriday, August 25, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nAn Army Corps of Engineers project along the east side of U.S. Highway 83 will require a lane closure for a two-mile stretch of the highway north of Coleharbor between mile markers 155-157. Road work will begin Monday, Aug. 28 and will continue as long as the weather permits.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Jamestown scheduled next week\nThursday, August 24, 2023 at 08:30 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 5:30 - 7:30 p.m. on Thursday, Aug. 31, at the Alfred Dickey Public Library in Jamestown, 105 3rd St. SE.\nNDDOT office closures expected next week\nWednesday, August 23, 2023 at 04:45 pm\nCategories: General\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will temporarily close all Driver License offices Aug. 29-30 for employee training.\nNDDOT announces I-94 lane shift for tri-level sign installation\nMonday, August 21, 2023 at 04:03 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) alerts motorists of an upcoming on eastbound Interstate 94 from the tri-level bridge to 25th Street South.\nHighway 1804 now open at mile point 52\nSaturday, August 19, 2023 at 05:16 pm\nCategories: Construction\nNorth Dakota Highway 1804 is now open at mile point 52, three miles north of the Hazelton Recreation Area.\nSouthbound lane closure coming to State Street\nThursday, August 17, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe middle and inside (left) southbound lanes of State Street will close Sunday, Aug. 20, at 4 p.m. for evening and overnight work. By Monday morning, only the middle southbound lane will remain closed for construction work.\nCounty Road 139 reopens at I-94 Eagle Nest Interchange project\nThursday, August 17, 2023 at 12:24 pm\nCategories: Construction\nMorton County Road 139 is open to one lane today at the Eagle Nest Interchange on Interstate 94 near Glen Ullin.\nTri-level bridge to undergo routine inspection\nWednesday, August 16, 2023 at 01:50 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe southbound Interstate 29 to eastbound Interstate 94 interchange, known locally as the tri-level bridge, will undergo routine inspection August 21-23.\nResurfacing project will slow motorists on US 81 between Minto and Grafton\nTuesday, August 15, 2023 at 02:20 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will be resurfacing U.S. Highway 81 on an eight-mile stretch between Minto and Grafton beginning Wednesday, Aug. 16.\nRoadwork on 19th Avenue North will reduce traffic to one lane near I-29\nTuesday, August 15, 2023 at 12:10 pm\nCategories: Construction\nOn Thursday, August 17, the North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will reduce traffic to one lane each way on 19th Avenue North in Fargo between Dakota Drive and Interstate 29.\nNorthbound State Street lane closure to shift\nTuesday, August 15, 2023 at 08:45 am\nCategories: Construction\nThe middle northbound lane on State Street will open to traffic by mid-morning Tuesday, August 15. The left lane will then be closed for construction work.\nLane closures to shift on South Ninth Street\nThursday, August 10, 2023 at 11:40 am\nCategories: Construction\nTraffic on South Ninth Street will be shifted into the two west lanes as the two east lanes will close Friday, August 11.\nCity of Grand Forks, NDDOT seeks comments on project near Ray Richards Golf Course\nWednesday, August 9, 2023 at 10:40 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nThe City of Grand Forks and North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) are proposing the construction of a grade separated crossing at the intersection of 42nd Street and DeMers Avenue in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Currently, five build alternatives are being analyzed to achieve the purpose and need for the project.\nPublic input meeting for Watford Citys Long-Range Transportation and Future Land Use Plan scheduled August 16\nWednesday, August 9, 2023 at 09:45 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. CST on Wednesday, August 16, at the Rough Rider Center, 2209 Wolves Den Parkway in Watford City.\nNDDOT issues newly designed drivers license\nTuesday, August 8, 2023 at 08:45 am\nCategories: General\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) began issuing the newly designed drivers license and photo ID cards last week in Bismarck.\nHarvest Lane at State Street closed for concrete work\nMonday, August 7, 2023 at 01:35 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe intersection at Harvest Lane and State Street will be closed for several days as concrete work is underway.\nLane closure to impact traffic on State Street starting Sunday\nFriday, August 4, 2023 at 03:01 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe middle northbound lane on State Street from East Divide Avenue to East Calgary Avenue will be closed beginning Sunday, August 6, at 6 p.m. The left and right lanes of traffic will remain open.\nRail repairs will cause temporary closure of ND 200\nWednesday, August 2, 2023 at 08:30 am\nCategories: Construction\nRepair work is scheduled to begin Wednesday, August 2, on North Dakota Highway 200 at the rail crossing north of Hillsboro.\nNighttime pavement marking underway on Bismarck Expressway\nTuesday, August 1, 2023 at 04:30 pm\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction crews have completed nighttime paving and milling operations on Bismarck Expressway from west of Washington Street to east of Burlington Drive. Nighttime work has now switched to installing the grooved permanent pavement marking.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on ND 17 near Grafton\nFriday, July 28, 2023 at 03:30 pm\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction is scheduled to begin Tuesday, Aug. 1, on North Dakota Highway 17 near Grafton.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on US 2 next week\nFriday, July 28, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction scheduled to begin Monday, July 31, on the northeast and southwest exit ramps at the intersection of U.S. Highway 2 and U.S 83.\nConstruction temporarily closes portion of Highway 73\nThursday, July 27, 2023 at 01:30 pm\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction is scheduled to temporarily close a portion of North Dakota Highway 73 beginning Monday, July 31.\nCapitol Avenue at State Street in Bismarck to be closed temporarily July 30\nThursday, July 27, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nCapitol Avenue at State Street will be closed starting Sunday, July 30, at 1 p.m. until Monday, July 31, at 6 a.m. to support construction work in the area.\nCulvert repair on Highway 1804 scheduled to begin tomorrow\nTuesday, July 25, 2023 at 05:30 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe culvert repair project on North Dakota Highway 1804, three miles north of Hazelton, is scheduled to begin Wednesday, July 26.\nRoadwork scheduled to begin July 31 on 32nd Avenue South in Grand Forks\nTuesday, July 25, 2023 at 11:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nRoadwork on U.S. Highway 81, known inside Grand Forks as 32nd Avenue South, is scheduled to begin Monday, July 31.\nNDDOT accepting applications for Township Assistance Program\nMonday, July 24, 2023 at 01:30 pm\nCategories: General\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT), in partnership with the Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute (UGPTI) at NDSU, is seeking applications for the Township Assistance Program.\nNew construction project start date delayed on East Bismarck Expressway\nFriday, July 21, 2023 at 04:30 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe roadwork on East Bismarck Expressway from East Main Avenue to Miriam Drive is now set to start July 31 or later. Outside lanes for north and southbound traffic will be closed for the first phase of the project.\nTraffic shift scheduled on East Burdick Expressway Bridge project\nFriday, July 21, 2023 at 04:20 pm\nCategories: Construction\nA traffic shift is scheduled to begin Monday, July 24, at the East Burdick Expressway Bridge project over the Canadian Pacific Railway in Minot.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Medora scheduled July 27\nThursday, July 20, 2023 at 11:30 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. MST on Thursday, July 27, at the Medora Community Center 465 Pacific Avenue in Medora.\nI-94 reconstruction project moves to eastbound lanes in West Fargo\nWednesday, July 19, 2023 at 03:40 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is in the process of switching work from the westbound lanes to the eastbound lanes on the Interstate 94 reconstruction project from West Fargos Sheyenne Street to the Raymond interchange. The westbound ramp for Exit 343 will now be open to traffic.\nBismarck Expressway milling and asphalt paving expanded\nTuesday, July 18, 2023 at 08:10 pm\nCategories: Construction\nNighttime milling and asphalt paving operations have expanded on Bismarck Expressway from just west of Washington Street to just east of Burlington Drive, near Sams Club.\nNDDOT seeks comments on 2023 STIP amendment\nTuesday, July 18, 2023 at 07:55 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is seeking comments on an amendment to the 2023-2026 State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) for inclusion of a previously unpublished project in 2023.\nNew construction project to begin on East Bismarck Expressway\nMonday, July 17, 2023 at 05:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nRoadwork begins Monday, July 24, on East Bismarck Expressway from East Main Avenue to Miriam Drive. Outside lanes for north and southbound traffic will be closed for the first phase of the project.\nConstruction scheduled to begin Monday on ND 17 near Grafton\nFriday, July 14, 2023 at 02:30 pm\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction is scheduled to begin Monday, July 17, on North Dakota Highway 17 near Grafton.\nConstruction scheduled to begin Monday on Highway 200 and 1806\nFriday, July 14, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction is scheduled begin Monday, July 17, on North Dakota Highway 200 near Beulah and North Dakota Highway 1806 near Pick City.\nGrant Marsh Bridge scheduled for maintenance Thursday\nFriday, July 14, 2023 at 01:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe Grant Marsh Bridge on Interstate 94 westbound will be temporarily reduced to one lane Thursday, July 20, due to guard rail maintenance.\nDraft 2024-2027 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program ready for public comment\nFriday, July 14, 2023 at 12:30 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) has published a draft of the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) and it will be available for comment from July 14 to Aug. 14, 2023.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Grand Forks scheduled July 20\nThursday, July 13, 2023 at 05:45 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 4:30 to 6:30 p.m. on Thursday, July 20, to discuss proposed improvements for the reconstruction of the intersection of Belmont Road, South Fifth Street and Division Avenue.\nNDDOT seeks comments on 2023 STIP amendment\nWednesday, July 12, 2023 at 03:30 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is seeking comments on an amendment to the 2023-2026 State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) for inclusion of a previously unpublished project in 2023.\nNighttime milling to begin Sunday on Bismarck Expressway\nTuesday, July 11, 2023 at 05:45 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) announces milling will begin on Bismarck Expressway at 7 a.m. Sunday and continue overnight until 6:30 a.m. Monday.\nCulvert repair temporary closes portion of Highway 1804\nThursday, July 6, 2023 at 03:40 pm\nCategories: Construction\nNorth Dakota Highway 1804 is now closed at mile point 52, three miles north of the Hazelton Recreation Area, due to an emergency culvert replacement.\nConstruction scheduled to begin tomorrow on US 2 in Minot\nWednesday, July 5, 2023 at 03:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction is scheduled to begin Thursday, July 6, at the BNSF Rail Bridge on U.S. Highway 2 East in Minot.\nInspection scheduled next week for Four Bears Bridge\nMonday, July 3, 2023 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is scheduled to begin a routine inspection at the Four Bears Bridge Monday, July 10.\nBismarck Expressway traffic control reduced for Fourth of July weekend\nThursday, June 29, 2023 at 04:35 pm\nCategories: Construction\nTraffic control will be reduced on Bismarck Expressway beginning in the evening of Friday, June 30, for the holiday weekend. Traffic control will remain in place from Seventh Street to 12th Street in both directions on Bismarck Expressway for the weekend.\nMotorists urged to drive with caution through Ninth Street construction\nWednesday, June 28, 2023 at 11:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nAdditional safety measures have been taken in the construction zone on Ninth Street. Lane closures from Bismarck Expressway to Front Avenue have been extended from a single far left lane to both left lanes. Speed limits have also been reduced in the construction zone for the safety of motorists and work crews.\nUS 85 now open, culvert replacement complete at mile 105\nTuesday, June 27, 2023 at 01:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nThe culvert replacement project is now complete two miles south of the junction of U.S. Highway 85 and North Dakota Highway 200 at mile point 105. Highway 85 is now fully open to traffic.\nMaintenance work scheduled tomorrow on I-29 in Grand Forks\nMonday, June 26, 2023 at 10:35 pm\nCategories: Construction\nMaintenance work scheduled to begin Tuesday, June 27, on lighting structures at the 32nd Avenue Interchange on Interstate 29 in Grand Forks.\nNDDOT to relocate Beulah Driver License Office\nFriday, June 23, 2023 at 02:15 pm\nCategories: General\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is relocating the Beulah Driver License Office beginning on Wednesday, June 28. The new office is located at the Civic Center, 250 Seventh St. NE. in Beulah.\nNDDOT to relocate Devils Lake Driver License Office\nFriday, June 23, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: General\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is opening the new Devils Lake Driver License Office on Monday, July 3. The new office is located at City Plaza, 210 Highway 2 W. Ste 13.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Valley City scheduled June 29\nThursday, June 22, 2023 at 05:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 5:30 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. on June 29 at the Hi-Liner Activity Center, 493 Central Ave. N. in Valley City. The meeting will utilize an open house format with a formal presentation at 5:45 p.m.\nNineteenth Street bridge work to begin June 26\nThursday, June 22, 2023 at 04:45 pm\nCategories: Construction\nRoadwork on the 19th Street bridge over Interstate 94 will begin Monday, June 26. Crews will be setting portable concrete barriers and doing bridge overlay work on the southbound lane first, stretching from Capital Avenue to Interstate Avenue.\nBismarck Expressway traffic control removed for McQuades weekend\nTuesday, June 20, 2023 at 04:45 pm\nCategories: Construction\nTraffic control on Bismarck Expressway between Washington Street and Ninth Street will be removed before the kickoff of the Sam McQuade Sr. Charity Softball Tournament. Cones will be removed on or before Thursday, June 22 to ease traffic flow.\nRoadwork beginning June 19 on Ninth Street in Bismarck\nThursday, June 15, 2023 at 04:05 pm\nCategories: Construction\nRoadwork on Ninth Street between Bismarck Expressway and Front Avenue will begin June 19. The northbound far west lane will be closed at the start of construction, with other lane closures expected during the project.\nConstruction scheduled to begin June 21 near I-194 in Mandan\nThursday, June 15, 2023 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction is scheduled to begin Wednesday, June 21, on the Memorial Highway exit ramp and northbound Interstate 194 south of the BNSF Railway underpass in Mandan.\nNight paving operations on East Bismarck Expressway begin June 18\nThursday, June 15, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) announces that night paving operations on East Bismarck Expressway will begin Sunday, June 18, and will continue through the week. Work will occur nightly from 6:30 p.m. to 6:30 a.m. and will be located between Burlington Drive (near the Rock Island Walmart) to just north of Main Street at Rosser Avenue.\nConstruction begins today on Highway 1 near Lakota\nTuesday, June 13, 2023 at 05:15 pm\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction began today on North Dakota Highway 1 north of Lakota.\nI-94 Exit 156 westbound scheduled to close tomorrow for sign installation\nTuesday, June 13, 2023 at 09:30 am\nCategories: Construction\nThe Interstate 94 Exit 156 westbound ramp is scheduled to temporarily close tomorrow for a sign installation project in Bismarck. During this closure, Interstate 194 westbound will be reduced to one lane near the project.\nTemporary detour in place on US 85\nMonday, June 12, 2023 at 05:15 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBeginning Tuesday, June 13, at 6 p.m. Mountain time U.S. Highway 85 will be closed two miles south of the junction of U.S. 85 and North Dakota Highway 200 or 29 miles north of Belfield due to an emergency culvert replacement.\nChip sealing begins today on ND 1 and ND 200\nThursday, June 8, 2023 at 11:35 am\nCategories: Construction\nApplication of oil and rock chips known as chip sealing begins today on N.D. Highway 1 and N.D. 200 and involves the cities of Hannaford and Cooperstown. The work will take place on N.D. 1 from the junction of N.D. 26, near Dazey to the west junction of N.D. 200. Additionally, work will take place on N.D. 200 from the east junction of N.D. 1 to one mile east of Cooperstown. Chip sealing will preserve and extend the life of the pavement.\nRoad repairs to begin on US, state highways near Petersburg, Walhalla and Niagara\nWednesday, June 7, 2023 at 08:30 am\nCategories: Construction\nRoad repairs are scheduled to begin Thursday, June 8, on U.S. Highway 2, and N.D. Highways 32, 17 and 18. Work is expected to be completed the end of June.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on ND 5 near Joliette\nWednesday, June 7, 2023 at 08:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction is scheduled to begin Thursday, June 8, on North Dakota Highway 5 three miles east of Joliette. Surface repairs such as milling, reclaiming, and paving will be done.The project is expected to be completed by the end of June.\nChip sealing begins on ND 38 between Hope, Page\nTuesday, June 6, 2023 at 11:52 am\nCategories: Construction\nApplication of oil and rock chips known as chip sealing begins today on N.D. Highway 38 and involves the cities of Hope and Page. The work will take place on N.D. 38 between the junction of N.D. 32 and the city of Page. Chip sealing will preserve and extend the life of the pavement. It is expected to be completed June 23.\nNDDOT issues statement on USDOT grant award\nMonday, June 5, 2023 at 09:12 am\nCategories: General\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) issued the following statement today in response to theannouncement(link is external)that the NDDOT was awarded a $30 million grant through the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Project to Improve Efficiency, Connectivity, Equity, and Safety (PIECES) program. This project will include the construction of a bridge separating road and rail at Demers/42nd street in Grand Forks.\nState Street being reduced to one lane starting Tuesday, June 6 at 8 p.m.\nMonday, June 5, 2023 at 08:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nBismarck, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is announcing a temporary change in traffic patterns on State Street (U.S. 83), beginning Tuesday, June 6 at 8 p.m. To accommodate the necessary roadwork, State Street will be reduced to one lane of traffic during the specified hours.\nGrant Marsh Bridge scheduled for maintenance June 5-6\nFriday, June 2, 2023 at 02:40 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Easbound lanes of the Grant Marsh Bridge on Interstate 94 will undergo deck washing and maintenance Monday, June 5 and Tuesday, June 6.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on ND 5 west of Mohall\nFriday, June 2, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, June 5, on North Dakota Highway 5 west of Mohall.\nBridge work on US 83 bypass to begin in Minot\nThursday, June 1, 2023 at 04:53 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Tuesday, June 6, on U.S. Highway 83 west bypass in Minot.\nTraffic signal upgrades scheduled for Washington and Expressway intersection Monday\nThursday, June 1, 2023 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. The traffic signals at the intersection of Washington and Expressway will be shut down for upgrades starting at 10 p.m. on Monday, June 5. The Bismarck Police Department will be on site to provide traffic control during the shutdown.\nNDDOT to begin mowing near state highways mid-June\nThursday, June 1, 2023 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will begin mowing a seven-to-ten-foot clearance along shoulders of state highways starting the week of June 15.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements to I-94 scheduled June 8 in Tappen\nThursday, June 1, 2023 at 09:30 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 4 to 6 p.m. on June 8 at the Tappen City Hall at 118 N Main St. in Tappen.\nBridge work to begin on Walter Hjelle Bridge near Washburn\nWednesday, May 31, 2023 at 04:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is scheduled to begin bridge work on the north and south ends of the Walter Hjelle Bridge located on North Dakota Highway 200A crossing the Missouri River west of Washburn, N.D., Monday, June 5.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on ND 21 near New England\nWednesday, May 31, 2023 at 01:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, June 5, on North Dakota Highway 21 approximately eight miles south of New England.\nConstruction began today on ND 8 near New Town\nTuesday, May 30, 2023 at 05:15 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction began today at the intersection of North Dakota Highway 23 and Highway 8, six miles east of New Town.\nConstruction began today on ND 23 near New Town\nTuesday, May 30, 2023 at 05:10 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction began today on North Dakota Highway 23, four miles east of New Town.\nPublic input meeting to discuss future improvements to I-94 Midway and Grant Marsh Bridge scheduled June 5\nFriday, May 26, 2023 at 03:40 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. on June 5 at the Huckleberry House 1700 River Road in Bismarck. The meeting will utilize an open house format with a presentation starting at 6 p.m.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on ND 5 near Cavalier\nFriday, May 26, 2023 at 10:00 am\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Tuesday, May 30, on North Dakota Highway 5 at the east junction of North Dakota Highway 18 near Cavalier.\nGrant Marsh Bridge scheduled for maintenance Tuesday\nFriday, May 26, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. The Grant Marsh Bridge on Interstate 94 westbound is scheduled for bridge maintenance on May 30-31.\nTemporary road construction clearances slated for Memorial Day weekend\nThursday, May 25, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction on Bismarck Expressway and Washington Street will be temporarily cleared beginning Friday evening, May 26. Construction will resume in a new configuration on Tuesday, May 30.\nNighttime constructing beginning May 30 on Highway 1804\nThursday, May 25, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Nighttime construction is scheduled to begin Tuesday, May 30, on North Dakota Highway 1804 south of Bismarck.\nNDDOT and partners officially kick-off construction season\nWednesday, May 24, 2023 at 02:05 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, ND - In anticipation of the upcoming travel season, the North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) kicked off the 2023 construction season with a news conference today in Fargo to discuss upcoming projects and work zone safety. This years construction season consists of approximately $600 million in projects throughout North Dakota to enhance the state highway system.\nPublic input meeting for proposed structural plate pipe replacement in Minot scheduled May 30\nTuesday, May 23, 2023 at 11:25 am\nCategories: Construction, Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. on May 30 at the Sleep Inn & Suites Conference Center, Sunrise Room - 2400 10th Street SW in Minot. The meeting will be an open house with a formal presentation starting at 5:30 p.m.\nShoulder closure scheduled May 26 on I-94 exit ramp\nMonday, May 22, 2023 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Shoulder closure scheduled Friday, May 26, both east and west of the westbound Interstate 94 exit ramp 157, and within the Tyler Parkway Interchange in Bismarck.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on I-29 north of Grand Forks\nFriday, May 19, 2023 at 02:15 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, May 22, on Interstate 29 north of Grand Forks.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on ND 20 north of McHenry\nFriday, May 19, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, May 22, on North Dakota Highway 20 approximately one mile north of McHenry.\nShoulder closure scheduled May 26 on I-194 exit ramp\nFriday, May 19, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Shoulder closure scheduled Friday, May 26, on the westbound Interstate 194 exit ramp 156 into the Tyler Parkway Interchange in Bismarck.\nTemporary closures expected on East Burdick Expressway Bridge next week\nThursday, May 18, 2023 at 05:15 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. The East Burdick Expressway Bridge over the Canadian Pacific Railway in Minot is scheduled to be closed May 22-23 as part of the continuing bridge rehabilitation project.\nMedina Rest Area will close temporarily during I-94 construction\nWednesday, May 17, 2023 at 12:30 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. A rest area along Interstate 94 near Medina, N.D., will close temporarily during road construction.\nNDDOT begins bridge repair projects in Grand Forks District\nTuesday, May 16, 2023 at 06:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) began bridge rehabilitation work on multiple bridges this week in the Grand Forks district.\nGrant Marsh Bridge scheduled for maintenance Thursday\nMonday, May 15, 2023 at 04:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. The Grant Marsh Bridge on Interstate 94 westbound will be temporarily reduced to one lane Thursday, May 18, due to bridge maintenance.\nConstruction scheduled to begin May 22 on ND 14 near Anamoose, Towner\nMonday, May 15, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, May 22, on North Dakota Highway 14 near both Anamoose and Towner.\nConstruction scheduled to begin Monday near Burlington\nFriday, May 12, 2023 at 04:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nConstruction scheduled to begin Monday near Burlington.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on I-29 near Mooreton\nWednesday, May 10, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, May 15, on northbound lanes of Interstate 29 between the Mooreton interchange (exit 23) to two miles north of the Galchutt interchange (exit 33).\nND 5 opens west of Joliette\nMonday, May 8, 2023 at 05:10 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. Floodwaters near the Red River have receded enough to reopen North Dakota Highway 5 west of Joliette. It was closed in advance of expected flooding on Friday, April 28.\nLane closure scheduled Wednesday on I-194 exit ramp\nMonday, May 8, 2023 at 05:05 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Lane closure scheduled Wednesday, May 10, on the westbound Interstate 194 exit ramp north of the BNSF Railway underpass in Mandan.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Lisbon scheduled May 15\nMonday, May 8, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. on May 15 at Lisbon High School Commons - 502 Ash Street, in Lisbon. The public input meeting will utilize an open house format with a formal presentation at 5:30 p.m.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on I-29 near Joliette\nFriday, May 5, 2023 at 05:05 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, May 8, on Interstate 29 between mile points 202 and 204.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on U.S. 52 south of Minot\nTuesday, May 2, 2023 at 10:30 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, May 8, on U.S. Highway 52 south of Minot.\nLane closures are in place on I-29\nMonday, May 1, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Construction\nFARGO, N.D. Lane closures began on May 1 on Interstate 29 from 3.5 miles south of the Grandin Interchange (Exit 92) to north of Blanchard Interchange (Exit 100).\nCORRECTED* ND 5 scheduled to close west of Joliette\nFriday, April 28, 2023 at 02:27 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\n* Corrects spelling Juliette to Joliette.\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation and North Dakota Highway Patrol are temporarily closing North Dakota Highway 5 from Joliette to the Red River today at 4 p.m. due to localized flooding.\nNDDOT accepting bids for hay along interstate right of way\nFriday, April 28, 2023 at 12:15 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is seeking bids for cutting, baling, and removing hay on designated sections of highway right of way along Interstate 94 and Interstate 29. Bids will be for the 2023 haying season.\nConstruction beginning May 1 on State Street and Bismarck Expressway\nThursday, April 27, 2023 at 08:30 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin on Monday, May 1, on State Street and Bismarck Expressway.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on U.S. 83 south of Minot\nWednesday, April 26, 2023 at 04:45 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Thursday, April 27, on U.S. Highway 83 northbound lanes, 15 miles south of Minot.\nTraffic shift scheduled tomorrow for I-94 project near Glen Ullin\nWednesday, April 26, 2023 at 12:30 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. County Road 139 is scheduled to close at the Interstate 94 interchange near Glen Ullin Thursday, April 26.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Fargo scheduled May 2\nTuesday, April 25, 2023 at 04:45 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held May 2 from 5 to 7 p.m. at the Fargo Readiness Center - 3270 40th Ave. N. in Fargo. The meeting will utilize an open house format with a presentation starting at 5:15 p.m.\nLane reductions on I-94 at the Maple River to be in place while new bridge is constructed\nFriday, April 21, 2023 at 01:50 pm\nCategories: Construction\nFARGO, N.D. Beginning Monday, April 24, eastbound and westbound traffic will be routed to the eastbound lanes for upcoming westbound Maple River bridge construction.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Hazen scheduled next week\nTuesday, April 18, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting to discuss proposed improvements on North Dakota Highway 200 is scheduled for Tuesday, April 25 from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. CDT at Hazen City Hall.\nConstruction scheduled to begin on ND 1804 south of Bismarck\nMonday, April 17, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, April 24, on North Dakota Highway 1804, south of Bismarck.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Mandan scheduled April 20\nThursday, April 13, 2023 at 04:30 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The public input meeting to discuss proposed improvements to the Interstate 94 Interchange at Sunset Drive, Exit 152, is scheduled for Thursday, April 20.\nNDDOT seeks comments on 2023 STIP amendment\nWednesday, April 12, 2023 at 04:15 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is seeking comments on an amendment to the 2023-2026 State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) for inclusion of five previously unpublished transportation alternatives projects in 2023.\nConstruction scheduled to begin next week on I-94 near Gladstone\nWednesday, April 12, 2023 at 09:30 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, April 17, on Interstate 94 near Gladstone.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Bismarck scheduled April 18\nTuesday, April 11, 2023 at 04:35 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held April 18 from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. at Wachter Middle School Cafetorium, 1107 South 7th Street, in Bismarck. The meeting will utilize an open house format with a formal presentation at 6:00 p.m.\nConstruction scheduled to begin Wednesday in Minot\nMonday, April 10, 2023 at 04:35 pm\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Wednesday, April 12, at the East Burdick Expressway Bridge over the Canadian Pacific Railway in Minot.\nConstruction scheduled to begin next week on I-94 near Beach\nFriday, April 7, 2023 at 09:30 am\nCategories: Construction\nBISMARCK, N.D. Construction is scheduled to begin Monday, April 10, on Interstate 94 near Beach.\nI-94 fully open in North Dakota\nThursday, April 6, 2023 at 02:03 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol opened the remaining portion of Interstate 94 in North Dakota.\nI-94 reopens in phases\nThursday, April 6, 2023 at 11:25 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol reopened Interstate 94 eastbound lanes from Bismarck to Jamestown.\nI-29 reopens in North Dakota\nThursday, April 6, 2023 at 07:07 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol reopened all of Interstate 29 and several state highways in the Fargo area.\nI-29 closed from Grand Forks to Canadian border\nTuesday, April 4, 2023 at 09:45 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate29 from Grand Forks to the Canadian border due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nI-29 closed from Fargo to Grand Forks\nTuesday, April 4, 2023 at 06:30 pm\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate29 from Fargo to Grand Forks due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nI-94 closed from Bismarck to Fargo\nTuesday, April 4, 2023 at 03:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate94 from Bismarck to Fargo due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nCorrected -- I-29 closed from Fargo to South Dakota border\nTuesday, April 4, 2023 at 02:15 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\n** Corrected to reflect I-29 is closed both directions from Fargo to the South Dakota border. **\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate29 from Fargo to the South Dakota border and North Dakota Highway 13 from Interstate 29 to Wahpeton due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nI-29 southbound lanes closed from Fargo to South Dakota border\nTuesday, April 4, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate29 southbound lanes from Fargo to the South Dakota border and North Dakota Highway 13 from Interstate 29 to Wahpeton due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nI-94 fully open in N.D.\nSaturday, April 1, 2023 at 10:54 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol have opened all of Interstate 94 in North Dakota.\nI-94 westbound open between Fargo, Valley City\nSaturday, April 1, 2023 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol has opened westbound Interstate 94 between Fargo and Jamestown.\nI-94 open between Bismarck and Jamestown\nSaturday, April 1, 2023 at 09:30 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol opened Interstate 94 between Bismarck and Jamestown.\nI-29 reopens to traffic\nSaturday, April 1, 2023\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol have opened Interstate 29 from Fargo to the South Dakota border.\nI-29 closing at 8 p.m.\nFriday, March 31, 2023 at 07:47 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol are closing Interstate 29 at 8 p.m. central time due to poor weather conditions.\nI-94 between Bismarck, Fargo closing at 7 p.m.\nFriday, March 31, 2023 at 06:35 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol will close Interstate 94 from Bismarck to Fargo at 7 p.m. due to icy road conditions and near-zero visibility. I-94 will remain closed overnight.\nSeasonal highway load restrictions scheduled next week\nFriday, March 31, 2023 at 12:30 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) will implement seasonal load restrictions on several highways located in the southwestern portion of the state beginning Thursday, April 6.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Mandan rescheduled for April 20\nTuesday, March 28, 2023 at 11:30 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The public input meeting to discuss proposed improvements to the Interstate 94 Interchange at Sunset Drive, Exit 152, was rescheduled for Thursday, April 20.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements near Almont scheduled March 30\nThursday, March 23, 2023 at 04:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. CST on March 30 at 108 Burt Ave. in Almont. The meeting will utilize an open house format with formal presentations at 5:30 and 6:30 p.m.\nNDDOT seeks comments on 2023 STIP amendment\nTuesday, March 21, 2023 at 05:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is seeking comments on an amendment to the 2023-2026 State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) for an addition of a previously unpublished project in 2023.\nI-94, U.S. 52 reopen to traffic\nSaturday, March 18, 2023 at 12:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol opened Interstate 94 from Bismarck to Fargo and U.S. Highway 52 from Jamestown to Harvey.\nI-29 reopen from Fargo to Canadian border\nSaturday, March 18, 2023 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol opened Interstate 29 from Fargo to the Canadian border.\nPortions of I-94 and U.S. 2 reopen\nSaturday, March 18, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol opened Interstate 94 from Dickinson to Bismarck and U.S. Highway 2 from Devils Lake to Grand Forks.\nU.S. 52 closed from Jamestown to Harvey\nFriday, March 17, 2023 at 07:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed U.S. Highway 52 from Jamestown to Harvey due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nI-94 closed from Bismarck to Dickinson\nFriday, March 17, 2023 at 06:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate 94 from Bismarck to Dickinson due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nI-94 closed from Bismarck to Fargo\nFriday, March 17, 2023 at 04:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate 94 from Bismarck to Fargo due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nU.S. 2 closed from Lakota to Devils Lake\nFriday, March 17, 2023 at 03:25 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed U.S. Highway 2 from Lakota to Devils Lake due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nU.S. 2 closed from Grand Forks to Lakota\nFriday, March 17, 2023 at 03:10 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed U.S. Highway 2 from Grand Forks to Lakota due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nI-29 closed from Grand Forks to Canadian border\nFriday, March 17, 2023 at 02:48 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate29 from Grand Forks to the Canadian border due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nI-29 closed from Fargo to Grand Forks\nFriday, March 17, 2023 at 02:35 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate29 from Fargo to Grand Forks due to blowing snow, icy road conditions, and near-zero visibility.\nU.S. 85 reopens from Watford City to Grassy Butte\nFriday, March 17, 2023 at 01:45 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol reopened U.S. Highway 85 from Watford City to Grassy Butte.\nSection of U.S. 85 closed due to traffic incident\nFriday, March 17, 2023 at 12:15 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed U.S. Highway 85 from Watford City to Grassy Butte due to a traffic incident.\nOrn named NDDOT deputy director for planning\nThursday, March 16, 2023 at 08:30 am\nCategories: General\nBISMARCK, N.D. Chad Orn named the deputy director for planning at the North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) effective March 16.\nI-94 reopens from West Fargo to Casselton\nWednesday, March 15, 2023 at 09:40 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol reopened Interstate 94 westbound lanes from West Fargo to Casselton.\nSection of I-94 closed due to crash\nWednesday, March 15, 2023 at 03:03 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate 94 between Casselton and West Fargo due to an incident involving trucks carrying hazardous materials. Both eastbound and westbound lanes are affected.\nNDDOT seeks comments on 2023 STIP amendment\nMonday, March 13, 2023 at 05:15 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) is seeking comments on an amendment to the 2023-2026 State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) for inclusion of two previously unpublished projects in 2023.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Minto scheduled March 20\nMonday, March 13, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held March 20 from 4 to 6 p.m. at the Minto Community Center at 114 Harvey Ave. in Minto.\nI-94 open from Dickinson to Bismarck; U.S. 52 open\nSunday, March 12, 2023 at 11:00 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol opened Interstate 94 from Dickinson to Bismarck. U.S. Highway 52 from Minot to Jamestown is also open.\nI-94 between Dickinson, Bismarck closing overnight due to extreme winter weather\nSaturday, March 11, 2023 at 08:58 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol have again closed Interstate 94 between Dickinson and Bismarck due to dangerous blizzard conditions. This same stretch was also closed last night.\nI-94 open from Dickinson to Jamestown\nSaturday, March 11, 2023 at 01:40 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol opened Interstate 94 from Dickinson to Jamestown.\nI-94 open from Dickinson to the Montana border\nSaturday, March 11, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol opened Interstate 94 from Dickinson to the Montana border.I-94 from Dickinson to Jamestown and U.S. 52 remain closed.\nI-94 between Dickinson, Bismarck closing overnight due to extreme winter weather\nFriday, March 10, 2023 at 08:58 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol are closing Interstate 94 between Dickinson and Bismarck at 9 p.m. Central Time due to dangerous blizzard conditions.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Fargo scheduled March 14\nTuesday, March 7, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nBISMARCK, N.D. A public input meeting will be held March 14 from 5 to 7 p.m. at the Fargo Readiness Center - 3270 40th Avenue North in Fargo.\nI-94 opening delayed from Jamestown to Fargo\nWednesday, March 1, 2023 at 04:18 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol now plan to open Interstate 94 from Jamestown to Fargo today at 4:30 p.m.\nNDDOT provides tentative highway opening schedule\nWednesday, March 1, 2023 at 01:15 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol announce a tentative schedule to open highways the afternoon of March 1.\nI-29 closed from Fargo to Grand Forks due to winter weather\nWednesday, March 1, 2023 at 06:00 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate29fromFargotoGrand Forks due tosnow drifts,icy road conditions and near-zero visibility.\nPortions of I-29, ND 13 closed due to winter weather\nWednesday, March 1, 2023 at 05:15 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate29fromFargotothe South Dakota borderand North Dakota Highway 13 from Interstate 29 to Wahpetondue tosnow drifts,icy road conditions and near-zero visibility.\nI-94 closed from Jamestown to Fargo due to winter weather\nTuesday, February 28, 2023 at 09:25 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate 94 from Jamestown to Fargo due to icy road conditions and near-zero visibility.\nPortions of I-94, US 52, US 281 closed due to winter weather\nTuesday, February 28, 2023 at 08:15 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed Interstate 94 from Bismarck to Jamestown, U.S. Highway 52 from Harvey to Jamestown, and U.S. Highway 281 from Jamestown to the South Dakota border.\nI-94, I-29 and Highway 13 all open in North Dakota but no travel advised\nThursday, February 23, 2023 at 01:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol have opened all lanes of Interstate 94 between Jamestown and Fargo, as well as Interstate 29 and N.D. Highway 13.\nI-94 between Bismarck, Jamestown open in North Dakota\nThursday, February 23, 2023 at 12:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol have opened all lanes of Interstate 94 between Jamestown and Bismarck. Icy road conditions and reduced visibility still exist and drivers are urged to use caution.\nI-94 westbound between Jamestown, Bismarck open in North Dakota\nThursday, February 23, 2023 at 09:34 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol have opened the westbound lanes of Interstate 94 between Jamestown and Bismarck. Icy road conditions and reduced visibility still exist and drivers are urged to use caution.\nND state highways to close overnight due to extreme winter weather\nWednesday, February 22, 2023 at 04:14 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol announce the closure of Interstates 29 and 94 along with Highway 13 in anticipation of dangerous weather.\nSeasonal highway load restrictions anticipated soon\nFriday, February 17, 2023 at 03:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. Due to continued warm weather patterns, seasonal load restrictions may be implemented on North Dakota state highways as temperatures continue to rise.\nI-29 open from Fargo to Grand Forks\nWednesday, February 15, 2023 at 01:00 pm\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol opened Interstate 29 from Fargo to Grand Forks\nPortions of I-29, ND 13 open in North Dakota\nWednesday, February 15, 2023 at 10:34 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol opened Interstate 29 from the South Dakota border to Fargo and North Dakota Highway 13. These highways were previously closed due to winter weather.\nI-29 remains closed from Fargo to Grand Forks.\nInterstate 94 open in North Dakota\nWednesday, February 15, 2023 at 09:43 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol opened Interstate 94.\nRoad closures remain in effect across the state.\nPortions of I-29, US 2 open to traffic\nWednesday, February 15, 2023 at 06:30 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nBISMARCK, N.D. The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) and North Dakota Highway Patrol opened Interstate 29 from Grand Forks to the Canadian border and U.S. Highway 2 from Rugby to Lakota.\nSeveral road closures remain in effect across the state.\nND state highways close due to winter weather\nTuesday, February 14, 2023 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Road Conditions\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT)andNorth Dakota Highway Patrol closed portions of major state highways due to icy roads and near-zero visibility.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Casselton scheduled Feb. 16\nThursday, February 9, 2023 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 4 to 6 p.m. on Feb. 16 at the Days Inn at 2050 Governor's Drive in Casselton. The meeting will utilize an open house format.\nNDDOT publishes first combined State Freight and Rail Plan\nFriday, January 27, 2023 at 03:05 pm\nCategories: General\nThe North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) has published an updated and, for the first time, combined State Freight and Rail Plan (SFRP).\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Jamestown scheduled Jan. 31\nTuesday, January 24, 2023 at 02:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. on Tuesday, Jan. 31, at the Jamestown City Hall at 102 3rd Ave. SE. The meeting will utilize an open house format.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Grand Forks scheduled Jan. 12\nThursday, January 5, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 5 to 7 p.m. on Thursday, Jan. 12, at the Hampton Inn & Suites, 2985 South 42nd Street in Grand Forks. The meeting will utilize an open house format with a formal presentation at 5:30 p.m.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in Beulah scheduled Jan. 10\nTuesday, January 3, 2023 at 11:00 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. on Jan. 10 at the Beulah Civic Center. The meeting will utilize an open house format with a formal presentation at 6 p.m.\nPublic input meeting for proposed improvements in West Fargo scheduled Jan. 10\nTuesday, January 3, 2023 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Public Meetings\nA public input meeting will be held from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. on Jan. 10 at the Hulbert Aquatic Center, Room P140, 620 Seventh Ave. East, in West Fargo. The meeting will utilize an open house format with a formal presentation at 6 p.m.\nNews Limit\n5 (default)\nRecent News\nCareersView All Careers\nEngineering Technician\nClosing Date: 05/29/2024\nLocation: Williston\nWe are seeking a candidate with a passion for construction and engineering, who enjoys working outdoors and has a strong understanding of technology to fill our role as an engineering\nSummer Maintenance Temp\nClosing Date: 05/29/2024\nLocation: Williston\nAs a Summer Maintenance Temp, your main duty will be operating heavy equipment to perform required maintenance duties such as; basic snow and ice control and removal. You will also perform\nEquipment Operator III Internal to NDDOT Only\nClosing Date: 05/29/2024\nLocation: Williston\nAs an Equipment Operator III, you will perform highway, roadway, and structure maintenance. This includes operating heavy equipment to perform required maintenance duties like basic snow and\nTemporary Construction Technician\nClosing Date: 05/30/2024\nLocation: Valley City\nAre you a tech-savvy individual who loves working outdoors? Do you have a passion for construction and engineering? Then we want you to join our team as a Construction Technician/Engineering\nEquipment Operator\nClosing Date: 05/30/2024\nLocation: Williston\nAs an Equipment Operator, you will perform highway, roadway, and structure maintenance. This includes operating heavy equipment to perform required maintenance duties like basic snow and ice\nCareers Help Text\nCopyright2024 | North Dakota Department of Transportation608 East Boulevard Avenue | Bismarck, ND 58505-0700 | 701-328-2500\nFooter menu\nContact\nAccessibility\nDisclaimer\nPrivacy Policy\nSecurity Policy\nEmployees\nFeedback (+)Provide Website Feedback\nBack to top", "url": "https://www.dot.nd.gov/home" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "NDSU - North Dakota State University\nSkip to main content\nToggle navigation\nSearch\nMain navigation\nAbout\nAcademic Programs\nAdmission\nArrow\nExplore NDSU\nHow to Apply\nVisit NDSU\nScholarships, Cost and Financial Aid\nAdmitted Student Checklist\nInternational Applicants\nTransfer Applicants\nCounselor and Advisor Resources\nMeet Our Staff\nParents and Families\nUndergraduate Online Degree Programs\nHigh School Visits\nRefer a Future NDSU Student\nContact\nDiscover NDSU\nNew Student Orientation\nOn-Campus Visit Guidelines\nDirections to Campus\nLodging Options\nGraduate School\nArrow\nPrograms\nProspective Students\nAdmitted Students\nCurrent Students\nFaculty and Staff\nAbout the Graduate School\nCampus Life\nArrow\nCampus Attractions\nCo-curricular Activities\nDining Service\nEvent Calendar\nPerforming Arts\nResidence Life\nStudent Athletic Tickets\nWallman Wellness Center\nAthletics\nUtility menu buttons\nApply\nVisit NDSU\nRequest Info\nToggle display of search field\nSearch\nUtility menu top links\nCurrent Students\nArrow\nUndergraduate\nGraduate\nFaculty and Staff\nNews\nEvents\nResearch\nGive\nInclusion\nJobs\nUtility menu top links\nCurrent Students\nArrow\nUndergraduate\nGraduate\nFaculty and Staff\nNews\nEvents\nResearch\nGive\nInclusion\nJobs\nUtility menu buttons\nApply\nVisit NDSU\nRequest Info\nToggle display of search field\nSearch\nMain navigation\nAbout\nAcademic Programs\nAdmission\nArrow\nExplore NDSU\nHow to Apply\nVisit NDSU\nScholarships, Cost and Financial Aid\nAdmitted Student Checklist\nInternational Applicants\nTransfer Applicants\nCounselor and Advisor Resources\nMeet Our Staff\nParents and Families\nUndergraduate Online Degree Programs\nHigh School Visits\nRefer a Future NDSU Student\nContact\nDiscover NDSU\nNew Student Orientation\nOn-Campus Visit Guidelines\nDirections to Campus\nLodging Options\nGraduate School\nArrow\nPrograms\nProspective Students\nAdmitted Students\nCurrent Students\nFaculty and Staff\nAbout the Graduate School\nCampus Life\nArrow\nCampus Attractions\nCo-curricular Activities\nDining Service\nEvent Calendar\nPerforming Arts\nResidence Life\nStudent Athletic Tickets\nWallman Wellness Center\nAthletics\nStudents are at the center of hands-on learning\nStudents are at the center of hands-on learning\nLearn more\nNews\nIts been a great experience\nStudents at NDSUs School of Nursing at Sanford Health in Bismarck are receiving the best education both in and outside of the classroom.\nRead full story\nView all Experience stories\nLATEST NEWS\nHomepage News\nPresident's message: Mackey named FARMS CEO\nNDSU launches online sport management master's program and athletic administration certificate\nIm grateful for the connections Ive built\nNDSU graduate students receive prestigious fellowship award\nNDSU research technician receives prestigious Gunkelman Award\nWhy choose NDSU?\nNDSU launches fully online MBA program\nNDSUs College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources names top seniors\nView all NDSU News\nJoin the Next Undergraduate Class\nDiscover everything we have to offer and prepare to apply to NDSU.\nGet started\nPursue Your Graduate Degree\nFurther your academic achievements by engaging with top-tier faculty in advanced research opportunities.\nGraduate School\nLearn online\nTake all or some of your classes to complete your degree online. Learn which online options are available for undergraduate or graduate degrees.\nOnline programs\nComplete Your Degree\nEnhance your skills by completing your degree. From undergraduate, graduate or certificate programs, NDSU will help you realize your full potential.\nComplete Your Degree\n2023 Career Outcomes Report\nThis report is based on responses from 86% of undergraduates in the Class of 2023 - August 2022, December 2022 and May 2023\n2023 Career Outcomes Report\n94%\n94% Success rate\n74% Employed\n20% Continuing education\n$56,750\nMedian salary: $56,750\nMedian bonus: $5,000\n35\nGraduates reported accepting employment in 35 states and 5 were planning to work outside of the United States.\nVirtualCampus Tour\nTake The Tour\nApply\nSubmit your online application to become an NDSU student.\nApply now\nVisit\nGet a personalized look at what NDSU has to offer.\nSchedule a visit\nRequest Information\nReceive tailored communications on how NDSU can help you achieve your goals.\nGet information\nTracking Code - keep\nIndex Menu\nNDSU Index\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ\n1340 Administration Ave, Fargo, ND 58102\nMailing address: PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050\nNorth Dakota State University is distinctive as a student-focused, land-grant, research university. We are a top-ranked R1 institution, providing affordable access to an excellent education that combines teaching and research in a rich learning environment. We educate leaders who solve national and global challenges our graduates shape a better world.\nFooter Menu Left\nAccreditation\nBlackboard\nCampus Connection\nCampus Map\nConsumer Information\nDirectory\nEmail\nFooter Menu Right\nEquity\nIT Help Desk\nLibrary\nNet Price Calculator\nOne Stop\nRegistration and Records\nUniversity Policies\nNDSU on Twitter\nNDSU on Facebook\nNDSU on Instagram\nNDSU on YouTube\n2024 North Dakota State University, an equal opportunity, affirmative action institution.\nContact NDSU at (701) 231-8011 | Privacy Statement | NDSU Webmaster\nWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience.\nBy clicking any link on this page you are giving your consent for us to set cookies.\nOk, I Agree", "url": "https://www.ndsu.edu/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "North Dakota Game and Fish Department Home | North Dakota Game and Fish\nSkip to main content\nMy Account|Login|Cart\nMy Account|Logout|Cart\n\nHOME\nBUY AND APPLY\nHUNTING\nGame Species\nBig Game\nUpland Game\nWaterfowl\nOther Migratory Game Birds\nFurbearers\nOther Species\nLicensing/Regulations\nLicenses\nLotteries\nLottery License Availability\nResidency\nRegulations\nChronic Wasting Disease\nResources\nSeason Dates\nWhere to Hunt\nNew Hunters\nYouth Hunting\nDisabled Services\nPublic Shooting Ranges\nHunt North Dakota\nMore Hunting...\nFISHING/BOATING\nFishing Licensing/Regulations\nFishing Licenses\nResidency\nFishing Regulations\nAquatic Nuisance Species\nDarkhouse Spearing\nPaddlefish Snagging\nResources\nWhere to Fish\nOpen Water Fishing\nIce Fishing\nNew Anglers\nDisabled Services\nTagged Fish Reporting\nBoating\nWatercraft Registration\nBoat Access\nBoating Regulations\nSafety Education\nAccident Reporting\nFish North Dakota\nMore Fishing/Boating...\nCONSERVATION\nSpecies\nSpecies ID\nInsects and Pollinators\nThreatened and Endangered\nInvasive Species\nNatural History Calendar\nManagement\nState Wildlife Action Plan\nSpecies of Conservation Priority\nState Wildlife Grants\nEnvironmental Reviews\nOnline Reporting\nResources\nConservation Corner\nBackyards and Beyond\nWildlife Diseases\nOrphaned and Injured\nWatchable Wildlife\nWild North Dakota\nMore Conservation...\nEDUCATION\nCourses\nHunter Education\nBowhunter Education\nFur Harvester\nBoat and Water Safety\nVolunteer\nResources\nYouth\nNew Hunters\nNew Anglers\nEducator Resources\nEducation Grants\nClass Schedule Alerts\nMore Education...\nRESOURCES\nPrograms/Services\nPrivate Lands/PLOTS\nMeadowlark Initiative\nPosting Land\nR3 Program\nDisabled Services\nGrants\nPublications/Apps\nNDGF Mobile App\nOutdoors News Hub\nMaps\nPublications Search\nThe Drift\nBehind the Badge\nGet the NDGF Mobile App\nMore Resources...\nABOUT\nDepartment\nContact Us\nEnforcement/RAP\nJobs\nVolunteer\nAdvisory Board\nOther\nCalendar\nOnline Reporting\nLegislation\nPolicy\nHelp\nGet in Touch\nMore Department Information...\nNo Javascript Menu\nHOME\nBUY AND APPLY\nHUNTING\nFISHING/BOATING\nCONSERVATION\nEDUCATION\nRESOURCES\nABOUT\nNorth Dakota Game and Fish Department Homepage\nNorth Dakota Game and Fish Department\nTo protect, conserve and enhance fish and wildlife populations and their habitat for sustained public use.\nMy Account\nContact Us\nSeasonal Shortcuts\nBehind the Badge - ND Game Warden BlogND Resident Free Fishing Weekend June 1-2Report an Active Bald Eagle NestLandowner Programs and Resources\nNews Releases\n05/28/2024\n- Angler Snags Record-Tying Paddlefish\n05/21/2024\n- Fishing for Free June 1-2\n05/21/2024\n- Camping Restriction Lifted for Memorial Day\n05/21/2024\n- Leave Baby Animals Alone, Watch for Deer\n05/13/2024\n- Paddlefish Snagging Season to Close to Additional Harvest\n05/13/2024\n- Fish Challenge Open\n05/13/2024\n- May Highlights Safe Boating\n05/13/2024\n- Mule Deer Survey Completed\nMore News...\nSubscribe to News and Alerts\nHunt North Dakota\nHunting News\nLotteries\nDeer lottery application deadline is June 5, 2024. Apply online now.\nSeason Information\nYouth Hunting\nLicense Availability\nGuide to Lotteries\nHunting Resources\nWhere to Hunt\nGame Species and Regulations\nHunting Lotteries\nSeason Dates\nHunter Ed\nResidency\nLicensing\nFish North Dakota\nFishing News\nND Resident Free Fishing Weekend: June 1-2. Learn more.\nBoat Ramp Maintenance/Construction Closures\nStober Lake (Sheridan County) - Closed May 28 for approximately 4 weeks.\nMiddle Eckelson Lake (Barnes County) Closed May 20 for approximately 4 weeks.\nHorsehead Lake (Kidder County) - Closed June 3 for approximately 4-5 weeks.\nSpring catchable fish stocking list\n2024 Summer Fish Challenge - Try your hand at the classic, sportfish or rough fish (new this year) challenge this summer. Join the challenge.\nFishing Resources\nWhere to Fish\nFishing Regulations\nOpen Water Fishing\nFish Identification\nBoating\nResidencyLicensing\nGame and Fish Enforcement\nReport All Poachers: 701-328-9921\nContact Your Local Game Warden\nMore Enforcement News and Information\nBehind the Badge\nA North Dakota Game Warden Blog\nThe Next Hill\nRead Behind the Badge\nFish and Wildlife ConservationResearch, programs and grants to support the conservation of North Dakota's habitats, fish and wildlifeState Wildlife Action PlanConservation CornerEnvironmental ReviewsMore Conservation Resources\nLandowner ProgramsFinancial and technical assistance to private landowners for habitat protection, enhancement and developmentPrograms/PLOTSLandowner ResourcesMeadowlark InitiativeMore Private Lands Resources\nNorth Dakota Outdoors\nNDO Magazine\nNorth Dakota Outdoors - May 2024\nBringing North Dakota Outdoors News Since 1931\nRead Outdoors Magazine\nThe Drift\nThe Coolest Thing Ever\nRead The Drift\nNDO News\n2024 Summer Fish Challenge\nWatch Outdoors News\nNDO Webcast\nBoating Safety (2024)\nWatch Outdoors Webcast\nNDO Podcast\nEp. 46 Ducks Like Mudholes\nListen to Outdoors Podcast\nWorking TogetherCooperative Conservation and Access ProjectsSee What Were Accomplishing Together\nBack to Top\nNorth Dakota Game and Fish Department100 N. Bismarck Expressway, Bismarck, ND 58501-5095Phone: 701-328-6300,\nContact Us\nReport All Poachers: 701-328-9921Civil Rights | Privacy | Security | DisclaimerPDF documents require the free Adobe Acrobat ReaderCopyright 2019. All rights reserved, the state of North Dakota.\nConnect\nSubscribe to News and Alerts\nResources\nServices for People with Disabilities\nEnforcement\nCalendar\nEmployment", "url": "https://gf.nd.gov/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home | Job Service North Dakota\nSkip to main content\nAn official website of the State of North Dakota\nSelect LanguageEnglishFranaisDeutschEspaolTing VitKiswahiliEuskaraBosanskiHmong\nLanguage: English\nAutomatic translation disclaimer\nThe State of North Dakota provides automatic translation for nd.gov websites, courtesy of Google Translate. Please remember, though, that the English language version is considered the most accurate. In the event of a disagreement or discrepancy between the translation and the original English version of this web site or any notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.\nAccept\nDecline\nSearch This Website:\nSearch This Website:\nMain Nav Desktop\nHome\nAbout Us\nOnline Services\nOffice Locations\nResources directory\nWorkforce Development Council\nThe Job Pod\nJob Seeker\nApprenticeships\nBegin Your Job Search\nBig Interview\nIn-Demand Occupations\nJob Fairs\nHiring Events\nResources for Assistance\nTraining Opportunities\nVeterans Priority\nEmployer Resources\nApprenticeships - Business\nNew Jobs Training Program\nOperating a Business\nPost Jobs and Recruit\nSkillBridge - Business\nWebinars\nWork Opportunity Tax Credit\nWorkforce Training Funding\nYouth Service Providers\nUnemployment for Business\nBusiness Field Reps\nConstruction Project Risk\nControl Costs\nEmployer's Guide\nForms\n\"How To\" Videos\nLearn About Taxes\nReport and Pay Taxes\nReport Unemployment Fraud\nReporting Requirements\nResources\nRespond to Claims\nUI EASY\nUnemployment for Individuals\nBenefits Estimator\nFile a Claim\nForms for Claimants\nGlossary of UI Terms\n\"How To\" Videos\nReport Unemployment Fraud\nResources for Individuals\nAfter My Claim Is Filed\nReport Identity Theft affecting Unemployment Insurance Claims\nMain navigation Mobile\nExpandHomeExpandAbout UsLeadershipLive, work, playPrograms we offerWho we areWho we serveOnline ServicesExpandOffice LocationsBismarckDevils LakeDickinsonFargoGrand ForksJamestownMinotWahpetonWillistonResources directoryExpandWorkforce Development CouncilGovernanceWorkforce CouncilThe Job PodExpandJob SeekerApprenticeshipsBegin Your Job SearchBig InterviewIn-Demand OccupationsExpandJob FairsBismarck Workforce Center Job FairsDevils Lake Workforce Center Job FairsDickinson Workforce Center Job FairsFargo Workforce Center Job FairsGrand Forks Workforce Center Job FairsJamestown Workforce Center Job FairsWahpeton Workforce Center Job FairsHiring EventsResources for AssistanceTraining OpportunitiesExpandVeterans PriorityResources for VeteransServices for VeteransVeterans' TeamExpandEmployer ResourcesApprenticeships - BusinessNew Jobs Training ProgramOperating a BusinessPost Jobs and RecruitSkillBridge - BusinessWebinarsExpandWork Opportunity Tax CreditApply for WOTCDesignated Employer RepFed Bonding and WOTCFed Income Tax CreditIneligible ParticipantsRequired DocumentationRural Renewal CountiesTarget Groups DefinedTarget Group EligibilityVerification ProcessWOTC CoordinatorWOTC ProgramWOTC ResourcesWorkforce Training FundingYouth Service ProvidersExpandUnemployment for BusinessBusiness Field RepsConstruction Project RiskControl CostsExpandEmployer's GuideEmployee SeparationsReimbursement OptionReduced RatesSIDES Data ExchangeForms\"How To\" VideosLearn About TaxesExpandReport and Pay TaxesSecure ReportingReport Unemployment FraudReporting RequirementsExpandResourcesBenefits Quality ControlRespond to ClaimsUI EASYExpandUnemployment for IndividualsBenefits EstimatorFile a ClaimForms for ClaimantsGlossary of UI Terms\"How To\" VideosReport Unemployment FraudResources for IndividualsAfter My Claim Is FiledReport Identity Theft affecting Unemployment Insurance Claims\nHome About Us LeadershipLive, work, playPrograms we offerWho we areWho we serveOnline ServicesOffice Locations BismarckDevils LakeDickinsonFargoGrand ForksJamestownMinotWahpetonWillistonResources directoryWorkforce Development Council GovernanceWorkforce CouncilThe Job PodJob Seeker ApprenticeshipsBegin Your Job SearchBig InterviewIn-Demand OccupationsJob Fairs Bismarck Workforce Center Job FairsDevils Lake Workforce Center Job FairsDickinson Workforce Center Job FairsFargo Workforce Center Job FairsGrand Forks Workforce Center Job FairsJamestown Workforce Center Job FairsWahpeton Workforce Center Job FairsHiring EventsResources for AssistanceTraining OpportunitiesVeterans Priority Resources for VeteransServices for VeteransVeterans' TeamEmployer Resources Apprenticeships - BusinessNew Jobs Training ProgramOperating a BusinessPost Jobs and RecruitSkillBridge - BusinessWebinarsWork Opportunity Tax Credit Apply for WOTCDesignated Employer RepFed Bonding and WOTCFed Income Tax CreditIneligible ParticipantsRequired DocumentationRural Renewal CountiesTarget Groups DefinedTarget Group EligibilityVerification ProcessWOTC CoordinatorWOTC ProgramWOTC ResourcesWorkforce Training FundingYouth Service ProvidersUnemployment for Business Business Field RepsConstruction Project RiskControl CostsEmployer's Guide Employee SeparationsReimbursement OptionReduced RatesSIDES Data ExchangeForms\"How To\" VideosLearn About TaxesReport and Pay Taxes Secure ReportingReport Unemployment FraudReporting RequirementsResources Benefits Quality ControlRespond to ClaimsUI EASYUnemployment for Individuals Benefits EstimatorFile a ClaimForms for ClaimantsGlossary of UI Terms\"How To\" VideosReport Unemployment FraudResources for IndividualsAfter My Claim Is FiledReport Identity Theft affecting Unemployment Insurance Claims\nDid you come here to report Unemployment Insurance benefit fraud? Click here.\nReport Work Refusals or Interview No Shows\nDowntime to affect UI Claimants on Saturday, June 1, 2024\nHave you heard about our Podcast?Listen Now!\nVeteran ServicesJob Service North Dakota Veterans' Employment Team\nServices for Veterans\nLooking for a job in North Dakota?Begin your job search\nSearch Here\nFirstLinkCommunity Resources\nFirstLink\nHave you heard about our Podcast?\nListen Now!\nVeteran Services\nJob Service North Dakota Veterans' Employment Team\nServices for Veterans\nLooking for a job in North Dakota?\nBegin your job search\nSearch Here\nFirstLink\nCommunity Resources\nFirstLink\n1234\nPrevious\nNext\nHome\nMedium\nMedium\nAccess job listings in ND\nFind a Job or Recruit Employees\nAccess Job Listings in ND\nUI EASY login\nUI EASY Login\nUnemployment Insurance Business Tax Login\nFile an Unemployment Insurance Claim\nUI ICE Login\nUnemployment Insurance login for claimants\nClick for Labor Market Info page\nLabor Market Information\nWorkforce and Employment Data, and More\nMedium\nExplore North Dakota's Initial Unemployment Claims\nMedium\nInteractive Dashboard\nClick Here\nUnemployment Insurance Data Book\nClick Here\nMedium\nUpcoming Events\nView All Events\nEvents Page\nMidco Hiring Event\nThursday, May 30, 2024 at 11:30 am - 01:00 pm\nCategories: Jamestown\nMinot Monday~ ND Navigators June 3, 2024\nMonday, June 3, 2024 at 08:30 am - 11:30 am\nCategories: Minot\nMinot Workforce Center will be hosting ND Navigators on June 3, 2024 from 8:30-11:30 a.m.\nWorkforce Wednesday Hiring Event- Bismarck\nWednesday, June 5, 2024 at 03:00 pm - 05:00 pm\nCategories: Bismarck\nFair Chance Job Fair - Grand Forks\nThursday, June 6, 2024 at 11:00 am - 02:00 pm\nCategories: Grand Forks\nFair Chance Job Fair - Bismarck\nThursday, June 6, 2024 at 11:00 am - 03:00 pm\nCategories: Bismarck\nFair Chance Job Fair - Fargo\nThursday, June 6, 2024 at 11:00 am - 02:00 pm\nCategories: Fargo\nMinot Monday June 10, 2024 Easter Seals Goodwill\nMonday, June 10, 2024 at 08:30 am - 11:30 am\nCategories: Minot\nEaster Seals Goodwill is hiring! Stop in anytime between 8:30-11:30 a.m. to visit about their openings, employee benefits and application process.\nTalent Tuesday Hiring Event - Fargo\nTuesday, June 25, 2024 at 01:00 pm - 03:00 pm\nCategories: Fargo\nMinot Monday~ July 1, 2024 ND Navigators\nMonday, July 1, 2024 at 08:30 am - 11:30 am\nCategories: Minot\nMinot Workforce Center will be hosting ND Navigators on July 1, 2024 from 8:30-11:30 a.m. Cheryl will be in the office providing information on how to apply for health insurance and answer questions about the process.\nWorkforce Wednesday Hiring Event- Bismarck\nWednesday, July 3, 2024 at 03:00 pm - 05:00 pm\nCategories: Bismarck\nTalent Tuesday Hiring Event - Fargo\nTuesday, July 23, 2024 at 01:00 pm - 03:00 pm\nCategories: Fargo\nMinot Monday~ ND Navigators August 5, 2024\nMonday, August 5, 2024 at 08:30 am - 11:30 am\nCategories: Minot\nMinot Workforce Center will be hosting ND Navigators on August 5, 2024 from 8:30-11:30 a.m. Cheryl will be in the office providing information on how to apply for health insurance and answer questions about the process.\nCommunity Connections: Grand Forks Workforce Center\nWednesday, August 7, 2024 at 03:00 pm - 04:30 pm\nCategories: Grand Forks\nWorkforce Wednesday Hiring Event- Bismarck\nWednesday, August 7, 2024 at 03:00 pm - 05:00 pm\nCategories: Bismarck\nTalent Tuesday Hiring Event - Fargo\nTuesday, August 27, 2024 at 01:00 pm - 03:00 pm\nCategories: Fargo\nWorkforce Wednesday Hiring Event- Bismarck\nWednesday, September 4, 2024 at 03:00 pm - 05:00 pm\nCategories: Bismarck\nWorkforce Wednesday Hiring Event- Bismarck\nWednesday, October 2, 2024 at 03:00 pm - 05:00 pm\nCategories: Bismarck\nTalent Tuesday Hiring Event - Fargo\nTuesday, October 22, 2024 at 01:00 pm - 03:00 pm\nCategories: Fargo\nWorkforce Wednesday Hiring Event- Bismarck\nWednesday, November 6, 2024 at 03:00 pm - 05:00 pm\nCategories: Bismarck\nTalent Tuesday Hiring Event - Fargo\nTuesday, November 26, 2024 at 01:00 pm - 03:00 pm\nCategories: Fargo\nWorkforce Wednesday Hiring Event- Bismarck\nWednesday, December 4, 2024 at 03:00 pm - 05:00 pm\nCategories: Bismarck\nLimit\n5 (default)\nUpcoming Events\nRecent News\nView All News\nScheduled Maintenance on Saturday, June 1 will affect UI Claimants and Employers\nTuesday, May 28, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nScheduled maintenance on Saturday, May 25 will affect Job Seekers and Employers\nWednesday, May 22, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nScheduled maintenance on Saturday, April 20 will affect UI Claimants, Job Seekers and Employers\nWednesday, April 17, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nWilliston Workforce Center Releases April Business Services Quarterly Newsletter\nWednesday, April 10, 2024 at 03:20 pm\nStay up to date with the latest happenings, events, and successes throughout the quarter! This quarter's Business Services Newsletter includes information on our:Upcoming Recruitment EventsSmall Business OpportunitiesSpring Job Fair Recapand More!\nDowntime scheduled for Wednesday, March 27 will affect UI Claimants and Employers\nMonday, March 25, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nGrand Forks Workforce Center Releases March Business Services Quarterly Newsletter\nMonday, March 25, 2024 at 01:00 am\nStay up to date with the latest happenings, events, and successes throughout the quarter! This quarter's Business Services Newsletter includes information on our:Upcoming Recruitment EventsNew American Employment ProgramVeteran Recruitment Resourcesand More!\nDevils Lake Workforce Center Releases Business Services Quarterly Newsletter\nMonday, March 25, 2024 at 01:00 am\nStay up to date with the latest happenings, events, and successes throughout the quarter! This quarter's Business Services Newsletter includes information on our:Upcoming Recruitment EventsNew American Employment ProgramVeteran Recruitment Resourcesand More!\nDowntime Scheduled for Saturday, March 23rd\nMonday, March 18, 2024 at 01:00 am\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nJob Service North Dakota will be conducting scheduled maintenance which will affect the employer internet website (UI EASY), the secure file transfer portal (Secure FTP), the claimant internet website (UI ICE), the claims center interactive voice response phone systems (701-328-4995), and the Virtual One Stop job seeking and posting site on Saturday,March 23, 2024, beginning at 5 AM and ending no later than 10 AM CT.Expect intermittent outages.Our website, jobsnd.com, will be available during this time.\nUI MOD ESC Meeting on March 13, 2024\nMonday, March 11, 2024\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nUnemployment Insurance Modernization (UI MOD) Executive Steering Committee of Job Service North Dakota will hold a special meeting on March 13, 2024, at 2:30 PM.\nJob Service Fargo Releases March Quarterly Newsletter\nTuesday, March 5, 2024 at 02:39 pm\nStay up to date with the latest happenings, events, and successes throughout the quarter! This quarter's Business Services Newsletter includes information on our:Upcoming Recruitment EventsNew American Employment ProgramVeteran Recruitment Resourcesand More!\nScheduled Maintenance on Saturday, February 24, 2024\nMonday, February 19, 2024 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nJob Service North Dakota will be conducting scheduled maintenance which will affect the employer internet website (UI EASY), the secure file transfer portal (Secure FTP), the claimant internet website (UI ICE), the claims center interactive voice response phone systems (701-328-4995), and the Virtual One Stop job seeking and posting site on Saturday,February 24, 2024, beginning at 5 AM and ending no later than 10 AM CT.Expect intermittent outages.Our website, jobsnd.com, will be available during this time.\nWIOA State Plan Open for Public Comment\nThursday, February 1, 2024 at 12:00 pm\nJob Service North Dakota, along with the Workforce Development Council, Vocational Rehabilitation, and the Department of Public Instruction (Adult Education), announce that the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) State Plan is open for public comment beginning January 19th through February 19th, 2024, with a live comment period on February 13, 2024.\nJob Service North Dakotas 2024-2027 Agricultural Outreach Plan (AOP)\nThursday, February 1, 2024 at 08:00 am\nJob Service North Dakotas 2024-2027 Agricultural Outreach Plan (AOP) portion of the State Plan, outlines its plans for providing services to the agricultural community, both for agricultural employers and Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers (MSFWs), as described in Wagner-Peyser (W-P) regulations at 20 CFR 653.107, the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Title I final regulations at 20 CFR 652.107(b)(1), the WIA/W-P Act Integrated Workforce Planning Guidance, and the Unified Planning Guidance.\nQ1 2024 Bismarck Workforce Center Quarterly Newsletter\nThursday, February 1, 2024\nCheck out the latest edition of the Bismarck Connector! See what the Bismarck Workforce Center has been up to in this last quarter where we share our upcoming events, outreach in our area, and stories of success.\nUIIMP1 ESC Meeting March 26, 2024\nWednesday, January 31, 2024 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nUnemployment Insurance Incremental Modernization Phase 1 Executive Steering Committee of Job Service North Dakota will hold a regular meeting on March 26, 2024, at 9:30 AM.\nWilliston Workforce Center's Business Service Quarterly Newsletter\nWednesday, January 31, 2024 at 01:00 pm\nWant to keep up with what is happening in the Williston area? Look no further! Our Williston Workforce Center's Business Service Quarterly Newsletter is out now!\nVirtual One Stop Maintenance on January 26th\nSunday, January 21, 2024 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nJob Service North Dakota's vendor will be conducting scheduled maintenance which will affect the Virtual One Stop job seeking and posting site on Friday, January 26, 2024, beginning at 10 PM and ending no later than 2 AM CT on Saturday, January 27, 2024. Expect intermittent outages. Our website, jobsnd.com, will be available during this time.\nSystem Downtime for Saturday, January 27, 2024\nSunday, January 21, 2024 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nJob Service North Dakota will be conducting scheduled maintenance which will affect the employer internet website (UI EASY), the secure file transfer portal (Secure FTP), the claimant internet website (UI ICE) and the claims center interactive voice response phone systems (701-328-4995) on Saturday,January 27, 2024,beginning at 6 AM and ending no later than 9 AM CT.Expect intermittent outages.Our website, jobsnd.com, will be available during this time.\nSystem Downtime for Saturday, January 20, 2024\nWednesday, January 3, 2024 at 10:00 am\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nJob Service North Dakota will be conducting scheduled maintenance which will affect the employer internet website (UI EASY), the secure file transfer portal (Secure FTP), the claimant internet website (UI ICE), the claims center interactive voice response phone systems (701-328-4995), and the Virtual One Stop job seeking and posting site on Saturday,January 20, 2024, beginning at 5 AM and ending no later than 10 AM CT.Expect intermittent outages.Our website, jobsnd.com, will be available during this time.\nGrand Forks Workforce Center's Business Service Quarterly Newsletter\nTuesday, December 26, 2023 at 01:00 pm\nWant to keep up with what is happening in our Grand Forks area? Look no further! Our Grand Forks Workforce Center's Business Service Quarterly Newsletter is out now!\nUI MOD ESC Meeting March 19, 2024\nTuesday, December 19, 2023 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nUnemployment Insurance Modernization (UI MOD) Executive Steering Committee of Job Service North Dakota will hold a regular meeting on March 19, 2024, at 11:30 AM.\nSystem Downtime for Job Seekers\nTuesday, December 19, 2023 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nJob Service North Dakota will be conducting scheduled maintenance which will affect the Virtual One Stop job seeking and posting site on Saturday, December 23, 2023, beginning at 5 AM and ending no later than 10 AM CT. Expect intermittent outages. Our website, jobsnd.com, will be available during this time.\nUI MOD ESC Meeting January 25, 2024\nTuesday, December 19, 2023 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nUnemployment Insurance Modernization (UI MOD) Executive Steering Committee of Job Service North Dakota will hold a regular meeting on January 25, 2024, at 2:30 PM.\nUI MOD ESC Meeting February 22, 2024\nTuesday, December 19, 2023 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nUnemployment Insurance Modernization (UI MOD) Executive Steering Committee of Job Service North Dakota will hold a regular meeting on February 22, 2024, at 2:30 PM.\nUI MOD ESC Meeting November 19, 2024\nTuesday, December 19, 2023 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nUnemployment Insurance Modernization (UI MOD) Executive Steering Committee of Job Service North Dakota will hold a regular meeting on November 19, 2024, at 11:30 AM.\nUI Incremental Modernization Phase 1 ESC Meeting January 22, 2024\nTuesday, December 19, 2023 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nThe Unemployment Insurance Incremental Modernization Phase 1 Executive Steering Committee of Job Service North Dakota will be holding a regular meeting on January 22, 2024, at 12:30 PM.\nUI MOD ESC Meeting August 20, 2024\nTuesday, December 19, 2023 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nUnemployment Insurance Modernization (UI MOD) Executive Steering Committee of Job Service North Dakota will hold a regular meeting on August 20, 2024, at 11:30 AM.\nUI MOD ESC Meeting May 31, 2024\nTuesday, December 19, 2023 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nUnemployment Insurance Modernization (UI MOD) Executive Steering Committee of Job Service North Dakota will hold a regular meeting on May 31, 2024, at 11:30 AM.\nJob Service North Dakota's Virtual Job Fair 2024\nFriday, December 15, 2023 at 11:00 pm\nJob Service North Dakota is set to host a Virtual Job Fair on Jan. 18, 2024, from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. Get ready to EXPLORE IN 2024! JSND is offering a unique opportunity for job seekers to explore diverse career paths and connect with employers in various industries. The event caters to individuals interested in IT, UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems), Healthcare, Oil & Gas, Engineering, Skilled Trade, Transportation, Manufacturing, Government, and Education. As the year 2024 unfolds, this virtual job fair presents a chance for attendees to blaze their way into promising career opportunities.North Dakota, with its thriving job market, is inviting individuals to discover the North Dakota Good Life with one of the nation's lowest unemployment rates coming in at 1.4% and over 14,000 job openings available. Beyond the professional landscape, North Dakota boasts the one of the happiest workforces and lowest commute times in the nation, offering a balanced and fulfilling lifestyle. Job seekers attending the Virtual Job Fair can explore prospects in a range of industries, making this event a stepping stone towards a rewarding career in a state that prioritizes both professional success and personal well-being.\nUI System Unavailable\nSunday, December 10, 2023 at 11:00 pm\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nJob Service North Dakota will be conducting scheduled maintenance which will affect the employer internet website (UI EASY), the secure file transfer portal (Secure FTP), the claimant internet website (UI ICE) and the claims center interactive voice response phone systems (701-328-4995) on Wednesday,December 13, 2023,beginning at 6 PM and ending no later than 8 PM CT.Expect intermittent outages.Our website, jobsnd.com, will be available during this time.\nUI Mod ESC Meeting\nWednesday, November 29, 2023 at 11:00 am\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nUI Modernization Executive Steering Committee will hold a special meeting on December 20, 2023, at 11:30 AM.\nScheduled Maintenance on November 25, 2023\nMonday, November 20, 2023 at 11:00 am\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nJob Service North Dakota will be conducting scheduled maintenance which will affect the employer internet website (UI EASY), the secure file transfer portal (Secure FTP), the claimant internet website (UI ICE) and the claims center interactive voice response phone systems (701-328-4995) on Saturday,November 25, 2023,beginning at 6 AM and ending no later than 9 AM CT.Expect intermittent outages.Our website, jobsnd.com, will be available during this time.\nSystem Downtime for Job Seekers and Employers on November 18, 2023\nThursday, November 16, 2023 at 01:00 pm\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nJob Service North Dakota will be conducting scheduled maintenance which will affect the Virtual One Stop job seeking and posting site on Saturday, November 18, 2023, beginning at 5 AM and ending no later than 10 AM CT. Expect intermittent outages. Our website, jobsnd.com, will be available during this time.\nMontana-Dakota Utilities Apprenticeship Opportunities\nWednesday, November 15, 2023\nClick headline to see full information\nBismarck Workforce Center Newsletter\nWednesday, November 8, 2023\nCheck out the latest edition of the BismarckConnector! The Bismarck Connector is a quarterly newsletter with all the latest information in Bismarck/ Mandan and surrounding counties for both employers and job seekers. Click Bismarck Workforce Center Newsletter to check it out!\nSystem Downtime Scheduled for November 7, 2023\nMonday, November 6, 2023 at 09:00 am\nCategories: Downtime Maintenance Notices\nJob Service North Dakota will be conducting scheduled maintenance which will affect the employer internet website (UI EASY), the secure file transfer portal (Secure FTP), the claimant internet website (UI ICE) and the claims center interactive voice response phone systems (701-328-4995) on Tuesday,November 7, 2023,beginning at 10:00 PM and ending no later than 6:00 AM CT Wednesday, November 8, 2023.Our website, jobsnd.com, will be available during this time.\nUIIMP1 ESC Meeting\nTuesday, October 24, 2023\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nUIIMP1 Executive Steering Committee Meeting on November 2nd, 2023 at 3:30 pm\nGrand Forks Business Service Quarterly Newsletter\nFriday, September 29, 2023 at 08:00 am\nWant to keep up with what is happening in our Grand Forks area? Look no further! Our Grand Forks Business Service Quarterly Newsletter is out now!\nUI Modernization ESC Meeting\nMonday, September 18, 2023\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nThe UI Modernization Executive Steering Committee meeting is on September 28, 2023 at 10:00 AM\nUI Mod ESC Meeting\nTuesday, August 22, 2023\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nThe UI Modernization Executive Steering Committee meeting on September 8, 2023, at 10:30 am.\nUI Mod ESC Meeting\nThursday, August 3, 2023\nCategories: Public Meeting Notice\nUI Modernization Executive Steering Committee on August 3, 2023, at 10:00 AM.\nBismarck Workforce Center Newsletter\nMonday, July 17, 2023\nIntroducing the BismarckConnector! A quarterly newsletter with all the latest information in Bismarck/ Mandan and surrounding counties for both employers and job seekers. Click Bismarck Workforce Center Newsletter to check it out!\nGrand Forks Business Services Quarterly Newsletter\nMonday, March 27, 2023\nGrand Forks Business Services Quarterly Newsletter\nUA Sprinkler Fitters Local 669 Apprenticeship Opportunities\nTuesday, February 28, 2023 at 11:00 pm\nClick headline to see full information\nNews Limit\n5 (default)\nRecent News\nMedium\nSign up for e-notifications\n Copyright 2019 Job Service North Dakota, All Rights Reserved. Job Service North Dakota is an equal opportunity employer/ program provider. Auxiliary aids and services are available upon request to individuals with disabilities.\nFooter menu\nDisclaimer\nLocations\nEqual Opportunity\nPrivacy Policy\nSecurity Policy\nAccessibility\nContact\nAdobe Reader\nBack to top", "url": "https://www.jobsnd.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "University of North Dakota Athletics - Official Athletics Website\nSkip To Main Content\nPause All Rotators\nSkip To Main Content\nUniversity of North Dakota Athletics\nMain Navigation Menu\nOpens in new window\nTeams\nMen's Sports\nBasketball\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nStats\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nCross 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Championships\nLive video for Men's Outdoor Track & Field at NCAA Championships on June 5, 2024 at\nLive stats for Men's Outdoor Track & Field at NCAA Championships on June 5, 2024 at\nJun 5\nWomen's Outdoor Track & Field\nNCAA Championships\nJun 7\nWomen's Outdoor Track & Field\nNCAA Championships\nJun 7\nMen's Outdoor Track & Field\nNCAA Championships\nLive video for Men's Outdoor Track & Field at NCAA Championships on June 7, 2024 at\nLive stats for Men's Outdoor Track & Field at NCAA Championships on June 7, 2024 at\nTBA\n//\nAug 31\nFootball\nIowa State\nFinal\n//\nMay 23\nWomen's Outdoor Track & Field\nNCAA West Preliminary Round\nStory recap for Women's Outdoor Track & Field at NCAA West Preliminary Round on May 23, 2024 at\nFinal\n//\nMay 24\nMen's Outdoor Track & Field\nNCAA West Preliminary Round\nStory recap for Men's Outdoor Track & Field at NCAA West Preliminary Round on May 24, 2024 at\nFinal\n//\nMay 24\nWomen's Outdoor Track & Field\nNCAA West Preliminary Round\nStory recap for Women's Outdoor Track & Field at NCAA West Preliminary Round on May 24, 2024 at\nFinal\n//\nMay 25\nWomen's Outdoor Track & Field\nNCAA West Preliminary Round\nStory recap for Women's Outdoor Track & Field at NCAA West Preliminary Round on May 25, 2024 at\nPreviousNext\nUND Insider\nPlay Video\nVideo //\n2023-24 UND Athletics Highlight Video | 5.1.24\nPlay Now\nPlay Video\nVideo //\nKansas vs North Dakota Softball Game 1\nPlay Now\nPlay Video\nVideo //\nKansas City vs North Dakota Softball Game One\nPlay Now\nPlay Video\nVideo //\nUND Softball | Doubleheader vs. Kansas City | 5.3.24\nPlay Now\nHonoring and remembering our fallen heroes.\n#UNDproud | #MemorialDay\n@16576552355\nFan Poll\nFooter\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new 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If you are a New User, choose your account and follow the steps to open your online account.\nAgricultureLoans\nexternal link, opens new tab\nBusinessLoans\nexternal link, opens new tab\nHomeLoans\nexternal link, opens new tab\nStudentLoans\nChecking/Savings\nexternal link, opens new tab\nBusiness, Government, and Financial Institutions Login\nBusinesses, Government agencies and Financial Institutions access your BND online account anytime, anywhere.\nBNDDirect\nexternal link, opens new tab\nSecureTransfer\nInvestmentPortal\nexternal link, opens new tab\nShow SearchSearch this website Hide Search\nBank of North Dakota\nPartnering with local financial institutions, communities and the Legislature to make North Dakota better.\nLearn more about Bank of North Dakota\nGet Smart with My MoneyThis research-based tool defines your money personality and helps you learn how to improve your financial well-being.Learn about Get Smart\nStudent LoansStudent loans are an investment in your future. Bank of North Dakota wants you toBe Confidentwith your student loan decisions.Learn about Student Loans\nCollege SAVE 529 PlanBND administers North Dakotas 529 plan, offering three ways to increase savings with matching funds.Learn about College SAVE external link, opens new tab\nNews\nBank of North Dakota Releases 2023 Annual Report\nMay 28, 2024May 28, 2024\nBISMARCK, N.D. The state-owned Bank of North Dakota (BND) reported total assets of $10.1 billion at year-end 2023, consistent with the previous year. With record []\nLearn more Bank of North Dakota Releases 2023 Annual ReportContinue\nGovernor, agency leaders announce North Dakota effort to become the most financially literate state\nApril 2, 2024April 2, 2024\nBISMARCK, N.D. (APRIL 2, 2024) Gov. Doug Burgum was joined by leaders of 11 state agencies today to kick off Financial Literacy Month in []\nLearn more Governor, agency leaders announce North Dakota effort to become the most financially literate stateContinue\nBND is More than Student Loans\nMarch 25, 2024March 25, 2024\nBND partners with the ND Legislature and local financial institutions to deliver loan programs to improve infrastructure and assist local businesses and agricultural producers. Visit []\nLearn more BND is More than Student LoansContinue\nStay up to date with the latest happenings and offerings from Bank of North Dakota (BND).\nLearn more about BND News\nBe Confident with your student loan decisions.\nWhen its time to make student loan decisions, BND and our resources are here to help you.\nCalculate the maximum amount of student loan debt that is recommended based on your career choice.\nLearn more on how to be confident\nThe BND Story\nBND is the ONLY state-owned bank in the country. Learn more about our unique history and how the Bank continues to evolve to meet the needs of North Dakotans.\nLearn more about the BND Story\nThe Impact of BND Loan Programs\nIt has been said that BND is North Dakotas unfair economic advantage when compared to other states because of its role in economic development. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "getting into bios settings for HP Z640 - HP Support Community - 8384344\nSkip to Content Skip to Footer https://www.hp.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/HPHeaderServices?storeId=10151&cb=cartStatus&callback=jQuery18308251954314816363_1459802963388&_=1459802965974 Sign in Manage my HP Account Manage my HP Account Sign out Sign out Explore Open Explore Shop Open Shop Support Open Support Explore Featured Security Hybrid Work HP+ Smart Printing System Instant Ink 3D Print Construction Layout Robot Government & Education Small & Medium Business Working Relationship Index PCs Next-Gen AI PCs Laptops Desktops Gaming Monitors Accessories Business Laptops Business Desktops Workstations Retail Solutions Print HP All-In Plan Ink, Toner & Papers Home Printers Home Office & Business Printers Enterprise Printers Tank Printers Scanners Large-Format Printers & Plotters Industrial Presses Specialty Printing Solutions Workforce Solutions Services & Solutions Workforce Experience Platform Computing Services Document & Print Services Collaboration Solutions Security Solutions Shop Featured HP.com store Ink & toner cartridges Business store Weekly Deals New HP All-In Plan HP Sales Advisors Student discounts #MyHP HP Sustainable buyer's guide HP Tech Takes Shop PCs Laptops Desktops Gaming PCs Business laptops Business desktops Z Workstations Chromebooks Shop Print Ink, Toner, & Paper Printers Business printers Laser printers Inkjet printers Home printers Tank printers Large format plotter printers New HP All-In Plan Instant Ink Shop Accessories Accessories store Monitors Bundles Docking stations & hubs Mice & keyboards Chargers & power adapters Gaming gear Hybrid Work Care packs & services Support Problem solving Support & troubleshooting Software & drivers Diagnostic tools Community Windows 10 / Windows 11 Support Support by product Printing Computing Instant Ink Poly Collaboration Devices HP Anyware Other Products Support resources Contact us Check warranty Authorized service providers Security bulletin archive Parts store Consumer services Business services Product registration us en false https://www.hp.com/cma/ng/lib/exceptions/privacy-banner.js https://www8.hp.com https://tracking-na.hawksearch.com/api/trackevent Clear Skip to Content Skip to Footer Explore Open Explore Shop Open Shop Support Open Support Clear https://www.hp.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/HPHeaderServices?storeId=10151&cb=cartStatus&callback=jQuery18308251954314816363_1459802963388&_=1459802965974 Shopping Cart Close Shopping Cart popup Sign in Manage my HP Account Manage my HP Account Sign out Sign out Featured Security Hybrid Work HP+ Smart Printing System Instant Ink 3D Print Construction Layout Robot Government & Education Small & Medium Business Working Relationship Index PCs Next-Gen AI PCs Laptops Desktops Gaming Monitors Accessories Business Laptops Business Desktops Workstations Retail Solutions Print HP All-In Plan Ink, Toner & Papers Home Printers Home Office & Business Printers Enterprise Printers Tank Printers Scanners Large-Format Printers & Plotters Industrial Presses Specialty Printing Solutions Workforce Solutions Services & Solutions Workforce Experience Platform Computing Services Document & Print Services Collaboration Solutions Security Solutions Featured HP.com store Ink & toner cartridges Business store Weekly Deals New HP All-In Plan HP Sales Advisors Student discounts #MyHP HP Sustainable buyer's guide HP Tech Takes Shop PCs Laptops Desktops Gaming PCs Business laptops Business desktops Z Workstations Chromebooks Shop Print Ink, Toner, & Paper Printers Business printers Laser printers Inkjet printers Home printers Tank printers Large format plotter printers New HP All-In Plan Instant Ink Shop Accessories Accessories store Monitors Bundles Docking stations & hubs Mice & keyboards Chargers & power adapters Gaming gear Hybrid Work Care packs & services Problem solving Support & troubleshooting Software & drivers Diagnostic tools Community Windows 10 / Windows 11 Support Support by product Printing Computing Instant Ink Poly Collaboration Devices HP Anyware Other Products Support resources Contact us Check warranty Authorized service providers Security bulletin archive Parts store Consumer services Business services Product registration Support See all Software and Drivers Printer Support Computer Support Skip to Content Skip to Footer\nSign up\n\nSign in\nCommunity Home\nWelcome\nFirst Time Here? 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Windows 11 Support Center.\nHP Community\nDesktops\nBusiness PCs, Workstations and Point of Sale Systems\ngetting into bios settings for HP Z640\ngetting into bios settings for HP Z640\nOptions\nMark Topic as New\nMark Topic as Read\nFloat this Topic for Current User\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nPrinter Friendly Page\nEntire CommunityThis CategoryThis BoardKnowledge baseUsers\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter a user name or rankturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\ncancel\nturn on suggested results\nShowing results for\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nStart a conversation\nGuidelines\nWe have new content about Hotkey issue, Click here to check it out!\nCreate an account on the HP Community to personalize your profile and ask a question\nYour account also allows you to connect with HP support faster, access a personal dashboard to manage all of your devices in one place, view warranty information, case status and more.\nSign in / Create an account\nLearn more\nSign in /\nCreate an account /\nLearn more\nIt has been a while since anyone has replied. Simply ask a new question if you would like to start the discussion again.\ngilesb1\n1\n0\n0\n4,172\nNew member\n05-18-2022\n07:22 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nProduct: z640\nHow can I get into the BIOS settings form my HP Z640?I have tried repeatedly pressing F10, ESC, F2 and F6 - nothing seems to workI have also tried a PS2 keyboard.\nTags (1)\nTags:Z640\nView All (1)\nCategory:\nOthers\n1 person had the same question\nI have the same question\n2 REPLIES 2\nTheOldMan\n12,355\n3,456\n1,132\n4,103\nLevel 15\n05-19-2022\n06:36 AM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nTry this way of getting into the BIOS while using the PS/2 keyboard.Start tapping the Esc key BEFORE starting the PC and then press the start button.Keep tapping the Esc key until a popup menu shows. Then pick F9 from that popup menu.Report back with the results.\nI'm not an HP employee. Did this message answer your question? Please indicate below as an Accepted Solution!Did you find this message useful? Click on the \"Was this reply helpful\" Yes button.\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nSDH\n3,064\n918\n279\n4,077\nLevel 10\n05-19-2022\n10:10 AM\n- edited\n05-19-2022\n10:15 AM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nIn some of the HP workstations the use of the Esc key to get into BIOS is a BIOS option that can be turned on or off. I always keep that turned on if that option is available.You might have a degree of CMOS corruption... if the below does not work I'd then do the long form of clearing CMOS so you get things back to factory defaults. That is quite a bit more than just pressing the CMOS motherboard button but you could try starting with that.Use of the HP PS2 keyboard/mouse combo has gotten me in when all else failed. I use a PS2 mouse also just to be compulsive... and whenever I'm building up an OS I also only use a HP PS2 keyboard and PS2 mouse. You can easily find those brand new for very reasonable prices on eBay.Tap at 1/second and maybe even a bit faster.I like his idea to start tapping at that rate and don't slow down while and after you push the start button out front.Try that both with Esc and F10... starting from full shutdown each time.On some of our very fast builds I'll actually go into BIOS and select a 5 second boot delay so there is a short window where I or less experienced IT guys can more easily get into BIOS.\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nBe alert for scammers posting fake support phone numbers and/or email addresses on the community. If you think you have received a fake HP Support message, please report it to us by clicking on \"Flag Post\".\n The opinions expressed above are the personal opinions of the authors, not of HP. 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By using this site, you accept the <a href=\"https://www8.hp.com/us/en/terms-of-use.html\" class=\"udrlinesmall\">Terms of Use</a> and <a href=\"/t5/custom/page/page-id/hp.rulespage\" class=\"udrlinesmall\"> Rules of Participation</a>.\nEnd of content About Us About Us About Us Contact HP Careers Investor relations Sustainable impact Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Press center The Garage HP Store Newsletter HP Printables Newsletter Ways to buy Ways to buy Shop online Call an HP rep Find a reseller Enterprise store Public sector purchasing Support Support Support Download drivers Support & troubleshooting Community Register your product Authorized service providers Check repair status Fraud alert Security Center HP Partners HP Partners HP Amplify Partner Program HP Partner Portal Developers Stay connected Stay connected Recalls| Product recycling| Accessibility| CA Supply Chains Act| Privacy| Use of cookies| Your privacy choices| Terms of use| Limited warranty statement| Terms & conditions of sales & service| 2024 HP Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.\nAuto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type.", "url": "https://h30434.www3.hp.com/t5/Business-PCs-Workstations-and-Point-of-Sale-Systems/getting-into-bios-settings-for-HP-Z640/td-p/8384344" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Better graphic card for a HP Z640 - HP Support Community - 7216087\nSkip to Content Skip to Footer https://www.hp.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/HPHeaderServices?storeId=10151&cb=cartStatus&callback=jQuery18308251954314816363_1459802963388&_=1459802965974 Sign in Manage my HP Account Manage my HP Account Sign out Sign out Explore Open Explore Shop Open Shop Support Open Support Explore Featured Security Hybrid Work HP+ Smart Printing System Instant Ink 3D Print Construction Layout Robot Government & Education Small & Medium Business Working Relationship Index PCs Next-Gen AI PCs Laptops Desktops Gaming Monitors Accessories Business Laptops Business Desktops Workstations Retail Solutions Print HP All-In Plan Ink, Toner & Papers Home Printers Home Office & Business Printers Enterprise Printers Tank Printers Scanners Large-Format Printers & Plotters Industrial Presses Specialty Printing Solutions Workforce Solutions Services & Solutions Workforce Experience Platform Computing Services Document & Print Services Collaboration Solutions Security Solutions Shop Featured HP.com store Ink & toner cartridges Business store Weekly Deals New HP All-In Plan HP Sales Advisors Student discounts #MyHP HP Sustainable buyer's guide HP Tech Takes Shop PCs Laptops Desktops Gaming PCs Business laptops Business desktops Z Workstations Chromebooks Shop Print Ink, Toner, & Paper Printers Business printers Laser printers Inkjet printers Home printers Tank printers Large format plotter printers New HP All-In Plan Instant Ink Shop Accessories Accessories store Monitors Bundles Docking stations & hubs Mice & keyboards Chargers & power adapters Gaming gear Hybrid Work Care packs & services Support Problem solving Support & troubleshooting Software & drivers Diagnostic tools Community Windows 10 / Windows 11 Support Support by product Printing Computing Instant Ink Poly Collaboration Devices HP Anyware Other Products Support resources Contact us Check warranty Authorized service providers Security bulletin archive Parts store Consumer services Business services Product registration us en false https://www.hp.com/cma/ng/lib/exceptions/privacy-banner.js https://www8.hp.com https://tracking-na.hawksearch.com/api/trackevent Clear Skip to Content Skip to Footer Explore Open Explore Shop Open Shop Support Open Support Clear https://www.hp.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/HPHeaderServices?storeId=10151&cb=cartStatus&callback=jQuery18308251954314816363_1459802963388&_=1459802965974 Shopping Cart Close Shopping Cart popup Sign in Manage my HP Account Manage my HP Account Sign out Sign out Featured Security Hybrid Work HP+ Smart Printing System Instant Ink 3D Print Construction Layout Robot Government & Education Small & Medium Business Working Relationship Index PCs Next-Gen AI PCs Laptops Desktops Gaming Monitors Accessories Business Laptops Business Desktops Workstations Retail Solutions Print HP All-In Plan Ink, Toner & Papers Home Printers Home Office & Business Printers Enterprise Printers Tank Printers Scanners Large-Format Printers & Plotters Industrial Presses Specialty Printing Solutions Workforce Solutions Services & Solutions Workforce Experience Platform Computing Services Document & Print Services Collaboration Solutions Security Solutions Featured HP.com store Ink & toner cartridges Business store Weekly Deals New HP All-In Plan HP Sales Advisors Student discounts #MyHP HP Sustainable buyer's guide HP Tech Takes Shop PCs Laptops Desktops Gaming PCs Business laptops Business desktops Z Workstations Chromebooks Shop Print Ink, Toner, & Paper Printers Business printers Laser printers Inkjet printers Home printers Tank printers Large format plotter printers New HP All-In Plan Instant Ink Shop Accessories Accessories store Monitors Bundles Docking stations & hubs Mice & keyboards Chargers & power adapters Gaming gear Hybrid Work Care packs & services Problem solving Support & troubleshooting Software & drivers Diagnostic tools Community Windows 10 / Windows 11 Support Support by product Printing Computing Instant Ink Poly Collaboration Devices HP Anyware Other Products Support resources Contact us Check warranty Authorized service providers Security bulletin archive Parts store Consumer services Business services Product registration Support See all Software and Drivers Printer Support Computer Support Skip to Content Skip to Footer\nSign up\n\nSign in\nCommunity Home\nWelcome\nFirst Time Here? 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Windows 11 Support Center.\nHP Community\nDesktops\nBusiness PCs, Workstations and Point of Sale Systems\nBetter graphic card for a HP Z640\nBetter graphic card for a HP Z640\nOptions\nMark Topic as New\nMark Topic as Read\nFloat this Topic for Current User\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nPrinter Friendly Page\nEntire CommunityThis CategoryThis BoardKnowledge baseUsers\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter a user name or rankturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\ncancel\nturn on suggested results\nShowing results for\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nStart a conversation\nGuidelines\nWe have new content about Hotkey issue, Click here to check it out!\nCreate an account on the HP Community to personalize your profile and ask a question\nYour account also allows you to connect with HP support faster, access a personal dashboard to manage all of your devices in one place, view warranty information, case status and more.\nSign in / Create an account\nLearn more\nSign in /\nCreate an account /\nLearn more\nIt has been a while since anyone has replied. Simply ask a new question if you would like to start the discussion again.\nfoxdana\n1\n0\n0\n2,376\nNew member\n08-26-2019\n06:38 AM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nProduct: HP Z640\nOperating System: Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit)\nHi guysI just bought an HPZ640 with the E5-2620v4 2.1 2133 8C. The included graphic card is a NVIDIAQuadro K4graphics.I will be using this for video streaming using Wirecast, and the multiview (I intend to connect 2 monitors 4K) is quite graphics card hungry. I also plan to be gaming with VR. Which more modern and powerful cards will work on this model?Thanks a lot\nTags (2)\nTags:HP Z640Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit)\nView All (2)\nI have the same question\n2 REPLIES 2\nSDH\n3,064\n918\n279\n2,351\nLevel 10\n08-26-2019\n11:55 AM\n- edited\n08-26-2019\n06:24 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nSounds like you want more than what a high end nVidia Quadro card is engineered for. Here are some tips:1. The power fed up via the PCIe x16 slot is standard..... 75W. The total of that plus what your PCIe x16 power cables can provide gives you a ballpark estimate of what you need to be happy with. The nice thing is that current cards can run quite a bit faster on less power than the old cards.2. The power fed via the HP 6-pin PCIe x16 supplemental power cable is well above the ATX standard.... you can look that up in this forum. As such each of the two of those cables that comes with the Z620 can do more than you think. There are adapters for that as posted about in here from the past.3. People often cannot find those two cables inside their Z620s. They are plugged into two blind ended plastic receptacles in the front fan black plastic card guide.4. Search out a few of the more recent Z620 QuickSpecs guides via Google. In those will be HP-certified Quadro cards listed with their power draw. Find the highest wattage value listed.... that will also be yours for your new non-HP card. HP provides conservative numbers so if you're close you should be good to go.\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nBambiBoomZ\n739\n204\n46\n2,311\nLevel 7\n08-27-2019\n04:50 PM\n- edited\n08-27-2019\n04:57 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nFoxdana,In my view, the appropriate GPU is not the first priority consideration for the intended uses, rather, the starting point needs to be the CPU; otherwise even the best GPU will be held back. The Xeon E5-2620 v4 is an 8-core @ 2.1 /3.0GHz , rated at 85W. These specifications describe an ultra-reliable server processor, but one that will not have satisfactory single-thread performance for gaming.Currently, the best gaming processor is probably the i9-9900K 8-core as that is quite easy to run on all cores at 5.0GHz and more. Compare: the Passmark CPU mark for theE5-2620 v4 is 11354 and the Single Thread Mark (STM) is 1546 while the i9-9900K corresponding is CPU = 20218 and STM = 2989. For solid 3D gaming FPS, I would expect an STM of at least 2500. However, there is not apparent CPU of that STM for the z640. The best STM performance in the z640 is the E5-1680 v4 8-core at 2202, but those are quite expensive used: the two current listings are $1,400 and $1,500. The better value is the Xeon E5-1650 v4: 6C@3.6/4.0GHz > CPU = 14220 and STM = 2177. Remember, those are averages and there are E5-1650 v4's nearly at nearly 2300.As for the GPU, the best cost /performance at the moment is probably the new RTX 2070 Super 8GB but there are increasingly good bargains on GTX 1080 Ti 11GB. Very few games can yet use the RTX ray- tracing but it is increasing useful in ray-tracing rendering for workstations, such as the VRay rendering use. Whenever \"4K\" and \"VR\" are the ambition, all the hardware has to be in the top tier.The best performing z640 / E5-1650 v4 on Passmark:Rating= 6660CPU= 14898 (STM calculates to about 2280)2D= 978 (GTX 1080)3D= 11900Memory= 2892 (32GB)Disk = 20274 (Samsung 960 Pro 512GB)I think that would provide a reasonable gaming experience.BambiBoomZPS: The RAM and Disk systems are slower, but HP zX20 series as they can use selected overclockable Xeon E5 v2 processors can produce quite good results at lower cost: HP z620_2 (2017) (R7) > Xeon E5-1680 v2 (8-core@ 4.3GHz) / z420 Liquid Cooling / 64GB DDR3-1866 ECC Reg / Quadro P2000 5GB _ GTX 1070 Ti 8GB / HP Z Turbo Drive M.2 256GB AHCI + Samsung 970 EVO M.2 NVMe 500GB + HGST 7K6000 4TB / Focusrite Scarlett 2i4 sound interface + 2X Mackie MR824 / 825W PSU /> HP OEM Windows 7 Prof.l 64-bit > 2X Dell Ultrasharp U2715H (2560 X 1440)[ Passmark Rating = 6280 / CPU rating = 17178 / 2D = 819 / 3D= 12629 / Mem = 3002 / Disk = 13751 / Single Thread Mark = 2368 [10.23.18][Cinebench: OpenGL= 134.68 fps / CPU= 1234 cb [10.27.18]2UA3322DS5HP z420_3: (2015) (R11) Xeon E5-1650 v2 (6C@ 4.3GHz) / z420 Liquid cooling / 64GB (8X 8GB DDR3-1866 ECC registered / NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 6GB/ Samsung 860 EVO 500GB + HGST 4TB / ASUS Essence STX / Logitech z2300 2.1 / 600W PSU > Windows 7 Professional 64-bit (HP OEM ) > Samsung 40\" 4K[Passmark System Rating: = 5644 / CPU = 15293 / 2D = 847 / 3D = 10952 / Mem = 2993 Disk = 4858 /Single Thread Mark = 2384 [6.27.19]The z420 system was purchased for $136, the Xeon E5-1650 v2 about $90, Liquid cooler $60, RAM $62, the GTX 1060 6GB $11 and the 860 EVO 500 GB $80. Notice that the 2384 STM is higher than the highest E5-1650 v4 in a z640. and that's due to the 4.3GHz on all cores.\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nBe alert for scammers posting fake support phone numbers and/or email addresses on the community. If you think you have received a fake HP Support message, please report it to us by clicking on \"Flag Post\".\n The opinions expressed above are the personal opinions of the authors, not of HP. By using this site, you accept the Terms of Use and Rules of Participation.\nEnglish\nOpen Menu\nEnglish\nEspaol\nPortugus\n\nDidn't find what you were looking for?\nAsk the community\n The opinions expressed above are the personal opinions of the authors, not of HP. 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Solved\nOptions\nMark Topic as New\nMark Topic as Read\nFloat this Topic for Current User\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nPrinter Friendly Page\nEntire CommunityThis CategoryThis BoardKnowledge baseUsers\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter a user name or rankturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\ncancel\nturn on suggested results\nShowing results for\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nStart a conversation\nGuidelines\nWe have new content about Hotkey issue, Click here to check it out!\nCreate an account on the HP Community to personalize your profile and ask a question\nYour account also allows you to connect with HP support faster, access a personal dashboard to manage all of your devices in one place, view warranty information, case status and more.\nSign in / Create an account\nLearn more\nSign in /\nCreate an account /\nLearn more\nIt has been a while since anyone has replied. Simply ask a new question if you would like to start the discussion again.\nUlf_K\n24\n0\n2\n923\nLevel 2\n09-10-2021\n02:24 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nProduct: Z640\nOperating System: Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit)\nGreetings Forum,I recently picked up a second hand Z640 WS for later use (and since it as I have come to learn - can have the TPM upgraded/flashed to 2.0 for use with W11 when Microsoft releases this version). Discovered that it has only one ethernet port compared to my Z620. Having previously been able to manually \"team\" two ports in W10 (it can be done manually by commands entered in power shell) I want to be able to use a dual port NIC in the Z640. The question is which (older) network adapters that can be used? New boards are expenceive. Old HP boards based on Intel 350 is readily available on the surplus market but many are either LowProfile versions or that the full height bracket seems to have been discarded during first installation. There are also a multitude of HP NC364T's available but judging from discussions in hacker forums, it is uncertain if this board can be configured for use by W10 since it is has been retired since long time ago...\nSolved!\nGo to Solution.\nTags (2)\nTags:Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit)Z640\nView All (2)\nCategory:\nOthers\nI have the same question\n1 ACCEPTED SOLUTION\nAccepted Solutions\nDGroves\n6,180\n1,420\n576\n890\nLevel 12\n09-10-2021\n03:40 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nHP plainly lists one dual port adapter which they have approved for use in the z640 which is the HP x520 dual port adapterIntel makes this card and has current driver support for current OS's and older legacy OS'shttps://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/details/ethernet/500-network-adapters/x520-server-a...while other cards may work validation is up to you I will note that some server only cards do not work in non server or hardware configs other than the systems they were designed for.\nView solution in original post\nTags (2)\nTags:Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit)Z640\nView All (2)\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\n1 REPLY 1\nDGroves\n6,180\n1,420\n576\n891\nLevel 12\n09-10-2021\n03:40 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nHP plainly lists one dual port adapter which they have approved for use in the z640 which is the HP x520 dual port adapterIntel makes this card and has current driver support for current OS's and older legacy OS'shttps://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/details/ethernet/500-network-adapters/x520-server-a...while other cards may work validation is up to you I will note that some server only cards do not work in non server or hardware configs other than the systems they were designed for.\nTags (2)\nTags:Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit)Z640\nView All (2)\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nBe alert for scammers posting fake support phone numbers and/or email addresses on the community. 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(4GB) - Windows 10 Professional - Refurbished\nSKU: HSB 471248\nWas:\n$738.99\nWas:\nNow:\n$461.89\n+ Free Shipping\nHP Z640 Tower - Intel Xeon E5-1650 v3 (3.50 GHz) 6C - 32GB DDR4 - 1x 2TB HDD, 1x 512GB SSD - NVIDIA Quadro K5200 (8GB GDDR5) - Windows 10 Professional - Refurbished\nSKU: HSBZ640MAY1X023747\nWas:\n$791.79\nWas:\nNow:\n$494.89\n+ Free Shipping\nHP Z640 Tower - 2x Intel Xeon E5-2690 v3 (2.60 GHz) 12C - 32GB DDR4 - 1x 3TB HDD, 1x 1TB SSD - NVIDIA Quadro K2200 (4GB GDDR5) - Windows 10 Professional - Refurbished\nSKU: HSB 3314926\nWas:\n$844.59\nWas:\nNow:\n$527.84\n+ Free Shipping\nHP Z640 Tower - Intel Xeon E5-1650 v3 (3.50 GHz) 6C - 64GB DDR4 - 1x 1TB SSD - NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 (11GB GDDR5X) - Windows 10 Professional - Refurbished\nSKU: HSBZ640MAY1X000958\nWas:\n$1,074.99\nWas:\nNow:\n$596.90\n+ Free Shipping\nHP Z640 Tower - Intel Xeon E5-1620 v3 (3.50 GHz) 4C - 64GB DDR4 - 1x 1TB SSD - NVIDIA Quadro M5000 (8GB GDDR5) - Windows 10 Professional - Refurbished\nSKU: HSB 300074\nWas:\n$990.19\nWas:\nNow:\n$618.90\n+ Free Shipping\nHP Z640 Tower - Intel Xeon E5-1620 v3 (3.50 GHz) 4C - 64GB DDR4 - 1x 1TB SSD - NVIDIA Quadro M5000 (8GB GDDR5) - Windows 10 Professional - Refurbished (web)\nSKU: HSB WEB1156\nWas:\n$990.19\nWas:\nNow:\n$618.90\n+ Free Shipping\nHP Z640 Tower - 2x Intel Xeon E5-2623 v4 (2.60 GHz) 4C - 64GB DDR4 - 1x 512GB SSD - NVIDIA Quadro P4000 (8GB GDDR5) - Windows 10 Professional - Refurbished\nSKU: HSB 245865\nWas:\n$1,098.99\nWas:\nNow:\n$686.90\n+ Free Shipping\nHP Z640 Tower - 2x Intel Xeon E5-2643 v3 (3.40 GHz) 6C - 64GB DDR4 - 1x 512GB SSD - NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 (11GB GDDR5X) - Windows 10 Professional - Refurbished\nSKU: HSBZ640MAY2X001507\nWas:\n$1,238.19\nWas:\nNow:\n$698.85\n+ Free Shipping\nHP Z640 Tower - 2x Intel Xeon E5-2630 v3 (2.40 GHz) 8C - 64GB DDR4 - 1x 4TB HDD, 1x 1TB SSD - NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 (11GB GDDR5X) - Windows 10 Professional - Refurbished\nSKU: HSBZ640MAY2X000963\nWas:\n$1,306.99\nWas:\nNow:\n$741.84\n+ Free Shipping\nHP Z640 Tower - 2x Intel Xeon E5-2687W v3 (3.10 GHz) 10C - 64GB DDR4 - 1x 512GB SSD - NVIDIA Quadro P5000 (16GB GDDR5X) - Windows 10 Professional - Refurbished\nSKU: HSB 5846971\nWas:\n$1,730.99\nWas:\nNow:\n$1,081.85\n+ Free Shipping\nThe HP Z640 Workstation is a great high end workstation suited to a variety of tasks. 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Windows 11 Support Center.\nHP Community\nDesktops\nBusiness PCs, Workstations and Point of Sale Systems\nHP z640 Memory Configuration\nHP z640 Memory Configuration Solved\nOptions\nMark Topic as New\nMark Topic as Read\nFloat this Topic for Current User\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nPrinter Friendly Page\nEntire CommunityThis CategoryThis BoardKnowledge baseUsers\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter a user name or rankturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\ncancel\nturn on suggested results\nShowing results for\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nStart a conversation\nGuidelines\nWe have new content about Hotkey issue, Click here to check it out!\nCreate an account on the HP Community to personalize your profile and ask a question\nYour account also allows you to connect with HP support faster, access a personal dashboard to manage all of your devices in one place, view warranty information, case status and more.\nSign in / Create an account\nLearn more\nSign in /\nCreate an account /\nLearn more\nIt has been a while since anyone has replied. Simply ask a new question if you would like to start the discussion again.\nryan4780\n6\n0\n1\n3,392\nLevel 1\n10-24-2022\n04:36 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nProduct: HP Z640 Workstation\nOperating System: Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit)\nHello all. I am running a z640 which currently has 4x4gb memory installed. I am thinking of adding the 2nd CPU Riser card and adding additional memory, so my question is two-fold.1) If I just add additional ram, do I have to replace all 4 sticks of RAM or can I remove stick 1 and upgrade it to an 8gb stick?2) If I add the 2nd CPU Riser card, do I have to have identical sticks in that one (4x4gb) or could I have slots 1 (for CPU0) and slot 2 (for CPU1) populated with 8gb sticks and then have the 4gb sticks in slots 3-6?From what I have read, both of these configurations should work fine but I wanted to confirm.Thanks a bunch!!!\nSolved!\nGo to Solution.\nTags (2)\nTags:HP Z640 WorkstationMicrosoft Windows 10 (64-bit)\nView All (2)\nCategory:\nMemory Issue\nI have the same question\n1 ACCEPTED SOLUTION\nAccepted Solutions\nryan4780\nAuthor\n6\n0\n1\n3,213\nLevel 1\n10-28-2022\n07:56 PM\n- edited\n10-28-2022\n07:57 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nYou know what, you are being a real jerk and being completely unhelpful. None of that answered the direct question that I asked. All I was looking for was a simple yes or no.If you took the time to actually read my question, you would have seen that the information that I was seeking is not answered in the spec. In fact, I have read the service manual cover to cover.Why would you take the time to come on a forum to answer a question only to NOT answer the question and be insulting?By the way, I have unsubscribed from this thread and will never come back to this forum to ask a question again. Thank you for confirming that I should have never bothered asking in the first place.\nView solution in original post\nTags (2)\nTags:HP Z640 WorkstationMicrosoft Windows 10 (64-bit)\nView All (2)\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\n8 REPLIES 8\nbanhien\n109,345\n28,910\n14,012\n3,374\nLevel 20\n10-24-2022\n05:00 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\n@ryan4780Please read from page 19 of the following Guide https://www.bhphotovideo.com/lit_files/113007.pdfRegards.\nBH*****Click the KUDOS thumb up on the left to say 'Thanks'**Make it easier for other people to find solutions by marking a Reply 'Accept as Solution' if it solves your problem.\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nryan4780\nAuthor\n6\n0\n1\n3,368\nLevel 1\n10-24-2022\n05:13 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nYeah, the same thing is in the HP Z640 Service manual. But it doesn't clarify if Dimms of different sizes are Okay. I assumed they were since there are 4 channels per CPU, 1 socket per channel. But before spending the money to buy it I wanted to confirm. So, would you say both of those are a \"yes\" or a \"no\"?\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nbanhien\n109,345\n28,910\n14,012\n3,309\nLevel 20\n10-25-2022\n11:46 AM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\n@ryan4780You can work by the book or try yourself at your own riskRegards.\nBH*****Click the KUDOS thumb up on the left to say 'Thanks'**Make it easier for other people to find solutions by marking a Reply 'Accept as Solution' if it solves your problem.\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nryan4780\nAuthor\n6\n0\n1\n3,302\nLevel 1\n10-25-2022\n12:32 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nOr I can ask if anyone else has tried something similar and what their results were.If only there were a place online to post those kinds of questions. You know, a place where people who also use the same product come to ask questions too and maybe answer someone else's. Oh wait.....\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nDGroves\n6,180\n1,420\n576\n3,247\nLevel 12\n10-28-2022\n03:14 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nif you install the sec cpu riser board then you \"MUST\" also install the sec cpu into the riser board before the ram slots on the riser board will workeach cpu has it's own specific group of memory slotsThe single processor Z640 has 4 DIMM Slots supporting up to 512GB DDR4 ECC Memory.The dual processor Z640 has 8 DIMM Slots supporting up to 1TB DDR4 ECC Memory.in regards to memory/dimm banks look at the HP z 640/z620 memory table and you will see that yes you can use different memory modules as long as each bank is comprised of the same 2 memory size dimmsto use DIMMs of different sizes, load them in order of size, starting with largest and finishingwith the smallest (largest in DIMM 1, smallest in last loaded DIMM slot)https://www.manualslib.com/manual/899901/Hp-Z440-Workstation-Series.html?page=77\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nryan4780\nAuthor\n6\n0\n1\n3,232\nLevel 1\n10-28-2022\n04:01 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nI'm sorry but you blew right past the root of my question. What do you mean by: \"each bank is comprised of the same 2 memory size dimms\"? Do you mean that slot 1 of CPU0 (actual slot 1) and slot 1 for CPU1 (actual slot 2) have to match each other? Or am I completely missing your meaning? I'm just not following you. How can you have both the same and different size memory dimms at the same time? Two dimms either are the same size or different size.They can't be both at the same time, can they? LOLAnd I'm really not trying to be an ass, I genuinely am just not understanding. I'm sorry. I really appreciate your help.\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nDGroves\n6,180\n1,420\n576\n3,223\nLevel 12\n10-28-2022\n07:27 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\ni don't usually answer questions that have answers in numerous places such as the HP user manual/service manual and quickspecs (and quite a few google links). but for some reason people seem unable to locate them or understand them so i'll try to repeat what they say in perhaps a more understandable formatThe HP Z640 Workstation is a Dual Processor capable system with 4 DIMM slots per CPU.the dimm slot load order will change depending on if you have the sec cpu riser board installedThere aretwo memory channels per CPU, meaningEach memory channel manages two DIMM slotseach memory channel should have the same size/speed dimm for the best results but it is possible to have two 32gb dimms in one mem chanel and two 64gb dimms in the other memory chanel (single cpu config)for a dual cpu system you need to duplicate the same ram config again for the second cpu's 4 dimm slotsif you install mismatched ram in the memory channelsfor either a single or dual cpu config then the system will either run in single channelmode which will cripple performance or not boot at all and give a memory errorThe installed CPUs determine the speed at which the memory runs. If an 1866MHz capable CPU is used in the system, the maximum speed the memory will run at is 1866MHz, regardless of the specified speed of the memory.ONLY registered and load reduced DDR4 DIMMs are supported. DDR3 DIMMs ARE NOT SUPPORTED.again please see the HP quickspecs (memory section) for some of the HP approved memory configurationshttps://www.dectrader.com/docs/set06/492792/c04400040.html\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nryan4780\nAuthor\n6\n0\n1\n3,214\nLevel 1\n10-28-2022\n07:56 PM\n- edited\n10-28-2022\n07:57 PM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nYou know what, you are being a real jerk and being completely unhelpful. None of that answered the direct question that I asked. All I was looking for was a simple yes or no.If you took the time to actually read my question, you would have seen that the information that I was seeking is not answered in the spec. In fact, I have read the service manual cover to cover.Why would you take the time to come on a forum to answer a question only to NOT answer the question and be insulting?By the way, I have unsubscribed from this thread and will never come back to this forum to ask a question again. Thank you for confirming that I should have never bothered asking in the first place.\nTags (2)\nTags:HP Z640 WorkstationMicrosoft Windows 10 (64-bit)\nView All (2)\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nBe alert for scammers posting fake support phone numbers and/or email addresses on the community. If you think you have received a fake HP Support message, please report it to us by clicking on \"Flag Post\".\n The opinions expressed above are the personal opinions of the authors, not of HP. 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It features an abundance of customization options and is an ideal platform for video editing, 3D and 2D graphics, architecture, engineering, and finance.\nShop Now\nShop Now\nOverview\nSpecifications\nCustom Build\nDocumentation\nShop Now\nOverview\nSpecifications\nCustom Build\nDocumentation\nHP Z640 Tower Workstation - System Overview\nDescription\nThe HP Z640 Workstation is designed for compute-intensive applications like complex imaging, CAD, finance, research, and geologic exploration. Boasting more customization options than previous Z-Series models, the system can be easily upgraded to meet user-specific needs and device support. New features include better expandability, greater throughput speeds and efficiency, tool-free component upgrades, and integrated handles. HP calls this system \"Whisper Quiet\", with acoustical levels at about what you would expect in a library.\nPerformance\nUsers can choose from one or two Intel Xeon E5-2600 v3 or E5-2600 v4 processors, or a single E5-1600 v3 or E5-1600 v4 processor. Using top of the line E5-2699 v4 processors with 55MB cache supporting 22 cores, that's 44 cores total in a two processor configuration! Users can start out with just one processor and quickly scale by adding a unique CPU riser board supporting a second processor and 4 additional memory slots. Hyper-Threading, Turbo boost, and Thunderbolt technology are also supported and guarantee faster performance.\nMemory\nUsing HP's DDR4 SmartMemory with an appropriate processor, and optimized memory configuration can achieve memory speeds of up to 2400MHz. Only Registered (RDIMM) and Load-Reduced (LRDIMM) memory modules are supported but cannot be mixed. Non-Uniform Memory Allocation (NUMA) is also supported enabling users to mix and match memory modules of different capacities. In a dual processor configuration, a maximum capacity of 256GB is available when loaded with 32GB LRDIMM modules or up to 128GB using 16GB RDIMM modules.\nStorage\nThis system supports a hefty 16TB of storage using enterprise-class SATA HDDs. RAID configurations of 0, 1, 5, and 10 are available using the integrated RAID support. With two AHCI controllers, you get enhanced storage operation and a range of recent innovations including HP's Performance Advisor, Turbo Drive, TRIM command support for SSDs, and Native command queuing. These technologies create meaningful performance benefits such as auto-optimized command execution, automated configurations and updates to make your life easier. TRIM for SSDs extends longevity, while Turbo Drive reduces bottlenecks leading to quicker boot up, faster rendering of graphics or video, and speedier results of mega sized calculations. An additional terabyte of storage can be installed using the optional PCIe HP Z Turbo Drive G2 SSD, which will take up one or two of the PCie 3.0 x4 slots. The Optional PCIe SSDs can be used for faster boot up or users can opt for a removable boot drive option.\nExpansion\nThis workstation features six PCI slots total with a mix of PCIe 3.0, 2.0, and one legacy slot for older cards. PCI Express 3.0 technology enables superior performance and improved I/O bandwidth while reducing latency. Four USB 3.0 ports on the front, and 4 in the rear, support additional media cards, storage, or connections for external devices. A second CPU can be installed without tools using an optional CPU riser, which easily clips in place by hand to provide up to 22 more cores (using E5-2600 v4 processors) and support for up to 128GB more RAM. HP's Thunderbolt Technology is optional and enables super-fast data transfers and is compatible with the Nvidia Quadro K620, K2200, and K4200 only. For high performance computing, Nvidia's Tesla K40 Workstation coprocessor can be installed in one of the many PCIe slots. Depending on your choice of video card, this system will support multiple monitors, 4k video display, and simultaneous capture along with 20GB/s data throughput in each direction.\nManagement\nManaging this workstation is made easy by the Performance Advisor, a free download, which automates updates and new configurations. Intel's Active Management Technology that increases the efficiency of network synchronizations. Remote configuration and graceful shutdown is supported in addition to several other management features.\nSummary\nThe HP Z640 tower workstation delivers peak performance and is built to adapt to your changing your needs. Users can start out with just one processor, for a reasonable entry-level price, and easily scale to a two processor configuration and more memory using the optional CPU riser card. Substantial compute and graphics power is packed into a very quiet and efficient tower form factor that's also 4U rack mountable. Loaded with dual Intel Xeon processors will maximize your output and enable up to eight displays. The system is also ISV certified to deliver peak performance with your programs of choice.\nShop Now\nHP Z640 Tower Workstation - Specifications\nForm Factor\nTower\n4U Rackable\nOperating System\nWindows 8.1 Pro 64\nWindows 8.1 Standard 64-bit\nWindows 7 Professional 64 (available through downgrade rights from Windows 8.1 Pro 64)\nWindows 7 Professional 64 (National Academic)\nUbuntu 14.04\nHP Installer Kit for Linux\nRed Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop (Paper license with 1 year support; no preinstalled OS)\nProcessor Family\nIntel Xeon ES-2699 v4 processor\nIntel Xeon E5 2600 v4 processor\nIntel Xeon E5 2600 v3 processor\nIntel Xeon E5 1600 v4 processor\nIntel Xeon E5 1600 v3 processor\nProcessors\nIntel Xeon E5-2699 v4 (2.2 GHz, 55 MB cache, 22 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2697 v4 (2.3 GHz, 45 MB cache, 18 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2695 v4 (2.1 GHz, 45 MB cache, 18 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2690 v4 (2.6 GHz, 35 MB cache, 14 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2683 v4 (2.1 GHz, 40 MB cache, 16 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2680 v4 (2.4 GHz, 35 MB cache, 14 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2667 v4 (3.2 GHz, 25 MB cache, 8 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2660 v4 (2 GHz, 35 MB cache, 14 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2650 v4 (2.2 GHz, 30 MB cache, 12 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2643 v4 (3.4 GHz, 20 MB cache, 6 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2640 v4 (2.4 GHz, 25 MB cache, 10 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2637 v4 (3.5 GHz, 15 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2630 v4 (2.2 GHz, 25 MB cache, 10 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2623 v4 (2.6 GHz, 10 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2620 v4 (2.1 GHz, 20 MB cache, 8 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2609 v4 (1.7 GHz, 20 MB cache, 8 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2603 v4 (1.7 GHz, 15 MB cache, 6 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1680 v4 (3.4 GHz, 20 MB cache, 8 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1660 v4 (3.2 GHz, 20 MB cache, 8 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1650 v4 (3.6 GHz, 15 MB cache, 6 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1630 v4 (3.7 GHz, 10 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1620 v4 (3.5 GHz, 10 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1607 v4 (3.1 GHz, 10 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1603 v4 (2.8 GHz, 10 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2699 v3 (2.3 GHz, 45 MB cache, 18 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2697 v3 (2.6 GHz, 35 MB cache, 14 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2695 v3 (2.3 GHz, 35 MB cache, 14 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2690 v3 (2.6 GHz, 30 MB cache, 12 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2683 v3 (2.0 GHz, 35 MB cache, 14 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2680 v3 (2.5 GHz, 30 MB cache, 12 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2670 v3 (2.3 GHz, 30 MB cache, 12 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2667 v3 (3.2 GHz, 20 MB cache, 8 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2660 v3 (2.6 GHz, 25 MB cache, 10 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2650 v3 (2.3 GHz, 25 MB cache, 10 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2643 v3 (3.4 GHz, 20 MB cache, 6 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2640 v3 (2.6 GHz, 20 MB cache, 8 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2637 v3 (3.5 GHz, 15 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2630 v3 (2.4 GHz, 20 MB cache, 8 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2623 v3 (3.0 GHz, 10 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2620 v3 (2.4 GHz, 15 MB cache, 6 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2609 v3 (1.9 GHz, 15 MB cache, 6 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-2603 v3 (1.6 GHz, 15 MB cache, 6 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1680 v3 (3.2 GHz, 20 MB cache, 8 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1660 v3 (3.0 GHz, 20 MB cache, 8 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1650 v3 (3.5 GHz, 15 MB cache, 6 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1630 v3 (3.7 GHz, 10 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1620 v3 (3.5 GHz, 10 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1607 v3 (3.1 GHz, 10 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nIntel Xeon E5-1603 v3 (2.8 GHz, 10 MB cache, 4 cores, Intel vPro)\nChipset\nIntel C612\nMemory\n128 GB DDR4-2400 ECC Registered\n256 GB DDR4-2400 ECC Load-reduced RAM\n4 DIMM (with 1 processor) and 8 DIMM (with 2 processors)\nTransfer rates up to 2400 MT/s. Only registered and load-reduced ECC DIMMs are supported\nInternal Storage\n300 GB up to 600 GB SAS (15000 rpm)\n300 GB up to 1.2 TB SAS (10000 rpm)\n500 GB up to 3 TB SATA (7200 rpm)\n500 GB SATA SED (7200 rpm)\n128 GB up to 1 TB SATA SSD\n256 GB SATA SE SSD\n256 GB up to 512 GB HP Z Turbo Drive (PCIe SSD)\nOptical Storage\nSlim SATA DVD-ROM;\nSlim SATA SuperMulti DVD writer;\nSlim SATA Blu-ray writer\nAdditional Storage\n1 15-in-1 media card reader (optional)\nAvailable Graphics\nProfessional 2D:NVIDIA NVS 310 (512 MB);\nNVIDIA NVS 315 (1 GB); NVIDIA NVS 510 (2 GB)\nEntry 3D:NVIDIA Quadro K420 (1 GB);\nNVIDIA Quadro K620 (2 GB)\nMid-range 3D:NVIDIA Quadro K2200 (4 GB);\nAMD FirePro W2100 (2 GB);\nAMD FirePro W5100 (4 GB)\nHigh-end 3D:NVIDIA Quadro K4200 (4 GB);\nNVIDIA Quadro K5200 (8 GB);\nNVIDIA Quadro K6000 (12 GB);\nAMD FirePro W7100 (8 GB)\nAudio Integrated Realtek HD ALC221\nCommunications\nIntegrated Intel I218LM PCIe GbE;\nIntel I210-T1 PCIe GbE (optional);\nHP X540 10 GbE Dual Port Adapter (optional);\nHP X520 10 GbE Dual Port Adapter (optional);\nHP 10 GbE SFP+SR Transceiver (optional);\nHP 361T PCIe dual-port gigabit (optional);\nIntel 7260 802.11a/b/g/n PCIe WLAN (optional)\nExpansion Slots\nSlot 1 (top): PCIe Gen2 x1, open-ended connector* FH, HL (NA with 2nd CPU)\nSlot 2: PCIe Gen3 x16 FH, FL (with extender)\nSlot 3: PCIe Gen2 x4 with open-ended connector* FH, FL (with extender)\nSlot 4: PCIe Gen3 x8 with open-ended connector* FH, FL (with extender)\nSlot 5: PCIe Gen3 x16 FH, FL (with extender)\nSlot 6: PCI 32bit/33MHz FH, FL (with extender)\n*Open-ended connector allows a greater bandwidth (e.g., x16) card to be installed physically into a lower bandwidth connector/slot.\nPorts and Connectors\nFront: 4 USB 3.0; 1 headset; 1 microphone\nRear: 4 USB 3.0; 2 USB 2.0; 2 PS/2; 1 RJ-45; 1 audio line in; 1 audio line out\nInternal: 1 USB 2.0; 1 USB 3.0 Internal USB 2.0 available by the 2x5 header. Internal USB 3.0 available by the 2x10 header.\nDrive Bays (Internal)\nTwo 3.5\"\nDrive Bays (External)\nTwo 5.25\";\nOne slim ODD:\nInput Devices\nHP PS/2 Keyboard;\nHP USB Keyboard;\nHP USB SmartCard Keyboard;\nHP Wireless Keyboard and Mouse;\nHP PS/2 Mouse;\nHP USB Optical Mouse;\nHP USB 1000 dpi Laser Mouse;\nHP USB Optical 3-Button Mouse;\nHP SpaceMouse Pro USB 3D Controller;\nHP SpacePilot Pro 3D USB Intelligent Controller\nSoftware\nHP Performance Advisor;\nHP Remote Graphics Software (RGS);\nCyberlink Power2Go & PowerDVD;\nFoxit PhantomPDF Express;\nBuy Office\nSecurity\nHP Solenoid Hood Lock & Hood Sensor;\nHP Business PC Security Lock Kit;\nTPM 1.2 certified\nPower\n925 W 90% efficient, active PFC\nDimensions (H x W x D)\n6.75 x 18.3 x 17.5 in\n17.5 x 46.48 x 44.45 cm\nWeight\n33.1 lb\n15 kg\n(Exact weight depends upon configuration.)\nEnvironmental Certification\nLow halogen\nEnergy Efficiency Compliance\nENERGY STAR qualified and EPEAT registered configurations available\nCompatible Displays\nHP Z Display Z30i 30-inch IPS LED Backlit Monitor;\nHP Z Display Z27i 27-inch IPS LED Backlit Monitor;\nHP Z Display Z24i 24-inch IPS LED Backlit Monitor;\nHP Z Display Z23i 23-inch IPS LED Backlit Monitor;\nHP Z Display Z22i 21.5-inch IPS LED Backlit Monitor;\nHP DreamColor Z27x Professional Display;\nHP DreamColor Z24x Professional Display\nShop Now\nGet a quote for HP Z640 Tower Workstation\nIf you know what you want but can't find the exact configuration you're looking for, have one of our knowledgeable sales staff contact you. 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Windows 11 Support Center.\nHP Community\nDesktops\nDesktop Hardware and Upgrade Questions\nHP Z640 Workstation \"Pre-Video Graphic Card error\"\nHP Z640 Workstation \"Pre-Video Graphic Card error\" Solved\nOptions\nMark Topic as New\nMark Topic as Read\nFloat this Topic for Current User\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nPrinter Friendly Page\nEntire CommunityThis CategoryThis BoardKnowledge baseUsers\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter a user name or rankturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\nEnter search termturn off suggested results\ncancel\nturn on suggested results\nShowing results for\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nStart a conversation\nGuidelines\nWe have new content about Hotkey issue, Click here to check it out!\nCreate an account on the HP Community to personalize your profile and ask a question\nYour account also allows you to connect with HP support faster, access a personal dashboard to manage all of your devices in one place, view warranty information, case status and more.\nSign in / Create an account\nLearn more\nSign in /\nCreate an account /\nLearn more\nIt has been a while since anyone has replied. Simply ask a new question if you would like to start the discussion again.\nSparkyTech934\n5\n1\n1\n2,287\nLevel 2\n10-06-2021\n08:01 AM\n- edited\n10-06-2021\n11:18 AM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nProduct: HP Z640\nOperating System: Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit)\nHello. I just bought a used HP Z640, and was in the initial stages of setting the device up at my home. I started by clearing the CMOS, and reverting any changes by the previous owner of the device in the firmware so I could set things up how I wanted them. I noticed that legacy support was enabled, and secure boot was disabled, so I changed the BIOS setting and set it to 'disable legacy support, enable secure boot' becuse I was going to install windows 10 (which of course has built in secure boot support).Changing thatBIOS setting is where my problem began. As of now, the machine will not POSTbecuase it doesn't like the vBIOS of the GPU (a GTX 660). The POST error code isred LED, 6 beeps, and 2 second wait.Basically, my predicament is that now that the computer won't even get past the POST, I am unable to even enter the BIOS and revert to 'enable legacy support and disable secure boot' to get back to where it was working previously.I have tried the following:Clearing CMOS to revert settings (both with CMOS button, and by taking the battery out for 15 or so minutes). This did not work, I assume because clearing CMOS does not affect UEFI/Secure boot settings.Taking GPU out of the machine, and reseating it. (obviously was a long shot, but was worth a try).I am at a loss, and need some help with this. I'm a software developer and have plenty of hardware experience, but I feel like I kind of am stuck in a corner here, with not being able to even get into the machine's BIOS. I was thinking that I could try and get my hands on a newer GPU with UEFI support, but even then, there is only a 6-pin PCIe cable in the Z640, and most modern cards require an 8-pin connector. I'm honestly shocked that a simple firmware setting change could render the device so useless. Please post any suggestions, I appreciate your time and effort!Edit: 10/6/2021 1:13PMI thought of a few workarounds that I will try, however, I would still love suggestions for this issue.Use a second power supply to power a newer, UEFI capable GPU to get back into the BIOS and change the setting backTry and use the failover BootBlock mode to re-flash the BIOS from a USB drive. This option will most likey beuneffectivedue to the fact that it only allows a re-flash if it detectscorruptionwhich I do not think is the case here.I will update again if I find a solution.\nSolved!\nGo to Solution.\nTags (2)\nTags:HP Z640Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit)\nView All (2)\nCategory:\nBios Issue\nGraphics Card Upgrade\nOthers\nPCI driver issue\nI have the same question\n1 ACCEPTED SOLUTION\nAccepted Solutions\nSparkyTech934\nAuthor\n5\n1\n1\n2,103\nLevel 2\n10-07-2021\n09:32 AM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nAlright, so I was able to remedy the issue. I tried a few things, and since there was no video output, I'm not 100% sure exactly what the fix was, but I have a hunch, and will explain in summary. My order of operations is below:Removed all unneccesary components from the machine (this would be the setup I used for the rest of the troubleshooting). This included:Optional CPU board + RAM that was installed on itWireless cardTook out CMOS battery, waited more than 30 minuteSimultaneously to clearing CMOS, removed the GTX 660 (the original card that was being rejected by the BIOS), and replaced it, in the same slot (top slot) with a low profile video card.Replaced the CMOS battery, booted the machineAt this point, the video card error6 beeps, accompanied by red LED, 2 second pausecame back. No success. I continued belowMoved the jumper on the BBR (Boot Block Recovery) header, shorting the pins towards the rear of the case.On another computer, created a flash drive image with the HP software on the Z640 support site. (extracted files and then followed prompts to make 'recovery drive'). Then plugged the USB drive into the back of the machinecleared CMOS again (CMOS button on board this time)Booted the machine into BBR mode. 8 beeps, accompanied by red LED (normal activity for BBR mode). The flash drive began pulsing/flashing before staying lit constantly. Eventually (after a few minutes), the machine's fans ramped up to 100% speed.NOTE: At this point, with the observed behavior, it didnot appear to be doing what it should in BBR mode. All documentation regarding this mode say that if successful, the machine would boot twice and then shut down. I am unsure if BBR + USB recovery fixed anything.I force powered-off machine since it was in error stateReplaced the jumper back to original pin location.Started the machine again (now in normal boot mode). 6 beeps, accompanied by red LED, 2 second pausepersisted.With trying BBR mode without any knowledge of of success/failure, and clearing CMOS still having no effect, I was begining to feel like this was going nowhere. My last attempt is detailed below:Cleared CMOS again (CMOS button on board)Switched out video card for another low-profile option that I had laying around (this one identified as a Geforce 210 GPU by Gigabyte, revision 6.0)Booted machine.Success! I saw an HP splash screen, and was able to access the BIOS after one more CMOS reset.After getting to this point, I did the following, and I would highly recommend others do the same:Upgraded BIOS manually to the latest version (HP Z640 - version 2.57 as of May 2021)Set BIOS to factory defaults after upgrade.Put in the rest of the hardware.Tried another GPU (RTX 2060) and changed the original setting that messed me up'disable legacy support, enable secure boot'Everything still worked fine after that.SummaryAlright, so to summarize and play some detective work, I believe that the fix was as simple asreplacing the video card with another unit that the system was able to interface with in UEFI only mode.I would like to think that using BBR mode and recovering the BIOS was a help, but it seemed that while using BBR mode, the machine did not exhibit normal behavior. To further compliment that theory is the fact that my BIOS version hadn't changed after using BBR mode, so I'm doubtful that a BIOS flash happened when trying to use the feature.I truly hope this post/thread can help someone else who accidentally picks a fight with HP's hideous firmware. I will update if I forgot to mention anything.\nView solution in original post\nTags (2)\nTags:HP Z640Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit)\nView All (2)\n2 people found this reply helpful\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\n2 REPLIES 2\nitsmyname\n5,033\n687\n237\n2,136\nLevel 9\n10-07-2021\n01:56 AM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\n@SparkyTech934-- is this your computer:HP Z640 Workstation (zworkstations.com)Do you have any of the GPUs listed on this page? I hope that the computer will POST when one of those GPUs are connected.\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nSparkyTech934\nAuthor\n5\n1\n1\n2,104\nLevel 2\n10-07-2021\n09:32 AM\nHP Recommended\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nPermalink\nPrint\nFlag Post\nAlright, so I was able to remedy the issue. I tried a few things, and since there was no video output, I'm not 100% sure exactly what the fix was, but I have a hunch, and will explain in summary. My order of operations is below:Removed all unneccesary components from the machine (this would be the setup I used for the rest of the troubleshooting). This included:Optional CPU board + RAM that was installed on itWireless cardTook out CMOS battery, waited more than 30 minuteSimultaneously to clearing CMOS, removed the GTX 660 (the original card that was being rejected by the BIOS), and replaced it, in the same slot (top slot) with a low profile video card.Replaced the CMOS battery, booted the machineAt this point, the video card error6 beeps, accompanied by red LED, 2 second pausecame back. No success. I continued belowMoved the jumper on the BBR (Boot Block Recovery) header, shorting the pins towards the rear of the case.On another computer, created a flash drive image with the HP software on the Z640 support site. (extracted files and then followed prompts to make 'recovery drive'). Then plugged the USB drive into the back of the machinecleared CMOS again (CMOS button on board this time)Booted the machine into BBR mode. 8 beeps, accompanied by red LED (normal activity for BBR mode). The flash drive began pulsing/flashing before staying lit constantly. Eventually (after a few minutes), the machine's fans ramped up to 100% speed.NOTE: At this point, with the observed behavior, it didnot appear to be doing what it should in BBR mode. All documentation regarding this mode say that if successful, the machine would boot twice and then shut down. I am unsure if BBR + USB recovery fixed anything.I force powered-off machine since it was in error stateReplaced the jumper back to original pin location.Started the machine again (now in normal boot mode). 6 beeps, accompanied by red LED, 2 second pausepersisted.With trying BBR mode without any knowledge of of success/failure, and clearing CMOS still having no effect, I was begining to feel like this was going nowhere. My last attempt is detailed below:Cleared CMOS again (CMOS button on board)Switched out video card for another low-profile option that I had laying around (this one identified as a Geforce 210 GPU by Gigabyte, revision 6.0)Booted machine.Success! I saw an HP splash screen, and was able to access the BIOS after one more CMOS reset.After getting to this point, I did the following, and I would highly recommend others do the same:Upgraded BIOS manually to the latest version (HP Z640 - version 2.57 as of May 2021)Set BIOS to factory defaults after upgrade.Put in the rest of the hardware.Tried another GPU (RTX 2060) and changed the original setting that messed me up'disable legacy support, enable secure boot'Everything still worked fine after that.SummaryAlright, so to summarize and play some detective work, I believe that the fix was as simple asreplacing the video card with another unit that the system was able to interface with in UEFI only mode.I would like to think that using BBR mode and recovering the BIOS was a help, but it seemed that while using BBR mode, the machine did not exhibit normal behavior. To further compliment that theory is the fact that my BIOS version hadn't changed after using BBR mode, so I'm doubtful that a BIOS flash happened when trying to use the feature.I truly hope this post/thread can help someone else who accidentally picks a fight with HP's hideous firmware. I will update if I forgot to mention anything.\nTags (2)\nTags:HP Z640Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit)\nView All (2)\n2 people found this reply helpful\nWas this reply helpful?\nYes\nNo\nRecommendations\nQuestion\nAuthor\nPosted\nHp Z640 graphics card upgrade pin connector\ndeki012\n07-24-2023\n07:03 AM\nGraphics Card\nandrewjj\n04-12-2024\n02:41 PM\nGraphics card\nLDBennettjr\n03-21-2024\n05:39 AM\nGraphics card not working\nJan274\n10-08-2023\n12:59 AM\nNeed help on choosing compatible graphics card\nTrrrt\n05-17-2024\n10:10 PM\nBe alert for scammers posting fake support phone numbers and/or email addresses on the community. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Don Knotts - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life\n2Career\nToggle Career subsection\n2.1Early career\n2.2The Andy Griffith Show\n2.3Post-Mayberry film career\n2.4Three's Company\n2.5Later years\n3Personal life\n4Death\n5Filmography\nToggle Filmography subsection\n5.1Film\n5.2Television\n5.3Video games\n6Bibliography\n7Awards\n8References\n9Further reading\n10External links\nToggle the table of contents\nDon Knotts\n51 languages\nAfrikaansAragonsArpetanAsturianuAzrbaycanca / Bn-lm-gBikol CentralBoarischBrezhonegCatalCebuanoDeutschDolnoserbskiEestiEmilin e rumagnlEspaolEsperantoEstremeuEuskaraFranaisFryskGalegoItalianoJawaKiswahiliKurdMagyarNederlandsOzbekcha / PolskiPortugusRomnScotsSimple English / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTrkeVnetoVolapkWinarayZazaki\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadView sourceView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadView sourceView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAmerican actor and comedian (19242006)\nDon KnottsKnotts in 1966BornJesse Donald Knotts(1924-07-21)July 21, 1924[1]:5Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.DiedFebruary 24, 2006(2006-02-24) (aged81)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeWestwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, Los Angeles, California, U.S.AlmamaterWest Virginia UniversityOccupation(s)Actor, comedianYearsactive19412006Spouses\nKathryn Metz\n (m.1947; div.1964)\nLoralee Czuchna\n (m.1974; div.1983)\nFrances Yarborough (m.2002)Children2, including Karen Knotts\nJesse Donald Knotts (July 21, 1924 February 24, 2006) was an American actor and comedian. He is widely known for his role as Deputy Sheriff Barney Fife on the 1960s sitcom The Andy Griffith Show, for which he earned five Emmy Awards.[1]:18[2] He also played Ralph Furley on the highly rated[3] sitcom Three's Company from 1979 to 1984. He starred in multiple comedic films, including leading roles in The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964) and The Ghost and Mr. Chicken (1966). In 2004, TV Guide ranked him number 27 on its 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time list.[4]\nKnotts was born in West Virginia, the youngest of four children. In the 1940s, before earning a college degree, he served in the United States Army and in World War II. While enlisted, he chose to become a ventriloquist and comedian as part of a G.I. variety show, Stars and Gripes.\nAfter the army, he got his first major break on television in the soap opera Search for Tomorrow where he appeared from 1953 to 1955. He then gained wide recognition as part of the repertory company on Steve Allen's variety show, where he played the \"extremely nervous man\" in Allen's mock \"Man in the Street\" interviews. In 1958, Knotts made his film debut in the adapted version of No Time for Sergeants.\nKnotts was cast as deputy Barney Fife on television's The Andy Griffith Show, which ran from 1960 to 1968. He reprised the character in other shows, such as The Joey Bishop Show and Return to Mayberry. Knotts won five Emmy Awards for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Comedy.\nEarly life\nKnotts was born in Morgantown, West Virginia, the youngest of four sons of farmer William Jesse Knotts and his wife Elsie Luzetta Knotts (ne Moore), who were married in Spraggs, Pennsylvania. His English paternal ancestors emigrated to America in the 17th century, originally settling in Queen Anne's County, Maryland. His brothers were named Willis, William, and Ralph (who was called \"Sid\").[5]\nKnotts' mother was 40 at his birth. His father, who had schizophrenia and alcoholism, sometimes terrorized him with a knife, causing him to turn inward at an early age. His father died of pneumonia when Knotts was 13. He and his brothers were then raised by their mother, who ran a boarding house in Morgantown. She died in 1969 at age 84. Her son William preceded her in death in 1941 at age 31. They are buried in the family plot at Beverly Hills Memorial Park in Morgantown.[5]\nKnotts graduated from Morgantown High School. After enlisting in the United States Army and serving in World War II,[6] he earned a bachelor's degree in education with a minor in speech from West Virginia University in Morgantown, graduating in 1948.[7] He was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity at WVU.[8]\nCareer\nEarly career\nBefore he entered high school, Knotts began performing as a ventriloquist and comedian at various church and school functions.[1]:5 After high school, he traveled to New York City to try to make his way as a comedian, but when his career failed to take off, returned home to attend West Virginia University. After his freshman year, he joined the U.S. Army and spent most of his service entertaining troops.[6] He toured the western Pacific Islands as a comedian, in a G.I. variety show called \"Stars and Gripes\".[9] His ventriloquist act included a dummy named Danny, which Knotts grew to hateand eventually threw overboard, according to friend and castmate Al Checco.[1]:7\nKnotts served in the army from June 21, 1943, to January 6, 1946, in the Army's 6817th Special Services Battalion.[10] He was discharged at the rank of Technician Grade 5, then equivalent to a corporal.[10] During his service, he was awarded the World War II Victory Medal, the Philippine Liberation Medal, the AsiaticPacific Campaign Medal (with four bronze service stars), the American Campaign Medal, the Army Good Conduct Medal, the Army Marksman Badge (with an M1 Carbine) and the Honorable Service Lapel Pin.[1]:18[10]\nAfter being demobilized, Knotts returned to West Virginia University and graduated in 1948. He married Kay Metz and moved back to New York, where connections he had made in the Special Services Branch helped him break into show business. In addition to doing stand-up comedy at clubs, he appeared on radio, eventually playing the wisecracking, know-it-all character \"Windy Wales\" on a radio Western called \"Bobby Benson and the B-Bar-B Riders\".[11]\nKnotts got his first break on television in the soap opera Search for Tomorrow, where he appeared from 1953 to 1955. He came to fame in 1956 on Steve Allen's variety show, as part of Allen's repertory company, most notably in Allen's mock \"Man in the Street\" interviews, always playing an extremely nervous man. He remained with Allen through the 19591960 season. From October 20, 1955, through September 14, 1957, he appeared in the Broadway stage version of No Time for Sergeants, where he played two roles, listed on the playbill as a Corporal Manual Dexterity and A Preacher.[12] In 1958, he made his movie debut with Andy Griffith in the film version of No Time for Sergeants, where he reprised his Broadway role, and played a high-strung Air Force test administrator whose routine is disrupted by the hijinks of a provincial new recruit.[13]\nThe Andy Griffith Show\nAs Barney Fife, Knotts gets the help of Sheriff Taylor when his gun gets stuck on his finger.\nKnotts receives his first Emmy Award for The Andy Griffith Show, 1961.\nIn 1960, Andy Griffith was offered the opportunity to headline his own sitcom, The Andy Griffith Show (19601968). Knotts took the role of Barney Fife, the deputyand originally cousinof Sheriff Andy Taylor (portrayed by Griffith). Knotts' portrayal of the deputy on the popular show earned him five Emmy Awards for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Comedy.[14]\nA summary of the show from the website of the Museum of Broadcast Communications describes Deputy Barney Fife:\nSelf-important, romantic, and nearly always wrong, Barney dreamed of the day he could use the one bullet Andy had issued to him, though he did fire his gun on a few occasions. He always fired his pistol accidentally while still in his holster or in the ceiling of the courthouse, at which point he would sadly hand his pistol to Andy. This is why Barney kept one very shiny bullet in his shirt pocket. In episode #196, Andy gave Barney more bullets so that he would have a loaded gun to go after a bad guy that Barney unintentionally helped escape. While Barney was forever frustrated that Mayberry was too small for the delusional ideas he had of himself, viewers got the sense that he couldn't have survived anywhere else. Don Knotts played the comic and pathetic sides of the character with equal aplomb and he received three Emmy Awards during the show's first five seasons.[15]\nWhen the show first aired, Griffith was intended to be the comedic lead with Knotts as his straight man, similar to their roles in No Time for Sergeants. However, it was quickly discovered that the show was funnier with the roles reversed. As Griffith maintained in several interviews, \"By the second episode, I knew that Don should be funny, and I should play straight.\"[16]\nKnotts believed remarks by Griffith that The Andy Griffith Show would end after five seasons, and he began to look for other work, signing a five-film contract with Universal Studios. In his autobiography, Knotts admitted that he had not yet signed the contract when Griffith announced his decision to continue the series; but he had made up his mind to move on, believing he would not get the chance again. Knotts left the series in 1965. His character's absence on the show was explained by Deputy Fife's having finally made the \"big time,\" joining the Raleigh, North Carolina, police force.[17]\nPost-Mayberry film career\nOn a 1967 Andy Griffith special, Knotts plays the outraged wife of Tennessee Ernie Ford, as Griffith looks on.\nKnotts went on to star in a series of film comedies that drew on his high-strung persona from the television series: he had a cameo appearance in United Artists' It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), and starred in Warner Bros.' The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964). Knotts then began his Universal five-film contract with The Ghost and Mr. Chicken (1966), The Reluctant Astronaut (1967), The Shakiest Gun in the West (1968), The Love God? (1969) and How to Frame a Figg (1971).[1]:11 After making How to Frame a Figg, Knotts' five-film contract with Universal finished.\nKnotts reprised his role as Barney Fife several times in the 1960s: he made five guest appearances on The Andy Griffith Show (gaining him another two Emmy Awards), and he later appeared once on the spin-off Mayberry R.F.D., where he was present as best man for the marriage of Andy Taylor and his longtime love, Helen Crump.[18] He continued to work steadily, though he did not appear as a regular on any successful television series until in 1979 he got the part of landlord Ralph Furley on Three's Company for seasons 4 through 8, after the departure of Norman Fell, who had played the previous landlord.[19]\nIn the late 1960s and early 1970s, Knotts served as the spokesman for Dodge trucks and was featured prominently in a series of print ads and dealer brochures. On television, he went on to host a variety show/sitcom hybrid on NBC, The Don Knotts Show, which aired Tuesdays during the fall of 1970, but the series was low-rated and short-lived, and Knotts was uncomfortable with the variety show format.[1]:12 He also made frequent guest appearances on other shows such as The Bill Cosby Show and Here's Lucy. In 1970, he appeared as a Barney Fife-like police officer in the pilot of The New Andy Griffith Show. In 1972, Knotts voiced an animated version of himself in two episodes of The New Scooby Doo Movies: \"The Spooky Fog of Juneberry\", in which he played a lawman resembling Barney Fife, and \"Guess Who's Knott Coming to Dinner\". He appeared as Felix Unger in a stage version of Neil Simon's The Odd Couple, with Art Carney as Oscar Madison, and toured in the Neil Simon comedy Last of the Red Hot Lovers.[1]:13\nBeginning in 1975, Knotts was teamed with Tim Conway in a series of slapstick films aimed at children, including the Disney film The Apple Dumpling Gang (1975) and its sequel, The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again (1979). They also did two independent films, the boxing comedy The Prize Fighter (1979), and the mystery-comedy The Private Eyes (1980). Knotts co-starred in several other Disney films, including Gus (1976), No Deposit, No Return (1976), Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977) and Hot Lead and Cold Feet (1978).\nThree's Company\nIn 1979, Knotts returned to series television in his second most identifiable role, the wacky but lovable landlord Ralph Furley on Three's Company.[1]:13 The series, which was already an established hit, added Knotts to the cast when the original landlords, Stanley and Helen Roper (a married couple played by Norman Fell and Audra Lindley, respectively) left to star in their own short-lived spin-off series The Ropers.\nOn set, Knotts easily integrated himself into the already established cast who were, as John Ritter put it, \"so scared\" of Knotts because of his star status. When Suzanne Somers left the show after a contract dispute in 1981, the writers started giving the material meant for Somers's Chrissy to Knotts' Furley. Knotts remained on the series until it ended in 1984. The Three's Company script supervisor, Carol Summers, became Knotts' agent and often accompanied him to personal appearances.\nLater years\nIn 1986, Knotts reunited with Andy Griffith in the made-for-television film Return to Mayberry, reprising his Barney Fife role.[1]:161 In early 1987, he joined the cast of the first-run syndication comedy What a Country!, as Principal Bud McPherson, for its remaining 13 episodes. It was produced by Martin Rips and Joseph Staretski, who had previously worked on Three's Company.\nIn 1988, Knotts joined Andy Griffith on TV's Matlock, in the recurring role of pesky neighbor Les Calhoun, until 1992.[1]:169\nAfter that, his roles were sporadic, including a cameo appearance in the film Big Bully (1996) as the high school principal. In 1998, he had a small but pivotal role as a mysterious TV repairman in Pleasantville.[1]:15 That year, his hometown of Morgantown, West Virginia changed the name of the street formerly known as South University Avenue (U.S. Route 119) to Don Knotts Boulevard on \"Don Knotts Day\".[1]:18-19 Also that day, in honor of Knotts' role as Barney Fife, he was named an honorary deputy sheriff with the Monongalia County Sheriff's Department.\nKnotts was recognized in 2000 with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[1]:15 He continued to act on stage, but much of his film and television work after 2000 was as voice talent. In 2002, he appeared again with Scooby-Doo in the video game Scooby-Doo! Night of 100 Frights. (He also spoofed his appearances on that show in various promotions for Cartoon Network, and in a parody on Robot Chicken, where he was teamed with Phyllis Diller.) In 2003, he teamed up again with Tim Conway to provide voices for the direct-to-video children's series Hermie and Friends, which continued until Knotts' death. In 2005, he was the voice of Mayor Turkey Lurkey in Chicken Little (2005), his first Disney movie since 1979. On September 12, 2003, he was in Kansas City, in a stage version of On Golden Pond, when he received a call from John Ritter's family telling him that his former Three's Company co-star had died of an aortic dissection that day.[citation needed] He and his co-stars attended the funeral four days later. Knotts had appeared with Ritter one final time earlier in 2003 in a cameo on 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter, in an episode that paid homage to their earlier television series. Knotts was the last Three's Company star to work with Ritter.\nDuring this period of time, macular degeneration in both eyes caused the otherwise robust Knotts to become virtually blind. His live appearances on television were few. In 2005, he parodied his Ralph Furley character while playing a Paul Young variation in a Desperate Housewives sketch on The 3rd Annual TV Land Awards. He parodied that part one final time in \"Stone Cold Crazy\", an episode of the sitcom That '70s Show, where he played the landlord. It was his last live-action television appearance. His final role was in Air Buddies (2006), a direct-to-video sequel to Air Bud, voicing the sheriff's deputy dog Sniffer.\nPersonal life\nKnotts's friend Al Checco said, \"Don was somewhat of a ladies' man. He fancied himself something of a Frank Sinatra. The ladies loved him and he dated quite a bit.\"[1]:11 Knotts was married three times. His marriage to Kathryn Metz lasted from 1947 until their divorce in 1964. They had a son, Thomas Knotts, and a daughter, actress Karen Knotts (born April 2, 1954). After they divorced, Knotts raised his daughter as a single parent.[1]:11-12 He married Loralee Czuchna in 1974; they divorced in 1983. His third marriage was to Frances Yarborough, from 2002 until his death in 2006.\nKnotts struggled with hypochondria and macular degeneration.[9][20] Betty Lynn, one of his co-stars on The Andy Griffith Show, described him as a \"very quiet man. Very sweet. Nothing like Barney Fife.\"[21] TV writer Mark Evanier called him \"the most beloved person in all of show business\".[22]\nDeath\nStatue of Don Knotts, Metropolitan Theatre\nKnotts' grave\nKnotts died at age 81 on February 24, 2006, at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles from pulmonary and respiratory complications of pneumonia related to lung cancer.[23] He underwent treatment at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in the months before his death, but returned home after reportedly feeling better. He was buried at Westwood Memorial Park in Los Angeles.\nKnotts' obituaries cited him as a major influence on other entertainers. In early 2011, his grave's plain granite headstone was replaced with a bronze plaque depicting several of his movie and television roles. A statue honoring him, created by Jamie Lester, was unveiled on July 23, 2016, in front of The Metropolitan Theatre on High Street in his hometown of Morgantown, West Virginia.[24][25]\nFilmography\nThe following are Don Knotts' acting credits.[26]\nFilm\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n1958\nNo Time for Sergeants\nCorporal John C. Brown\n1960\nWake Me When It's Over\nSergeant Percy Warren\n1961\nThe Last Time I Saw Archie\nCaptain Harry Little\n1963\nIt's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\nNervous Motorist\n1963\nMove Over, Darling\nShoe Clerk\n1964\nThe Incredible Mr. Limpet\nHenry Limpet\n1966\nThe Ghost and Mr. Chicken\nLuther Heggs\n1967\nThe Reluctant Astronaut\nRoy Fleming\n1968\nThe Shakiest Gun in the West\nJesse W. Heywood\n1969\nThe Love God?\nAbner Audubon Peacock IV\n1971\nHow to Frame a Figg\nHollis Alexander Figg\nalso Writer\n1975\nThe Apple Dumpling Gang\nTheodore Ogelvie\n1976\nNo Deposit, No Return\nBert Delaney\n1976\nGus\nCoach Venner\n1977\nHerbie Goes to Monte Carlo\nWheely Applegate\n1978\nHot Lead and Cold Feet\nSheriff Denver Kid\n1978\nMule Feathers\nNarrator / The Mule\nVoice Role\n1979\nThe Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again\nTheodore Ogelvie\n1979\nThe Prize Fighter\nShake\n1980\nThe Private Eyes\nInspector Winship\n1984\nCannonball Run II\nCHP OFficers #2\n1987\nPinocchio and the Emperor of the Night\nGee Willikers\nVoice Role\n1991\nTimmy's Gift: A Precious Moments Christmas\nTitus (Voice Role)\nShort Film\n1996\nBig Bully\nPrincipal Kokelar\n1997\nCats Don't Dance\nT.W. Turtle\nVoice Role\n1998\nPleasantville\nTV Repairman\n1999\nTom Sawyer\nMutt Potter (Voice Role)\nDirect-to-Video\n2004\nHermie & Friends: Flo the Lyin' Fly\nWormie (Voice Role)\nShort Film\n2004\nHermie & Friends: Webster the Scaredy Spider\nWormie (Voice Role)\nShort Film\n2005\nHermie & Friends: Buzby, the Misbehaving Bee\nWormie (Voice Role)\nShort Film\n2005\nHermie & Friends: A Fruitcake Christmas\nWormie (Voice Role)\nDirect-to-Video\n2005\nChicken Little\nMayor Turkey Lurkey\nVoice Role\n2006\nHermie & Friends: Stanely the Stinkbug Goes to Camp\nWormie (Voice Role)\nDirect-to-Video\n2006\nHermie & Friends: To Share or Nut to Share\nWormie (Voice Role)\nShort Film\n2006\nAir Buddies\nSniffer (Voice Role)\nDirect-to-Video\nTelevision\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n19531955\nSearch for Tomorrow\nWilbur Peterson\nseries regular\n19571960\nThe Steve Allen Plymouth Show\nHimself (Guest)\nseries regular (108 episodes)\n1958\nThe Bob Cummings Show\nFlash Grushkin\n\"Bob and Schultzy at Sea\"\n1958\nI've Got a Secret\nHimself (Guest)\n\"09.03.1958\"\n1960\nThe Many Loves of Dobie Gillis\nEsmond Metzger\n\"Rock-A-Bye Dobie\"\n19601968\nThe Andy Griffith Show\nBarney Fife\nseries regular (162 episodes)\n19611965\nThe Red Skelton Show\nCommodore of Lagoons / Horaces Horatio / Mr Pallid / Herbie\n4 episodes\n19621964\nThe Garry Moore Show\nHimself (Guest)\n4 episodes\n1963\nThe Jerry Lewis Show\nHimself (Guest)\n\"#1.7\"\n19631967\nThe Andy Williams Show\nHimself (Guest)\n2 episodes\n1964\nThe Joey Bishop Show\nBarney Fife\n\"Joey's Hideaway Cabin\"\n1964\nThe Red Skelton Show\nHimself / \"Steady Fingers\" Ferguson\n\"How Are Things in Glocca Moron?\"\n19641970\nThe Hollywood Palace\nHimself (Host)\n4 episodes\n19641974\nThe Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\nHimself (Guest)\n5 episodes\n1966\nMcHale's Navy\nLieutenant Pratt\n\"Little Red Riding Doctor\"\n1966\nAmerican Bandstand\nHimself\n\"#9.30\"\n1967\nBob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre\nCurly Kid\n\"The Reason Nobody Hardly Ever Seen a Fat Outlaw in the Old West Is as Follows\"\n1967\nThe Don Knotts Special\nHimself (Host / Presenter)\nTV special\n1968\nMayberry R.F.D.\nBarney Fife\n\"Andy and Helen Get Married\"\n1968\nThe Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour\nHimself (Guest)\n\"#2.22\"\n1969\nThe Andy Williams Show\nHimself (Guest)\n\"#1.5\"\n1970\nThe Bill Cosby Show\nLeo Swann\n\"Swann's Way\"\n1970\nThe Ray Stevens Show\nHimself\n\"#1.2\"\n19701971\nThe Don Knotts Show\nHimself (Host)\nseries regular (22 episodes)\n19701975\nThe Bob Hope Show\nHimself (Guest)\n2 episodes\n1971\nThe New Andy Griffith Show\nBarney Fife\n\"My Friend, the Mayor\"\n1972\nThe New Scooby-Doo Movies\nDon Knotts / Homer Pipsqueak (Voice Role)\n2 episodes\n1972\nThe Man Who Came to Dinner\nDr. Bradley\nTV movie\n1972\nThe Dick Cavett Show\nHimself (Guest)\n\"05.26.1972\"\n19721973\nThe New Bill Cosby Show\nHimself\n2 episodes\n19721974\nThe Merv Griffin Show\nHimself (Guest)\n2 episodes\n1973\nHere's Lucy\nBen Fletcher\n\"Lucy Goes on Her Last Blind Date\"\n1973\nI Love a Mystery\nAlexander Archer\nTV movie\n1974\nWait Till Your Father Gets Home\nCharlie \"Bumbles\" Johnson (Voice Role)\n\"Don Knotts, the Beekeeper\"\n1974\nThe Girl with Something Extra\nLionel\n\"The Not-So-Good Samaritan\"\n19741977\nHollywood Squares\nHimself (Panelist)\n4 episodes\n1975\nHarry and Maggie\nHarry Kellog\nTV movie\n1975\nLaugh Back\nVarious Characters\nseries regular\n19751976\nDinah!\nHimself (Guest)\n5 episodes\n1976\nDean Martin Celebrity Roast: Danny Thomas\nHimself\nTV special\n19761977\nThe Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour\nHimself / Various Characters\n5 episodes\n19761977\nDonny & Marie\nHimself (Guest)\n2 episodes\n1977\nThe Muppet Show\nHimself (Special Guest Star)\n\"Don Knotts\"\n19781979\nFantasy Island\nFelix Birdsong / Stanley Scheckter\n2 episodes\n1979\nThe Muppets Go Hollywood\nHimself\nTV special\n19791984\nThree's Company\nRalph Furley\nseries regular (115 episodes)\n19791987\nThe Love Boat\nHimself / Herb Groebecker\n2 episodes\n1980\nThe Tim Conway Show\nHimself (Guest)\n2 episodes\n1985\nInspector Gadget\nMale M.A.D. Agent (Voice Role)\n\"Ghost Catchers\"\n1985\nGeorge Burns Comedy Week\nHimself\n\"Disaster at Buzz Creek\"\n1986\nReturn to Mayberry\nBarney Fife\nTV movie\n1987\nWhat a Country!\nF. Jerry \"Bud\" McPherson\nrecurring role (11 episodes)\n1987\nThe Little Troll Prince\nProfessor Nidaros (Voice Role)\nTV movie\n1988\nShe's the Sheriff\nMoe\n\"Hair\"\n19881992\nMatlock\nLes Calhoun\nrecurring role (17 episodes)\n1990\nNewhart\nIron\n\"Seein' Double\"\n1992\nFish Police\nMr. Lichen (Voice Role)\n\"The Two Girls\"\n1993\nGarfield and Friends\nunknown (Voice Role)\n2 episodes\n1993\nStep by Step\nDeputy Feif\n\"Christmas Story\"\n1993\nAndy Griffith Show Reunion\nHimself\nTV special\n1993\nLate Show with David Letterman\nHimself (Guest)\n\"09.23.1993\"\n1994\nBurke's Law\nDr. Adkins\n\"Who Killed Good Time Charlie?\"\n1998\nE! True Hollywood Story\nHimself (Interviewee)\n\"Three's Company\"\n1999\nJingle Bells\nKris (Voice Role)\nTV movie\n1999\nLate Night with Conan O'Brien\nHimself (Guest)\n\"Lennox Lewis / Dave Chappelle / Don Knotts\"\n19992002\nBiography\nHimself (Interviewee)\n3 episodes \"Ron Howard: Hollywood's Favorite Son\" (1999) \"Don Knotts: Nervous Laughter\" (2000) \"John Ritter: In Good Company\" (2002)\n2000\nQuints\nGovernor Healy\nTV movie\n2002\nThe Griffin and the Minor Canon\nMessenger #1\nTV movie\n2003\nHermie: A Common Caterpillar\nWormie (Voice Role)\nTV movie\n2003\n8 Simple Rules (to Dating My Teenage Daughter)\nHimself\n\"Come and Knock on Our Door\"\n2003\nOdd Job Jack\nDirk Douglas\n\"American Wiener\"\n2003\nThe Andy Griffith Show Reunion: Back to Mayberry\nHimself / Barney Fife\nTV documentary\n2003\nLarry King Live\nHimself (Guest)\n\"11.27.2003\"\n2004\nJohnny Bravo\nHimself (Voice Role)\n2 episodes\n2004\nHermie & Friends\nWormie (Voice Role)\nTV movie\n2005\nThat '70s Show\nThe Landlord\n\"Stone Cold Crazy\"\n2005\nFatherhood\nEdwin Mazur / Mr. Mauzer\n2 episodes\n2005\nLas Vegas\nHimself\n\"Hit Me!\"\n2005\nRobot Chicken\nHimself (Voice Role)\n\"Operation Rich in Spirit\"\nVideo games\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n2002\nScooby-Doo: Night of 100 Frights\nGroundskeeper\nVoice Role\nBibliography\n ISBN 9781572972100 Barney Fife and Other Characters I Have Known [27]\nAwards\nThe following are accolades and honors Don Knotts received throughout his career.\nAssociation\nNominated Work\nYear\nCategory\nResult\nRef\nEmmy Awards (Primetime)\nThe Andy Griffith Show\n1961\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series\nWon\n[28]\n1962\nWon\n1963\nWon\n1966\nWon\n1967\nWon\nOnline Film & Television Association\n\n2007\nTV Hall of Fame Actors and Actresses\nWon\n[29]\nWalk of Fame\n\n2000\nTelevision 7083 Hollywood, Blvd. (January 19, 2000)\nWon\n[30]\nReferences\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cox, Stephen; Marhanka, Kevin (2008). The Incredible Mr. Don Knotts. Cumberland House. ISBN9781581826586.\n^ \"Don Knotts\". IMDb.\n^ \"TV Ratings > 1980's\". classictvhits.com. July 22, 2023.\n^ TV Guide Guide to TV. Barnes and Noble. 2004. p.596. ISBN0-7607-5634-1.\n^ a b de Vis, Daniel (2015). Andy and Don: The Making of a Friendship and a Classic American TV Show. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.37. ISBN978-1-4767-4773-6.\n^ a b \"Don KnottsMarine Drill Instructor?\". Snopes.com. September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2016.\n^ \"Academy of Distinguished Alumni\". West Virginia University. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014.\n^ \"Phi Sigma Kappa Fraternity\". University of Tennessee Knoxville. Retrieved April 16, 2022.\n^ a b \"Biography of Don Knotts\". biography.com. Retrieved February 8, 2017.\n^ a b c T/5 Don Knotts - Military Timeline army.togetherweserved.com. Retrieved August 11, 2021.\n^ \"Don Knotts Obituary\". legacy.com. February 25, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2017.\n^ \"No Time for Sergeants: Opening Night Cast\". Playbill. January 1956. Retrieved July 22, 2020.\n^ \"No Time For Sergeants (1958) -- (Movie Clip) Manual Dexterity\". www.tcm.com. Retrieved April 16, 2022.\n^ Monush, Barry (2003). Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the Silent Era to 1965. Vol.1. Hal Leonard Corporation. p.397. ISBN1-55783-551-9.\n^ \"Don Knotts.\" Archived May 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Museum of Broadcast Communications\n^ Beck, Ken; Clark, Jim (2000). Mayberry Memories: The Andy Griffith Show Photo Album (40ed.). Thomas Nelson Inc. p.6. ISBN1-55853-830-5.\n^ Beck, Ken; Clark, Jim (2000). The Andy Griffith Show Book (3ed.). Macmillan. p.129. ISBN0-312-26287-6.\n^ Tribune, Elkin (October 18, 2021). \"Betty Lynn, Mayberry's Thelma Lou, passes away\". The Elkin Tribune. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2022.\n^ \"Actor Norman Fell, landlord on 'Three's Company,' dies\". Deseret News. December 15, 1998. Retrieved April 16, 2022.\n^ Collins, Scott (February 25, 2006). \"Don Knotts, star of 'The Andy Griffith Show,' dead at 81\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2017.\n^ Eury, Michael (Summer 2018). \"Meet Thelma Lou: An Interview with Betty Lynn\". RetroFan. No.1. TwoMorrows Publishing. p.57.\n^ \"News From ME - Mark Evanier's blog\". www.newsfromme.com.\n^ Scott Collins (July 3, 2012). \"Don Knotts, star of 'The Andy Griffith Show,' dead at 81\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 14, 2022.\n^ \"Don Knotts Statue Unveiled in Morgantown Knotts\". wvpublic.org. July 25, 2016. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2017.\n^ Virginian, Cliff Nichols Times West (December 1, 1969). \"Against the Odds\". Times West Virginian. Retrieved December 12, 2021.\n^ \"Don Knotts\". www.tcm.com. Retrieved July 11, 2022.\n^ \"Barney Fife and Other Characters I Have Known (9781572972100) by Knotts, Don; Metz, Ro...\" www.bookfinder.com. Retrieved July 11, 2022.\n^ \"Don Knotts\". Television Academy. Retrieved July 11, 2022.\n^ \"Television Hall of Fame: Actors - Online Film & Television Association\". Retrieved July 11, 2022.\n^ Chad (October 25, 2019). \"Don Knotts\". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved July 11, 2022.\nFurther reading\nde Vise, Daniel (2015). Andy and Don: The Making of a Friendship and a Classic TV Show. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-1-4767-4773-6.\n\"Emmy-winning comic actor Don Knotts dies at 81\". Reuters. February 25, 2006. Archived from the original on June 20, 2005.\nEstrada, Louie (February 25, 2006). \"Don Knotts, TV's Barney Fife, Dies\". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 1, 2010.\n\"Don Knotts, Actor Known As Shaky Deputy, Dies at 81\". The New York Times. February 26, 2006.\nHeffernan, Virginia (February 27, 2006). \"Don Knotts, Ever Proud to Be a Bumbler\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010.\nKlin, Richard. \"Fife and Drum\". Flagpole, 2006.\nExternal links\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Don Knotts.\nBiography portal\nDon Knotts at IMDb\nDon Knotts at the Internet Broadway Database\nDon Knotts at the TCM Movie Database\nDon Knotts at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television\nThe West Virginia & Regional History Center has a collection of materials related to the career or Don Knotts[permanent dead link]\nvtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series19541975\nArt Carney (1954)\nArt Carney (1955)\nArt Carney (1956)\nCarl Reiner (1957)\nCarl Reiner (1958)\nTom Poston (1959)\nDon Knotts (1961)\nDon Knotts (1962)\nDon Knotts (1963)\nDon Knotts (1966)\nDon Knotts (1967)\nWerner Klemperer (1968)\nWerner Klemperer (1969)\nMichael Constantine (1970)\nEd Asner (1971)\nEd Asner (1972)\nTed Knight (1973)\nRob Reiner (1974)\nEd Asner (1975)\n19762000\nTed Knight (1976)\nGary Burghoff (1977)\nRob Reiner (1978)\nRobert Guillaume (1979)\nHarry Morgan (1980)\nDanny DeVito (1981)\nChristopher Lloyd (1982)\nChristopher Lloyd (1983)\nPat Harrington Jr. (1984)\nJohn Larroquette (1985)\nJohn Larroquette (1986)\nJohn Larroquette (1987)\nJohn Larroquette (1988)\nWoody Harrelson (1989)\nAlex Rocco (1990)\nJonathan Winters (1991)\nMichael Jeter (1992)\nMichael Richards (1993)\nMichael Richards (1994)\nDavid Hyde Pierce (1995)\nRip Torn (1996)\nMichael Richards (1997)\nDavid Hyde Pierce (1998)\nDavid Hyde Pierce (1999)\nSean Hayes (2000)\n2001present\nPeter MacNicol (2001)\nBrad Garrett (2002)\nBrad Garrett (2003)\nDavid Hyde Pierce (2004)\nBrad Garrett (2005)\nJeremy Piven (2006)\nJeremy Piven (2007)\nJeremy Piven (2008)\nJon Cryer (2009)\nEric Stonestreet (2010)\nTy Burrell (2011)\nEric Stonestreet (2012)\nTony Hale (2013)\nTy Burrell (2014)\nTony Hale (2015)\nLouie Anderson (2016)\nAlec Baldwin (2017)\nHenry Winkler (2018)\nTony Shalhoub (2019)\nDan Levy (2020)\nBrett Goldstein (2021)\nBrett Goldstein (2022)\nEbon Moss-Bachrach (2023)\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPoland\nArtists\nEmmy Awards\nMusicBrainz\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nNARA\nSNAC\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Knotts&oldid=1224702672\"\nCategories: 20th-century American comedians20th-century American male actors21st-century American comedians21st-century American male actors1924 births2006 deathsAmerican male comediansAmerican male film actorsAmerican male soap opera actorsAmerican male television actorsAmerican male voice actorsUnited States Army personnel of World War IIAmerican people of English descentBurials at Westwood Village Memorial Park CemeteryDeaths from lung cancer in CaliforniaDeaths from pneumonia in CaliforniaDisney peopleMale actors from West VirginiaMilitary personnel from West VirginiaMorgantown High School alumniOutstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winnersPeople from Morgantown, West VirginiaUnited States Army soldiersVentriloquistsWest Virginia University alumniComedians from West VirginiaHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksArticles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataWikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalismUse mdy dates from July 2023Use American English from July 2023All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishArticles with hCardsAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from December 2010Commons category link is on WikidataIBDB name template using WikidataTCMDb name template using numeric ID from WikidataThe Interviews name ID same as WikidataAll articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from September 2023Articles with permanently dead external linksArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with Emmy identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiersArticles with DTBIO identifiersArticles with NARA identifiersArticles with SNAC-ID identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 19 May 2024, at 23:35(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Knotts" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Don Knotts - IMDb\nMenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsCannes Film FestivalAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthStar WarsSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer?Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)Use appBiographyAwardsTriviaFAQIMDbProAll topicsDon Knotts(1924-2006)ActorWriterSoundtrackIMDbProStarmeterTop 5,000865Play trailer1:07Chicken Little (2005)17 Videos99+ PhotosDon Knotts, the legendary television character actor, was born Jesse Donald Knotts on July 21, 1924 in Morgantown, West Virginia, to William Jesse Knotts and the former Elsie Luzetta Moore. He was the youngest of four sons in a family that had been in America since the 17th century.His first stint as an entertainer was as a ventriloquist, performing paid gigs at parties and other events in Morgantown. He decided to make a stab at a career in show business, moving to New York City after graduating from high school, but he only lasted in the Big Apple for a few weeks. He decided to go to college, enrolling at West Virginia University but, when World War II engulfed America, he enlisted in the United States Army. The 19-year-old soldier was assigned to the Special Services Branch, where he entertained the troops. It was while in the Army that Don ditched ventriloquism for straight comedy.Don returned to West Virginia University after being demobilized. After graduating with a degree in theater in 1948, he married and moved back to New York, where connections he had made while in the Special Services Branch helped him break into show business. In addition to doing stand-up comedy at clubs, he appeared on the radio, eventually playing the character \"Windy Wales\" on \"The Bobby Benson Show\". From 1953 to 1955, he was a regular on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow (1951). Destiny intervened when he was cast in the small role of the psychiatrist in the Broadway play \"No Time for Sergeants\", which starred Andy Griffith, who would play a large part in Don's future career. Don also appeared in the film adaption of the play with Griffith.Don's big break before he hooked up again with Andy Griffith was a regular gig on the The Steve Allen Plymouth Show (1956) hosted by Steve Allen, starting in 1956. He became well-known for his \"nervous man\" shtick in the \"Man-on-the-Street\" segments that were a staple of Allen's show. His character in the segments was a very nervous man obviously uptight about being interviewed on camera. He developed this into the fidgety, high-strung persona that he used successfully for the rest of his career.When \"The Tonight Show\" moved to Hollywood in 1959 with new host Jack Paar, Don also moved to California as a regular. However, he was soon cast in Andy Griffith's new television series about a small-town sheriff, The Andy Griffith Show (1960), in the role that would make him a legend. For playing \"Deputy Barney Fife\", Don was nominated for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor five times from 1961 to 1967, winning each time. He soon tasted big-screen success, starring in The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964). Don cut back his appearances on The Andy Griffith Show (1960) to concentrate on making movies after signing a five-year contract with Universal Pictures. For Universal, Don appeared in The Ghost and Mr. Chicken (1966), The Reluctant Astronaut (1967), The Shakiest Gun in the West (1968), The Love God? (1969) and How to Frame a Figg (1971). His mid-1960s popularity as a movie comedian began to wane towards the end of the decade, and the contract was not renewed. Don returned to television as the star of his own variety show, but it was quickly canceled.During the 1970s, Don had a spotty career, appearing in regional theater and making guest appearances on other television series. He eventually made some slapstick movies with Tim Conway for the Walt Disney Company, but it wasn't until the end of the decade that he tasted real success again. He was cast as would-be-swinger landlord \"Ralph Furley\" on the popular sitcom Three's Company (1976) after the original landlords, \"The Ropers\", were spun off into their own series. Since the show was canceled in 1984, he appeared as \"Barney Fife\" for a 1986 reunion of The Andy Griffith Show (1960) and in television guest spots, including a recurring gig as the pesky neighbor \"Les Calhoun\" on Griffith's Matlock (1986) series until 1992.He remained busy for the next ten years touring with plays and doing voice-over work for cartoons. In 2005, Don provided the voice of \"Mayor Turkey Lurkey\" in Disney's animated film Chicken Little (2005). It turned out to be one of his final films. He died at age 81 on February 24, 2006.BornJuly 21, 1924DiedFebruary 24, 2006(81)BornJuly 21, 1924DiedFebruary 24, 2006(81)IMDbProStarmeterTop 5,000865Add to listWon 5 Primetime Emmys9 wins & 8 nominations totalPhotos261Known forThe Andy Griffith Show8.4TV SeriesBarney Fife19601968 162 epsIt's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World7.5Nervous Motorist1963Pleasantville7.5TV Repairman1998Three's Company7.5TV SeriesRalph Furley19791984 115 epsCreditsEditActor87Writer2Soundtrack6Self111Thanks6Archive Footage31IMDbProExpand belowActorPrevious87Air Buddies4.7VideoSniffer (voice)2006Hermie & Friends: To Share or Nut to Share6.0VideoWormie (voice)2006Chicken Little: Deleted ScenesVideoMayor Turkey Lurkey (voice)2006Hermie & Friends: Stanley the Stinkbug Goes to Camp5.7VideoWormie (voice)2006Fatherhood5.1TV SeriesEdwin MazurMr. Mauzer (voice)20052 episodesThat '70s Show8.1TV SeriesThe Landlord20051 episodeChicken Little5.7Mayor Turkey Lurkey (voice)2005Hermie & Friends: A Fruitcake Christmas6.7VideoWormie (voice)2005Robot Chicken7.7TV SeriesDon Knotts (voice)20051 episodeLas Vegas7.4TV SeriesDon Knotts20051 episodeHermie & Friends: Buzby, the Misbehaving Bee6.9VideoWormie (voice)2005Hermie & Friends7.0TV MovieWormie (voice)2004Hermie & Friends: Webster the Scaredy Spider7.5VideoWormie (voice)2004Johnny Bravo7.2TV SeriesDon Knotts (voice)20042 episodesHermie & Friends: Flo the Lyin' Fly7.4VideoWormie (voice)2004See allWriterPrevious2How to Frame a Figg6.4story1971Don Knotts' Nice Clean, Decent, Wholesome HourTV SpecialWriter1970SoundtrackPrevious6Jingle Bells5.5Videoperformer: \"Just Think\"1999The Little Troll Prince6.9TV Movieperformer: \"Sinister School\" (uncredited)1987The Sonny and Cher Show6.9TV Seriesperformer: \"The Channel 86 Cutesy News Theme\"19771 episodeThe Kraft Music Hall6.4TV Seriesperformer: \"Dear World\"19691 episodeThe Andy Griffith, Don Knotts, Jim Nabors Show7.9TV Specialperformer: \"There's a Meetin' Here Tonight\", \"Friendship\" written by nm00062341965The Andy Griffith Show8.4TV Seriesperformer: \"Santa Lucia\"performer: \"The Vacant Chair\"performer: \"The Crawdad Song\" ...1960196417 episodesVideos17Clip 2:00Chicken Little 3DClip 0:45Chicken Little 3DClip 1:27Chicken Little 3DTrailer 1:12TrailerTrailer 2:26TrailerTrailer 2:59TrailerTrailer 1:09TrailerTrailer 0:31Teaser TrailerTrailer 2:06TrailerTrailer 0:32Teaser TrailerTrailer 2:09Official TrailerTrailer 4:44Official TrailerPersonal detailsEditOfficial siteDon Knotts (1924-2006) at Find-a-GraveAlternative nameMr. Don KnottsHeight5 7 (1.71 m)BornJuly 21, 1924Morgantown, West Virginia, USADiedFebruary 24, 2006Los Angeles, California, USA(pulmonary and respiratory complications from pneumonia related to lung cancer)SpousesFrances Yarborough2002 - February 24, 2006 (his death)ChildrenKaren KnottsRelativesJodi Knotts(Cousin)Other worksTV commercial: Target (looking like Barney Fife) for Music Entertainment/Target.Publicity listings2 Print Biographies2 Portrayals5 Interviews6 ArticlesDid you knowEditTriviaDon ceased to be a regular on The Andy Griffith Show (1960) after 1965 because originally, the show's producers had intended to end the series after that year, still at a creative and popular peak. Knotts had already signed a multi-picture deal with Universal Studios when Griffith relented to\nnetwork pressure and kept his show on the air for several more years. Don said later that he deeply regretted having to leave the show, but his film commitments prevented him from continuing as a cast regular.QuotesMainly, I thought of Barney as a kid. You can always look into the faces of kids and see what they're thinking, if they're happy or sad. That's what I tried to do with Barney.TrademarksOften played high-strung and socially inept men with low self-esteemFAQ15Powered by AlexaWhen did Don Knotts die?How did Don Knotts die?How old was Don Knotts when he died?Related newsContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentLearn more about contributingEdit pageMore to exploreListIMDb's 2024 Summer Watch GuideSee our picksPhotosThe Greatest Character Actors of All TimeSee the galleryAdd demo reel with IMDbProMake your IMDb page stand out by adding a demo reelUpload your demo reelAdd demo reel with IMDbProMake your IMDb page stand out by adding a demo reelUpload your demo reelHow much have you seen?Keep track of how much of Don Knottss work you have seen. Go to your list.Projects In DevelopmentGet more at IMDbProList5 Movies to Watch While Gearing Up for 'Furiosa'See our picksRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb appSign in for more accessSign in for more accessFollow IMDb on socialGet the IMDb appFor Android and iOSHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoLicense IMDb DataPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top", "url": "https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0461455/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Don Knotts: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know\nX x\nSkip to main content\nWin a Giveaway and Experience MORE Fun in Mountaineer Country\nEnter to Win\nGuides\nEvents\nDeals\nBook a Room\nSearch\nSearch the site\nSearch\nMenu\nGuides\nEvents\nDeals\nBook a Room\nEat\nMorgantown Restaurants\nGrafton Restaurants\nKingwood Restaurants\nSubmit Your Business\nView All\nPlay\nMorgantown\nGrafton\nKingwood\nSubmit Your Business\nView All\nShop\nMorgantown\nGrafton\nKingwood\nSubmit Your Business\nView All\nStay\nMorgantown\nGrafton\nKingwood\nSubmit Your Business\nView All\nSports\nWest Virginia University\nBig 12 & WVU\nGame Day Guide for Visitors\nWV Black Bears Baseball\nSports Planners\nView All\nCities\nGrafton, WV\nKingwood, WV\nMorgantown, WV\nMore\nAbout Us\nBlog\nContact Us\nInformation Request\nSports Planners\nGroup Tours\nMeeting Planners\nOur Location\nGrants\nLive in Mountaineer Country\nTourism Partners Request\nVolunteer\nDon Knotts: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know\nA look into the life of Morgantown's own comedic genius\nMenu:\nEarly Life\nDon's Statue\nActing Roles\nFAQ\nThe Early Life of Don Knotts\nBefore he was Don KnottsEmmy Award-winning actor and TV personality he was Jesse Donald Knotts, born on July 21, 1924 in Morgantown, WV. Knotts grew up in the heart of Mountaineer Country, living in the boarding home owned and operated by his mother, and later attending Morgantown High School. Knotts would then go on to enlist in the Army and serve during World World II.\nReturning to Morgantown after the war, Don Knotts would go on to earn his Bachelors degree in Education from West Virginia University in 1948. Knotts also earned a Minor in Speech and maintained a very active campus life as a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity and Alpha Psi Omega Honor Society. The history of Don Knotts is felt everywhere throughout Morgantown; from Don Knotts Boulevard, named in 1998, to the Don Knotts Statue, unveiled on High Street in 2016 after a 10-year fundraising effort by the town.\nThe Don Knotts Statue\nThere are two things that help non-West Virginians understand the importance of Morgantown; one is West Virginia University, and the other is Don Knotts. So after the announcement of Don Knotts death in 2006, the community of Morgantown began a fundraising effort to erect a statue of Don Knotts outside the front entrance of the Metropolitan Theatre in the heart of downtown. This status was designed by local artist Jamie Lester, also a West Virginia native, and was unveiled in 2016. It is a permanent art installment and an official stop in the Morgantown Public Art Guide.\nSome of Don Knotts Notable Acting Roles Include:\nNo Time for Sergeants 1958\nBarney Fife The Andy Griffith Show 1960s\nThe Incredible Mr. Limpet 1964\nThe Ghost and Mr. Chicken 1966\nThe Reluctant Astronaut 1967\nThe Shakiest Gun in the West 1968\nThe Love God? 1969\nHow to Frame A Figg 1971\nThe Apple Dumpling Gang 1975\nThrees Company Started 1977\nThe Private Eyes 1980\nPleasantville 1998\nFrequently Asked Questions:\nWhat was Don Knotts net worth?\nAt the time of his death, Don Knottss net worth was estimated to have been more than $20 Million.\nWhy did Don Knotts Leave the Andy Griffith Show?\nDon Knotts was convinced that Andy would not let the Andy Griffith show continue on past five seasons. To prepare for this, Knotts began looking into a career in feature films, starting with The Ghost and Mr. Chicken. When the show continued on for three more seasons, Knotts decided not to rejoin the Mayberry cast.\nWhat was Don Knotts Cause of Death?\nDon Knotts developed lung cancer in November of 2005 and later died from respiratory complications related to pneumonia.\nHow Did Don Knotts Become Famous?\nWhile in high school, Don Knotts picked up ventriloquism and began practicing as a comedian. He continued his acts during his time in the Army, touring the Western Pacific Islands with a group called Stars and Gripes. After the war, Don Knotts attended WVU, performing stand-up comedy at local clubs and appearing as a guest character on a radio Western called Bobby Benson and the B-Bar-B Riders.\nDon Knotts break into fame is credited to two performances: his appearance on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow between 1953 and 1955, and his role on Steve Allens Variety show in 1956.\nWhat were Don Knotts Last Words?\nAlways a performer, Don Knotts is said to have been cracking jokes and telling stories, even on his death bed. While his final words were not recorded, Knotts Daughter, Karen Knotts, recalls having to leave the room to laugh out loud.\nLong-time friend and co-star Andy Griffith was also at Knotts bedside during his final moments. Griffith gave Knotts words of encouragement, saying Jess (Dons real name), breathe. Youve gotta make this, youve gotta pull through. Breathe. Griffith believes that his words got through to his friend as Knotts shoulders began to move more purposefully.\nWhere is Don Knotts Buried?\nDon Knotts is buried at Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park and Mortuary in Los Angeles, CA.\nOn his grave is a plaque that features depictions of Knotts in a few of his more famous roles. The bottom of this plaque reads, he saw the poignancy in peoples pride and pain and turned it into something hilarious and endearing.\nBe the First To Know About Giveaways, Events and Discounts\nWell keep you updated on events, insider tips, discounts and valuable coupons. Let's start creating your Mountaineer Country getaway.\nGet the newsletter\nSign up for Giveaways, Events and Deals\nLatest Posts\nHealthy Places to Workout, Eat, and Stay Active in Mountaineer Country\nEaster Events and Activities for Kids\nEaster Brunch in Mountaineer Country\nCelebrate St. Patricks Day Like a Local\nMountain State Maple Days in Mountaineer Country\nCelebrate Valentines Day in Mountaineer Country\nUpcoming Events\nStonewall Jackson Civil War Tour\nMorgantown Farmers Market\nChestnut Ridge Concert #1 Tom Batchelor Band\nGoat Gallop 5k Race\nMonongalia County Parks and Recreation Summer Concert Series\nChildrens Heart Camp Car Show\nPattyfest Old Time Music Festival\nTom Batchelor Band at Chestnut Ridge Park\nKids STEM Day at MOV Airport\nFamily Fun Extravaganza\nConnect with Us\nVisitor Center Locations and Directions\nSend a Message and Contact Us\nFollow Us on Social\nFacebook\nInstagram\nTwitter\nYoutube\nMorgantown, WV\nEat\nPlay\nShop\nStay\nKingwood, WV\nEat\nPlay\nShop\nStay\nGrafton, WV\nEat\nPlay\nShop\nStay\nVisit Mountaineer Country Convention & Visitors' Bureau\n1-800-458-7373 / 304-292-5081\n341 Chaplin Road, First Floor, Morgantown, WV 26501\nVisitors' Center\nM-F 9 am - 5 pm\nServing Monongalia, Preston and Taylor Counties\nABOUT | BLOG | CONTACT\nReturn to top\nAll material is protected through copyright by VISITMOUNTAINEERCOUNTRY.com (TM) and the Visit Mountaineer Country Convention and Visitors' Bureau.\nTourism Marketing by BlaineTurner Advertising\nPrivacy Policy\nCookie Policy\nPin It on Pinterest\n\nEdible Tapestry3 subscribersDon Knotts Statue Unveiling Ceremony ~ Morgantown, WVEdible TapestrySearchWatch laterShareCopy linkInfoShoppingTap to unmuteIf playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device.More videosMore videosShareInclude playlistAn error occurred while retrieving sharing information. Please try again later.Watch on0:000:00 / 0:41LiveAn error occurred.Try watching this video on www.youtube.com, or enable JavaScript if it is disabled in your browser.", "url": "https://www.visitmountaineercountry.com/don-knotts/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Don Knotts - Biography - IMDb\nMenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsCannes Film FestivalAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthStar WarsSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer?Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)Use appBackBiographyAwardsTriviaFAQIMDbProAll topicsBiographyDon KnottsJump toOverview (4)Mini Bio (1)Family (3)Trademarks (3)Trivia (24)Quotes (8)EditOverviewBornJuly 21, 1924 Morgantown, West Virginia, USADiedFebruary 24, 2006 Los Angeles, California, USA (pulmonary and respiratory complications from pneumonia related to lung cancer)Birth nameJesse Donald KnottsHeight5 7 (1.71 m)Mini BioDon Knotts, the legendary television character actor, was born Jesse Donald Knotts on July 21, 1924 in Morgantown, West Virginia, to William Jesse Knotts and the former Elsie Luzetta Moore. He was the youngest of four sons in a family that had been in America since the 17th century.His first stint as an entertainer was as a ventriloquist, performing paid gigs at parties and other events in Morgantown. He decided to make a stab at a career in show business, moving to New York City after graduating from high school, but he only lasted in the Big Apple for a few weeks. He decided to go to college, enrolling at West Virginia University but, when World War II engulfed America, he enlisted in the United States Army. The 19-year-old soldier was assigned to the Special Services Branch, where he entertained the troops. It was while in the Army that Don ditched ventriloquism for straight comedy.Don returned to West Virginia University after being demobilized. After graduating with a degree in theater in 1948, he married and moved back to New York, where connections he had made while in the Special Services Branch helped him break into show business. In addition to doing stand-up comedy at clubs, he appeared on the radio, eventually playing the character \"Windy Wales\" on \"The Bobby Benson Show\". From 1953 to 1955, he was a regular on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow (1951). Destiny intervened when he was cast in the small role of the psychiatrist in the Broadway play \"No Time for Sergeants\", which starred Andy Griffith, who would play a large part in Don's future career. Don also appeared in the film adaption of the play with Griffith.Don's big break before he hooked up again with Andy Griffith was a regular gig on the The Steve Allen Plymouth Show (1956) hosted by Steve Allen, starting in 1956. He became well-known for his \"nervous man\" shtick in the \"Man-on-the-Street\" segments that were a staple of Allen's show. His character in the segments was a very nervous man obviously uptight about being interviewed on camera. He developed this into the fidgety, high-strung persona that he used successfully for the rest of his career.When \"The Tonight Show\" moved to Hollywood in 1959 with new host Jack Paar, Don also moved to California as a regular. However, he was soon cast in Andy Griffith's new television series about a small-town sheriff, The Andy Griffith Show (1960), in the role that would make him a legend. For playing \"Deputy Barney Fife\", Don was nominated for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor five times from 1961 to 1967, winning each time. He soon tasted big-screen success, starring in The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964). Don cut back his appearances on The Andy Griffith Show (1960) to concentrate on making movies after signing a five-year contract with Universal Pictures. For Universal, Don appeared in The Ghost and Mr. Chicken (1966), The Reluctant Astronaut (1967), The Shakiest Gun in the West (1968), The Love God? (1969) and How to Frame a Figg (1971). His mid-1960s popularity as a movie comedian began to wane towards the end of the decade, and the contract was not renewed. Don returned to television as the star of his own variety show, but it was quickly canceled.During the 1970s, Don had a spotty career, appearing in regional theater and making guest appearances on other television series. He eventually made some slapstick movies with Tim Conway for the Walt Disney Company, but it wasn't until the end of the decade that he tasted real success again. He was cast as would-be-swinger landlord \"Ralph Furley\" on the popular sitcom Three's Company (1976) after the original landlords, \"The Ropers\", were spun off into their own series. Since the show was canceled in 1984, he appeared as \"Barney Fife\" for a 1986 reunion of The Andy Griffith Show (1960) and in television guest spots, including a recurring gig as the pesky neighbor \"Les Calhoun\" on Griffith's Matlock (1986) series until 1992.He remained busy for the next ten years touring with plays and doing voice-over work for cartoons. In 2005, Don provided the voice of \"Mayor Turkey Lurkey\" in Disney's animated film Chicken Little (2005). It turned out to be one of his final films. He died at age 81 on February 24, 2006.- IMDb Mini Biography By: Jon C. HopwoodFamilySpousesFrances Yarborough(2002 - February 24, 2006) (his death)Loralee Czuchna(October 12, 1974 - 1989) (divorced)Kathryn Elaine Metz(December 27, 1947 - March 17, 1966) (divorced, 2 children)ChildrenKaren KnottsThomas KnottsRelativesJodi Knotts(Cousin)Sibling(Sibling)TrademarksOften played high-strung and socially inept men with low self-esteemWide-eyed stare used to express shock or frustrationHigh-pitched, exasperated voiceTriviaDon ceased to be a regular on The Andy Griffith Show (1960) after 1965 because originally, the show's producers had intended to end the series after that year, still at a creative and popular peak. Knotts had already signed a multi-picture deal with Universal Studios when Griffith relented to\nnetwork pressure and kept his show on the air for several more years. Don said later that he deeply regretted having to leave the show, but his film commitments prevented him from continuing as a cast regular.Was a ventriloquist in his early years from out of high school and his doll was named Danny.Was longtime friends with the late John Ritter. When he was on stage in Kansas City, doing \"On Golden Pond\", he received a phone call about Ritter's death. He attended the funeral on September 15, 2003, just four days after Ritter's death. Before that, Knotts had appeared with Ritter one final time in a cameo on 8 Simple Rules (2002). It was an episode that paid homage to their earlier television series. Knotts was the last Three's Company (1976) star to work with him.Received his Bachelor's degree in Education from West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia (1948). He was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa Fraternity.Served in the United States Army, under the service number \"35-756-363\", from June 21, 1943 to January 6, 1946. Discharged in the rank of Technician Grade 5, which was the equivalent of a Corporal.19 moreAllQuotesMainly, I thought of Barney as a kid. You can always look into the faces of kids and see what they're thinking, if they're happy or sad. That's what I tried to do with Barney.We began to do little things, have little scenes where we just talked about things that had nothing to do with the plot. In fact, in the beginning, they didn't want us to do that. But as time went on, you see that in so many shows. I think we were the first to do that.My idol was Jack Benny and he was the master of subtlety and timing.Well, they put me in a booth and then did some nice things to the speaker to make it come out sounding okay.I felt like a loser. I was unhappy as a child most of the time. We were terribly poor and I hated my size.3 moreAllContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentLearn more about contributingEdit pageMore from this personView agent, publicist, legal and company contact details on IMDbProMore to explorePhotosHollywood Power CouplesSee the galleryListStaff Picks: What to Watch in MaySee our picksProjects In DevelopmentGet more at IMDbProListTop 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars of the Last DecadeSee the listRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb appSign in for more accessSign in for more accessFollow IMDb on socialGet the IMDb appFor Android and iOSHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoLicense IMDb DataPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top", "url": "https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0461455/bio/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "SearchWomens HistoryHistory & CultureMusiciansMovies & TVAthletesArtistsPower & PoliticsBusinessScholars & EducatorsScientistsActivistsNotorious FiguresBIO BuysNewsletterYour Privacy ChoicesPrivacy NoticeTerms Of UseSkip to ContentHistory & CultureMusiciansMovies & TVAthletesNewsletterDeals on Learning ToolsReba McEntireAmy WinehouseBillie EilishNicola CoughlanFamous ActorsDon KnottsDon KnottsDon Knotts was a comedic actor of film and television known for his roles on TV's The Andy Griffith Show and Three's Company.Updated: Sep 15, 2022CBS Photo Archive/Getty Images(1924-2006)SynopsisIn 1960, actor Don Knotts joined the sitcom The Andy Griffith Show. For his role on the show, he won three Emmy Awards for outstanding performance in a supporting role in a series. Though he left The Andy Griffith Show in 1965 to pursue a film career, his periodic returns in 1966 and '67 earned him two more Emmys. Later starring in several film comedies, Knotts also was part of the cast of Three's Company until its 1984 demise. Knotts died of lung cancer on February 24, 2006, at age 81, in Los Angeles, California.Early LifeJesse Donald Knotts was born on July 21, 1924, in Morgantown, West Virginia. Before he entered high school, Knotts began performing as a ventriloquist and comedian at various church and school functions. He traveled to New York City to try and make his way as a comedian, but returned home to attend West Virginia University when his career failed to take off. After his freshman year, Knotts joined the U.S. Army, and during World War II, he toured the Pacific Islands as a comedian as part of a G.I. variety show called Stars and Gripes. Acting DebutAfter graduating from college in 1948, Don Knotts again moved to New York, where he quickly became a regular on several television and radio programs. In 1955, he made his debut on Broadway in the hit comedy, No Time For Sergeants, which marked his first collaboration with Andy Griffith. Knotts appeared as a regular member of the ensemble cast on NBC's The Steve Allen Show, from 1956 to 1960; he moved to Hollywood when the show relocated in 1959. He also reprised his No Time for Sergeants role in the 1958 film version, alongside Griffith, a fellow regular on The Steve Allen Show. Commercial Breakthrough: 'The Andy Griffith Show'In 1960, Knotts joined Griffith on a new sitcom, The Andy Griffith Show, playing Deputy Sheriff Barney Fife to Griffith's Sheriff Andy Taylor. Knotts stayed with the tremendously successful show for five seasons, during which time he won three Emmy Awards for outstanding performance in a supporting role in a series. Though he left The Andy Griffith Show in 1965 to pursue a film career, his periodic returns in 1966 and '67 earned him two more Emmys.His first leading role in a film came in 1964, with The Incredible Mr. Limpet. The part began a string of appearances in low-budget family films for Knotts, including The Ghost and Mr. Chicken (1966), The Reluctant Astronaut (1967) and The Shakiest Gun in the West (1968), winning him widespread recognition as a film actor. By 1970, however, Knotts's clean-cut humor seemed somewhat out of place in a more sophisticated film industry, and he began to appear in a series of somewhat more juvenile films, beginning in 1975 with the Disney comedy-Western The Apple Dumpling Gang, co-starring comedian Tim Conway, who became a frequent collaborator. 'Three's Company'In 1979, Don Knotts returned to his successful TV roots, joining the risqu hit comedy Three's Company as the eccentric, leisure suit-clad landlord Mr. Furley. He remained on the show until it went off the air in 1984. In 1986, he joined his Andy Griffith Show co-stars, including Griffith and Ron Howard, on a wildly popular TV movie special, Return to Mayberry. Teaming with Griffith once more, Knotts played a pesky neighbor in a recurring role on Griffith's courtroom drama series, Matlock, from 1988 to 1992. Later RolesKnotts, who at various times in his career struggled with severe hypochondria and a degenerative eye disease, had somewhat of a career resurgence in the late 1990s. In 1998, he played a key role in the acclaimed movie Pleasantville, as a mysterious TV repairman who ushers two 1990s youngsters into the black-and-white world of 1950s television. In 1999, the notoriously shy and private Knotts published his autobiography, Barney Fife and Other Characters I Have Known. Knotts died of lung cancer on February 24, 2006, at the age of 81, in Los Angeles, California. He was survived by two children, Karen and Thomas, from his first marriage to Kathryn Metz. Personal LifeKnotts and his college sweetheart, Kathryn Metz, married in 1947 and divorced in 1964. He was married to his second wife, Loralee Czuchna, from 1974 to 1983, and was later romantically involved with actress Francey Yarborough.Related VideosQUICK FACTSName: Don KnottsBirth Year: 1924Birth date: July 21, 1924Birth State: West VirginiaBirth City: MorgantownBirth Country: United StatesGender: MaleBest Known For: Don Knotts was a comedic actor of film and television known for his roles on TV's The Andy Griffith Show and Three's Company.IndustriesWorld War IIActionTelevisionAstrological Sign: CancerSchoolsWest Virginia UniversityDeath Year: 2006Death date: February 24, 2006Death State: CaliforniaDeath City: Los AngelesDeath Country: United StatesFact CheckWe strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us!CITATION INFORMATIONArticle Title: Don Knotts BiographyAuthor: Biography.com EditorsWebsite Name: The Biography.com websiteUrl: https://www.biography.com/actors/don-knottsAccess Date: Publisher: A&E; Television NetworksLast Updated: September 15, 2022Original Published Date: April 2, 2014QUOTESI loved Don. There was no one like him.Watch NextAdvertisement - Continue Reading BelowFamous ActorsDid You Know George Clooney Is a Director? Get to Know Bridgerton Star Nicola CoughlanMichelle YeohConstance WuAdvertisement - Continue Reading BelowAwkwafinaAnna May WongJerry SeinfeldDakota FanningCamila MendesElisabeth MossZendayaIdris ElbaAdvertisement - Continue Reading BelowAbout Biography.comNewsletterContact UsOther Hearst SubscriptionsA Part of Hearst Digital MediaWe may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back.2024 Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe.Privacy NoticeTerms of UseCA Notice at CollectionDAA Industry Opt OutYour CA Privacy Rights/Shine the LightYour Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads", "url": "https://www.biography.com/actors/don-knotts" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Don Knotts, TV's 'Barney Fife,' Dies at 81 : NPR\nAccessibility links\nSkip to main content\nKeyboard shortcuts for audio player\nOpen Navigation Menu\nNewsletters\nNPR Shop\nClose Navigation Menu\nHome\nNews\nExpand/collapse submenu for News\nNational\nWorld\nPolitics\nBusiness\nHealth\nScience\nClimate\nRace\nCulture\nExpand/collapse submenu for Culture\nBooks\nMovies\nTelevision\nPop Culture\nFood\nArt & Design\nPerforming Arts\nLife Kit\nGaming\nMusic\nExpand/collapse submenu for Music\nTiny Desk\nHip-Hop 50\nAll Songs Considered\nMusic Features\nLive Sessions\nPodcasts & Shows\nExpand/collapse submenu for Podcasts & Shows\nDaily\nMorning Edition\nWeekend Edition Saturday\nWeekend Edition Sunday\nAll Things Considered\nFresh Air\nUp First\nFeatured\nThe NPR Politics Podcast\nThroughline\nTrump's Trials\nWild Card with Rachel Martin\nMore Podcasts & Shows\nSearch\nNewsletters\nNPR Shop\nTiny Desk\nHip-Hop 50\nAll Songs Considered\nMusic Features\nLive Sessions\nAbout NPR\nDiversity\nSupport\nCareers\nPress\nEthics\nDon Knotts, TV's 'Barney Fife,' Dies at 81 Don Knotts, the skinny, lovable nerd who kept generations of television audiences laughing as bumbling Deputy Barney Fife on The Andy Griffith Show, dies at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Beverly Hills.\nObituaries\nDon Knotts, TV's 'Barney Fife,' Dies at 81\nFebruary 25, 200610:12 PM ET\nDon Knotts, TV's 'Barney Fife,' Dies at 81\nToggle more options\nEmbed\nEmbed\n<iframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/5233933/5234038\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\">\nEnlarge this image\nDon Knotts, left, and Andy Griffith pose in character in a 1965 publicity still for their much-loved TV series.\nHulton Archive/Getty Images\nhide caption\ntoggle caption\nHulton Archive/Getty Images\nDon Knotts, left, and Andy Griffith pose in character in a 1965 publicity still for their much-loved TV series.\nHulton Archive/Getty Images\nLOS ANGELES (AP) -- Don Knotts, the skinny, lovable nerd who kept generations of television audiences laughing as bumbling Deputy Barney Fife on The Andy Griffith Show, has died. He was 81. Knotts died Friday night of pulmonary and respiratory complications at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Beverly Hills, said Paul Ward, a spokesman for the cable network TV Land, which airs The Andy Griffith Show and another Knotts hit, Three's Company.\nAn Appreciation\nObituaries\nIn Praise of Don Knotts, TV's Livest Wire\nUnspecified health problems had forced him to cancel an appearance in his native Morgantown in August 2005. The West Virginia-born actor's half-century career included seven TV series and more than 25 films, but it was the Griffith show that brought him TV immortality and five Emmies. The show ran from 1960-68, and was in the top 10 of the Nielsen ratings each season, including a No. 1 ranking its final year. It is one of only three series in TV history to bow out at the top: The others are I Love Lucy and Seinfeld. The 249 episodes have appeared frequently in reruns and have spawned a large, active network of fan clubs.\nAs the bug-eyed deputy to Griffith, Knotts carried in his shirt pocket the one bullet he was allowed after shooting himself in the foot. The constant fumbling, a recurring sight gag, was typical of his self-deprecating humor. Knotts, whose shy, soft-spoken manner was unlike his high-strung characters, once said he was most proud of the Fife character and doesn't mind being remembered that way. His favorite episodes, he said, were \"The Pickle Story,\" where Aunt Bea makes pickles no one can eat, and \"Barney and the Choir,\" where no one can stop him from singing. \"I can't sing. It makes me sad that I can't sing or dance well enough to be in a musical, but I'm just not talented in that way,\" he lamented. \"It's one of my weaknesses.\"\nRelated NPR Stories\nAll Things Considered\nBarneyfife.com\nAll Things Considered\nAndy Griffith's College Football 'Rituals'\nWeekend Edition Saturday\nAndy Griffith Goes Home\nFresh Air\nActor Ron Howard\nFacebook\nFlipboard\nEmail\nRead & Listen\nHome\nNews\nCulture\nMusic\nPodcasts & Shows\nConnect\nNewsletters\nFacebook\nInstagram\nPress\nPublic Editor\nCorrections\nContact & Help\nAbout NPR\nOverview\nDiversity\nNPR Network\nAccessibility\nEthics\nFinances\nGet Involved\nSupport Public Radio\nSponsor NPR\nNPR Careers\nNPR Shop\nNPR Events\nNPR Extra\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy\nYour Privacy Choices\nText Only\nSponsor MessageBecome an NPR sponsor", "url": "https://www.npr.org/2006/02/25/5233933/don-knotts-tvs-barney-fife-dies-at-81" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Don Knotts: \"If I had known that Andy intended to go on with [The Andy Griffith Show], of course I would've stayed.\"\nWelcome to MeTV!\nAmericas #1 Classic Television Network\nFind your local MeTV station\nWhere to watch\nSee when your favorite shows are on\nSee schedule\nWelcome to MeTV!\nAmericas #1 Classic Television Network\nFind your local MeTV station\nWhere to watch\nSee when your favorite shows are on\nSee schedule\nPersonalize MeTV.com to follow your favorite shows\nFree sign-up\nShop your favorite shows in the MeTV Mall\nShop Now\nWhere To Watch\nShop Mall\nContact\nLog In\nLog In\nSchedule\nShows\nStories\nQuizzes\nVideos\nMusic\nGames\nMeTV Mall\nWhere To Watch\nAbout\nContact\nAdvertise\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Use\nFCC Public Files\nSweepstakes Winners\n 2024 Me-TV National Limited Partnership\nLog In\nOn MeTV\nOn MeTV Now:\nBonanza\nOne Ace Too Many\nBen's evil twin, Bradley Meredith, begins to liquidate the Ponderosa assets while Ben is away on a vacation.\nUp Next:\n2:00PM\nThe Rifleman\n2:30PM\nThe Rifleman\nFull Schedule\nWhere to Watch\nWhere To Watch\nShop Mall\nContact\nHome\n/ Stories\n/ Don Knotts: \"If I had known that Andy intended to go on with [The Andy Griffith Show], of course I would've stayed.\"\nThe Andy Griffith ShowDon Knotts\nDon Knotts: \"If I had known that Andy intended to go on with [The Andy Griffith Show], of course I would've stayed.\"\nKnotts might have been prepared to be Barney Fife forever.\nMarch 29, 2024, 1:07PM\nByMeTV Staff\nShare\nLike any great story, the tale of Don Knotts leaving The Andy Griffith Show has several variations, depending on who you ask. While many people who enjoy gossip might believe that Knotts' departure was the source of some great blowout on set, it seems that when Knotts decided to leave the series, it was less like a severing and more like a bittersweet goodbye. This was only emphasized by the fact Knotts was not banished from the series, never to be heard from again. Rather, he made frequent guest appearances on the show he once called home, and even continued to work with Andy Griffith on projects after The Andy Griffith Show had wrapped.So while we can all rest assured that there's no hatred between castmates, Knotts explained in a 1994 interview that his departure from the show was actually the result of a misunderstanding more than anything else.In an interview with the Elizabethton Star, Knotts explained that originally, Griffith had given Knotts the impression that the series was only supposed to last about five years. Because of this, once that time had run out and Knotts' contract had ended, he believed that the show was on its way out the door and began looking for new projects.\nSee More\nThe Andy Griffith Show\nAndy Griffith once said that the best thing that he and Don Knotts did together was nothing at all\nKnotts explained, \"I began pursuing other opportunities, and by the time Andy had decided to continue the series, I had signed with Universal Studios to do some movies.\" He continued, \"If I had known that Andy intended to go on with it, of course I would've stayed.\"While there's no use in dreaming about what might have been, it's possible that if Knotts and Griffith had communicated a bit more, we would have been able to see Barney Fife in a regular role on The Andy Griffith Show for a few more seasons. On the other hand, it also means that if Knotts had stayed on television, he might not have had quite as successful of a film career.Which would you rather have seen: More seasons of Barney Fife, or a Don Knotts movie renaissance?\nWatch The Andy Griffith Show on MeTV!\nWeeknights at 7 & 7:30, Sundays at 5 & 5:30 PM\n*available in most MeTV markets\nAdd to Favorites\nRemind Me\nFeatured\nPopular\nNewest\nJaws - Comic Book\n$19.95\nUnderdog Exclusive Funko POP | Underdog\n$34.99\nAnimaniacs - Crest Mug\n$17.99\nPeanuts Snoopy Group Walk Light-Up Snow Gl...\n$34.99\nJAWS \"Beach Closed\" Corrugated Tin Sign | ...\n$24.99\nBeetlejuice \"Ghost With The Most\" Curved C...\n$19.99\nJohn Wayne On the Trail 1000 Piece Jigsaw ...\n$19.99\nThe Real Ghostbusters - Symbol (Grey)\n$19.95\nScooby Doo Mystery Machine Sculpted Cerami...\n$19.99\nHawaii Five-0 - Surf & Sun\n$19.95\nJaws - Comic Book\n$19.95\nUnderdog Exclusive Funko POP | Underdog\n$34.99\nAnimaniacs - Crest Mug\n$17.99\nPeanuts Snoopy Group Walk Light-Up Snow Gl...\n$34.99\nJAWS \"Beach Closed\" Corrugated Tin Sign | ...\n$24.99\nBeetlejuice \"Ghost With The Most\" Curved C...\n$19.99\nJohn Wayne On the Trail 1000 Piece Jigsaw ...\n$19.99\nThe Real Ghostbusters - Symbol (Grey)\n$19.95\nScooby Doo Mystery Machine Sculpted Cerami...\n$19.99\nHawaii Five-0 - Surf & Sun\n$19.95\nShop Mall\nWoody Woodpecker - Woody\n$19.95\nGwengoolie Sven Squad T-Shirt by Christo...\n$24.95\nNostalgiaferatoo Sven Squad T-Shirt by C...\n$24.95\nTeal Svengoolie Glow-In-The-Dark Button-U...\n$39.95\nWoody Woodpecker - Through the Tree\n$19.95\nSvengoolie T-Shirt\n$19.95\n\"From the Shadows\" Svengoolie T-Shirt by ...\n$24.95\nI Love Lucy - Lucy Lines\n$19.95\nWomen's Svengoolie T-Shirt\n$19.95\nWoody Woodpecker - Retro Logo\n$19.95\nWoody Woodpecker - Woody\n$19.95\nGwengoolie Sven Squad T-Shirt by Christo...\n$24.95\nNostalgiaferatoo Sven Squad T-Shirt by C...\n$24.95\nTeal Svengoolie Glow-In-The-Dark Button-U...\n$39.95\nWoody Woodpecker - Through the Tree\n$19.95\nSvengoolie T-Shirt\n$19.95\n\"From the Shadows\" Svengoolie T-Shirt by ...\n$24.95\nI Love Lucy - Lucy Lines\n$19.95\nWomen's Svengoolie T-Shirt\n$19.95\nWoody Woodpecker - Retro Logo\n$19.95\nShop Mall\nSvengoolie Logo Travel Mug\n$29.95\n\"From the Shadows\" Svengoolie Art Print b...\n$14.95\n\"From the Shadows\" Svengoolie Tote bag\n$24.95\nSvengoolie Official Chicken Thrower Tote Bag\n$24.95\nSvengoolie Die-Cut Magnet\n$10.99\nIMP (Ignatius Malvolio Prankenstein) Sven...\n$24.95\nNostalgiaferatoo Sven Squad T-Shirt by C...\n$24.95\nGwengoolie Sven Squad T-Shirt by Christo...\n$24.95\nToon In With Me Family Portrait T-Shirt\n$19.95\nToon In With Me Family Portrait Ceramic Mug\n$19.95\nSvengoolie Logo Travel Mug\n$29.95\n\"From the Shadows\" Svengoolie Art Print b...\n$14.95\n\"From the Shadows\" Svengoolie Tote bag\n$24.95\nSvengoolie Official Chicken Thrower Tote Bag\n$24.95\nSvengoolie Die-Cut Magnet\n$10.99\nIMP (Ignatius Malvolio Prankenstein) Sven...\n$24.95\nNostalgiaferatoo Sven Squad T-Shirt by C...\n$24.95\nGwengoolie Sven Squad T-Shirt by Christo...\n$24.95\nToon In With Me Family Portrait T-Shirt\n$19.95\nToon In With Me Family Portrait Ceramic Mug\n$19.95\nShop Mall\nRelated\nThe Andy Griffith ShowRon Howard\nHere's how one of Ron Howard's childhood bullies became one of his best friends\nThe Andy Griffith ShowRon Howard\nEven as a child on ''The Andy Griffith Show,'' Ron Howard had aspirations of becoming a director\nThe Andy Griffith ShowDon Knotts\nDespite his talent for comedy, it was always Don Knotts' dream to play a serious character\nNostalgia\nDo you remember what year these movies are set in?\nName that '70s action movie!\nPlan the perfect vintage prom playlist\nAre you sure you want to delete this comment?\nCancel Delete\nClose\n23 Comments\nLogin to comment\nHello,\nSettings / Logout\nAdd\nUpload a file:\nOr drag a file here to upload\nNewest | Oldest | Top Comments\nLoad new comments\nMark112763\n1 month ago\nI'm a believer in fate and even if Don Knotts leaving the show was in fact a misunderstanding, it must have been meant to go the way that it did because Knotts went on to make a number of very wonderful and fun movies that his fans still enjoy today...\nLike (1)\nReply\nDelete\nAdamtwelvia Mark112763\n1 month ago\nJust ask Wakko Warner!\nLike\nReply\nDelete\nReply to username\nAdd\nUpload a file:\nOr drag a file here to upload\nrllibera\n1 month ago\nI believe that Griffith had every intention of continuing the show and what happened is exactly what he wanted to happen. He wanted to show that the show could continue even with Knotts as an occasional guest.\nLike\nReply\nDelete\nHorseman2 rllibera\n1 month ago\nThat sounds like an uneducated guess without any evidence.\nLike\nReply\nDelete\nReply to username\nAdd\nUpload a file:\nOr drag a file here to upload\nWordsmithWorks\n1 month ago\nWhile Knotts' departure worked out well for him, it was definitely a \"jump the shark\" moment for the show.\nLike (1)\nReply\nDelete\nReply to username\nAdd\nUpload a file:\nOr drag a file here to upload\nLoveMETV22\n1 month ago\nSuppose Mr.Knotts made the choice that was best for him at the time. However the series was just not the same after his departure (jmo).\nLike (1)\nReply\nDelete\nReply to username\nAdd\nUpload a file:\nOr drag a file here to upload\ndoug1967\n1 month ago\nI would have loved for him to stay on the show but maybe that's my selfish thoughts. Either way Don and Andy had a great run together. I only wish TV was like that now, maybe the country would be more family oriented.\nLike (1)\nReply\nDelete\nReply to username\nAdd\nUpload a file:\nOr drag a file here to upload\nBrockolo\n2 months ago\nI think his new gravestone says it all. Barney is the biggest of several characters he created. How sad if it was just one.\nThanks Don!\nLike (1)\nReply\nDelete\nReply to username\nAdd\nUpload a file:\nOr drag a file here to upload\nedcrumpacker\n2 months ago\nThe show wasn't the same without him. That's an excellent point the article makes though. One I haven't thought of, wonder what the show would have been like if he had stayed on \nLike\nReply\nDelete\nReply to username\nAdd\nUpload a file:\nOr drag a file here to upload\nFrankensteinLover\n2 months ago\nI'll take Don any chance I can get him, so either would be fine. Although the Andy Griffith Show was hurting when he left.\nLike\nReply\nDelete\nReply to username\nAdd\nUpload a file:\nOr drag a file here to upload\nMrsPhilHarris\n2 months ago\nHad he stayed I wonder if Barney And Thelma Lou would have married? \nLike\nReply\nDelete\ncperrynaples MrsPhilHarris\n2 months ago\nWell, they were married in RTM!\nLike\nReply\nDelete\nMrsPhilHarris cperrynaples\n2 months ago\nYes but what, 20 years later? I wonder would the have married in 1966 or whatever?\nLike\nReply\nDelete\nraycer413 MrsPhilHarris\n1 month ago\nAfter Don left the show in one episode he returned in he tried to rekindle his relationship with Mary Lou but she was with another man by that time and it never happened. I found it sad.\nLike (1)\nReply\nDelete\nMrsPhilHarris raycer413\n1 month ago\nI seem to remember that vaguely. \nLike\nReply\nDelete\nMark112763 raycer413\n1 month ago\nI think you meant Thelma Lou...\nLike\nReply\nDelete\nReply to username\nAdd\nUpload a file:\nOr drag a file here to upload\nRuneshaper\n2 months ago\nThat's a tough choice. In this case, perhaps Don leaving was for the best.\nLike (1)\nReply\nDelete\nBenSobeleone Runeshaper\n2 months ago\nI agree. If he had stayed, there might not have been The Ghost and Mr. Chicken.\nLike (4)\nReply\nDelete\ncperrynaples BenSobeleone\n1 month ago\nWell, there wouldn't be a Love God either...LOL!\nLike (3)\nReply\nDelete\nBenSobeleone cperrynaples\n1 month ago\nYep, and The Shakiest Gun in the West, The Incredible Mr. Limpet and The Reluctant Astronaut.\nLike (3)\nReply\nDelete\nRuneshaper BenSobeleone\n1 month ago\nSo true!\nLike\nReply\nDelete\nRuneshaper cperrynaples\n1 month ago\nYES!\nLike\nReply\nDelete\nMark112763 Runeshaper\n1 month ago\nAnd \"The Reluctant Astronaut\"... \nLike (1)\nReply\nDelete\nReply to username\nAdd\nUpload a file:\nOr drag a file here to upload\nAre you sure you want to delete this comment?\nCancel Delete\nAbout The Andy Griffith Show\nWeeknights at 8pm & 8:30pm\nAdd to Favorites\nRemind Me\nOne of television's most warmly remembered comedies, 'The Andy Griffith Show' follows a small town sheriff and his bumbling but well-meaning deputy. It may be quiet and relatively crime free in Mayberry, and its sheriff's demeanor may appear easygoing, but Andy Taylor is always on the case. The warm stories and subtle humor of this universally adored television classic continue to charm and captivate audiences more than 50 years after its original airing.\nMayJongg\nMatch all the unique animated toy tiles in MAYberry version of the ever so popular Mahjongg matching game. 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If this is not your location, click here.\nCANCEL", "url": "https://www.metv.com/stories/don-knotts-if-i-had-known-that-andy-intended-to-go-on-with-the-andy-griffith-show-of-course-i-wouldve-stayed" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "50 Don Knotts\nMaps & Schedules\nRoutes\n1 Campus PM\n2 DT Mall PM\n4 Orange Line\n6 Gold Line\n7 Red Line\n8 Brookhaven\n9 Purple Line\n11 Cassville\n12 Blue Line\n13 Crown\n14 Mountain Heights\n15 Grafton Road\nRideMon\n16 Pink Line\n29 Grey Line\n30 West Run\n38 Blue Gold\n39 Beechurst Express\n44 Valley View\n46 Eastern Circulator\n47 Northern Circulator\n50 Don Knotts\n51 Westridge Mylan\n52 Wadestown\nSafety Security\nCharters\nWVU Campus Services\nWVU Football Shuttle Service\nNeighboring Connections\nRider Guide\nRider Tools\nBus Finder Mobile App\nGoogle Trip Planner\nPDA Ticker\nHow To Ride\nMeet The Bus\nPlanning Your Ride\nGetting On and Off The Bus\nHow To Pay\nSafety & Security\nAccessible Services\nBicycles\nGrey Line\nDeviations\nOrganizational Goals\nFares & Programs\nGrey Line\nProperty Tax Bus Pass Program\nProperty Tax Bus Signup Form\nMilitary Appreciation Pass Program\nWVU Ride Free\nHigh School Program\nSenior/Gold Card Program\nPersons with Disabilities\nSOR\nNewFIT\nT-OPS\nCharters\nVolunteer-Driver\nTravel Training\nVanpool\nNews & Events\nTransit Levy 2024\nElectionDayRides\nAgendas and Minutes\nBoard Meetings\nCAC Meetings\nDriver of the Month\nRider of the Month\nCommunity Grows\nDump the Pump\nRoute Changes\nSolar Power Plant\nHistory\nContacts & Comments\nPassenger Comments\nSurveys\nRt 14 and 15 Service Elimination\nTransit Plan Survey\nNondiscrimination Commitment\nTitle VI\nAccessibility\nWestover Terminal\nContact Grey Line\nProcurement\nDBE Statement\nProcurement Protest\nPublic Notifications\nSearch... :\n\nSearch... :\nMaps & Schedules\nRoutes\n1 Campus PM\n2 DT Mall PM\n4 Orange Line\n6 Gold Line\n7 Red Line\n8 Brookhaven\n9 Purple Line\n11 Cassville\n12 Blue Line\n13 Crown\n14 Mountain Heights\n15 Grafton Road\nRideMon\n16 Pink Line\n29 Grey Line\n30 West Run\n38 Blue Gold\n39 Beechurst Express\n44 Valley View\n46 Eastern Circulator\n47 Northern Circulator\n50 Don Knotts\n51 Westridge Mylan\n52 Wadestown\nSafety Security\nCharters\nWVU Campus Services\nWVU Football Shuttle Service\nNeighboring Connections\nRider Guide\nRider Tools\nBus Finder Mobile App\nGoogle Trip Planner\nPDA Ticker\nHow To Ride\nMeet The Bus\nPlanning Your Ride\nGetting On and Off The Bus\nHow To Pay\nSafety & Security\nAccessible Services\nBicycles\nGrey Line\nDeviations\nOrganizational Goals\nFares & Programs\nGrey Line\nProperty Tax Bus Pass Program\nProperty Tax Bus Signup Form\nMilitary Appreciation Pass Program\nWVU Ride Free\nHigh School Program\nSenior/Gold Card Program\nPersons with Disabilities\nSOR\nNewFIT\nT-OPS\nCharters\nVolunteer-Driver\nTravel Training\nVanpool\nNews & Events\nTransit Levy 2024\nElectionDayRides\nAgendas and Minutes\nBoard Meetings\nCAC Meetings\nDriver of the Month\nRider of the Month\nCommunity Grows\nDump the Pump\nRoute Changes\nSolar Power Plant\nHistory\nContacts & Comments\nPassenger Comments\nSurveys\nRt 14 and 15 Service Elimination\nTransit Plan Survey\nNondiscrimination Commitment\nTitle VI\nAccessibility\nWestover Terminal\nContact Grey Line\nProcurement\nDBE Statement\nProcurement Protest\nPublic Notifications\nRt. 50 Don Knotts\nCash fares have been covered on this route through a partnership with Morgantown Community Resources. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "UriComponentsBuilder (Spring Framework 6.1.8 API)\nJavaScript is disabled on your browser.\nSkip navigation links\nSpring Framework\nOverview\nPackage\nClass\nUse\nTree\nDeprecated\nIndex\nHelp\nSummary:\nNested|\nField|\nConstr|\nMethod\nDetail:\nField|\nConstr|\nMethod\nSEARCH:\nPackageorg.springframework.web.util\nClass UriComponentsBuilder\njava.lang.Object\norg.springframework.web.util.UriComponentsBuilder\nAll Implemented Interfaces:\nCloneable, UriBuilder\nDirect Known Subclasses:\nServletUriComponentsBuilder\npublic class UriComponentsBuilder\nextends Object\nimplements UriBuilder, Cloneable\nBuilder for UriComponents.\nTypical usage involves:\nCreate a UriComponentsBuilder with one of the static factory methods\n(such as fromPath(String) or fromUri(URI))\nSet the various URI components through the respective methods (scheme(String),\nuserInfo(String), host(String), port(int), path(String),\npathSegment(String...), queryParam(String, Object...), and\nfragment(String).\nBuild the UriComponents instance with the build() method.\nSince:\n3.1\nAuthor:\nArjen Poutsma, Rossen Stoyanchev, Phillip Webb, Oliver Gierke, Brian Clozel, Sebastien Deleuze, Sam Brannen\nSee Also:\nnewInstance()\nfromPath(String)\nfromUri(URI)\nConstructor Summary\nConstructors\nModifier\nConstructor\nDescription\nprotected\nUriComponentsBuilder()\nDefault constructor.\nprotected\nUriComponentsBuilder(UriComponentsBuilderother)\nCreate a deep copy of the given UriComponentsBuilder.\nMethod Summary\nAll MethodsStatic MethodsInstance MethodsConcrete MethodsDeprecated Methods\nModifier and Type\nMethod\nDescription\nUriComponents\nbuild()\nBuild a UriComponents instance from the various components contained in this builder.\nUriComponents\nbuild(booleanencoded)\nVariant of build() to create a UriComponents instance\nwhen components are already fully encoded.\nURI\nbuild(Object...uriVariables)\nBuild a URI instance and replaces URI template variables\nwith the values from an array.\nURI\nbuild(Map<String,?>uriVariables)\nBuild a URI instance and replaces URI template variables\nwith the values from a map.\nUriComponents\nbuildAndExpand(Object...uriVariableValues)\nBuild a UriComponents instance and replaces URI template variables\nwith the values from an array.\nUriComponents\nbuildAndExpand(Map<String,?>uriVariables)\nBuild a UriComponents instance and replaces URI template variables\nwith the values from a map.\nObject\nclone()\nPublic declaration of Object's clone() method.\nUriComponentsBuilder\ncloneBuilder()\nClone this UriComponentsBuilder.\nfinal UriComponentsBuilder\nencode()\nRequest to have the URI template pre-encoded at build time, and\nURI variables encoded separately when expanded.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nencode(Charsetcharset)\nA variant of encode() with a charset other than \"UTF-8\".\nUriComponentsBuilder\nfragment(Stringfragment)\nSet the URI fragment.\nstatic UriComponentsBuilder\nfromHttpRequest(HttpRequestrequest)\nDeprecated, for removal: This API element is subject to removal in a future version.\nin favor of ForwardedHeaderUtils.adaptFromForwardedHeaders(java.net.URI, org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders);\nto be removed in 6.2\nstatic UriComponentsBuilder\nfromHttpUrl(StringhttpUrl)\nCreate a URI components builder from the given HTTP URL String.\nstatic UriComponentsBuilder\nfromOriginHeader(Stringorigin)\nCreate an instance by parsing the \"Origin\" header of an HTTP request.\nstatic UriComponentsBuilder\nfromPath(Stringpath)\nCreate a builder that is initialized with the given path.\nstatic UriComponentsBuilder\nfromUri(URIuri)\nCreate a builder that is initialized from the given URI.\nstatic UriComponentsBuilder\nfromUriString(Stringuri)\nCreate a builder that is initialized with the given URI string.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nhost(Stringhost)\nSet the URI host which may contain URI template variables, and may also\nbe null to clear the host of this builder.\nstatic UriComponentsBuilder\nnewInstance()\nCreate a new, empty builder.\nstatic InetSocketAddress\nparseForwardedFor(HttpRequestrequest,\nInetSocketAddressremoteAddress)\nDeprecated, for removal: This API element is subject to removal in a future version.\nin favor of ForwardedHeaderUtils.parseForwardedFor(java.net.URI, org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders, java.net.InetSocketAddress);\nto be removed in 6.2\nUriComponentsBuilder\npath(Stringpath)\nAppend to the path of this builder.\nUriComponentsBuilder\npathSegment(String...pathSegments)\nAppend to the path using path segments.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nport(intport)\nSet the URI port.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nport(Stringport)\nSet the URI port.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nquery(Stringquery)\nParse the given query string into query parameters where parameters are\nseparated with '&' and their values, if any, with '='.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nqueryParam(Stringname,\nObject...values)\nAppend the given query parameter.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nqueryParam(Stringname,\nCollection<?>values)\nVariant of UriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...) with a Collection.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nqueryParamIfPresent(Stringname,\nOptional<?>value)\nDelegates to either UriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...) or\nUriBuilder.queryParam(String, Collection) if the given Optional has\na value, or else if it is empty, no query parameter is added at all.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nqueryParams(MultiValueMap<String,String>params)\nAdd multiple query parameters and values.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nreplacePath(Stringpath)\nOverride the current path.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nreplaceQuery(Stringquery)\nClear existing query parameters and then delegate to UriBuilder.query(String).\nUriComponentsBuilder\nreplaceQueryParam(Stringname,\nObject...values)\nSet the query parameter values replacing existing values, or if no\nvalues are given, the query parameter is removed.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nreplaceQueryParam(Stringname,\nCollection<?>values)\nVariant of UriBuilder.replaceQueryParam(String, Object...) with a Collection.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nreplaceQueryParams(MultiValueMap<String,String>params)\nSet the query parameter values after removing all existing ones.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nscheme(Stringscheme)\nSet the URI scheme which may contain URI template variables,\nand may also be null to clear the scheme of this builder.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nschemeSpecificPart(Stringssp)\nSet the URI scheme-specific-part.\nString\ntoUriString()\nBuild a URI String.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nuri(URIuri)\nInitialize components of this builder from components of the given URI.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nuriComponents(UriComponentsuriComponents)\nSet or append individual URI components of this builder from the values\nof the given UriComponents instance.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nuriVariables(Map<String,Object>uriVariables)\nConfigure URI variables to be expanded at build time.\nUriComponentsBuilder\nuserInfo(StringuserInfo)\nSet the URI user info which may contain URI template variables, and\nmay also be null to clear the user info of this builder.\nMethods inherited from classjava.lang.Object\nequals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait\nConstructor Details\nUriComponentsBuilder\nprotectedUriComponentsBuilder()\nDefault constructor. Protected to prevent direct instantiation.\nSee Also:\nnewInstance()\nfromPath(String)\nfromUri(URI)\nUriComponentsBuilder\nprotectedUriComponentsBuilder(UriComponentsBuilderother)\nCreate a deep copy of the given UriComponentsBuilder.\nParameters:\nother - the other builder to copy from\nSince:\n4.1.3\nMethod Details\nnewInstance\npublic staticUriComponentsBuildernewInstance()\nCreate a new, empty builder.\nReturns:\nthe new UriComponentsBuilder\nfromPath\npublic staticUriComponentsBuilderfromPath(Stringpath)\nCreate a builder that is initialized with the given path.\nParameters:\npath - the path to initialize with\nReturns:\nthe new UriComponentsBuilder\nfromUri\npublic staticUriComponentsBuilderfromUri(URIuri)\nCreate a builder that is initialized from the given URI.\nNote: the components in the resulting builder will be\nin fully encoded (raw) form and further changes must also supply values\nthat are fully encoded, for example via methods in UriUtils.\nIn addition please use build(boolean) with a value of \"true\" to\nbuild the UriComponents instance in order to indicate that the\ncomponents are encoded.\nParameters:\nuri - the URI to initialize with\nReturns:\nthe new UriComponentsBuilder\nfromUriString\npublic staticUriComponentsBuilderfromUriString(Stringuri)\nCreate a builder that is initialized with the given URI string.\nNote: The presence of reserved characters can prevent\ncorrect parsing of the URI string. For example if a query parameter\ncontains '=' or '&' characters, the query string cannot\nbe parsed unambiguously. Such values should be substituted for URI\nvariables to enable correct parsing:\nString uriString = \"/hotels/42?filter={value}\";\nUriComponentsBuilder.fromUriString(uriString).buildAndExpand(\"hot&cold\");\nParameters:\nuri - the URI string to initialize with\nReturns:\nthe new UriComponentsBuilder\nfromHttpUrl\npublic staticUriComponentsBuilderfromHttpUrl(StringhttpUrl)\nCreate a URI components builder from the given HTTP URL String.\nNote: The presence of reserved characters can prevent\ncorrect parsing of the URI string. For example if a query parameter\ncontains '=' or '&' characters, the query string cannot\nbe parsed unambiguously. Such values should be substituted for URI\nvariables to enable correct parsing:\nString urlString = \"https://example.com/hotels/42?filter={value}\";\nUriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(urlString).buildAndExpand(\"hot&cold\");\nParameters:\nhttpUrl - the source URI\nReturns:\nthe URI components of the URI\nfromHttpRequest\n@Deprecated(since=\"6.1\",\nforRemoval=true)\npublic staticUriComponentsBuilderfromHttpRequest(HttpRequestrequest)\nDeprecated, for removal: This API element is subject to removal in a future version.\nin favor of ForwardedHeaderUtils.adaptFromForwardedHeaders(java.net.URI, org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders);\nto be removed in 6.2\nCreate a new UriComponents object from the URI associated with\nthe given HttpRequest while also overlaying with values from the headers\n\"Forwarded\" (RFC 7239),\nor \"X-Forwarded-Host\", \"X-Forwarded-Port\", and \"X-Forwarded-Proto\" if\n\"Forwarded\" is not found.\nParameters:\nrequest - the source request\nReturns:\nthe URI components of the URI\nSince:\n4.1.5\nparseForwardedFor\n@Deprecated(since=\"6.1\",\nforRemoval=true)\n@Nullable\npublic staticInetSocketAddressparseForwardedFor(HttpRequestrequest,\n@Nullable\nInetSocketAddressremoteAddress)\nDeprecated, for removal: This API element is subject to removal in a future version.\nin favor of ForwardedHeaderUtils.parseForwardedFor(java.net.URI, org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders, java.net.InetSocketAddress);\nto be removed in 6.2\nParse the first \"Forwarded: for=...\" or \"X-Forwarded-For\" header value to\nan InetSocketAddress representing the address of the client.\nParameters:\nrequest - a request with headers that may contain forwarded headers\nremoteAddress - the current remoteAddress\nReturns:\nan InetSocketAddress with the extracted host and port, or\nnull if the headers are not present.\nSince:\n5.3\nfromOriginHeader\npublic staticUriComponentsBuilderfromOriginHeader(Stringorigin)\nCreate an instance by parsing the \"Origin\" header of an HTTP request.\nSee Also:\nRFC 6454\nencode\npublic finalUriComponentsBuilderencode()\nRequest to have the URI template pre-encoded at build time, and\nURI variables encoded separately when expanded.\nIn comparison to UriComponents.encode(), this method has the\nsame effect on the URI template, i.e. each URI component is encoded by\nreplacing non-ASCII and illegal (within the URI component type) characters\nwith escaped octets. However URI variables are encoded more strictly, by\nalso escaping characters with reserved meaning.\nFor most cases, this method is more likely to give the expected result\nbecause in treats URI variables as opaque data to be fully encoded, while\nUriComponents.encode() is useful when intentionally expanding URI\nvariables that contain reserved characters.\nFor example ';' is legal in a path but has reserved meaning. This\nmethod replaces \";\" with \"%3B\" in URI variables but not in the URI\ntemplate. By contrast, UriComponents.encode() never replaces \";\"\nsince it is a legal character in a path.\nWhen not expanding URI variables at all, prefer use of\nUriComponents.encode() since that will also encode anything that\nincidentally looks like a URI variable.\nSince:\n5.0.8\nencode\npublicUriComponentsBuilderencode(Charsetcharset)\nA variant of encode() with a charset other than \"UTF-8\".\nParameters:\ncharset - the charset to use for encoding\nSince:\n5.0.8\nbuild\npublicUriComponentsbuild()\nBuild a UriComponents instance from the various components contained in this builder.\nReturns:\nthe URI components\nbuild\npublicUriComponentsbuild(booleanencoded)\nVariant of build() to create a UriComponents instance\nwhen components are already fully encoded. This is useful for example if\nthe builder was created via fromUri(URI).\nParameters:\nencoded - whether the components in this builder are already encoded\nReturns:\nthe URI components\nThrows:\nIllegalArgumentException - if any of the components contain illegal\ncharacters that should have been encoded.\nbuildAndExpand\npublicUriComponentsbuildAndExpand(Map<String,?>uriVariables)\nBuild a UriComponents instance and replaces URI template variables\nwith the values from a map. This is a shortcut method which combines\ncalls to build() and then UriComponents.expand(Map).\nParameters:\nuriVariables - the map of URI variables\nReturns:\nthe URI components with expanded values\nbuildAndExpand\npublicUriComponentsbuildAndExpand(Object...uriVariableValues)\nBuild a UriComponents instance and replaces URI template variables\nwith the values from an array. This is a shortcut method which combines\ncalls to build() and then UriComponents.expand(Object...).\nParameters:\nuriVariableValues - the URI variable values\nReturns:\nthe URI components with expanded values\nbuild\npublicURIbuild(Object...uriVariables)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nBuild a URI instance and replaces URI template variables\nwith the values from an array.\nSpecified by:\nbuildin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nuriVariables - the map of URI variables\nReturns:\nthe URI\nbuild\npublicURIbuild(Map<String,?>uriVariables)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nBuild a URI instance and replaces URI template variables\nwith the values from a map.\nSpecified by:\nbuildin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nuriVariables - the map of URI variables\nReturns:\nthe URI\ntoUriString\npublicStringtoUriString()\nBuild a URI String.\nEffectively, a shortcut for building, encoding, and returning the\nString representation:\nString uri = builder.build().encode().toUriString()\nHowever if URI variables have been provided\nthen the URI template is pre-encoded separately from URI variables (see\nencode() for details), i.e. equivalent to:\nString uri = builder.encode().build().toUriString()\nSpecified by:\ntoUriStringin interfaceUriBuilder\nSince:\n4.1\nSee Also:\nUriComponents.toUriString()\nuri\npublicUriComponentsBuilderuri(URIuri)\nInitialize components of this builder from components of the given URI.\nParameters:\nuri - the URI\nReturns:\nthis UriComponentsBuilder\nuriComponents\npublicUriComponentsBuilderuriComponents(UriComponentsuriComponents)\nSet or append individual URI components of this builder from the values\nof the given UriComponents instance.\nFor the semantics of each component (i.e. set vs append) check the\nbuilder methods on this class. For example host(String) sets\nwhile path(String) appends.\nParameters:\nuriComponents - the UriComponents to copy from\nReturns:\nthis UriComponentsBuilder\nscheme\npublicUriComponentsBuilderscheme(@Nullable\nStringscheme)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nSet the URI scheme which may contain URI template variables,\nand may also be null to clear the scheme of this builder.\nSpecified by:\nschemein interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nscheme - the URI scheme\nschemeSpecificPart\npublicUriComponentsBuilderschemeSpecificPart(Stringssp)\nSet the URI scheme-specific-part. When invoked, this method overwrites\nuser-info, host,\nport, path, and\nquery.\nParameters:\nssp - the URI scheme-specific-part, may contain URI template parameters\nReturns:\nthis UriComponentsBuilder\nuserInfo\npublicUriComponentsBuilderuserInfo(@Nullable\nStringuserInfo)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nSet the URI user info which may contain URI template variables, and\nmay also be null to clear the user info of this builder.\nSpecified by:\nuserInfoin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nuserInfo - the URI user info\nhost\npublicUriComponentsBuilderhost(@Nullable\nStringhost)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nSet the URI host which may contain URI template variables, and may also\nbe null to clear the host of this builder.\nSpecified by:\nhostin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nhost - the URI host\nport\npublicUriComponentsBuilderport(intport)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nSet the URI port. Passing -1 will clear the port of this builder.\nSpecified by:\nportin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nport - the URI port\nport\npublicUriComponentsBuilderport(@Nullable\nStringport)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nSet the URI port. Use this method only when the port needs to be\nparameterized with a URI variable. Otherwise use UriBuilder.port(int).\nPassing null will clear the port of this builder.\nSpecified by:\nportin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nport - the URI port\npath\npublicUriComponentsBuilderpath(Stringpath)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nAppend to the path of this builder.\nThe given value is appended as-is to previous path\nvalues without inserting any additional slashes. For example:\nbuilder.path(\"/first-\").path(\"value/\").path(\"/{id}\").build(\"123\")\n// Results is \"/first-value/123\"\nBy contrast pathSegment does insert\nslashes between individual path segments. For example:\nbuilder.pathSegment(\"first-value\", \"second-value\").path(\"/\")\n// Results is \"/first-value/second-value/\"\nThe resulting full path is normalized to eliminate duplicate slashes.\nNote: When inserting a URI variable value that\ncontains slashes in a path, whether those are\nencoded depends on the configured encoding mode. For more details, see\nencode(), or otherwise if building URIs\nindirectly via WebClient or RestTemplate, see its\nencodingMode.\nAlso see the\nURI Encoding section of the reference docs.\nSpecified by:\npathin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\npath - the URI path\npathSegment\npublicUriComponentsBuilderpathSegment(String...pathSegments)\nthrows IllegalArgumentException\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nAppend to the path using path segments. For example:\nbuilder.pathSegment(\"first-value\", \"second-value\", \"{id}\").build(\"123\")\n// Results is \"/first-value/second-value/123\"\nIf slashes are present in a path segment, they are encoded:\nbuilder.pathSegment(\"ba/z\", \"{id}\").build(\"a/b\")\n// Results is \"/ba%2Fz/a%2Fb\"\nTo insert a trailing slash, use the UriBuilder.path(java.lang.String) builder method:\nbuilder.pathSegment(\"first-value\", \"second-value\").path(\"/\")\n// Results is \"/first-value/second-value/\"\nEmpty path segments are ignored and therefore duplicate slashes do not\nappear in the resulting full path.\nSpecified by:\npathSegmentin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\npathSegments - the URI path segments\nThrows:\nIllegalArgumentException\nreplacePath\npublicUriComponentsBuilderreplacePath(@Nullable\nStringpath)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nOverride the current path.\nSpecified by:\nreplacePathin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\npath - the URI path, or null for an empty path\nquery\npublicUriComponentsBuilderquery(@Nullable\nStringquery)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nParse the given query string into query parameters where parameters are\nseparated with '&' and their values, if any, with '='.\nThe query may contain URI template variables.\nNote: please, review the Javadoc of\nUriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...) for further notes on the treatment\nand encoding of individual query parameters.\nSpecified by:\nqueryin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nquery - the query string\nreplaceQuery\npublicUriComponentsBuilderreplaceQuery(@Nullable\nStringquery)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nClear existing query parameters and then delegate to UriBuilder.query(String).\nNote: please, review the Javadoc of\nUriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...) for further notes on the treatment\nand encoding of individual query parameters.\nSpecified by:\nreplaceQueryin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nquery - the query string; a null value removes all query parameters.\nqueryParam\npublicUriComponentsBuilderqueryParam(Stringname,\n@Nullable\nObject...values)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nAppend the given query parameter. Both the parameter name and values may\ncontain URI template variables to be expanded later from values. If no\nvalues are given, the resulting URI will contain the query parameter name\nonly, e.g. \"?foo\" instead of \"?foo=bar\".\nNote: encoding, if applied, will only encode characters\nthat are illegal in a query parameter name or value such as \"=\"\nor \"&\". All others that are legal as per syntax rules in\nRFC 3986 are not\nencoded. This includes \"+\" which sometimes needs to be encoded\nto avoid its interpretation as an encoded space. Stricter encoding may\nbe applied by using a URI template variable along with stricter encoding\non variable values. For more details please read the\n\"URI Encoding\"\nsection of the Spring Framework reference.\nSpecified by:\nqueryParamin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nname - the query parameter name\nvalues - the query parameter values\nSee Also:\nUriBuilder.queryParam(String, Collection)\nqueryParam\npublicUriComponentsBuilderqueryParam(Stringname,\n@Nullable\nCollection<?>values)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nVariant of UriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...) with a Collection.\nNote: please, review the Javadoc of\nUriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...) for further notes on the treatment\nand encoding of individual query parameters.\nSpecified by:\nqueryParamin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nname - the query parameter name\nvalues - the query parameter values\nSee Also:\nUriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...)\nqueryParamIfPresent\npublicUriComponentsBuilderqueryParamIfPresent(Stringname,\nOptional<?>value)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nDelegates to either UriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...) or\nUriBuilder.queryParam(String, Collection) if the given Optional has\na value, or else if it is empty, no query parameter is added at all.\nSpecified by:\nqueryParamIfPresentin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nname - the query parameter name\nvalue - an Optional, either empty or holding the query parameter value.\nqueryParams\npublicUriComponentsBuilderqueryParams(@Nullable\nMultiValueMap<String,String>params)\nAdd multiple query parameters and values.\nNote: please, review the Javadoc of\nUriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...) for further notes on the treatment\nand encoding of individual query parameters.\nSpecified by:\nqueryParamsin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nparams - the params\nSince:\n4.0\nreplaceQueryParam\npublicUriComponentsBuilderreplaceQueryParam(Stringname,\nObject...values)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nSet the query parameter values replacing existing values, or if no\nvalues are given, the query parameter is removed.\nNote: please, review the Javadoc of\nUriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...) for further notes on the treatment\nand encoding of individual query parameters.\nSpecified by:\nreplaceQueryParamin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nname - the query parameter name\nvalues - the query parameter values\nSee Also:\nUriBuilder.replaceQueryParam(String, Collection)\nreplaceQueryParam\npublicUriComponentsBuilderreplaceQueryParam(Stringname,\n@Nullable\nCollection<?>values)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nVariant of UriBuilder.replaceQueryParam(String, Object...) with a Collection.\nNote: please, review the Javadoc of\nUriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...) for further notes on the treatment\nand encoding of individual query parameters.\nSpecified by:\nreplaceQueryParamin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nname - the query parameter name\nvalues - the query parameter values\nSee Also:\nUriBuilder.replaceQueryParam(String, Object...)\nreplaceQueryParams\npublicUriComponentsBuilderreplaceQueryParams(@Nullable\nMultiValueMap<String,String>params)\nSet the query parameter values after removing all existing ones.\nNote: please, review the Javadoc of\nUriBuilder.queryParam(String, Object...) for further notes on the treatment\nand encoding of individual query parameters.\nSpecified by:\nreplaceQueryParamsin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nparams - the query parameter name\nSince:\n4.2\nfragment\npublicUriComponentsBuilderfragment(@Nullable\nStringfragment)\nDescription copied from interface:UriBuilder\nSet the URI fragment. The given fragment may contain URI template variables,\nand may also be null to clear the fragment of this builder.\nSpecified by:\nfragmentin interfaceUriBuilder\nParameters:\nfragment - the URI fragment\nuriVariables\npublicUriComponentsBuilderuriVariables(Map<String,Object>uriVariables)\nConfigure URI variables to be expanded at build time.\nThe provided variables may be a subset of all required ones. At build\ntime, the available ones are expanded, while unresolved URI placeholders\nare left in place and can still be expanded later.\nIn contrast to UriComponents.expand(Map) or\nbuildAndExpand(Map), this method is useful when you need to\nsupply URI variables without building the UriComponents instance\njust yet, or perhaps pre-expand some shared default values such as host\nand port.\nParameters:\nuriVariables - the URI variables to use\nReturns:\nthis UriComponentsBuilder\nSince:\n5.0.8\nclone\npublicObjectclone()\nPublic declaration of Object's clone() method.\nDelegates to cloneBuilder().\nOverrides:\nclonein classObject\ncloneBuilder\npublicUriComponentsBuildercloneBuilder()\nClone this UriComponentsBuilder.\nReturns:\nthe cloned UriComponentsBuilder object\nSince:\n4.2.7", "url": "https://docs.spring.io/spring-framework/docs/current/javadoc-api/org/springframework/web/util/UriComponentsBuilder.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Guide to UriComponentsBuilder in Spring | Baeldung\nStart HereCourses\nREST with Spring\nThe canonical reference for building a production grade API with Spring\nLearn Spring Security\nTHE unique Spring Security education if youre working with Java today\nLearn Spring Security Core\nFocus on the Core of Spring Security 6\nLearn Spring Security OAuth\nFocus on the new OAuth2 stack in Spring Security 6\nLearn Spring\nFrom no experience to actually building stuff\nLearn Spring Data JPA\nThe full guide to persistence with Spring Data JPA\nGuides\nPersistence\nThe Persistence with Spring guides\nREST\nThe guides on building REST APIs with Spring\nSecurity\nThe Spring Security guides\nAbout\nFull Archive\nThe high level overview of all the articles on the site.\nBaeldung Ebooks\nDiscover all of our eBooks\nAbout Baeldung\nAbout Baeldung.\nWrite for Baeldung\nBecome a writer on the site.\nGuide to UriComponentsBuilder in Spring\nLast updated: May 11, 2024\nWritten by:\nbaeldung\nReviewed by:\nGrzegorz Piwowarek\nSpring+\n1. Introduction\nIn this tutorial, we are going to focus on the Spring UriComponentsBuilder. More specifically, well describe various practical implementation examples.\nThe builder works in conjunction with the UriComponents class an immutable container for URI components.\nA new UriComponentsBuilder class helps to create UriComponents instances by providing fine-grained control over all aspects of preparing a URI including construction, expansion from template variables, and encoding.\n2. Maven Dependencies\nIn order to use the builder, we need to include the following section in the dependencies of our pom.xml:\n<dependency>\n<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>\n<artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>\n<version>5.2.2.RELEASE</version>\n</dependency>\nCopy\nThe latest version can be found here.\nThis dependency only covers Spring Web so dont forget to add spring-context for a full web application.\nWe of course also need to set up logging for the project more on that here.\n3. Use Cases\nThere are many practical use cases for the UriComponentsBuilder, starting from a contextual encoding of characters not permitted in the corresponding URI component, finishing on replacing parts of the URL dynamically.\nOne of the biggest advantages of UriComponentsBuilder is that we can inject it right into a controller method:\n@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST)\npublic ResponseEntity createCustomer(UriComponentsBuilder builder) {\n// implementation\n}Copy\nLets start describing useful examples one by one. Well use the JUnit framework to test our implementations immediately.\n3.1. Constructing a URI\nLets start with the simplest one. We want to use UriComponentsBuilder just to create simple link:\n@Test\npublic void constructUri() {\nUriComponents uriComponents = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"http\").host(\"www.baeldung.com\").path(\"/junit-5\").build();\nassertEquals(\"/junit-5\", uriComponents.toUriString());\n}Copy\nAs we may observe, we created a new instance of UriComponentsBuilder, then we provided scheme type, host, and a path to the request destination.\nThis simple example might be useful when we want to perform a redirect to other part/link of our website.\n3.2. Constructing an Encoded URI\nIn addition to creating a simple link, we may want to encode the final result. Lets see this in practice:\n@Test\npublic void constructUriEncoded() {\nUriComponents uriComponents = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"http\").host(\"www.baeldung.com\").path(\"/junit 5\").build().encode();\nassertEquals(\"/junit%205\", uriComponents.toUriString());\n}Copy\nThe difference in this example is that we want to add space between the word junit and number 5. Accordingly to the RFC 3986, it would not be possible. We need to encode the link to achieve the valid result, using encode() method.\n3.3. Constructing a URI from a Template\nURI templates are allowed in the most components of a URI but their value is restricted to a particular element, that we indicate as a template. Lets see the example to clarify:\n@Test\npublic void constructUriFromTemplate() {\nUriComponents uriComponents = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"http\").host(\"www.baeldung.com\").path(\"/{article-name}\")\n.buildAndExpand(\"junit-5\");\nassertEquals(\"/junit-5\", uriComponents.toUriString());\n}Copy\nThe difference in this example is in the way we declare the path and how we build the final URI. Template that will be replaced by keywords is indicated by brackets {}, inside the path() method. The keyword that is used to generate the final link is used in the method named buildAndExpand().\nPlease note, that there might be more than one keyword to be replaced. Also, the path to the URI can be relative.\nThis example will be very helpful when we would like to pass model objects to the Spring Controller based on which well build a URI.\n3.4. Constructing a URI With Query Parameters\nAnother very useful case is to create URI with query parameters.\nWe need to use query() from UriComponentsBuilder to specify URI query parameters. Lets see the following example:\n@Test\npublic void constructUriWithQueryParameter() {\nUriComponents uriComponents = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"http\").host(\"www.google.com\")\n.path(\"/\").query(\"q={keyword}\").buildAndExpand(\"baeldung\");\nassertEquals(\"http://www.google.com/?q=baeldung\", uriComponents.toUriString());\n}Copy\nThe query will be added to the main part of the link. We can provide multiple query parameters, using brackets {}. They will be replaced by keywords in the method named buildAndExpand().\nThis implementation of UriComponentsBuilder might be used to build for example a query language for a REST API.\n3.5. Expanding a URI With Regular Expressions\nThe last example is showing a construction of a URI with regex validation. Well be able to expand the uriComponents only if regex validation will be successful:\n@Test\npublic void expandWithRegexVar() {\nString template = \"/myurl/{name:[a-z]{1,5}}/show\";\nUriComponents uriComponents = UriComponentsBuilder.fromUriString(template)\n.build();\nuriComponents = uriComponents.expand(Collections.singletonMap(\"name\", \"test\"));\nassertEquals(\"/myurl/test/show\", uriComponents.getPath());\n}Copy\nIn the above-mentioned example, we can see that the middle part of the link needs to have only letters from a-z and the length in a range between 1-5.\nAlso, were using singletonMap, to replace keyword name with value test.\nThis example is particularly useful when we enable a user to specify links dynamically, but we want to provide a sort of security where only valid links work in our web application.\n4. Conclusion\nThis tutorial presents useful examples of the UriComponentsBuilder.\nThe main advantages of UriComponentsBuilder are the flexibility of using URI template variables, and a possibility of injecting it directly into Spring Controller methods.\nAll examples and configurations are available here on GitHub.\nCourse LS (cat=Spring)\nGet started with Spring and Spring Boot, through the Learn Spring course:\n>> THE COURSE\nres REST with Spring (eBook) (everywhere)\nLearning to build your API\nwith Spring?\nDownload the E-book\nComments are open for 30 days after publishing a post. For any issues past this date, use the Contact form on the site.\nCoursesAll Courses\nAll Bulk Courses\nAll Bulk Team Courses\nThe Courses Platform\nSeriesJava Back to Basics Tutorial\nJackson JSON Tutorial\nApache HttpClient Tutorial\nREST with Spring Tutorial\nSpring Persistence Tutorial\nSecurity with Spring\nSpring Reactive Tutorials\nJava Array\nAboutAbout Baeldung\nThe Full Archive\nEditors\nJobs\nOur Partners\nPartner with Baeldung\nTerms of Service\nPrivacy Policy\nCompany Info\nContact\nFollow the\nSpring\nCategory\nFollow the Spring category to get regular info about the new articles and tutorials we publish here.\nFOLLOW THE SPRING", "url": "https://www.baeldung.com/spring-uricomponentsbuilder" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "java - What is the meaning of UriComponentsBuilder? - Stack Overflow\nSkip to main content\nStack Overflow\nAbout\nProducts\nOverflowAI\nStack Overflow\nPublic questions & answers\nStack Overflow for Teams\nWhere developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers\nTalent\nBuild your employer brand\nAdvertising\nReach developers & technologists worldwide\nLabs\nThe future of collective knowledge sharing\nAbout the company\nLoading\ncurrent community\nStack Overflow\nhelp\nchat\nMeta Stack Overflow\nyour communities\nSign up or log in to customize your list.\nmore stack exchange communities\ncompany blog\nLog in\nSign up\nShare Your Experience: Take the 2024 Developer Survey\nHome\nQuestions\nTags\nUsers\nCompanies\nLabs\nJobs\nNew\nDiscussions\nCollectives\nCommunities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCreate a free Team\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCollectives on Stack Overflow\nFind centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most.\nLearn more about Collectives\nTeams\nQ&A for work\nConnect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.\nLearn more about Teams\nGet early access and see previews of new features.\nLearn more about Labs\nWhat is the meaning of UriComponentsBuilder?\nAsk Question\nAsked\n6 years, 6 months ago\nModified\n6 years, 6 months ago\nViewed\n25k times\nThis question shows research effort; it is useful and clear\n8\nSave this question.\nShow activity on this post.\nI get an example UriComponentsBuilder while learning spring boot. I don't know the meaning of UriComponentsBuilder and the function of UriComponentsBuilder.\njavaspringspring-boot\nShare\nImprove this question\nFollow\nFollow this question to receive notifications\nasked Nov 17, 2017 at 7:26\nCesar WahyuCesar Wahyu\n11711 gold badge11 silver badge1212 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\n2 Answers\n2\nSorted by:\nReset to default\nHighest score (default)\nTrending (recent votes count more)\nDate modified (newest first)\nDate created (oldest first)\nThis answer is useful\n13\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nYes, this used for constructing URI. Particularly useful when you want to invoke webservices in your class. Eg:\nString baseUri = \"/sample-uri\"\nUriComponentsBuilder builder = UriComponentsBuilder.fromUriString(uri);\nbuilder.queryParam(\"id\", \"1\");\nString uri= builder.build().encode().toUriString();\nIt is evident that you can pass additional params, to this. This provide a clean and efficient way of creating uris than writing those as plain text.\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered Nov 17, 2017 at 8:25\nEldhose AbrahamEldhose Abraham\n55133 silver badges88 bronze badges\n0\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n1\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nIt is a factory class for getting instances of UriComponents which are helpful for constructing URIs.\nPlease go through the tutorial below, examples are also given here.\nhttp://www.baeldung.com/spring-uricomponentsbuilder\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered Nov 17, 2017 at 7:38\nAnirbanAnirban\n94977 gold badges2929 silver badges5656 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\nYour Answer\nReminder: Answers generated by artificial intelligence tools are not allowed on Stack Overflow. 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Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\nspring-projects\n/\nspring-framework\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n37.7k\nStar\n55.4k\nCode\nIssues\n267\nPull requests\n12\nActions\nProjects\n0\nWiki\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nActions\nProjects\nWiki\nSecurity\nInsights\nNew issue\nHave a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community.\nSign up for GitHub\nBy clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and\nprivacy statement. Well occasionally send you account related emails.\nAlready on GitHub?\nSign in\nto your account\nJump to bottom\nUriComponentsBuilder inconsistent encode/decode query params behavior [SPR-16002]\n#20551\nClosed\nspring-projects-issues opened this issue\nSep 25, 2017\n 3 comments\nClosed\nUriComponentsBuilder inconsistent encode/decode query params behavior [SPR-16002]\n#20551\nspring-projects-issues opened this issue\nSep 25, 2017\n 3 comments\nAssignees\nLabels\nin: web\nIssues in web modules (web, webmvc, webflux, websocket)\nstatus: duplicate\nA duplicate of another issue\nComments\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nSep 25, 2017\n\nedited\nVsevolod Kalinin opened SPR-16002 and commented\nAfter working with that for quite some time I have a strong feeling that something is wrong with UriComponentsBuilder query params encoding/decoding. Will try to explain it step by step now + my vision to the problem (still with hope of doing something wrong/missing something :)). Will use fromHttpUrl(..) in examples, but the behavior is the same for all from*(..) methods of all *UriComponentsBuilder classes (and it hurt even more when using something like fromHttpRequest(..)).\nUse cases\nSo, consider I want to take current request URL, modify it (add/remove query params, etc.) and eventually use it somewhere else. Again there are fromHttpUrl(..) calls below for simplicity; IRL they are fromHttpRequest(..), etc.\nh3. Double-encoded query params from original URL\nUriComponentsBuilder ucb = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"http://host.com?name=Tom%26Jerry\");\nucb.queryParam(\"album\", \"S&M\");\nucb.toUriString(); // http://host.com?name=Tom%2526Jerry&album=S%26M\nIt returns http://host.com?name=Tom%2526Jerry&album=S%26M which is wrong (see double-encoded initial name param).\nI was only able to solve the above with something like:\nUriComponentsBuilder ucb = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"http://host.com?name=Tom%26Jerry\");\nucb.queryParam(\"album\", java.net.URLEncoder.encode(\"S&M\"));\nucb.build(true).toUriString();\nNow it returns the correct http://host.com?name=Tom%26Jerry&album=S%26M, but the whole thing got a bit ugly.\nh3. application/x-www-form-urlencoded whitespaces\nNow the request has application/x-www-form-urlencoded whitespace (converted to +) and taught by the bitter experience above we use ucb.build(true).toUriString():\nUriComponentsBuilder ucb = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"http://host.com?name=Tom+Jerry\");\nucb.queryParam(\"album\", \"S&M\");\nucb.build(true).toUriString();\nBut it's java.lang.IllegalArgumentException now - UriComponentsBuilder doesn't like \"+\".\nReverting to the initial approach doesn't work either:\nUriComponentsBuilder ucb = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"http://host.com?name=Tom+Jerry\");\nucb.queryParam(\"album\", \"S&M\");\nucb.toUriString();\nresults in http://host.com?name=Tom%2BJerry&album=S%26M - note \"+\" being encoded now.\nThe only option is to do an ugly workaround mentioned in #14805.\nProbable solution\nIMHO it would have been much more convenient if UriComponentsBuilder decoded query params while parsing (presumably with application/x-www-form-urlencoded support; at least when creating from a request where MIME type should be available). This way both cases above are solved + a test\nfinal String requestHttpUrl = <any valid request URL>;\nfinal String processedHttpUrl = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(requestHttpUrl).toUriString();\nassertEquals(processedHttpUrl, requestHttpUrl);\nwill pass for any valid URL which is what I'd expect. Although backward compatibility concern won't make it happen easily...\nLooking forward for help with this one :D\nAffects: 4.3.11\nIssue Links:\nUriComponentBuilder doesn't work with encoded HTTP URL having '+'. [SPR-14828]#19394 UriComponentBuilder doesn't work with encoded HTTP URL having '+'. (\"duplicates\")\nThe text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:\nAll reactions\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nAuthor\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nMay 23, 2018\n\nedited\nBrian Clozel commented\nHi FlasH,\nSorry for the late reply. Part of this has been fixed in #19394 (\"+\" is a valid character in a query parameter now). Also, we've documented a bit more the whole concept of URI encoding, since this is a complex matter.\nNow for the second part of this issue, the UriComponentsBuilder#fromHttpUrl API states that you should not provide there reserved characters. This is why you're providing an already encoded URL in the first place, and asking it not to encode it with build(true). But at the same time you're also providing non-encoded elements with chain calls. You should not mix both approaches for the same URL.\nUriComponentsBuilder ucb = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"http://host.com?name={name}\");\nUriComponents uri = ucb.queryParam(\"album\", \"S&M\").buildAndExpand(\"Tom&Jerry\");\nassertEquals(\"http://host.com?name=Tom%26Jerry&album=S%26M\", uri.encode().toString());\nucb = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"http://host.com?name=Tom+Jerry\");\nuri = ucb.queryParam(\"album\", \"S&M\").build();\nassertEquals(\"http://host.com?name=Tom+Jerry&album=S%26M\", uri.encode().toString());\nThis code snippet shows alternate approaches that aren't workarounds, verified to be working with Spring Framework 5.0+.\nI'm closing this issue for now, as I believe both aspects are now resolved. Thanks for this report!\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nAuthor\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nMay 24, 2018\nVsevolod Kalinin commented\nBrian,\nThanks for the response, np, was not urgent. Just an effort to make a world a bit better :)\nIn short I totally agree with your code snippet, but in our case it was a bit more complex: UriComponentsBuilder was constructed from a real URL (i.e. HttpServletRequest, etc.) or even worse - an URL String was passed over and over to be extended.\nAnyway looking back now it sounds like a bad architectural decision and therefore not a valid use case.\n1\nSimSonic reacted with thumbs up emoji\nAll reactions\n1 reaction\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nAuthor\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nMay 24, 2018\nBrian Clozel commented\nThanks for your feedback !\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nspring-projects-issues\nclosed this as completed\nMay 24, 2018\nspring-projects-issues\nadded\ntype: bug\nA general bug\nstatus: duplicate\nA duplicate of another issue\nin: web\nIssues in web modules (web, webmvc, webflux, websocket)\nlabels\nJan 11, 2019\nspring-projects-issues\nassigned bclozel\nJan 11, 2019\nThis was referenced Jan 11, 2019\nNot encoding '+' in URLs anymore breaks backwards compatibility with apps running on spring 4 [SPR-17474]\n#22006\nClosed\nUriComponentBuilder doesn't work with encoded HTTP URL having '+'. [SPR-14828]\n#19394\nClosed\nspring-projects-issues\nremoved\nthe\ntype: bug\nA general bug\nlabel\nJan 12, 2019\nSign up for free\nto join this conversation on GitHub.\nAlready have an account?\nSign in to comment\nAssignees\nbclozel\nLabels\nin: web\nIssues in web modules (web, webmvc, webflux, websocket)\nstatus: duplicate\nA duplicate of another issue\nProjects\nNone yet\nMilestone\nNo milestone\nDevelopment\nNo branches or pull requests\n2 participants\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/issues/20551" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "java - Encoding query parameters with UriComponentsBuilder - Stack Overflow\nSkip to main content\nStack Overflow\nAbout\nProducts\nOverflowAI\nStack Overflow\nPublic questions & answers\nStack Overflow for Teams\nWhere developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers\nTalent\nBuild your employer brand\nAdvertising\nReach developers & technologists worldwide\nLabs\nThe future of collective knowledge sharing\nAbout the company\nLoading\ncurrent community\nStack Overflow\nhelp\nchat\nMeta Stack Overflow\nyour communities\nSign up or log in to customize your list.\nmore stack exchange communities\ncompany blog\nLog in\nSign up\nShare Your Experience: Take the 2024 Developer Survey\nHome\nQuestions\nTags\nUsers\nCompanies\nLabs\nJobs\nNew\nDiscussions\nCollectives\nCommunities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCreate a free Team\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCollectives on Stack Overflow\nFind centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most.\nLearn more about Collectives\nTeams\nQ&A for work\nConnect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.\nLearn more about Teams\nGet early access and see previews of new features.\nLearn more about Labs\nEncoding query parameters with UriComponentsBuilder\nAsk Question\nAsked\n6 years, 6 months ago\nModified\n5 years, 9 months ago\nViewed\n18k times\nThis question shows research effort; it is useful and clear\n10\nSave this question.\nShow activity on this post.\nI am struggling to understand the behavior of UriComponentsBuilder. I want to use it to encode a URL in a query parameter, however it appears to only escape % characters, but not other necessary characters such as &.\nAn example of a URL in a query parameter that is not encoded at all:\nUriComponentsBuilder.fromUri(\"http://example.com/endpoint\")\n.queryParam(\"query\", \"/path?foo=foo&bar=bar\")\n.build();\nOutput: http://example.com/endpoint?query=/path?foo=foo&bar=bar\nThis is not correct, because the unencoded & causes bar=bar to be interpreted as a query parameter to /endpoint instead of /path.\nHowever, if I use an input that contains a % character::\nUriComponentsBuilder.fromUri(\"http://example.com/endpoint\")\n.queryParam(\"query\", \"/path?foo=%20bar\")\n.build();\nOutput: http://example.com/endpoint?query=/path?foo=%2520bar\nThe % character is escaped.\nIt seems inconsistent that UriComponentsBuilder would automatically escape the % characters but not the other reserved characters.\nWhat is the correct process to encode a URL into a query parameter with UriComponentsBuilder?\njavaspringurl-encodingquery-string\nShare\nImprove this question\nFollow\nFollow this question to receive notifications\nasked Nov 10, 2017 at 7:24\nAdam MillerchipAdam Millerchip\n22.3k55 gold badges5757 silver badges8080 bronze badges\n2\n1\nBut, as I understand, & is a valid character in URL. Barring certain characters, everything else must be url encoded.\namdg\nNov 10, 2017 at 8:51\nDid you find a solution? I am facing a similar problem\nIgorGanapolsky\nApr 17, 2018 at 18:23\nAdd a comment\n|\n2 Answers\n2\nSorted by:\nReset to default\nHighest score (default)\nTrending (recent votes count more)\nDate modified (newest first)\nDate created (oldest first)\nThis answer is useful\n14\nSave this answer.\n+50\nThis answer has been awarded bounties worth 50 reputation by Raja Anbazhagan\nShow activity on this post.\nIn your example the build UriComponents object is not encoded or normalised. To ensure that encoding is applied:\nEncode it yourself by calling encode() method (see also normalize() method):\nUriComponents u = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"http://example.com/endpoint\")\n.queryParam(\"query\", \"/path?foo=foo&bar=bar\")\n.build()\n.encode();\n// http://example.com/endpoint?query=/path?foo%3Dfoo%26bar%3Dbar\nUse build(true) method if the parameters used for constructing the UriComponents are already encoded\nUriComponents u = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"http://example.com/endpoint\")\n.queryParam(\"query\", \"/path?foo=foo&bar=bar\")\n.build(true);\n// IllegalArgumentException: Invalid character '=' for QUERY_PARAM in \"/path?foo=foo&bar=bar\"\nUnder the hood HierarchicalUriComponents.encode(String) method performs the actual encoding. After few internal calls it invokes HierarchicalUriComponents.encodeBytes(byte[], HierarchicalUriComponents.Type) where HierarchicalUriComponents.Type enum controls which characters are allowed in which part of the URL. This check is based on RFC 3986. In short, Spring has it's own encoding logic for every single part of the URL.\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nedited Aug 6, 2018 at 5:34\nAdam Millerchip\n22.3k55 gold badges5757 silver badges8080 bronze badges\nanswered Aug 3, 2018 at 13:32\nKarol DowbeckiKarol Dowbecki\n44.4k99 gold badges7979 silver badges114114 bronze badges\n3\n1\nI'm not understanding the later part of this answer. What will I have to do in order to fix it?\nRaja Anbazhagan\nAug 3, 2018 at 13:43\ngreat. I didn't know build()can take an argument to avoid encoding.\nRaja Anbazhagan\nAug 3, 2018 at 14:46\nWhat is the normalize() method you referred to? It doesn't exist on UriComponentsBuilder. There is one on UriComponents but it's not related to encoding.\nAdam Millerchip\nAug 6, 2018 at 2:37\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n2\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nThe syntax is incorrect as you are using\nUriComponentsBuilder.fromUri() with String parameter instead of\nan URI. If you want to pass the URL as a String use it as :\nUriComponentsBuilder\n.fromUriString(\"http://example.com/endpoint\")\n.queryParam(\"query\", URLEncoder.encode(\"/path?foo=%20bar\",\"UTF-8\"))\n.build();\n& is a valid URL character so it will not be encoded but % is not that's why it\ngets decoded to %25.\nIf you want to see how to use the same with RestTemplate refer : RestTemplate.exchange() does not encode '+'?\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nedited Aug 3, 2018 at 18:28\nanswered Aug 3, 2018 at 15:36\nRaj Rajeshwar Singh RathoreRaj Rajeshwar Singh Rathore\n68722 gold badges99 silver badges3131 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\nYour Answer\nReminder: Answers generated by artificial intelligence tools are not allowed on Stack Overflow. Learn more\nThanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow!Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!But avoid Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.\nDraft saved\nDraft discarded\nSign up or log in\nSign up using Google\nSign up using Facebook\nSign up using Email and Password\nSubmit\nPost as a guest\nName\nEmail\nRequired, but never shown\nPost as a guest\nName\nEmail\nRequired, but never shown\nPost Your Answer\nDiscard\nBy clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy.\nNot the answer you're looking for? 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Blame Blame Latest commitsbrannenRemove obsolete codeMay 24, 2024159c2cdMay 24, 2024HistoryHistory965 lines (846 loc) 29.7 KBBreadcrumbsspring-framework/spring-web/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/util/UriComponentsBuilder.javaTopFile metadata and controlsCodeBlame965 lines (846 loc) 29.7 KBRaw /*\n* Copyright 2002-2024 the original author or authors.\n*\n* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n* You may obtain a copy of the License at\n*\n* https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n*\n* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n* distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n* limitations under the License.\n*/\npackage org.springframework.web.util;\nimport java.net.InetSocketAddress;\nimport java.net.URI;\nimport java.nio.charset.Charset;\nimport java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;\nimport java.util.ArrayDeque;\nimport java.util.ArrayList;\nimport java.util.Collection;\nimport java.util.Deque;\nimport java.util.HashMap;\nimport java.util.List;\nimport java.util.Map;\nimport java.util.Optional;\nimport java.util.regex.Matcher;\nimport java.util.regex.Pattern;\nimport org.springframework.http.HttpRequest;\nimport org.springframework.lang.Nullable;\nimport org.springframework.util.Assert;\nimport org.springframework.util.CollectionUtils;\nimport org.springframework.util.LinkedMultiValueMap;\nimport org.springframework.util.MultiValueMap;\nimport org.springframework.util.ObjectUtils;\nimport org.springframework.util.StringUtils;\nimport org.springframework.web.util.HierarchicalUriComponents.PathComponent;\nimport org.springframework.web.util.UriComponents.UriTemplateVariables;\n/**\n* Builder for {@link UriComponents}.\n*\n* <p>Typical usage involves:\n* <ol>\n* <li>Create a {@code UriComponentsBuilder} with one of the static factory methods\n* (such as {@link #fromPath(String)} or {@link #fromUri(URI)})</li>\n* <li>Set the various URI components through the respective methods ({@link #scheme(String)},\n* {@link #userInfo(String)}, {@link #host(String)}, {@link #port(int)}, {@link #path(String)},\n* {@link #pathSegment(String...)}, {@link #queryParam(String, Object...)}, and\n* {@link #fragment(String)}.</li>\n* <li>Build the {@link UriComponents} instance with the {@link #build()} method.</li>\n* </ol>\n*\n* @author Arjen Poutsma\n* @author Rossen Stoyanchev\n* @author Phillip Webb\n* @author Oliver Gierke\n* @author Brian Clozel\n* @author Sebastien Deleuze\n* @author Sam Brannen\n* @since 3.1\n* @see #newInstance()\n* @see #fromPath(String)\n* @see #fromUri(URI)\n*/\npublic class UriComponentsBuilder implements UriBuilder, Cloneable {\nprivate static final Pattern QUERY_PARAM_PATTERN = Pattern.compile(\"([^&=]+)(=?)([^&]+)?\");\nprivate static final String SCHEME_PATTERN = \"([^:/?#\\\\\\\\]+):\";\nprivate static final String USERINFO_PATTERN = \"([^/?#\\\\\\\\]*)\";\nprivate static final String HOST_IPV4_PATTERN = \"[^/?#:\\\\\\\\]*\";\nprivate static final String HOST_IPV6_PATTERN = \"\\\\[[\\\\p{XDigit}:.]*[%\\\\p{Alnum}]*]\";\nprivate static final String HOST_PATTERN = \"(\" + HOST_IPV6_PATTERN + \"|\" + HOST_IPV4_PATTERN + \")\";\nprivate static final String PORT_PATTERN = \"(\\\\{[^}]+\\\\}?|[^/?#\\\\\\\\]*)\";\nprivate static final String PATH_PATTERN = \"([^?#]*)\";\nprivate static final String QUERY_PATTERN = \"([^#]*)\";\nprivate static final String LAST_PATTERN = \"(.*)\";\n// Regex patterns that matches URIs. See RFC 3986, appendix B\nprivate static final Pattern URI_PATTERN = Pattern.compile(\n\"^(\" + SCHEME_PATTERN + \")?\" + \"(//(\" + USERINFO_PATTERN + \"@)?\" + HOST_PATTERN + \"(:\" + PORT_PATTERN +\n\")?\" + \")?\" + PATH_PATTERN + \"(\\\\?\" + QUERY_PATTERN + \")?\" + \"(#\" + LAST_PATTERN + \")?\");\nprivate static final Object[] EMPTY_VALUES = new Object[0];\nprivate static final UrlParser.UrlRecord EMPTY_URL_RECORD = new UrlParser.UrlRecord();\n@Nullable\nprivate String scheme;\n@Nullable\nprivate String ssp;\n@Nullable\nprivate String userInfo;\n@Nullable\nprivate String host;\n@Nullable\nprivate String port;\nprivate CompositePathComponentBuilder pathBuilder;\nprivate final MultiValueMap<String, String> queryParams = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>();\n@Nullable\nprivate String fragment;\nprivate final Map<String, Object> uriVariables = new HashMap<>(4);\nprivate boolean encodeTemplate;\nprivate Charset charset = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;\n/**\n* Default constructor. Protected to prevent direct instantiation.\n* @see #newInstance()\n* @see #fromPath(String)\n* @see #fromUri(URI)\n*/\nprotected UriComponentsBuilder() {\nthis.pathBuilder = new CompositePathComponentBuilder();\n}\n/**\n* Create a deep copy of the given UriComponentsBuilder.\n* @param other the other builder to copy from\n* @since 4.1.3\n*/\nprotected UriComponentsBuilder(UriComponentsBuilder other) {\nthis.scheme = other.scheme;\nthis.ssp = other.ssp;\nthis.userInfo = other.userInfo;\nthis.host = other.host;\nthis.port = other.port;\nthis.pathBuilder = other.pathBuilder.cloneBuilder();\nthis.uriVariables.putAll(other.uriVariables);\nthis.queryParams.addAll(other.queryParams);\nthis.fragment = other.fragment;\nthis.encodeTemplate = other.encodeTemplate;\nthis.charset = other.charset;\n}\n// Factory methods\n/**\n* Create a new, empty builder.\n* @return the new {@code UriComponentsBuilder}\n*/\npublic static UriComponentsBuilder newInstance() {\nreturn new UriComponentsBuilder();\n}\n/**\n* Create a builder that is initialized with the given path.\n* @param path the path to initialize with\n* @return the new {@code UriComponentsBuilder}\n*/\npublic static UriComponentsBuilder fromPath(String path) {\nUriComponentsBuilder builder = new UriComponentsBuilder();\nbuilder.path(path);\nreturn builder;\n}\n/**\n* Create a builder that is initialized from the given {@code URI}.\n* <p><strong>Note:</strong> the components in the resulting builder will be\n* in fully encoded (raw) form and further changes must also supply values\n* that are fully encoded, for example via methods in {@link UriUtils}.\n* In addition please use {@link #build(boolean)} with a value of \"true\" to\n* build the {@link UriComponents} instance in order to indicate that the\n* components are encoded.\n* @param uri the URI to initialize with\n* @return the new {@code UriComponentsBuilder}\n*/\npublic static UriComponentsBuilder fromUri(URI uri) {\nUriComponentsBuilder builder = new UriComponentsBuilder();\nbuilder.uri(uri);\nreturn builder;\n}\n/**\n* Create a builder that is initialized with the given URI string.\n* <p><strong>Note:</strong> The presence of reserved characters can prevent\n* correct parsing of the URI string. For example if a query parameter\n* contains {@code '='} or {@code '&'} characters, the query string cannot\n* be parsed unambiguously. Such values should be substituted for URI\n* variables to enable correct parsing:\n* <pre class=\"code\">\n* String uriString = &quot;/hotels/42?filter={value}&quot;;\n* UriComponentsBuilder.fromUriString(uriString).buildAndExpand(&quot;hot&amp;cold&quot;);\n* </pre>\n* @param uri the URI string to initialize with\n* @return the new {@code UriComponentsBuilder}\n* @throws InvalidUrlException if {@code uri} cannot be parsed\n*/\npublic static UriComponentsBuilder fromUriString(String uri) throws InvalidUrlException {\nAssert.notNull(uri, \"URI must not be null\");\nUriComponentsBuilder builder = new UriComponentsBuilder();\nif (!uri.isEmpty()) {\nUrlParser.UrlRecord urlRecord = UrlParser.parse(uri, EMPTY_URL_RECORD, null, null);\nif (!urlRecord.scheme().isEmpty()) {\nbuilder.scheme(urlRecord.scheme());\n}\nif (urlRecord.includesCredentials()) {\nStringBuilder userInfo = new StringBuilder(urlRecord.username());\nif (!urlRecord.password().isEmpty()) {\nuserInfo.append(':');\nuserInfo.append(urlRecord.password());\n}\nbuilder.userInfo(userInfo.toString());\n}\nif (urlRecord.host() != null && !(urlRecord.host() instanceof UrlParser.EmptyHost)) {\nbuilder.host(urlRecord.host().toString());\n}\nif (urlRecord.port() != null) {\nbuilder.port(urlRecord.port().toString());\n}\nif (urlRecord.path().isOpaque()) {\nbuilder.schemeSpecificPart(urlRecord.path().toString());\n}\nelse {\nbuilder.path(urlRecord.path().toString());\nif (StringUtils.hasLength(urlRecord.query())) {\nbuilder.query(urlRecord.query());\n}\n}\nif (StringUtils.hasLength(urlRecord.fragment())) {\nbuilder.fragment(urlRecord.fragment());\n}\n}\nreturn builder;\n}\n/**\n* Create a URI components builder from the given HTTP URL String.\n* <p><strong>Note:</strong> The presence of reserved characters can prevent\n* correct parsing of the URI string. For example if a query parameter\n* contains {@code '='} or {@code '&'} characters, the query string cannot\n* be parsed unambiguously. Such values should be substituted for URI\n* variables to enable correct parsing:\n* <pre class=\"code\">\n* String urlString = &quot;https://example.com/hotels/42?filter={value}&quot;;\n* UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(urlString).buildAndExpand(&quot;hot&amp;cold&quot;);\n* </pre>\n* @param httpUrl the source URI\n* @return the URI components of the URI\n* @deprecated as of 6.2, in favor of {@link #fromUriString(String)}\n*/\n@Deprecated(since = \"6.2\")\npublic static UriComponentsBuilder fromHttpUrl(String httpUrl) throws InvalidUrlException {\nreturn fromUriString(httpUrl);\n}\nprivate static void checkSchemeAndHost(String uri, @Nullable String scheme, @Nullable String host) {\nif (StringUtils.hasLength(scheme) && scheme.startsWith(\"http\") && !StringUtils.hasLength(host)) {\nthrow new IllegalArgumentException(\"[\" + uri + \"] is not a valid HTTP URL\");\n}\nif (StringUtils.hasLength(host) && host.startsWith(\"[\") && !host.endsWith(\"]\")) {\nthrow new IllegalArgumentException(\"Invalid IPV6 host in [\" + uri + \"]\");\n}\n}\n/**\n* Create a new {@code UriComponents} object from the URI associated with\n* the given HttpRequest while also overlaying with values from the headers\n* \"Forwarded\" (<a href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7239\">RFC 7239</a>),\n* or \"X-Forwarded-Host\", \"X-Forwarded-Port\", and \"X-Forwarded-Proto\" if\n* \"Forwarded\" is not found.\n* @param request the source request\n* @return the URI components of the URI\n* @since 4.1.5\n* @deprecated in favor of {@link ForwardedHeaderUtils#adaptFromForwardedHeaders};\n* to be removed in 6.2\n*/\n@Deprecated(since = \"6.1\", forRemoval = true)\npublic static UriComponentsBuilder fromHttpRequest(HttpRequest request) {\nreturn ForwardedHeaderUtils.adaptFromForwardedHeaders(request.getURI(), request.getHeaders());\n}\n/**\n* Parse the first \"Forwarded: for=...\" or \"X-Forwarded-For\" header value to\n* an {@code InetSocketAddress} representing the address of the client.\n* @param request a request with headers that may contain forwarded headers\n* @param remoteAddress the current remoteAddress\n* @return an {@code InetSocketAddress} with the extracted host and port, or\n* {@code null} if the headers are not present.\n* @since 5.3\n* @deprecated in favor of {@link ForwardedHeaderUtils#parseForwardedFor};\n* to be removed in 6.2\n*/\n@Deprecated(since = \"6.1\", forRemoval = true)\n@Nullable\npublic static InetSocketAddress parseForwardedFor(\nHttpRequest request, @Nullable InetSocketAddress remoteAddress) {\nreturn ForwardedHeaderUtils.parseForwardedFor(\nrequest.getURI(), request.getHeaders(), remoteAddress);\n}\n/**\n* Create an instance by parsing the \"Origin\" header of an HTTP request.\n* @see <a href=\"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6454\">RFC 6454</a>\n*/\npublic static UriComponentsBuilder fromOriginHeader(String origin) {\nMatcher matcher = URI_PATTERN.matcher(origin);\nif (matcher.matches()) {\nUriComponentsBuilder builder = new UriComponentsBuilder();\nString scheme = matcher.group(2);\nString host = matcher.group(6);\nString port = matcher.group(8);\nif (StringUtils.hasLength(scheme)) {\nbuilder.scheme(scheme);\n}\nbuilder.host(host);\nif (StringUtils.hasLength(port)) {\nbuilder.port(port);\n}\ncheckSchemeAndHost(origin, scheme, host);\nreturn builder;\n}\nelse {\nthrow new IllegalArgumentException(\"[\" + origin + \"] is not a valid \\\"Origin\\\" header value\");\n}\n}\n// Encode methods\n/**\n* Request to have the URI template pre-encoded at build time, and\n* URI variables encoded separately when expanded.\n* <p>In comparison to {@link UriComponents#encode()}, this method has the\n* same effect on the URI template, i.e. each URI component is encoded by\n* replacing non-ASCII and illegal (within the URI component type) characters\n* with escaped octets. However URI variables are encoded more strictly, by\n* also escaping characters with reserved meaning.\n* <p>For most cases, this method is more likely to give the expected result\n* because in treats URI variables as opaque data to be fully encoded, while\n* {@link UriComponents#encode()} is useful when intentionally expanding URI\n* variables that contain reserved characters.\n* <p>For example ';' is legal in a path but has reserved meaning. This\n* method replaces \";\" with \"%3B\" in URI variables but not in the URI\n* template. By contrast, {@link UriComponents#encode()} never replaces \";\"\n* since it is a legal character in a path.\n* <p>When not expanding URI variables at all, prefer use of\n* {@link UriComponents#encode()} since that will also encode anything that\n* incidentally looks like a URI variable.\n* @since 5.0.8\n*/\npublic final UriComponentsBuilder encode() {\nreturn encode(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);\n}\n/**\n* A variant of {@link #encode()} with a charset other than \"UTF-8\".\n* @param charset the charset to use for encoding\n* @since 5.0.8\n*/\npublic UriComponentsBuilder encode(Charset charset) {\nthis.encodeTemplate = true;\nthis.charset = charset;\nreturn this;\n}\n// Build methods\n/**\n* Build a {@code UriComponents} instance from the various components contained in this builder.\n* @return the URI components\n*/\npublic UriComponents build() {\nreturn build(false);\n}\n/**\n* Variant of {@link #build()} to create a {@link UriComponents} instance\n* when components are already fully encoded. This is useful for example if\n* the builder was created via {@link UriComponentsBuilder#fromUri(URI)}.\n* @param encoded whether the components in this builder are already encoded\n* @return the URI components\n* @throws IllegalArgumentException if any of the components contain illegal\n* characters that should have been encoded.\n*/\npublic UriComponents build(boolean encoded) {\nreturn buildInternal(encoded ? EncodingHint.FULLY_ENCODED :\n(this.encodeTemplate ? EncodingHint.ENCODE_TEMPLATE : EncodingHint.NONE));\n}\nprivate UriComponents buildInternal(EncodingHint hint) {\nUriComponents result;\nif (this.ssp != null) {\nresult = new OpaqueUriComponents(this.scheme, this.ssp, this.fragment);\n}\nelse {\nMultiValueMap<String, String> queryParams = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>(this.queryParams);\nHierarchicalUriComponents uric = new HierarchicalUriComponents(this.scheme, this.fragment,\nthis.userInfo, this.host, this.port, this.pathBuilder.build(), queryParams,\nhint == EncodingHint.FULLY_ENCODED);\nresult = (hint == EncodingHint.ENCODE_TEMPLATE ? uric.encodeTemplate(this.charset) : uric);\n}\nif (!this.uriVariables.isEmpty()) {\nresult = result.expand(name -> this.uriVariables.getOrDefault(name, UriTemplateVariables.SKIP_VALUE));\n}\nreturn result;\n}\n/**\n* Build a {@code UriComponents} instance and replaces URI template variables\n* with the values from a map. This is a shortcut method which combines\n* calls to {@link #build()} and then {@link UriComponents#expand(Map)}.\n* @param uriVariables the map of URI variables\n* @return the URI components with expanded values\n*/\npublic UriComponents buildAndExpand(Map<String, ?> uriVariables) {\nreturn build().expand(uriVariables);\n}\n/**\n* Build a {@code UriComponents} instance and replaces URI template variables\n* with the values from an array. This is a shortcut method which combines\n* calls to {@link #build()} and then {@link UriComponents#expand(Object...)}.\n* @param uriVariableValues the URI variable values\n* @return the URI components with expanded values\n*/\npublic UriComponents buildAndExpand(Object... uriVariableValues) {\nreturn build().expand(uriVariableValues);\n}\n@Override\npublic URI build(Object... uriVariables) {\nreturn buildInternal(EncodingHint.ENCODE_TEMPLATE).expand(uriVariables).toUri();\n}\n@Override\npublic URI build(Map<String, ?> uriVariables) {\nreturn buildInternal(EncodingHint.ENCODE_TEMPLATE).expand(uriVariables).toUri();\n}\n/**\n* Build a URI String.\n* <p>Effectively, a shortcut for building, encoding, and returning the\n* String representation:\n* <pre class=\"code\">\n* String uri = builder.build().encode().toUriString()\n* </pre>\n* <p>However if {@link #uriVariables(Map) URI variables} have been provided\n* then the URI template is pre-encoded separately from URI variables (see\n* {@link #encode()} for details), i.e. equivalent to:\n* <pre>\n* String uri = builder.encode().build().toUriString()\n* </pre>\n* @since 4.1\n* @see UriComponents#toUriString()\n*/\n@Override\npublic String toUriString() {\nreturn (this.uriVariables.isEmpty() ?\nbuild().encode().toUriString() :\nbuildInternal(EncodingHint.ENCODE_TEMPLATE).toUriString());\n}\n// Instance methods\n/**\n* Initialize components of this builder from components of the given URI.\n* @param uri the URI\n* @return this UriComponentsBuilder\n*/\npublic UriComponentsBuilder uri(URI uri) {\nAssert.notNull(uri, \"URI must not be null\");\nthis.scheme = uri.getScheme();\nif (uri.isOpaque()) {\nthis.ssp = uri.getRawSchemeSpecificPart();\nresetHierarchicalComponents();\n}\nelse {\nif (uri.getRawUserInfo() != null) {\nthis.userInfo = uri.getRawUserInfo();\n}\nif (uri.getHost() != null) {\nthis.host = uri.getHost();\n}\nif (uri.getPort() != -1) {\nthis.port = String.valueOf(uri.getPort());\n}\nif (StringUtils.hasLength(uri.getRawPath())) {\nthis.pathBuilder = new CompositePathComponentBuilder();\nthis.pathBuilder.addPath(uri.getRawPath());\n}\nif (StringUtils.hasLength(uri.getRawQuery())) {\nthis.queryParams.clear();\nquery(uri.getRawQuery());\n}\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\n}\nif (uri.getRawFragment() != null) {\nthis.fragment = uri.getRawFragment();\n}\nreturn this;\n}\n/**\n* Set or append individual URI components of this builder from the values\n* of the given {@link UriComponents} instance.\n* <p>For the semantics of each component (i.e. set vs append) check the\n* builder methods on this class. For example {@link #host(String)} sets\n* while {@link #path(String)} appends.\n* @param uriComponents the UriComponents to copy from\n* @return this UriComponentsBuilder\n*/\npublic UriComponentsBuilder uriComponents(UriComponents uriComponents) {\nAssert.notNull(uriComponents, \"UriComponents must not be null\");\nuriComponents.copyToUriComponentsBuilder(this);\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder scheme(@Nullable String scheme) {\nthis.scheme = scheme;\nreturn this;\n}\n/**\n* Set the URI scheme-specific-part. When invoked, this method overwrites\n* {@linkplain #userInfo(String) user-info}, {@linkplain #host(String) host},\n* {@linkplain #port(int) port}, {@linkplain #path(String) path}, and\n* {@link #query(String) query}.\n* @param ssp the URI scheme-specific-part, may contain URI template parameters\n* @return this UriComponentsBuilder\n*/\npublic UriComponentsBuilder schemeSpecificPart(String ssp) {\nthis.ssp = ssp;\nresetHierarchicalComponents();\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder userInfo(@Nullable String userInfo) {\nthis.userInfo = userInfo;\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder host(@Nullable String host) {\nthis.host = host;\nif (host != null) {\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\n}\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder port(int port) {\nAssert.isTrue(port >= -1, \"Port must be >= -1\");\nthis.port = String.valueOf(port);\nif (port > -1) {\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\n}\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder port(@Nullable String port) {\nthis.port = port;\nif (port != null) {\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\n}\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder path(String path) {\nthis.pathBuilder.addPath(path);\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder pathSegment(String... pathSegments) throws IllegalArgumentException {\nthis.pathBuilder.addPathSegments(pathSegments);\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder replacePath(@Nullable String path) {\nthis.pathBuilder = new CompositePathComponentBuilder();\nif (path != null) {\nthis.pathBuilder.addPath(path);\n}\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder query(@Nullable String query) {\nif (query != null) {\nMatcher matcher = QUERY_PARAM_PATTERN.matcher(query);\nwhile (matcher.find()) {\nString name = matcher.group(1);\nString eq = matcher.group(2);\nString value = matcher.group(3);\nqueryParam(name, (value != null ? value : (StringUtils.hasLength(eq) ? \"\" : null)));\n}\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\n}\nelse {\nthis.queryParams.clear();\n}\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder replaceQuery(@Nullable String query) {\nthis.queryParams.clear();\nif (query != null) {\nquery(query);\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\n}\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder queryParam(String name, @Nullable Object... values) {\nAssert.notNull(name, \"Name must not be null\");\nif (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(values)) {\nfor (Object value : values) {\nString valueAsString = getQueryParamValue(value);\nthis.queryParams.add(name, valueAsString);\n}\n}\nelse {\nthis.queryParams.add(name, null);\n}\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\nreturn this;\n}\n@Nullable\nprivate String getQueryParamValue(@Nullable Object value) {\nif (value != null) {\nreturn (value instanceof Optional<?> optional ?\noptional.map(Object::toString).orElse(null) :\nvalue.toString());\n}\nreturn null;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder queryParam(String name, @Nullable Collection<?> values) {\nreturn queryParam(name, (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(values) ? EMPTY_VALUES : values.toArray()));\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder queryParamIfPresent(String name, Optional<?> value) {\nvalue.ifPresent(v -> {\nif (v instanceof Collection<?> values) {\nqueryParam(name, values);\n}\nelse {\nqueryParam(name, v);\n}\n});\nreturn this;\n}\n/**\n* {@inheritDoc}\n* @since 4.0\n*/\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder queryParams(@Nullable MultiValueMap<String, String> params) {\nif (params != null) {\nthis.queryParams.addAll(params);\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\n}\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder replaceQueryParam(String name, Object... values) {\nAssert.notNull(name, \"Name must not be null\");\nthis.queryParams.remove(name);\nif (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(values)) {\nqueryParam(name, values);\n}\nresetSchemeSpecificPart();\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder replaceQueryParam(String name, @Nullable Collection<?> values) {\nreturn replaceQueryParam(name, (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(values) ? EMPTY_VALUES : values.toArray()));\n}\n/**\n* {@inheritDoc}\n* @since 4.2\n*/\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder replaceQueryParams(@Nullable MultiValueMap<String, String> params) {\nthis.queryParams.clear();\nif (params != null) {\nthis.queryParams.putAll(params);\n}\nreturn this;\n}\n@Override\npublic UriComponentsBuilder fragment(@Nullable String fragment) {\nif (fragment != null) {\nAssert.hasLength(fragment, \"Fragment must not be empty\");\nthis.fragment = fragment;\n}\nelse {\nthis.fragment = null;\n}\nreturn this;\n}\n/**\n* Configure URI variables to be expanded at build time.\n* <p>The provided variables may be a subset of all required ones. At build\n* time, the available ones are expanded, while unresolved URI placeholders\n* are left in place and can still be expanded later.\n* <p>In contrast to {@link UriComponents#expand(Map)} or\n* {@link #buildAndExpand(Map)}, this method is useful when you need to\n* supply URI variables without building the {@link UriComponents} instance\n* just yet, or perhaps pre-expand some shared default values such as host\n* and port.\n* @param uriVariables the URI variables to use\n* @return this UriComponentsBuilder\n* @since 5.0.8\n*/\npublic UriComponentsBuilder uriVariables(Map<String, Object> uriVariables) {\nthis.uriVariables.putAll(uriVariables);\nreturn this;\n}\nprivate void resetHierarchicalComponents() {\nthis.userInfo = null;\nthis.host = null;\nthis.port = null;\nthis.pathBuilder = new CompositePathComponentBuilder();\nthis.queryParams.clear();\n}\nprivate void resetSchemeSpecificPart() {\nthis.ssp = null;\n}\nvoid resetPortIfDefaultForScheme() {\nif (this.scheme != null &&\n(((this.scheme.equals(\"http\") || this.scheme.equals(\"ws\")) && \"80\".equals(this.port)) ||\n((this.scheme.equals(\"https\") || this.scheme.equals(\"wss\")) && \"443\".equals(this.port)))) {\nport(null);\n}\n}\n/**\n* Public declaration of Object's {@code clone()} method.\n* Delegates to {@link #cloneBuilder()}.\n*/\n@Override\npublic Object clone() {\nreturn cloneBuilder();\n}\n/**\n* Clone this {@code UriComponentsBuilder}.\n* @return the cloned {@code UriComponentsBuilder} object\n* @since 4.2.7\n*/\npublic UriComponentsBuilder cloneBuilder() {\nreturn new UriComponentsBuilder(this);\n}\nprivate interface PathComponentBuilder {\n@Nullable\nPathComponent build();\nPathComponentBuilder cloneBuilder();\n}\nprivate static class CompositePathComponentBuilder implements PathComponentBuilder {\nprivate final Deque<PathComponentBuilder> builders = new ArrayDeque<>();\npublic void addPathSegments(String... pathSegments) {\nif (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(pathSegments)) {\nPathSegmentComponentBuilder psBuilder = getLastBuilder(PathSegmentComponentBuilder.class);\nFullPathComponentBuilder fpBuilder = getLastBuilder(FullPathComponentBuilder.class);\nif (psBuilder == null) {\npsBuilder = new PathSegmentComponentBuilder();\nthis.builders.add(psBuilder);\nif (fpBuilder != null) {\nfpBuilder.removeTrailingSlash();\n}\n}\npsBuilder.append(pathSegments);\n}\n}\npublic void addPath(String path) {\nif (StringUtils.hasText(path)) {\nPathSegmentComponentBuilder psBuilder = getLastBuilder(PathSegmentComponentBuilder.class);\nFullPathComponentBuilder fpBuilder = getLastBuilder(FullPathComponentBuilder.class);\nif (psBuilder != null) {\npath = (path.startsWith(\"/\") ? path : \"/\" + path);\n}\nif (fpBuilder == null) {\nfpBuilder = new FullPathComponentBuilder();\nthis.builders.add(fpBuilder);\n}\nfpBuilder.append(path);\n}\n}\n@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")\n@Nullable\nprivate <T> T getLastBuilder(Class<T> builderClass) {\nif (!this.builders.isEmpty()) {\nPathComponentBuilder last = this.builders.getLast();\nif (builderClass.isInstance(last)) {\nreturn (T) last;\n}\n}\nreturn null;\n}\n@Override\npublic PathComponent build() {\nint size = this.builders.size();\nList<PathComponent> components = new ArrayList<>(size);\nfor (PathComponentBuilder componentBuilder : this.builders) {\nPathComponent pathComponent = componentBuilder.build();\nif (pathComponent != null) {\ncomponents.add(pathComponent);\n}\n}\nif (components.isEmpty()) {\nreturn HierarchicalUriComponents.NULL_PATH_COMPONENT;\n}\nif (components.size() == 1) {\nreturn components.get(0);\n}\nreturn new HierarchicalUriComponents.PathComponentComposite(components);\n}\n@Override\npublic CompositePathComponentBuilder cloneBuilder() {\nCompositePathComponentBuilder compositeBuilder = new CompositePathComponentBuilder();\nfor (PathComponentBuilder builder : this.builders) {\ncompositeBuilder.builders.add(builder.cloneBuilder());\n}\nreturn compositeBuilder;\n}\n}\nprivate static class FullPathComponentBuilder implements PathComponentBuilder {\nprivate final StringBuilder path = new StringBuilder();\npublic void append(String path) {\nthis.path.append(path);\n}\n@Override\n@Nullable\npublic PathComponent build() {\nif (this.path.length() == 0) {\nreturn null;\n}\nString sanitized = getSanitizedPath(this.path);\nreturn new HierarchicalUriComponents.FullPathComponent(sanitized);\n}\nprivate static String getSanitizedPath(final StringBuilder path) {\nint index = path.indexOf(\"//\");\nif (index >= 0) {\nStringBuilder sanitized = new StringBuilder(path);\nwhile (index != -1) {\nsanitized.deleteCharAt(index);\nindex = sanitized.indexOf(\"//\", index);\n}\nreturn sanitized.toString();\n}\nreturn path.toString();\n}\npublic void removeTrailingSlash() {\nint index = this.path.length() - 1;\nif (this.path.charAt(index) == '/') {\nthis.path.deleteCharAt(index);\n}\n}\n@Override\npublic FullPathComponentBuilder cloneBuilder() {\nFullPathComponentBuilder builder = new FullPathComponentBuilder();\nbuilder.append(this.path.toString());\nreturn builder;\n}\n}\nprivate static class PathSegmentComponentBuilder implements PathComponentBuilder {\nprivate final List<String> pathSegments = new ArrayList<>();\npublic void append(String... pathSegments) {\nfor (String pathSegment : pathSegments) {\nif (StringUtils.hasText(pathSegment)) {\nthis.pathSegments.add(pathSegment);\n}\n}\n}\n@Override\n@Nullable\npublic PathComponent build() {\nreturn (this.pathSegments.isEmpty() ? null :\nnew HierarchicalUriComponents.PathSegmentComponent(this.pathSegments));\n}\n@Override\npublic PathSegmentComponentBuilder cloneBuilder() {\nPathSegmentComponentBuilder builder = new PathSegmentComponentBuilder();\nbuilder.pathSegments.addAll(this.pathSegments);\nreturn builder;\n}\n}\nprivate enum EncodingHint { ENCODE_TEMPLATE, FULLY_ENCODED, NONE }\n}123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101892893894895896897898899900901902903904905906907908909910911912913914915916917918919920921922923924925926927928929930931932933934935936937938939940941942943944945946947948949950951952953954955956957958959960961962963964965\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/blob/main/spring-web/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/util/UriComponentsBuilder.java" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Spring UriComponentsBuilder Best Practices | KapreSoft\nKapreSoft\nThank you for unblocking ads; your support allows us to continue delivering free, high-quality content that truly matters to you.\nOverviewUnderstanding UriComponentsBuilderWhy Should Developers Should Care About UriComponentsBuilder?Precision and Standardization in URI CreationAutomatic Encoding and EscapingEnhanced ReadabilityStreamlined TemplatingFluent API DesignSeamless Integration with SpringTestabilityFuture-Proofing and ScalabilityFluent API Design with UriComponentsBuilderBuilt-In Support for Encoding and Special CharactersTestability of UriComponentsBuilderDive into Practical DemonstrationsConstructing a Basic URIManipulating Path and Path SegmentsIntroducing Query ParametersLeveraging URI TemplatesModifying Query ParametersIntegrating Multiple Query ParametersUse Case: HATEOAS URL Generation Using UriComponentsBuilderExample: Creating a HATEOAS Response for a Book ResourceIn ConclusionRelated Articles\nSpring UriComponentsBuilder Best Practices\nPost Date: 16 Oct 2023\nOverview\nThe Spring Framework offers an array of robust tools for web developers, and one such utility is the UriComponentsBuilder. This tool provides an elegant and fluent API for building and manipulating URIs. This article offers a deep dive into various methods and applications of UriComponentsBuilder, backed by practical examples.\nUnderstanding UriComponentsBuilder\nUriComponentsBuilder is a part of the org.springframework.web.util package. Its primary function is to assist developers in creating and manipulating URI structures seamlessly. Leveraging this tool ensures that the resulting URI adheres to the encoding rules, making the process error-free.\nKey Features:\nImmutable Components: Once a URI component is set, it remains unchanged, guaranteeing thread safety.\nFluent API: Enables a chain of method calls, enhancing readability.\nSupport for URI Templates: Facilitates the dynamic generation of URIs using placeholders.\nBuilt-in support for URI encoding and escaping of special characters\nWhy Should Developers Should Care About UriComponentsBuilder?\nIn the digital realm, where applications constantly interact through the web, ensuring accurate and seamless URI construction and manipulation becomes paramount. UriComponentsBuilder stands at the forefront of this necessity, offering solutions that every web developer should be acquainted with. Heres why:\nPrecision and Standardization in URI Creation\nCrafting URIs manually can be prone to errors, especially when dealing with dynamic content and parameters. UriComponentsBuilder offers a methodological approach, ensuring that every segment of the URI is correctly placed and valid, eliminating the chances of malformed URIs.\nAutomatic Encoding and Escaping\nHandling special characters in URIs is a common challenge. With UriComponentsBuilder, developers can sidestep this hurdle as it automatically encodes special characters, ensuring that the URI remains consistent and adheres to web standards.\nEnhanced Readability\nBuilding URIs through concatenation can quickly become cluttered and hard to decipher, particularly in complex applications. UriComponentsBuilder structures the URI creation process, promoting cleaner code thats easier to understand and maintain.\nStreamlined Templating\nURI templates are a powerful tool for creating dynamic URIs based on variable substitutions. With methods like buildAndExpand(), developers can effortlessly use templates, making it easier to generate context-specific URIs without cumbersome string manipulations.\nFluent API Design\nThe builder pattern, embraced by UriComponentsBuilder, facilitates a fluent, chainable API. This design allows developers to construct URIs in a linear and intuitive manner, boosting productivity and minimizing cognitive load.\nSeamless Integration with Spring\nFor projects that already use the Spring ecosystem, leveraging UriComponentsBuilder ensures seamless compatibility. It smoothly integrates with other parts of the Spring Web module, aiding in tasks like MVC routing, RESTful service construction, and more.\nTestability\nOne of the often-overlooked advantages is the ease of testing. By using UriComponentsBuilder, developers can break down URI construction into logical segments, making unit testing more straightforward. It offers a deterministic way to create URIs, ensuring that any changes or regressions can be quickly identified through tests.\nFuture-Proofing and Scalability\nGiven the evolving nature of web standards and technologies, relying on a tool thats actively maintained and updated, like UriComponentsBuilder, assures developers that their applications remain scalable and in line with modern practices.\nIn essence, UriComponentsBuilder isnt just a convenienceits a strategic tool. It encapsulates best practices for URI construction and offers a suite of functionalities that bolsters code quality, application robustness, and developer efficiency. As web interactions continue to grow in complexity, tools like these become indispensable in a developers toolkit.\nFluent API\nA Fluent API is a design approach in object-oriented software development that focuses on producing more readable code by providing method chaining capabilities. This design pattern allows function calls to be chained together, forming a single flowing expression that describes a particular operation or series of operations. Its termed fluent because the resultant code can be read smoothly, almost like a sentence in natural language.\nFluent APIs are especially beneficial when configuring or setting up objects, as they allow for a clear, linear progression of method calls. They reduce cognitive load, enhance code readability, and can lead to more concise code.\nFluent API Design with UriComponentsBuilder\nOne of the distinctive features of UriComponentsBuilder is its adoption of the builder pattern, which results in a fluent API design. Lets examine this with a concrete example.\nImagine youre constructing a URI for a RESTful service endpoint that fetches details about a book based on its ISBN. The book details are available in various formats, such as JSON, XML, and HTML. You want the constructed URI to be flexible enough to accommodate different book ISBNs and response formats.\nUsing UriComponentsBuilder, you can achieve this with a clear, linear flow:\npublic class BookServiceUriConstructor {\nprivate static final String BASE_URL = \"https://www.bookapi.com\";\npublic String constructBookDetailUri(String isbn, String format) {\nreturn UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(BASE_URL)\n.path(\"/api/book/\")\n.pathSegment(isbn)\n.queryParam(\"format\", format)\n.build()\n.toUriString();\n}\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\nBookServiceUriConstructor constructor = new BookServiceUriConstructor();\nString jsonUri = constructor.constructBookDetailUri(\"1234567890\", \"json\");\nSystem.out.println(jsonUri); // Outputs: https://www.bookapi.com/api/book/1234567890?format=json\nString xmlUri = constructor.constructBookDetailUri(\"0987654321\", \"xml\");\nSystem.out.println(xmlUri); // Outputs: https://www.bookapi.com/api/book/0987654321?format=xml\n}\n}\nIn this example, the fluent design of the API allows for a seamless chaining of methods. The chainable approach reduces the need for intermediate variables or disjointed operations. The result is a smooth, logical progression from the start to the end of the URI construction process, exemplifying the strengths of a fluent API design in action.\nBuilt-In Support for Encoding and Special Characters\nA prominent feature of the UriComponentsBuilder is its built-in support for URI encoding, ensuring that all special characters in the URI components are correctly escaped:\nString specialCharacterUri = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"https://www.sample.com/search\")\n.queryParam(\"query\", \"Spring Boot & Framework\")\n.toUriString();\nSystem.out.println(specialCharacterUri); // Yields: https://www.sample.com/search?query=Spring%20Boot%20%26%20Framework\nIn the example above, the ampersand (&) and spaces in the query parameter are correctly escaped to %26 and %20 respectively. This ensures that the URI remains valid and interpretable by web servers and clients.\nMoreover, this automatic encoding saves developers from manually escaping characters, preserving the URIs integrity and readability.\nTestability of UriComponentsBuilder\nOne of the most valuable aspects of UriComponentsBuilder is its ability to enhance testability in URI construction. Lets delve into this with an example.\nSuppose you have a service that constructs URIs for accessing user profiles in a web application:\n@Service\npublic class UserProfileUriService {\npublic String constructUserProfileUri(String userId) {\nreturn UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"https://www.example.com\")\n.path(\"/api/users/\")\n.pathSegment(userId)\n.queryParam(\"details\", \"full\")\n.build()\n.toUriString();\n}\n}\nTo ensure that the constructUserProfileUri method is working as expected, youd want to write a unit test. Given the methodological approach of UriComponentsBuilder, this becomes straightforward:\nimport static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;\nimport org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;\nimport org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;\npublic class UserProfileUriServiceTest {\nprivate UserProfileUriService userProfileUriService;\n@BeforeEach\npublic void setup() {\nuserProfileUriService = new UserProfileUriService();\n}\n@Test\npublic void testConstructUserProfileUri() {\nString userId = \"12345\";\nString expectedUri = \"https://www.example.com/api/users/12345?details=full\";\nString actualUri = userProfileUriService.constructUserProfileUri(userId);\nassertThat(actualUri).isEqualTo(expectedUri);\n}\n}\nThe predictability of UriComponentsBuilder means that you can confidently assert the expected outcome in your tests. Moreover, should the URI construction logic change in the future, adjusting and extending the tests becomes a simpler task.\nIn essence, the clear segmentation of URI components facilitated by UriComponentsBuilder not only improves code readability but also enhances test clarity and reliability.\nDive into Practical Demonstrations\nConstructing a Basic URI\nFor a head start, lets craft a simple URI:\nimport org.springframework.web.util.UriComponentsBuilder;\npublic class BasicUriExample {\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\nString uriOutput = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"https\")\n.host(\"www.samplewebsite.com\")\n.path(\"/api/books\")\n.build()\n.toUriString();\nSystem.out.println(uriOutput); // Displays: https://www.samplewebsite.com/api/books\n}\n}\nThis example establishes the foundation for creating a URI using UriComponentsBuilder.\nManipulating Path and Path Segments\nModifying paths or integrating segments into the URI is a frequent requirement. Heres how:\nString uriOutput = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"https\")\n.host(\"www.samplewebsite.com\")\n.path(\"/api/\")\n.pathSegment(\"books\", \"fiction\")\n.build()\n.toUriString();\nSystem.out.println(uriOutput); // Displays: https://www.samplewebsite.com/api/books/fiction\nIntroducing Query Parameters\nQuery parameters play a vital role in refining search criteria. Heres an illustration:\nString uriOutput = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"https\")\n.host(\"www.samplewebsite.com\")\n.path(\"/api/books\")\n.queryParam(\"author\", \"Orwell\")\n.queryParam(\"publishedYear\", 1949)\n.build()\n.toUriString();\nSystem.out.println(uriOutput); // Displays: https://www.samplewebsite.com/api/books?author=Orwell&publishedYear=1949\nLeveraging URI Templates\nDynamic URI generation becomes effortless with placeholders. Heres a demonstration:\nString uriOutput = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"https\")\n.host(\"www.samplewebsite.com\")\n.path(\"/api/books/{genre}\")\n.buildAndExpand(\"dystopian\")\n.toUriString();\nSystem.out.println(uriOutput); // Displays: https://www.samplewebsite.com/api/books/dystopian\nModifying Query Parameters\nReplacing existing query parameters is a breeze:\nString uriOutput = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"https\")\n.host(\"www.samplewebsite.com\")\n.path(\"/api/books\")\n.queryParam(\"genre\", \"fantasy\")\n.replaceQueryParam(\"genre\", \"science-fiction\")\n.build()\n.toUriString();\nSystem.out.println(uriOutput); // Displays: https://www.samplewebsite.com/api/books?genre=science-fiction\nIntegrating Multiple Query Parameters\nCombining parameters from different parts of an application:\nUriComponentsBuilder primaryBuilder = UriComponentsBuilder.fromUriString(\"https://samplewebsite.com/api/products\");\nprimaryBuilder.queryParam(\"type\", \"gadgets\");\nUriComponentsBuilder secondaryBuilder = UriComponentsBuilder.fromUriString(\"\");\nsecondaryBuilder.queryParam(\"brand\", \"techcorp\").queryParam(\"availability\", \"in-stock\");\nprimaryBuilder.queryParams(secondaryBuilder.build().getQueryParams());\nSystem.out.println(\"Final URI: \" + primaryBuilder.toUriString());\nOutput:\nFinal URI: https://samplewebsite.com/api/products?type=gadgets&brand=techcorp&availability=in-stock\nUse Case: HATEOAS URL Generation Using UriComponentsBuilder\nHATEOAS (Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State) is a principle within the REST architectural style that emphasizes the importance of including hypermedia controls (like URLs) within the response payload. It guides the client about the subsequent possible interactions they can perform with the API.\nA key benefit of HATEOAS is that it allows the client to navigate the API dynamically, making the API self-descriptive. The client doesnt need to hard-code URI patterns; instead, they rely on the server to provide the necessary URIs.\nUriComponentsBuilder plays an instrumental role in implementing HATEOAS, especially in the context of a Spring Boot application. The builder can dynamically generate URLs based on the current request, thus aiding in the creation of HATEOAS-compliant responses.\nExample: Creating a HATEOAS Response for a Book Resource\nSuppose you have a REST API that exposes a book resource, and you want to provide the client with links to read a specific book, update its information, or delete it. Using UriComponentsBuilder, you can generate these URLs dynamically:\n@RestController\n@RequestMapping(\"/api/books\")\npublic class BookController {\n@GetMapping(\"/{id}\")\npublic ResponseEntity<BookResource> getBook(@PathVariable Long id, UriComponentsBuilder builder) {\n// Fetch the book from the database (omitted for brevity)\nBook book = findBookById(id);\n// Create HATEOAS links\nUriComponents readLink = builder.cloneBuilder()\n.pathSegment(\"{id}\")\n.buildAndExpand(id);\nUriComponents updateLink = builder.cloneBuilder()\n.pathSegment(\"{id}\", \"update\")\n.buildAndExpand(id);\nUriComponents deleteLink = builder.cloneBuilder()\n.pathSegment(\"{id}\", \"delete\")\n.buildAndExpand(id);\n// Create the HATEOAS resource and add links\nBookResource bookResource = new BookResource(book);\nbookResource.addLink(\"self\", readLink.toUriString());\nbookResource.addLink(\"update\", updateLink.toUriString());\nbookResource.addLink(\"delete\", deleteLink.toUriString());\nreturn ResponseEntity.ok(bookResource);\n}\n}\nIn this example:\nUriComponentsBuilder is injected into the getBook method, which captures the current requests URL structure.\nUsing the cloneBuilder method ensures that the original builder instance remains unaltered, allowing us to reuse it for generating multiple URLs.\nFor each operation (read, update, delete), a corresponding URL is generated and attached to the BookResource as a HATEOAS link.\nThis dynamic URL generation approach ensures that even if the underlying URI structure changes, the HATEOAS links returned to the client will always be accurate, making the API more maintainable and robust.\nIn Conclusion\nUriComponentsBuilder is undeniably a game-changer for developers working with the Spring Framework. 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The author shares their experience with using the free service and encountered a problem with using the secure SMTP protocol to send emails programmatically through their old email account with the Spring JavaMailSender.\nHosted on GitHub Pages\nby KapreSoft (Antonio Lagnada)\nPrivacy Policy|\nDisclaimer\nCopyright Page\nTheme by mattgraham", "url": "https://www.kapresoft.com/java/2023/10/16/spring-uricomponentsbuilder-best-practices.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "UriComponentsBuilder does not encode \"+\" properly [SPR-16718] Issue #21259 spring-projects/spring-framework GitHub\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\nspring-projects\n/\nspring-framework\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n37.7k\nStar\n55.4k\nCode\nIssues\n267\nPull requests\n12\nActions\nProjects\n0\nWiki\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nActions\nProjects\nWiki\nSecurity\nInsights\nNew issue\nHave a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community.\nSign up for GitHub\nBy clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and\nprivacy statement. Well occasionally send you account related emails.\nAlready on GitHub?\nSign in\nto your account\nJump to bottom\nUriComponentsBuilder does not encode \"+\" properly [SPR-16718]\n#21259\nClosed\nspring-projects-issues opened this issue\nApr 11, 2018\n 4 comments\nClosed\nUriComponentsBuilder does not encode \"+\" properly [SPR-16718]\n#21259\nspring-projects-issues opened this issue\nApr 11, 2018\n 4 comments\nAssignees\nLabels\nin: web\nIssues in web modules (web, webmvc, webflux, websocket)\nstatus: duplicate\nA duplicate of another issue\nComments\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nApr 11, 2018\n\nedited\nJoseph Mason opened SPR-16718 and commented\nI noticed this issue after upgrading from Spring 4 to Spring 5. Basically, certain API calls we had been making with no issues before starting failing. Looking into it deeper, the issue is that the UriComponentsBuilder is not functioning the same as it was before. It's not clear to me if this is a bug or if there's a different way that this class needs to be used now.\nThis test passes when using Spring 4:\n@Test\npublic void shouldEncodePlusSignInUrlProperly() throws Exception {\n//given\nUriComponentsBuilder uriComponentsBuilder = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"https\")\n.host(\"test.com\")\n.port(443);\n//when\nuriComponentsBuilder.queryParam(\"foo\", \"bar+\");\n//then\nassertThat(uriComponentsBuilder.buildAndExpand().encode().toString()).isEqualTo(\"https://test.com:443?foo=bar%2B\");\n}\nBut when using Spring 5, it will fail. Instead of this:\nhttps://test.com:443?foo=bar%2B\nit produces:\nhttps://test.com:443?foo=bar+\nAffects: 5.0 GA, 5.0.1, 5.0.2, 5.0.3, 5.0.4, 5.0.5\nIssue Links:\nUriComponentBuilder doesn't work with encoded HTTP URL having '+'. [SPR-14828]#19394 UriComponentBuilder doesn't work with encoded HTTP URL having '+'.\n[docs] Explain URI template encoding [SPR-16422]#20968 [docs] Explain URI template encoding\nSupport stricter encoding of URI variables in UriComponents [SPR-17039]#21577 Support stricter encoding of URI variables in UriComponents (\"is superseded by\")\n0 votes, 6 watchers\nThe text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:\nAll reactions\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nAuthor\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nApr 12, 2018\n\nedited\nBrian Clozel commented\nHi Joseph Mason\nI believe this issue duplicates #20750 - and you can find the relevant information in the comments there, and especially here. The original change can be tracked to #19394.\nThe reference documentation has been improved in that space with #20968, check out the dedicated section.\nThanks!\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nAuthor\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nApr 12, 2018\n\nedited\n4509812390128 commented\nSpring 4.3.5 where '+' is encoded to \"%2B\":\n543:\t\tHierarchicalUriCompoments.QUERY_PARAM {\n544:\t\t\t@Override\n545:\t\t\tpublic boolean isAllowed(int c) {\n546:\t\t\t\tif ('=' == c || '+' == c || '&' == c) { // evaluates to TRUE for '+'\n547:\t\t\t\t\treturn false; // returns false causing it to be encoded as %2B\n548:\t\t\t\t}\n549:\t\t\t\telse {\n550:\t\t\t\t\treturn isPchar(c) || '/' == c || '?' == c;\n551:\t\t\t\t}\n552:\t\t\t}\n553:\t\t},\nSpring 5.0.5 call stack where '+' is not encoded to \"%2B\":\n558:\t\tHierarchicalUriComponents.QUERY_PARAM {\n559:\t\t\t@Override\n560:\t\t\tpublic boolean isAllowed(int c) {\n561:\t\t\t\tif ('=' == c || '&' == c) { // evaluates to FALSE for '+' - unlike in Spring 4.3.5\n562:\t\t\t\t\treturn false;\n563:\t\t\t\t}\n564:\t\t\t\telse {\n565:\t\t\t\t\treturn isPchar(c) || '/' == c || '?' == c; // returns TRUE\n566:\t\t\t\t}\n567:\t\t\t}\n568:\t\t},\nRFC3986 referenced in the JavaDocs of HierarchicalUriComponents located at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt mentions on page 12 that \"+\" is under the sub-delims category of characters in a URI:\nreserved = gen-delims / sub-delims\ngen-delims = \":\" / \"/\" / \"?\" / \"#\" / \"[\" / \"]\" / \"@\"\nsub-delims = \"!\" / \"$\" / \"&\" / \"'\" / \"(\" / \")\"\n/ \"*\" / \"+\" / \",\" / \";\" / \"=\"\nThe exact commit where this behavior was changed from not allowed to allowed can be found at:\nf2e293a\nThe commit references #19394 which also references the RFC3986 stating that '+' is a valid URL query parameter value and should not be encoded.\nA helpful link to an older discussion around handling of the '+' taking place is located here: https://jira.spring.io/browse/SPR-5516?focusedCommentId=47792&page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel#comment-47792\nRossen Stoyanchev provides sample code at https://jira.spring.io/browse/SPR-14828?focusedCommentId=155189&page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel#comment-155189 but his code is used on a path parameter. With some slight modification we can use it on a query parameter:\n@Test\npublic void test() {\nDefaultUriBuilderFactory factory = new DefaultUriBuilderFactory();\nfactory.setEncodingMode(DefaultUriBuilderFactory.EncodingMode.VALUES_ONLY);\nURI uri = factory.uriString(\"http://localhost:8080/path/print?value={path}\").build(\"test+\");\nSystem.out.println(uri); // prints: http://localhost:8080/path/print?value=test%2B\n}\n1\nMykybo reacted with thumbs up emoji\nAll reactions\n1 reaction\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nAuthor\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nJul 13, 2018\n\nedited\nRossen Stoyanchev commented\nJoseph Mason, 4509812390128, please follow #21577 for a solution to this issue.\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nspring-projects-issues\nclosed this as completed\nJul 13, 2018\nspring-projects-issues\nadded\ntype: bug\nA general bug\nstatus: duplicate\nA duplicate of another issue\nin: web\nIssues in web modules (web, webmvc, webflux, websocket)\nlabels\nJan 11, 2019\nspring-projects-issues\nassigned bclozel\nJan 11, 2019\nThis was referenced Jan 11, 2019\nSupport stricter encoding of URI variables in UriComponents [SPR-17039]\n#21577\nClosed\nHtmlUnitRequestBuilder decodes plus sign in query parameter [SPR-17027]\n#21565\nClosed\n[docs] Explain URI template encoding [SPR-16422]\n#20968\nClosed\nUriComponentBuilder doesn't work with encoded HTTP URL having '+'. [SPR-14828]\n#19394\nClosed\nspring-projects-issues\nremoved\nthe\ntype: bug\nA general bug\nlabel\nJan 12, 2019\nCopy link\nalthink\ncommented\nMay 16, 2019\n'+' sign is not forbidden in that sense it can appear in query param value, the problem is that '+' means it's a space after decoding\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nSign up for free\nto join this conversation on GitHub.\nAlready have an account?\nSign in to comment\nAssignees\nbclozel\nLabels\nin: web\nIssues in web modules (web, webmvc, webflux, websocket)\nstatus: duplicate\nA duplicate of another issue\nProjects\nNone yet\nMilestone\nNo milestone\nDevelopment\nNo branches or pull requests\n3 participants\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/issues/21259" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Doc: UriComponentsBuilder does not encode query parameters [SPR-14256] Issue #18828 spring-projects/spring-framework GitHub\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\nspring-projects\n/\nspring-framework\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n37.7k\nStar\n55.4k\nCode\nIssues\n267\nPull requests\n12\nActions\nProjects\n0\nWiki\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nActions\nProjects\nWiki\nSecurity\nInsights\nNew issue\nHave a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community.\nSign up for GitHub\nBy clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and\nprivacy statement. Well occasionally send you account related emails.\nAlready on GitHub?\nSign in\nto your account\nJump to bottom\nDoc: UriComponentsBuilder does not encode query parameters [SPR-14256]\n#18828\nClosed\nspring-projects-issues opened this issue\nMay 6, 2016\n 8 comments\nClosed\nDoc: UriComponentsBuilder does not encode query parameters [SPR-14256]\n#18828\nspring-projects-issues opened this issue\nMay 6, 2016\n 8 comments\nAssignees\nLabels\nstatus: declined\nA suggestion or change that we don't feel we should currently apply\ntype: documentation\nA documentation task\nComments\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nMay 6, 2016\nChristopher Smith opened SPR-14256 and commented\nUriComponentsBuilder does not encode query parameters, expecting them to be encoded by the client already. The documentation does not indicate one way or another whether pre-encoding is necessary, and it would be helpful to note that it is.\nAffects: 4.3 RC1\nThe text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:\nAll reactions\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nAuthor\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nMay 22, 2016\nRossen Stoyanchev commented\nQuery parameters it does encode, so I'm not quite sure what scenario you're looking at. The following works and is documented in the Javadoc:\nUriComponents uriComponents = UriComponentsBuilder.fromUriString(\"/path?q={var}\")\n.buildAndExpand(\"a=b\")\n.encode();\nassertEquals(\"q=a%3Db\", uriComponents.getQuery());\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nAuthor\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nAug 23, 2017\nTristan Lins commented\nHere are two issues I have with the UriComponentsBuilder:\nThe `&` will be encoded twice:\n```java\n@Grab(group='org.springframework', module='spring-web', version='4.3.10.RELEASE')\nimport org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.InvokerHelper\nimport org.springframework.web.util.UriComponentsBuilder\nURI source = new URI(\"http://example.com?foo=b%26r\") // ?foo=b&r\nURI target = UriComponentsBuilder.fromUri(source).build().toUri()\nassert Objects.equals(source, target): \"${source} != ${target}\"\nEnds with AssertionError: http://example.com?foo=b%26r != http://example.com?foo=b%2526r\nThe & will not be encoded either:\n@Grab(group='org.springframework', module='spring-web', version='4.3.10.RELEASE')\nimport org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.InvokerHelper\nimport org.springframework.web.util.UriComponentsBuilder\nURI source = new URI(\"http://example.com?foo=b%26r\") // ?foo=b&r\nURI target = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"http\")\n.host(\"example.com\")\n.queryParam(\"foo\", \"b&r\")\n.build().toUri()\nassert Objects.equals(source, target): \"${source} != ${target}\"\nEnds with AssertionError: http://example.com?foo=b%26r != http://example.com?foo=b&r\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nAuthor\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nSep 1, 2017\nRossen Stoyanchev commented\nIn the second example, you're missing the instruction to encode:\nURI target = UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()\n.scheme(\"http\")\n.host(\"example.com\")\n.queryParam(\"foo\", \"b&r\")\n.build()\n.encode()\n.toUri();\nThe reason the first encodes is because the constructor of URI encodes \"%\". In that case the source URI is already encoded and you could specify that through a flag on the build method:\nURI target = UriComponentsBuilder.fromUri(source).build(true).toUri();\nThat said arguably when fromUri(URI) is used, the \"encoded\" flag should be assumed. That's an improvement we can make but please open a separate ticket since it's much more specific, i.e. something like \"Double encoding issue when using UriComponents#fromUri(URI)\".\n2\nrilaby and Tires reacted with thumbs up emoji\nAll reactions\n2 reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nAuthor\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nSep 1, 2017\nRossen Stoyanchev commented\nResolving as \"Works as designed\" based on original description.\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nCollaborator\nAuthor\nspring-projects-issues\ncommented\nSep 4, 2017\nTristan Lins commented\nThanks for explanation, I give it a try :-)\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nspring-projects-issues\nclosed this as completed\nSep 4, 2017\nspring-projects-issues\nadded\nstatus: declined\nA suggestion or change that we don't feel we should currently apply\ntype: documentation\nA documentation task\nlabels\nJan 11, 2019\nspring-projects-issues\nassigned rstoyanchev\nJan 11, 2019\neitan613\nmentioned this issue\nAug 13, 2020\nUriComponentsBuilder have problems with squere brakcets \"[ ]\"\n#25444\nClosed\nCopy link\ntheaspect\ncommented\nSep 15, 2021\nFor those who will come here, example with multiple params\nUriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"http://localhost/path\")\n.queryParam(\"v1\",\"{v1}\")\n.queryParam(\"v2\", \"{v2}\")\n.buildAndExpand(\"a=b\", \"10\")\n.encode()\n// http://localhost/path?v1=a%3Db&v2=10\n3\nmadpau1, AhmedEzzat12, and SrishtiTomar1 reacted with heart emoji\nAll reactions\n3 reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nnitesr\ncommented\nJan 17, 2023\nUriComponentsBuilder doesn't encode + in the value .. here is the test which it fails\nUriComponents components = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(\"http://localhost/path\")\n.queryParam(\"p\",\"{v}\")\n.buildAndExpand(\"a+b=\")\n.encode();\nassertEquals(\"p=a%2Bb%3D\", components.getQuery());\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nMember\nbclozel\ncommented\nJan 17, 2023\n@nitesr please avoid commenting on an old issue and creating a new one, this is duplicating efforts. See #29838\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nSign up for free\nto join this conversation on GitHub.\nAlready have an account?\nSign in to comment\nAssignees\nrstoyanchev\nLabels\nstatus: declined\nA suggestion or change that we don't feel we should currently apply\ntype: documentation\nA documentation task\nProjects\nNone yet\nMilestone\nNo milestone\nDevelopment\nNo branches or pull requests\n5 participants\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/issues/18828" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Floor Jansen | Official Website\nANNOUNCEMENT: My debut album \"Paragon\" is out now!Order NowFloor JansenMenuNewsStay up to date with me!MusicPre-order ParagonTourWhen will I see you on tour?SeriesWatch some of my content!GalleryCheck out my latest press photos & live photosContactGet in touch with my team and me.SOCIAL MEDIAYouTubeTikTokInstagramFacebookTwitterSTREAMINGSpotifyApple MusicDeezerAmazon YT MusicShopShopFloorWorld\n0\nJoin meParagonOUTNOWGET your copy nowFloor JansenFOLLOW MEFloorWorldFANCLUBInfoGo to FloorWorldNewsView allParagon Anniversary!March 24, 2024Anneke van Giersbergen announced as special guest during AFAS Live Show Floor JansenNovember 20, 2023Personal UpdateOctober 20, 2023Floor Jansen announces debut solo album \"Paragon\"Floor Jansen has announced the release date for her highly anticipated debut album \"Paragon\", which will be available on March 24, 2023.FeaturedJoin FloorWorld now!It's free!Stay up to date with the latest news and connect with fellow fans. Or you can become a member!Learn MoreGo to FloorWorldMusic videoFireVideo SeriesTikTokTikTokTikTokTikTokTikTokFloor JansenTikToksterPlayTikTok AdventureFunnySinging<1mFloorWorldFloorWorldFloorWorldFloorWorldFloorWorldFloor JansenFloorWorld FounderPlayMember ExclusiveExclusiveFan Club3mYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeFloor JansenVocal CoachPlayVocal MasterClassSingingVocal Class20mYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeFloor JansenReactorPlayReactionsReactionReview15mAllAllAllAllAllFloor JansenArtistPlayCoversMusic4mYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeFloor JansenProducerPlayFloor's Music CornerReviewStoryMusic10mYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeHannes van DahlEditorPlayStorytimeVlogLifestylePersonal15mPodcastPodcastPodcastPodcastPodcastFloor JansenProducerPlayFloor FindsInterviewPersonal20mYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeYouTubeHannes van DahlEditorPlay1 Minute Fan FridayFunInterviewComments1mDiscover More VideosFANCLUBENDORSEMENTSDISTRIBUTED BYSOCIAL MEDIAYouTubeTikTokInstagramFacebookTwitterSTREAMINGSpotifyApple MusicDeezerAmazon YT MusicScroll to top2023 FLOOR JANSEN. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. WEBSITE CREATED BY EQUATION MUSIC", "url": "https://www.floorjansen.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Floor Jansen - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Biography\nToggle Biography subsection\n1.1After Forever (19972009)\n1.2ReVamp (20092016)\n1.3Nightwish (2012present)\n1.4Solo career (2020present)\n1.5Other works\n2Personal life\n3Singing style\n4Discography\nToggle Discography subsection\n4.1After Forever\n4.2Nightwish\n4.3Northward\n4.4ReVamp\n4.5Star One\n5Filmography\n6References\nToggle References subsection\n6.1Bibliography\n7External links\nToggle the table of contents\nFloor Jansen\n41 languages\nAfrikaansBosanskiCataletinaDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEuskaraFranaisFryskIdoBahasa IndonesiaItalianoLietuviMagyarNederlandsNorsk bokmlPolskiPortugusRomnShqipSloveninaSuomiSvenskaTrke\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nDutch singer\nFloor JansenJansen live with Nightwish in 2015Background informationBorn (1981-02-21) 21 February 1981 (age43)OriginGoirle, North Brabant, NetherlandsGenresSymphonic metalpower metalprogressive metalhard rockthrash metalgothic metalOccupation(s)Singersongwritervocal coachYears active1997presentMember of\nNightwish\nNorthward\nStar One\nFormerly of\nAfter Forever\nReVamp\nWebsitefloorjansen.comMusical artist\nFloor Jansen (Dutch pronunciation: [flor jns(n)]; born 21 February 1981) is a Dutch singer and songwriter. She is the third and current lead vocalist of Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish.\nJansen first became known as the lead vocalist of symphonic metal band After Forever from 1997, when she joined at age 16, to their disbanding in 2009. When After Forever disbanded, she formed ReVamp and has released two albums with them. In 2012 following the departure of their lead vocalist Anette Olzon, Nightwish brought in Jansen as a touring member until the end of their Imaginaerum World Tour. In 2013, they announced Jansen was now their full-time lead vocalist; she subsequently disbanded ReVamp to focus on Nightwish. In 2018, she and Pagan's Mind guitarist Jrn Viggo Lofstad premiered their hard rock duo Northward.\nA frequent collaborator of Arjen Anthony Lucassen, Jansen is a member of his progressive metal supergroup Star One, and sang in the Ayreon albums Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer, 01011001, and The Source, as well as the live album Ayreon Universe The Best of Ayreon Live. She also sang lead vocals in several songs of the MaYan album Quarterpast and in Avalon's Angels of the Apocalypse. She is the older sister of fellow singer Irene Jansen, who also worked with Ayreon.\nBiography[edit]\nAfter Forever (19972009)[edit]\nJansen with After Forever at the Masters of Rock festival in 2007\nJansen was sixteen when she joined Apocalypse (later known as After Forever) in 1997. Three years later the band released its first album, Prison of Desire. She co-wrote the band's words and music with Mark Jansen (no relation) until he left in 2002, after which she was the band's sole composer.[1] Before becoming a full-time musician, she worked as a singing teacher.[2]\nBecause of the burnout that After Forever bandmate Sander Gommans underwent, the band took a year off starting in January 2008 but ultimately decided to call it quits in February 2009. Jansen posted on her website that she was writing music with Jrn Viggo Lofstad (Pagan's Mind, Jrn Lande) for a new musical project, but the two did not publish as Northward until ten years later.[3]\nReVamp (20092016)[edit]\nReVamp performing live in Oslo in September 2010\nOn 17 October 2009, Jansen announced via MySpace that the name of her new band was ReVamp.[4] ReVamp's first album was produced with After Forever keyboardist Joost van den Broek, bass player Jaap Melman (formerly of Dreadlock Pussy)[5] and guitarist Waldemar Sorychta (Grip Inc., Voodoocult, Eyes of Eden and Despair) as songwriters and producers. The final line-up of ReVamp featured keyboardist Ruben Wijga, bass player Jaap Melman, guitarists Jord Otto and Arjan Rijnen and drummer Matthias Landes.\nIn August 2011, Van Canto announced on Facebook, that ReVamp would no longer participate in their Out of the Dark tour, as Jansen suffered a burnout herself.[6][non-primary source needed]\nIn late 2011, Jansen joined her former bandmate Mark Jansen in his band Mayan's Latin American tour, performing in So Paulo. In 2012, Jansen joined Adrenaline Mob on stage in Bochum and Weert. ReVamp's second album, Wild Card, was released in 2013.[7]\nReVamp announced its breakup in September 2016, citing Floor Jansen's inability to participate fully in both ReVamp and Nightwish.[8][non-primary source needed]\nNightwish (2012present)[edit]\nAfter Nightwish's previous lead vocalist Anette Olzon parted ways with the band, Jansen acted as Nightwish's live lead vocalist for the remainder of the Imaginaerum World Tour in 2012.[9] Her first show with the band was in Seattle in October. When commenting on the experience, she said:[9]\nThere was this evil voice in my head that said, 'What on earth do you think you're doing? You don't know these songs, you've had no time to learn them'. And everybody in the venue was holding a cell phone, so it would be on YouTube straight away.\nJansen live with Nightwish in 2013, before being promoted to permanent member later that year\nOn 9 October 2013, Nightwish announced Jansen as Olzon's permanent replacement in the band.[10] In 2015, Nightwish released their first studio album featuring Jansen as the lead vocalist, which was Endless Forms Most Beautiful.[11] The second studio album with Jansen as lead vocalist, Human. :II: Nature., was released on 10 April 2020.[12]\nSolo career (2020present)[edit]\nJansen performed her first solo concert in January 2020. Due to the restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, the final shows of the tour had to be postponed, and finally took place in summer 2021. [13] On 2 August 2021, Jansen had confirmed in an interview that she is working on a solo album.[14][15] The album has been aimed for a 2023 release.[16] Jansen released her first single \"Fire\" on 25 March 2022.[17] Her second solo single, \"Storm\", was released on 27 May 2022.[16] Her third solo single, \"Me Without You\", was released on 8 September 2022.[18] The fourth solo single called \"Invincible\" was released on 13 January 2023. The album, called Paragon was released on 24 March 2023.\nJansen was the opening act for Metallica in Amsterdam on 29 April 2023 at the last minute, when American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch had canceled their appearance that night.[19]\nOther works[edit]\nThree albums by the Dutch composer and multi-instrumentalist Arjen Anthony Lucassen's project Ayreon include guest vocals from Jansen: she sang backing vocals on \"My House on Mars\" from the album Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer, played the character of Forever, referred to as , (Coincidentally, Jansen used the symbol as an emblem for her band Revamp, and she has the symbol tattooed on her wrist) on seven songs from the album 01011001, and was featured as a character named The Biologist on the album The Source. She is also a member of Lucassen's heavy metal supergroup Star One, and was featured on the studio albums Space Metal and Victims of the Modern Age. She was also featured in the 2018 live album Ayreon Universe The Best of Ayreon Live.\nOn 9 December 2013, she was also announced as the main vocalist, playing the lead role, for the second full-length album of former Stratovarius guitarist Timo Tolkki's metal opera act Avalon.[20] The album, Angels of the Apocalypse, was released on 16 May 2014. She has also been a guest for the metal band Nightmare.\nOn 22 February 2018, Northward, a hard rock project by Jansen and Pagan's Mind guitarist Jrn Viggo Lofstad, was unveiled. The two created the project in 2007, writing an entire album worth of music in 2008 but being unable to record previously due to their busy schedules; they ultimately reunited in 2017 to finally record the album, which was released on 19 October 2018 under their signed label Nuclear Blast.[21] The album features a duet between Jansen and her sister Irene.[22][non-primary source needed]\nIn 2019, Jansen participated in the Dutch reality TV show Beste Zangers. In the last episode she partnered with classical singer Henk Poort to perform \"The Phantom of the Opera\", which was later released as a single. It reached number one on the Dutch single charts, and allowed Jansen to go on a sold-out solo tour in the Netherlands.[23] She also won the Popprijs 2019, a prestigious Dutch award for the artist or band with an important contribution to Dutch pop music in the past year.[24] Among her other performances for Beste Zangers was a solo version of \"Shallow\", and a separate acoustic duet version of the same song with Tim Akkerman.[23] In 2022, she performed in the German version of Beste Zangers: \"Sing meinen Song - Das Tauschkonzert\".[25]\nPersonal life[edit]\nAs a child, she wanted to be a biologist; coincidentally, she played the character \"The Biologist\" in the Ayreon album The Source.[26]\nBetween 2014 and 2015, Jansen lived in Joensuu, the capital of North Karelia.[27]\nJansen was previously in a relationship with After Forever guitarist Sander Gommans.[28][29]\nOn 18 September 2016, it was announced that Jansen and her husband, Sabaton drummer Hannes Van Dahl, were expecting their first child.[30][31] On 15 March 2017, Jansen announced via Instagram that she had given birth to a girl.[32] On 20 October 2023, she announced the birth of their second daughter.[33]\nJansen is vegetarian.[34]\nIn 2018, a new species of beetle was discovered by scientist Andreas Weigel and named Tmesisternus floorjansenae after Jansen.[35][36] Jansen thereby became the second Nightwish member to be a namesake for a newly discovered species, following Tuomas Holopainen, after whom had been named a species of fungus gnat discovered in 2017 by Finnish biologist Jukka Salmela.[37][non-primary source needed]\nIn 2020 a new species of brittle star, Ophiomitrella floorae of the late Maastrichtian age (c. 66.7 Ma), was named after her.[38]\nOn 26 October 2022, Jansen announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer, undergoing surgery the following day.[39] Two days following the announcement, Jansen confirmed that the surgery had gone well.[40] On 18 November, Jansen announced that she was now cancer free.[41]\nSinging style[edit]\nJansen can sing from classical to belting and raspy vocals like screaming and death growls.[42][43][44] She is a soprano with a range of more than three octaves (C3 to F6[45]).[46][47][48][49]\nJansen started studying music at the Dutch Rock Academy in 1999, entering the Conservatorium Tilburg three years later. She studied musical theatre and a year of opera.[42][43] When After Forever split up, she started teaching, performing in her own course called Wanna be a Star?![citation needed]\nShe used to play the guitar, piano and flute and has completed several years of music studies.[50][51]\nDiscography[edit]\nStudio albums\nParagon (2023)\nLive albums\nLive in Amsterdam (2022)\nAfter Forever[edit]\nStudio albums\nPrison of Desire (2000)\nDecipher (2001)\nInvisible Circles (2004)\nRemagine (2005)\nAfter Forever (2007)\nEPs\nExordium (2003)\nNightwish[edit]\nStudio albums\nEndless Forms Most Beautiful (2015)\nHuman. :II: Nature. (2020)\nYesterwynde (2024)\nLive albums\nShowtime, Storytime (2013)\nVehicle of Spirit (2016)\nDecades: Live in Buenos Aires (2019)\nNorthward[edit]\nStudio albums\nNorthward (2018)\nReVamp[edit]\nStudio albums\nReVamp (2010)\nWild Card (2013)\nStar One[edit]\nStudio albums\nSpace Metal (2002)\nVictims of the Modern Age (2010)\nRevel in Time (2022)\nLive albums\nLive on Earth (2003)\nFilmography[edit]\nSoaring Highs and Brutal Lows: The Voices of Women in Metal (2015)\nReferences[edit]\n^ Nuclear Blast Records (3 April 2007). \"After Forever Interview w/ Floor Jansen + Joost van den Broek (Part 1)\". Retrieved 17 October 2015 via YouTube.\n^ \"Nightwish: Floor Jansen, Tuomas Holopainen and Marco Hietala on making the cut as a musician\". The Cut. 31 December 2015. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.\n^ \"Biography\". Floor Jansen. 2015. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.\n^ \"Name of my new band!\". blogs.myspace.com. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.\n^ \"Former After Forever Singer's Revamp: First Full Length Song Posted Online\". Blabbermouth.net. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2015.\n^ \"Van Canto post\". Facebook.com. 12 August 2011. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2011.\n^ \"Official website\". ReVamp Music. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.\n^ \"Facebook announcement No More Revamp\". Facebook. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.\n^ a b Everley, Dave (8 December 2015). \"How Nightwish became a modern metal phenomenon\". Metal Hammer. Team Rock. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2016.\n^ \"Press release // October 9th, 2013\". Nightwish.com. 9 October 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2013.\n^ \"Nightwish To Release 'Endless Forms Most Beautiful' Album In March\". Blabbermouth.net. 22 December 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2023.\n^ \"Nightwish detail new double studio album Human. :II: Nature\". Louder. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2023.\n^ \"Watch FLOOR JANSEN Perform NIGHTWISH Classics At First Pandemic-Era Solo Concert\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 17 July 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.\n^ \"FLOOR JANSEN: 'I Would Like To Find A Way To Combine A Solo Career With NIGHTWISH'\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.\n^ \"NIGHTWISH Vocalist FLOOR JANSEN - \"I've Been Working On A Solo Album Since The Beginning Of The Pandemic\"\". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. Retrieved 3 August 2021.\n^ a b Scarlett, Liz (27 May 2022). \"Nightwish's Floor Jansen releases the theatrical and uplifting ballad Storm\". Metal Hammer. Louder Sound. Retrieved 12 July 2022.\n^ \"Nightwish's Floor Jansen Announces 'Fire' Solo Single\". Blabbermouth.net. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.\n^ \"Nightwish's Floor Jansen Releases Third Solo Single, 'Me Without You'\". Blabbermouth.net. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.\n^ \"Watch: Nightwish's Floor Jansen Performs In Amsterdam As Support Act For Metallica\". Blabbermouth.net. 29 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.\n^ \"Floor Jansen is the main vocalist on Avalon II, the album and European tour planned for May 2014\". Avalon Opera.com. 9 December 2013. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.\n^ \"NORTHWARD Feat. NIGHTWISH Singer And PAGAN'S MIND Guitarist: 'While Love Died' Video Released\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.\n^ \"Floor Jansen and Jrn Viggo Lofstad's hard rock project signs to Nuclear Blast and announces first album!\". Facebook. 22 February 2018. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2018.\n^ a b \"NIGHTWISH's FLOOR JANSEN Kicks Off Solo Tour In Nijmegen (Video)\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 25 January 2020.\n^ \"Zangeres Floor Jansen wint Popprijs 2019\". NU. 18 January 2020.\n^ \"Floor Jansen part of Sing Meinen Song!\". Floor Jansen homepage. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2022.\n^ \"Ayreon The Day That The World Breaks Down The Source (2017)\". YouTube. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.\n^ Ahjopalo, Janne (28 June 2014). \"Nightwishin Floor Jansen ylltt muuttamalla It-Suomeen\". YLE (in Finnish). Retrieved 26 March 2021.\n^ Begai, Carl. \"EPICA - THE ECSTASY OF AGONY\". Bravewords. Retrieved 25 August 2021.\n^ \"Epica interview - Mark Jansen (part 1)\". YouTube. FaceCulture. Retrieved 29 May 2021.\n^ \"Nightwish Singer Floor Jansen Is Four Months Pregnant\". 18 September 2016.\n^ \"Nightwish singer Floor Jansen is four months pregnant\". 17 September 2016.\n^ Jansen, Floor. \"Floor Jansen on Instagram: \"In perfect health our daughter\"\". Instagram. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"NIGHTWISH singer Floor Jansen and SABATON drummer Hannes Van Dahl welcome their second child Arrow Lords of Metal\". Retrieved 20 October 2023.\n^ Michea, Martin (4 December 2016). \"Interviews: \"This is who we are. This is what a Nightwish show is like.\" An Interview With Floor Jansen (Nightwish)\". Metalobsession. Retrieved 4 December 2016. I don't really have a favourite dish or anything, but I'm a vegetarian.\n^ \"Newly Discovered Species of Beetle Named After Nightwish Singer Floor Jansen\". 9 March 2019.\n^ \"Tmesisternus floorjansenae Weigel, 2018\". 2018.\n^ Jansen, Floor. \"Floor Jansen on Facebook: \"This fine example of the endless forms most beautiful species on this green planet was discovered last year by Andreas Weigel. He named the beetle 'Tmesisternus floorjansenae Weigel, 2018. How special to have the honor of having a beautiful animal named after me.\"\". Facebook. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2019.\n^ \"Author Interview: A new ophiacanthid brittle star (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from sublittoral crinoid and seagrass communities of late Maastrichtian age in the southeast Netherlands\". Peerj.com. 24 August 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2022.\n^ \"Nightwish's Floor Jansen Diagnosed With Breast Cancer\". Blabbermouth.net. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.\n^ \"Nightwish-forsanger Floor Jansen har fet konstateret brystkrft\". SE og HR (in Danish). 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.\n^ Scarlett, Liz (18 November 2022). \"Nightwish's Floor Jansen reveals she is now cancer free\". Louder Sound. Retrieved 22 November 2022.\n^ a b \"Interview Floor Jansen of ReVamp & Nightwish\". Cryptic Rock. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.\n^ a b Ashmedai (18 August 2013). \"Pulling A Wild Card: An Interview With ReVamp\". Metal Blast!. Retrieved 17 October 2015.\n^ May, Ant (15 March 2015). \"Nightwish Endless forms most beautiful Preview\". PlanetMosh. Retrieved 17 October 2015.\n^ \"Digging Deeper: Axl Rose is NOT the Singer With the Widest Range\". VVN Music. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2020.\n^ \"After Forever Invisible Circles\". Metalreviews. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\n^ Franco, Nicholas (23 December 2013). \"Revamp Wildcard (Album review)\". Crypticrock. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\n^ \"NIGHTWISH Launches 'Evolution Series' Jewelry Collection\". Blabbermouth. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\n^ \"Floor Jansen The Range Planet\". The Range Planet. Retrieved 12 December 2021. Voice type: Soprano Vocal range: C3-F6\n^ \"After Forever\". Musical Discoveries. 13 June 2004. Retrieved 17 October 2015.\n^ \"Review of Decipher The Album\". Musical Discoveries. 7 July 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2015.\nBibliography[edit]\nIsoaho, Timo (2018). Nightwish We Were Here (Englished.). Latvia: Deggael Communications. ISBN978-952-99749-3-1.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Floor Jansen.\nPersonal website\nNightwish website\nInterview with Jansen (August 2007) at metal-ways.com\nRagnarok Radio Interview with Jansen and Lori Linstruth (December 2008) Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine\nvteNightwish\nTuomas Holopainen\nEmppu Vuorinen\nTroy Donockley\nFloor Jansen\nKai Hahto\nJukka Koskinen\nSami Vnsk\nTarja Turunen\nAnette Olzon\nJukka Nevalainen\nMarko Hietala\nStudio albums\nAngels Fall First\nOceanborn\nWishmaster\nCentury Child\nOnce\nDark Passion Play\nImaginaerum\nEndless Forms Most Beautiful\nHuman. :II: Nature.\nYesterwynde\nLive albums\nFrom Wishes to Eternity\nEnd of an Era\nMade in Hong Kong (And in Various Other Places)\nShowtime, Storytime\nVehicle of Spirit\nDecades: Live in Buenos Aires\nEPs\nOver the Hills and Far Away\nCompilations\nTales from the Elvenpath\nHighest Hopes\nWalking in the Air: The Greatest Ballads\nDecades\nBox sets\nLokikirja\nSingles\n\"The Carpenter\"\n\"Sacrament of Wilderness\"\n\"Walking in the Air\"\n\"Sleeping Sun (Four Ballads of the Eclipse)\"\n\"Deep Silent Complete\"\n\"Ever Dream\"\n\"Bless the Child\"\n\"Nemo\"\n\"Wish I Had an Angel\"\n\"Kuolema tekee taiteilijan\"\n\"The Siren\"\n\"Sleeping Sun 2005\"\n\"Eva\"\n\"Amaranth\"\n\"Ermaan viimeinen\"\n\"Bye Bye Beautiful\"\n\"The Islander\"\n\"Storytime\"\n\"The Crow, the Owl and the Dove\"\n\"lan\"\n\"Endless Forms Most Beautiful\"\n\"Noise\"\n\"Perfume of the Timeless\"\nSongs\n\"Planet Hell\"\n\"While Your Lips Are Still Red\"\n\"Last Ride of the Day\"\nVideos\nFrom Wishes to Eternity\nEnd of Innocence\nEnd of an Era\nShowtime, Storytime\nVehicle of Spirit\nDecades: Live in Buenos Aires\nTours\nOnce Upon a Tour\nDark Passion Play World Tour\nImaginaerum World Tour\nEndless Forms Most Beautiful World Tour\nDecades: World Tour\nHuman. :II: Nature. World Tour\nRelated articles\nAuri\nAwards and nominations\nDarkwoods My Betrothed\nDiscography\nMembers\nOnce Upon a Nightwish\nImaginaerum (film)\nMusic Inspired by the Life and Times of Scrooge\nMustan sydmen rovio\nNorthward\nCategory\nvteAfter Forever\nFloor Jansen\nSander Gommans\nBas Maas\nLuuk van Gerven\nAndr Borgman\nJoost van den Broek\nMark Jansen\nJoep Beckers\nJack Driessen\nLando van Gils\nStudio albums\nPrison of Desire\nDecipher\nInvisible Circles\nRemagine\nAfter Forever\nEPs\nExordium\nvteReVamp\nFloor Jansen\nArjan Rijnen\nJord Otto\nRuben Wijga\nMatthias Landes\nHenk Vonk\nJaap Melman\nStudio albums\nReVamp\nWild Card\nRelated articles\nNuclear Blast\nWaldemar Sorychta\nAfter Forever\nNightwish\nNorthward\nvteStar One\nArjen Lucassen\nRussell Allen\nDamian Wilson\nDan Swan\nFloor Jansen\nPeter Vink\nEd Warby\nGary Wehrkamp\nJoost van den Broek\nStudio albums\nSpace Metal (2002)\nVictims of the Modern Age (2010)\nRevel in Time (2022)\nLive albums\nLive on Earth (2003)\nRelated articles\nAyreon\nAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nFinland\nUnited States\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floor_Jansen&oldid=1225052341\"\nCategories: 1981 birthsLiving peopleDutch women singersDutch heavy metal singersDutch women singer-songwritersDutch singer-songwritersWomen heavy metal singersEnglish-language singers from the NetherlandsPeople from GoirleAfter Forever membersReVamp membersNightwish membersSingers with a three-octave vocal rangeStar One (band) membersWomen in metalDutch atheistsDutch expatriates in FinlandHidden categories: CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)CS1 Danish-language sources (da)Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataUse dmy dates from July 2022Short description is different from WikidataArticles with hCardsPages with Dutch IPAAll pages needing factual verificationWikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2019All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from June 2022Commons category link from WikidataWebarchive template wayback linksArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with KANTO identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 22 May 2024, at 01:56(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_Jansen" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Breakneck Ridge: Long Loop | Hike the Hudson Valley\nSkip to content\nAdvanced features of this website require that you enable JavaScript in your browser. Thank you!\nHike the Hudson Valley\nMenu\nThe Hikes\nSearch Hikes\nHiking Tips\nFAQ\nBlog\nShop\nSearch forSearchFacebook\nInstagram\nBreakneck Ridge: Long Loop Last updated: 7/10/23\nSkip to:\nBackground\nTrail Guide\nDirections\nResources\nComments (183)\nScenery\nDifficulty 10 out of 10 (crazy steep hike)\nHighlights insane views, rock scrambling\nDistance 3.7 miles, Loop\nApproximate roundtrip time 4 Hours\nTotal ascent 1,442ft\nMax elevation 1,207ft above sea level\nThis hike is for you if You want to take in some of the best views in the Hudson Valley, and youre not afraid of doing some serious rock scrambling to see them.\nBackground\nIf you find this free trail guide useful, please provide payment by picking up at least one piece of litter on your hike. Cha-ching! Thanks for being awesome! (And heres a quick primer on Leave No Trace, too, to help us keep the trails nice and fresh for each other.)\n**FIVE-ALARM, ATOMIC-WEDGIE UPDATE posted March 2023** The Breakneck Ridge trailhead detailed in this trail guide is closed for construction from March 1, 2023 through July 1, 2023 for trail construction and rerouting. You CAN still get to the views via the new Nimham Trail, though the bulk of the scramble is not accessible during this time. Alternate routes and further details be found in this trail alert from the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference: Breakneck Trailhead Closed: March 1 July 1, 2023.\n**UPDATE posted July 2023** The construction at Breakneck Ridge is complete and the trail is now open again! (Special thanks to Max for the helpful comment below!)\nBackground you can feel free to skip: Until recently, I didnt understand why Breakneck Ridge was such a wildly popular hike. It had been many years since Id climbed it, and my most vivid memory from Breakneck was our friends hoisting their black lab over some rocks that were too steep for their poor pooch to climb. Nearby Bull Hill offers similar views without Breaknecks crazy steepness. Why would anyone want to climb an elevator shaft when they could just take the stairs instead?\nIn preparing this write-up, I gave Breakneck another shot, taking half a day off work to meet my buddy Rob, who hopped the train from Grand Central up to Cold Spring, about a mile south of the trailhead. (For New York City hikers, theres also a Breakneck Ridge MTA stop right across the street from the trailhead, with a limited weekend-only schedule. See this very nice Breakneck write-up from nycdayhiking.com for more information on that stop. UPDATE May 2019: And for another hike with its very own weekend-only MTA stop, check out the Great Swamp in Pawling!)\nAfter hiking the loop up Breakneck again, I cant understand why I ever thought this place was anything short of spectacular. A few weeks after our hike, Rob sent me this link to a very cool,2.5-minute videohe put together from our day at Breakneck, which helps to show why its such a popular place. With multiple cliff overlooks and ever-expanding views the entire way up, this hike is not to be missed.\nIt is extremely difficult, though, and Id be very hesitant to recommend this hike for small children. Ive done most of the hikes in Hike the Hudson Valley with a baby on my back, but Id never attempt that here. And Id only bring a dog that I could carry.\nI didnt see any other dogs there that day, but a fellow hiker assured me that she sees dogs here all the time. There were several spots where my pooch Memphis needed a boost, and I honestly dont see how a dog would get over some of those spots without being picked up and placed on top of the rocks.\nThe point Im trying to make: This hike is steep.\nIt is also gorgeous and unforgettable. If you have a chance to pay a visit to Breakneck Ridge, dont pass it up. And if you dont have a chance, you should probably make one anyway.\n**UPDATE October 2014** A friendly first responder reached out to me with this message: Our local volunteer first responders do a lot of rescues at Breakneck. Amazing how ill-prepared some folks are when they attempt any outdoor adventure. She recommends that everyone review this list before attempting this hike. Good advice! Lets make sure your day at Breakneck is memorable for the right reasons.\n**UPDATE October 2021** If youre interested in taking a shorter hike at Breakneck, the Nimham Trail (opened in 2021) offers some great new options. Please see my Breakneck Ridge: Short Loop trail guide if a 1.5-mile loop sounds more like your speed. Or distance. You know what I mean.\nTrail Guide\nBonus unsolicited advice: Don't depend on having cell service in the woods - it can be spotty out there! Download this trail guide to your phone before you head out. (It's easy to do on iPhone and Android.) May your connection to nature be strong, even when your connection to the internet is weak.\n1. From the parking area by the tunnel (or the overflow parking just north see Directions to the trailhead below), head to the northern side of the tunnel and grab a map from the box at the trailhead. If youre the preparing type, you can also print this PDF trail map from the NYS Parks dept.\n2. Climb up and over the tunnel that runs over Rt 9D, following the White Trail markers.\n3. Keep climbing. Up and up and up. After what feels like quite a climb (because it is), youll come to a flagpole with a great overlook. Across the river is Storm King Mountain. To your right is Pollepel Island with Bannermans Castle perched on the side, and the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge beyond. Incidentally, has anyone ever called this bridge the Hamilton Fish Bridge, like it says on the sign as you cross it? If you pointed to it right now and called it the Hamilton Fish Bridge, youd probably be the first.\n4. Enjoy the view toward the river, and try not to think too much about whats waiting behind you.\nOops, you thought about it, didnt you? Oh well, might as well start climbing again. Just keep following those white markers.\nThere are a few spots where you can choose steeper or less steep options, which youll see marked with an X pointing left and right.\nSee that guy on the cliff in the picture above? He was heading down, and when he popped out beside a rock to my left (I was looking right he surprised me), I realized that the trail was less steep the way he came down. That guy saved me at least one dog-carry.\n5. Keep climbing, and the flagpole becomes a distant memory.\n6. Take some time to enjoy the next cliff overlook.\n7. Keep climbing, and eventually, this mountain will run out of bluffs to throw at you. Really, it will. When it feels like youre at the top and you cant see any more bluffs in front of you, youre probably there. Youll have traveled about a mile, though it seems more like ten. The next three miles on the loop fly by in comparison.\nAt the top, above a couple of nice little pine trees, enjoy the view and munch a granola bar or two, if you packed em.\n8. It wouldnt be a bad hike to just go straight back down the White Trail from here. Thats really where the best views are. Most hikers like a good loop, though, so if that applies to you, lets keep trekking. (Also, the rest of the loop doesnt require any dog-carrying. The thought of carrying my dog back down some of those White Trail sections again was enough to keep us pressing forward.)\n9. In the small saddle after the last big bluff, ignore the Yellow Trail as it departs to your right. Keep heading straight on the White Trail.\n10. Youre looking for a turnoff on your left to the Red Trail, after you pass one last small summit and a little marsh on your right (the frogs were going nuts in there when we walked past in late March I thought we were coming upon a flock of turkeys. Also, the Internet tells me that I should have said a rafter of turkeys, but somehow that seems like the only way to talk about turkeys and be pretentious at the same time.)\nThe turnoff to the Red Trail is very tough to miss. The only thing its lacking is a flashing light, and perhaps some sort of siren. When you see it, take a left.\n11. Follow the Red Trail (aka the Breakneck Bypass) down a much more gradual descent through the woods, with occasional northerly views of Sugarloaf and the river.\n12. After 30-60 minutes, depending on how leisurely youre strolling, the Red Trail dead-ends into the Wilkinson Memorial Trail, marked in yellow. Take a left onto the Yellow Trail and keep following it downhill.\n13. The Yellow Trail continues its gradual descent for 15 minutes or so, ending abruptly and dumping you unceremoniously onto Route 9D, which can be a pretty busy road.\nNormally, I hate road hikes, and dont consider a loop trail that has a large road section to be much of a loop. But you can actually see the parking area from the dump-out point, so well let this one slide, especially since it kept us from having to carry our dogs back down the mountain.\nTake a left onto Route 9D and walk carefully on the well-worn path beside it.\n14. Carefully cross the street once you get back to your car. Boom! You did it. Congratulations on knocking out one of the toughest hikes in the area. Now find someone to show all your awesome pictures.\nDirections\nDirections to the trailhead:From the village of Cold Spring, head north on Route 9D for about one mile. At the far end of the tunnel, turn left immediately into the small parking area. If there arent any spots there, head north just a couple hundred more yards to find a larger lot on the left.\nYou can also get directions by checking out the Breakneck Ridge entry on the HiketheHudsonValley.com Google map.\nSorta nearby address for your GPS: The intersection of Fair St and Route 9D in Cold Spring, NY is about a mile south of the Breakneck Ridge trailhead (the parking area is immediately north of the only tunnel around on Route 9D).\nGPS coordinates of parking area: 41.44327, -73.97801 (Clicking will open in Google Maps or the Apple Maps app, depending on your browser/device.)\nResources & Interactives\nSuper-cool Google Earth flyover of hike route:\nGoogle Terrain Map of hike route:\nRelated resources: If youre looking for actual facts and/or useful information, visit these pages:\nNew York States Hudson Highlands State Park page\nNew York States Hudson Highlands trail map\nSome great preparation advice in this blog post from a Breakneck Ridge trail steward\nBreaknecks Wikipedia page\nTrain schedule for Breaknecks MTA stop\nNycdayhiking.coms very nice Breakneck write-up (and description for a longer loop trail)\nThe page to buy the awesome New York-New Jersey Trail Conference map for this area\nAnother nice Breakneck write-up from theNew York-New Jersey Trail Conference\nMy Breakneck Ridge: Short Looptrail guide for a new (as of 2021) 1.5-mile hike option\nView Photo Gallery\nWant to support trails in the Hudson Valley? Heres one great way: Visit the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference homepage and click on Volunteer, Donate, or Shop! (Then you can volunteer, donate, or shop, depending on your mood.)\nComments (183)\nWas this trail guide useful to you? Please leave a comment!\nKash August 2, 2023 at 1:40 pm\nMike definitely covers this by talking about how hard this hike is, but just to make it super clear for first time or inexperienced hikers looking to cut their teeth:\nThis is a *very* technical hike, and Id argue not one you should do first if youve never really hiked before.\nI live in the area and do day hikes 3x a week around here, and every time I do Breakneck Im reminded by how technical it is, and then shocked by how this is probably a lot of people from NYCs first hike ever because of the convenience factor.\nIf youre going to try it, have good footwear (Ive seen people recently in crocs do you have a death wish?!), dont do it if theres been any rain recently, and pay attention to markings. Someone got pretty hurt and had to be rescued a few weeks ago because they fell after going off trail.\nThat said, if youre careful, dont mind heights, and follow Mikes guide, youll be fine. It really is a fantastic hike and super fun if you like bouldering!\nIf youre intimidated or want something a bit more mellow, here are a couple of beautiful, challenging, but far less technical hikes that you can access by Metro North (granted theyre a little further from the train but not too bad at all). And, of course, Hike the Hudson Valley has spectacular guides for both!\n* Mt. Beacon + Mt. Beacon Fire Tower (train to Beacon one stop past Breakneck with a way more frequent train schedule. Walk to trailhead, get a cab, or take the Beacon Free Shuttle from the train station to the trailhead. Def go to the Fire Tower. Walk back into town after and treat yourself to a beer and pizza at Hudson Valley Brewery.\n* Bull Hill (short or full loop) in Cold Spring, beautiful views, a doable walk from the Cold Spring train station and youre way closer to cute little Cold Spring when youre done (Breakneck > Cold Spring is a solid 2 mile walk with a solid ~1 mile of it on a 55 mph highway).\nEnjoy your hike!\n+1\nReply\nRich August 2, 2023 at 2:49 pm\nI always advise first timers not to climb the rocks up. I actually had to stop a grandmother with an infant in her arms from climbing the rocks. Proper footwear and plenty of water are a must.\nIm planning on Mt. Beacon in September or soon as it cools a bit. When I was a kid, we use to go to top in the cable car. Early 1960s. A very different downtown then.\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorAugust 16, 2023 at 11:57 pm\nAll very true and great advice, Kash thank you for sharing it here!\n0\nReply\nMax June 30, 2023 at 5:45 pm\nHowdy ho!\nI come with good news, that the Breakneck Ridge trail updates have been completed on schedule! The trail should reopen with connects to the new Fjord Trail tomorrow, Saturday July 1st!\nHappy trails!\n+1\nReply\nMike Post authorJuly 11, 2023 at 12:00 am\nThanks so much for the helpful comment and great news, Max! Ive updated the trail guide above accordingly, with a link down to your comment. Much appreciated!\n0\nReply\nVandana July 11, 2023 at 3:21 pm\nHey Max, have the updates made the trail easier to hike? Im a novice hiker at best but want to plan a trip here for my husband. It looks intimidating but I read somewhere that theyre working to make the ascent less steep?\n0\nReply\nDan G. April 12, 2022 at 5:03 am\nAre there any parts in that area rumored to have paranormal activity, or historical sites? Im a bit of a not-so-typical hiker looking for that kind of stuff.\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorApril 13, 2022 at 10:57 pm\nHello, Dan! Dont know about any of that kind of thing around Breakneck, but if you havent already seen this article from the New York Times about another local destination with a paranormal reputation, you might enjoy it: https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/15/nyregion/15hawk.html. Best of luck finding interesting stuff out there!\n+2\nReply\nDerin May 14, 2021 at 12:58 pm\nHi Mike!\nLove love love your website, so much more fun than just turn left at the big tree.\nJust wanted to point out that the flagpole at the first false summit on Breakneck is GONE! It has been replaced, unfortunately, by some new graffiti, the spray painted word FLAGPOLE. But the actual flags are no more. Thought you might like to know since they were such a key landmark.\nAlso, stay tuned.State Parks will be announcing a new connector trail in the Breakneck area, to open in the coming months.\nThanks for your hard work on this fantastic guide to all things Hudson Valley hiking!\n+4\nReply\nMike Post authorJuly 11, 2021 at 12:31 am\nThank you so much for the kind words, Derin! So glad this site has been useful to you! Ive recently seen photos of the new flagpole at Breakneck (identical to the old one, I believe?), so that situation has been remedied. You also provided some solid intel on the new connector trail thanks for the heads-up! I havent visited the new trail yet, but it sounds pretty sweet. Heres a press release announcing its opening (two months after your accurate prognostication) : https://parks.ny.gov/newsroom/press-releases/release.aspx?r=1685. I look forward to checking it out sometime soon. Thanks again, and happy adventures to you!\n+2\nReply\nOliver John March 5, 2021 at 11:32 am\nYour dog is so beautiful. Love your experience\n+3\nReply\nMike Post authorMarch 7, 2021 at 9:14 pm\nThanks, Oliver! Shes a good girl \n+2\nReply\nJovan July 15, 2020 at 12:14 pm\nIs this hike safe if it rains the day before? Say it rains in the morning on Friday, will it be safe to hike on Saturday?\n+2\nReply\nJoe September 30, 2020 at 7:18 pm\nNo. Vibram soles dont grip wet rock very well. This hike is dangerous when wet\n+3\nReply\nJen June 30, 2020 at 8:11 am\nIf you follow the trail explained above backwards, can you get to the views without the rock scramble? If not, is there another trail that will get you up there? Thanks!\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorJuly 3, 2020 at 12:53 am\nHi, Jen! Yes, you could absolutely do that. Youd get to the views shown in Step 7 above before youd hit the extremely steep stuff headed back down the White Trail, then you could just turn around and retrace your steps down the longer-but-less-steep Breakneck Bypass. There are other routes to the top (you can see the Hudson Highlands trail map linked in the Resources section above), but your proposal is a good way to do it. Good luck if you give it a go!\n+4\nReply\nJovan June 27, 2020 at 3:53 pm\nIs it appropriate to eat at a restaurant after hiking? Me and my group are planning to go to a restaurant in Cold Spring after were done hiking, but some are worried it may be unhygienic and repulsive to the community. Any thoughts? Any feedback would help me and my friends feel comfortable with the idea. Awesome article by the way!\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorJune 29, 2020 at 12:10 am\nHi, Jovan! In normal times, that would be such an easy question! Thats really nice that youre thinking ahead and worrying about what locals would prefer. Youll likely find a wide range of opinions on this topic, and I know it can be a hot-button issue locally. Not living in Cold Spring, Im not the best person to offer advice, but I would expect that as long as you are respectful of the place you are visiting, follow all appropriate mask-wearing and social-distancing guidelines, you should be okay. Personally, Im still only comfortable doing takeout, though I hope that New Yorks re-opening can continue to be managed in a way that lets us safely resume some of these activities that we used to take for granted. I know I havent given a definitive answer here (nor should I, really, since this is such a personal decision), and I welcome thoughts from others if anyone else would like to share. I wish you and your friends all the best!\n+4\nReply\nJoe September 30, 2020 at 7:24 pm\nJovan, if youre worried about bring sweaty and stinky in the local restaurants, dont be. Hikers pretty much fuel the economy in Cold Spring and the locals are used to us and now are welcoming us back.\n+4\nReply\nJovan Rodriguez June 18, 2020 at 3:37 pm\nIs the Breakneck Ridge metro-north station open on weekends? Me and a group of friends are planning an early trip to Breakneck by rail during the weekend, but the MTA website says that the Breakneck Ridge stop is closed until further notice. If its totally closed, well take an Uber from Cold Spring station (the station before Breakneck Ridge Station) which costs about $10-15. Any feedback will be greatly appreciated and helpful!\n+2\nReply\nDollar Bill June 18, 2020 at 5:43 pm\nNormally, it would be. But if they tell you it isnt, then I guess it isnt. Im curious to know if trains now run to Cold Spring. If they do, you can hike the road from Cold Spring to Breakneck. Ive done it many times and followed the blue or yellow (shorter) trail back to Cold Spring after the ascent. The hike on the road is actually remarkably picturesque. Of course, doing it on a crowded weekend puts a damper on the entire experience (at least for me).\n+3\nReply\nMike Post authorJune 18, 2020 at 11:15 pm\nHi, Jovan! Over on the Closures page, friendly hiker Izabela reported speaking to an MTA employee who told her that the seasonal hiker stops (including Breakneck, Manitou, and Appalachian Trail) may not open again until September. At that time, I couldnt find anything on the MTA site, other than an error when you try to search for train schedules at those stops, but it sounds unlikely that youll find those stops open anytime soon (and now I see the temporarily closed notice on the website, which is an improvement). Sorry I dont have better news! Heres a link to Izabelas comment: https://hikethehudsonvalley.com/hudson-valley-trail-closures-and-parking-restrictions-due-to-covid-19/#comment-7597.\n+3\nReply\nMook April 2, 2020 at 8:30 am\nSo I am a little confused about what hikes are open or closed. The official answer seems to be closed but are the hikes open? Is there any where to park? Thanks.\n+2\nReply\nRichard Shea April 21, 2020 at 2:48 pm\nEveryone should be concerned about Covid 19 especially when crammed on a single path trail with thousands of others in such close contact. Also because everyone has to touch the same surfaces to get to the top. This area was being destroyed before the outbreak and now is in its final death knell. Too many people are visiting and obviously dont care about the spread of the virus or anything else for that matter. The population of Philipstown doubled last weekend with a careless visitors crowding into every portion of the Town. This puts all the residents who have been sheltering in place in danger and empties out our only market. Please consider hiking somewhere else for the time being. This Town and the environment need time to recover. If you care about the Hudson Valley give it a rest.\n+2\nReply\nk June 12, 2020 at 10:50 pm\nis it safe to hike this trail now? is it still crowded?\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorJune 13, 2020 at 1:04 am\nHi, k! The trail is open now, though parking is still greatly reduced. And yes, Breakneck is still very, very crowded on weekends, and I would recommend not attempting it on a weekend unless you get there VERY early. Would be a wonderful hike to do on a weekday, though!\n+3\nReply\nMarc June 14, 2020 at 8:25 pm\nI sneezed on the trail holds by accident\n+4\nReply\nDan O'Brien March 17, 2020 at 2:43 pm\nWent for a hike this Saturday and Sunday. It was very crowded. Any thoughts on whether we should be concerned about Covid 19? Especially the start of the white trail where everyone is touching the same rocks, sweating, sneezing etc.\n+4\nReply\nMike Post authorMarch 18, 2020 at 1:23 am\nDan, thats a fantastic question. Breakneck is one of the most popular trails in the country (THE most popular, by some accounts), and while hiking is one of the few activities thats still available to us outside of the house during this time of social distancing, Id probably only visit Breakneck at an off-peak time, just to play it safe. As it so happens, the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference just published an excellent article on this topic, and the article specifically mentions Breakneck (with the recommendations to visit at off-peak times, not to visit at all if you are having any symptoms of illness, and to always maintain a safe distance from other hikers). That article can be found here: https://www.nynjtc.org/news/how-hike-healthy-responsibly. Hope you find that to be a helpful resource, and thank you for bringing up this topic!\n+2\nReply\nDan O'Brien March 18, 2020 at 7:34 am\nThanks, that article is helpful.\n+3\nReply\nDan O'Brien April 2, 2020 at 11:18 am\nWhat is not covered in the article is the particulars of Breakneck and I havent seen it covered anywhere else. When hiking up the white trail (the most common route) it is necessary to touch the rocks to climb up. Also there are certain rocks that almost everyone passes and touches when going up that route. So there are two issues. One is that you have to touch the rocks and the other is that you are touching the same rocks as others. Presumably if someone has the virus they will be shedding it on those rocks! Personally, Ive been wearing gloves mainly to remind me not to touch my face. No matter what I avoid touching my face.\n+2\nReply\nP March 16, 2020 at 6:13 pm\nBreakneck trails are reopened as of Saturday\n3/14/20. Cheers and stay safe out there.\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorMarch 16, 2020 at 9:46 pm\nThanks so much for the heads-up, P! That was incredibly fast to get the trails opened back up again. Ive removed the warning and linked to the notice from the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference above. Really appreciate you dropping this comment here cheers to you as well!\n+4\nReply\nP March 16, 2020 at 10:16 pm\nGlad I can help in any way. Thanks for maintaining and always being on top of things on this wonderful site!\n+2\nReply\nAnirudh Agarwal May 31, 2019 at 5:56 pm\nIs the hike safe for not experienced hikers?\n+2\nReply\nDan O'Brien June 1, 2019 at 8:54 am\nThat is a tough question to answer. It also depends on whether you are in physically fit, because it can be a rather strenuous hike. The start of the white trail (starting near the tunnel) is a rock scramble with a significant elevation gain. Some people have some difficulty, especially as you get closer to the first peak at the flag. I personally would not recommend the hike to inexperienced hikers. There are many other trails you can try in the area, like Mt Taurus, which starts a couple of miles before Breakneck.\n+3\nReply\nSami May 29, 2019 at 11:28 pm\nWe are considering doing this hike on Friday, considering that Thursday will be a heavy rainy day. But theyre predicting sunny day on Friday. Would you still recommend the hike for an athletic beginner ?\nThanks\n+2\nReply\nDan O'Brien May 30, 2019 at 11:57 am\nSure, by Friday the hike should be great. Usually the mountain on the uphill dries up pretty quickly. Are you concerned about it being slippery because of the rain?\n+2\nReply\nSami May 30, 2019 at 2:35 pm\nCorrect, since it might be raining the whole night Im afraid that rocks can be slippery in the morning. Thanks\n+2\nReply\nDan O'Brien June 1, 2019 at 8:58 am\nSaw your comment too late. How did it go? I expect that it was fine.\n+2\nReply\nMICHAEL a MOOK May 6, 2019 at 2:11 pm\nso i am now a little confused. Is the trail totally open from the normal entry point?\n+2\nReply\nLizzie May 11, 2019 at 4:31 pm\nThe main trailhead above the tunnel is still closed as of 5/11.\n+2\nReply\nMook May 17, 2019 at 3:50 pm\nSo whats the best way to do breakneck and get the most of the rock scramble part?\n+2\nReply\nDan O'Brien May 17, 2019 at 4:08 pm\nThe trail is opening again! https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/2019/05/16/breakneck-ridge-trailhead-reopen/3698684002/\n+2\nReply\nKelsey April 25, 2019 at 4:41 pm\nThank you so much for the walk thru. It really was a great experience! We went this morning when it was about 64 degrees with barely any people around. Also, dont worry payment was provided on the trail by a few bottles \n+3\nReply\nMike Post authorApril 26, 2019 at 5:19 pm\nSounds like you hit it at the right time, Kelsey! Glad you had a great day out there! And thanks so much for providing payment let me express appreciation of behalf of everyone who wont have to look at that litter now. THANK YOU!!! \n+3\nReply\nHB April 13, 2019 at 4:38 pm\nThis should 100% not be a public hike. While the hikes nearby are fine, the section that is the uphill scramble that lets off from MTA is incredibly dangerous. Today we saw one boulder the size of a small car and another boulder the size of a bicycle get dislodged and fall. No one was hurt, but when we approached the parks department, they said they know of the problem but cant do anything because the MTA owns the section off the Breakneck Ridge stop all the way up to the flags for the initial scramble.\nThe MTA should be ashamed for letting this be open without doing stabilization work on it. The hikes nearby are beautiful otherwise, but do not hike this section of the trail.\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorApril 26, 2019 at 5:13 pm\nYikes! That sounds like a really frightening experience, HB thanks for sharing the warning here! I forwarded this comment to a NYS Parks trail coordinator, who sent it to the park managers at the Trail Conference. If I hear anything further, Ill post it here.\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorApril 26, 2019 at 10:05 pm\nWell, I heard something further! The trail is now closed, and the trail guide above is updated accordingly. Looks like the parks department is taking action! Thanks for posting here, HB, and Ill do my best to keep the trail guide updated with the latest.\n+3\nReply\nDan O'Brien May 2, 2019 at 11:13 am\nDid you actually see the boulder in the process of falling? Was it raining during that time? Can you explain exactly what you saw? I am amazed that such a big boulder moved and would love to hear more details about it.\n+2\nReply\nShadow May 6, 2019 at 12:58 pm\nThis is odd. I hiked Breakneck Ridge on April 25th (getting off the Metro-North at Cold Spring, then walking to Cornish, Brook, then through the tunnel to the beginning of the scramble and finishing the trail in Beacon) and I didnt notice any blockage on the trail, nor did I see any warning notices. Was there a second rockslide after April 13th that finally shut down the trail?\n+2\nReply\nDan O'Brien May 6, 2019 at 1:31 pm\nI noticed the boulder sometime around the first or second week in April. Apparently HB saw the boulder sliding on April 13th. The trail was not closed until April 26th, so if you went on the 25th it would not have been closed yet. Nothing changed from the time the boulder moved to two weeks later when the trail was closed. I guess an official saw a post about the boulder and decided to close the trail.\nI hike the trail almost everyday, so I was able to notice the big boulder was out of place. It does not block the trail and if you went an alternate way up, you can miss it altogether.\nId love to get more information about who closed the trail and on what basis. All the news reports are incorrectly reporting the who trail is closed, but only the section from the entrance at the tunnel to the yellow trail is closed.\n+2\nReply\nShadow May 6, 2019 at 1:44 pm\nThank you, Dan!\nI was hoping to find more information myself. The comments here have been far more helpful than any of the news sources. Good to know we can still hit Breakneck from Washburn and Undercliff, although the best parts are closed.\nThank you all!\n+2\nReply\nDan O'Brien May 6, 2019 at 3:25 pm\nMy own opinion is that even the closed area is safe enough to hike. Ive been hiking almost everyday prior to the event and since the event and after the closure. The hike is actually no more dangerous than it has been for several years now.\n+2\nShadow May 6, 2019 at 3:39 pm\nBreakneck from beginning to end is my all-time favorite route. Ive only been up twice this season and I didnt feel there was any safety issues, but HBs account is a bit alarming.\nThanks again, Dan.\n+2\nJessica January 1, 2019 at 3:36 pm\nMike,\nThank you for sharing. This did save me a lot of time of finding the entrance and trial sign. I went for the hike on 12/30. The route is still open, but be careful for the snow and water. I have to say be careful while descending with yellow trail. Its harder for me to trace the marks since some rocks are covered by snow. However, the view with snow is breathtaking.\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorJanuary 3, 2019 at 11:06 pm\nThis is really helpful thanks for the update on trail conditions, Jessica!\n+2\nReply\nAri April 13, 2019 at 4:35 pm\nThis hike should be closed to the public! Today on the beginning of the trail we experienced a HUGE and scary rock slide. Car sized boulders falling. Thankfully no one was hurt but very shaken. We altered the parks department and said the first part of the hike is owned by the MTA and they wont stabalize the path. Do not climb the any portion below the flags until this hike is confirmed as more safe.\n+2\nReply\nRichard F Kaelin April 14, 2019 at 3:57 pm\nWow. Never had any issues. Thanks.\n+2\nReply\nKar December 21, 2018 at 4:05 pm\nIs the hiking still open? When will it be close for renovation?\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorDecember 23, 2018 at 12:08 am\nGreetings, Kar! The renovations are postponed until further notice. I havent heard any word on when a potential closure may occur (and if someone reading this knows something I dont, please share!). Otherwise, be prepared for icy, snowy, slippery, and dangerous conditions this time of year (micro-spikes or something more substantial should be required equipment), and happy adventuring!\n+2\nReply\nBasic December 8, 2018 at 10:45 pm\nDid this hike in the morning (solo). Trail guide was totally on par, thanks Mike! During the ascent there were a few moments where it was hard to find footing, upper body strength maybe a necessity for some. As others have warned and noted, this is a steep hike and definitely not for beginners. The descent was also challenging as leaves covered up rocks that were glazed over with ice/frost. Had a couple of slips but nothing trekking/hiking poles or a random off the ground stick cant help you tackle.\nDid my good deed by picking up a few plastic bottle caps and a granola bar wrapper. Deposited them at the Metro North station garbage cans when I got on 9D.\nThank you to Mike for providing the guidance on all these trails.\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorDecember 18, 2018 at 12:05 am\nBasic, your comment made me smile glad you had a great visit, and thanks so much for helping to clean up the trail!\n+2\nReply\nRich S October 2, 2018 at 5:45 pm\nJust a word of advice for anyone hiking for the first time: bring lots of water and snacks. I hadnt hiked in a while and went into the woods with only two bottles of water, an apple and one power bar thinking I would do a short loop to get the feel of it again. Lost track of time and where I was and didnt get out of the woods until 5 hours later. Ran out of water and food halfway through. No fun. Now I carry as much water as I can carry.\n+2\nReply\nNate October 30, 2018 at 10:09 pm\nDid anybody get hurt on that trail that you heard on breakneck rigge\n+2\nReply\nZack September 24, 2018 at 1:45 pm\nJust went this past weekend with my wife and friends. So we have never hiked before, let alone climb rocks and so this was definitely an eye opener. The warnings from the beginning tell you its for experienced hikers only, and yes, i do agree too,but i also think first timers can do this trek as well.\nYou must be fit though. That is for sure. You will struggle and hurt yourself if you havent been to the gym in ages. I dont mean to scare anyone but there are lots of time you need to use upperbody strenght, balance and great eyesight.\n*** warning the most challenging part of this hike is honestly within the first hour *** holy crap, as soon as you start the hike, it doesnt slowly pace higher, its like challenging right away. good news is, after that steep hill up, its gets easier (after an hour and half worth a climb).\nNo offense, but if you are a heavyweight, do not do this trek. You need to be in somewhat good shape and you need to dress comfortably. Wear GOOD SHOES !!!\n+3\nReply\nMichelle Lamprecht September 16, 2018 at 3:27 pm\nIm travelling from the UK 28-31 Sept. Are there any local guides to help me with Breakneck Ridge? Id also like to do a kayak tour to Bannerman Castle any suggestions on the best place to stay to do both (will probably need to use Ubers/taxis/buses to get around)\nThanks\nMichelle\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorSeptember 17, 2018 at 1:05 am\nHi Michelle! If you visit Breakneck on a weekend, the excellent trail steward from the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference will be on-hand to provide advice (more info on that program here: https://www.nynjtc.org/stewards),\nBuried in the comments below, youll also find a discussion where one hiker reported having a positive experience with some a local guide outfit that runs trips from NYC (perhaps they could offer advice on Bannerman, too?): https://hikethehudsonvalley.com/hikes/breakneck-ridge/#comment-1567\nIm not well-versed on the best places to stay in the area, but you couldnt go wrong staying somewhere in Cold Spring its a really nice, walkable town to explore.\nI hope this helps, and I hope you have a great visit to the Hudson Valley!\n+2\nReply\nRichard Kaelin September 25, 2018 at 5:52 pm\nIm not a guide, but Ive done it a dozen times and plan on doing it again in the next 3 weeks. Im putting together a small Expedition, but I dont think itll be ready to go this weekend. I wouldnt mind doing it before my Expedition.\n+2\nReply\nLiz August 24, 2018 at 12:44 pm\nI love these trail guides! So detailed, and informative.\nTell me about these rock scrambles on Breakneck I did the rock scrambles on Brace Mountain II (south Taconic Trailhead), and though it was terrifying, I did it! How does Breakneck compare to that in terms of difficulty/steepness?\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorAugust 28, 2018 at 6:02 pm\nThanks so much, Liz! Congrats on knocking out a very tough hike on Brace Mountain! In terms of difficulty/steepness, these two hikes are quite similar. Breaknecks scrambles go on much longer, though. The scrambles on Brace are over pretty quickly. The scramble on Breakneck is, well, pretty much the whole thing, at least for the ascent. Hope that helps!\n+2\nReply\nKimberly Cordero July 31, 2018 at 7:09 am\nWent Hiking with my husband July 30th 2018. Prior to the hike I read reviews and was taken aback at how crazy intense the hike sounded. When we started the hike i was surprised that it wasnt as difficult as it sounded. Getting to the flagpole was amazing and from that point on we hiked with 3 other ppl that we actually met right before hiking up (Z, Jen & Dan). It was a great hike and a lot of fun with amazing scenery. There is easier routes to take but it adds time to the overall hike. We did get lost at one point but Dan google mapped us back on track. In total the loop took us nearly 4 hours. So worth it!\n+2\nReply\nFrank Wang July 3, 2018 at 3:34 pm\nBeautiful and amazing photos of the scenery, what is the average time it took you to complete the trail?\n+2\nReply\nChristine June 17, 2018 at 9:48 am\nThere are a few spots where you can choose steeper or less steep options, which youll see marked with an X pointing left and right.\nIm a bit confused- to the Xs point the way to steeper or less steep options?\nLove the write-ups, thanks!\n+2\nReply\nDeBre June 25, 2018 at 8:14 am\nMost of the easier ascents, if not all of them, head left and are labeled with a white sign that says easier ascent or something like that.\n+2\nReply\nWilliam May 8, 2018 at 5:59 am\nHi.Thanks for this site. Is Breakneck ridge closed yet? Id like to go there May 13th\n+2\nReply\nMsb May 8, 2018 at 7:54 am\nNo. They postponed it again. Enjoy your hike!\n+1\nReply\nJaco June 7, 2018 at 3:58 am\nWe will be there last weekend of June, Hopefully it will still be open\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorJune 21, 2018 at 1:00 am\nIt will be! See above for an update the trail will remain open through all of 2018. Happy adventuring!\n+2\nReply\nMichael February 8, 2018 at 12:19 pm\nHello. Anyone know the current trail conditions?\nThank you!\n0\nReply\nJosh February 8, 2018 at 1:29 pm\nThe NY-NJ Trail Conference has not issued any updates, so I am assuming the trailhead is still open. Given trail condition updates I have seen for nearby areas, you need full winter gear (heavy-duty spikes/crampons, probably an ice axe, etc.). After yesterdays storm, that trail is probably an ice chute. People in some of the hiking groups on social media were having trouble nearby with just microspikes before this storm hit.\n+2\nReply\nMichael February 8, 2018 at 3:53 pm\nThanks a lot. I only have crampons (no axe). Now I need to decide if its worth the 2 hour train ride to see if its possible.\n+2\nReply\nMOOK April 9, 2018 at 3:25 pm\nIts almost spring time. Any updates?\n+2\nReply\nJC April 11, 2018 at 1:10 pm\nIm waiting for updates too! Anyone?\n+2\nReply\nFrancesco Castrogiovanni April 12, 2018 at 7:48 pm\nBrand new update as per the NY-NJ Trail Conference guys!! It will remain open though 2018!\nhttp://nynjtc.org/news/protecting-north-americas-most-popular-hiking-destination\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorApril 13, 2018 at 12:22 am\nThanks so much, Francesco! This is really helpful information!\n0\nFrancesco Castrogiovanni January 17, 2018 at 5:00 pm\nHey Mike just wanted to point out that I just found out that Breackneck Ridge is not yet closed, and wont be until Spring 2018! This is according to the NY-NJ Trail Conference. Im so excited to be able to go do this trail again it is my favorite so far out of the many hikes I did, my first time here I accidentally went all the way to beacon mountains fire tower and down beacon mountain for a 7 hour hike, it was my second hike ever!\n+2\nReply\nMike Post authorJanuary 24, 2018 at 12:00 am\nThanks so much, Francesco! I just updated the alerts above to reflect the most current information. If anyone finds anything more current, please clue the rest of us in! Thanks, all!\n+2\nReply\nDavid Stevenson December 4, 2017 at 11:39 pm\nDoes anyone have any experience doing this hike loop in the opposite direction from what is described here, namely ascending from the northern 9D access point, hiking clockwise, and then descending to the southern 9D access point? From topo maps it appears the ascent might be less steep but the descent might be a bit more treacherous. A worthwhile trade off?\nThanks, hikers!\n+2\nReply\nAndrey September 15, 2017 at 3:28 pm\nBreakneck to Close for Repairs http://highlandscurrent.com/2017/09/15/breakneck-close-repairs/\n+1\nReply\nmook September 22, 2017 at 8:15 pm\nThis is not good. Will the other hikes in the area be closed? Does anyone have any idea for how long?\n+1\nReply\nMike Post authorOctober 18, 2017 at 12:23 am\nHi Mook looks like this is pretty well contained exclusively to Breakneck. I posted another article at the top of this page that provides more detail. Annoying in the short term, but should be a very good thing for the area in the long run.\n+1\nReply\nMike Post authorOctober 18, 2017 at 12:19 am\nAndrey, thanks so much for sounding the alarm! (I also thanked you in a Facebook post on September 15, which caused a bit of a stir as word starting getting out.) Ive added a SUPER-MEGA-UBER ALERT at the top of this trail guide. Really appreciate you posting this here!\n+1\nReply\nMike November 5, 2017 at 2:39 pm\nMy coworkers and I are planning a hike here in 2 weeks. A large group of us are first time hikers, and we were told that this is a doable hike for us. Do you recommend this mountain for people who have never hiked? Can it be done in sneakers? Thank you!\n+1\nReply\nDollar Bill November 5, 2017 at 3:30 pm\nI would do Bull Hill instead. Falling leaves can make this slippery. And if you have just one person who freezes halfway up, turning back isnt really a very good option. Hopefully, everybodys fit. You can do this in sneakers but they should be relatively new (sole tread) and high quality.\n+1\nReply\nJosh S November 5, 2017 at 3:54 pm\nI generally hike in sneakers. Heck, I did Mount Marcy, 3 other Adirondack High Peaks, and 4 Catskill High Peaks in an old pair of sneakers thats too muddy for daily use. Thats not an issue (unless you dont want them to get muddy) and, unless conditions are very slippery, sneakers are probably better because theyre lighter than boots.\nThat being said, this is easily the most technical hike in the Tri-State and one of the most technical common hikes in the state that doesnt require the use of special climbing equipment. Two free hands are a necessity and, once you start climbing, the easiest way down is to continue climbing to the summit (roughly 1,200 feet of ascent) and head down the side. If anyone is remotely afraid of heights, would not recommend this hike, as youll have a problem if someone freezes. Ice starts to become an issue this time of year and the hike is generally in the shade until afternoon.\nIf youre reliant on transit to get to the trailhead, Bull Hill and the Cornish Estate are nearby and within walking distance of Cold Spring. Anthonys Nose can be accessed from Manitou (also really good views, but easier and not particularly technical). If youre driving, Storm King (across the river from Breakneck Ridge, parking on the NB side of 9W) is relatively easy with great views and Mount Beacon (a few miles north on Route 9D) has great views with similar difficulty.\n+1\nReply\nMara G November 5, 2017 at 7:43 pm\nI wouldnt start with breakneck its a pretty tough hike. Mount Beacon is a better bet for newbies. Still strenuous but not crazy hard.\n+1\nReply\nJosh July 26, 2017 at 7:03 pm\nDid this hike today (a Wednesday). While the parking lots filled up, I got there early enough to avoid craziness hiking up and it appeared that most hikers either turned around at the flagpole or returned down the yellow (Undercliff) trail before reaching the summit. The signs at the trailhead dont lie: this definitely is NOT a walk in the park, but its not particularly tiring, as the immediate rock scrambles force you to set a slow pace. A little over a mile from trailhead to summit and its mostly rock scrambling. Im a 22 year old in decent shape and the loop took me 3 1/4 hours, including a stop at the flagpole and lunch at the summit; 2 hours of that was the ascent. A few notes Id like to add:\n Two separate X trails. The first, shortly after the flagpole, has EZ spray-painted on the rocks to make it easy to find. The second, closer to the Undercliff junction, has a green Easier Ascent sign pointing the way.\n The true summit (1260 feet) is two peaks after the Underhill trail breaks off, roughly 1/4 mile before the red junction.\n The red trail turn immediately after the white-red junction is still poorly marked, but the well-worn unmarked trail appears to be official per the park map\n Both junction turns (white to red and red to yellow) are VERY well marked, with 9D and an arrow painted at both. First turn also has an official sign.\n For people who like knowing where they are, the state parks department put the map on the Avenza Maps app. Download the app and search for Hudson Highlands North\n+1\nReply\nMike Post authorAugust 6, 2017 at 12:45 am\nThanks so much for the helpful updates, Josh! Glad you had a great day out there. (And Ill second the plug for the Avenza Maps app just used it for the first time on a different hike, and it is really great to know exactly where you are at all times.)\n+1\nReply\nMICHAEL a MOOK May 1, 2017 at 9:26 am\nhi Normally we do the W-R-Y path and it takes about 2 hours. If we want to go longer would we then do the W to Blue/white (dont turn at the red and then come back down the yellow)? How much extra time do you think that will take?\n+1\nReply\nMike Post authorMay 10, 2017 at 9:49 pm\nHi Michael Ive never tried that route, but it looks like a nice option if youre looking to do a longer hike (W-BW-B-Y(left)). From the map, it looks to at least double the length of this hike, but the terrain shouldnt be as gnarly once youve gained the initial elevation. My irresponsible, shot-in-the-dark guesstimate: 6.5 hours total, or 2.5 additional hours onto however long it takes you to do the W-R-Y version. Let me know how close I got if you give it whirl! \n0\nReply\nmichael k October 19, 2016 at 11:10 am\nI am planning to tackle this hike this sunday, but looks like it will be raining on friday and saturday. Anyone know how the conditions would be after 2 days of rain. Would it be safe enough to attempt?\nthanks!\n+1\nReply\nShirley Maloney October 30, 2016 at 7:05 pm\nSelling hot dogs at the tunnel is great\n+1\nReply\nShirley Maloney August 29, 2018 at 7:14 am\nStop by to say hello !!\nSept 8th 2018\nThere a run on the ridge \nI was told \nHope to see you there \nGood luck to all who runs \nDawn gone good hot dogs\n+1\nReply\nDOLLAR BILL July 22, 2016 at 1:45 pm\nYesterday, I rode Metro North to Cold Spring and walked to the Breakneck trail head. Kind of a long hoss but not that bad really. And the views are nice along the way. Once through the tunnel, I took the white trail past the cut off and turned right on the Notch Trail (blue)then the red trail and to another blue trail (Cornish) and all the way back to Stony Point where I spent a last hour exploring there. This is doable. For people considering taking the train to Cold Springyou can walk to Breakneck and forgo the cab. Im a healthy 66 years old and not even sore today. And of course, the views are multiple and spectacular. And theres even a doozy AFTER the cutoff youll miss if you take the short version of the hike.\n+1\nReply\nMary July 20, 2016 at 8:15 pm\nThanks for description of the trail. My 18 yr. old son wants to take some friends there, so I wanted to check it out. Looks amazing!\n+1\nReply\nBob Warsak July 5, 2016 at 10:42 am\nHiked Breakneck for the 20th time yesterday with a friend from Kansas. Could not wait to take him on this hike because of the view and degree of difficulty of the hike compared to how flat Kansas is.\nI was appalled at how much trash there was on the trial and worse yet, all of the graffiti on some of the rocks. I was embarrassed to have a guest hike this beautiful place with me. We picked up as much trash as we could to throw it out when we got off the mountain.\n+1\nReply\nT. Drake October 19, 2016 at 12:44 pm\nFirst, from a local: thank you. Lots of us carry garbage bags as a matter of course, especially on Mondays. Its depressing.\nWorse now is the proliferation of graffiti. Robust discussion locally, but I seriously wish the parks department would step in.\n+2\nReply\nTony March 23, 2016 at 8:05 pm\nBeautiful and challenging hike. Major gripe is heavy crowds, severely eroded breakneck ridge and wilkenson memorial trails. I hiked from breakneck to beacon back in 05 on a holiday weekend and not seeing that many people along the way. 9D wasnt lined up with cars when I finished my hike like you see today.\n+1\nReply\nDave November 22, 2015 at 2:04 pm\nGo early and go often\nHiked Breakneck today for the 2nd time this season and it was absolutely beautiful out. The first time I hiked this trail I was with the LADY! and about 100 other people who decided scrambling up the face of a mountain would be a good idea. While the firt trip up was great, having to wait for others to find their next move, and also having to navigate around people who decided they wanted to stop and look out at the Hudson before even reaching the flagpole, was frustrating at the least. I planned it better this time and got to the trail before 8am.\nI was one of 6 cars at the trail head when I arrived, and did not see anyone else on the trail till the 2nd lookout. It was absolutely beautiful. The Scramble is difficult. There are parts where it is fairly easy, but then there are parts where you will seriously hurt yourself if you lose footing or are scared to get your hands dirty on some mossy rock. While my first trip here didnt feel as difficult as today, I think part of that was that I subconsciously followed the people in front of me, and was able to see where they grabbed and stepped.\nSince I was alone and there wasnt hardly any traffic, I was able to take a few moments on a few of the payoffs to just sit down and look out at the hudson river. It was also fun looking across the way at Storm King thinking a few weeks ago I climbed that mountain and was looking back over here at Breakneck\nThe way down wasnt bad, but it was a bit slippery since there had been some rain last night.\nAll in all, I ended up seeing 3 people and a dog at one of the most popular hiking spots in the hudson valley, and was able to get in nearly 4 miles and a nice rest on the payoff in 2 and a half hours.\nWhen i was walking back to my car, the masses were finally starting to arrive and hit the trailhead. It made me really happy that I got up early rather than sleeping in.\n0\nReply\nYuliya Semenova November 14, 2015 at 10:27 am\nHello guys,\nI like to check out the map before I get on the trail. Which state park should I be checking out the map for which includes this trail? Thank you a bunch.\n+1\nReply\nMike Post authorNovember 16, 2015 at 11:39 pm\nYuliya,\nMan, keeping the links on this site current is tough, especially when New York State switches its URLs around every year or so, just to keep me on my toes. Ive fixed the links above so that you no longer need to know which park to select the links will take you right to a PDF trail map, just like they used to do. (See the map link in Step 1 of the trail guide, or in the Related Resources section.)\nHope that helps thanks for the alert!\nMike\n+1\nReply\nRichard October 15, 2015 at 3:45 pm\nId like to go for a day hike from NYC but Im without a car. Is it possible to come from Grand Central Station to Cold Springs and get a taxi from there to the trail head? Otherwise, is walking from Cold Springs train station to the trailhead the only other option?\nThank you!\n+1\nReply\nMatthew November 2, 2015 at 9:09 pm\nThere is actually a stop at Breakneck Ridge a handful of times per day. Check the MetroNorth schedule to see the times. My buddy and I took the train there, hiked the trail, and ended up in Cold Springs, where we caught the MetroNorth back.\n0\nReply\nRick Elezi September 6, 2015 at 12:25 pm\nWe went here yesterday with my staff thinking we were doing the other one thats 7 rated. So we werent full prepared. Had some friends too so we were 13 in total. One of my friends had a broken foot and had to do the whole thing with a stick. It was hard but he is happy he did it. We really enjoyed this hike and want to do it again. With proper planning of course.\n0\nReply\nmook August 9, 2015 at 8:57 pm\nWe love your site. How much longer does it take to keep going up the white until it runs into the yellow.\nAnother words skip the bypass? Thanks again\n0\nReply\nChase Hostler June 30, 2015 at 4:46 pm\nHey Mike,\nI noticed you said your friend got to the trailhead from the cold springs station. Is that an easy walk? Im looking to do Breakneck this Friday but not sure that the Breakneck station is open that day, and looking for an alternative\n0\nReply\nG July 1, 2015 at 8:59 am\nHi. I walked from the station to the trailhead before. I believe its around a 2.8 mile-walk. Easy on the way there but horrible on the way back especially if its hot. But overall, its fine. Hope this helps!\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorJuly 1, 2015 at 10:42 pm\nThanks for the info, G! Chase, as G said, it would not be an easy walk. Possible, yes, but not easy. My buddy cheated by having me pick him up, and I drove us to the trailhead. If Uber isnt already in Cold Spring (Im country folk, so I have no idea), seems like a ripe opportunity there. You could probably make a living shuttling hikers from the Cold Spring station to the areas various trailheads.\nI just checked Google Maps, and Gs estimate looks about right around 2.5+ miles from the train station to the Breakneck trailhead. Good luck and enjoy, however you get there!\n0\nReply\nChase July 2, 2015 at 9:34 am\nThanks Guys! I think Im going to try and find a cab or uber from the CS station. Thinking of doing the white ridge trail up and taking the blue notch trail back to either the red to blue or yellow trails back into cold spring for a rewarding beer and burger. Any suggestions of which of those two trails to take (R or Y)? Any special sights? I see ruins on the map..intriguing.\n0\nReply\nChase July 2, 2015 at 9:43 am\nThanks Guys! I think Im going to try and find a cab or uber from the CS station. Thinking of doing the white ridge trail up and taking the blue notch trail back to either the brook to cornish or washburn to undercliff trails back into cold spring for a rewarding beer and burger. I see from a comment below that we have a few manageable options, but if there are any sights along those trails you recommend, please let me know!\nThanks again!\n0\nCeem June 30, 2015 at 4:32 pm\nHi. Thanks again for your wonderful trail guides. Ive been to Storm King, Lake Minnewaska, Anthonys Nose, Bull Hill, Mt Beacon, Bonticou Crags and Table rocks, Sams Point, Little Stony Point, Walkway over the Hudson and Croton Gorge Park all because of your very helpful guides! Ive been to Breakneck as well but i wanted to know, how do i find that old eerie tree? I know its weird but id love to go visit Breakneck Ridge again just to see that tree hehe!\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorJuly 1, 2015 at 10:49 pm\nThats quite a list, Ceem! Awesome! Thats really great to see glad the site has been useful for you.\nAs for the tree (I assume were talking about this one from the slideshow?), it was photo #512 from that day, and the photo in Step 12 above, showing the turn onto the Wilkinson Memorial Trail, is #514. Given that I take about one photo every ten seconds out there, Im guessing that old tree is somewhere very, very close to the turnoff. (My buddy Rob noticed it have to give him credit.)\nHope that helps! Youll have to share your own pic after you find that tree \n0\nReply\nCeem July 2, 2015 at 8:08 am\nOh my, I feel terrible about not being specific about it and you had to go thru the slideshow. I actually saw the picture of the tree recently on Hike the Hudson Valleys Facebook page but i couldnt find it anymore. I have seen many others post that picture but no directions at all and I feel like I should go there too haha! Anyways, attached is the photo of tree I was talking about. No pressure though. It might not actually be along the trail. Thank you!\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorJuly 2, 2015 at 8:30 am\nOh, of course! Yes, that tree is on Sugarloaf, right next to Breakneck. At the junction near the other not-as-cool-spooky-old-tree, instead of turning left to descend on the Yellow (Wilkinson Memorial) Trail, youd turn right to ascend Sugarloaf.\nThat old tree is a local landmark anyone who chooses to visit, please treat it with respect! (I know you would do this, Ceem, but I did accidentally share a photo of two people sitting in the tree on this sites Facebook page. I thought they were branches when I glanced at the otherwise stunning picture on my phone. When I looked at a bigger screen and realized what was going on in that shot, I deleted it from my Facebook timeline, which is probably why you cant find it there anymore. That tree would surely not survive being treated like that for long, and it would be a real loss if that thing came down.)\nHope that helps!\n0\nReply\nCeem July 4, 2015 at 11:39 pm\nI know. If that tree doesnt survive, people like me might not have a chance to see it anymore! And thank you for letting me know where it is! I will visit it next week. Thanks again!\n0\ntami April 8, 2017 at 3:14 pm\nwhich of those was your favorite?\n0\nReply\nDave May 27, 2015 at 3:01 pm\nGreat site. My wife and I have done Anthonys Nose, Storm King Mountain, and Bull Hill using this website this spring already. Also have done the Major Welch trail in Bear Mountain. How much more difficult is Breakneck than these? I really want to do this and were in great physical shape but dont want to underestimate. Thanks!\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorJune 18, 2015 at 11:08 pm\nDave, thats awesome! Glad the site has been useful for you. Breakneck is comparable to the steepest parts of Storm King I expect you guys wont have any issues, but I gave this one a 10 out of 10 difficulty rating so people would take it seriously. Happy adventuring!\n0\nReply\nMaloy May 22, 2015 at 8:16 pm\nGreat Article. I always follow your articles before hikes :). Wanted to share few thoughts on the trail guidance. There is a parking after the tunnel ( following 9 D North) and its close to the trail entrance. This is the overflow parking as you mentioned.\nThere is also another parking much before that tunnel.I started with this trail first ( white trail) . This trail it made a turn and started going towards south away from the Overhead pass. I was not sure if I was on right track. I came back and then too k my car and went to the Overflow parking area. I guess you entered from this entrance. Does this trail goes back to the trail from the Break neck ridge entrance ( which is near the tunnel? Google map has a link to the trail entrance called Breakneck Ridge Trailhead. This is near Tunnel. Which one did you take?\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorJune 18, 2015 at 11:04 pm\nHi, Maloy! I parked right next to the tunnel I took a vacation day and did this hike on a weekday, so there were spots available there. The overflow parking is just a little further north. Not sure about the other trail youre mentioning Ill have to look for it next time. Sorry I cant be more help on this one!\n0\nReply\nPingback: Romance in the Hudson Valley ~ Dogs too!\nPingback: Hiking: Breakneck Ridge, Hudson Valley New York (Phone pics) | life on macro.\nrick November 10, 2014 at 6:44 pm\nLast did this hike 25 years ago. Wife and none of my out of shape BFFs are interested. Too bad. Spectacular views, challenging climb and an hour outside NYC. It is a SCRAMBLE and at times will need all extremities to achieve solid hand/foothold. You dont need to do technical climbing for the harder (non-alternate) route but you should be very experienced or at least go with someone who is so you can be leveraged ever upward. Light gloves are good idea. Plenty of water (amazing number of folks going up with no fluid replacement). The cardiovascular challenge will have you sweating at 40 degrees F within 15 minutes so bring lots of easily sheddable layers if you want to be dry on the level and descending part of the hike. And the initial descent on the uneven Red bypass trail in late fall covered by leaves can be particularly challenging. A good collapsible pole would be valuable here. And above all take your time. Start early enoughyou want to budget comfortably 3hrs for traditional loop white-red-yellow-9D loop unless you want to be the object of ridicule (or worse) by the Cold Spring Fire and Ambulance crew.\n0\nReply\ncold spring resident October 26, 2014 at 9:24 pm\nCity hikers please use common sense when taking a trip up here from Brooklyn to hike. This is an incredibly dangerous and difficult hike. Please bring proper boots, proper gear and a map/compass. We love the visitors, but tire of our FD and amulence corps volunteers having to go out on calls to find lost hikers every weekend.\n0\nReply\nJustin October 24, 2014 at 10:40 am\nHey Mike,\nSo, I got in touch with Chase at Xcelerated Adventures for my tour. There was a group of 12 of us and he was an AWESOME guide for this hike. For people who are not seasoned hikers but want to do something challenging like this, I think its super beneficial to do it with a guide. Chase was amazing! Id highly recommend his company for these tours.\n0\nReply\nJustin October 16, 2014 at 10:21 am\nAmazing!! Thanks so much!!\n0\nReply\nJustin October 15, 2014 at 10:37 am\nI want to do the hike with a few friends this weekend. Does anyone know of an individual or company that offers guided tours for Breakneck Ridge?\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorOctober 15, 2014 at 11:01 pm\nHey Justin I dont know anyone who has used these guys, but they reached out to me earlier this fall, and the site and write-up look pretty solid: https://yourguidetoadventure.com/adventure_travel/breakneck_hike_nyc\nThe bottom of the page says that their guided tours of Breakneck are closed until April seems like unfortunate timing. Might be worth reaching out to them, anyway. Hope that helps!\n0\nReply\nJeff August 26, 2014 at 9:34 am\nMike, thanks so much for putting this website together. It has been extremely informative when planning hikes in and around the Hudson Valley.\nI am looking at hiking Breakneck Ridge this weekend and well be taking the train from Grand Central. I was thinking about starting at the Breakneck Ridge train station and ending in Cold Spring to take the train back from there. In looking at the map, we were thinking of taking the Notch trail after the ruins and then taking the Washburn trail down to Little Stony Point to get some well deserved food in Cold Spring. Since we wont have a car, we dont need to do the loop, so thought about mixing it up. Have you done this version? If so, any idea of the distance and time on this trail? Much appreciated, Mike.\nJeff\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorAugust 28, 2014 at 9:11 am\nHi Jeff! Ive never done that route before, but on the map, it looks doable, assuming you are in really good shape and up for climbing both Breakneck Ridge and Bull Hill. From the ruins to the Bull Hill parking lot (taking Notch Trail to Washburn Trail), its about 3 miles, going straight up and back down the mountain. A tamer option would be to take the Red Trail (Brook Trail) from the ruins, then down the Blue Trail (Cornish Trail) back to the parking lot, which completely avoids climbing Bull Hill. The good news is that youve got options you can see how youre feeling at the ruins and decide whether to tackle Bull Hill or not. Sounds like a great day either way hope you enjoy it! (Update: My original comment misstated the elevation change and total distance the Notch Trail doesnt go over the summit of Bull Hill, but it comes pretty close. The total distance from the ruins to the parking lot would be just over three miles (not four, as Id originally said) going Brook (Red) Trail -> Notch (Yellow) -> Washburn (White). Sorry about that!)\n0\nReply\nGabe August 17, 2014 at 4:45 pm\nWoot, finally made it out to the hike and it was great. A little nerve racking as we never rock scrambled before and we got a little frazzled at the end trying to follow the yellow train connected to Fire Tower lane (beware, a few trail markers are on downed trees and some sections near the small stream can get you lost). Will be making this trip again.\nOn a side note, on the listing of trails, would it be possible to add a list of hikes that can be reached without a car? Will be looking forward to go on more runs. Thank you.\nGabe\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorAugust 20, 2014 at 9:17 pm\nGlad you had a great day out there, Gabe! Im not an expert about getting around without wheels around here, but that sounds like a great topic idea for the forum. Okay, I just posted a topic there to get it started hope other people will chip in some winners! http://hikethehudsonvalley.com/forum/hiking-without-wheels/\n0\nReply\nGabe August 21, 2014 at 7:02 am\nMike,\nThank you for creating the topic, will keep an eye on it!\nGabe\n0\nReply\nMary DeWitt August 17, 2014 at 11:38 am\nMy husband and I hiked this for the first time yesterday. It is challenging but worth it! The views are fantastic!\n0\nReply\nKorin G. August 11, 2014 at 7:52 pm\nReally hoping its nice tomorrow and I will be going on this trek! So excited, thank you for all the good reference points!!!\n0\nReply\nKrista July 19, 2014 at 7:51 pm\nTried this for the first time today. This was probably the hardest trail Ive done to date, but you really feel on top of the world once you finallyfinally!!!reach the top. Thank you for noting the nice loop trail. I was very happy to learn I would NOT have to navigate my way back down some of those really sheer rock faces. I would definitely do this again!\n0\nReply\npwchao July 6, 2014 at 6:42 pm\nWe finished this loop today (7/6/2014) and enjoyed it very much. The views and rocks are spectacular. We are 70+ years old and used alternative routes to reach the top. We will go back to hike this loop again soon.\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorJuly 15, 2014 at 8:19 pm\nThats fantastic! Hope Im still motoring up Breakneck when Im 70+, too. Glad to hear you all enjoyed it.\n0\nReply\nMara August 29, 2015 at 3:21 pm\nI was trying to give you a thumbs up! Not sure what happened. Kudos to you!!!!!!!\n0\nReply\naaron June 6, 2014 at 2:16 pm\nIs the rock climbing described straight up a rock face or over boulders/onto ledges?\n0\nReply\nleah April 18, 2014 at 11:54 am\nGood news!!! I took him there yesterday and he LOVED it (as did I). I even got him to say he would rather be there than six flags your guide was awesome And yes he managed the whole loop!!!! Was an awesome family hike thanks for this awesome website\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorApril 18, 2014 at 12:12 pm\nYou just made my day thank YOU, Leah! Thats awesome to hear!\n0\nReply\nleah April 17, 2014 at 4:38 am\nI spent a year in Israel doing some crazy hikes, but always with a guide. I was thinking that it was time to discover my home country and your site seens like an awesome place to start! Breakneck sound amazing from all Ive read online. Im just a little apprehensive of the initial hour of rock scrambling that everyone discusses bec I plan On bringing my thirteen year old baby brother. (he is not a bad hiker Hes done mohonk mountain and loved it) any advice?\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorApril 17, 2014 at 9:08 am\nHi, Leah! If hes done Mohonk, I bet hell be just fine at Breakneck. I saw some very young kids (6 or 7 years old) on my last trek there, and they seemed to be eating it up. I doubt they did the whole loop, but even the trip to the flagpole and back is rewarding. Hope you have a great trip and enjoy exploring the area!\n0\nReply\nDaisy February 16, 2014 at 12:33 pm\nAre guides readily available at this site?\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorFebruary 17, 2014 at 9:51 pm\nHi Daisy! We dont run any guided hikes here at the moment, but youll find a great group of local hikers here: http://www.meetup.com/hvhikers/. They always have a ton of great expeditions in the queue. Hope that helps!\n0\nReply\ntarajean November 5, 2013 at 8:39 pm\nIm a bit scared of heights, but fit and cautious. Bull Hill wasnt a problem for me, but walking a treeless outcropping while viewing the river below is going to be problematic! Thoughts?\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorNovember 7, 2013 at 12:32 am\nHeights are kind of part of the package with Breakneck, but the trail doesnt force you to walk out to any cliff edges if youd prefer not to. Hope you enjoy it if you decide to check it out!\n0\nReply\nKiran Mahale October 27, 2013 at 7:36 pm\nOne of my friends suggested the hiking place and I came across ur site/blog. After reading your site I was planning to do alone but both of my kids were crying while I was leaving. So I took both of them for hiking. While driving to the tunnel destination my thinking was if it is difficult as mentioned in couple of sites I would just visit near by view point. But Once I reached the place both girls were ready to roll. Yesterday I did hiking with my 2 girls(7 year, 5 year) and we did 3.5 mile loop(W+R+Y) in 3.5 hours. We started at 2:30 and my the time we reached 1200 ft it was 4:30 but girls were still energetic. The view is so beautiful up there. I could not believe my 5 year old kid did this. Couple of dogs were climbing with their owners and my 5 year old just followed the dogs up hill. Your site helped me to understand where to see red and yellow trails and other alt routes.\n0\nReply\nElizabeth October 18, 2013 at 12:17 pm\nHello! I did the Labyrinth at Mohonk two years ago and loved it. Theres something so much more fun about rock scrambles vs. hiking. But I missed the Lemon Squeeze due to time constraints and pure inability to follow the right path. Im looking at doing Breakneck, Mohonk, or something else in the area, and my main goal is fun rock scrambling without dying. The two mile walk just to GET to the rock scramble at Mohonk has me a little wary of Mohonk how would you compare the two if my main goal is to climb on some rocks?\n0\nReply\nTracy September 29, 2013 at 7:51 am\nIve done this hike many times.. The views are breath taking. Ive always taken the yellow down. If you take the yellow down and cross the bridge over a small creek and make a left, not far up is an old dairy barn. After exploring it for a few minutes I turn around and follow the road down you come across a cistern. The last two times Ive passed it, it was filled with huge frogs. Continue walking and you will come to the old Cornish Estate. We were lucky enough to come across some locals who knew the history of the place and had some photos of what the house looked like before the fire. Its a cool place to explore. To get back out to 9D you follow the red trail.\n0\nReply\nBo Bell August 1, 2013 at 3:50 pm\nGreat writeup, thanks!\nJust a note for dog owners: I live in Cold Spring and do this trail with my dog often, but shes a Border Collie and kinda crazy athletic. She has no problem with this trail, but other dogs may. If your dog is lightweight, agile, and all over everything in the outdoors, it will probably be ok; if you have doubts, best to leave them behind.\n0\nReply\nSusan Haller July 13, 2013 at 8:28 pm\nThe information that you provided was perfect. I cant tell you how much my husband and I enjoyed the scramble up the first mile (with your encouragement that the rest would be easier). The Hudson River Valley is such a lovely place. Thank you.\n0\nReply\nSue Edelstein July 5, 2013 at 12:04 pm\nGreat hike we did it yesterday July 4th. Great physical workout and challenge straight up. Loved it. Not so crowded as not that many people are making that trek straight up. It was a great round trip, white to red to yellow and down.\nBUT I would NOT recommend that people bring a dog if doing the white trail up. Depending on the time of year, I would truly advise not to bring the poor dogs. Its scary for most of them but more importantly dangerous. The rocks were so HOT yesterday that they were burning my hands when climbing and grabbing a hand hold. I saw two dogs really suffering and having a hard time with their pads on those blazing hot rocks. So please use your brains and dont bring the dogs. One little dog was so terrified and looked like he was going to have a heart attack and his people were too stupid to realize that. Finally enough people were yelling at them to please take the dog back down and stop torturing the poor dog. Another dog yelled out when he hit one of the rocks that was so hot and then stumbled backwards.\n0\nReply\njustin June 22, 2013 at 12:21 pm\nCould you tell me a way to get from breakneck to indian brook?\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorJune 22, 2013 at 11:09 pm\nHey Justin, Im afraid I dont know of an easy way to do it. The trailheads are about three miles apart. If youre up for that stroll, I suppose its possible, but thats a pretty long road trek. If anyone knows of a good cab service in Cold Spring, please illuminate us!\n0\nReply\nPeter June 7, 2013 at 7:32 pm\nFollow up to previous comment. I trekked this climb this past week on an impulse. I was in the area and decided to check out this view that I have driven past my entire life and never stopped to check it out.\nIt is a pretty rigorous climb. There seems to be a direct almost straight-up route where you are virtually bouldering to get up. I had two camera bags and a solid tripod I was lugging up with me. I stopped to shoot every so often where there was an opening- caught some photos of cidadas in the trees along the way. Several great vantage points to shoot Bannermans Castle. On the way down there seemed to be a somewhat less challenging path along the north side of the direct route I took on the way up. Lugging my equipment back up again soon, I will stay to the left (north) side of what most people seemed to be taking. Excellent photo vantages at several points on the way up. I think photo ops may be very good at sunrise, but how to get up there that early is a question maybe the back route which is covered in the latter half of the hike description above do it in reverse in the dark???\nOtherwise, awesome hike so close to population right off Rte 9D. Will be doing this again in the near future.\n0\nReply\npeter June 3, 2013 at 8:58 pm\nI came across an elevated catch basin in CT while hiking in Weatogue at the same time of year you encountered these peepers. It wasnt even big enough to call a pond. Actually, they are sizable frogs coming out of the mud and having an all-round party for getting out of their murky lairs. And, finding their mates. It was awesome loud and it looked like they were all hanging out in a hot-tub, except the water temp was probably not even 50F.\nCheers,\nPeter\n0\nReply\nPingback: Losing Ourselves at Breakneck Ridge | A Fast Paced Life\nInessa April 25, 2013 at 11:14 am\nThis looks amazing! What special skills/equipment/preparation is needed to attempt this hike? Can a couple who hasnt really hiked (but occasionally trailruns) complete this? We are runners and are in reasonably good shape (running 5K at least 5 times a week). Can we do this with no special prep?\n0\nReply\nRicheRich April 26, 2013 at 1:31 am\nJust good boots, you take the white trail up, easier staying to the left, nice hike on white and you can always go to the right for a more difficult climb, venture off trail for some abandoned building,s nice Hike , we go on weekdays because it can get busy on weekends, going next monday\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorApril 26, 2013 at 10:02 am\nSounds like youre in much better shape than me! You should be good to go. As RicheRich said, just good footwear, some water, snacks and a healthy sense of caution should be all you need. If you check it out, have fun! And if you go on one of these beautiful weekend days, enjoy all the company!\n0\nReply\nJenna April 24, 2013 at 3:08 pm\nIve done this hike on numerous occasions & absolutely love it! I came across your website today when searching for other hikes in the area. Thanks for much for putting this all together, its awesome!\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorApril 26, 2013 at 10:03 am\nThanks so much!\n0\nReply\njoe March 30, 2013 at 7:03 pm\nmore than your average hike! Piles of slippery leaves, dry grass, etc. careful esp. coming down. Great vistas, bring a snack and water and chill. 9D north of tunnel near start, witnessed a dog severely stuck by a vehicle, just missed a kid. 10 min. later another crash which my daughter saw, I heard. Very dangerous combination of cars parked along the road, traffic going too fast, people crossing the street. Heads up!\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorMarch 31, 2013 at 10:10 pm\nYikes! I hope the dog and everyone else will be okay. Thanks for the reminder to be careful here!\n0\nReply\nRicheRich January 23, 2013 at 11:26 pm\nI first did this hike 15 years ago with my new Bride and puppy, more recently (past 4 years Ive done this hike in the spring and fall, with at the time 5 year old and his 9 year old brother, last time my 11 year old daughter joined us, looking forward to going again march/April 2013, I really enjoyed your video and pictures\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorJanuary 27, 2013 at 11:10 pm\nThats great that your kids were up to the challenge! I hope mine will be when theyre a little older, too (theyre 10 months and 3 years right now, so theyve got a little time yet). Hope you have some great hikes this year, and thanks for the nice words!\n0\nReply\nChristopher Buck October 15, 2012 at 11:46 am\nHi there,\nGreat article. This may be a rhetorical question, but if Im concerned about my dog, can I just take the yellow Wilkinson trail, to the red trail to the top?\nThanks,\nChris\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorOctober 15, 2012 at 1:01 pm\nChris,\nThanks! And yes, you can do that, then you could just take the White (Breakneck) Trail downhill until it gets too dicey for your pooch. Youd still get some nice views from the top of the White Trail that way, but if you had to turn around and come back the way you came, youd be missing out on the awesome views and clifftop perches that are farther down the White Trail (near the flagpole and immediately above it). To me, helping a dog up a steep patch is easier than helping her down, so I prefer to come up the White Trail.\nThats all a long way of saying yes, your alternate plan would be perfectly pooch-safe, but you might miss out on a view or two.\nHope you and your dog enjoy the hike should be a beautiful time of year to visit!\nMike\n0\nReply\nChristopher Buck October 15, 2012 at 10:43 pm\nThanks Mike,\nHow about taking the alternate x trails on the White on the way up. Does that make it anymore dog friendly?\n-Chris\n0\nReply\nMike Post authorOctober 16, 2012 at 12:03 am\nChris, a bit more it did save me one dog carry to try the other way at one of the Xs but theres no way around hoisting the dog over certain sections. My dog is forty pounds and it wasnt a huge issue but I can imagine that it could be for some dogs, especially if their owners cant help give them a boost. My friends black lab made it just fine, but that dog also needed to be hoisted in a couple of spots. I would think most healthy dogs should probably not have too much of an issue, but itll definitely be a team effort in places.\n0\nReply\nLeave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment * Name *\nEmail *\nWebsite\nSave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.\nCurrent ye@r *\nLeave this field empty\n Optionally add an image (JPEG only)\nSimilar Hikes\nBrace Mountain II (South Taconic trailhead)\nBonticou Crag and Table Rocks\nCant get enough hiking goodness? 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Thank you!\nHike the Hudson Valley\nMenu\nThe Hikes\nSearch Hikes\nHiking Tips\nFAQ\nBlog\nShop\nSearch forSearchFacebook\nInstagram\nBreakneck Ridge: Short Loop Last updated: 7/11/23\nSkip to:\nBackground\nTrail Guide\nDirections\nResources\nComments (0)\nScenery\nDifficulty 9 out of 10 (short, ridiculously steep climb)\nHighlights gentle-ish descent, insane views, rock scrambling\nDistance 1.5 miles, Loop\nApproximate roundtrip time 1.5 hours\nTotal ascent 646ft\nMax elevation 584ft above sea level\nThis hike is for you if You want to take in some of the best views in the Hudson Valley, and youre not afraid of doing some serious rock scrambling to see them. (Also, you want to bail out less than halfway up the mountain.)\nBackground\nIf you find this free trail guide useful, please provide payment by picking up at least one piece of litter on your hike. Cha-ching! Thanks for being awesome! (And heres a quick primer on Leave No Trace, too, to help us keep the trails nice and fresh for each other.)\n**FIVE-ALARM, ATOMIC-WEDGIE UPDATE posted March 2023** The Breakneck Ridge trailhead detailed in this trail guide is closed from March 1, 2023 through July 1, 2023 for trail construction and rerouting. You CAN still get to the views via the new Nimham Trail, though the bulk of the scramble is not accessible during this time. Alternate routes and further details be found in this trail alert from the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference: Breakneck Trailhead Closed: March 1 July 1, 2023.\n**UPDATE posted July 2023** The construction at Breakneck Ridge is complete and the trail is now open again! (Special thanks to Max for the helpful comment in my other Breakneck trail guide!)\nBackground you can feel free to skip: The view from the flagpole partway up Breakneck Ridge is one of the most famous vistas in the Hudson Valley, and for good reason.\nIts a fantastic, panoramic view that immediately rewards you for scaling the vertical insanity of the Breakneck Ridge Trail, which is basically a rocky elevator shaft, requiring equal parts feet and hands to ascend.\nUntil 2021, the Breakneck Ridge Trail, in all its rock-scrambly glory, was the only way to reach this awesome spot.\nThanks to an amazing collaboration involving many awesome local groups and volunteers (called out by name in this great article from NYS Parks), and the trail-building expertise (and backbreaking manual labor) provided by Tahawus Trails LLC and the Jolly Rovers Trail Crew, hikers now have a fantastic, not-quite-so-vertical alternative to reach this panoramic view: the Nimham Trail.\nWith the addition of the Nimham Trail (opened to the public in 2021) to Breakneck Ridge, you can now get to the flagpole by simply climbing a million stone steps.\nOkay, its actually more like 500 stone steps, but the distinction between a million and 500 probably starts to blur after the first 300 or so.\nI say probably because my twelve-year-old son and I never climbed the stairs. (Though we did descend them!)\nWe chose to do this hike as a loop, climbing up the rocky elevator shaft of the Breakneck Ridge Trail, and then descending via the new (and awesome!) Nimham Trail. This version of the hike is officially known as the Short Loop, and is shown as one of the options on the signage at the trailhead.\nThe official estimate for this hike is one hour, as posted on the sign. While it is POSSIBLE to do this hike in one hour, youd have to be seriously hustling. It took us an hour and fifteen minutes, and we were hurrying. Ninety minutes feels like a more comfortable estimate to me, to allow plenty of time for soaking in the views and/or gasping for breath. Youll be doing lots of both.\nIf you prefer to skip the insanely steep rock scramble, you can choose to do this hike as an up-and-back affair, using the relatively tame Nimham Trail both ways. That seems a little like going to Six Flags and just riding the carousel all day, but hey, roller coasters arent for everyone! (Also, Breakneck Ridge would be a pretty good name for a roller coaster, wouldnt it?)\nBut dont expect the Nimham Trail to be an easy ride, either while those million steps offer a much gentler alternative to the rock scramble on the Breakneck Ridge Trail, theres just no avoiding the ascent of approx. 650 vertical feet to get to the flagpole. Gotta gain that altitude somehow!\nPrior to the creation of the Nimham Trail, the standard loop hike at Breakneck Ridge (shown as the 3-hour Long Loop on the trailhead sign) traversed 3.7 miles and took about 3-4 hours. Good news: it still does all those things! If youd prefer to make your day at Breakneck longer, and want to take in some of the views from further up the ridge (the views do get bigger up there, by virtue of the 800 additional vertical feet), that hike is also a wonderful option.\nMy trail guide for that longer hike, originally titled Breakneck Ridge, is now renamed Breakneck Ridge: Long Loop to match the official signs.\nIts good to have options in life! And the Nimham Trail gives you a couple of great ones that werent available here prior to 2021.\nWhichever option you decide to take, if youre up for a strenuous climb to some gorgeous views, youll be hard-pressed to find a better choice than Breakneck Ridge.\nOther points worth mentioning:\n The rock scramble from the trailhead to the flagpole on the Breakneck Ridge Trail is now one-way (up!) only. To descend, you must take either the Nimham Trail or do the Long Loop.\n The spellings Ninham and Nimham are often used interchangeably. (I also encountered this issue when writing the trail guide for Ninham Mountain, 40 minutes east of Breakneck in Kent, NY.)\nThe NYS Parks press release for the opening of the trail calls it the Ninham Trail. This lengthier article from NYS Parks also says Ninham Trail, and offers this context on its namesake:\nDaniel Ninham, who was the last chief of the Wappinger tribe that once lived in the rocky Hudson Highlands of Westchester, Dutchess, and Putnam counties. (His last name has also been spelled Nimham, based on the historical record, but the preferred spelling is Ninham.)\nWhile I would rather use the preferred spelling of Ninham, I have used Nimham in this trail guide to match the trail signage, which uniformly uses Nimham. (Youre more likely to be looking at the trail signs than online articles while youre hiking, so that felt like the right tiebreaker to use.)\n Was it just me, or is everyone super friendly on this trail? On the day we visited, people were saying hello, taking pictures for each other, running around trying to locate the owner of a dropped AirPod, and just generally being awesome. Hikers are always awesome, of course, but this felt like more than usual. Maybe its like hell week, or boot camp, where people going through a harrowing ordeal together become closer?\n By some accounts, Breakneck Ridge is THE most popular hiking destination in North America, with over 100,000 visitors annually. Many of those visits are packed into the same weekend-afternoon timeframe. I highly recommend that you visit on a weekday or other off-peak time its much more pleasant to move at your own pace up the rock scramble, without tailgating slower hikers or being tailgated by quicker ones (not to mention ease of parking). Of course, everyone is so nice here, maybe you want their company! Otherwise, try to visit at a time other than a nice weekend day.\n Pro tip (from an amateur): If smaller hikers in your group are having a hard time ascending some of the steep spots that require a longer reach, you can use your foot as a backcountry step stool. We found this technique useful in a couple of spots.\n Heres a snippet from my original Breakneck Ridge trail guide thats worth pasting here: A friendly first responder reached out to me with this message: Our local volunteer first responders do a lot of rescues at Breakneck. Amazing how ill-prepared some folks are when they attempt any outdoor adventure. She recommends that everyone review this list before attempting this hike. Good advice! Lets make sure your day at Breakneck is memorable for the right reasons.\nTrail Guide\nBonus unsolicited advice: Don't depend on having cell service in the woods - it can be spotty out there! Download this trail guide to your phone before you head out. (It's easy to do on iPhone and Android.) May your connection to nature be strong, even when your connection to the internet is weak.\n1. From the parallel parking along Route 9D between the tunnel and the yellow-blazed Wilkinson Memorial trailhead to the north of the tunnel (see Directions to the trailhead below), carefully walk along 9D south, toward the tunnel (and Cold Spring beyond).\nTraffic moves swiftly through this area do your best to stay off the road where possible. The wide shoulder usually offers enough room to allow hikers to pass on the safe side of parked cars.\nAs you get closer to the tunnel, you can put a guard rail between you and traffic. Thanks, guard rail!\nAnd thank you, sign that encourages drivers not to run over us!\nIn just another minute, youll arrive at your destination: the porto-pottie-festooned trailhead for Breakneck Ridge. Whether nature is calling you up the mountain, or just calling, this is the place to answer the call.\n2. Take a moment to check out the copious, helpful signage.\nYou know, all you really need to complete a Breakneck hike is the information on this sign. Take a picture (as the sign suggests), and youre all set! But since were both here, Ill keep writing this trail guide anyway. Seems rude not to.\nShort Loop, here we come!\n3. Just to the right of those signs, youll see the trailhead. Lets do this thing!\nOh, look, this is timber rattlesnake habitat! How interesting! Also, how come nobody mentioned this earlier? We could have gone bowling instead.\n(Incidentally, the risk of getting bitten by a rattlesnake is so small as to be functionally non-existent. I documented everything I could find about venomous snakes in the Hudson Valley in this blog post Snakes on a trail in case you like to obsess on this topic like I do. We didnt see any timber rattlesnakes on our most recent Breakneck hike, but we did see a cute little cricket-muncher of a black snake.)\n4. Onward and upward! The trail markings here are copious, but you do need to keep a sharp eye out for them. This area has taken a beating from overuse, with many tromp-trails that could lead you astray if you werent paying attention. Its better for you (and for the sustainability of this area) if you stay on the designated trail the whole way up make sure youre constantly playing a game of Find the Next Blaze! and youll be all set.\n5. Less than five minutes from the start, youll arrive at some warning signs that will ask you if youre sure you really want to do this.\nWARNING: This is not just a walk in the park! Breakneck Ridge is a steep rock scramble that is for experienced hikers in excellent physical condition only.\nEXCELLENT physical condition? I mean, if I had to fill out a questionnaire that asked me to rate my physical condition, I might fill in the bubble a notch or two below excellent. Very good? Fair? Custard-filled?\nIn any event, if you choose to walk past this sign, feel free to tell everyone that you are in EXCELLENT physical condition (assuming you make it out of here in one piece).\n6. Just beyond those signs, keep following those white arrows. When the arrows point directly up, they are not lying. Just about 500 vertical feet from here to the flagpole you could do that walking on your hands, right? Actually, thats kind of what youre about to do.\nFrom the Excellent Physical Condition sign to the flagpole took us 28 minutes, stopping often for water breaks, during which I repeatedly questioned why I lied about my physical condition by continuing up this trail.\nOne benefit of this near-vertical trail: in less than ten minutes, you already have views! Dont forget to look at them! (Theyre behind you.)\nKeep climbing!\nAnd looking at the views!\nAnd climbing some more!\n7. About 26 minutes past the EXCELLENT PHYSICAL CONDITION sign (at which you clearly did not lie, because you have made it this far), youll emerge onto a rocky clearing with excellent views of Storm King Mountain and the Hudson River.\nFrom here, just one more steep climb up to the flagpole. There it is! You got this.\n8. Finally, after the longest .4 miles of your life, youll emerge onto the bluff with the flagpole and that famous view.\nFind a spot to take a seat (youll likely have some company up here) and take it all in.\nWhat an awesome place.\nIf your hiking partner is not too embarrassed to be photographed with you, grab a group photo quick, before they become a teenager! (One benefit of not having solitude up there is that youll likely find plenty of friendly folks willing to take a picture for you. Strangers: The original selfie sticks.)\nIm not sweating. Youre sweating.\n9. When youre done marinating your eyeballs in the view, time to keep climbing! Wait, were still going up? Yes, indeed, but just for a moment. Some not-so-subtle signage reminds you that climbing down the rock scramble is not an option.\nUp we go! Again!\nKeep following those white blazes uphill from the flagpole. In just one minute (though it might feel like longer), youll arrive at the well-marked junction with the green-blazed Nimham Trail.\nEZ WAY DOWN? Yes, please! Turn left here to follow the green blazes of the Nimham Trail back down the mountain.\n10. It took us about 15 minutes to descend the Nimham Trail, stopping along the way to admire the awesome trailwork.\nAs you stroll down these steps, here are some stats to consider from the NYS Parks article on this trail:\nWith each stone step weighing an average of about 500 pounds, thats more than a quarter-million pounds of stone, cut in place from boulders near the trail, and moved through muscle power aided by block and tackle, come-alongs and highlines, and set into place, with much of the work done by hand. The steps are a legacy as durable as the mountain itself.\nWow. Such amazing work. How many millions of calories were spent building these steps?\nLess than ten minutes down the Nimham Trail, youll notice a little spur to your left.\nHop up those stone steps to gain one last gorgeous view for the day. Prior to 2021, this viewpoint wasnt part of the trail system here. Thanks, Nimham Trail!\nSay goodbye to the view, then continue your descent. From that view, its about another ten minutes to the end of the Nimham Trail, traversing more impressive stonework and a picturesque little bridge.\n11. One minute after the wooden bridge, youll arrive at a trail junction where the Nimham Trail dead-ends into the yellow-blazed Wilkinson Memorial Trail (heretofore referred to as the Yellow Trail).\nTurn left here to follow the Yellow Trail back to Route 9D, which youll reach in five minutes or less.\n12. Enjoy the relative flatness of the Yellow Trail as it brings you back to civilization.\nTake a moment to ogle your last stone steps of the day (unless you decide to do the loop again).\nIn just a minute, bam! Youre back on Route 9D, at the start (or end, depending on your perspective) of the yellow-blazed Wilkinson Memorial Trail, with the tunnel and Breakneck Ridge trailhead .4 miles to your left (barely visible from here).\nHey, look, theres a convenient trash can here, where you can deposit all the litter you picked up during your hike! This hike has all the amenities.\nRemember where you parked? Good! Carefully make your way back to your vehicle along the heavily trafficked Route 9D, being careful not to make a speed bump out of yourself.\nAnd thats it! Hope you enjoyed your hike today. If youre wishing the hike was a little longer, feel free to go around again! If youre a sane person, though, the next order of business is to find some post-hike pizza. Lets get to it!\nDirections\nDirections to the trailhead: From the center of the village of Cold Spring, head north on Route 9D for about 2 miles. Once you go through the tunnel (the trail itself goes up and over the tunnel), look for parallel parking along the street.\nThis loop hike encompasses the .4 miles of Route 9D between the tunnel and the yellow-blazed Wilkinson Memorial trailhead to the north, which is marked with plenty of signage and blazes.\nWhile its tempting to park close to the tunnel, I prefer to park closer to the Wilkinson Memorial trailhead, so that theres less road walking to do at the end of the hike. Better to go ahead knock it out in the beginning! But either way works.\nHeres the view looking south, back toward the tunnel and Breakneck trailhead, with cars lining both sides of the street on a pleasant (but hot!) July Friday afternoon:\nLots of cars, but still plenty of spots! You wont find this many open spots on a nice weekend day. Much better to visit at an off-peak time if you can.\nWherever you can find a legal spot, put on that turn signal, show off those parallel parking skills by doing it on the first try, carefully hop out, and let the adventure begin! Lets go break some necks!\nGPS coordinates of parking area: 41.44327, -73.97801 (Clicking will open in Google Maps or the Apple Maps app, depending on your browser/device.)\nResources & Interactives\nSuper-cool Google Earth flyover of hike route:\nGoogle Terrain Map of hike route:\nRelated resources: If youre looking for actual facts and/or useful information, visit these resources:\nThe NYS Parks press release on the opening of the Nimham Trail\nThis extremely informative article from the NYS Parks blog: Ninhams Journey: Hard Tale and a Mountain Trail in the Hudson Valley\nGood info from the NY-NJ Trail Conference: Protecting North Americas Most Popular Hiking Destination\nMy trail guide for the 3.7-mile Breakneck Ridge: Long Loop\nWant to support trails in the Hudson Valley? Heres one great way: Visit the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference homepage and click on Volunteer, Donate, or Shop! (Then you can volunteer, donate, or shop, depending on your mood.)\nLeave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment * Name *\nEmail *\nWebsite\nSave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.\nCurrent ye@r *\nLeave this field empty\n Optionally add an image (JPEG only)\nSimilar Hikes\nBonticou Crag and Table Rocks\nPopolopen Torne\nCant get enough hiking goodness? Sign up for our email list!\nWe promise: well only send an email if theres a new hiking guide or a big announcement.\nScroll to Top\nConnect with Us:Facebook\nInstagram\nPrivacy\nSite by\nfor Hike the Hudson Valley", "url": "https://hikethehudsonvalley.com/hikes/breakneck-ridge-short-loop/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "A Steep Climb Worth the Views: Breakneck Ridge Hike\nTop Skip to main content Skip to primary sidebar Skip to footerMenuHome\nBlog\nVan Life\nSubmenu\nVan Resources\nVan Build\nVan Chronicles\nFree Campsites\nDestinations\nSubmenu\nUSA\nSubmenu\nUSA Cities\nDC\nAlaska\nEast Coast Travel\nNational Parks\nNational Parks\nCanada\nAsia\nSubmenu\nVietnam\nLaos\nThailand\nAustralia\nNew Zealand\nAfrica\nSouth America\nSubmenu\nEcuador\nPeru\nArgentina\nEurope\nSubmenu\nIceland\nTurkey\nPlan\nSubmenu\nGoogle Map of the US\nLet me plan your trip!\nAbout\nSubmenu\nAbout Me\nAll About MS\nContact\nSearch this websiteLita of the PackUS National Parks, Van Life & Travel Tips!in East Coast Travel, Hiking January 19, 2023A Steep Climb Worth the Views: Breakneck Ridge Hike\nHead out on the perfect day hike in the Hudson Valley! Find out why the Breakneck Ridge hike is one of the most popular trails in the area. Along the way walk over large boulders, scale the rocky wall, and view stunning panoramic landscapes. Just a short distance from New York City this is a great way to get out and explore.\nI have been hiking all over the country this past year and this hike was one of the most thrilling weve done. Although its short, it packs a punch as you huff and puff your way to the top of the summit. People who are afraid of heights might want to skip out on this trail or just complete the short loop. Read the complete trail guide below!\nYou Might Also Like These Posts:\nGertrudes Nose: Hudson Valleys Best Hike\nBucket List Worthy Hike: Indian Head Trail\nThis post contains affiliate links, which means well receive a commission if you purchase through our links at no extra cost to you.\nTable of Contents\nToggleBreakneck Ridge Hike DetailsQuick Hike DetailsWhere is Breakneck Ridge?How to Get to Breakneck Ridge?By Car By TrainThings to Know Before You GoHow to Hike up to Breakneck Ridge?Trail Description What to Pack for this Hike?Final Thoughts\nBreakneck Ridge Hike Details\nQuick Hike Details\nView of the Hudson River from Breakneck Ridge Trail\nLength: 1-4.5 miles\nDifficulty Level: Moderate-Difficult\nElevation: 1,443 Feet\nType: Loop\nWhere is Breakneck Ridge?\nBreakneck Ridge is located in the Hudson Highlands State Park in the Hudson Valley, New York. It is right outside of the town of Beacon, on the Eastern side of the Hudson River.\nThe trailhead leaves from the side of Stern Road or NY-9D. There is no official parking , but you can park along the road side. On a crowded day, parking can be difficult, so get there early. Once you park on the road you can walk towards the trailhead sign.\nAre you looking for other amazing places in the US?\nGet my Google map of the US that has over 1000 locations including hiking trails, free campsites, and unique destinations!\nI have been to all 50 states and Im constantly adding new locations to the map!\nHow to Get to Breakneck Ridge?\nBy Car\nif youre getting to Breakneck Ridge by car , then you will need to take the highway through the Hudson Valley. Youll take highway New York State i-287 until you get to exit 13 for Palisades Parkway toward Bear Mountain.\nContinue on the Parkway for 8.7 miles until you get to the exit for US 202. Then, you continue on that for a little less than a mile, before turning onto NY-9D. Breakneck Ridge will be 11 miles ahead on your left.\nBy Train\nMany New Yorkers love to visit the Hudson Valley area and Breakneck Ridge because it is fairly accessible. On weekends, the train stops right at Breakneck, but during the week youll have to get off at Cold Spring. This town is about 2 miles from the Breakneck trailhead, but you can hike from there. The train takes about an hour and a half to get there, so go early to make sure you get the most out of your day.\nOnce you get off at the Breakneck stop, you will need to walk for about half a mile to reach the trailhead. Along the way, you will see the trail for Sugarloaf Mountain , but you will continue on to get to the beginning of the Breakneck Ridge hike.\nThings to Know Before You Go\n There is no entry fee to enter Hudson Highlands State Park. Parking is free, but there are limited spaces along the road, so the earlier you go the better off you will be.\n Weather changes quickly when you get into the mountains. Make sure to be prepared for inclement weather as you hike on these trails.\n Technically, Hudson Highlands has opening hours, but the trail is accessible at all times of day.\nMost people that visit the area stay in the Beacon or Cold Spring areas. You can find great inns and hotels there.\n Pets are allowed on the trail, but you are only permitted to bring a maximum of two dogs. They must be kept on a leash that is 6 feet or less. Make sure to clean up after your animals when you hike!\n Remember to follow the Leave No Trace Principles. As always, you want to leave nature looking better than you found it.\nHow to Hike up to Breakneck Ridge?\nCasual phone call on the trail\nOne of the best parts of the Breakneck Ridge hike is the clear signs and labels at the beginning of the hike. There are four clear options that you can take, which they have on a sign. You can choose to do a short, moderate, or hard loop or you can trek to Cold Spring. Each of these options are different mileages with varying difficulty as you can see in the picture.\nBreakneck Ridge Trail Sign\nThe Short Loop is 1 mile and takes 1 hour\nThe Moderate Loop is 2.1 miles and takes 2 hours\nThe Long Loop is 2.8 miles and takes 3 hours\nThe route to Cold Spring is 4.5 miles and takes 4 hours.\nWhen you see the sign at the beginning of the trail, make sure to take a picture of it, so you do not get lost. There are clear directions for each route option on the sign. You will need to stay focused as you walk, so that you do not make a wrong turn. It is pretty easy to follow as long as you remain on the trails and follow the markers.\nTrail Description\nNo matter which loop you decide to take one thing is true: this is a very steep trail. Part of what makes this hike so exciting is the climbing that you will have to do. Much of this trail is over rocks and boulders to reach the summit. All of the hard work is at the very beginning of the trail, so youll get it over right away.\nAs soon as you enter the woods, youll notice a very steep ascent right away. This trail requires that you rock scramble for about a mile as it quickly climbs.\nFor those doing the short loop, you will turn half a mile into the climb.\nUse your hands and feet for balance and support as you climb up the rocky walls of the ridge line. There are parts of this trail that get very close to the ridge, but you will be rewarded with great views. You can take breaks to make the climb go easier.\nOnce you get to the peak, you will see a flag pole. From that point, youll be rewarded with stunning panoramic views over the Hudson River and the rolling hills. This is a great spot to stop, take pictures, and simply enjoy the hard work youve put in. From this point, your hike will vary based on the route that you are taking. We took the moderate loop and the trail descended through the woods . It was a very serene and peaceful walk. We really enjoyed this wonderful short day adventure!\nWhat to Pack for this Hike?\nBreakneck Ridge is a fantastic day hike, which is very popular. Although it may seem like you can easily set off on this trail, you should always be prepared. This trail climbs high up onto the ridge line and therefore is dangerous during inclement weather. If you see storms in the forecast, then you should not do this trail. Below youll find a list of gear that you should bring with you.\nComfortable Hiking Boots\nHiking Poles\nSmall Pack\n3-4 Liters of Water\nSnacks and Food\nFirst Aid Kit\nSunscreen\nBug Spray\nSunglasses\nHat to block sun\nShelter\nRain jacket or light winter jacket\nSatellite phone\nDownloaded Maps\nFinal Thoughts\nThe Breakneck Ridge hike is the perfect trail for a day trip to the Hudson Valley! The hike takes no more than a few hours and you get amazing landscapes over the area. It is a wonderful way to get out and explore. After a day of climbing you can reward yourselves by visiting one of the cute towns nearby before heading home.\nLet me know if you enjoyed this trail guide in the comments!\n Pin A Steep Climb Worth the Views: Breakneck Ridge Hike to Pinterest\nAbout Lita TalismanAbout Lita of the Pack\nHello, I'm Lita. I am live full time in a van and have a passion for travel. My goal is to see every single US National Park and state! I aim to inspire others to see the US, explore outdoors, and visit bucket list destinations.\nPrevious Post: The Perfect West Virginia Winter Getaway: Mercer CountyNext Post: Van Chronicles #24: Chicago & Indiana Dunes Reader Interactions\nLeave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. 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Subscribe today!\nMissed Something?\nSearch this website\nlitaofthepack_\nLiving & traveling with @sunburntpickle in our van \n56/63 NPs, 50/50 states, 48 countries\nVan life, US Travel & MS\nIf you live in a van do you agree?\nWeve been\nWould you drive to Alaska? \nThis is one of th\nYou tell me\nI still cannot get over the magic of\nWHERE WE WENT WEDNESDAY :\nWe lost ourselves\nFollow\nfollow along\nLatest on Instagram\nlitaofthepack_\nLiving & traveling with @sunburntpickle in our van \n56/63 NPs, 50/50 states, 48 countries\nVan life, US Travel & MS\nIf you live in a van do you agree?\nWeve been\nWould you drive to Alaska? \nThis is one of th\nYou tell me\nI still cannot get over the magic of\nWHERE WE WENT WEDNESDAY :\nWe lost ourselves\nLoad More...\nFollow on Instagram\nFooterHave Questions?\nIf you have questions please contact me.\nEmailFacebookInstagramPinterestYouTube\nLita of the Pack\nInspiring you to get out and see the world!\nLets Go!\nThank you!\nThanks for visiting my blog, I hope you come back soon!\nAbout Me\nPrivacy Policy\nHome\nAbout\nContact\nAdventure\nCopyright 2024 Lita of the Pack Design by Studio Mommy", "url": "https://www.litaofthepack.com/breakneck-ridge-hike/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Hiking Breakneck Ridge: What To Expect From New York's Toughest Hike\nAbout\nShop Presets\nCheckout\nCart\nFAQ\nContact\nWork With Me\nFreelance Services\nHome\nDestinations\nTravel Tips\nRTW Travel\nBlogging\nPresets\nContact\nWork With Me\nFreelance Services\nMy Cart\nTravel By Carla ViannaTravel and Adventure Inspiration Show Offscreen Content Hide Offscreen ContentSearch\nHome\nDestinations\nTravel Tips\nRTW Travel\nBlogging\nHiking Breakneck Ridge: What To Expect From New Yorks Toughest Hike\nJanuary 22, 2021 In: United StatesShareShare on FacebookShareShare this\nThere comes a time when every New Yorker must escape the city for a breath of fresh air. Luckily, you dont have to go too far to find it! Read on for everything you need to know about the Breakneck Ridge Hike, one of New Yorks toughest yet most beautiful trails.\nWhile living in NYC, I was surprised to learn that New York state offers incredible hiking trails like the Breakneck Ridge Hike just a train ride away.\nThe Breakneck Ridge Hike is one of the most beautiful trails in the region. Located along the Hudson River, between the charming cities of Beacon and Cold Spring, Breakneck Ridge is a mountain known for its steep, rocky trails and sweeping views of Hudson Valley.\nIts also considered one of the most challenging hikes in New York, which means climbing the mountain gives hikers all sorts of bragging rights.\nDespite the hikes known difficulty, it continues to be incredibly popular due to its easy access. You can get to the Breakneck Ridge Hike via Metro North from Manhattan, which makes it a high-trafficked trail on weekends.\nIf youre wondering whether the Breakneck Ridge Hike is worth the sweat, here is everything you need to know before you go.\nRead More: 25 Must-Do Hikes in Upstate New York\nTable of Contents\nToggleThe Breakneck Ridge Hike At a GlanceWhere Is The Breakneck Ridge Trailhead?How To Get To Breakneck RidgeTaking The Metro-North To Breakneck RidgeDriving To & Parking At Breakneck RidgeHow Difficult Is The Breakneck Ridge Hike?How Long Does It Take To Climb Breakneck Ridge?What To Bring?8 Things To Know Before Hiking Breakneck RidgeBreakneck Ridge Trail Review: Scrambling, Viewpoints & Route Options\nThe Breakneck Ridge Hike At a Glance\nThe Breakneck Ridge Hike is a short but steep trail that can be done in a loop or as a longer hike through the woods, depending on your desired exit point. Heres the hike at a glance:\nTrail Distance: 2.5 to 4 miles, depending on the routeElevation Gain: 1,250 feetDifficulty: Strenuous but doableType of Trail: Loop (with options to continue onto Cold Spring)Distance from NYC: 1 hour 20 minutes by car, or 1 hour 30 minutes by train\nWhere Is The Breakneck Ridge Trailhead?\nThe Breakneck Ridge trailhead lies in front of a tunnel on State Road 9D, about 2 miles from the town of Cold Spring. The location Breakneck Mountain Trailhead on Google Maps will take you near the starting point.\nIf youre taking an Uber or taxi from Cold Spring, the driver will most likely know where to drop you off. The entrance will be directly after the only tunnel on the road.\nThe Metro North train is the easiest way to get to Breakneck Ridge\nHow To Get To Breakneck Ridge\nThe easiest way to get to Breakneck Ridge is via train from NYC. Its truly a gift to be able to reach such an incredible hike though public transit, especially since most people living in the city dont own cars.\nTaking The Metro-North To Breakneck Ridge\nIf you live in Manhattan, you can hop on the Metro-North at Grand Central or 125th St. Station in Harlem. Youll be taking the Hudson line to Breakneck Ridge or Cold Spring, depending on whether the Breakneck station is open.\nOn weekends, the train typically stops at the Breakneck Ridge station dedicated to the hike. This is the easiest and most convenient way to get to the trailhead, as the train drops you off right next to it. However, the Breakneck station was closed for a good part of 2020, including in September when I went.\nCold Spring is the next closest station. You can choose to hike to the trailhead from there, but in my opinion, thatll tire you out before the real hike even starts! If you take the train to Cold Spring, I recommend calling an Uber or a local cab youll see signs for Taxi once you exit the train station to the trailhead. Its a quick 5-minute ride.\nNote: I recommend checking the MTA transit site before buying your train tickets to ensure the Breakneck station is open. To be safe, you can always purchase your ticket to Breakneck Ridge and ask the ticket collector onboard if the station is open. Breakneck is the station directly after Cold Spring, so if its closed, you can just get off in Cold Spring instead.\nBeautiful views of the Hudson River on the Metro North\nDriving To & Parking At Breakneck Ridge\nYou can also drive to Breakneck Ridge from the city. It takes just under an hour and a half to get there without traffic.\nYou can park on the side of the road leading up to the trailhead, just before the tunnel.\nI recommend leaving as early as possible to ensure you find a parking spot. They tend to fill up quickly!\nHow Difficult Is The Breakneck Ridge Hike?\nThe biggest concern I had before tackling the Breakneck Ridge Hike was how difficult the rock climbing would be.\nWhile the hike was strenuous, its certainly doable!\nA big portion of the Breakneck Ridge trail requires you to use your hands and feet to lift yourself over pretty large rocks. You gain elevation quickly and steeply, which is what makes the hike more difficult than others in the region.\nWhen I was reading about the hike beforehand, I was pretty nervous about the rock scrambling. Im afraid of heights, and the thought of climbing the side of a cliff with no support really scares me!\nThis was certainly not the case at Breakneck Ridge. I never felt like I was falling off the mountain.Its more of a constant scramble up, with plenty of rocks around to (literally) break your fall.\nYoull see white arrows signaling easier routes up the mountain, too.\nWould I recommend this as your first hike ever? No. If youve done previous hikes before that involved a bit of rock scrambling, then you should be fine!\nI saw all types of hikers on the trail, from children to older folks. A few people werent even wearing proper hiking gear, which I would strongly recommend against. If youre going to attempt any hike up a mountain, you should come with the proper footwear and clothing.\nHow Long Does It Take To Climb Breakneck Ridge?\nIt depends on your hiking experience and the route you choose.\nThe short Breakneck Ridge loop should take about two hours, while the full classic loop should take about three. Id factor in some extra time to rest and take pictures at the different lookouts.\nThe Breakneck to Cold Spring trail takes four to five hours, depending on the number of stops you make.\nSturdy hiking boots are a must for this trail shop mine here\nWhat To Bring?\nHiking bootsPlenty of waterSunscreenHatHiking snacks and lunchRain jacket\nThe No. 1 thing to bring on your hike is a good pair of hiking boots. These are essential for all the rock scrambling youll be doing.\nYoull also want to pack a good amount of water, especially in the summer when it can get extremely hot on the mountain. On that note, packing sunscreen and a hat to protect you from the sun is also a good idea. There are several portions of the trail without any tree coverage, where youll be completely exposed to the sun.\nI always pack hiking snacks like cereal bars and fruit, and for this hike, I packed lunch as well. If youre not stopping in Cold Spring before heading home, I recommend bringing your own lunch.\nLastly, I always pack a light rain jacket in case it rains. You can always check the weather beforehand, but I like to be as prepared as possible. I love this rain jacket that folds into its own pocket thats easy to pack away in my hiking backpack.\n8 Things To Know Before Hiking Breakneck Ridge\nTackling the Breakneck Ridge Hike for the first time? Here are a few tips to help you prepare for an epic day of hiking.\nThere are three different routes. Youll see a sign at the beginning of the trail breaking down each of the three different routes you can follow. There is a short loop (2 hours), the regular loop (3 hours) and the trail that takes you back to Cold Spring (4 hours). Since I was taking the train back to NYC from Cold Spring, I chose the third option.\nAvoid going after a big snowstorm or rainfall. Theres a lot of rock scrambling required on the trail, so its best to avoid going when the rocks may be slippery or icey.\nProtect yourself from ticks. Its recommended to wear long sleeves and/or pants to avoid tick bites. Light-colored clothing also makes it easier to spot them. You should avoid areas with large amounts of vegetation and thoroughly check for ticks after your hike.\nThe rock scrambling starts right away. Youll start using your hands at the beginning of the hike.\nYou should wear proper hiking shoes. I saw a few people attempting the hike in regular sneakers and let me tell ya they did not look happy. The hike requires proper hiking boots with a good grip.\nIts not the most dog-friendly hike. Due to all the rock scrambling and climbing, youd probably have to carry your dog most of the time.\nUse the bathroom before you start your hike. There were a couple of portable toilets at the trailhead when I went. Im not sure if theyre there all the time.\nCheck-in with a park ranger before you go. On the weekend that I went, there were park rangers checking in hikers and answering questions about the trail.\nBreakneck Ridge Trail Review: Scrambling, Viewpoints & Route Options\nThe first thing youll do when you arrive at the trailhead is choose your hiking route.\nThere are three route options: the short loop (2 hours), the classic Breakneck loop (3 hours) and the Breakneck to Cold Spring hike (4 hours). There will be a sign explaining each route at the trailhead. Take a photo of this sign to reference back to later on!\nI definitely recommend doing the full classic loop or the Breakneck to Cold Spring hike you didnt come all the way out here not to experience the full hike, right?!\nI took the longer route from Breakneck to Cold Spring.\nThe Breakneck Ridge station was closed, so I was taking the train back to Manhattan from Cold Spring. If I had done the loop, Id have to try to get an Uber on the side of the road to get back to the train station. I figured the extra hour of hiking would be worth the adventure!\nNow onto the trail: The first hour is more of a rock scramble than a hike.\nYoull definitely be using your hands most of the time. Its actually really fun! While the scrambling is physically strenuous, I didnt find it scary at all.\nThe very beginning of the trail\nIf youre in relatively good shape, wear the proper shoes and have some hiking experience, you should do just fine.\nThe trail is well-marked with white arrows that show which way to go. Sometimes youll see a few arrows pointing in different directions. These are marking easier paths up the mountain.\nWhite arrows show you the way up\nDepending on what time you arrive, there may already be a string of people working their way up the rocks ahead of you. I actually had to wait until the path was clear to continue climbing on certain parts of the trail.\nThe good news is that the first lookout you come up on is already worth the sweat! Youre met with sweeping views of the Hudson River, Storm King Mountain and Bannermans Castle. The view only makes you want to keep going!\nStorm King Mountain and Bannermans Castle\nThe rocky climb continues up. Youll soon reach another viewpoint over the Hudson, this one marked by a flagpole. Here youll have plenty of room to take a break and lots of photos. The cliff hanging over Route RD was my personal favorite lookout.\nThe flagpole viewpoint\nYoull continue straight up after this! Look out for signs marked by the words easier ascent or two arrows showing different routes up. Follow the arrows to the left for the easier route.\nEither path will take you to the next cliff overlook, which offers an even higher birds eye view of the surrounding valley.\nContinue following the white arrow markers for the Breakneck Ridge Hike trail, and keep a lookout for other trail markers. Remember to refer back to the photo you took of the route sign in the beginning of the trail.\nYoull gradually ascend to yet another summit with amazing views.\nThe final peak\nI was happy to find that the next portion of the trail to Cold Spring was much calmer than the rocky climb up the mountain. The first signs of fall were starting to show on the trail, and it was a lovely way to end the difficult trek.\nFall was beginning to show its colors on the way to Cold Spring\nThe woodsy trail onto Cold Spring passes by the ruins of the Cornish Estate, an abandoned mansion once home to Edward Joel Cornish and Selina Bliss Carter Cornish. You can wander through the ruins and imagine how grand the estate once was.\nIt wont be too long now before the trail spits you out into the streets of Cold Spring, where you can grab lunch, a coffee or the train back to the city.\nI hope this guide to hiking Breakneck Ridge helps you prepare for the big day! Enjoy oyur hike, and stay safe!\nYOU MIGHT ALSO ENJOY:\n Top 25 Hikes in Upstate New York 10 Exciting Road Trips From NYC Two Best Hikes Near Lake Placid 7 Must-See Waterfalls in the Finger Lakes\nPin it for later:\nShareShare on FacebookShareShare this\nIn: United States Tagged: Breakneck Ridge, Hiking, HIking Guides, New York, NYC hikingYoull Also LoveThe Best NYC Brunch Cruise10 Excellent Road Trips From NYCHiking in Lake Placid: Indian Head Hike & Cobble Lookout\nLeave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment Name *\nEmail *\nWebsite\nNotify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email.\n\nNext Post >Your Complete Pandemic-Friendly Holiday Gift GuideAbout\nHi, I'm Carla!\nI'm a travel writer and photographer based in Rio de Janeiro. My goal is to inspire you to travel as much as you can and as far as you can, as I truly believe there is nothing more rewarding physically, spiritually, mentally than experiencing the way others live on opposite sides of the world.\nGet to know me :)\nSearch\nJoin The Community\nthe newsletter\nsubscribe to keep up with latest blog posts, presets sales & free resources:\nfirst name*\nemail*\nsubscribe!\nMarketing by\nActiveCampaign\nFollow Along On Instagram\nportraits of a woman losing her mind | washington\nMazunte: um lugar que te convida a refletir nas di\n a note on loneliness:\nToday, I woke up feeli\namistad en mexico (quando, do nada, todos os seus\ntodo va bien en mexico \n10 horas na Colmbia pra matar a saudade de pande\nLets Work Together\nMeet Carla\nCollaborations\nFreelance Services\nTop Posts & Pages\n25 Must-Do Hikes in Upstate New York2 Weeks In Bali: Magical Two-Week Itinerary For First-TimersThe Best Thailand Backpacking Routes for 2 to 4 Weeks\nJump To\nRTW Trip Planning\nBlogging Tips\nDisclosures & Privacy Policy\nCopyright 2024 Travel By Carla Vianna Theme by 17th Avenue\nx\nx", "url": "https://travelbycarlavianna.com/breakneck-ridge-hike-trail-new-york/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Breakneck Ridge Loop - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (2024)Skip to main contentDiscoverTripsReviewUSDSign inCold SpringHotelsThings to DoRestaurantsFlightsVacation RentalsCruisesRental CarsForumsUnited StatesNew York (NY)Cold SpringThings to Do in Cold SpringBreakneck Ridge LoopSee all things to doBreakneck Ridge LoopSee all things to doSee all things to doBreakneck Ridge Loop4.5AboutThe areaReviews106 reviews#4 of 25 things to do in Cold SpringMountainsNature & Wildlife AreasHiking TrailsWrite a reviewAboutRead moreDuration: 2-3 hoursMeets animal welfare guidelinesSuggest edits to improve what we show.Improve this listingFull viewAll photos (163)Top ways to experience nearby attractionsPrivate Tour of The Armour-Stiner Octagon House in New York21Recommended95% of reviewers gave this product a bubble rating of 4 or higher.Historical Toursfrom $29.00 per adultGuided Lilymoore Alpaca Farm Tour28Recommended100% of reviewers gave this product a bubble rating of 4 or higher.Adventure Toursfrom $16.95 per adultManhattan Helicopter Tour from Westchester (Shared)19Adventure Toursfrom $330.00 per adult (price varies by group size)Hudson River Sightseeing Cruise from Kingston675Day Cruisesfrom $42.00 per adultNew York Catacombs by Candlelight1,534Recommended92% of reviewers gave this product a bubble rating of 4 or higher.Historical Toursfrom $38.00 per adultPrivate NYC Helicopter Tour from Westchester for 2-6 People14Recommended100% of reviewers gave this product a bubble rating of 4 or higher.Adventure Toursfrom $1,550.00 per group (up to 6)Private New York City Helicopter Tour for Couples from Westchester27Helicopter Toursfrom $800.00 per group (up to 2)LEGOLAND New York Theme Park Ticket873Food & Drinkfrom $55.10 per adultGilded Age Mansions Tour in New York63Recommended98% of reviewers gave this product a bubble rating of 4 or higher.Historical Toursfrom $40.00 per adultLlama/Alpaca Hike and Farm Tour95Recommended94% of reviewers gave this product a bubble rating of 4 or higher.Adventure Toursfrom $65.00 per adultTaste the Hudson Valley with Gourmet Beacon Food Tour1Food & Drinkfrom $135.00 per adultGuided Shared Group Forest Bathing Session in Serene Woodland Park2Wildlife Watchingfrom $40.00 per adultEdward Hopper House Museum Entry Ticket7Historical Toursfrom $10.00 per adultUnderground Brooklyn Walking Brewery Tour16Recommended100% of reviewers gave this product a bubble rating of 4 or higher.Food & Drinkfrom $99.00 per adult (price varies by group size)Couple's Private Hudson Valley Fall Foliage Helicopter Tour from Westchester2Adventure Toursfrom $800.00 per group (up to 2)The area Address9D Fair St, Cold Spring, NY 10516-3003Reach out directlyVisit websiteCallFull viewBest nearbyRestaurants39 within 3 milesMoo Moo's Creamery2420.2 mi$ Dessert AmericanHudson House3740.2 mi$$ - $$$ American Vegetarian Friendly Vegan OptionsRiverview Restaurant2660.2 mi$$ - $$$ American Vegetarian Friendly Vegan OptionsBrasserie Le Bouchon239297 ft$$ - $$$ French Vegetarian Friendly Gluten Free OptionsDoug's Pretty Good Pub58285 ft$$ - $$$ American PubCold Spring Depot304461 ft$$ - $$$ American Bar PubCold Spring Pizza270.1 mi$ Pizza Vegetarian FriendlyCathryn's Tuscan Grill240356 ft$$ - $$$ Italian Vegetarian Friendly Vegan OptionsRincon Argentino270.1 mi$ Cafe Argentinean South AmericanSilver Spoon Cafe110503 ft$$ - $$$ American Cafe Vegetarian FriendlySee allAttractions64 within 6 milesCold Spring Antiques Center4282 ftAntique ShopsOur Lady of Loretto Roman Catholic Church5289 ftArchitectural Buildings Churches & CathedralsOnce Upon a Time Antiques9434 ftAntique ShopsBuster Levi Gallery2433 ftArt GalleriesFoundry Dock Park280.2 miParksCold Spring Tots Park50.2 miParksSt Mary's Episcopal Church120.2 miChurches & CathedralsButterfield Library50.2 miLibrariesThe Chapel Restoration200.3 miPoints of Interest & LandmarksFirst Presbyterian Church of Philipstown30.3 miChurches & CathedralsSee allContributeWrite a reviewUpload a photoReviewsQ&AFiltersEnglishMost RecentMost Recent: Reviews ordered by most recent publish date in descending order.\nDetailed Reviews: Reviews ordered by recency and descriptiveness of user-identified themes such as wait time, length of visit, general tips, and location information.Popular mentionscome preparedproper hiking shoesbear mountainhikeshapemapspathbackpackhawksdescent4.54.5 of 5 bubbles106 reviewsExcellent75Very good18Average4Poor2Terrible7Lola TMiddletown, NJ9 contributions15.0 of 5 bubblesLoved it!!Jul 2022 FriendsIt was so pretty getting to the outlooks and taking a break to take it all in! Im pretty new to hiking mountains like these, so it was a good experience and now I feel like I know what not being and what to bring for next time! I just advise you for beginners make sure you wear some kind of hiking shoe- boot/sneaker with some type of traction that are non-slip, because I didnt come prepared and wore just sneakers and had a hard time not slipping. Easy instructions following the path, there are maps just in case! Also make sure your backpack is not too heavy pack light, because it will weigh you down!Read moreWritten August 2, 2022This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.tribeckystudiosNew York City, NY15 contributions05.0 of 5 bubblesThird time hiking always love this trailJul 2022 FriendsThis was the third time i did the breakneckrdge hike.All times we started later in the day around 3pm and was able to find parking no problem and all the crowds had already finished the hike. The first section of the hike is straight up and for us super fun. You have t have proper hiking shoes and be in descent shape and bring water.The views are phenomenal and this time there were lots of hawks drifting in the air sort of suspended and riding the air it was magical.The start of the hike can be a little strenuous but the end is a meandering path. Despite the naysayers saying its dangerous. its fine you do need to be careful but if you are aware and in pretty good shape youll do great. again this was our third time to hike this and we thoroughly enjoyed it every time.Read moreWritten July 18, 2022This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.Charles Clink11 contributions11.0 of 5 bubblesMissed OpportunityAug 2021I went during the pandemic with several friends of mine. When we arrive at the site, it was closed. We ended up driving close by to Bear Mountain and had a great time. Read moreWritten July 5, 2022This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.ZhuZhu LNew York City, NY618 contributions05.0 of 5 bubblesAmazing viewJun 2021 FriendsThe beginning of the hike requires tremendous climbing, the view on the top is amazing, and there are many ways to come back.Read moreWritten June 11, 2021This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.BlueHeroNew Jersey229 contributions15.0 of 5 bubblesWonderful winter hike for those preparedDec 2020Generally considered as the best one along Hudson valley because it is challenging and has amazing views, Breakneck ridge trail is always super crowded in summer, especially on weekends. In contrast, it was so quiet in winter that one could have all the beautiful views just to self. Even before the forcasted Nor'easter snow storm coming in, high mountains were already covered by snow. The gentle sunlight in winter further made everything look so peaceful and graceful. On top of the lookout tower on south beacon mountain, it was the true 360-degree panoramic view of extended ranges and Hudson river. Overall, it was indeed a wonderful hiking experience. Of course, hiking a steep trail during winter is more demanding than in Summer, so it is really for those prepared and capable.Read moreWritten December 16, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.Heather3 contributions05.0 of 5 bubblesFabulous hike! Good boots, good weather and plenty of water required - make sure to give yourself plenty of daylight.Nov 2019A fantastic hike. Wonderful views and a real range of walking in a day.The start is by far the most challenging section, if you are really unsure about whether this hike is for you, you could always go along to the start and have a look - it's pretty clear from the trail start what you are going to have to do!An initial steep, reasonably long but very fun rock scramble (boulder type rocks, difficult for small people!) then beautiful walking along the ridge before heading down into the forest full of autumn colours. We went in October and the light was failing by the time we made it back to the main path at the bottom - be very careful of the daylight and make sure you have lights and keep track of where you are on the map - there are a lot of paths!Read moreWritten October 25, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.Dee1 contribution01.0 of 5 bubblesBadOct 2020 FriendsIf you want to go hiking at this park please go early. My friends and I got lost and it got soo dark to the point we was stuck in the woods for hours and waited for a police to recuse us.. going up took us 2 hours and please follow the signs on the treesRead moreWritten October 5, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.Marie Z1 contribution32.0 of 5 bubblesToo many inexperienced hikersJul 2020 SoloLocals are pretty annoyed by having to stop for idiot out of towners who think the road and the trail is their playground. The road by the trail is a high speed road and you can lose your life if you underestimate this fact. This trail is NOT for everyone. It is NOT like going to the beach or central park for the day. So so many hikers need to be rescued and locals are tired of having to wait for your dumb asses to get out of the way because you don't know what you are doing. Stay in the city and stop ruining this area for others. People aren't going to keep being nice if you get lost and wind up on their lawn. Do not walk there. IT IS PRIVATE PROPERTY. Cold Spring is a very small town by the way and streets are closed off on weekends because too many out of towners are flooding the area. The hike is very dangerous and falling rocks are also inevitable. Be safe, be smart.Read moreWritten August 30, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.pearlita200811 contributions11.0 of 5 bubblesNot for everyoneAug 2020 Soloif you are afraid of heights, dont have proper footwear or like to hike with poles stay clear of this place. It is incredibly dangerous and difficult.Read moreWritten August 26, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.Cheryl Lynn8 contributions05.0 of 5 bubblesHard climb but worth it for the views!Aug 2020Thought I was in shape till I climbed to the top. This is definitely not an easy hike. The first half was all rock climbing and some of the rocks were straight rocks. The views were amazing and it definitely was worth the climb. We did the full loop(there is an easier version)......we followed the white to the red. White to yellow is the shortened version. We plan to go back and do the full hike through breakneck which is almost 10 miles Ive heard. We didnt have enough time this time so we will start sooner next time. We are looking forward to going backRead moreWritten August 16, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.12Showing results 1-10 of 106Ask a questionSee all 5 questionsAdelina RLondon, United Kingdom431 contributionsAny idea how to get to this train on a weekday? I can see the trains run only on weekends.Read moreWritten April 2, 2019Brian G155 contributions0Looks like that specific station only operates on the weekend. The nearby Cold Spring station has regular service, you might be able to catch an Uber from there (Uber app showed it's like $7). Check out the MetroNorth schedule for Cold Spring station.Read moreWritten July 11, 2019AnswerRead all 2 responsesMike R.Brooklyn, New York87 contributionsAre there any dangerous wildlife to be aware of while hiking? Read moreWritten May 9, 2018Sher12550New York65 contributions1No. You don't need to be concerned about this. Plus, there are a ton of people there besides you if it's a nice weekend. Animals will generally avoid crowds of peopleRead moreWritten October 20, 2018AnswerRead all 2 responsesMike R.Brooklyn, New York87 contributionsIs the trail challenging for kids to climb? (14 yr olds). Read moreWritten May 8, 2018eldon pwwkaCold Spring, New York99 contributions1It can be if they are not athletic. There are easier trails to take. Be sure they wear right clothes and plenty of fluidsRead moreWritten May 8, 2018Answerdeclan217New York City, New YorkWhat are the hours you are allowed to enter the trail?Read moreWritten May 4, 2018eldon pwwkaCold Spring, New York99 contributions0They really are clueless as to when the trail will close for the connector work. Over budget and no contractor. Read moreWritten May 4, 2018AnswerRead all 4 responsesLaura B1 contributionThanks for the great review!\nDo the trails around the rocks meet up with rock route? If someone doesn't want to climb the rock scramble, can they link back up with those that do the rocks?Read moreWritten September 12, 2017George SMount Kisco, New York140 contributions1Yes. There are \"bail out\" areas and it's relatively well marked and they do meet up. You need to bail out when it says because if you pass it it can be impossible to down climb to the bail out. There are a few of them in various spots. We didn't take any so I don't know how much easier it makes it. Read moreWritten September 15, 2017AnswerRead all 5 responses1Showing results 1-5 of 5Also popular with travelersSee allStonecrop Gardens118GardensHudson Highlands State Park50State ParksFoundry Dock Park28ParksMagazzino Italian Art23Speciality Museums Nature & Wildlife AreasBull Hill (Mt.Taurus)12State Parks MountainsCold Spring Tots Park5ParksLittle Stony Point2Hiking TrailsMayor's ParkParksDockside ParkParksIs this your Tripadvisor listing?Own or manage this property? 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If you are a resident of another country or region, please select the appropriate version of Tripadvisor for your country or region in the drop-down menu. more", "url": "https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g47508-d8446775-Reviews-Breakneck_Ridge_Loop-Cold_Spring_New_York.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Breakneck Ridge Improvements | Hudson Highlands Fjord Trail\nHome\nAbout The Trail\nAbout the Fjord Trail\nMaster Plan Overview\nVideos/Resource Library\nTimeline For Completion\nBreakneck Connector and Bridge\nShoreline Trail\nTrail Features\nAccessibility\nSEQRA Process\nFrequently Asked Questions\nNews\nNews & Information\nAnnouncements\nPress\nPresentations and Findings Summaries\nNewsletters\nEngage\nSupport the Fjord Trail\nUpcoming Events\nDonate\nVolunteer\nCommunity Engagement Log\nEmployment & RFPs\nSubscribe to our eNewsletter\nElements to Enjoy Now\nWho We Are\nAbout HHFT, Inc.\nProject History\nGovernance\nDesign Team\nSteering Committee\nStaff & Board\nHome\nAbout The Trail\nAbout the Fjord Trail\nMaster Plan Overview\nVideos/Resource Library\nTimeline For Completion\nBreakneck Connector and Bridge\nShoreline Trail\nTrail Features\nAccessibility\nSEQRA Process\nFrequently Asked Questions\nNews\nNews & Information\nAnnouncements\nPress\nPresentations and Findings Summaries\nNewsletters\nEngage\nSupport the Fjord Trail\nUpcoming Events\nDonate\nVolunteer\nCommunity Engagement Log\nEmployment & RFPs\nSubscribe to our eNewsletter\nElements to Enjoy Now\nWho We Are\nAbout HHFT, Inc.\nProject History\nGovernance\nDesign Team\nSteering Committee\nStaff & Board\nDONATE\nHudson Highlands Fjord TrailBreakneck Ridge Improvements\nWelcome to the new and improved Breakneck Ridge Trailhead and Upper Overlook\nThis project marks the launch of Phase 1: Breakneck Connector & Bridge of the Hudson Highlands Fjord Trail. We are excited for you to explore and enjoy the work that was done to restore and preserve this special spot in the Hudson Highlands. On the right, you will find a map highlighting key areas of improvement.\nScroll down to see 'before' and 'after' photos and learn why and how Breakneck Ridge improvements were made as you visit the locations in real time. Happy trails!\nWelcome to the new and improved Breakneck Ridge Trailhead and Upper Overlook\nThis project marks the launch of Phase 1: Breakneck Connector & Bridge of the Hudson Highlands Fjord Trail. We are excited for you to explore and enjoy the work that was done to restore and preserve this special spot in the Hudson Highlands. Below, you will find a map highlighting key areas of improvement.\nScroll down to see 'before' and 'after' photos and learn why and how Breakneck Ridge improvements were made as you visit the locations in real time. Happy trails!\nBut wait, there's more!\nThe next set of Breakneck Ridge improvements is set to begin in the fall of 2024, with preparatory work already underway. Learn all about what's in store at our Breakneck Connector and Bridge page\nHeader image photography: Ty Cole\nBase map of Upper Overlook: SCAPE Landscape Architecture\nLearn More About the Fjord Trail\nHome\nAbout The Trail\nNews\nEngage\nWho We Are\nHudson Highlands Fjord Trail\nc/o Scenic Hudson\n85 Civic Center Plaza, Suite 300\nPoughkeepsie, NY 12601\ninfo@hhft.org\nPrivacy Policy\nSIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER\nMENUHomeAbout The TrailAbout the Fjord TrailMaster Plan OverviewVideos/Resource LibraryTimeline For CompletionBreakneck Connector and BridgeShoreline TrailTrail FeaturesAccessibilitySEQRA ProcessFrequently Asked QuestionsNewsNews & InformationAnnouncementsPressPresentations and Findings SummariesNewslettersEngageSupport the Fjord TrailUpcoming EventsDonateVolunteerCommunity Engagement LogEmployment & RFPsSubscribe to our eNewsletterElements to Enjoy NowWho We AreAbout HHFT, Inc.Project HistoryGovernanceDesign TeamSteering CommitteeStaff & Board\nVolunteer\nVolunteer for The Fjord Trail\nPlease let us know if you'd like to volunteer. We'll be in touch!Name*\nFirst\nLast\nEmail*\nEmailWe are looking for volunteers with skills in trail building, invasives remediation and landscaping. Soon we will be looking for help with our programs in environmental education, art-making, adaptive hiking, trail maintenance, stewardship, special events, and more!\nAreas you would like to assist:Trail BuildingInvasives RemediationLandscaping(Hold down Cmd or Ctrl to choose more than one)EmailThis field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.\nX\nWe use cookies to improve your experience on this website. Click OK to accept, or Learn MoreOKLearn More\nNotifications", "url": "https://hhft.org/breakneck-ridge-improvements/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Breakneck Ridge Trail Lives Up To Its Name - Two Traveling Texans\nDestinations\nEurope\nFrance\nIreland\nItaly\nLatvia\nPortugal\nSpain\nSwitzerland\nUnited Kingdom\nEngland\nScotland\nWales\nNorth America\nUSA\nNew York City\nCalifornia\nTexas\nLas Vegas\nCanada\nLatin America\nArgentina\nCosta Rica\nCaribbean\nSt. Martin\nThe Bahamas\nAsia\nHong Kong\nThailand\nTravel Tips\nBlog\nWork With Us\nAbout Us\nAnisa\nRussell (The Other One)\nKatherine\nGet to Know Us\nContact\nSearch\nShare\n0\nTweet\n0\nPin\n0\nThe Breakneck Ridge Trail Lives Up To Its Name\nbyAnisa // 26CommentsMany people dont realize, there is plenty of fantastic hiking not too far from the concrete jungle also known as NYC.Ever sinceour hike in San Sebastian, I have been wanting to explore more hiking trails in my local area. However, getting to many of these spots requires a car (which I dont have).\nI had heard good things about the Breakneck Ridge trail and that Metro-North trains stop there on the weekend, so I thought we should give it a try.\nLet me tell you about our experience doing the hike and share some logistical details so you can do this challenging hike too.\nNote: This post contains affiliate links. Please see disclosure for more details.\nAnisa taking a well-deserved break!\nContents [show]Our Breakneck Ridge Hike PlanBreakneck Ridge Warning!Hiking Breakneck RidgeBreakneck Trail OptionsWhat to Bring When You Hike Breakneck RidgeHow to Get to Breakneck Ridge From NYCExpert Tips for the Breakneck Ridge Trail\nOur Breakneck Ridge Hike Plan\nWe planned to hike up the steepest trail Breakneck Ridge (marked in white). Instead of going back down that way therewas an option to make it a loop and go down an easier way.\nWe would turn left on the red trail (Breakneck Bypass) which would dead end into the yellow trail (Wilkinson Memorial). Then, we would turn left on the yellow trail and that would take us right back to the train. Following these Breakneck Ridge directions, we would cover 3.7 miles and go up about 1,400 ft (most of that in the first mile).\nOne of the many scenic views from Breakneck Ridge that make it worth all the effort.\nBreakneck Ridge Warning!\nThe name Breakneck Ridge is a little intimidating, and it does live up to its name. It is by far the most difficult hike I have ever done. The sign at the Breakneck Ridge trailhead said, This is not just a walk in the park. It is a steep rock scramble and you should be in excellent physical condition and an experienced hiker.\nWell, we have both done some hiking so that makes us experienced right? As for the excellent physical condition, well we are working on it. I have had some knee issues in the past andRussellhas back pain. In all seriousness though, you should not underestimate the Breakneck Ridge hike difficulty.\nYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE: Old Man of Storr: Hike in the Clouds\nThe warning sign at the Breakneck Ridge Trail head.\nFrom the sign, we also learned about a helpful app, Avenza PDF Maps. It has trail maps and uses GPS to show you where you are when you are hiking. It is free to download but you may have to buy some of the maps. The map to use for the Breakneck Ridge trail is Hudson Highlands State Park Trail Map North which is one of the free ones. We used it during our hike. If prefer not to use the app, a GPS watch may be helpful.\nWe paused for a moment and considered our options. We had come all the way here and we could take it slow, we werent in hurry. What we could see didnt look too bad. So we were off. It was not long at all before the Breakneck Mountain trail got extremely steep.\nWe met a nice older gentleman who was encouraging If I can do it at 71, then you can do it! He did tell us that we should have brought gloves because we would be using our hands a lot. (Next time, I will bring gloves, like these I found on Amazon.)\nRussell with the go pro and you can see the line of people behind him.\nHe was right! There were a lot of very steep steps that you would need to grab onto the rock above and pull yourself up. It didnt help that I am short! I think the Breakneck Ridge trail sometimes crossed the line between rock climbing and hiking. There were a couple of points with huge steps where I couldnt find a place to get a grip to pull myself up.\nI wasnt sure what to do, I couldnt turn around because I wasnt sure how I would be able to go down the trail and I wanted to do this hike. Eventually, I was always able to figure out a way to get up. I may have not always been graceful climbing Breakneck Ridge, but I didnt have any other options.\nHiking Breakneck Ridge\nThe Breakneck hike was well marked but there were many options on which route to take. For example, the right side of the tree might have steeper steps so we would go to the left side. At one point, there was a sign that said easier ascent, but in many cases, you wouldnt know which way was harder until you got to a point that was tough.\nIn addition to the difficulty of the hike, there are a few other points you should be aware of if you do decide to do this hike. When we went, there were lots of bugs, mostly flies. We didnt get bitten but for most of the hike, bugs buzzed around my head. Also, we saw a snake. Well, we probably wouldnt have seen it, if it werent for someone pointing it out to us. Luckily, it was sleeping in the brush off the trail, but you should be careful.YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE: St. Maarten/Martin Hiking Take Two!\nObligatory selfie! We were so lucky to have perfect weather. The sky was so beautiful.\nOfficially, there are four scenic lookouts on the Breakneck Hiking Trail, but I counted way more than that. Anytime I stopped for a break the view was amazing. The first official scenic view is at 686 feet where the flags are. We took some time to take pictures and enjoy the view of the Hudson River.\nThen we turned around and saw how much higher we had to go! We better keep moving. Occasionally, we would also look at the map on the app we had downloaded, and especially during the steep start, it was a little demotivating to see how far we had gone (or not gone).\nWe were so thankful to finally reach the summit. It hadnt even been a mile and we still had a long way to go, but at least we knew it would get easier from here. After hiking a bit more, we saw the turnoff for the red trail. For the most part, this trail was a steep decline. It wasnt steps though.\nThen we came to the yellow trail. This trail was pretty easy, which was so welcome after all we had done. It was a nice walk through the forest and we even saw a cute little waterfall. It took us a little more than five hours to complete the hike.\nRed writing on the rock to signal the turn to go back to the train station.\nThen we headed to the train. It is best to use the pedestrian walkway to get to the stop for the trains going back to New York City. We had a little time before our train so we reflected on our day.\nWe both felt a great sense of accomplishment. Am I glad I did it? Definitely. Was it all worth it? Yes! Would I do it again? Maybe. I would make sure I was better prepared and I would probably tape up my knee too.\nThe views were spectacular but the hike was difficult and scary at points. Russell created a short video which will help give you a feeling for what it was like.\nBreakneck Trail Options\nYou dont have to follow the same route that we took, there are a few other possibilities. Just keep in mind these all start in the same place and it is the start of the hike that is most demanding. You can also customize your hike using this map.\nI wouldnt recommend trying to go back down the steep beginning section, though. It would be difficult especially with all the other hikers will be going up.\nWe found an impressive teepee as we were doing our hike.\nOther potential hiking routes are:\nTwo-mile hike Start at the white (BR) trailhead, head north.Turn right on yellow (UC) trail.Turn right again on the red (BK) trail and finish on the road about 15 minutes walk from the Breakneck Ridge train stop.\nFive-mile hike Start at the white (BR) trailhead, head north but continue straight beyond both yellow and red trails. Turn right at the blue (NT) trail to head South. At the fork, continue on the red (BK) trail then turn left on yellow (UC) trail. Turn right on white (WB) to end up on the road 15 minutes walk from the town of Cold Spring.\nSix-mile hike Start at the white (BR) trailhead, head north but continue straight beyond both yellow and red trails. Keep going straight where the blue trail goes off to the right. Keep going until you can turn off onto the blue (NT) on the left. Take the blue. Soon after that, you will turn left to head south on the yellow (WM) trail. Continue all the way until the road close to the train stop.\n*** Note all mileage is approximate. Keep in mind there are steep sections so it will take longer than you expect to do the hike. Some miles may take more than an hour. Time will vary greatly depending on ability level. Its better to have extra time than to be worried about it getting dark while you are still hiking.\nWhat to Bring When You Hike Breakneck Ridge\nIn all honesty, we should have been better prepared for the hike as it was much more challenging than I expected.\nI wore sneakers, but if I did it again I would wear hiking boots. As I mentioned, it would have been nice to have gloves to help with some of the climbing sections. Bug spray would have helped to keep the bugs away. Anytime you are spending time outdoors, you also need sunscreen.\nWe did bring food and water with us which was good because we did not see anywhere to buy anything once we got off the train. Cold Spring is the closest town and it is two miles away.\nAll smiles on the train ride home, but let me tell you, we were exhausted!\nHow to Get to Breakneck Ridge From NYC\nBreakneck Ridge is located in the Hudson Valley north of New York City, between the towns of Beacon and Cold Spring.The Breakneck Ridge train runs about hourly on the weekends check the schedule here. Its a scenic an hour and a half along the Hudson River from Grand Central to Breakneck Ridge.\nI would recommend that you get up early to catch the train since the hike is popular and can get crowded.\nTo get out at the Breakneck Ridge Train Station, you will need to move towards the back of the train. The only door that will open is the one at the front of the last car. The Breakneck Ridge train stop is very basic, there is just a tiny yellow wooden platform.\nThe Breakneck Ridge Train station may not be fancy, but it sure is convenient.\nOnce you get off the train, walk towards the road. Turn right and walk along the busy road toward the trailhead for Breakneck Ridge, which starts right before the tunnel. Across the street from the train, we saw the trailhead for the Wilkinson Memorial Trail, where we ended our hike.\nIf you want to hike Breakneck Ridge during the week, the nearest train station will be Cold Spring, which is about 2 miles from the trailhead. You could also drive as there is a small parking area by the tunnel where the trail starts. If there arent any spots there, follow the road north and you will see a larger parking lot on the left.\nYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE: A Glimpse of Camino De Santiago\nHave you hiked the Breakneck Ridge Trail? I would love to hear about your experience.\n-Anisa\nPin for Later\nExpert Tips for the Breakneck Ridge Trail\nOn the weekend, there is a Breakneck Ridge stop on Hudson LineMetro-North trains.\nThe Breakneck Ridge trail is a difficult hike, so you should be an experienced hiker and in decent shape. I would also not recommend it if you are afraid of heights.\nPreparation for hiking Breakneck Ridge is key make sure you have water, food, gloves, sunscreen, and bug spray.\nDownload the app so that you can have the Breakneck Ridge trail map on your phone. You can find it inside the Hudson Highlands State Park Trail Map North. You may also enjoy these other helpful apps for hiking.\nIf you would like to do more hiking in the area, check out my list of the best hikes in the Hudson Valley.\nDisclosure: This post contains affiliate links. This means we will receive a small commission for some purchases made using links in our blogwithno additional cost to you. Please be assured we would not promote any product unless we believe that our readers will also benefit. The commission does not influence the editorial content of this site.\nTwo Traveling Texans is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com, amazon.co.uk, amazon.ca. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates.\nLast Updated on August 30, 2021\nPrevious\nNext\nAbout the Author\nAnisaAnisa is an experienced international traveler with extra pages in her passport and stamps from 41 different countries across 5 continents (and counting). She was born and raised in Texas. After a 13 year stint in NYC, she moved to England to live with her husband.\nLATEST POSTS\nShould You Rent a Car When You Visit the UK?\nRead More\nAiralo eSIM Review: The Right Data Solution for Your International Trip?\nRead More\nDestination: Togetherness Best Travel Gifts for Couples\nRead More\nIs the London Eye Worth It? 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After logging in you can close it and return to this page.\n1\n16\n>\nSign Up Below to Download our FREE Travel Planning Checklist\nI consent to having my information processed in order to receive personalized marketing material via email or phone in accordance with the\t\t\t\t\t\t Privacy policy\nGet access now\nx\nword word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word word wordmmMwWLliI0fiflO&1mmMwWLliI0fiflO&1mmMwWLliI0fiflO&1mmMwWLliI0fiflO&1mmMwWLliI0fiflO&1mmMwWLliI0fiflO&1mmMwWLliI0fiflO&1", "url": "https://twotravelingtexans.com/breakneck-ridge-trail/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Hiking in Cold Spring: The Breakdown of the Breakneck Ridge Trail\nHome\nAbout\nTravel Advisor Services\nContact/Work with Me\nTRAVEL TALK\nNYC Area Guides\nNew York City\nNYC Day Trips\nConnecticut\nHudson Valley\nLong Island\nWestchester\nU.S. Travel Guides\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nFlorida\nHawaii\nHudson Valley\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMassachussets\nMississippi\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSkiing\nSouth Carolina\nTennessee\nUpstate New York\nVermont\nWashington D.C.\nForeign Travel Guides\nAustralia\nCosta Rica\nCanada\nGrand Cayman\nIceland\nItaly\nBasilicata\nFlorence\nPuglia\nRome\nTuscany\nVenice\nLondon\nSouth Africa\nTurks & Caicos\nSpain\nFifi + Hop\nUnique travel destinations | home and abroad\nHome\nAbout\nTravel Advisor Services\nContact/Work with Me\nTRAVEL TALK\nNYC Area Guides\nNew York City\nNYC Day Trips\nConnecticut\nHudson Valley\nLong Island\nWestchester\nU.S. Travel Guides\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nFlorida\nHawaii\nHudson Valley\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMassachussets\nMississippi\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSkiing\nSouth Carolina\nTennessee\nUpstate New York\nVermont\nWashington D.C.\nForeign Travel Guides\nAustralia\nCosta Rica\nCanada\nGrand Cayman\nIceland\nItaly\nBasilicata\nFlorence\nPuglia\nRome\nTuscany\nVenice\nLondon\nSouth Africa\nTurks & Caicos\nSpain\nPopular Posts\nfifi + hop / October 16, 2018\nHiking in Cold Spring: The Breakdown of the Breakneck Ridge Trail\nHiking in Cold Spring: The Breakdown of the Breakneck Ridge Trail\nCold Spring, NYis a popular day trip destination in the NYC area. Its darling. Its located in one of the most scenic spots in the Hudson Valley, beautifully set on the Hudson River and opposite Storm King Mountain. Surrounded by mountains, hills and ridges, it also makes for an amazing place to go hiking. One extremely popular hike is the Breakneck Ridge trail.\nIve heard about Breakneck Ridge for years now. It consistently gets voted as one of the best hikes in the country yes in the U.S. as well as the best day trip hike from New York City. Thats saying a lot! Ive read many times that its so popular that it gets over-crowded quickly, and to go first thing in the morning. Breakneck Ridge even has its own train stop on Metro North, though only available on the weekends.\nBreakneck Ridge attracts so many people because its beautiful the vistas you encounter are stunning, even breath-taking. Thats what Ive read about Breakneck for some time nowso I figured, if its beautiful and popular and everyone does it, it must be a pretty fantastic hike. And me, I love to go hiking. Always have. Wish I did more of it, but with young kids, other priorities have taken over. As my girls have grown weve been able to do more hikes, such as a recent trip to Telluride, CO, so thats great. This hike, however, I decided to do with a girlfriend of mine sans-kids. And thank god we did!\nMy Experience with Breakneck Ridge\nAs we were to soon discover, Breakneck Ridge is not for the faint of heart. Its a very strenuous hike (if you can call it that! More like a rock scramble..) and should be well prepared for with proper shoes, food and water. Theres no way my girls could have done this hike. This is how it worked out for us:\nMy friend and I drove to Cold Spring together and parked on route 9-D right opposite the trail head, by the tunnel. Its about a couple miles outside of the town of Cold Spring. If youre taking the train, there is the Breakneck Ridge stop right near the trail head on the weekends, and if during the week, there is the Cold Spring stop and you can either cab it or walk the 2.5 miles. We got out of the car, crossed the street, to where there was a little tent with park rangers passing out trail maps and answering questions. My first thought was: wow, they even have the trail staffed, how unusual.\nAs the rangers told us and as the map indicated, its best to take the white-marked trail up to one of the first summits, and then you have your choice of trails to take from there, depending on difficulty and also depending on how far you want to hike. The Breakneck Ridge trail goes for 5.5. miles between Cold Spring and Beacon, NY and can take a long time. Most people choose to do smaller loops we chose one thats approximately 3 hours. Its not the length that one should concern themselves with its the steepness.\nAbout 5 minutes into the trail you come to a straight shot up the mountain, full of rocks and boulders. It does not look like a regular trail. I dont have photos of it, because unfortunately for us, it started to rain. This is not something you want to do in the rain! The rocks were very slippery and we waited out the rain underneath some tree branches. We almost turned away and walked down, as we were soaked and concerned about the rest of the hike, but something inside me said to not back away. I was here, ready to take it on, and no way was the rain or rocks going to get the best of me. (Haha, because they almost did!)\nI kept telling my friend, once we get past the initial steep slope, it should even out and well be greeted with amazing views that will have made it all worth it. So once the rain stopped, we soldiered on. Its very hard to follow the white markers as literally the trail is a bunch of rock formations with no clear-cut path. But we kept heading up. And as we headed up, I kept saying it will eventually flatten out. But that it did not do!\nThe rocks became bigger like boulders- and several times we had to use all four legs and arms to hoist ourselves up to the next ledge, to the next boulder. Both my friend and I struggled with some of the rocks and even asked for help from some other hikers at one point. This very nice woman, who was tall and didnt have as much difficulty with it, lent a hand and lifted me up to the next rock a couple of times. She was really nice and agreed that the trail was extremely difficult, which made me feel better.\nWe ascended for a while, yet the first main part is only miles. I read that in this miles you climb 1200 feet if that says anything! Its very grueling. Once we reached the (first) summit, indeed we were greeted with incredible views of the Hudson River, Storm King and the Hudson Hills. It was a great sense of accomplishment. What we had just climbed was something neither of us had ever experienced before. It truly felt like rock climbing, or very close to it. At points our legs were shaking from both the physical activity, as well as the nerves. Once atop we took some photos, and a break, and were ready to follow the trail back down. Instead, it weaved in and out of some rocks and headed up again! We hadnt realized that was the first of a few different summits.\nWe had to climb some more large boulders, but fortunately another hiker tipped us off and told us where to take the easy trail down (which is also marked). I have to say, we were so relieved once we started actually walking down. At times it felt like we would never get there.\nOnce back down again and at the trailhead I asked the ranger about all the people who come out from the city to this trail, and do they know how strenuous it is. He said not at all, most people know nothing about the trail, its just become wildly popular because it has the Metro North stop (which now I knew explained all the people!) He said there are a few accidents a month where people break ankles, legs, etc. and that most people arent educated about the trail. Including us! Wish we had actually read the sign below\nAlas, I still would have hiked the trail and am so glad we did. The views are 100% worth it, and the feeling of accomplishment cant be beat. Breakneck Ridge is an amazing place to hike, you just have to be prepared and ready for a serious, vertical climb.\nPIN IT\nShare this:Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)154Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)154Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)\nFollow:\nYou may also enjoy:Top Family-Friendly Museums in the NYC SuburbsEscape into the Hudson Valleys Minnewaska The Great Jack OLantern BlazeWalkway Over the Hudson: Worlds Longest \nShare:\nhiking, travel\nPrevious Post Faraway Files #94 Next Post Ultimate Guide to Niagara Falls in Canada\n6 Comments\ncarolyn eddie October 19, 2018 / 9:22 am\nWas beginning to think that this might be a great hike for us when we are back in CT, but not so sure now. More of a hiker than a climber. Glad you survived to tell the tale! Thanks for sharing\nReply\nfifi + hopAuthor November 14, 2018 / 11:02 am\nThanks for your comment! Its def more of a rock scramble than a hike, so full warning!!\nReply\nLeeAnn Miceli April 25, 2019 / 1:13 am\nIt isnt called Breakneck for nothing! Being born and raised in Cold Spring, injuries and deaths on Breakneck is discussed quite often every hiking season. I grew up with horror stories from that mountain and never had the desire to attempt it. Glad you made it back down safely and thank you for a realistic article of the dangers on Breakneck Mountain.\nReply\nfifi + hopAuthor April 25, 2019 / 10:27 pm\nThank you for reading and for writing this! Its frustrating to constantly hear that its the #1 hike in the NYC area, when nobody actually knows what its all about including me! I only knew it was popular from all the media, but rarely do you hear about how difficult it is. People need to know!\nReply\nErica July 30, 2020 / 7:43 pm\nI did the second half of breakneck with my 4 yr old on her own two feet. But, she and I hike a lot and shes been scrambling for awhile. Loved it. I think the first half is worse. We have never tried it. We have a video on youtube!\nReply\nfifi + hopAuthor August 2, 2020 / 7:40 pm\nFirst half is definitely much harder! But go for it!\nReply\nLeave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment * Name *\nEmail *\nWebsite\nNotify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email.\nThis site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.\nFOLLOW FIFI + HOP SEARCH MY SITE\nEmail Address\nSubscribe\nHi I'm Corey and this is Fifi + Hop, a travel resource for NYC local, the U.S. and Abroad. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Filestash Self-hosted client for your data\nDocumentation\nPricing\nGithub\nHome\nBlog\nGetting started\nInstall and upgrade\nSupport\nAPI\nArticles\nPricing\nFilestash\nturns your\nFTP / WebDav / SFTP / S3 / SMB / Minio / Git / LDAP / Google drive / Dropbox server / Storj\nda|\ninto this\nBook a Demo\nDeploy Open Source\nBring your own backend:\nS3\nSFTP\nFTP\nFTPS\nMinio\nBackblaze\nAzure Blob\nGIT\nGithub\nGitlab\nWebDav\nSamba\nStorj\nArtifactory\nLocal FS\nNFS\nLDAP\nCalDAV\nCardDAV\nMysql\nDropbox\nGoogle Drive\nGogs\nGitea\nThe Enterprise File Management Solution\nIntegrate your existing Storage, Authentication, and Authorisation Systems altogether\nBook a demo\nTrusted by\nfcic is exploring our code\n12 hours ago\nfcic like us\n12 hours ago\nyupix like us\nyesterday\nromanhu like us\nyesterday\nxjGafi like us\nyesterday\nosom8979 like us\nyesterday\nlegendjslc like us\nyesterday\ngislinker like us\nyesterday\nzouyang08 like us\n2 days ago\ndodekaphilist like us\n3 days ago\ndanyloburavlov like us\n3 days ago\nRock3t88 is exploring our code\n3 days ago\nDaneAlex like us\n3 days ago\nRain-Bus like us\n4 days ago\nt3hcreat0r like us\n4 days ago\nchenchuyin like us\n4 days ago\ndareair like us\n4 days ago\nnripeshRajbhandari like us\n4 days ago\nOmni-Engineering like us\n4 days ago\nMKCG like us\n4 days ago\nmbobino like us\n4 days ago\nAryavui like us\n4 days ago\nvarun701 like us\n4 days ago\nRandLily like us\n4 days ago\nChris M.\nIf you need a file manager, get filestash. The product is easy to use, easy to configure, very secure, and works very well. Mickael has been outstanding with his customer support, helping us customize the app to fit our specific requirements. I can't say enough good things about his app, and him. If you are looking for a fast, efficient, and streamlined front-end GUI to manage files, look no further.\nDavid C.\nMy company required a custom plugin derived from the original open source repo. The developer provided such great support during the first meetings, that my company immediately opened an enterprise account with Filestash. The support and development of our own custom plugin was fantastic!\nUniversal File Manager\nEffortlessly browse, organize, and share files across all your storage solutions via one intuitive interface. 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Monitor user actions to safeguard your confidential data, knowing who did what, where, and when.\nReady to get started?\nBook a demo\nDeploy Open Source\nTopics:\nftp guide oem online-client s3 sftp tool webdav\nError: Javascript is offYou need to enable Javascript to run this application", "url": "https://www.filestash.app/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "GitHub - mickael-kerjean/filestash: A modern web client for SFTP, S3, FTP, WebDAV, Git, Minio, LDAP, CalDAV, CardDAV, Mysql, Backblaze, ...\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. 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Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\nmickael-kerjean\n/\nfilestash\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n702\nStar\n9.6k\n A modern web client for SFTP, S3, FTP, WebDAV, Git, Minio, LDAP, CalDAV, CardDAV, Mysql, Backblaze, ...\nwww.filestash.app/\nLicense\nAGPL-3.0 license\n9.6k\nstars\n702\nforks\nBranches\nTags\nActivity\nStar\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nCode\nIssues\n95\nPull requests\n8\nActions\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nActions\nSecurity\nInsights\nmickael-kerjean/filestash\nThis commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository.\nmasterBranchesTagsGo to fileCodeFolders and filesNameNameLast commit messageLast commit dateLatest commitHistory1,455 Commits.assets.assets.github.githubclientclientcmdcmdconfigconfigdockerdockerpublicpublicserverserver.babelrc.babelrc.editorconfig.editorconfig.eslintrc.json.eslintrc.json.gitignore.gitignoreCONTRIBUTING.mdCONTRIBUTING.mdJenkinsfileJenkinsfileLICENSELICENSEMakefileMakefileREADME.mdREADME.mdembed.goembed.gogo.modgo.modgo.sumgo.sumpackage.jsonpackage.jsonwebpack.config.jswebpack.config.jsView all filesRepository files navigationREADMEAGPL-3.0 license\nA Dropbox-like file manager that let you manage your data anywhere it is located:\nFTP FTPS SFTP WebDAV Git S3 NFS Samba Artifactory LDAP Mysql\nStorj CardDAV CalDAV Backblaze B2 Minio\nDropbox Google Drive\nFeatures\nManage your files from a browser\nAuthentication middleware to connect to various source of user\nFlexible Share mechanism\nChromecast support for images, music, and videos\nVideo player\nVideo transcoding (mov, mkv, avi, mpeg, and more)\nImage viewer\nImage transcoding (raw images from Nikon, Canon, and more)\nPhoto management\nAudio player\nShared links are full fledge network drive\nOffice documents (docx, xlsx and more)\nFull org mode client (documentation)\nUser friendly\nMobile friendly\nCustomisable\nPlugins\nSuper fast\nUpload files and folders\nDownload as zip\nMultiple cloud providers and protocols, easily extensible\nNyan cat loader\nQuick access: frequently access folders are pin to the homepage\nEmacs, VIM or Sublime keybindings ;)\nSearch\n.. and many more\nDocumentation\nGetting started\nInstallation\nFAQ\nScreenshots\nThe core idea\nFilestash started as an attempt to solve the Dropbox problem by abstracting the storage aspect so you can \"bring your own backend\" by implementing this interface:\ntype IBackend interface {\nInit(params map[string]string, app *App) (IBackend, error) // constructor\nLs(path string) ([]os.FileInfo, error) // list files in a folder\nCat(path string) (io.ReadCloser, error) // download a file\nMkdir(path string) error // create a folder\nRm(path string) error // remove something\nMv(from string, to string) error // rename something\nSave(path string, file io.Reader) error // save a file\nTouch(path string) error // create a file\nLoginForm() Form // dynamic form generation for the login\n}\nIt has evolved with plugins which are the lego bricks you can assemble together to form a solution that works for you. You can bring your own identity provider, your own authorisation, your own search and more. If there's something you want, plugin will likely make it possible.\nSome outside the box example of this \"filesystem as a framework\" ideas we've done for the sake of science:\nmysql plugin which shows databases as folders, tables as subfolder and rows as individual files. When opening a file (= a row), the user is presented with a form that is dynamically rendered from the DB schema and can be edit and saved back to mysql by people who have no knowledge of SQL.\nldap backend from which you can browse through a LDAP directory and also view / edit record it contains. eg: this public ldap\nSupport\nFor companies -> support contract\nFor individuals -> #filestash on IRC (libera.chat). 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Instructions to build Filestash is available here and instructions to create your own static library for libvips and libraw is to be found here\nAbout\n A modern web client for SFTP, S3, FTP, WebDAV, Git, Minio, LDAP, CalDAV, CardDAV, Mysql, Backblaze, ...\nwww.filestash.app/\nTopics\nemacs\nfilemanager\ndropbox\norgmode\nftp\ns3\nfile-upload\ngoogle-drive\nsftp\nfile-sharing\nwebdav\nwebapp\nfile-viewer\nsftp-client\nftp-client\nfile-manager\nwebdav-client\ndropbox-client\ns3-browser\ns3-client\nResources\nReadme\nLicense\nAGPL-3.0 license\nActivity\nStars\n9.6k\nstars\nWatchers\n111\nwatching\nForks\n702\nforks\nReport repository\nReleases\n6\ntags\nPackages\n0\nNo packages published\nContributors\n61\n+ 47 contributors\nLanguages\nJavaScript\n52.7%\nGo\n29.8%\nSCSS\n4.7%\nCSS\n3.8%\nEmacs Lisp\n3.6%\nRPC\n2.4%\nOther\n3.0%\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/mickael-kerjean/filestash" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Error: Javascript is offYou need to enable Javascript to run this application", "url": "https://demo.filestash.app/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How to login on filestash - Hosting Support - InfinityFree Forum\nSkip to main content\nLog In\n\nTopics\nKnowledge Base\nForum Rules\nClient Area\nMore\nCategories\nCommunity Guides\nDocumentation\nHosting Support\nInformal\nNews and Announcements\nSystem Issues\nAll categories\n\nADVERTISEMENT\nHow to login on filestash\nHosting Support\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nJun 2023\n2 / 7\nJun 2023\nJul 2023\nAkshat_Apoorv1Jun 2023Hey so when i tried to use Filestash by Infinityfree\nfilestash.infinityfree.com\nFilestash 23\nManage your data in your cloud\nI cant login using FTP user & pass and accounts user & pass\nPlease help2\n\ncreated\nJun 2023\nlast reply\nJul 2023\n6\nreplies\n847\nviews\n4\nusers\n20\nlikes\n2\nlinks\n2\n2\nGreenreader9Regular | ModeratorJun 2023This looks like a new feature, and it is broken for me as well.\nPlease use Monsta or a desktop FTP client.\nThanks5\nAdminOwner of InfinityFreeJun 2023There was an issue with the authentication configuration in Filestash. Its fixed now and you should now be able to login with your FTP username and password.2 Replies5\nInfinityfree Filestash?8\nAGCodingJul 2023Sir, Filestash login not working, giving invalid account error on 2nd July, 2023.\nADVERTISEMENT\nAkshat_Apoorv AdminJul 2023No I still cant login it say oops invalid account\nAdminOwner of InfinityFreeJul 2023Hmm, indeed, it seems that the FTP connections from Filestash dont work properly.\nI dont know exactly whats causing it, there is no useful logging anywhere to help identify this issue. My guess is that its caused by the FTP server blocking it due to many bad logins (caused in part by the lack of SSO options for open source Filestash). And also there seem to be random crashes due to problems with FTP connection timeouts.\nIm not sure how to solve this for now. Ill keep the Filestash servers running for now, but remove the client area links.8\n15 days later\nClosed on Jul 17, 2023This topic was automatically closed 15 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed.\nReply\nADVERTISEMENT\nNew & Unread Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nRemove end part\nHosting Support\n16\n313\nApr 25\nLoading google fonts\nHosting Support\n7\n157\n6d\nI cant link my database\nHosting Support\n7\n91\n6d\nMoodle Installation Error Softaculous\nHosting Support\n2\n47\n4d\nSite Import Help needed\nHosting Support\n6\n61\n1d\nWant to read more? Browse other topics in Hosting Support or view latest topics.\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://forum.infinityfree.com/t/how-to-login-on-filestash/78274" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "#filestash\nLatest messages\n[irc.libera.chat] /join #filestash\n[2024-04-07][21:33:44] <~guest9469> hi, I would like to have my filestash instance connecting to my sftp through kubectl because there is no direct connection\n[2024-04-07][21:33:44] <~guest9469> for instance, instead of doing \"ssh server\" I would like to have it doing \"kubectl exec -it pod -- ssh server\"\n[2024-04-07][21:33:45] <~guest9469> I know this is not the case as filestash use ssh and sftp go libraries, this is just an example to explain what I would like to achieve\n[2024-04-07][21:33:45] <~guest9469> any suggestion on how to do so?\n[2024-04-11][14:44:19] <~guest520> Hey, do you know if Filestash S3 plugin works also with ECS? I mean, I want to use ECS built-in role like with EC2 and I feel that's not implemented in Filestash, is it?\n[2024-04-12][07:35:45] <~Michal_Ma> Hello guys, first of all - nice to meet you and it is nice to enjoy filestash. I have a question on docker image versioning. Are you planning to release stable tags, or floating ones like 'latest' are the only option now?\n[2024-04-22][12:13:42] <~MichalM> Hello,\n[2024-04-22][12:13:42] <~MichalM> I am trying to configure passthrough with some env variable, tried {{ .os.Getenv \"S3_BUCKET\" }}, tried {{ .Env.S3_BUCKET }} but when I try to browse it reloads the page over and over again. When I use {{ \"my_exact_bucket_name\" }} or simply my_exact_bucket_name it works like a charm. the page https://www.filestash.app/docs/install-and-upgrade/ says\n[2024-04-22][12:13:43] <~MichalM> about such possibility. Could you please advise how should I do it?\n[2024-04-26][09:26:00] <~phisch> Hey there, I was wondering if any of you know if there is a way to configure a base url for filestash. I'd like to have it on a local machine at https://IP/filestash and I don't think I can do this with a reverse proxy only.\n[2024-04-26][09:50:04] <~phisch> Hmm, yeah, doesn't look like there is a way to do this. And I couldn't find a way to tell filestash that it's served from a prefixed path. That's unfortunate, filestash looks amazing btw!\n[2024-04-30][11:13:46] <~guest2> HISTORY #filestash\n[2024-04-30][11:22:12] <~Guest95> Hi all, I wanted to know if the development on tags was going forward ? Thanks in advance\n[2024-05-02][15:55:20] <~RyanHecht> Hi folks! I've opened a PR to enable Codemirror's Groovy syntax highlighting for the applicable file extensions: https://github.com/mickael-kerjean/filestash/pull/691\n[2024-05-02][15:56:11] <~RyanHecht> Also, I had a question: are you aware of anyone who has created a plugin to use code-server as a file viewer?\n[2024-05-06][23:30:06] <~Scorprian> Is there any reason for filestash to mark a config.js file as downloadable only?\n[2024-05-06][23:30:39] <~Scorprian> i'd provide an image if it would upload it.\n[2024-05-22][18:38:06] <~guest3395> Hello, I have a problem with GDrive, I already made it to the part where I can choose my g account, but after accepting everything and logging in it gives me back to filestash web with this error Ups\n[2024-05-22][18:38:07] <~guest3395> Can't authenticate (OAuth error)\n[2024-05-22][18:42:31] <~guest3395> and when I try to access my SFTP, it keep loading and loading\n[2024-05-24][17:28:42] <~guest9124> hi there is it possible to have a custom logon screen?\n[2024-05-24][17:29:00] <~guest9124> would like company name and some 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"url": "https://support.filestash.app/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Filestash: A self-hosted Open Source multi browser - Product Discussions - Storj Community Forum (official)\nSkip to main content\nDocs\nStorj Customers\nNode Operators\nSupport\nStorj Customers Support\nNode Support\nStorj\nWeb site\nBlog\nMore\nAbout us\nPartners\nTerms of Service\nPrivacy policy\nSign UpLog In\nFilestash: A self-hosted Open Source multi browser\nProduct Discussions\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nAug 2022\n2 / 10\nAug 2022\nNov 2023\njammerdan1Aug 2022Filestash is a self-hosted open-source Dropbox alternative that supports multiple user collaboration and a dozen of storage modules.\nWith Filestash, you can connect to Amazon S3, Dropbox, Google Drive, FTPS and add more storage modules. 12\nFilestash\nFilestash 39\nThe official website for Filestash (formerly Nuage), the self-hosted web client for your data\nIt is working with S3 credentials with Storj DCS already, check it out on my Sintel folder:\ndemo.filestash.app\nFilestash 21\nManage your data in your cloud\nIt is even on the Amazon marketplace. 1\n@bre Maybe something for the showcasing category?\nSeeing this I am getting so many ideas: Storj could link to the Filestash website and advertise this as alternative access option. Storj could host it and offer an easy access to Storj DCS. Storj could write its own plugin like Backblaze 1 to become more visible. Storj could team up with that project and offer its free tier to their users. This could even be an interesting thing for those users who are looking for a Dropbox like alternative as users or as providers.3\n\ncreated\nAug 2022\nlast reply\nNov 2023\n9\nreplies\n980\nviews\n4\nusers\n5\nlikes\n5\n3\nnerdatworkGitHub ContributorAug 2022\nimage741326 12.3 KB\nHere is my experience using your link.2 Replies\njammerdanAug 2022I am getting an error currently as well:\nOops!\n<html> <head><title>504 Gateway Time-out</title></head> <body> <center><h1>504 Gateway Time-out</h1>\nI have just tried with a new Access Grant.\nBut it is easy to try with own S3 credentials:\nhttps://demo.filestash.app/login 9\nI guess we need to wait and see if it gets fixed.\nEdit: I have no idea to which gateway the message is referring to. Could it be https://gateway.storjshare.io 2 ?\njammerdan nerdatworkAug 2022Check again, seems to be working now again:\nScreenshot_2022-08-06_0746451210574 30.9 KB\nnerdatworkGitHub ContributorAug 2022\nThis time I tried the 4k. We might end up troubleshooting for them.\njammerdanAug 2022Yes I can confirm:\nThe media could not be loaded, either because the server or network failed or because the format is not supported.\nBut sintel_2048_surround_512kb.mp4 is working:\nScreenshot_2022-08-06_0803531231914 48 KB\nBut its a demo page so I wouldnt expect the best conditions for streaming.\nnerdatworkGitHub ContributorAug 2022\njammerdan:\nBut its a demo page\nIts the main reason why it should rather work. You give demo page to potential client and this doesnt look good.\njammerdanAug 2022Yes and no. If you have to pay for servers and bandwidth then there is a tradeoff.\nBut anyone can try it and run it on their own server to check it out.\nThere is even a Docker image: https://hub.docker.com/r/ugeek/filestash 5\nEdit: With more many, maybe they can pay for better servers?\nopencollective.com\nFilestash - Open Collective 12\nA web client for FTP, SFTP, WebDAV, Git, S3, Minio, LDAP, Caldav, Carddav, Mysql, Backblaze\nbreLeaderAug 2022Another good one!\nHave passed this along internally.\nYou are on fire this weekend with the good ideas\n1 year later\nmickael-kerjeanNov 2023\nBut its a demo page so I wouldnt expect the best conditions for streaming.\nYep. Everytime you try to stream a video, it creates an HLS stream via ffmpeg which is quite costly from a CPU point of view. Take that to the point that thousands of people come everyday you end up with a demo instance that is being abused quite a lot. Having good SLAs on the demo instance would cost multiple thousands per month to accomodate everyone trying to stream videos, hence when someone abuse the service, the demo instance goes down and I restart it, again and again and again. Its not the best solution but it makes the bill fix with no surprise\nIts the main reason why it should rather work. You give demo page to potential client and this doesnt look good.\nThis is exactly why Im trying to provide SLAs on top for the people who are actually willing to contribute. In practice thats about 0.001% of the visitors who use the demo and with this kind of conversion rate its not possible to provide something that will scale up and down properly.2\nReply\nNew & Unread Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nDeleting files ? where is the recycle bin\nProduct Discussions\n2\n169\nJan 20\nHow to do backups using FTP in Storj\nProduct Discussions\n3\n183\nApr 11\nWhat is Egress Limit?\nProduct Discussions\n2\n281\nAug 2023\nDocumentation error?\nProduct Discussions\n3\n220\nJul 2023\nProxmox - use storj as storage for lxc or isos\nProduct Discussions\nstorageproxmox-vmlxc\n2\n116\n3d\nWant to read more? Browse other topics in Product Discussions or view latest topics.\n\nInvalid date\n\nInvalid date", "url": "https://forum.storj.io/t/filestash-a-self-hosted-open-source-multi-browser/19308" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Boise State Athletics\nAlbertsons Stadium - Boise State University Athletics\nSkip to main contentPause All RotatorsAll Rotators PlayingSkip to main content\n\"The Blue\"\nLyle Smith Field\nCapacity: 36,363Opened: 1970\nStadium Safety Information\nStadium Seating Chart\nAlbertsons Stadium is the home of Boise State University football and the annual Famous Idaho Potato Bowl.\nThe venue opened in 1970 with 14,500 seats at a cost of $2.2 million. In 1974, the east side upper deck was added, increasing the seating capacity to 20,000. Portable end zone seating had the capacity of the stadium at 22,600 through the 1996 season.\nThe stadium was expanded to 30,000 seats prior to the start of the 1997 football season. Included in the $10 million project wasthe additional seating in the southwest and southeast corners, construction of the Allen Noble Hall of Fame Gallery and completion of the Larry and Marianne Williams Plaza.\nIn 2008,Stueckle Sky Center opened and the capacity increased to 32,000. The four-level facility includes loge boxes, club seating, sky suites and gameday media operations for Boise State home football games. Additionally, five individual banquet style or meeting room spaces are located throughout the 131,000-square-foot facility.\nTemporary mobile seating was added in the north and south end zones prior to the 2009 campaign and 3,500 permanent seats were added to the area in summer 2012. The currentseating capacity is 36,363.\nBoise State established a first in 1986 by installing blue AstroTurf as its playing surface. The second blue AstroTurf was installed in 1995 and a third prior to the 2002 season. A blue FieldTurf surface was installed in 2008. It was replaced in 2010 and again in 2019.Other schools hadspecial color projects inthe end zone area prior to the Broncos, but Boise State wasthe first to have the entire field produced in a special color. There weretwo green AstroTurf fields installed prior to 1986. The first was during the original construction of the current stadium in 1970, with the second installed prior to the 1978 season.\nIn 2013, the Bleymaier Football Center opened and a new videoboard was added in the north end zone. That videoboard was resized in 2022 to its current 2360x1120 (px). A brand new videoboard in the south end zone wasinstalled prior to the 2023 season and measures 3640x1520 (px).\nALBERTSONS STADIUM FACTS\nGroundbreaking: 1969\nStadium Dedication: Sept.11, 1970 (49-14 win over Chico State)\nRenamed Albertsons Stadium: 2014 (previously Bronco Stadium)\nSeating capacity: 36,363\nAll-time attendance record: 36,902 (Oct. 12, 2019 vs. Hawai'i)\nFirst Addition: 1975 (East Side Upper Deck)\nSecond Addition: 1997 (Southwest and Southeast Corners)\nAllen Noble Hall of Fame Gallery\nLarry and Marianne Williams Plaza\nThird Addition: 2008 (Stueckle Sky Center)\nLoge Boxes (48)\nClub Seats (832)\nSky Suites (39)\nGameday media operations\nFourth Addition: 2012 (North and South End Zones)\nPermanent seating (3,500)\nSpecial features\nVideoboards (Bronco Vision) in north and south end zones\nRibbon boards on east and west sides\nAllen Noble Hall of Fame Gallery in southwest corner\nNCAA Track & Field Outdoor Championships site, hosted by Boise State in 1994 and 1999\nTIMELINE\n1940\nIn 1940, Boise Junior College moved to this airport site adjacent to the beautiful Boise River.\n1940s\ncapacity: 1,000\nLocated on the site of the current Student Union, the field had wooden bleachers on both sides of the playing field. For special games or a bigger crowd, bleachers were borrowed from Boise High.\n1950s\ncapacity: 10,000\nThe first Bronco Stadium, home of Bronco football, 1950-1969, and the BJC campus in the mid-1950s.\n1969\ncapacity: 14,000\nConstruction of the west side tier and field.\n1970s\ncapacity: 20,000\nThe second tier was later added to the east side in 1975, bringing the capacity to 20,000.\nCurrent\ncapacity: 36,387\nThe permanent end zone bleacherswere added to Albertsons Stadium in 2012 raising the capacity to 36,387. This photo was taken during Boise State's 7-6 win over BYU, September 20, 2012. Attendance at this game was 36,864.\nTop 10 Albertsons Stadium Crowds\nNo.\nAtt.\nOpponent\nDate\nWinner\nScore\n1.\n36,902\nHawai'i\nOct.12, 2019\nBoise State\n59-37\n2.\n36,864\nBYU\nSept.20, 2012\nBoise State\n7-6\n3.\n36,836\nWashington\nSept.4, 2015\nBoise State\n16-13\n4.\n36,752\nBYU\nOct. 24, 2014\nBoise State\n55-30\n5.\n36,679\nSan Diego State\nOct.6, 2018\nSan Diego State\n19-13\n6.\n36,602\nUtah State\nOct. 1, 2016\nBoise State\n21-10\n7.\n36,498\nAir Force\nSept.20, 2019\nBoise State\n30-19\n8.\n36,163\nWashington State\nSept.10, 2016\nBoise State\n31-28\n9.\n36,084\nSan Diego State\nNov.3, 2012\nSan Diego State\n21-19\n10.\n36,069\nAir Force\nSept.13, 2013\nBoise State\n42-20\nBoise State's Year-by-Year Record in Albertsons Stadium:\n1970: 5-1\n1971: 7-0\n1972: 4-1\n1973: 6-0\n1974: 6-0\n1975: 6-2\n1976: 4-2\n1977: 5-0\n1978: 6-1\n1979: 5-1\n1980: 6-1\n1981: 5-2\n1982: 5-1\n1983: 5-1\n1984: 2-4\n1985: 5-1\n1986: 4-2\n1987: 5-2\n1988: 5-2\n1989: 5-2\n1990: 7-1\n1991: 7-0\n1992: 3-3\n1993: 3-4\n1994: 10-0\n1995: 5-2\n1996: 1-6\n1997: 3-2\n1998: 4-3\n1999: 8-0\n2000: 6-0\n2001: 5-1\n2002: 7-0\n2003: 6-0\n2004: 7-0\n2005: 6-1\n2006: 6-0\n2007: 7-0\n2008: 5-0\n2009: 7-0\n2010: 6-0\n2011: 5-1\n2012: 5-1\n2013: 6-0\n2014: 7-0\n2015: 4-2\n2016: 6-0\n2017: 6-1\n2018: 5-2\n2019: 7-0\n2020: 2-1\nTotals:\n273-57 (.827)\n 2024 Boise State University AthleticsAccessibility StatementTerms of ServicePrivacy PolicyAccessibility Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information LearfieldSidearm\nThis site cant be reached\nThe webpage at https://map.paranoidfan.com/apikey/V7rYxP15-Jias-CdTwKQ might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.\nERR_TUNNEL_CONNECTION_FAILED\nnull\nThe webpage at https://map.paranoidfan.com/apikey/V7rYxP15-Jias-CdTwKQ might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.", "url": "https://broncosports.com/sports/2020/4/29/albertsons-stadium" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Albertsons Stadium - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Location\n2History\nToggle History subsection\n2.1Public School Field\n2.2College Field\n2.3Bronco Stadium (I)\n2.4Bronco Stadium (II)\n2.4.1Lyle Smith Field\n2.4.2Basque Soccer Friendly\n3Blue artificial turf\n4Upgrades/additions\n5Home dominance\n6Top 10 highest attended games\n7See also\n8References\n9External links\nToggle the table of contents\nAlbertsons Stadium\n3 languages\nDeutschFranaisPortugus\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nCoordinates: 433611N 1161146W / 43.603N 116.196W / 43.603; -116.196\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAmerican football stadium at Boise State University\nAlbertsons Stadium\"The Blue\"BoiseLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesBoiseLocation in IdahoShow map of IdahoFormer namesBronco Stadium (19702014)Address1400 Bronco LaneLocationBoise State UniversityBoise, Idaho, U.S.Coordinates433611N 1161146W / 43.603N 116.196W / 43.603; -116.196Elevation2,695 feet (820m) AMSLOwnerBoise State UniversityOperatorBoise State UniversityCapacity36,387 (2012present)33,500 (20092011)32,000 (2008)30,000 (19972007) 20,000 (19751996)14,500 (19701974)SurfaceFieldTurf (blue) (2008present)AstroPlay (blue) (20022007)AstroTurf (blue) (19862001)AstroTurf (green) (19701985)ConstructionBroke groundNovember 1969OpenedSeptember11, 1970;53 years ago(1970-09-11)Expanded1975, 1997, 2009, 2012Construction cost$2.3million($18million in 2023 dollars[1])ArchitectSink Combs DethlefsTenantsBoise State Broncos (NCAA) (1970present)Famous Idaho Potato Bowl(NCAA) (1997present)\nAlbertsons Stadium is an outdoor athletic stadium in the western United States, located on the campus of Boise State University in Boise, Idaho. It is the home field of the Boise State Broncos of the Mountain West Conference. Known as Bronco Stadium for its first 44 seasons, it was renamed in May 2014 when Albertsons, a chain of grocery stores founded by Boise area resident Joe Albertson, purchased the naming rights.[2]\nOpened 54 years ago in 1970, it was also a track & field stadium and hosted the NCAA track & field championships twice, in 1994 and 1999.[3] The stadium was used extensively for local high school football for decades until August 2012, when games were transferred a few blocks northeast to the new Dona Larsen Park, which is also the new home venue of Boise State's track & field team.\nAlbertsons Stadium is widely known for its unusual blue playing surface, installed in 1986, while Boise State was in the Big Sky Conference. It was the first non-green playing surface (outside of painted end zones) in football history and remained the only one among NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision schools for almost 20 years.\nSince 1997, it has hosted the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl (known as the Humanitarian Bowl and the MPC Computers Bowl prior to 2011), which is the longest-running outdoor bowl game in a cold-weather venue.\nLocation[edit]\nAlbertsons Stadium is located at the east end of the BSU campus, bordered by Broadway Avenue to the east, University Drive to the south, and the Boise River to the north. The playing field is aligned north-south at an elevation of 2,695 feet (820m) above sea level.[4]\nHistory[edit]\nAlbertsons Stadium is the first venue to hold its name. However, when it was Bronco Stadium, it was the fourth venue and second of the same name at Boise State; the three on-campus stadiums were built in 1940, 1950, and 1970, respectively.[5]\nPublic School Field[edit]\nDuring its first years at its original campus, BJC football was played at \"Public School Field,\" the home field of Boise High School, located three blocks north-northeast of today's Albertsons Stadium. The site was the home of East Junior High School from 1953 to 2009; it was demolished and rebuilt further down Warm Springs Avenue, and the previous area became Dona Larsen Park in 2012.\nCollege Field[edit]\nAfter the college moved to its present campus in 1940, \"College Field\" opened in September 1940 with lights and a seating capacity of 1,000. Also called \"Chaffee Field\", it was used through 1949 for junior college football (photo 1940s). In the 1950s, it became the baseball field, aligned southeast, until right field was displaced by the construction of the Student Union Building, which opened in 1967. The baseball field migrated slightly east, then north, with a new northeast alignment and home plate at (433611N 1161202W / 43.60317N 116.20043W / 43.60317; -116.20043). It was eliminated in 1980 by the construction of the BSU Pavilion and the relocation of the tennis courts. (Baseball was dropped by both BSU and Idaho following the 1980 season;[6][7] the Broncos played home games at Borah Field during their final season.)\nBronco Stadium (I)[edit]\nThe first \"Bronco Stadium\" was built in three months in 1950 at the east end of campus, with wooden grandstands, a natural grass playing field, lights, and a cinder running track; seating capacity was 10,000.[8] It was in approximately the same location as the present stadium, but aligned northwest to southeast. (photo 1964) The 45 offset was designed to keep the mid-afternoon sun of mid-October out of the players' eyes (but put it into the eyes of half of the spectators).\nFrom the 1920s through 1968, the University of Idaho Vandals of Moscow usually played one home game per season in Boise, often against schools from Oregon or Utah.[9] Boise State joined the Big Sky in 1970, and Idaho discontinued its practice of scheduling home games in Boise, sometimes referred to as \"southern homecoming.\" (Idaho did use the new Bronco Stadium for a \"home\" game in 1971, but it was against Boise State in the first football game ever played between the schools. Idaho's new stadium on campus in Moscow was behind schedule, so the university rented Bronco Stadium for its opening game. The underdog \"visitors\" of Boise State built a 287 lead at halftime and won handily 4214 and a rivalry game was born.)\nThe Boise College football program upgraded from junior college to four-year status in 1968 and competed as an NAIA independent for two seasons.[10] The school became Boise State College in 1969 and the Broncos were accepted into the NCAA in October.[11] A month later the school was voted into the Big Sky Conference, effective fall 1970.[12] Following the 1969 football season, the first Bronco Stadium was razed in November and the new concrete stadium was ready for play in less than ten months.[5][13]\nBronco Stadium (II)[edit]\nBoise State began NCAA competition in 1970 in the College Division (became Division II in 1973) in a brand new venue.[13] The first game at the new Bronco Stadium was on September 11, a 4914 victory over Chico State. The $2.2million concrete stadium opened with a seating capacity of 14,500 and a green AstroTurf playing field, configured in the traditional northsouth direction, and an all-weather running track. For its first five seasons, the stadium consisted of two sideline grandstands, the west side having an upper deck and the press box.[14](photo 1971) Boise State became a charter member of Division II when the NCAA reorganized the former College Division in 1973.\nFollowing the 1974 season, the school's first as Boise State University, an upper deck was added to the east side (photo 1971) (photo 1975), adding 5,500 seats as well as symmetry to the stadium.[14] The permanent seating capacity grew to 20,000 for its Bronco Stadium's sixth season in 1975, with up to 2,600 temporary seats available in the north end zone seating for bigger games. The original green artificial turf was replaced with the same in 1978 as the Big Sky and the Broncos moved up to the newly formed Division I-AA. (photo mid 1980s) With the largest seating capacity in the conference, Boise State led the Big Sky in attendance; the conference's highest-attended games were when BSU hosted Idaho (even-numbered years), followed by Idaho State at Boise (odd-numbered years in the 1980s).\nPanoramic view from the south end zone in September 2010;a then-record attendance of 34,137 vs Oregon State, televised on ABC The Broncos moved to the Big West and Division I-A in 1996, which resulted in another stadium expansion. The two-tier grandstands were extended around the corners of the south end zone, raising the permanent seating capacity to 30,000 in 1997.[3] The latest stadium expansion was completed in time for the 2008 season, with the addition of the Stueckle Sky Club press box, luxury suites, loge boxes, and club seating; raising the capacity to 32,000. In the summer of 2009, 1,500 additional bleacher seats were added to the south end zone to bring capacity up to 33,500.[15] Prior to the 2012 season, expanded bleacher sections were added to the north and south end zones, expanding capacity to a total of 36,387.[16]\nThe current attendance record is 37,663, set against Fresno State on October 8, 2022.\nLyle Smith Field[edit]\nDuring its 11th season, the playing field at Bronco Stadium was named Lyle Smith Field during the I-AA national championship season of 1980. Ceremonies during halftime of the 143 victory over Nevada on November 8 marked the event. It honors Lyle H. Smith, the head coach from 1947 to 1967 and athletic director from 1968 to 1981, overseeing BSU's rise from the junior college ranks to Division I-AA champions in 1980.[17]\nSmith led Boise, as BJC, to multiple post-season bowls, including the 1958 national junior college championship, and compiled an overall record of 156268 (.842), which included five undefeated seasons and 16 conference titles. He was also the baseball coach for 17 seasons and served as basketball coach for a season at the school. Smith hired Tony Knap to replace himself as football coach in 1968, and Jim Criner to replace Knap in 1976.[18][19]\nGrass was laid over the blue turffor the soccer friendly in 2015.\nBasque Soccer Friendly[edit]\nIn 2015, the stadium played host to a soccer friendly on July 18, named the Basque Soccer Friendly, between Athletic Bilbao of La Liga vs Club Tijuana of Liga MX. To accommodate the game, a natural grass surface was laid on top of the famous blue turf to conform to La Liga rules. It was the first time since 1985 that the stadium featured a green surface for any sporting event. Before a crowd of 21,948, Athletic Bilbao won 20.[20]\nBlue artificial turf[edit]\nThe fifth overall and second blue FieldTurf in August 2010; installed a month earlier.\nAlbertsons Stadium is best known for its distinctive blue playing surface, which was the only non-green football playing surface among Division I FBS programs from Boise State's entry in 1996 until Eastern Michigan installed a gray surface at Rynearson Stadium in 2014.\nThe best-known nickname for the surface is \"Smurf Turf.\" Players refer to it simply as \"The Blue.\" Chris Berman of ESPN has also called Boise's turf \"The Blue Plastic Tundra\", a joking reference to \"the frozen tundra\" of Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin.\nAfter sixteen seasons of playing on standard green AstroTurf, athletic director Gene Bleymaier came up with the idea to install the blue turf. IfBSU was going to spend $750,000 on a new surface, he didn't want to install yet another green field, and that a blue field might provide some national notoriety for the school, then a member of the Big Sky Conference. Bleymaier gained the support of BSU President John Keiser, and on September 13, 1986, Bronco Stadium introduced its unique playing surface to the world with a 740 victory over Division II Humboldt State.[21] (BSU was 42 at home in 1986, but managed just one road victory[22] and posted its first losing record in four decades, resulting in the resignation of fourth-year head coach Lyle Setencich.)\nBSU replaced the first blue AstroTurf with the same in 1995, then with blue Astroplay (a grass-like synthetic surface that is more forgiving than traditional AstroTurf) in 2002. The AstroPlay field lasted just six seasons and was replaced in the summer of 2008 with blue FieldTurf surface.[23] Due to complaints by fans that the reflection and glare off the field gave the new field a dull and uneven shade of blue, FieldTurf agreed to replace the field free of charge. The fifth blue turf was installed in the summer of 2010.[24]\nThe unique blue turf has spawned several myths. The most prevalent is that the NCAA subsequently banned playing surface colors other than green, but allowed Albertsons Stadium's field to remain blue under a grandfather clause. In reality, the NCAA has never adopted such a rule. Any school may color its playing surface (or any part of the surface, such as the end zones) any color it wishes. Indeed, since 1986 other schools have non-green football fields including the University of New Haven (blue)[25] and Eastern Washington University (red).[26] On April 1, 2011, the University of Central Arkansas announced it would install a purple and grey striped field to Estes Stadium.[27] In 2012, Lindenwood University in Belleville, Illinois, played their first football season, on a home field with alternating maroon and gray stripes. The blue turf at Boise State remained the only non-traditionally colored field used by a Division I FBS program until June 2014, when Eastern Michigan announced it would install a gray FieldTurf surface at Rynearson Stadium in time for the 2014 season.[28]\nAnother myth is that, mistaking the blue field for a large body of water, birds have flown into the blue turf and to their deaths. Although Bronco head coach Chris Petersen claimed to have found a dead duck on the field in 2007,[29] the origin of the duck on the field has never been confirmed.\nBSU's blue turf has become such a highly visible icon for the Broncos that BSU obtained a U.S. trademark registration for a blue athletics field in November 2009. In 2010, this trademark was extended to any non-green field.[30]\nIn 2011, the NFL banned any playing surface color other than green, naming the rule the \"Boise Rule\" in reference to the university, though this was more a reaction to sponsor influence as no team had ever proposed a different turf color for its field.[31] Also in 2011, the Mountain West Conference banned Boise from wearing its all-blue uniforms during home conference games, after complaints from other Mountain West coaches that it was an unfair advantage.[32] However, the uniform restriction was removed from the 2013 season forward, as part of the deal that kept Boise State in the MW after it had originally planned to leave the conference.[33]\nIn October 2014, Boise State's blue field topped USA Today's Fan Index list of top 10 best fields in college football.[34]\nUpgrades/additions[edit]\nCaven-Williams Sports Complex\nStueckle Sky Club (2008) in October 2009\nAs the Boise State football program rose to national prominence in the early 2000s, Albertsons Stadium became increasingly insufficient. The school completed a three-story complex on the stadium's west side called the Stueckle Sky Club (pronounced Stickle). Construction began on February 11, 2007, and the facility officially opened on August 27, 2008 with a gala for ticket holders prior to the first game on August 30.[35] It features levels for a new press box, luxury suites, loge boxes, and club seating and increased seating capacity to 32,000.\nThe practice facility, named the Caven-Williams Sports Complex, officially opened in February 2006, and is located immediately northwest of Albertsons Stadium.[36] The university added additional temporary seating for 1,500 prior to the 2009 season. The removable bleachers increased capacity to 33,500. It also added permanent bleachers to the north and south end zones prior to the 2012 season, raising Albertsons Stadium's capacity to a total of 37,000.\nIn late August 2010, the athletic department revealed expansion plans for Albertsons Stadium. The first stages were to include adding a new facility to the north end zone to house the football offices, weight room, training room, equipment room and locker room. Plans also included a 13,200 seat grandstand. The later stages of the expansion plan included removal of the track, lowering of the field, and adding 3,300 seats in front of the first deck of the stadium, completion of the south end zone horseshoe, building of an east side skybox, and renovation of the east side concourse. The total cost for all planned expansions was around $100million. The total seating capacity for a fully expanded Albertsons Stadium was estimated to be around 53,000.[37] In April 2012, the university broke ground on a revised expansion which was completed by June 2013.[38]\nThis article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2018)\nHome dominance[edit]\nDuring Boise State's recent streak of conference championships, Albertsons Stadium has proven to be a tough place for opponents. As of November 25, 2022, the end of the 2022 regular season, the Broncos are a sensational 13613 (.913) at home since the 1999 season. The Broncos won 47 straight home conference games from 1999 to 2011 and were undefeated in home conference games during their 10 years in the WAC (400). The Broncos are 13011 (.922) in regular season home games since 1999, and had a winning streak of 65 regular season home games from 2001 to 2011.\nTop 10 highest attended games[edit]\nRank\nDate\nOpponent\nAttendance\nScore\nWinner\n1\nOctober 9, 2022\nFresno State\n37,663\n4020\nBoise State\n2\nOctober 8, 2023\nSan Jose State\n37,491\n3527\nBoise State\n3\nOctober 2, 2021\nNevada\n37,426\n3141\nNevada\n4\nOctober 12, 2019\nHawaii\n36,902\n5937\nBoise State\n5\nSeptember 20, 2012\nBYU\n36,864\n76\nBoise State\n6\nSeptember 4, 2015\nWashington\n36,836\n1613\nBoise State\n7\nOctober 23, 2014\nBYU\n36,752\n5530\nBoise State\n8\nSeptember 18, 2021\nOklahoma State\n36,702\n2021\nOSU\n9\nOctober 6, 2018\nSan Diego State\n36,679\n1319\nSDSU\n10\nOctober 1, 2016\nUtah State\n36,602\n2110\nBoise State\nThe stadium expanded to 36,387 in 2012 and the highest attendances have all come since.\nSee also[edit]\nList of Boise State Broncos football seasons\nList of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums\nList of college football stadiums with non-traditional field colors\nReferences[edit]\n^ 16341699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 17001799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.\n^ Cripe, Chadd (May 21, 2014). \"Boise State's Bronco Stadium is now Albertsons Stadium\". Idaho Statesman. Boise. Retrieved May 21, 2014.[permanent dead link]\n^ a b \"Bronco Stadium 'The Blue'\". Boise State University Athletics. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2007.\n^ \"Earth Explorer: 43 36 21 N 116 11 50 W\". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on December 28, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2007.\n^ a b Bronco Sports.com Archived March 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine football 2011 media guide (p.114-176) p. 176 accessed 9 November 2011\n^ \"Boise State drops baseball program\". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. Associated Press. May 6, 1980. p.C1.\n^ Goodwin, Dale (May 13, 1980). \"Baseball's 'out' at Idaho\". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p.19.\n^ \"Lyle's House: 19501969\". Bronco Country.com. August 12, 2010. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2017.\n^ CFB data warehouse Archived February 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Idaho results 196569 accessed 24 April 2010\n^ \"Boise eyes 1970 berth in Big Sky\". Spokesman-Review. Washington. Associated Press. August 24, 1967. p.16.\n^ \"Boise State joins NCAA\". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Associated Press. October 15, 1969. p.44.\n^ \"Boise State, Northern Arizona admitted to the Big Sky\". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. Associated Press. November 26, 1969. p.13.\n^ a b Ourada, Patricia K. (1994). \"The Broncos: A History of Boise State University, 19321994\". p.131. Retrieved August 27, 2012.\n^ a b \"BSC wants $1.4million for stadium addition\". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. December 1, 1973. p.15.\n^ \"Bronco Stadium Information\". Archived from the original on January 25, 2013.\n^ \"2013 Weekly Release\" (PDF). Boise State Athletics. August 26, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2013.\n^ BSU gameday program Boise State vs. Nevada, Reno November 8, 1980 A Tribute to Lyle Smith, p.8\n^ \"Lyle H. Smith collection\". Boise State University Albertsons Library. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2007.\n^ \"Bronco Football: A Winning Tradition\". Boise State University Athletics. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2007.\n^ Levin, Bryan (July 19, 2015). \"Athletic Bilbao wins Basque Soccer Friendly\". KBOI-TV News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.\n^ \"Boise's Blue Field Turns 20\". CBS Sports Network. Associated Press. September 14, 2006. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008. Retrieved September 25, 2009.\n^ CFB data warehouse Archived October 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Boise State 198589 accessed 9 November 2011\n^ \"Boise State Broncos Choose FieldTurf to Replace Current Blue Turf at Bronco Stadium\". GlobeNewswire. May 23, 2008.\n^ \"New Boise State turf to reduce glare\". ESPN. Associated Press. April 20, 2010.\n^ \"Fast Facts\". University of New Haven. Archived from the original on September 6, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2010.\n^ Hinton, Matt (January 28, 2010). \"Eastern Washington literally seeing red over new turf\". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved September 25, 2010.\n^ \"Purple & Gray Turf Coming to Estes Stadium\" (Press release). University of Central Arkansas. April 1, 2011.\n^ \"EMU Installing Gray FieldTurf Surface at Rynearson Stadium\" (Press release). Eastern Michigan University Athletics. June 17, 2014. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2014.\n^ \"Bronco Stadium BSU\". Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2007.\n^ \"Boise State Somehow Got A Trademark On Non-Green Athletic Fields\". Techdirt. Retrieved September 15, 2016.\n^ Rosenthal, Gregg (March 22, 2011). \"There will be no blue NFL fields\". NBC Sports.\n^ Treadway, Daniel (July 27, 2011). \"Boise State Banned From Wearing Blue Uniforms On Smurf Turf\". HuffPost.\n^ \"Boise State to stay in Mountain West\". Sports Illustrated. December 31, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2013.\n^ Siegel, Alan (October 13, 2014). \"The 10 best fields in college football of 2014\". USA Today. Retrieved October 24, 2014.\n^ Sondermann, Martin (May 16, 2013). \"Boise State Football: Bronco Stadium Upgrades Benefit the Program and the Fans\". Bleacher Report.\n^ \"Caven-Williams Sports Complex\". Boise State University. Retrieved March 2, 2017.\n^ \"Longtime Boise State Donors Williams, Caven Pledge $5 Million to Bronco Stadium Expansion\" (Press release). Boise State University. November 20, 2010.\n^ \"Boise State Breaks Ground on New Football Complex\" (Press release). Boise State University. April 12, 2012.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Albertsons Stadium.\nBronco Sports.com History of Albertsons Stadium\nWorld Stadiums.com Albertsons Stadium\nThe Broncos: A History of Boise State University, 19321994 Sports Complex\nvteBoise State Broncos footballVenues\nPublic School Field (19331939)\nCollege Field (19401949)\nBronco Stadium (I) (19501969)\nAlbertsons Stadium (1970present)\nBowls & rivalries\nBowl games\nFresno State\nIdaho\nNevada\nCulture & lore\nBuster Bronco\nPeople\nHead coaches\nNFL draftees\nStatistical leaders\nSeasons\n19331967 (junior college)\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nNational championship seasons in bold\nvteBoise State UniversityLocated in: Boise, IdahoAthletics\nBroncos\nFootball\nBasketball\nMen's\nWomen's\nTennis\nMWC\nAlbertsons Stadium\nExtraMile Arena\nBuster Bronco\nCampus life\nBoise, Idaho\nDowntown\nBoise Towne Square\nBoise River Greenbelt\nJulia Davis Park\nBogus Basin Ski Resort\nStudent life\nBoise State Public Radio\nKBSU\nKBSK\nKBSM\nKBSQ\nKBSW\nKBSX\nKBSY\nKWRV\nPeople and history\nAlumni\nFounded: 1932\nvteFootball stadiums of the Mountain West ConferenceMountain Division\nFalcon Stadium (Air Force)\nAlbertsons Stadium (Boise State)\nCanvas Stadium (Colorado State)\nUniversity Stadium (New Mexico)\nMaverik Stadium (Utah State)\nWar Memorial Stadium (Wyoming)\nWest Division\nValley Children's Stadium (Fresno State)\nChing Athletics Complex (Hawaii)\nMackay Stadium (Nevada)\nSnapdragon Stadium (San Diego State)\nCEFCU Stadium (San Jose State)\nAllegiant Stadium (UNLV)\nvteHumanitarian / MPC Computers / Famous Idaho Potato BowlGames\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2004 (Jan)\n2004 (Dec)\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2020 (Jan)\n2020 (Dec)\n2021\n2022\n2023\nFormer names\nHumanitarian Bowl (19972004, 20072010)\nMPC Computers Bowl (20042006)\nVenues\nAlbertsons Stadium (1997present)\nSponsors\nCrucial.com (19992002)\nMPC Computers (20042006)\nRoady's Truck Stops (20072009)\nuDrove (2010)\nIdaho Potato Commission (2011present)\nRelated articles\nList of broadcasters of the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl\nvteCurrent NCAA Division I FBS bowl game stadiums\nAlamodome (Alamo)\nAlbertsons Stadium (Famous Idaho Potato)\nAllegiant Stadium (Las Vegas, EastWest Shrine)\nAloha Stadium (Hawaii)\nAmon G. Carter Stadium (Armed Forces)\nArizona Stadium (Arizona)\nAT&T Stadium (Cotton)\nBank of America Stadium (Duke's Mayo)\nBrooks Stadium (Myrtle Beach)\nCaesars Superdome (New Orleans, Sugar)\nCamping World Stadium (Pop-Tarts, Citrus)\nChase Field (Guaranteed Rate)\nCotton Bowl (First Responder)\nCramton Bowl (Camellia)\nEverBank Stadium (Gator)\nExploria Stadium (Cure)\nFAU Stadium (Boca Raton)\nFenway Park (Fenway)\nFord Field (Quick Lane)\nHancock Whitney Stadium (LendingTree, Senior)\nHard Rock Stadium (Orange)\nIndependence Stadium (Independence)\nLevi's Stadium (Redbox)\nLiberty Bowl Memorial Stadium (Liberty)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium (Peach)\nNavyMarine Corps Memorial Stadium (Military)\nNissan Stadium (Music City)\nNRG Stadium (Texas)\nPetco Park (Holiday)\nProtective Stadium (Birmingham)\nRaymond James Stadium (Gasparilla, Outback)\nRose Bowl (Rose)\nSoFi Stadium (LA)\nState Farm Stadium (Fiesta)\nSun Bowl (Sun)\nThomas Robinson Stadium (Bahamas)\nToyota Stadium (Frisco)\nUniversity Stadium (New Mexico)\nYankee Stadium (Pinstripe)\nCollege Football Playoff games shown in italics\nvteCollege football venues in IdahoNCAA Division IFBSMountain West\nAlbertsons Stadium (Boise State)\nNCAA Division IFCSBig Sky\nICCU Dome (Idaho State)\nKibbie Dome (Idaho)\nNAIAFrontier\nSimplot Stadium (College of Idaho)\nvteCollege football venues with non-traditional field colors\nAlbertsons Stadium (Boise State Broncos)\nBrooks Stadium (Coastal Carolina Chanticleers)\nEstes Stadium (Central Arkansas Bears)\nLindenwood Stadium (Lindenwood Lynx)\nRalph F. DellaCamera Stadium (New Haven Chargers)\nRoos Field (Eastern Washington Eagles)\nRynearson Stadium (Eastern Michigan Eagles)\nTomahawks Field (Hosei Orange)\nAuthority control databases National\nIsrael\nUnited States\nGeographic\nStructurae\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertsons_Stadium&oldid=1198475505\"\nCategories: Boise State Broncos footballCollege football venuesNCAA bowl game venuesAmerican football venues in IdahoSoccer venues in IdahoSports in Boise, IdahoHigh school football venues in the United StatesBuildings and structures in Boise, IdahoTourist attractions in Boise, Idaho1970 establishments in IdahoSports venues completed in 1970Hidden categories: All articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from August 2023Articles with permanently dead external linksWebarchive template wayback linksArticles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataUse mdy dates from September 2019Coordinates on WikidataPages using infobox venue with both image map and pushpin mapWikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2018All Wikipedia articles in need of updatingCommons category link is on WikidataArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with Structurae structure identifiersPages using the Kartographer extension\nThis page was last edited on 24 January 2024, at 06:14(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. 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Plan your virtual visit.\nSearch\nSearch\nAll Boise State\nVARSITY B Club Only\nVARSITY B Club\nMore\nsection menu items\nMembershipAthletic Hall of FameSee \"THE BLUE\"About UsContact Us\nVARSITY B Club\nTHE BLUE Home to Boise State Football\nTHE BLUE Home to Boise State Football\nBoise State Fields\nView Gallery\nLocation\nAllen Noble Hall of Fame\n1910 University Dr.\nBoise, ID 83725-1020\n208-426-3556\nCelebrating over 30 years, THE BLUE, the common nickname ofLyle Smithfield, can be viewed by enteringThe Allen Noble Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame is not only home tothe historyof Boise States successful athletes and teams, it is the only public entrance to view thehome of Boise State football and the famous blue turf.*\nBoise State Football has a long history of success starting with the Junior College days and the National Championship team of 1958, coached by the father of Bronco Football, Lyle Smith. Now named Lyle Smith Field in Albertsons Stadium, the turf field was actually the typical, non-interesting green before gettingits proud monikerafter the 1985 season. Installed in the summer of 1986,THE BLUE was the idea of Athletic Director Gene Bleymaeir and was the first non-green, artificial football field in the country. What outsiders initially considered a gimmick, calling it Smurf Turf after the popular, amiable and blue cartoon characters, THE BLUE soonbecame nationally associated with Boise State asa symbol for the football programs blue-collar work ethic. Opponents dont find it so friendly either. With the closing of the 2018 season, Boise State football holds a home record of 182-39 (14 Conference Championships) since THE BLUE was installed prior to the 1986 season. The program has lost only nine times on its home field since the start of the 1999 season.\nSee The Blue\nYou can view the turf by entering through the Allen Noble Hall of Fame in Southwest corner of Albertsons Stadium. Visit THE BLUE, one of the most visited sites in Idaho, and take a photo from the view of our Hall of Fame patio, one of the most popular selfie spots in the state, while learning more about the history of Boise State Athletics. You can see THE BLUE Monday through Friday from 10 am 4 pm.*\nMetered Parking available in the west lot in front of the Bronco Shop. For questions or more information on availability, please contact the Hall of Fame at (208) 426-3556 or email baa@boisestate.edu.\nClosed\nWeekends, Holidays, and Special Events*\n*Hall of Fame willbe closed on football game days, during football practice hours andother universityfunctions and events or as deemed necessary by facility operations staff.\nVarsityB\nVarsityB@boisestate.edu\n(208) 426-5440\nAllen Noble Hall of Fame, 1910 University Dr. Boise, ID 83725-1020\nSecondary Navigation\nmyBoiseStateSafety, Security and SupportCareer OpportunitiesBoise State Public RadioAlbertsons LibraryTransportation and ParkingPartner with UsMorrison CenterAlumniBronco Shop and BookstoreUniversity AdministrationExtraMile Arena\nBroncos Logo\nAthletics\nFollow us on Facebook\nFollow us on Instagram\nFollow us on X\nFollow us on Youtube\nFollow us on LinkedIn\nTerms of UseAccessibilityPrivacyClassroom ConcernsPoliciesContact Boise State\n 2024 All Rights Reserved\nBoise State University.", "url": "https://www.boisestate.edu/varsityb/see-blue/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Albertsons Stadium - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (2024)Skip to main contentDiscoverTripsReviewUSDSign inBoiseHotelsThings to DoRestaurantsFlightsVacation RentalsCruisesRental CarsForumsUnited StatesIdaho (ID)BoiseThings to Do in BoiseAlbertsons StadiumSee all things to doAlbertsons StadiumSee all things to doSee all things to doAlbertsons Stadium4.5270 reviews#12 of 170 things to do in BoiseArenas & StadiumsWrite a reviewAboutat Boise State UniversityRead moreSuggest edits to improve what we show.Improve this listingFull viewAll photos (83)Top ways to experience nearby attractionsFloat the Boise36Recommended100% of reviewers gave this product a bubble rating of 4 or higher.On the Waterfrom $64.78 per adultHells Canyon Kirkwood Jet Boat Tour near Boise, Idaho69Recommended97% of reviewers gave this product a bubble rating of 4 or higher.Historical Toursfrom $218.36 per adult1/2 Day Whitewater Rafting Trip near Boise, ID9On the Waterfrom $79.00 per adultAdventurous Scavenger Hunt in Boise by Operation City Quest1Fun & Gamesfrom $10.00 per adultBoise Scavenger Hunt Adventure3Fun & Gamesfrom $20.60 per adult (price varies by group size)A Macabre History of Boise Walking TourHistorical Toursfrom $25.00 per adultBoise Scavenger Hunt: Hidden Treasures4Fun & Gamesfrom $12.31 per adultBoise Scavenger Hunt and Sights Self-Guided TourFun & Gamesfrom $13.46 per adultScavenger Hunt in Boise by Zombie ScavengersFun & Gamesfrom $20.00 per group (up to 10)SPECIAL OFFER Boise Bash Scavenger HuntFun & Gamesfrom $27.00 $21.60 per adultFun City Scavenger Hunt in Boise by Crazy DashFun & Gamesfrom $10.00 per adultIdaho City Historic District Walking Tour3Historical Toursfrom $5.00 per adultBoise City Scavenger Hunt Excursion by Wacky WalksFun & Gamesfrom $10.00 per adultSnake River RaftingAdventure Toursfrom $139.99 per adultSouthwest Idaho (Boise Area) Wine Tasting Tour 5Food & Drinkfrom $135.00 per adultThe area Address1910 University Dr, Boise, ID 83725-0001Reach out directlyVisit websiteCallFull viewBest nearbyRestaurants447 within 3 milesRam Restaurant & Brewery1880.2 mi$$ - $$$ American Vegetarian Friendly Gluten Free OptionsBurger Belly300.2 mi$ Quick Bites AmericanExtreme Pizza200.2 mi$$ - $$$ Pizza Vegetarian Friendly Vegan OptionsCobby's340.2 mi$$ - $$$ American SoupsPie Hole Pizza- Broadway190.2 mi$ Quick Bites PizzaNahm Thai And Burmese Cuisine40.2 miFusionPita Pit110.2 mi$ Fast Food GreekHappy Teriyaki30.2 miChili's Grill & Bar500.2 mi$$ - $$$ MexicanQdoba Mexican Grill40.2 miMexicanSee allAttractions154 within 6 milesBoise State University910.3 miUniversities & SchoolsJulia Davis Park2590.7 miParks GardensIdaho Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial2930.8 miMonuments & StatuesMorrison-Knudsen Nature Center1570.5 miNature & Wildlife AreasDiscovery Center of Idaho1690.4 miScience MuseumsZoo Boise6270.5 miZoosBasque Museum & Cultural Center2150.8 miSpeciality MuseumsIdaho State Capitol Building7581 miMonuments & Statues Government BuildingsBoise River Greenbelt1,4781.5 miHiking TrailsKathryn Albertson Park2841.6 miParksSee allContributeWrite a reviewUpload a photoReviewsQ&AFiltersEnglishMost RecentMost Recent: Reviews ordered by most recent publish date in descending order.\nDetailed Reviews: Reviews ordered by recency and descriptiveness of user-identified themes such as wait time, length of visit, general tips, and location information.Popular mentionsturffieldblueconcessions4.54.5 of 5 bubbles270 reviewsExcellent175Very good68Average16Poor6Terrible5ShellyonthegoOrlando, FL101 contributions05.0 of 5 bubblesGreat football stadium for Broncos footballSep 2023 FriendsI loved this stadium. We came as the opposing team fans and all the Bronco fans were so nice. It's a great stadium, with lighting effects, fireworks, lots of vendors and food options. The mini doughnuts were amazing! They sell beer too. Bathrooms clean. Easy to get to from downtown hotels. The home side is in the shade for football season. Read moreWritten September 19, 2023This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.tumbleweedchrisRichland, WA974 contributions04.0 of 5 bubblesNon-Existent Tailgate SceneSep 2023 FamilyI visited this stadium to watch my Knights end Boise's 21 game streak of home opener wins. The Boise fans are super friendly and welcoming - probably moreso than any away stadium I've visited. Perhaps the strangest part of the experience was before the game. There's not much tailgating info and, for some reason, the Boise fans just don't tailgate early. Since absolutely no one was tailgating, we asked University staff and they all seemed confused what tailgating was and why someone would want to do it any more than 2 hours before the game started. I eventually found 3 lone canopies on some grass area and setup next to them. You can tailgate anywhere on campus, but the fans just don't have much spirit for it. You can park in the garages for $20 or on the street for free. As for the stadium, it's a unique experience with the field and all. The mountains in the background are a nice plus. No seat has a back however, which is not great. The concessions are reasonably priced but the concourses are absolutely packed during game breaks. All and all a good experience, but the stadium could be better.Read moreWritten September 10, 2023This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.PrincermanOtsego, MN1,240 contributions05.0 of 5 bubblesWorth a visitSep 2022 FriendsThis place isnt the biggest stadiums but it is pretty nice. It holds a little less than 40k and it gets loud. The concourses are tight and they are trying to spread the concession stands out. The field is as blue as it looks on tvRead moreWritten October 2, 2022This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.montanapescadoAlbuquerque, NM1,363 contributions03.0 of 5 bubblesThat field is REALLY blue!Jun 2021 FamilySeeing it on TV can't prepare you for how deeply and intensely blue that turf is. Other than that, its a pretty typical second-tier D1 stadium.Read moreWritten May 8, 2022This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.topfanGrand Haven, MI1,794 contributions05.0 of 5 bubblesFun StopSep 2021 CouplesThe two gentlemen working in the Hall of Fame were very friendly, enthusiastic and informative. This is the only way to see the smurf turf without going to a game. Be sure to leave a donation to help this continue. Highly recommend.Read moreWritten September 23, 2021This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.Adam BPortland, OR34 contributions04.0 of 5 bubblesCome home every year for a game or two at my alma mater. Suite tixJul 2020I #BleedBlue. But the fit and finish of the suites looks like it was built for a D2 school by the low bidder. I doubt BSU will ever get a chance to step it up with a new expansion...which is a shameRead moreWritten July 3, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.Eddie GrayWinter Garden, FL677 contributions25.0 of 5 bubblesHow can you miss the blue astroturfJun 2020If you head over to the side of the stadium near the river you can get a great view of the field through the fence. Sometimes the fence next to it is open and you can walk through and get an even better view a bit higher up. Read moreWritten June 10, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.Diane L48 contributions12.0 of 5 bubblesNot Likely to Go AgainJan 2020No one warned me before I traveled a long distance for the Potato Bowl, that Boise State's Albertsons Stadium was a dry stadium. During the pregame entertainments, the only place to get a beer was in the ESPN tent (WHICH WAS ENTERED BY INVITATION ONLY!). I felt cheated and will not be making the effort to travel there again.Read moreWritten January 9, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.WI WeezieMadison, WI331 contributions03.0 of 5 bubblesDifficult to NavigateJan 2020 CouplesMy husband and I attended the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl at Albertsons Stadium. It appeared that all of the usher-type folks were non-regular volunteers. We didnt get a single correct answer from anyone who worked there on where anything was located OR how to get anywhere.Oddly, you cannot get around the entire stadium on the field level. Our seats were in the Suite Level Boxes. We parked in the main parking lot; went up stairs to level 1; up an elevator to level 2. Walked 1/2 way around to the press box side. But - the elevators dont stop on level 2, so had to go back down stairs to level 1, OUTSIDE, back through security to get to the Suite Level elevator bank. Craziest thing Ive ever seen at any stadium anywhere!!!Read moreWritten January 4, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.MJ J8 contributions02.0 of 5 bubblesThird-rate facilitySep 2019A bad facility to long-lines, terrible sight-lines, uncomfortable and small seats, Albertsons Stadium is a small college goofy assault on the senses. Everything is wrong about this place, from the gimmicky hurts your eyes blue turf, to the rinky-dink sound system, and long lines, and awful food. The stadium is an embarrassment to a great town and a decent university. Why is it liked bv the locals? Because the home-team usually wins.A plus, tickets are cheap compared to major Power Five college football.Read moreWritten December 28, 2019This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.12Showing results 1-10 of 263Kathy BAre there elevators for handicapped on all levels?ShellyonthegoOrlando, FL101 contributionsI'm not sure about elevators!Read all repliesSheri RI have tickets for Garth Brooks show on July 20th in section 16. I was told that those seats are metal bleachers. Are we allowed to bring small stadium seats to sit in?SeniorTravelerTFFort Atkinson1,192 contributionsDon't know what their concert policy is, but since they do sell stadium seats for football games it appears likely they would not object. Would contact BSU campus police for definitive answer.Read all repliesNickAuckland, New ZealandHeading over to see Garth Brooks play in July. We have a rental car as staying just outside the city. Any suggestions on where is best to park close to the stadium?Sheri RThey have shuttles that you can use. Here is the link with the info! I will be at the concert on the 20th also!! I cant post the link here so google game day shuttles for BSU games at Albertsons Stadium. There is an article there regarding the Parking for the Garth Brooks concert on the 20th. I think the shuttle would be better than trying to find a place to park with so many other people there trying to do the same! If you park and ride the shuttle you wont have to worry about parking at the stadiumRead all repliesCathy O1 contributionAre there elevators to top section at Albertsons stadium?gborotravelerSouth Pole267 contributionsThe stadium is has elevators, at least in the sky box. As for the top deck levels I could not say as always used the stairs. They do have handicap sections os they do somewhere. Sorry I cannot answer better but if you contact BSU they could let you know.Read all repliesGlobal62101849690Where are good/decent seats for Garth Brooks that are not more than $150.00gborotravelerSouth Pole267 contributionsHonestly not a bad seat in the house for football. That being said no idea what the stage set u is so cannot give you a good answer.Read all repliesgmarkdukesPinson, ALCan you go on the field to take a picture while being on \"The Blue\"?Kitty FBoise, Idaho, United States120 contributionsWe've always been able to go on the blue field AFTER the game. I doubt you'd have a problem/=.Read all replieslinda s67 contributionsis there Handicapped parking Kitty FBoise, Idaho, United States120 contributionsYes. Just have your handicap plates, placard or some kind of identification with you.Read all repliesWalter SSantiago de Puriscal, Costa Rica13 contributionsWhich is the cost of the tickets to visit the stadium?Kitty FBoise, Idaho, United States120 contributionsI doubt there's any cost unless you're attending an event.Read all repliesBrenda CDo they offer tours or can you simply drop by to get a view of the blue turf? I am organizing activities for a small convention that will be in Boise next summer so any help is appreciated.Kitty FBoise, Idaho, United States120 contributionsGreat answers below. All are accurate. You'll find the Broncos and the university to be very friendly!Read all repliesView allAlso popular with travelersSee allIdaho Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial293Monuments & Statues2023Old Idaho Penitentiary1,023Historic SitesOpen nowIdaho State Capitol Building758Monuments & Statues Government BuildingsOpen nowFreak Alley Gallery251Points of Interest & Landmarks Historic Walking AreasOpen nowBoise Train Depot156Historic SitesHyde Park122NeighborhoodsIdaho State Museum119Art Galleries Educational sitesOpen nowSt. John's Cathedral70Religious SitesOpen nowBoise State University91Universities & SchoolsBoise Idaho Temple58Religious SitesIs this your Tripadvisor listing?Own or manage this property? 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If you are a resident of another country or region, please select the appropriate version of Tripadvisor for your country or region in the drop-down menu. more", "url": "https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g35394-d559299-Reviews-Albertsons_Stadium-Boise_Idaho.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Boise, Idaho, Albertsons Stadium University Events\nSkip to main content\nUniversity Events Home\nSearch\nMenu\nBoise Global Navigation\nApply\nVisit\nGive\nMenu\nReady to take the next step? Plan your virtual visit.\nSearch\nSearch\nAll Boise State\nUniversity Events Only\nUniversity Events\nMore\nsection menu items\nAll EventsEvent Calendar SubmissionsSignature EventsOffice of University EventsVenuesServices\nLoading view.\nBoise, Idaho, Albertsons Stadium\nEvents\nVenues\nBoise, Idaho, Albertsons Stadium\nEvents at this venue\nToday\nUpcoming\nUpcoming\nSelect date.\nSeptember 2024\nSat\n7\nSeptember 7\nBoise State University Football vs Oregon State\nBoise, Idaho, Albertsons Stadium\nBoise State University Football vs Oregon State\nSat\n21\nSeptember 21\nBoise State University Football vs Houston\nBoise, Idaho, Albertsons Stadium\nBoise State University Football vs Houston\nPrevious Events\nToday\nNext Events\nSubscribe to calendar\nGoogle Calendar\niCalendar\nOutlook 365\nOutlook Live\nExport .ics file\nExport Outlook .ics file\nOffice of Communications and Marketing\ncommunications@boisestate.edu\n1910 University Dr. Boise, ID 83725\nSecondary Navigation\nmyBoiseStateSafety, Security and SupportCareer OpportunitiesBoise State Public RadioAlbertsons LibraryTransportation and ParkingPartner with UsMorrison CenterAlumniBronco Shop and BookstoreUniversity AdministrationExtraMile Arena\nBroncos Logo\nAthletics\nFollow us on Facebook\nFollow us on Instagram\nFollow us on X\nFollow us on Youtube\nFollow us on LinkedIn\nTerms of UseAccessibilityPrivacyClassroom ConcernsPoliciesContact Boise State\n 2024 All Rights Reserved\nBoise State University.\nwww.google.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://www.boisestate.edu/events/venue/boise-idaho-albertsons-stadium/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Game Day Guide - Boise State Bronco Athletic Association\nSkip To Main Content\nPause All Rotators\nSkip To Main Content\nBoise State Bronco Athletic Association\nMain Navigation Menu\nAbout Us\nMeet Our TEAM\nContact Us\nMembership\nJoin the Bronco Athletic Association\n2024 Membership Guide\nPriority Ranking Model\nVarsity B Club\nWays to Give\nBronco Nation Fund\nSport Enhancement Funds\nThe Lyle Smith Society\nName an Endowment Fund\nLeave a Legacy\nSupport the Horseshoe Collective\nTrade Partners\nSeating\nSeason Ticket Maps\nFootball Club Seating\nFootball Loge Seating\nFootball Suite Seating\nMen's Basketball Premium Seating\nVisit the Athletic Ticket Office\nLooking for More Ticket Options?\nParking\nFootball Season Parking\nFootball Single-Game Parking\nFootball Ingress/Egress Maps\nTailgating Rules\nMen's Basketball Season Parking\nMen's Basketball Single-Game Parking\nMen's Basketball Ingress/Egress Maps\nGame Day\nFootball Game Day Central\nMen's Basketball Game Day Central\nDigital Tickets\nPermitted/Prohibited Items\nMy Account\nOpens in new window\nSearch\nGo\nGame Day Guide\nKnow Before You Go!\nThe Bronco Athletic Association is full of resident Bronco-Gameday experts! Below are some of our tips and tricks so your Bronco game day experience is ELITE and your only worry being whether to get nachos or a Bronco Dog at the concession stands.Tip #1: Arrive early for the best parking and fastest entrance into Albertsons Stadium. Don't forget entrances open an hour and a half before kick-off!Tip #2: Bronco Athletics has multiple areas for you and your family to partake in gameday fun! Check out the Ford Fan Zone, Kid Zone, and so much more!Tip #3: Watch the Bronco Walk! Cheer on the Broncos as they make their way into Albertsons Stadium, beginning two and a half hours prior to kick-off at the Ford Tailgate Zone atDeChevrieux Field, and ending at the Allen Noble Hall of Fame.\nBronco Football: Know Before You Go!\nGame Day ConductBoise State University will enforce a zero tolerance policy on alcohol abuse, inappropriate behavior and underage drinking. Drinking games, excessive drinking, disorderly conduct and uncivil behavior towards others - including fans of the opposing team - are not acceptable. Any patron, fan, ticket holder or parking permit holder will be held equally responsible for conduct prohibited by our Tailgating 101 rules. Game tickets and parking privileges may be revoked at the discretion of the University and its security and game-day safety personnel.Game Day ShuttlesGame day shuttles are available form several downtown locations as well as various locations on Boise State Univeristy's campus. Information about the Downtown Boise Shuttle Service can be found by clicking the button below. Boise State University shuttles pick up/drop off from the Lincoln and Brady Garages. Pick up/drop off for the Lincoln Garage is at the corner of Lincoln Avenue and University Drive.Pick up/drop off for the Brady Garage is off of Brady Street right next to the Multi-Purpose Building.Both will drop fans off in front of Gate A on the West side of Albertsons Stadium.\nDowntown Boise Shuttle Info\nBoise State Shuttle Info\nWhen Do Gates Open?All stadium gates open to the public two hours prior to the scheduled kickoff time. Stueckle Sky Center doors open three hours prior to kickoff.\nGame Day ParkingGame day parking is located in various areas of the campus at Boise State University. A tailgating pass is required to park in any of the lots surrounding Albertsons Stadium. To purchase one of these passes, please fill out our Parking Inquiry form. A member of the Bronco Athletic Association staff will be in contact with you in regards to your form submission.\nGame Day Parking Information\nGame Day Parking Inquiry\nPermitted ItemsItems that are acceptable to bring into Albertsons Stadium include: binoculars, cell phones, CLEAR bags, chair backs under 18\" wide without arms, diaper bags, fanny packs, small wallets or purses.All items are subject to security inspection.\nProhibited ItemsGame day at Albertsons Stadium is an exciting atmosphere. In order to keep it a positive experience for all patrons there is a list of items that fans are not allowed to bring into the stadium. Prohibited items include but are not limited to: Weapons of any type (include pepper spray or anything deemed a threat to public safety), outside food or beverages, backpacks/large bags or packages of any kind, drones, tripods, video or audio recorders (including GoPros, tablets, laptops, Google Glass), long lens cameras (removable lens larger than 4\"), artificial noisemakers (blowhorns, airhorns, cowbells, megaphones, etc.), bottles, coolers, umbrellas, cans, alcohol, laser pointers, fireworks, controlled substances, chairs over 18\" wide or with arms, and any other items deemed unacceptable by Boise State University Venue Security or Management.All patrons, fans, and ticket holders are subject to search. Refusal of search will result in non-admittance. All prohibited items will be denied at entry. Temporary storage is available at the check-in locations on each side of the stadium. Boise State University is not responsible for property damage to lost/stolen items.\nRe-EntryDue to State laws, re-entry is not permitted to fans who have entered and exited Albertsons Stadium.SmokingFor the comfort of our fans, smoking is not permitted anywhere on the campus of Boise State University, including E-Cigarettes or any other type of vaping devices.SolicitationBoise State University does not permit unauthorized soliciting or collecting of contributions, vending, and distribution of fliers or other promotional/advertising materials on campus. If your business or organization is interested in doing so, contact Bronco Sports Properties.\nBronco Football Tailgating 101\nRules & RegulationsThe University appreciates fan support and encourages ticket holders to arrive early and enjoy food, fun, and the company of their friends and family at pre-game tailgate parties. However, those joining us for the game are expected to obey all state and local laws; treat fellow fans - including those supporting the opposing team - with civility, and respect the property of others. In the interest of safety, sportsmanship, and consistency, we will not overlook behavior on game days that would not be tolerated at other times. The laws are the same on football game days as any other day of the year.At its discretion, the University may terminate tailgate parties or take other appropriate action against individuals, groups, or organizations whose conduct is irresponsible, unreasonable or inconsistent with Boise State University, City of Boise and/or State of Idaho policies and regulations, ordinances or laws.For the safety and enjoyment of all fans, please keep the following guidelines in mind when tailgating at Boise State University football games:Boise State University PersonnelPlease show respect, patience, and courtesy toward all security, ushers, parking and game day personnel. These individuals are here to make sure that everyone enjoys Bronco game day. Any verbal or physical abuse of Boise State staff will result in the revocation of parking privileges and/or disciplinary action as necessary.Tailgating ConductState laws regarding use and possession of alcohol will be enforced on campus again this year. Persons engaging in public indecency, disorderly conduct, lewd behavior and other violations are also subject to disciplinary action including arrest, issuance of a citation, exclusion and revocation of game tickets and parking privileges. Drinking games of any sort involving alcohol are prohibited during tailgating. Also, any activity which promotes alcohol consumption is prohibited.Parking Lot HoursAlbertsons Stadium parking lots will open four hours prior to kickoff on weekday games and eight hours on weekend games. A proper parking pass must be displayed for entry to the lots. The lots will close one hour after the game ends, at which time everyone must vacate the lots.Commercial/Private Advertising in LotsCommercial and other solicitation (sales and/or advertising) is prohibited on campus. Vehicles that are advertising or representing commercial, private brands or other entities without prior written approval from Bronco Sports Properties are prohibited within Boise State parking lots. For more information, contact BSP at (208) 426-4999.Reserved ParkingPlease keep the drive lanes open for other patrons to park their cars as well as access for emergency vehicles. Drive lane clearance will be strictly enforced.Please take only the space you are allowed within the painted parking stall lines - don't infringe on the space of others or in a space that is unpaid.The throwing of objects (footballs, etc.) is NOT allowed in parking areas.DO NOT use stakes to secure tents in your tailgate area due to irrigation and electrical concerns.No kegs, glass bottles or visible open alcohol containers will be allowed.Barbeques & TrashPlease pack out what you pack in. Please do not dump out your charcoals in the parking lots, grass areas or trash bins. Any unattended fires will be extinguished.No open fire pits or bon fires are allowed.Do not leave trash in the parking lots. Additional trash containers are located throughout the parking lots for fan use.\nDownload Our Fan Guide\nFooter\nBRONCO ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION\n1910 University Dr, Boise, ID 83725\n208-426-3556\nbaa@boisestate.edu\nTwitter Icon\nOpens in new window\nFacebook Icon\nOpens in new window\nInstagram Icon\nOpens in new window\nTerms of Service, opens in new window\nPrivacy Policy, opens in new window\nAccessibility\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nSidearm Sports, opens a new window\nAd Blocker Detected\nThanks for visiting boisestatebaa.com!\nThe use of software that blocks ads hinders our ability to serve you the content you came here to enjoy.\nWe ask that you consider turning off your ad blocker so we can deliver you the best experience possible while you are here.\nThank you for your support!\nLearn More About Ad Blockers\nClose", "url": "https://boisestatebaa.com/sports/2022/8/2/game-day-guide.aspx" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Albertsons and Boise State University Announce Agreement to Create Albertsons Stadium - LEARFIELD\nSOLUTIONS\nSchools\nPartners\nData\nRodeo\nStudios\nMultimedia Rights\nNIL\nNIL Compliance\nLicensing\nTicketing\nDigital\nMarketing & Branding\nPublishing\nSocial+\nBrands\nSponsorships\nNIL\nLicensing\nRetail\nNewsAg\nVenues\nTicketing\nMedia Rights\nStrategic Alternatives\nFans\nOfficial Athletic Websites\nAudio & Radio\nOfficial Gear\nEsports\nPublishing\nSync My Game\nABOUT\nMission and Values\nDiversity & Inclusion\nEDGE Academy\nCertified Supplier Program\nHistory\nLeadership\nIndustry Leadership\nMedia Kit\nCAREERS\nAll Current Openings\nOpenings by Business Line\nWorking at Learfield\nNEWS\nRESOURCES\nBlog\nThought Leadership\nNIL Impact Report\nIntercollegiate Fan Report\nPulse Report\nCollege Football Season Ticket Pricing Analysis\nFemale College Sports Fans Pulse Report\nCONTACT\nSelect Page\nSOLUTIONS\nSchools\nPartners\nData\nRodeo\nStudios\nMultimedia Rights\nNIL\nNIL Compliance\nLicensing\nTicketing\nDigital\nMarketing & Branding\nPublishing\nSocial+\nBrands\nSponsorships\nNIL\nLicensing\nRetail\nNewsAg\nVenues\nTicketing\nMedia Rights\nStrategic Alternatives\nFans\nOfficial Athletic Websites\nAudio & Radio\nOfficial Gear\nEsports\nPublishing\nSync My Game\nABOUT\nMission and Values\nDiversity & Inclusion\nEDGE Academy\nCertified Supplier Program\nHistory\nLeadership\nIndustry Leadership\nMedia Kit\nCAREERS\nAll Current Openings\nOpenings by Business Line\nWorking at Learfield\nNEWS\nRESOURCES\nBlog\nThought Leadership\nNIL Impact Report\nIntercollegiate Fan Report\nPulse Report\nCollege Football Season Ticket Pricing Analysis\nFemale College Sports Fans Pulse Report\nCONTACT\nAlbertsons and Boise State University Announce Agreement to Create Albertsons Stadium\nMay 21, 2014\nBOISE, ID Albertsons LLC has committed $12.5 million over 15 years to Boise State University for the naming rights to the schools famous stadium. The agreement secures Albertsons Stadium through 2028, subject to approval by the Idaho State Board of Education on June 18. This is a first for both Boise States stadium and for Albertsons.\nSince the 1930s, when Boise State and Albertsons each began just a couple of miles away from each other, the two institutions have shared a passion for the community and for improving opportunities in higher education, Boise State President Bob Kustra said. Its appropriate that in the year we celebrate the anniversary of the Albertsons Library, we announce this new partnership that also will benefit Boise State students for many years to come.\nBoise State Director of Athletics Mark Coyle said the money from this naming agreement will come in over the life of the contract and will help the athletic department provide a first-class experience for the over 400 Bronco student-athletes.\nThe deal will make Albertsons the most prominent sponsor at the stadium. The transformation will be complete before the first home game in 2014. A final stadium logo and signage plan will be released this summer.\nIt is our privilege to support Boise State, said Bob Miller, CEO of Albertsons LLC. Albertsons has chosen to link our name with Boise State because we admire and share their commitment to the values of becoming part of the community, integrity, hard work, developing leadership and continuously learning and improving. This July marks our 75th year as a company, and growing our partnership with Boise State is a wonderful way to celebrate that accomplishment and extend our reach as the Official Grocer of Boise State Athletics.\nThis is not the first time Albertsons and Boise State have partnered in improving opportunities for Boise State students. In 1990, Albertsons CEO Warren McCain announced the company and its founding family would donate $6 million toward a $10 million expansion of the Boise State library. Five years later, when the renovations were completed, the library was renamed the Albertson Library and the Warren McCain Reading Room was dedicated. The library is celebrating its 50th Anniversary this year.\nAlbertsons LLC also gave a generous land donation that helped Boise State secure the Ron and Linda Yanke Family Research Park on Parkcenter Boulevard.\nBoise State thanks its multimedia rights partner Bronco Sports Properties, a property of Learfield Sports, for their help and cooperation in securing this agreement.\nAbout Albertsons\nAlbertsons is working to become the favorite food and drug retailer in every state it operates. With roots extending back to 1939 in Boise, Idaho, Albertsons stores operate in 16 states at over 600 locations and employ more than 60,000 associates. For more information about Albertsons, visit www.Albertsons.com, on Facebook at www.facebook.com/Albertsons or on Twitter at @Albertsons.\nAbout Boise State University\nA public metropolitan research university with more than 22,000 students, Boise State is proud to be powered by creativity and innovation. Located in Idahos capital city, the university has a growing research agenda and plays a crucial role in the regions knowledge economy and famed quality of life. In the past 10 years, the university has quadrupled the number of doctoral degrees, doubled its masters degrees and now offers 13 online degree programs. Learn more at www.BoiseState.edu.\nRecent News\nLumberjack Sports Properties Appoints David Warner, Jr. as New General Manager; Names Dustin Garner Director of Development & Ticketing\nDuke Athletics Expands Relationship with Learfield, Adds Learfield Amplify Development\nLearfield College Rodeo Welcomes Central Rocky Mountain Region as Inaugural Regional Partner\n7 Ways Learfield is Unlocking NIL Opportunities\nGrowth in Womens Sports\nCONNECT\nContact Us Here\nFollowFollowFollow\nCAREERS\nCurrent Openings\nEqual Opportunity Policy\n Learfield. All Rights Reserved. | 2400 Dallas Parkway, Suite 500 Plano, TX 75093 | Phone: 469-241-9191\nPrivacy Policy | Advertising Policy | Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\n", "url": "https://www.learfield.com/2014/05/albertsons-and-boise-state-university-announce-agreement-to-create-albertsons-stadium/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Events | Official Site | ExtraMile Arena in Boise, ID\nSkip to content\nAccessibility\nBuy Tickets\nSearch\nOfficial Site | ExtraMile Arena in Boise, ID\nEvents & Tickets\nUpcoming Events\nTicketing FAQs\nBox Office\nPlan Your Visit\nA-Z Guide\nAccessibility / ADA\nDirections & Parking\nEat & Drink\nVisit Boise\nBook An Event\nBooking\nFacility Information\nSeating Charts\nLicensee Information Form\nPolicy for Approval of Promoters\nConnect With Us\nAbout Us\nBox Office\nSign Up for Email\nJoin Our Team\nContact Us\nSearch\nSearch Events and Keywords\nSearch\nHome\nAll Upcoming Events\nAll Categories\nAll CategoriesConcertsComedyFamilyGraduationsAthletics\nGrid\nList\nCalendar\nSat, June 1, 2024\nExtraMile Arena\nWest Ada Schools Graduation\nCentennial, Mountain View, Rocky Mountain\nMore Info\nThu, June 6, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nJon Batiste\nUNEASY Tour\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFri, June 28, 2024\nExtraMile Arena\nTheo Von\nReturn of the Rat\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSat, July 6, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nAshley McBryde\nw/ The Band Loula\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSun, July 7, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nNickel Creek & Andrew Bird\nUp Up and Away... Summer Tour '24\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nWed, July 10, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nBlues Traveler and JJ Grey & Mofro\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFri, July 26, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nNorah Jones - Visions Tour 2024\nwith special guest Hurray for the Riff Raff\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSun, July 28, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nViolent Femmes\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFri, Aug 9, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nBilly Currington\nwith Randall King\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFri, Aug 9, 2024\nExtraMile Arena\nFuerza Regida\nPero No Te Enamores Tour 2024\nOn Sale SoonMore Info\nWed, Aug 14, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nSierra Ferrell - Shoot For The Moon Tour\nwith special guest Nick Shoulders\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nThu, Aug 15, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nMt. Joy\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFri, Aug 16, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nNathaniel Rateliff & The Night Sweats\nwith The Heavy Heavy\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSat, Aug 24, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nThree Dog Night\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nTue, Aug 27, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nKALEO | PAYBACK TOUR\nWith Special Guest Chance Pea\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSat, Aug 31, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nIration and Pepper\nDAYTRIPPIN IN PARADISE TOUR\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSun, Sep 15, 2024\nExtraMile Arena\nWWE SuperShow\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nTue, Oct 1, 2024\nExtraMile Arena\nElevation Nights\nElevation Worship and Pastor Steven Furtick\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nThu, Oct 10, 2024\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nBrittany Howard & Michael Kiwanuka\nwith Yasmin Williams\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFri, Nov 22, 2024\nExtraMile Arena\nLos Tigres del Norte\nSiempre Contigo Tour\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSat, Dec 7, 2024\nExtraMile Arena\nHEART\nwith Special Guest Cheap Trick\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nWed, Jan 1, 2025\nBoise State University Athletics\nBoise State University Athletic Events\nMore Info\nMay 2024SunMonTuesWedThurFriSatView all events for May 202412345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031 Download Printable Calendar\nUpcoming Events\nSaturday | June 1, 2024\nWest Ada Schools Graduation\nCentennial, Mountain View, Rocky Mountain\nExtraMile Arena\nEvent Starts 3:00 PM\nMore Info\nThursday | June 6, 2024\nJon Batiste\nUNEASY Tour\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFriday | June 28, 2024\nTheo Von\nReturn of the Rat\nExtraMile Arena\nEvent Starts 8:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSaturday | July 6, 2024\nAshley McBryde\nw/ The Band Loula\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSunday | July 7, 2024\nNickel Creek & Andrew Bird\nUp Up and Away... Summer Tour '24\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 6:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nWednesday | July 10, 2024\nBlues Traveler and JJ Grey & Mofro\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 6:30 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFriday | July 26, 2024\nNorah Jones - Visions Tour 2024\nwith special guest Hurray for the Riff Raff\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSunday | July 28, 2024\nViolent Femmes\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFriday | Aug 9, 2024\nBilly Currington\nwith Randall King\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFriday | Aug 9, 2024\nFuerza Regida\nPero No Te Enamores Tour 2024\nExtraMile Arena\nEvent Starts 8:00 PM\nOn Sale SoonMore Info\nWednesday | Aug 14, 2024\nSierra Ferrell - Shoot For The Moon Tour\nwith special guest Nick Shoulders\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nThursday | Aug 15, 2024\nMt. Joy\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFriday | Aug 16, 2024\nNathaniel Rateliff & The Night Sweats\nwith The Heavy Heavy\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSaturday | Aug 24, 2024\nThree Dog Night\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nTuesday | Aug 27, 2024\nKALEO | PAYBACK TOUR\nWith Special Guest Chance Pea\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSaturday | Aug 31, 2024\nIration and Pepper\nDAYTRIPPIN IN PARADISE TOUR\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 6:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nSunday | Sep 15, 2024\nWWE SuperShow\nExtraMile Arena\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nTuesday | Oct 1, 2024\nElevation Nights\nElevation Worship and Pastor Steven Furtick\nExtraMile Arena\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nThursday | Oct 10, 2024\nBrittany Howard & Michael Kiwanuka\nwith Yasmin Williams\nOutlaw Field at Idaho Botanical Garden\nEvent Starts 7:00 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nFriday | Nov 22, 2024\nLos Tigres del Norte\nSiempre Contigo Tour\nExtraMile Arena\nEvent Starts 8:30 PM\nBuy TicketsMore Info\nTop\nEvents & Tickets\nUpcoming Events\nTicketing FAQs\nBox Office\nPlan Your Visit\nA-Z Guide\nAccessibility / ADA\nDirections & Parking\nEat & Drink\nVisit Boise\nBook An Event\nBooking\nFacility Information\nSeating Charts\nLicensee Information Form\nConnect With Us\nAbout Us\nBox Office\nSign Up for Email\nJoin Our Team\nContact Us\nOfficial Site | ExtraMile Arena in Boise, ID\nExtraMile Arena\n(208) 426-1900\n1401 Bronco Lane\nBoise, Idaho 83706\n 2024\t\t\tOfficial Site | ExtraMile Arena in Boise, ID.\n|\nSite Map |\nTerms & Conditions |\nPrivacy Policy |\nAccessibility a carbonhouse experience\nView PreviousView NextCancelClose", "url": "https://www.extramilearena.com/events/all" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "MidjourneyJoin the BetaSign InDocumentationShowcase/imagine close up, modern cowboy on a ranch, his eyes are filled with the cosmos, realistic /imagine city areal perspective. streets glowing, concrete architecture, green roofs, people on the streets /imagine the beginning of the universe by Monet /imagine looking up a never ending staircase by Jean Giraud Moebius /imagine abstract, cycle, organic, powerful, behance /imagine gorgeous bouquet still life painting in the style of Odilon Redon and Henri Fantin-Latour /imagine a warm sunny beach near an ocean full of pikachu's /imagine 3d render of gold rings, geometric, circles, triangles, psychedelic, infinity pool, eccojams, vaporwave, o /imagine intricate jungle landscape by albrecht durer, henri rousseau, pieter brueghel the elder, mattisse /imagine cyberpunk cat rabbit hacker, googles, anime style /imagine banana with glasses dancing, ghibli style /imagine corgis dancing in vibrant victorian dresses, Rococo style, in a large luxurious ballroom /imagine A wise/meditating/fantasy wizard sitting in complex/intricate meadow with mountains/fields, painted by Jap /imagine 1960s illustration of the beginning of life on Earth /imagine commodore 1351 mouse. 80s sythwave style. hyper realistic /imagine map of steampunk desert /imagine francisco goya scene oil painting watercolor sci-fi science fiction cyberpunk time machine /imagine Portrait of a cyber glitch sorceress causing video corruption with her magic /imagine a realistic ancient temple, crumbling stone, vines, extreme detail, statues, octane render, volumetric fog /imagine giant red crystals in a desert with two suns /imagine Robin Williams in the style of John Allison /imagine standing in front of a castle /imagine a professional photorealistic Portrait of an Astronaut by Peter Mohrbacher,Shaun Tan and Seb McKinnon,real /imagine Matter condensed from energy, life built upon matter, consciousness upon life /imagine hyperreal swirling watercolors trapped in a soap bubble, 4k render /imagine beautiful painting of clouds with sunrise, by john martin, Trending on artstation, pastel aesthetic /imagine modern futuristic lampshade with art nouveau inspiration /imagine photo shot on Leica IIIf with 50mm f/2 Summar; 1/50 sec; f/4 /imagine sharp alphabet typography by Walter Gropius /imagine four dogs playing poker in a crowded room, by Malcolm Liepke and Lovis Corinth, oilpainting /imagine invitation made with old paper written with cursive font pyrographic words in the center | red wax seal ab /imagine aisle view of the festival street market in AlUla, many booths, seating areas, natural materials, cinemati /imagine japanese temple, sakura, detailed oil painting, by Mateusz Urbanowicz /imagine a stegosaurus drawn by John Singer Sargent /imagine a mysterious forest with many fireflies, trees with large roots covered in moss, green vegetation, Studio /imagine the universe in our ancestors eyes /imagine The inside of a gothic cathedral that looks like a tropical alien utopian jungle rainforest, dramatic cine /imagine A hero stands alone, artstation, highly detailed, cinematic /imagine symmetric texture repetition on a tree on a beautiful mountain landscape /imagine midcentury luchador mask, risograph /imagine ultra detailed line drawing, black and white and red, pen and ink, high tech cyberpunk geisha with headpho /imagine interior of master bedroom in victorian mansion, window, dan mindel cinematography, 35mm, movie scene, pit /imagine the alien robot queen holding a party at the dome castle in HQ Cloud City during a technicolor sunset /imagine corporate memphis style, mural, pride month, white background, vector, characters waving pride flags, cele /imagine abstract painting of coral reef /imagine a calico cat taking a nap on a kiwi /imagine Dreamy landscape depiction inspired by the works of Katsushika Hokusai, trending on artstation /imagine garden bridge over swan pond monet garden lillies and hanging trees art /imagine green dragon roosting above its lair in the ruins of a fantasy medieval city /imagine rainwater flowing through a complex system of ancient stone pipes and a gargoyle watching /imagine butterflies flit in a sunlit field. Hiroshige Japanese woodblock print. /imagine an illustration of a wooden magic wand with an aura of void around it, stars glitter subtly around it, clocolors tra ed in ouds with sunrise, by john martin, Trending oade with art nouveau inspiration with 50mm f/2 Summar; 1/50 sec; f/4 y Gropiu Join the BetaSign InDocumentationShowcaseAboutMidjourney is an independent research lab exploring new mediums of thought and expanding the imaginative powers of the human species.We are a small self-funded team focused on design, human infrastructure, and AI. We have 11 full-time staff and an incredible set of advisors.ExecutivesDavid HolzPreviously: Founder Leap Motion, Researcher at NASA, Max PlanckAdvisorsJim KellerLead Silicon at Apple, AMD, Tesla, Intel, Coauthor X86-64, CTO TenstorrentNat FriedmanCEO Github, Chairman of GNOME FoundationPhilip Rosedale Founder of Second Life, CTO RealNetworksBill WarnerFounder of Avid Technology, inventor of nonlinear video editingResearch and EngineeringDanielMaxJackThomasRedSamNadirSebastianLegal and FinanceMax Sillslegal advisorNadia AliCommunity Managementfnuckle (Katryna)Ancient ChaosDiscord Moderators and GuidesAfterburnerAmirKerrbartekBlue ManChrisViaucody boycroakiedezm0nDigitalDragonEikyuuFeonixfractlisaacqjayscottkav2kMatthewHaggettMeggirbotReikoSanne (Ms. Unicorn)schofeShadeSirkutSpookydanSquireZedstarshadowx2TallathXaphedoajmarsameadesApricusbonnie bearclarinetclasspectanondafyomilimerickDeeduduekuEojins Reviewsfab1anfl4min_xXfireflygigglethumpsGoofballHistorianHoxxoniaIppityjrdscttKathKevazyKinky KongKrakputKyunLarcMarigoldMolangnoodlecakePtitCitronReplicantRocShaneMcGSoarSTON3ZYSunshineyDayTaylorVtheo3TrentWeaving LightZu======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================== CareersWe're a small, self-funded, fully-distributed team and we're actively hiring!Come help us scale, explore, and build humanist infrastructure focused on amplifying the human mind and spirit.If you're sure you can help, but don't see a position that fits, email us.We look forward to hearing from you.======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================== ContactFor product support or questions please join our Discord and ask questions in our #support chatrooms.For billing support:billing@midjourney.comFor Journalist inquiries:press@midjourney.comTerms of ServicePrivacy Policy", "url": "https://www.midjourney.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Midjourney AI - Free Image Generator\nWhat is Midjourney\nHow to use\nFAQ\nGenerate Image\nmidjourney-v4\nMidjourney AI\nWith Midjourney, you can create high-quality images from simple text prompts for free. Just enter a text description of the image and get the result in a few seconds. No special hardware or software is required to use Midjourney as it runs directly in the browser of your computer or phone.\nGenerate Image\nWhat is Midjourney\nMidjourney is an example of generative artificial intelligence that can convert natural language text into images. Midjourney can create stunning and compelling images from a simple text description. In some cases, Midjourney's images have even fooled photography experts!\nHow it works\nMidjourney relies on two relatively new machine learning technologies, namely large language models and diffusion models. A large language model first helps Midjourney understand the meaning of the words you enter. It is then converted into what is called a vector, which you can think of as a numeric version of your prompt. Finally, this vector helps control another complex process known as diffusion.\nDiffusion became popular relatively recently, which gave rise to many different AI generators. In the diffusion model, the computer gradually adds random noise to the training image data set. Over time, it will learn to restore the original image by reversing the noise. The idea is that with enough training, such a model can learn to generate entirely new images.\nSelect Language\nEnglish\nEspaol\nFranais\nDeutsch\nPortugus\nItaliano\n\nPolski\nNederlands\nTrke\nIndonesian\n\n\nExample images\nPrompt: mountain in the middle of a beautiful farmland, 8k, haze, ultra-detailed, film photography, light leaks, trending on artstation, sharp focus, highly detailed\nPrompt: astronaut on Mars During sunset, cinematic, dramatic, 4k, beautiful studio soft light, elegant, hyper realistic, super detailed, unreal engine\nPrompt: a futuristic cyberpunk cityscape at night with towering neon-lit skyscrapers, flying cars, and a diverse crowd of humans and androids\nPrompt: a little girl with light brown short wavy curly hair and blue eyes floating in space, gazing in wonder at a quasar, Clear, detailed face\nPrompt: curve roof, parametric architecture design, architecture, futuristic art performing center, highly detailed, unreal engine\nPrompt: beautiful watercolor painting of famous structures, european cities, and buildings, people on the street, 16k, ultra HD, sunlight\nHow to use Midjourney?\n1\nOpen the app\nTo begin, open the application page on your device. Our AI bot works online and does not require downloading any software.\nProvide a prompt\nNext, provide a textual description of the image you want to generate. The more detailed you describe the image, the more accurately artificial intelligence will make it.\n2\n3\nWait for the result\nAs soon as you send a message to the chat, the generation of an image according to your description will immediately begin. This usually takes a few seconds.\nGet an image\nAfter the image is ready, you can easily download it, or edit your description and start a new generation.\n4\nFrequently Asked Questions\nHow to make an AI image?\nOpen the Midjourney app page, then enter a detailed description of the image you want to receive and click the \"Submit\" button. After a few seconds of waiting, you will see the AI-generated image!\nWhat is the daily limit?\nCurrently you can generate up to 15 images per day for free. This limit resets every 24 hours, so you can use Midjourney for free every day.\nHow accurate is Midjourney?\nTo get an accurate image, you must enter a very detailed description of the image, as well as a description of the style the image should be in. In other words, you have to tell the AI what the image should look like, as if it were a person.\nCan I use AI images for commercial purposes?\nAll images generated by Midjourney.co are freely licensed, so you can use them for both personal and commercial purposes.\nHow confidential is Midjourney?\nAny interaction with Midjourney is encrypted and anonymized, and all data is securely stored in accordance with industry standards. All your AI conversations are stored only in your browser's local storage and you can clear them at any time.\nKey features of the Midjourney\nPowerful quality\nMidjourney AI generates images as accurately as possible according to the description, has high quality and fast speed.\nFree to use\nYou can enjoy all the features of the AI image generator completely free of charge and without registration.\nCustomizable\nYou can easily adjust the image size, quality and other settings, as well as customize the appearance of the chat.\nmidjourney.co 2024\nmidjourney.co is a free web application for generating AI images.\nContact\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Use\nWe use cookies\nThis website uses cookies to improve user experience. By using our website you consent to all cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy.\nAcceptLearn more", "url": "https://midjourney.co/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Midjourney Quick Start Guide MENU Contents x No matching results found Getting Started Quick Start Community Guidelines Next Steps Prompts Explore Prompting Variations Upscalers Vary Region Vary Region + Remix Version Using Discord Discord Interface Direct Messages Discord Emoji Reactions Add the Bot to Your Server Commands Parameters and Tools Commands Command List Blend Describe User Info Settings and Presets in Discord Show Job Shorten Parameters Parameter List Aspect Ratios Chaos Character Reference No Quality Repeat Seeds Stop Style Style Reference Stylize Tile Version Video Weird Tools Text Generation Vary Region Vary Region + Remix Upscalers Style Tuner Pan Zoom Out Writing Prompts Prompts Describe No Image Prompts Multi Prompts Remix Shorten Working with Your Own Images Blend Image Prompts Describe Styles and Aesthetics Stylize Style Style Tuner Chaos Weird Image Size and Aspect Ratio Aspect Ratios Pan Upscalers Zoom Out Advanced Prompting Tools Permutation Prompts Remaster Repeat Seeds Stop Model Versions Model Version 5 Model Version 4 Early Model Versions Legacy Model Version Parameters Extra Features Tile Video Subscriptions Subscription Plans Stealth Mode Earn Free Hours Fast, Relax, & Turbo Modes Contacting Support Using The Website Website Navigation Explore Page Create Page Working with Images on Web Archive Page Policies Terms of Service Privacy Policy Midjourney Trademark Policy Data Deletion and Privacy FAQ Purchase Order Terms and Conditions Quick Start Dark LightContentsQuick Start Dark LightArticle summaryDid you find this summary helpful? Thank you for your feedbackUse the Midjourney bot to generate stunning images from simple text prompts in seconds. Work directly in Discord. No specialized hardware or software is required.Code of ConductDon't be a jerk.Don't use our tools to make images that could inflame, upset, or cause drama. That includes gore and adult content.Be respectful to other people and the team.Making Images with Midjourney1. Log In To DiscordAccess the Midjourney Bot through Discord via web browser, mobile app, or desktop app. Ensure you have a verified Discord account before joining the Midjourney Discord server.Follow these guides to create or verify your Discord account: Create Discord Account Verify Discord Account2. Subscribe to a Midjourney PlanTo start generating images with Midjourney, you'll need to subscribe to a plan.Visit Midjourney.com/account.Sign in using your verified Discord account.Choose a subscription plan that suits your needs.Go to Subscription Plans for information on pricing and the features available with each tier.3. Join the Midjourney Server on DiscordTo start interacting with the Midjourney Bot, join the Midjourney ServerOpen Discord and locate the server list on the left-hand sidebar.Press the + button at the bottom of the server list.In the pop-up window, click the Join a Server button.Paste or type the following URL: http://discord.gg/midjourney and press Join.For additional information, Learn more about Discord servers.4. Go to any #General or #Newbie ChannelAfter joining the Midjourney server on Discord, you'll see several channels listed in the sidebar.On the Midjourney ServerLocate and select any channel labeled general-# or newbie-#. These channels are designed for beginners to start using the Midjourney Bot. The Midjourney Bot will not generate images in other channels.On Other ServersYou can generate images with the Midjourney Bot on any Discord server that has invited the Midjourney Bot. Look for instructions on your server on where to use the Bot.5.Use the /imagine CommandAbout Discord Commands Interact with the Midjourney Bot on Discord using a Command. Commands are used to create images, change default settings, monitor user info, and perform other helpful tasks. The /imagine command generates a unique image from a short text description (known as a Prompt). Learn more about PromptsHow to Use /imagineType '/imagine prompt:' in the message field. You can also select the /imagine command from the list of available slash commands that pop up when you type '/'.Type a description of the image you want to create in the prompt field.Send your message. The Bot will interpret your text prompt and begin generating the images.Respect the Community Guidelines. Community guidelines apply wherever the Midjourney Bot is used.6.Accept the Terms Of ServiceBefore generating any images, the Midjourney Bot will prompt you to accept the Terms Of Service. You must agree to these terms to proceed with image creation.7.Image Generation ProcessAfter submitting a text prompt, the Midjourney Bot processes your request, creating four unique image options within a minute. This process utilizes advanced Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and each image generation counts towards the GPU time included with your Midjourney subscription. To monitor your available GPU time (Fast Time Remaining) use the /info command.8.Select an Image or Create VariationsOnce your initial image grid has been generated, two rows of buttons become available underneath your image grid.U1 U2 U3 U4 Image SelectionIn earlier versions of Midjourney, the U buttons were used for upscaling images. With the latest model, images are immediately generated at 1024 x 1024 pixels size. Now, the 'U' buttons help you separate out your chosen image from the grid, making it easier to download and giving you access to additional editing and generation tools. Re-run or Re-roll a JobThe button re-runs a Job. In this case, it would re-run the original prompt producing a new grid of images.V1 V2 V3 V4 Image VariationThe V buttons are used to create variations of the selected image. Each button generates a new image grid that maintains the general style and composition of the selected image.9.Enhance or Modify Your ImageAfter singling out an image, an expanded set of options becomes available. Vary (Strong) Vary (Subtle)Create a stronger or subtle variation of your selected image, generating a new grid of four options. Zoom Out 2x Zoom Out 1.5x Custom ZoomZoom Out of your image, extending the canvas its original boundaries without changing the content of the original image. The newly expanded canvas will be filled-in using guidance from the prompt and the original image. The Pan buttons allow you to expand the canvas of an image in a chosen direction without changing the content of the original image. The newly expanded canvas will be filled in using guidance from the prompt and the original image. Favoritetag your best images to easily find them on the Midjourney website.Web Open the image in your gallery on midjourney.com10.Save Your ImageClick on the image to open it to full size, and then right-click and choose Save image. On mobile, long-tap the image and then tap the download icon in the top right corner.All images are immediately available to view on midjourney.com/imagineNext StepsDirect Messaging the Midjourney Bot Are you having difficulty finding yourself while working with other users on the Midjourney server? You can interact with the Midjourney Bot one-on-one in a direct message. Images created within your direct messages are still subject to content and moderation rules and are visible on the Midjourney website.Learn More About Prompts Learn how to write effective and creative prompts, Explore how descriptions of artistic mediums, locations, and time periods change an image.Blend Your Own Images Learn how to upload and blend your own images using the /blend command.Midjourney Bot AssistanceNeed help or have questions? Try these commands: /help Displays useful information and tips about the Midjourney Bot. /ask Provides answers to questions about the Midjourney Bot.You can also visit the #support channel on the Midjourney Discord for additional assistance.Billing and Subscription QueriesFor billing and subscription questions, please visit help.midjourney.com.You can interact with the Midjourney Bot on Discord by typing aCommand. Commands are used to create images, change default settings, monitor user info, and perform other helpful tasks.Midjourney Commands can be used in any Bot Channel, on private Discord servers where the Midjourney Bot has been permitted to operate, or in a direct message with the Midjourney Bot.A Prompt is a short text phrase that the Midjourney Bot interprets to produce an image. The Midjourney Bot breaks down the words and phrases in a prompt into smaller pieces, called tokens, that can be compared to its training data and then used to generate an image. A well-crafted prompt can help make unique and exciting images.PreviousNext Community Guidelines Table of contentsMaking Images with Midjourney1. Log In To Discord2. Subscribe to a Midjourney Plan3. Join the Midjourney Server on Discord4. Go to any #General or #Newbie ChannelOn the Midjourney ServerOn Other Servers5.Use the /imagine Command6.Accept the Terms Of Service7.Image Generation Process8.Select an Image or Create Variations9.Enhance or Modify Your Image10.Save Your ImageNext StepsMidjourney Bot AssistanceBilling and Subscription QueriesMidjourney is an independent research lab exploring new mediums of thought and expanding the imaginative powers of the human species. We are a small self-funded team focused on design, human infrastructure, and AI.FOLLOW US: [F] [T] [R]SupportFor questions or support visit the Midjourney Discord support channels.SitesMidjourney WebsiteMidjourney Discord", "url": "https://docs.midjourney.com/docs/quick-start" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Discord\n,,Reactionsclick to open image dialog", "url": "https://discord.com/invite/midjourney" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Midjourney Subscription Plans MENU Contents x No matching results found Getting Started Quick Start Community Guidelines Next Steps Prompts Explore Prompting Variations Upscalers Vary Region Vary Region + Remix Version Using Discord Discord Interface Direct Messages Discord Emoji Reactions Add the Bot to Your Server Commands Parameters and Tools Commands Command List Blend Describe User Info Settings and Presets in Discord Show Job Shorten Parameters Parameter List Aspect Ratios Chaos Character Reference No Quality Repeat Seeds Stop Style Style Reference Stylize Tile Version Video Weird Tools Text Generation Vary Region Vary Region + Remix Upscalers Style Tuner Pan Zoom Out Writing Prompts Prompts Describe No Image Prompts Multi Prompts Remix Shorten Working with Your Own Images Blend Image Prompts Describe Styles and Aesthetics Stylize Style Style Tuner Chaos Weird Image Size and Aspect Ratio Aspect Ratios Pan Upscalers Zoom Out Advanced Prompting Tools Permutation Prompts Remaster Repeat Seeds Stop Model Versions Model Version 5 Model Version 4 Early Model Versions Legacy Model Version Parameters Extra Features Tile Video Subscriptions Subscription Plans Stealth Mode Earn Free Hours Fast, Relax, & Turbo Modes Contacting Support Using The Website Website Navigation Explore Page Create Page Working with Images on Web Archive Page Policies Terms of Service Privacy Policy Midjourney Trademark Policy Data Deletion and Privacy FAQ Purchase Order Terms and Conditions Subscription Plans Dark LightContentsSubscription Plans Dark LightArticle summaryDid you find this summary helpful? Thank you for your feedbackMidjourney has four subscription tiers. Pay month-to-month or for the entire year for a 20% discount. Each subscription plan includes access to the Midjourney member gallery, the official Discord, general commercial usage terms, and more.How to SubscribeUse the /subscribe command to generate a personal link to the subscription page.Or, go to Midjourney.com/account.Or, click on your name and then Manage Subscription from the sidebar while logged into the Midjourney website.Billing and Subscription HelpFor billing and subscription questions, please visit help.midjourney.com.Plan ComparisonBasic PlanStandard PlanPro PlanMega PlanMonthly Subscription Cost$10$30$60$120Annual Subscription Cost$96 ($8 / month)$288 ($24 / month)$576 ($48 / month)$1152 ($96 / month)Fast GPU Time3.3 hr/month15 hr/month30 hr/month60 hr/monthRelax GPU Time-UnlimitedUnlimitedUnlimitedPurchase ExtraGPU Time$4/hr$4/hr$4/hr$4/hrWork Solo In YourDirect MessagesStealth Mode--Maximum Concurrent Jobs3 Jobs10 Jobs waiting in queue3 Jobs10 Jobs waiting in queue12 Fast Jobs3 Relaxed Jobs 10 Jobs in queue12 Fast Jobs3 Relaxed Jobs 10 Jobs in queueRate Images to Earn Free GPU TimeUsage RightsGeneral Commercial Terms*General Commercial Terms*General Commercial Terms*General Commercial Terms*If you have subscribed at any point, you are free to use your images in just about any way you want. You must purchase the Pro or Mega plan if you are a company making more than $1,000,000 USD in gross revenue per year. For complete details, please see the Terms of ServiceSubscribe to a PlanGo to https://www.midjourney.com/account/ or use the /subscribe command to generate a link to the subscription page.Don't Share Your LinkThe generated link is unique for each account and should never be shared with others!Payment MethodsOnly payment methods supported by Stripe are currently accepted: credit or debit cards issued by services like Mastercard, VISA, or American Express. Stripe is a PCI Service Provider Level 1, the most stringent level of certification available in the payments industry.Google Pay and Apple Pay are available in some regions.PayPal, wire transfer, and similar methods are not supported.Manage Your PlanManage your subscription plan at https://www.midjourney.com/account/.Automatic RenewalUnused monthly Fast GPU time does not roll over.Your payment method on file with our third party payment processor will be automatically charged at the end of each monthly or annual billing period.Switch PlansUpgrade your plan at any time. When upgrading, you may choose whether the upgrade should be effective immediately or at the end of the current billing cycle. If you choose to upgrade immediately, you will be offered a prorated price based on the usage of the plan you are upgrading from. Downgrades are always effective at the end of the current billing cycle.Proration?Unused Fast GPU Time is credited towards your account when you choose to upgrade immediately. If a Basic subscriber upgrades immediately without using any GPU time, they receive a $10 credit towards their new plan. If a Standard subscriber upgrades after using 50% of their Fast GPU time, they receive a $15 credit towards their new plan.CancellationGo to https://www.midjourney.com/account/ to cancel a subscription at any time. Cancellations are effective at the end of the current billing cycle. Subscription benefits like access to the community gallery and the bulk download tool are available until the end of the current billing cycle.Your generated images and Midjourney.com/account page are not deleted if you cancel your subscription. You can resubscribe to a plan at any time by visiting https://www.midjourney.com/account/.RefundsRefunds are available for subscribers who have lifetime usage of less than 20 GPU minutes, including time used in Relax Mode. If you are eligible for a refund, the dialog box will automatically pop up when you click to cancel your account.Buy More Fast HoursRun out of Fast GPU and want to buy more before your monthly subscription renews? You can purchase additional Fast GPU hours for $4/hr. Hourly Prices are experimental and subject to change.Purchase more Fast GPU hours on your Midjourney account page.Purchased Fast GPU hours do not expire, but you must have an active subscription to use them.Refunds will not be issued on Fast Hours.Account InformationUse the /info command to view information about your account, including how much Fast time is left for the subscription period, lifetime usage stats, the number of queued or running jobs, and the subscription renewal date.Previous Video Next Stealth Mode Table of contentsPlan ComparisonSubscribe to a PlanPayment MethodsManage Your PlanAutomatic RenewalSwitch PlansCancellationRefundsBuy More Fast HoursAccount InformationMidjourney is an independent research lab exploring new mediums of thought and expanding the imaginative powers of the human species. We are a small self-funded team focused on design, human infrastructure, and AI.FOLLOW US: [F] [T] [R]SupportFor questions or support visit the Midjourney Discord support channels.SitesMidjourney WebsiteMidjourney Discord", "url": "https://docs.midjourney.com/docs/plans" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Midjourney - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\nToggle History subsection\n1.1Model versions\n2Functionality\n3Uses\nToggle Uses subsection\n3.1Notable usage and controversy\n3.1.1Content moderation and censorship in Midjourney\n4Litigation\n5See also\n6References\n7External links\nToggle the table of contents\nMidjourney\n35 languages\nAzrbaycancaBosanskiCataletinaDeutschEestiEspaolFranaisGalegoBahasa IndonesiaItalianoLatvieuLietuviMagyarNederlandsOzbekcha / PortugusRomnRuna Simi SuomiSvenskaTrkeTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nImage-generating machine learning model\nMidjourneyLogoDeveloper(s)Midjourney, Inc.Initial releaseJuly12, 2022; 22 months ago(2022-07-12) (open beta)Websitemidjourney.com\nPart of a series onArtificial intelligence\nMajor goals\nArtificial general intelligence\nRecursive self-improvement\nPlanning\nComputer vision\nGeneral game playing\nKnowledge reasoning\nMachine learning\nNatural language processing\nRobotics\nAI safety\nApproaches\nSymbolic\nDeep learning\nBayesian networks\nEvolutionary algorithms\nSituated approach\nHybrid intelligent systems\nSystems integration\nApplications\nProjects\nDeepfake\nMachine translation\nGenerative AI\nArt\nAudio\nMusic\nHealthcare\nMental health\nGovernment\nIndustry\nEarth sciences\nBioinformatics\nPhysics\nPhilosophy\nChinese room\nFriendly AI\nControl problem/Takeover\nEthics\nExistential risk\nTuring test\nRegulation\nHistory\nTimeline\nProgress\nAI winter\nAI boom\nAI era\nGlossary\nGlossary\nvte\nMidjourney is a generative artificial intelligence program and service created and hosted by the San Franciscobased independent research lab Midjourney, Inc. Midjourney generates images from natural language descriptions, called prompts, similar to OpenAI's DALL-E and Stability AI's Stable Diffusion.[1][2] It is one of the technologies of the AI boom.\nThe tool is currently in open beta, which it entered on July 12, 2022.[3] The Midjourney team is led by David Holz, who co-founded Leap Motion.[4] Holz told The Register in August 2022 that the company was already profitable.[5] Users create artwork with Midjourney using Discord bot commands.[6]\nHistory[edit]\nMidjourney, Inc. was founded in San Francisco, California, by David Holz,[7] previously a co-founder of Leap Motion.[8] The Midjourney image generation platform entered open beta on July 12, 2022.[3] On March 14, 2022, the Midjourney Discord server launched with a request to post high-quality photographs to Twitter and Reddit for systems training.[citation needed]\nModel versions[edit]\nThe company has been working on improving its algorithms, releasing new model versions every few months. Version 2 of their algorithm was launched in April 2022,[9] and version 3 on July 25.[10] On November 5, 2022, the alpha iteration of version 4 was released to users.[11][12] On March 15, 2023, the alpha iteration of version 5 was released.[13] The 5.1 model is more opinionated than version 5, applying more of its own stylization to images, while the 5.1 RAW model adds improvements while working better with more literal prompts. The version 5.2 included a new \"aesthetics system\", and the ability to \"zoom out\" by generating surroundings to an existing image.[14] On December 21, 2023, the alpha iteration of version 6 was released. The model was trained from scratch over a nine month period. Support was added for better text rendition and a more literal interpretation of prompts.\nRegular models\nVersion\nRelease date\nV1\nFebruary 2022[15]\nV2\nApril 12, 2022[9]\nV3\nJuly 25, 2022[10]\nV4\nNovember 5, 2022 (alpha)[11]\nV5\nMarch 15, 2023 (alpha)[13]\nV5.1\nMay 3, 2023[16]\nV5.2\nJune 22, 2023[17]\nV6\nDecember 21, 2023 (alpha)[18]\nOther models\nVersion\nRelease date\nNotes\n--beta\nAugust 22, 2022\ntest/testp\nAugust 28, 2022\nNiji\nDecember 20, 2022\nCollaboration between Midjourney and Spellbrushtuned to produce anime and illustrative styles. Niji is also available on iOS and Android under the name niji journey. This is the first official app published in collaboration with Midjourney.\nNiji 5\nApril 2, 2023\nNiji 6\nJanuary 29, 2024[19]\nFunctionality[edit]\nMidjourney is accessible through a Discord bot, either through their official Discord server, by directly messaging the bot, or by inviting the bot to a third-party server. To generate images, users use the /imagine command and type in a prompt;[20] the bot then returns a set of four images, which users are given the option to upscale.\nUses[edit]\nMidjourney's founder, David Holz, told The Register that artists use Midjourney for rapid prototyping of artistic concepts to show to clients before starting work themselves.[5]\nThe advertising industry has been quick to embrace AI tools such as Midjourney, DALL-E, and Stable Diffusion, among others. The tools that enable advertisers to create original content and brainstorm ideas quickly are providing new opportunities, such as \"custom ads created for individuals, a new way to create special effects, or even making e-commerce advertising more efficient\", according to Ad Age.[21][promotion?]\nArchitects have described using the software to generate mood boards for the early stages of projects, as an alternative to searching Google Images.[22]\nNotable usage and controversy[edit]\nThtre D'opra Spatial, a Midjourney image that won first prize in a digital art competition\nImage from Alice and Sparkle, a children's book illustrated by Midjourney. Time describes this image as \"showing the limits of the AI-powered technology. The illustration has several apparent flaws, including the character appearing to have claws.\"[23]\nThe program was used by the British magazine The Economist to create the front cover for an issue in June 2022.[24][25] In Italy, the leading newspaper Corriere della Sera published a comic created with Midjourney by writer Vanni Santoni in August 2022.[26] Charlie Warzel used Midjourney to generate two images of Alex Jones for Warzel's newsletter in The Atlantic. The use of an AI-generated cover was criticised by people who felt it was taking jobs from artists. Warzel called his action a mistake in an article about his decision to use generated images.[27] Last Week Tonight with John Oliver included a 10-minute segment on Midjourney in an episode broadcast in August 2022.[28][29]\nA Midjourney image called Thtre D'opra Spatial won first place in the digital art competition at the 2022 Colorado State Fair. Jason Allen, who wrote the prompt that led Midjourney to generate the image, printed the image onto a canvas and entered it into the competition using the name Jason M. Allen via Midjourney. Other digital artists were upset by the news.[30] Allen was unapologetic, insisting that he followed the competition's rules. The two category judges were unaware that Midjourney used AI to generate images, although they later said that had they known this, they would have awarded Allen the top prize anyway.[31]\nIn December 2022, Midjourney was used to generate the images for an AI-generated children's book that was created over a weekend. Titled Alice and Sparkle, the book features a young girl who builds a robot that becomes self-aware. The creator, Ammaar Reeshi, used Midjourney to generate a large number of images, from which he chose 13 for the book.[32] Both the product and process drew criticism. One artist wrote that \"the main problem... is that it was trained off of artists' work. It's our creations, our distinct styles that we created, that we did not consent to being used.\"[33]\nA fake Midjourney-created image of Pope Francis wearing a puffer jacket, which went viral in 2023\nIn 2023, the realism of AI-based text-to-image generators, such as Midjourney, DALL-E, or Stable Diffusion,[34][35] reached such a high level that it led to a significant wave of viral AI-generated photos. Widespread attention was gained by a Midjourney-generated photo of Pope Francis wearing a white puffer coat,[36][37] the fictional arrest of Donald Trump,[38] and a hoax of an attack on the Pentagon,[39] as well as the usage in professional creative arts.[40][41]\nResearch has suggested that the images Midjourney generates can be biased. For example, even neutral prompts in one study returned unequal results on the aspects of gender, skin color, and location.[42] A study by researchers at the nonprofit group Center for Countering Digital Hate found the tool to be easy to generate racist and conspiratorial images.[43]\nAn anatomically-incorrect diagram of a rat's penis and testicles illustrated by Midjourney, published in a now-retracted Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology paper, which went viral in 2024[44]\nIn 2024, a Frontiers journal published a paper[45] which contained gibberish figures generated with Midjourney, one of which was a diagram of a rat with large testicles and a large penis towering over himself. The paper was retracted a day after the images went viral on Twitter.[44]\nContent moderation and censorship in Midjourney[edit]\nPrior to May 2023, Midjourney implemented a moderation mechanism predicated on a banned word system. This method prohibited the use of language associated with explicit content, such as sexual or pornographic themes, as well as extreme violence. Moreover, the system also banned certain individual words, including those of religious and political figures, such as Allah or Xi Jinping. This practice occasionally stirred controversy due to perceived instances of censorship within the Midjourney platform.[46][47]\nCommencing in May 2023, with subsequent updates post version 5, Midjourney transitioned to an AI-powered content moderation system. This advanced mechanism allowed for a more nuanced interpretation of user prompts by analyzing them in their entirety. It consequently facilitated the context-dependent use of words that had previously been prohibited. For instance, users can now prompt the AI to generate a portrait of Xi Jinping. At the same time, the system will prevent the generation of contentious images, such as depictions of global leaders, including Xi Jinping, in situations of arrest.[48]\nLitigation[edit]\nOn January 13, 2023, three artistsSarah Andersen, Kelly McKernan, and Karla Ortizfiled a copyright infringement lawsuit against Stability AI, Midjourney, and DeviantArt, claiming that these companies have infringed on the rights of millions of artists by training AI tools on five billion images scraped from the web, without the consent of the original artists.[49]\nThe legal action was initiated in San Francisco by attorney Matthew Butterick in partnership with the Joseph Saveri Law Firm, the same team challenging Microsoft, GitHub, and OpenAI (developers of ChatGPT and DALL-E) in court. In July 2023, U.S. District Judge William Orrick inclined to dismiss most of the lawsuit filed by Andersen, McKernan, and Ortiz but allowed them to file a new complaint.[50] Another lawsuit was filed in November 2023 against Midjourney, Stability AI, DeviantArt and Runway AI for using the copyrighted work of over 4,700 artists.[51]\nSee also[edit]\nArtificial intelligence art\nComputer art\nGenerative art\nReferences[edit]\n^ \"Huge \"foundation models\" are turbo-charging AI progress\". The Economist. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.\n^ Hertzmann, Aaron (June 10, 2022). \"Give this AI a few words of description and it produces a stunning image but is it art?\". The Conversation. Archived from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.\n^ a b @midjourney (July 13, 2022). \"We're officially moving to open-beta! Join now at https://discord.gg/midjourney. **Please read our directions carefully** or check out our detailed how-to guides here: https://midjourney.gitbook.io/docs. Most importantly, have fun!\" (Tweet). Retrieved August 31, 2022 via Twitter.\n^ Rose, Janus (July 18, 2022). \"Inside Midjourney, The Generative Art AI That Rivals DALL-E\". Vice. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.\n^ a b Claburn, Thomas (August 1, 2022). \"Holz, founder of AI art service Midjourney, on future images\". The Register. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.\n^ Hachman, Mark (July 26, 2022). \"Midjourney's enthralling AI art generator goes live for everyone\". PCWorld. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.\n^ Salkowitz, Rob (September 16, 2022). \"Midjourney Founder David Holz On The Impact Of AI On Art, Imagination And The Creative Economy\". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.\n^ Vincent, James (August 2, 2022). \"\"An engine for the imagination\": an interview with David Holz, CEO of AI image generator Midjourney\". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 20, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.\n^ a b @midjourney (April 18, 2022). \"We recently started testing a V2 algorithm, it's much better with characters and animals\" (Tweet). Retrieved March 19, 2023 via Twitter.\n^ a b @midjourney (July 25, 2022). \"Today we're starting to test our V3 image generation algorithms\" (Tweet). Retrieved March 19, 2023 via Twitter.\n^ a b \"David Holz on the official Midjourney Discord server\". Discord. November 5, 2022. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.\n^ \"Midjourney v4 greatly improves the award-winning image creation AI\". TechSpot. November 10, 2022. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.\n^ a b \"Midjourney V5 Creates Better Images, Fewer Nightmare Hands\". HowToGeek. March 16, 2023. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.\n^ Bastian, Matthias (June 23, 2023). \"Midjourney 5.2 brings zoom out and integrated prompt analysis\". the decoder. Retrieved April 30, 2024.\n^ \"Midjourney Model Versions\". docs.midjourney.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved September 25, 2023.\n^ Collins, Barry (May 3, 2023). \"Midjourney 5.1 Arrives - And It's Another Leap Forward For AI Art\". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023.\n^ Edwards, Benj (June 23, 2023). \"\"Stunning\"Midjourney update wows AI artists with camera-like feature\". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on September 21, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2023.\n^ Franzen, Carl (December 21, 2023). \"Midjourney V6 is here with in-image text and completely overhauled prompting\". VentureBeat.\n^ @Midjourney (January 29, 2024). \"V6 of Niji-Journey is now live! Niji V6 is a version of our latest model specifically tuned for Anime. ...\" (Tweet) via Twitter.\n^ Becker, Isaac Stanley; Harwell, Drew (March 30, 2023). \"How a tiny company with few rules is making fake images go mainstream\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.\n^ Bonilla, Brian (September 22, 2022). \"How ad agencies are using AI image generatorsand how they could be used in the future\". Ad Age. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.\n^ \"The Architects Designing Surreal Worlds with AI\". Bloomberg.com. January 31, 2023. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.\n^ \"He Made A Children's Book Using AI. Artists Are Not Happy\". Time. December 14, 2022. Archived from the original on September 12, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2023.\n^ \"How a computer designed this week's cover\". The Economist. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.\n^ Liu, Gloria (June 21, 2022). \"DALL-E 2 Made Its First Magazine Cover\". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.\n^ Bozzi, Ida (August 26, 2022). \"Su \"La Lettura\", Highsmith inedita e le citt che mutano\". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on April 30, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.\n^ \"I Went Viral in the Bad Way\". Galaxy Brain. August 17, 2022. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n^ Gentile, Dan (August 16, 2022). \"John Oliver is weirdly popular on this SF-based AI image app\". SFGATE. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n^ Brathwaite, Lester Fabian (August 29, 2022). \"John Oliver marries a cabbage in ceremony officiated by Steve Buscemi on 'Last Week Tonight'\". EW.com. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n^ Gault, Matthew (August 31, 2022). \"An AI-Generated Artwork Won First Place at a State Fair Fine Arts Competition, and Artists Are Pissed\". Motherboard. Vice. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n^ Roose, Kevin (September 2, 2022). \"An A.I.-Generated Picture Won an Art Prize. Artists Aren't Happy\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2022.\n^ Stokel-Walker, Chris (December 13, 2022). \"A Tech Worker Is Selling A Children's Book He Made Using AI. Professional Illustrators Are Pissed\". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2022.\n^ Popli, Nic (December 14, 2022). \"He Used AI to Publish a Children's Book in a Weekend. Artists Are Not Happy About It\". Time. Archived from the original on September 12, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2022.\n^ Verma, Pranshu; Schaul, Kevin. \"See why AI like ChatGPT has gotten so good, so fast\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2023.\n^ \"Will AI-generated images create a new crisis for fact-checkers? Experts are not so sure\". Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. April 11, 2023. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2023.\n^ Novak, Matt. \"That Viral Image Of Pope Francis Wearing A White Puffer Coat Is Totally Fake\". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2023.\n^ Stokel-Walker, Chris (March 27, 2023). \"We Spoke To The Guy Who Created The Viral AI Image Of The Pope That Fooled The World\". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2023.\n^ \"Trump shares deepfake photo of himself praying as AI images of arrest spread online\". The Independent. March 24, 2023. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2023.\n^ Oremus, Will; Harwell, Drew; Armus, Teo (May 22, 2023). \"A tweet about a Pentagon explosion was fake. It still went viral\". Washington Post. ISSN0190-8286. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2023.\n^ Kolirin, Lianne (April 18, 2023). \"Artist rejects photo prize after AI-generated image wins award\". CNN. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2023.\n^ \"How Generative AI Can Augment Human Creativity\". Harvard Business Review. June 16, 2023. ISSN0017-8012. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.\n^ Thomas, Ryan J.; Thomson, T. J. (July 7, 2023). \"What Does a Journalist Look like? Visualizing Journalistic Roles through AI\". Digital Journalism: 123. doi:10.1080/21670811.2023.2229883. ISSN2167-0811.\n^ Alba, Davey (August 11, 2023). \"Midjourney Is Easily Tricked Into Making AI Misinformation, Study Finds\". Bloomberg. ISSN1063-2123. Archived from the original on November 21, 2023. Retrieved November 21, 2023.\n^ a b \"'Rat Dck' Among Gibberish AI Images Published in Science Journal\". Gizmodo. February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024.\n^ Guo, Xinyu; Dong, Liang; Hao, Dingjun (February 13, 2024). \"Cellular functions of spermatogonial stem cells in relation to JAK/STAT signaling pathway\" (PDF). Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 11. doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1339390. ISSN2296-634X. (Retracted)\n^ McLaughlin, Sarah (March 31, 2023). \"Midjourney CEO Says 'Political Satire In China Is Pretty Not Okay,' But Apparently Silencing Satire About Xi Jinping Is Pretty Okay\". Techdirt. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2023.\n^ McFadden, Christopher (April 3, 2023). \"Midjourney will no longer let you generate images of Xi Jinping\". interestingengineering.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2023.\n^ Bastian, Matthias (May 3, 2023). \"Midjourney now has an easy mode and a new AI moderation system\". THE DECODER. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2023.\n^ Vincent, James (January 16, 2023). \"AI art tools Stable Diffusion and Midjourney targeted with copyright lawsuit\". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023.\n^ Brittain, Blake (July 19, 2023). \"US judge finds flaws in artists' lawsuit against AI companies\". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved August 6, 2023.\n^ Richardson, Aran (February 29, 2024). \"The 4,700-Artist AI Controversy: Artists Accuse Midjourney And Other AI Firms Of Unauthorized Use In Lawsuit\". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved March 3, 2024 via Benzinga.com.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Midjourney.\nOfficial website\nvteDifferentiable computingGeneral\nDifferentiable programming\nInformation geometry\nStatistical manifold\nAutomatic differentiation\nNeuromorphic engineering\nPattern recognition\nTensor calculus\nComputational learning theory\nInductive bias\nConcepts\nGradient descent\nSGD\nClustering\nRegression\nOverfitting\nHallucination\nAdversary\nAttention\nConvolution\nLoss functions\nBackpropagation\nBatchnorm\nActivation\nSoftmax\nSigmoid\nRectifier\nRegularization\nDatasets\nAugmentation\nDiffusion\nAutoregression\nApplications\nMachine learning\nIn-context learning\nArtificial neural network\nDeep learning\nScientific computing\nArtificial Intelligence\nLanguage model\nLarge language model\nHardware\nIPU\nTPU\nVPU\nMemristor\nSpiNNaker\nSoftware libraries\nTensorFlow\nPyTorch\nKeras\nTheano\nJAX\nFlux.jl\nMindSpore\nImplementationsAudiovisual\nAlexNet\nWaveNet\nHuman image synthesis\nHWR\nOCR\nSpeech synthesis\nSpeech recognition\nFacial recognition\nAlphaFold\nText-to-image models\nDALL-E\nMidjourney\nStable Diffusion\nText-to-video models\nSora\nVideoPoet\nWhisper\nVerbal\nWord2vec\nSeq2seq\nBERT\nGemini\nLaMDA\nBard\nNMT\nProject Debater\nIBM Watson\nIBM Watsonx\nGranite\nGPT-1\nGPT-2\nGPT-3\nGPT-4\nChatGPT\nGPT-J\nChinchilla AI\nPaLM\nBLOOM\nLLaMA\nPanGu-\nDecisional\nAlphaGo\nAlphaZero\nQ-learning\nSARSA\nOpenAI Five\nSelf-driving car\nMuZero\nAction selection\nAuto-GPT\nRobot control\nPeople\nYoshua Bengio\nAlex Graves\nIan Goodfellow\nStephen Grossberg\nDemis Hassabis\nGeoffrey Hinton\nYann LeCun\nFei-Fei Li\nAndrew Ng\nJrgen Schmidhuber\nDavid Silver\nIlya Sutskever\nOrganizations\nAnthropic\nEleutherAI\nGoogle DeepMind\nHugging Face\nOpenAI\nMeta AI\nMila\nMIT CSAIL\nHuawei\nArchitectures\nNeural Turing machine\nDifferentiable neural computer\nTransformer\nRecurrent neural network (RNN)\nLong short-term memory (LSTM)\nGated recurrent unit (GRU)\nEcho state network\nMultilayer perceptron (MLP)\nConvolutional neural network\nResidual neural network\nMamba\nAutoencoder\nVariational autoencoder (VAE)\nGenerative adversarial network (GAN)\nGraph neural network\nPortals\nComputer programming\nTechnology\nCategories\nArtificial neural networks\nMachine learning\nAuthority control databases: Artists\nMusicBrainz\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midjourney&oldid=1223634362\"\nCategories: Artificial intelligence artArt controversiesUnsupervised learningText-to-image generationDeep learning software applicationsWorks involved in plagiarism controversies2022 softwareHidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it)Articles citing retracted publicationsArticles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse mdy dates from April 2024All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from November 2023All articles with a promotional toneArticles with a promotional tone from February 2024Commons category link from WikidataArticles with MusicBrainz identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 13 May 2024, at 11:54(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midjourney" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Midjourney Documentation and User Guide MENU Midjourney Documentation Join the Midjourney community on Discord or the Web, where thousands collaborate to create new worlds, fantastic characters, and unique imagery from short text descriptions.Quick Start GuideExplore More TopicsGetting StartedLearn how to use Discord to work with the Midjourney Bot. Using DiscordExplore the basics of prompt writing and creating images. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =__T _T __T _T __T _T |\\ |\\ |\\ |\\ |\\ |\\ /|_\\ /|_\\ /|_\\ /|_\\ /|_\\ /|_\\ _-~|__\\ _-~|__\\ _-~|__\\ . _-~|__\\ _-~|__\\ _-~|__\\ / |___\\ / |___\\ / |___\\ / |___\\ / |___\\ / |___\\ _-~ | \\ _-~ | \\ _-~ | \\ _-~ | \\ _-~ | \\ _-~ | \\ /____|_____\\ /____|_____\\ . /____|_____\\ . /____|_____\\ . /____|_____\\ /____|_____\\ _______:_______ . ._______:_______ . _______:_______ _______:_______ _______:_______ _______:_______ .-. .-. .-.\\ .-. .-. /.-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-.\\ .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. \\.-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-./ .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. / .-. .-. .-. .-. -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Most Viewed ArticlesTerms of ServiceImage PromptsPromptsAspect RatiosStyleRecently Created ArticlesArchive PageUsing The WebsiteCharacter ReferenceStyle ReferenceStyleMidjourney is an independent research lab exploring new mediums of thought and expanding the imaginative powers of the human species. We are a small self-funded team focused on design, human infrastructure, and AI.FOLLOW US: [F] [T] [R]SupportFor questions or support visit the Midjourney Discord support channels.SitesMidjourney WebsiteMidjourney Discord", "url": "https://docs.midjourney.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "MidjourneyJoin the BetaSign InGet StartedShowcaseJoin the BetaSign InGet StartedShowcaseAboutMidjourney is an independent research lab exploring new mediums of thought and expanding the imaginative powers of the human species.We are a small self-funded team focused on design, human infrastructure, and AI. We have 11 full-time staff and an incredible set of advisors.ExecutivesDavid HolzPreviously: Founder Leap Motion, Researcher at NASA, Max PlanckAdvisorsJim KellerLead Silicon at Apple, AMD, Tesla, Intel, Coauthor X86-64, CTO TenstorrentNat FriedmanCEO Github, Chairman of GNOME FoundationPhilip Rosedale Founder of Second Life, CTO RealNetworksBill WarnerFounder of Avid Technology, inventor of nonlinear video editingResearch and EngineeringDanielMaxJackThomasRedSamNadirSebastianLegal and FinanceMax Sillslegal advisorNadia AliCommunity Managementfnuckle (Katryna)Ancient ChaosDiscord Moderators and GuidesAfterburnerAmirKerrbartekBlue ManChrisViaucody boycroakiedezm0nDigitalDragonEikyuuFeonixfractlisaacqjayscottkav2kMatthewHaggettMeggirbotReikoSanne (Ms. Unicorn)schofeShadeSirkutSpookydanSquireZedstarshadowx2TallathXaphedoajmarsameadesApricusbonnie bearclarinetclasspectanondafyomilimerickDeeduduekuEojins Reviewsfab1anfl4min_xXfireflygigglethumpsGoofballHistorianHoxxoniaIppityjrdscttKathKevazyKinky KongKrakputKyunLarcMarigoldMolangnoodlecakePtitCitronReplicantRocShaneMcGSoarSTON3ZYSunshineyDayTaylorVtheo3TrentWeaving LightZu======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================== CareersWe're a small, self-funded, fully-distributed team and we're actively hiring!Come help us scale, explore, and build humanist infrastructure focused on amplifying the human mind and spirit.If you're sure you can help, but don't see a position that fits, email us.We look forward to hearing from you.======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================== ContactFor product support or questions please join our Discord and ask questions in our #support chatrooms.For billing support:billing@midjourney.comFor journalist inquiries:press@midjourney.comTerms of ServicePrivacy Policy", "url": "https://legacy.midjourney.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Midjourney Terms of Service MENU Contents x No matching results found Getting Started Quick Start Community Guidelines Next Steps Prompts Explore Prompting Variations Upscalers Vary Region Vary Region + Remix Version Using Discord Discord Interface Direct Messages Discord Emoji Reactions Add the Bot to Your Server Commands Parameters and Tools Commands Command List Blend Describe User Info Settings and Presets in Discord Show Job Shorten Parameters Parameter List Aspect Ratios Chaos Character Reference No Quality Repeat Seeds Stop Style Style Reference Stylize Tile Version Video Weird Tools Text Generation Vary Region Vary Region + Remix Upscalers Style Tuner Pan Zoom Out Writing Prompts Prompts Describe No Image Prompts Multi Prompts Remix Shorten Working with Your Own Images Blend Image Prompts Describe Styles and Aesthetics Stylize Style Style Tuner Chaos Weird Image Size and Aspect Ratio Aspect Ratios Pan Upscalers Zoom Out Advanced Prompting Tools Permutation Prompts Remaster Repeat Seeds Stop Model Versions Model Version 5 Model Version 4 Early Model Versions Legacy Model Version Parameters Extra Features Tile Video Subscriptions Subscription Plans Stealth Mode Earn Free Hours Fast, Relax, & Turbo Modes Contacting Support Using The Website Website Navigation Explore Page Create Page Working with Images on Web Archive Page Policies Terms of Service Privacy Policy Midjourney Trademark Policy Data Deletion and Privacy FAQ Purchase Order Terms and Conditions Terms of Service Dark LightContentsTerms of Service Dark LightArticle summaryDid you find this summary helpful? Thank you for your feedbackVersion Effective Date: March 7, 2024Thank you for using the Midjourney platform (the Services). These Terms of Service (the Agreement) explain what rights you have with respect to images and other assets which you might generate with the Service, or prompts you might enter into the Service (the Assets), your use of the Services, and other important topics like arbitration. Please read it carefully. Our privacy policy outlines how we handle your data here.This Agreement is entered into by Midjourney Inc. and the entity or person agreeing to these terms (the \"Customer,\" You or Your) and govern the Customer's access to and use of the Services.This Agreement is effective when the Customer is presented with this Agreement and proceeds to use the Services (the \"Effective Date\") or to receive or distribute Assets. These terms may be updated and presented again to the Customer from time to time. Continued use of the Services constitutes acceptance of the updated terms. If You do not agree to this Agreement, please stop using the Services.Other documents referenced here may also bind Customers use of the Services, including the Subscription Plans page and the Community Guidelines below.1. Service Availability and QualityWe are constantly improving the Services to make them better. The Services are subject to modification and change, including but not limited to the art style of Assets, the algorithms used to generate the Assets, and features available to the Customer. No guarantees are made with respect to the Services quality, stability, uptime or reliability. Please do not create any dependencies on any attributes of the Services or the Assets. We will not be liable to You or Your downstream customers for any harm caused by Your dependency on the Service.Both the Services and the Assets are provided to Customer on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the appropriateness of using or redistributing the Assets and assume any risks associated with use of the Services.Midjourney reserves the right to suspend or ban Your access to the Services at any time, and for any reason. You may not use the Services for purposes of developing or offering competitive products or services. You may not reverse engineer the Services or the Assets. You may not use automated tools to access, interact with, or generate Assets through the Services. You may not resell or redistribute the Services or access to the Service. Only one user may use the Services per registered account. Each user of the Services may only have one account.You may not use the Service to try to violate the intellectual property rights of others, including copyright, patent, or trademark rights. Doing so may subject you to penalties including legal action or a permanent ban from the Service.We reserve the right to investigate complaints or reported violations of our Terms of Service and to take any action we deem appropriate including but not limited to reporting any suspected unlawful activity to law enforcement officials, regulators, or other third parties and disclosing any information necessary or appropriate to such persons or entities relating to user profiles, e-mail addresses, usage history, posted materials, IP addresses and traffic information.2. Age RequirementsBy accessing the Services, You confirm that You are at least 13 years old and meet the minimum age of digital consent in Your country. If You are old enough to access the Services in Your country, but not old enough to have authority to consent to our terms, Your parent or guardian must agree to our terms on Your behalf.Please ask Your parent or guardian to read these terms with You. If You are a parent or legal guardian, and You allow Your teenager to use the Services, then these terms also apply to You and You are responsible for Your teenagers activity on the Services.Midjourney tries to make its Services PG-13 and family friendly, but the Assets are generated by an artificial intelligence system based on user queries. This is new technology and it does not always work as expected. No guarantees are made as to the suitability of the Assets for the Customer.3. Your InformationBy using the Services, You may provide Midjourney with personal information like Your email address, user name, billing information, favorites, image outputs, and text prompts that You enter, or sample images that You upload to the Service. Our privacy policy can be found here.4. Content RightsYour RightsYou own all Assets You create with the Services to the fullest extent possible under applicable law. There are some exceptions:Your ownership is subject to any obligations imposed by this Agreement and the rights of any third-parties.If you are a company or any employee of a company with more than $1,000,000 USD a year in revenue, you must be subscribed to a Pro or Mega plan to own Your Assets.If you upscale the images of others, these images remain owned by the original creators.Please consult Your own lawyer if You want more information about the state of current intellectual property law in Your jurisdiction. Your ownership of the Assets you created persists even if in subsequent months You downgrade or cancel Your membership.Rights You give to MidjourneyBy using the Services, You grant to Midjourney, its successors, and assigns a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, sublicensable no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable copyright license to reproduce, prepare derivative works of, publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute text and image prompts You input into the Services, as well as any Assets produced by You through the Service. This license survives termination of this Agreement by any party, for any reason.Remixing and Stealth ModePlease note: Midjourney is an open community which allows others to use and remix Your images and prompts whenever they are posted in a public setting. By default, Your images are publically viewable and remixable. As described below, You grant Midjourney a license to allow this.If You purchased the Stealth feature as part of Your Pro or \"Mega\" subscription or through the previously available add-on, we agree to make best efforts not to publish any Assets You make in any situation where you have engaged stealth mode in the Services.Please be aware that any image You make in a shared or open space, such as a Discord chatroom, is viewable by anyone in that chatroom, regardless of whether Stealth mode is engaged.5. DMCA and Takedowns PolicyNotification ProceduresWe respect the intellectual property rights of others. If you believe that material located on or linked to by the Services violates your copyright or trademark, please send a notice of claimed infringement to takedown@midjourney.com with the subject Takedown Request, and include the following:Your physical or electronic signature.Identification of the copyrighted work (or mark) you believe to have been infringed or, if the claim involves multiple works, a representative list of such works.Identification of the material you believe to be infringing in a sufficiently precise and detailed manner to allow us to locate that material.Adequate information by which we can contact you (including your name, postal address, telephone number, and, if available, email address).A statement that you have a good faith belief that use of the copyrighted material is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.A statement that the information in the written notice is accurate.A statement, under penalty of perjury, that you are authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner.If the copyright owners rights arise under the laws of a country other than the United States, please identify the country.You may also send notices containing the above-required information to the following Address:Midjourney, Inc. Attn: Takedowns Department 611 Gateway Blvd. Ste 120 South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7066, USUpon receipt of a notice that complies with the foregoing, we reserve the right to remove or disable access to the accused material or disable any links to the material; notify the party accused of infringement that we have removed or disabled access to the identified material; and terminate access to and use of the Services for any user who engages in repeated acts of infringement.Please be aware that if you knowingly misrepresent that material or activity on the Services is infringing your copyright, you may be held liable for damages (including costs and attorneys fees) under Section 512(f) of the DMCA.Counter-Notification ProceduresIf you believe that material was removed or access to it was disabled by mistake or misidentification, you may file a counter-notification with us by submitting a written notification to our copyright agent designated above. Such notification must include substantially the following:Your physical or electronic signature.An identification of the material that has been removed or to which access has been disabled and the location at which the material appeared before it was removed or access disabled.Adequate information by which we can contact you (including your name, postal address, telephone number, and, if available, email address).A statement under penalty of perjury by you that you have a good faith belief that the material identified above was removed or disabled as a result of a mistake or misidentification of the material to be removed or disabled.A statement that you will consent to the jurisdiction of the Federal District Court for the judicial district in which your address is located (or if you reside outside the United States for any judicial district in which the Services may be found) and that you will accept service from the person (or an agent of that person) who provided us with the complaint at issue.Our designated agent to receive counter notices is the same as the agent shown above.The DMCA allows us to restore the removed content within 10-14 business days unless the complaining party initiates a court action against you during that time period and notifies us of the same.Please be aware that if you knowingly materially misrepresent that material or activity on the Services was removed or disabled by mistake or misidentification, you may be held liable for damages (including costs and attorneys; fees) under Section 512(f) of the DMCA.6. Dispute Resolution and Governing LawIn the event a dispute, controversy, or claim arises out of or relating to these Terms (Dispute), the Dispute will be resolved by binding arbitration rather than in court. The parties will first try in good faith to settle any Dispute within 30 days after the Dispute arises. If the Dispute is not resolved within 30 days, it shall be resolved by arbitration by the American Arbitration Associations International Centre for Dispute Resolution in accordance with its Expedited Commercial Rules in force as of the date of this Agreement (\"Rules\"). The parties will mutually select one arbitrator. The arbitration will be conducted in English in Santa Clara County, California, USA. Either party may apply to any competent court for injunctive relief necessary to protect its rights pending resolution of the arbitration. The arbitrator may order equitable or injunctive relief consistent with the remedies and limitations in the Agreement. The arbitral award will be final and binding on the parties and its execution may be presented in any competent court, including any court with jurisdiction over either party or any of its property. Each party will bear its own lawyers and experts fees and expenses, regardless of the arbitrators final decision regarding the Dispute.7. Unlimited Service and Rate LimitingIf You purchase an unlimited plan, we will try to reasonably offer You unlimited access to the Services. However, we reserve the right to rate limit You to prevent quality decay or interruptions to other customers.8. Payment and BillingWe may invoice You for Your use of the Services through a third party payment service provider. The third party service providers terms of service shall govern and supersede this Agreement in case of conflict.You are free to cancel Your plan at any time. We also reserve the right to terminate Your access to the Service for any reason, including for violation of the Community Guidelines or other inappropriate use of the Service. Any violation of Community Guidelines is a breach of this Agreement. You will not be refunded for the current subscription period, but You will not be charged after the current subscription period has ended. Additional information and policies regarding our subscription plans, including details on billing, taxes, refunds, and authorization, can be found here.9. Community GuidelinesBe kind and respect each other and staff. Do not create images or use text prompts that are inherently disrespectful, aggressive, hateful, or otherwise abusive. Violence or harassment of any kind will not be tolerated.No adult content or gore. Please avoid making visually shocking or disturbing content. We will block some text inputs automatically.Respect others creations. Do not distribute or publicly repost the creations of others without their permission.You may not use the Services to generate images for political campaigns, or to try to influence the outcome of an election.You may not use the Services or the Assets to attempt to or to actually deceive or defraud anyone.You may not use the Services for illegal activity nor may you upload images to our servers that involve illegal activity, or where the uploading itself may be illegal.You may not intentionally mislead recipients of the Assets about their nature or source.Respect others rights. Do not upload others private information.Be careful about sharing. Its OK to share Your creations outside of the Midjourney community but please consider how others might view Your content.Banhammer. Any violations of these rules may lead to bans from our services. We are not a democracy. Behave respectfully or lose Your rights to use the Service.10. Limitation of Liability and IndemnityWe provide the service as is, and we make no promises or guarantees about it.You understand and agree that we will not be liable to You or any third party for any loss of profits, use, goodwill, or data, or for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential or exemplary damages, however they arise.You are responsible for Your use of the service. If You harm someone else or get into a dispute with someone else, we will not be involved.To the extent permitted by law, you will indemnify and hold us harmless, our affiliates, and our personnel, from and against any costs, losses, liabilities, and expenses (including attorneys fees) from third party claims arising out of or relating to your use of the Services and Assets or any violation of these Terms.11. MiscellaneousForce Majeure. Neither party will be liable for failure or delay in performance to the extent caused by circumstances beyond its reasonable control, including acts of God, natural disasters, terrorism, riots, or war.No Agency. This Agreement does not create any agency, partnership, or joint venture between the parties.Severability. If any part of this Agreement is invalid, illegal, or unenforceable, the rest of the Agreement will remain in effect.No Third-Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement does not confer any benefits on any third party unless it expressly states that it does.Survival. The sections and obligations in this Agreement that a reasonable person would expect to survive this agreement, will. Particularly the IP and privacy stuff.Governing Law. These Terms shall be governed by the laws of the State of California, USA, without reference to conflict of law rules. All disputes will be governed by the arbitration agreement above.Previous Archive Page Next Privacy Policy Table of contents1. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Completed MSc theses\nThis website uses cookies. By clicking \"accept\" you give your permission to this website to use cookies. What are cookies?Delft University of Technology collects visitor information to optimize the website, thereby further improving its service provision. This information is not linked to individuals and cannot be used to for unsolicited/unwanted telemarketing or e-mails. Additionally, Delft University of Technology may use external content to enrich user experiences; this content may contain third party cookies, from f.e. social media platforms. Without your consent, we will obscure these features. More information regarding your privacy and cookies is available in our policy statement.AcceptDeny\nActivate high contrast\nTo main content\nHome of TU Delft\nHomeResearchWaterLabUrban Water InfrastructureObservation & modelling of water resourcesWater quality, treatment & reclamationMonitoring & control of water processesResearch projectsStories of SciencePaving the Way for Sustainable Water Solutions in European CitiesStudyBachelorMasterMinorMSc research Water ResourcesMSc research Sanitary EngineeringAvailable MSc projects Water ManagementFieldworkProcedures and checklistsOnline Professional EducationMarc van Eekeren ReisfondsStaffProfessorsAssociate professorsAssistant professors & lecturersPostdocsPhD candidateResearcherSupport staffEmeritus, guest researchers & visitorsCurrentNewsAgendaFacts & figuresArchiveDrinking Water bookContactVacanciesMenu\nSearch\nHome\nResearch\nMenu openen\nWaterLabUrban Water InfrastructureObservation & modelling of water resourcesWater quality, treatment & reclamationMonitoring & control of water processesResearch projectsStories of SciencePaving the Way for Sustainable Water Solutions in European Cities\nStudy\nMenu openen\nBachelorMasterMinorMSc research Water ResourcesMSc research Sanitary EngineeringAvailable MSc projects Water ManagementFieldworkProcedures and checklistsOnline Professional EducationMarc van Eekeren Reisfonds\nStaff\nMenu openen\nProfessorsAssociate professorsAssistant professors & lecturersPostdocsPhD candidateResearcherSupport staffEmeritus, guest researchers & visitors\nCurrent\nMenu openen\nNewsAgendaFacts & figuresArchiveDrinking Water bookContactVacancies\nNederlands\nActivate high contrast\nClose menu\nSearch\nClose search\nCivil Engineering and Geosciences\nAbout the faculty\nDepartments\nWater Management\nStudy\nMSc research Water Resources\nCompleted MSc theses\nOpen menu\nBachelorMasterMinorMSc research Water ResourcesMSc research Sanitary EngineeringAvailable MSc projects Water ManagementFieldworkProcedures and checklistsOnline Professional EducationMarc van Eekeren Reisfonds\nCompleted MSc theses\nStudent Thesis Year Rens Ampting Rising lakes in the Kenyan Rift Valley. Lake Nakuru flooding 2023 Max de Boer Choosing Nature-based solutions - Development of a multi-criteria framework for selecting nature-based solutions in the urban context 2023 Coen Kramer A climate proof water buffer for South Holland 2023 Anika Vroom Chaos in the Canopy 2023 Felipe Garca Grez Water Resources Optimization using Receding Horizon Control and a Weather Generator: A Case Study of the Elqui Basin, Chile 2023 Kai Feberwee Sustaining peri-urban agriculture in rapidly urbanising cities in sub-Saharan Africa 2023 Charlie Jurjus Spatial Adaptive Policy Pathways for rainwater resilient spatial redesign for urban areas 2023 Niels Hoogendoorn 3D River Discharge Modelling using UAV photogrammetry 2023 Anja aponji Understanding farmers micro irrigation adoption behavior: a case study in Maharashtra, India 2023 Caroline Gasten Climate-induced conflict? The role of meteorological drought indicators for communal conflict prediction in North-Western Kenya 2023 Mo de Jong Water Level Monitoring in the Karnali River, Nepal 2023 Gerard Vos The River Rotte Fish Migration Project 2023 Emma Koole Potential sources of predictive skill of seasonal precipitation forecasts for Suriname 2023 Laura van der Hucht Interaction between a sustainable water management strategy and Build Back Better 2023 Dylan Dirks Improving the recovery efficiency of the Aquifer Storage and Recovery system in Hoorn 2023 Mark van den Brink Long-term water balance of a combined capillary barrier-methane oxidising landfill cover system 2023 Wenyu Zhou Evaluation of CMIP6 models performing on rainfall seasons and moisture tracking simulation in Yangtze River Basin 2023 Naomi Dommerholt Testing linear regression to predict the influence of macro-scale parameters on micr-scale water quality parameters 2023 Clara Zeh Developments in Heat and Water Balance Coupling for Micro-Climate Modelling of Urban Squares under the Influence of Greening - A Review and Case Study 2023 Alexandraki Akrivi Trend analysis of the runoff patterns in Central and Northern Europe: Identification of changes in magnitude and timing 2023 Erik van Welsenes Modelling reservoir dynamics in a data scarce semi-arid region 2023 Kaj Kreijen Creating space for climate adaptation through shifting to green mobility 2023 Job Knoop Building Resilience: Analyzing Beiras Drainage Network and Flood Management 2023 Chantal Muishout The Hydrological Effect of Urban Nature-based Solutions on Catchment Scale 2023 Jacob Smit Impact of climate change on precipitation in Suriname 2023 Widana Bayu Nugraha Single Reservoir Pumped Hydro Storage with Seawater 2023 Pepijn den Blaauwen The performance of Earth System Models in simulating droughts 2023 Emma Poppelier The impact of evaporation data calibration on regional hydrological model performance 2023 Emie Klein Holkenborg Towards Water Availability Predictions with Earth-Observed Open Data in Man-Made Reservoirs Worldwide 2023 Irene de Vries Separation of fresh and brackish water in polder water canals 2023 Nienke Tempel The Effect of Climate Variability on the Root Zone Storage Capacity 2023 Noortje Romeijn Design of a groundwater-based Model Predictive Control algorithm for the operation of water table control systems 2023 Guus Wiersma Rainwater harvesting for smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana 2023 2022- 2023 ------------------------------------- Ellis van Noppen Climate-analogy mapping as a tool to develop a temporally-adaptive hydrological model of the Meuse basin for more reliable predictions under change 2022 Jan van Engelenhoven Taking smallholder farming to the next level 2022 Jon Arends Exploring sustainable sand-winning in the White Volta 2022 Menno Tiesma Influence of Hydrological Processes on Phosphate Leaching in Tile Drained Sandy Soils 2022 Irene van der Veer Precipitation and its extremes: a study into the hydro-climatological controls of extreme precipitation 2022 Alexandra Vyrini Developing a monitoring network for Waterstreets living lab 2022 Antonella van Osnabrugge Strategies to decrease water shortage in South-East Brabant 2022 Dorus Vlierboom Standards Promoting Climate Adaptation in Dutch Urban Environments 2022 Liselotte Wisman Consolidating Gauge, Weather Radar and GPM DPR Level 2A Observations of High-intensity Rainfall Events in the Netherlands 2022 Angela Klein Hydrological Response of the Geul Catchment to the Rainfall in July 2021 2022 Ahmed Ahmed Adil el Tayeb Abdelnour Bias Correction of Climate Simulations to assess Climate Change Impacts on Low Flows in the Rhine River 2022 Athanasios Tsiokanos Investigation of the Impacts of Climate Variability and Land Use Changes on the Hydrology of the Geul River Catchment 2022 Karlijn Schoenmaker Nowcasting Rainfall in Sri Lanka using Commercial Microwave Links 2022 Xinyue Yang Water Balance Data Fusion Applied to River Basins in China 2022 Tijmen Willard Water Quality Measurements in the Brantas, Indonesia: Constructing Different Perspectives with Principal Component Analysis 2022 Rogier de Wildt Assessing the impact of deforestation on observed runoff and an analysis on simulated runoff by WFLOW in the Amazon 2022 Francisco Contreras Navarro Managing Water and Energy on Small Touristic Islands: study case Caye Chapel 2022 Daniele Bonavita Circularity and adaptability as possible approaches to mitigate urban drought 2022 Charlotte van Strien Climate Adaptation under Uncertainty 2022 Konstantinos Glynis Development of an LSTM-based methodology for burst detection in water distribution systems 2022 Koen Harms An analysis of four different models for quantifying tomato transpiration in a soilless greenhouse 2022 Antonella van Osnabrugge Strategies to decrease water shortage in South-East Brabant 2022 Alexandra Vyrini Developing a monitoring network for Waterstreets living lab 2022 Irene van der Veer Precipitation and its extremes: a study into the hydro-climatological controls of extreme precipitation 2022 Menno Tiesma Influence of Hydrological Processes on Phosphate Leaching in Tile Drained Sandy Soils 2022 Jon Arends Exploring sustainable sand-winning in the White Volta 2022 Jan van Engelenhoven Taking smallholder farming to the next level 2022 Ellis van Noppen Climate-analogy mapping as a tool to develop a temporally-adaptive hydrological model of the Meuse basin for more reliable predictions under change 2022 Rebecca Geurts Verdeling en verdeeldheid in het afvalwatertransportsysteem 2022 Thirza van Noppen Automatic Extraction of Ridge Lines from Digital Elevation Models 2022 Lisa Goossens Effects of flexible water level management on flood risk in areas outside primary levees around the IJsselmeer and Markermeer 2022 Magali Ponds The effects of future climate-induced adaptation of root zone storage capacity on modelled streamflow dynamics 2022 Brahmanand Goerdat The adoption of suds: A comparative study on the mainstreaming in mid-sized and large municipalities 2022 Ruiyun Jiang Reducing data and model errors in monthly water balance modeling based on remote sensing data 2022 Jip Gravenberch Vegetated Permeable Pavement Systems 2022 Piet Storm Water balance-based approach to improve understanding of Drought Development 2022 2021 - 2022 ------------------------------------- Lisa Lieftink Lisa Lieftink (2021) \t\t\tPathways for Climate-Adaptive Haven-Stad 2021 Lisa Schallwig Hydraulic Modelling of the Irrigation System of Medieval Basrah 2021 Timo Eijkelkamp Values of the Blue Nile 2021 Yang Zhao Do multi-year droughts increase floods? 2021 Martin Vonk Performance of nonlinear time series models to simulate synthetic groundwater table time series from an unsaturated zone model 2021 Estela Fernandes Potter Sustainability of groundwater resources in Kumasi, Ghana 2021 Laura de Vries Retention of Rhine water in the Rijnstrangen to mitigate drought 2021 Floor Crispijn What is the potential of using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data to map farmer-led irrigated agriculture with machine learning? 2021 Petri Krijnen Climate adaptation measures for local flooding of the Dutch national highway network 2021 Charlotte Braat The effects of deforestation on downwind precipitation 2021 Alexis Stampoultzidis Hydro-Archeological Modeling of Neo-Assyrian Watercourses 2021 Mizzi van der Ven Matching streamflow river gauges with hydrologic models 2021 Thierry van t Westende Thermal Energy from Surface Waters 2021 Thijs Kool Linking cooling by nature and urban drought reduction to irrigation measures 2021 Daan te Witt Improving the performance of distributed conceptual hydrological models using the spatio-temporal patterns of RS observations 2021 Ian Mullens Comparing flood susceptibility estimation methodologies 2021 Fay van Rhijn The Potential of DNA-tagged Magnetic Silica Microparticle Tracers for Surface Water Tracer Hydrology - file emabrgo until 2022-07-09 2021 Judith Claassen Parametric Precipitation Model for Tropical Cyclone Radial Rainfall Profiles 2021 Sanne de Smet The Effect of Brackish Water Extraction on the Brackish Upconing Below the Horstermeer Polder 2021 Diederik Spaans Possibilities And Requirements For A Water Quality Monitoring System In The Ayeyarwady Basin 2021 Okay Mert The Impact of Vegetation on the Partitioning of Evaporation in Conceptual Hydrological Models 2021 Athina Pappa Ilissos and Kifissos rivers Greece: Influence of human factors on basins evolution 2021 Sander Geertzen Determining drought-induced subsidence in urban areas 2021 Rik Verboeket Buffering fresh water at the Volkerak-Zoommeer to mitigate drought 2021 Robbert de Lange Defining the effectiveness of urban runoff measures 2021 Stijn Muntjewerff Private homeowners climate adaptive: An exploration on how private homeowners can be stimulated to adopt small scale climate adaptive measures 2021 Milan Kant Van Hondsbossche dijk naar Hondsbossche duinen 2021 Haouye Liu Assessment of the usability of OpenGeoSys tools for Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) simulations 2021 Juliette Kool What Wets the Wetlands? 2021 Pau Wiersma Evaluation of global glacio-hydrological model coupling for runoff prediction: PCR-GLOBWB 2 and GloGEM 2021 Nathan Hatch Seawater Intrusion Modeling with Single Density Codes 2021 Floris van t Klooster Estimating hydraulic aquifer parameters from tide-induced groundwater fluctuations 2021 Niels Maltha Advancing Adoption of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage: a New Evaluation Method to Support Local Decision-Makers: Assessment of the Technical and Commercial Potential of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage in New York State Considering the Requirements and Interests of Key Stakeholders 2021 Bas Walraven Monitoring the impact of droughts on vegetation in Australia using MetOp ASCAT Dynamic Vegetation Parameters 2021 Ludo Schuurman The climate adaptive behaviour of smallholder farmers in the Gumera sub-basin, Ethiopia: A socio-hydrological approach 2021 Nathan Hatch Seawater Intrusion Modeling with Single Density Codes 2021 Matthijs Buijs Optimizing the use of Delta21 for flood prone areas not protected by flood defenses at Dordrecht: A study on the operation strategy and reliability of a new flood protection system 2021 Huck de Haas Dynamic Morphology of the Sittaung Estuary, Myanmar: A detailed investigation and modelling of rapid bank erosion 2021 2020- 2021 ------------------------------------- Martin Vonk Groundwater Head Time Series Analysis with Non-Linear Recharge Models Using Pastas 2020 Bor van der Scheer Determining groundwater velocity with DTS at the Mximakanaal and in the Horstermeerpolder 2020 Loulou Zaat Below the surface: A laboratorial research to the vertical distribution of buoyant plastics in rivers 2020 Camille Fong Leveraging decentralized rooftop rainwater harvesting system to mitigate Chennai's water challenges using a multi-purpose approach 2020 Judith Brummelkamp Sand storage dams in Kitui Kenya: community perspective on access to water: An evaluation using Q-methodology 2020 David Tervel Cano Understanding the relationship between extreme rainfall scaling and dew point temperature 2020 Sophie Broere The sound of plastic: A proof-of-concept for detecting suspended riverine macroplastics with echo sounding 2020 Amber van Hamel Towards climate resilient green-blue roofs: Defining the strengths and weaknesses of green-blue roofs regarding temperature management and water storage 2020 Janieke Scholten Climate resilience of railway stations in The Netherlands 2020 Thies Blokhuijsen Hind-casting Ungauged Reservoir Dynamics 2020 Maurice Shorachi Investigating the influence of drought on Sentinel-1 C-band SAR data over agricultural crops - file embargo until 2022-01-15 2020 Saket Keshav Benefits of using remotely sensed time series data in optimizing water management decisions 2020 Ilias Machairas Vulnerability of cities to soil moisture and groundwater droughts 2020 Jente Jansen Estimating new reservoir locations with the use of a hydrological model for small holder cotton farmers in Maharashtra, India 2020 David Koenders Interaction between UTES systems: A simulation study to asses the effect of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage systems on the efficiency of Borehole Heat Exchangers 2020 Tatiana Andrikopoulou Nature based solutions for fluvial flood mitigation: an integrated assessment framework 2020 Isabelle Goess-Enzenberg Determination of the removal efficiency of a decentralized stormwater treatment system: A theoretical approach to assess a modified SediSubtrator L 2020 Vita Sandu Quantifying Agricultural Intensification in the US: Trends in Yield & Microwave Remote Sensing in the Midwest 2020 Suzanne de Groot Assessing resilience of river systems: Applied to the Meuse river system for shipping and drinking water production 2020 Xinzhu Yang Application and comparison of different methods for aquifer test analysis using TTim 2020 Vincent van Roon Government Attitudes to the Central Asian Water Crisis and Third-Party Water Diplomacy: Crafting the message to the listener 2020 Sarah Hanus Effects of Climate Change on Runoff Dynamics of Alpine Catchments - file embargo until 2021-10-31 2020 Shu-Chen Hsu Hex-Urban: Investigating the adoption of hexagonal grids to represent the total urban water cycle within a distributed water balance model 2020 Mohammed Yasir Abbas Mohammed Ali The Canals Never Lie 2020 Yuhun Lin Improving hydrological model performance using storm- dependent parameters 2020 Jeroen Verhagen Spatially explicit WEF modelling in transboundary river basins 2020 Sten Schurer River discharge modelling based on surface flow velocity estimations: A combination of Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry and three dimensional discharge modelling 2020 David Teruel Understanding the relationship between extreme rainfall scaling and dew point temperature 2020 Charlotte Mekel Hidden Danger: Mapping consequences of underground water infrastructure failure to guide asset management 2020 Bas van Haaren Assessment of flood early warning and response in an urbanized catchment: A case study of the Tub Ma basin in Thailand 2020 Geerten van der Zalm Analysing the development of meltwater networks on Antarctica: A casestudy on the Nivlisen ice shelf 2020 Sjoerd Gnodde A Non-Parametric Bayesian Network Hydrologic Model: A Case Study of a Lowland Catchment 2020 Reinier Frolke Low polders and high waters: Dealing with uncertainties of climate change in future polder management 2020 Katrice Krijnen Increasing the resilience of urban areas to extreme precipitation: Are the residents ready?: The receptivity for effective rainproof measures on private terrain in the neighbourhood De Baarsjes, Amsterdam 2020 Rutger Weijers Drought indicators in The Netherlands: a case study to support anticipative drought management 2020 Leon van Voorst Descriptor variables of the root zone storage capacity in Canada 2020 Oscar Keunen Flood Forecasting Using Passive Microwave Radiometry in the Zambezi River, Zambia 2020 Ruben van Dijk Unraveling decision-making in irrigated farming in Malawi: Using Q methodology to develop typologies on water transport technology adoption 2020 Christianne Luger From risk assessment to adaptation pathways: an improvement of the Climate Risk Informed Decision Analysis for the Limari basin in Chile 2020 Jacintha Tjia Assessing the impact of plastic waste accumulation on flood events with citizen observations: A case study in Kumasi, Ghana 2020 Bart Veenings The variability of the rootzone storage capacity in Austria: An exploration of its controls 2020 Gerben Gerritsen Flood Wave Monitoring using LSPIV: A methodology for monitoring flood waves in an equatorial urban stream with fast response time 2020 Bart Magura Early Warning model for Thunderstorms around Lake Victoria 2020 Joris Wiggins Estimating Total Suspended Matter in Low to Extremely High Level Turbid River Surface Waters using a WISP-3 Hyperspectral Radiometer and Sentinel-2 Optical Imagery: A case study conducted on the Brantas River Basin, East-Java, Indonesia 2020\n2015-2019\nStudent Thesis/project Year Margot Haitsma Mulier Water Energy Food nexus: 3 Cases on Resource Demand of Urban Farming and Resource Availability in Urban Waters in Amsterdam and Boston 2019 Alessia Matano Decision analysis support for sustainable allocation of newly-arrived refugees according to water security criteria 2019 Simo Lu Visualizing the hybridity of urban water system for a more sustainable water management: A case study in Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2019 Loannidou Eleni Detection of Drought, Flood and Snow Anomalies with 37GHz Passive Microwave Space-borne Data: The SSM/I case study over Europe 2019 Lisa Verschuren Socio-hydrology in the floodplain: Investigating patterns of human response to riverine floods by quantifying the human footprint in flood prone areas using nighttime light data 2019 Irene Benito Lazaro Fair Impact-based Forecasting in Manila Bay, Philippines: Integration of the information needs of disaster managers into fair impact-based forecasting to improve emergency management 2019 Tycho Klessens The role of behavioural willingness on mitigating saltwater intrusion in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Combining socioeconomic data with groundwater simulations using Bayesian Belief Networks 2019 Ge Gao Monitoring vegetation dynamics using vegetation optical depth retrieved from L-band single-incidence angle backscatter observations: A field-based study over corn 2019 Swean Visser Study into the short and long term (re)production of relations between communities, inorganic solid waste and the Surabaya River, Indonesia 2019 Ties van der Heijden Pumping when the wind blows 2019 Emilie Buist Enhancing innovation in dike monitoring practice 2019 Karin Bremer Capturing the Plant-Water Dynamics of Corn 2019 Odilia Schlvinck Multiple co-existing ontologies in the paran delta 2019 Nadi Modderman The barriers a design and consultancy company encounters in its efforts to create climate-proof cities 2019 Nadia Mobron Hydraulic functioning of bioswales under polder conditions 2019 Stijn Klop From observation well to model area 2019 Niek Hunink Water Balance of the Maurikse Wetering 2019 Iman Tantawy The application of the FAO WaPOR data portal to monitor efficient water use in agriculture 2019 Satrio Ardiko Wahyu Socio-Hydrology of Keduang Sub-basin in Central Java, Indonesia using case study approach 2019 Juliette Eulderink Silenced Rivers: Modelling and assessing the impacts of large-scale hydropower projects on the ecohydrology of the Myitnge and Myittha rivers in Myanmar 2019 Wenxing Zhang Adaptive planning of stormwater management measures to mitigate pluvial flooding under climatic and socio-economic uncertainties 2019 Nils van der Vliet River-width determination by the use of optical remote sensing missions 2019 Jef Vleugels The influence of land subsidence on pluvial flooding in Rdam 2019 Jeroen Schoester The Potential of Citizen Observatories for Improving Spatial Measurements of Rainfall in Cities 2019 Umbriel Post The water cycle with climate change; A study on atmospheric moisture transport using GFDL climate forecasts 2019 Marijke Panis Assessing the forecast skill of agricultural drought forecast from satellite-derived products in the Lower Shire River Basin 2019 Martijn Mulder Monitoring land restoration projects of Justdiggit in Kenya, using downscaled passive microwave remote sensing products of VanderSat 2018 Evelien Rietdijk Dynamic Adaptive Development Pathways 2018 Weicheng Chen Groundwater Modelling for Urban Water Management in Gouda, the Netherlands 2018 Justus van Ramshorst Wind speed measurements using distributed fiber optics: a wind tunnel study 2018 Christian Bouman Root-zone storage and snow cover effects 2018 Nefeli Nyrsini Panteli Assessment of the effect of groundwater flow on the performance of Borehole Thermal Energy Storage systems 2018 Ingo van Lohuizen Standardizing the Dutch Climate Adaptation Stress Test 2018 Nicolette van der Tak The challenge of parameter uncertainty: Finding parameter distributions from hydrological field data for conceptual rainfall-runoff models 2018 Wouter Neisingh Unveiling inundations: Inundation mapping in a dynamic, data-scarce environment using Ka-band passive microwave radiometry. Oum Delta, Benin 2018 Sathyade van Shruti - 2018 Babette Schep Water Allocation Optimisation of the Litani River Basin 2018 David Ramirez A study of the variability of lag time as measure of hydrological response in urban catchments 2018 Sven Veldhuis Using River Geometry for Rating Curve Computation 2018 Frank van den Toorn Aquifer Storage & Recovery (ASR) system improvement in northern Ghana 2018 Lexy Ratering Arntz The impact of salinity intrusion on rice productivity: Soc Trang, Mekong Delta 2018 Dorien Honingh Riverine debris: interactions between waste and hydrodynamics 2018 Anna Luisa Hemshorn de Sanchez Vegetation Optical Depth: its potential as an agricultural drought indicator 2018 Thom van der Gragt Exploring Conceptual Variation by Design for the aQysta pump placement process 2018 Anna Goense Fog Water Collection Efficiency 2018 Felipe Fischmann Assessing the effect of reservoir operation on seasonal flooding of the Masaka wetland, Rwanda 2018 Vera Hollander Mapping of farmer-led irrigated agriculture with remote sensing 2018 Joreen Merks The Water Efficiency Paradox 2018 Hugo Hagedooren Measuring and modelling to optimise a salinity monitoring network for use in the optimal control of flushing 2018 Rinske Hutten Automated quality-control filters for undetected rainfall in citizen rain gauge data 2018 Geert van der Meulen New Netherlands 2018 Dorien Lugt Operating Sittaung's reservoirs - A two-stage model predictive control method for managing a multi-reservoir system for hydropower, irrigation and flood mitigation 2018 Rogier Burger Maxus, synergizing water, food and energy policy 2018 Caterina Marinetti Exploring water scarcity and drought in Sicilian agriculture: Actors performance of European policy instruments 2017 Cara van Megchelen Cool water effects on shallow surface water 2017 Boy-Santhos van der Sterre Latha's Socio-Hydrology: understanding and modelling the interactions between hydrological processes and human activities that cause urban flooding in the Latha Township, Yangon, Myanmar 2017 Kaixuan Jiang The use of subsurface for thermal energy transport in district networks 2017 Catarina Marinetti Exploring water scarcity and drought in Sicilian agriculture: Actors performance of European policy instruments 2017 Christian Bouwens Flooding observations in Rotterdam 2017 Kasper Keizer Exploring the hydrological response of greenhouse reservoirs in the Netherlands 2017 Dirk-Jan Kok Global Phosphorus Recovery Potential for Agricultural Reuse 2017 Lotte de Vos Formulation of transport in a catchment-scale conceptual model 2017 Job Hogewoning Seasonal key point based crop prediction; an evaluation of spring wheat in North Dakota and the Canadian prairie, and cocoa in Ivory Coast 2017 Charlotte Groen Efficient Water Use in Agriculture 2017 Petra Izeboud Reducing Water Level Prediction Uncertainty in a Delfland Polder using Data Assimilation 2017 Charikleia Sifaki On the use of D-Flow FM & MIKE FLOOD models for the analysis of urban fluvial and pluvial inundation 2017 Tara van Iersel Prototype low cost acoustic automatic online water level sensor made from off the shelf components 2017 Ajar Sharma Water-food nexus: modelling the inter-linkages between food prices, deforestation, and the water balance in northern South America 2017 Teije van der Horst Sinking Yangon: Detection of subsidence caused by groundwater extraction using SAR interferometry and PSI time-series analysis for Sentinel-1 data 2017 Nadja den Besten The socio-hydrological situation of smallholder in Marathwada, Maharashtra state (India) 2016 Carlos Sanchez Estimation of the precipitation recycling ratio 2016 Anke Luijben Flexible Operation in a Deep Multi-Well system in a Coastal Aquifer 2016 Daniel van Dijk Baseflow recession, Groundwater storage and rainfall runoff processes in Inselberg topography in Messica, Manica, Mozambique 2016 Raoul Collenteur Non-Linear Time Series Analysis of Deep Groundwater Levels: An application to the Veluwe 2016 Sandra de Vries Blind estuaries during drought: The influences of a sandbar on mangrove trees 2016 Bas des Tombe Simulating heat transfer through the unsaturated zone of MAR systems: With an application to the MAR system at PWN 2016 Gracia Plenita Agnindhira Finding the Optimum Unsaturated Zone Storage Change Estimation Method to Improve Water Accounting in Vietnam 2016 Louise Klingen Overstromingsmodel van Nederland 2016 Hongyang Wang Controlling urban groundwater in delta areas 2016 Khalif Jusuf Value of information on the operation of a dual-purpose reservoir 2016 Kyra Wouters Adapting urban areas to climate change: a necessary evil or a world of opportunities? 2016 Emiel Verstegen Tessa Peters Dsire Gautier Paul Strohschein Thomas Deurloo Bernardien Tiehatten Runoff Modeling in Drainage Networks Using Probabilistic Graphs Introducing Systems Engineering for water management projects by developing a selection framework for process steps in the design phase of a project Will the winner learn it all?: A study on the effectiveness of a serious game about water related issues in Vietnam Exploring the influence of sand storage dams on hydrology and water use To adapt or not to adapt: a study into the adaptability of the urban environment Economic analyses of costs and benefits of Rainwater Harvesting and Managed Aquifer Recharge interventions for the upper Al-Fara watershed, West Bank, Palestine 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2015 Stephan Rikkert Improving model consistency and process realism in conceptual rainfall-runoff models by increasing model complexity and making use of expert-knowledge 2015 Maria Xynagolou Determination of optimal separation well distance for single borehole ATES systems, in the Netherlands, implementing an an axi-symmetric numerical model 2015 Dirk Diederen The Open Boundary Equation 2015 Damien Allen Land and water use classification by means of spectral index based time series analysis 2015 Bart van Osnabrugge Silica Particles with Encapsulated DNA and Magnetite as Hydrological Tracer: Magnetic Concentration and Proof-of-Concept 2015 Marlies Barendrecht Bridging the Information Gap between Scientists and Decision Makers in the Eastern Nile 2015 Petra Hulsman Sediment transport modelling 2015 Stephanie Gijsbers Thinking inside the box: Using resevoir levels to improve a conceptual rainfall-runoff 2015 Onno Ebbens Parameter estimation in groundwater flow models with moments of the impulse response function 2015 Emma Aalbers Evaporation in conceptual rainfall-runoff models testing model realism using remotely sensed evaporation 2015 Ellen Minkman Citizen Science in Water Quality Monitoring: Developing Guidelines for Dutch Water Authorities for Contributory Mobile Crowd Sensing 2015 Matthijs Hekstra Thermally destratifying lakes against blue algae with rising air bubbles 2015 Marja Haagsma Crop monitoring with radar; correlation between SAR polarimetric response and vegetation indices 2015 Dave de Koning Assimilation of soil moisture with the ensemble Kalman filter for intermediate scale soil moisture predictions in the Netherlands 2015 Ante Zoric Advantages and Limitations of Small-Scale Physical and Agent-Based Modelling for the Prehistoric Hohokam Canal Systems 2015 Joris de Vos Non data-driven reservoir outflow and storage simulations in hydrological models 2015 Andrew Warren Collaborative Modelling in Water Resources Management: Two approaches from the Netherlands 2015 Bert Coerver Modelling of Reservoir Operations: Using Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Networks 2015 Anna Cruijsen Design opportunities for flash flood reduction by improving the quality of the living environment 2015 M. Votel Controlling minimum groundwater levels in urban areas 2015 Dennis Kuijk The water balance and climate change in Lelystad 2015\n2010-2014\nStudent Thesis/project Year Efthymia Foka Water Quality Impact of Floating Houses.A study of the e \t\t\tffect on Dissolved Oxygen levels 2014 P. Rathore Error Analysis of TRMM, WFD and APHRODITE datasets using Triple Collocation 2014 Parvathy Chandrasekhar Drinking Water Security in Peri Urban India.A case study in Hyderabad 2014 H.R. Geerling Infiltration swales - Quantitative performance on an urban catchment scale 2014 Hyo Mee Duerinck Observed soil moisture - precipitation feedback in Illinois: A statistical analysis over different scales 2014 Gerard Pijcke Water quality modelling for the Gardens by the Bay, Singapore 2014 Ivo Brouwers Model Predictive Control Applied to the Dutch Delta, a Probabilistic Safety Analysis 2014 Annabel Visschedijk Implementation of the Greater New Orleans urban Water Plan: Identifying and Overcoming Socio-Instritutional Constraints 2014 Tom de Boer Water Temperature Determination of Inland Surface Waters Using Landsat 7 ETM+ TIR Images 2014 Ionna Livaniou Evaluating Asset Management Strategies of Water Cycle Systems under Different Socio-technical Contexts 2014 Marijn Piet Dropping the rating curve: calibrating a rainfall-runoff model on stage to reduce discharge uncertainty 2014 Coert Strikker Groundwater modelling of the khettara area of \t\t\tFezna-Jorf-Hannabou, Morocco 2014 Mark de Weerd Modelling ungauged lowland basins: Does complementary groundwater data add value to topography driven conceptual modelling? 2014 Gert Mulder Observing groundwater depletion in Northern Iraq from space 2013 Remko Nijzink Improving the predictive equation for dispersion in estuaries 2013 Ling Wang Data requirement for model structure identification 2013 Sadie McEvoy A framework for making economic evaluations of control improvement projects in urban drainage systems 2013 Lourens Meijer World hydropower capacity evaluation 2013 David Ginting Engineering Cooperation? The Contributions of Water Experts in Promoting Water Cooperation in the Mountain Aquifer and in the Rhine River Basin 2013 Carina van der Meer Reducing the survival of pathogens in urban water by making optimal use of natural processes 2013 Arjan van der Steen Functioning, monitoring and maintenance of urban subsurface drainage systems 2013 Lorraine Buckman Hydrodynamics of Partially Vegetated Channels: stem drag forces and application to an in-stream wetland concept for tropical, urban drainage systems 2013 Anthony Meyer zu Schlochtern Creative Policy Generation in Integrated Water Resources Management 2013 WR Berghuijs Comparative Hydrology Across Physiographic and Climatic Diversity: A search for simple patterns and predictability 2013 Paul Rutten The urban water cycle: A case study of the Prinseneiland, Amsterdam 2013 Bouke Kooreman Measuring weight fluctuations in trees based on natural frequency 2013 Bart Dekens Gradient-based hybrid Model Predictive Control using Time Instant Optimization for Dutch regional water systems 2013 Dirk Eilander Remotely small reservoir monitoring: A Bayesian approach 2013 Tim van Emmerik Influence of water content on the diurnal differences in dielectric constant of vegetation 2013 Jaco Slingerland Mitigation of the Urban Heat Island effect by using water and vegetation 2012 Mark de Koning The influence of de-icing salts on the remobilization of heavy metals in an artificial wetland 2012 Dennis Wagenaar The significance of flood duration for flood damage assessment 2012 Miranda Pieron Bonding and Bridging in Capacity Development Networks to address wicked water challenges 2012 Nadia Lugt Transition experiments in Amsterdam: conceptual and empirical analysis of two transition experiments in the WATERgraafsmeer program 2012 Joost van der Zwet The creation of a reservoir in the White Volta River, Ghana 2012 Bingjing Zhang Farmers' Strategies Coping with Water Shortage 2012 Eelco van der Pal Enhancing the applicability of the polder concept 2012 Hao Qian Innovative Design of Gully Pot for Preventing Big Particles Clogging Problem 2012 Laurene Bouaziz Stepwise improvement of topography driven conceptual model structures in the Mahurangi catchment, New Zealand 2012 Frehiwot Baidmariam On the Topographic Classification of the Chemoga Watershed, Ethiopia 2012 Revekka Nikoli Moisture recycling and the effect of land-use change 2011 Mark Hegnauer Intercepting Outflowing Fresh Groundwater From A Coastal Zone: A Hydrological Study 2011 Johan Verlinde TRMM Rainfall Data Downscaling: In the Pangani Basin in Tanzania 2011 Frederik Gevers Deynoot Analytical Modeling of Salt Intrusion in the Kapuas Estuary 2011 Shervan Gharari Hydrological landscape classification: investigating the performance of HAND based landscape classifications in a central European meso-scale catchment 2011 Mark van der Valk A fresh-keeper for Noard Burgum: The future for a salinated well field? 2011 Joanne van der Spek Characterization of the groundwater dynamics in landslides in varved clays 2011 Robbert Martens Subsurface abstraction in the Amsterdam Water supply dunes 2011 Jop Jansen Operationalization of SoilDTS 2011 Maarten van Dieren Urban surface water quality enhancement 2011 Ber Albers Rainfall fed inundation in greenhouse dominated polders 2011 Philip Stive Performance assessment of tree-based model predictive control 2011 Michiel Wolthuis Unembanked Areas A risk assessment approach 2011 Neo Hong Chuan Quantitative Comparison on the performance of an infiltration drain system 2011 Arend van Breukelen A Decision-Support System based on Real Time Control and Data Assimilation 2011 Jan Talsma A new suit for the IJsselmeer 2011 Jesse van Leeuwen Budgeting water resources 2011 Ismail Gozuberk Onderzoek naar verbrakking Polder Westzaan 2011 Stijn de Jong Low cost disdrometer 2010 Mahsa Amirjani Clogging of permeable pavements in semi-arid areas 2010 Erik Donkers Swale Filter Drain System: Instroom-afvoer relatie 2010 Anke Poelstra Validation of SMOS satellite data over Ghana and Burkina Faso 2010 Jim van Spengen The effects of large-scale green roof implementation on the rainfall-runoff in a tropical urbanized subcatchment - A Singapore case study 2010 Lucyna Magda Prediction of Temperature Distribution in a Drinking Water Network 2010 Jan Willem Bronkhorst De potentie van de meet- en regeltechniek op de rivier de Linge 2010 Theoclea Schwiech How can the effects of the construction of a dam designed for improved water use be estimated in the sub-basin Yarabamba, Peru? 2010 Olga Pleumekers Staying ahead of the flood: The influence of higher resolution flood simulation models on the accuracy and visualisation of information 2010 Joost Nelissen Nood op de Boezem 2010 Mijke Lievens Observing Tidal Slack in the Scheldt Estuary 2010 Muriel Houde Herstellen van de wincapaciteit van de Amsterdamse Waterleiding Duinen (+bijlagen) 2010 Jasper Flapper Calibrating a Hydrological Model on a Vegetation Index: Application on Drylands 2010 Ruben Rothuizen From rainfall to runoff: Hydrological processes resulting in threshold behaviour and low rainwater contribution in rapid subsurface flow 2010 Koen Hilgersom Closing the waterbalance of lake Lauwersmeer 2010 Ruben Calje Future use of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage below the historic centre of Amsterdam 2010\n2005-2009\nStudent Thesis/project Year Eljakim Koopman The influence of hydraulics and spatial differences on the daily practice within an irrigation system 2009 Jos Kuilboer How to apply Statistics Netherlands (CBS) micro data within the field of flood management? 2009 Heleen Geertsema De invloed van kleischeuren op het neerslag-afvoerproces 2009 Zhen Fang A function-oriented methodology of flood vulnerability assessment 2009 Leon Valkenburg Rethinking the design of infiltration facilities 2009 Harry de Brauw Duurzaam Almere Oost: Ontwerp van een waterhuishoudkudig systeem 2009 Fitsum Woldemeskel A water balance in parts of the storage canals in the Amsterdam water supply dunes 2009 Ruud van der Ent A new perspective on continental moisture recycling 2009 Roel Blesgraaf Water use of Jatropha 2009 Joris Meijerink Determination of infiltration rates in the Amsterdam Water Supply Dunes 2009 Ingrid Jensen A comparison of three time-series analysis methods andtheir application on urban groundwater data in Delft 2009 Suzan van der Kruijs Quantifying vegetation cover changes from NDVI time series and determination of main causes for the Nile Basin 2009 Maarten Smoorenburg A method for simulating wetland hydro-dynamics in regional climate models; Case-study: the Okavango Delta, Botswana 2009 Ronald Boht Hydrograph separation using hydrochemical and isotope tracers in a semi-arid catchment A case study in Makanya, Tanzania 2008 Benjamin Fischer Spatial variability of dry spells 2008 Edwin Husni Sutanudjaja Uncertainty of groundwater models due to different confining layer schematizations 2008 Wouter Sotthewes Forcing on the salinity distribution in the Pangani Estuary 2008 Cees Kamphuis Emission trading in Dutch water quality management 2008 Evelyn Aparicio Medrano Urban surface water as energy source 2008 Geertjo van Dijk Comprehensive decision support with an interactive model: satisfying water allocation in the Upper Niger Basin 2008 Jan Verkade Flood risk reduction by optimising flood warning systems 2008 Joost van den Berg Contribution of informal shallow groundwater irrigation to livelihood security in the White Volta Basin: current status and future sustainability. A case study in the Upper East Region, Ghana 2008 Albert Goedbloed Quality analysis decision support system North See canal Amsterdam Rhine canal 2008 Jair Smits Spatial and temporal accuracy of techniques used for moisture states and flux estimation for large-scale areas. A Western Africa Case Study. 2008 Mechiel van Appeldoorn Evacuation by dike collapsing- \"Application of Callantsoog\" 2008 Ivo Miltenburg The potential of system identification for automation of irrigation canal pools 2008 Jeroen Rijke Integration of water management in urban development; A comparative case study between Australia and the Netherlands feb 2008 Anneke van der Kraan Storage and Poverty - Impact analysis of small reservoirs on the well-being of rural households in Burkina Fasa feb 2008 Johan van der Hoog The effect of partly opening the Haringvliet sluices on the groundwater of Goeree-Overflakkee feb 2008 Tijs Dekker Seepage in small reservoirs - Brazil Reza Pramana The Effectiveness of Water Retention Techniques in Vietnam nov 2007 Paul Roeleveld A new control system for the Rhine-Meuse mouth nov 2007 Yanina Romero Effect of Climate Change on Urban Water Management Design Criteria. Estimates Based on the KNMI'06 Climate Scenarios. nov 2007 Xu Min Control on Central Main Canal in Arizona, dealing with supply and demand mismatches 2007 Mathijs Lemans Possibility of the application of control techniques to the water management of large water systems 2007 Pieter van Berkum Concepts of future polder systems 2007 Maria Alcaraz Bosca Processes of salinization and strategies to cope with this in irrigation in Santiago del Estero 2007 Rosa Orient Quilis Modelling sand storage dams systems in seasonal rivers in arid regions. Application to Kitui district (Kenya) 2007 Umut Karamahmut Risk Assessment for Floods Due to Precipitation Exceeding Drainage Capacity 2007 Bas van Rossum Centrale sturing op waterkwantiteit en waterkwaliteit in de Haarlemmermeerpolder 2007 Marloes van Ginkel Feasibility study for fresh water storage in saline aquifers by means of the Fresh Storage Saline Extraction well, with a focus on the Red Sea coast, Egypt 2007 Wim Mantje Identification of runoff mechanisms in flood frequency analysis 2007 Tijs Dekker Modeling the Buriti Vermelho catchment 2007 John van Tilburg Calamiteiten in de Zeeuwse Delta 2007 Hendrik Meuwese Nutrient Loads on the North Sea(+appendices) 2007 Jennifer Haas Phase lags in alluvial estuaries 2007 Martin Bloemendal A hydro-meteorological study to the influence of (local) sources of pollution on the water quality at the drinking water intake station of Andijk(+appendices) 2007 Martijn Westhoff Hydrograph separation by natural tracers 2006 Nienke Kramer The impact of deep extraction on the position of the fresh-salt interface 2006 Maurits Voogt MeteoLook, a physically-based regional distributed model for measured meteorological variables 2006 Li Ping Condition of drains after fifty years functioning in the Amsterdam Water Dunes(+appendices) 2006 Rolf Hulsbergen Predicting Ulva in a saline Volkerak- Zoomlake 2006 Joel de Goffau Measurability of hydrological processes by means of gravimetric measurements 2006 Erik de Bruine De invloed van compartimentering op overstromingen in Zuid-Holland(+appendices) 2006 Menno Jasperse Suitability of natural tracers for determination of runoff generation: a study in the Maisbich catchment (Luxembourg) 2006 Jordy Hornschuh Studie naar de bandbreedte van een Q(h)-relatie bij de koppeling tussen SOBEK en SIMGRO 2006 Margot Drost The impacts of flood control measures in Bangladesh 2006 Martine Rutten Short term predictions for Rhine water temperature: a case study in the development of early warning systems for low flows and water quality issues 2006 Marieke Hofstra De systematiek van een nalevingsmeting, met een case study nalevingsmeting in het kader van de Wet Beheer Rijkswaterstaatswerken 2006 Thijs Oppermann A sustainable approach to new urban development on weak wetland subsoils in Dutch polders 2008 Govert Verhoeven Toepassing risicobenadering in het regionale waterbeheer 2006 Robbert Wagemaker Sequential Model Predictive Control on Irrigation Canals Application on the WM-Canal, Arizona 2006 Gerdien Zegwaard Vasthouden, bergen, afvoeren onder de loep Mei 2006 Quanlong Wei Land subsidence and urban water management in Shanghai Apr 2006 Projectgroep Ghana Small Reservoir Project in the Upper East of Ghana Bjorn v.d. Weerdhof The interdepent influencing of cooling- heating storage in urban area(+appendices) 2005 Ellen Tromp Application of a semi-distributed hydrological model based on the REW approach to the Collie River Basin, Western Australia 2005 Lennart Woltering Effect of upgrading rainfed agriculture on the hydrological balance. Case study Umzingwane, Zimbabwe 2005 Tanja Lieuw Hydrological modeling for mini power generation in the Panato Creek, Suriname 2005 Miriam Gerrits Hydrological modelling of the Zambezi catchment for gravity measurements 2005 Udo Brandt Quantifying Top Layer, Or Litter, Interception And Evaporation 2005 M.A. Borst Verzadiging in het waterwingebied van de stad New York Dec 2005 C.N. Lieveld The Irrigation System as an Open System; Proyecto Rio Dulce and the Rio Dulce Basin Dec 2005 L.A.C van Genugten Voorwaarden voor het herinrichten van buitendijks bebouwd gebied Okt 2005 P.A. Schipper Determination of the actual evapotranspiration on a regional scale in the province of Santiago del Estero, Argentina Aug 2005 A.S. Burger Calibration of the Precipitation Runoff model of the Hirmand River in Iran and Afghanistan using remote sensing data Aug 2005 L.C.E. van de Winckel Maatregelen ter bestrijding van grondwateroverlast in bestaand stedelijk gebied. Een afweging van maatregelen Jun 2005 R.E. de Graaf Transitions to more sustainable concepts of urban water management and water supply Apr 2005 W. Malda Model Predictive Control on Irrigation Canals Application on the WM-Canal, Arizona Feb 2005 E.E. van Bemmel OVERSTROMEN De verandering van de overstromingsrisicos en de veerkracht van de onbedijkte Maas in de tijd Jan 2005 M. Hessami Hoogwater Informatie Systeem voor Polders (HIS-polders) Jan 2005\n2000-2004\n2000: Berg, A.P. van den (prof. van Beek) Studie naar het gewenste grond- en oppervlaktewater regime Frieling, V.F. (prof. van Beek) Watervoorzieningsstrategie voor de landbouwsector in de Awash Vallei, Ethiopi Geurts Van Kessel, S.M. (prof. Brouwer) Heldere beslisstructuur voor het peilbeheer van de Friese Boezem Marle, M.J. van (prof. van Beek) Beheer en ontwerp van het duurzaam stedelijk watersysteem Almere-Buiten Roer, M. van de (prof. Brouwer) Effecten van het bufferen van water in de Leidsche Rijn Stots, V.F. (prof. Brouwer) Het gedrag van stedelijke infiltratie voorzieningen Tel, J. (prof. Brouwer) Afvoer van radial gates Vaart, M.E.F. van der (prof. Brouwer) Waterbesturing voor het Grand Prairie irrigatie projekt USA Westhuis, J.A. (prof. van Beek) Repro-modellering voor de landelijke oppervlakte waterkwaliteit J. Terpstra.Impacts of land use change on river discharge G. Schut.A generic approach to the quantification of construction dewatering F.J.Roelofsen.Method to indicate inconvenience caused in polders as a result of flooding /Indicatiemethode van (water) overlastgevoeligheid (voor polders) M.J. Profittlich.Qualitative aspects to future watermanagement \"Hollands Noorderkwartier\" /Kwalitatieve aspecten toekomstgericht waterbeheer Hollands Noorderkwartier S.R. Lighthart.Salt intrusion Northern Delta basin /Zoutpenetratie Noordelijke Deltabekken C. Kneefel.Waterplan Haarlem (HHR) /Waterplan Haarlem (HHR) C. Kooijman.Functions and aims of urban water and an approach for a monitoring strategy /Functies en streefbeelden voor stedelijke wateren en aanzet tot een monitoringstrategie P.E. Kauffmann.Funnel and Gate in the Dutch soil /Funnel en Gate in de Nederlandse bodem C.C.A. van Genuchten.Modelling unsaturated soil in Amsterdam Waterworks dunes /Modellering van de onverzadigde zone in de Amsterdamse Waterleidingduinen P. Appeldoorn / M.P.B.Wensing.Future scenario for the Amsterdam Waterworks dunes in 2030 /Toekomst-scenario voor de Amsterdamse Waterleidingduinen in 2030 W.L. Berendrecht.Generic aspects of manipulated smart pump and treat rehabilitation /Generieke aspecten van gemanipuleerde smart pump-and-treat sanering S.A.M. Hofhuis.Impact of hydrological changes on water quality in the Meuse river /Impact hydrologische ingrepen in de Maas op de waterkwaliteit 2001: Blois, R.J.K. de (prof. Brouwer) Sturen op waterkwaliteit in het Rottesysteem tijdens droge zomerperioden Boer, R.J.J. de (prof. Brouwer) Grondwaterproblematiek en vervuiling oppervlaktewater Den Helder Egmond, A. van (prof. Brouwer) Water in North Sinai Hoes, O.A.C. (prof. Brouwer) Operationeel waterkwaliteitsbeheer van boezemstelsels Linckens, A. (prof. Brouwer) Waterkwantiteit en waterkwaliteit tijdens de bouw van Leidsche Rijn Lukasse, R. (prof. Brouwer) Sturingsregels voor DWA-afvlakking in verzorgingsgebied AWZI Dokhaven Nieuwland, L. (prof. Brouwer) Een sturingsregel voor het operationeel beheer van polder-/ boezemsystemen Nix, M.W. (prof. Brouwer) Remote sensing toepassingen binnen het waterbeheer Ron, W.J de (prof. van Beek) Groenblauwe Slinger; de verbindingszone belicht Schram, R.I. (prof. Brouwer) Flow control in the Cihea Irrigation Scheme Verboven, M.J.H. (prof. van Beek) Genoeg zoet water voor Zuid-Holland? H.R. Rajabiani.Stochastic modelling of sub surface heterogeneity M. Peeters.Modelling of heat/cold storage in aquifers \\Modelleren van warmte/koude opslag in aquifers B. Los.Salinization and opportunities for Water Board \"De Waadkant\" /Verziltingskansenkaart Wetterskip \"De Waadkant\" A. Kruithof.The role of unsaturated soil in respons of the ground water table to precipitation and evaporation /Rol onverzadigde zone bij respons GWS op neerslag en verdamping S. Graas.Tidal damping and amplification in the Scheldt estuary /Opslingering getij Schelde-estuarium 2002: Assem, R. van den (prof. Brouwer) Operationeel waterbeheer polder Bleiswijk Jong, J. de (prof. Brouwer) Risicos van wateroverlast in de polders van het VRNK boezemsysteem Lodewijk, M.E. (prof. Brouwer) Verbetering waterkwaliteitsbeheer van het Zuiderdiep Meijers, E.M. (prof. Brouwer) Sturen op waterkwaliteit in het boezemstelsel van Rijnland Wagemaker, J.B. (prof. Van Beek) Modellering waterbalans Gele Rivier, China W.J. Plug.Lowering of ground water tables by extraction of deep salt ground water at the dune polder interface Waterstands verlaging door diep zout water onttrekking aan de binnenduinrand M. Mul.Groundwater induced floods A.P.A.M. Janssen.The risk of cyanobacterium-burden by a stagnant zone in the \"Zandmaas\" A. Pilot.GIS-modelling initial soil water condition J. Bals.Classification of estuaries applying a neural network approach Klassificatie van estuaria met behulp van een neuraal netwerk A.W. Boer.Value of water /Waarde van water Thuy Do.Integration of measurement networks in the framework of \"national coverage 2005\" /Integratie meetnetten in het kader van Landsdekkend Beeld 2005 A.C. Horrevoets.1-D modelleren van het Schelde-estuarium E. Buter.Use of mangroves as a biofilter for the treatment of shrimp culture effluent J.J. Honig.What is a sustainable Caribbean island given population size a sustainable environment and the restrictions on available land and water? 2003: N.J. de Vos.Rainfall-Runoff modelling using Artificial Neural Networks N. Schuurman.De overgang van rivier naar estuarium W. Swierstra.Een waterbergingsbekken in een polder M. van Kanten.The effect of storm direction on the runoff in the River Rhine H.G.W. Hellebrand.The influence of unpaved roads on rainfall runoff relations in a small catchment in Luxembourg R. van den Bos.Waterbalance of a small catchment 2004: Alderlieste, M.C. The resilience concept in flood risk management for the lowland part of the Mekong River Biron, D.J. Beter bouw- en woonrijp maken: een verkennend onderzoek naar het bouw- en woonrijp maken in de Nederlandse praktijk en de problematiek rondom wateroverlast op de bouwplaats Bossenbroek, J.C. Kans op wateroverlast, statistiek vr- of achteraf? Heijkoop, N.W. Quick scan water balance for Central Cebu De Jong, B.M. The Surma - Kushiyara river basin: water allocation now and in the future Huising, K.C. Slimme Stuwen Meuter, N.H. SimGro en stroming in open waterlopen Mondeel, H.J. Nut van neerslagvoorspelling voor de sturing van een polderboezemsysteem Swinkels, M.A.J. Sturingsregels voor het operationele waterbeheer van polderboezemsystemen Een onderzoek naar de meerwaarde van de toepassing van de Integrale Regelaar op Rijnlands boezem Vroege, M. Stedelijk waterbeheer bezien door de 3D-Bril Weijs, S.V. Sturen met onzekere voorspellingen Anneloes de Wit. The influence of groundwater on the rainfall runoff relation. A multi-approach investigation of the groundwater behaviour in the Huewelerbach catchment David Oostveen. Water induced crack initiation in an aquifer. An elastic analytical approach Hessel Winsemius.Propagation of weather forecast uncertainties in flood forecasting. A case study on Rhine discharges at Lobith Teun Timmermans.Storm flow Base flow modelling and separation by use of natural tracers C.A. van den Dool.The influence of precipitation front dynamics on flood discharges in the river Rhine A.M.R. Bakker.Heterogeneous time series within flood frequency analysis L. van Oostrom.Drainage, key to cost-effective water management. Onderzoek naar ontwatering als knelpunt in het regionale watersysteem.\n1995-1999\n1995: Eersel, N.J.M. (prof. Brouwer) Verbetering van het waterbeheer in Nickerie, Suriname. Delft 1995. Gestel, M.M.P. van (prof. Brouwer) Waterbeheersing van het Marchwar project, Nepal. Delft 1995. Hendriks, T. (prof. Brouwer) Bergings- en bemalingsbehoefte poldergebieden. Delft 1995. Hombergen, L.P.I. (prof. Brouwer) Irrigatiebeheer in Nepal. Delft 1995. Lohr, J.W. (prof. Brouwer) Verbetering waterlevering bij Aroguruh inlaatsluizen, Indonesie. Delft 1995. Ooms, E.J. (prof. deJong) Koelwater, belemmering voor de zalm? Delft 1995. Rijsberman, M.A. (prof. vBeek) Gebruik van gekoppelde modellen in het waterbeheer. Delft 1995. Rijswijk, R.A. van (prof. vBeek) Aqua-model voor Ganges-Brahmaputra stroomgebied. Delft 1995. Uijlenbroek, F.J. (prof. Brouwer) Evaluatie van de watertoedeling in het Mendoza gebied, Argentini. Delft 1995. Veen, A.J.J. van der (prof. deJong) Waterbeheer in het gebied Luttenberg. Delft 1995. Vermeulen, H.J.W. (prof. Brouwer) Effectiviteit van het Tunuyan irrigatiestelsel, Argentini. Delft 1995. Wauben, M.F.E. (prof. Brouwer) Besturingssysteem voor het Narmada irrigatie hoofdkanaal, India. Delft 1995. Wissink, H.F. (prof. vBeek) Optimalisatie van het waterkwantiteitsbeheer in Salland. Delft 1995. 1996: Delmeire, J.A.J. (prof. Brouwer) Integraal waterbeheer in de polder Heerhugowaard. Delft 1996. Feber, R. le (prof. Brouwer) Evaluatie waterhuishoudkundige infrastructuur Noord-Holland. Delft 1996. Ginneken, M.D.C. van (prof. Brouwer, prof. Donze, prof. van der Graaf) Hergebruik van afvalwater voor irrigatie van suikerriet in Cali, Colombia. Delft 1996. Handgraaf, S. (prof. Segeren) OSWaP: een ontwerptool voor stedelijk waterbeheer projecten. Delft 1996. Hart, W.W.H. (prof. Brouwer) Onderzoek naar relatie tussen onderhoud en waterdistributie in Pakistan. Delft 1996. Hartman, M.R. (prof. Brouwer) Waterbeheer in het Fayoum-meer, Egypte. Delft 1996. Heeringen, K. van (prof. Brouwer) Analyse Marchwar lift irrigatie project, Nepal. Delft 1996. Hof, A. (prof. Brouwer) Ontwerp van regelaars voor bestuurde open waterlopen. California Polytechnic State University & Delft 1996. Poels, K. (prof. vBeek) Ontwerp van een nevelgeul in de Welsemer- en Duursche waarden. Delft 1996. Scheer, J. van der (prof. vBeek) Integraal waterbeheer in de polder Mastenbroek. Delft 1996. Schuilenburg, D.J. (prof. Segeren) Verdrogingsbestrijding in Luttenberg, waterschap Salland. Delft 1996. Steenbekkers, J.A.H. (prof. Segeren) Het waterbeheer van Delflands boezem. Delft 1996. Visser, S.J. (prof. Brouwer) Waterverdeling in het secundaire kanaalsysteem in de Punjab, Pakistan. Delft 1996. Vos, S.M. (prof. Brouwer) Functioneren van het hoofdkanaalstelsel Tunyan irrigatie systeem, Argentini. Delft 1996. F.W. Schaars.Modelling brackish and fresh ground water for the Amsterdam Waterworks dunes /Modellering brak en zoet grondwater in de Amsterdamse Water leiding Duinen E.R. Melger.Modelling of bacterial transport in porous media M.H. Meerburg.Research groundwater quality in relation to conductivity soundings /Onderzoek grondwaterkwaliteit m.b.v. geleidsbaarheid sonderingen M. Kaper.Leaching of metalliferous soil /Uitloog gedrag van metaal houdende grond M. v.d. Boomen.Rehabilitation of the Jamno lake H.J.A.A. van Dijk.Infiltration areas groundwater model MLAEM /Infiltratiegebieden in grondwatermodel MLAEM M.K. Jansen.Groundwater recovery from Enkhuizer sand bundle /Waterwinning Enkhuizer zandpakket 1997: Arduin, G.W. (prof. de Jong) Integraal waterbeheer in bestaand stedelijk Oisterwijk. Delft 1997. Bosman, E. (prof. Brouwer/prof. van der Graaf) Mogelijkheden voor hergebruik van gezuiverd afvalwater. Delft 1997. Gietema, H. (prof. van Beek) Haringvlietbeheer en de waterkwaliteit in de Afgedamde Maas. Delft 1997. Hoevenaars, M.W. (prof. Brouwer) Waterbesparing door toepassing van real time control in het West Tarum irrigatie kanaal, Indonesi. Delft 1997. Jak, M. (prof. de Jong) Verbetering afwatering Nootdorperpolder. Delft 1997. Kaa, A.R. van der (prof. Brouwer) Verbetering drainagesysteem Bangkok. Delft 1997. Knoeff, J.G. (prof. Brouwer) Studie naar toepasbaarheid van windmolens voor waterlevering in de Anta Valley, Peru. Delft 1997. Loos, M. (prof. van Beek) De aanzanding van het Zwin. Delft 1997. Markus, A.H. (prof. Brouwer) Aangepast waterbeheer in het Langebroekerweteringgebied. Delft 1997. Monninkhoff, L.M.M. (prof. Brouwer) Modellering van basisafvoer gedomineerder piekafvoer in Taube / Landgraben, Duitsland. Delft 1997. Palsma, M.F. (prof. Segeren) Toepassing van brongerichte maatregelen ter reductie van vuiluitworp. Delft 1997. Rijntjes, R. (prof. Brouwer) Tussenreservoir voor irrigatiewater in het Quenk'o Valley Irrigation Project, Peru. Delft 1997. Silvis, L.G. (prof. Brouwer) Toepassen van systeem indificatie bij besturing in het Arizona Canal, USA. USWCL Phoenix en Delft 1997. Tiegelaar, J.T.D. (prof. Brouwer) Rehabilitatie van het Minjeh irrigatiestelsel, Libanon. Delft 1997. Versteeg, R.P. (prof. Segeren) Verdrogingsbestrijding in het stroomgebied van de Aa of Weerijs. Delft 1997. Visser, M.C. (prof. van Beek) De ontwikkeling van een DSS voor het Nederlandse stroomgebied van de Maas. Delft 1997. Wijnker, L.G. (prof. Brouwer) Het functioneren van het Westelijk Banjir kanaalsysteem in Jakarta, Indonesi. Delft 1997. E.J.C. Walter.Separated filter pumping test experiment in aquifers /Gescheiden filter onttrekkings proef in een watervoerend pakket R.N. van de Vliet.Analysis relation precipitation / ground water tables /Analyse relatie neerslag/grondwaterstanden D.L. Voss.Feasibility study water supply Cebu /Haalbaarheidsstudie waterwinning Cebu P. Salome.Effects of drain reduction on quantitative watermanagement in Krimpenerwaard /Effecten slootdempingen in Krimpenerwaard voor kwantitatief waterbeheer M. Nederveen.Feasibility study water supply Cebu /Haalbaarheid waterwinning CEBU M. van Leeuwen.Stochastic determination of Capture Zones of Groundwater Wells E.T. Bavelaar / Bloemhof.Soil erosion in Cebu /Erosie in Cebu G.J. Boot / P.M.G.J. Goessen.Drinking water reservoir Cebu /Drinkwater reservoir Cebu M. Griffioen.Development brackish/salt groundwater system Western-Utrecht /Ontwikkeling brak/zout grondwatersysteem West-Utrecht L.A. Heuer.Rainfall runoff analysis Nasipit drainage area /Neerslag-afvoer analyse van het Nasipit stroomgebied B.T. Jellema.2D-Modelling of fresh/brackish/salt ground water in the dunes near Meyendel /2D-Modelleren van de beweging van zoet/brak/zout grondwater in de Meyendel duinen 1998: Boogaard, F.C. (prof. Brouwer) Ontwerpcriteria voor percolatievoorziening van stadswater Bost, S.P.A. van (prof. Brouwer/prof. Donze) Meten aan infiltratievoorziening in stedelijk waterbeheer, Dordrecht Brouwer, M.T. (prof. Brouwer) Ontwerp van een automatisch regelsysteem voor het Arizona kanaal, USA Dekkers, E. (prof. Brouwer/prof. van der Graaf) Evaluatie waterbeheersoptimalisatie van raffinaderijwater, Shell Engeland Eggels, G.C.W. (prof. Brouwer) Het Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal en de verdroging Gerritsen, M. (prof. de Jong) Hoogwater in Noord-Brabant Graaff, B.J.A. de (prof. Brouwer) Stabiliteit van de automatische peilregelaar van Vlugter Havinga, H.N.J. (prof. Donze, prof. van Beek) Zuurstofproblemen in klein oppervlaktewater Jaarsma, M.A. (prof. van Beek) Verbetering van de waterkwaliteit in De Blijkmeer en De Monnickemeer, N-Holland Lee, A.W. van der (prof. Brouwer) Grondwaterspiegeldaling in Ouderkerk a/d Amstel Lorenz, N.N. (prof. van Beek, dr. van Mazijk) Calamiteitenmodellering gestuwde Nederrijn-Lek Meijer, E. (prof. Brouwer) Evaluatie 'downstream control' besturing Maira irrigatiesysteem, Pakistan Peijenborgh, E. (prof. Brouwer) Analyse van het polder- en boezemsysteem van Rijnland Soeterik, K.L. (prof. Brouwer) Bepalen van verdamping en waterbehoefte m.b.v. Landsat satellietbeelden Sybrandi, M.E. (prof. Brouwer) Toepassing van neurale netwerken in de Overwaard Turkensteen, W.L.J.K. (prof. Brouwer) Inrichting van de stedelijke afwatering van Kernhem Ubink, E.L.M. (prof. de Jong) Verdrogingsbestrijding in Zuid-Holland, een haalbare kaart? J.G.M. Weijers.Evaluation-methods availability local ground water on regional level /Evaluatie-methodiek beschikbaarheid lokaal gronwater op regionaal niveau A.J. Vroeijenstijn.Analysis of the Runoff Processes in the Brugga Catchment by Hydrograph Separations J. Wallast.Mass exchange between groyne fields and main stream of a river /Stofuitwisseling tussen kribvak en hoofdstroom van een rivier S.H. van der Togt.Research into the use of computer modelling for the design of a rainfall infiltration system /Een onderzoek naar het mogelijk gebruik van computer modellen bij het ontwerp van een hemelwaterinfiltratie systeem M.J. Rutte.Water purification with helofytes systems /Waterzuivering met helofytensystemen C.M. Ramaker.Response of ground water table in flood plaines to high waters in rivers /Respons van het grondwater in uiterwaarden op een hoogwaterpuls in de rivier K.L.L. Oleson.Quality control of phosphorus analysis of soils /Kwaliteits controle op onderzoek naar fosfor in gronden R. de Landmeter.Geohydrological calculations for the nature conservation area Zuidplaspolder /Geohydrologische berekeningen voor het natuurontwikkelings gebied Zuidplaspolder J.M. Baars.Innovation water supply for the green house horticulture /Innovatie gietwatervoorziening voor de glastuinbouw L.I. Barm.Electro-biorestoration of polycyclical aromatic Hydrocarbons for soil rehabilitation at gas plants /Elektrobiorestauratie van polycyclische aromatische koolwaterstoffen ivm. saneringsproblematiek bij gasfabrieksterreinen W.R. Bhairo.Geohydrological model studies for drinking water supply Paramaribo /Geohydrologische modelstudie t.b.v. de drinkwatervoorziening van Parimaribo M. Frauenfelder/E. Verschelling.Development of a physically based surface runoff and soil loss estimation model H.N.J. Havinga.Oxygen problems in small water bodies /Zuurstof problemen in klein oppervlaktewater A.M. Hummelen.Research into solutions of a shortfalling infiltration capacity at the \"Project infiltration Maaskant\" /Onderzoek naar oplossingen voor een mogelijke tegenvallende infiltratie capaciteit bij Project Infiltratie Maaskant M.A. Jongens/Oudhuis.Water Resources Study for the Water supply of the Municipality of Naga, Cebu, the Phillipines 1999: Bastings, I.W.A. (prof. Brouwer) Verbetering van irrigatie-efficiency door kanaal besturing Boogaart, C.P. van den (prof. Brouwer) Systeemvreemd water in Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland Botterhuis, A.A.J. (prof. Segeren) Toepassing neerslagvoorspelling peilbeheer Oostelijk en Zuidelijk Flevoland Lier, R. van (prof. Brouwer) Flexibel peilbeheer: functies als leidraad Maat, G.J. ter (prof. van Beek) Waterbeheersstrategie Trinidad & Tobago Sardjoe, R.B. (prof. Brouwer) GISRATIO in de praktijk Seventer, M.J. van (prof. Brouwer) Integrale waterbeheersstrategie voor polder Heerhugowaard Snijders, A.R. (prof. Brouwer) Water als sturende factor voor stedelijke uitbreiding Snijders, J.C. (prof. Brouwer) Water Management Plan for polder 22 in Bangladesh Stelt, M.L. van der (prof. Brouwer) Eisen aan en effecten van aanleg en beheer en onderhoud van infiltratie- en percolatievoorzieningen Visser, R. (prof. Brouwer) Modellering van de Salt- en Verde rivier in Arizona, USA Waes, B.P.J. van (prof. Brouwer) Rationeel waterbeheer door compartimentering in Tangail Witte, Y.H.C.F. de (prof. van Beek) Waterbeschikbaarheid in het Lowveld watersysteem in Zimbabwe T.A. Wendt.Consequences of future scenarios for groundwater at Utrecht /Effecten van toekomst scenario's op het grondwater in Utrecht G.A. de Raat.Rainfall pockets in seepage zones /Neerslaglenzen in kwelgebieden M.T. Blokland.Pumping test analysis in relation to heterogeneity of aquifers /Analyse van pompproeven m.b.t. heterogene karakter van een watervoerend pakket G.J.P.L. Gribnau.Salt intrusion Northern Delta basin /Zoutpenetratie Noordelijke Deltabekken\n1990-1994\n1990: Bol, M.A.M. (prof. Brouwer). Operation of the Ganges Kobadak Main Canal System, Bangladesh. Delft 1990. 89 blz. + tek. Brussel, M.J.G. (prof. Segeren). A waterbalance study in the Pakistani Indus Plains. Delft 109 blz. + bijln. Griffejoen, T.J.C. (prof. Brouwer). Irrigation rehabilitation in Cidurian, Indonesi. Delft 149 blz. + bijln. + tekn. Heesbeen, R.L. (prof. Brouwer). Ontwerp van een geautomatiseerd irrigatiesysteem in Noord-West Suriname. Delft 1990. 120 blz. + bijln. + tek. Hoitink, B.P.A. (prof. Brouwer). Regional control of irrigation systems; a study of stability and performance of regional downstream control canals. Delft 1990. 75 blz. Tail end problems in the Cidurian area, Indonesi. Delft 1990. Huijskes, E. (prof. Brouwer). Irrigation efficiencies in North Pakistan. Stability of downstream controllers.Delft 1990. 37 blz. + bijln. Schaap, E.H. (prof. Brouwer). Een geautomatiseerd irrigatieproject in Suriname. Delft 1990. 120 blz. + bijln. 1991: Beenen, A.S. (prof. Segeren). Mogelijkheden en effecten van geoptimaliseerde sturing van een stedelijk drainage systeem.Delft 1991. Boven, P. van (i.s.m. E. van Harmelen) (prof. Segeren). Rawa Sragi drainage en irrigatie, Indonesie. Delft 1991. Dijkstra, J.A. (prof. Brouwer). Study of a flash floods storage facility along the King Abdullah Canal in Jordanie. Delft 1991. Harmelen, E. van (i.s.m. P. van Boven) (prof. Segeren). Rawa Sragi drainage en irrigatie, Indonesie. Delft 1991. Herbermann, H. (prof. Brouwer). Rehabilitatie van het irrigatievak Pulst, Cidurian, Indonesi. Delft 1991. Hoogeveen, A.M.E. (prof. Segeren). Het nut van peilvoorspellingen bij geautomatiseerd peilbeheer in landelijke gebieden; theoretisch onderzoek en praktijkstudie in oostelijk en zuidelijk Flevoland. Delft 1991. Krol, R.J. (prof. Brouwer). Experimenteel + theoretisch onderzoek naar de Avio-klep. Alstom Paris & Delft 1991. Mooijman, A.M.J. (prof. Segeren). The impact of rainfall distribution on urban drainage. Delft 1991. Wonink, P. (prof. Brouwer). The development of a control system and a corresponding control strategy for the King Abdullah Canal, Jordani. Delft 1991. 1992: Boer, T.J. de (prof. Brouwer). Waterhulpmid. en irrigatieontwikkeling in Watari bekken, Nigeria. Delft 1992. Braal, A.J. de (prof. Segeren) Analyse overstromingen in stroomgebied v.d. Yesilirmak, Turkije. Delft 1992. Brants, M.L.A. (prof. Brouwer) Pipe network for irrigation from the Dolok Dam, Indonesi. Delft 1992. Essen, A.T. van (i.s.m.C.F.C. van der Feltz) (prof. Brouwer) Alternatieve watermanagement systemen in de Punjab, Pakistan. Delft 1992. Feltz, C.F.C. van der (i.s.m. A.T. van Essen) (prof. Brouwer) Alternatieve watermanagement systemen in de Punjab, Pakistan. Delft 1992. Haans, P.J. (prof. Segeren) Regenval-afstroming relatie van de Awagat Drain, Pakistan. Delft 1992. Kastermans, P.H.K. (i.s.m. B.L. Reuvers) (prof. Brouwer) Besturingssystemen voor de Tuntang-Djragung hoofdkanalen, Indonesi. Delft 1992. Kemeling, A.E. (prof. Brouwer) Capaciteitsreductiefactoren voor drainage in de Indusvlakte, Pakistan. Delft 1992. Leeuwen, J.J.W. van (prof. Brouwer) Evaluatie van CARDD en MODIS. California Polytechnic State University & Delft 1992. Neijenhuis, P.G. (prof. Brouwer) Integrale waterbeheersing in het Cidurian stroomgebied, Indonesi. Delft 1992. Reuvers, B.L. (i.s.m. P.H.K. Kastermans) (prof. Brouwer) Besturingssystemen voor de Tuntang-Djragung hoofdkanalen, Indonesi. Delft 1992. Riekerk, J.P. (i.s.m. L. van Asperen) (prof. Brouwer, prof. Battjes) De Vlugter klep, theoretisch en modelonderzoek. Delft 1992. 140 blz. + bijln. Schoonderwaldt, R.E. (i.s.m. C.J.C. Jacobs) (prof. Brouwer) Hydraulic performance of Fordwah Irrigation Canal, Pakistan. Delft 1992. 1993: Blokhuis, E.C. (prof. Brouwer) Verbetering van de waterbeheersing in Fayoum, Egypte. Delft 1993. Boomgaard, M.E. (prof. vBeek) Neerslag-afvoer model m.b.v. GIS. Delft 1993. Broks, C.A. (prof. Segeren) Overstortreduktie rioolstelsels in Denemarken. Delft 1993. Gebraad, C.J. (prof. deJong) Geohydr.effecten van alternatieven voor effluentlozing. Delft 1993. Geenen, A. (prof. Segeren) Reductie van overstortingen in het rioleringssysteem. Delft 1993. Gilst, T.B. van (i.s.m. M.J. Raak) (prof. Brouwer, prof. Segeren) Watermanagement voor moerasontwikkeling, Indonesi. Delft 1993. Gorkum, U. van (prof. Brouwer) Pak-Pa irrigatie- en waterkrachtproject, Laos. Delft 1993. Jacobs, J.C.J. (i.s.m. R.E. Schoonderwaldt) (prof. Brouwer) Bestuurbaarheid van het Fordwah Irrigation Canal, Pakistan. Delft 1993. Klein, M. (prof. Brouwer) Verbeterd irrigatiestelsel voor het Esna-woestijngebied, Egypte. Delft 1993. Petter, R. (prof. vBeek) Neerslag-afvoer model m.b.v. GIS. Delft 1993. Raak, M.J. (i.s.m. T.B. van Gilst) (prof. Brouwer, prof. Segeren) Watermanagement voor moerasontwikkeling, Indonesi. Delft 1993. Roos, P.R. (prof. Segeren) Lekverliezen uit het Gugera-irrigaitekanaal in Pakistan. Delft 1993. Vehmeijer, P.W. (prof. Brouwer) Verbeterde waterbeheersing bij het Warabandi-systeem, Pakistan. Delft 1993. Warnaars, E.A. (prof. Brouwer) Real time control van industriele afvalwaterlozingen in Zrich, Zwitserland. Delft 1993. Weiler, I.A. (prof. Brouwer) Grondwatermodel voor de Kano-vlakte Kenya. Delft 1993. Zanten, M. van (prof. Brouwer) Irrigatiesysteem voor Oost-Dolok, Indonesi. Delft 1993. 1994: Athmer, J.H. (prof. Brouwer) Kosteneffectiviteit automatisering peilbeheer in Schieland. Delft 1994. Berdenis van Berlekom, S.P. (prof. Brouwer) Ontwerp van een waterbeheersorganisatieplan in Nepal. Delft 1 Breur, K.J. (prof. Segeren) Sturing van een afvalwatersysteem tijdens hevige neerslag. Delft 1994. Dijk, B.F.J. van (prof. v Beek) Integraal waterbeheer in het Ushizu gebied (Japan). Delft 1994. Gijsbers, P.J.A. (prof. Brouwer) Optimalisatie van stuwpeilen in de Maas. Delft 1994. Hooimeijer, M.A. (prof. v Beek) Waterbeheer van de Shire rivier in Malawi. Delft 1994. Janssens, J.P.M.J. (prof. Segeren) Peilbeheer van de Braakmankreek. Delft 1994. Jong, M.A.M. de (prof. Brouwer) Rehabilitatie van het Punggur Utara irrigatieproject, Indonesi. Delft 1994. Koehorst, I.H.A. (prof. v Beek) Waterkwaliteit van de afgedamde Maas. Delft 1994. Loke, E. (prof. Brouwer) Besturing van het Narmada hoofdkanaal, India. Delft 1994. Lourens, J.P. (prof. vd Akker) Erosie in het Mananga stroomgebied, Cebu, Filipijnen. Delft 1994. Marijnissen, M.T. (prof. de Jong) Verdroging door rijkssnelwegen en -kanalen. Delft 1994. Nijenhuis, A. te (prof. Brouwer) Verbetering van waterbeheersing met het Bahr Wahbykanaal, Egypte. Delft 1994. Sluis, T.A. van der (prof. Brouwer) Grondwaterstandbeheersing in Pakistan. Delft 1994. Spaan, G.B.H. (prof. Brouwer) Modellering meet- en regelstuw Crump de Gruyter. Delft 1994. Terwel, L. (prof. Brouwer) Automatisering van het peilbeheer van de Maas. Delft 1994. Watering, M.F. van de (prof. Brouwer) Grondwater als irrigatiebron in Nigeria. Delft 1994. Werner, M.G.F. (prof. Brouwer) Automatisering van de Loxton irrigatiekanalen, Australie. Delft 1994. M. Beumer.Water supply for Parenco paper industries /Waterwinning voor papierindustrie Parenco\n1987-1989\n1987: Froonhof, E.B. (prof. Brouwer). North Jazira Irrigation Project, Iraq. Delft 1987. Influence of earthquake induced liquefaction on the stability of embankments. Delft 1987. Hateboer, J. (prof. Brouwer). Nwang rivier irrigatie project, Nigeria: deel I: Hydrologie, 120 blz. + 67 blz. bijl., deel II: Irrigatie, 60 blz. + 14 blz. bijl., deel III: Reservoirdam, 67 blz. + 15 blz. bijl. Delft 1987. Schuurmans, W. (prof. Brouwer). Ganges Kobadak, rehabilitation of secundary irrigation unit Si Ak, Bangladesh. 86 blz. + bijlagen. Delft 1987. Subroto, B. (prof. Brouwer/prof. Kop). Actually divertable flow as a function of incoming flow, Indonesi. Delft 1987. Zanting, H.A. (prof. Segeren). Drainage of rice fields in the Nile delta, Egypt. part A: field study 105 blz., part B: theoretical study 110 blz. + annexes. Delft 1987. 1988: Brandsma, N.J. (prof. Brouwer/prof. Kop). Water management polder 29 Bangladesh. Delft 1988. 107 blz. + tek. Afstromingsmodel voor stedelijke gebieden. Delft 1988. 64 blz. + bijl. Driessens, W.G.F. (prof. vDam/prof. Brouwer). Rehabilitatie van de secundaire eenheid S6A een eerste stap naar modernisatie van het Ganges-Kobadak irrigatie project, Bangladesh. Delft 1987. 141 blz. Hartog, N. den (prof. Brouwer). Cross drainage in the Lam Pao Right Main Canal, Thailand. Delft 1988. 70 blz. + bijln. Hilhorst, G.N.G. (prof. Brouwer). Irrigatie en waterbeheersing ten oosten van Semarang, Indonesi. deel I: waterbeheersing 60 blz. + bijl. Delft 1987. Nods, M. (prof. Segeren). Planevaluatie binnen waterschap Drentse Aa. Delft 1988. 107 blz. + bijl. Roelse, K. (prof. Segeren). Agricultural land reclamation of lowlands, in Indonesia (3 dln.). Delft 1988, 134, 118 en 82 blz. + bijln. Velde, R.S. van der (prof. Segeren). Waterafvoer uit glastuinbouwcentrum Erica. Delft 1988. 159 blz. Vergroessen, A.J.J. (prof. Segeren). The connection of the groundwater models. DEMGEN and MLAEM. Delft 1988. 55 blz. 1989: Asin, J.G. (prof. Segeren). Inbouw van produ in DEMGEN. Delft 1989. 67 blz. Asperen, L. van (i.s.m. J.P. Riekerk) (prof. Brouwer, prof. Battjes). De Vlugter klep, theoretisch en modelonderzoek. Delft 1989. 140 blz. + bijln. Booij, C. de (prof. Segeren). Optimalisatie peilbuizennet in stedelijke gebieden. Delft 1989. 67 blz. + bijln. Griethuijsen, J.S. van (prof. Brouwer). Irrigatie in het Waterschap Noord-Limburg. Delft 1989. 75 blz. + bijln. Heikens, D.L.J. (prof. Brouwer). Amenagement des eaux des bassins du Loukkos et dudraderesoueire, Morocco. Delft 1989. 60 blz. Klaveren, P.B.A. van (prof. Segeren). Flood Control Manilla. Delft 1989. 87 blz. + app. Leeuwen, P.E.R.M. van (prof. Segeren). Modellering sedimentatie proces in oppervlaktewater bij riooloverstortingen. Delft 1989. 42 blz. Overklift Vaupel Klein, I.A. (prof. Segeren). Rationalisatie van onderhoud en beheer van watergangen. Delft 1989.132 blz. Tijhuis, J.M.H. (prof. Brouwer). Verbetering van het waterbeheer in de irrigatieperiode voor het stroomgebied van de Linge. Delft 1989. 70 blz. + bijln. + tek. Veen, D.A. van (prof. Brouwer). Design of secondary unit Koper; Cidurian upgrading and water management project, Indonesi. 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Learn more2,270CitationsPublicationsPublications (59)The relationship between substance use and self-reported aspects of social functioning in patients with a psychotic disorderArticleFull-text availableFeb 2024 Sanne van der Heijden Martijn J Kikkert Lieuwe de Haan[...] Jentien VermeulenBackground\nIn patients with a psychotic disorder, rates of substance use (tobacco, cannabis, and alcohol) are higher compared to the general population. However, little is known about associations between substance use and self-reported aspects of social functioning in patients with a psychotic disorder.\nMethods\nIn this cross-sectional study of 28...View Psychiatrists effect on symptom severity during pharmacotherapy for first episode psychosis patientsPreprintFull-text availableFeb 2024 Franciska de Beer Sanne Koops Robert Schoevers[...] Iris E C SommerClinical outcome after a first episode psychosis (FEP) is heterogeneous. Many patient-related factors such as gender and comorbidity have been studied to predict outcome. However, psychiatrist-related factors, such as the therapeutic relationship and prescription behaviour, have received little attention.\nWe assessed the psychiatrist effect on psyc...View Deinstitutionalization from the perspective of community-dwelling adults with a severe mental illness in Amsterdam: a cohort study protocolArticleFull-text availableMay 2022 Menno Segeren Steve Lauriks Martijn J Kikkert[...] Arnoud P VerhoeffBackground\nPeople with a severe mental illness (SMI) increasingly receive ambulatory forms of care and support. The trend of deinstitutionalization accelerated in the Netherlands from 2008 and onwards without sufficient understanding of its consequences. The study protocol herein focuses on deinstitutionalization from the perspective of adults with...View Longitudinal clinical and functional outcome in distinct cognitive subgroups of first-episode psychosis: a cluster analysisArticleFull-text availableOct 2021 Priscilla P. Oomen Marieke J H Begemann Bodyl Brand[...] Iris E C SommerBackground\nCognitive deficits may be characteristic for only a subgroup of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and the link with clinical and functional outcomes is less profound than previously thought. This study aimed to identify cognitive subgroups in a large sample of FEP using a clustering approach with healthy controls as a reference group, subseq...ViewTapering antipsychotic medication: practical considerationsArticleSep 2021 Mark A. Horowitz Joanna Moncrieff Lieuwe de Haan[...] Iris E C SommerViewVictimisatie van patinten met een dubbele diagnose en effectiviteit van de groepsinterventie SOS trainingArticleFull-text availableSep 2020 Marleen de Waal Martijn J Kikkert Jack Dekker Anna GoudriaanView Dying Too Soon: Excess Mortality in Severe Mental IllnessArticleFull-text availableDec 2019 Liselotte Danielle de Mooij Martijn J Kikkert Jan Theunissen[...] Jack DekkerAims: We aimed to identify baseline predictors of mortality in patients with a severe mental illness (SMI) over a 6-year period and to describe mortality rates as standardised mortality ratios (SMRs). We hypothesised that cardiovascular diseases, older age, cigarette smoking, more severe psychiatric symptoms and more severe psychotropic side effect...View Mentalization-Based Treatment Versus Specialist Treatment as Usual for Borderline Personality Disorder: Economic Evaluation Alongside a Randomized Controlled Trial With 36-Month Follow-UpArticleFull-text availableNov 2019 Matthijs Blankers David Koppers Elisabeth M. P. Laurenssen[...] Jack DekkerThe authors present an economic evaluation performed alongside a randomized controlled trial of mentalization-based treatment in a day hospital setting (MBT-DH) versus specialist treatment as usual (S-TAU) for borderline personality disorder (BPD) with a 36-month follow-up period. Ninety-five patients from two Dutch treatment institutes were random...ViewPreventive Cognitive Therapy Versus Care as Usual in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Responders: A Randomized Controlled TrialArticleFull-text availableApr 2019 Margo de Jonge Claudi L H Bockting Martijn J Kikkert[...] Jack DekkerObjective:\nThe optimization of long-term outcomes is an important goal in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Offering subsequent preventive cognitive therapy (PCT) to patients who responded to acute cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may reduce the risk of relapse/recurrence.\nMethod:\nTherefore, a multicenter randomized controlled trial...View Linking childhood emotional abuse and depressive symptoms: The role of emotion dysregulation and interpersonal problemsArticleFull-text availableFeb 2019 Carolien Christ Marleen de Waal Jack J M 3[...] Terri L MessmanChildhood abuse is a major public health problem that has been linked to depression in adulthood. Although different types of childhood abuse often co-occur, few studies have examined their unique impact on negative mental health outcomes. Most studies have focused solely on the consequences of childhood physical or sexual abuse; however, it has be...ViewMental disorders and the risk of adult violent and psychological victimisation: A prospective, population-based studyArticleFull-text availableJan 2019 Carolien Christ Margreet Ten Have Ron de Graaf[...] Aartjan T. F. BeekmanAims\nPsychiatric patients are at increased risk to become victim of violence. It remains unknown whether subjects of the general population with mental disorders are at risk of victimisation as well. In addition, it remains unclear whether the risk of victimisation differs across specific disorders. This study aimed to determine whether a broad ran...View Self-wise, Other-wise, Streetwise (SOS) training, an intervention to prevent victimization in dual diagnosis patients: results from a randomized clinical trialArticleFull-text availableNov 2018 Marleen de Waal Jack Dekker Martijn J Kikkert[...] Anna GoudriaanBackground and Aims\nPatients with cooccurring substance use and other mental disorders are vulnerable to crime victimization, yet no evidence based preventive interventions exist. Our aim was to test the efficacy of a new intervention, Selfwise, Otherwise, Streetwise training (SOStraining), to prevent victimization in these dual diagnosis patie...View The association between the number of previous episodes and modifiable vulnerability factors in remitted patients with recurrent depressionArticleFull-text availableNov 2018 Margo de Jonge Claudi L H Bockting Patricia van Oppen[...] Jack DekkerObjective\nRemitted patients with a history of several previous major depressive episodes have a higher risk of relapse/recurrence than patients with fewer previous episodes, and the probability of another episode increases progressively with each successive episode. This study examines the association between the number of previous episodes and mod...ViewEffectiveness of Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment (IDDT) in severe mental illness outpatients with a co-occurring substance use disorderArticleSep 2018 Martijn J Kikkert Anna Goudriaan Marleen de Waal[...] Jack DekkerIntegrating substance use disorder treatment with psychiatric treatment is considered more favourable then treating these disorders parallel or sequential, but the evidence base is inconclusive. We examined the effectiveness of Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment (IDDT) on substance use in severe mental illness outpatients with substance use disord...View The impact of affective symptoms on personal recovery of patients with severe mental illnessArticleFull-text availableJul 2018 Robin Michael Van Eck Thijs Burger Marij Schenkelaars[...] Lieuwe de HaanBackground:\nClinical recovery is often defined as remission of symptoms. Personal recovery is described as growing beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness, sometimes despite ongoing symptoms.\nAims:\nTo examine the relationship between the severity of clinical symptom domains and personal recovery in patients with severe mental illness (...ViewPrevalence and predictors of violent victimization in remitted patients with recurrent depressionArticleJun 2018 Carolien Christ Margo de Jonge Claudi L H Bockting[...] Jack DekkerBackground:\nDepressed patients are at increased risk to fall victim to a violent crime compared to the general population. It remains unknown whether their increased risk persists after remission. This study compared victimization rates of remitted patients with both a random general population sample and a group of currently depressed patients. F...View Day hospital mentalization-based treatment v. specialist treatment as usual in patients with borderline personality disorder: randomized controlled trialArticleFull-text availableFeb 2018 Elisabeth Laurenssen Patrick Luyten Martijn J Kikkert[...] Jack DekkerBackground\nDay hospital mentalization-based treatment (MBT-DH) is a promising treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD) but its evidence base is still limited. This multi-site randomized trial compared the efficacy of MBT-DH delivered by a newly set-up service v. specialist treatment as usual (S-TAU) tailored to the individual needs of pa...View Prevention of violent revictimization in depressed patients with an add-on internet-based emotion regulation training (iERT): Study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trialArticleFull-text availableFeb 2018 Carolien Christ Marleen de Waal Digna JF van Schaik[...] Jack DekkerBackground:\nPsychiatric patients are at high risk of becoming victim of a violent crime compared to the general population. Although most research has focused on patients with severe mental illness, depressed patients have been demonstrated to be prone to victimization as well. Victimization is associated with more severe symptomatology, decreased...ViewMedication Adherence Decisions in Patients With SchizophreniaArticleDec 2017 Martijn J Kikkert Jack DekkerMedication nonadherence is common in patients with schizophrenia. Nonadherence affects approximately half of all patients and may increase the risk of relapse and hospitalization. Although it is an intensively studied phenomenon, we have little understanding of underlying mechanisms leading to nonadherence. In this article, using quantitative and q...ViewFactors associated with victimization in dual diagnosis patientsArticleNov 2017 Marleen de Waal Carolien Christ Jack Dekker[...] Anna GoudriaanBackground\nPatients with a substance use disorder and co-occurring mental disorder are prone to victimization. There is a lack of research identifying variables related to violent and property victimization in this high risk group. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with violent and property victimization in male and female du...ViewSocial inclusion and relationship satisfaction of patients with a severe mental illnessArticleOct 2017 Jitske F Koenders Liselotte Danielle de Mooij Jack Dekker Martijn J KikkertBackground:\nResearch suggests that patients with a severe mental illness (SMI) are among the most social excluded in society. However, comparisons of social network composition and relationship satisfaction between SMI patients and a control group are rare.\nAims:\nOur aim was to compare differences in size, satisfaction and composition of the soc...View Gender differences in characteristics of physical and sexual victimization in patients with dual diagnosis: A cross-sectional studyArticleFull-text availableJul 2017 Marleen de Waal Jack Dekker Martijn J Kikkert[...] Anna GoudriaanBackground\nPatients with substance use disorders and co-occurring mental health disorders are vulnerable to violent victimization. However, no evidence-based interventions are available to reduce patients vulnerability. An exploration of the characteristics of physical and sexual violence can provide valuable information to support the development...ViewThe Role of Affect in Predicting Depressive Symptomatology in Remitted Recurrently Depressed PatientsArticleDec 2016 Margo de Jonge Jack Dekker Martijn J Kikkert[...] Claudi L H BocktingBackground:\nMajor depressive disorder is an emotional disorder. It is important to improve our understanding of the role of affect in relapse/recurrence of depression. Therefore, this study examines whether affect plays a role in prospectively predicting depressive symptomatology and if there are indications for emotional scarring as a consequence...View Homesick: Residential and care patterns in patients with severe mental illnessArticleFull-text availableDec 2016 Liselotte Danielle de Mooij Martijn J Kikkert Nick Lommerse[...] Jack DekkerBackground\nChanges in the residential and care settings of patients with severe mental illness (SMI) are a concern because of the large variety of possible negative consequences. This study describes patterns of changes in the residential and care settings of SMI patients and explores associations between these changes, sociodemographics, and clini...View The burden of disease in patients eligible for mentalization-based treatment (MBT): Quality of life and costsArticleFull-text availableOct 2016 Elisabeth Laurenssen Hester V. Eeren Martijn J Kikkert[...] J.J.V. BusschbachBackground\nMentalization-Based Treatment (MBT) is a promising, though expensive treatment for severely ill patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). A high burden of disease in terms of quality of life (QoL) and life years lost can be a reason to prioritize mental health interventions, and specifically for BPD patients. Moreover, when th...ViewThe role of avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits in matching patients with major depression to cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic therapy: A replication studyArticleAug 2016 Martijn J Kikkert Ellen Driessen Jaap Peen[...] Jack DekkerBackground:\nBarber and Muenz (1996) reported that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) was more effective than interpersonal therapy (IPT) for depressed patients with elevated levels of avoidant personality disorder, while IPT was more effective than CBT in patients with elevated levels of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. These findings may...View Preventive Cognitive Therapy versus Treatment as Usual in preventing recurrence of depression: Protocol of a multi-centered randomized controlled trialArticleFull-text availableDec 2015 Margo de Jonge Claudi L H Bockting Martijn J Kikkert[...] Jack DekkerMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is projected to rank second on a list of 15 major diseases in terms of burden in 2030. The contribution of MDD to disability and health care costs is largely due to its highly recurrent nature. Therefore, part of the efforts to reduce the disabling effects of depression should focus on preventing recurrence, especial...View Self-wise, Other-wise, Streetwise (SOS) training: A novel intervention to reduce victimization in dual diagnosis psychiatric patients with substance use disorders: Protocol for a randomized controlled trialArticleFull-text availableOct 2015 Marleen de Waal Martijn J Kikkert Matthijs Blankers[...] Anna GoudriaanBackground\nPsychiatric patients are more likely to be victims of crime than others in the community. Dual diagnosis patients with comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders are especially prone to victimization. Victimization is associated with substance abuse, more severe symptomatology and homelessness. There is a strong need for interventi...ViewVictimisation in adults with severe mental illness: Prevalence and risk factorsArticleOct 2015 Liselotte Danielle de Mooij Martijn J Kikkert Nick Lommerse[...] Jack DekkerBackground\nPatients with a severe mental illness (SMI) are more likely to experience victimisation than the general population.AimsTo examine the prevalence of victimisation in people with SMI, and the relationship between symptoms, treatment facility and indices of substance use/misuse and perpetration, in comparison with the general population.Me...View +1 Risk of Criminal Victimisation in Outpatients with Common Mental Health DisordersArticleFull-text availableJul 2015 Sabine C Meijwaard Martijn J Kikkert Liselotte Danielle de Mooij[...] Jack DekkerCrime victimisation is a serious problem in psychiatric patients. However, research has focused on patients with severe mental illness and few studies exist that address victimisation in other outpatient groups, such as patients with depression. Due to large differences in methodology of the studies that address crime victimisation, a comparison of...View Day Hospital Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT-DH) versus treatment as usual in the treatment of severe borderline personality disorder: Protocol of a randomized controlled trialArticleFull-text availableMay 2014 Elisabeth Laurenssen Dieuwertje Westra Martijn J Kikkert[...] Jack DekkerBackground:\nSevere borderline personality disorder is associated with a very high psychosocial and economic burden. Current treatment guidelines suggest that several manualized treatments, including day hospital Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT-DH), are effective in these patients. However, only two randomized controlled trials have compared man...View Factors associated with quality of services for marginalized groups with mental health problems in 14 European countriesArticleFull-text availableFeb 2014 Diogo Costa Aleksandra Matanov Reamonn Canavan[...] Stefan PriebeBackground: Different service characteristics are known to influence mental health care delivery. Much less is\nknown about the impact of contextual factors, such as the socioeconomic circumstances, on the provision of care to socially marginalized groups.\nThe objectives of this work were to assess the organisational characteristics of services prov...View Psychometric Properties of the Dutch Version of the Self-Sufficiency Matrix (SSM-D)ArticleFull-text availableDec 2013 Thijs Fassaert Steve Lauriks Stef van de Weerd[...] Matty De WitMeasuring treatment outcomes can be challenging in patients who experience multiple interlinked problems, as is the case in public mental health care (PMHC). This study describes the development and psychometric properties of a Dutch version of the self-sufficiency matrix (SSM-D), an instrument that measures outcomes and originates from the US. In...View Cost-effectiveness of adherence therapy versus health education for people with schizophrenia: Randomised controlled trial in four European countriesArticleFull-text availableMay 2013 Anita Patel Paul Mccrone Morven Leese[...] Martin KnappBackgroundNon-adherence to anti-psychotics is common, expensive and affects recovery. We therefore examine the cost-effectiveness of adherence therapy for people with schizophrenia by multi-centre randomised trial in Amsterdam, London, Leipzig and Verona.MethodsParticipants received 8 sessions of adherence therapy or health education. We measured l...View The aftermath of the reduction in inpatient care and treatment II: Cross-sectional study relating to the health, the need for care, the quality of life, social functioning and the integration in society of chronic mental patients in AmsterdamArticleFull-text availableMar 2013 Jan Theunissen Pim Duurkoop Martijn J Kikkert[...] Jack DekkerThe move from less hospital care to more community-based care was expected to have positive results for long-term mental patients. It was believed that independent living would improve the quality of life and promote better social functioning and better integration into society. The basic idea was that the needs of patients would be better served b...ViewPsychometric evaluation of the Subjective Well-being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN) in patients with schizophrenia, their relatives and controlsArticleSep 2012 Sylke Vothknecht Carin J Meijer Aeilko Zwinderman[...] Lieuwe de HaanThe objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Subjective Well-being under Neuroleptic treatment scale 20-item version (SWN) in patients, their siblings and parents and in healthy controls. In order to study heritability of subjective wellbeing, assessment in unaffected relatives and healthy controls is necessary. Da...ViewAre long-term psychiatric patients causing more crisis consultations outside office hours in mental health care?ArticleJun 2012 Jack Dekker Jan Theunissen Henricus Van[...] Jaap PeenBackground:\nAs well as an improvement in community services, the de-institutionalization of patients receiving long-term psychiatric care can lead to marginally staffed mental health services, more homelessness, rising admission rates and more people in prison cells. It is assumed that an imbalance between community and hospital care for chronic p...ViewThe predictive validity of subjective adherence measures in patients with schizophreniaArticleJun 2011 Martijn J Kikkert Maarten Koeter Jack Dekker[...] Aart H ScheneDespite frequent use of subjective adherence measures in patients with schizophrenia as well as other chronic conditions, there are several reports that question the validity of these instruments. Three well known, representative subjective measures are the Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ), the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI), and the Complia...View[The aftermath of the reduction in inpatient care and treatment; a retrospective study that considers the extent to which a group of chronic psychiatric patients made use of the Amsterdam mental health services]ArticleFull-text availableJan 2011 Jaap Peen Jan Theunissen Pim Duurkoop[...] Jack DekkerThe move towards less hospital care and more community care for psychiatric patients began in the eighties. Chronic patients possibly have not really benefited from the new procedures.\nTo find out whether chronic psychiatric patients in Amsterdam were receiving adequate care and made good use of the available psychiatric services.\nWe amalgamated th...ViewVictimization of patients with severe psychiatric disorders: Prevalence, risk factors, protective factors and consequences for mental health. A longitudinal studyArticleFull-text availableNov 2010 Jack Dekker Jan Theunissen Henricus Van[...] Martijn J KikkertVictimization among people with a Severe Mental Illness is a common phenomenon. The objectives of this study proposal are: to delineate the extent and kind of victimization in a representative sample of chronic psychiatric patients; to contribute to the development and validation of a set of instruments registering victimization of psychiatric pati...ViewEffect of medication-related factors on adherence in people with schizophrenia: A European multi-centre studyArticleFull-text availableSep 2010 Johanna Meier Thomas Becker Anita Patel[...] Bernd PuschnerTo investigate the relation between medication-related factors and adherence in people with schizophrenia in outpatient treatment.\nThe sample comprised 409 outpatients (ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenia) with clinician-rated instability in four European cities (Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Verona, Italy; Leipzig, Germany; London, Great Britain). Adh...ViewComparison of Patient and Clinician Perspectives in the Assessment of Antipsychotic Medication AdherenceArticleSep 2009 Corrado Barbui Martijn J Kikkert Mariangela Mazzi[...] Michele TansellaFactors influencing patient and clinician perspectives in the assessment of medication adherence have never been compared.\nThis study used baseline and 12-month follow-up data from the QUATRO study, an international multicentre study. At baseline, information on patient sociodemographic characteristics, treatment factors, psychopathology, functioni...ViewCourse of adherence to medication and quality of life in people with schizophreniaArticleFeb 2009 Bernd Puschner Matthias C Angermeyer Morven Leese[...] Thomas BeckerThis study examined the relationship over time of adherence to anti-psychotic medication and quality of life in people with schizophrenia, taking into account effects of mediating variables. Data on on adherence, quality of life, attitude towards medication, side effects, symptom severity, and level of functioning at baseline and 1-year follow-up w...ViewThe expert consensus guideline series: Adherence problems in patients with serious and persistent mental illnessArticleJan 2009 A.S. Bellack Charles L Bowden Christopher Bowie[...] John ZeberObjectives. Poor adherence to medication treatment can have devastating consequences for patients with mental illness. The goal of this project was to develop recommendations for addressing adherence problems to improve patient outcomes. Methods. The editors identified important topics and questions concerning medication adherence problems in serio...ViewAssessment of Medication Adherence in Patients With SchizophreniaArticleMay 2008 Martijn J Kikkert Corrado Barbui Maarten Koeter[...] Aart H ScheneMeasuring medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia is difficult and lacks a gold standard. Consequently, a great number of different methods and instruments have been proposed. Although it has been assumed that they all measure medication adherence, this study demonstrates that instruments differ significantly. Using data from an interna...ViewAdjuvant occupational therapy for work-related major depression: 3.5 year follow up of a randomized controlled trial including economic evaluationArticleMar 2008 Martijn J Kikkert Jan A Swinkels Maarten Koeter P. Mc CroneView Adjuvant occupational therapy for work-related major depression works: Randomized trial including economic evaluationArticleFull-text availableApr 2007 Aart H Schene Maarten Koeter Martijn J Kikkert[...] Paul McCroneMajor depression has far-reaching consequences for work functioning and absenteeism. In most cases depression is treated by medication and clinical management. The addition of occupational therapy (OT) might improve outcome. We determined the cost-effectiveness of the addition of OT to treatment as usual (TAU).\nSixty-two adults with major depressio...View Adherence therapy for people with schizophrenia: European multicentre randomised controlled trialArticleFull-text availableJan 2007 Richard Gray Morven Leese Jonathan Bindman[...] Michele TansellaThere is equivocal evidence of the effectiveness of adherence therapy in improving treatment adherence and clinical outcomes for people with schizophrenia.\nTo evaluate the effectiveness of adherence therapy in improving quality of life for people with schizophrenia.\nA 52-week, single-blind, multicentre randomised controlled trial of the effectivene...ViewAdherence to Medication and Quality of Life in People With SchizophreniaArticleNov 2006 Bernd Puschner Anja Born Anne Giessler[...] Thomas BeckerQuality of life is often severely impaired in people with schizophrenia, and adherence to antipsychotic medication has been consistently found to be low in this population. Although there is a considerable amount of evidence on these two variables in schizophrenia research, there is only limited knowledge on how they relate to one another. The aim...View Medication Adherence in Schizophrenia: Exploring Patients', Carers' and Professionals' ViewsArticleFull-text availableNov 2006 Martijn J Kikkert Aart H Schene Maarten Koeter[...] Richard GrayOne of the major clinical problems in the treatment of people with schizophrenia is suboptimal medication adherence. Most research focusing on determinants of nonadherence use quantitative research methods. These studies have some important limitations in exploring the decision-making process of patients concerning medication. In this study we expl...ViewSex Differences in the Subjective Tolerability of Antipsychotic DrugsArticleJan 2006 Corrado Barbui Michela Nos Jonathan Bindman[...] Michele TansellaIn recent years, research efforts have been directed to better characterize the subjective experience of taking psychotropic drugs. This study investigated the sex difference in the subjective tolerability of antipsychotic drugs. Participants were recruited from patients under the care of psychiatric services serving geographical catchment areas in...ViewBrief ReportArticleMay 2004 G. de Vries Martijn J Kikkert A.H. Schene Jan A SwinkelsViewThe effectiveness of adjuvant occupational therapy for work-related major depression: A randomized controlled trial including economic evaluationArticleMar 2004 Aart H Schene Martijn J Kikkert Jan A Swinkels MWJ KoeterViewHelpt arbeidshulpverlening bij patienten met een depressie?ArticleJan 2003 Vries de G. C Martijn J Kikkert A. H. Schene Jan A SwinkelsViewIrregularity of lifestyle and healthArticleJan 1996 Martijn J Kikkert J. Snel J. Twist Willem van MechelenView +3 Medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia: a means to an endArticleFull-text available Martijn J Kikkert Carin J Meijer Marco BrinkmanViewErgotherapeutische interventie voor patienten met arbeidsgerelateerde depressie: samenvatting van een effectiviteitsstudieArticle Martijn J Kikkert Vries de G Jan A Swinkels[...] A. H. ScheneViewErgotherapeutische interventie voor patienten met arbeidsgerelateerde depressie: een kosteneffectiviteitsstudie [2e herziene versie 2002]Article Martijn J Kikkert A. H. Schene Jan A Swinkels Maarten KoeterViewVan experiment naar onderzoeksprojectArticle Vries de G Martijn J Kikkert A. H. Schene Jan A SwinkelsViewNetworkCitedView All Pim CuijpersVrije Universiteit Amsterdam Diana PerkinsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Aart H ScheneRadboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc) Anna GoudriaanAmsterdamUMC University of Amsterdam Robin B JarrettUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterCited ByView All Andr I WierdsmaErasmus MC Mary V. SeemanUniversity of Toronto Guillaume FondAix-Marseille Universit Mark van der GaagVrije Universiteit Amsterdam Digna JF van SchaikVrije Universiteit AmsterdamCurrent institutionUniversity of AmsterdamArkin Academy, AmsterdamAmsterdam, NetherlandsPsychiatry Amsterdam UMCCo-authorsTop co-authors Jan A SwinkelsAcademisch Medisch Centrum Universiteit van Amsterdam Bernd PuschnerUlm University Lieuwe de HaanAcademisch Medisch Centrum Universiteit van Amsterdam Maarten KoeterAcademisch Medisch Centrum Universiteit van Amsterdam Henricus VanArkin Institute for Mental Health, AmsterdamAll co-authors (50)View AllDigna JF van SchaikDepartmentDepartment of PsychiatryAart H ScheneDepartmentDepartment of PsychiatryAnna GoudriaanDepartmentDept of PsychiatryMariken de KoningDepartmentDepartment of PsychiatryAnita PatelWim VelingDepartmentUniversity Center for PsychiatryCarolien ChristDepartmentResearchPim DuurkoopDepartmentResearchLieuwe de HaanDepartmentDepartment of PsychiatryClaudi L H BocktingDepartmentPsychiatry DepartmentJ.J.V. BusschbachDepartmentSection of Medical Psychology and PsychotherapyLorenzo BurtiDepartmentDepartment of Neurological and Movement SciencesWim van den BrinkDepartmentDepartment of PsychiatryElisabeth LaurenssenSteve LauriksDepartmentEpidemiology, Health Promotion and Care InnovationCarin J MeijerDepartmentDepartment of PsychiatryAdvertisementJoin ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work25+ million members160+ million publication pages2.3+ billion citationsJoin for freeTop co-authorsLoading...Lab membersLoading...CitedLoading...Cited ByLoading...Current journal rolesLoading...What type of researcher are you?Only verified researchers can join ResearchGate and send messages to other members.Academic or studentUniversity students and faculty, institute members, and independent researchersCorporate, government, or NGO researcherTechnology or product developers, R&D specialists, and government or NGO employees in scientific rolesMedicalHealth care professionals, including clinical researchersNot a researcherJournalists, citizen scientists, or anyone interested in reading and discovering researchYou may be eligible for a free accountSorry, you need to be a researcher to join ResearchGate.Due to our privacy policy, only current members can send messages to people on ResearchGate.Already a member? 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Possible with an all-terrain stroller.\nEasy\n1.5 h\n4.7 k\n68m\n237m\nBernese Oberland\nJungfrau Region\nLast Updated:\n13 Feb 2018\nBy\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun\nIf you buy something through a link here, we may earn a commission. See our disclosure policy. Note that prices and opening times may change without notice.\nJump to:\nDirections\nTrail Map\nTickets\nPhotos\nTop\nJump:\nIf your family can only do one hike in the Jungfrau region, this would be my first choice. While many of the trails in this region are quite steep and difficult, this trail is easy enough for little hikers in training and is also manageable with an all-terrain stroller.\nKids will love the big playground at Mnnlichen with swings, slides, trampolines and other amusements. Of course, this trail is a popular choice for tourists and can be crowded on sunny summer weekends. But you wont mind so much because the views are so amazing.\nLocation:\nGrindelwald, Bernese Oberland Switzerland\nAddress:\nGrindelwald-Mnnlichen gondola\nCar:\nParking at Grindelwald Terminal: 463728.0N 80113.5E\n25 mins from Interlaken, 2hr10 from Zrich\nTrain:\nGrindelwald Terminal train station\n25 mins from Interlaken, 2hr25 from Zurich\nTrail:\n4.7 km one way, about 2hr walking with kids\nCondition:\nwide dirt path, suitable for all-terrain strollers\nSkill:\neasy\nServices:\nrestaurant and playgrounds at both ends of trail, no fires\nOpen:\nJune to mid October\ncable car runs about 8:30 to 17:00\nCost 2023:\nCable cars CHF 64/adult, Junior cards accepted\nDiscount for SBB Half-fare, GA & Swiss Travel Pass\nFree with Regional Pass Berner Oberland & Jungfrau Travel Pass\nMore info:\nwww.maennlichen.ch\nGallery\nLocation\nThis trail is located in the Jungfrau Region in the Berner Oberland region of Switzerland. See on Google Maps.\nThe trail is a one way trail, from the top of the Mnnlichen gondola to the top of the Kleine Scheidegg mountain train. You can access this trail from either side of the mountain, either from Grindelwald or Wengen/Lauterbrunnen.\nHiking map\nHere is the trail map. Its easy walking over 4.68 km, gradually descending about 227m of elevation.\nView interactive map on Komoot SchweizMobil OutdoorActive\nTrail conditions\nThe trail is a wide dirt path, mostly flat with mild ups and downs and some bumpy sections. Its possible with all-terrain strollers with big tires. Ive also seen many people bumping flimsy umbrella strollers over it, though didnt look so fun.\nWith kids, Id plan for about 2 hours walking time. There are restaurants and playgrounds at the start and end of the trail but nothing in the middle, so take food and water with you.\nOptional detour Royal Walk\nI also recommend doing the Royal Walk, a short 1 km uphill detour to the Mnnlichen peak for amazing views (100m elevation gain). It took some convincing for our kids to go up, but I was so glad we did. The views were even more spectacular from here than from Mnnlichen. See details for Royal Walk.\nHow to get there\nThis hike is accessible from either Grindelwald or Lauterbrunnen, both easily accessible by car and train. If you are coming from Interlaken or outside the Jungfrau Region, I think its slightly more convenient to start in Grindelwald. If you are staying in Lauterbrunnen, just start your journey there.\nBy public transport\nFrom Interlaken Ost, take a train to Grindelwald Terminal. The gondola is directly adjacent to the train station.\nBy car\nDrive to Grindelwald and follow signs to the Grindelwald-Mnnlichen gondola. There is a parking garage next to the gondola station and the train station: 463728.0N 80113.5E.\nRide the Grindelwald-Mnnlichen gondola up to Mnnlichen, do the hike, then return on the mountain train from Kleine Scheidegg to Grindelwald Grund, a short walk from the parking.\nTicket prices\nFrom Grindelwald, take the Grund-Holenstein cable car to Mnnlichen, do the hike to Kleine Scheidegg, then catch the train back to Grindelwald. The Grund cable car and Kleine Scheidegg train are right next to each other, making the round trip easy. In 2020, adult round trip was CHF 66.\nFrom Lauterbrunnen, take the mountain train to Wengen, then ride the gondola to Mnnlichen, do the hike to Kleine Scheidegg, then catch the Jungfrau train back down to Lauterbrunnen. In 2020, adult round trip was CHF 61.60.\nDiscounts\nThe Jungfrau Travel Pass, Top of Europe Pass, and Regional Pass Berner Oberland cover all this mountain transport. You get a reduced fare with SBB Half-fare, GA, SBB Day Passes and Swiss Travel Pass. Children with a SBB Junior card or under 6 yrs old ride free.\nPhoto story of trail\n1. Mnnlichen Sennespielplatz playground\nThe Sennespielplatz playground at Mnnlichen keeps getting better, with this giant cow slide as the newest addition. Youll also find swings, a seesaw, spinner, bowling, and other amusements.\nA self-service bowling lane with the best view ever.\nThere is plenty of room to picnic and a big restaurant.\n2. Royal Walk Trail to Mnnlichen Peak\nBefore doing the Panorama trail, I highly recommend making the extra effort to walk up to the Mnnlichen peak, just north of the playground. Its 1 km each way, with 100m elevation gain.\nThe climb takes some effort, but the views are so worth it. At the top, there is an observation deck with amazing views. Here is the trail leading up. The path is smooth gravel, possible with strollers until the very top.\nAlong the path, there are info stations like the one shown below with interesting facts about the region, like what kinds of stone are found in each mountain peak and the different kinds rope knots mountain climbers use.\nAt the top, there is a crown platform you can stand in to get the panorama view.\nOne part of the 360 degree view, this part looking down at the Lauterbrunnen valley.\n3. Panorama Trail to Kleine Scheidegg\nNow to the main attraction: the panorama trail to Kleine Scheidegg. This trail heads south from the playground towards the Eiger. If you did the Royal Walk, hike back the way you came, pass by the playground and keep walking south. Here we are on the start of the trail.\nThe colors and mood change with the season and weather. Below was a cloudy day beginning of July.\nAnd now a sunny day at the end of July.\nThis is a popular trail, with a wide variety of ages, skill, and nationalities enjoying the scenery.\nThe trail is not difficult, but it isnt completely flat either. There are gentle ups and downs and occasionally some bumpy rocks. We saw lots of flimsy strollers on the path that were having a bit of trouble on the bumpy bits. Better to use an all-terrain stroller with big knobby tires.\nLooking back toward Mnnlichen.\nTaking a break in the middle of the trail, with a view of the Eiger. There was a portable toilet next to a shelter hut at this mid-point.\nBack on the trail.\nSome workers were herding these cows to another part of the mountain. The cows were walking on the trail, which crowded out some hikers for a bit.\nSometimes the clouds take over the view, but its still pretty.\n4. Arriving in Kleine Scheidegg\nWhen you approach Kleine Scheidegg, there are lots of restaurants to choose from. We stopped at the first one, which had great views from the outdoor seating and a small playground. Food was typical hearty Swiss fare, typical prices, good but nothing special.\nLater on we passed this restaurant with a trampoline; the kids wished we had eaten here.\nOne last pretty picture before we jump on the train in Kleine Scheidegg, heading back down to Grindelwald. Hope you enjoy this one!\nSee more family hikes in the Jungfrau Region\nVideo of Mnnlichen trail\nScenes from our Mnnlichen hike.\nTAGS:\nPanorama, Playground, ztemp\nTanya is the founder and editor of Swiss Family Fun. She has lived in Zurich Switzerland since 2005, spending most of her free time hiking in the Swiss alps.\nYou might also like\n20 Best Hikes in the Jungfrau Region for Families\nThe best hikes for kids in the Jungfrau region, including short and easy strolls, moderate mountain hikes, and challenging climbs for teens.\nMrren Mountain View Trail\nBachalpsee Grindelwald Lake Hike\nAllmendhubel Flower Park Playground\nSupport us!\nWhen you book something through our links, it costs you the same but we earn a small commission. This support helps us keep our website free to use. Thanks!\nFind cheap flightsvia SkyScanner\nFind hotelsvia Booking.com\nFind a rental carvia DiscoverCars\nBook tours & attractionsvia GetYourGuide\nComments\nWe respect your privacy. Please review our privacy policy to understand how we process and store data submitted through the comment form below. If you submit this form, you explicitly agree to the terms in our privacy policy.\n33 Responses\nDorrie Brown says:\nApril 13, 2024 at 05:01\nHello ! After getting to KS. How would we get to Grindelwald?\nThank you for all of the helpful information on your site! It is extremely helpful!\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nApril 15, 2024 at 21:34\nAt Kleine Scheidegg, you can ride the mountain train down to Grindelwald. Hope this helps. Have fun out there.\nMega says:\nApril 23, 2023 at 22:57\nIf we do this in the morning, what afternoon activity would you recommend? Any of your other favorite hikes youd combine with this one?\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nMay 3, 2023 at 07:15\nYou can easily combine this with the Eiger trail that starts near Kleine Scheidegg. https://swissfamilyfun.com/jungfrau-region-eiger-trail/ Or you could hike down to Wengen on the west side of the mountain.\nRebecca says:\nJanuary 29, 2023 at 20:28\nHi! Your sight is amazing! Thank you so much for making this. My family is going to Switzerland in July and we were wondering if its possible to combine this itinerary and your Bachalpsee Grindelwald Hike to alpine lake ( https://swissfamilyfun.com/grindelwald-first-bachseealp/) itinerary into 1 day? My son will be 2 years old during this trip. Thank you so much!\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nMarch 3, 2023 at 12:14\nWhat a fun trip you have planned! I suppose it would be technically possible to do both in one day. But I think the time schedule would be very tight. You would have to ride up the first train/cable car in the morning to have enough time. If you are determined, I would probably do the Bachalpsee first, then come back down to Grindelwald, ride up to Mannlichen and do the hike across to Kleine Scheidegg. I would do it in this order because the train from Kleine Scheidegg back to Grindelwald is open later than the gondolas. So you dont have to worry as much about getting down with that second hike too quickly. Good luck!\nDana says:\nApril 30, 2022 at 17:40\nHi, thank you for all the effort setting this up for newbies and moms traveling to Switzerland. Bless you!\nIm planning to travel with kids aged 3,6,9 in late August with my husband.\nDo you think we should opt for the Mnnlichen Sennespielplatz playground and Royal walk only for our kids. Im not sure whether the 3-year old will be motivated enough to hike for so long.\nHow do we get to Kleine Scheidegg if its not through the hiking trail? Or should opt this out?\nMany thanks in advance\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nMay 29, 2022 at 08:44\nIf you dont do the hike between Mnnlichen and Kleine Scheidegg, probably just skip Kleine Scheidegg and do something else like Mrren and the Allmendhubel playground. To get there, you would have to go back down to the valley and ride a mountain train up to KS.\nAllison says:\nApril 15, 2022 at 00:34\nHi! Thanks for all the info on your website! My family and I (kids 7 and 5) will be in the area May29-30 it looks like the cable car up will be running but not sure if the hike to Kleine Sheidegg will be open. Do you recommend coming up here for the playground, views, and royal walk even if we cant do the hike? If we go and bring a picnic are there tables to use or should be bring a picnic blanket? Thanks for any advice you have! Our other day in the area will be going Grutshlap/Murren/Gimmelwald hikes since we are based in Lauterbrunnen.\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nMay 29, 2022 at 08:49\nSorry for my late reply. I hope you figured everything out for this weekend. I do think its a nice view even if you cant do the hike. But it can be a little expensive. Maybe choose something else if the money is a concern.\nDavid Miller says:\nMarch 16, 2022 at 01:08\nFirst of all, the Swiss Family Fun site is fabulousfull of details and great information. Thanks for sharing your experiences.\nBarring any further Covid restrictions, we will be staying in Lauterbrunnen in late July. Were plannning on taking the Mnnlichen-Kleine Scheidegg Panorama hike.\nI read in one blog that there are a few places along the trail where someone with a fear of heights might be somewhat challenged. That would impact me if the trail is narrow at a point where there is a steep drop-off on one side. Understanding that everyones tolerance is different, can you enlighten me whether or not that might be an issue?\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nMarch 22, 2022 at 12:21\nHi David, I cant remember any scary parts on that trail. Im very surprised to hear that report. Its a wide trail, well traveled by many casual hikers and children. I would give it a very low danger rating. Of course, each persons risk tolerance is different. Perhaps the mountain slopes on the side of the trail made a hiker nervous. But I never noticed that. Ill have to observe that more closely next time I go.\nGaia says:\nJanuary 29, 2022 at 23:28\nHi Tanja, thank you so much as usual for all the details you provide. I was wondering, have you ever walked the trail in winter? I saw they give 2.5 hrs so I am wondering if it is the same one, and if it is feasible. Any tip? We are in Wengen and I am looking for a not too easy/not too hard hike to be combined with some fun sledding! Thanks!\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nFebruary 9, 2022 at 20:27\nSorry for my late reply. I checked the winter hiking map and it looks like this trail is open in winter. Did you try it? I think it would be amazing.\nPeter & Rosie Segeren says:\nAugust 2, 2021 at 14:03\nHi Tanya,\nGreetings from the Netherlands. I am a new subscriber to your YouTube channel. Your vlogs are awesome, very informative and helpful, thank you for that.\nEnd of August this year, my husband (age 81) and I (age 61) are planning to do some hiking in Jungfrau region and Zermatt as inspired by your videos.\nIs it doable to do below hikes in 1 day? If yes, which walk do we do first?\n-Grindelwald First + Bachalpsee\n-Royal Walk + Panorama Trail Mannlichen to Kleine Scheidegg\nBest regards,\nRosie\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nAugust 28, 2021 at 15:39\nIf you are really motivated, you could probably do them both in one day. Definitely do the Bachalpsee first because the Grindelwald First gondola closes earlier than the Kleine Scheidegg train. Have fun!\nAmanda says:\nOctober 7, 2020 at 01:46\nHi Tanya,\nI am working on a 5 full-day itinerary (we will be staying in Interlaken and our kids will be 7, 11, and 11). I want to put my priorities first, in case we have to push them back due to weather. I was wondering if you could answer these Would You Rather? questions (my sons favorite pastime these days) to help sway me one way or another. If you could only choose one:\n1) Would you rather hike Mnnlichen to Kleine Scheidegg OR First to Bachalpsee?\n2) Would you rather spend a day in Murren (Thrill Walk in Burg, Allmendhubel playground and adventure trail) OR First (Cliff Walk, hike to Bachalpsee, Mountain Carts)?\nThanks!\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nOctober 19, 2020 at 15:57\nGood questions! 1) I would choose the hike from Mnnlichen because its more spectacular and prettier the whole way, start to finish.\n2) I would rather spend the day in Murren. I dont want to push First and Bachalpsee to the bottom of the list, its super nice there too. But the others are slightly nicer. Have fun with your planning!\nandy Davies says:\nAugust 16, 2020 at 09:00\nThis was my fourth hike following your recommendations, all excellent and well researched, really appreciate all your work (and hiking!). Small potentially useful tip: I cautiously decided to do this one late in the day on a sunny Saturday afternoon. I say cautiously because I know how busy it can be, but starting off around 4 pm at Mnnlichen, the trail was my own for the most part, and the light and weather were superb. Usually I head for the trails early morning, but I got done with Niederhorn (thanks again) around lunchtime and had a day pass to use, so after all that looking over at Jungfrau, decided to head for the big trail same day. Totally doable. By the time I reached Kleine Schiedegg it was about 6 pm, maybe 6:30 and most of the day trippers were long gone. I then decided to walk down to Grindelwald after a long hike, wearing a mask on a slow train didnt sound too good), and that trail was 100% my own. Made it down in time for the 20.18 train back to Bern/Zrich. Brilliant day, thanks to your research. I have a ton of great photos. You ever want to publish this stuff, I think itd be a winner. Thanks again\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nSeptember 6, 2020 at 07:15\nSounds amazing! I love late afternoon hikes for all the reasons you mention above.\nAP says:\nJune 18, 2019 at 01:10\nThank you very much for this detailed description and wonderful photographs. The trail looks great. We are wondering if it will be suitable for our parents (80-82 years old). They can walk slowly and can probably manage level walks or even small short inclines, but they would likely need to stop every 20-30 min and rest for 10 min. They will surely enjoy the views and we will be with them to assist. If not, can you suggest some short trails for older family members in the Jungfrau/Schilthorn general area. Thank you again for a great resource for families traveling in Switzerland.\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nJune 24, 2019 at 13:15\nHi. The trail is mild but is 4.7 km (almost 3 miles), so they would need to be able to go the distance. It always feels a bit longer than I remember. Its slightly downhill from Mnnlichen to Kleine Scheidegg, so definitely go this direction. Allmendhubel Flower Park is another shorter one. You can ride up the funicular to the flower park, then walk back down to Mrren on the Panoramaweg. Its about 2.8km, but descends 270m which might be a little much for them. Heres the map: https://www.gpsies.com/map.do?fileId=kffdckprqyeyjmch\nAnother mountain they might enjoy is Niederhorn, which is just north of Interlaken. You dont have to do the whole hike in my post, just stroll along the ridge as far as feels comfortable, then go back. https://swissfamilyfun.com/niederhorn-ridge-hike/\nHope this helps.\nDahhee Kim says:\nJune 11, 2019 at 04:26\nHello! Thank you so much for this detailed explanation of the hike! I had a quick question about the hiking fare. Is the hiking fare just the cost of the train ticket you need to come back down from the end of the trail? I am going to be in Wengen in early July and will be getting the Swiss Travel Pass and wasnt sure if that I would need to get an additional ticket to ride back down from the end of the trail. Or, if there was a way to just take the cable car back to Wengen.\nThank you so much! \nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nJune 11, 2019 at 07:47\nWhenever I talk about hiking fee/fare I am referring to the cost of the mountain transport: train, cable car, funicular, etc. The Swiss Travel Pass covers travel from Lauterbrunnen to Wengen. It gives you a discount on the cable car from Wengen to Mnnlichen (50%) and on the train from Wengen to Kleine Scheidegg (25%). So you will have an extra charge on top of the Swiss Travel Pass for this hike.\nJamie says:\nJune 5, 2019 at 14:08\nWe have a very short amount of time in Switzerland, how long would you say it takes to hike just to the Mannlichen peak (just do the Royal walk), and back down the same way to the cable car?\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nJune 11, 2019 at 07:28\nIts only 1 km to the crown on the Royal walk. So if you walk at a normal pace. You could go there and back in about 40mins.\nLuca says:\nApril 16, 2019 at 04:19\nHi Tanya,\nThanks for the excellent tips!\nWe are from Canada and are planning to do the hiking from Mannlichen to Kleine Scheidegg inspired by your YouTube video.\nWe are doing this with 2 kids of 5 and 8 years old.\nAny recommendations of what other trail to do before Mannlichen or after Kleine Scheidegg (probably spending the night there) We would like to continue this part of the trip adding another trail the next day but always adapted to the age of our kids. Any suggestions?\nMany thanks,\nLuca\nReply\nTanya, Swiss Family Fun says:\nApril 17, 2019 at 06:55\nThe Bachalpsee trail on the other side of the valley from Kleine Scheidegg would have great views and the distance would be fine for your kids. You dont have to hike down to the playground after visiting the lake, just ride the cable car back to the middle station and enjoy the playground for a bit before going back to the valley. https://swissfamilyfun.com/grindelwald-first-bachseealp/\nI liked Allmendhubel best for kids the age of yours. https://swissfamilyfun.com/allmendhubel-flower-park-playground/ So ride up to Mrren then the funicular to the playground at Allmendhubel. After playing, you can hike back to Mrren, downhill so its not too strenuous.\nFrom Mnnlichen, you could do the Lieselotte theme trail. I havent done this one myself but I heard good things: https://www.maennlichen.ch/en/summer/experiences/lieselotte-trail.html\nTheres the Eiger trail from Kleine Scheidegg, but I think this is probably too much for your 5 year old. https://swissfamilyfun.com/jungfrau-region-eiger-trail/\nI hope these ideas help. Remember to check the opening times for the mountain transport and trail conditions before heading out. Have a great trip!\nLuca says:\nApril 22, 2019 at 13:52\nMany thanks for the good advice!\nGreat and useful postings!\nSarah says:\nFebruary 20, 2019 at 07:41\nHi.\nThank you so much for this. I was looking for a trail that is suitable for strollers and my 2 year old son in tow. Saw a picture that you took in this article and they had the exact stroller im using, ease my mind a little bit.\nHow is the weather like in late september in this region? Im from Singapore and we dont have snow here, Would you reckon we layer up on late September?\nWas thinking of a day trip, pretty sure this is attainable. Do you think we can fit in 2 trails or just this one for a day with a kid in tow?\nThanks!\nReply\nArchana B says:\nJuly 5, 2017 at 16:42\nHi! Would this be manageable with a lightweight, foldable stroller? (like the maclaren quest) Im very keen to try out a gentle hike with my 3-yr-old who is fussy about walking for more than 30min! Thanks!!\nRegards,\nArchana\nReply\nMoms Tots Zurich says:\nJuly 6, 2017 at 06:28\nYes, I think you could bump your way over it. Its a gravel/dirt path, but quite wide, not a narrow alpine path. I would try it. Good luck!\nTanya says:\nApril 22, 2016 at 08:51\nHi. It's a little tricky in late May and early June as many mountain resorts aren't yet open for the summer hiking season, which means the trails haven't been cleaned up, possibly have some snow packs still and some cable cars and funiculars aren't running yet.\nBut the Berner Oberland and Jungfrau region is one of the biggest tourist regions, so they tend to open a bit earlier than other mountain areas. I checked this hike on their website and it is advertised as being open starting end of May. So you should be fine on this trail if the weather cooperates. Another suggestion in the area is the walk from Grindewald First to the Bachalpsee. Info here: https://swissfamilyfun.com/2015/09/grindelwald-first-bachseealp.html\nAll Jungfrau hikes are listed at this link and each indicates when it is open. http://www.jungfrau.ch/en/tourism/travel-information/hiking-trails/summary/\nHappy hiking!\nReply\nLeave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment * Name *\nEmail *\nSave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.\nWelcome\nHi! Im Tanya and our family has been living & hiking in Switzerland since 2005, collecting dozens of fun hikes and activities for all ages and abilities. More about us\nInstagram\nFacebook\nYoutube\nPinterest\nInteractive Map\nGet our Ultimate Winter Guide to Switzerland with interactive map and suggested itineraries. Learn more\nSupport us\nWhen you book something through our links, it costs you the same but we earn a small commission. This support helps us keep our website free to use. 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At the moment, membership is by invite only.\nRemember Me\nLog In\nLost your password?", "url": "https://swissfamilyfun.com/mannlichen-kleine-scheidegg/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Familenbaum GRATHWOHL (genealogy) - Geneanet\nGeneanet\nFamily Tree\nStart your family tree\nImport/Export a GEDCOM File\nSearch\nAll Records\nArchives and Documents\nCemeteries and Memorials\nGenealogy Library\nCollection Catalog\nHints\nProjects\nSave our Graves\nWar Memorials\nArchival Registers\nAll Projects\nCollaborative Indexing\nResources\nBlog\nOrigin of Last Names\nOrigin of First Names\nPostcards\nSearch your French Ancestors\nCommunity\nSearch for Relatives\nForums\nCollaborative Assistance: Photo of a Grave\nHelp\nView all help topics\nGalaxy Geneanet\nGeneanet\nGeneastar\nSign in\nFamily Tree\nStart your family tree\nImport/Export a GEDCOM File\nSearch\nAll Records\nArchives and Documents\nCemeteries and Memorials\nGenealogy Library\nCollection Catalog\nHints\nProjects\nSave our Graves\nWar Memorials\nArchival Registers\nAll Projects\nCollaborative Indexing\nResources\nBlog\nOrigin of Last Names\nOrigin of First Names\nPostcards\nSearch your French Ancestors\nCommunity\nSearch for Relatives\nForums\nCollaborative Assistance: Photo of a Grave\nHelp\nView all help topics\nGalaxy Geneanet\nGeneanet\nGeneastar\nMenu\n|\nFamilenbaum GRATHWOHL\nTools\nFamily Tree Data\nHelp\nSearch\nShow family tree root person\nList of last names\nList of all individuals in the family tree\nAdvanced Search\nShow family tree root person\nList of last names\nList of all individuals in the family tree\nAdvanced Search\nJohann\n1\n?\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nZ\nf\ni\nw\nx\n1\n1530 1535-, with Johannes Schittenhelm\n?\n? 1868-, son of Joseph Penth and Johannetta Drr ? ca 1860-, married to Julia Rath in 1882 ? 1854-, son of Johann Jakob Penth and Elisabeth Schorr ? 1844-1873, married to Elisabeth Meyer in 1870 ? 1805-, son of Johann Notter and Louise Gohl ? 1750-, son of Johann Christoph Huy and Anna Apollonia Grser ? 1568-, son of Michael Seeger and Afra Seeger ? , with Anna Maria Walz ? , married to Carolina Buhler in 1878 ? , married to Maria Barbara Wahl\nA\nADAM 1869-, married to Maria BAUER in 1899\nALTMAYER 1904-, son of Georg Altmayer and Anna Krier\nAatz 1804-1857, son of Heinrich and Anna Linnig, married to Maria Klein in 1835 Aatz 1787-1871, son of Johann and Anna Maria Birtel Aatz 1764-1817, son of Johann and Anna Knapp, married to Anna Maria Birtel in 1786 Aatz 1734-ca 1834, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Wagner, married to Anna Knapp in 1753 Aatz 1695-, son of Peter and Maria Elisabeth Aatz 1687-1732, son of Leonard and Johanna ?\nAbeck 1855-, son of Peter and Gertrud Keller, married to Elisabeth Rouelange in 1880 Abeck 1817-1898, son of Kaspar and Katharina Mohr, married to Barbara Wagner\nAbel 1897-1897, son of Nikolaus and Maria Magdalena Karrenbauer Abel 1890-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Katharina Decker Abel 1882-1884, son of Josef and Katharina Jacob Abel 1880-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Kleinbauer, married to Anna Magdalena Comtesse Abel 1878-, son of Michael and Anna Frantz Abel 1877-, son of Peter and Margarethe Tasch Abel 1874-1880, son of Nikolaus and Anna Katharina Decker Abel 1873-1873, son of Josef and Katharina Jacob Abel 1866-1867, son of Josef and Katharina Jacob Abel 1866-, son of Peter and Margarethe Reichrath Abel 1864-1865, son of Johann and Anna Maria Reichrath Abel 1864-1954, son of Michael and Barbara Klopp, married to Sarah E. Ickes in 1886 Abel 1846-, son of Anton and Anna Meunier Abel 1842-, son of Anton and Anna Meunier Abel 1840-, son of Peter and Angelika Maahs Abel 1839-, son of Michael and Katharina Fischer, married to Anna Maria Reichrath in 1864 Abel 1819-, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Bauschelet Abel 1794-1870, son of Johann and Anna Margarethe Mang Abel 1762-1838, son of Joes and Anna Fischer, married to Anna Margarethe Mang in 1793 Abel , married to Johanne Abel Abel, son of Christian and Barbara Valet, married to Elisabeth Wannemacher in 1796\nAcker 1899-, married to Rosa Morguet\nAckermann ca 1888-, son of Johannes and Christena Hildenbrand Ackermann 1659-, son of Christopher and Katharina Wildholzer, married to Elisabetha Riegger in 1686 Ackermann 1613-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Riecker Ackermann ca 1587-, married to Anna Maria Riecker in 1612 Ackermann 1761-1829, married to Agathe Junkmann\nAdam 1881-, son of Martin and Carolina Frey Adam 1877-/1881, son of Martin and Carolina Frey Adam 1871-, son of Johann Peter and Anna HAHN ou HAAN Adam 1864-1865, son of Johann Peter and Anna HAHN ou HAAN Adam 1826-, married to Katharina Magdalena Hertler in 1860 Adam , married to Barbara Bonnet\nAdams, married to Maria Schrder Adams , married to Anna Maria Fuss\nAdolf 1862-, son of Johan Wilhelm and Christina Weiss Adolf 1857-1929, married to Catharina Sept in 1881 Adolf 1847-1904, with Katharina Elizabetha Issel\nAhlhelm 1899-1989, son of Johann and Maria Herrmann Ahlhelm 1895-1895, son of Friedrich Wilhlem and Maria Rau Ahlhelm 1880-, son of Peter Gottlieb and Catharina Ney Ahlhelm 1865-, son of Johann Gottlieb Christian and Anna Breuning, married to Maria Herrmann in 1891 Ahlhelm 1859-1901, son of Johann Gottlieb Christian and Anna Breuning\nAhr 1896-1973, son of Georg and Barbara Ballas Ahr 1893-, son of Matthias and Anna Schirra Ahr 1887-, son of Paul and Katharina Wolf Ahr 1886-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Augustin Ahr 1886-, son of Joseph and Anna Maria Frey Ahr 1872-1932, son of Peter and Anna Hauser, married to Barbara Becker in 1898 Ahr 1871-1944, son of Joseph and Anna Maria Stuhlsatz, married to Elisabetha Decker in 1898 Ahr 1868-, son of Matthias and Johanna Bersal Ahr 1866-, son of Matthias and Johanna Bersal Ahr 1864-1883, son of Johann and Barbara Starck Ahr 1861-, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Ballas Ahr 1861-, son of Matthias and Susanna Guillaume, married to Elisabeth Augustin in 1886 Ahr 1856-1889, son of Peter and Anna Truar, married to Margaretha Remark in 1881 Ahr 1846-, son of Johannes and Barbara Scherer Ahr 1842-1849, son of Johann and Barbara Meyer Ahr 1837-1838, son of Johann and Barbara Meyer Ahr 1836-, son of Joseph and Margarethe Schackmann, married to Barbara Starck in 1863 Ahr 1831-1832, son of Johannes and Katharina Folschweiler Ahr 1829-, son of Johann and Susanna Grisette Ahr 1829-1851, son of Matthias and Katharina Truntzler Ahr 1828-1829, son of Johannes and Anna Kramer Ahr 1827-, son of Paul and Anna Margarete Truntzler, married to Barbara Allard in 1853 Ahr 1819-1819, son of Johannes and Anna Kramer Ahr 1812-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Katharina Jacqueman Ahr 1812-1813, son of Johannes and Margarethe Bettenfeld Ahr 1806-1886, son of Martin and Anna Kramer, married to Dorothea Remarque in 1833, Johanna Henry in 1843 Ahr 1804-1805, son of Joes Everardus and Margarethe Bachmann Ahr 1804-1805, son of Johannes and Anna Kramer Ahr 1800-, son of Johann Jakob and Margaretha Renckes, married to Barbara Meyer in 1822 Ahr 1796-, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Claus, married to Susanna Grisette in 1820 Ahr 1712-1780, son of Mathias and Elisabeth Winter, married to Maria Gebert in 1739 Ahr , married to Margarethe Mller\nAlber 1878-1880, son of Johann Georg and Katharine Karoline Kurz Alber 1842-1921, married to Christina Hoers in 1871 Alber ca 1837-, with Christiane Hahn Alber 1831-1914, son of Johann and Rosina Barbara Manz, married to Christina Mueller in 1867 Alber 1801-1876, son of Johann Michael and Anna Catharina Alber, married to Rosina Barbara Manz in 1830 Alber ca 1623-, with Marie Kurraeter\nAlbert 1857-1937, son of Mathias and Barbara Kessler, married to Anna Maria Leist in 1885 Albert 1854-, son of Johannes and Maria Catharina Seewald, married to Margaretha Bohn in 1879 Albert 1843-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Barthel, married to Barbara Rau in 1867 Albert 1809-, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Jungmann Albert 1773-1840, married to Anna Catharina Jungmann Albert 1750-1828, son of Sebastian and Margarethe Schmitt, married to Anna Catharina Maas in 1775, Elisabeth Schuh in 1777, Anna Maria Mergen in 1809 Albert 1684-1762, son of Hans Jacob and Anna Maria ?, married to Anna Maria ? in 1710, Maria Eva Albert in 1736\nAlbrecht ca 1893-, son of Johannes and Wilhelmina Stach Albrecht 1873-1874, son of Georg Jacob and Rosina Hehr Albrecht 1872-1872, son of Georg Jacob and Rosina Hehr Albrecht ca 1789-, married to Katharina Alber in 1815 Albrecht 1763-1844, son of Johann and Margaretha Och, married to Katharina Gungl Albrecht 1732-1785, married to Margaretha Och Albrecht , married to Katharina Reuter Albrecht , married to Eva Gradwohl in 1836\nAlbreicht 1904-, son of Christian Albrecht and Maria Anhorn\nAlexander 1872-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Schwendler, married to Anna Scherer Alexander 1852-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Klein\nAlexander (Leidinger) , son of Mathias Alexander and Susanna Leidinger, married to Margaretha Bonnaire\nAlgier 1819-1889, married to Genovefa Gabriel in 1845\nAllar ca 1790-/1876, married to Catharina Gergen in 1820\nAllard 1884-1889, son of Christian and Maria Theresia Schwaeger Allard 1863-1923, son of Johann and Margarethe Wolf Allard 1835-1912, son of Johann Adam and Margarethe Becker, married to Margarethe Wolf in 1862\nAllergen , married to Margaretha Bauer in 1766\nAllmand 1802-1803, son of Joes Gerhard and Anna Maria Kohsmann\nAlt 1871-1872, son of Johann and Maria Heisel Alt 1869-1871, son of Johann and Maria Heisel Alt 1842-1910, married to Maria Heisel in 1868 Alt 1806-1877, married to Maria Eva Speicher in 1831\nAlthammer 1841-, son of Johann Jacob and Ursula Haefelen, married to Magdalena Ansmann in 1874 Althammer 1833-1841, son of Johann Jacob and Ursula Haefelen\nAltmayer 1882-, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Augustin Altmayer 1876-, son of Johann and Anna Poinsaint Altmayer 1867-1927, son of Johann Theobald Altmeyer and Anna Maria Danner, married to Margarethe Lafontaine in 1891 Altmayer 1867-, son of Johann and Angelika Tonnelier, married to Elisabeth Schtz in 1891 Altmayer 1867-1869, son of Johann and Anna Poinsaint Altmayer 1862-1900/, son of Johann Jakob and Maria Sonntag, married to Margaretha Boulder in 1894 Altmayer 1856-, married to Catharina Gross in 1883 Altmayer 1841-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Mautz, married to Barbara Abeck in 1866 Altmayer 1839-1839, son of Anton and Johanna Seidel Altmayer 1837-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Mautz, married to Angelika Tonnelier in 1866 Altmayer 1836-, married to Anna Poinsaint in 1865 Altmayer 1835-, son of Anton and Johanna Seidel Altmayer 1820-, son of Anton and Anna Rupp, married to Eva Welsch in 1846 Altmayer 1816-1877, son of Johann Jacob Altmeyer and Anna Maria Theis, married to Susanna Katgeli in 1843 Altmayer 1807-1880, son of Peter and Catharina Kien, married to Anna Maria Kiefer in 1834 Altmayer 1795-1873, son of Johann Bernhard and Barbara Theobald, married to Anna Maria Kalkgraber in 1823 Altmayer 1792-1853, son of Johann and Angela Planta, married to Ann Katharina Weisgerber in 1820 Altmayer 1790-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Barbara Gergen, GRgen Altmayer 1789-1869, son of Ludwig and Katharina Gro, married to Margaretha Guss in 1818 Altmayer 1773-1773, son of Johann and Angelika Gergen Altmayer 1761-, married to Angela Planta in 1791 Altmayer 1755-1824, son of Johann and Martha Jann, married to Barbara Staudt in 1780, Barbara Theobald Altmayer 1744-1804, son of Johann Jacob Altmeyer and Catharina Grg, married to Barbara Riehm in 1767 Altmayer 1736-1809, son of Nicolas and Anna Margaretha Kiefer, married to Angelika Gergen in 1770 Altmayer ca 1727-1778, son of Nikolaus and Anna Magdalena Lw Altmayer 1725-/1766, son of Peter and Johanna Henrich, married to Martha Jann in 1754 Altmayer 1698-, son of Laudwin Ludwig and Catharina Landau, married to Eva Jacob in 1729 Altmayer 1683-1739, son of Hubert and Anna Dell, married to Maria Gertrud Schmidt in 1705 Altmayer 1620-1672, married to Susanna Scherer Altmayer , married to Elisabeth Haffner\nAltmeier , married to Catharina Horst in 1868\nAltmeyer 1884-1972, married to Anna Speicher in 1905 Altmeyer 1872-1942, son of Nikolaus and Maria Planta Altmeyer 1871-1927, son of Peter and Barbara Speicher Altmeyer 1870-1952, son of Johann and Anna Speicher Altmeyer 1864-, son of Peter and Maria Baldauf Altmeyer 1854-1932, married to Barbara Altmeyer in 1880 Altmeyer 1853-, son of Johann Theobald and Anna Maria Danner Altmeyer 1845-1911, son of Mathias and Maria Katharina Kirch, married to Anna Speicher in 1869, Anna Seiwert in 1874 Altmeyer 1841-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Catharina Becker Altmeyer 1831-1859, son of Johann and Catharina Bomann Altmeyer 1816-1834, son of Peter and Maria Klein Altmeyer 1808-1867, married to Catharina Bomann Altmeyer 1808-1867, son of Johann Georg and Christina Linck, married to Catharina Speicher in 1845 Altmeyer 1806-1879, son of Peter and Anna Katharina Karrenbauer Altmeyer 1805-1864, son of Johann and Barbara Speicher, married to Catharina Meyer in 1835 Altmeyer 1804-1856, married to Anna Thimmel, Reiter in 1828 Altmeyer 1804-, son of Johann Francis and Maria Franz Altmeyer 1799-1823, son of Johann and Anna Scherer Altmeyer 1791-1816, son of Johann Peter and Susanna Metz, married to Barbara Low in 1809 Altmeyer 1787-1838, son of Johann and Elisabeth Mller Altmeyer 1786-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Baltes Altmeyer 1780-1843, son of Georgius and Anna Catharina Mathieu, married to Margaretha Speicher Altmeyer 1780-1844, son of Johann Georg and Johanetta Baldauf, married to Barbara Speicher in 1805 Altmeyer 1770-1841, son of Johann Georg and Johanna Speicher, married to Anna Maria Gauer in 1798 Altmeyer 1769-1816, married to Maria Magdalena Speicher in 1797 Altmeyer 1769-1818, son of Michael and Irmina Breinig, married to Anna Scherer in 1797 Altmeyer 1767-/1770, son of Johann Georg and Johanna Speicher Altmeyer 1764-1844, son of Peter and Anna Maria Strasser, married to Anna Catharina Boost in 1788 Altmeyer 1758-1814, son of Johann Ludwig and Margaretha Linck, married to Elisabeth Mller Altmeyer 1752-1813, married to Margaretha Laub in 1775 Altmeyer 1752-1805, son of Johann and Anna Margaretha Speicher, married to Elisabeth Baltes in 1780 Altmeyer 1749-1815, son of Johann Peter and Johannette Speicher, married to Maria Katharina Linck in 1777, Anna Schramm in 1780 Altmeyer 1743-1819, son of Peter Altmayer and Anna Catharina Engel, relationship with Maria Michaely Altmeyer 1723-, married to Catharina Schmidt in 1773 Altmeyer 1722-ca 1779, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Karrenbauer, married to Anna Margaretha Speicher in 1750 Altmeyer 1716-, son of Bernd Bernard and Gertrud Lauer, married to Angelika Bernard in 1742 Altmeyer 1704-, son of Georg and Anna Margaretha Kramer Altmeyer ca 1700-1748, son of Johann Peter and Eva Margaretha Folz, married to Anna Elisabeth Schenkelberger in 1727 Altmeyer 1682-1748, son of Joes Konrad and Agnes Biel Altmeyer ca 1665-, son of Nikolaus and X Altmeyer Altmeyer 1761-1832, married to Anna Gros\nAltpeter 1862-1943, son of Carl and Margareta Charlotta Schmeer\nAmann 1898-, son of Johann and Maria Berdin Amann 1894-1894, son of Nikolaus and Maria Klein Amann 1890-1894, son of Johann Adam and Margretha Hector Amann 1890-, son of Johann and Gertrud Rullang, married to Anna Weiss Amann 1888-1888, son of Johann and Gertrud Rullang Amann 1886-, son of Peter and Barbara Klein, married to Anna Klein Amann 1882-1883, son of Johann Adam and Margretha Hector Amann 1878-, son of Adam and Anna Gross, married to Katharina Pohl in 1909 Amann 1875-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Welsch, married to Katharina Weiler, Margaretha Weiler Amann 1864-, married to Justina Wolf in 1898 Amann 1861-1900, son of Johann and Anna Theobald, married to Catharina Henrich in 1885 Amann ca 1861-1870, son of Johann and Anna Hector Amann 1860-, son of Jacob and Anna Derr, married to Barbara Dahmen in 1888 Amann 1858-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Stein, married to Gertrud Rullang in 1878 Amann 1857-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Klein, married to Maria Berdin in 1885 Amann 1854-1881, son of Johann and Anna Theobald Amann 1847-1851, son of Johann and Anna Maria Stein Amann 1845-1890, son of Johann and Elisabeth Welsch, married to Margarethe Walterthum in 1871 Amann 1845-, son of Peter and Barbara Jochum Amann 1844-1844, son of Franz and Anna Maria Kneip Amann ca 1842-1847, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Haas Amann 1838-, son of Johann and Irmina Becker Amann 1827-1882, son of Johann and Irmina Becker, married to Anna Hector in 1857 Amann 1826-, son of Peter and Gertrud Schmidt, Schmitt, married to Anna Theobald in 1853 Amann 1823-, son of Johann and Katharina Langenfeld Amann 1818-, son of Andreas and Margaretha Comtesse Amann 1817-, son of Johann and Katharina Langenfeld Amann 1814-1814, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Maria Comtesse Amann 1814-, son of Mathias and Katharina Schmidt, married to Elisabeth Welsch in 1840 Amann 1812-1813, son of Johann and Katharina Langenfeld Amann 1806-1806, son of Johann and Katharina Langenfeld Amann 1801-, son of Johann and Anna Marie Bietzer, married to Irmina Becker in 1825, Anna Maria Stein in 1846 Amann 1786-1847, married to Anna Maria Haffner in 1810 Amann 1779-1829, son of Johann and Gertrud Molitor, married to Katharina Langenfeld in 1802 Amann 1776-1848, son of Matthias and Barbara Rupp, married to Katharina Becker in 1797 Amann 1771-1835, son of Hermann and Margaretha Comtesse, married to Anna Marie Bietzer in 1797 Amann 1741-1782, son of Johann Georg and Apollonia Klein, married to Gertrud Molitor in 1765 Amann 1707-/1770, son of Andreas and Margaretha Stein, married to Anna Maria Zenner in 1744\nAmman 1845-1847, son of Ottmar and Josepha Schad Amman 1747-, son of Johann Martin and Catharina Horas\nAmmann 1839-1840, son of Jakob Amann and Margarethe Goujet\nAmrein 1885-1886, son of Franz Borgia and Anna Rack Amrein 1873-1875, son of Johann and Apollonia Hellenbrandt Amrein 1870-1947, son of Johann and Elisabeth Fein Amrein 1869-1869, son of Johann and Elisabeth Fein Amrein 1861-1862, son of Gyorgy and Theresia Gerlach Amrein 1858-1913, son of Georg and Catharina Bareith, married to Justina Amrein in 1882, Anna Hahn Amrein 1841-1881, married to Elisabeth Fein Amrein 1840-, married to Apollonia Hellenbrandt in 1867 Amrein 1796-, son of Johann Georgius and Eva Trexler, married to Anna Maria Friedrich in 1822 Amrein 1794-1800, son of Johann Georgius and Eva Trexler Amrein 1765-1778, son of Fridericus and Gertrudis Knipl Amrein 1752-1752, son of Jakob and Anna Wagner Amrein 1732-1791, son of Johann and Catharina ?, married to Maria Barbara Knipl Amrein 1904, married to Theresia Amrein in 1869 Amrein 1820-1855, son of Valentin and Barbara Schatzler, married to Elisabeth Kraus Amrein, married to Catharina ? Amrein , married to Catharina Gradwohl in 1901 Amrein /1753, married to Anna Margaretha Pranig\nAndre 1808-1859, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Rohmann, married to Katharina Rupp Andre 1796-1801, son of Johann and Margaretha Dittlinger Andre 1761-1808, son of Heinrich and Anna Katharina Forster, married to Margaretha Dittlinger in 1787 Andre 1742-, son of Johann Jacob and Magdalena Paul\nAndres 1683-, married to Anna Maria Siegwart\nAngevin ca 1688-1729/, married to Margarethe Johanna Capitaine in 1710\nAnthonmeyer ca 1548-/1627, married to Maria Biringer in 1570\nAnton 1743-, son of Johann David and Barbara Hackenberger\nApp 1641-1693, son of Johannes and Barbara Seewuerkher, married to Anna Unseld in 1670\nArand 1859-1883, son of Mathias and Gertrud Mller Arand 1857-, son of Johann and Maria Steil, married to Susanna Driesch in 1883 Arand 1846-1846, son of Nikolaus and Angela Steil Arand 1823-1858, son of Andreas and Gertrud Emmel, married to Maria Steil in 1843\nArend , son of Christian and Barbara Drr\nArmbruster 1693-1774, married to Eva Buehler in 1721 Armbruster 1600-1664, married to Maria Heinzelmann Armbruster, married to Christine Kuebler\nArnold 1864-, son of Johann Peter and Elizabetha Margaretha Mohler Arnold 1864-, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Krmer Arnold 1861-, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Krmer Arnold 1857-1857, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Krmer Arnold 1802-, son of Josef and Margaretha Bosmann Arnold 1760-1819, son of Henri and Barbara Schuler, married to Elisabeth Fetick in 1793 Arnold, married to Maria Maier Arnold, father of Eva Catharina\nArras , with Anna Babara Boyer\nArweiler 1894-, son of Peter and Barbara Bellmann Arweiler 1894-, son of Jacob Paul and Anna Kronenberger Arweiler 1893-, son of Johann and Katharina Sthr Arweiler 1891-, son of Konrad and Elisabeth Terres, married to Gertrud Schmitt Arweiler 1868-, married to Katharina Sthr in 1890 Arweiler 1861-, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Kneip, married to Margaretha Krier in 1894 Arweiler 1861-, son of Johann and Anna Zech Arweiler 1857-1900/, son of Johann and Anna Zech Arweiler 1844-1844, son of Nikolaus and Maria Koby Arweiler 1843-1900/, son of Johann and Anna Maria Trentz Arweiler 1827-1893, son of Johann and Anna Maria Trentz, married to Anna Zech in 1857 Arweiler 1801-1867, son of Peter and Margarethe Fontaine, married to Anna Maria Trentz in 1825 Arweiler 1789-1825, son of Wilhelm and Anna Kochems, married to Susanna Ernst in 1823 Arweiler 1784-1863, son of Michael and Margarethe Engel, married to Johanna Schmidt in 1807, Susanna Hemmersdorfer in 1825 Arweiler 1779-1780, son of Wilhelm and Anna Kochems Arweiler 1728-, son of Wilhelm and Margaretha Kneisbach Arweiler 1716-, son of Wilhelm and Margaretha Kneisbach\nAssant 1751-, son of Johann and Anna Hartfu Assant 1707-1764, married to Anna Hartfu in 1734 Assant 1749-, son of Johann and Anna Hartfu\nAubertin 1859-, son of Jacob and Susanna Dorothea Fink\nAubrecht ca 1737-1795, son of Konrad and Katharina Maier, married to Anna Maria Julien in 1764, Barbara Jerom in 1790 Aubrecht , married to Margarethe Souillotte\nAugenstein 1831-1833, son of Johann Michael and Maria Helena Froehlich Augenstein 1830-1830, son of Johann Michael and Maria Helena Froehlich Augenstein 1768-, son of Johann Heinerich and Anna Magdalena Juppenlatz\nAugustin 1898-1983, son of Mathias and Margaretha Allmand Augustin 1890-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Altmeyer Augustin 1889-1973, son of Johann and Anna Ballas Augustin 1883-, son of Bernard and Margaretha Wagner, married to Anna Karolina Baltes in 1913 Augustin 1865-, son of Jakob and Barbara Guillaume, married to Anna Ballas in 1889 Augustin 1856-, son of Michael and Magdalena Lorson, married to Elisabeth Altmeyer in 1882 Augustin 1849-1849, son of Michael and Maria Lorson Augustin 1847-, son of Michael and Magdalena Lorson, married to Margarethe Lorang in 1874 Augustin 1825-1825, son of Michael and Katharina Schirra Augustin 1804-1804, son of Johann and Anna Kaiser Augustin 1793-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Conrad Augustin 1778-, son of Johann Peter and Catharina Low Augustin 1749-1800, son of Johann Jakob and Maria Catharina Speder, married to Anna Maria Conrad in 1781 Augustin 1746-1812, son of Johannes and Barbara Renckes, married to Katharina Wolf in 1776, Anna Maria Baltes in 1785 Augustin , father of Magdalena Augustin, married to Anna Lauer Augustin, son of Joannes Fridericus and Angela Paulus, married to Agnes Reiter in 1714 Augustin , married to Catharina Meier Augustin 1744, son of Johann Jakob and Maria Catharina Speder Augustin 1806, son of Nikolaus and Susanna Leibich, married to Anna Kaiser in 1803\nAustgen 1817-1873, son of Jacob and Maria Huberty Austgen, married to Barbara Bauer\nAutenrieth , married to Anna Margaretha Roschuetz in 1808\nAveline 1686-1711, son of Peter Franz and Maria Claire, married to Eva Teste in 1711\nAx 1883-, son of Johann and Katharina Daub Ax 1849-, son of Johann and Maria Albert, married to Katharina Daub in 1876 Ax , married to Maria Albert\nAyen 1843-1912, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Flammer\nB\nBALGE 1890-, son of Nikolaus Balge and Maria KOPP BALGE 1848-1889, son of Johann BALGE, BALLIER and Maria SCHNBERGER, married to Barbara SCHNBERGER in 1873\nBALGE, BALLIER 1831-, son of Peter and Anna Maria KICKER BALGE, BALLIER 1820-1871, son of Peter and Anna Maria KICKER, married to Maria SCHNBERGER in 1847\nBARTH 1841-, son of Jacob Barth and Eva Sander BARTH 1821-1825, son of Jacob Barth and Barbara Foss\nBAUER 1811-1893, with Anna Maria Schwartz\nBAURET, married to Anna Maria Freistroffer\nBECKER 1862-1864, son of Johann and Magdalena KASTEL BECKER 1860-1860, son of Johann and Magdalena KASTEL BECKER 1857-1861, son of Johann and Magdalena KASTEL BECKER 1830-1874, son of Johann and Anna Maria KLEIN, married to Magdalena KASTEL in 1857 BECKER 1826-1826, son of Johann and Anna Maria KLEIN BECKER 1782-, son of Friedrich and Anna Boley, married to Anna Maria KLEIN in 1816\nBOLLBACH 1826-1870, married to Barbara BALGE, BALLIER in 1849\nBOTH 1899-1899, son of Johann and Catharina SENZIG BOTH 1873-1959, son of Adam Both and Barbara Maas, with Catharina SENZIG\nBOULLIER 1818-, son of Nicolaus Boullier and Anna Maria Guldner, married to Catherine KOLLMANN in 1842\nBRION 1888-1977, son of Nikolaus Brion and Margaretha Morguet BRION 1879-1968, son of Nikolaus Brion and Margaretha Morguet\nBRUSS 1808-1874, married to Gertrud NICOLA in 1833\nBRUXMEIER 1865-1939, married to Anna STROHM in 1891\nBUB 1881-, son of Philipp and Jacobine Mller\nBach 1898-1898, son of Johann and Maria Bach Bach 1897-1897, son of Johann and Maria Bach Bach 1896-1972, son of Peter and Margaretha Gorius Bach 1891-1895, son of Peter and Margaretha Feld Bach 1890-1890, son of Peter and Margaretha Feld Bach 1888-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Bach Bach 1886-1964, son of Johann and Barbara Lorson Bach 1880-, son of Johann Robert and Maria Schuhmacher, married to Elisabeth Henz, Barbara Blug Bach 1865-, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Feld, married to Maria Bach in 1893 Bach 1861-1885, son of Peter and Anna Maria Kinzinger, married to Barbara Lorson in 1884 Bach 1855-1859, son of Peter and Anna Maria Kinzinger Bach 1855-, son of Franz and Anna Maria Lamar, married to Maria Katharina Hubig in 1881 Bach 1835-, son of Daniel and Elisabetha Matheis Bach 1742-, son of Phillip and Anna Katharina N. Bach 1741-1742, son of Phillip and Anna Katharina N. Bach 1873, son of Johann Robert and Maria Schuhmacher Bach , son of Johann and Catharina Scherer, married to Maria Nalbach in 1874 Bach 1880, son of Johannes and Gertrud Lauer, married to Catharina Scherer in 1846\nBachelier 1847-1873, son of Johann Peter and Elisabeth Zapp Bachelier 1838-1838, son of Johann Peter and Elisabeth Zapp\nBacher ca 1595-1626, son of Gallus and Anna Koenig, married to Anna Speck in 1616 Bacher 1871-, son of Franziskus and Ursula Pulcheria Hauser\nBackes 1894-1957, son of Michel and Katharina Becker Backes 1890-, son of Peter and Magdalene Greff Backes 1873-1876, son of Jakob and Anna Barbara Wilhelm Backes 1834-, son of Peter and Margaretha Haens Backes 1818-, son of Angela Backes, married to Magdalena Caspar in 1847 Backes 1755-1829, married to Maria Bart in 1783 Backes, son of Jakob and Johanna Becker, married to Barbara Ney in 1889 Backes , married to Anna Mller Backes, married to Magdalena Brahs\nBackhaus 1849-1905, married to Anna Elisabetha Trier\nBaeumlisberger 1868-, son of Georg Ludwig and Magdalena Elisabeth Schuhkraft\nBaierschmidt 1845-, son of Joseph Michael Bayerschmidt and Katharina Hermann\nBaischer 1893-, son of Karl and Philippina Issel\nBakter 1887-, son of Johann Nepomuk and Elisabeth Piller\nBaldauf 1876-1877, son of Michael and Anna Maria Emmel Baldauf 1861-1914, son of Jacob and Anna Maria Karrenbauer, married to Barbara Kiefer in 1887, Maria Baldauf in 1891 Baldauf 1847-, son of Peter and Barbara Karrenbauer Baldauf 1844-1897, son of Johann and Margaretha Speicher Baldauf 1841-1841, son of Johann and Margaretha Speicher Baldauf 1837-, son of Konrad and Maria Turck, married to Maria Katharina Dorr in 1863 Baldauf 1837-1896, son of Michael and Maria Heisel, married to Maria Sutor in 1862 Baldauf 1829-, son of Nicholaus and Elisabeth Bossman, married to Anna Appel in 1859 Baldauf 1818-, son of Nicholaus and Elisabeth Bossman Baldauf 1818-1888, son of Johann Georg and Catharina Kauffmann, married to Margaretha Speicher in 1840 Baldauf 1797-, son of Jacob and Catharina Speicher Baldauf 1786-, son of Philip and Margaretha Link, married to Barbara Karrenbauer in 1815 Baldauf 1783-, son of Jakob and Barbara Speicher Baldauf 1769-1838, son of Johann and Margaretha Speicher, married to Anna Elisabetha Derrenbacher in 1792 Baldauf 1766-/1767, son of Andreas and Anna Grun Baldauf 1752-, son of Leonard and Johanetta Michael Baldauf 1727-1799, son of Johann and Barbara Bommersbach, married to Margaretha Speicher in 1750 Baldauf 1699-1749, son of Jacob and Martha Vogel, married to Barbara Bommersbach\nBalfy 1882-, son of Jakob and Margaretha Fuss, married to Katharina Mathieu\nBalge 1872-, son of Michael and Margaretha Kopp, married to Margaretha Morguet\nBallas 1873-1947, son of Peter and Elisabeth Pupp, married to Elisabeth Weiten in 1899 Ballas 1862-, son of Johann and Anna Hirtz Ballas 1859-1936, son of Peter and Margaretha Reinstdler Ballas 1840-1840, son of Nikolaus and Anna Becker Ballas 1823-1871, son of Nikolaus and Anna Becker, married to Anna Hirtz in 1849\nBalle 1748-1819, married to Maria Anna Assant in 1776\nBalten 1585-1677, married to Susanna Zode in 1619\nBaltes 1881-1882, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Roth Baltes 1879-, son of Johann and Maria Daub Baltes 1878-1967, married to Anna Raubuch in 1902 Baltes 1861-1919, son of Johann and Maria Gerber, married to Magdalena Blum in 1888 Baltes 1850-, son of Michel and Catharina Ott, married to Maria Daub in 1878 Baltes 1844-1902, son of Michael and Anna Karrenbauer Baltes 1843-1909, son of Johann and Anna Maria Altmeyer, married to Maria Baldauf in 1867 Baltes 1837-1882, son of Johann and Anna Maria Pistorius, married to Maria Gerber in 1861 Baltes 1836-1915, son of Mathias and Anna Maria x, married to Katherine Lentz Baltes 1825-1846, son of Johann and Barbara Denig Baltes 1810-1882, son of Leonard and Margaretha Altmeyer, married to Anna Maria Pistorius in 1834 Baltes 1805-1853, son of Philipp and Anna Speicher, married to Anna Maria Altmeyer in 1827 Baltes 1797-, son of Michael and Anna Margaretha Speicher Baltes 1795-, son of Peter and Anna Eva Baldauf Baltes 1795-1801, son of Philipp and Anna Speicher Baltes 1787-1849, son of Johann Peter and Anna Neu, married to Barbara Denig in 1819 Baltes 1752-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Eva Karrenbauer Baltes 1721-1777, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Holl, married to Anna Elisabeth Karrenbauer in 1750, Margaretha Altmeyer in 1755\nBalthasar, married to Anna Emmel\nBaltus 1896-1941, son of Peter and Margarethe Rupp Baltus 1880-1960, son of Johann and Anna Spies Baltus 1856-1922, son of Johann and Margarethe Ballas, married to Anna Spies in 1880 Baltus 1836-1836, son of Johann and Barbara Mirold Baltus 1831-1834, son of Peter and Elisabeth Becker Baltus 1829-1896, son of Michael and Margarethe Mller, married to Margarethe Ballas in 1855 Baltus 1807-1847, son of Michel and Elisabeth Wolff, married to Barbara Mirold in 1834\nBalz 1835-, son of Jacob Baltz and Catharine Kaufmann, married to Sophie Hild in 1863 Balz 1764-1839, son of Johann and Margarethe Holzscherer, married to Christina Margaretha Holtzscherer in 1795 Balz , married to Margarethe Holzscherer\nBalzert 1884-1954, son of Jacob and Elisabeth Becker, married to Barbara Welsch Balzert 1873-1937, son of Peter and Henriette Weber, married to Margaretha Baltes in 1899 Balzert 1843-1929, son of Johan and Catharina Baldauf, married to Catharina Zahler in 1867 Balzert 1835-1898, son of Johann and Margaretha Karrenbauer Balzert 1833-1834, son of Johann and Margaretha Karrenbauer Balzert 1820-1880, son of Johann and Anna Maria Bourgard, married to Maria Kammer in 1843 Balzert 1809-1870, son of Peter and Anna Maria Baltes, married to Margaretha Karrenbauer in 1834 Balzert 1780-, son of Johann Georg and Anna Elisabeth Schramm, married to Anna Linnenberger in 1812 Balzert 1780-1842, son of Johann and Magdalena Schramm, married to Anna Maria Bourgard in 1809 Balzert 1749-1807, son of Johann and Anna Wagner, married to Magdalena Schramm in 1773 Balzert 1716-1781, married to Anna Wagner in 1740, Margaretha Low in 1766\nBandi, son of Thomas and Margaret Burg\nBannweg 1863-1865, son of Johann and Margaretha Gratz Bannweg 1835-1880, son of Mathias and Anna Bies, married to Margaretha Gratz in 1860 Bannweg 1733-, married to Anna Katharina Reuland in 1755\nBantle 1843-, married to Lucia Stier in 1871\nBanzhaf 1889-1914, son of Thomas and Katharine Christine Braun\nBaptist Rumel 1825-1827, married to Maria Anna Kunigunda Frey in 1872\nBarbian 1835-, son of Mathias and Barbara Barbian Barbian 1827-1832, son of Mathias and Angela Lauer Barbian 1815-1815, son of Mathias and Angela Jun Barbian 1795-1800, son of Peter and Catharina Oliger Barbian 1773-, son of Peter and Catharina Oliger\nBarbie 1879-, son of Heinrich and Catharina Hassenteufel, married to Anna Marx Barbie 1876-1878, son of Heinrich and Catharina Hassenteufel Barbie 1868-1869, son of Heinrich and Catharina Hassenteufel\nBare 1881-, son of Sebastian and Anna Hiry Bare 1871-, son of Sebastian and Anna Hiry\nBareith, married to Anna Gradwohl in 1858\nBarra 1852-, son of Nikolaus BARRA and Elisabetha CONRAD\nBartel 1821-1874/, son of Johann and Susanna Raskopf, married to Margaretha Jager in 1849 Bartel 1786-1843, married to Susanna Raskopf in 1811\nBarth 1901-1954, son of Mathias and Margaretha Altmeyer, relationship with Maria Hector Barth 1889-, son of Johann Peter and Katharina Weber Barth 1874-, son of Franz and Margarethe Dorothea Sonnhalter Barth 1871-1871, son of Johann and Maria Steimetz Barth 1843-, married to Catharina Grgen in 1869 Barth 1833-1871, married to Maria Steimetz Barth 1792-1799, son of Johann Nicolaus and Anna Maria Ludwig Barth 1786-1786, son of Johann Nicolaus and Anna Maria Ludwig Barth 1740-, married to Susanna Franzen in 1768 Barth 1740-1812, married to Johanna Franzen in 1773 Barth 1715-1776, son of Nikolaus and Eva Montz, married to Margaretha Klauck in 1743 Barth 1700-, son of Johann Gerhard and Ursula Margaretha Hnsel, married to Anna Eva Steinfeld in 1723 Barth , son of Nikolaus and Elisabetha Baltes Barth , son of Peter and Katharina Aatz\nBarthel 1896-, son of Johann and Anna Kneip Barthel 1891-, son of Michel and Katharina Thiery Barthel 1890-, son of Franz and Gertrud Krier, married to Berta Theobald Barthel 1888-, son of Franz and Katharina Engler, married to Gertrud Lonsdorfer Barthel 1881-1882, son of Johann and Maria Rupp Barthel 1879-, son of Konrad and Anna Lonsdorfer Barthel 1874-, son of Jakob and Margaretha Lonsdorfer, married to Maria Trockle in 1905 Barthel 1864-1871, son of Andreas and Elisabeth Ochs Barthel 1861-, son of Matthias and Katharina Fritz, married to Anna Kneip in 1891 Barthel 1846-, son of Johann and Margaretha Comtesse, married to Maria Rupp in 1872 Barthel 1821-, son of Peter and Margaretha Schmidt Barthel 1820-1883, son of Peter and Margaretha Schmidt, married to Margaretha Comtesse in 1842 Barthel 1752-1802, married to Barbara Weisgerber in 1773 Barthel 1722, married to Catharina ?\nBarthelme 1892-1948, son of Heinrich and Anna Schmitt Barthelme 1889-1889, son of Heinrich and Anna Schmitt Barthelme 1851-, son of Michael and Margarethe Mller Barthelme 1814-, son of Georg and Anna Maria Schneider Barthelme 1810-1898, son of Georg and Anna Maria Schneider Barthelme , married to Franziska Meilgen\nBascour ca 1700-ca 1760, son of Johann Daniel and Anna Fontaine\nBastendorf, married to Apollonia Hyter\nBastian ca 1745-1805, married to Maria Beiriger Bastian , married to Susanna Steinmetz\nBastong 1856-1856, son of Peter and Barbara Bedersdorfer Bastong 1848-, son of Jacob Heinrich and Gertrud Fritzen Bastong 1816-, son of Johann and Gertrud Jager, married to Maria Ra in 1852 Bastong 1787-1857, son of Peter and Catharina Wnschel, married to Gertrud Jager in 1816\nBastuck 1856-, son of Johann and Maria Leidinger, married to Elisabeth Schwed Bastuck 1828-1891, married to Maria Leidinger\nBatran 1858-1917, son of Melchior Bateran and Anna Barbara Kruter, married to Bertha W A Neitzel in 1888\nBauer ca 1908-, married to Christiane Luise Knorr in 1937 Bauer 1902-1971, son of Matthaeus and Christina Maier Bauer 1896-, married to Rosine Sackmann in 1919 Bauer 1873-, son of Christian and Margaretha Regina Roeger Bauer 1864-, son of Johann and Maria Bitzinger Bauer 1851-1910, son of Carl and Juliana Glass Bauer 1836-1872, married to Maria Bitzinger in 1863 Bauer 1827-, son of Georg Christian and Friederika Lutz Bauer 1821-, son of Johann Georg and Anna Catarina Weinmann, married to Anna Maria Necker in 1847 Bauer 1819-, son of Johann Georg Gleich and Barbara Schupp Bauer 1819-, son of Andreas and Katharina Gonder, married to Sophia Mnchow in 1840 Bauer 1803-1803, son of Johann and Anna Maria Remele Bauer 1798-, son of Josef and Anna Maria Stiehl Bauer 1787-1792, son of Jakob and Barbara Becker Bauer 1776-1779, son of Jakob and Barbara Becker Bauer 1774-1775, son of Jakob and Barbara Becker Bauer 1770-1842, married to Margarethe Wilknig in 1796 Bauer 1770-, married to Catharina Schuhmacher in 1793 Bauer 1763-1818, son of Johann Leonhard and Walburga Jung, married to Anna Maria Remele in 1797 Bauer 1762-1772, son of Johann and Anna Maria Haffner Bauer 1760-1804, married to Maria Reuland Bauer ca 1716-1791, married to Anna Maria Haffner Bauer ca 1708-, son of Adam and Margarethe Gill, married to Anna Bauer in 1731 Bauer 1535-1586, married to Maria Katharina Buch in 1555\nBaumann 1865-1909, married to Dorothea Heller in 1888 Baumann, married to Katharina Thomaser\nBaur 1750-1825, son of Anton and Barbara Hoffmann, married to Elisabeth Scheur in 1777 Baur 1651-, son of Melchior and Anna ?, father of Anna Baur , married to Anna Baur in 1731 Baur 1654-1722, married to Maria Elisabeth Theobald in 1674\nBauret ca 1783-, married to Maria Anna Freistoff in 1810\nBaus ca 1754-1824, married to Anna Paulus in 1783\nBausch 1877-, son of Johann and Gertrud Klein Bausch , married to Francisca Magot Bausch, son of Friedrich and Maria Magdalena Welsch, married to Gertrud Klein in 1875\nBauser 1751-1752, son of Johann and Susanna Welsch Bauser 1745-1745, son of Johann and Susanna Welsch Bauser 1717-1781, son of Johann and Apollonia Bellmann, married to Susanna Welsch in 1744 Bauser , married to Apollonia Bellmann\nBau 1785-, married to Anna Catharina Donnier in 1812\nBavaria 1374-1425, son of Albrecht I von Niederbayern and Malgorzata von Brieg, married to Elisabeth Comtesse De Luxemburg in 1418\nBayard 1880-1893, son of Johan and Sophie Elisabeth Allard\nBayer, son of Josef and Emerentia Theresia Wei Bayer 1857-, married to Josefa Eglof in 1888 Bayer 1766-1767, son of Johann Jacob and Anna Angela Hafner\nBayot, married to Maria Lacour\nBechtold , married to Antoniette Weber\nBeck 1914-1943, son of Johannes Baptist Bek and Maria Epple Beck 1898-1898, son of Paul and Margarethe Latz Beck 1896-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Stutz Beck 1895-1899, son of Johann and Katharina Kiel Beck 1895-1968, son of Jakob and Catharina Khler Beck 1892-, son of Johann and Katharina Stein Beck 1891-1948, son of Peter and Maria Lonsdorfer Beck 1890-1984, son of Johann and Maria Maylender Beck 1885-1885, son of Jakob and Catharina Khler Beck 1883-1956, son of Jakob and Margarethe Mller Beck 1881-1943, son of Nikolaus and Anna Kiel Beck 1878-1880, son of Peter and Margarethe Khler Beck 1874-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Kiel Beck 1866-, son of Friedrich and Anna Abel Beck 1863-1941, son of Michel and Elisabeth Khler, married to Katharina Stein in 1887 Beck 1861-, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Zang, married to Katharina Kiel in 1889 Beck 1861-, son of Jakob and Margarethe Zimmermann, married to Maria Maylender in 1886 Beck 1861-1893, son of Peter and Barbara Khler Beck 1857-, son of Johann and Margarethe Abel Beck 1854-, son of Michel and Anna Mang, married to Anna Laurent in 1880 Beck 1852-, son of Christian and Margarethe Zimmermann, married to Anna Khler in 1878, Magdalena Maylender in 1886 Beck 1850-, son of Andreas and Elisabeth Zang, married to Maria Renckes in 1882 Beck 1846-, son of Christian Johann and Anna Tabellion Beck 1819-1876, son of Christian and Anna Maria Becker, married to Margarethe Abel in 1851 Beck 1777-1779, son of Johannes and Maria Syr Beck 1736-1812, married to Maria Barbara Hernes Beck ca 1685-, married to Anna Schuler in 1716\nBecker 1896-, married to Maria Weber Becker 1895-1966, son of Johann and Anna Ersch Becker 1893-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Gessner Becker 1891-, son of Johann and Margaretha Schmitt Becker 1890-1891, son of Nikolaus and Apollonia Helena Schuler Becker 1890-1922, married to Lydia Treiber in 1912 Becker 1888-1952, son of Peter and Anna Remark Becker 1887-1887, son of Johann and Margaretha Schmitt Becker 1885-, married to Franoise GRN in 1910 Becker 1885-1885, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Tuillier Becker 1885-1885, son of Peter and Anna Remark Becker 1884-1884, son of Johann and Katharina Bietzer Becker 1883-, son of Nikolaus and Angela Molitor Becker 1881-1945, son of Johann and Anna Maria Klein Becker 1879-, son of Andreas and Anna Comtesse, married to Anna Rupp in 1906 Becker 1879-1961, son of Johann and Maria Dellwing Becker 1879-, son of Johann and Catharina Khler Becker 1876-, son of Peter and Maria Lorson Becker 1875-, son of Johann Heinrich and Catharina Maus Becker ca 1874-1958, married to Minnie Ernestine Haug in 1907 Becker 1874-1954, son of Michael and Anna Gauer Becker 1874-1875, son of Georg and Maria Mang Becker 1873-, son of Johann and Margarethe Hahn Becker 1873-, son of Johann and Margarethe Ulrich, married to Luise Catharina Elisabeth Guillaume in 1899 Becker 1871-, son of Georg Michael and Magdalena Diener Becker 1869-, son of Johannes and Carolina Catharina Steigleder Becker 1869-1938, son of Peter and Anna Maria Hessedenz Becker 1868-1952, son of Peter and Anna Herres, married to Anna Ersch in 1893 Becker 1867-1942, son of Valentin and Elizabeth Geibel, married to Anna Sutor in 1892 Becker 1865-, son of Peter and Catharina Math Becker 1865-1945, son of Johann and Anna Maria Charon Becker 1864-, son of Johann and Maria Wilhelm Becker 1863-, son of Johann and Catharina Elisabeth Hamm, married to Catharina Hoffmann in 1890 Becker 1863-, married to Margaretha Rass in 1889 Becker 1863-1867, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Mller Becker 1862-1891, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schirra Becker 1862-, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Bietzer Becker 1861-1900, son of Peter and Barbara Kiefer Becker 1861-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schirra Becker 1859-, son of Johann and Katharina Rullang Becker 1859-, son of Johann and Anna Fischer Becker 1858-1898, son of Johann and Anna Maria Rupp, married to Anna Maria Steffen in 1879, Anna Weiss in 1884, Margaretha Steffen in 1895 Becker 1857-, son of Andreas and Margaretha Daub, married to Margaretha Schmitt in 1883 Becker 1856-1856, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Becker Becker 1854-1854, son of Franz and Margaretha Rullang Becker 1854-1900/, son of Johann and Angelika Katgeli, married to Barbara Schfer in 1878 Becker 1853-, son of Johann Baptist and Maria Jacob Becker 1851-1870, son of Peter and Maria Lambert Becker 1851-1893, son of Jakob and Katharina Kneip, married to Katharina Bietzer in 1876 Becker 1850-1887, son of Johann and Anna Fischer, married to Johanna Tasch in 1877 Becker 1850-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Becker Becker 1849-, son of Johann and Catharina Loew, married to Elisabeth Eisvogel in 1872 Becker 1848-, son of Wendel and Anna Ahr, married to Margarethe Henry in 1870 Becker 1848-1914, son of Carl August and Anna Kiefer, married to Maria Theis in 1872 Becker 1847-, son of Johann and Barbara Minas Becker 1846-, son of Johann and Barbara Rupp, married to Anna Maria Klein in 1870 Becker 1846-, son of Johann Adam and Gertrud Roth, married to Elisabeth Pouder in 1872 Becker 1846-, son of Johann Peter and Anna Klein Becker 1846-1854, son of Johann and Angelika Katgeli Becker 1844-1887, son of Johann and Maria Boley, married to Catharina Christine in 1877 Becker 1844-1844, son of Johann and Angelika Katgeli Becker 1844-1845, son of Johann Adam and Gertrud Roth Becker 1843-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Arand, married to Catharina Khler in 1873 Becker 1843-, son of Wendel and Anna Ahr, married to Margarethe Hahn in 1867 Becker 1843-1889, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Becker, married to Catharina Conrad in 1872 Becker 1842-1842, son of Peter and Barbara Schmidt Becker 1842-, son of Jacob and Catharina Threwes, married to Margarethe Ulrich in 1872 Becker 1841-1841, son of Carl August and Anna Kiefer Becker 1841-, son of Johann and Margaretha Speicher, married to Magdalena Burgard in 1867 Becker 1841-1851, son of Josef and Margaretha Ghl Becker 1838-1857, son of Johann Georg and Annae Engel Becker 1838-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Both, married to Maria Schuh in 1862 Becker 1838-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Becker, married to Catharina Colmann in 1863 Becker 1837-1938, son of Johann Nikolaus and Katharina Baltes, married to Anna Altmeyer in 1863, Luise Blass in 1875 Becker 1834-, son of Franz and Maria Boudier, married to Maria Wilhelm in 1862 Becker 1832-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Schoemann Becker 1828-, son of Valentin and Catharina Altmeyer, married to Anna Maria Charon in 1863 Becker 1826-1829, son of Mathias Recktenwald and Magdalena Glaser Becker 1826-, son of Mathias and Anna Spurk Becker 1825-, son of Joannes and Gertrud Pistorius Becker 1824-1827, son of Lorenz and Anna Maria Folschweiler Becker 1822-1899, son of Friedrich and Margarethe Laros, married to Elisabeth Lamech Becker 1822-1823, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Gergen Becker 1822-, son of Wilhelm and Angela Klein Becker 1820-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Gresse, married to Anna Fischer in 1844 Becker 1820-1883, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Gergen, married to Angelika Katgeli in 1844 Becker 1819-, son of Friedrich and Agnes Amann Becker 1818-, son of Joannes Petrus and Johannetta Schfer Becker 1818-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Katharina Elisabeth Jacob, married to Katharina Rullang in 1842 Becker 1817-, son of Jacob and Gertrud Becker, married to Barbara Minas in 1838 Becker 1817-1865, son of Paul and Maria Jacob, married to Elisabeth Schirra in 1845 Becker 1816-1871, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Lehmann, married to Maria Boley Becker 1815-, son of Jacob and Gertrud Leinen, married to Anna Maria Arand in 1843 Becker 1813-1871, son of Johann and Margaretha Thiel, married to Margaretha Altmayer in 1843 Becker 1812-1866, son of Peter and Elisabeth Zimmermann, married to Barbara Rupp in 1839 Becker 1811-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Katharina Elisabeth Jacob Becker 1810-1863, son of Mathias and Barbara Diedrich, married to Margaretha Speicher in 1834 Becker 1810-1888, married to Sophia Catharina Scholl in 1851 Becker 1808-1863, son of Nikolaus and Maria Bristiel, married to Gertrud Engel in 1830 Becker 1808-, son of Heinrich and Anna Hubig Becker 1805-1879, son of Matthias and Anna Danner, married to Barbara Comtesse in 1833 Becker 1805-, son of Andreas and Margaretha Rupp, married to Elisabeth Both in 1833, Maria Barthel in 1846 Becker 1805-1837, son of Mathias and Margarethe Petry, married to Maria Hirtz in 1825 Becker 1804-1805, son of Friedrich and Agnes Amann Becker 1804-1882, married to Catharina Festor in 1847 Becker 1799-1799, son of Mathias and Margarethe Petry Becker 1796-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Lothringer Becker 1792-1815, son of Nikolaus and Anna Catharina Ottil Becker 1791-1819, son of Johann and Anna Eva Schmidt, married to Barbara Hoen in 1811 Becker 1790-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Brisson Becker 1789-, son of Antonius and Apollonia Tllin, married to Katharina Remer in 1807 Becker 1787-1842, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Grgen, married to Margaretha Thiel in 1812 Becker 1784-1796, son of Antonius and Apollonia Tllin Becker 1781-, son of Mathias and Maria Agnes Berang Becker 1776-1794, son of Marcus and Anna Catharina Bischoff Becker 1775-1848, son of Jakob and Maria Neubecker, married to Anna Kuntzler in 1805 Becker 1771-1820, son of Johann Nikolaus and Gertrud Amann, married to Anna Eva Schmidt in 1788 Becker 1765-1855, married to Maria Ehl in 1788 Becker 1756-1813, married to Margaretha Maria Herckes in 1784 Becker 1754-1755, son of Johann and Anna Katharina Ernst Becker 1749-, son of Jacob and Angela Kaiser Becker ca 1748-1785, married to Susanna Braun Becker 1739-, son of Joes and Gertrud Schwedt, married to Apollonia Mller, Margaretha Altmaier in 1765 Becker 1738-1775, son of Lorenz and Irmina Schon Becker 1733-1793, son of Joannes Valentin and Anna Katharina Mller Becker 1732-1745, son of Nikolaus and Anna Frick Becker 1727-1762, son of Johann Sebastian and Eva Rupp, married to Maria Stein in 1750 Becker 1727-1810, married to Gertrud Scherer in 1781 Becker 1725-, son of Johann Conrad and Eva Hoff, married to Anna Katharina Ernst in 1749 Becker 1722-1751, son of Johann and Eva Malsack, married to Maria Schmit in 1749 Becker 1715-, son of Nicolaus and Christina Zhler, married to Anna Margaretha Backes Giebel Becker 1715-1791, son of Johann Sebastian and Elisabeth Deroux, married to Anna Catharina Goergen in 1759 Becker 1707-, married to Maria Schmidt in 1735 Becker 1703-, son of Johann and Anna Johanna Hein Becker ca 1700-1721, son of Jacob and Anna Margarethe Scherer Becker 1693-, son of Nicolaus and Agnes Knapp Becker 1685-1743, son of Jakob and Dorothea Jenal, married to Eva Malsack in 1719 Becker 1669-, married to Anna Barbara Jungmann in 1721 Becker 1650-, son of Hans Heinrich and Gertrud Gross, married to Anna Fischer in 1685 Becker ca 1543-1611/, married to Mariechen ? in 1565 Becker , married to Maria Dellwing Becker /1743, married to Anna Johanna Hein in 1703 Becker , married to Catharina Schfer Becker , married to Anna Maria Rupp Becker , married to Catharina Elisabeth Hamm in 1863 Becker , married to Catharina Heidmann Becker, married to Anna Barbara Schwarz Becker, married to Catharina Loew Becker, married to Maria Braun Becker , married to Margaretha Wittig Becker , son of Jost and Katharina Urich\nBeckerich 1811-, son of Nikolaus and Reine Rupp, married to Johanna Remarque\nBeckinger ca 1670-1694, son of Dominikus and Missis Beckinger\nBedersdorfer 1867-1919, son of Johann and Elisabeth Hirtz, married to Susanna Harang in 1898 Bedersdorfer 1784-1844, son of Peter and Margaretha Gergen, married to Margaretha Augustin in 1808, Catharina Becker in 1826 Bedersdorfer 1716-, son of Adam and Margaretha Fischer Bedersdorfer ca 1643-ca 1710, married to Johanna Bassy in 1679 Bedersdorfer, married to Elisabeth Hirtz\nBehles 1888-, son of Matthias and Elisabeth ?, married to Katharina Weiler\nBeierle 1887-, son of Karl and Eva Sommerfeld, married to Lidia Sigmund in 1907\nBein , son of Johann Friedrich Finkbeiner, with Catharina Finkbeiner\nBeinbrech( Bonebrake) 1682, son of Johann Christain Beinbech and Maria Beinbrech\nBeiriger 1753-, son of Mathias and Margaretha Kerver\nBeitweiler 1896-1896, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Beck Beitweiler 1862-, son of Johann and Scholastika Lorig, married to Barbara Reichrath in 1890 Beitweiler, married to Scholastika Lorig\nBeitz 1860-1861, son of Friedrich Wilhelm Bietz and Anna Maria Ensslen\nBell 1858-, son of Johann and Maria Jung, married to Maria Henry in 1880 Bell, married to Maria Jung Bell , married to Johannetta Schattler\nBell (van) 1851-1851, son of Johann Van Bell and Magdalena Festor\nBelles 1853-, son of Johann and Katharina Weis, married to Maria Zipp in 1887 Belles , married to Katharina Weis\nBellion 1892-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Karrenbauer Bellion 1849-, son of Nicolaus and Susanna Bro, married to Elisabeth Karrenbauer in 1876\nBellmann 1874-, son of Peter and Maria Barth Bellmann 1858-, married to Anna Maar in 1884 Bellmann 1818-1842, son of Georg and Catharina Schmidt Bellmann 1802-, son of Nikolaus Bellman and Gertrud Klein Bellmann 1791-1800, son of Nikolaus Bellman and Gertrud Klein Bellmann , son of Johann and Anna Maar\nBelman 1742-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Henrich, married to Anna Cammer in 1772 Belman , married to Apollonia Clein in 1680\nBenard 1878-1949, son of Philipp and Barbara Rigot Benard 1852-1852, son of Kaspar and Katharina Klopp\nBender 1869-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Katharina Lemire Bender , married to Maria Catharina Roessel\nBennoit 1868-1938, son of Johann and Magdalena Thiel Bennoit 1866-1866, son of Mathias and Maria Magdalena Klein Bennoit 1853-1854, son of Michael and Elisabeth Geber Bennoit 1837-1888, son of Johannes and Catharina Maria Schmidt, married to Magdalena Thiel in 1862 Bennoit 1833-1833, son of Johannes and Catharina Maria Schmidt Bennoit 1831-1832, son of Johannes and Catharina Maria Schmidt Bennoit ca 1774-1825, married to Anna Catharina Thiel\nBenoit 1862-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Thiel\nBensinger 1867-, son of Friedrich Benzinger and Christina Bohnet\nBenzenhfer 1900-, married to Christiana Katharina Zeiler in 1919\nBerang 1726-1794, son of Peter Berran and Maria Lambert, married to Beatrix Henrich in 1753, Anna Maria Waldor in 1760\nBerdin 1898-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Kiefer Berdin 1893-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Seidel Berdin 1889-, son of Johann Peter and Elisabeth Fritz Berdin 1874-, son of Matthias and Apollonia Klein, married to Margaretha Gross in 1903 Berdin 1861-1861, son of Nikolaus and Anna Lonsdorfer Berdin 1857-1870, son of Johann Daniel and Margaretha Simon Berdin 1856-, son of Peter and Anna Schmidt, married to Magdalena Weiler in 1881 Berdin 1840-1841, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Becker Berdin 1829-1887, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Becker, married to Elisabeth Deichler in 1860 Berdin 1817-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Becker Berdin 1815-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Becker Berdin 1786-1786, son of Franz and Anna Katharina Comtesse\nBerend 1822-, son of Peter and Maria Bohr, married to Katharina Sauer in 1854\nBerens 1897-, son of Mathias and Maria Schirra\nBeres , married to Maria Schon\nBergdoll , married to Anna Elisabeth Brengel\nBerger 1550-1610, married to Johann Berger Berger 1550-1610, married to Johann Berger\nBerkessel 1723-, married to Maria Catharina x in 1749 Berkessel ca 1660-, married to Eva ?\nBerlocker, married to Maria Schirra in 1920\nBerloger 1859-, son of Michel Berlocker and Catharina Becker, married to Anna Detemple in 1881 Berloger 1854-, son of Michel Berlocker and Catharina Becker\nBermann 1772-, son of Jakob and Anna Katharina Kesseler Bermann 1737-, son of Theobald and Margareta Mohr Klein\nBernard 1893-, son of Johann and Katharina Stein, married to Katharina Walmroth, Maria Jenal Bernard 1891-, son of Peter and Barbara Stein, married to Anna Deichler Bernard 1864-1870, son of Georg and Eva Charon Bernard 1859-, son of Franz and Barbara Schmitt, married to Katharina Stein in 1884 Bernard 1850-, son of Georg and Agatha Klein, married to Margaretha Schneider in 1872 Bernard 1832-1871, son of Peter and Katharina Kneip Bernard 1815-, son of Josef and Barbara Larusch Bernard 1810-, son of Josef and Barbara Larusch Bernard 1746-1794, son of Johann Nikolaus and Katharina Weber, married to Anna Katharina Bouvier in 1776 Bernard 1725-1754, son of Bernd and Gertrud Lauer, married to Anna Maria Collet in 1747\nBernardy 1836-1885/, married to Catharina Weyand in 1862, Anna Appel in 1885 Bernardy 1824-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Wiesen Bernardy 1821-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Weber Bernardy 1820-, son of Franz and Katharina Wiesen, married to Anna Colling Bernardy 1815-1819, son of Franz and Katharina Wiesen Bernardy 1795-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Lamberti, married to Elisabeth Wiesen in 1821 Bernardy 1761-1837, son of Johann and Maria Marx, married to Anna Maria Lamberti Bernardy 1795, married to Maria Marx\nBernhard ca 1688-, son of Stephan and Margaretha ?, married to Catharina ? in 1705\nBerrad, married to Anna Maria Haardt\nBerrang 1844-1891, son of Friedrich and Elisabeth Schlicker, married to Anna Thielen\nBerrar 1817-1870, married to Anna Recktenwald in 1859\nBerreth 1911-1911, son of Oskar and Paulina Singer\nBersal 1887-1944, son of Nikolaus and Anna Roth Bersal 1884-1886, son of Nikolaus and Anna Roth Bersal 1818-1818, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Kiefer Bersal 1815-1815, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Kiefer\nBersin 1896-1973, son of Johann and Margarethe Lorson Bersin 1892-1893, son of Simon and Barbara Kiefer Bersin 1854-1931, son of Peter and Anna Maria Maas, married to Anna Maragne, Margarethe Lorson in 1895 Bersin 1847-1873, son of Gregor and Barbara Heible, married to Maria Rck in 1872\nBertard 1743-1813, son of Heinrich Josef and Margaretha Bietzer\nBerti 1838-1886, married to Margaretha Kewenig in 1858\nBertsch 1831-, son of Johann Ludwig Fredrick and Anna Marie Voelter Bertsch 1667-1719, married to Anna Maria Eblin in 1694\nBesse , married to Anna Catharina Fries in 1921\nBettinger , married to Margarethe Zewe\nBeupold 1805-, son of Matthaus Leupold and Barbara Schweitzer\nBeuriger 1733-, son of Michael Beiriger and Maria Thiel Beuriger 1731-, son of Michael Beiriger and Maria Thiel\nBeutel 1776-, son of Johann Caspar and Maria Agnes Jeuter\nBeyer 1870-1944, son of Johann Peter and Christina Walz\nBeyerle 1820-1864, son of Gottlieb Bayerle and Dorothea Bark, married to Karolina Raabe (Rabe) in 1842\nBez 1856-, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Frh, married to Katherina Nessin in 1882\nBichelberger 1706-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Angelica Naudorf\nBick 1737-, married to Gertrud Kesseler\nBiech 1907-1944, son of Samuel and Sophie Stelter\nBiegel 1789-, married to Anna Birtel in 1810\nBiegler , married to Susanne Furre\nBiehl 1862-1944, son of Christian and Elisabeth Fuchs\nBier 1879-1879, son of Johann and Anna Maria Rupp Bier 1848-, son of Matthias and Susanna Reinert, married to Anna Maria Rupp in 1876\nBierwagen 1881-1885, son of Jacob and Sophie Burkhardt\nBies 1872-, son of Jakob and Anna Massonne Bies 1835-, son of Peter and Anna Maria SchFer, married to Anna Maria Knauf in 1863 Bies 1805-1840, son of Peter and Barbara Simon, married to Margaretha` Or Johanna Welsch in 1834 Bies 1789-1845, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Haffner, married to Angelika Schmitt in 1819 Bies 1769-, son of Wilhelm and Catharina Schmitt\nBiesel 1861-, son of Jakob and Katharina Thiel Biesel 1802-, son of Johann and Katharina Becker Biesel 1773-, son of Johann Biel and Anna Catharina Quirin, married to Katharina Becker in 1795\nBiesen 1825-, son of Peter and Gertrud Schneider Biesen 1817-1818, son of Peter and Gertrud Schneider\nBiess 1868-1927, married to Anna Johanna Lachenauer in 1892\nBietz 1860-, son of Johann and Caroline Miller, married to Caroline Miller in 1882 Bietz 1840-1915, son of Friedrich and Anna Maria Bohnet, married to Caroline Miller in 1860, Christina Schneider in 1872\nBietzer 1895-, son of Peter and Margarethe Laurent Bietzer 1879-1881, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Hamm Bietzer 1878-, son of Josef and Margaretha Stutz Bietzer 1841-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Jedem, married to Anna Stolz in 1870, Katharina Mathieu in 1875 Bietzer 1836-, son of Michael and Barbara Klein Bietzer 1834-, son of Michael and Barbara Klein Bietzer 1815-1892, son of Michael and Anna Stein, married to Anna Bietzer in 1841 Bietzer 1797-, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Klein Bietzer 1781-, son of Michael and Margaretha Dour Bietzer 1780-1782, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Klein Bietzer 1769-, son of Johannes and Gertrud Goergen Bietzer 1746-1759, son of Johann and Anna Maria Gross Bietzer 1712-1779, son of Jakob and Anna Urig, married to Anna Maria Gross in 1734 Bietzer /1680-1737, married to Anna Gross in 1702 Bietzer ca 1550-, father of Bastian\nBiewer 1883-1957, son of Peter and Catharina Kiesel Biewer 1782-1804, son of Johann Peter and Catharina Becker, married to Margaretha Steil in 1804 Biewer, married to Barbara Naumann\nBildhauer 1735-, son of Nikolaus and Susanna Hoffmann, married to Franzisca Weber in 1763\nBilligmeier 1886-, son of Johann and Karolina Kraft Billigmeier 1864-1887, married to Karolina Kraft in 1885\nBilsdorf 1692-1730, married to Gertrud x in 1728\nBilsdorfer 1889-1892, son of Johann and Maria Lehnert Bilsdorfer 1879-, son of Jakob and Barbara Lehnert Bilsdorfer 1871-, married to Anna Gertrud Lehnert in 1899 Bilsdorfer 1852-, married to Maria Lehnert in 1880 Bilsdorfer , married to Maria Leidinger in 1887\nBintz, married to Theresia Moritz\nBirck 1805-, son of Peter and Barbara Bellmann Birck 1784-, son of Peter Birk and Catharina Lex\nBiri ca 1740-1808, married to Maria Susanna Kls\nBirk 1891-, son of Johann and Maria Bosch Birk 1872-, son of Georg and Anna Ney Birk 1871-, son of Peter and Gertrud Gier Birk 1870-1871, son of Peter and Anna Jenner Birk 1853-, son of Johann and Maria Ewen, married to Maria Schmitt in 1878, Maria Bosch in 1890 Birk 1847-, son of Johann Georg and Katharine Christine Ruekkert Birk 1834-1896, son of Philipp and Catharina Gier, married to Maria Spelz Birk 1814-1874, son of Johann Jacob and Anna Maria Stein, married to Maria Ewen in 1841 Birk 1883, married to Catharina Schorn in 1846 Birk 1816, married to Irmina Steil\nBirkholz 1862-1862, son of Karl and Katharina Stumpf\nBirtel 1802-1846, son of Johann and Anna Finkler, married to Anna Kaspar in 1825 Birtel 1783-1794, son of Johann and Anna Becker Birtel 1748-1817, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Wilhelm, married to Anna Becker in 1766, Anna Finkler in 1801 Birtel 1728-1779, son of Peter and Johanna Thiesser\nBisch 1867-, son of Friedrich and Maria Philippina Hoffmann\nBischof 1877-1937, married to Elisabetha Bischof in 1911 Bischof 1841-1856, son of Casparus and Elisabetha Gayer Bischof 1830-1831, son of Adam and Elisabetha KNstler Bischof 1788-, son of Caspar Bischoff and Anna Elisabeth Gungl\nBiel 1750-, son of Joes Bispel and Katharina Schmit, married to Anna Catharina Quirin in 1772\nBitte 1740-, married to Barbara Schwartz in 1774\nBittelberger ca 1826-, married to Anna Elisabetha Hornberger in 1865\nBitzinger 1874-1874, son of Nikolaus and Anna Kiefer Bitzinger 1860-, son of Johann and Angelika Bies Bitzinger 1846-1852, son of Johann and Angelika Bies Bitzinger 1818-1872, married to Angelika Bies in 1841\nBlachard , married to Anna Maria Schorbach\nBlaich 1896-1959, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Schnaible, married to Christine Starzmann in 1921\nBlaise , married to Magdalena Reb\nBlanck 1845-, son of Johann and Margarethe Speicher, married to Margaretha Grimm in 1871, Maria Nalbach in 1874 Blanck , married to Margarethe Speicher\nBlanden 1458-1530, with Justina ?\nBlander /1880, married to Anna Comtesse\nBlank 1890-, son of Jacob and Anna Speicher, married to Maria Lieser in 1914 Blank 1811-1856, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Faust Blank 1804-1873, son of Lorenz and Catharina Niebling, married to Anna Maria Untersteller in 1834\nBls 1870-1870, son of Peter and Elisabeth Dostert Bls 1824-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Schrder Bls ca 1768-1814, married to Magdalene Theobald in 1791\nBlasius 1869-, son of Theodor and Margaretha Simon, married to Anna Breininger in 1895 Blasius ca 1715-, married to Anna Katharina Thilmont in 1746\nBlass 1894-, married to Juliane Blass Blass 1875-1966, son of Peter and Anna Mischo, married to Katharina Klein in 1902 Blass 1864-, son of Peter and Margaretha Becker, married to Maria Bauer in 1890 Blass 1856-, son of Peter and Margarethe Sander, married to Angela Quirin in 1882 Blass 1822-1846, son of Josef and Angela Becker Blass 1808-1890, son of Sebastian and Anna Maria Maas, married to Margaretha Schneider in 1842 Blass 1777-1837, son of Johann and Katharina Schweitzer, married to Margarethe Weisgerber in 1799 Blass 1749-1814, son of Daniel and Anna Margarethe Feld, married to Katharina Schweitzer in 1774 Blass 1741-1796, son of Peter and Anna x Blass 1740-1740, son of Daniel and Anna Margarethe Feld Blass 1728-1793, married to Elisabeth Maas in 1756 Blass 1724-1756, son of Peter and Gertrud Mayer Blass 1723-1756, married to Maria Jungmann in 1744 Blass ca 1700-1764, son of Johann and Barbara Weisgerber, married to Susanne Pouffay in 1721 Blass ca 1660-1742, son of Hans Barthel Conrad and Eva Katharina Schmidt, married to Anna Margarethe Jenal in 1685, Barbara Weisgerber in 1700\nBlatt 1876-1955, married to Maria Fuchs\nBlaumeister 1723-1789, married to Maria Eva Welsch in 1746\nBlazer 1903-1975, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Speicher\nBlechschmidt 1720-, married to Anna Maria Graff\nBlees 1744-1803, married to Susanne Grosjean in 1773\nBlessing 1798-1878, son of Peter and Anna Maria Krapf, married to Anna Maria Haux in 1826\nBleymehl 1829-1833, son of Konrad and Maria Katharina Ziermann\nBlocher 1835-, son of Matthias and Anna Barbara Pfeifle\nBloeschle , married to Katharina Ernestine Mueller in 1908\nBlum 1899-1899, son of Jacob and Catharina Speicher Blum 1882-, son of Andreas and Theresia Handel, married to Maria Baldzer in 1912 Blum 1867-1932, son of Johann and Margaretha Werron Blum 1862-1942, son of Johann Georg and Catharina Hahn Blum 1837-1894, married to Barbara Baltes in 1862 Blum 1825-1886, son of Johann and Barbara Breinig, married to Catharina Becker in 1855, Margaretha Werron in 1859 Blum 1822-1892, son of Johann Georg and Anna Baltes Blum 1800-1863, son of Johann and Anna Maria Altmeyer, married to Barbara Breinig in 1825, Anna Maria Frisch in 1839 Blum 1769-1823, married to Anna Maria Altmeyer in 1791 Blum , with Katalin Bischof\nBlunen 1765-1819, married to Barbara Ludwig in 1795\nBock 1846-, son of Johannes and Rosine Barbra Vollmer Bock 1787-1863, married to Elisabeth Hartfu in 1809 Bock 1749-1828, son of Johann Leonhard and Anna Margaretha Ackermann, married to Margaretha Marx\nBodevin 1818-, son of Johann and Barbara Winter Bodevin 1793-1870, son of Simon and Maria Anna Maas, married to Barbara Winter in 1816 Bodevin 1781-1781, son of Simon and Maria Anna Maas Bodevin 1729-1758, son of Simon and Johanna Macagne, married to Gertrud Stein in 1756\nBodeving 1860-1931, son of Franz Bodevin and Catharina Leipig, married to Barbara Fontaine in 1889\nBoehm 1808-, married to Rosina Dorothee Steck in 1836\nBoehringer 1752-1810, married to Eva Margaretha Rapp in 1800\nBoeltz 1839-1839, son of Johann Lorenz Boelz and Ane Katharine Boelz\nBoepple 1876-, son of Johann and Carolina Albus Boepple 1852-1934, son of Friedrich and Johanna Maria Lutz, married to Carolina Albus in 1873 Boepple 1838-1872, son of Johann Georg and Maria Agnes Knll\nBoesen 1737, married to Anna Catharina Theobalt in 1688\nBesen 1808-, married to Elizabeth Schuster in 1833\nBoettle , married to Elisabetha Weible in 1888\nBogenschtz 1899-1973, son of Conrad and Maria Beck Bogenschtz 1880-1956, son of Johann and Elisabeth Louis Bogenschtz 1842-1916, son of Joseph and Anna Maria Serfahse, married to Elisabeth Louis in 1868 Bogenschtz 1784, married to Margaretha Mller Bogenschtz 1824, son of Johann and Margaretha Mller, married to Maria Theobald in 1804\nBohn 1859-1943, married to Sophie Luise DAHL in 1889 Bohn 1843-1871, son of Heinrich and Sophia Grlitz, married to Dorothea Melchior in 1869\nBohnenberger 1868-1869, son of Jacob and Anna Schmidt Bohnenberger 1832-1890, son of Jakob and Regina Catharina Dittus, married to Anna Maria Nonnenmann in 1859\nBohnert 1830-, son of Jacob Bohnet and Anna Susanna Sommerfeld Bohnert 1804-1839, son of Johann Michael Bohnet and Anna Maria Rosen, married to Catharina Mantz in 1824\nBohnet 1903-, son of Imanuel and Sofia Witt Bohnet 1901-, son of Andreas and Katharina Sackmann, married to Olga Trieber in 1926 Bohnet 1899-, son of Daniel and Anna Maria Rinke, married to Hulda Haase in 1931 Bohnet 1894-1957, son of Johannes and Barbara Elhard, married to Anna Maria Sattler in 1919 Bohnet 1892-, son of Johann Peter and Maria Rnn, married to Christine Jeske in 1912 Bohnet 1891-, son of Johann and Katharina Brost Bohnet 1887-, son of Gottlieb and Christina Scherer Bohnet 1887-, son of Johann and Katharina Brost Bohnet 1882-1885, son of Johann and Katharina Brost Bohnet 1881-, son of Johann Georg and Elisabeth Rall, married to Regina Dittus in 1908, Rebekka Dittus in 1908 Bohnet 1868-, son of Johann and Eva Scholp Bohnet 1867-1924, son of Bernhard and Katharina Mogck, married to Friederika Widmer in 1889 Bohnet 1860-, son of Ferdinand and Magdalena Krohn Bohnet 1859-1859, son of Ferdinand Bohnet 1858-, son of Johann Georg and Anna Barbara Weigold Bohnet 1856-1856, son of Bernhard and Katharina Stumpp Bohnet 1854-, son of Johannes and Rosina Haas Bohnet 1854-1856, son of Bernhard and Katharina Mogck Bohnet 1853-, son of Christian Bohnet 1850-1935, son of Johannes and Christina Hfel, married to Katharina Brost in 1872 Bohnet 1846-1925, son of Ferdinand and Christine Keller, married to Eva Scholp in 1867 Bohnet 1824-, son of Johann Bohnert and Catharina Mantz Bohnet, son of Adolf and Emilie Gunsch Bohnet, married to Mathilde Lamparth\nBohr 1723-1769, son of Michael and Katharina Thiel, married to Maria Elisabeth Meiers in 1751 Bohr, married to Irmina Schwartz\nBolch 1732-1789, married to Mara Oder Anna Marianne Winter in 1781 Bolch 1691-, son of Wilhelm and Johanna Wirth, married to Anna Maria Treib, Katharina Schweitzer in 1712\nBolda, married to Karoline Kobiella\nBoley 1829-, son of Michael and Anna Katharina Danner Boley 1789-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Gier, married to Anna Paul in 1815 Boley 1756-1803, married to Anna Maria Gier Boley 1688-, son of Peter and Ursula Biel, married to Margarethe Altmeyer in 1715 Boley 1678-, son of Peter and Ursula Biel Boley 1657-, son of Johann and Christina Schuhmacher Boley ca 1615-1655/, married to Christina Schuhmacher\nBlke 1862-, married to Karolina Quast in 1883\nBollinger , married to Sophia Hammerich Bollinger , married to Angela Jostock in 1910\nBolsinger , married to Magdalena Bumler\nBlz 1884-1903, son of Leonhard and Rosina Barbara Reber\nBomm 1762-1845, married to Maria Catharina Bch in 1796\nBommersbach 1866-1866, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Kunz Bommersbach 1753-1769, son of Johann Jakob Mathias and Elisabeth Wilhelm Bommersbach 1700-1780, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Graf, married to Anna Maria Hassel Bommersbach ca 1670-1732, son of Jacob and Anna Hoffman, married to Maria Bolch in 1711 Bommersbach , son of Nikolaus and Gertrud DRR, married to Gertrud Alt in 1869 Bommersbach , married to Barbara Osbild\nBonenberger 1896-1896, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Grimmel Bonenberger 1895-1952, son of Zyprian and Anna Frey Bonenberger 1891-1970, son of Peter and Elisabeth Zipp Bonenberger 1888-1982, son of Johann Peter and Anna Lorson Bonenberger 1887-, son of Wihelm and Anna Lorang Bonenberger 1881-1881, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Kost Bonenberger 1881-, son of Michael and Catharina Fritz Bonenberger 1880-1941, son of Sebastian and Catharina Rupp Bonenberger 1876-1936, son of Johann and Margarethe Burg Bonenberger 1868-, son of Johannes and Katharina Magdalena Schmitt Bonenberger 1852-1909, son of Peter and Elisabeth Ahr, married to Elizabeth Woolsey Bonenberger 1852-, son of Peter and Anna Dreystadt Bonenberger ca 1851-1852, son of Johann and Catharina Sauer Bonenberger 1849-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Dreystadt Bonenberger 1844-, son of Peter and Angelika Zang Bonenberger 1841-1889, son of Peter and Anna Dreystadt, married to Margarethe Burg in 1875 Bonenberger 1841-1841, son of Peter and Anna Dreystadt Bonenberger 1833-, son of Michael and Elisabeth Tabellion Bonenberger 1818-1886, son of Georg and Katharina Elisabeth Lorson, married to Anna Maria Dreystadt in 1847 Bonenberger 1806-1882, son of Johannes and Anna Decker, married to Catharina Sauer in 1834 Bonenberger 1803-1859, son of Michael and Anna Maria Khler, married to Katharina Wilhelm in 1830\nBoni ca 1727-1770, married to Catharina Thiel in 1749\nBonnard 1874-1944, son of Johann and Anna Fritz Bonnard 1839-, son of Franz and Maria Schouler, married to Anna Fritz in 1872 Bonnard , married to Magdalena Schmidt in 1908\nBonnet 1869-1934, son of Peter and Anna Schwarz\nBonneur 1755-1814, son of Joes Samuel Bonheur and Anna Eva Thines\nBosch 1889-, son of Georg and Philippina Bosch Bosch 1884-, son of Peter and Catharina Theobald Bosch 1878-1944, son of Nikolaus and Anna Veronica Braun Bosch 1868-1913, son of Balthasar and Rosina Ries, married to Christina Bosch in 1888 Bosch 1866-1887, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Mller Bosch 1846-, son of Peter and Maria Becker, married to Anna Kiefer in 1879 Bosch 1793-1814, son of Peter and Apollonia Roth\nBosmann 1777-1813, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Breinig, married to Franziska Pistorius in 1805\nBossle 1801-1865, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Schwarz, married to Katharina Pletsch in 1825\nBossman 1838-1898, son of Hubert and Catharina Pistorius Bossman 1804-1832, son of Nicolas and Margaretha Scherer\nBossmann 1853-1853, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Schmitt Bossmann 1852-1853, son of Peter and Gertrud Weiss Bossmann 1840-1849, son of Peter and Gertrud Weiss\nBost 1896-, son of Peter and Barbara Alger, married to Margaretha Senzig Bost 1883-1955, married to Anna Kneip in 1909 Bost 1827-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Kaltenbach Bost 1821-1831, son of Andreas and Katharina Ziegler Bost 1791-, son of Wilhelm and Anna Catharina Gerstner, married to Elisabeth Kaltenbach in 1820\nBoth 1886-, son of Johann and Margaretha Barth, married to Maria Schmidt Both 1885-1885, son of Johann and Margaretha Barth Both 1877-, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Meyer, married to Katharina Rupp Both 1875-1885, son of Nikolaus and Maria Weiler Both 1854-, son of August and Juliana Amalia von Rottkay Both 1854-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Denis, married to Margaretha Barth in 1880 Both 1843-1843, son of Johann and Margaretha Both Both 1838-, son of Georg and Gertrud Senzig Both 1837-1837, son of Johann and Margaretha Both Both 1823-, son of Georg and Gertrud Senzig Both 1821-1830, son of Adam and Anna Katharina Hoen Both 1821-, son of Georg and Gertrud Senzig Both 1812-, married to Anna Maria Louis in 1845 Both 1808-1859, son of Adam and Anna Katharina Hoen, married to Margaretha Both in 1833 Both 1790-1791, son of August and Anna Maria Schwarz Both 1729-1766, son of August and Anna Catharina Petri, married to Catharina Becker in 1755 Both, married to Maria Rupp\nBott 1796-1796, son of Johann Georg and Christina Barbara Erhardt Bott 1793-1793, son of Matthaeus and Maria Sibylla Bott\nBttcher 1883-1922, son of Daniel Boettcher and Juliana Budau\nBoudier 1882-1938, son of Dominik and Anna Richner, married to Katharina Quirin in 1916 Boudier 1814-1814, son of Christoph Noel and Magdalena Weber Boudier, son of Philipp and Magdalena Kraemer\nBouillet 1717-1772, son of Lorenz Bouiller and Anna Maria CERVEAUX, married to Katharina Teste in 1757\nBouillier 1837-1837, son of Peter and Margarethe Zang\nBour 1865-, son of Peter and Margarethe Fetick, married to Margarethe Weber in 1893\nBourgeois 1800-1873, married to Eva Heinesch in 1827 Bourgeois ca 1694-1759, married to Maria Le Noble in 1721\nBourgeois Burger 1744-, son of Jakob Burger and Anna Maria Grgen, married to Antonia Heckmann\nBouvier 1836-1836, son of Michael and Margaretha Jung Bouvier 1778-1778, son of Jakob and Margaretha Schnberger Bouvier 1765-, son of Josef and Barbara Rupp Bouvier 1750-1754, son of Stefan and Anna Maria Kling\nBowier 1881-, son of Matthias and Veronika Meli\nBrabant ca 1319-1345, son of Jan Iii van Brabant and Maria von Evreux\nBrabender 1782-1820, son of Ludwig and Katharina Susanne Saemer, married to Catharina John in 1822\nBraitling 1788-1788, son of Johann Michael Breitling and Anna Magdalene Lehrer\nBrandauer 1854-1925, son of Christoph Friederich and Rosina Friederika Tafel\nBrasttberger \nBraun 1887-, son of Johann and Maria Fritz Braun 1879-, son of Johann and Margaretha Stutz Braun 1879-, son of Johann and Christina Ruch Braun 1873-1877, son of Johann and Christina Ruch Braun 1869-1871, son of Johann and Susanna Heinrich Braun 1868-1950, son of Peter and Anna Margaretha Krause, married to Maria Khler in 1898 Braun 1861-1930, son of Johann and Margarethe Mang Braun 1858-, son of Johann Georg and Christina Etzel, married to Elisabetha Schnaible in 1887 Braun 1853-, son of Sebastian and Maria Katharina Meyer, married to Maria Fritz in 1885 Braun 1851-1899, son of Mathias and Maria Kuhn, married to Margaretha Stutz in 1877 Braun 1851-, son of Johann and Barbara Forster Braun 1848-, son of Peter and Margaretha Schichtel, married to Maria Dax in 1873 Braun 1847-, son of Johann and Barbara Renckes Braun 1847-1847, son of Johann and Maria Goujet Braun 1846-1914, son of Wilhelm and Maria Katharina Sulz, married to Christina Ruch in 1870 Braun 1845-, son of Johann and Anna Baum, married to Susanna Heinrich in 1869 Braun ca 1838-, with Rosine Friedrike Wieland Braun 1833-1836, son of Leonhard and Margretha Philippina Steinhbel Braun 1829-1909, son of Johann and Barbara Renckes, married to Margarethe Mang in 1857 Braun 1813-1866, son of Anton and Elisabeth Theobald, married to Maria Goujet in 1840, Barbara Forster in 1848 Braun 1808-, son of Andreas and Elisabeth Quirin Braun 1800-, son of Anton and Elisabeth Theobald, married to Barbara Renckes in 1828 Braun 1788-, son of Johannes and Susanna Ladwein Braun 1786-1860, son of Jacob and Maria Johannetta Blank, married to Katharina Geber in 1843 Braun 1783-1785, son of Mathias Breininger and Katharina Burger Braun 1774-, son of Mathias Breininger and Katharina Burger Braun 1774-, son of Joannes Adamus and Susanna Heintz Braun 1752-, son of Jacob and Margaretha Gier, married to Anna Contz in 1776 Braun 1735-, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Magdalena Feld, married to Maria Apollonia Barth in 1764 Braun ca 1704-1774/, married to Agatha Braun in 1729 Braun 1704-1774, married to Anna Maria Feld in 1736 Braun , married to Eva Finkbeiner in 1771 Braun , married to Catharina Hein Braun, son of Johann and Catharina Hein, married to Barbara Jenner in 1873 Braun 1865, son of Nikolaus and Christina Wender, married to Anna Baum in 1844 Braun 1809, married to Maria Adam Braun 1788, son of Vincenz and Gertrud Otto, married to Gertrud Contz in 1755\nBraunberger 1898-1899, son of Johann and Maria Dahmen Braunberger 1892-1892, son of Johann and Maria Dahmen Braunberger 1865-, son of Nicolaus Braunberber and Barbara Ida Stachel, married to Maria Dahmen in 1891\nBrausch 1775-1778, son of Michel Dominik and Anna Maria Grenz Brausch 1688-1760, son of Johann Georg and Anna ?, married to Margaretha Warmeldingers in 1724\nBreinig 1883-1970, son of Franz and Elisabeth Kraus, married to Maria Magdalena Speicher in 1908 Breinig 1840-1891, son of Heinrich and Elisabeth Speicher, married to Maria Raubuch in 1869 Breinig 1839-, son of Peter and Maria Speicher, married to Anna Altmeyer in 1865 Breinig 1832-1840, son of Sebastian and Catharina Mller Breinig 1827-1829, son of Peter and Barbara Speicher Breinig 1822-1886, son of Johann and Christina Altmeyer, married to Anna Turk in 1849 Breinig 1820-1820, son of Johann and Christina Altmeyer Breinig 1819-1884, married to Angelika Haffner in 1844 Breinig 1783-1840, son of Franz and Barbara Altmeyer, married to Christina Altmeyer in 1806\nBreinig, Breuning 1796-1818, son of Johann and Maria Magdalena Merzig Breinig, Breuning 1773-1785, son of Peter Breinig Breuning and Anna Barbara Hlig Breinig, Breuning 1764-1823, son of Peter Breinig Breuning and Anna Barbara Hlig, married to Maria Magdalena Merzig in 1788\nBreining 1748-1805, son of Peter and Susanna Stein\nBreininger 1896-, son of Kaspar Josef and Anna Schwarz Breininger 1877-, son of Philipp Jakob and Maria Klein Breininger 1870-1870, son of Josef and Anna Maria Morguet Breininger , son of Peter and Anna Maria Amann\nBreit , married to Anna Maria Welter in 1788\nBreithaupt 1844-1897, son of Andrew and Elisabetha Eberhardt, married to Catharina Damm in 1867, Maria Carl in 1874\nBreitmayer 1887-, son of Peter Johann and Margaretha Schuster\nBrenner 1871-1911, son of Johann and Wilhelmina Lang, married to Wilhelmine Witt in 1895 Brenner 1843-1916, son of Johann and Henriette Ruge, married to Wilhelmina Lang in 1865 Brenner 1836-1837, son of Nikolaus and Angelika Schfer Brenner 1832-1815, son of Johann Georg and Jacobina Hainz Brenner 1828-1854, son of Nikolaus and Angelika Schfer, married to Anna Spurk in 1852 Brenner 1824-, son of Johann Georg and Jacobina Hainz Brenner 1816-1895, married to Catharina MLler in 1839 Brenner 1812-1848, son of Johann Georg and Jacobina Hainz, married to Henriette Ruge in 1834 Brenner 1755-1838, son of Johann Leonhard and Maria Elisabetha Badmann, married to Anna Maria Treffz in 1783 Brenner 1651-, son of Hans and Anna Frech Brenner 1639-1639, son of Johan Henrich Breuner and Susanne Mack Brenner 1556-1596, married to Barbara Haan\nBresser 1693-1764, son of Peter and Maria Magdalena Werner, married to Maria Schmitt\nBrettnacher , married to Anna Maria Ney\nBreuer 1755-1813, married to Anna Altmeyer in 1786\nBreyer 1888-, son of Christian and Josephine Sabine Truntzler Breyer 1887-1887, son of Christian and Josephine Sabine Truntzler\nBrim, married to Maria ?\nBrissier 1820-1852, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Lorson, married to Margarethe Remark in 1847 Brissier, married to Susanne Lafontaine\nBrisson 1718-1792, son of Nicolai Briston and Catharina Pohl, married to Margarethe Eisenbarth in 1747\nBristiel , married to Katharina Webanek\nBritz 1849-, married to Maria Mller in 1877 Britz 1849-, son of Franz and Katharina Wilhelm, married to Maria Schmitt in 1876\nBrodbeck 1862-1863, son of Johann Gotfried and Maria Catharine Weiblen Brodbeck 1794-1878, son of Michael and Anna Maria Stifel, married to Anna Catharina Reusch in 1818, Anna Catharina Reusch in 1818, Anna Katherina Reusch\nBrodt 1892-1914, son of Paulus and Catherina Strecker Brodt 1892-, son of Johann and Katharina Kozer Brodt 1887-1890, son of Paulus and Catherina Strecker Brodt 1886-, son of Jacob and Christina Binder Brodt 1845-, son of Konrad and Elizabeth Herjath, married to Katharina Kozer in 1869\nBroesamle 1920-1942, son of Johann Georg and Wilhelmine Charlotte Stoll\nBronder , married to Margaretha Eckert\nBrosette 1858-, son of Johannes and Barbara Nagass, married to Carola Busche in 1890 Brosette , married to Catharina Monter\nBross 1881-, son of Gottlieb Brosz and Anna Maria Schoettle Bross 1861-1926, son of Paul and Anna Maria Bohnet, married to Katharina Vetter in 1883 Bross 1858-1861, son of Paul and Anna Maria Bohnet\nBrosset 1739-1810, married to Angelika Haas\nBrost 1873-, son of Johann Georg and Christina Schlenker\nBruck 1729, married to Eva Mallin in 1720\nBrck 1844-, son of Andreas and Anna Maria Drr\nBrcken ca 1430-, son of Johann Vii von Brcken and Schnheit von Weiskirchen\nBrucker 1849-ca 1949, son of Josef and Katharina Csofcsak, married to Katharina Mahotka in 1873 Brucker 1833-, son of Johann and Elisabeth KRMER Brucker 1802-, with Elisabeth KRMER\nBruecker 1881-, son of Heinrich and Elisabetha Fleiner Bruecker 1877-1878, son of Heinrich and Elisabetha Fleiner\nBruege 1880-, son of Jakob Bruege 1880-, son of Jakob and Louise Hinz Bruege 1858-1924, son of Michael Erdmann and Rosina Hinz, married to Susanna Strohschein in 1889\nBrutscher 1739-, son of Anton and Katharina Mller\nBubel , married to Anna Kihm in 1744\nBuch 1862-, married to Katharina Karolina Kohler\nBch , son of Johannes and Anna Katharina Seiler\nBucher 1832-, married to Maria Veronika Joos in 1871\nBuchheit 1845-1904, son of Peter Buchheid and Angela Habig, married to Johanna Barthel in 1877 Buchheit ca 1646-1691, married to Catharina ? in 1658\nBuchleitner 1798-1798, son of Bernhard and Maria Anna Haser Buchleitner 1794-1857, son of Johann and Eva Knig, married to Elisabeth Buchleitner in 1839 Buchleitner 1765-1826, son of Franz and Johana Port, married to Eva Knig in 1789\nBudau 1878-, son of Johann Christian and Justina Hintz\nBdinger 1843-1866, son of Johann and Gertrud Jungmann Bdinger 1812-1860, son of Philipp and Anna Maria Kaiser, married to Gertrud Jungmann in 1840 Bdinger 1792-, son of Peter and Walburga Emmel\nBuech 1737-, son of Johann Peter and Maria Margaretha Gross, married to Catharina Margarethe Schmidt in 1757\nBuerk 1830-1832, son of Johann Georg Birk and Christine Dietrich Buerk 1829-1829, son of Johann Georg Birk and Christine Dietrich\nBuetschle 1810-, son of Franz Xaver and Ottilia Merz, married to Daria Engesser in 1835\nBulle 1790, married to Margaretha Kihm\nBuphof ca 1827-, with Katharina Fritz\nBurbach 1887-1961, son of Johann and Helene Hufer Burbach , married to Helene Hufer\nBurbes , married to Mathilde Hacklnder\nBurette, married to Barbara Willich\nBurg 1898-1979, son of Georg and Elisabeth Ahr Burg 1882-, son of Johann and Anna Berrar, married to Anna Schug in 1908 Burg 1882-1961, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Amann, married to Helene Mathieu in 1908 Burg 1881-1960, son of Simon and Katharina Reinstdler, married to Augusta ? Burg 1868-1953, son of Georg and Margarethe Burg, married to Margarethe Moll in 1893 Burg 1864-, son of Jakob and Margarethe Schmidt Burg 1860-, son of Adam and Margaretha Grff, married to Barbara Klein in 1888 Burg 1858-, son of Georg and Maria Burg Burg 1852-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Remark Burg 1851-, son of Johann and Barbara Louis, married to Anna Berrar in 1882 Burg 1847-1886, son of Georg and Maria Burg, married to Barbara Kiefer in 1876 Burg 1845-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Remark Burg 1842-1843, son of Joseph and Magdalena Ahr Burg 1831-, son of Joseph and Magdalena Ahr Burg 1824-1824, son of Johannes and Maria Schilling Burg 1822-1861, son of Peter and Susanne Masson, married to Barbara Louis in 1844 Burg 1820-1896, son of Johannes and Maria Schilling, married to Anna Rihm in 1848 Burg 1803-1866, son of Johannes and Anna Renckes, married to Margarethe Binz Burg ca 1803-1804, son of Lorenz Georg and Anna Margaretha Deutsch Burg 1775-1855, son of Peter and Barbara Rihm, married to Margarethe Winter in 1803 Burg 1773-1774, son of Peter and Dorothea Martin Burg 1723-1803, son of Johannes Petrus and Anna Kiefer, married to Katharina Remarque in 1749 Burg ca 1702-, married to Anna Elisabetha Albert in 1729 Burg 1687-1760, married to Barbara Schmid in 1721 Burg 1651-, son of Mathias Theis and Barbara Koch, married to Elis. Ernser in 1676 Burg 1639-, son of Mathias Theis and Barbara Koch\nBurgard 1893-1962, son of Matthias and Margarethe Eberhard Burgard 1886-1894, son of Johann and Barbara Eberhard Burgard 1885-1885, son of Johann and Barbara Eberhard Burgard 1865-, son of Johannes and Margarethe Gadjeli Burgard 1860-1935, son of Johann and Maria Magdalena Thiel, married to Barbara Eberhard in 1884 Burgard 1856-, son of Jakob and Maria Mang, married to Anna Maria Remy in 1882 Burgard 1849-1849, son of Johann and Magdalena Wilhelm Burgard 1816-1872, son of Jakob and Maria Saisar, married to Magdalena Wilhelm in 1842, Maria Magdalena Thiel in 1850 Burgard 1811-1812, son of Johann and Anna Maria Wagener Burgard 1806-1806, son of Jakob and Maria Saisar Burgard 1804-1805, son of Johann and Anna Maria Wagener Burgard 1799-, son of Jakob and Maria Saisar Burgard 1765-, son of Johann Adam and Elisabeth Lw, married to Anna Maria Wagener in 1800 Burgard 1764-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Hafner Burgard 1804, married to Anna Maria Hafner, Anna Catharina Karrenbauer in 1767\nBurgemeister 1912-, son of Friedrich and Emilie Kison Burgemeister 1908-, son of Friedrich and Magdelena Jeske Burgemeister 1884-, son of Jakob and Dorothea Bohnet, married to Christine Mueller in 1909\nBurger 1842-1843, son of Paul and Margaretha Sahner Burger 1840-1858, son of Johann Georg and Catharina Herber Burger 1832-, son of Franz and Maria Weiten, married to Catharina Drr in 1858 Burger 1812-1814, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Watring Burger 1779-1839, son of Johann Peter and Katharina Goergen Burger 1738-, son of Johann and Barbara Gross Burger ca 1700-1770, married to Barbara Gross in 1737 Burger 1851, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Watring, married to Margaretha Beiriger in 1839 Burger , married to Maria Thnes-Basten in 1708\nBurgermeister ca 1503-ca 1528, son of Wolfgang Wolf and Barbara Schefferlin\nBurggraf 1844-1918, married to Karoline Lupberger in 1867\nBurgsthaler 1875-, son of Mateusz and Juliane Renz\nBurkart, married to Margaretha Ladwein in 1912\nBurkhardt 1909-, son of Jacob and Emilie Seeger\nBrkner 1841-1841, son of Johann Sebastian and Johanna Katharina Seuffert\nBrtin 1840-, son of Franz Joseph and Johannetta Schuster, married to Katharina Mller in 1867\nBuschbacher 1880-, son of Franz and Anna Catharina Buschbacher Buschbacher 1869-1870, son of Peter and Catharina Lemire Buschbacher 1856-1866, son of Mathias and Margaretha Spath Buschbacher 1845-, son of Mathias and Margaretha Spath, married to Angelika Wirth in 1871 Buschbacher 1843-1846, son of Johann and Elisabeth Senzig Buschbacher 1813-1822, son of Franz and Barbara Beiriger Buschbacher 1805-1859, married to Elisabeth Senzig in 1828 Buschbacher 1779-1859, married to Catharina Arweiler in 1808 Buschbacher 1760-1763, son of Franz and Margaretha Mittermller Buschbacher 1749-, son of Franz and Margaretha Mittermller, married to Anna Maria Blees in 1776 Buschbacher 1732-1771, married to Anna Margaretha Reiter in 1753 Buschbacher 1818, son of Franz and Margaretha Mittermller, married to Angela Steffen in 1770, Anna Maria Hemmel in 1772\nBusendorfer 1878-, son of Josef and Margaretha Egloff\nBusert 1872-1872, son of Peter and Margaretha Gangloff Busert, married to Margaretha Becker in 1874 Busert, married to Agnes Becker\nButter 1826-, son of Josef and Magdalena Keller, married to Margarethe Hassel in 1852 Butter 1765-1814, son of Johann and Anna Barbara Walthertum, married to Maria Anna Reyland in 1782 Butter, married to Anna Barbara Walthertum\nButzer 1815-1815, son of Christian Caspar and Johanna Barbara Weller\nC\nCAVELIUS 1842-1843, son of Peter Cavelius and Anna Ditzler CAVELIUS 1840-1844, son of Johann and Catharina KLOPP CAVELIUS 1833-1834, son of Johann and Catharina KLOPP CAVELIUS 1804-1855, son of Johann Georg and Margaretha Winkel, married to Catharina KLOPP in 1828 CAVELIUS 1791-1836, son of Johann Georg and Margaretha Winkel\nCHATEAU or SCHATO 1703-, son of Johann Chateau and Anna Helberingen\nCLODO 1877-, son of Nikolaus Clodo and Katharina Hoffman CLODO 1855-1855, son of Johann Clodo and Maria Kramer CLODO 1839-1839, son of Johann Clodo and Maria Kramer\nCalmbach ca 1675-, son of Michael Kalmbach and Anna Maria Kirn, married to Anna Marie Keppler in 1698\nCammer 1806-1884, son of Peter and Catharina Scholer, married to Susanna Friedrich\nCamy ca 1720-1771, married to Anna Katharina Becker in 1743\nCannivet 1722-1783, married to Maria Casper\nCapitaine 1720-, son of Johann and Margarethe Martin Capitaine ca 1693-1746/, son of Johann and Elizabeth Deversin, married to Anna Katharina Haas Capitaine ca 1685-, son of Johann and Elizabeth Deversin, married to Maria Phillip in 1707 Capitaine ca 1680-1729/, son of Johann and Elizabeth Deversin, married to Margarethe Martin Capitaine 1652-1710, married to Elizabeth Deversin in 1679\nCaptaine ca 1688-1743, son of Johann Capitaine and Elizabeth Deversin, married to Anna Katharina Haas in 1710\nCaspar 1884-1903, son of Johann and Catharina Ewen Caspar 1872-1873, son of Johann and Catharina Ewen Caspar 1861-, son of Jakob and Anna Kiefer Caspar 1842-1903, son of Johann and Anna Mathis, married to Catharina Ewen in 1872 Caspar 1828-, son of Johann Jakob and Elisabeth Klein, married to Katharina Steffen in 1853 Caspar 1808-, son of Johann Georg and Margaretha Limbach, married to Anna Mathis Caspar 1793-, son of Johann Georg and Margaretha Limbach Caspar 1714-1749, married to Maria Haupert in 1735 Caspar , married to Anna Maria Grewenig Caspar , married to Elisabeth Schwarz Caspar, married to Anna Catharina Pauli\nCavelius 1884-1980, son of Peter and Margarethe Zang Cavelius 1778-, son of Johannes Kavelius and Anna Katharina Maas Cavelius , married to Anna Maria Nicola\nCharon 1838-1862, son of Johann and Gertrud Theobald Charon 1830-1830, son of Johann and Gertrud Theobald Charon 1803-1874, son of Johann and Anna Becker, married to Gertrud Theobald in 1829 Charon, married to Anna Katharina Becking Charon, son of Johann and Anna Katharina Becking, married to Anna Becker in 1792\nChateau /1660-1748, married to Anna Helberingen in 1695\nChevalier 1775-, son of Jacob and Anna Margaretha Holtzer\nChristian 1729, married to Maria ?\nChristiany 1825-, son of Matthias and Eva Maria Ecker\nChristmacher , son of Nicolaus and Susanna Brandenburger, married to Anna Catharina Martin in 1798\nChristoffel 1745-1745, son of Christian and Anna Maria Neu Christoffel 1739-1839, son of Christian and Anna Barbara Becker\nChristoph 1879-, son of Franz and Katharina Lonsdorfer Christoph , married to Katharina Nenno\nCieminki 1910-, married to Elfriede Treinen in 1938\nClanche 1804-, son of Franz Clange and Barbara Fronier Clanche 1769-1775, son of Johann Nikolaus and Martha Stenger Clanche 1590-1648, married to Margaretha ?\nClanget 1851-, son of Adam and Elisabeth Clohse\nClasmann 1781-1782, son of Johann and Anna Elisabeth Lrscher Clasmann 1742-1782, son of Nikolaus and Angela Kaiser, married to Anna Maria Chon in 1768, Anna Elisabeth Lrscher in 1779\nClaus 1860-, son of Johann and Maria Anna Ponsin Claus 1857-1935, son of Margarethe Claus Claus 1835-, son of Sebastian and Margaretha Dreistadt, married to Maria Anna Ponsin in 1859 Claus 1820-, son of Nikolaus and Angela Fries Claus 1790-1790, son of Johann and Angela Konz Claus 1752-1806, son of Johann and Anna Catharina ?, married to Angela Konz in 1781 Claus, married to Anna Catharina ?\nClemens 1765-, son of Andreas and Margaretha Mller, married to N N in 1790\nClement 1828-1887, son of Michael and Barbara Danner, married to Theresia Carolina Bidlingmaier in 1853 Clement 1738-, son of Nicolas and Anne Laurent, married to Margarethe Macagne in 1768, Maria Rupp in 1775\nClemone 1788-1791, son of Andreas and Margarethe Berkessel\nClesius 1738-1794, son of Thomas and Maria Stein, married to Angela Heintz\nClodo 1807-1875, son of Claudius and Catharina Schmidt, married to Maria Kramer in 1832\nCoby 1713-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Catharina Graff\nColbusch , married to Magdalena Bettenfeld\nCollet 1819-1863, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Jost Collet 1777-1784, son of Michael and Margaretha Bosch Collet 1727-, son of Wendelin and Susanna Syre, married to Magdalena Blug in 1754, Susanna Jenner in 1759\nCollin 1686-, son of Hermann Jeancollin and Maria Drr\nColling 1754-, son of Paul Nikolaus and Barbara Zanken\nColmann 1886-, son of Peter and Catharina Strauff Colmann 1871-1878, son of Johann and Anna Maria Wagner Colmann 1850-, son of Johann and Barbara Augustin Colmann 1836-, son of Peter and Margaretha Heinrich, married to Anna Maria Wagner in 1866 Colmann 1819-, son of Michael and Anna Kopp, married to Barbara Augustin in 1845 Colmann 1816-1818, son of Michael and Anna Kopp Colmann 1767-1846, son of Nikolaus and Anna Clasmann, married to Anna Thiel in 1788\nComtesse 1898-, son of Andreas and Anna Maria Berdin Comtesse 1894-, son of Peter Wilhelm and Anna Schmidt, married to Barbara Amann, Regina Katharina Berdin Comtesse 1892-1960, son of Johann and Katharina Daub Comtesse 1891-1895, son of Peter and Magdalena Hamm Comtesse 1888-1972, son of Moritz and Katharina Beck Comtesse 1887-, son of Josef and Gertrud Wenzel, married to Barbara Schmidt Comtesse 1887-1960, son of Johann and Katharina Kleinbauer Comtesse 1886-1887, son of Jakob and Catharina Reinstaedler Comtesse 1879-1950, son of Johann and Anna Schmitt Comtesse 1871-1871, son of Ludwig and Margaretha Keller Comtesse 1866-, son of Franz and Barbara Guldner, married to Katharina Port in 1899 Comtesse 1861-, son of Johann and Maria Comtesse Comtesse 1860-1927, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schmidt Comtesse 1855-, son of Johann and Maria Nalbach Comtesse 1854-1855, son of Anton and Gertrud Arnold Comtesse 1853-, son of Johann and Margarethe Becker, married to Katharina Daub in 1877 Comtesse 1852-, son of Jakob and Katharina Schlichtig, married to Anna Schmitt in 1878 Comtesse 1849-1850, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schmidt Comtesse 1849-1924, son of Nikolaus Franz and Maria Comtesse, married to Katharina Kleinbauer in 1880 Comtesse 1840-1843, son of Matthias and Anna Luxenburger Comtesse 1840-1840, son of Johann and Anna Wagner Comtesse 1839-, son of Jakob and Maria Kneip Comtesse 1838-, son of Johann and Anna Wagner Comtesse 1835-1835, son of Jakob and Maria Kneip Comtesse 1832-1832, son of Peter and Eva Anna Maria Denis Comtesse 1831-, son of Johann and Anna Wagner, married to Maria Nalbach in 1854 Comtesse 1829-1890, son of August and Margaretha Kneip, married to Maria Comtesse in 1852 Comtesse 1826-1890, son of Peter and Franziska Stein, married to Johanna Klein in 1875 Comtesse 1825-, son of Peter and Eva Anna Maria Denis Comtesse 1824-1886, son of Johann and Elisabeth Denis, married to Margarethe Becker in 1850, Katharina Biewer in 1863 Comtesse 1822-, son of Peter and Katharina Stein Comtesse 1821-1899, son of Michael and Katharina Math Comtesse 1820-1873, son of Johann and Elisabeth Denis, married to Elisabeth Schmidt in 1846 Comtesse 1819-1887/, son of Peter and Katharina Stein, married to Margaretha Nenno in 1852 Comtesse 1812-1886, son of Michael and Anna Maria Burger Comtesse 1812-1868, son of Christoph and Barbara Luja, married to Katharina Schon in 1839 Comtesse 1806-1870, son of Johann and Magdalena Zerlaut, married to Anna Wagner in 1830 Comtesse 1801-1807, son of Jakob and Anna Schmitt Comtesse 1785-1838, son of Johann and Maria Macagne, married to Elisabeth Denis in 1815 Comtesse 1776-1776, son of Johann and Anna Hansen Comtesse 1775-1778, son of Grard and Elisabeth Theobald Comtesse 1774-1774, son of Grard and Elisabeth Theobald Comtesse 1754-1807, son of Johann and Margarethe Stein, married to Maria Macagne in 1778, Magdalena Zerlaut in 1797 Comtesse 1753-1754, son of Claudius Franz and Margaretha Denis Comtesse 1751-, son of Johann and Margarethe Stein, married to Katharina Puhl in 1792 Comtesse 1750-1750, son of Johann and Margarethe Stein Comtesse 1746-1746, son of Claudius Franz and Agatha Rink Comtesse 1743-1796, son of Lucas and Maria Rupp, married to Anna Hansen in 1776 Comtesse 1741-1741, son of Lucas and Maria Rupp Comtesse 1725-1788, son of Gerhard and Margaretha Renaud, married to Margarethe Stein in 1746, Katharina Barth in 1777 Comtesse, son of Peter and Gertrud KOBY Comtesse, son of Johann and Katharina Port Comtesse , married to Maria Mathieu\nConde 1859-1899, son of Peter and Anna Maria Klauck, married to Anna Schmitt in 1889\nConrad 1895-1958, son of Johann and Maria Barthel Conrad 1891-, son of Johann and Otilia Steffen Conrad 1867-, son of Peter and Margaretha Eckle Conrad 1865-, son of Peter and Margaretha Hell, married to Maria Barthel in 1888 Conrad 1859-1889, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Sellen Conrad 1851-1882, son of Nikolaus and Anna Katharina Kammer, married to Catharina Pistorius Conrad 1851-, son of Peter and Gertrud Emmel, married to Anna Maria Steffen in 1877, Otilia Steffen in 1886 Conrad 1848-1911, son of Johann and Anna Kammer, married to Margaretha Engel in 1875 Conrad 1815-1864, son of Nikolaus and Maria Gauer, married to Anna Kammer in 1842 Conrad 1763-1849, married to Anna Schmitt Conrad 1752-1799, son of Nikolaus and Susanna Kindt, married to Katharina Roos in 1799 Conrad , son of Nikolaus and Susanna Kindt Conrad, married to Susanna Cavelius\nConstroffer 1867-, son of Peter and Anna Fischer Constroffer 1836-, son of Nicolaus and Catharina Martin Constroffer 1804-1804, son of Nikolaus and Maria Scharf\nContier , son of Franz and Gertrud Becker, married to Margarethe Schmitt in 1886\nContz 1742-1788, son of Johann and Maria Wrden, married to Anna Maria Stoffel in 1770 Contz 1699-, son of Peter and Maria Mller, married to Maria Wrden in 1722\nConzelmann 1814-1851, married to Katharine Lorch in 1838\nCordier ca 1706-, son of Johann Philipp and Margaretha Weis\nCormisch , married to Catharina Birk in 1830\nCornely, married to Maria Gratz\nCosmann 1867, married to Gertrud Henry in 1832\nCour (de) 1669-, son of Daniel De Cour\nCremer 1656-, son of Nicolaus Cremer ( Kremer) and Maria Weis Cremer 1656-, son of Nicolaus and Maria Weis Cremer, married to Catharina Decarmes\nCroon 1877-1950, son of Johannes Jacob and Maria Schwinn, married to Anna Feld in 1906 Croon 1789-1794, son of Nicolaus and Margaretha Michaely Croon 1850, son of Mathias and Katherina Bauer\nCullmann 1895-, son of Johann and Barbara Schmidt Cullmann 1864-, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Ebener, married to Barbara Schmidt in 1890\nCzemann 1781-1831, son of Joannes Czehman and Christina Schrubin\nD\nDEIMER 1843-, son of Johann Deimer and Barbara NEY ( Neu), married to Barbara THEOBALD in 1871 DEIMER 1835-1836, son of Johann Deimer and Barbara NEY ( Neu)\nDIEDRICH ca 1737-1801, married to Catharina PENERAD in 1772\nDIMEL 1839-1892, son of Mathias and Barbara Treib, married to Barbara HOEN in 1873\nDITZLER 1840-1840, son of Johann Ditzler and Maria Anna Rusch\nDOLIBOIS 1900-1981, son of Peter and Catharina LAURENT DOLIBOIS 1897-1898, son of Peter and Catharina LAURENT\nDrrenbecher 1870-1939, married to Luise Schwickert\nDRck 1721-1780, son of Joannis Theobaldi Duerck and Margarethae Paul, married to Elisabeth Scherer in 1749\nDahlem, married to Elisabeth Schffer\nDahm 1792-1868, son of Johann Adam Dahmen and Anna Maria Kettering, married to Margaretha Luxenburger in 1823, Anna Maria Schneider in 1846 Dahm 1734-1794, son of Johann and Barbara Winter, married to Margaretha Steffen in 1766 Dahm 1760, married to Barbara Winter in 1732\nDahmen 1908-, son of Michael and Maria Reichert, married to Angelika Burbach in 1933 Dahmen 1893-1895, son of Peter and Margarethe Bonenberger Dahmen 1865-1879, son of Johann Georg and Maria Magdalena Feltz Dahmen 1853-1853, son of Johann and Catharina Fels Dahmen 1828-1858, son of Johann Dahm and Margaretha Luxenburger, married to Catharina Fels in 1852\nDambach 1883-, son of Friedrich and Elisabetha Catharina Egner Dambach 1860-1951, son of Johann Karl Friedrich and Karolina Christina Sammet, married to Eva Barbara Weidner in 1889 Dambach 1859-1919, son of Leonhard Philipp and Katharina Wurst, married to Katharina Bohn in 1890\nDamm 1851-/1941, son of Johann Adam and Anna Maria Heuchert\nDanner 1850-1851, son of Nikolaus and Irmelina Mayer Danner 1832-, son of Peter and Anna Allmand Danner 1824-1849, son of Johannes and Anna Schmidt Danner 1815-1816, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Schmitt Danner 1804-1805, son of Johannes and Katharina Renckes Danner 1803-1804, son of Michel and Apollonia Bersal\nDaub 1895-1896, son of Matthias and Margaretha Denis Daub 1892-, son of Peter and Maria Biesen Daub 1890-1984, son of Konrad and Anna Grgen Daub 1887-1892, son of Michael and Margarethe Hahn Daub 1883-1948, son of Wendel and Anna Maria Abel Daub 1878-1949, son of Johann and Margarethe Meyer Daub 1871-, son of Josef and Maria Gangloff, married to Margaretha Klein in 1899 Daub 1865-1945, son of Wilhelm and Angelika Reichrath, married to Anna Horbach in 1895 Daub 1863-, son of Georg and Anna Maria Trunzler, married to Angela Zang in 1892 Daub 1861-1863, son of Josef and Maria Gangloff Daub 1860-, son of Georg and Anna Kiefer, married to Elisabeth Gerner in 1888 Daub 1860-, son of Peter and Katharina Schemel Daub 1857-1927, son of Jakob and Margarethe Reichrath, married to Anna Eberhardt in 1888, Katharina Wahsmuth in 1893 Daub 1851-1888, son of Georg and Catharina Grosjean, married to Margarethe Meyer in 1875 Daub 1848-, son of Peter and Katharina Schemel Daub 1847-, son of Johann and Margaretha Martin Daub 1845-, son of Joseph and Catharina Schmitz, married to Eva Klein, Margarethe Burgard in 1876 Daub 1832-, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Braun, married to Katharina Margaretha Pitz in 1856 Daub 1812-1880, son of Johann and Margaretha Stein, married to Margaretha Martin in 1839 Daub 1810-1866, son of Ludwig and Anna Maria Zimmer, married to Margarethe Nalbach in 1840 Daub 1784-1839, son of Johann and Elisabeth Stablon, married to Margaretha Stein in 1812, Barbara Amann in 1815, Susanna Ernst in 1826 Daub 1756-1824, son of Johannes and Anna Margaretha Ochs, married to Elisabeth Stablon in 1781 Daub, married to Eva Klein\nDauber , with Catharina Barbara Gschwend\nDaunheimer 1887-1888, son of Jakob and Katharina Elisabetha Issel\nDauphin 1753-1754, son of Johann and Anna Fourmann Dauphin /1694-1774, married to Margaretha Grandjean, Anna Fourmann in 1752, Johanna Roignol in 1760\nDauster 1883-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Starck, married to Margaretha Wagner in 1911 Dauster 1849-, son of Josef and Barbara Neu Dauster, son of Jacob and Maria Ursula Hardy\nDavid 1776-1820, son of Jacob and Maria Catharina Janus, married to Catharina Sophia Gros in 1800 David , married to Anna Maria Brachmond\nDavo , married to Barbara Weber\nDax 1833-, son of Johann and Anna Braun, married to Anna Blank in 1857 Dax 1797-1870, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Birk, married to Anna Braun in 1824 Dax 1795-1796, son of Johannes and Maria Biesen Dax 1781-1781, son of Johannes and Barbara Collet Dax 1722-1785, married to Catharina Gier\nDecker 1891-1963, son of Wendel and Anna Katharina Lomb Decker 1886-1886, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Schmidt Decker 1879-, son of Johannes and Anna Frey Decker 1873-1874, son of Angelika Decker Decker 1871-1932, son of Johann and Katharina Morschett Decker 1867-1868, son of Anna Decker Decker 1865-, son of Johann and Katharina Morschett Decker 1856-1866, son of Peter and Anna Boudier Decker 1856-, son of Peter and Katharina Becker Decker 1847-1847, son of Michel and Elisabeth Becker Decker 1838-, son of Michel and Elisabeth Becker, married to Katharina Morschett in 1864 Decker 1837-1838, son of Anna Decker Decker 1833-, son of Jakob and Anna Khler, married to Barbara Gehring in 1860 Decker 1832-, married to Maria Heibl in 1866 Decker 1810-1814, son of Johann and Magdalena Renckes Decker 1802-1812, son of Johann and Magdalena Renckes Decker 1802-1805, son of Nikolaus and Anna Renckes Decker 1781-, son of Joseph and Barbara Bouillier Decker 1775-1831, son of Joes Georg and Johanna Renckes, married to Elisabeth Stulsatz in 1797, Magdalena Renckes in 1801\nDefland, married to Magdalena Metzinger\nDeichler 1895-, son of Peter and Margaretha Rupp, married to Elisabeth Zang Deichler 1768-1769, son of Josef and Anna Eva Katharina Lonsdorfer\nDeimer 1808-, son of Peter and Anne Marie Bausch, married to Barbara NEY ( Neu) in 1831\nDell 1645-1688, son of Hans Adam and Eva Magdalena Demuth, married to Irmina Kramer in 1667\nDelles 1822-1850, son of Jean Delesse and Catharina Nimsgern\nDenich, married to Barbara Langenfeld\nDenig 1799-, son of Michel Denich and Angela Amann\nDenis 1899-, son of Anton and Gertrud Bier Denis 1890-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Welsch Denis 1889-, son of Josef and Maria Hewer Denis 1888-1889, son of Peter and Anna Maria Welsch Denis 1887-, son of Johann and Gertrud Rupp, married to Anna Schmitt Denis 1876-, son of Adam and Maria Rupp, married to Maria Klein in 1905 Denis 1873-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Jung, married to Johanna Pfeiffer Denis 1866-, son of Peter and Katharina Becker, married to Barbara Steuer in 1895 Denis 1866-1866, son of Johann and Katharina Bernard Denis 1863-, son of Adam and Maria Rupp Denis 1862-, son of Johann and Irmina Kien Denis 1856-1922, son of Johann and Margarethe Himbert, married to Maria Kollmann in 1895 Denis 1855-, son of Johann and Katharina Denis, married to Gertrud Rupp in 1887 Denis 1855-, son of Joseph and Anna Maas Denis 1848-1848, son of Elisabeth Denis Denis 1839-1839, son of Johann and Maria Eva Ney Denis 1837-1876, son of Johann and Anna Morguet, married to Katharina Bernard in 1865 Denis 1835-, son of Sebastian and Susanna Ditgen, married to Anna Maria Jung in 1865 Denis ca 1834-1893, son of Johann and Katharina Rupp Denis 1831-1882/, son of Anton and Anna Maria Hoen, married to Maria Caudy in 1865 Denis 1828-, son of Sebastian and Susanna Ditgen, married to Irmina Kien in 1860 Denis 1827-1881, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Klein, married to Katharina Denis in 1850 Denis 1823-1851, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Klein Denis 1820-1821, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Klein Denis 1808-1885, son of Anton and Anna Maria Hoen, married to Margarethe Himbert in 1849 Denis 1805-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schmidt, married to Katharina Tabellion in 1834 Denis 1803-1875, son of Andreas and Margaretha Becker, married to Katharina Rupp in 1836 Denis 1800-1867, son of Nikolaus and Maria Trenz, married to Katharina Becker in 1831, Anna Morguet in 1836 Denis 1798-1871, son of Andreas and Margaretha Becker, married to Maria Eva Ney in 1820 Denis 1795-1860, son of Gabriel and Maria Welsch, married to Anna Bietzer in 1821 Denis 1788-1788, son of Alexander and Jannette Mller Denis 1758-1845, son of Anton and Margarethe Frantzen, married to Elisabeth Schmidt in 1781 Denis 1724-, son of Johann and Eva Teste Denis /1690-1744, married to Eva Teste in 1715 Denis, married to Anna Bus\nDennemrker 1703-, son of Johann Peter Dennemrker and Helena Wagner\nDennemrker 1819-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Dahm, married to Maria Kreis in 1848 Dennemrker 1772-, son of Peter and Anna Elisabeth Jensen\nDenzer, married to Franziska Oestreich\nDeppert 1877-1878, son of Johann Christof and Johanna Carolina Weber Deppert 1822-, married to Eva Christina Pfreimd in 1848\nDernbecher 1862-, son of Johann and Catharina Lacour, married to Catharina Rupp in 1883 Dernbecher 1846-1885, son of Johannes and Angela Rink Dernbecher 1827-1890, son of Johann Sebastian and Anna Maria Jungfleisch, married to Catharina Lacour in 1859\nDerwing , married to Maria Steffen\nDesquiotz 1830-, son of Franz Henry Joseph and Elisabeth Mathieu\nDestruelle 1878-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Schmitt, married to Maria Clodo Destruelle 1849-1873, son of Karl and Anna Maria Nalbach, married to Katharina Bietzer in 1872 Destruelle, son of Christoff and Katharina Mathieu\nDetemple , married to Franziska Dietzler Detemple , married to Elisabeth Beck Detemple , married to Henriette Wilhelm\nDetzen 1868-, son of Peter and Catharina Morguet Detzen 1833-, son of Johannes and Maria Jungmann, married to Barbara Becker in 1865 Detzen 1824-1824, son of Johannes and Maria Jungmann Detzen 1756-, married to Anna Divo in 1787\nDeutsch 1892-, son of Georg and Maria Nicola Deutsch 1839-, son of Johann and Katharina Margaretha Grser Deutsch 1812-, son of Caspar and Gertrud Weiland Deutsch 1810-, son of Christian and Dorethea Schmelzer, married to Katharina Margaretha Grser in 1837 Deutsch 1736-, married to Catharina Haas in 1769\nDeutschmann 1881-, son of Friedrich and Helene Dietz Deutschmann 1874-, son of Heinrich and Maria Essler\nDewald 1896-, son of Johann and Friedrika Hauk Dewald 1867-, married to Friedrika Hauk in 1891\nDewes 1818-, married to Katharina Drr in 1844\nDiancourt 1859-, son of Johann and Barbara Schaufler, married to Katharina Port in 1883 Diancourt 1812-, son of Karl and Maria Poteau, married to Barbara Schaufler in 1837\nDickmann 1842-1874, son of Johann and Anna Maria Lenhof, married to Susanna Merten in 1869 Dickmann 1816-1862, son of Karl and Maria Hermann, married to Anna Maria Lenhof in 1839 Dickmann 1788-1831, son of Johann and Katharina Margaretha Rollang Dickmann 1752-1810, married to Katharina Margaretha Rollang in 1786\nDidie 1702-, son of Jakob Didier and Elisabeth Lorenz\nDiedenhoffen ca 1848-1923, married to Catharina Kiefer in 1895\nDiederle , married to Maria Barbara Eisenmann in 1747\nDiedrich 1891-, son of Johann and Anna Becker, married to Katharina Breininger Diedrich 1871-, son of Johann and Anna Becker Diedrich 1864-1865, son of Johann Claudius and Maria Schwarz Diedrich 1856-1857, son of Johann Claudius and Maria Schwarz Diedrich 1848-1897, son of Jakob and Barbara Schmitt, married to Anna Becker in 1870 Diedrich 1834-1834, son of Ferdinand, Friedrich and Maria Catharina Petri Diedrich 1791-, son of Claudius and Barbara Glaser Diedrich 1781-, son of Claudius and Barbara Glaser, married to Catharina Springer in 1810 Diedrich ca 1765-1805, married to Elisabeth Speicher in 1798 Diedrich, married to Anna Thesser\nDiehl 1860-1861, son of Christopher and Elisabeth Becker Diehl 1847-1848, son of Heinrich and Anna Maria Weimer Diehl 1802-1884, son of Friedrich Jakob and Maria Katharina Baur, father of Johann Konrad Jakob\nDiel ca 1622-, father of Johann Jacob\nDiener 1862-, son of Johann Peter and Louisa Tausend, married to Magdalena Deutsch in 1884\nDierolph 1861-, son of Johann Michael Dierolf and Katharina Kircher\nDiesinger 1823-1900, son of Johann Heinrich and Maria Margaretha Meyer, married to Sophia Magdalena Barbara Renno in 1854\nDiether 1574, married to Brigitta Jorig\nDietrich 1881-, son of Johann Friedrich and Maria Katharina Schwarz Dietrich 1879-, son of Peter and Maria Elisabethe Weimer Dietrich 1845-1924, son of Georg Friederich and Rosine Magdalene Boelz, married to Barbara Karolina Koppenhoefer, Barbara Karolina Koppenhoefer Dietrich 1835-1899, son of Johann Georg and Eliabetha Bay, married to Magdalena Nuebel in 1889 Dietrich 1817-1847, married to Christiane Margaretha Wieland in 1843 Dietrich 1799-1799, son of Georg Michael and Anna Regina Schluchter Dietrich, father of Anna Dietrich, father of Katharina\nDigel 1873-1905, son of Johannes Diegel and Anna Christiane Bauer Digel ca 1607-1683, married to Barbara Kenmler in 1640\nDillhVer 1790-, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Brosset, married to Maria Mansion in 1815 DillhVer ca 1768-, married to Anna Catharina Brosset in 1789\nDillschneider 1827-, son of Mathias and Margaretha Wrden Dillschneider 1773-, married to Anna Barbara Bauer in 1828 Dillschneider 1761-1843, married to Anna- Maria Zech in 1798\nDimel 1865-1865, son of Peter and Margaretha Barthel\nDimming , married to Katharina Mohr\nDinger 1888-1890, son of Johann and Gertrud Rupp Dinger 1883-, son of Johann and Gertrud Rupp Dinger 1852-, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Forster, married to Gertrud Rupp in 1880\nDitgen 1798-, son of Johann Georg and Maria Anna Valentin\nDittgen 1841-, son of Wendelin and Anna Linnig Dittgen 1822-1894, married to Elisabeth Steimer in 1843\nDittgen or Didier , married to Barbara Altmeyer in 1838\nDittrich, married to Katharina Gradwohl in 1788\nDitzler 1845-1874, son of Franz and Katharina Mller, married to Barbara Schmann in 1872 Ditzler 1831-1860, son of Johann and Maria Anna Rusch, married to Katharina Johann in 1856 Ditzler 1801-1853, son of Franz and Margaretha Hager, married to Maria Anna Rusch in 1825 Ditzler 1764, son of Johann Jakob Detzler and Anna Barbara Mller, married to Maria Margaretha Wahl in 1718\nDivo ca 1755-1825, son of Johann Divo Or Tibo and Magdalena Hoen, married to Margaretha Kiefer in 1780\nDivo Or Tibo 1706-1778, married to Magdalena Hoen in 1742\nDiwo 1898-, son of Peter and Maria Zimmermann Diwo 1880-, son of Nicolaus and Catharina Ganster\nDockter 1878-1878, son of Jacob Theodore and Katharina Kirschenmann Dockter 1864-1913, son of Gottlieb and Magdalena Bender, married to Elizabeth Schlepp in 1888\nDoering 1878-, son of Johann David and Justina Weiss\nDoerr ca 1770-1816, married to Catharina Staab in 1799 Doerr , son of Nicolaus and Margaretha Draeger, married to Margaretha Fend in 1767\nDohr, married to Anna Maria Winter in 1816\nDolibois ca 1856-1908, son of Adam and Maria Schneider, married to Maria Dorothea Hafner in 1881\nDollmann 1869-1954, son of Johann and Anna Margaretha Laurent, married to Elisabeth Fery in 1896 Dollmann, married to Anna Margaretha Laurent\nDollwet 1892-, son of Peter and Barbara Ludwig\nDomma, son of Johann and Gertrud Scholer, married to Catharina Pouffay in 1850 Domma , married to Gertrud Scholer\nDommer 1688-1689, son of Johannes Dummer and Catharina Waldvogel, married to Anna Huber in 1712 Dommer , with Anna ?\nDonate 1864-, son of Georg and Anna Maria Bouvier Donate 1828-1828, son of Andreas and Apollonia Gratz, Kratz Donate 1824-1828, son of Andreas and Apollonia Gratz, Kratz Donate 1815-, son of Andreas and Apollonia Gratz, Kratz Donate 1777-1848, son of Andreas and Katharina Rivet, married to Anna Maria Weber in 1816\nDonie 1838-1857, son of Johann and Sophia Bohrmann Donie 1802-1843, son of Heinrich and Margaretha Jochum, married to Sophia Bohrmann in 1826 Donie 1680-1739, married to Anna Elisabeth Klein in 1702\nDormaier 1863-1877, son of Philipp and Rosina Handel\nDormann, married to Anna Maria Demmer\nDorr 1835-1884, son of Georg and Maria Fecht, married to Catharina Lauer in 1866 Dorr 1712-, married to Anna Margarethe Mauer in 1736 Dorr 1620-1708, married to Anna Elisabeth Benfer in 1654 Dorr 1777, married to Margaretha Hell in 1728\nDrr 1893-1894, son of Peter and Maria Reichert Drr 1888-1891, son of Peter and Maria Reichert Drr 1864-1949, son of Johann and Margarethe Benoit, married to Susanna Karrenbauer in 1890 Drr 1854-, son of Peter and Catharina Schmidt, married to Margarethe Jaquemoth in 1876, Catharina Schwartz in 1882 Drr 1853-, son of Anton and Maria Katharina Diwo, married to Maria Catharina Born in 1878 Drr 1831-, son of Dominik and Barbara Sonnhalter, married to Margarethe Benoit in 1856 Drr 1816-, son of Peter and Katharina Bruck, married to Maria Anna Brill in 1839 Drr 1810-1880, son of Johann and Margarethe Kinzinger, married to Barbara Kestenbach in 1840 Drr 1783-1861, son of Nikolaus and Anna Margarethe Knopp, married to Margarethe Kinzinger in 1809 Drr , married to Anna Maria Schwindling Drr , married to Elisabeth Krmer\nDrrenbach 1671-1730, married to Maria Katarina Haben in 1696\nDorscheid 1898-1899, son of Jakob and Magdalena Hiery Dorscheid 1705-1763, married to Eva Linnig in 1739\nDorus , married to Margarethe Rolles\nDossing 1823-1850, son of Mathias Dossing Toussaint and Margaretha Gttert Dossing 1816-1817, son of Mathias Dossing Toussaint and Margaretha Gttert\nDostert , married to Angelika Wilky\nDoyen ca 1731-/1770, married to Margaretha Jann in 1761\nDrGer 1819-, son of Johann Or Es Drger and Anna Maria Arweiler\nDrach 1501-, married to Dorothea Kuehorn in 1510\nDreher 1860-1930, married to Maria Dreher in 1887 Dreher 1840-1919, son of Marzel and M. Brigitta Stierle, married to Theresia Sieger in 1872 Dreher 1663-1734, son of Michael and Maria Villing, married to Maria Wschle in 1697 Dreher, married to Elisabetha Hueber in 1783\nDreistadt 1883-1974, son of Peter and Margarethe Spangler Dreistadt 1860-1939, son of Johann and Magdalena Lorson, married to Elisabeth Spangler in 1886 Dreistadt 1823-1896, son of Johannes and Anna Fischer, married to Magdalena Lorson in 1852 Dreistadt 1768-1827, son of Philipp and Anna Margarethe Werron, married to Anna Maria Haus in 1792 Dreistadt 1739-1782, son of Peter and Johanna Renckes, married to Johanna Streichert, Gertrud Schmidt\nDrexler 1766-, son of Adamus Trexler and Elisabeth Hall\nDreystadt 1860-1886, son of Nicolaus and Barbara Feld Dreystadt 1845-, son of Heinrich and Anna Maria Hamann Dreystadt 1844-1905, son of Heinrich and Anna Maria Hamann Dreystadt 1803-1876, son of Johann Dreistadt and Anna Maria Haus, married to Susanne Wagner in 1844\nDriesch, married to Anna Binz\nDrpel, married to Agatha Strau\nDrschel 1897-1940, son of Ludwig and Anna Maria Mayer\nDrouard 1799-1800, son of Susanne Drouard Drouard ca 1740-1803, son of Joes Ludwig and Anna Gillot\nDruar 1877-1939, son of Johann and Maria Nimsgern Druar 1849-1876, married to Maria Nimsgern in 1873\nDucarm 1766-1844, married to Angela Gross\nDuchene 1854-, son of Ludwig and Maria Luisa Susanne Frank Duchene 1827-1875, son of Abraham and Catherine Louise Uhl, married to Maria Katharina Ries in 1857\nDueppenweiler 1692-, married to Engel Eisenbart in 1719\nDuhatschek 1835-1837, son of Franz and Eva Mattes\nDmont 1884-, son of Hubert Peter and Elisabeth Hirtz Dmont , son of Johann Adam Dumont and Barbara Pistorius, married to Anna Altmeyer in 1853\nDunkel , married to Christina Waidelich in 1890\nDupper 1858-1914, with Elizabeth Heer\nDupreaux 1736-, son of Jakob and Maria Anna Paul, married to Barbara Bicking in 1765\nDups 1860-, son of Johann and Katharina Prochert Dups 1831-, son of Josephus and Catharina Schreiber, married to Katharina Prochert in 1852\nDringer ca 1620-1688, with Anna Oster\nDel, married to Magdalena Adam\nDutt 1885-, son of Joseph and Margaretha Rosina Oster Dutt 1826-, married to Margaretha Theobald in 1866\nDuval 1893-1928, son of Johann Peter and Katharina Ackermann, married to Hedwig Klee in 1918 Duval 1859-1860, son of Philipp Peter and Katherine Margaret Duval\nE\nEISENBARTH 1742-1809, son of Kaspar Eisenbarth and Katharina Mller, married to Elisabeth ALBERT in 1766\nEISENBEISZ 1879-1879, son of Simon Eisenbeiss and Katharina Wahl\nEberhard 1892-1970, son of Johann and Katharina Seiwert Eberhard 1864-1946, son of Georg and Margarethe Renckes, married to Katharina Seiwert in 1890 Eberhard 1863-, son of Johann and Margaretha Elisabetha Kunkel Eberhard 1857-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Kurtz Eberhard 1844-, son of Johann and Maria Roth Eberhard 1834-, son of Johannes and Gertrud Meyer, married to Margaretha Elisabetha Kunkel in 1861 Eberhard 1829-1894, son of Johann and Maria Roth, married to Elisabeth Kurtz in 1857, Elisabeth Rupp in 1865 Eberhard 1804-1859, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Mang, married to Maria Roth in 1828 Eberhard 1742-, son of Johann Peter Everhard and Anna Katharina Karrenbauer, married to Margaretha Maas in 1770\nEberhardt 1897-1899, son of Michel and Christina Elsen Eberhardt 1891-, son of Martin and Rosina Gwinner, married to Luisa Raab in 1916\nEberle 1902-, son of Adam Eberle 1898-, son of Friedrich and Regina Hodel, married to Emma Seefried in 1922 Eberle 1617-, son of Michael and Barbara Jung\nEbert 1865-, son of Josef and Barbara Rmer Ebert 1834-, son of Melchior and Maria Anna Straehle\nEck 1858-, son of Andreas and Margarethe Becker\nEcker 1896-, son of Nicolaus and Maria Truntzler Ecker 1866-, son of Peter and Anna Gross, married to Maria Nicola Ecker 1856-, son of Michel and Katharina Treib Ecker 1817-1818, son of Andreas and Barbara Becker Ecker, son of Johann and Maria Nicola\nEckert 1894-1966, son of Johann and Elisabeth Khler Eckert 1889-1889, son of Johann and Elisabeth Khler Eckert 1866-, son of Mathias and Elisabeth Alt, married to Elisabeth Khler in 1889 Eckert 1859-1934, son of Georg Leonhard Daniel Gottlieb and Gottliebin Rosina Regina Birk Eckert 1842-1899, son of Johann and Anna Biesel Eckert 1832-1884, son of Johann and Anna Biesel Eckert 1806-1880, son of Nikolaus and Anna Blahs, married to Anna Biesel in 1831 Eckert 1802-1804, son of Nikolaus and Anna Blahs\nEdelmann 1868-1949, married to Maria Quast in 1895 Edelmann , child of Friedrich Georg Phillip and Karoline Weber\nEgler 1865-, son of Johann and Anna Gross, married to Maria Spies Egler 1836-, son of Johann and Angela Bies, married to Anna Gross Egler, son of Peter and Maria Reuter Egler , relationship with Angela Bies\nEgloff 1843-1848, son of Matthias and Margarethe Amann\nEgner 1867-, son of Matthias and Magdalena Brodt Egner 1864-1867, son of Matthias and Magdalena Brodt\nEhemann 1650-1729, son of Hans Ehmann and Agatha Mast, married to Regina Haist in 1673, Regina Haist in 1673\nEhl 1826-1913, married to Anna Hector in 1851 Ehl 1722-, son of Johannes and Susanna Schwartz Ehl 1701-1720, son of Johannes and Susanna Schwartz\nEhlen , married to Anna Pinter\nEhmann 1898-, son of Michael and Wilhelmina Hille, married to Luise Esch in 1922 Ehmann 1896-, son of Johann and Christina Uhlich, married to Anna Naumann in 1928 Ehmann 1868-1918, son of Friedrich Ehrmann and Dorothea Schock, married to Christina Uhlich in 1893, Elisabeth Berreth in 1901 Ehmann 1868-, son of Johann and Katharina Ost Ehmann 1867-, son of Adam and Christina Haettig Ehmann 1850-1917, son of Johann Gottlieb \"George\" and Justina Stump, married to Katharina Ost in 1867 Ehmann 1825-1825, son of Johann Georg and Regina Magdalena Klump Ehmann 1779-1779, son of Johann Georg Ehemann and Catharina Truck Ehmann 1743-1745, son of Johann Matteus and Regina Finckheimer Ehmann , son of Blaesi and X Drick, father of Hans Ehmann x Ehmann , son of Adam Jakob, with Margretha Guckenheimer\nEhre , married to Anna Castel\nEhrenberg 1791-1860, son of Christian and Elisabeth Weinbrenner, married to Maria Josephine Didier, Barbara David in 1821\nEhret 1862-1935, married to Margaretha Naasz in 1885\nEhrlich 1797-, son of Christian and Anna Elisabetha Huy\nEhrmann 1863-1866, son of Friedrich and Dorothea Schock Ehrmann 1779-1856, son of Hans Jacob Ehmann and Catharina Elisabetha Finkbeiner, married to Anna Barbara Eilber in 1805\nEhrsam ca 1910-, married to Lina Rosine Bohnet in 1935\nEich , married to Maria Karrenbauer Eich , married to Katharina Dorothea Rupprecht in 1891\nEicher ca 1839-, married to Anna Gradwohl in 1870\nEichhorn , with Dorothea Eichhorn\nEid 1882-1911, son of Johann and Margarethe Kohler Eid 1877-1909, son of Johann and Margarethe Kohler Eid 1845-1885, married to Margarethe Kohler in 1874\nEiloff 1819-, son of Heinrich and Catharina Lux\nEiselin , married to Sophia Catharina Goll in 1749\nEisemann 1888-1888, son of Johann and Rosina Blz Eisemann 1855-1936, married to Rosina Blz in 1881\nEisenbart 1869-, son of Nikolaus Eisenbarth and Anna Maria Weisgerber Eisenbart 1694-, son of Mathias and Anna Margareta Kieffer Eisenbart, married to Maria Jost\nEisenbarth 1894-1895, son of Georg and Katharina Focht Eisenbarth 1894-1895, son of Johann and Anna Remark Eisenbarth 1894-1895, son of Nikolaus and Johannetta Schirra Eisenbarth 1892-1950, son of Johann Nikolaus and Johanna Remark Eisenbarth 1891-, son of Johann and Margaretha Becker Eisenbarth 1889-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kindel Eisenbarth 1889-1969, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Hirtz Eisenbarth 1889-, son of Franz and Luise Schwarz Eisenbarth 1888-1890, son of Peter and Katharina Klein Eisenbarth 1887-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kindel Eisenbarth 1881-1964, son of Michael and Elisabeth Mller Eisenbarth 1878-1884, son of Johann and Katharina Ahr Eisenbarth 1876-, son of Peter and Catharina Clodo, married to Katharina Leonard in 1901 Eisenbarth 1875-1875, son of Nicolaus and Maria Catharina Stutz Eisenbarth 1874-1876, son of Johann and Katharina Ahr Eisenbarth ca 1873-, married to Barbara Hiery Eisenbarth 1873-1874, son of Ludwig and Catharina Schmidt Eisenbarth 1872-, son of Johann and Katharina Reinstaedler Eisenbarth 1868-1894, son of Michael and Elisabeth Mller Eisenbarth 1865-, son of Johann and Margaretha Lonsdorfer, married to Barbara Goldite Eisenbarth 1861-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Schnberger, married to Katharina Schmidt in 1889 Eisenbarth 1856-, son of Gabriel and Margaretha Steinmetz, married to Margaretha Becker in 1885 Eisenbarth 1855-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Schnberger, married to Anna Remark in 1881 Eisenbarth 1850-, son of Gabriel and Margaretha Steinmetz, married to Anna Maria Kindel in 1874 Eisenbarth 1848-1851, son of Johann and Anna Altmayer Eisenbarth 1848-, son of Johann and Anna Lorson Eisenbarth 1844-1845, son of Peter and Catharina Steinmetz Eisenbarth 1844-, son of Clemens and Elisabeth Moutier Eisenbarth 1840-, son of Johann and Anna Lorson, married to Katharina Reinstaedler in 1868 Eisenbarth 1838-, son of Peter and Angela Pesy Eisenbarth 1838-, son of Joseph and Anna Louis, married to Katharina Ahr in 1864 Eisenbarth 1836-1836, son of Johann and Anna Maria Grgen Eisenbarth 1835-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Margaretha Hassel, married to Margaretha Lonsdorfer in 1862 Eisenbarth 1835-1835, son of Joseph and Anna Louis Eisenbarth 1831-, son of Adam and Anna Schirra Eisenbarth 1828-1828, son of Adam and Anna Schirra Eisenbarth 1828-1877, son of Peter and Angela Pesy Eisenbarth 1817-1893, married to Elisabeth Pink in 1851 Eisenbarth 1817-1851, son of Johann and Barbara Kiefer, married to Anna Altmayer in 1841 Eisenbarth 1815-1818, son of Clemens and Maria Anna Topfer Eisenbarth 1813-1813, son of Johann and Gertrud Speth Eisenbarth 1812-1870, son of Peter and Margarethe Renckes, married to Anna Lorson in 1839 Eisenbarth 1805-1874, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Jung, married to Anna Barbara Hassel in 1829 Eisenbarth 1805-, son of Johann and Gertrud Speth Eisenbarth 1805-1860, son of Peter and Lucia Renner Eisenbarth 1800-1840, son of Peter and Gertrud Jacob, married to Gertrud Lehnen in 1826 Eisenbarth 1799-1878, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schmidt, married to Anna Maria Grgen in 1827 Eisenbarth 1789-1794, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schmidt Eisenbarth 1787-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Barbara Amann Eisenbarth 1779-1849, son of Johann and Elisabeth Kalkgraber, married to Gertrud Speth in 1802, Barbara Planta in 1815 Eisenbarth 1779-1780, son of Johann Nikolaus and Barbara Amann Eisenbarth 1775-1785, son of Bernhard and Johanna Martin Eisenbarth 1774-1840, son of Johann and Elisabeth Kalkgraber, married to Margarethe Mller in 1798, Katharina Haffner in 1809, Barbara Kiefer in 1815, Anna Rosche in 1821 Eisenbarth 1774-1824, son of Peter and Anna Maria Martin, married to Anna Maria Theobald in 1807 Eisenbarth 1759-1760, son of Bernhard and Johanna Martin Eisenbarth 1756-1833, married to Elisabeth Schmidt in 1788 Eisenbarth 1756-1833, son of Peter and Anna Maldener, married to Elisabeth Schmidt in 1788 Eisenbarth 1755-1801, son of Johann and Anna Johanna Haffner, married to Catharina Goergen in 1782, Susanna Adam in 1791 Eisenbarth 1744-1796, son of Johann and Anna Johanna Haffner, married to Elisabeth Kalkgraber in 1773 Eisenbarth ca 1720-1771, married to Juliana Bauer in 1745 Eisenbarth 1715-, son of Mathias and Anna Margaretha Demmerle, married to Anna Johanna Haffner in 1744 Eisenbarth ca 1680-1730/, married to Eva Schweitzer in 1705 Eisenbarth, married to Anna Margaretha Sibert\nEisenbeis 1918-, son of Peter and Anna Eisenbeis\nEisenbeiss 1901-1944, son of Johannes and Magdalena WAHL, married to Karoline Wuerth in 1940 Eisenbeiss 1893-1893, son of Christian Eisenbei and Rosina OSTER Eisenbeiss 1889-, son of Matthaeus and Christina Goetz, married to Ottilia Pfitzer in 1919 Eisenbeiss 1888-, son of Johann Philipp and Regina Fischer Eisenbeiss 1886-1886, son of Christian Eisenbei and Rosina OSTER Eisenbeiss 1849-1849, son of Johann and Magdelena Oster Eisenbeiss 1825-1882, married to Magdelena Oster in 1846\nEisenmann 1799-, son of Christina Eisenmann\nEisvogel 1882-1952, son of Michael and Katharina Philipp\nEitelbuss 1658-1741, son of Johannes and Barbara Biler, married to Katharina Voegele in 1682\nElblinger 1896-, son of Josef and Anna Wagner Elblinger 1838-1873, son of Franz and Magdalena Pubecz Elblinger, married to Maria Gradwohl\nElhard 1870-1939, son of Gottfried and Anna Maria Bohnet, married to Maria Stadel\nElhardt 1885-, married to Maria Mueller in 1905\nElssser ca 1710-, married to Anna Eva Weiskop in 1736\nElsener ca 1628-, married to Maria Roellin\nEmanuel, married to Susanna Cron\nEmmel 1885-, son of Mathias and Barbara Schnubel, married to Margaretha Schellenbach in 1920 Emmel 1849-1850, son of Nikolaus Peter and Elisabeth Arand Emmel 1839-1843, son of Pierre and Gertrud Klein Emmel 1831-1835, son of Nikolaus and Susanna Scholtes Emmel 1826-1826, son of Philipp and Maria Wrden Emmel 1824-1824, son of Nikolaus and Susanna Scholtes Emmel 1822-, son of Peter and Margaretha Steil, married to Anna Maria Fell in 1847 Emmel 1814-1815, son of Peter and Margaretha Steil Emmel 1754-1803, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Weingrtner Emmel 1716-1779, son of Michael and Margaretha Meyerhoffer, married to Anna Chon in 1740 Emmel 1709-1750, son of Johann Adam and Maria Becker, married to Maria Bosch in 1738\nEmmerich ca 1605-, married to Maria Heinrich in 1626\nEmmes 1839-, son of Matthias and Elisabeth Cann, married to Barbara Guldner in 1868 Emmes 1758-1836, son of David and Anna Katharina Bickler, married to Charlotte Demien in 1795\nEngel 1863-1865, son of Elisabetha Hermann Engel 1861-1862, son of Peter and Catharina Gross Engel 1841-1867, son of Anton and Gertrud NEY Neu, married to Maria Grgen in 1867 Engel 1831-1895, son of Jacobi and Anna Willbert, married to Maria Catharina Steinmetz, Gertrud Minnas in 1873 Engel 1829-1868, son of Paul and Barbara Fischer, married to Catharina Gier in 1853 Engel 1828-1829, son of Peter and Anna Maria Grgen Engel 1819-1881, son of Peter and Anna Maria Grgen, married to Barbara Henrich in 1843 Engel 1804-1859, married to Margaretha Schwarz in 1834 Engel 1800-1801, son of Josef and Barbara Ahr Engel 1798-1798, son of Johannes and Maria Mertz Engel 1771-1838, son of Nikolaus and Eva Grettner, married to Anna Strohm in 1818 Engel 1735-1805, with Johanna Braun Engel 1716-1775, son of Georg Ludwig and Anna Catharina Wirth, married to Anna Maria Grg in 1743, Anna Maria Ley in 1749, Maria Schmit in 1753 Engel 1754, son of Cornelius Engels, married to Maria Becker in 1734 Engel , father of Anna Engel , married to Margarethe Eckert Engel 1829, son of Philipp and Catharina Engel\nEngels 1848-, with Caroline Volz\nEngeser 1825-1902, married to Anna Fuchs in 1858\nEngler 1898-, son of Johann and Katharina Emmes, married to Anna Maria Scholly Engler 1886-1963, son of Matthias and Susanna Hauprich, married to Barbara Weber in 1909 Engler 1865-1869, son of Johann and Anna Friedrich Engler 1863-, son of Johann Theobald and Maria Rullang, married to Katharina Emmes in 1888 Engler 1845-1845, son of Johann and Maria Klein Engler 1836-1865, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Bettinger, married to Anna Friedrich in 1856 Engler 1823-, son of Johann and Anna Comtesse Engler 1799-1868, son of Wilhelm Engeler and Margaretha Kleber, married to Maria Klein in 1831 Engler 1790-1846, son of Johann and Barbara Rupp, married to Anna Comtesse in 1817 Engler 1788-1790, son of Johann and Barbara Rupp Engler 1745-1801, son of Adam and Barbara Humbert, married to Barbara Rupp in 1776 Engler , son of Martin Nicolaus and Barbara Gent Engler 1873, son of Martin Nicolaus and Barbara Gent\nEnsch 1894-1916, son of Philipp and Catharina Nimsgern\nEnseln 1888-1918, son of Johann Enslen and Barbara Scherbinske\nEnser 1737-1791, married to Johanna Fisch in 1757\nEnslen 1863-, married to Barbara Scherbinske in 1887\nEnsslen 1906-, son of Jacob Enslen and Barbara Weise Ensslen 1906-, with Emilie Flaig Ensslen 1882-1984, married to Ottilia Ehman in 1907\nEntres 1805-1887, son of Alois and Elisabeth Lffler, married to Theresia Dreher in 1830\nEnzinger, married to Maria Mnz\nEpple , son of Franz Xaver and Paulina Rudolf\nErbel 1845-1853, son of Johann Erpel and Margaretha Staud\nErgenzinger 1900-, son of Johann Ergetzinger and Christina Bippus, married to Emma Bodamer in 1922, Emilie Weber, Magdalena Otterstaetter Ergenzinger 1884-1920, son of Daniel and Katharina Kunkel, married to Karolina Neher in 1906\nErgetzinger 1879-, son of Johann and Susanna Neher Ergetzinger 1859-1910, son of Johann Christian Ergenzinger and Elisabeth Handel, married to Susanna Neher in 1881, Christina Bippus in 1898\nErgezinger 1899-, married to Mathilde Esslinger in 1921\nErnst 1881-1881, son of Ludwin and Margaretha Wiotte Ernst 1880-, son of Valentin and Katharina Elisabeth Kinzinger, married to Catharina Speicher in 1905 Ernst 1878-1945, son of Friedrich and Louise Wagner Ernst 1864-, son of Johann and Margaretha Altmayer, married to Anna Jonas in 1891 Ernst 1854-1854, son of Michael and Agathe Denis Ernst 1853-1853, son of Johannes and Marie Elisabethe Haier Ernst 1849-, son of Valentin and Maria Barbara Kneip Ernst 1837-1839, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Haffner Ernst 1835-1885, son of Johann Georg and Barbara Lay Ernst 1824-1873, son of Johann and Anna Arweiler, married to Margaretha Altmayer in 1848 Ernst 1796-1828, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Haffner, married to Anna Arweiler in 1823 Ernst 1781-1781, son of Johann and Margaretha Speicher Ernst 1757-1794, son of Peter and Johanna Roignol, married to Margaretha Speicher in 1779 Ernst 1755-1756, son of Peter and Johanna Roignol Ernst 1747-1759, son of Peter and Johanna Roignol Ernst 1718-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Felten Ernst 1698-, son of Georg Nikolaus and Anna Magdalena Khn\nErpel 1812-1876, son of Petrus Petri \"Peter\" Erbel and Margaretha Spang, married to Margaretha Staud in 1839\nErsch 1883-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Dahmen\nEssig , married to Anna Maria Frey in 1908\nEssler 1887-1947, son of Peter and Maria Rupp Essler 1792-, son of Johannes and Margarethe Jung\nEttelbrck 1849-, son of Franz and Anna Maria Hilsamer Ettelbrck 1793-, son of Franz and Anna Maria Hilsamer\nEwen 1881-, son of Jacob and Margarethe Gebert Ewen 1881-, son of Peter and Susanna Gottdang Ewen 1881-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Stark Ewen 1877-1879, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Stark Ewen 1854-, son of Johann and Margaretha Colmann Ewen 1852-, son of Josef and Elisabeth Strauff, married to Margaretha Steil in 1877 Ewen 1845-1846, son of Peter and Catharina Minn Ewen 1845-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Birk Ewen 1826-, son of Mathias and Walburga Kuhn, married to Margaretha Colmann in 1850 Ewen 1820-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Becker Ewen 1815-1897, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Jost, married to Angela Oster in 1842 Ewen 1849, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Mller, married to Margaretha Dugros in 1841\nEwerling ca 1729-1804, married to Elisabeth Braun in 1768\nExner 1876-1940, relationship with Erzsebeth Gungl\nF\nFELD 1819-1873, son of Joannes Felt and Catharina Leinebach, married to Anna Catharina RUPP in 1844 FELD 1807-, son of Joannes Felt and Catharina Leinebach\nFELTEN 1871-1949, son of Johann and Catharina WINTER, married to Catharina WINTER in 1900 FELTEN 1841-1886, married to Catharina WINTER in 1870 FELTEN 1878, married to Anna Elisabetha STROHM in 1829\nFORSTER 1816-1843, son of Peter and Johanna RING, married to Anna Maria LIND in 1838\nFRIEDRICH 1817-1873, married to Maria GIER in 1843\nFaas 1867-1934, married to Anna Pistorius in 1893\nFaber 1763-, married to Gertrud Nicolas in 1791\nFaden ca 1600-, married to Elisabeth Zepf\nFahrner 1764-1810, married to Johanna Fahrner in 1788\nFaisst 1830-, son of Johann Michael and Agatha Multhler, with Christina Klaiss Faisst 1818-, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Finkbeiner, married to Anna Maria Kaiser in 1841 Faisst 1711-1787, married to Elisabeth Ziflin in 1735 Faisst 1684-1685, son of Thomas Faist and Anna Maria Finkbeiner\nFaist , married to Christine Pauline Braun in 1912\nFalch , married to Anna Catharina Wolff in 1770\nFalck 1856-, son of Peter and Catharina Schmidt Falck 1826-1828, son of Stefann Falk and Anna Schmidt Falck ca 1766-1840, son of Georg and Johanna Fischer Falck 1698-1760, son of Franz and Anna Maria Naumertz, married to Margaretha Fleon in 1724, Helena Lagrange in 1741\nFalk 1904-, son of Wilhelm Johann FALK and Karoline Christina Dierolf Falk 1878-, son of Jakob and Margaretha Kneip, married to Maria Welsch Falk 1871-1874, son of Peter and Anna Robine Falk 1864-, son of Kilian and Rosalia Falk, married to Regina Seifermann in 1888 Falk 1791-1796, son of Peter and Anna Goergen Falk 1789-1814, son of Ignatius Faulk and Anna Maria Mueller, married to Cecilia Or Zacilia Wanner in 1813 Falk 1751-, with Angela Wendels\nFaller 1834-1897, son of Joseph and Katharina Meder\nFandrich 1908-, son of Samuel and Salome Klein Fandrich 1897-, son of Andreas and Dorothea Pfeiffer Fandrich 1884-1914, son of Daniel and Alwine Walker, married to Magdalena Sulz in 1907 Fandrich 1878-, married to Katharina Quast in 1902\nFanroth , married to Anna Drouin\nFarner 1736-1798, son of Hans Georg Fahrner and Regina Haist, married to Agatha Ziflen in 1759\nFarni 1789, son of Franz Hartmann and Anna Maria Dillie\nFassbender ca 1780-1849, son of Gerhard and Gertrud Baroth, married to Helena Haag\nFassnacht , married to Elisabeth Seidt in 1895\nFastikowski 1858-, with Mathilde Jaton\nFaul 1687-1760, son of Johann and Martha Hein, married to Maria Magdalena Senzig in 1721 Faul 1693, married to Martha Hein in 1685\nFauser ca 1815-, son of Jacob and Adelheit Herrmann\nFaust 1872-, married to Anna Ney in 1898 Faust 1872-1872, son of Johann and Anna Maria Heisel Faust 1867-1868, son of Johann and Anna Maria Heisel Faust 1866-, son of Johann Nicolaus and Katharina Schmitt Faust 1863-1863, son of Johann Nicolaus and Katharina Schmitt Faust 1848-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Becker Faust 1843-, son of Jakob and Maria Zahler, married to Anna Maria Heisel in 1866 Faust 1841-1842, son of Jakob and Maria Zahler Faust 1838-1897, son of Johann Nikolaus and Barbara Didier, married to Katharina Winter in 1864 Faust 1835-1837, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Becker Faust 1817-1864, son of Johann and Catharina Altmeyer Faust 1814-1814, son of Johann and Catharina Altmeyer Faust 1807-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Kien Faust 1801-1801, son of Johann and Catharina Altmeyer Faust 1775-1854, married to Catharina Altmeyer in 1798 Faust 1681-, son of Johann Georg and Helena Kinell\nFecht ca 1715-1781, married to Margarethe Frst\nFederspiel 1895-, son of Johann and Catharina Grg Federspiel 1883-1894, son of Johann and Catharina Grg Federspiel 1882-1960, son of Franz and Anna Wannenmacher Federspiel 1874-1892, son of Peter and Maria Haeffener Federspiel 1872-, son of Peter and Maria Haeffener Federspiel 1869-, son of Peter and Maria Haeffener Federspiel 1861-, son of Johann and Margaretha Klein Federspiel 1858-, son of Peter and Maria Haeffener Federspiel 1857-, son of Peter and Catharina Gergen, married to Catharina Grg in 1881 Federspiel 1847-1871, son of Peter and Catharina Gergen Federspiel 1839-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Renckes, married to Maria Weber in 1865 Federspiel 1833-, son of Peter and Magdalena Stuhlsatz, married to Anna Remark in 1857 Federspiel 1831-1851, son of Peter and Margaretha Weber Federspiel 1823-1879, son of Peter and Margaretha Weber, married to Margaretha Klein in 1848 Federspiel 1815-1859, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Engel, married to Anna Maria Renckes in 1836, Anna Reinstdler in 1847\nFeihs 1795-, son of Matthias and Maria Magdalena Renckes, married to Margarethe Ahr in 1821\nFeil 1903-1968, son of Friedrich and Maria Christina Klenk\nFeilen 1829-1844, son of Jacob and Angela Rectewald\nFeinler 1907-, son of Christian and Luise Nonnenmacher, with Dorothea Arzt\nFeiok 1856-1928, married to Maria Magdalena Quast in 1880\nFeis, married to Anna Mller\nFeit 1809-1828, son of Johann and Maria Wagner Feit 1783-, son of Franz and Johanna Schmitt Feit 1773-1816, son of Franz and Johanna Schmitt, married to Maria Wagner in 1808\nFeith 1888-, married to Barbara Nilles Feith 1879-, son of Josef and Margarethe Klein Feith 1814-1848, son of Georg and Anna Maria Reichert, married to Katharina Tabellion in 1839\nFeld 1902-, son of Johann and Katharina Bellmann Feld 1894-, son of Peter and Katharina Klein Feld 1893-1895, son of Johann and Maria Drger Feld 1891-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Becker Feld 1887-, son of Johann and Maria Spurk Feld 1885-1915, son of Nicolas and Susanna Schedler Feld 1876-1898, son of Johann and Maria Reuter Feld 1866-1884, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Hoffmann Feld 1864-, son of Jakob and Catharina Schmitt, married to Maria Drger in 1891 Feld 1860-1899, son of Johann Peter and Angela Braun Feld 1858-, son of Jakob and Catharina Schmitt, married to Katharina Bellmann in 1883 Feld 1855-, son of Peter and Margaretha Brutty, married to Maria Spurk in 1885 Feld 1839-1920, son of Georg and Catharina Reichert, married to Maria Reuter in 1866 Feld 1838-, son of Jacques and Maria Catharina Weiland Feld 1831-1885, son of Jacob and Catharina Elisabeth Jungmann, married to Catharina Hild in 1855 Feld 1815-1901, son of Johann Peter and Anna Leinenbach, married to Anna Maria Neu in 1839, Susanne Feld in 1849, Susanne Feld in 1849 Feld 1790-1806, son of Johann Peter and Anna Margaretha Sander Feld 1741-, son of Johann Jacob and Anna Katharina Biesel Feld 1719-, son of Johann Theobald and Anna Elisabeth Becker Feld , married to Anna Barbara Speicher in 1768\nFelger 1879-1879, son of Johann Karl and Angelika Rsch\nFell 1867-, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Luxenburger Fell 1864-, son of Stefan and Anna Maria Gratz, married to Elfrieda Wildemann in 1921 Fell 1863-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Jenner Fell 1739-1783, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Henrich, married to Maria Heine in 1765\nFellinger 1877-1930, son of Peter and Catharina Schmitt\nFellmann 1758-1831, married to Katharina Jager\nFels 1873-1956, son of Johann and Barbara Khler Fels 1866-, son of Georg and Catharina Remark, married to Anna Maria Durand in 1890 Fels 1848-1879, son of Peter and Maria Herrmann, married to Barbara Khler in 1871\nFerdinand 1806-1860, married to Margaretha LUXENBURGER in 1832 Ferdinand 1737-1795, married to Katharina Elisabeth Gro in 1764\nFerner 1732-1803, married to Maria Elisabeth Schmidt in 1756\nFerring 1860-1861, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Schssler\nFersing 1895-1959, son of Nikolaus and Virginia Benard Fersing 1888-1890, son of Margarethe Fersing\nFery 1866-, son of Johann and Barbara Pistorius, married to Maria Jungmann in 1894 Fery 1853-, son of Nikolaus and Eva Hentz, married to Anna Maria Pohl in 1877 Fery 1827-1895, son of Matthias and Maria Riehm, married to Barbara Pistorius in 1851 Fery 1818-1889, son of Nikolaus and Anna Franziska Erhard, married to Elisabeth Wernet in 1842 Fery 1795-1861, son of Peter and Angelica Altmeyer, married to Elisabeth Schwartz in 1819 Fery 1793-1793, son of Peter and Angelica Altmeyer\nFestor 1800-, son of Ludwig and Anna Maria Williaume\nFetick 1799-, son of Johann Adam and Anna Dorus, married to Margarethe Bauer in 1821 Fetick 1776-1776, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Lafontaine Fetick 1769-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Gras Fetick 1767-1767, son of Ludwig and Katharina Himbert Fetick 1765-1814, son of Peter and Margarethe Aman, married to Elisabeth Truntzler Fetick , married to Anna Theobald in 1893 Fetick , son of Nikolaus and Marie Anthoine Fetick, married to Katharina Grasmck\nFeucht 1848-, son of Georg Michael and Rosina Magdalena Schuhmacher Feucht 1846-1846, son of Carl Jakob and Susanna Margaretha Elisabetha Schulz\nFeuchter 1875-, son of Jakob and Catharina Magdalena Eckstein Feuchter 1871-1871, son of Jakob and Catharina Magdalena Eckstein\nFeuerbacher 1858-1938, son of Johann Georg and Christina Magdalena Harr, married to Christiane Braun in 1884, Anna Maria Seeger in 1914\nFeuerstein 1792-1792, son of Jakob and Catharina Meiser\nFey 1850-1850, son of Johann and Katharina Daub Fey 1825-, son of Johann Adam and Maria Johannetta Jungfleisch, married to Katharina Daub in 1849 Fey 1725-, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Ursula Jancker Fey 1668-, son of Johann and Katharina Merchinger Fey ca 1640-1689, married to Katharina Merchinger in 1670 Fey, married to Emilie Elisabet Klenk\nFicker 1831-, married to Christiane Wilhalmina Caroline Leipersberger in 1863\nFilion Feullion 1675-, married to Johanna Hisset\nFinckbeiner 1683-, son of Jerg Finkbeiner and Maria Salome Ehmann Finckbeiner 1637-1668, son of Peter Finckhbeiner and Anna Maria Schmelzlin\nFinger 1865-, son of Christoph and Gertrud Thimmel, married to Catharina Richter in 1889\nFink 1863-, married to Barbara Farion in 1890 Fink ca 1802-1852, married to Juliana Regina Strahl in 1831 Fink ca 1690-1705, son of Johannes and Johannes Fink, married to Anna Maria Hildinger in 1717\nFinkbeiner 1889-1916, son of Johannes and Friederika Finkbeiner Finkbeiner 1858-, son of Johann and Dorothea Theurer Finkbeiner 1831-, son of Johann Thomas and Christina Dorothea Grimm, married to Dorothea Theurer in 1851 Finkbeiner 1789-, son of Georg Finckbeiner and Catharina Mast Finkbeiner , married to Wilhelmine Mhrlen in 1866\nFinkler 1893-, son of Adam and Anna Catharina Albert Finkler 1853-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Sonnhalter, married to Katharina Rink in 1879 Finkler 1794-1882, married to Margaretha Schneider Finkler 1770-1770, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Berwanger Finkler 1765-1768, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Berwanger Finkler 1743-1795, son of Jakob and Katharina Lauer, married to Anna Blees in 1776 Finkler ca 1688-1768, married to Eva Becker in 1714\nFirmery 1772-1814, son of Hubert and Anna Maria Koch, married to Margarethe Fey in 1797\nFisch 1767-1819, son of Andreas and Anna Kath. Schmitt, married to Anna Kath. Burg in 1793\nFisch- Mller , son of Franz Mller and Marg. Olich, married to Johanna Loth\nFischer 1902-, son of Matthias and Anna Berdin Fischer 1894-, son of Karl Wilhelm and Elisabeth Winter Fischer 1883-1942, married to Maria Bohnet in 1904 Fischer 1879-1945, son of Nikolaus and Anna Stein Fischer 1879-1949, son of Karl Friedrich and Elisabeth Truntzler, married to Paula Braun Fischer 1874-1946, son of Wilhelm and Anna Maria Allard Fischer 1868-1931, son of Johann and Elisabeth Burg, married to Anna Maria Roth in 1896 Fischer 1858-, son of Peter and Margarethe Zang Fischer 1849-1918, son of Johann and Katharina Margaret Loris Fischer 1846-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Fritz Fischer 1840-, son of Johann and Barbara Martin Fischer 1833-1833, son of Jakob and Barbara Grgen Fischer 1831-, son of Anton and Barbara Eisvogel Fischer 1827-1898, son of Wilhelm and Anna Maria Remark, married to Elisabeth Burg in 1856 Fischer 1824-, son of Johann and Barbara Schwarz, married to Maria Gergen in 1846 Fischer 1819-1867, married to Katharina Margaret Loris in 1849 Fischer 1816-1892, married to Regina Elizabeth Heinz in 1847 Fischer 1814-1814, son of Michael and Johanna Wirtz Fischer 1806-1858, son of Wilhelm and Catharin NEY Neu, married to Anna Maria Klein in 1831 Fischer 1805-1871, son of Johann and Elisabeth Rupp, married to Barbara Martin Fischer 1805-, son of Joes Petrus and Margarethe Altmayer, married to Magdalena Kreutzer in 1824 Fischer 1800-1836, son of Johann and Maria Catharina Grf, married to Maria Catharina Houvig in 1834 Fischer 1799-1844, son of Wilhelm and Catharin NEY Neu, married to Barbara Schwarz in 1823 Fischer 1798-, son of Heinrich and Anna Klein Fischer 1795-1861, son of Johann and Dorothea Kathar Schnelder, married to Christiane Haertner in 1821, Katharina Elisabeth Haertner in 1848 Fischer 1790-1791, son of Johann and Barbara Theobald Fischer 1772-, son of Johann and Dorothea Lay Fischer 1769-1835, son of Joes Michael and Anna Maria Mller Fischer 1767-, son of Joes Michael and Anna Maria Mller Fischer 1767-1846, son of Peter and Agatha Finkbeiner, with Dorothea Kathar Schnelder Fischer 1764-1833, son of Peter and Anna Maria Fetick, married to Elisabeth Schmidt in 1795 Fischer 1761-1814, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Strauss, married to Barbara Theobald in 1785 Fischer 1756-1806, son of Johann and Dorothea Lay, married to Elisabeth Rupp in 1801 Fischer 1755-1756, son of Johann and Dorothea Lay Fischer 1754-1775, son of Peter and Elisabeth Maas Fischer 1727-1806, son of Johann and Margaretha Frey, married to Dorothea Lay Fischer 1723-1746, son of Nikolaus and Anna Margarethe Kneip Fischer 1699-1741, son of Nikolaus and Claudia Becker, married to Margaretha Frey in 1725 Fischer 1687-, son of Nikolaus and Claudia Becker Fischer ca 1628-, married to Catharina Staudt in 1648 Fischer , son of Heinrich and Elisabeth Bier Fischer, married to Katharina ? Fischer 1833, married to Susanna Hartenstein Fischer , son of Ludwig and Katharina Rein, married to Anna Guldner in 1816 Fischer, married to Maria Catharina Grf Fischer , son of Hans Peter and Gertrud ?, married to Elisabeth Margaretha Becker in 1694 Fischer, son of Peter and Katharina Grtner, married to Anna Moutier in 1822\nFisne, married to Margaretha Kremer\nFissabre 1887-, son of Andreas and Margaretha Schnberger\nFissene 1793-, son of Johann Peter and Magdalena Nenno Fissene , married to Margarethe Heitchen\nFister 1761-1837, married to Barbara Hirtz in 1790, Gertud Planta in 1815\nFlad 1867-, son of Wenzel and Agatha Villing Flad 1804-1877, son of Lorenz and Maria Villing, married to Justina Mattes in 1833\nFlaig 1899-, son of Christian and Margarethe Renz Flaig 1896-, son of Christoph and Christina Schaible Flaig 1892-, son of Johann and Karolina Lehr, married to Olga Mller Flaig 1879-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Flaig, married to Mathilde Quast in 1906, Elisabeth Schwalbe Flaig ca 1871-, son of Martin and Katharina Heller, married to Justina Doehring in 1901 Flaig 1865-1913, son of Jakob and Dorothea Weiss, married to Karolina Lehr, Katharina Flaig geb. Lehr Flaig 1857-1938, married to Anna Maria Flaig in 1879\nFlasch, son of Johann and Eva Volk Flasch 1847-, son of Kaspar Caspar Gaspar Flash Flasch and Katharina Schreiber Flasch, son of Jakob and Maria Anna Kunz, married to Eva Volk\nFlechsenhaar 1854-, married to Christina Wilhelmine Jud in 1880\nFleck 1818-1887, married to Barbara Konstroffer in 1846\nFlegel 1921-, son of Gustav and Justine Mller\nFleiner 1873-1873, son of Samuel and Susanna Flohr Fleiner 1865-1923, son of Samuel and Magdalena Schreiber Fleiner 1825-1849, son of Samuel Friedrich and Margarete Popp, married to Anna Maria Mueller in 1847\nFlesch 1729-, son of Servatius and Anna Catharina ?\nFliegler 1790-1790, son of Peter and Anna Maria Schfer\nFlurer 1889-, son of Johann Jakob and Katharina Margarete Kircher\nFocht 1859-1861, son of Peter and Catharina Altmayer Focht 1834-1837, son of Johann and Anna Lay Focht 1830-, son of Johann and Anna Lay, married to Susanna Kessler in 1853 Focht 1800-1855, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Weber, married to Anna Lay in 1828 Focht 1750-1783, son of Nikolaus and Anna Graff, married to Susanna Mittermller in 1775 Focht 1749-1750, son of Nikolaus and Anna Graff Focht 1738-, son of Johann and Margaretha Elleson Focht 1726-1726, son of Johann and Margaretha Elleson Focht 1704-1755, married to Margaretha Elleson\nFode 1913-1944, son of Jakob and Ottilie Schulz Fode 1908-1913, son of David and Luise Sept Fode 1899-1899, son of Emanuel and Maria Schottle\nFolmer, married to Margarethe Hubig in 1798 Folmer, married to Anna Francisca Mller\nFolschweiler 1831-, son of Mathias and Gertrud Haen Folschweiler 1789-1793, son of Matthias and Anna Eva Hoen\nFolz 1888-, married to Catharina Hassel Folz 1871-1901, son of Peter and Susanna Mller Folz 1761-1812, son of Mathias Foltz and Barbara Schwinn\nFontaine 1884-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Amann Fontaine 1882-1894, son of Johann and Anna Maria Adam Fontaine 1881-, son of Johann and Barbara Ney Fontaine 1878-, son of Johann and Barbara Fontaine Fontaine 1878-1898, son of Johann and Barbara Ney Fontaine 1877-, married to Anna Maria Rau Fontaine 1860-1868, son of Friedrich and Anna Zipp Fontaine 1859-1896, son of Johann and Margaretha Meyer, married to Maria Balthasar in 1885 Fontaine 1857-, son of Mathias and Catharina Klein, married to Catharina Scherer in 1883 Fontaine 1855-1855, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Molitor Fontaine 1850-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Molitor, married to Anna Maria Adam in 1876 Fontaine 1847-, son of Johann and Margaretha Meyer, married to Catharina Huffer in 1873 Fontaine 1844-, son of Peter and Anna Theobald, married to Barbara Ney in 1874 Fontaine 1842-, son of Johann and Anna Ney, married to Barbara Fontaine in 1870 Fontaine 1833-1893, son of Johann and Anna Ney, married to Gertrud Schmidt in 1871 Fontaine 1825-1905, son of Georg and Barbara Petri, married to Catharina Schneider in 1853 Fontaine 1821-1878, son of Johann and Margaretha Haffner, married to Mararetha Haffner in 1848 Fontaine 1818-1877, son of Johann and Margaretha Haffner, married to Margaretha Meyer in 1842, Margaretha Meyer in 1845 Fontaine 1812-1814, son of Johann and Margaretha Haffner Fontaine 1811-1811, son of Johann and Margaretha Haffner Fontaine 1809-1881, son of Johann Bernhard and Maria Lorang, married to Anna Ney in 1832 Fontaine 1788-1840, son of Johann Bernhard and Maria Susanna Theobald, married to Anna Maria Lorang in 1808 Fontaine 1784-1854, son of Jacob and Barbara Lauck, married to Margaretha Haffner in 1807 Fontaine 1741-1816, son of Johann Bernhard and Anna Margarethe Fischer, married to Katharina Theobald in 1782 Fontaine ca 1740-, son of Johann and Maria Stephen Fontaine 1703-/1764, married to Maria Stephen Fontaine , son of Ferdinand and Margaretha Klein\nForster 1899-1902, son of Michael and Anna Scherer Forster 1894-1960, son of Peter and Anna Katharina Kleinbauer Forster 1878-1906, son of Jakob and Margaretha Mller Forster 1859-, son of Michel and Margaretha Loew, married to Catharina Schwindling in 1884 Forster 1855-, son of Johann and Katharina Margaretha Schwidring, married to Anna Knerr Forster 1845-1847, son of Jacob and Anna Grun Forster 1833-1833, son of Jacob and Anna Grun Forster 1833-1834, son of Johann and Maria Wirth Forster 1829-1881, son of Johann and Maria Neumller, married to Katharina Margaretha Schwidring in 1854, Catharina Grosjean in 1870 Forster 1802-, son of Anna Forster, married to Maria Wirth in 1830 Forster 1796-1816, son of Johannes Peter and Katharina Maas Forster, married to Maria Neumller\nFoss 1760-1803, married to Gertrud Molitor in 1786\nFoss or Foos ca 1690-1755, son of Jacob and Susanna Linnebach, married to Anna Maria Ney or Neues in 1719\nFournier 1871, married to Katharina Burger\nFranck 1655-, married to Apollonia Fuchs, Margaretha ? Franck , married to Catharina Huppert\nFrank 1858-1929, son of Johannes and Anna Gradwohl Frank 1768-1850, married to Catharina Imhoff in 1797 Frank , son of Conrad and Margareta ?, married to Eva ? in 1731, Eva Schillinger in 1731 Frank , married to Helena Bachmann\nFranke 1845-1846, son of Anton Franz Caspar and Margaretha Bossmann\nFrantz 1895-1962, son of Johann and Anna Schmitt Frantz 1888-1971, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Treib Frantz 1887-1975, son of Peter and Elisabeth Schmitt Frantz 1862-, son of Johann and Anna Kiefer, married to Anna Schmitt in 1889 Frantz 1842-, son of Johann and Anna Mang Frantz 1838-1898, son of Matthias and Maria Reichrath, married to Anna Kiefer in 1862 Frantz 1810-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Orth, married to Anna Mang in 1840 Frantz 1731-1791, married to Anna Eva Werb in 1755\nFranz 1883-, son of Mathias and Elisabeth Flasch Franz 1880-1881, son of Friedrich Heinrich and Regina Eisenbarth Franz 1820-, married to Maria Magdalena Gergen in 1841 Franz 1810-, son of Johann Peter and Maria Margaretha Reutler Franz 1797-1856, son of Paul Frantz and Maria Schweitzer, married to Gertrud Malsack Franz ca 1570-, father of Susanna\nFranzen 1761-1825, son of Peter and Anna Maria Wagner, married to Maria Finckler in 1783 Franzen 1727-1795, son of Mathias and Margaretha Besch, married to Margaretha Peters in 1759, Susanna Lehnhoff in 1770, Anna Catharina Haggette in 1781 Franzen 1691-, son of Heinrich and Barbara ?\nFrasch 1837-, married to Margarete Barth in 1865\nFrech 1896-1896, son of Johannes and Louise Katharine Heussermann Frech 1836-1905, married to Christine Friederike Grtzinger in 1861 Frech 1819-, son of Johann Christoph and Rosina Barbara Bertsch, married to Christina Barbara Manz in 1845 Frech 1734-, son of Martin and Juliana Heinemann Frech, married to Kreszentia Mauch in 1793 Frech 1763-, son of Fidelis and Theres Reiser Frech 1711, married to Maria Mauch in 1699\nFreichel 1888-, son of Matthias and Anna Welsch, married to Katharina Klein Freichel 1874-, son of Matthias and Anna Welsch, married to Anna Ney in 1900 Freichel , married to Katharina Leidinger in 1766\nFreimark 1882-, married to Julianna Braun in 1907\nFreisinger 1770-, with Agnes Brau\nFreistoff, Freistroffer 1736-1796, married to Catherina Nicolas in 1776\nFreistroff 1785-, son of Johann Freistoff, Freistroffer and Catherina Nicolas, married to Anna Meilchen in 1809\nFreitag 1819-1849, son of Johann Peter and Anna Schramm, married to Barbara Feuerstein in 1845\nFrey 1886-1969, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Henry Frey 1875-1951, son of Wilhelm and Katharina Hahn Frey 1872-1881, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Stuhlsatz Frey 1867-1938, son of Wilhelm and Katharina Hahn, married to Maria Decker in 1893 Frey 1867-, son of Johann and Margarethe Truntzler, married to Anna Roth in 1892 Frey 1865-, married to Eva Maria Girrbach in 1890 Frey 1859-1882, son of Johanna Frey Frey 1859-, son of Johannes and Katharina Fritz Frey 1854-, son of Johann and Margarethe Truntzler Frey 1854-, son of Johann and Anna Ahr Frey 1850-, son of Johannes and Katharina Fritz Frey 1832-, son of Paul and Susanna Mayer Frey 1830-, son of Johann and Anna Jackman, married to Anna Ahr in 1854 Frey 1825-, son of Johann and Anna Jackman Frey 1823-1896, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Jacquemann, married to Margarethe Truntzler in 1854 Frey 1820-1821, son of Johann Georg Frei and Anna Catharina Wittlinger Frey 1815-, son of Johann Leonhard and Anna Maria Weber Frey 1793-1851, son of Johannes and Barbara Guldner, married to Anna Jackman in 1816 Frey 1761-, son of Peter Frei and Barbara Clasen Frey 1757-, son of Johann Georg and Maria Catharina Weidemann, married to Maria Eva Rupp in 1799 Frey 1717-1761, son of Andreas and Maria Agatha Rothfuss, married to Elisabeth Werner in 1742 Frey 1675-1745, married to Catharina Seidt in 1717 Frey 1638-, son of Nicolaus and Agatha Klumpp Frey , with Michal Frey Frey, married to Christina Frieda Kuebler Frey, married to Rosa Klara Hindennach\nFreydag 1859-, married to Catharina Spurk in 1883 Freydag , son of Johann and Catharina Spurk\nFreyermuth 1780-1822, married to Angelika Fritz in 1803\nFreymuth , married to Margaretha Maler\nFreys ca 1839-1847, son of Peter and Angelika Fissene\nFrick , son of Johann and Anna Nagy Frick , married to Anna Nagy in 1892 Frick , married to Elisabeth Facht\nFried 1854-1918, married to Katharina Flaig in 1881\nFriedel 1719-, son of Georg and Maria Wagner\nFriedrich 1868-, son of Peter and Catharina Braun Friedrich 1867-1884, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Ewen Friedrich 1865-, with Magdalena Piller Friedrich 1839-1863, son of Johann and Walburga Fell Friedrich 1810-, son of Peter and Anna Feist Friedrich 1804-, son of Peter and Anna Feist Friedrich 1630-/1693, son of Mathias Friedrich, married to Angela Dibo Friedrich , with Christina Catharina Luz Friedrich 1828, married to Katharina Merten Friedrich, married to Margarethe Kaufmann, Katharina Ahr in 1797 Friedrich, married to Elisabeth Schwartz Friedrich 1860, married to Catharina Lauer, Walburga Fell in 1833\nFriedrich Jud 1833-, daughter of Johannes Christian Kraemer and Christine Schmid, married to Gottlieb Adam Bachofer in 1853\nFries 1897-, son of Heinrich and Margaretha Gross Fries 1872-, son of Peter and Margaretha Gratz Fries 1870-1871, son of Michael and Margaretha Colmann Fries 1867-, son of Johann and Margaretha Michely Fries 1864-, son of Michael and Barbara Cleiene, married to Margaretha Wagner in 1894 Fries 1832-, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Becker, married to Anna Becker in 1858 Fries 1825-1830, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Becker Fries 1803-1883, son of Mathias and Gertrud Klein, married to Luise Wrden in 1827 Fries 1767-, son of Peter and Catharina Wrden Fries, son of Johann Wilhelm and Catharina Grgen, married to Margaretha Michely in 1863\nFrisch , married to Katharina Schaefer\nFrischmann 1853-, son of Johann and Maria Marianna Krmer Frischmann ca 1820-, married to Maria Marianna Krmer in 1852 Frischmann 1866, married to Maria Anna Krmer in 1852\nFritsch 1739-, son of Johann Peter and Anna Caritas Claas\nFritz 1897-1963, son of Michael and Anna Maria Schirra Fritz 1887-, son of Michel and Johanna Sander Fritz 1881-1964, son of Karl and Maria Kiefer Fritz 1875-1875, son of Jakob and Anna Barthel Fritz 1872-1884, son of Michel and Maria Gebert Fritz 1872-1872, son of Johann and Barbara Ahr Fritz 1868-1886, son of Johann and Barbara Ahr Fritz 1863-, son of Gottfried and Christiane Friz Fritz 1859-, son of Bernard and Anna Sander, married to Katharina Wilhelm in 1891 Fritz 1854-1930, son of Clemens and Margarethe Remark, married to Anna Federspiel Fritz 1854-, son of Johannes and Katharina Feihs Fritz 1844-, son of Johann and Irmina Schmidt, married to Anna Jabob in 1872 Fritz 1840-, son of Johann and Irmina Schmidt Fritz 1837-1837, son of Johann and Anna Maria Robine Fritz 1837-, son of Martin and Magdalena Robine, married to Barbara Ahr in 1862 Fritz 1835-1836, son of Martin and Magdalena Robine Fritz 1835-1835, son of Johann Anton and Elisabeth Grgen Fritz 1834-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Truntzler Fritz 1831-1900, son of Johan Friedrich and Rosina Friederica Bauer, married to Rosina Zizelmann in 1856 Fritz 1830-1845, son of Johann and Anna Maria Robine Fritz 1828-, son of Moritz and Anna Johanna Lejeune Fritz 1826-1827, son of Johann and Elisabeth Truntzler Fritz 1813-, son of Johann and Margaretha Haffner, married to Angelica Schram in 1839 Fritz 1808-1892, son of Johann and Margaretha Haffner, married to Irmina Schmidt in 1835 Fritz 1807-, son of Johann and Margaretha Haffner Fritz 1805-1841, son of Michael and Anna Renckes, married to Anna Maria Robine in 1827, Barbara Abel in 1839 Fritz 1802-, son of Johann Friedrich and Anna Maria Schienle, married to Johanna Fritz in 1832 Fritz 1802-, son of Jakob and Anna Danner, married to Elisabeth Truntzler in 1826 Fritz 1789-, son of Bernhard and Barbara Haen Fritz 1782-1817, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Henrich, married to Margaretha Haffner in 1804 Fritz 1750-1815, son of Johann Christoph and Ursula Barbara Brudi, married to Sophia Benz in 1780 Fritz , son of Andreas and Rosina Gscheidle Fritz , married to Antonetta Pfeiffer Fritz, married to Anna Maria Schwedheim\nFritzen 1876-, son of Johann and Maria ? Fritzen 1850-1900/, son of Christoph and Catharina Bellman, married to Anna Theobald in 1887 Fritzen 1844-1900/, son of Christoph and Catharina Bellman, married to Maria ? in 1872 Fritzen 1809-1887, married to Elisabeth Grgen in 1835 Fritzen 1803-1853, son of Nicolous and Gertrud Klein, married to Barbara Rog in 1828\nFronier 1740-, son of Pierre and Anne Marie Kurtz, married to Catharina Braun\nFrosch 1796-, son of Heinrich and Anna Maria Emanuel, married to Maria Magdalena Gondolf in 1825\nFuchs 1893-, son of Adolf and Albertine Renz Fuchs ca 1864-, married to Elisabeth Zewe Fuchs 1848-, son of Dominikus and Eva Spang, married to Maria Gonder in 1880 Fuchs 1834-, married to Maria Donie in 1861 Fuchs 1832-1889, married to Anna Maria Penth in 1860 Fuchs 1823-, married to Maria Kaiser in 1853 Fuchs 1817-1817, son of Nicolaus and Margarethe Schorr Fuchs 1809-, son of Nicolaus and Margarethe Schorr Fuchs 1804-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Bermann, married to Elisabeth Schonenberger in 1828 Fuchs 1803-1805, son of Nicolaus and Margarethe Schorr Fuchs 1800-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Bermann Fuchs 1797-1817, married to Anna Maria Fuchs in 1816 Fuchs 1790-1863, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Bermann, married to Elisabethe Jochum in 1820 Fuchs 1789-1831, married to Katharina Krmer in 1821 Fuchs 1811, married to Margaretha Braun Fuchs , son of Nicolaus and Margarethe Schorr\nFunckh ca 1577-1670, married to Maria Rienhardt in 1645\nFnfrocken 1894-, son of Peter and Katharina Ecker, married to Margarethe Steimer\nFunk 1902-, son of Joseph and Katharina Eberhard Funk 1875, son of Jacob and Anna Paulus, married to Maria Scholtes in 1872\nFuss 1893-, son of Konrad and Anna Falk, married to Eva Johanna Katharina Rau Fuss , son of Heinrich and Maria Rupp\nFutscher 1744-, son of Johann and Apollonia Kaufmann, married to Anna Maria Michelbacher in 1769 Futscher 1707-1767, married to Apollonia Kaufmann in 1731\nG\nGRtner 1834-1834, son of Peter Gaertner and Margaretha Schwarz GRtner 1832-1833, son of Peter Gaertner and Margaretha Schwarz GRtner 1803-1805, son of Bernhard Gaertner and Anna Maria Falck GRtner 1800-1800, son of Bernhard Gaertner and Anna Maria Falck\nGAUTREIN 1885-1888, son of Peter Dautrein and Katharina Klein\nGEBER 1889-1959, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha BRAUN, married to Katharina SPEICHER in 1912 GEBER 1824-1875, son of Johann Georg Geber and Katharina Rupp GEBER 1815-1819, son of Johann and Barbara WIRTZ GEBER 1811-1836, son of Johann Georg Geber and Katharina Rupp GEBER 1786-1856, son of Johann Geber and Margaretha Heiss, married to Barbara WIRTZ in 1815\nGERGEN 1811-1878, son of Peter Goergen and Katharina Hoffmann\nGIER 1887-1888, son of Johann and Margaretha WENTZEL GIER 1885-1885, son of Johann and Margaretha WENTZEL GIER 1862-1903, son of Johann and Anna CAVELIUS, married to Margaretha WENTZEL in 1883 GIER 1832-1870, son of Nikolaus and Susanna Malsack, married to Anna CAVELIUS in 1858 GIER 1811-1850, son of Johann and Johanna STICKEL, married to Dorothea Magdalena Engel in 1832 GIER 1806-1810, son of Johann and Johanna STICKEL GIER 1770-1819, son of Johann and Angelika SCHMIDT, married to Johanna STICKEL in 1801 GIER 1768-1768, son of Johann and Angelika SCHMIDT GIER 1765-1765, son of Johann and Angelika SCHMIDT GIER ca 1724-1772, married to Angelika SCHMIDT in 1758\nGLCK 1904-, son of Wilhelm and Eva Piller\nGOETZ 1891-1929, son of Gottlieb Gtz and Christine Rosine Oster, married to Othelia Eisenbeiss in 1913\nGRG 1860-1862, son of Peter Conrad Grg and Margaretha Krall\nGRGEN 1869-, married to Elisabeth BECKER in 1892\nGTz 1843-, son of Johann August Gtz and Maria Luise Caspar\nGrgen 1851-1851, son of Johann Gergen and Catharina Darm Grgen 1843-1845, son of Johann Gergen and Catharina Darm\nGRN 1845-, son of Valentin Grn and Margaretha Bosmann GRN 1832-1835, son of Valentin Grn and Margaretha Bosmann GRN 1765-1784, son of Johann Carl Grn and Anna Maria Faul\nGabler 1885-1952, son of Johann Peter and Sophia Katharina Kohler, married to Karolina Katharina Klein in 1912\nGabriel 1848-1848, son of Michael and Apollonia SchrDer Gabriel 1837-1846, son of Johann Gabriel and Anna Gier Gabriel 1797-, married to Anna Marnay in 1821 Gabriel 1789-1793, son of Johann Georg and Katharina Gier Gabriel 1766-, son of Hermann and Margaretha Rupp, married to Katharina Welsch\nGadjeli 1840-, son of Johann and Maria Anna Schmitt, married to Katharina Burgard in 1872 Gadjeli 1807-1853, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Eberhard, married to Maria Anna Schmitt in 1836\nGaeckle 1917-1917, son of Eduard Gackle and Katharina Elizabeth Louisa Kalmbach\nGaensslen 1815-, son of Johann Jacob Gansslen and Agnes Felger\nGaertner 1720-1798, married to Eva Margareta Piazolo in 1745\nGaessler 1895-, son of Friedrich and Elisabetha Heer Gaessler , married to Eleonora Leppert\nGaidt 1855, married to Anna Maria Lentz\nGaiser 1890-, married to Regine Friedrike Gaiser in 1912 Gaiser 1847-1883, married to Anna Maria Anstett in 1876 Gaiser 1678-1763, son of Hans and Anna Heinzelmann, married to Anna Maria Finkbeiner in 1702 Gaiser \nGalial, married to Barbara Gradwohl in 1919\nGall 1849-1883, son of Nicolaus and Anna Maria Trenz, married to Catharina Zenner in 1875 Gall 1842-, son of Nicolaus and Anna Maria Trenz Gall 1841-, son of Nicolaus and Anna Maria Trenz\nGallas , married to Catharina Klein\nGaltier , married to Rosalia Krum\nGamer 1874-1884, son of Michael Friedrich and Marianne Renz\nGammel 1898-1951, son of Nikolaus and Eva Schwarz Gammel 1869-1888, son of Georg and Margarethe Schmidt\nGangloff 1876-, son of Franz and Katharina Lonsdorfer, married to Barbara Schopphoren Gangloff 1841-1843, son of Franz and Maria Kneip Gangloff 1824-, son of Johann and Katharina Stein Gangloff 1809-1809, son of Josef and Katharina Kneip Gangloff 1797-1841, son of Josef and Katharina Kneip, married to Katharina Stein in 1822 Gangloff 1795-1795, son of Josef and Katharina Kneip Gangloff 1778-1798, son of Josef and Anna Katharina Schmitt, married to Magdalena Tinnes in 1798 Gangloff 1765-1765, son of Josef and Anna Katharina Schmitt Gangloff, married to Katharina Sprengler\nGanske 1832-1905, married to Luise Or Justina Hintz in 1855\nGansshorn 1698-1698, son of Georg Gantzhorn and Anna Marie Hauckha\nGnssle 1837-1887, son of Johann Georg Gansslen and Barbara Schneider\nGanster 1893-, son of Michael and Margarethe Remark\nGard 1750-1827, married to Eva Schu in 1774\nGrtner 1898-1898, son of Johann and Margarethe Hirtz Grtner 1896-1971, son of Michel and Elisabeth Sauer Grtner 1871-, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Schwinn, married to Anna Karrenbauer in 1898 Grtner 1864-1944, son of Johann Gottfried and Elisabeth Meyer, married to Margarethe Hirtz in 1889 Grtner 1849-1850, son of Nicolaus and Anna Maria Renckes Grtner 1848-, son of Jakob and Barbara Becker Grtner 1845-1846, son of Nicolaus and Anna Maria Renckes Grtner 1827-, son of Johann Reinhard and Maria Catharina Becker Grtner 1827-, son of Johann and Barbara Hoen Grtner 1824-1830, son of Johann and Barbara Hoen Grtner 1799-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Maria Katharina Diwo, married to Barbara Hoen in 1820 Grtner , married to Magdalena ?\nGaspar, married to Anna Wagner\nGatin 1821, son of Mathieu, married to Maria Anna Josephine Brichet\nGauer 1873-1945, married to Luise Heisel in 1899 Gauer 1836-, son of Johann Jacob and Margaretha GrN, married to Catharina Alt in 1862 Gauer 1828-1829, son of Johann and Anna Karrenbauer Gauer 1801-1839, son of Johann and Barbara Speicher, married to Catharina Pistorius in 1825 Gauer 1795-1801, son of Johann and Irmina Pistorius Gauer 1772-1828, son of Johann and Anna Maria Speicher, married to Barbara Speicher in 1796 Gauer 1764-1838, son of Christian and Anna Karrenbauer, married to Irmina Pistorius in 1791, Anna Karrenbauer in 1812 Gauer 1736-1801, son of Johann Konrad and Anna Magdalena Beltz, married to Anna Maria Speicher in 1765\nGauger 1903-1950, son of Friedrich Johann and Rosina Catharina Christina Schoch\nGaupp , married to Anna App in 1775\nGeber 1818-1818, son of Johann Georg and Marie Kiefer Geber 1803-1848, married to Maria Magdalena Kastel in 1826 Geber 1745-1814, son of Philipp Gebert and Barbara Margaretha Altmeier, married to Margaretha Heiss in 1773 Geber , married to Barbara Wirtz in 1815\nGebert 1889-1964, son of Georg and Katharina Zang Gebert 1887-, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Decker Gebert 1883-, son of Johann and Margaretha Ditzler Gebert 1880-1881, son of Jakob and Christina Reichel Gebert 1875-1881, son of Johann and Anna Bersal Gebert 1869-, son of Matthias and Angelika Friedrich, married to Katharina Zwer in 1894 Gebert 1861-, son of Johann and Katharina Decker Gebert 1851-, son of Wendel and Elisabeth Hahn, married to Margaretha Ditzler in 1881 Gebert 1845-, son of Johann and Anna Bersal, married to Anna Bersal in 1870 Gebert 1842-1843, son of Johann and Angelika Baumgarten Gebert 1840-, son of Wendel and Elisabeth Hahn Gebert 1837-1841, son of Georg and Angelika Decker Gebert 1837-1839, son of Matthias and Katharina Schmidt Gebert 1837-1840, son of Johann and Angelika Baumgarten Gebert 1835-, son of Matthias and Katharina Schmidt Gebert 1835-1836, son of Johann and Angelika Baumgarten Gebert 1824-, son of Michael and Katharina Zimmermann, married to Barbara Hehs Gebert 1811-1865, son of Matthias and Christine Schwiebinger, married to Anna Bersal in 1838 Gebert 1808-1808, son of Johannes and Maria Mller Gebert 1804-, son of Francisus and Anna Maria Truntzler, married to Angelika Baumgarten in 1830, Katharina Decker in 1858 Gebert 1771-1835, son of Peter and Anna Maria Untersteller, married to Elisabeth Wagener in 1795, Anna Maria Maas in 1817\nGebhardt 1907-1907, son of Jacob Friedrich and Christine Justine Stock Gebhardt 1874-1875, son of Gyorgy Gebhard and Maria Fillinger Gebhardt 1869-1886, son of Georg Friederich and Katharina Siegler Gebhardt 1768-, relationship with Barbara Goor\nGebragg 1840-, married to Anna Barbara Krebs in 1869\nGehl 1886-1975, son of Peter and Franziska Klein Gehl 1838-1838, son of Peter and Maria Klein Gehl 1831-1904, married to Anna Altmeyer in 1856 Gehl 1821-, son of Mathias and Margaretha Kiefer, married to Maria Minninger in 1847, Maria Mussler in 1849 Gehl /1580-, son of Ruprecht and Anna Altmayer Gehl, married to Anna Klein Gehl, married to Elisabeth Frank Gehl, son of Johann and Elisabeth Frank, married to Margarethe Arend\nGeibel 1864-, son of Christian Friedrich and Anna Maria Haag Geibel 1855-, son of Johann and Maria Katharina Grun Geibel 1829-1900, son of Johann and Catherine Kammer, married to Maria Katharina Grun in 1853 Geibel 1798-1855, son of Philip and Margarete Fried, with Margaretha Herrmann Geibel 1793-1832, son of Karl and Elisabeth Bosman, married to Catherine Kammer in 1816\nGeick 1714-1770, son of Martin and Margaretha Staudt, married to Anna Catharina Hasser\nGeidt 1855, married to Anna Maria Lenz\nGeiglin \nGeimer 1777-, son of Johann and Maria Weber, married to Elisabeth Mouthier Geimer 1740-, married to Maria Weber\nGeis 1736-, son of Johann Jakob and Anne Mageleine Wurtz Geis 1723, married to Anna Maria Eva Nalbach in 1687\nGeisbSch 1836-, son of Joseph Geisbusch and Gertrud Jepp\nGeisbauer 1776-, son of Johann Christian and Wilhelmine Henrietta Katharina Aue\nGeisler 1869-1935, son of Jakob and Maria Misere\nGeist 1878-, son of Carl and Elisabetha Oster Geist 1876-1877, son of Carl and Elisabetha Oster\nGelasser , father of Anna Apollonia Magdalena\nGelb 1851-1852, son of Johan Nikolaus and Anna Margaretha Kosel\nGeng 1798-1851, married to Margaretha Werb Geng 1768-1825, son of Josephus and Francisca Pfundstein, married to Elisabeth Mauk in 1807, Elisabeth Beck\nGenth 1881-, son of Jakob and Christine Kuebler, married to Christine Wurster in 1909\nGeorg 1844-, son of Regina Frey Georg 1766-, married to Maria Barbara Groh in 1795 Georg 1763-, son of Peter Jacob and Maria Barbara Braun Georg ca 1658-1707, son of Johann Grg and Angela Haffner, married to Apollonia Haffner in 1684\nGerard 1852-1881, son of Peter and Anna Theobald\nGergen 1898-1902, son of Peter and Elisabeth Amann Gergen 1887-1892, son of Georg and Margaretha Schmitt Gergen 1886-1892, son of Anton and Catharina Freitag Gergen 1873-, son of Peter and Margaretha Sonntag Gergen 1870-1872, son of Peter and Margaretha Sonntag Gergen 1840-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Klein, married to Elisabeth Kiefer in 1863 Gergen 1837-1866, son of Johann and Catharina Massonne, married to Maria Haffner in 1864 Gergen 1823-1896, son of Conrad and Margaretha Schfer, married to Margaretha Jahn Jann in 1846 Gergen 1821-1881, married to Anna Maria Altmayer in 1844 Gergen 1820-, son of Johann Grgen and Anna Maria Reiter Gergen 1816-1896, son of Wilhelm and Angelica Altmayer, married to Elisabeth Klein in 1840 Gergen 1814-1866, son of Nikolaus Grgen and Anna Schmidt, married to Catharina Darm in 1840 Gergen 1809-1878, son of Wilhelm and Angelica Altmayer, married to Catharina Massonne in 1836 Gergen 1806-1874, married to Anna Maria Schmitt in 1843 Gergen 1804-1805, son of Simon and Barbara Ewerling Gergen 1804-1866, son of Conrad and Gertrud Sieb, married to Anna Ernst in 1833 Gergen 1800-1827, married to Maria Anna Albert in 1821 Gergen 1784-1866, married to Gertrud Gergen in 1806 Gergen 1783-, son of Johann and Johanna Gasser Gergen 1774-1775, son of Johann and Johanna Gasser Gergen 1767-1789, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Thoenes Gergen 1755-1789, son of Johann Georg and Anna Philippina Schmitt, married to Catharina Lay in 1775, Margaretha Schuler in 1780 Gergen 1742-1810, married to Johanna Gasser in 1770 Gergen 1742-1802, married to Maria Hellenbrand in 1766 Gergen 1737-1740, son of Johann and Catharina Gergen Gergen 1712-1783, son of Johann Grgen and Anna Wanmacher Gergen 1695-1761, son of Johann Jacob Goergen and Gertrud Steffen, married to Catharina Gergen in 1722 Gergen 1687-, son of Johann Jacob Goergen and Gertrud Steffen\nGerhard 1888-1925, son of Nikolaus Gerard and Angela Schmitt Gerhard 1884-1885, son of Nikolaus Gerard and Angela Schmitt Gerhard 1883-1883, son of Nikolaus Gerard and Angela Schmitt\nGerlach 1848-1849, son of Lorenz and Juliana Albrecht Gerlach 1836-1843, son of Lorenz and Juliana Albrecht Gerlach ca 1595-, married to Johann Gerlach, in 1620\nGerlach, 1622-1685, son of Johann and Johann Gerlach, married to Anna Catharina Hartmann in 1652 Gerlach, ca 1590-, married to Johann Gerlach in 1620\nGerlinger, married to Anna Maria Werndorff\nGermann 1832-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Welsch\nGerner 1891-1946, son of Cyprian and Margarethe Frantz Gerner , son of Nikolaus and Maria Viktoria Schmitt, married to Anna Maria Speicher in 1874\nGeroerd ca 1794-1864, married to Margarethe Herber in 1818\nGerstner 1875-, son of Johanna Gerstner Gerstner 1859-, son of Elisabeth Krmer Gerstner 1859-, son of Georg and Elisabeth Krmer Gerstner 1781-1844, son of Jacob and Maria Katharina Hermann, married to Katharina Trenz in 1810 Gerstner 1715-, son of Johann Theobald and Elisabeth Schneider, married to Johannetta Engel in 1739 Gerstner 1752-, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Kraemer Gerstner 1742-, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Kraemer Gerstner 1717-, son of Mathias and Anna Catharina Eisenbarth, married to Anna Catharina Kraemer in 1738\nGessner 1826-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Mller, married to Magdalena Finkler in 1862 Gessner 1824-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Mller Gessner 1797-1859, married to Elisabeth Mller\nGesting, married to Anna Pinel\nGeth 1898-, son of Johann and Katharina Werb Geth 1873-, son of Adam and Klementine Amrein, married to Katharina Werb in 1896 Geth 1864-1864, son of Adam and Barbara Gradwohl Geth 1842-, son of Michael and Katharina Geisz, married to Elisabeth Gradwohl in 1865 Geth 1826-, son of Michael and Anna Maria Reder Geth 1755-1817, son of Johann Martin and Elisabeth Friedel, married to Anna Maria Hartlieb in 1788, Margaretha Sigrist\nGetrey 1795-, son of Johann Peter and Maria Anna Grimont\nGettmann 1882-1960, son of Karl and Elisabeth Becker\nGiebler , with Anna Maria Catharina Christina Rosina Feucht\nGier 1878-1879, son of Johann and Maria Seiwert Gier 1872-1872, son of Johann and Maria Seiwert Gier 1868-1946, son of Georg and Elisabeth Gier Gier 1866-1866, son of Johann and Maria Seiwert Gier 1860-1873, son of Anton and Rosina Loew Gier 1839-, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Schwartz Gier 1838-, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Dax, married to Maria Seiwert in 1862 Gier 1828-1832, son of Johann Peter and Elisabeth Schmidt Gier 1826-, married to Anna Maria Schillinger in 1855 Gier 1820-1881, married to Margaretha Boley in 1848 Gier 1739-1797, son of Johann Jacob and Maria Reininger, married to Anna Schnubel in 1770\nGilbert 1700-, son of Johann Jacob and Anne Catharina Gttinger\nGill 1891-1939, with Katharina Adolf\nGillich 1901-1940, son of Josef and Rosalia Werner\nGirlinger 1740-, son of Johann and Maria Schwartz Girlinger 1733-1781, son of Johann and Maria Tilck Girlinger 1701-/1767, married to Maria Tilck in 1727, Maria Schwartz in 1740, Anna Maria Capitaine in 1746 Girlinger ca 1668-, son of Peter and Anna Margaretha Buchheit\nGiron 1822-1886, son of Georg and Margaretha Beyrend, married to Magdalena Fissene, Elisabetha Fissene in 1869\nGlaeser 1776-1843, son of Nicolaus and Maria Wagner, married to Maria Backes in 1798\nGlasen 1831-, married to Anna Wirth in 1887\nGlaser 1884-, son of Jakob Friederich and Maria Magdalena Braun, married to Wilhelmine Rosine Faisst in 1912 Glaser 1850-, son of Peter and Anna Resch\nGlass 1880-1902, son of Gottlieb and Christine Karolina Necker, married to Justine Kugele in 1900\nGlasser 1653-, son of Lazarus Glaser and Anna Maria Friederich, married to Barbara Scheppacher in 1684\nGlaub 1897-, son of Michael and Katharina Schmidt, married to Catharina BELLMANN in 1922\nGlauben 1867-, son of Peter and Margaretha Wilhelm Glauben 1851-1927, son of Peter and Margaretha Wilhelm\nGleich 1848-, married to Maria Catharina Grau in 1878\nGlessner 1896-1945, married to Clara Lw in 1923\nGlock 1874-1964, son of Benedikt and Angelica Nimsgern Glock 1871-, son of Benedikt and Angelica Nimsgern\nGodel 1832-1885, son of N N and Maria Charlotta Godel, married to Elisabeth Schrder in 1858\nGodsch 1888-1952, son of Wilhelm and Maria Robert\nGoehner 1848-, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Heer, with Katharina Porth\nGoehring 1875-1877, son of Simon and Barbara Rueb\nGoerg 1878-, son of Nikolaus Grg and Angelika Lwenbrck\nGoergen 1905-, son of Sebastian and Maria Pistorius Goergen 1898-1899, son of Sebastian and Gertrud Rupp Goergen 1897-, son of Ludwig and Maria Kleinbauer Goergen 1892-, son of Johann and Barbara Weiler Goergen 1886-, son of Andreas and Susanna Weber Goergen 1877-1881, son of Andreas and Susanna Weber Goergen 1875-, son of Josef and Catharina Leonhard Goergen 1862-, son of Josef and Catharina Leonhard, married to Barbara Weiler in 1886 Goergen 1860-, son of Georg and Margarethe Mayer Goergen 1844-, son of Johanna Goergen Goergen 1828-1850, son of Georg and Maria Renckes Goergen 1789-1828, son of Peter Grgen and Catharina Falck Goergen 1788-1823, son of Peter Grgen and Catharina Falck Goergen 1774-1775, son of Johann and Anna Amann Goergen 1749-1805, son of Reinath Amabilius and Anna Mller, married to Anna Amann in 1771 Goergen 1740-1760, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Mller Goergen 1740-1767, son of Georg and Barbara Stein, married to Margaretha Morguet in 1766 Goergen ca 1650-1727, married to Eva Weber in 1700 Goergen 1706, son of Johann and Eva Weber, married to Anna Catharina Theis in 1680 Goergen 1703, son of Hans Grgen and Catharina Hoen, married to Eva Weber in 1651\nGoerlach 1683-1787, son of Johann Henrich Gerlach and Maria Klinker, married to Anna Elisabetha Gaston in 1705\nGohl 1679-, son of Jacob and Catharina Meyer, married to Marie Kaiser in 1711, Anna Elisabetha Roech in 1718\nGhl 1829, married to Maria Eva Kind Ghl, son of Johann and Maria Eva Kind, married to Anna Maria Otto in 1816\nGohnert 1902-1975, son of Andrew Geinert and Friederika Flaig\nGhring 1877-1955, son of Simon Goehring and Barbara Rueb Ghring 1833-, son of Valentin and Anna Mller\nGoll 1891-1961, son of Johann and Rosina Eisenbeiss, married to Ida Pauline Schimke in 1925 Goll 1879-1879, son of Friedrich Ludwig and Margaretha Magdalena Eisenbeiss Goll 1873-1875, son of Friedrich Ludwig and Margaretha Magdalena Eisenbeiss Goll 1857-1922, married to Rosina Eisenbeiss in 1886\nGombert 1824-1896, married to Catharina Schneider in 1851\nGonder 1858-1858, son of Johann and Katharina Schmitt Gonder 1822-, son of Johann and Johanna Kohsmann, married to Katharina Schmitt Gonder 1797-1872, son of Jakob and Barbara Truntzler, married to Johanna Kohsmann in 1817 Gonder 1758-, son of Michael and Elisabeth Grettner, married to Maria Johanna Flander in 1776\nGoor 1757-1775, son of Casparus and Theresia Kass\nGrg 1893-1893, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Altmayer Grg 1892-1892, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Altmayer Grg 1882-, son of Johann and Barbara Hoffmann Grg 1881-1881, son of Johann and Barbara Hoffmann Grg 1868-, son of Johann and Catharina Altmayer Grg 1854-1886, son of Johann and Anna Maria Haffner, married to Barbara Hoffmann in 1880 Grg 1845-1848, son of Johann and Anna Maria Haffner Grg 1841-1894, son of Johann and Barbara Massonne, married to Catharina Altmayer in 1867 Grg 1839-1883, son of Johann and Barbara Massonne, married to Anna Maria Schmitt in 1865 Grg 1823-, married to Anna Theobald in 1849 Grg 1817-1890, son of Conrad and Margaretha Altmayer, married to Anna Maria Haffner in 1843 Grg 1806-1855, son of Johann and Martha Hassenteufel, married to Barbara Massonne in 1833 Grg 1797-1855, son of Johann and Margaretha Focht, married to Maria Angelika Caranton Grg 1789-1790, son of Johann and Margaretha Focht Grg 1757-1819, son of Johann and Anna Margaretha Fischer, married to Margaretha Focht, Martha Hassenteufel in 1802 Grg 1731-1805, son of Lucas and Anna Catharina Mayer, married to Anna Margaretha Fischer in 1754 Grg 1722-1725, son of Johann and Anna Maria Boos Grg 1687-1724, son of Johann Georg and Apollonia Haffner, married to Anna Maria Boos in 1715 Grg 1709, married to Angela Haffner in 1660\nGrgen 1891-, son of Peter and Margaretha Kneip, married to Gertrud Martin Grgen 1875-1875, son of Peter and Maria Eisenbarth Grgen 1869-1871, son of Peter and Maria Eisenbarth Grgen 1855-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Lock, married to Sophia Siegwart in 1877 Grgen 1834-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Fritzen, married to Angelica Schram in 1862 Grgen 1831-, son of Peter and Maria Blahs Grgen 1825-1826, son of Peter and Maria Blahs Grgen 1815-1889, son of Johann and Anna Maria Reiter, married to Catharina Heinrich in 1847 Grgen 1812-1874, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Schmit, married to Barbara Bernard in 1840 Grgen 1804-1806, son of Jakob and Angelika Mller Grgen 1799-1844, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Schmit, married to Elisabeth Fritzen in 1830 Grgen 1782-1851, son of Johann and Anna Theis, married to Anna Maria Reiter in 1809 Grgen 1762-1773, son of Johann and Katharina Neubecker Grgen 1748-1820, son of Jakob and Eva Kiefer, married to Anna Theis in 1773 Grgen 1722-1786, son of Konrad Goergen and Margaretha Kirch, married to Katharina Neubecker in 1751 Grgen 1684-1737, son of Johann Goergen and Anna Catharina Theis, married to Anna Wanmacher in 1712 Grgen 1866, married to Margaretha Theobald in 1816 Grgen , married to Elisabeth Lock Grgen , married to Catharina Scheid\nGorius 1868-/1871, son of Johann and Elisabeth Augustin Gorius 1842-1925, son of Anna Maria Gorius, married to Elisabeth Augustin in 1864\nGomann , married to Apollonia Gradwohl in 1809\nGothard, married to Helena Steffen in 1912\nGothier 1877-, son of Johann and Catharina Richner Gothier 1851-, son of Johann Nicolaus and Carolina Schmitt, married to Catharina Richner in 1876, Gertrud Barre in 1897\nGottard, married to Anna Johanna Weber in 1722\nGtz 1881-1882, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Schmidt Gtz 1825-1895, son of Johann and Barbara Honegger Gtz 1793-1870, married to Barbara Honegger in 1820\nGoujet 1893-1895, son of Nikolaus and Maria Wirth Goujet 1890-1975, son of Philipp and Katharina Schmidt Goujet 1888-1889, son of Heinrich Nikolaus and Maria Kirschweng Goujet 1849-1896, son of Johann and Anna Barbara Treib, married to Katharina Schmidt in 1883 Goujet 1822-1899, son of Andreas and Maria Forster, married to Anna Barbara Treib in 1847\nGoulette 1816-1818, son of Georges Pascal and Catherine Schlegel\nGouverneur , married to Katharina Gttert\nGrN 1795-1860, son of Joseph Philipp and Elisabeth Baltes, married to Anna Maria Speicher\nGradwohl, son of Johann and Maria Horvth Gradwohl, son of Johann and Katharina Arnold Gradwohl, son of Johann and Eva Bres Gradwohl, son of Ignaz and Elisabeth Gradwohl, married to Maria Horvth Gradwohl 1919-2001, son of Johann and Paulina Nalterer, married to Barbara Weltin in 1943 Gradwohl 1914-1979, son of Johann and Theresia Schmidt, married to Katharina Arnold in 1940 Gradwohl 1914-1938, son of Anton and Elisabeth Knipl Gradwohl 1912-1912, son of Georg and Elisabeth Reder Gradwohl 1911-1911, son of Josef and Theresia Bauer Gradwohl 1911-1975, son of Johann and Barbara Schram, married to Elisabeth Dkany in 1934 Gradwohl 1909-1909, son of Anton and Rosina Amrein Gradwohl 1908-1913, son of Heinrich and Theresia Helbich Gradwohl 1908-, son of Johann and Barbara Knipl Gradwohl 1907-1947, son of Anton and Margaretha Amrein, married to Eva Bres in 1929 Gradwohl 1907-1907, son of Henrik and Erzsebet Frey Gradwohl 1906-1961, son of Josef and va Frey, married to Maria Eckhardt in 1932 Gradwohl 1906-1906, son of Georg and Regina Meder Gradwohl 1903-1904, son of Anton and Rosina Amrein Gradwohl 1903-1903, son of Georg and Regina Meder Gradwohl 1902-1902, son of Henrik and Erzsebet Frey Gradwohl 1897-, son of Johann and Anna Albrecht Gradwohl 1897-, son of Johann and Barbara Blasszauer, married to Katharina Rack in 1921 Gradwohl 1896-1900, son of Henrik and Erzsebet Frey Gradwohl 1895-, son of Johann and Klementine Imhof Gradwohl 1888-1893, son of Johann and Barbara Gungl Gradwohl 1888-1962, son of Johann and Barbara Bischof, married to Paulina Nalterer in 1919 Gradwohl 1887-1893, son of Ignaz and Anna Rauschenberger Gradwohl 1887-1976, son of Stefan and Anna Frank, married to Theresia Schmidt in 1913 Gradwohl 1885-1885, son of Anton and Elisabeth Schreiner Gradwohl 1885-1973, son of Johann and Theresia Gungl, married to Eva Szigriszt in 1911 Gradwohl 1882-1956, son of Johann and Veronika Heilmann, married to Barbara Schram in 1908 Gradwohl 1881-1881, son of Anton and Anna Bauer Gradwohl 1880-1880, son of Johann and Klementine Imhof Gradwohl 1878-1964, son of Josef and Anna Knipl, married to Barbara Knipl in 1907 Gradwohl 1873-1873, son of Henrik and Erzsebet Gerlach Gradwohl 1873-1876, son of Josef and Margaretha Bischof Gradwohl 1869-1870, son of Anna Gradwohl Gradwohl 1868-1950, son of Georg and Katharina Arnold, married to Elisabeth Schmidt in 1893 Gradwohl 1867-, son of Johann and Barbara Pappert Gradwohl 1863-, son of Peter and Maria Kovcs, married to Elisabeth Schffer in 1888, Anna Albrecht in 1892 Gradwohl 1862-1925, son of Christoph and Margaretha Jrgend, married to Barbara Bischof in 1885 Gradwohl 1858-1932, son of Johann and Katharina Galtier, married to Theresia Gungl in 1882 Gradwohl 1856-, son of Johann and Theresia Gungl, married to Barbara Gungl in 1882 Gradwohl 1856-1856, son of Adam and Erzsbet Saikel Gradwohl 1855-1932, son of Georg and Elisabeth Imhof, married to Elisabeth Fein in 1881, Franziska Kremer in 1902 Gradwohl 1853-1929, son of Georg and Katharina Schraub, married to Veronika Heilmann in 1876, Margaretha Schraub in 1886 Gradwohl 1853-1924, son of Johann and Erzsbet Schmidt, married to Klementine Imhof in 1880, Agnes Laufer in 1899 Gradwohl 1852-1921, son of Adam and Anna Maria Hernesz, married to Theresia Bischof in 1879, Barbara Blasszauer in 1896 Gradwohl 1848-1853, son of Adam and Erzsbet Saikel Gradwohl 1839-, son of Johann and Eva Imhoff, married to Elisabeth Geth in 1862 Gradwohl 1837-1838, son of Johann and Eva Imhoff Gradwohl 1836-1917, son of Georg and Margit Werb, married to Barbara Pappert in 1865, Magdalena Imhof in 1879 Gradwohl 1832-1834, son of Andreas and Elisabeth Gungl Gradwohl 1828-, son of Johann and Katharina Lehn Gradwohl 1827-1886, son of Josef and Anna Michenbach, married to Elisabeth Klosz in 1849, Katharina Galtier in 1857 Gradwohl 1826-1888, son of Nicolaus and Elisabeth Becker, married to Theresia Gungl in 1850 Gradwohl 1826-1833, son of Peter and Anna Maria Heilmann Gradwohl 1825-1825, son of Philipp and Anna Maria Keszler Gradwohl 1824-1826, son of Johann and Margaretha Reisz Gradwohl 1824-1844, son of Nicolaus and Elisabeth Becker, married to Gertrud Harold in 1844 Gradwohl 1822-1899, son of Johann and Gertrud Czemann, married to Erzsbet Schmidt in 1850 Gradwohl 1817-1817, son of Georg and Anna Maria Elblinger Gradwohl 1815-1821, son of Johann and Gertrud Czemann Gradwohl 1813-1884, son of Johann and Gertrud Czemann, married to Eva Imhoff in 1837, Anna Maria Keszler in 1845 Gradwohl 1810-1814, son of Johann and Gertrud Czemann Gradwohl 1809-1809, son of Johann and Gertrud Czemann Gradwohl 1807-1811, son of Peter and Anna Maria Heilmann Gradwohl ca 1805-, son of Andreas and Elisabeth Reich, married to Katharina Lehn in 1827, Margaretha Mller in 1833, Maria Elisabeth Adrian in 1841 Gradwohl 1803-1807, son of Anton and Katharina Heilmann Gradwohl 1796-1804, son of Valentin and Anna Maria Gunkl Gradwohl 1788-1791, son of Anton and Maria Apollonia Gebhardt Gradwohl 1785-1830, son of Valentin and Anna Maria Gunkl, married to Gertrud Czemann in 1804 Gradwohl 1783-, son of Johann Adam and Rosina Frank Gradwohl 1781-1783, son of Anton and Maria Apollonia Gebhardt Gradwohl 1781-1846, son of Johann Adam and Rosina Frank, married to Margaretha Reisz in 1804 Gradwohl 1779-1780, son of Johann Adam and Rosina Frank Gradwohl 1777-1778, son of Johann and Maria Margaretha Homann Gradwohl 1766-1826, son of Johann Adam and Rosina Frank, married to Anna Maria Schunk in 1794 Gradwohl 1741-1798, son of Franz Grathwohl and Margaretha Mayer, married to Maria Margaretha Homann in 1763\nGraeber , married to Karoline Wagner\nGraf 1900-1945, son of Friedrich and Helene Fechner Graf 1857-, son of Johann and Anna Langenfeld, married to Elisabeth Kunzler in 1880 Graf 1831-1905, son of Johann Jakob and Adelheid Herrmann Graf 1724-, son of Peter Graff and Barbara Schmitt, married to Katharina Reimsbacher Graf 1713-1786, son of Tillmann and Barbara Schweich, married to Catharina Freis in 1741 Graf , married to Anna Langenfeld\nGraffe 1840-1842, son of Jacob and Magdalena Constroffer Graffe ca 1750-, married to Maria Agnes Siegler\nGrambo 1821-, son of Jakob and Maria Mller, married to Elisabeth Haen in 1847\nGramlich 1873-, married to Eva Elisabeth Mittelstdt in 1896\nGrsel 1802-1844, son of Georg Martin and Christina Bernhard Grsel 1791-, son of Georg Martin and Christina Bernhard\nGrser 1845-1876, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Martha Speicher, married to Dorothea Sophia Zimmermann in 1872 Grser 1710-, son of Hans Nikolaus and Maria Sophia Eisenbeis\nGrasmCk 1791-1791, son of Johann Grasmck and Barbara Lemire GrasmCk 1778-1778, son of Johann Grasmck and Barbara Lemire\nGrasmck 1880-, son of Ludwig and Anna Maria Koch Grasmck ca 1749-1828, son of Theodor and Margaretha Bietzer, married to Barbara Lemire in 1775, Barbara Renauld in 1796\nGrass 1729, son of Hans Jakob and Susanna ?, married to Gertrud Poth in 1710\nGrasser 1747-1791, married to Anna Juditha Auer in 1769\nGrssle ca 1839-, with Christine Obenauer Grssle 1839-, married to Christine Obenauer in 1890\nGratz 1871-, son of Mathias Kratz, with Anna Seger Gratz 1840-1844, son of Johann Adam and Anna Maria Tin Gratz 1837-1875, son of Peter and Margaretha Becker, married to Anna Maria Buchmann in 1868 Gratz 1833-1837, son of Peter and Maria Schumacher Gratz 1831-1832, son of Peter and Maria Schumacher Gratz 1774-1834, married to Susanna Planta in 1803 Gratz 1772-1779, son of Wilhelm and Catharina Kaiser Gratz , married to Barbara Bach Gratz, married to Margarethe Renauld\nGratz, Kratz 1723-1804, married to Margaretha Renault, Renno in 1770\nGrauer 1841-, married to Maria Becker in 1881\nGraule 1731-1802, son of Hanss Melchior and Maria Doratha Nester, married to Maria Elisabeth Pfeifer in 1758\nGraumann 1819-, son of Karl and Anna Maria Hassenteufel, HaEnteufel Graumann 1815-1892, son of Karl and Anna Maria Hassenteufel, HaEnteufel, married to Catharina Henry\nGrein , married to Barbara Grg Grein 1762, married to Elisabeth Thiel\nGreiner , married to Magdalena Conrad in 1803\nGrenz 1877-1951, son of Friedrich and Katherina Heckenlaible\nGretsch , son of Dietrich and Eva Riem Gretsch 1689, married to Eva Leistenschneider in 1636\nGrettner 1804-1804, son of Nikolaus and Eva Brunnthaler\nGreveldinger , married to Susanna Wolf\nGries 1681-1750, with Gertrud Wernet\nGrill 1869-, son of Nicolaus and Maria Tinnes Grill 1870, married to Catharina Seewald\nGrimmel 1872-1872, son of Heinrich and Eva Trockle Grimmel 1865-, son of Heinrich and Eva Trockle\nGroh 1838-1909, son of Joseph and Anna Maria Louis Groh 1821-, married to Gertrud Burger in 1849 Groh 1807-, son of Heinrich and Anna Gertrud Quirin Groh 1759-1830, married to Maria Magdalena Quirin in 1784\nGrohs 1861-1936, married to Elisabeth Albert in 1888\nGrohsmann 1887-1968, son of Mathias and Magdalena Decker\nGronder , married to X Unknown\nGrner , with Anna Maria Fink\nGros Gro 1820-, married to Anna Albert\nGrosjean 1845-, son of Jean and Anna Maria Schmitt Grosjean 1841-1841, son of Jean and Anna Maria Schmitt Grosjean 1815-1873, married to Magdalena Hibschen in 1854 Grosjean 1811-1811, son of Peter and Maria Scherzinger Grosjean 1795-1796, son of Paul and Anna Angelica Martin\nGrosmann 1879-1951, son of Johann Martin and Christina Dieterle, married to Maria Magdalena Klaiss in 1906\nGross 1881-1883, son of Johann and Elisabeth Welsch Gross 1876-, son of Johann and Katharina Morguet Gross 1872-, son of Jacobus and Anna Maria Mohr Gross 1867-1867, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Klein Gross 1865-1910, son of Josef and Wilhelmina Rentz Gross 1865-, son of Johann and Anna Denis Gross 1863-, son of Peter and Anna Breininger, married to Anna Weber in 1899 Gross 1863-1874, son of Johann and Elisabeth Welsch Gross 1861-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Brenner Gross 1860-, son of Peter and Anna Breininger, married to Maria Kneip in 1887 Gross 1860-1861, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Klein Gross 1860-1860, son of Nikolaus and Maria Brenner Gross 1858-, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Ecker Gross 1852-1859, son of Nikolaus and Maria Brenner Gross 1846-1846, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Amann Gross 1836-, son of Peter and Anna Klein, married to Anna Denis in 1863 Gross 1834-1899, son of Nikolaus and Anna Catharina Malick, married to Susanna Thnes Gross 1833-1899/, son of Christof and Katharina Schmidt, married to Elisabeth Welsch in 1862 Gross 1833-, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Amann, married to Katharina Morguet in 1866 Gross 1832-1833, son of Christof and Katharina Schmidt Gross 1828-, married to Anna Haffner in 1856 Gross 1824-1831, son of Peter and Anna Klein Gross 1815-1881, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna x, married to Anna Maria Wandernoth Gross 1814-1834, son of Nikolaus and Anna Catharina Malick Gross 1804-1807, son of Christof and Anna Hoen Gross 1793-1852, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna x, married to Elisabeth Altmayer in 1816 Gross 1787-1788, son of Matthias and Maria Reuther Gross 1786-1790, son of Peter and Anna Maria Prior Gross 1780-1780, son of Peter and Anna Maria Prior Gross 1774-1775, son of Peter and Anna Maria Prior Gross 1769-1770, son of Peter and Anna Maria Prior Gross 1760-1761, son of Johann and Anna Klein Gross 1758-1836, son of Mathias and Angelika Grg Gross 1720-1768, son of Peter and Anna Goergen, married to Anna Klein in 1743 Gross 1712-, son of Peter and Anna Goergen Gross 1682-, son of Johann Peter Gro and Anna Leistenschneider Gross 1628-1689, son of Jakob and Clara x, married to Margaretha Biel Gross , married to Anna Maria Kiefer in 1772 Gross , son of Andreas and Anna Both Gross , son of Johann and Anna Weber Gross, married to Elisabeth Jacob in 1861\nGrosshans 1844-, son of X and Christina Katharina Sattler\nGrossmann ca 1902-, married to Elisabeth Franziska Heisel in 1928 Grossmann 1865-1954, married to Sabina Schaible in 1913\nGro 1794-1849, married to Barbara Bourgeois in 1818 Gro 1774-1829, son of Johann Adam Nikolaus Gross and Eva Hupgen, married to Anna Maria Rech in 1811 Gro 1750-1828, married to Maria Maxem in 1776 Gro ca 1665-, son of Johann Martin Gross and Helena Wolf, married to Maria Gertrud Schmitt in 1700 Gro 1708-, son of Johann and Maria Gertrud Schmitt Gro 1740-, son of Johann Jacob and Maria Gertrud Reuter Gro , married to Anna Speiser in 1861\nGroszmann , married to Anna Katharine Seeger in 1898\nGrtzinger 1727-, son of Hans Christoph Groetzinger and Catharina Kotz, married to Catharina Elisabetha App in 1758, Susanna Walters in 1759, Barbara Hueber in 1771, Barbara Hueber in 1771\nGruhn 1887-, son of Johann and Anna Seiwert, married to Catharina Steil in 1910 Gruhn, son of Carl August and Margaretha Zenner, married to Anna Seiwert in 1886\nGrun 1900-1901, son of Georg and Maria Speicher Grun 1869-1944, son of Michael and Louise Alt Grun 1865-, son of Johann and Maria Karrenbauer Grun 1853-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Albert Grun 1833-1834, son of Michael and Margaretha Baltes Grun 1827-1896, son of Jacob and Maria Karrenbauer, married to Anna Maria Albert in 1853 Grun 1826-, son of Johann and Katharina Faust, married to Maria Karrenbauer in 1854 Grun 1810-1825, son of Johann Valentin and Maria Catherine Baldauf Grun 1805-1877, son of Hubert and Margaretha Anna Catharina Herkes, married to Katharina Faust in 1826 Grun 1755-1817, son of Johann and Margaretha Broxmaier, married to Anna Becker in 1778 Grun 1722-1786, son of Johann Valentine and Anna Angela Karrenbauer, married to Margaretha Broxmaier\nGrn 1875-1944, son of Wilhelm and Catharina Stein, married to Anna Kohn in 1901, Anna Maria Knoll in 1927 Grn 1867-, son of Valentin GRN and Katharina Gauer Grn 1857-, son of Jacob and Catharina Becker Grn 1781-1834, son of Hubert and Anna Maria Kirch, married to Margarethe Karrenbauer in 1808 Grn 1719-1786, son of Johann Valentine Grun and Anna Angela Karrenbauer, married to Anna Maria Meyer in 1739\nGrund , married to Maria Catharina Weefers\nGrunwald 1815-1887, married to Elisabetha Erbel in 1847\nGrutsch 1785-1844, married to Anna Maria Winter in 1813\nGruver, married to Margaretha Jungmann\nGscheidle 1673-, son of Johann and Catharina Schmid Gscheidle, married to Catharina Schmid in 1668, Katharina Bhler in 1677\nGscheilde , father of Margarethe Gscheidler\nGschwend 1858-1862, son of Karl Michael and Christina Barbara Dring Gschwend 1850-1851, son of Johann Georg and Sophia Christine Maas\nGubel, married to Maria Schumacher\nGuenther 1757-1829, son of Michaelis Guenter and Mariae Catharinae ?, married to Katharina Clemens in 1781\nGuergen 1759-1832, son of Heinrich and Anna Maria Goergen, married to Katharina Winter in 1792\nGuertler , married to Henriette Karoline x Guertler , married to Henriette Karoline x Guertler , married to Henriette Karoline x Guertler , married to Henriette Karoline x Guertler , married to Henriette Karoline x\nGugnon , married to Gertrud Schfer\nGuillaume 1894-1970, son of Peter and Johannetta Ahr Guillaume 1888-1889, son of Peter and Johannetta Ahr Guillaume 1863-1927, son of Peter and Anna Maria Truntzler, married to Johannetta Morschett in 1900 Guillaume 1858-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Truntzler Guillaume 1839-1839, son of Peter and Margarethe Guldner Guillaume 1831-1832, son of Peter and Margarethe Guldner\nGuinion, married to Katharina Wingerter\nGuirten 1816-, son of Johann Adam and Margaretha Grasmck\nGuldner 1873-1879, son of Peter and Elisabeth Alexander Guldner 1864-, married to Maria Gross Guldner 1850-, son of Peter and Margarethe Wirth Guldner 1803-1852, son of Georg and Barbara Kaas, married to Elisabeth Remarque in 1829 Guldner 1762-1806, son of Peter and Barbara Castell, married to Margarethe Nikola in 1785 Guldner ca 1677-ca 1714, son of Johann Paul and Anne Marie [ Guldner] ?, married to Katharina Guert in 1689 Guldner , son of Peter and Elisabeth Alexander Guldner 1757, son of Christoph and Marie Kochler, married to Barbara Grohse in 1755 Guldner, married to Anna Witty\nGunder , married to Gertrud Lary\nGungl 1844-, married to Elisabetha Keller in 1873 Gungl 1798-1854, married to Anna Maria SchTzler Gungl 1788-, son of Johann Adam and Elisabeth Feth Gungl 1767-1768, son of Friedrich and Margaretha Reiss Gungl 1746-, son of Jakob and Anna Catharina Haeffner Gungl 1746-, son of Johann Adam and Anna Barbara Ruess, married to Anna Katharina Schraub in 1770 Gungl 1723-, son of Andreas and Katharina Merz Gungl 1683-1762, son of Valentin and Maria Gungl, father of Adam Gungl , son of Johann, married to Ursula Niers in 1732, Katharina Fuchs in 1765 Gungl, married to Margaretha Gradwohl in 1876 Gungl , married to Magdalena Gradwohl in 1842 Gungl 1797-1862, married to Margit Schmidt in 1822, Margaretha Schmid\nGnter 1841-1841, son of Ludwig Gunter and Eva Moser Gnter 1830-, son of Michel and Anna Maria Gaiser\nGnther 1911, son of Christian Friedrich and Margarethe Schleeh\nGurek ca 1823-, with Caroline Wilhelmine Fleig\nGurny , married to Justina Pontow\nGrtler , married to Caroline Weber\nGurtner 1809-, son of Lorenz and Katharina Schwalbach Gurtner, married to Maria Gack\nGusenburger 1841-1867, son of Heinrich and Angela Ausgen Gusenburger 1840-ca 1880, son of Johann and Lucia Morb, married to Margaretha Orth in 1864 Gusenburger 1799-1840, son of Joannes Peter and Anna Maria Bock, married to Lucia Morb in 1825 Gusenburger 1770-, son of Mathias and Martina Siegle, married to Anna Maria Weber in 1799 Gusenburger 1735-, son of Angela Marx\nGuss 1766-1836, married to Anna Heintz in 1788\nGuthmiller 1905-1908, son of Theobald and Christine Ehmann Guthmiller 1873-1899, son of Friedrich and Christina Bender, married to Louise Oswald in 1895\nGutsche 1902-1986, son of Johann and Katharina Kalmbach Gutsche 1870-1937, married to Katharina Kalmbach in 1892\nGuyot 1828-1828, son of Christoph and Anna Ewen\nGwinner 1882-, son of Friedrich and Christine Nantt, married to Emilie Guenther in 1902\nH\nHAMMERSDORF 1696-, son of Hanss Joerg Hammersdorfer and Agnes Juliana ?, married to Catharina ? in 1717\nHAUX 1839-, son of Johannes Haux and Elisabetha Stein, with Rosina LANGJAHR\nHEIBL 1891-1891, son of Johann and Anna Denis HEIBL 1857-, son of Johann and Barbara NICOLA, married to Anna Denis in 1886 HEIBL 1829-1892, son of Simon Heibl and Margaretha Thinnes, married to Barbara NICOLA in 1854\nHENRICH 1887-, son of Johann Heinrich and Barbara Rupp\nHIRY 1813-1885, married to Anna Maria Strmer in 1843, Gertrud Martin in 1885\nHOEN 1817-1887, married to Margaretha LEIPIG in 1846\nHOEN or HEIN , married to Maria Ecker\nHOFER 1898-, son of Johann Hoffer and Christina Laib HOFER 1888-1965, son of Johann Hoffer and Christina Laib\nHORNUNG 1888-, married to Dorothea Rath in 1912\nHaag 1869-1869, son of Konrad and Christina Kroll Haag 1867-1919, married to Maria Speicher Haag ca 1845-, married to Christina Bidlingmaier in 1869 Haag 1800-, married to Anna Maria Buchleitner in 1828 Haag ca 1727-1790, married to Maria Rosina Schne in 1755 Haag 1765-1766, son of Johann and Maria Rosina Schne\nHaan 1798-1800, son of Johann and Anna Maria Grg Haan 1791-, son of Johann Georg and Margaretha Grg Haan 1768-1769, son of Mathias and Anna Elisabeth Staudt Haan 1767-1767, son of Mathias and Anna Elisabeth Staudt Haan 1760-1808, son of Mathias and Anna Elisabeth Staudt, married to Anna Maria Grg in 1789 Haan 1779, son of Sebastian and Johanna Werner, married to Anna Maria Becker in 1733\nHaas 1875-1942, son of Johann Jakob and Elizabeth Beck, married to Theresa Christina Bauer Haas 1875-1932, married to Mathilda WEI in 1897 Haas 1851-, son of Johann Georg and Katharina Barbara Wieland, married to Karoline Regine Kiderer in 1876 Haas 1846-, son of Anton and Anna Zech, married to Barbara Haffner in 1872 Haas 1696-1705, son of Mathias and Anna Girlinger\nHaase 1898-, son of Johann Haas and Mathilda WEI, married to Theresia Helber in 1922 Haase 1859-1861, son of Johann and Anna Maria Scherbinske Haase 1834-, married to Anna Maria Scherbinske in 1856\nHberle 1878-, son of Felix and Cordula Lffler\nHabig 1805-, son of Nichlaus and Angela Kessler\nHabscheid 1600/-1721, son of Peter and Apollonia Arent, married to Maria Spurck in 1697\nHachenberger, married to Anna ?\nHack 1787-1856, son of Petrus and Joanna Rass, married to Johanna Schneider in 1807 Hack 1752-, son of Johann and Anna Margaretha Minninger Hack 1715-1715, son of Johann Philipp and Maria Agnes Grau Hack ca 1713-1768, married to Anna Margaretha Minninger in 1744\nHackenberger 1750-, son of Sebastian and Gertrud Decker Hackenberger 1742-, son of Sebastian and Gertrud Decker\nHacklinger 1780-1783, son of Benedict and Barbara Verron Hacklinger 1778-1779, son of Benedict and Barbara Verron Hacklinger 1747-, son of Franz and Anna Margarethe Ammersbach\nHaefele 1876-1943, son of Johann Michael Friedrich and Catherina Christina Scholl Haefele 1873-1873, son of Friedrich Karl and Anna Marie Regine Schoch\nHaeffener 1815-1815, son of Michael and Maria Tasche Haeffener 1814-, son of Peter and Barbara Decker, married to Anna Maria Schirra in 1839 Haeffener 1808-1808, son of Peter and Barbara Decker Haeffener 1806-1807, son of Peter and Barbara Decker Haeffener 1759-1827, son of Peter and Barbara Henry, married to Johanna Hirtz in 1782, Margarethe Bettenfeld in 1826\nHaehn 1848-/1926, son of Sebastian Haen and Maria Jungmann, married to Louisa Motzer in 1896\nHaen 1859-, son of Bartholomus and Margarethe Zang Haen 1850-1850, son of Michael and Barbara Renckes Haen 1849-, son of Franz and Margaretha Renkes, married to Susanna Didier in 1873 Haen 1832-1889, son of Johann and Maria Eleonora Magdalena Dernbecher Haen 1797-1845, son of Lorenz and Anna Maria Ribonfosse, married to Maria Eleonora Magdalena Dernbecher in 1830 Haen 1785-1861, son of Jakob Hoen and Anna Maria Zang, married to Katharina Heyerbacher in 1809 Haen 1762-1765, son of Johann and Maria Schmitt Haen ca 1727-1787, son of Matthias and Maria Jager, married to Maria Schmitt in 1755, Elisabeth Hey in 1766\nHaens 1766-1863, son of Peter and Eva Petri, married to Maria Mller\nHaering 1867-1869, son of Thomas Hring and Gertrud Effinger Haering 1865-1866, son of Thomas Hring and Gertrud Effinger\nHaetinger 1852-, married to Catharina Rosina Gutekunst in 1875\nHaeuptli 1823-1897, son of Georg and Maria Frey, married to Elisabeth Brugger in 1842\nHafen 1886-, son of Maria Hring, with Anna Steiner\nHaffner 1890-1890, son of Jakob and Barbara Engel Haffner 1841-, son of Sebastian and Anna Catharina Klein, married to Catharina Jann in 1865 Haffner 1837-1859, son of Peter and Catharina Koby Haffner 1835-, son of Sebastian and Anna Catharina Klein, married to Anna Recktenwald in 1859 Haffner 1831-, married to Barbara Fischer in 1851 Haffner 1824-1833, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Eisenbarth Haffner 1822-1895, son of Peter and Apollonia Brenner, married to Anna Maria Becker in 1845 Haffner 1821-1888, son of Jakob and Barbara Haan, married to Catharina Gergen in 1852 Haffner 1812-1888, married to Catharina Theobald in 1840 Haffner 1809-1852, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kiefer Haffner 1796-, son of Friedrich and Catharina Katgeli, married to Anna Maria Mayer in 1824 Haffner 1796-1882, married to Anna Maria Seger in 1817 Haffner 1795-1826, son of Peter and Johanna Schillinger, married to Anna Susanna Bisse in 1822 Haffner 1793-1793, son of Friedrich and Catharina Katgeli Haffner 1791-1793, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kiefer Haffner 1779-1781, son of Friedrich and Catharina Katgeli Haffner 1777-1840, married to Gertrud Henrich in 1803 Haffner 1771-1833, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Engel, married to Anna Maria Kiefer in 1790 Haffner 1768-1818, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Lemoine, married to Barbara Klein in 1793 Haffner 1739-1740, son of Nikolaus and Agatha Leidinger Haffner 1733-1736, son of Nikolaus and Agatha Leidinger Haffner 1730-1783, son of Johann Georg and Gertrud Mathis, married to Barbara Spurck in 1756 Haffner 1710-1771, son of Nikolaus and Anna Elisabeth Kiefer, married to Barbara Fissabre in 1735 Haffner 1706-1746, son of Philipp and Anna Maria Kefferkopf Haffner 1696-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Elisabeth Kiefer Haffner ca 1675-1725, son of Thilmann and Angelika Fischer, married to Angelika Altmayer in 1695 Haffner ca 1663-1736, married to Ottilia Bergeaux Haffner ca 1647-1697, son of Johann and Margaretha ? Haffner ca 1610-, married to Margaretha ? in 1629\nHafner ca 1856-, married to Anna Maria Kaupp in 1891 Hafner 1840-1861, son of Johannes and Margaretha Morguet Hafner 1832, son of Johann Leonhard and Anna Carolina Wieland Hafner , married to Magdalena Marquardt\nHager 1915-, son of Johann and Maria Spang, relationship with Helena Mancka Hager , married to Maria Spang\nHagstotz 1863-ca 1937, married to Rosina Hausauer in 1885\nHahn 1893-1955, son of Wilhelm and Margarethe Gebert Hahn 1888-1953, son of Johann and Maria Remark Hahn 1885-1887, son of Johann and Maria Remark Hahn 1876-1921, son of Johann and Elisabeth Becker Hahn 1872-, son of Johann Hahn Haan and Gertrud Dahm Hahn 1860-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Lorson, married to Maria Remark in 1884, Anna Grimmel in 1889 Hahn 1858-1858, son of Johann Hahn Haan and Gertrud Dahm Hahn 1851-1851, son of Johann and Anna Becker Hahn 1848-, son of Peter and Anna Stuhlsatz, married to Elisabeth Becker in 1872 Hahn 1828-, son of Michael and Margarethe Schug, married to Anna Becker in 1850 Hahn 1776-1836, relationship with Katharina Goor Hahn 1775-1823, married to Margaretha Meyer in 1806 Hahn , with Anna Margarethe Frey Hahn, married to Angela ?\nHahn Haan 1829-1884, married to Gertrud Dahm in 1857\nHaider , with Barbara Haller\nHain ca 1755-, married to Anna Maria Welsch in 1782\nHaist 1801-1880, son of Daniel and Regina Finkbeiner, married to Agnes Ehmann in 1832 Haist 1730-, married to Anna Maria Guenther in 1763\nHalbruck ca 1708-, married to Anna Margaretha Gilbert in 1734\nHalder 1854-1899, married to Maria Anna Zoll in 1878\nHalstrof 1705-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Barbara Osselle, married to Anna Maria Becker in 1728\nHam 1847-1847, son of Peter Hamm and Anna Lorson\nHamann 1868-, son of Jakob and Karolina Brenner Hamann 1796-1856, married to Maria Anna Feit in 1796, Margaretha Schnberger in 1841\nHambruch 1834-, married to Maria Magdalena Sonnhalter in 1867\nHamm 1853-1856, son of Jakob and Magdalena Schwaeger Hamm 1823-1908, son of Georg and Margarethe Braun, married to Elizabeth Wenner in 1848 Hamm , married to Elisabeth Steuer\nHammacher 1894-, son of Nicolaus and Margarethe Eisenbarth Hammacher 1861-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Schmitt Hammacher 1831-1897, son of Jakob and Barbara Scherer, married to Anna Maria Schmitt in 1857\nHammentgen 1897-1897, son of Christoph and Barbara Forster\nHanauer 1811-, son of Clemens and Anna Bonenberger Hanauer 1801-, son of Clemens and Katharina Danner\nHande 1803-1803, son of Johann Martin Handel and Catharina Salzer\nHandel 1870-1942, son of Jakob Friedrich and Maria Sixt Handel 1868-1868, son of Johann Georg and Elisabeth Engelhardt Handel 1866-1928, son of Johann and Theresia Elisabeth Mattheis, married to Maria Frank in 1886, Magdalena Frank in 1896 Handel 1864-1864, son of Johann Georg and Elisabeth Engelhardt Handel 1720-1764, son of Johann Philipp and Anna Marie Schwarz, married to Margarete Kromer in 1751, Maria Agnes Schmid in 1757 Handel 1922, son of Johann Georg and Dorothea Grss, married to Theresia Elisabeth Mattheis in 1861, Christine Barbara Hohloch in 1885\nHannes, married to Anna Maria Mller Hannes 1784, married to Maria Mller in 1750 Hannes , married to Anna Katharina Schrantz\nHansen 1781-, married to Christine Sauser in 1806 Hansen , married to Marie Lehnert Hansen, married to Gertrud Kreutz in 1912\nHanser 1825-1889, married to Anna Meier in 1852\nHantz 1861-1861, son of Nikolaus and Dorothea Jung Hantz 1860-1860, son of Nikolaus and Dorothea Jung\nHanus 1828-1890, son of Johann Philipp and Catharina Schuler\nHarang 1886-1887, son of Michel and Katharina Schwarz\nHarig 1871-, son of Johann and Maria Loch, married to Maria Zwer in 1897 Harig 1842-, married to Maria Loch in 1869 Harig 1710-, son of Johann Magnus Harig Wagner and Anna Ottilia Thome\nHring 1824-1845, son of Christian and Agatha Honer Hring 1775-1861, son of Johann and Sabine Hafen, married to Apolonia Miller in 1830 Hring 1725-1801, son of Heinrich and Franziska Weiss, married to Sabine Hafen in 1752\nHring-Rder 1879-1962, son of Andreas Haering and Maria Rosa Stier, with Helene Rder\nHarsch , with Anna Bulling\nHart 1873-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Mathis, married to Anna Maria Schmidt in 1902 Hart 1761-1761, son of Johann Michael and Anna Catharina SchNberger Hart 1751-1821, son of Johann and Anna Maria Grg Hart 1710-1774, married to Anna Maria Grg Hart , married to Margarethe ?\nHartenberger 1898-, son of Joseph and Anna Maria Wilhelmina Jger, married to Katharina Engel in 1922\nHartlieb 1862-1862, son of Christien Gottlieb and Fredrika Buchele\nHartmann 1903-1940, son of Johann Georg and Martha Theresia Bchle, married to Anna Maurer in 1930 Hartmann 1899-1928, son of Friedrich and Margarete Schwald Hartmann 1897-1898, son of Anna Daub Hartmann ca 1790-, married to Margarethe Faber Hartmann 1730-1814, married to Maria Magdalena Steil in 1762 Hartmann , married to Elizabeth Wildholzer in 1651\nHartz, married to Anna Elisabeth Fleitgen in 1718\nHasdenteufel 1748-, son of Johann Hassdenteufel and Anna Margaretha Gerstener\nHasel 1737-1786, married to Anna Margaretha Limburg in 1764\nHaser 1828-1894, married to Catharina Ganster in 1861 Haser 1806-1806, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Spengler Haser 1805-1805, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Spengler Haser 1716-, son of Peter and Maria Elisabeth Torscher Haser 1625-1667, son of Johann, married to Katharina Jeitner in 1646 Haser ca 1600-1677, father of Johann\nHassdenteufel 1716-1796, married to Anna Margaretha Gerstener in 1748\nHassel 1883-, son of Christian and Sophia Louisa Kirschner Hassel 1820-1903, son of Jacob and Anna Maria Mller, married to Barbara Ferner in 1849 Hassel ca 1710-1781, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Eva Parisot Hassel 1847, married to Maria Schug\nHassenteufel 1804-1876, son of Jakob Hassenteufel, HaEnteufel and Anna Maria Amann, married to Margaretha Gergen in 1829, Elisabeth Gergen in 1834\nHassenteufel HaEnteufel 1811-, son of Nikolaus Hassenteufel and Eva Kien, married to Elisabeth Jacquemin in 1835 Hassenteufel HaEnteufel 1808-1810, son of Nikolaus Hassenteufel and Eva Kien Hassenteufel HaEnteufel 1799-, son of Nikolaus Hassenteufel and Eva Kien Hassenteufel HaEnteufel 1736-1806, married to Anna Barbara Weber in 1758, Maria Mller in 1804\nHasstenteufel 1853-1929, son of Nicolaus Hastenteufel and Elisabeth Pistorius, married to Anna Becker in 1875\nHastenteufel 1841-, son of Nicolaus and Elisabeth Pistorius, married to Anna Bucheit in 1864\nHaler 1864-, son of Johann and Maria Lauer, married to Katharina Magdalena Klein in 1891 Haler , married to Maria Lauer\nHauck , married to Maria Blass in 1918 Hauck 1812, married to Margarethe Weiss\nHauff 1865-, son of Christian and Rosina Seefried\nHaug , with Anna Maria Steidle\nHauk 1886-1959, son of Antoni and Julianna Hoerner Hauk 1859-1940, son of Georg Hauck and Barbara Ries, married to Katherine Lang in 1881, Katharina LANG Hauk 1810-1813, son of Stephanus and Elisabetha Kamsin\nHaupenthal 1843-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Aatz, married to Margaretha Morsdorf in 1872 Haupenthal 1788-, son of Michael and Katharina Maria Giebel\nHaupert ca 1680-1728, married to Anna Ptzer in 1711 Haupert 1717, married to Margaretha Falck in 1680 Haupert , married to Maria Klauck\nHaupt 1867-, son of Josef and Elisabeth Flasch, married to Anna Kleesz in 1892\nHaury, married to Anna Theresia Strauch in 1918\nHausauer 1862-1931, son of Peter Jacob and Christianna Catharina Ladner, married to Margaretha Opp in 1882 Hausauer 1840-1913, son of Johann Peter and Elisabeth Barbara Schuetz\nHauser 1871-1939, son of Georg and Anna Maria Spengler, married to Katharina Becker in 1896\nHauss 1797-1799, son of Daniel and Magdalena Breinig\nHaux 1886-1955, son of George John and Katherine Jesser, married to Karolina Schmeichel in 1908 Haux 1873-1874, son of George and Elisabetha Merkel Haux 1868-, son of Freidrich and Anna Maria Fischer Haux 1839-, son of Johannes and Elisabetha Stein, married to Magdalena Kussmaul in 1878\nHaw 1870-, son of Anton and Catharina Croi\nHawner 1855-, son of Johann and Christina Theobald, married to Maria Amann in 1881 Hawner 1828-1899, son of Johann Haffner and Anna Maria Seger, married to Christina Theobald in 1854\nHay ca 1735-1812, son of Michel and Barbe Christina Hamann, married to Barbara Baur in 1758, Catharina Quirin in 1767\nHayer, married to Erika Anna Mueller\nHayo ca 1836-1838, son of Conrad and Marianne Hamm Hayo 1833-1833, son of Conrad and Marianne Hamm Hayo 1812-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Jochum Hayo 1764-1843, son of Johannes and Gertrud Riem Hayo, married to Katharina Getrey\nHebensberger ca 1720-, married to Christina Hirsch in 1763\nHechtler , married to Catharina Schmid in 1865\nHeck 1875, son of Samuel and Christina Schroeder\nHeckel ca 1674-, son of Johann Nicolaus and Anna Barbara Stroh Heckel 1590-, with X HECKEL\nHeckmann , married to Anna Peter\nHector 1857-, daughter of Peter and Maria Jenner Hector 1850-, son of Johann and Barbara Collet, married to Maria Katharina Hubig in 1876 Hector 1849-1889, married to Anna Meilchen in 1874 Hector 1827-1871, married to Margaretha Caspar in 1856 Hector 1810-1881, son of Jakob and Susanne Haan, married to Maria Kiefer in 1836 Hector 1809-1870, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Klein, married to Margaretha Altmayer in 1843 Hector 1779-, son of Peter and Maria Arweiler, married to Margarete Kiefer in 1806 Hector ca 1680-, married to Anna Maria Drinckwald Hector 1862, son of A Jean and Catharina Entinger, married to Catharina Kiefer in 1844 Hector , son of Peter and Maria Jenner Hector, married to Barbara Collet\nHederlin 1710-1796, son of Hans Hederle and Sybilla Agatha Bhrle, with Magdalena Horn\nHedrich 1850-1851, son of Johann Matthaus and Elisabeth Brenner\nHeer ca 1899-, with Berta Schaible Heer 1793-1875, son of Johann Martin and Margaretha Hans Hansin, married to Elisabeth Gotz in 1812, Anna Maria Renner in 1820, Eva Binder Heer , son of Andreas and Katharina Hoehn Heer , son of Jakob and Katherena Lutz\nHees 1829-, son of Johann Georg and Catharina Barbara Frankin, married to Catharina Dorothea Schaf in 1862\nHehn 1836-, married to Johanna Karolina Beierle or Beyerle in 1858\nHehr 1902-1942, son of David and Dorothea Anhorn Hehr 1902-, son of Christian and Christiana Mayer Hehr 1873-1929, son of Michael and Elisabeth Seitz, married to Christina Weiss in 1898, Maria Elhard in 1900 Hehr 1861-, son of Matthias and Susanna Bohnet\nHehs 1898-1982, son of Johann and Barbara Ahr Hehs 1895-1897, son of Johann and Barbara Ahr Hehs 1888-1888, son of Michael and Margarethe Bonenberger Hehs 1865-, son of Konrad and Elisabeth Lorson, married to Barbara Ahr in 1892 Hehs 1852-, son of Wendel and Katharina Gebert Hehs 1840-, son of Wendel and Katharina Gebert Hehs 1805-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Heldt, married to Anna Fischer in 1828\nHeibl 1802-, son of Johann and Margaretha Theobald Heibl 1797-1837, son of Johann and Margaretha Theobald, married to Anna Maria Richard in 1826 Heibl ca 1756-1832, married to Margaretha Theobald in 1792\nHeidecker 1872-1896, son of Heinrich and Katharina Mautes Heidecker 1794-, married to Katharina Steffen in 1829, Gertrud Nalbach in 1830\nHeidinger 1867-, son of Johann and Friederika Sackmann Heidinger 1838-, married to Friederika Sackmann in 1861\nHeier 1905-1985, son of Johann and Anna Maria Vossler Heier 1868-, son of Jakob and Christina Elisabeth Hehr, married to Anna Maria Vossler in 1896 Heier 1858-1890, son of Friedrich and Katharina Weiss, married to Dorothea Herrman in 1885\nHeigis 1842-1889, son of Johannes and Anne Marie Bohnet\nHeil 1895-1957, son of Theobald and Anna Gebert Heil 1864-1867, son of Ludwig and Catharina Bender\nHeilmann 1787-1823, son of Johann and Rosina Amrein Heilmann 1757-1810, married to Rosina Amrein\nHein 1887-1951, son of Peter and Margaretha Lauer, married to Barbara Bellmann in 1917 Hein 1869-, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Fisch Hein 1863-1888, son of Johann and Anna Maria Schmitt Hein 1860-1861, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Fisch Hein 1855-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Paulus Hein 1847-1916, married to Katharina Schweigert in 1873 Hein 1843-1870, son of Johann and Catharina Zenner Hein 1837-, son of Johann and Catharina Zenner, married to Anna Maria Schmitt in 1863, Katharina Zenner in 1881 Hein 1805-1874, son of Jakob and Anna Jenner, married to Catharina Zenner in 1830 Hein 1762-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Relinger Hein 1733-1792, son of Wilhelm and Margaretha Klein, married to Elisabeth Rehlinger in 1761, Elisabeth Relinger in 1761, Katharina Lonsdorfer in 1784, Catharina Constroffer in 1784 Hein /1680-1742, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Fischer, married to Margaretha Becking in 1701 Hein 1629-1693, married to Anna Kraut in 1650\nHeine 1884-1885, son of Johann and Katharina Schweigert Heine 1861-1909, married to Katharina Schweigert in 1883 Heine 1856-, married to Margaretha Maria Schlachter in 1879 Heine 1710-1773, son of Heinrich and Anna Elisabeth Rademacher\nHeinemann 1695-, son of Valentin and Anna Stiehr, married to Katherina Karl Heinemann, married to Franziska Utenweiler Heinemann , married to Franciska Reess\nHeinen 1839-, married to Anna Franke in 1895 Heinen 1835-, married to Anna Schmitt in 1867\nHeinkel ca 1853-, son of Johannes and Marie Katherine WALTER\nHeinold 1887-1889, son of Johann and Katharina Kndler Heinold 1858-1913, married to Katharina Kndler in 1877\nHeinrich 1881-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Zapp Heinrich 1856-, son of Johann Henrich and Catharina Fischer, married to Barbara Rupp in 1881 Heinrich 1850-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Colmann, married to Elisabeth Zapp in 1875 Heinrich 1847-1847, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Colmann Heinrich 1825-, son of Philipp and Maria Gehl Heinrich 1794-, married to Angelica Schuler Heinrich 1712-1752, son of Heinrich and Anna Thiell, married to Elisabeth Gro in 1738 Heinrich 1694-, son of Johann Arnold Becker and Catharina Friderich Heinrich, married to Barbara Wolf\nHeinrich or Henri 1729-1793, married to Maria Schnubel in 1756\nHeintz 1850-, son of Johann and Magdalena Gusenburger, married to Margaretha Jacobs in 1876, Margaretha Jacobs Heintz 1816-, married to Magdalena Gusenburger in 1849 Heintz 1708-1773, son of Johann Friedrich and Eva Christina Lock, married to Maria Katharina Mann in 1734, Anna Elisabeth Lepper in 1739\nHeinz 1895-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Schrder Heinz 1872-, son of Peter and Anna Croon, married to Genovefa Herrmann in 1896 Heinz 1841-, married to Katharine Keppler in 1892\nHeinzmann 1829-, son of Johann and Magdalena Sigloch, married to Dorothea Grieshaber in 1861 Heinzmann 1803-1885, married to Magdalena Sigloch in 1825\nHeisel 1906-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Koch, married to Maria Elisabeth Gruos in 1936 Heisel 1893-1896, son of Peter and Catharina Gauer Heisel 1878-1960, son of Jacob and Maria Wagner, married to Anna Theis in 1903 Heisel 1878-1956, son of Michael and Barbara Meyer, married to Ida Catharina Gehl in 1903 Heisel 1870-1933, son of Johann and Anna Breinig, married to Maria Blum in 1896 Heisel 1862-1895, son of Johann and Margaretha Speicher, married to Catharina Altmeyer in 1889 Heisel 1839-1918, son of Johann and Anna Maria Gier, married to Anna Breinig in 1864 Heisel 1834-1912, son of Peter and Catharina Bossman, married to Margaretha Speicher in 1858 Heisel 1821-1862, son of Peter Heiseler and Johanna Jungbluth Heisel 1815-, son of Peter Heiseler and Johanna Jungbluth Heisel 1811-1873, son of Peter and Eva Grn Heisel 1809-1888, son of Christian and Anna Maria Altmeyer, married to Anna Maria Gier in 1833, Anna Becker in 1872 Heisel 1808-, married to Margaretha Altmeyer in 1834\nHeiss, married to Anna Eva Mayer in 1773\nHeitz 1779-1781, son of Matthias and Anna Gertrud Schmann Heitz ca 1777-1846, son of Matthias and Barbara Seidel, married to Marie Krause\nHell 1730-1787, son of Johann Peter and Anna Donien, married to Angela Knobe in 1753\nHellenbrand 1812-1814, son of Franz and Anna Maria Woll\nHellenbrandt 1893-1953, son of Peter and Theresia Knippl Hellenbrandt 1868-1931, son of Johann and Anna Bujtor, with Jzsa Hausznekt Hellenbrandt 1837-1911, son of Peter and Elisabeth Paunert, married to Anna Bujtor in 1861\nHeller 1880-1963, son of Jacob and Barbara Vetter, married to Elizabeth Louisa Krause Heller 1862-1914, son of Johann and Katharina Weiss Heller 1831-, married to Katharina Weiss in 1851\nHemmel, married to Gertrud Hell\nHemmer 1797-, son of Johann and Maria Malsack Hemmer ca 1758-1819, son of Stephan and Anna Maria SchFer, married to Maria Malsack\nHeness 1818-1823, son of Johann Jacob and Anna Barbara Walz\nHengl 1779-1780, son of Johann Adam and Katharina Hock Hengl 1778-1779, son of Johann Adam and Katharina Hock\nHenke 1905-, son of Jakob and Margaretha Wahl\nHenkel 1859-, son of Jakob Henckel and Maria Elisabetha Fritz\nHenne 1848-1897, son of Johann Georg and Katharina Schmidt Henne 1798-1798, son of Johannes and Susanna Quirin Henne 1763-1765, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Braun\nHenneberg 1876-, son of Friedrich and Dorothea Schatz\nHennes 1768-1769, son of Daniel Henes and Margaretha Scheuing Hennes 1728-1793, son of Andreas Henes and Margaretha Schmidhuber, married to Augusta Maria Kuerner in 1755\nHenrich 1889-, son of Peter and Catharina Schmidt Henrich 1887-, son of Peter and Catharina Schmidt Henrich 1861-, son of Peter and Barbara Rupp Henrich 1851-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Haffner Henrich 1829-1830, son of Stephan and Barbara Planta Henrich 1828-1896, married to Katharina Falck in 1853 Henrich 1827-1884, son of Johann and Catharina Molitor, married to Catharina Fischer in 1852 Henrich 1796-1838, son of Peter and Anna Maria Lemire, married to Catharina Molitor in 1820 Henrich 1791-1835, son of Johann and Barbara Haffner Henrich 1764-1846, son of Christoph and Eva Theobald, married to Barbara Haffner in 1790, Elisabeth Barth in 1815 Henrich 1734-, son of Simon and Eva Wannemacher Henrich 1728-1812, son of Simon and Eva Wannemacher Henrich 1721-, son of Simon and Eva Wannemacher Henrich 1739, son of Tilman Heinrich and Anna Katharina Cornelius, married to Catharina Lauer in 1704 Henrich 1739, son of Tilman Heinrich and Anna Katharina Cornelius, married to Catharina Lauer in 1704\nHenry 1885-1886, son of Johann and Anna Hahn Henry 1880-, son of Johann and Anna Hahn Henry 1877-, son of Johann and Margarethe Blechschmidt Henry 1873-, son of Johann and Margarethe Blechschmidt Henry 1857-1927, son of Johann and Anna Schirra, married to Anna Hahn in 1878, Anna Maria Wannenmacher in 1889 Henry 1855-, son of Johann and Anna Schirra Henry 1849-1930, son of Peter and Elisabeth Boullier Henry 1840-, son of Michael and Maria Wagner, married to Margarethe Blechschmidt Henry 1832-, son of Johann and Margarethe Mller Henry 1823-1867, son of Johann and Margarethe Mller, married to Katharina Meyer in 1849, Anna Schirra in 1855 Henry 1821-1821, son of Johann and Margarethe Mller Henry 1815-1819, son of Johann and Margarethe Mller Henry 1814-1814, son of Johann and Margarethe Mller Henry 1783-1851, son of Nicolas and (Clemore) Anna Angelia Clemune, married to Margarethe Mller in 1808\nHenzler 1864-1864, son of Christoph Hinzler and Anna Maria Schnizler\nHepper 1855-1933, married to Katharina Sayler in 1879\nHerb 1788-1842, son of Georg and Dorothea Mathieu, married to Catharina Knig in 1809\nHerbeck 1833-, son of Jacob and Anna Gertrud Kessel\nHerbel, married to Johannetta Hahn\nHerber 1881-1882, son of Johann and Elisabeth Nimsgern Herber 1877-1880, son of Johann and Elisabeth Nimsgern Herber 1846-1901, married to Elisabeth Nimsgern in 1870 Herber 1809-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Fronier\nHerber -Mller 1654-, married to Maria Schmalz in 1681\nHerges 1877-, son of Peter and Margaretha Stolz, married to Magdalena Barthel\nHering 1841-1894, married to Luise Schuler Hering 1816-, son of Konrad and Koletha Rees, married to Rosina Pflger in 1843, Genovefa Heinemann in 1851\nHermann 1906-1972, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Altmeyer Hermann 1859-, son of Michael and Anna Katharina Decker Hermann 1787-1847, son of Mathias and Barbara Hermann, married to Susanne Hoffmann in 1814 Hermann 1784-, son of Louis Herrmann and Margarethe Weber Hermann 1781-1850, married to Katharina Klinkner in 1806 Hermann 1778-1778, son of Kaspar and Maria Braun Hermann 1732-1787, married to Anna Klosen in 1759 Hermann ca 1610-, married to Elisabeth Zepf Hermann, father of Anna Luise Hermann , son of Louis Herrmann and Margarethe Weber, married to Margaretha Langenfeld\nHermes 1874-, son of Mathias and Margaretha Welsch, married to Anna Catharina Schwerdtner in 1900 Hermes 1855-1891, married to Margaretha Schwarz Hermes 1832-1897, married to Elisabeth Wirth in 1866 Hermes 1810-1870, married to Anna Maria Gross Hermes 1784-1813, married to Barbara Altmayer in 1807 Hermes 1783-1840, married to Maria Christina Comes in 1813 Hermes 1727-1730, son of Peter and Angelica Goergen\nHernes 1782-1783, son of Philipp and Mariana Stepner Hernes 1775-1779, son of Philipp and Mariana Stepner Hernes 1740-, son of Johann and Barbara Gungl Hernes 1712-1772, married to Barbara Gungl\nHerold 1890-, son of Johann Heinold and Katharina Kndler Herold 1859-, son of Georg Andreas and Elisabeth Mathies\nHerres 1850-, son of Heinrich and Maria Eva SPROSS, married to Maria Luise Mischler, Anna Maria Comtesse in 1876\nHerrig 1845-1845, son of Franz and Barbara Senzig\nHerrmann 1894-, son of Jakob and Carolina Brenneise Herrmann 1884-, son of Carl and Anna Mller Herrmann 1875-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Koch, married to Maria Gebert in 1897 Herrmann 1859-1914, son of Alexander and Barbara Engel, married to Amalia Mueller in 1881 Herrmann 1859-1926, son of Johannes Georg and Barbara Bippus, with Anna Marriea Kirsch Herrmann 1845-1915, son of Johannes Georg and Barbara Bippus, married to Dorothea Juengling in 1871 Herrmann 1808-1874, married to Maria Anna Rudolph in 1849 Herrmann 1766-, son of Johann Hermann and Anna Klosen, married to Anna Maria Elizabeth Lehnhoff in 1796 Herrmann 1580-, married to Mariechen Oster in 1610 Herrmann, married to Theresia Juniges\nHerth 1818-1862, son of Friedrich Georg Herdt and Catharina Magdalena Brenner, married to Dorothea Stier in 1850\nHertler 1842-, married to Carolina Schafer in 1868\nHess , married to Anna Thomas\nHesse, married to Katharina Koun\nHessedenz 1889-1957, son of Mathias and Margarethe Bernard Hessedenz 1822-, son of Johannes and Katharina Weisgerber Hessedenz 1810-1888, son of Anton and Anna Dillinger, married to Angelika Mller in 1840 Hessedenz ca 1700-1761, son of Martin and Anna Catharina Meyer, married to Anna Katharina Schweitzer\nHe 1863-, son of Wendel and Viktorine Thon He, married to Eva ?\nHettig 1874-1937, married to Christina Bohnet in 1900\nHettrich 1810-1860, son of Peter and Elisabeth Grund, married to Sophie Margarethe Huwig in 1836\nHetzler 1800-1836, son of Maurice and Katharina Freistroffer Hetzler 1732-, son of Peter and Apollonia Forbein\nHeuchel 1883-1945, son of Johann Valentin and Elisabeth Margarethe Mayer, married to Karoline Gerhardt in 1906 Heuchel 1876-, son of Peter and Margaretha Muller\nHeusch 1857-1904, son of Johann and Barbara Blasius, married to Sophie Catharina Klos in 1882 Heusch 1850-1852, son of Johann and Barbara Blasius Heusch 1849-1849, son of Johann and Barbara Blasius Heusch , married to Barbara Blasius in 1848\nHeuser 1809-1810, son of Peter and Maria Ackermann Heuser 1806-1808, son of Peter and Maria Ackermann Heuser 1807, son of Mathias and Anna Thielen, married to Barbara Olinger in 1774\nHeuth, married to Maria Katharina Dsseldinger Heuth, son of Johann and Maria Katharina Dsseldinger, married to Anna Susanna Rupp in 1823\nHewer 1899-1939, son of Michel and Katharina Kleinbauer\nHeyde 1860-, married to Anna Maria Mueller in 1886\nHibschen , married to Margaretha Mayer\nHibschenberger 1757-1783, son of Paul and Anna Maria Aininger, married to Anna Hip in 1782\nHibst ca 1797-1861, married to Maria Anna Kaufmann in 1827\nHieber 1830-1830, son of Johann Georg and Barbara Lipp\nHier ca 1904-1975, son of Stephan Sulz and Elisabeth Wegner, with Lydia Kristing\nHiery 1879-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Luxenburger Hiery 1864-, married to Gertrud Grg in 1889\nHild 1886-, son of Johann and Maria Kleinbauer, married to Barbara Philippi Hild 1884-1884, son of Johann and Maria Kleinbauer Hild 1859-, son of Johann and Franziska Johann, married to Maria Kleinbauer in 1882 Hild 1834-1866, son of Nikolaus and Christina Mathis, married to Franziska Johann in 1858\nHilgert 1873-, son of Peter, married to Maria Ersch in 1897\nHiller 1853-1932, married to Christine Oelke in 1875 Hiller 1830-, son of Johann Georg and Maria Salome Gross Hiller 1703-1780, married to Margaretha Elisabetha Jegen in 1727 Hiller, son of Johann and Christine Oelke Hiller, married to X Unbek.\nHilsamer ca 1797-, married to Susanna Hoegener Hilsamer 1765-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Thesen Hilsamer 1743-1798, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Thnnes, married to Anna Maria Thesen in 1764\nHimber 1868-, married to Rosina Lonsdorfer Himber, married to Magdalena Strohm\nHimbert 1848-1932, married to Margarethe Elisabeth Maas in 1874 Himbert 1840-1854, son of Franz Peter and Elisabeth Magdalena Diener Himbert 1744-1754, son of Johann Adam and Margaretha Haffner Himbert , married to Gertrud Rousselange\nHimbert Humbert 1724-1782, son of Heinrich and Anna Franzisca Le Noble, married to Barbara Fischer in 1749, Margaretha Dennmrker in 1776\nHinsberger 1679-1741, married to Margaretha Jochum in 1700\nHintz 1849-1850, son of Jakob and Justine Grflich\nHipfner 1847-1918, son of Peter Hopfner and Angelica Kaltenbach\nHipp 1849-1849, son of Johann Adam and Anna Maria Lerch Hipp 1645-1712, married to Agatha Stengele in 1667 Hipp, married to Catharina Dieterich\nHirsch 1702-, son of Sebastian and Margaretha Mack, with Anna Maria Wagner Hirsch , married to Elisabeth Zewe\nHirschauer 1800-1858, son of Johann and Barbara Winter Hirschauer ca 1757-1824, married to Barbara Winter in 1786 Hirschauer 1795-, son of Johann and Barbara Winter\nHirschmann 1833-1834, son of Joseph Christian and Anna Maria Altmeyer\nHirtz 1899-, son of Michel and Katharina Osbild Hirtz 1897-, son of Konrad and Magdalena Osbild Hirtz 1891-, son of Johann and Anna Katharina Grgen Hirtz 1885-1885, son of Johann and Gertrud Piot Hirtz 1878-1954, son of Peter and Johanna Schmidt Hirtz 1875-1932, son of Peter and Margarethe Lorson Hirtz 1874-1944, son of Wendel and Anna Kaeff, married to Mathilde Krmer in 1896 Hirtz 1856-, married to Margaretha Ernst in 1882 Hirtz 1851-, son of Jacob and Anna Koch, married to Gertrud Piot in 1876, Anna Katharina Grgen in 1886 Hirtz 1847-1901, married to Magdalena Sonntag in 1875 Hirtz 1845-, son of Johann and Barbara Welsch Hirtz 1841-, son of Johann and Barbara Welsch, married to Margarethe Remark in 1867 Hirtz 1837-, son of Michael and Barbara Becker, married to Anna Schneider Hirtz 1818-1868, son of Johannes and Anna Louis, married to Maria Josepha Wolff in 1851 Hirtz 1814-1873, son of Wendel and Anna Schreiner, married to Barbara Welsch in 1838 Hirtz 1791-1852, son of Johann and Catharina Linn, married to Anna Mller in 1815 Hirtz 1766-1814, son of Johann and Gertrud Altmayer, married to Catharina Linn in 1790 Hirtz 1764-1764, son of Johann and Gertrud Altmayer Hirtz 1756-1812, son of Johannes Paul and Katharina Schtz, married to Angelika Gries in 1784 Hirtz 1730-1780, married to Catharina Thnes in 1754, Gertrud Altmayer in 1762 Hirtz , son of Johann and Maria Josepha Wolff, married to Katherina Hubertina Ptz in 1880\nHiry 1893-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Federspiel Hiry 1885-, son of Johann and Gertrud Kiefer, married to Margaretha Koby, Maria Catharina Freydag Hiry 1875-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Buschbacher, married to Maria Grg in 1898 Hiry 1855-, son of Johann and Maria Gergen Hiry 1854-1903, married to Susanna Kiefer in 1885 Hiry 1851-, married to Catharina Amman Hiry 1849-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Becker, married to Gertrud Kiefer in 1878 Hiry 1835-1891, son of Johann and Maria Gergen, married to Elisabeth Buschbacher in 1862 Hiry 1822-1890, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Becker Hiry 1816-1890, son of Johann and Gertrud Staudt, married to Anna Leinenbach in 1844, Anna Leinenbach in 1844 Hiry 1812-1891, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Becker, married to Maria Gergen in 1835 Hiry 1807-1820, son of Johann and Gertrud Staudt Hiry 1806-1806, son of Johann and Gertrud Staudt Hiry 1774-1856, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Weber, married to Gertrud Staudt in 1804 Hiry 1735-, son of Mathias and Anna Thnes\nHoe 1837-, son of Peter and Maria Magdalena Keller\nHoehn , with Agatha Wurth\nHoen 1898-, son of Johann and Katharina Denis Hoen 1897-1898, son of Johann and Katharina Denis Hoen 1896-1896, son of Johann and Katharina Denis Hoen 1864-, married to Katharina Denis in 1892 Hoen 1862-, son of Michael and Anna Christiany Hoen 1835-1859, son of Michael and Marianne Maas Hoen 1786-1870, son of Michael and Anna Maria Neu Ney, married to Catharina Nalbach Hoen 1765-, married to Anna Catharina Meilchen in 1788 Hoen, married to Anna Maria Baltes\nHoeneter ca 1862-, married to Catharina x in 1893\nHoepfel 1844-, married to Magdalena Dorothea Scheuerlen in 1871\nHoerner 1831-, father of Wilhelmina\nHofer 1864-, son of Andreas and Eva Renz Hofer 1795-1838, son of Franz Anton and Maria Anna Feyrer, married to Salomea Rottler in 1819 Hofer, married to Martha Maria Flaig\nHoff 1791, son of Johann Hoff and Maria Urich, married to Catharina Lutzenburger in 1742\nHoffer 1860-1904, married to Christina Laib in 1882\nHoffmann 1894-, married to Maria Rau Hoffmann 1890-1892, son of Peter and Anna Maria Schwarz Hoffmann 1888-1888, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Becker Hoffmann 1881-, married to Barbara Sulz in 1906 Hoffmann 1877-1961, married to Carolina Dockter in 1902 Hoffmann 1875-, son of Jakob and Katharina Mergl, married to Margaretha Cziegler in 1901 Hoffmann 1875-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Federspiel, married to Catharina Katgeli in 1902 Hoffmann 1873-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Federspiel, married to Barbara Theobald in 1898 Hoffmann 1873-1875, son of Jakob and Katharina Mergl Hoffmann 1872-1952, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Cnen, married to Elisabetha Eberhard in 1899 Hoffmann 1865-1939, son of Janoz and Erzsebeth Starz, married to Margaretha Gradwohl in 1888 Hoffmann 1857-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Frey Hoffmann 1854-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Frey Hoffmann 1850-1922, son of Heinrich and Margarethe Lorencz Hoffmann 1843-1888, son of Johann and Barbara Haffner, married to Margaretha Hellenbrand in 1869 Hoffmann 1842-, son of Johann and Barbara DrGer, married to Maria Hoffmann in 1870 Hoffmann 1838-1841, son of Johann and Barbara DrGer Hoffmann 1825-1869, son of Johann and Barbara Rau, married to Catharina Lay in 1851 Hoffmann 1820-1883, married to Anna Maria Hiry in 1845 Hoffmann 1815-1855, son of Johann and Barbara Rau, married to Catharina Theis in 1842 Hoffmann 1815-1847, son of Heinrich and Katharina Louis Hoffmann 1813-1853, son of Jakob and Gertrud Mller, married to Barbara Haffner in 1839 Hoffmann 1809-1886, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Steyer, married to Barbara DrGer in 1837 Hoffmann 1799-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Lagrange Hoffmann 1788-1788, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Lagrange Hoffmann 1786-1849, son of Carl and Catharina Weyrich, married to Barbara Rau in 1812 Hoffmann 1746-, married to Anna Maria Scherer in 1768 Hoffmann 1723-, son of Mathias and Angela Pinter Hoffmann 1704-1782, son of Johann and Anna Gertrud Frenken, married to Anna Caspar in 1731 Hoffmann ca 1685-1760, married to Anna Gertrud Frenken in 1704 Hoffmann ca 1646-1743, married to Anna Baur Hoffmann ca 1590-, father of Catharina Hofmann Hoffmann , son of Mathias Hoffman and Catharina Seger, married to Margaretha Hauch in 1892 Hoffmann , son of Johann Jacob and Barbara Steffen Hoffmann , married to Anna Maria Kutsch Hoffmann , married to Anna Maria Kulsch Hoffmann, son of Andreas and Elisabeth Wagner, married to Margaretha Franziska Seilner in 1844 Hoffmann , married to Barbara Folz Hoffmann , married to X Bruchschneider\nHofmann 1887-1987, son of Friedrich and Margaretha Christina Steinbrenner Hofmann 1849-, son of Johann Karl and Maria Gottliebin Setzer, married to Rosine Goeller in 1876 Hofmann , son of Mathias and Angelika Mind, married to Catharina Nimsgern in 1886\nHohl 1828-, son of Johannes and Maria Susanna Drr\nHohlweck 1864-1955, married to Anna Maria Kirsch in 1890\nHoll 1720-, married to Barbara Meyer in 1742\nHollinger 1795-1879, son of Andreas Michael and Anna Katharina Bohr, married to Anna Maria Barault in 1824\nHoltzer 1793-1794, son of Paul and Maria Barbara Lw Holtzer 1780-1781, son of Paul and Maria Barbara Lw Holtzer 1776-1777, son of Paul and Maria Barbara Lw Holtzer 1775-, son of Johann Jacob and Anna Barbara Walle Holtzer 1736-, son of Johann Theodor and Anna Maria Emmert\nHolz, married to Katharina Grathwohl in 1874\nHolzapfel 1839-1902, married to Johanna Beata Killinger in 1866 Holzapfel , married to Elisabeth Blaich in 1786\nHolzpfel 1832-1875, married to Dorothea Magdalena Wolf in 1859\nHolzhei 1811-1886, married to Angelika Mtscheller in 1854\nHomberg 1883-1948, son of Jacob and Anna Maria Burgard\nHonecker 1683-1757, married to Maria Magdalena Regitz in 1706\nHopp , married to Dorothea Wunn\nHoppstetter ca 1788-, son of Georg Adam and Maria Elisabeth Gerard, married to Elisabeth Comtesse in 1817\nHoras , married to Ursula Sattler in 1751\nHorbach 1887-, son of Peter and Sophia Mller, married to Karoline Becker in 1911 Horbach, married to Maria Rebold\nHorn 1816-1890, son of Jacob and Elisabetha Allmendinger, married to Anna Barbara Meyer in 1841 Horn 1752-, married to Rebecca Dietz in 1783 Horn 1646-1702, married to Anna Katharina Zey in 1670\nHornbach 1876, married to Christina Catherina Linda Hehr in 1870\nHornbacher 1787-1859, son of Johan Friederich and Barbara Walz\nHornberger , with Sophie Caroline Ehmann\nHrner ca 1892-, son of Friederich Michael and Rosina Wurst\nHornig, married to Katharina Kchler\nHorst 1837-, son of Peter and Maria Wagner, married to Maria Steinmann in 1873\nHouy 1770-1780, son of Jacobus Hu and Maria Elisabeth Klein Houy 1768-1769, son of Jacobus Hu and Maria Elisabeth Klein\nHuber 1882-1942, with Bertha Meske Huber 1869-, son of Christian and Christina Bohnet Huber 1799-, married to Katarina Funk in 1824 Huber , married to Maria Catharina Kramer\nHubert 1755-1759, son of Peter and Katharina Ney Hubert 1754-1754, son of Peter and Katharina Ney Hubert, married to Maria Tonnellier\nHubertus 1893-, son of Valentin and Margaretha Schwarz Hubertus, married to Angelika Ruppert\nHbgen 1781-1853, married to Anna Maria Fuchs in 1820\nHubig 1899-1917, son of Nicolaus and Helene Blanke Hubig 1868-1951, son of Peter and Margaretha Dorothea Hamm, married to Franziska Blanke, Ida Louise Wachholz Hubig 1858-, son of Philipp and Maria Guldner Hubig 1853-1856, son of Peter and Catharina Knauber Hubig 1852-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Scheller Hubig 1847-, son of Simon and Katharina Gruver Hubig 1845-, son of Georg Huwig and Anna Katharina Hesslinger, married to Katharina Detempel in 1872 Hubig 1818-, son of Johann Michael and Anna Maria Berrad, married to Elisabeth Buttermann in 1843, Elisabeth Scheller in 1846 Hubig 1816-1883, son of Jakob and Katharina Theiss, married to Anna Catharina Thull in 1842, Eva Stutz in 1871 Hubig 1799-, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Mayer Hubig 1770-1814, son of Johann Andreas and Anna Margaretha Reichert, married to Anna Catharina Mayer in 1798 Hubig 1729-, son of Andreas and Anna Catharina Schn Hubig 1689-, son of Georg Friedrich and Anna Christina Hassdenwald\nHbschen 1838-1843, son of Johann and Susanna Haens Hbschen, married to Susanna Haens in 1830\nHbst , married to Maria Anna Kaufmann\nHuebichon , married to Anna Eva Schiffler in 1729\nHuebner , son of Johann Nikolaus, married to Martha Schmidt in 1875\nHuepgen 1730-, son of Johann Nikolaus Hippchen and Juliana Grutsch\nHuffer 1838-1901, son of Peter and Barbara Eisenbarth, married to Barbara Fontaine in 1865\nHugebugell 1703-1734, son of Johann Georg Hagenbchler and Margaretha Spurck, married to Agnes Neu in 1728\nHllein 1864-1943, son of Georg and Catharina Margarethe Blumann, married to Maria Catharina Klein in 1888\nHumbert, married to Barbara Albrech Humbert, son of Johann and Barbara Albrech, married to Barbara Roth in 1895\nHmbert 1869-1936, son of Peter and Anna Lorson, married to Maria Ahr in 1898 Hmbert 1845-, son of Michael and Elisabeth Amann Hmbert 1845-, son of Anton and Anna Maria Fritz Hmbert 1841-, son of Johann and Maria Robine Hmbert 1832-, son of Johann and Maria Robine Hmbert 1830-, son of Johann and Maria Robine Hmbert 1808-, son of Johann Friedrich and Katharina Butter, married to Maria Robine in 1829 Hmbert 1782-1828, son of Peter and Anna Schwander\nHunolstein 1293-, married to Ponzette Countess Of Virneburg\nHupfer 1879-, son of Josef and Katharina Schneider\nHupgen 1811, son of Nicolai Hipgen and Maria Elisabeth Hettinger, married to Anna Maria Kiefer in 1764\nHuppert 1753-1814, son of Johannes and Anna Catharina Klein, married to Katharina Magdalena Bickelmann in 1783 Huppert 1644-, son of Johann Huppert Mller and Gertrud Meyer\nHurth, married to Anna Schwarz\nHusser , married to Maria Magdalena Stinner in 1825\nHuth 1862-, son of Valentin and Katharina Elisabeth Heuchert\nHutzel 1715-1805, married to Anna Maria Biegel Hutzel, son of Johann and Anna Maria Biegel, married to Anna Margaretha Burg in 1773\nHuwig 1893-1953, son of Karl and Barbara Schmidt Huwig 1881-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Bastong, married to Anna Nalbach in 1906 Huwig 1875-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Barrois, married to Anna Maria Meiser in 1899 Huwig 1871-1901, son of Mathias and Catharina Speicher Huwig 1865-, son of Johannes and Catharina Berrang, married to Maria Katharina Thom in 1886 Huwig 1864-1865, son of Mathias and Elisabeth Schneider Huwig 1847-1917, son of Jacob and Johannetta Schmelzer, married to Anna Maria Barrois in 1872 Huwig, son of Christian and Elisabeth Ory Huwig 1821-1886, son of Georg and Susanna Sinnwell, married to Johanetta Kreutz in 1844\nHuy 1768-1838, son of Sebastian and Anna Eva Montag, married to Anna Maria Wollenschneider in 1792 Huy 1685-, son of Jean and Maria Quentin, married to Anna Beran in 1712\nI\nIckinger 1850-1857, son of Johann Michael and Rosina Elisabetha Barbara Weller\nIllich 1792-, son of Johann Heinrich and Catharina Gergen Illich 1791-1791, son of Johann Heinrich and Catharina Gergen\nInsch , married to Anna Catharina Dernbecher in 1909\nIrion 1875-, son of Johann Martin and Luise Maier, married to Justine Ziehmann\nIrsch 1850-1891, son of Johann and Catharina Momper, married to Gertrud Falck in 1874 Irsch 1837-1872, son of Johann and Catharina Momper, married to Anna Margaretha Theresia Grgen in 1865 Irsch 1802-1873, son of Franz and Johanetta Minn, married to Catharina Momper in 1826\nIsaak 1875-1875, son of Daniel and Louisa Hintz Isaak 1852-1907, son of Christian and Anna Wilhelmina Selcho, married to Louise Hass in 1874 Isaak 1848-1848, son of Christian and Anna Wilhelmina Selcho\nIssler 1897-, son of Jakob and Karolina Beyerle Issler 1879-, son of Jakob and Karolina Beyerle, married to Pauline Vix in 1906 Issler , married to Susanna Kerber\nIzzion 1686-, married to Christiana Alber in 1705\nJ\nJOCHEM 1816-1893, son of Johann Georg Jochem and Anna Maria Jensen, married to Margaretha KOCKLER in 1844\nJULIEN 1825-, son of Johann Julien and Barbara Reuther JULIEN 1816-1864, son of Johann Julien and Barbara Reuther JULIEN 1815-1815, son of Johann Julien and Barbara Reuther\nJacob 1884-1884, son of Johann and Catharina Sonnhalter Jacob 1879-1880, son of Peter and Margaretha Reb Jacob 1877-1878, son of Johann and Anna Maria Abel Jacob 1874-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Abel, married to Katharina Willkomm Jacob 1873-1873, son of Johann and Anna Maria Abel Jacob 1870-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Abel, married to Barbara Kleinbauer in 1895 Jacob 1866-, son of Gabriel Daniel and Barbara Jung, married to Maria Ersch in 1896 Jacob 1858-, son of Johann and Barbara Welsch Jacob 1855-1856, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Arweiler Jacob 1853-, son of Andreas and Katharina Khn Jacob 1853-1853, son of Johann and Barbara Welsch Jacob 1852-1854, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Arweiler Jacob 1851-1853, son of Johann and Maria Wilhelm Jacob 1849-1900/, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Arweiler, married to Catharina Foss in 1874 Jacob 1843-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Sonnhalter, married to Catharina Sonnhalter in 1869 Jacob 1842-1842, son of Georg and Maria Denis Jacob 1842-1895, son of Andreas and Katharina Khn, married to Anna Maria Abel in 1867, Anna Maria Krier in 1893 Jacob 1840-1876, married to Anna Weber in 1863 Jacob 1837-1842, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Arweiler Jacob 1834-1834, son of Johann and Anna Mller Jacob 1821-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Luxenburger, married to Barbara Welsch in 1848 Jacob 1819-, son of Matthias and Maria Barbara Bouvier, married to Maria Wilhelm in 1819 Jacob 1818-, son of Johann and Barbara Haffner, married to Maria Fevrier in 1837 Jacob 1815-1841, son of Johann and Barbara Haffner Jacob 1810-1818, son of Johann and Barbara Haffner Jacob 1802-, son of Peter Jakob and Barbara Jerom, married to Anna Mller in 1825 Jacob 1801-1805, son of Franz and Anna Maria Morschett Jacob 1794-1849, son of Michael and Maria Zang, married to Irmina Khn in 1822 Jacob 1785-1840, married to Barbara Haffner in 1808, Johanna Theobald in 1821 Jacob 1783-, son of Michael and Maria Zang Jacob 1760-1760, son of Peter and Anna Maria Berweiler Jacob 1746-1806, son of Peter and Anna Maria Berweiler, married to Maria Barbara Zang in 1766, Anna Gebert in 1777 Jacob 1724-1781, son of Johann and Elisabeth Weiler, married to Gertrud Wolff in 1754 Jacob 1717-, son of Peter and Katharina Arent Jacob 1710-, son of Peter and Katharina Arent Jacob 1690-1758, married to Elisabeth Weiler in 1714 Jacob , son of Johann and Katharina Willkomm Jacob, son of Johann and Katharina Willkomm Jacob , married to Maria Jungmann\nJacobs 1876-, married to Louise Gergen in 1897 Jacobs 1764-1831, married to Christina Schulgen in 1786 Jacobs 1761-1830, married to Margaretha Cammer in 1783\nJacquemin 1838-1879, son of Peter and Gertrud Schuder, married to Susanna Wirth in 1864 Jacquemin 1767-1767, son of Johann Theobald Jacquemin, Schackmann and Margaretha Thnes Jacquemin 1755-1833, son of Johann Theobald Jacquemin, Schackmann and Margaretha Thnes, married to Margaretha Klein in 1795\nJager 1858-, son of Johann Jger and Anna Margaretha Lonsdorfer Jager 1783-1783, son of Moritz and Gertrud Haffner Jager 1781-1857, son of Moritz and Gertrud Haffner, married to Barbara Jung in 1807 Jager , married to Gertrud Redler\nJger 1838-1838, son of Johann and Anna Margaretha Lonsdorfer Jger 1810-, son of Johann Jager and Barbara Jung, married to Anna Margaretha Lonsdorfer in 1837 Jger , with Katharina x\nJann 1894-, son of Friedrich and Angela Stutz Jann 1800-1856, son of Johann and Margaretha Schmitt, married to Catharina Barthel in 1828 Jann 1793-1837, son of Johann and Margaretha Schmitt, married to Anna Franziska Jochem in 1824 Jann 1766-1840, son of Hubert and Irmina Winter, married to Margaretha Schmitt in 1791 Jann 1734-, son of Peter Jahn and Elisabeth Dennemrker\nJauch 1856-1941, married to Wilhelmine Lemke in 1882, Luise Lemke in 1887\nJeancola 1757, son of Hermann Jeancollin and Maria Drr, married to Barbara Lehnert\nJenal 1884-, son of Franz JENAL and Barbara HEIN Jenal 1882-1953, son of Johann and Katharina Klein, married to Dorothea Bickelmann in 1907 Jenal 1878-, son of Mathias and Gertrud Massonne, married to Margaretha Serwani in 1901 Jenal 1875-1903, son of Johann and Anna Sonntag Jenal 1864-, son of Sebastian and Margaretha Porz, married to Elisabeth Herrmann in 1891 Jenal 1859-, son of Nicolaus and Gertrud Becker, married to Katharina Klein in 1884 Jenal 1855-, son of Sebastian and Margaretha Porz Jenal 1838-, son of Mathias and Barbara Kiefer, married to Anna Sonntag in 1869 Jenal 1808-, son of Georg and Katharina Becker, married to Maria Luxemburger in 1827 Jenal 1804-, son of Georg and Katharina Becker Jenal ca 1680-1740/, married to Margaretha Kreutzer in 1704 Jenal , son of Franz JENAL and Barbara HEIN Jenal, married to Katharina Lutz\nJene 1863-, son of Nicolaus and Maria Meyer, married to Maria Lorson in 1886 Jene ca 1837-, married to Johanna Theis in 1865\nJenner 1877-1957, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Wagner Jenner 1795-1837, son of Wilhelm and Maria Catharina Klein, married to Catharina Fries in 1827 Jenner 1786-1814, married to Katharina Watring in 1807 Jenner, married to Maria Jungmann\nJerg, married to Anna Maria Singler\nJerke 1892-1940, son of Christoph and Christina Mueller\nJeschke 1861-1908, married to Justina Bierwagen in 1881\nJesse 1905-, married to Melitta Alice Jesse in 1933\nJethon 1883-, son of Philipp Jakob and Philippina Unterschtz Jethon 1868-, son of Jakob and Philippina Mattes Jethon , son of Johann Philipp and Maria Heichel\nJob 1833-1834, son of Peter and Katharina Sander Job 1805-1867, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Kirch, married to Margaretha Baldauf in 1828 Job 1802-1861, married to Katharina Knig in 1825 Job 1792-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Loris Job 1756-1816, son of Martin and Elisabeth Metz, married to Elisabeth Loris in 1785 Job 1746-1817, married to Anna Eva Linnenberger in 1773 Job , married to Elisabeth Luris\nJochem 1750-, son of Johann Peter and Gertrud Schfer, married to Gertrude Jenal in 1776 Jochem , son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Jensen\nJochem \"Jochum\" 1709-, relationship with Anna Maria Hoffmann\nJochum 1865-, son of Georg and Maria Catharina Thiel Jochum 1846-, son of Nicolaus and Barbara Mohr Jochum 1844-, son of Michael and Maria Schmidt, married to Barbara Senzig in 1866 Jochum 1831-1834, son of Michael and Maria Schmidt Jochum 1806-, son of Petri and Barbara Altmayer Jochum 1802-, son of Johann and Catharina Woll, married to Anna Maria Hupchen Jochum 1795-, son of Johann and Catharina Woll Jochum 1791-, son of Johann and Catharina Woll Jochum ca 1784-1821, son of Johan Nicolaus and Anna Barbe Makine, married to Hermine Mark in 1804 Jochum 1782-, son of Johann Peter and Elisabeth Woll, married to Elisabeth Weiskircher Jochum 1781-, son of Peter and Elisabetha Fuchs, married to Sabina Frey in 1818 Jochum 1779-1851, son of Paul and Catharina Mller, married to Catharina Lux in 1801 Jochum 1770-1854, son of Josef and Barbara Schambill, married to Angelika Stein in 1793 Jochum 1759-1825, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Drr, married to Catharina Woll in 1790 Jochum 1742-1802, son of Johann Martin and Anna Elisabeth Zenner, married to Gertrud Magdalena Braun in 1774 Jochum 1725-, son of Johann Peter and Maria Magdalena Kiefer Jochum 1722-, son of Joes and Elisabeth Kraemer Jochum 1705-1771, son of Peter and Magdalena Bruitz, married to Barbara Weiskirchen in 1754, Anna Elisabeth Drr in 1779 Jochum 1694-1753, son of Johann Adam and Anna Margaretha Spohr, married to Anna Elisabeth Stein in 1720 Jochum 1641-, son of Christian and Agatha Wolf Jochum 1636-, son of Christian and Agatha Wolf Jochum , married to Barbara Weiskirchen\nJohann 1839-1840, son of Johann and Katharina Loyo Johann 1825-1826, son of Johann and Katharina Loyo Johann 1804-1837, son of Johann and Franziska Winter, married to Katharina Khn in 1836 Johann 1795-1868, son of Johann and Franziska Winter, married to Katharina Loyo in 1818 Johann /1764-1831, married to Franziska Winter in 1792\nJohannes 1876-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Margaretha Stark, married to Maria Nobel Johannes 1869-1871, son of Johann and Margaretha Lonsdorfer Johannes 1849-, son of Johann Peter and Elisabeth Mathieu, married to Elisabeth Margaretha Stark in 1872 Johannes 1835-1880, son of Matthias and Margaretha Nalbach, married to Margaretha Lonsdorfer in 1862, Maria Trockle in 1873 Johannes 1834-1834, son of Matthias and Margaretha Nalbach Johannes 1803-1828, son of Johann Baptist and Anna Maria Hempel, married to Anna Catharina Marx Johannes 1749-1749, son of Johannes Adam and Anna Margaretha Jungmann\nJollage 1687-, son of Hans Peter and Maria Katherina Cachot\nJoos 1844-1919, married to Maria Katharina Lupberger in 1876 Joos ?1837-, married to Anna Maria Lempenau in 1865 Joos 1833-, son of Samuel and Christina Rapp\nJose 1882-, married to Berta Meilke in 1903\nJost 1883-1918, son of Johann and Anna Thome, married to Elisabeth Bar in 1907 Jost 1864-1864, son of Johann and Margarethe Kirch Jost 1859-1902, son of Johann and Margarethe Kirch, married to Anna Thome in 1881 Jost 1855-1859, son of Johann and Margarethe Kirch Jost 1849-1850, son of Nikolaus and Anna Caspar Jost 1824-, married to Margarethe Kirch in 1855 Jost 1761-1841, married to Margaretha Schackmann in 1783 Jost 1750-, son of Johannes and Anna Franzisca Heintz Heinz, Hentz Jost 1744-, son of Johannes and Anna Franzisca Heintz Heinz, Hentz Jost 1693-1700, son of Laurentius and Elisabeth Boesen Jost , married to Catharina Bach Jost , son of Jacob and Anna Hein Jost , married to Anna Maria Mees Jost 1692, son of Laurentius and Elisabeth Boesen\nJourdain /1690-ca 1734, married to Katharina Lambert\nJud 1787-1865, son of Johannes and Anna Justina Mueller, married to Maria Barbara Kraemer in 1813\nJudae 1707-1790, son of Hans Jakob and Anna Catharina Hartmann, married to Anna Christina Blickle in 1737\nJulien 1788-1840, son of Peter and Elisabeth Riga, married to Barbara Reuther in 1810 Julien 1785, son of Peter and Elisabeth Riga Julien, married to Johanna Engel\nJunck 1730-1752, son of Johann and Anna Maria Hentz Junck 1721-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Hentz Junck 1759, married to Anna Maria Hentz\nJung 1892-, son of Johann Peter and Magdalena Bonenberger Jung 1866-1867, son of Johann and Katharina Petry Jung 1864-1892, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Reichel Jung 1863-1864, son of Johann Christian and Barbara Magdalena Steinmann Jung 1842-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Sander, married to Catharina Schreiner in 1870 Jung 1840-1841, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Sander Jung 1837-, married to Elisabetha Haffner in 1860 Jung 1837-, son of Wendel and Anna Maria Becker Jung 1828-, son of Johann Christian Gottfried and Anna Speicher, married to Catharina Schwarz in 1856 Jung 1827-, son of Jacob and Catharina Steuer Jung 1827-1894, son of Jakob and Gertrud Rosseler, married to Katharina Petry in 1858 Jung 1799-1875, son of Mathias and Margaretha Mller, married to Maria Schmidt in 1823, Anna Maria Jenal Jung 1761-, son of Christoph and Anna Margaretha Lillig Jung 1759-1848, son of Johann Phillip and Anna Christina Ziegler, married to Catherine Marie Schneck in 1788 Jung 1745-1802, son of Johann Adam and Angela Mller, married to Angela Brutscher in 1772 Jung ca 1712-1781, married to Anna Maria Zenner in 1735, Sophia Wirth in 1750 Jung , son of Johann Nicolaus Junck and Anna Catharina Grauvogel, married to Anna Maria Wolff in 1792\nJungfleisch 1864-1864, son of Carl and Catherina Loew Jungfleisch 1816-1876, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Jungmann, married to Elisabeth Sonnhalter in 1844 Jungfleisch 1804-, son of Johann Peter and Catharina Margaretha Forster Jungfleisch 1788-1862, son of Johann and Maria Johannetta Ochs, married to Anna Catharina Jungmann in 1815 Jungfleisch 1764-1847, son of Johann and Maria Johanna Hellenbrech, married to Maria Johannetta Ochs in 1787 Jungfleisch 1721-1782, married to Anna Gertrud Burg, Maria Johanna Hellenbrech in 1761 Jungfleisch 1650-, married to Anna Simon\nJunginger 1843-1883, son of Georg and Anna Margaretha Wachter\nJungmann 1889-, son of Peter and Catharina Tin, married to Auguste Kleinmann in 1911 Jungmann 1887-, son of Carl and Susanna Sellen, married to Margaretha Heinz in 1913 Jungmann 1874-, son of Johann and Anna Jenner Jungmann 1869-, son of Johann and Luise Fries, married to Anna Fell in 1912 Jungmann 1867-1868, son of Johann and Catharina Graf Jungmann 1867-1867, son of Johann and Luise Fries Jungmann 1867-, son of Jacob and Maria Gro Jungmann 1862-, son of Wilhelm and Gertrud Detzen Jungmann 1861-1884, son of Wilhelm and Susanna Schtz Jungmann 1857-, son of Peter and Barbara Brutty, married to Anna Maria Mller in 1887 Jungmann 1856-1856, son of Peter and Barbara Brutty Jungmann 1852-, son of Johannes and Margaretha Kaiser Jungmann 1849-, son of Wilhelm and Anna Maria Koehler, married to Anna Jenner in 1869 Jungmann 1833-1837, son of Johann and Maria Becker Jungmann 1820-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Detzen, married to Luise Fries in 1854 Jungmann 1819-1880, son of Peter and Maria Roth, married to Catharina Graf in 1849 Jungmann 1798-1862, son of Jacob and Susanna Augustin, married to Maria Becker in 1826 Jungmann 1790-1882, son of Mathias and Catharina Schmidt, married to Catharina Gergen in 1816 Jungmann 1743-1818, son of Mathias and Susanne Rupp, married to Anna Maria Glaesener in 1765, Anna Maria Glaesener Jungmann 1729-1798, son of Johann Dietrich and Anna Bascour, married to Anna Maria Bascour in 1758 Jungmann, son of Peter and Anna Gross Jungmann , married to Anna ?\nJunk 1898-1898, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Hansen Junk , married to Anna Maria Follmann Junk , married to Susanne Krecken\nK\nKAAS 1866-, son of Peter Kaas and Margaretha Becker KAAS 1838-, son of Johann Kaas and Anna Maria Maas\nKELLER 1852-1875, son of Nicolas Keller and Anna Maria Fontaine KELLER 1835-1883, son of Nicolas Keller and Anna Maria Fontaine, married to Catharina KRAUSER in 1862\nKESSLER 1868-1869, son of Rosine Schaible\nKIEFER 1898-, son of Jakob and Margaretha TREIB\nKLEIN 1879-, married to Catharina WINTER in 1907 KLEIN 1787-1873, married to Barbara BECKER in 1814\nKNEIP 1883-, son of Mathias and Barbara KOPP, with Barbara ZILTZ KNEIP 1871-1871, son of Mathias and Anna Bietzer\nKOCKLER 1808-1881, son of Johann and Angela WAX, married to Anna LADWEIN in 1830 KOCKLER 1772-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Schmidt, married to Angela WAX in 1799\nKONSTROFFER or Constroffer ca 1682-1737, married to Barbara Theobaldt in 1712\nKOTH 1856-1941, married to Katherina Heckenlaible in 1877\nKwenig 1843-, son of Peter Kwenig and Catharina Sonntag Kwenig 1842-1843, son of Peter Kwenig and Barbara Bauer\nKRALL 1894-, son of Peter and Maria SONNTAG KRALL 1861-1878, son of Peter Krall and Angelika Haffner KRALL 1859-, son of Michael Krall and Barbara Haffner, married to Anna Bader in 1883 KRALL 1833-, son of Peter Krall and Barbarae Mittermller\nKREMER 1774-1826, married to Margaretha WEISGERBER in 1795\nKROLL 1882-1938, son of Jacob Kroll and Louise Selcho\nKRONENBERGER 1859-1933, son of Johann Kronenberger and Maria Klein\nKURTZ 1839-1883, son of Jacob Kurz and Katharina Schramm\nKaas 1804-1846, married to Anna Maria Maas in 1830 Kaas 1791-1877, married to Katharina Winter in 1813 Kaas 1790-1790, son of Johann and Maria Barbara Machain Kaas 1744-1796, son of Pierre and Marguerite Rolles, married to Maria Barbara Machain Kaas 1692-1763, son of Johann Peter and Anna Low Kaas, married to Johanna Bertrand\nKaeff 1875-, son of Johann and Anna Hirtz Kaeff 1852-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Lorson, married to Anna Hirtz in 1873 Kaeff 1825-1875, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Winter, married to Anna Maria Lorson in 1848\nKaess 1890-, son of Johann Jakob and Maria Wiedmann, with Malita Pietz, Maria Sauter\nKfer 1882-, married to Anna Frida Vetter in 1927\nKaim 1815-1889, married to Anna Marie Kraemer in 1844\nKaiser 1868-, son of Michael and Maria Bosch Kaiser 1794-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Biesen, married to Anna Catharina Schnubel in 1820 Kaiser 1783-1784, son of Johann and Anna Maria Emmel Kaiser 1743-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Weingrtner, married to Anna Maria Emmel in 1773, Anna Maria Biesen in 1784 Kaiser , son of Johann Georg and Catharina Barbara Hinderer Kaiser , married to Christine Girrbach in 1912 Kaiser , married to Maria Fuchs Kaiser 1859, son of Wilhelm and Anna Maria Klein, married to Elisabeth Ladwein in 1837, Margaretha Dillmann in 1842\nKalkgraber 1757-1757, son of Johann Georg and Johanna Grg\nKallenborn 1827-, married to Barbara Junk in 1854 Kallenborn, son of Peter and Maria Maar\nKalmbach 1918-, son of Georg and Ottilia Bross Kalmbach 1887-1918, son of Friedrich and Dorothea Flaig\nKalmback 1872-1873, son of Friedrich Kalmbach and Christina Keller\nKalmund 1857-, son of Anton and Anna Maria Hierig, married to Barbara Decker in 1886\nKammer 1880-, son of Mathias and Luise Jenner Kammer 1875-1875, son of Anna Kammer Kammer 1865-1920, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Kiefer, married to Maria Gehl in 1891 Kammer 1852-, son of Anna Kammer Kammer 1844-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Katharina Speicher Kammer 1842-1842, son of Johann and Katharina Haeffener Kammer 1832-1836, son of Johann and Katharina Haeffener Kammer 1816-1874, son of Johann and Elisabeth Altmeyer Kammer ca 1800-1877, son of Johann and Margarethe Fromm, married to Katharina Haeffener in 1828 Kammer 1796-1870, son of Johann and Maria Bosmann, married to Maria Katharina Albert in 1820 Kammer 1791-1839, son of Christian and Anna Rupp, married to Elisabeth Altmeyer in 1810 Kammer 1766-1810, married to Maria Bosmann in 1786 Kammer 1867, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Ziegler, married to Gertrud Kiefer Kammer 1834, son of Franz and Katharina Litzenburger, married to Margarethe Fromm\nKammy 1858-1922, son of Johann and Friederike Brogaska, married to Katharina Margaretha Schiel in 1883 Kammy , married to Friederike Brogaska\nKannengiesser 1894-1963, son of Johann and Katharina Wannemacher Kannengiesser 1864-, son of Nikolaus and Marguerite Teitinger, married to Katharina Wannemacher in 1892 Kannengiesser 1774-1828, son of Jakob and Anna Schu, married to Susanna Wegmann in 1796\nKapp 1852-1857, son of Johann Conrad and Barbara Geckenheimer\nKappler ca 1898-, married to Barbara Catharina Diedenhoffen in 1921\nKarmann 1866-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Tabellion Karmann 1839-, son of Johann Peter and Magdalena Meyer, married to Elisabeth Tabellion in 1864 Karmann 1803-, son of Nikolaus and Susanna Stutz, married to Marie Anne Sigrist in 1838, Therese Fliess in 1846\nKarp 1787-1859, married to Maria Anna Simon in 1810\nKarrenbauer 1899-1899, son of Kaspar and Magdalena Brausch Karrenbauer 1898-, son of Georg and Anna Abel Karrenbauer 1894-, son of Friedrich and Anna Maria Guillaume Karrenbauer 1888-, son of Peter and Aline Margaretha Gorg Karrenbauer 1888-, son of Ludwig Johann and Catharina Drr Karrenbauer 1885-, son of Nicolaus and Katharina Woll Karrenbauer 1882-1885, son of Konrad and Katharina Danner Karrenbauer 1876-1942, son of Johann and Anna Margaretha Kiefer Karrenbauer 1872-, son of Friedrich and Elisabeth Nalbach Karrenbauer 1872-1943, son of Johann and Margarethe Bisdorf Karrenbauer 1870-1871, son of Nicolaus and Katharina Renckes Karrenbauer 1867-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Schneider Karrenbauer 1861-1864, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Fey Karrenbauer 1859-1876, son of Johann and Margarethe Zimmermann Karrenbauer 1858-1926, son of Johann and Elisabeth Renckes, married to Barbara Schmidt in 1886, Barbara Gertrude He in 1893 Karrenbauer 1854-1883, son of Johann and Margarethe Hirtz, married to Anna Fritz in 1880 Karrenbauer 1852-, son of Johann and Margarethe Hirtz Karrenbauer 1851-1851, son of Johann and Maria Speicher Karrenbauer 1848-, son of Jakob and Margarethe Reichrath Karrenbauer 1844-, son of Jakob and Maria Blum Karrenbauer 1844-, son of Johann and Elisabetha Sauer Karrenbauer 1838-1908, son of Johann and Maria Mang, married to Barbara Sonnhalter in 1869, Bertha Radisch in 1884 Karrenbauer 1837-, son of Johann and Elisabetha Sauer Karrenbauer 1837-1888, son of Johann and Maria Speicher, married to Anna Alt in 1863 Karrenbauer 1836-1836, son of Johann and Maria Mang Karrenbauer 1834-1899, son of Johann and Anna Walz, married to Margarethe Bisdorf in 1867 Karrenbauer 1834-, son of Johann and Maria Albert, married to Anna Margaretha Kiefer Karrenbauer 1832-1860, son of Peter and Anna Lw, married to Catharina Margaretha Karrenbauer in 1857 Karrenbauer 1831-, son of Sebastian and Elisabeth Margarethe Biel, married to Margarethe Zimmermann in 1858 Karrenbauer 1826-1871, son of Georg and Angelika Kinzinger, married to Elisabeth Renckes in 1856 Karrenbauer 1821-1862, son of Johann and Magdalena Becker, married to Catharina Comtesse in 1853 Karrenbauer 1819-, son of Johannes and Margarethe Danner, married to Margarethe Hirtz in 1842 Karrenbauer 1816-1842, son of Michael and Barbara Altmeyer Karrenbauer 1811-1862, son of Jacob and Anna Elisabeth Baltes Karrenbauer 1810-1810, son of Peter and Margaretha Schmidt Karrenbauer 1808-1873, son of Johann and Anna Danner, married to Maria Mang in 1834 Karrenbauer 1807-, son of Peter and Marie Kramer, married to Anna Walz in 1829 Karrenbauer 1805-1867, son of Johann and Anna Danner, married to Elisabetha Sauer in 1828 Karrenbauer 1805-1805, son of Johann and Anna Danner Karrenbauer 1801-1866, son of Valentin and Barbara Speicher, married to Maria Speicher in 1829 Karrenbauer 1801-, son of Johann and Irmina Speicher, married to Barbara Altmeyer in 1822 Karrenbauer 1795-1874, son of Valentin and Anna Catherina Linck, married to Catharina Haser in 1818, Maria Albert in 1833 Karrenbauer 1795-1799, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Gergen Karrenbauer 1781-1840, son of Johann and Margaretha Baldauf, married to Irmina Speicher in 1799 Karrenbauer 1779-1832, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Gergen, married to Magdalena Becker Karrenbauer 1756-1837, son of Johann and Elisabeth Anna Low, married to Margaretha Baldauf in 1777 Karrenbauer 1725-1780, son of Philip and Apollonia Speicher, married to Elisabeth Anna Low in 1754 Karrenbauer ca 1685-1725, son of Philipp and Margaretha Altmeyer, married to Anna Elisabeth Altmeyer in 1712 Karrenbauer 1650-1716, married to Margaretha Speicher in 1692 Karrenbauer 1814, married to Anna Danner\nKartes 1896-1898, son of Mathias and Maria Katharina Schirra Kartes , married to Gertrude Kraemer\nKartheiser 1893-, son of Nicolaus and Anna Friedrich\nKaspar , son of Peter and Barbara Klauck Kaspar , son of Peter and Barbara Klauck Kaspar , son of Peter and Barbara Klauck\nKss 1884-, son of Karl Friedrich Kaess and Justina Mack\nKast 1845-1892, married to Barbara Dussler in 1873 Kast /1700-, married to Anna Maria Kammer in 1722\nKastel 1875-, son of Josef and Margaretha Ernst\nKatgeli 1877-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Eisenbarth Katgeli 1842-, son of Peter and Margaretha Gergen, married to Margaretha Altmayer, Altmeyer in 1879, Anna Altmayer in 1886 Katgeli 1826-1872, married to Margaretha Kiefer in 1851 Katgeli 1792-1845, son of Johann Jakob and Susanna Reiter, married to Magaretha Altmayer in 1816 Katgeli 1731-1779, son of Christian and Helena Grg, married to Anna Catharina Schmitt in 1751, Anna Maria Mller in 1759\nKauffmann, married to Margarethe Schmidt\nKaufmann 1897-, son of Mathias and Maria Mller Kaufmann 1861-, son of Jakob and Catharina Rosa, married to Margaretha Meyer in 1886 Kaufmann 1836-1896, son of Johann and Margaretha Kiesselbach, married to Anna Maria Dahm in 1860 Kaufmann 1710-1799, son of Johann and Anna Elisabeth Ternes, married to Anna Margaretha Schmitt in 1743 Kaufmann , married to Anna Elisabeth Ternes Kaufmann 1868, married to Margaretha Kiesselbach\nKaupp 1813-, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Mast\nKautenburger 1855, married to Barbara Bastian\nKeck 1890-1972, married to Magdalena Neiffer in 1912\nKehsler 1886-1886, son of Michel and Barbara Schreiner\nKeil 1867-1867, son of Konrad and Anna Maria Geidt\nKelckel 1795-1867, son of Johann Kelkel and Barbara Ley, married to Angela Mayer in 1823\nKelkel 1764-1824, son of Philipp and Katharina Mayer, married to Barbara Ley in 1790 Kelkel 1743-, son of Johann and Barbara Brck Kelkel 1741-, son of Johann and Barbara Brck Kelkel 1718-1784, son of Johann Georg and Anna Katharina Demuth, married to Barbara Brck in 1740\nKeller 1903-, son of Jakob and Lydia Mattheis Keller 1891-1891, son of Johann Adam and Anna Maria Kalmbach Keller 1891-1961, son of Johann and Maria Sander Keller 1869-1869, son of Johann and Catharina Schraub Keller 1857-, son of Jakob and Sophia Klein, married to Maria Sander in 1882 Keller 1844-, married to Christine Friederike Lenzner in 1875 Keller 1841-, son of Johann Friedrich and Rosina Gwinner Keller 1840-1841, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Schmitt Keller 1832-1887, son of Balint and Elisabeth Schmidt, with Catharina Schraub Keller 1800-1800, son of Bartholomus and Anna Maria Mller Keller 1796-, son of Georg and Maria Magdalena Potier Keller , married to Luise Knauer in 1914 Keller , married to Friederika Stoller in 1860 Keller , married to Anna Maria Kempfer\nKellner 1875-, married to Therese Hass in 1896\nKelter , married to Anna Loris\nKemp 1819-, son of Georg Martin Kempf and Anna Maria Seid\nKempf 1878-, married to Regina Nittel in 1902\nKenn , married to Katharina Roth in 1897\nKeppler 1846-, son of Jacob and Barbara Rentschler\nKerber 1772-, son of Johann Kerber Or Kerver and Margareta Diwo\nKerber Or Kerver 1737-, son of Peter and Anna Katharina Biehl, married to Margareta Diwo\nKermann 1877-1958, son of Johann Baptist and Anna Maria Pink\nKern 1917-, son of Johann Michael and Dorothea Kalmbach\nKerner 1889-, son of Nicolaus and Catharina Wallian Kerner 1887-1889, son of Nicolaus and Catharina Wallian Kerner 1884-, son of Friedrich and Helena Bosch Kerner ca 1832-, with Rosine Heckenlaible Kerner, son of Johannes and Maria Clasmann, married to Margaretha Ladwein in 1826\nKerth, son of Heinrich and Katharine Quast\nKerwer 1882-, son of Jacob and Catharina Dauster Kerwer 1868-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Friedrich Kerwer 1856-, son of Johann and Maria Jungmann Kerwer 1840-, son of Michael and Anna Maria Kreutz Kerwer 1839-, son of Philipp and Maria Klein, married to Anna Maria Friedrich in 1863 Kerwer 1836-1837, son of Philipp and Maria Klein Kerwer, son of Nikolaus and Susanne Braun, married to Maria Jungmann in 1843\nKessel ca 1907-, son of Gottlieb and Christina Sackmann\nKessler 1887-, son of Franz and Theresia Amrein, married to Maria Schwarz in 1912 Kessler 1879-1937, son of Adam and Margaretha Rauschenberger Kessler 1877-, son of Adam and Margaretha Rauschenberger Kessler 1877-1877, son of Franz and Theresia Amrein Kessler 1870-, son of Georg and Rosine Schaible Kessler 1868-1868, son of Georg and Rosine Schaible Kessler ca 1865-, married to Rosina Stotz Kessler 1842-, son of Anton Keszler and Elisabeth Gradwohl Kessler 1838-1924, son of Andreas and Apollonia Paunert, married to Elisabeth Herold, Anna Kessler Kessler 1836-, son of Johann and Barbara Jochem Kessler 1807-, son of Johann Keler and Margarethe Schmidt Kessler 1801-, son of Johann Keler and Margarethe Schmidt Kessler 1735-1794, son of Johann and Margarethe Hans, married to Katharina Britz in 1749 Kessler 1733-, son of Lorenz Kesseler and Anna Catharina Drr Kessler 1711-, son of Johann and Margarethe Hans, married to Anna Margarethe Sehn in 1744 Kessler 1681-, son of Johann Jakob and Eva Mailnder, married to Margarethe Hans in 1707 Kessler 1645-1691, son of Johannes Peter and Apollonia Barbara Lichtennauer, with Magdalena ? Kessler , married to Gertrud Kirsch in 1806 Kessler 1879, son of Johann and Gertrud Kirsch, married to Barbara Jochem in 1836\nKestenbach 1879-1880, son of Nicolaus Kstenbach and Anna Karrenbauer\nKeszler 1908-, son of Stefan and Rosalia Metzing, married to Maria Molitor\nKeler 1873-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Urnau, married to Katharina Kurtz in 1900, Anna Schmitt in 1919 Keler 1777-1840, married to Margarethe Schmidt in 1800\nKettenhauer 1746-1782, married to Catharina Villiaume in 1774\nKetterle 1781-1813, son of Damian and Maria Johannetta Wannemacher, married to Anna Maria Morguet in 1806\nKiefer 1898-, son of Johann and Susanna Lammes Kiefer 1897-, son of Ludwig and Margarethe Mathieu Kiefer 1896-1969, son of Johann Peter and Maria Wannenmacher Kiefer 1889-, son of Johann and Anna Kuhn Kiefer 1888-1962, son of Johann and Anna Lay, married to Catharina Irsch Kiefer 1884-, son of Joannes and Margarethe Christiany Kiefer 1883-, son of Johann and Katharina Wahlster Kiefer 1883-1883, son of Bernhard and Margarethe Luxemburger Kiefer 1881-1881, son of Johann and Margarethe Ballas Kiefer 1880-1887, son of Josef and Anna Federspiel Kiefer 1877-1880, son of Joseph and Margarethe Ballas Kiefer 1877-1946, son of Jacob and Maria Speicher, married to Katharina Becker in 1899 Kiefer 1875-1876, son of Friedrich and Anna Jann Kiefer 1875-, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud ThNes, married to Maria Benois in 1899 Kiefer 1871-1875, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schug Kiefer 1870-1951, son of Johann and Elisabeth Burgun, married to Susanna Lammes in 1897 Kiefer 1869-1870, son of Nikolaus and Helena Scheuer Kiefer 1868-, son of Wilhelm and Anna Maria Baltus Kiefer 1868-1868, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Albert Kiefer 1866-, son of Peter and Anna Decker, married to Margarethe Herrmann in 1891, Angelika Herrmann in 1899 Kiefer 1865-1945, son of Nikolaus and Helena Scheuer, married to Anna Lay Kiefer 1864-, son of Wilhelm and Anna Maria Baltus Kiefer 1864-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Lorson Kiefer 1863-1864, son of Wilhelm and Anna Maria Baltus Kiefer 1858-, son of Michael and Anna Renckes, married to Anna Kuhn in 1887 Kiefer 1857-, son of Johann and Magdalena Ahr, married to Margarethe Ballas in 1884 Kiefer 1855-1931, son of Georg and Maria Speicher, married to Catharina Kiefer in 1881 Kiefer 1852-1852, son of Johann and Magdalena Ahr Kiefer 1849-, son of Jakob and Barbara Wark, married to Katharina Wahlster in 1876 Kiefer 1847-1883, son of Johann and Maria Gross Kiefer 1845-1871, son of Franz and Maria Rosina Stein Kiefer 1845-, son of Nicolas and Maria Strmer Kiefer 1844-, son of Johann Peter and Barbara Renckes, married to Elisabeth x Kiefer 1843-, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Kreutzer Kiefer 1842-1874, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kraemer, married to Elisabeth Schug in 1869 Kiefer 1841-, son of Nicolas and Maria Strmer Kiefer 1838-, son of Nicolas and Maria Strmer Kiefer 1837-, son of Johann and Anna Remarque Kiefer 1836-1899, son of Jakob and Margarethe Schmitt, married to Elisabeth Burgun in 1862, Anna Maria Mathieu in 1877 Kiefer 1830-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Haffner, married to Margaretha Katgeli in 1856 Kiefer 1829-1836, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Kreutzer Kiefer 1827-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kraemer, married to Magdalena Ahr in 1851 Kiefer 1826-1866, son of Adam and Margaretha Gergen, married to Susanna Math in 1852 Kiefer 1826-, son of Magdalena Kiefer, married to Catharina Speicher in 1854 Kiefer 1824-1896, son of Peter and Anna Maria Gergen Kiefer 1817-1883, son of Johann Peter and Katharina Linck, married to Elisabeth Lorson in 1840 Kiefer 1817-, son of Mathias and Catharina Molitor Kiefer 1816-1874, son of Georg and Barbara Moser, married to Anna Conrad in 1839 Kiefer 1816-1817, son of Peter and Anna Maria Gergen Kiefer 1815-1874, married to Catharina Schneider in 1841 Kiefer 1809-1872, son of Johann and Catharina Altmeyer, married to Catharina Turk in 1835 Kiefer 1805-1827, son of Johann and Anna Maria Drr Kiefer 1805-1872, son of Johann and Maria Magdalena Cornelius, married to Anna Maria Kraemer Kiefer 1804-, son of Johann and Margarethe Hahn, married to Anna Remarque in 1829 Kiefer 1803-1877, son of Peter and Elisabeth Lohr, married to Maria Gross Kiefer 1799-, son of Michael and Angelika Mang Kiefer 1797-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Drr Kiefer 1795-1854, son of Peter and Margaretha Riem, married to Anna Klosen in 1823, Maria Barbara Strass in 1840 Kiefer 1795-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Drr Kiefer 1788-1788, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Maria Bauer Kiefer 1786-1792, son of Nikolaus and Maria Lay Kiefer 1779-, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Treib, married to Margarethe Hahn in 1803 Kiefer 1775-1852, son of Andreas and Anna Eva Gauer, married to Catharina Altmeyer in 1801 Kiefer 1774-1817, married to Barbara Schwarz in 1817 Kiefer 1766-, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Gergen Kiefer 1766-, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Haffner Kiefer 1759-1760, son of Johann and Magdalena Welte Kiefer 1758-, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Haffner Kiefer 1756-1817, son of Christopher and Anna Margaretha Recktenwald, married to Anna Maria Drr in 1786 Kiefer 1752-1752, son of Nikolaus and Johanna Danner Kiefer 1750-, son of Nicolas and Anna Maria Gross, married to Anna Maria Gergen in 1786 Kiefer 1745-1810, married to Anna Maria Breinig in 1773 Kiefer 1726-1771, married to Magdalena Welte in 1751 Kiefer 1711-, son of Paul and Anna Elisabeth Wammacher Kiefer 1705-, son of Paul and Anna Elisabeth Wammacher Kiefer ca 1690-, married to Margaretha Regitz in 1711 Kiefer 1683-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Heinrich Kiefer ca 1635-/1699, married to Anna Maria Heinrich in 1664 Kiefer 1711, married to Maria Lang in 1656 Kiefer, married to Katharina Ecker Kiefer 1836, married to Maria Magdalena Cornelius\nKiehn 1752-1822, son of Jakob Khn and Elisabeth Luxenburger\nKiel 1897-1898, son of Johann and Anna Barbara Lorson Kiel 1891-1954, son of Peter and Maria Fischer Kiel 1881-1961, son of Johann and Katharina Beck Kiel 1877-1877, son of Peter and Katharina Roth Kiel 1863-1938, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Zang, married to Anna Barbara Lorson in 1896 Kiel 1858-, son of Peter and Katharina Roth Kiel 1853-, son of Johann and Barbara Rupp, married to Katharina Beck in 1879 Kiel 1819-1875, son of Johannes and Maria Renckes, married to Barbara Rupp in 1849\nKien 1877-1900/, son of Philipp and Margaretha MLler, married to Anna Mller Kien 1846-1900/, son of Johann and Catharina Weber, married to Anna Frantz in 1872 Kien 1819-1865, son of Johann and Catharina Federspiel, married to Catharina Haffner in 1845 Kien 1817-1883, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schrieb, married to Catharina Weber Kien 1815-1870, son of Mathias and Anna Weber, married to Maria Korne in 1840 Kien 1809-1810, son of Mathias and Anna Weber Kien 1799-1800, son of Mathias and Anna Weber Kien 1792-1844, son of Johann and Anna Maria Scharf, married to Catharina Federspiel in 1819 Kien 1771-1843, son of Johann and Gertrud Brenner, married to Elisabeth Schrieb in 1794 Kien 1765-1836, son of Johann and Gertrud Brenner, married to Anna Maria Scharf in 1789 Kien 1745-1770, son of Wilhelm Khn and Anna Katharina Klein Kien 1734-1775, son of Cornelius Kien Kihn Khe and Catharina Maus, married to Gertrud Brenner in 1765\nKien Kihn Khe 1739-1739, son of Johann Adam Kien and Catharina Schmitt Kien Kihn Khe 1732-1753, son of Thilmann and Elisabeth Biel Kien Kihn Khe 1686-1758, son of Johann Theobald and Maria Barbara Gergen, married to Anna Margaretha Dautine Dorthin Dottinger in 1715 Kien Kihn Khe ca 1675-, son of Johann Kien Kihn ? and Maria Schiffbauer, married to Elisabeth N in 1698\nKienzle 1764-1843, son of Benedikt and Christina Dorothea Kall, with Eva Juliane Thran\nKieren 1888-1888, son of Johann Peter and Anna Focht Kieren 1882-1882, son of Johann Peter and Anna Focht\nKiesel 1874-1929, son of Johann and Barbara Kiefer Kiesel 1868-1884, son of Jakob and Barbara Kiefer Kiesel 1846-, son of Michael and Gertrud Forster, married to Barbara Kiefer in 1873 Kiesel 1845-, son of Jakob and Magdalena Mller Kiesel 1842-1842, son of Johann Tobias and Johanne Friederike Wieland Kiesel 1809-1863, son of Joes and Barbara Winter, married to Maria Caspar in 1834 Kiesel 1597-, married to Maria Klenck in 1620\nKihm 1705-, son of Christoph and Anna Maria Ackermann, married to Katharina Priester in 1835\nKilburg , married to Susanne Junges Kilburg , son of Johann and Susanne Junges, married to Catharina Dorothea Hilgers in 1889\nKilmaier 1889-, son of Michael and Maria Hunger\nKind 1870-, married to Margarete Klein in 1902\nKindel 1855-, son of Anton and Catharina Klein\nKindler 1775-1776, son of Christian and Anna Maria Roller\nKinn 1819-, son of Johann and Magdalena Mller Kinn 1813-, son of Johann and Magdalena Mller Kinn 1809-1812, son of Johann and Magdalena Mller Kinn 1792-1792, son of Georg and Elisabeth Glady Kinn 1773-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Hanet, married to Magdalena Mller in 1806\nKinsinger 1885-1938, son of Konrad Kinzinger and Maria Becker Kinsinger 1862-1952, son of Sebastian Kinzinger and Margaretha Speicher, married to Anna Heisel in 1886\nKinzinger 1886-1886, son of Johann and Anna Maria Khler Kinzinger 1856-, son of Peter and Magdalena Hamm, married to Anna Maria Khler in 1880 Kinzinger 1847-1851, son of Johann and Maria Catharina Lorsong Kinzinger 1828-, son of Philipp and Margarethe Eisenbarth Kinzinger 1816-1863, son of Johann Konrad and Anna Elisabetha Braun, married to Maria Catharina Lorsong in 1844\nKirch 1869-1932, son of Johann and Anna Peter, married to Catharina Treine Kirch 1849-1849, son of Franz and Catharina Schneider Kirch 1845-1869, son of Jakob and Anna Balzert, married to Anna Peter in 1867 Kirch 1802-1851, son of Georg and Margaretha Becker, married to Margaretha Speicher in 1826 Kirch 1782-, son of Georg and Margaretha Becker Kirch 1775-, son of Jakob and Johanna Magdalena Truntzler Kirch /1680-1745, son of Matthias, married to Anna Maria Theobald in 1701 Kirch ca 1608-, son of Michael and Katharina ?, married to Elsa Gretsch Kirch 1833, son of Michel and Johannetta Ludwig, married to Magdalena Daniel\nKirchberg 1846-, son of Karl Gottfried and Johanna Abel\nKircher 1894-1965, son of Georg Jacob and Katharina Rieger Kircher 1888-1888, son of Friederich Michael Stephan and Rosina Hofmann Kircher 1836-1881, son of Johann Georg and Rosina Barbara Stark Kircher 1835-, son of Johann David and Rosina Barbara Otterbach, married to Rosina Wieland in 1864 Kircher 1829-, son of Andreas Kircher 1807-, son of Johann Georg and Regina Barbara Laun Kircher 1800-, son of Peter and Angelika Thomaser, married to Gertrud Braun Kircher 1653-1698, son of Johann Georg and Ursula Clara Breuninger, married to Anna Margaretha Rein in 1679 Kircher, married to Anna Maria Foltzweiler\nKirsch 1874-, son of Paul and Margaretha Nicklas Kirsch , son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Becker, married to Anna Maria Soetern in 1795 Kirsch , married to Anna Barbara Schu in 1737 Kirsch , married to Anna Maria Meyer\nKirschenmann 1875-1955, son of Jakob J. and Eva Bender, married to Christina Bender in 1897 Kirschenmann 1872-1950, son of Georg and Dorothea Bender, married to Magdalena Graf in 1897\nKirschweng 1899-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Reichrath Kirschweng 1898-1898, son of Philipp and Anna Katharina Fellinger Kirschweng 1822-1881, son of August and Magdalena Burgun, married to Katharina Bonenberger in 1850\nKison 1896-, married to Emilie Zaiser in 1924 Kison 1868-, married to Christina Keller in 1913\nKissler 1912-, married to Eva Keszler\nKist 1873-, son of Karl Anton and Antonia Lang\nKistenfeger 1812-, son of Joannes and Anna Maria Spengler, married to Anna Maria Kurz in 1838 Kistenfeger 1806-1806, son of Joannes and Anna Maria Spengler Kistenfeger 1796-1796, son of Joannes and Anna Maria Spengler Kistenfeger 1763-1763, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Schurr Kistenfeger 1756-, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Schurr\nKistner 1751-1792, relationship with Agatha Knipl\nKlaer ca 1690-1759, married to Anna Catharina Collin in 1715\nKlaeser 1809-, son of Johann Glaeser and Maria Backes Klaeser , son of Johannes Clasen and Elisabeth Kirsch Klaeser, married to Barbara Leidems\nKlger 1736-1797, married to Maria Agnes Raisch in 1757\nKlahm 1825-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Baur Klahm 1793-1831, son of Adam Klamm and Juliana Rung, married to Anna Maria Baur in 1819\nKlauck 1750-1804, son of Peter and Susanna Zohler, married to Anna Caspar in 1775 Klauck 1728-1774, son of Matthias and Maria Schmidt, married to Anna Katharina Zenner in 1754 Klauck 1715-1751, son of Matthias and Maria Schmidt, married to Maria Magdalena Heintz in 1741 Klauck 1688-, son of Peter and Angela Selves Klauck ca 1648-1723, son of Nikolaus and Susanna ?, married to Maria ? in 1682, Maria Unknown Klauck , married to Margaretha Hermann in 1874\nKlauss 1868-, son of Peter Claus and Elisabeth Ponsin, married to Elisabeth Michels in 1894\nKleber 1736-1807, son of Johann Nicolaus and Maria Magdalena Haas, married to Margaretha Jungblut h in 1762 Kleber 1728-, son of Johann Nicolaus and Maria Magdalena Haas\nKlee 1848-, son of Georg Peter and Katharina Philippina Keiper Klee 1826-, son of Georg Peter and Katharina Philippina Keiper\nKleer , married to Anna Maria Zimmer\nKlein 1906-, son of Franz and Katharina THEER Klein 1897-, son of Johann and Lydia Meilke Klein 1897-1949, son of Michel and Katharina Kleinbauer Klein 1896-, son of Peter and Selina Kermann Klein 1893-1951, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Leidinger Klein 1889-, son of Heinrich and Margarethe Hewer Klein 1888-, son of Jakob and Barbara Klein, married to Susanna Dickmann in 1919, Maria Magdalena Johannes Klein 1887-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Faust, married to Anna Klein Klein 1886-1886, son of Nikolaus and Anna Denis Klein 1886-1887, son of Wilhelm and Anna Mnchow Klein 1885-, son of Johann and Maria Beck Klein 1885-, son of Philipp and Anna Schmidt Klein 1882-, son of Peter and Maria Kneip Klein 1882-1962, son of Mathias and Margaretha Hilt, married to Magdalena Harang in 1905 Klein 1882-1889, son of Nikolaus and Maria Magdalena Morguet Klein 1881-, son of Johann and Gertrud Denis Klein 1881-, son of Sebastian and Anna Leichtweiss Klein 1881-1958, married to Maria Sander in 1906 Klein 1878-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Leinen Klein 1877-1897, son of Johann and Maria Eislffel Klein 1876-1878, son of Johann and Gertrud Denis Klein 1876-, son of Friedrich and Anna Schmitt, married to Margaretha Schmidt Klein 1876-, son of Matthias and Margaretha Gebert, married to Elisabeth Kleinbauer in 1899 Klein 1875-1950, son of Karl and Gertrud Ludwig Klein 1874-, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Stuhlsatz Klein 1873-1955, son of Karl and Gertrud Ludwig Klein 1871-1871, son of Karl and Gertrud Ludwig Klein 1870-1871, son of Peter and Elisabeth Krier Klein 1870-, married to Lydia Meilke in 1890 Klein 1869-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Maring Klein 1868-, son of Michael and Maria Gross, married to Gertrud Weiler Klein 1868-, son of Peter and Katharina Denis, married to Barbara Denis in 1893 Klein 1868-1868, son of Johann and Gertrud Denis Klein 1865-, son of Karl Klein 1864-1871, son of Peter and Elisabeth Krier Klein 1864-1872, son of Andreas and Maria Both Klein 1862-1862, son of Michael and Maria Gross Klein 1862-1862, son of Andreas and Maria Both Klein 1861-, son of Cornelius and Margaretha Jannot Schanno, married to Anna Schleich in 1886 Klein 1861-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Welsch Klein 1861-1900/, son of Michael and Maria Gross, married to Katharina Osbild in 1896 Klein 1860-, son of Michel and Elisabeth Sperling, married to Maria Beck in 1883 Klein 1859-, son of Ludwig and Barbara Ney, married to Anna Maria Faust in 1886 Klein 1858-, son of Josef and Eva Welsch, married to Maria Beck in 1882 Klein 1857-1858, son of Peter and Elisabeth Both Klein 1857-1900/, son of Cornelius and Margaretha Jannot Schanno, married to Barbara Focht in 1879 Klein 1857-1900, son of Christoph and Karolina Fandrich Klein 1854-1856, son of Philipp and Anna Kneip Klein 1854-1859, son of Peter and Elisabeth Both Klein 1854-1869, son of Ludwig and Barbara Ney Klein 1853-1854, son of Michael and Dorothea Maas Klein 1853-, son of Johann and Barbara Bernard Klein 1852-, son of Peter and Maria Maisant, married to Anna Maria Kreutz in 1883 Klein 1852-1852, son of Michael and Maria Gross Klein 1852-, son of Franz and Anna Donate Klein 1851-1853, son of Cornelius and Margaretha Jannot Schanno Klein 1849-1930, son of Nikolaus and Anna Becker, married to Gertrud Fontaine in 1880 Klein 1849-1849, son of Johann and Barbara Bernard Klein 1846-1846, son of Johann and Barbara Bernard Klein 1845-, son of Johannes and Barbara Baldauf, married to Margarethe Wahl in 1867 Klein 1844-1887, son of Christof and Katharina Rupp Klein 1843-1843, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Danner Klein 1842-, son of Johann and Maria Schmidt, married to Angela Heil in 1872 Klein 1842-1842, son of Johann and Barbara Ochs Klein 1840-, son of Michael and Dorothea Maas Klein 1836-1836, son of Simon and Anna Becker Klein 1833-1894, son of Johann and Maria Schmidt, married to Gertrud Denis in 1861 Klein 1832-, son of Johann and Katharina Denis, married to Anna Maria Welsch in 1860 Klein 1832-1835, son of Johannes and Barbara Baldauf Klein 1832-1880, son of Johann and Elisabeth Catharina Weisbeck, married to Anna Maria Burgmayer in 1861 Klein 1827-, son of Peter and Eva Denis Klein 1827-1829, son of Michael and Susanna Mayer Klein 1827-, son of Peter and Anna Barbara Kneip Klein 1826-1828, son of Christoff and Elisabeth Ketterle Klein 1825-1851, son of Peter and Anna Maria Bietzer Klein 1825-1875, son of Ludwig and Margaretha Wagner, married to Maria Becker in 1855 Klein 1825-1896, son of Nikolaus and Maria Kneip, married to Maria Maas in 1852 Klein 1824-, married to Gertrud Gier in 1852 Klein 1823-1849, son of Nikolaus and Maria Kneip Klein 1822-1883, son of Simon and Anna Becker, married to Margaretha Hoen in 1852 Klein 1822-1822, son of Christoff and Elisabeth Ketterle Klein 1818-1846, son of Peter and Eva Denis Klein 1816-, son of Peter and Anna Barbara Kneip, married to Barbara Bernard in 1845 Klein 1816-1862, married to Barbara Ochs in 1839 Klein 1815-1887, son of Johann and Elisabeth Catharina Weisbeck, married to Margaretha Brunet in 1841 Klein 1812-1814, son of Peter and Magdalena Meyer Klein 1808-1881, son of Barbara Klein, married to Maria Schmidt in 1832 Klein 1808-1808, son of Johann and Anna Maria Eisenbarth Klein 1806-1883, son of Johann and Johanna Wandernoth Klein 1806-1867, son of Peter and Margaretha Linseler, married to Katharina Denis in 1831 Klein 1802-1803, son of Johann Peter and Barbara Reiter Klein 1796-, son of Jakob and Catharina Weygand Klein 1795-1861, son of Nikolaus and Angelica Bauser, married to Elisabeth Catharina Weisbeck in 1814 Klein 1787-1787, son of Johann and Margaretha Johannes Klein 1785-, son of Jakob and Catharina Weygand Klein 1780-, son of Johann Friedrich and Anna Catharina Gilbert Klein 1780-, son of Johann and Anna Kopp Klein 1778-1851, son of Peter and Anna Maria Himbert, married to Johanna Wandernoth in 1802 Klein 1777-1837, son of Jakob and Susanna Elle, married to Anna Maria Eisenbarth in 1802 Klein 1775-1808, son of Johann and Antoinetta Deschamps Klein 1775-1781, son of Karl and Anna Theobald Klein 1773-, son of Johann and Margaretha Wirth Klein 1771-1839, son of Simon and Anna Becker, married to Angelique Burg in 1806, Elisabeth Greineisen in 1811 Klein 1768-1768, son of Johann and Gertrud Michelbacher Klein 1768-1768, son of Johann and Anna Bietzer Klein 1765-1812, son of Johannes and Katharina Feltz, married to Anna Hafner in 1788 Klein 1764-1764, son of Johann and Gertrud Michelbacher Klein 1763-, son of Peter and Maria Dorothea Speicher Klein 1763-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Catharina Arweiler Klein 1760-1789, son of Michael and Maria Pauli, married to Margaretha Johannes in 1787 Klein 1754-1754, son of Johann and Anna Wolff Klein 1750-1817, son of Johann Georg and Anna Barbara Lemire, married to Antoinetta Deschamps in 1771 Klein 1749-1749, son of Johann Paul and Catharina Engel Klein 1747-1808, son of Johann and Susanna Weingrtner, married to Anna Kopp in 1770 Klein 1746-1759, son of Maria Magdalena x Klein 1744-1745, son of Nikolaus and Anna Magdalena Bodine Klein 1740-1745, son of Michael and Johanna Roignol Klein 1740-1768, son of Johann Georg and Maria Thimmel, married to Anna Bietzer in 1765 Klein 1740-1784, son of Johann and Margaretha Weber, married to Margaretha Wirth in 1764 Klein 1738-1744, son of Nikolaus and Anna Magdalena Bodine Klein 1722-1782, son of Johann Georg and Barbara Biehl, married to Anna Wolff in 1753, Gertrud Michelbacher in 1756 Klein 1720-, son of Andreas and Barbara Ladwein, married to Susanna Weingrtner in 1743 Klein 1719-1719, son of Johann Georg and Barbara Biehl Klein 1705-1727, son of Johann and Angela Hector Klein 1703-, son of Johann Nicolas and Anna Catharina Theobald, married to Margaretha Weber in 1729 Klein ca 1690-1736, married to Catharina Gross in 1714 Klein 1686-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Apollonia Staudt Klein 1683-1754, son of Johann Georg and Angela Henrich, married to Angela Hector in 1702 Klein 1658-, son of Melchior and Ursula ?, married to Catharina ? Klein 1557-1617, married to Sophie Schweifurth in 1576 Klein , daughter of Johann Theobald Ludwig and Maria Bell Klein 1718, son of Nikolaus and Anna K h n, married to Margarethe Jost in 1693 Klein, son of Philipp and Maria Welsch Klein , with Emilie Magdalena Schmitt Klein , married to Catharina Kurz Klein, married to Elisabetha Denne Klein , married to Eva Leidinger Klein 1893, son of Peter and Rosinae Bappert, married to Philippine Brst Klein, married to Maria Eislffel Klein, married to Anna Maria Laurent Klein, married to Barbara Grnewald Klein , son of Mathias and Anna Margaretha Claus, married to Gertrud Braun Klein 1832, married to Barbara Bosch\nKleinbauer 1905-1970, son of Josef and Anna Langenfeld Kleinbauer 1891-, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Hubig Kleinbauer 1888-, son of Heinrich and Gertrud Rupp, married to Gertrud Leonard Kleinbauer 1886-1971, son of Johann and Catharina Christiany Kleinbauer 1885-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Goergen Kleinbauer 1884-1884, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Goergen Kleinbauer 1883-1883, son of Matthias and Katharina Schrder Kleinbauer 1882-1883, son of Sebastian and Katharina Theobald Kleinbauer 1879-, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Comtesse, married to Katharina Weisgerber in 1906 Kleinbauer 1860-, son of Lorenz and Katharina Strauss, married to Maria Henrietta Theobald in 1885 Kleinbauer 1857-, son of Sebastian and Katharina Bersal Kleinbauer 1847-, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Comtesse, married to Catharina Christiany Kleinbauer 1826-, son of Thomas and Barbara Hein, married to Barbara Mathieu in 1852, Maria Simon in 1873 Kleinbauer 1811-1816, son of Thomas and Barbara Hein Kleinbauer, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Jacob Kleinbauer, son of Johann and Gertrud Leonard\nKleinknecht 1905-, son of Adolf and Anna Elisabeth Waldbauer Kleinknecht 1904-, son of Jakob and Maria Guse Kleinknecht 1883-1977, son of Jacob and Christina Glass Kleinknecht 1872-1873, son of Jacob and Christina Glass Kleinknecht 1843-, son of Johann and Magdalena Seefried Kleinknecht 1823-1881, married to Magdalena Seefried in 1842\nKlemens 1856-, son of Johann and Katharina Mller, married to Margarethe Decker in 1890 Klemens , married to Katharina Mller\nKlenk 1877-, son of Karl Christoph and Magdalene Christine Schoch Klenk 1874-1903, son of Gottfried and Magdalena Christina Barbara Schulz Klenk 1873-1873, son of Jacob and Christina Kiderer Klenk 1871-1951, son of Johann Friederich Michael Klenck and Maria Rosina Dietrich Klenk 1869-1878, son of Georg Jakob KLenk and Rosina Catharina Erkstein Klenk 1862-1863, son of Johann Friederich Michael Klenck and Maria Rosina Dietrich Klenk 1846-, son of Georg Philipp and Eva Barbara Roesch, married to Anna Sophie Reu in 1878 Klenk 1834-, son of Friedrich and Christina Magdalena Laun Klenk 1874-, son of Gottfried and Magdalena Christina Barbara Schulz\nKlinckner 1817-, son of Johann Klinkner and Margaretha Lenhof, married to Anna Maria Heinz in 1841\nKlink 1861-, married to Anna Maria Frey in 1891\nKlinkert 1897-1977, son of Joseph and Elisabeth Bonenberger Klinkert 1893-1894, son of Joseph and Elisabeth Bonenberger Klinkert 1892-, son of Michael and Elisabeth Wirth Klinkert 1888-1888, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Stuhlsatz Klinkert 1866-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Kammer\nKlinkner 1856-1934, son of Gottfrid and Katharina Will, married to Katharina Mller in 1884, Magdalena Mller in 1884 Klinkner 1818-1882, son of Johann and Margaretha Lenhof, married to Barbara Herrmann in 1854 Klinkner 1815-1816, son of Johann and Margaretha Lenhof Klinkner 1784-, son of Mathias and Barbara Grgen, married to Margaretha Lenhof in 1810 Klinkner 1753-1790, son of Anton Klinker and Susanna Quinten, married to Maria Lidor in 1785\nKlos 1823-1891, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Schpfer, married to Louise Duval in 1851\nKlos, Clos 1729-1805, son of Nikolaus and Agnes Klein, married to Anna Margaretha Fuchs in 1752\nKloster , married to Maria Klein\nKlump 1689-1689, son of Hans Jerg Klumpp and Anna Maria Walz\nKlumpp 1897-, married to Marie Wilhelmine Mutz in 1927 Klumpp 1855-, son of Jakob Friedrich and Anna Maria Gaiser Klumpp 1830-, married to Eva Finkbeiner in 1849 Klumpp 1689-1689, son of Hans Jerg and Anna Maria Walz Klumpp, married to Katharine Teufel\nKnapp 1869-, son of Johann and Anna Kronenberger, married to Barbara Harig in 1896 Knapp 1741-1794, son of Paul and Anna Magdalena Schmitt Knapp ca 1693-ca 1793, son of Johann and Maria Finkler Knapp ca 1691-/1693, son of Johann and Maria Finkler Knapp 1669-1710, son of Johann and X Barbara, married to Maria Finkler in 1690 Knapp 1655-1712, married to Catharina Nagel in 1688 Knapp ca 1643-1713, married to X Barbara in 1668 Knapp , married to Anna Kronenberger\nKnauber 1792-1829, son of Johann and Anna Maria Augustin Knauber 1756-, son of Johann Knaubert and Margaretha Jacob Knauber ca 1756-1817, son of Matthias Knaubert and Maria Schmitt, married to Anna Maria Augustin in 1778 Knauber ca 1750-1781, son of Matthias Knaubert and Maria Schmitt Knauber ca 1745-/1764, son of Matthias Knaubert and Maria Schmitt Knauber 1725-, son of Johann Jakob Knaubert and Magdalena Nicolas\nKnaubert 1777-1791, son of Johann and Maria Anna Dodler Knaubert 1767-1774, son of Johann and Maria Anna Dodler Knaubert /1720-1791, son of Johann Nikolaus Knauber and Anna Ziegler, married to Margaretha Jacob in 1750, Maria Anna Dodler in 1763 Knaubert , married to Anna Buchholtz\nKnauf 1836-1842, son of Heinrich and Anna Maria Theis\nKnecht 1881-1949, married to Lydia Richter in 1904\nKneip 1899-, son of Johann and Anna Philippi, married to Liselotte Gertrud Katharina Funk in 1920, N N, Gertrud Rudloff Kneip 1898-, son of Johann and Maria Meyer, married to Julia Brtin Kneip 1897-1969, son of Johann and Elisabeth Franken, married to Martha Klara Altmaier Kneip 1897-1897, son of Anna Maria Kneip Kneip 1896-1972, son of Jakob and Maria Eisenbarth Kneip 1894-1896, son of Johann and Margaretha Rullang Kneip 1893-, son of Johann and Gertrud Stutz Kneip 1887-1892, son of Ludwig and Anna Maria Fery Kneip 1887-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Wiotte, married to Katharina Goergen, Anna Rupp Kneip 1886-1958, son of Johann Ludwig and Maria Lehnert, married to Anna Kneip in 1911 Kneip 1885-, son of Johann and Margaretha Schmitt, married to Maria Kleinbauer Kneip 1885-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Theobald, married to Anna Johanna Schwartz in 1908 Kneip 1885-1886, son of Nikolaus and Anna Wiotte Kneip 1881-1882, son of Ludwig and Anna Maria Fery Kneip 1878-1878, son of Josef and Catharina Wirth Kneip 1875-1875, son of Peter and Anna Lonsdorfer Kneip 1873-1935, son of Josef and Angela Seiler, married to Maria Meyer in 1897 Kneip 1869-1869, son of Johann and Gertrud Luxenburger Kneip 1867-, son of Johann and Margaretha Dorr, married to Katharina Schmidt in 1896 Kneip 1867-, son of Josef and Elisabeth Schmitt, married to Maria Rouget in 1896 Kneip 1864-, son of Johann and Gertrud Luxenburger, married to Gertrud Stutz in 1891 Kneip 1863-, son of Johann and Maria Stein Kneip 1860-, son of Johann and Maria Rupp, married to Elisabeth Theobald in 1884 Kneip 1860-1945, son of Peter and Magdalena Zipp, married to Margaretha Rullang in 1885 Kneip 1859-, son of Johann and Katharina Rupp Kneip 1859-, son of Philipp and Maria Seidel, married to Anna Philippi in 1898 Kneip 1859-1926, son of Johann and Maria Stein, married to Elisabeth Franken in 1896 Kneip 1858-, son of Johann and Maria Rupp, married to Margaretha Schmitt in 1883 Kneip 1848-1849, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Schoemann Kneip 1846-1872, son of Johann and Anna Klein Kneip 1844-, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Loyo Kneip 1843-1844, son of Michael and Gertrud MRz Kneip 1841-, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Schoemann, married to Margaretha Dorr in 1867 Kneip 1841-1841, son of Johann and Katharina Wirth Kneip 1840-1880, son of Johann and Anna Klein, married to Gertrud Luxenburger in 1864, Maria Luxenburger in 1872 Kneip 1837-, son of Johann and Anna Luxenburger Kneip 1836-1897, son of Josef and Katharina Comtesse Kneip 1835-1899, son of Johann and Anna Klein, married to Maria Rupp in 1856 Kneip 1832-1833, son of Johann and Anna Klein Kneip 1830-1834, son of Johann and Anna Klein Kneip 1829-, son of Johann Georg and Elisabeth Rupp Kneip 1828-1866, son of Johann and Anna Luxenburger, married to Maria Stein in 1856 Kneip 1827-1828, son of Johann and Anna Klein Kneip 1824-, son of Johann and Anna Luxenburger, married to Katharina Rupp in 1852 Kneip 1812-, son of Franz and Anna Katharina Louis Kneip 1806-1841, son of Johann and Anna Mathieu, married to Katharina Wirth in 1832 Kneip 1804-1861, son of Matthias and Maria Margaretha Rupp, married to Anna Klein in 1825 Kneip 1801-1802, son of Franz and Anna Katharina Louis Kneip 1796-1849, son of Andreas and Barbara Loyo, married to Anna Luxenburger in 1820 Kneip 1781-, son of Johann and Anna Elisabeth Sonntag, married to Anna Mathieu in 1803 Kneip 1741-1821, son of Johann Theobald and Eva Loyo, married to Anna Elisabeth Sonntag in 1762 Kneip 1738-1739, son of Johann Theobald and Eva Loyo Kneip , son of Peter and Anna Engel Kneip, son of Johann and Anna Philippi\nKnerr, married to Katharina Gesting\nKnibes 1670-, married to Margaretha ?\nKnipl 1795-1797, son of Johann Henricus and Barbara Weigand\nKnobe , married to Maria Schaefer in 1905\nKnobelspie, married to Regina Gscheidle\nKnoblauch 1843-, son of Johann Peter and Anna Catharina Barre, married to Elisabeth Motsch in 1864\nKnodel 1902-, son of Gottlieb and Katharina Zaiser Knodel 1855-, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Koenig Knodel , son of Jakob and Maria Hauser\nKnodler 1889-1974, son of Johann Georg Michael and Katharina Rosina Faerber\nKnoedler 1864-, son of Michael Jakob and Rosina Elisabetha Butz Knoedler 1834-1834, son of Philipp and Rosina Elisabetha Wieland Knoedler , with Anna Catharina Rau\nKnopp 1893-1986, son of Johann and Catharina Eisenbart Knopp 1867-, son of Johann and Maria Sonnhalter, married to Catharina Eisenbart in 1892 Knopp 1863-1934, son of Georg and Barbara Sonnhalter, married to Katharina Schreiner in 1888 Knopp 1860-, son of Adam and Maria Catharina Krmer Knopp 1854-, son of Sebastian and Anna Maria Buschbach Knopp 1827-, son of Matthias and Maria Quirin, married to Maria Sonnhalter in 1852 Knopp 1809-1809, son of Peter and Anna Catharina Walter Knopp 1768-1825, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Elisabeth Khler, married to Anna Baldauf in 1791\nKoch, son of Wilhelm and Philippine Walter Koch 1869-1939, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Khler, married to Margarethe Kirsch in 1898 Koch 1837-1929, married to Barbara Becker in 1865 Koch 1829-, married to Margarethe Kressl Koch 1747-, son of Johann Peter and Maria Koch, with Maria Nn Koch Koch , married to Anna Maria Wirth in 1877 Koch, married to Theresia Gradwohl Koch, married to Margaretha Hoffmann Koch , married to Magdalena Klauck Koch 1805, son of Heinrich and Elisabeth Gb, married to Maria Magdalena Wilhelm in 1796\nKoehler ca 1907-, married to Anna Maria Kuehnle in 1932\nKoehrer , married to Anna Maria Wagner in 1826\nKoenig 1907-1907, son of Johann and Salomine Schaupp Koenig 1879-, son of Adam and Katharine Stickel, married to Salomine Schaupp in 1906 Koenig ca 1879-, son of Christian and Regina Mogck Koenig ca 1857-, son of Jakob and Anna Christina Bohnet Koenig 1855-1856, son of Gottlieb and Rosina Scheible Koenig 1833-1877, son of Peter Knig and Anna Maria Dassing Koenig 1831-1832, son of Peter Knig and Anna Maria Dassing Koenig 1521-1590, son of Johann Knig Kingsattler and Agnes Stoefel, married to Regina Riepp in 1546\nKoepf 1621-1666, son of Hans and Barbara Graubin\nKgel 1849-, son of Thomas and Catharina Schneider, married to Maria Morschett in 1878\nKohl 1745-1762, son of Johann Martin and Anna Negel Kohl 1717-, son of Michael and Margarete Rittner\nKhl 1866-, married to Barbara Groh in 1894 Khl 1858-1932, son of Johann Georg and Katharina Maria Pinkel\nKohler 1851-, son of Gottlieb and Christiana Theurer, with Rosina Zeidler\nKhler 1895-, son of Johann and Margarethe Beck Khler 1893-1894, son of Johann and Margarethe Beck Khler 1888-1961, son of Georg and Gertrud Weinand Khler 1881-1881, son of Peter and Maria Nalbach Khler 1881-, son of Konrad and Katharina Decker Khler 1881-1881, son of Peter and Katharina Wahsmuth Khler 1878-1951, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Rupp Khler 1876-1876, son of Michael and Maria Reinstdler Khler 1871-1950, son of Johann Peter and Katharina Sonnhalter, married to Johanna Fischnisch in 1899 Khler 1870-, son of Johann and Franziska Klein, married to Katharina Fissene in 1896 Khler 1868-1868, son of Johann Peter and Katharina Sonnhalter Khler 1862-1892, son of Konrad and Margarethe Lorson Khler 1857-, son of Peter and Barbara Meyer, married to Katharina Loew in 1886 Khler 1856-1860, son of Georg and Margaretha Raphael Khler 1854-, son of Michael and Margarethe Welsch, married to Margarethe Beck in 1880 Khler 1853-, son of Johann and Katharina Weber Khler 1852-, son of Konrad and Katharina Piot Khler 1848-1848, son of Johann and Anna Maria Jungmann Khler 1847-, son of Konrad and Genovefa Beck, married to Sophia Mohr in 1878 Khler 1845-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Jungmann Khler 1843-, son of Sebastian and Margarethe Herrmann, married to Franziska Klein in 1868 Khler 1843-1877, son of Johann and Anna Maria Hoen, married to Maria Rupp in 1869 Khler 1832-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Schtz, married to Anna Maria Catharina Reitler in 1857 Khler 1824-, son of Michel and Gertrud Becker, married to Katharina Weber in 1850 Khler 1819-1883, son of Georg and Eva Theobald, married to Katharina Rupp in 1841 Khler 1814-1848, son of Johann and Catharina Wrden, married to Anna Maria Jungmann in 1841 Khler 1811-1864, son of Johannes and Margarethe Sonnhalter, married to Anna Maria Hoen in 1828 Khler 1787-1841, son of Konrad and Anna Maria Laub, married to Catharina Wrden in 1813, Anna Maria Schtz in 1831\nKohli 1859-1918, married to Maria Schuster in 1880\nKhnlein 1869-, son of Georg Christian Leonhard and Rosine Margarethe Magdalene Wohnsiedler, married to Barbara Bernhard in 1902 Khnlein 1869-1870, son of Johann Friedrich and Johanna Rapp\nKohsmann 1749-1816, son of Peter Kosmann and Elisabeth Frey, married to Elisabeth Baur in 1780\nKolla 1885-, son of Johann Peter and Magdalena Baltus Kolla 1857-, son of Josef and Anna Maria Stuhlsatz, married to Maria Baltus in 1883\nKollmann 1849-1933, son of Anton and Susanna Boullier, married to Anna Schneider in 1882 Kollmann 1846-1935, son of Anton and Susanna Boullier, married to Marie Philomne Fisne in 1893 Kollmann 1813-1893, son of Nicolas and Magdalene Biehl, married to Susanne Bor in 1843 Kollmann 1806-1806, son of Nicolas and Magdalene Biehl\nKolmen , married to Angelika Hahn\nKolz 1870-, son of Mathias and Helene Klas, married to Margarethe Burgard in 1893 Kolz , married to Helena Schmitt\nKompen , married to Anna Maria Steil in 1764\nKondolf, married to Barbara Mick, Katharina Wirtz in 1814\nKnig 1891-, son of Peter and Barbara Engel Knig 1865-1928, son of Johann and Maria Mang, married to Maria Fersing in 1894 Knig 1854-, son of Johann and Barbara Wark Knig 1836-1874, son of Peter and Anna Maria Dassing, married to Margarethe Klein in 1868 Knig 1821-1878, son of Joseph and Barbara Merkel, married to Barbara Wark, Maria Mang in 1860 Knig 1791-1856, married to Johannetta Haser in 1812 Knig 1772-1834, son of Georg Daniel and Gertrud Elssser, married to Catharina Margaretha Kliebenstein in 1800 Knig 1767-1824, son of Johann and Angela, Angelika Braun, married to Margareta Gros in 1789 Knig 1738-, son of Philipp and Anna Schfer, married to Angela, Angelika Braun in 1766 Knig 1665-, son of Simon Konig and Sofia Kropen Knig , son of Johann and Margareta Gros Knig , married to Catharina Steyer\nKnig Kingsattler 1486-1534, son of Leonhard Koenig and Anna Zuckmantel, married to Agnes Stoefel in 1514\nKonrad 1888-, son of Josephus and Theresia Dreher Konrad 1888-, son of Johann and Maria Anna Pautz Konrad 1861-, son of Johann and Rosalia Schreiber, with Maria Anna Pautz Konrad 1845-, married to Anna Christina Klein in 1865 Konrad 1829-, with Rosalia Schreiber\nKonstroffer 1801-1862, son of Nikolaus Constroffer and Maria Scharf, married to Catharina Schuder in 1834, Anna Maria Ladwein in 1849\nKonter 1835-1909, son of Joseph and Maria Schuh, married to Magdalena Margarethe Altpeter in 1863\nKontes 1860-1927, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schmidt, married to Mathilde Brtin in 1894 Kontes, married to Elisabeth Schmidt\nKonz, married to Maria Dohr in 1754\nKopp, son of Adam Philipp and Katharina Kopp Kopp 1859-1859, son of Johann and Catharina Focht Kopp 1854-, son of Johann Franz and Barbara Rei Kopp 1843-, son of Peter and Margaretha Gergen, married to Elisabeth Kaisling in 1876 Kopp 1840-1897, son of Peter and Margaretha Gergen, married to Catharina Focht in 1859, Elisabeth Catharina Schmitt in 1878\nKorne 1806-1834, son of Johann Korne, Corne and Elisabeth Kiefer, married to Catharina Lay in 1831\nKorne, Corne 1778-1853, married to Elisabeth Kiefer in 1805\nKrner 1834-1894, married to Catharina Jenal in 1859 Krner , married to Anna Theobald in 1872 Krner, son of Johannes Kerner and Maria Clasmann, married to Margaretha Otto in 1823\nKornmann , son of Melchior and Maria Sybilla Hafner\nKorten 1759-1793, son of Heinrich and Anna Margaretha Braun, married to Barbara Eyrisch in 1788 Korten ca 1679-1759, married to Anna Maria Schappert\nKosmann 1799-, son of Johann Kohsmann and Elisabeth Baur, married to Margarethe Schumacher Kosmann, married to Elisabeth Bauer\nKossmann 1829-1830, son of Johann and Katharina Maahs Kossmann 1825-1830, son of Johann and Katharina Maahs Kossmann 1796-1876, son of Sebastian and Anna Maria Zang, married to Katharina Maahs\nKost 1882-1968, son of Jakob and Maria Hehs Kost 1857-, son of Michel and Elisabeth Katharina Lorson\nKstenbach 1851-, son of Adam and Margaretha Math Kstenbach, married to Elisabeth Klein\nKoster, Custer 1735-1801, son of Johann and Anna Johanna Fontaine, married to Margaretha Weber in 1764 Koster, Custer /1764, married to Anna Johanna Fontaine in 1730\nKoth 1911-1912, son of Johann and Justine SCHOTTLE Koth 1883-1921, married to Justine SCHOTTLE in 1904 Koth 1881-1971, son of Johann KOTH and Katherina Heckenlaible\nKotz 1692-1750, married to Catharina Huber in 1717\nKrtsch 1888-1900/, son of Jakob Peter and Catharina Hirtz\nKrachleder 1832-, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Klein\nKraechan 1852-, son of Jakob Krechan and Anna Hoffmann\nKraemer 1882-1917, son of Johann and Rosina Heier Kraemer 1861-, son of Johann and Justina Bohnet Kraemer 1856-1904, married to Rosina Heier in 1881 Kraemer 1826-, married to Justina Bohnet in 1846 Kraemer 1816-1884, son of Jakob Friedrich and Elisabeth Margaretha Frech, married to Christina Margaretha Neef in 1842 Kraemer 1706-, son of Hennericus Ernst Krmer and Elisabeth Deim Kraemer 1852-1852, son of Johann and Justina Bohnet\nKramer, son of Valentin and Elisabeth Lina Raskopf, married to Maria Neuseus Kramer 1868-1943, son of Peter and Susanna Brissier, married to Elisabeth Lorson in 1893 Kramer 1827-1830, son of Wendel and Katharina Wirtz Kramer 1826-1892, son of Johann Jakob Kraemer and Anna Maria Welter, married to Anna Maria Leist in 1853 Kramer 1823-1832, son of Wendel and Katharina Wirtz Kramer 1791-, son of Johann and Thekla Schreiber Kramer 1760-, with Thekla Schreiber Kramer 1650-1684, son of Hans and Christina Friedrich, married to Maria Hartmann in 1675 Kramer , son of Johann Eberhard and Katharina Andre, married to Katharina Renckes in 1702\nKrmer 1886-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Krier, married to Katharina Ney Krmer 1865-1865, son of Johannes Ludwig Kramer and Katharina Wilhelmina Stengel Krmer 1865-, son of Nicolaus and Katharina Hamm, married to Anna Maria Minas in 1891 Krmer 1847-, son of Peter and Christine Bauer Krmer 1844-1903, son of Jakob and Barbara Bost, married to Margaretha Welsch in 1872 Krmer 1838-, son of Hubert and Maria Ccilia Wilhelm Krmer 1824-1866, son of Jakob and Angelika Ripplinger, married to Elisabeth Weiss in 1846 Krmer 1802-, son of Johannes and Anna Martha Klein Krmer 1760-, married to Thekla Schreiber in 1788 Krmer 1754-1801, son of Mathias KRMER and Maria Anna BOURGEOIS, married to Margarethe Kelkel in 1773, Anna Maria Braun in 1797 Krmer , married to Margaretha Sticher Krmer, married to Elisabeth Gunor\nKrappen 1834, married to Anna Barbara Mevien in 1805\nKrasz, married to Anna Gradwohl\nKratz 1841-, married to Katharina Heinesch in 1868 Kratz, married to Susanna ? Kratz, married to Anna ?\nKraus 1724-1797, son of Peter and Anna Maria Wagner, married to Margaretha Wagener in 1754 Kraus , married to Catharina Scherer\nKrause 1909-1930, son of Johannes and Martha Maria Bross Krause 1856-1930, son of Samuel and Christina Scherbinske, married to Dorothea Flaig in 1878\nKrauss 1872-, son of Johann Georg Adam and Rosina Catharina Hoerrmann\nKrau , child of Johann Georg Adam Krauss and Rosina Catharina Hoerrmann\nKraut , married to Katharina Dorothea Kreis in 1897 Kraut, married to Jeanne Bolchen\nKrauth 1889-1889, son of Peter and Elisabeth Rusch Krauth 1840-, married to Eva Maulbetsch in 1867\nKrebs 1890-, son of Daniel and Katharina Schweitzer Krebs 1670-1751, married to Maria Elisabetha Gurtner\nKrein 1892-1918, son of Daniel and Christina Heib\nKreis 1888-1888, son of Johann and Gertrud Leidinger Kreis 1874-, son of Friedrich and Catharina Maria Steier Kreis 1873-, son of Matthias and Barbara Luxemburger Kreis 1656-1731, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth ?, married to Anna Elisabeth Bch in 1687 Kreis , married to Gertrud Leidinger in 1883 Kreis, married to Angela Bosch in 1841 Kreis, son of Johann and Angela Bosch, married to Margaretha Gehl in 1867\nKrem 1868-1882, son of Valentinus and Magdalena Till\nKremer 1831-, married to Barbara Theobald in 1858 Kremer 1787-1790, son of Marten and Anna Catharina Goergen Kremer 1778-1831, son of Marten and Anna Catharina Goergen, married to Catharina Walter in 1801\nKrenert 1745-, married to Anna Maria Persch in 1768\nKrentzberger 1858-, married to Margaretha Maria Wurst in 1883\nKretz , married to Margareth Reich in 1838\nKreuter , married to Maria Hermann\nKreutz 1848-, son of Peter and Anna Lamar, married to Barbara Grgen in 1870\nKreutzer 1875-, son of Friedrich and Margarete Trautner Kreutzer 1862-1862, son of Jacob and Maria Bolley Kreutzer 1860-, married to Maria Stein in 1887 Kreutzer 1849-, son of Jacob and Maria Bolley Kreutzer 1843-1851, son of Peter and Maria Planta Kreutzer 1824-1870, son of Jakob and Anna Katharina Jost Kreutzer 1809-1875, son of Johann and Gertrud Theis Kreutzer 1804-, son of Michael and Anna Katharina Zang Kreutzer 1786-1831, son of Peter and Anna Maria Kiefer, married to Gertrud Theis in 1809 Kreutzer 1777-1848, married to Anna Weiland Kreutzer, married to Hedwig Rullang\nKrewer 1869-, married to Elisabeth Weber in 1901\nKrieger 1715-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Gertrud Merten Krieger , son of Nikolaus and Maria Gertrud Merten\nKrier 1898-, son of Georg and Anna Dorr Krier 1897-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Hild, married to Margaretha Denis Krier 1882-, son of Heinrich and Maria Gaidt Krier 1872-, son of Johann and Anna Trockle, married to Anna Schmidt in 1898 Krier 1871-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Fritz Krier 1868-1870, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Fritz Krier 1867-, son of Ludwig and Anna Johann Krier 1866-1867, son of Peter and Barbara Rupp Krier 1866-1869, son of Heinrich and Maria Gaidt Krier 1840-1843, son of Johann Peter and Elisabeth Bauer Krier 1834-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Johannes, married to Anna Trockle in 1868 Krier 1828-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Johannes, married to Anna Maria Schirra in 1854 Krier 1804-1875, son of Daniel and Maria Mathieu, married to Anna Maria Johannes in 1823 Krier 1725-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Jungmann\nKrill 1841-1891, married to Elisabetha Schmitt in 1865\nKrockenberger 1889-, son of Georg Leonhard and Genovefa Renkes\nKromer , married to Ursula Barbara Fritz in 1836 Kromer , married to Ursula Barbara Fritz in 1836\nKronenberger 1891-, son of Matthias and Susanna Winter, married to Maria Rosa Rupp Kronenberger 1874-1950, son of Johann Peter and Katharina Gerner, married to Maria Hoffmann in 1899 Kronenberger 1872-1946, son of Johann Peter and Catharina Winter, married to Catharina Zenner in 1898 Kronenberger 1855-1855, son of Johann and Maria Klein Kronenberger 1828-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Tilk, married to Maria Klein in 1854 Kronenberger 1793-1850, son of Nikolaus and Anna Catharina Georg, married to Barbara Reinert in 1819 Kronenberger , married to Anna Rosche\nKrner 1880-, son of Johann and Maria Ottilia Tin Krner, son of Josef and Maria Gou, married to Maria Ottilia Tin in 1876\nKronschnabel 1915-, son of Johann Wilhelm and Mathilde Pfitzer\nKronwald 1860-, with Rosina Raab\nKropf 1842-, son of Franz and Anna Maria Barth, married to Luise Kleinbauer in 1869\nKruckenberg 1887-1955, married to Christina Buchfinck in 1909\nKrupp 1829-1870, married to Margaretha Elizabetha Pitz in 1858\nKrusen , married to Susanne Bettinger\nKbler 1858-1912, son of Albrecht Kuebler and Eva Maria Haberroth Kbler 1848-1849, son of Albrecht Kuebler and Eva Maria Haberroth Kbler 1845-, son of Adam and Charlotte Mller Kbler 1834-1899, son of Georg Adam Kuebler and Maria Magdalena Schwend\nKuebler 1887-, son of Karl Johann Gottlieb and Margarete Friedrike Mller Kuebler 1885-, son of Christian and Karoline Breuninger Kuebler 1878-1885, son of Michael Karl and Christine Karoline Reinhard Kuebler 1847-1850, son of Jakob and Rosine Kuebler Kuebler 1910, son of Michael Karl and Maria Rosina Reinhard Kuebler, married to Maria Wagner\nKuehfuss 1666-1707, son of Georg and Agnes Ulrich, married to Maria Sara ? in 1691\nKuehner , married to Catharina Regina Henes in 1759\nKuehnle 1832-, married to Anna Magdalena Margaretha Diem in 1865\nKuest 1888-, son of Ludwig and Magdalena Heck Kuest 1869-, son of Gottfried and Maria Elisabeth Irion Kuest 1860-1908, son of Johannes Kst and Christina Mutschler, married to Magdalena Mattheis in 1886\nKfer, married to Margaretha Becker\nKuhn 1899-1961, son of Michel and Angelika Zang Kuhn 1896-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Konrad Kuhn 1892-1975, son of Mathias and Barbara Kiefer Kuhn 1838-, son of Johann and Katharina Thiel Kuhn 1810-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Mohm Kuhn 1809-, son of Wilhelm and Anna Hetzler, married to Katharina Thiel in 1837 Kuhn 1803-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Mohm Kuhn 1796-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Mohm Kuhn 1789-, married to Maria Barbara Winter in 1814 Kuhn ca 1785-1788, son of Michael and Walburga Gusenburger Kuhn 1769-1823, son of Johann and Maria Elisabeth Assant, married to Elisabeth Mohm in 1792 Kuhn 1704-1761, son of Pasquin Cone and Anna Maria Rouffin Kuhn 1465-1550, with Guda ? Kuhn 1855, married to Maria Elis Blasius in 1808 Kuhn 1855, married to Maria Elis Blasius in 1808 Kuhn , married to Barbara Recktenwald Becker Kuhn , married to Elisabeth Kirsch Kuhn , married to Anna Elisabeth Rudolf Kuhn 1739-1820, son of Johann and Anna Elisabeth Rudolf, married to Maria Elisabeth Assant in 1764 Kuhn , married to Katharina Wallerich\nKhn 1864-1875, son of Georg and Anna Maria Meyer Khn 1860-1861, son of Georg and Magdalena Wein Khn 1772-1814, son of Johann and Anna Schmitt, married to Margaretha Ulrich in 1794 Khn 1747-1747, son of Nikolaus and Eva Bietzer Khn 1741-1744, son of Nikolaus and Eva Bietzer Khn 1735-1793, son of Johann and Anna Katharina Karp, married to Anna Schmitt in 1767 Khn 1731-, son of Nikolaus and Eva Bietzer Khn 1842, married to Christine Raak Khn, married to Anna Katharina Karp\nKuhne ca 1889-, with Katharina GALLWAS\nKull 1827-, son of Jacob and Elisabeth Katharina Leute\nKundert 1880-1937, son of Johannes Andreas and Elisabetha Schock, married to Magdalina Muench in 1902 Kundert 1874-1877, son of Heinrich and Katharina Margaretha Vollmer Kundert 1874-1874, son of Heinrich and Katharina Margaretha Vollmer Kundert 1873-1877, son of Andreas and Christina Weible\nKunkel 1871-1871, son of Peter and Elisabeth Laval Kunkel 1719-1764, son of Hans Caspar and Anna Gertrude Kurtz, married to Anna Barbara Stephan in 1757 Kunkel 1701-1701, son of Hans Caspar and Anna Gertrude Kurtz Kunkel 1630-1724, son of Johann Georg and Anna Magdalena Kaiser Kunkel , son of Hans Caspar and Anna Gertrude Kurtz\nKunstler 1772-, son of Johann Adam and Maria Elisabeth Schultz\nKuntzler 1875-, son of Peter Kunzler and Anna Maria Hoffmann, married to Katharina Kleinbauer in 1898 Kuntzler 1783-1783, son of Peter and Antoinette Hoen\nKunz 1832-1890, son of Gottlieb and Anna Katharina Margaretha Haeffelin Kunz 1814-1880, married to Katharina Hessedenz in 1838\nKunzelmann 1902-, son of Johann and Karolina Daum, married to Eleonore Hodel in 1935 Kunzelmann 1874-, married to Karolina Daum in 1899\nKunzler 1895-1972, son of Anton and Anna Maria Gladel Kunzler 1882-, son of Conrad and Christina Gwinner, married to Maria Vossler in 1902 Kunzler 1855-, son of Andreas and Barbara Schmitt Kunzler 1839-, son of Franz and Katharina Wagner, married to Barbara Faust in 1864 Kunzler 1836-, son of Franz and Katharina Wagner, married to Maria Loew in 1860 Kunzler 1808-1888, son of Nikolaus and Anna Renckes, married to Anna Maria Lafontaine in 1834 Kunzler 1798-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Renckes Kunzler ca 1660-1720/, married to Maria Barbara ? in 1687 Kunzler , married to Maria Clesgen Kunzler 1811, son of Johann and Maria Clesgen, married to Margarethe Nau in 1784, Anna Katharina Dillschneider\nKnzler 1881-, son of Conrad Kunzler and Christina Gwinner\nKupferschlger 1883-1885, son of Matthias Karl and Agatha Gertrud Bernard\nKupferschmid 1849-, son of Johann and Johanna Schnell, married to Louisa Henrietta Bauer in 1876 Kupferschmid 1825-, married to Johanna Schnell in 1848 Kupferschmid ca 1665-, married to Maria Zepf\nKupferschmied /1769, married to Ursula ?\nKupi 1773-1775, son of Johann and Maria Apollonia Gungl Kupi 1765-1767, son of Johann and Maria Apollonia Gungl Kupi 1739-1779, son of Nikolaus and Anna Elisabeth ?, relationship with Maria Apollonia Gungl\nKuppinger 1575-, son of Jrg Kuppingers and Margareta Weckers\nKurfess , married to Anna Margaretha Stoll in 1787\nKrsteiner 1878-1878, son of Eduard and Katharina Mller\nKurtz 1882-, son of Georg and Maria Magdalena Nalbach Kurtz 1851-, son of Georg and Susanne Catharina Math Kurtz 1846-, son of Sebastian and Maria Anna Zimmermann Kurtz 1844-1845, son of Johann and Maria Elisabeth Deutsch Kurtz 1840-, son of Jakob and Catharina Gier Kurtz 1811-1852, son of Johann Heinrich and Catharina Thiry, married to Maria Elisabeth Deutsch in 1840 Kurtz 1745-1789, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Engler Kurtz 1705-, son of Johann Konrad and Anna Elisabetha Assend, married to Anna Maria Erblig Kurtz, married to Maria Knig\nKurz 1890-, son of Georg and Maria Stutz Kurz 1873-1889, son of Michael and Catharina Braun Kurz 1859-1938, married to Anna Katharina Reinstdler in 1886 Kurz 1798-1812, son of Johann Friedrich Kurtz and Maria Elisabeth Mathieu Kurz, married to Catharina Kesseler\nKurzmann 1844-, son of Peter and Anna Thon\nKussmaul 1905-1945, married to Katharina HAUX in 1928\nKust 1858-, son of Friedrich and Wilhelmina Bodamer, married to Mathilde Margaretha Bodamer in 1902\nKusterer 1857-1911, married to Louisa Wilhelmina Roos in 1884\nKutscher 1833-1871, married to Anna Fritz in 1866\nL\nLANG 1894-1894, son of Peter Lang and Anna Maria Stauch\nLANGENFELD ca 1705-1769, married to Anna Maria ANDRES in 1732\nLAURENT 1846-1910, son of Heinrich and Magdalena DIEDRICH LAURENT 1832-1852, son of Heinrich and Magdalena DIEDRICH\nLAY 1842-1897, married to Catharina KOPP in 1869\nLEHNERT 1843-1844, son of Nikolaus Lehnert and Maria Dimel\nLEICHT 1871-, son of Jacob Friedrich Leicht and Friedricka Sibilla Wixler\nLEINENBACH 1826-1884, married to Katharina STROHM in 1850\nLEISTENSCHNEIDER 1729-1809, son of Franz Konrad Leistenschneider and Anna Maria Wernet, married to Anna Katharina Paul in 1758\nLUXENBURGER 1876-, with Margaretha Brion LUXENBURGER 1833-1914, son of Philipp Luxemburger and Barbara Lw, married to Maria FISCHER in 1860 LUXENBURGER 1817-1880, son of Philipp Luxemburger and Barbara Lw, married to Maria Geber in 1848\nLadner 1851-1924, son of Johann and Christina Rueb Ladner 1801-1799, married to Rosina Friderica Albrecht in 1823, Christina Rueb in 1847\nLadwein 1904-, son of Johann and Anna Serwani Ladwein 1884-1884, son of Johann and Maria Speiser Ladwein 1872-, son of Carl and Margaretha Poinsaint, married to Anna Serwani Ladwein 1862-1863, son of Carl and Margaretha Poinsaint Ladwein 1849-1890, son of Peter and Anna Maria Jenner, married to Maria Speiser in 1875 Ladwein 1841-1893, son of Johann and Gertrud Oehm, married to Elisabeth Elsen in 1867 Ladwein 1814-, son of Johannes and Catharina Kurz Ladwein 1711-1785, son of Johann Peter and Barbara Contz, married to Susanna Dohr in 1741 Ladwein , son of Jakob and Gertrud Klein Ladwein , married to Katharina Marx Ladwein 1871, married to Gertrud Oehm\nLafleur 1879-, son of Johann and Barbara Reichert Lafleur 1853-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Huwig, married to Barbara Reichert in 1878\nLafontaine 1863-, son of Christoph and Katharina Schirra, married to Anna Maria Kaeff in 1888 Lafontaine , married to Anna Maria Hart\nLagrange 1766-1768, son of Johann and Maria Kien Kihn Khe Lagrange 1731-1787, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Rolle, Ruly, married to Maria Kien Kihn Khe in 1758 Lagrange 1722-1773, married to Gertrud Bernard in 1744\nLaib 1887-1962, son of Friedrich Johann and Christina Singer, married to Christine Aipperspach in 1909 Laib 1886-1886, son of Georg Ludwig and Katharina Susanna Graf Laib 1885-1888, son of Andreas and Magdalena Weihaar Laib 1881-1952, son of Georg and Christina Weihaar, married to Bertha Rossmann in 1902 Laib 1866-1943, son of Ludwig and Magdalena Naa, married to Magdalena Singer in 1888\nLaininger 1795-, married to Maria Margaretha Schoemann in 1816\nLamar 1858-1914, son of Jakob and Gertrud Staudt Lamar 1830-, son of Jakob and Gertrud Staudt, married to Magdalena Spuhler in 1853 Lamar 1823-1823, son of Jakob and Gertrud Staudt Lamar 1796-1851, son of Johann Conrad and Barbe Metzinger, married to Anna Maria Schwarz in 1818 Lamar 1795-1851, son of Johann Conrad and Barbe Metzinger Lamar 1769-1770, son of Johann and Irmina Klein Lamar 1766-, son of Nicolas and Anne Marie Schmidt Lamar 1766-1803, married to Barbe Metzinger Lamar 1750-, son of Johann and Irmina Klein Lamar 1728-1791, son of Heinrich and Helene Morlo, Marquis, married to Irmina Klein in 1750 Lamar 1722-, son of Heinrich and Helene Morlo, Marquis Lamar ca 1690-, son of Heinrich and Helene Morlo, Marquis, married to Johanna Therese Nn ? in 1714 Lamar , married to Anna Maria Schwarz\nLamarche 1803-1833, son of Jakob and Dorothea Beer\nLambert 1885-, son of Jakob and Louise Preer, married to Emma Pfeifer in 1914 Lambert 1839-, married to Margaretha Sophia Mathieu Lambert 1822-1824, son of Wilhelm and Margarethe Berrard Lambert 1787-1830, son of Wilhelm and Margarethe Haen, married to Catharina Dorothea Franz in 1807 Lambert 1779-, son of Franz and Katharina Neu Lambert 1776-, son of Franz and Katharina Neu Lambert 1771-1809, son of Peter Josef and Katharina Willant, married to Katharina Weiss in 1799 Lambert 1710-1763, married to Apollonia x, Margaretha Bildhauer in 1757 Lambert 1704-1774, married to Gertrud Bohr in 1720\nLamberty , married to Elisabeth Weber in 1837\nLamparth 1868-1929, son of Jakob Friedrich and Christiane Vetter, married to Barbara Seeger in 1897\nLandenberger 1898-1899, son of Johann and Augustina Sayler Landenberger 1876-1922, son of Rosina Landenberger, married to Katharina Braeuning in 1901 Landenberger 1868-1936, married to Augustina Sayler in 1897\nLandry 1875-1879, son of Karl and Anna Bossmann Landry , married to Susanna Faber\nLang 1913-, son of Johannes and Christine Obenauer Lang 1885-1966, son of Michael and Margarethe Osbild Lang 1885-1969, married to Mathilda Heine in 1909 Lang 1865-1866, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Meyer Lang 1864-, with Philippina Ries Lang 1864-, son of Friedrich Johann and Dorothea Schatz Lang 1858-, married to Elisabetha Loos Lang 1853-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Kern, married to Susanne Kern in 1881 Lang 1853-1911, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Wilhelm Lang 1848-1849, son of Johannes and Maria Elisabeth Maier Lang 1847-1847, son of Johannes and Maria Elisabeth Maier Lang 1834-, son of Nicolaus and Margarethe Bauer Lang 1808-, son of Jakob and Anna Rupp Lang 1805-1878, son of Balthasar and Christine Jochum, married to Elisabeth Kern in 1844 Lang 1805-, son of Bartholomaeus and Anna Barbara Vernet Lang 1789-, son of Johann Evangelist and Barbara Weiss, married to Katharina Huber in 1827 Lang 1666-1759, married to Anna Mann in 1692 Lang , son of Matthias and Theresia Russ, married to Elisa Blum in 1897 Lang , married to Sophia Katharina Laval in 1890 Lang , married to Maria Thom\nLangenfeld 1845-, son of Jakob and Margarethe Schreiner Langenfeld 1839-ca 1920, son of Jakob and Margarethe Spies Langenfeld 1838-, son of Johann and Margaretha Winter Langenfeld 1820-1823, son of Johann and Anna Jacob Langenfeld 1814-, son of Johann and Anna Jacob Langenfeld 1807-1871, son of Johann and Barbara Sander, married to Margaretha Winter Langenfeld 1801-1839, married to Maria Margaretha Andre in 1831 Langenfeld 1790-, married to Anna Jacob in 1811 Langenfeld 1772-1841, son of Friedrich and Margarethe Neser, married to Barbara Sander in 1793\nLantz 1867-, son of Georg and Eva Jacob, married to Katharina Guinion in 1896 Lantz 1854-, son of Georg and Eva Jacob Lantz 1806-1810, son of Josef and Katharina Theobald\nLapaille 1748-1793, son of Johann and Maria Feidedrap, married to Anna Zipp in 1775 Lapaille, married to Maria Feidedrap\nLarusch 1882-1943, married to Anna Heinz in 1910, Anna Heinz in 1910 Larusch 1815-1879, son of Johann and Johanna Kuhn, married to Anna Maria Schumacher in 1842, Susanna Otto in 1850 Larusch 1790-1848, son of Johann and Katharina Leser, married to Johanna Kuhn Larusch 1763-1831, married to Katharina Leser in 1786\nLatz 1899-, son of Johann and Elisabetha Zang Latz 1872-1957, son of Peter and Barbara Breit, married to Elisabetha Zang in 1895 Latz 1856-, son of Michael and Barbara Zang, married to Maria Rupp in 1891 Latz 1813-1815, son of Johann and Angelika Zang Latz 1811-1871, son of Johann and Angelika Zang, married to Maria Anna Lang in 1842 Latz 1789-1856, son of Matthias and Magdalena Knig, married to Angelika Zang in 1811\nLaub 1812-1887, son of Johann and Elisabeth Spies, married to Barbara SchTz in 1838 Laub 1812-1887, married to Barbara Schtz in 1838 Laub 1799-1801, son of Johann and Elisabeth Spies Laub 1765-1823, married to Elisabeth Spies Laub 1765-1824, son of Johann and Anna Eydt Laub 1783, married to Anna Eydt in 1750\nLaubert 1915-, son of Martin and Katharina Brandt Laubert 1852-1874, son of Ignaz and Angelika Lilich Laubert , son of Mathias and Rosalia Rohmer\nLaudwein 1869-, son of Johann and Margarethe Lauer, married to Angela Osbild in 1891 Laudwein 1835-1904, married to Margarethe Lauer\nLauer 1897-, son of Jacob and Katharina Meyer Lauer 1883-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Spurk Lauer 1876-, son of Johannes and Maria Becker Lauer 1868-1868, son of Peter and Helena Kelter Lauer 1823-1880, son of Peter and Anna Freidorf, married to Margarethe Goergen in 1850, Katharina Hoff in 1855 Lauer 1776-, son of Johann Adam and Elisabeth Leydinger Lauer 1719-ca 1819, married to Johanna Knapp in 1755 Lauer , father of Katharina Lauer , married to Katharina Weber\nLaurent 1898-1968, son of Friedrich and Margaretha Mller Laurent 1889-, son of Johann and Margarethe Hauser Laurent 1889-, son of Georg and Anna Maria Remark Laurent 1880-1881, son of Heinrich and Odilia Birk Laurent 1879-1950, son of Johann and Margarethe Hauser Laurent 1874-1947, son of Peter and Anna Katharina Abel Laurent 1862-, son of Anna Katharina Laurent Laurent 1860-, son of Peter and Anna Katharina Abel Laurent 1859-, son of Peter and Anna Katharina Abel Laurent 1845-, son of Friedrich and Anna Maria Henry, married to Margarethe Hauser in 1872 Laurent 1812-1880, son of Johann and Katharina Beck Laurent 1784-1866, son of Michael and Anna Maria Guhs, married to Katharina Beck in 1810\nLautervasser 1849-1849, son of Johann Michael Lauterwasser and Rosina Magdalena Knorpp\nLauterwasser 1654-1709, married to Anna Wildermuth in 1678\nLaux 1893-, son of Johann Peter and Katharina Hirtz Laux 1883-1885, son of Nikolaus and Johannetta Schuch\nLay 1876-, son of Johann and Catharina Massonne, married to Barbara May in 1900 Lay 1855-, son of Peter and Katharina Kien Lay 1849-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Korne, married to Catharina Hoffmann in 1872 Lay 1840-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Schuder, married to Catharina Massonne Lay 1835-1870, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Korne, married to Catharina Gergen in 1860 Lay ca 1720-1765, son of Johann Ley and Anna Catharina Henrich, married to Catharina Fischer in 1750\nLe Brun , married to Anna Maria Bodinet in 1775\nLe Noble 1716-, son of Jean Baptist and Anna Maria Becker, Boulnger\nLechner , with Christine Rosina Rieger\nLecrum oder Legro 1767-, son of Franz Lecrum and Margarethe Zewe\nLegendre 1823-, son of Johannes and Katharina Magdalena Hausknecht\nLehmann 1865-, son of Johann Adam and Christina Schaible Lehmann /1735-1771, married to Anna Eva Mayer in 1759 Lehmann, married to Gertrud Grenz\nLehnen, married to Gertrud Weisgerber\nLehnert 1898-1975, son of Georg and Margaretha Ochs Lehnert 1897-, son of Jakob and Maria Schfer Lehnert 1892-1894, son of Johann and Anna Weber Lehnert 1889-, son of Peter and Susanna Catharina Strauff Lehnert 1887-, son of Johann and Anna Weber, married to Maria Kneip Lehnert 1879-, son of Johann and Magdalena Schmitt, married to Katharina Engler in 1909 Lehnert 1862-, son of Johann and Katharina Krier, married to Anna Weber in 1886 Lehnert 1855-, married to Katharina Lehnert in 1890 Lehnert 1853-, son of Johann and Katharina Krier, married to Magdalena Schmitt in 1878, Maria Hoffmann in 1882 Lehnert 1844-1899, son of Georg and Catharina Diedrich Lehnert 1821-1872, son of Johann Wilhelm Leonhard, Lehnert and Margaretha Treib, married to Katharina Krier in 1850 Lehnert , married to Margarethe Lambert Lehnert , married to Margarethe Becker\nLehr 1870-1938, married to Elisabeth Schatz in 1910 Lehr , married to Christine Bohnet in 1912\nLeibfried 1747-1750, son of Mathias Lieibfried and Katharina Lehnhoff Leibfried 1744-, son of Mathias Lieibfried and Katharina Lehnhoff\nLeichtweiss 1875-, son of Friederich and Margaretha Schmitt Leichtweiss 1872-1874, son of Friederich and Margaretha Schmitt\nLeidinger 1875-, son of Jakob and Gertrud Spurck Leidinger 1846-, son of Johannes Mathias and Anna Maria Oster Leidinger 1827-, son of Johann and Margaretha Paulus Leidinger 1783-, married to Margaretha Paulus in 1808 Leidinger 1729-1763, married to Catharina Paulus in 1757 Leidinger ca 1717-1753, son of Nikolaus and Angela ?, married to Anna Katharina Zenner in 1738 Leidinger ca 1660-1754, married to Maria Margaretha Becker in 1681 Leidinger 1861, son of Peter and Anna Maria Paulus, married to Anna Maria Croon Leidinger , son of Mathias and Maria Feld, married to Maria Schmitt Leidinger 1743-1806, son of Johann Adam and Anna Oster, married to Anna Maria Pauli in 1772 Leidinger 1730-, son of Johann Adam and Anna Oster\nLeikam 1883-1942, married to Katharina Konz in 1906\nLeinen 1710-1734, son of Johann Wagner and Anna Blees Leinen 1801, married to Margaretha Kohn in 1791, Margaretha Kerwer\nLeinenbach 1888-1914, son of Wilhelm and Maria Algier Leinenbach 1852-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Balzert, married to Magdalena Becker in 1875 Leinenbach 1822-1875, son of Johann and Barbara Schmidt, married to Elisabeth Balzert in 1849 Leinenbach 1805-1859, married to Susanna Haan in 1828 Leinenbach 1797-1840, son of Peter and Barbara Rupp, married to Barbara Rupp in 1821, Margaretha Katharina Schneider in 1826 Leinenbach 1791-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Becker Leinenbach 1781-1848, son of Johann and Elisabeth Becker, married to Barbara Schmidt in 1809 Leinenbach 1750-1807, son of Johann and Margarethe Engstler, married to Elisabeth Becker in 1780, Maria Catharina Seiwert in 1802 Leinenbach ca 1695-/1756, son of Simon and Katharina Gertrud Gill, married to Anna Maria Neu, Margarethe Engstler in 1742, Anna Maria Neu in 1733\nLeipig 1790-, son of Nikolaus Leibig and Irmina Rupp\nLeistenschneider 1900-1986, son of Michael and Margaretha Melchior Leistenschneider 1889-, son of Johann and Anna Klein Leistenschneider 1876-1877, son of Wilhelm and Barbara Kewenig Leistenschneider 1865-1883, son of Johann and Catharina Engler Leistenschneider 1857-, son of Johann and Maria Koster, married to Anna Klein in 1888 Leistenschneider 1803-1870, married to Maria Magdalena Niesen in 1828 Leistenschneider 1677-1724, son of Peter and Gertrud Maass, married to Katharina Kiefer in 1709 Leistenschneider , married to Maria Koster in 1855 Leistenschneider, married to Maria Walmeroth in 1861, Catharina Engler in 1865\nLeithner 1755-, son of Johann Veit and Elisabeth Spaniol, married to Anna Gertrud Braun in 1779\nLemire 1872-1893, son of Peter and Anna Maria Witty Lemire 1865-1872, son of Peter and Anna Maria Witty Lemire 1838-1838, son of Johann and Katharina Falk Lemire 1833-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Katharina Comtesse Lemire 1802-, son of Johann Baptist and Elisabeth Renaud, married to Katharina Falk in 1830 Lemire 1795-1795, son of Johann Baptist and Elisabeth Renaud Lemire 1785-1825, son of Michael Peter and Gertrud Khn, married to Maria Barbara Divo in 1815 Lemire 1770-, son of Michael Peter and Gertrud Khn Lemire 1765-1778, son of Johann and Margaretha Bietzer Lemire /1750-, son of Johann and Margaretha Bietzer Lemire 1726-/1731, son of Johann Franz and Anna Katharina Rupp Lemire 1721-1771, son of Johann Franz and Anna Katharina Rupp, married to Margaretha Bietzer in 1754 Lemire 1690-, son of Johann and Luise Manville Lemire 1722, married to Luise Manville\nLeng 1801-1875, son of Johannes and Magdalena Burckhardt, married to Eva Finkbeiner in 1831\nLeonard 1887-1887, son of Johann and Maria Seidel Leonard 1881-, son of Ludwig and Eva Stein, married to Katharina Schmidt, Maria Zapp Leonard 1862-, son of Michael and Anna Keller, married to Maria Seidel in 1887\nLeonhard 1844-, son of Johann Leonhard Schoeck and Maria Agnes Scheider Leonhard ca 1620-, married to Margaretha Hofer in 1650\nLeonhard, Lehnert 1771-1795, son of Michael and Margaretha Fontaine\nLeonhardt 1788-, son of Carl and Catharina Orth Leonhardt 1760-, son of Johann Valentin and Maria Apollonia Barth Leonhardt 1728-, son of Johann Jacob and Elisabeth Weis Leonhardt 1742-, son of Johann Jacob and Anna Sibylla Thenes\nLessel , married to Margaretha Wagner Lessel, married to Margaretha Karles in 1867\nLeute 1799-1849, son of Wolfgang Leuthe and Elisabetha Moser, married to Priska Stehle in 1832\nLevy 1831-, son of Andreas and Maria Katharina Pes\nLex 1753-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Weyant\nLey 1732-1788, son of Mathias and Margaretha Schmidt, married to Elisabeth Woll in 1763 Ley 1715-1779, son of Johann Nikolaus and Katharina Schlichtig, married to Anna Katharina Theobald Ley ca 1691-1752, son of Nikolaus Lay Merten and Anna Margaretha Weyand, married to Anna Catharina Henrich in 1714\nLeydembs , married to Anna Maria Klauck\nLeydinger 1821-, son of Johann Leidinger and Margaretha Paulus\nLiebermann 1704-, son of Christian and Anna Butsch\nLigon 1824-1898, son of Franz and Maria Luxenburger Ligon 1768-1768, son of Johann Franz and Katharina Amann\nLilgen 1674-1744, married to Margaretha Merges in 1701\nLillig 1879-1956, son of Jacob and Anna Sander\nLimburg 1695-1742, married to Elisabetha Bosmann in 1723\nLinck 1762-1816, son of Franz and Magdalena Job, married to Anna Margaretha Altmeyer in 1790 Linck 1718-1763, son of Leonard and Anna Barbara Mller\nLink 1895-1972, son of Joannes and Rosina Rapp\nLinn , married to Gertrud Clesius in 1779 Linn , married to Gertrud Schmitt\nLinnenberger 1785-1849, married to Anna Eva Altmeyer in 1809\nLinnig 1743-1781, son of Nikolaus and Anna Finkler, married to Anna Barbara Ewerling Linnig 1718-1765, son of Heinrich and Barbara Loch, married to Magdalena Bcher Linnig 1776, son of Heinrich and Barbara Loch, married to Margaretha ? in 1737\nLinseler 1894-, son of Andreas and Anna Blaes, married to Maria Philomena Seidel Linseler 1816-, married to Anna Rupp in 1845 Linseler 1735-1791, son of Johann Peter and Maria Elisabeth Macagne, married to Irmina Neu in 1764, Anna Maria Hoffmann in 1765, Gertrud Beuriger, Beyriger in 1779\nLinser, married to Maria Marquardt in 1757\nLipp ca 1900-, married to Christine Anna Duerr in 1930\nLippert 1869-1870, son of Matthaeus and Eva Christina Mueller\nLitwinschuh 1814-1884, son of Josef and Maria Catharina Sttzer\nLitz 1884-1947, son of Wilhelm and Barbara Kuelbauch, married to Karoline Bretter in 1923, Unbekannt ? Litz , married to Catharina Schorr\nLitzenburger 1875-1958, son of Michael and Anna Contier Litzenburger 1849-, son of Jakob Josef and Eva Meyer Litzenburger 1833, married to Barbara Becker\nLoch 1892-, son of Peter and Anna Ochs\nLochems 1837-1838, son of Peter and Anna Klaeser\nLoef 1771-1783, son of Peter and Maria Kerner\nLoeffler 1786-, son of Georg Leonhard and Anna Margaretha Knapp\nLoew 1882-, son of Georg and Maria Lonsdorfer, married to Anna Scheer Loew 1864-1942, son of Jacob and Katharina Petry, married to Anna Stutz in 1895 Loew 1832-, son of Michel and Katharina Ammann, married to Elisabeth Kiesel in 1861 Loew 1792-, son of Jakob and Barbara Wirtz, married to Margaretha Fischer in 1822 Loew 1760-1804, married to Anna Katharina Michelbacher in 1793\nLohr ca 1752-1825, married to Apollonia Meilchen in 1776\nLohre 1846-, married to Marguerite Wolf in 1871\nLohrer 1906-, son of Ferdinand and Maria Sackmann\nLohrmann 1689-, son of Marx and Anna Katharina Koepf\nLomb 1854, married to Anna Katharina Schmitt\nLonsdorfer 1898-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Nalbach Lonsdorfer 1896-, son of Johann and Anna Krier, married to Gertrud Deichler Lonsdorfer 1893-, son of Johann and Anna Jacob Lonsdorfer 1892-, son of Andreas and Anna Nalbach Lonsdorfer 1888-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Becker Lonsdorfer 1884-1959, son of Josef and Maria Amann, married to Katharina Anna Schmidt in 1917 Lonsdorfer 1884-, son of Josef and Maria Klein Lonsdorfer 1879-1880, son of Nikolaus and Maria Nalbach Lonsdorfer 1879-1880, son of Anton and Katharina Meyer Lonsdorfer 1876-, son of Peter and Maria Dinger, married to N N Lonsdorfer 1874-, son of Andreas and Anna Kneip, married to Anna Maria Nalbach in 1898 Lonsdorfer 1874-, son of Kaspar and Anna Maria Willkomm, married to Amelia Maria Klein in 1904 Lonsdorfer 1873-, son of Andreas and Anna Kneip Lonsdorfer 1871-, son of Johann Adam and Katharina Klein Lonsdorfer 1868-, son of Peter and Katharina Deichler, married to Anna Jacob in 1892 Lonsdorfer 1856-, son of Andreas and Anna Comtesse, married to Theresia Hafner in 1884 Lonsdorfer 1854-1870, son of Johann and Agatha Zipp Lonsdorfer 1853-, son of Johann and Anna Becker, married to Gertrud Rullang in 1878, Anna Austgen in 1881, Anna Krier in 1887 Lonsdorfer 1844-1845, son of Johann Caspar and Katharina Klein Lonsdorfer 1831-1832, son of Mathias and Anna Becker Lonsdorfer 1829-, son of Peter and Anna Wirth, married to Anna Becker in 1851, Katharina Bietzer in 1873 Lonsdorfer 1823-1823, son of Johann and Anna Maria Wiltz Lonsdorfer 1820-1880, son of Johann Adam and Anna Kneip, married to Agatha Zipp in 1848 Lonsdorfer 1815-1822, son of Johann and Anna Maria Wiltz Lonsdorfer 1790-1790, son of Jakob and Christina Heitz Lonsdorfer 1781-1838, son of Ludwig and Anna Katharina Theobald, married to Anna Maria Wiltz in 1811 Lonsdorfer 1768-1805, son of Ludwig and Marie Rupp, married to Maria Elisabeth Amann in 1794 Lonsdorfer 1754-1755, son of Johann Valentin and Maria Margaretha Klein Lonsdorfer 1750-1751, son of Johann Valentin and Maria Margaretha Klein Lonsdorfer 1742-1743, son of Johann Valentin and Maria Margaretha Klein Lonsdorfer 1719-, son of Johann and Anna Katharina Hoffmann Lonsdorfer 1686-1758, son of Matthias and Margaretha Holdinger, married to Anna Katharina Hoffmann in 1719, Katharina Emanuel in 1731\nLoos 1891-1891, son of Josef and Margaretha Jager Loos 1887-1887, son of Josef and Margaretha Jager\nLorang 1895-, son of Johann and Katharina Eisenbarth Lorang 1871-, son of Johann and Maria Gier Lorang 1865-, son of Johann and Maria Gier, married to Katharina Eisenbarth in 1891 Lorang 1861-, son of Heinrich and Anna Maria Weisgerber Lorang 1852-1852, son of Heinrich and Anna Maria Weisgerber Lorang 1844-1853, son of Philipp and Susanna Lion Lorang 1835-, son of Friedrich Laurent and Anna Maria Henry, married to Maria Gier in 1863 Lorang 1821-1882, son of Paul and Maria Ladwein, married to Margaretha Steil in 1846 Lorang ca 1796-, married to Anna Maria Pinter in 1820 Lorang 1781-1838, married to Angela Planta in 1801\nLorenz 1787-, son of Anton Lorentz and Angela Riplinger, with Mararetha Hein Lorenz , married to Barbara Lw\nLoris 1827-, son of Josef and Margaretha Feld Loris 1776-1812, son of Johann and Anna Meyer Loris 1758-1837, son of Johann and Gertud Andres, married to Anna Becker in 1787 Loris 1751-1808, son of Daniel and Barbara Lw, married to Anna Meyer in 1773 Loris 1730-1814, son of Johann Ulrich and Magdalena Neu, married to Gertud Andres in 1757\nLorson 1897-1897, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Kaeff Lorson 1896-1965, son of Peter and Margarethe Zang Lorson 1894-, son of Peter and Margaretha Mirold Lorson 1893-1965, son of Peter and Anna Spengler Lorson 1890-, son of Joseph and Katharina Mathieu Lorson 1888-1958, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Ahr Lorson 1885-1951, son of Nikolaus and Maria Meyer Lorson 1884-1892, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Guillaume Lorson 1881-1957, son of Johann and Katharina Wannenmacher Lorson 1873-1874, son of Michel and Margarethe Becker Lorson 1872-1872, son of Michel and Margarethe Becker Lorson 1871-1951, son of Joseph and Anna Ahr, married to Margarethe Schirra in 1898 Lorson 1870-, son of Nikolaus and Sophia Katharina Hamm, married to Barbara Schirra in 1896 Lorson 1869-1958, son of Wilhelm and Anna Maria Ahr Lorson 1868-, son of Johann and Barbara Orth Lorson 1866-1944, son of Wilhelm and Katharina Biewer, married to Elisabeth Kost in 1891 Lorson 1864-1929, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Decker, married to Margarethe Reinstdler in 1891 Lorson 1863-, son of Peter and Barbara Brissier, married to Elisabeth Kiel in 1865 Lorson 1863-1937, son of Peter and Angelika Fritz Lorson 1857-, son of Jakob and Katharina Ahr Lorson 1857-1938, son of Peter and Johanna Remark Lorson 1857-, son of Peter and Angelika Fritz Lorson 1857-, son of Michael and Anna Maria Bersal Lorson 1852-, son of Peter and Angelika Fritz, married to Katharina Wannenmacher in 1878 Lorson 1848-, son of Peter and Johanna Remark Lorson 1847-1851, son of Peter and Angelika Fritz Lorson 1845-1919, son of Jakob and Magdalena Remark, married to Katharina Dreistadt in 1870 Lorson 1843-, son of Peter and Margarethe Burg Lorson 1841-, son of Johann and Gertrud Burg, married to Johanna Lorson in 1870 Lorson 1841-1843, son of Peter and Johanna Remark Lorson 1838-, son of Jakob and Magdalena Remark, married to Barbara Orth in 1867 Lorson 1815-1854, son of Peter and Anna Maria Kramer, married to Elisabeth Katharina Hoen in 1844 Lorson 1815-1828, son of Michel and Katharina Schemel Lorson 1814-, son of Wilhelm and Anna Remarque Lorson 1812-, son of Johann and Anna Klein, married to Gertrud Burg in 1839 Lorson 1811-1819, son of Matthias and Anna Katharina Spengler Lorson 1807-1819, son of Matthias and Anna Katharina Spengler Lorson 1806-1807, son of Johann and Anna Klein Lorson 1795-, son of Wilhelm and Margarethe Fischer, married to Anna Schmitt in 1815 Lorson 1790-1873, son of Joes Martin and Margarethe Zang, married to Anna Maria Remarque in 1819, Anna Maria Remarque in 1830 Lorson 1770-1846, son of Bernhard and Angela Klein, married to Anna Klein in 1803\nLorsong 1888-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Jene Lorsong 1887-, son of Adam and Katharine Dahmen Lorsong 1863-, son of Franz Lorson and Anna Maria Reichert, married to Elisabeth Jene in 1887\nLoth 1724-, married to Agnes Zhler in 1760\nLothringer ca 1737-1793, married to Katharina Arweiler\nLouis 1894-1962, son of Konrad and Maria Tabellion Louis 1884-1886, son of Joseph and Katharina Hessedenz Louis 1878-1949, son of Johann and Katharina Karrenbauer Louis 1875-1877, son of Joseph and Katharina Hessedenz Louis 1874-, son of Conrad and Anna Maria Abel Louis 1871-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Fritz Louis 1865-, son of Matthias and Elisabeth Zang Louis 1863-, son of Johann Friedrich and Anna Hirtz Louis 1851-, son of Irmina Louis, married to Katharina Karrenbauer in 1877 Louis 1848-, son of Benedikt and Elisabeth Luxemburger, married to Maria Leinenbach in 1873 Louis 1844-, son of Johann Friedrich and Katharina Hirtz, married to Anna Maria Federspiel in 1868 Louis 1838-, son of Peter and Margaretha Kuhn Louis 1834-, son of Johann and Angela Backes Louis 1832-, son of Michel and Anna Maria Tabellion Louis 1825-1876, son of Mathias and Anna Baldauf, married to Angela Quirin in 1852 Louis 1816-1841, son of Jean Charles and Angela Schemel Louis 1815-1822, son of Johann and Anna Maria Lang Louis 1801-1801, son of Johann and Maria Becker Louis 1799-, son of Jean Charles and Angela Schemel Louis 1799-, son of Johann and Maria Becker Louis 1775-1838, son of Anton and Anna Maria Reiter, married to Elisabeth Frantz in 1798 Louis 1773-1835, son of Johannes and Margaretha Barbara Mller, married to Maria Becker in 1799, Anna Breininger in 1806 Louis ca 1770-1845, son of Bernhard and Barbara Luxenburger, married to Margaretha Sander in 1793 Louis 1768-, son of Johann and Margaretha Chaque, married to Maria Catharina Clemens in 1799, Anna Maria Lang in 1814, Angela Backes in 1830 Louis 1709-1759, son of Thomas and Eva Katharina Conrad, married to Katharina Lamotte in 1743 Louis, married to Margaretha Chaque Louis 1836, married to Anna Klein\nLow 1710-1760, married to Anna Karrenbauer in 1734\nLw 1799-1876, son of Michael and Barbara Reitz, married to Angela Barbara Kurtz in 1824 Lw 1768-1806, son of Nicolas Loew and Barbara Maas Lw 1717-1777, son of Johann and X Unbek., married to Maria Barbara Junck in 1742 Lw 1712-1757, married to Anna Barbara Fischer Lw ca 1707-1769, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Fischer Lw ca 1687-, married to X Unbek. Lw ca 1530-/1616, married to Clrchen Peters in 1555 Lw, son of Nicolaus and Anna Catharina Decker, married to Johanna Lorson in 1744\nLwenbrck 1892-, son of Peter and Eva Jacob Lwenbrck 1890-1968, son of Peter and Anna Bonenberger Lwenbrck 1862-, son of Johann and Maria Anna Schmitt, married to Anna Jenal in 1883 Lwenbrck 1847-1900, son of Johann and Maria Anna Schmitt, married to Barbara Rosche in 1873 Lwenbrck 1834-1871, son of Johann and Angela Hirtz, married to Anna Becker in 1858 Lwenbrck 1825-1828, son of Johann and Angela Hirtz Lwenbrck 1821-1846, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Schackmann Lwenbrck 1820-1870, son of Johann and Angela Hirtz, married to Elisabeth Kiefer in 1843, Maria Anna Schmitt in 1846 Lwenbrck 1785-1851, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Kien, married to Angela Hirtz in 1818 Lwenbrck 1756-, married to Katharina Oberhausen in 1786\nLoyo 1843-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Goergen, married to Maria Neibecker in 1869 Loyo 1816-1877, son of Michael and Angelika Chevalier, married to Anna Maria Goergen in 1841 Loyo 1804-, son of Peter and Catharina Comtesse, married to Anna Luxenburger in 1831 Loyo 1798-1800, son of Peter and Catharina Comtesse Loyo 1784-1815, son of Michael and Anna Barbara Ulrich Loyo 1764-, son of Michael and Anna Barbara Ulrich Loyo 1731-, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Mller Loyo 1726-1726, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Mller Loyo 1707-1777, son of Georg and Margarethe Hoffmann, married to Barbara Arbois in 1729 Loyo 1704-, son of Georg and Margarethe Hoffmann Loyo ca 1685-1743, son of Jakob and Katharina Mathis, married to Johanna Emanuel in 1702\nLuchs 1887-1887, son of Adolf and Katharina Henriette Kessler Luchs , married to Karoline Krause\nLudt 1833-1887, son of Johann Philipp and Catharina Margareta Traugott Ludt 1797-1868, son of Johannes and Catharina Elisabeth Tausend, married to Maria Catharina Diener in 1817\nLudwig 1881-, son of Philipp and Maria Heinrich Ludwig 1879-1948, son of Matthias and Katharina Burgard Ludwig 1856-, son of Felix and Elisabeth Merkel Ludwig 1817-1849, son of Peter and Magdalena Mller Ludwig 1805-, son of Peter and Barbara Bastian Ludwig 1795-1795, son of Johannes and Barbara Klein Ludwig 1744-, son of Matthias and Anna Pfeilen Ludwig 1741-1800, son of Matthias and Anna Pfeilen, married to Maria Schommer in 1763, Maria Schommer Ludwig , with Elisabetha Catharina Lutz Ludwig , married to Maria ? Ludwig , married to Catharina Bastuck Ludwig , married to Elisabeth Hofmann\nLueck ca 1617-1693, son of Jacob Luechen and Eva Hess, married to Anna Margareta Klein in 1650\nLuithle 1882-1891, son of Jakob and Friedericka Jose\nLupberger 1850-1874, son of Johannes Lutberger and Katharina Kaiser\nLusch 1912-, son of Johann and Rosalia Penz Lusch , with Rosalia Penz\nLutz 1892-, son of Karl and Henriette Schwarz Lutz 1840-, son of Johann and Maria Werth, married to Maria Severin in 1865 Lutz 1819-, son of Friedrich and Barbara Lay, married to Maria Werth in 1840 Lutz ca 1711-1780, married to Anna Maria Bredemus Lutz ca 1678-, married to Anna Baur in 1702 Lutz , son of Christian and Barbara Kratz, with Anna Maria Trapp Lutz , married to Elisabeth Thiel Lutz, married to Maria Werth\nLux 1827-1877, son of Balthasar and Franziska Rubi, married to Catharina Susanne Weber in 1851, Maria Sophie Duchene in 1870 Lux 1800-1880, son of Balthasar and Margarethe Prediger, married to Elisabeth Gettmann in 1830 Lux 1781-1844, son of Bernhard and Margaretha Lecher, married to Katharina Misere in 1815 Lux 1774-1832, son of Lorenz and Anna Katharina Stein, married to Elisabeth Hauck in 1824 Lux 1757-1813, son of Nicolaus and Catharina Margareta Wilkowig, married to Anna Margaretha Meyer in 1782 Lux ca 1717-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Berkessel, married to Margarethe Quirin in 1737\nLuxemburger 1889-, son of Matthias and Margarethe Tabellion Luxemburger 1840-, son of Christian and Katharina Haen Luxemburger 1814-1822, son of Johann Jakob and Margaretha Klein Luxemburger 1805-1815, son of Nikolaus and Angela Renckes Luxemburger 1782-, son of Jakob and Katharina Ney, married to Johanna Ney in 1807 Luxemburger 1738-1809, son of Mathias and Maria Urich, married to Anna Maria Leidinger in 1762, Margarethe Kcheler in 1769\nLuxenburger 1896-, son of Joannes and Catharina Kiefer Luxenburger 1891-, son of Georg and Maria Weiler, married to Katharina Merz Luxenburger 1890-1892, son of Joannes and Catharina Kiefer Luxenburger 1889-1890, son of Michael and Elisabeth Schmidt Luxenburger 1863-, son of Johann and Margaretha Becker, married to Maria Theobald in 1891 Luxenburger 1862-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Berdin, married to Katharina Schon in 1892 Luxenburger 1855-1855, son of Peter and Margaretha Schwarz Luxenburger 1850-1862, son of Nikolaus and Anna Welsch Luxenburger 1834-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Schmidt Luxenburger 1832-, son of Franz and Anna Denis, married to Anna Maria Berdin in 1856 Luxenburger 1828-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Schmidt, married to Apollonia Theobald in 1853, Margaretha Becker in 1857 Luxenburger 1826-1830, son of Franz and Anna Denis Luxenburger 1813-1814, son of Franz and Anna Denis Luxenburger 1810-1858, son of Johann and Katharina Rupp, married to Anna Schmitt in 1837 Luxenburger 1802-1802, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Bohr Luxenburger 1799-1800, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Bohr Luxenburger 1796-1796, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Bohr Luxenburger 1784-1803, son of Johann and Anna Dorothea Comtesse Luxenburger 1772-1801, son of Johann and Anna Barbara Schwarz, married to Elisabeth Schmaltz in 1798 Luxenburger 1769-, son of Johann and Anna Barbara Schwarz Luxenburger 1769-1775, son of Matthias and Angela Schmidt Luxenburger 1757-1841, son of Johann and Anna Rupp, married to Anna Dorothea Comtesse in 1783, Katharina Rupp in 1805 Luxenburger 1734-1800, son of Jakob and Anna Katharina Lang, married to Anna Barbara Schwarz in 1760 Luxenburger ca 1720-, son of Mathias and Gertrud Biel Luxenburger 1718-1788, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Rupp, married to Anna Rupp in 1748 Luxenburger 1705-1779, son of Mathias and Gertrud Biel Luxenburger 1672-1721, son of Jacob and Anna Maas, married to Anna Catharina Rupp in 1702\nM\nMAAS 1859-1899, son of Johann Maas and Anna LUXENBURGER, married to Barbara WILHELM in 1886\nMARING 1838-, married to Anna KELLER in 1863\nMRz 1888-1959, son of Johann and Maria Ochs MRz 1881-, son of Georg and Barbara Ochs MRz 1855-1909, married to Maria Ochs in 1883 MRz 1805-1860, son of Johann Mertz and Anna Maria Becker, married to Barbara Gier in 1832\nMRz, Mertz 1731-1779, married to Gertrud Gross\nMATHIEU 1843-1891, married to Franzisca CLODO in 1870\nMATHIS 1883-, with Margaretha WINTER\nMERTEN 1828-, married to Anna Maria Schtz in 1855\nMETZGER 1828-1892, married to Johannetta Eva JENAL in 1862\nMOERSDORF ca 1795-, with Anna Maria Conrad\nMOHR 1765-1827, married to Susanna WEISSGERBER in 1788\nMOLITOR 1858-1858, son of Johann Molitor and Anna Maria MLler\nMORITZEN (MAURER) 1600-, son of Johann Moritzen and Mergen ?, with Katharina LEINEN\nMLLER 1874-, son of Johann and Maria Rupp, married to Maria Brion MLLER, married to Maria Rupp\nMLler 1900-, son of Karl and Maria Math MLler 1881-, son of Karl and Catharina Recktenwald MLler 1869-, son of Peter and Anna Schneider, married to Maria Grg in 1894 MLler 1866-1888, son of Karl and Catharina Recktenwald MLler 1861-, married to Margaretha Ernst in 1888 MLler 1844-1845, son of Nikolaus Mller and Maria Gergen MLler 1844-, son of Nikolaus Mller and Barbara Merkel, married to Catharina Trentz in 1890 MLler 1832-1868, son of Johann and Catharina Leder, married to Anna Maria Gergen in 1862 MLler 1827-1851, son of Nikolaus Mller and Maria Gergen MLler 1819-1819, son of Jakob and Catharina Altmayer MLler 1818-, married to Barbara Theobald in 1848 MLler 1814-1814, son of Jakob and Susanna MittermLler MLler 1802-1870, son of Peter Mller and Anna Maria Springer, married to Catharina Leder in 1828 MLler 1797-, son of Peter Mller and Anna Maria Springer MLler 1791-1854, son of Jakob Mller and Catharina Hiry, married to Susanna Kriebs in 1818 MLler 1761-/1828, married to Anna Maria Schmitt in 1798 MLler 1731-, son of Johann Michael Mller and Anna Maria Mller\nMaahs 1891-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Wahsmuth Maahs 1861-, son of Jacob and Marie Breinig, married to Elisabeth Wahsmuth in 1884\nMaar , son of Johann and Maria Lauer Maar 1905, son of Adam and Anna Maria Hein, married to Maria Lauer in 1870\nMaas 1897-, son of Heinrich and Margarethe Mang Maas 1894-1917, son of Jacob and Henrietta Kappel Maas 1883-, son of Peter and Anna Lonsdorfer Maas 1882-, son of Johann Gottlieb and Rosina Margaretha Weller Maas 1879-1911, son of Michael and Maria Denis Maas 1878-1879, son of Michael and Maria Denis Maas 1877-1878, son of Michael August and Margaretha Schwarz Maas 1866-1866, son of Johannes and Margaretha Zimmermann Maas 1863-1941, son of Johann Peter and Dorothea Klein Maas 1861-, son of Peter and Amalia Zimmermann Maas 1856-, son of Johannes and Margaretha Zimmermann, married to Philippa Margarethe Meerfeld in 1889 Maas 1852-1884, son of Michael and Susanna Hirtz Maas 1850-1898, son of Jacobus and Anna Maria Bellisant, married to Anna Zimmer in 1876 Maas 1844-, son of Johannes and Maria Diwo, married to Maria Waschburger in 1877 Maas 1825-1912, son of Jakob and Catharina Macagne, married to Anna LUXENBURGER in 1854 Maas 1825-1901, son of Peter and Barbara Klein, married to Maria Weiland in 1846 Maas 1811-1858, son of Matthias and Maria Anna Nicola, married to Anna Guirten in 1856 Maas 1808-1884, son of Matthias and Maria Anna Nicola, married to Angelika Altmayer Maas 1802-1849, son of Johann Georg and Margarethe Rihm Maas 1801-, married to Elisabeth Trk in 1823 Maas 1800-1801, son of Johann Georg and Margarethe Rihm Maas 1799-1800, son of Johann Georg and Margarethe Rihm Maas 1775-, son of Jacobus and Anna Catharina Rupp Maas 1773-1775, son of Mathias and Maria Anna Aveline Maas 1764-, son of Jacob and Anna Catharina Altmayer Maas 1760-1816, son of Johann and Margarethe Spiess, married to Elisabeth Klein in 1796 Maas 1729-, son of Johann and Susanne Schwindt, married to Margarethe Spiess Maas 1725-, son of Michael and Katharina Bauer Maas 1700-1743, son of Michael and Katharina Gro Maas 1697-, son of Johann and Anna Katharina Kraemer, married to Susanne Kuntzler in 1724 Maas ca 1658-, married to Anna Katharina Kraemer in 1692 Maas, married to Anna Jung in 1777 Maas , married to Katharina Ehl Maas, son of Michael and Katharina Gro, married to Susanne Schwindt in 1723 Maas , married to Susanne Schwinn in 1729 Maas ca 1807-, son of Johann Peter and Susanna Wernet\nMacagne 1720-, son of Johann Baptist Macagne, Machain and Catharina Hesse\nMack 1890-, son of Andreas and Friederika Klaiber, married to Barbara Mack in 1913 Mack 1830-1877/, son of Johann Georg and Anna Friederika Scharf\nMagard, son of Peter and Maria Kennens, married to Anna Ladwein in 1862\nMager 1777-1842, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Bersch, married to Anna Catharina Krauss in 1802\nMagerle ca 1718-, married to Maria Katharina Ocker in 1745\nMagot 1700-1752, married to Anna Katharina Winter in 1731\nMahren 1888-, son of Johann and Gertrud Kerwer Mahren 1870-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Becker Mahren 1862-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Baltasar Mahren 1862-, son of Peter and Anna Becker, married to Gertrud Kerwer in 1888 Mahren 1858-, son of Peter and Anna Becker Mahren 1834-, son of Philipp and Elisabeth Klein, married to Anna Maria Becker in 1860 Mahren 1763-1763, son of Philipp and Anna Catharina Schnubel\nMaier 1899-, son of Georg and Maria Sackmann Maier 1868-1919, son of Friedrich and Rosina Gleich Maier 1868-, married to Anna Baumann in 1892 Maier 1828-1903, son of Friedrich and Elisabeth Magdalena Fleiner, married to Margarete Lebherz in 1849, Barbara Weber in 1873 Maier 1794-, married to Eva Barbara Clauss in 1824 Maier 1794-1851, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Schantz, married to Agnes Mader in 1814\nMainville 1815-, son of Simon and Magdalena Stablo, married to Maria Schaufler in 1838\nMaisenbacher 1847-1876, son of Johann Michael and Anna Maria Bott\nMallin 1655-1715, married to Maria Kelkel\nMallmann 1862-, son of Johannes and Margarethe Hllein, married to Catharina Kettern in 1885 Mallmann 1848-1855, son of Johannes and Margarethe Hllein\nMalsac ca 1700-, married to Anna Relot\nMalsack 1803-1872, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Becker, with Agnes Oulerich Malsack 1770-, son of Johann Adam and Anna Sonntag Malsack 1768-, son of Jakob and Maria Dillschneider Malsack 1758-1832, son of Johann Adam and Anna Sonntag, married to Anna Maria Dreistadt\nMaltaner 1836-, son of Johann Adam and Marie Veronike Flamm, married to Johanna Buehler in 1863\nMang 1885-1960, son of Joseph and Susanna Bonenberger Mang 1879-, son of Peter and Anna Hamm Mang 1862-, son of Georg and Margarethe Blass Mang 1850-1853, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Hermann Mang 1845-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Orth Mang 1836-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Wirtz, married to Maria Braun in 1863 Mang 1834-1855, son of Mathias and Maria Benoit Mang 1812-1822, son of Matthias and Katharina Renckes Mang 1793-1801, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Kiefer\nMangeot 1791-1860, son of Johann and Gertrud Jung, married to Anna Maria Meyer in 1814 Mangeot ca 1765-1809, married to Gertrud Jung in 1791\nMangor 1828-1880, son of Johann Mangeot and Anna Maria Meyer, married to Maria Guss in 1856\nMann 1682-, son of Hans and Anna Else Margarethe Klein\nMannes 1811-, son of Matthias and Susanna Schumann, married to Katharina Clemens in 1836\nMannhart, married to Maria Amalie Riede in 1909\nMantel , with Elisabeth Mandel\nMantz 1877-1941, son of Gottlieb G. and Barbara Schlenker Mantz 1873-1913, son of Johann Jacob and Dorothea Kst Mantz 1846-, married to Dorothea Bohnet in 1903 Mantz 1871-, son of Johann Jacob and Dorothea Kst\nMarchand 1857-1918, married to Barbara Winter in 1881\nMarcus, married to Anna Maria Theihs, Johanna Weiler in 1765\nMarie 1784-1842, married to Catharina Meilchen in 1809\nMaring 1895-1980, son of Johann Peter and Katharina Barth\nMarsal 1890-1960, son of Franz and Anna Katharina Rouget\nMarsdorf 1808-, with Anna Maria Conrad\nMartel, son of Friedrich and Katharina Faas\nMartin 1897-1962, son of Jacob and Anna Fissene Martin 1880-, son of Peter and Susanna Haffner Martin 1825-1904, son of Peter and Catherina Schmitt, married to Margaretha Gergen in 1847 Martin 1776-1781, son of Nicolaus Casimir and Anna Catharina Sewald Martin 1771-1775, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Mittermller Martin 1767-, married to Katharina Schweitzer in 1786 Martin 1720-, son of Johann and Margaretha Jacobi Martin 1690-1738, son of Elias and Anna Margaretha Wirth, married to Margaretha Jacobi in 1714 Martin, married to Dorothea Drach\nMartini 1846-1916, son of Nicolaus Marttini and Margretha Follmann, married to Katharina Herz\nMarx 1892-1968, son of Jacob and Margarethe Welsch Marx 1884-, son of Georg and Margaretha Buschbacher Marx 1874-1948, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Hein, married to Margaretha Mller in 1901 Marx 1870-, son of Georg and Margaretha Buschbacher Marx 1848-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Ney, married to Angelika Hahn, Haan in 1877 Marx 1836-1913, son of Johann Georg and Maria Barbara Hartmann, married to Margaret Hayes in 1856 Marx 1816-, son of Matthias and Johanna Lagarde Marx 1803-1870, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Staudt Marx 1787-, son of Peter and Margaretha Jung Marx 1736-1782, son of Anton and Catharina Jungmann, married to Catharina Emmel in 1763 Marx 1658-1740, relationship with Susanna Falck Marx , son of Peter and Elisabeth Paulus Marx 1730-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Schamper Marx, married to Anna Marx\nMary 1836-, married to Margaretha Theobald in 1858\nMarzlin 1804-, married to Gertrud Stenger\nMarzolf 1887-1959, married to Barbara Delzer in 1907\nMaser 1747-, son of Michael and Rosina Catharina Rothfuss\nMasloh 1806, married to Maria Elisabeth Jochem in 1787\nMassholder 1860-, son of Georg Philipp and Eva Katharine Streib Massholder 1837-, son of Georg Philipp and Eva Katharine Streib\nMassone 1860-1860, son of Hubert Massonne and Gertrud Hassenteufel\nMassonne 1870-, son of Johann and Maria Welsch Massonne 1867-, son of Johann and Gertrud Schuder Massonne 1844-1865, son of Johann and Gertrud Schuder Massonne 1843-, son of Hubert and Gertrud Hassenteufel, married to Maria Welsch in 1868 Massonne 1835-1874, son of Hubert and Gertrud Hassenteufel Massonne 1817-1895, son of Hubert and Gertrud Dahm, married to Gertrud Schuder in 1844 Massonne 1781-1827, son of Joannes Nicolaus Massonet and Anna Kien, married to Barbara Bauer in 1807\nMast 1782-1871, married to Regina Burkhardt in 1808, Regina Haist in 1828\nMaem 1830-, married to Maria ?\nMath 1879-, son of Hubert and Barbara Fischer Math 1869-, son of Peter and Catharina Seger, married to Margaretha Gross in 1897 Math 1868-1869, son of Peter and Catharina Seger Math 1843-1845, son of Johann and Gertrud Thnes Math 1830-, son of Johann and Gertrud Thnes Math 1826-1896, son of Johann and Gertrud Thnes, married to Ursula Reiter in 1853 Math 1820-1820, son of Jean and Catharina Khler Math 1801-1875, married to Barbara Guldner in 1830 Math 1799-1854, son of Peter and Maria Fecht, married to Gertrud Thnes in 1824 Math 1791-1792, son of Johann and Katharina Malsack Math 1761-, son of Peter and Eva Gergen Grgen Math 1752-1804, son of Simon and Margaretha Grgen, married to Katharina Malsack in 1775\nMathanner 1763-, son of Franz Josef and Katharina Friedrich\nMathes, relationship with Gertrud Grathwohl\nMathias 1882-, son of Philipp and Katharina Ginz, married to Luise Charlotte Mller in 1910\nMathieu, married to Katharina Trenz Mathieu 1881-, son of Jakob and Katharina Kneip, married to Anna Tilk in 1907 Mathieu 1880-1881, son of Johann and Elisabeth Weihs Mathieu 1878-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Comtesse Mathieu 1873-1875, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Comtesse Mathieu 1871-1871, son of Johann and Elisabeth Weihs Mathieu 1845-1849, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Rupp Mathieu 1838-1838, son of Heinrich and Catharina Elisabetha Braun Mathieu 1835-1900/, married to Magdalena Wirth in 1857 Mathieu 1831-1881, son of Joseph and Maria Anna Bastian, married to Margarethe Truntzler in 1858, Anna Margarethe Eisvogel in 1863, Elisabeth Weihs in 1869 Mathieu 1824-1879, son of Nikolaus and Maria Hein, married to Anna Maria Becker in 1847 Mathieu 1810-1811, son of Claude and Barbara Staud Mathieu ca 1801-1853, son of Claude and Barbara Staud, married to Elisabeth Renno Mathieu 1797-1857, son of Johann Nicolaus and Maria Catharina Bermann, married to Elisabetha Wahlster Mathieu 1797-1865, son of Sebastian and Anna Margaretha Daub, married to Margarethe Abel in 1830 Mathieu 1794-, son of Jacob and Catharina Margaretha Melling Mathieu 1791-1870, son of Dominik and Katharina Jerom, married to Barbara Gangloff in 1812 Mathieu 1780-1799, son of Johann Peter and Anna Dorothea Holtzer Mathieu 1779-1829, son of Joseph and Katharina Perl, married to Johanna Bedersdorfer in 1798 Mathieu 1773-1775, son of Joseph and Maria Magdalena Schneider Mathieu 1770-, son of Joseph and Maria Magdalena Schneider Mathieu 1766-1838, son of Christian and Elisabeth Klein, married to Katharina Hildenbrand in 1798 Mathieu 1752-, son of Claudius and Anna Margaretha Felten Mathieu 1752-1831, son of Peter and Anna Catharina Wandres, married to Anna Catharina Kutsch in 1771, Anna Dorothea Holtzer in 1796 Mathieu 1748-1795, son of Claudius and Anna Margaretha Felten, married to Anna Catharina Altmayer in 1773, Anna Dorothea Holtzer in 1779 Mathieu 1724-1773, married to Gertrud Frantz in 1751\nMathis 1839-1876, son of Johann Matthis and Barbara Kiefer Mathis 1836-1912, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Altmeyer Mathis 1830-1895, son of George and Margaretha Altmeyer Mathis 1827-1867, son of Johann Matthis and Barbara Kiefer Mathis 1825-1874, son of Johann Matthis and Barbara Kiefer Mathis 1814-1814, son of Johann Bernhard and Catharina Macagne Machain Mathis 1808-1867, son of Johann and Anna Barbara Both, married to Anna Maria Morguet in 1834 Mathis 1786-, son of Johann and Anna Winter Mathis 1764-1796, married to Anna Winter Mathis /1755-1800, married to Johanna Blein in 1780 Mathis 1746-1794, married to Margaretha Nicolas in 1769 Mathis 1728-1728, son of Cornelius and Anna Maria Zang Mathis 1724-1725, son of Johann Georg and Maria Magdalena Kupperstein Mathis 1722-1758, son of Johann and Anna Barbara Rupp, married to Anna Maria Leidinger in 1744 Mathis 1714-, son of Johann Georg and Maria Magdalena Kupperstein Mathis 1707-, son of Johann Georg and Maria Magdalena Kupperstein Mathis 1684-1747, married to Anna Barbara Rupp Mathis , with Margaretha WINTER Mathis , married to Anna Barbara Both\nMattes 1902-1945, son of Martin and Elisabeth Hnisch Mattes 1894-1894, son of Martin and Elisabeth Hnisch Mattes 1876-1929, son of Sophia Mattes Mattes 1873-1873, son of Joannes and Marianna Gaukesz Mattes 1872-, son of Josef and Eva Weibarth, married to Margaretha Pascht in 1896 Mattes 1860-, son of Josef and Katharina Werner Mattes 1849-1849, son of Josef and Anna Duatsek Mattes 1845-1907, son of Franz and Brigitte Riede, married to Monika Bubser in 1871 Mattes 1834-1837, son of Johann and Rosalia Werni Mattes 1827-1876, son of Gregor and Margareth Leh, married to Katharina Wildmann in 1850 Mattes 1812-1868, son of Andreas and Magdalena Rapp, married to Rosalia Werni in 1832 Mattes 1778-, son of Benedikt and Annamaria Bayer, married to Margarete Stadler in 1799 Mattes 1776-1777, son of Benedikt and Annamaria Bayer Mattes 1772-1799, son of Jakob and Katharina Linzmayer, married to Klara Petschner, Margaret Elisabeth Kremer Mattes 1771-1771, son of Jakob and Katharina Linzmayer Mattes 1719-1764, son of Franz and Maria Magdalena Weinmann, married to Franziska Kleiner in 1748\nMatthis 1799-1871, son of Johann Georg and Barbara Loyo, married to Maria Catharina Weisbeck in 1820, Barbara Kiefer in 1824\nMauch 1659-, son of Melchior and Elisabeth Paul\nMaucke 1886-1962, son of Mathias and Anna Lorson\nMauer ca 1660-, married to Anna Maria in 1683\nMaul 1879-, son of Christian Peter Heinrich and Katharina Becker\nMaunz 1830-1902, married to Christine Geerer in 1855\nMaurer 1893-, son of Johann and Katharina Huwig Maurer 1892-1966, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Philipp Maurer 1881-1908, married to Maria Schackmann in 1907 Maurer 1870-, son of Anton and Susanna Gerstner, with Anna Mack Maurer 1864-, son of Johann and Katharina Gergen, married to Katharina Huwig in 1891 Maurer 1845-, son of Carl Anton and Angela Becker Maurer 1839-1895, married to Katharina Gergen Maurer 1831-, son of Johann Adam and Anna Pistorius Maurer 1809-1858, son of Johann Jacob and Catharina Sophia Siegel, married to Sophia Margaretha Gross in 1831 Maurer 1744-1815, son of Jakob Mauer and Eva Maurer, married to Angela Jochum in 1791 Maurer ca 1701-1775, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Margaretha Wahlster, married to Katharina Dorr in 1735 Maurer, married to Apolonia Gentner\nMaus 1834-, son of Peter and Barbara Barth Maus 1806-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Backes Maus 1778-, son of Michael and Maria Paulus\nMautes 1888-1971, son of Peter and Barbara Leistenschneider, married to Magdalena Kastler in 1919 Mautes 1870-1944, son of Mathias and Magdalena Bastian Mautes 1863-1867, son of Mathias and Magdalena Bastian Mautes 1845-1863, son of Peter and Anna Adam\nMaxem ca 1731-1791, son of Wilhelm and Maria Leinen, married to Anna Maria Steffen in 1770\nMay 1752-1754, son of Hubert and Anna Catharina Stein May 1722-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Staudt May 1719-1754, married to Margaretha x in 1747 May 1731, married to Anna Maria Staudt in 1721\nMayer 1890-1945, son of Johann and Dorothea Dlker, married to Katharina Feiedrich in 1914 Mayer 1882-1884, son of Johann and Anna Becker Mayer 1871-1877, son of Wilhelm and Anna Gebert Mayer 1868-, son of Mathias and Margarethe Brettner, married to Anna Zang in 1896 Mayer ca 1864-1870, son of Felix and Sophia Hary Mayer 1855-1932, son of Valentin and Maria Wolf Mayer 1849-/1923, son of Michael and Dorathea (Dora) Ehmann, married to Dorothea Dlker in 1870 Mayer 1848-, son of Michael and Anna Mller Mayer 1847-, son of Johann Meyer and Katharina Schneider, married to Anna Becker in 1876 Mayer 1846-1899, with Christine Heer Mayer 1845-1882, son of Peter Mayer, Meier and Margaretha Dorscheid, married to Maria Martin in 1869 Mayer 1842-, son of Georg Meyer and Maria Anna Sonntag Mayer 1804-, married to Anna Maria Mueller in 1827 Mayer 1741-, son of Johann and Katharina Leibfried Mayer 1717-1788, married to Katharina Leibfried in 1739 Mayer, married to Anna Maria Carp Mayer , married to Anna Zillig Mayer , married to Antonette Scheilz Mayer, married to Barbara Mayer Mayer, married to Anna Elisabeth Schlang Mayer, married to Barbara Kaufmann in 1711\nMayers , married to Anna Elisabetha Wurschem in 1786\nMaylander ca 1652-1735, son of Antonius Mailnder and Ottilia Schfer, married to Anna Maria Catharina Frisch in 1691, Gertrud ?\nMeckling 1881-1947, son of Karl and Katharina Unterschtz\nMeder 1862-, son of Nikolaus and Christine Darbois, married to Maria Hubig in 1884\nMees 1805-1847, son of Joannis and Margarethe Clesius, married to Anna Brbara Munzlinger Mees , son of Nikolaus Mays and Angela Thiel, with Margarethe Geller\nMegue 1851-1882, married to Barbara Lwenbrck in 1880\nMehrenburg (von), father of Eberhard\nMeienhofer 1824-1901, married to Barbara Kabis in 1859\nMeier 1856-1927, son of Johannes and Marie Katharina Trautwein Meier 1842-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Heuser, married to Maria Schmitt in 1869 Meier ca 1750-, married to Anna Maria Bohr in 1781\nMeilchen 1896-1954, son of Nicolaus and Johanna Schmidt Meilchen 1868-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Welde, married to Maria Dorr in 1889 Meilchen 1867-1867, son of Peter and Elisabeth Welde Meilchen ca 1833-, married to Anna Maria Schille Meilchen 1777-1783, son of Johann and Anna Maria Pinter Meilchen 1763-1765, son of Johann and Catharina Mayer Meilchen ca 1759-1762, son of Johann and Catharina Mayer Meilchen ca 1754-1786, son of Peter and Catharina Maus, married to Anna Maria Pinter in 1776 Meilchen ca 1753-1762, son of Johann and Catharina Mayer Meilchen ca 1747-1792, son of Michel Meilgen and Margaretha Schmidt Meilchen 1722-1777, son of Johann, married to Catharina Mayer in 1746 Meilchen 1699-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Johanna Girard, father of Johann Meilchen , married to Barbara Weinberg\nMeilke 1895-1897, son of Johann and Magdalena Knopp Meilke 1873-, son of Friedrich and Christine Bohnet, married to Magdalena Knopp in 1896, Rosine Kroll in 1910\nMeiser 1890-1974, son of Nikolaus and Maria Catharina Thiel, married to Margarete Berens in 1914 Meiser 1866-, son of Joannes and Margarethe Engel Meiser 1865-, married to Elisabeth Kirsch in 1894 Meiser 1777-1777, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Mller Meiser 1737-, married to Anna Maria Scherer in 1765 Meiser, married to Katharina Jochum\nMelcher , married to Anna Margaretha Degen\nMeling , father of Elisabeth\nMelling 1797-, married to Anna Maria Ries in 1825\nMemhard 1826-1827, son of Andreas Michael and Katharina Bauer\nMenard 1854-, son of Peter and Maria Jacob Menard, married to Elisabeth Brunet\nMerches 1719-, son of Philipp and Margaretha Falck Merches 1644-1730, son of Jacob Merten and X merten, married to Maria Detzler\nMerfeld 1856-, son of Matthias and Maria Salm Merfeld , son of Matthias and Maria Salm\nMerkle 1820-, son of Georg Michael and Christina Barbara Schneider\nMerl , married to Elisabeth Birtel in 1826\nMerten 1834-1899, married to Catharina Winter in 1859 Merten 1831-1898, married to Barbara Seger in 1857 Merten 1766-1816, son of Philipp and Angela Haffner, married to Margaretha Schuler Merten ca 1743-1818, married to Anna Maria Geick in 1774 Merten 1708-, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Metlzer Merten 1648-1698, married to Anna Schmalz in 1674\nMertes 1883-, son of Nicolaus and Katharina Knopp\nMertz 1777-1829, son of Johann MRz, Mertz and Gertrud Gross, married to Anna Maria Becker in 1804\nMerz 1720-, married to Gertrud Beer\nMeske 1860-1920, son of Johann Gottlieb and Regina Buerle, married to Johanna Weber in 1882\nMesner 1828-, son of Jakob and Maria Lamarche\nMeter 1891-, son of Mathias and Maria Knopp Meter 1852-1856, son of Mathias and Margaretha Schmitt Meter 1836-, son of Mathias and Margaretha Schmitt\nMetsch 1652-, married to Anna Barbara ? in 1677\nMetz , married to Margaretha Meister\nMetzen 1751-, son of Johann Jakob and Susanna Flesch Metzen 1775-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Geimer\nMetzger 1842-1913, son of Franz and Katharina Karl, married to Margaretha Schackmann in 1869 Metzger 1719-1756, married to Catharina Paulus in 1747 Metzger 1684-1741, son of Johann Georg Metzger, married to Anna Maria Kockler\nMetzler , married to Barbara Wollems\nMeunier 1866-, son of Johann and Eva Welsch, married to Josefin Menard in 1896 Meunier 1834-, son of Simon and Anna Maria Klein, married to Eva Welsch in 1864\nMeyer ca 1901-, son of Michael and Gertrud Khn, married to Anna Maria Po Meyer 1900-, son of Franz and Katharina Meier Meyer 1899-, son of Caspar and Margaretha Schmitt Meyer 1895-1955, son of Georg and Elisabeth Klein Meyer 1887-, son of Peter and Barbara Schmitt Meyer 1876-1880, son of Peter and Barbara Schmitt Meyer 1875-, son of Johann and Margaretha Khler, married to Margaretha Forster in 1899 Meyer 1873-1877, son of Johann Heinrich and Maria Ganster Meyer 1872-, son of Michael and Anna Witty, married to Katharina Becker in 1896 Meyer 1870-1872, son of Paul and Catharina Altmeyer Meyer 1862-1921, son of Sebastian and Elisabeth Schorr, married to Anna Speicher in 1888 Meyer 1862-1863, son of Peter Mayer and Elisabeth Knig Meyer 1860-1861, son of Adam and Franzisca Comtesse Meyer 1856-, son of Johann and Barbara Trck, married to Anna Schreiner in 1884 Meyer ca 1854-1861, son of Peter and Maria Kastell Meyer 1852-1853, son of Johann and Barbara Trck Meyer 1851-1912, son of Johann and Margarethe Loris, married to Catharina Schneider in 1874 Meyer 1850-, son of Michael and Katharina Mayer Meyer 1844-, son of Andreas and Katharina Stein Meyer 1844-1845, son of Gerhard Mayer and Maria Burg Meyer 1843-1845, son of Lorenz and Margarethe Prediger Meyer 1841-1843, son of Johann and Barbara Trck Meyer 1840-, son of Peter and Barbara Schmidt, married to Anna Katharina Nalbach in 1863 Meyer 1836-1906, married to Johanna Pistorius in 1863 Meyer 1834-1881, son of Caspar and Gertrude Jensen, married to Margaretha Khler in 1864 Meyer 1828-1892, son of Peter and Angelica Ney Meyer 1827-1828, son of Christoph and Margaretha Barth Meyer 1827-, son of Johann and Margarethe Mller Meyer 1824-, son of Johann and Margarethe Mller Meyer 1816-1888, son of Peter and Angelica Ney, married to Elisabeth Wirth in 1857 Meyer 1815-1853, son of Wilhelm Mayer and Katharina Truntzler, married to Katharina Schneider Meyer 1814-1898, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Knopp, married to Barbara Trck in 1837 Meyer 1813-1882, son of Johann and Margarethe Karrenbauer, married to Margarethe Loris in 1848 Meyer 1805-, son of Johann Georg and Maria Kurtz Meyer 1805-, son of Matthias and Magdalena Barth, married to Anna Maria Backes in 1835 Meyer 1803-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Dreistadt Meyer 1802-1858, son of Peter and Maria Tabellion, married to Katharina Margaretha Grser in 1824 Meyer 1795-, son of Johannes and Anna Hirtz, married to Margarethe Mller in 1821 Meyer 1760-, son of Johann and Catharina Lorang Meyer 1759-, son of Johann Georg and Anna Gertrud Schmitt Meyer 1752-1756, son of Johann and Catharina Lorang Meyer 1727-1771, son of Jacob Mayer, Meyer and Anna Katharina Jacob, married to Catharina Lorang in 1746 Meyer 1712-1773, son of Johann and Margaretha Eisenbarth, married to Anna Margaretha Frank in 1739 Meyer 1684-1754, son of Hans Martin and Angela Scherer, married to Margaretha Eisenbarth in 1710 Meyer 1836, married to Elisabeth Schmidt Meyer , married to Friederike Wilhelmine Caroline Kessler Meyer 1830, married to Margarethe Karrenbauer Meyer , married to Elisabeth Mller\nMichaely 1750-1810, son of Peter Johann Mathias and Elisabeth Anna Mller Michaely 1691-, son of Peter Nicolaus and Elisabeth Adolff Michaely 1689-, son of Peter Nicolaus and Elisabeth Adolff Michaely 1720-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Pierrot Michaely 1712-1740, son of Nikolaus and Maria Pierrot\nMichelbacher /1828-/1881, married to Dorothea Liebergall Michelbacher 1804-, son of Peter and Margarethe Jungbluth, married to Elisabeth Mller in 1844 Michelbacher, married to Anna Katharina Augustin\nMichels 1844-, son of Johann and Maria Bierbrauer, married to Magdalena Osbild in 1870 Michels 1782-1843, married to Margaretha Ackermann in 1810 Michels ca 1765-1828, married to Catharina Schwarz in 1798 Michels , married to Helene Domini Michels , son of Johann and Catharina Schwarz, married to Maria Bierbauer in 1842 Michels, married to Maria Bierbrauer\nMichenbach 1749-1828, married to Anna Margaretha Albrecht in 1776\nMichlenko 1888-, married to Magdalena Leitz in 1925\nMichler , married to Elisabeth Krmer\nMicka 1787-1787, son of Johann Heinrich and Barbara Martini Micka , married to Elisabetha Gelesena\nMicol 1830-1904, with Elisabeth Kathrine Breitling\nMihsere , married to Katharina Thinn\nMikli 1878-1950, relationship with Regina Rauschenberger\nMilbradt 1876-1931, married to Pauline Schweigert in 1908\nMinas, married to Margaretha Roth\nMind 1856-1859, son of Nicolaus and Anna Maria Eberhard Mind 1842, son of Nicolaus and Anna Maria Eberhard\nMinder 1863-, son of Andreas and Theresa Abele\nMink 1875-, married to Emma Bacher in 1901 Mink 1870-, son of Anton and Maria Agatha Wenzler, married to Katharina Goenner in 1886\nMinn 1864-, son of Philipp and Maria Becker\nMiria 1799-1826, married to Anna Maria Saikel\nMirold 1898-, son of Johann and Johanna Bachelier, married to Anna Schtz in 1926 Mirold 1888-1926, son of Nikolaus and Anna Fischer Mirold 1886-1887, son of Nikolaus and Anna Fischer Mirold 1863-, son of Peter and Johannetta Zapp, married to Johanna Bachelier in 1890 Mirold 1863-, son of Peter and Katharina Guinion Mirold 1832-, son of Johann and Katharina Jacob Mirold 1807-1834, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Katherina Orth, married to Katharina Jacob in 1829\nMischler, married to Susanna ?\nMischo 1888-1908, son of Jakob and Margaretha Ochs Mischo 1852-1899, son of Johann and Barbara Geber, married to Elisabeth Burgund in 1880 Mischo 1843-1916, son of Johann and Barbara Geber, married to Margaretha Andre in 1869 Mischo 1813-1885, son of Peter and Katharina Schmitt, married to Barbara Geber in 1837\nMittelstadt 1874-, son of Wilhelm Friedrich Mittelstaedt and Louise Weiss\nMittermLler 1874-, son of Johann and Anna Nicolas MittermLler 1873-1874, son of Johann and Anna Nicolas MittermLler 1840-1878, married to Anna Nicolas in 1869 MittermLler 1742-1794, married to Susanna Monter in 1779\nMittermller 1878-, son of Johann and Ottilia Mller, married to Berta Pohl in 1913 Mittermller 1850-, son of Johann and Magdalena Georg, married to Ottilia Mller in 1877 Mittermller 1824-1851, son of Michael and Catharina Weisgerber, married to Magdalena Georg in 1848 Mittermller 1776-1805, married to Barbara Fontaine Mittermller ca 1714-1794, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Klein, married to Anna Schmitt in 1739\nMittleider 1898-1994, married to Magdalena Singer in 1971\nMock , married to Anna Grueble\nMoellenbach 1810-, son of Jakob Mllenbach and Elisabeth Draeger Moellenbach 1777-1814, son of Peter Mllenbach and Gertrud Junck, married to Barbara Theis in 1800\nMogck 1914-, son of Johann and Anne Maria Mller Mogck 1892-, son of Jakob and Christine Bohnet Mogck 1883-, married to Elisabeth Weiss in 1906 Mogck 1872-1915, married to Anne Maria Mller in 1890\nMohm 1879-, son of Michael Muhm and Catharina Maar Mohm 1768-1768, son of Johann Adam and Anna Barbara Reuland Mohm 1759-1768, son of Johann Adam and Anna Barbara Reuland\nMohr 1835-1837, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Meiser Mohr , married to Katharina Scherer Mohr , son of Josef and Anna Jochum\nMohrle 1854-, son of Jacob Friedrich Mhrlen and Regina Gunther\nMhrlin 1639-1710, son of Jacob and Anna Pfaff, married to Anna Maria Rapp in 1661\nMolitor 1882-, son of Peter and Gertrud Rues Molitor 1872-, married to Elisabeth Recktenwald in 1898 Molitor 1849-1891, son of Johann and Anna Maria MLler, married to Anna Maria Krier in 1875 Molitor 1848-, married to Anna Schmidt in 1872 Molitor 1848-, son of Johann and Margaretha Fassbender, married to Catharina Becker in 1881 Molitor 1836-, son of Johann and Angelica Fritz Molitor 1825-, son of Johann and Margaretha Dittrich Molitor 1821-1881, son of Peter and Barbara Fontaine, married to Margaretha Fassbender in 1846, Margaretha Fassbender in 1846 Molitor 1818-, married to Anna Maria MLler in 1841 Molitor 1806-1810, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Haffner Molitor 1804-1804, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Haffner Molitor 1801-1859, son of Johann Georg and Magdalena Becker, married to Angelica Fritz in 1821 Molitor 1798-1810, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Haffner Molitor 1789-1831, son of Georg and Margaretha N., married to Margaretha Dittrich in 1813 Molitor 1789-, son of Johann Georg and Magdalena Becker Molitor , married to Angela Engeln\nMoll , married to Anna Margaretha Jager\nMller , married to Catharein Conrad in 1657\nMommenthal 1881-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Hoffmann, married to Margaretha Sonntag Mommenthal 1810-1821, son of Peter and Catharina Franz Mommenthal 1798-, son of Peter and Catharina Franz Mommenthal ca 1726-1794, married to Apollonia Brenner in 1776\nMontag 1806-1806, son of Sebastian and Gertrud Thibaut\nMonter, married to Margaretha Kast\nMonz 1849-, son of Georg and Maria Thiel, married to Barbara Drr in 1875\nMonzel 1858-, son of Philipp and Katharina Goergen, married to Maria Schemel in 1889\nMoos 1871-1936, married to Mathilda Schweigert in 1893 Moos ca 1600-1656, son of Christian and Barbara Doswald, married to Anna Zing\nMoosbrugger, married to Wilhelmina Hipp\nMorguet 1888-, son of Peter and Anna Theobald, married to Maria Katharina Klein Morguet 1887-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Amann, married to Anna Maria Weiler Morguet 1879-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Welsch, married to Elisabeth Schmitt Morguet 1876-1877, son of Peter and Anna Theobald Morguet 1869-1869, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Lonsdorfer Morguet 1852-, son of Franz and Maria Welsch Morguet 1849-, son of Anton and Anna Denis Morguet 1848-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Linseler, married to Anna Maria Amann in 1878 Morguet 1842-1891, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Welsch, married to Elisabeth Welsch in 1872 Morguet 1810-1885, son of Johann and Anna Auler, married to Anna Maria Linseler in 1840 Morguet 1777-1817, son of Johann Peter and Anna Stein, married to Anna Auler in 1804 Morguet 1773-1773, son of Anton and Margaretha Stein Morguet 1755-1795, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Mller, married to Anne Catherine Kisgen in 1778\nMoritz 1888-, son of Philipp and Katharina Braun Moritz 1885-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Zang Moritz 1850-, son of Johann and Katharina Otto Moritz 1841-, son of Johann and Katharina Otto Moritz 1814-1876, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Mller, married to Katharina Otto in 1840, Anna Fischer in 1857 Moritz 1810-1877, with M Anna Nie\nMoritzen , with Mergen ?\nMorlok ca 1846-, married to Elisabeta Denger Helber in 1886\nMorschett 1897-1898, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Guillaume Morschett 1895-1895, son of Johann and Margarethe Schtz Morschett 1890-1891, son of Johann and Margarethe Schtz Morschett 1884-1956, son of Wilhelm and Katharina Lorson, married to Marie Luise Von Blon in 1922 Morschett 1868-1918, son of Johann and Elisabeth Kramer, married to Anna Lorson in 1898 Morschett 1867-, son of Michael and Elisabeth Kugel Morschett 1865-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Kramer Morschett 1862-1946, son of Wendel and Elisabeth Speicher, married to Elisabeth Louis in 1885, Margarethe Schtz in 1889 Morschett 1852-, son of Michael and Anna Hahn Morschett 1846-, son of Michael and Anna Hahn Morschett 1841-1914, son of Peter and Apollonia Kien Morschett 1833-1891, son of Peter and Apollonia Kien, married to Anna Frey in 1867 Morschett 1832-1832, son of Peter and Apollonia Kien Morschett 1827-1889, son of Peter and Anna Maria Lorson, married to Elisabeth Kramer in 1856 Morschett 1825-, son of Franciscus and Anna Blaise\nMosel 1885-, son of Johann and Magdalena Eisenbarth Mosel 1857-1896, married to Magdalena Eisenbarth in 1883\nMoser 1793-, son of Johann and Margaretha Baldauf Moser 1779-, son of Johann and Margaretha Baldauf Moser 1750-1822, married to Margaretha Baldauf in 1774 Moser, married to Agnes Hring\nMotsch 1861-, son of Mathias and Elisabeth Kurtz\nMotz 1873-, married to Magdalena Sulz in 1914\nMoutier 1895-1948, son of Nikolaus and Anna Ahr Moutier 1872-1938, son of Johann and Anna Maria Karrenbauer Moutier 1844-, son of Michael and Anna Fritz, married to Anna Maria Karrenbauer in 1867, Elisabeth Schirra in 1889 Moutier 1809-1818, son of Johann and Elisabeth Wirtz Moutier 1802-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Wirtz Moutier 1839, son of Andreas and Katharina Rittemann, married to Elisabeth Wirtz in 1799\nMuehlhaeuser 1773-, married to Anna Hausch in 1795\nMueller 1883-, son of Johann Nicolaus and Friedericka Kiess Mueller 1882-, son of Jakob Mller and Barbara Krause Mueller 1882-, son of Jakob Mller and Barbara Krause Mueller 1870-1871, son of Jakob and Margarete Maier Mueller 1868-1940, son of Gottlieb Miller and Caroline Isaak Mueller 1861-1861, son of Johann Michael and Karoline Wieland Mueller 1820-1864, married to Dorothea Bohnet in 1844 Mueller ca 1626-, married to Barbara Elsabeth Mitschel in 1645 Mueller , married to Ida Fode Mueller , married to Rosina Wackenhut in 1881 Mueller 1693-, son of Dominique Mller and Elisabeth Apollonia Scholer or Schuler\nMueller or Muellmann ca 1680-1751, married to Anna Margaretha Zapp in 1703\nMuenzer , with Maria Elsaesser\nMuffler 1892-, son of Franz Xaver and Otilia Kempter\nMhlen 1898-, son of Mathias and Elisabeth Braun Mhlen 1861-, son of Friedrich Wilhelm and Margarethe Quinten, married to Katharina Renkes in 1890\nMhlhuser ca 1879-, married to Maria Pauline Dauber in 1904\nMhlmann 1761-1776, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Meyer Mhlmann 1758-1760, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Meyer\nMllebach 1757-, son of Adam Moellebach and Barbara Henrich, married to Anna Schmanck in 1780\nMllenbach 1800-, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Draeger\nMuller 1907-, son of Johann and Barbara Morchett Muller 1907-1979, married to Martha Weishaar in 1934 Muller 1887-1917, married to Paulina Haas in 1912 Muller 1886-1966, son of Johann Mller and Catharina Schmitt, married to Barbara Morchett Muller 1866-, married to Katharina Haag Muller 1866-, son of Johann Peter Mller and Elisabetha Margaretha Heuchel, married to Elisabeta Margareta Mller Muller 1864-, son of Johann Mller and Elisabeth Breinig\nMller 1916-1945, son of Johann and Barbara Schmidt, married to Katharina Trenz in 1940 Mller 1900-, son of Peter MLLER and Anna Maria HEIN Mller 1899-1933, son of Georg and Maria Mayer Mller 1898-, son of Johann Muller and Elisabeta Margareta Mller Mller 1896-, son of Johann and Barbara Ney Mller 1894-1897, son of Michael and Maria Hehs Mller 1890-1916, son of Nicolaus and Elisabeth Comtesse Mller 1889-, son of Johann and Barbara Stuhlsatz Mller 1888-1890, son of Matthias and Maria Zang Mller 1888-1958, married to Anna Hartenberger in 1910 Mller 1887-, son of Johann and Barbara Klinkert Mller 1886-, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Abel Mller 1885-1885, son of Franz and Magdalena Lorson Mller 1884-1964, son of Jakob and Katharina Stutz Mller 1884-, son of Johannes and Elisabetha Turner, married to Katharina Rodner Mller 1884-1966, son of Jakob and Augustina Rempfer, married to Margarete Flaman in 1916 Mller 1881-, son of Johann and Katharina Margaretha Jethon Mller 1881-1881, son of Johann and Maria Loch Mller 1880-1880, son of Johann and Maria Loch Mller 1879-1879, son of Matthias and Angela Hessedenz Mller 1876-, son of Peter Mathias and Maria Jenal, married to Maria Woll Mller 1875-1876, son of Johann and Barbara Stuhlsatz Mller 1873-1954, son of Johann and Barbara Bernard, married to Barbara Schmidt in 1902 Mller 1873-1949, son of Peter and Katharina Schirra Mller 1872-1957, son of Michael and Maria Baltes Mller 1870-1885, son of Friedrich and Friederike Seitz Mller 1869-1869, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Maurer Mller 1868-, son of Johann and Katharina Elisabetha Heichel (Heuchel) Mller 1868-, married to Barbara Ney in 1895 Mller 1867-, son of Philipp and Margarethe Bachelier Mller 1866-1955, son of Peter and Maria Breuer, married to Anna Frantz in 1895 Mller 1862-1890, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Meyer Mller 1860-, son of Johann and Catharina Schmitz, married to Catharina Wagner in 1886 Mller 1860-1924, son of Johann and Elisabeth Breinig, married to Catharina Schmitt in 1884 Mller 1858-, son of Johann Adam and Anna Maria Grgen Mller 1858-, son of Mathias and Maria Naumann, married to Katharina Luise Dnig in 1884 Mller 1856-, son of Johann and Anna Haffner Mller 1854-1922, son of Wilhelm and Margarethe Ahr, married to Barbara Klinkert in 1882 Mller 1852-, son of Peter and Angelika Luxemburger Mller 1851-, son of Michael and Johanna Jacob, married to Barbara Stuhlsatz in 1875 Mller 1851-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Mang, married to Magdalena Lang in 1875 Mller 1851-, married to Katharina Margaretha Jethon in 1873 Mller 1849-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Mang Mller 1848-, son of Jacob and Catharina Weiter, married to Maria Loch in 1878, Susanna Rosina Felden in 1889 Mller 1847-, son of Johann and Wilhelmina Gbel Mller 1847-, married to Wilhelmine Katharina Gbel in 1868 Mller 1845-, son of Mathias and Catharina Kiefer, married to Catharina Falck in 1881 Mller 1845-, son of Jakob Johann and Margarethe Fischer Mller 1845-, son of Johann and Eva Becker, married to Barbara Bernard in 1872 Mller 1843-1844, son of Jakob and Margarethe Renckes Mller 1843-, son of Michael and Johanna Jacob, married to Margarethe Hilgert in 1869 Mller 1843-1915, married to Katharina Elisabetha Heichel (Heuchel) Mller 1843-, son of Johann and Magdalena Schackmann Mller 1842-, son of Johann and Katharina Krier Mller 1842-, son of Jacob and Johanna Karrenbauer Mller 1841-, son of Georg and Magdalena Roth, married to Margarethe Louis in 1865 Mller 1841-1865, son of Peter and Catharina Schnubel Mller 1839-, son of Johann Georg and Barbara Kien, married to Maria Gayer in 1862, Maria Weber in 1870 Mller 1838-1862, son of Jakob MLler and Elisabeth Ernst, married to Maria Anna Hiry in 1862 Mller 1835-1835, son of Georg and Magdalena Roth Mller 1834-, son of Johann and Magdalena Schackmann, married to Elisabeth Breinig in 1859 Mller 1833-1836, son of Peter and Gertrud Dorothea Dreistadt Mller 1830-1891, son of Johann Georg and Barbara Kien, married to Catharina Schmitz in 1856 Mller 1830-1879, son of Johann MLler and Catharina Leder, married to Anna Haffner in 1854 Mller 1828-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Jacob, married to Margaretha Grgen in 1856 Mller 1826-, son of Michael and Anna Mayer Mller 1825-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Jacob, married to Catharina Bartsch in 1848 Mller 1825-1903, married to Margaretha Arweiler in 1853 Mller 1823-, son of Michael and Katharina Forster, married to Anna Maria Jacob in 1853 Mller 1823-1846, son of Bernhard Muller and Margaretha Mittermuller Mller 1818-1819, son of Bernhard Muller and Margaretha Mittermuller Mller 1814-1824, son of August Mathias and Maria Steil Mller 1814-1814, son of Johann and Maria Albert Mller 1812-, married to Barbara Blass Mller 1811-1848, son of Johann and Maria Albert, married to Eva Becker in 1836 Mller 1806-1855, son of Johann and Barbara Cadet, married to Katharina Krier in 1837, Margaretha Gertrud Mller in 1851 Mller 1806-, son of Wilhelm and Katharina Frey, married to Magdalena Schackmann in 1833, Katharina Schneider in 1858 Mller 1805-, son of Johann and Gertrud Becker Mller 1805-1874, son of Johann and Barbara Rupp Mller 1803-1805, son of Johann and Gertrud Becker Mller 1802-1883, son of Claude and Madeleine Weiler, married to Maria Anna Kollmann in 1838 Mller 1801-1837, son of Johann Peter and Barbara Malsack, married to Elisabeth Merten in 1820 Mller 1799-1864, son of Wilhelm and Angelika Weiss, married to Catharina Weber in 1820 Mller 1798-1870, son of Matthias and Johanna Gries, married to Sohpia Katharina Regitz in 1824, Wilhelmina Gbel in 1831 Mller 1798-, son of Johann Peter and Barbara Malsack Mller 1797-, son of Wilhelm and Angelika Weiss Mller 1794-1834, son of Johann and Johanna Hirtz, married to Anna Maria Butter in 1820 Mller 1782-1849, son of Conrad and Catharina Berweiler, married to Barbara Cadet in 1808 Mller 1779-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Amann, married to Barbara Mller in 1801 Mller 1778-1841, son of Johann Jakob MLler and Anna Maria Neu, married to Anna Haan in 1803, Anna Maria Lehmann in 1806 Mller 1774-1852, son of Michael and Anna Braun, married to Maria Albert in 1799 Mller 1774-, son of Johann and Barbara Schmitt, married to Gertrud Becker in 1798 Mller 1771-1773, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Amann Mller 1766-1837, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Eisenbarth, married to Barbara Rupp in 1796 Mller 1763-, son of Conrad and Franziska Moser Mller 1760-1779, son of Georg and Gertrud Leistenschneider Mller 1759-1760, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Kien Kihn KHe Mller 1759-, son of Peter and Katharina Lw Mller 1759-1832, son of Johann Jean and Johanna Eisenbarth, married to Johanna Hirtz in 1785, Anna Schmitt in 1809 Mller 1754-1757, son of Peter and Margaretha Schweitzer Mller 1753-, son of Peter and Maria Schmidt Mller 1752-1819, married to Elisabeth Schorn in 1783 Mller 1747-, son of Johann and Maria Dax Mller 1745-1808, son of Peter and Anna Margaretha Jacob, married to Barbara Schmitt in 1770 Mller 1739-1740, son of Johann and Anna Katharina Lorang Mller 1735-, son of Matthias and Margaritha Schudel, married to Anna Thiel in 1759 Mller 1734-1788, son of Peter and Anna Margarethe Wahlster, married to Margarethe Rupp Mller ca 1732-, son of Johann and Gertrud SchNhoffen, married to Barbara Bildhauer in 1754 Mller 1731-1781, son of Christian and Margaretha Gden, married to Angelika Albert in 1759 Mller 1724-1812, son of Johannes and Margaretha Lehnerdt, married to Anna Catharina Kien Kihn KHe in 1755 Mller 1722-, son of Philipp and Anna Elisabeth Oster Mller 1721-, son of Johannes and Margaretha Bietzer Mller ca 1720-1767, son of Bernhard and Anna Hess, married to Maria Dax in 1744 Mller 1710-1754, son of Philipp and Margaretha Guiard, married to Anna Catharina Marchebois in 1732 Mller 1706-, son of Johann and Gertrud Kautz Mller ca 1705-, married to Gertrud SchNhoffen in 1723 Mller /1700-1771, son of Nikolaus and Maria Anna Frick, married to Anna Katharina Lorang in 1728 Mller ca 1677-1723, married to Gertrud Kautz Mller 1670-1733, son of Hans Michael and Anna Dell, married to Maria Weyrich in 1636 Mller ca 1644-1734, son of Martin, married to Anna Jost in 1665 Mller 1604-, son of Johann Molitor and Angela Engeln Mller , son of Johann and Barbara Blass, married to Catharina Eisenbart in 1871 Mller , son of Johann and Barbara Blass Mller, married to Barbara Barth Mller, married to Barbara Barth Mller, married to Barbara Schommer in 1787 Mller 1787, son of Bernhard and Maria Clieser, married to Johanna Mackin in 1777 Mller , son of Johann and Barbara Barth Mller , married to Elisabeth Zewe Mller 1838, married to X Brckler Mller , married to Christina Mller Mller , married to Barbara Bernard Mller , married to Maria Engler Mller, married to Anna Maria Gradwohl in 1839 Mller , married to Theresia Gradwohl in 1908 Mller , married to Elisabeth Gradwohl in 1880 Mller , married to Katharina ? Mller , married to Katharina Bast Mller, married to Eva Hoegenbil Mller, married to Elisabeth Bonhomme Mller, married to Katharina Weber Mller, married to Theresia Ory Mller, married to Maria ? Mller , married to Margaretha Breinig in 1876 Mller 1745, son of Johann and Anna Jost, married to Anna Katharina Geis in 1700 Mller 1866, son of Peter and Maria Ladwein, married to Anna Maria Gratz in 1825\nMnch 1821-1872, married to Anna Hirschmann\nMnchow 1864-1947, son of Michael and Philippine Klein Mnchow 1857-1935, son of Johann and Katharina Schmidt, married to Katharina Comtesse in 1885 Mnchow 1855-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Wilhelm Mnchow 1823-1886, son of Joachim and Katharina Krell, married to Katharina Schmidt in 1846\nMninger 1890-, son of Johann Georg Mnsinger and Maria Dorothea Munz\nMuseler 1711-1779, son of Johann and Anna Maria Cubert, married to Maria Margaretha Weitten Museler /1693-, son of Johann Wilhelm and Anna Engler, married to Anna Maria Cubert\nMutschler 1883-1931, married to Maria Gwinner in 1906\nMuz 1836-1840, son of Jacob Friedrich Mutz and Katherina Grueber\nN\nNESER ca 1745-1784, son of Anton and Margaretha PFEFFER, married to Maria Margaretha GRTNER in 1777\nNEY 1862-1886, son of Peter Ney and Margaretha Mller\nNEY ( Neu) 1812-1825, son of Paul Ney and Maria Katharina Henrich\nNICOLA 1806-1806, son of Michael Nicolas and Irmina Deitz\nNILLES 1823-, son of Bartholomus Nilles and Anna Maria TROSSEN\nNaas 1891-1960, son of Wilhelm Naasz and Rosa Frank, married to Sofie Hintz in 1915\nNaasz 1889-1889, son of Wilhelm and Karoline Schlenker Naasz 1887-1933, son of Andreas and Maria Schaber, married to Wilheminia Minnie Fiechtner in 1915\nNagass 1834-1836, son of Ludwig and Elisabeth Scherer\nNagel 1904-1904, son of Georg and Anna Recktenwald Nagel 1879-1936, son of Johann Georg and Eva Katharina Hrer, married to Katharine Barbara Handte in 1902, Christina Molt in 1916 Nagel 1873-1934, married to Christina EISENBEISS in 1896 Nagel 1870-, son of Johann Georg Nagele and Anna Maria Eberhard, married to Marie Ziegler in 1898 Nagel 1825-1886, married to Susanna Jung in 1850 Nagel , with Anna Barbara Schller\nNagy , son of Andreas and Elisabetha Dupp\nNalbach 1888-1914, son of Peter and Maria Grn, with Maria Theresia Schwinn Nalbach 1879-1880, son of Nikolaus and Anna Charon Nalbach 1878-1878, son of Nikolaus and Anna Charon Nalbach 1872-1873, son of Johann and Katharina Bietzer Nalbach 1871-1871, son of Johann and Katharina Bietzer Nalbach 1861-1862, son of Peter and Margaretha Sonnhalter Nalbach 1856-1865, son of Paul and Maria Raphael Nalbach 1844-, son of Peter and Sophia Spaeth, married to Maria Huwig in 1866 Nalbach 1839-1840, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Sonnhalter Nalbach 1835-1851, son of Georg and Maria Catharina Albert Nalbach 1834-, son of Johann and Katharina Jacob, married to Katharina Bietzer in 1854 Nalbach ca 1809-1874, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Kinzinger, married to Anna Katharina Bonenberger in 1834 Nalbach 1801-1858, son of Konrad and Maria Luxenburger, married to Katharina Jacob in 1826\nNannt 1900-, married to Elsa Sulz in 1928 Nannt 1886-, son of Ludwig and Christine Grosshans, married to Friederika Menge in 1911 Nannt 1861-1861, son of Johann Heinrich and Christina Margaretha Renz\nNarr 1867-, married to Magdalena Narr in 1895\nNau 1835-, son of Nicolaus and Catharina Bach Nau 1797-, son of Johann Martin and Christine Dietrich Nau 1702-1764, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Magdalena Bouffey, married to Anna Katharina Kiefer\nNauert 1766-1816, married to Margarethe Zech\nNaumann 1798-, married to Susanna Maria Anna Henne in 1845 Naumann , married to Maria Magdalena Rieff\nNaumen ca 1748-1797, son of Johann and Anna Maria Bartel, married to Susanna Heck in 1766 Naumen 1713-1765, married to Anna Maria Bartel in 1737\nNebowsky 1858-1861, son of Anna Karolina Klein\nNehlig 1824, son of Valentin and Apollonia Pelt, married to Elisabeth Schmitt\nNei 1890-, son of Jacob and Maria Schorn Nei , married to Anna Bach\nNeidhart 1682-1752, son of Hans and Maria Brenner, married to Anna Maria Frey in 1711\nNeiffer, son of Philipp and Christina Weber\nNeigum 1898-, son of Martin and Christina Bosch\nNeis 1899-1930, son of Wendel and Anna Maria Herman\nNeisius 1863-, son of Johann and Lucia Schwarz, married to Katharina Wiesen in 1888 Neisius 1857-, son of Johann and Lucia Schwarz Neisius , married to Lucia Schwarz\nNenno 1895-1947, son of Johann Nikolaus and Margaretha Baton Nenno 1827-1862, son of Nikolaus and Anna Catharina Setter, married to Margarethe Ganster in 1854 Nenno 1824-1824, son of Nikolaus and Anna Catharina Setter Nenno 1823-1823, son of Nikolaus and Anna Catharina Setter Nenno 1798-1870, son of Johann and Elisabeth Paquet, married to Katharina Schober in 1825 Nenno 1783-ca 1865, son of Josef and Anna Nenno, married to Barbara Kunzler in 1812 Nenno 1783-1870, married to Barbara Kunzler in 1812 Nenno 1771-1822, son of Johann Wilhelm and Katharina Schwartz, married to Elisabeth Paquet in 1798 Nenno 1767-1841, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schneider, married to Elisabeth Linsler Nenno 1737-, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Misen Nenno 1715-1787, son of Andreae Nenaut and Catherine Fogere, married to Elisabeth Schneider in 1744\nNestel 1624-, son of Thomas, married to Magdalena ?\nNeth 1783-1861, son of Johann Georg and Anna Margaretha Steinhilber, married to Agnes Catharina Bauer in 1807 Neth 1718-1793, son of Jacob and Christina Steinhilber, married to Catharina Sulz in 1751\nNeu 1874-1882, son of Johann and Katherine Heer Neu 1849-1927, married to Katherine Heer in 1873 Neu 1779-1846, son of Johann Sebastian and Katharina Schmitt Neu 1769-1804, son of Peter Ney and Margaretha Ney, married to Johanna Neu in 1799 Neu 1756-1830, married to Anna Katharina Feld in 1779 Neu 1728-1776, son of Johann Jakob and Maria Wei, married to Barbara Urich in 1758 Neu 1717-, son of Johann Jakob and Maria Wei\nNeu Ney 1734-1786, married to Maria Margaretha Linseler in 1760\nNeu, Ney 1795-, married to Barbara Bodevin in 1813\nNeubauer 1883-, married to Christine Treichel in 1907\nNeubecker 1757-1759, son of Simon and Anna Katharina Gross Neubecker 1727-1727, son of Johann Jakob and Maria Zang Neubecker ca 1727, son of Peter and Apollonia Linn, married to Johanna Fischer\nNeumann, married to Elisabeth Mertes in 1772\nNeusius 1825-, married to Lucia Schwarz in 1850\nNey 1893-1894, son of Paul and Anna Adam Ney 1869-, son of Franz and Anna Lonsdorfer, married to Anna Maria Schleich in 1894 Ney 1868-, son of Franz and Anna Fritz Ney 1866-, son of Johannes and Gertrud Diancourt Ney 1858-, son of Peter NEY Neu and Anna Maria Haan Ney 1836-, son of Michael and Margaretha Beres Ney 1835-, married to Catharina Winter in 1873 Ney 1834-1916, married to Elisabeth Schmitt in 1859 Ney 1826-1890, son of Paul and Margaretha Thiel, married to Barbara Lorang in 1857 Ney 1812-1812, son of Matthias and Katharina Tousaint Ney 1811-, son of Peter and Anna Malsack Ney 1807-, son of Philipp and Catharina Welsch Ney 1805-1852, son of Matthias and Katharina Tousaint, married to Maria Oster in 1835 Ney 1803-, son of Philipp and Catharina Welsch Ney 1772-1815, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Linn, married to Margaretha Hutmacher in 1792 Ney 1757-1823, son of Jakob Neu and Angela Schmidt, married to Anna Maria Ney in 1790 Ney 1751-, son of Heinrich and Maria Bolch Ney 1733-1796, son of Nikolaus and Angelika Jacob, married to Anna Catharina Linn in 1760 Ney 1728-1764, son of Johann Jakob Neu and Catharina Rupp Ney 1712-1742, son of Bastian and Anna Margarethe Hein Ney 1707-1768, son of Johann Adam and Margaretha Katharina Conrad, married to Anna Kirch in 1728 Ney 1688-1749, married to Margaretha Thenes in 1723 Ney , married to Anna ? Ney, son of Peter and Anna Maria Ehl, married to Margarethe Kiefer, Johannetta Kiefer in 1866 Ney, married to Barbara Bodevin Ney, married to Anna Heinrich in 1910\nNeymayer , married to Maria Altmeyer\nNicklas 1836-1839, son of Jakob and Barbara WOLL\nNicola 1860-, son of Peter and Maria Klein Nicola 1808-, son of Johann and Maria Recht Nicola ca 1778-1808, son of Ludwig and Elisabeth Jaute, married to Maria Recht in 1806 Nicola, son of Peter and Maria Catharina Zender, married to Anna Margaretha Tabellion in 1778\nNicolai ca 1760-1761, son of Jacob and Anna Elisabeth Holl\nNicolas 1883-1883, son of Georg and Barbara Koster Nicolas 1870-1871, son of Georg and Barbara Koster Nicolas 1868-, son of Andreas and Maria Braun, married to Anna Schneider in 1897 Nicolas 1867-, son of Mathias and Margaretha Stauch Nicolas 1865-1890, son of Andreas and Maria Braun Nicolas 1848-1856, son of Peter and Margaretha Weber Nicolas 1837-1865, son of Nikolaus Nicola and Anna Rupp Nicolas 1791-, son of Joseph and Catharina Zang Nicolas 1785-1788, son of Peter Nichols and Maria Anna Capuche, Karbich Nicolas 1770-1783, son of Sebastian and Anna Weiler Nicolas 1735-1815, married to Maria Meilchen in 1767 Nicolas 1728-1797, son of Johann Peter Nicholas and Catherina Zang, married to Barbara Wilhelm in 1755 Nicolas 1687-1690, son of Joseph Jakob and Catharina Frster\nNiesen 1805-1838, married to Susanna Pinter in 1833\nNietschke 1885-, son of Johann Friedrich Nitschke and Barbara Eisenbeiss Nietschke 1883-, son of August Nitschke and Margaretha Gehring, married to Maria Haeusser in 1910 Nietschke 1882-, son of Heinrich Nitschke and Rosina Dorothea Kuch, married to Maria EBERHARDT in 1908\nNikolas , son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Cavelius, married to Margarethe Moritz in 1816\nNikolaus 1874-1940, married to Karolina Treichel in 1899 Nikolaus ca 1665-, married to Barbara Hauser\nNimsgern 1889-1891, son of Peter and Magdalena Catharina Siegwart Nimsgern 1889-1914, son of Johann and Catharina Scherer Nimsgern 1861-1918, son of Johann and Margarethe Birky, married to Margarethe Herber in 1887 Nimsgern 1859-1939, son of Nicolaus and Catharina Detemple, married to Catharina Scherer in 1886 Nimsgern 1846-, son of Caspar and Catharina Herber Nimsgern 1844-1860, son of Caspar and Catharina Herber Nimsgern 1822-1873, son of Peter and (Rombell) Catharina Rumple, married to Margarethe Birky in 1847\nNimsgren 1789-1789, son of Caspar and Margarethe Kurtz\nNittel 1864-, married to Catharina Kungel in 1888\nNittler 1873-, son of Peter and Maria Brchel, married to Angelika Beck in 1899\nNobel 1878-1885, son of Albert Hermann and Elisabeth Kramp Nobel 1833-1834, son of Peter and Magdalena Lonsdorfer\nNoel 1826-1885, son of Josef and Elisabetha Speicher\nNoller 1884-, son of Michael and Barbara Vogelmann Noller 1857-1857, son of Michael and Maria Katharina Weller Noller 1823-1903, son of Jakob and Catharina Guentner Noller 1747-, son of Johann Georg and Christina Katharina Greiss\nNonnenmacher 1856-1931, son of Johann and Margaretha Hink, married to Bertha Ladusch in 1884 Nonnenmacher 1841-, son of Johann Georg and Elisabeth Barbara Voegtlen Nonnenmacher 1825-, son of Michael and Anna Maria Weiler, married to Margaretha Hink in 1856\nNotter 1652-1729, son of Jakob and Anna Mayer, married to Catharine Wilhelm in 1675 Notter , with Louise Gohl\nNotton 1824-1890, son of Johann Or Jean Paul and Barbe Kraal Notton 1812-1859, son of Johann Or Jean Paul and Barbe Kraal, married to Marg. Brauer in 1837\nO\nOSTER 1863-1931, son of Johann Philipp Oster and Anna Maria Holoch, married to Elisabeth Wallman in 1887, Katharina Beck-Holzwarth in 1916, Eva Catharina Beck\nObenauer 1858-1938, son of Friedrich and Johanna Singer, married to Katharina Christina Aldinger in 1883\nOber 1897-1917, son of Jakob and Maria Elisabeth Algier\nOberhauser , married to Angela Deutschmeister in 1670\nOberinger ca 1750-, married to Catherina Koop\nOberkirch 1770-1837, married to Marg. Fisch in 1793\nOberkontz 1687-1762, son of Friedrich and Susanna Deitz, married to Margaretha Dahm in 1719 Oberkontz 1675-, son of Friedrich and Susanna Deitz\nOberle 1858-, married to Katharina Schmelzlen in 1882\nObrecht 1805-, son of Joseph and Anna Gross\nOchs 1897-1917, son of Jakob and Katharina Bruxmeier Ochs 1888-1888, son of Nikolaus and Anna Becker Ochs 1887-1944, son of Peter and Margaretha Jager Ochs 1884-1885, son of Mathias and Anna Maria MRz Ochs 1884-1901, son of Jakob and Anna Kneip Ochs 1873-1892, son of Jakob and Anna Kneip Ochs 1842-, son of Johann Carl and Maria Catharina Ruff Ochs 1840-1840, son of Johann Carl and Maria Catharina Ruff Ochs 1839-, son of Johann and Margaretha Gier, married to Maria Fery in 1868 Ochs 1815-1862, son of Peter and Anna Maria Albert, married to Barbara Strohm in 1842 Ochs 1810-1895, son of Peter and Anna Maria Albert, married to Margaretha Gier in 1837\nOchsle ca 1845-, with Anna Rosina Hsch\nOcker 1683-, son of Hans Michael and Anna Maria Ackermann, married to Maria Hirz in 1705\nOehm 1743-1812, son of Johann and Margaretha Ackermann Oehm 1761, married to Margaretha Ackermann\nOelke 1862-1910, son of Daniel and Anna Maria Weiss, married to Jakobina Fode in 1884\nOffholz 1863-, son of Peter and Margaretha Thiel Offholz 1861-1861, son of Peter and Margaretha Thiel\nOldag, married to Dorothea Neumann\nOlinger , married to Eva Wolfinger\nOmlor, son of Johann Jakob and Maria Susanna Trebel, married to Maria Helene Cubelier in 1814\nOrdener 1750-1817, married to Lucia Danner in 1785\nOrdner, married to Lucia Danner\nOrth 1870-1871, son of Peter and Katharina Zang Orth 1867-, son of Peter and Katharina Zang Orth 1863-1937, son of Johann and Barbara Warker Orth 1855-, son of Wendel and Barbara Tabellion Orth 1839-1894, son of Johann and Margarethe Mang, married to Barbara Warker in 1863 Orth 1810-1870, son of Matthias and Maria Hoffmann, married to Margarethe Mang in 1839 Orth 1780-1851, married to Anna Maria Mahler in 1809\nOsbild 1891-1892, son of Michael and Maria Louis Osbild 1871-1871, son of Michael and Anna Maria Herrmann Osbild 1833-1834, son of Michael and Margaretha Klein Osbild 1828-, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Schon, married to Katharina Krier in 1862 Osbild 1821-, son of Konrad and Maria Katharina Job, married to Barbara Baltes in 1844 Osbild 1814-, son of Konrad and Maria Katharina Job Osbild 1872, son of Jakob and Anna Martin\nOsdenberg ca 1905-, married to Ida Maria Heisel in 1939\nOssner ca 1898-, married to Christiane Helber in 1921\nOster 1877-/1905, son of Carl Michael and Rosina Wegner, with Katherine Ritter, Katharina RITTER in 1900 Oster 1867-1872, son of Johann Martin and Magdalena Hohloch Oster 1841-, married to Katharina Altmeyer in 1872 Oster 1687-1766, son of Johann and Anna Maria Heintz, married to Catharina German in 1710 Oster ca 1660-ca 1720, married to Anna Maria Heintz in 1680 Oster, married to Margaretha ? Oster , married to Catharina Blumann in 1837\nOsweiler 1812-, married to Anna Maria Hockert in 1836\nOtt 1894-1952, married to Melitta Kronschnabel in 1927 Ott 1844-1870, son of Johann Jakob Karl and Elisabetha Magdalena Reber, married to Magdalane Rueger in 1869 Ott 1825-, son of Johann, married to Anna Bonenberger in 1850 Ott , married to Luise Margaretha Sommer in 1874 Ott , married to Anna Schreiber Ott , married to Maria Stieber Ott 1841, father of Johann\nOtterstaetter 1911-ca 1911, son of Johannes and Lydia Eberhard\nOttmar 1882-, son of Wilhelm and Christine Margarethe Luithle Ottmar 1785-1837, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Calmbach, married to Margaretha Klein in 1805 Ottmar 1732-1792, married to Anna Catharina Calmbach in 1769\nOtto 1868-, son of Michael and Catharina Fell Otto 1847-1918, son of Maria Odon, married to Katharina Dorothea Franz in 1874 Otto ca 1760-, married to Susanne Theis in 1783 Otto , married to Magdalena Welsch Otto, son of Johann and Magdalena Welsch, married to Anna Maria Jungmann in 1818\nP\nPELLETIER, BETSCH 1731-1781, son of Johann Peter and Anna Margaretha Cordier\nPFAFF 1889-, with Katherina Haux PFAFF 1889-, married to Katherina Haux in 1917\nPFITZER 1897-1954, son of Matthus Pfitzer and Christina Naasz\nPabst 1830-1836, son of Johann Michael and Anna Grun\nPahl 1875-, son of Gottfried and Christine Reichenberg Pahl 1871-1902, son of Johann Martin and Justine Rauhut Pahl 1868-1869, son of Christian and Maria Sprenger\nPallier 1770-1775, son of Adam and Katharina Ligon\nPalm, married to Barbara Becker in 1853\nPalzer 1892-, son of Reinard, married to Katharina Bernard\nPaquet 1877-1942, son of Claudius Johann and Anna Margarethe Meyer Paquet , married to X Pohsorre\nParisot 1641-1710/, married to Anna Katharina Eisenbarth in 1690, Johanna x Parisot 1710, son of Jean and Anne Chagenau, married to Johanna x\nPaul 1865-, son of Joseph and Anna Catharina Sonnhalter Paul 1793-1802, son of Johann and Katharina Tesser Paul 1782-1782, son of Johann and Katharina Tesser Paul 1772-, son of Caspar and Magdalena Martin, married to Anna Catharina Hubig in 1794 Paul ca 1756-1813, married to Katharina Tesser in 1782 Paul ca 1756-, son of Theobald and Margaretha Maas Paul 1746-, son of Michael and Anna Elisabeth Eisenbarth Paul 1744-, son of Michael and Anna Elisabeth Eisenbarth Paul 1723-, son of Jakob Pohl and Ursula Greiner Paul 1720-1749, son of Jacob and Anna Eva Loris Paul ca 1702-1771, son of Hieronymus and Gertrud Kramer Paul 1648-, son of Johannes and Anna ?, with Catharina Schmid Paul, married to Katharina Jeunesse Paul, married to Maria Dreler\nPauli, married to Susanna Dehorsch\nPaulke 1861-1939, son of Johann Wilhelm and Marie Schober\nPaulus 1868-, son of Mathias and Barbara Staudt Paulus 1850-1908, son of Johann and Barbara Hermann, married to Anna Wendels Paulus 1848-, married to Elisabeth Wolf Paulus 1841-, son of Adam and Susanna Haupenthal, married to Katharina Wilhelm in 1878 Paulus 1841-, son of Mathias and Anna Angela Pfeiffer Paulus 1838-, son of Mathias and Anna Angela Pfeiffer, relationship with Anna Maria Moeller Paulus 1814-1855, son of Johann and Margaretha Gross, married to Catharina Standt in 1843 Paulus 1786-1877, son of Johann and Margaretha Caster, married to Margaretha Gross in 1814 Paulus 1778-, son of Johann and Margaretha Caster, married to Catharina Gross in 1807 Paulus 1751-1755, son of Johann and Anna Maria Elisabetha Johanna Pauli Paulus 1750-1820, son of Johann and Anna Maria Elisabetha Johanna Pauli, married to Margaretha Caster in 1777 Paulus 1717-1755, son of Johann Peter and Maria Gertrud Gross, married to Maria Mauer, Anna Maria Elisabetha Johanna Pauli in 1744 Paulus 1865, son of Nicolas and Maria Lenhof, married to Barbara Hermann, Maria Pfeifer Paulus, married to Barbara Klein Paulus 1723, married to Apollonia Theobald in 1688\nPauly, married to Margaretha Buchscheid\nPaunert 1909-1910, son of Josef and Barbara Meder Paunert 1907-1908, son of Georg and Elisabeth Reiss (Reisz) Paunert 1902-1902, son of Josef and Barbara Meder Paunert 1877-1877, son of Joannes and Theresia Weltin Paunert 1812-, son of Jnos Bauer and Rosina Gradwohl, married to Barbara Heilmann in 1837\nPawloski , married to Veronika ?\nPeiffer 1711-, son of Joannes and Barbara Mertes, married to Susanna Fell Peiffer 1678-1746, married to Barbara Merches in 1704\nPelt, married to Margarethe Gorius\nPelz, married to Elisabeth Gungl\nPenth 1873-, son of Joseph and Katharina Huwig Penth 1843-, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Resch, married to Barbara Hell in 1864 Penth 1828-1829, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Resch Penth 1789-1869, son of Josef and Anna Magdalena Schmitt, married to Elisabeth Recktenwald in 1809, Barbara Recktenwald in 1814\nPentz 1893-, son of Josephus and Rosalia Flasch, married to Elisabeth Bohn in 1920 Pentz 1883-, son of Martin and Katharina Konrad\nPese 1858-1898, son of Michael Pes and Anna Katharina Quirin\nPes 1902-1941, son of Johann Philipp and Katharina Habig Pes 1850-1909, son of Johann Baptist and Antonia Hemmerling, married to Wilhelmine Meyer in 1878 Pes ca 1783-1857, son of Peter Pese and Katharina Mauer, married to Anna Nanette Kuhn in 1809\nPesy Pes 1775-1824, married to Maria Irmela Jager in 1797\nPeter 1890-, married to Ccilia Marg. Grn in 1912 Peter 1890-, son of Johann and Barbara Becker, married to Katharina Schmitt Peter 1857-, son of Philipp and Anna Speicher, married to Barbara Becker in 1885\nPeterot, married to Margarethe Scheur\nPeters 1747-1823, married to Margaretha Schmidt in 1786\nPetrant 1737-1810, son of Josef Bertrang and Anna Katharina Busendorfer, married to Katharina Mongalem\nPetri 1796-1870, son of Johannes and Susanna Maria Hubig, married to Margarethe Derrenbecher in 1814 Petri 1702-, son of Johann Friedrich and Irmina Weiss Petri, married to Anna Maria ? Petri 1849, married to Katharina Koch\nPetry 1899-1899, son of Peter and Maria Petry Petry 1876-, son of Peter and Elisabetha Klein Petry 1875-1875, son of Peter and Elisabetha Klein Petry 1867-1957, son of Johannes and Maria Meyer Petry 1823-1853, son of Nikolaus and Anna Elisabeth Johann Petry 1818-, son of Johann Petri and Margarethe Derrenbecher Petry 1808-, son of Mathias and Catherine Mller, married to Margaretha Laux Petry 1802-1805, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Deichler Petry 1797-1797, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Deichler Petry 1792-1792, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Deichler Petry 1788-1798, son of Konrad and Maria Angela Mller Petry 1774-1775, son of Konrad and Maria Angela Mller\nPetz 1811-1812, son of Johann Evangelist and Elisabetha Keller\nPfaff 1891-1951, married to Magdalena Schlepp in 1915\nPfeffle 1824-, married to Katharina Renz in 1843\nPfeiffer 1892-1970, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Zang Pfeiffer 1870-1873, son of Alois and Theresia Eicher Pfeiffer, married to Irmina Schmitt\nPfeiffle 1710-, with Anna Maria Mast\nPfeifle 1872-1957, married to Katherina Sayler in 1896\nPfitzer 1906-, son of Johann and Margaretha Schott Pfitzer 1876-, married to Margaretha Schott in 1899\nPflueger 1840-1921, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Schoepf\nPfortner 1864-, son of Nicolaus and Katharina Jochum Pfortner 1829-, son of Johann and Margarethe Schreiner Pfortner 1798-/1873, married to Margarethe Schreiner in 1826\nPfuhl , son of Nikolaus Puhl and Anna Elisabeth Engstler, married to Anna Maria Klein in 1769, Elisabeth Jutz in 1784, Katharina Kilbert in 1789\nPhilipp 1865-1946, son of Johann and Katharina Klopp Philipp 1820-1867, son of Jakob and Magdalena Zimmermann, married to Maria Josephine Cantiniaux, Katharina Klopp in 1859 Philipp , son of Philipp Schmitt and Katharina Nalbach\nPhilippi 1892-1962, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schmidt Philippi 1866-, son of Anna Philippi, married to Elisabeth Schmidt in 1892 Philippi 1860-, son of Johann and Gertrud Metzger, married to Anna Katharina Wilhelm Philippi 1845-1845, son of Peter and Barbara Baltes Philippi 1818-1899, married to Gertrud Metzger in 1844 Philippi 1795-, son of Peter and Barbara Prediger, married to Barbara Trk in 1821 Philippi , son of Johann and Gertrud Metzger Philippi , son of Johann and Gertrud Metzger Philippi, married to Anna Margaretha Grff\nPhillippi , son of Johann Philippi and Gertrud Metzger\nPierot ca 1652-1724, married to Christina Merten or Gall in 1682\nPiller 1861-1931, son of Johann and Madgalena Krmer, married to Magdalena Singer in 1885, Eleonora WIEDERMANN Piller 1830-1891, married to Madgalena Krmer in 1852\nPiltz 1890-1943, with Karoline Caroline Muller\nPink 1886-, son of Johann and Anna Philippi, married to Elisabeth Bonenberger in 1909 Pink 1853-1891, son of Franz and Barbara Speicher, married to Anna Philippi in 1877 Pink 1823-1889, son of Kaspar and Maria Grapp, married to Maria Pavie in 1846\nPinter 1682-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Hein, married to Agnes Naudorf in 1707 Pinter 1681-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Hein\nPiot 1861-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Rupp Piot 1843-1911, son of Nikolaus and Anna Katharina Maas Piot 1839-, son of Jakob and Maria Katharina Wannenmacher Piot 1809-1830, son of Jakob and Anna Tabellion, married to Maria Mang in 1829\nPistorius 1905-1906, son of Peter and Katharina Speicher Pistorius 1901-1903, son of Jakob and Anna Grasel Pistorius 1860-1921, married to Catharina Raubuch in 1886 Pistorius 1843-1909, son of Peter and Catharina Speicher, married to Anna Wilhelm in 1876 Pistorius 1843-1926, son of Michael and Margaretha Speicher, married to Wilhelmina Hallauer in 1866 Pistorius 1812-1823, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Breinig Pistorius 1805-1870, son of Adam and Margaretha Grun, married to Maria Ketterle in 1831 Pistorius 1729-1778, son of Johann Nikolaus and Gertrud Karrenbauer, married to Anna Albert in 1756 Pistorius , son of Michael and Maria Baus, married to Maria Speicher in 1882 Pistorius , married to Barbara Rupp Pistorius 1732-1813, son of Anton and Margaretha Speicher\nPlanta 1904-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Leinenbach Planta 1892-1892, son of Peter and Maria Rues Planta 1890-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Leinenbach, married to Anna Huwig Planta 1850-1866, son of Peter and Katharina Bedersdorfer Planta 1837-1905, son of Michel and Barbara Kiefer, married to Maria Schmitt in 1862 Planta 1830-1832, son of Peter and Katharina Bedersdorfer Planta 1805-1843, son of Gabriel and Anna Reitz, married to Anna Hoffmann in 1831 Planta 1786-1805, son of Gabriel and Anna Reitz Planta 1747-, son of Anton and Anna Maria Engel Planta 1734-, son of Stephan and Margaretha Wilhelm Planta 1727-1800, son of Petrus and Anna Maria Hoffmann, married to Catharina Sartor Or Certo in 1752\nPleinis 1894-1958, son of Wilhelm and Christina Thurn, with Lydia TROUTMAN, Lydia Trautman\nPodevin 1864-, son of Anton and Anna Maria Schuler\nPohl 1814-, married to Barbara Andre in 1842 Pohl 1795-1795, son of Theobald and Margarethe Weiler Pohl 1780-1822, son of Jakob and Margarethe Tesser, married to Anna Elisabeth Rupp in 1802 Pohl 1754-, married to Anna Maria Hart in 1775\nPoirrier 1815-, son of Peter and Margaretha Morguet\nPoncelet, married to Barbara Schwarz\nPonsin 1843-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Zapp, married to Catherine Egloff in 1864 Ponsin 1837-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Zapp Ponsin 1835-1835, son of Johann and Elisabeth Zapp Ponsin 1803-, son of Dominik and Anna Kosmann, married to Elisabeth Zapp in 1826 Ponsin 1800-, son of Dominik and Anna Kosmann\nPnter 1756-1800, married to Anna Maria Manternach in 1782\nPopp , married to Rosina Stehle\nPort 1883-1884, son of Johann and Anna Maria Mller Port 1874-, son of Johann and Catharina Enzweiler, married to Magdalena Gier Port 1839-, son of Moritz and Maria Katharina Loyo, married to Maria Kautenburger in 1865, Catharina Enzweiler in 1870 Port 1821-1824, son of Peter and Gertrud Lejeune Port, married to Anna Maria Mller\nPortz , married to Elisabeth ?\nPorz ca 1800-, married to Susanna Steier in 1823\nPoss 1842-1898, married to Anna Maria Grg in 1869\nPo 1891-1917, son of Peter and Maria Engler Po 1879-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Magdalena Comtesse, married to Barbara Gross in 1903, Margaretha Welsch Po 1873-1873, son of Johann and Maria Amann Po 1863-1870, son of Johann and Elisabeth Magdalena Comtesse Po 1842-, son of Philipp and Barbara Goergen, married to Maria Amann in 1868 Po 1840-, son of Philipp and Barbara Goergen, married to Elisabeth Magdalena Comtesse in 1863\nPoth 1810-, son of Johann and Anna Lehnert, married to Anna Maria Nalbach in 1835 Poth , married to Anna Lehnert\nPouder, married to Maria Jung\nPouffay 1885-1886, son of Jacob and Anna Becker Pouffay 1861-1879, son of Nikolaus and Maria Becker Pouffay 1705-, son of Johann Leonard Bouffai and Gertrud Fabri Pouffay, son of Bernhard and Barbara Gry, married to Elisabeth Neusius in 1840\nPrantz 1765-, married to Anna Maria Kupi in 1790\nPratt 1875-1950, son of Michael and Katharina Beck, married to Anna Koch in 1898 Pratt 1853-, son of Peter and Margarethe Welsch\nPrediger 1844-, son of Johann and Katharina Reichert Prediger 1811-1875, son of Michel and Anna Maria Bach, married to Katharina Reichert in 1839 Prediger 1746-1796, married to Johanna Kintz in 1770\nPreszler 1864-1937, married to Magdalena Stein in 1886\nPries 1866-, with Louise Selcho\nPrimm , married to Maria Mattes\nPrintz, married to Eva Doerr\nPrinz 1893-1956, married to Maria Drrenbecher Prinz ca 1700-1778, son of Johann Jakob and Susanne SchFer Prinz, married to Maria Quirin in 1912\nProhaska , son of Josef and Margaretha Elmauer\nProsetzki /1910, son of Johann, married to Friederike Krger in 1873 Prosetzki , father of Johann\nPuhl 1787-1853, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Schrder, married to Margaretha Kessler in 1809 Puhl, married to Maria ?\nPupp 1844-, son of Ignaz and Odilia Engel, married to Louise Margaretha Ulrich in 1870 Pupp 1830-1830, son of Barbara Pupp Pupp 1827-, son of Johann and Anna Eisenbarth Pupp 1815-1818, son of Johann and Anna Eisenbarth Pupp 1809-1815, son of Joes Wilhelm and Eva Vantz Pupp 1788-1834, son of Joes Leonard and Johanna Grisette, married to Anna Eisenbarth in 1814\nPtzer 1689-1742, son of Nicholas Putzer and Juliane Dorothea Amalie Mertens, married to Maria Falck or Pluig or Plung in 1719\nQ\nQuast 1886-1929, son of Jakob and Helen Heins, married to Elizabeth Louise Janke in 1910\nQuinten 1841-, married to Maria Hein in 1870 Quinten 1782-1838, married to Barbara Dickmann in 1828 Quinten 1746-1819, married to Angelika Hoffmann in 1794\nQuintus , married to Anna Demmer\nQuiram , with Klara Kohler\nQuirin 1865-1938, son of Caspar and Catharina Quirin, married to Katharine Miller in 1892 Quirin 1835-1904, son of Caspar and Johannetta Becker, married to Maria Weber in 1858 Quirin 1827-, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Zang Quirin 1801-1883, son of Paul and Anna Catharina Oberhauser, married to Maria Katharina Mathieu in 1826, Angelika Klein in 1837 Quirin, married to Margarethe Philippine Adam Quirin , married to Elisabeth Roe\nR\nRAU 1898-1980, son of Johannes (John) Rau and Eva Klipfel, with Emelia Becker\nREITER 1823-, son of Balthasar Reuter and Anna Schram\nREUTHER 1898-, son of Johann and Katherine Kurtz REUTHER 1871-, son of Johannes and Carolina SCHWEIGERT, married to Katherine Kurtz in 1897\nRING 1800-1801, son of Johann Michael Rinck and Katharina THEIS\nRDer 1819-, married to Barbara Fontaine\nRCk 1774-1850, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Cavelius, married to Margaretha Weiler\nRUDOLF 1894-1966, with Magdalena Schlepp\nRUPP 1857-1939, son of Johann and Barbara DIEDRICH, married to Catharina KUHN in 1882 RUPP 1854-1867, son of Johann and Catharina Rupp RUPP 1854-1883, son of Johann and Barbara DIEDRICH RUPP 1837-1890, son of Johann Georg Rupp and Anna Mariae Schwartz, married to Elisabeth BONNET in 1864 RUPP 1828-1901, son of Anton Rupp and Anna Maria Bauer, married to Catharina Rupp in 1854 RUPP 1817-1893, son of Johann and Anna Barbara DIVO, married to Barbara DIEDRICH in 1848 RUPP 1784-, son of Jakob Rupp and Barbara Rupp, married to Anna Barbara DIVO in 1813 RUPP 1782-1782, son of Johann Rupp and Catharina Capuche RUPP 1772-, son of Johann Rupp and Catharina Capuche\nRaab 1880-, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Kleinknecht Raab 1869-1941, married to Katharina Tobler in 1889\nRaber , married to Gertrud Becker\nRack 1828-, son of Johann and Rosina Amrein Rack 1788-1855, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Schraub, relationship with Rosina Amrein Rack 1786-, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Schraub Rack , married to Anna Gradwohl in 1900\nRadke 1909-, son of Yohann and Louisa Schmauder\nRagg 1791-1866, son of Karle and Maria Bach, married to Kumerana Schtzle in 1817, Anastasia Scherer in 1826\nRagot 1831, married to Johannetta Kiefer\nRall 1899-1920, son of Johann and Maria Scherbinski Rall 1866-, married to Maria Scherbinski in 1889\nRamsperger, son of Josef and Anna Maria Reiser Ramsperger , married to Margarete Zanger\nRanft , married to Christiane Hach\nRansonnet ca 1753-1813, son of Hubert and Katharina Leimgrub, married to Maria Butter in 1774, Anna Schmidt in 1782\nRaphael 1870-, son of Johann and Barbara Khler, married to Maria Klein in 1896 Raphael, son of Peter and Maria Jungmann, married to Barbara Khler in 1860\nRapp 1897-1897, son of Stephan and Veronika Haumann Rapp 1886-1942, son of Josef and Veronika Bauschert Rapp 1860-, son of Leonhard and Anna Maria Straehle Rapp, married to Regine Margarete Sihler in 1888 Rapp 1844-1906, son of Johannes and Anna Maria Rapp Rapp 1829-1888, son of Johannes and Maria Sophia Frey, married to Magdalena Buck in 1860 Rapp 1817-1817, son of Johann Martin and Christine Dorothea Schaible Rapp 1712-1768, child of Leonhard and Catharine Hauser Rapp , son of Georg and Christina Maier, married to Anna Maria Burgbacher in 1837, Anna Maria Burgbacher in 1837 Rapp 1874, son of Johann Georg and Margaretha Frey\nRasp 1861-1929, married to Anna Maria Calmbacher in 1909\nRass 1894-1942, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Sonntag, married to Maria Simon Rass 1883-, son of Mathias and Barbara Gerard Rass 1740-, married to Barbara Bergmann in 1761\nRath 1893-, son of Christian and Justina Necker Rath 1803-1875, son of Joseph and Maria Magdalena Randecker, married to Maria Barbara Weible in 1830, Marie Agatha Randecker, Marie Barara Weible\nRau 1874-, son of Peter and Maria Schmitt, married to Catharina Lay in 1901 Rau 1874-, son of Johann and Anna Wandernoth Rau 1865-1868, son of Nikolaus and Anna Wandernoth Rau 1845-, son of Jakob and Catharina Massonne, married to Anna Wandernoth in 1873 Rau 1820-1853, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Haffner Rau 1779-1779, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Kien Rau 1775-1775, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Kien Rau 1731-1772, married to Christine Himbert in 1766\nRaubuch 1884-, son of Christian and Catharina Lambert Raubuch 1862-, son of Heinrich and Catharina Forster Raubuch 1842-1843, son of Jacob and Catharina Altmeyer Raubuch 1835-1836, son of Jacob and Catharina Altmeyer Raubuch 1834-1885, son of Johann and Magdalena Faust, married to Margaretha Hastenteufel in 1859 Raubuch 1807-1866, son of Peter and Elisabeth Altmeyer, married to Magdalena Faust in 1831, Barbara Zimmer in 1847\nRauch 1912-1990, married to Susanna Walter in 1931\nRauschemberger 1749-, son of Johann Adam Rauschenberger and Elisabeth Abentshauser\nRauschenberger 1873-, son of Joannes and Anna Schmidt Rauschenberger 1831-1895, married to Elisabetha Schraub in 1852 Rauschenberger 1812-1847, son of Joannes and Anna Maria Reith, relationship with Margaretha Herold Rauschenberger 1809-1811, son of Joannes and Anna Maria Reith Rauschenberger 1807-1808, son of Joannes and Anna Maria Reith\nRaussellange , with Margarethe Schtz\nRauter ca 1888-, married to Dorothea Necker in 1911\nReb, son of Adolph and Anna Port\nReber 1885-1886, son of Michael and Karoline Retz Reber 1883-, son of Johann and Katharina Rosina Setzer Reber 1845-1920, son of Johann Georg and Maria Rosina Schneider, married to Katharina Rosina Setzer in 1876 Reber 1842-, son of Georg Michael and Maria Catharina Wieland, married to Rosine Drexel in 1879, Rosina Barbara Moll in 1890 Reber 1832-1832, son of Johann Georg and Catharina Mullerin Reber 1817-ca 1828, son of Georg Christian and Elisabetha Kircher, married to Christina Catharina Muller in 1846 Reber , with Katharine Barbara Kircher\nRebmann 1877-, son of Christian and Maria Schmitt, married to Frederike Buchheit in 1907\nReck 1863-, son of Karl Friedrich Ludwig and Irmina Lemire, married to Anna Bietzer in 1887\nRecktenwald 1899-, son of Conrad and Magdalena MLler Recktenwald 1874-1930, son of Peter and Margarethe Derwing, married to Johanna Louis in 1899 Recktenwald 1869-1885, son of Johann and Angela Wirth Recktenwald 1868-1868, son of Johann and Barbara Altmayer Recktenwald 1838-1876, son of Johann and Anna Maria Karrenbauer, married to Angela Wirth in 1866 Recktenwald 1833-1870, son of Nikolaus and Maria Anna Kien, married to Anna Wagner in 1860, Barbara Altmayer in 1865 Recktenwald 1823-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Merten, married to Barbara Rusch in 1877 Recktenwald 1821-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Merten Recktenwald 1812-1885, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Bosch, married to Anna Maria Karrenbauer in 1837 Recktenwald 1808-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Bosch, married to Anna Maria Karrenbauer in 1837 Recktenwald 1793-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Bosch, married to Maria Anna They in 1819 Recktenwald 1769-1823, son of Jakob and Anna Gross, married to Anna Maria Hackel in 1769 Recktenwald 1761-1761, son of Jakob and Anna Gross\nRees 1884-1884, son of Josef and Magdalena Fischinger\nRegel 1849-, son of Georg and Maria Anna Ledig, married to Elisabetha Karrenbauer in 1876\nReget 1878-, son of Franz and Anna Maria Feld\nRegitz 1873-, son of Conrad Johann and Maria Catharina Altmeyer, married to Maria Catharina Becker in 1897 Regitz 1705-1777, son of Johann Regitz, Regetz and Anna Wittwer, married to Anna Katharina John in 1731\nRegitz, Regetz 1660-1734, son of Rudolf Regetz and Sara Aegerter, married to Anna Wittwer in 1680\nRehlinger 1847-, son of Johann Georg and Elisabetha Steffen Rehlinger , married to Maria Huckert in 1920 Rehlinger , married to Maria Krmer\nReich 1751-1804, married to Anna Maria Gungl in 1788\nReichert 1899-, son of Johann and Barbara Hilgert Reichert 1894-, son of Nicolaus and Margaretha Dernbecher Reichert 1882-, son of Johann and Angela Wilhelm Reichert 1877-1877, son of Sebastian Peter and Barbara Gebert Reichert 1872-, son of Ludwig and Elisabetha Karrenbauer, married to Barbara Hilgert in 1897 Reichert 1870-1877, son of Johann and Katharina Wilhelm Reichert 1854-, son of Johann and Barbara Weiland, married to Magdalena Ludwig in 1878 Reichert 1840-, son of Johann and Marianne Daub, married to Katharina Wilhelm in 1867, Angela Wilhelm in 1871 Reichert 1820-1861, son of Johannes and Margaretha Kestenbach, married to Barbara Weiland in 1845 Reichert 1813-1866, son of Johann Adam and Catharina Meyer, married to Marianne Daub in 1839 Reichert 1811-1867, married to Maria Breinig in 1841 Reichert 1615-1685, son of Philipp Reichardt and Martha Schffer Reichert , married to Margaretha Weyer\nReichrath 1892-, son of Adam and Anna Tabellion Reichrath 1889-, son of Wilhelm and Barbara Haen Reichrath 1881-1893, son of Johann and Margarethe Zang Reichrath 1880-1927, son of Michel and Katharina Doerr Reichrath 1877-1878, son of Michel and Katharina Doerr Reichrath 1872-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Renckes Reichrath 1871-1946, son of Michel and Katharina Doerr Reichrath 1871-1942, son of Johann and Margarethe Reinert, married to Elisabeth Rupp in 1898 Reichrath 1848-, son of Johann and Margarethe Orth Reichrath 1842-, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Rupp, married to Gertrud Neumann in 1868 Reichrath 1842-, son of Peter and Anna Hubig, married to Elisabeth Renckes in 1867, Margarethe Zang in 1880 Reichrath 1829-1829, son of Peter and Katharina Kiefer Reichrath 1825-1885, son of Johann and Margarethe Orth, married to Margarethe Reinert in 1856 Reichrath 1802-, son of Matthias and Katharina Tabellion, married to Margarethe Orth in 1821 Reichrath 1801-, son of Matthias and Katharina Tabellion Reichrath 1799-, son of Matthias and Katharina Tabellion\nReinbold 1866-, son of Karl Anton and Katharina Kist\nReiner 1876-1957, son of Johann Heinrich and Elisabeth Wanner Reiner 1812-1876, son of Anselm and Maria Weinmann Reiner 1811-1816, son of Johann Philipp and Johanna Stizler Reiner 1755-1801, son of Joseph and Luzia Weber, married to Regina Schad in 1781\nReinert 1898-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Fels Reinert 1876-, son of Nicolaus Mathias and Elisabetha Wilhelm Reinert 1874-1875, son of Nicolaus Mathias and Elisabetha Wilhelm Reinert 1873-1876, son of Nicolaus Mathias and Elisabetha Wilhelm Reinert , married to Elisabeth Mertes Reinert, married to Maria Mller\nReinhard 1770-, with Katherine Weisbaker\nReinhardt 1877-1948, son of Gottfried Conrad Christoph and Catharine Rosine Schramm Reinhardt 1854-, son of Jakob and Barbara Kugler, married to Sibylle Hohl in 1885 Reinhardt 1811-1815, son of Johannes and Barbara Reinhardt Reinhardt , married to Barbara Bach\nReinhuber ca 1840-, married to Magdalena Dorothea \"Rosa\" Boelz in 1866\nReinstdler 1897-1978, son of Johann and Katharina Herrmann Reinstdler 1883-1948, son of Georg and Angelika Comtesse Reinstdler 1881-1881, son of Georg and Angelika Comtesse Reinstdler 1877-, son of Johann and Anna Mayer Reinstdler 1875-1950, son of Johann and Anna Mayer Reinstdler 1864-1946, son of Franz and Maria Lorang, married to Katharina Herrmann in 1889 Reinstdler 1846-, son of Bernhard and Margarethe Lorson, married to Anna Mayer in 1872 Reinstdler 1844-, son of Michael and Katharina Laurent Reinstdler 1843-, son of Franz and Eva Untersteller Reinstdler 1839-, son of Bernhard and Margarethe Lorson, married to Maria Mayer in 1865 Reinstdler 1817-1847, son of Peter and Margaretha Wolf, married to Elisabeth Ahr in 1846\nReiplinger 1860-, son of Johann and Maria Ackermann Reiplinger 1829-, son of Johann and Maria Muller, married to Maria Ackermann Reiplinger , married to Maria Muller\nReisdorf 1868-, son of Ferdinand and Anna Mller\nReiser 1663-, son of Martin and Ursula Mathes Reiser 1660-, son of Martin and Ursula Mathes Reiser 1653-1653, son of Martin and Ursula Mathes Reiser, married to Kunigunda Sieger in 1811 Reiser , married to Katherina Schlenker\nReisinger 1739-, son of Joannes and Maria Magdalena Amrein\nReiss 1714-1775/, son of Johann Jakob and Catharina Grgen, married to Susanna Schnitzius in 1750 Reiss 1699, son of Johann Nikolaus Reis and Magdalena Katharina Eva Zimmer\nRei 1874-1953, son of Johann and Maria Elisabeth Jung Rei 1837-, son of Michel and Gertrud Treib, married to Maria Elisabeth Jung Rei 1815-, son of Michael and Maria Barbara Knaubert\nReiter 1884-1884, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Dauster Reiter 1878-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Becker Reiter 1866-, son of Johann and Katharina Schwed, married to Josephine Huwig in 1892 Reiter 1857-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Meyer, married to Margaretha Krner Reiter 1815-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Thimmel Reiter 1811-1837, son of Johann Jakob Reuter and Barbara Altmayer Reiter 1791-1843, son of Johann Jakob and Gertrud Kwenig Kewenig, married to Anna Auler in 1818 Reiter ca 1761-, married to Anna Margarethe Ganster in 1786 Reiter 1714-, son of Peter Reiter Reuter and Anna Maria Hein Reiter, married to Katharina Schwed Reiter, son of Peter and Catharina Kinzinger, married to Anna Maria Bosch in 1873\nReith 1772-, son of Ludwig and Margaretha Hock Reith 1754-1801, son of Ludwig and Margaretha Hock, relationship with Maria Elisabeth Kupi Reith 1748-1810, son of Ludwig and Margaretha Hock, relationship with Elisabeth Peischer Reith 1722-, son of Bartholomous and Anna ?\nReitz 1708-, son of Johann Jokob and Katharina Weyland, married to Anna Barbara Schmidt in 1733 Reitz , married to Anna Guldner in 1822\nRemack, married to Katharina Schmitt\nRemark 1917-1944, married to Pauline Lorson Remark 1895-1897, son of Michel and Katharina Hirtz Remark 1895-1946, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Jung Remark 1888-1942, son of Johann and Anna Brissier Remark 1887-1928, son of Michael and Maria Eisenbarth Remark 1886-1889, son of Johann and Anna Brissier Remark 1880-, son of Peter and Anna Burg Remark 1871-, son of Johann and Margarethe Daub, married to Margarethe Ahr in 1896 Remark 1865-1943, son of Peter and Anna Trunzler Remark 1863-, son of Peter and Anna Trunzler Remark 1860-1929, son of Michael and Maria Mang, married to Maria Fels in 1890 Remark 1852-, son of Johann Peter and Maria Burg, married to Anna Brissier in 1879 Remark 1851-, son of Johannes and Maria Mang Remark 1847-1849, son of Peter and Margarethe Remark Remark 1842-, son of Paul and Katharina Eberhardt, married to Margarethe Daub in 1865 Remark 1838-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kchler Remark 1835-1837, son of Michael and Barbara Scherer Remark 1816-, son of Johannes Remarque and Anna Maria Wittmer, married to Anna Maria Kchler in 1837 Remark 1807-, son of Mathias Remarc and Anna Maria Doerr Remark 1793-1827, son of Johann Remarque and Anna Elisabeth Fetick, married to Anna Schmitt in 1817\nRemarque 1884-1952, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Eisvogel Remarque 1848-, son of Peter and Margarethe Spengler Remarque 1842-, son of Johann and Margarethe Boley Remarque 1840-1840, son of Nikolaus and Anna Kost Remarque 1811-, son of Jakob and Anna Hoffmann, married to Margarethe Boley in 1836 Remarque 1761-1841, son of Joes Michael and Catharina Zipp, married to Anna Elisabeth Fetick\nRemigius 1824-, son of Adam and Maria Katharina Wolf, married to Katharina Wirt, Maria Magdalena Neumann in 1871\nRemlinger 1856-, son of Theodor and Susanne Mller, married to Catharina Mohr in 1880 Remlinger , son of Philipp Jacob and Christina Schndorf, married to Anna Catharina Martin in 1800\nRenault 1771-1805, son of Christoph Renault, Renno and Johanna Haas, married to Barbara Diedrich in 1797\nRenckes 1893-, son of Ludwig and Elisabeth Finkler Renckes 1892-, son of Johann and Maria Klein Renckes 1892-1965, son of Peter and Margarethe Fischer Renckes 1880-1966, son of Johann and Maria Klein Renckes 1878-, son of Johann and Margarethe Abel Renckes 1866-1941, son of Peter and Catharina Schreiner, married to Barbara Hahn in 1899 Renckes 1866-1931, son of Michael and Angelika Siegwarth Renckes 1857-, son of Jakob and Anna Renckes Renckes 1850-, son of Georg and Juliana Katharina Wamuth, married to Maria Klein in 1874 Renckes 1844-, son of Georg and Maria Eisvogel Renckes 1839-, son of Johann and Anna Zang, married to Margarethe Abel in 1869 Renckes 1838-1850, son of Johann and Barbara Mang Renckes 1836-, son of Michael and Margarethe Wirtz Renckes 1832-, son of Michael and Anna Maria Zang Renckes 1828-, son of Michael and Anna Maria Zang, married to Elisabeth Quirin in 1852 Renckes 1825-1845, son of Joseph and Katharina Jackmann Renckes 1817-, son of Johannes and Susanna Schtz Renckes 1813-1815, son of Maria Renckes Renckes 1809-1810, son of Wendelin and Angelika Kiel Renckes 1808-, son of Petrus and Maria Magdalena Werkmeister, married to Gertrud Rohsbach Renckes 1804-1804, son of Johannes and Susanna Schtz Renckes 1802-, son of Konrad and Johanetta Burg, married to Barbara Mang in 1834 Renckes 1800-1801, son of Konrad and Johanetta Burg Renckes 1799-1877, son of Michael and Maria Elisabeth Flasch, married to Anna Zang in 1824 Renckes 1775-1832, son of Joes Petrus and Anna Martha Montada, married to Johannetta Zang in 1801\nRenke, son of Garfried and Lydia Schaber Renke 1854-1925, son of Carl and Rosina Dorothea Kaldun, with Wilhemine Henke Renke 1847-1901, son of Johann Friedrich Rinke and Christina Hienz, married to Magdalena Schaber in 1873\nRenkes 1892-, son of Joseph and Anna Kiel Renkes 1883-1883, son of Peter and Anna Maria Beck Renkes 1864-, son of Ludwig and Anna Maria Luxemburger, married to Katharina Zang in 1888 Renkes 1815-1882, son of Angelika Renckes, married to Anna Mang in 1846\nRenner , married to Anna Ottilia Gross in 1732\nRentschler 1711-, son of Jacob and Anna Maria Hanselmann, married to Magdalene Holzpfel in 1734 Rentschler , married to Margaretha Seeger in 1831\nRenz 1878-, son of Georg and Karoline Seidler Renz 1869-, son of Fryderyk Renz or Rentz and Chrystyna Dreher Renz 1866-, son of Jakob and Katharina Lutz Renz 1866-1867, son of Jacob Friedrich and Katharina Seidler Renz 1832-, son of Fryderyk and Marya Wolfanger, married to Barbara Rau in 1857, Anna Barbara Rehfuss Renz 1820-, married to Anna Maria Krauss in 1843 Renz 1819-1855, son of Johann Georg and Christina Steinwand, married to Margareta Barbara Heim in 1839\nResch 1751-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Doerr Resch ca 1699-, married to Eva Coppy or Coppin\nRettel ca 1580-, married to Margaretha Anthonmeyer in 1601\nRettler 1872-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Scholtes Rettler, married to Catharina Claus in 1845 Rettler , married to Margaretha Lauer\nReusch 1874-1953, son of Franz Jakob and Katharina Fritz, married to Anna Juditha Reusch in 1900 Reusch 1838-1838, son of Gottfried and Anna Maria Reusch Reusch 1835-1900, son of Johann Martin and Maria Agnes Stiefel, married to Maria Agnes Maeulen in 1859\nReutemann 1838-, married to Karolina Klumpp in 1863\nReuter 1799-1861, married to Elisabeth Bach in 1826 Reuter , married to Anna Maria Burg Reuter , father of Conrad\nReuther 1815-1868, son of Peter and Anna Maria Schmidt Reuther 1751-1752, son of Nikolaus and Anna Barbara Schwarz Reuther /1689-, married to Johanna Rupp in 1717\nReutler 1842-1842, son of Friedrich and Anna Khler Reutler 1835-1842, son of Friedrich and Anna Khler Reutler 1828-, son of Peter and Eva Dahlem, married to Catharine Kreis in 1855, Barbara Mller in 1864\nReyer , married to Catharina Welsch\nRichard 1707-, son of Johannes and Johanna Fique\nRichner 1873-1966, son of Ludwig Johann and Maria Stein Richner 1861-, son of Johannes and Catharina Bach Richner , married to Catharina Bastuck\nRichter 1892-1918, son of Johann and Karoline Burgemeister Richter 1865-1940, son of Karl Ludw. RICHTER and Karolina Weiss, married to Karoline Burgemeister in 1887\nRiecker 1800-1860, married to Eva Maria Buehler in 1828\nRiede 1660-, son of Mattheu and Magdalena Mathes, married to Maria Horn in 1682 Riede, married to Rosa Dannecker\nRiedel 1850-1913, son of Heinrich Schill and Catharina Finkbeiner\nRieger 1883-1963, son of Christoph and Katharina Lang, married to Christina R Sheetz in 1933, Elizabeth Bitterman\nRiegler 1882-1897, son of Wilhelm and Margaretha Planta Riegler 1846-1847, son of Johann Gottfried and Anna Maria MLler Riegler 1844-1845, son of Johann Gottfried and Anna Maria MLler\nRiehm 1847-, son of Johann and Anna Gertraud Leidinger Riehm 1869, relationship with Anna Gertraud Leidinger\nRiem , son of Peter and Margaretha Britz, married to Anna Maria Brutscher in 1792\nRies 1896-, son of Joseph and Jakobine Buchmann Ries 1883-, son of Gottlieb and Helena Birn Ries 1883-1883, son of Jakobi and Karolina Leonhard Ries , married to Wilhelmine Sophia Link in 1905 Ries , married to Catharina Nau\nRieselefer , with Anna Maria Ullmer\nRiga 1888-, son of Mathias and Catharina Birk Riga 1818-1888, married to Anna Maria Grg in 1845 Riga, married to Katharina Schwarz Riga, son of Mathias and Elisabeth Ewen, married to Maria Anna Wagner in 1877\nRigot 1885-1964, son of Johann and Margarethe Gtz, married to Anna Rullang in 1906 Rigot 1880-, son of Franz and Elisabeth Kiefer Rigot 1861-, son of Josef Anton and Anna Klopp Rigot 1856-1887, son of Philipp and Gertrud Schmitt, married to Margarethe Gtz in 1881\nRihm 1824-, son of Johannes and Anna Lorson Rihm 1809-, son of Johannes and Anna Lorson\nRinck 1754-, son of Sebastian and Anna Catharina Stutz\nRink 1761-1819, son of Georg and Katharina Hoffmann, married to Maria Katharina Theobald in 1785 Rink 1753-1819, married to Margarethe Wahl\nRinkenbach 1885-1969, son of Jacob and Anna Zang Rinkenbach 1865-1865, son of Jakob and Catharina Lang\nRinklef 1821-1888, son of Georg Michael and Franciska Becker, married to Anna Maria Ullmer in 1845\nRiplinger 1855-, son of Johann and Magdalena Sonnhalter Riplinger 1858, married to Magdalena Sonnhalter\nRischar 1866-, son of Johann Martin and Catharina Flasch\nRisler 1875-, son of Lorenz and Magdalena Schmitt, married to Gertrud Siegfried Risler 1787, married to Maria Engelmann\nRitter 1643-1643, son of Johann Jacob and Anna Margarete Mhr\nRittner 1871-1948, son of Johann and Margarethe Huwer, married to Sophia Katharina Kurtz in 1898 Rittner , married to Margarethe Huwer\nRitzmann 1782-, married to Rosina Hauger in 1825\nRival 1892-1893, son of Johann and Barbara Jann Rival 1865-, son of Peter and Catharina Planta, married to Barbara Jann in 1890\nRixecker 1873-1873, son of Karl Peter and Margarethe Seewald\nRobert 1882-, son of Johannes Paulinus and Catharina Clanget Robert 1797-1836, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Bottard, married to Magdalena Deutsch, Magdalena Maria Gerstner in 1832 Robert , married to Katharina Rolles\nRobine 1880-1958, son of Johann and Angelika Zang Robine 1878-1881, son of Johann and Margarethe Kaeff Robine 1850-, son of Johann and Margarethe Schmidt, married to Angelika Zang in 1874 Robine 1841-, son of Johann and Margarethe Schmidt, married to Margarethe Kaeff in 1872 Robine 1810-1819, son of Johann and Anna Fischer Robine 1804-1864, son of Johann and Anna Fischer, married to Margarethe Schmidt in 1829 Robine 1769-1816, son of Joes and Elisabeth Ahr, married to Katharina Dreistadt in 1793, Anna Fischer in 1794\nRoblet, married to Katharina Naumann\nRod , married to Catharina Naigeon\nRder , married to Barbara ?\nRodlender ca 1744-, son of Peter and Margarethe Kram\nRodner, married to Maria Becker\nRog 1817-1819, son of Johann Peter Roge and Katharina Trentz\nRoge 1850-, son of Christof and Katharina Kreutzer, married to Margaretha Jacob in 1876\nRohrmann 1894-, son of Johann and Maria ?, married to Anna Recktenwald Rohrmann , married to Maria ?\nRllchen 1806, married to Katharina Jaeckel\nRoller ca 1842-, married to Maria Dorothea Sattler in 1871 Roller , married to Anna Marie Keck in 1776\nRller ca 1725-1802, son of Johann Nicolaus and Maria Margaretha Desgranges, married to Marie Elisabeth Aubertin in 1750\nRoloff 1875-, married to Christina Schaible in 1901\nRommel , with Elisabeth Weirich\nRomppel 1868-1951, son of Gottfried and Louisa Flaig, married to Katharina Jung in 1889\nRonck 1897-, son of Johann Peter and Elisabetha Diwo Ronck , married to Maria Theisen\nRoos 1858-, married to Katharina Margareta Straub\nRosar 1898-, son of Philipp and Maria Drr\nRosbert , married to Christine Winter\nRoschuetz 1687-, son of Johann Georg and Eva Riepelin, with Anna Catharina Jelin\nRoignol 1729-1730, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Ney\nRler 1869-, son of Johann Peter and Eva Becker\nRotenbusch, married to Margarethe Reuter\nRoth 1884-, son of Matthias and Barbara Kiefer Roth 1879-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Thieser, married to Johanna Bettscheider in 1906 Roth 1876-1877, son of Johann and Louisa Luithle Roth 1875-1926, son of Joseph and Maria Kolla Roth 1872-, son of Nikolaus and Otilia Jenner Roth 1866-1866, son of Johann and Maria Braun Roth 1859-, son of Peter and Anna Warken, married to Maria Scholtes in 1882 Roth 1846-, son of Johann Georg and Louisa Koenig, married to Louisa Luithle in 1869 Roth 1846-1899, son of Ludwig and Maria Witzmann, married to Katharina Barra in 1870 Roth 1835-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Del Roth 1834-1876, son of Wilhelm and Anna Maria Klein, married to Maria Braun in 1862 Roth 1823-1843, son of Johann and Anna Speicher Roth 1797-1800, son of Johannes Nikolaus and Anna Maria Cann Roth 1777-, son of Matthis and Anna Weber, married to Maria Magdalena Wilhelm in 1806, Anna Speicher in 1819 Roth, married to Angelika Siegwarth Roth , married to Susanne Ganster\nRothermel , married to Dorothea Haug in 1871\nRothfuss 1814-, son of Johannes and Catharina Braun, married to Magdalena Braun in 1840 Rothfuss 1796-1837, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Gaiser Rothfuss 1723-, son of Johann Martin Rothfu and Catharina Gaier Rothfuss 1631-1675, son of Peter and Margaretha Schetthaisen, married to Barbara Burkardt in 1655\nRothfusz 1870-, married to Barbara Sackmann in 1939\nRouget 1866-, son of Johann and Anna Freys, married to Charlotte Klein in 1896 Rouget 1864-1934, son of Johann and Margarethe Freys Rouget 1839-, son of Katharina Rouget, married to Anna Freys in 1864 Rouget 1831-, son of Katharina Rouget, married to Margarethe Engler in 1854, Margarethe Freys in 1857\nRoulier 1748-, married to Elisabeth Roche in 1778\nRoullier , married to Elisabeth Rogg\nRouelange 1823-1824, son of Johann Anton and Maria Lonsdorfer\nRuby ca 1800-1860, son of Michael Rapp and Anna Maria Maier, with Barbara Rapp\nRuck 1811-, with Anna Mary Kopf Ruck 1683-1728, married to Maria Capitaine in 1710\nRck 1872-, son of Mathias and Margarethe Heible, married to Catharina Kolling in 1897\nRuckemann 1863-, son of Georg Michael and Elisabetha Barbara Hohn Ruckemann 1857-1859, son of Georg Michael and Elisabetha Barbara Hohn\nRudolf 1843-1888, son of Longin and Franziska Herrmann, with Theresia Zepf Rudolf 1757-, son of Gregor and Maria Bresser Rudolf 1750-, son of Gregor and Maria Bresser\nRudorfer 1808-1808, son of Leonard and Gertrud Senzig Rudorfer 1800-1800, son of Leonard and Gertrud Senzig\nRueb 1844-1910, son of Christoph and Eva Catharina Pietz\nRueckemann 1789-1862, son of Georg Michael Rckemann and Anna Eva Elisabetha Schollenberger, married to Anna Katharina Brder in 1809\nRueckher 1756-1837, married to Auguste Heinricke Sausele in 1779\nRuessmann 1820-1892, married to Angeline Peez in 1850\nRullang, son of Johann and Katharina Lwenbrck, married to Hedwig Thnes Rullang 1906-, son of Johann and Rosina Mller, married to Hildegard Felten in 1934 Rullang 1893-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Willems, married to Katharina Lwenbrck in 1919 Rullang 1891-1896, son of Franz and Barbara Mathis Rullang 1885-, son of Andreas and Margaretha Kneip Rullang 1882-1882, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maas Rullang 1882-1915, son of Johann and Katharina Griesmeyer, married to Rosina Mller in 1906 Rullang 1881-, son of Andreas and Margaretha Kneip, married to Gertrud Sieger in 1905, Anna Andres Rullang 1876-1876, son of Andreas and Margaretha Kneip Rullang 1859-1861, son of Andreas and Magdalena Comtesse Rullang 1856-1856, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schmitt Rullang 1856-, son of Johann Peter and Maria Lonsdorfer, married to Barbara Klein in 1886 Rullang 1851-, son of Andreas and Magdalena Comtesse, married to Katharina Griesmeyer in 1874 Rullang 1850-1850, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schmitt Rullang 1828-, son of Johann and Katharina Comtesse, married to Maria Anna Sandrisser in 1853 Rullang 1824-, son of Joseph and Margarethe Theobald, married to Elisabeth Schmitt in 1850, Katharina Comtesse in 1876 Rullang 1797-1855, son of Franz Josef and Katharina Simon, married to Katharina Comtesse in 1816\nRundel , married to Johanna Schad\nRuopp , married to Anna Maria Brenner in 1751\nRupp 1897-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Goergen, married to Adelheid Maria Cyrilla Khl Rupp 1890-1971, son of Anton and Katharina Philipp Rupp 1890-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Ney Rupp 1888-, son of Johann and Anna Schirra Rupp 1888-1956, son of Konrad and Margarethe Bonenberger, married to Maria Gtz in 1916 Rupp 1881-, son of Franz and Anna Maria Trockle Rupp 1881-, son of Peter and Anna Sander Rupp 1881-1942, son of Peter and Anna Jener, married to Catharina Henrich in 1910 Rupp 1880-1880, son of Franz and Anna Maria Trockle Rupp 1879-, son of Peter and Anna Weber Rupp 1878-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Lemire Rupp 1877-1878, son of Georg and Katharina Khler Rupp 1877-1878, son of Peter and Anna Sander Rupp 1873-1873, son of Jakob and Maria Katharina Comtesse Rupp 1871-1949, son of Anton and Maria Anna Eberhard Rupp 1871-1871, son of Jakob and Maria Katharina Comtesse Rupp 1868-1939, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Breunig Rupp 1868-, son of Nicolaus and Katharina Breinig, married to Barbara He in 1899 Rupp 1868-1870, son of Anton and Maria Anna Eberhard Rupp 1864-, son of Anton and Maria Anna Eberhard Rupp 1864-1930, son of Nikolaus and Johanna Stuhlsatz, married to Anna Schirra in 1886 Rupp 1861-, son of Johannes and Margarethe Dernbecher Rupp 1860-, son of Johann and Margarethe Louis Rupp 1859-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Wolf Rupp 1859-, son of Michael and Anna Herrmann Rupp 1857-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Wolf Rupp 1857-1857, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Mathieu Rupp 1854-1871, son of Johann and Anna Denis Rupp 1854-, son of Peter and Catharina Conrad Rupp 1853-, son of Konrad and Margarethe Serfahse Rupp 1852-, son of Johann and Katharina Senzig Rupp 1849-, son of Peter and Catharina Conrad Rupp 1848-1891, son of Peter and Catharina Conrad Rupp 1848-, son of Johann and Barbara Welsch Rupp 1848-1878, son of Johann and Anna Henrich Rupp 1847-1847, son of Michael and Anna Renckes Rupp 1845-, son of Johann and Gertrud Molitor Rupp 1845-1884, son of Andreas and Anna Kneip, married to Anna Maria Theobald in 1872 Rupp 1844-1849, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Lonsdorfer Rupp 1844-1888, son of Anton and Barbara Mller, married to Maria Gladel in 1872 Rupp 1841-1841, son of Johann and Gertrud Molitor Rupp 1839-1897, son of Johannes and Anna Altmeyer, married to Margaretha Elisabetha Feld Rupp 1838-1839, son of Michael and Anna Maria Rupp Rupp 1836-, son of Johann Georg and Elisabeth Luxemburger Rupp 1836-1894, son of Johann Peter and Gertrud Mihsere, married to Anna Maria Louis in 1862 Rupp 1833-, son of Georg and Anna Orth Rupp 1832-, son of Johann Norbert and Barbara Boley, married to Margarethe Louis in 1859 Rupp 1828-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Strohm, married to Anna Maria Gabriel in 1855 Rupp 1824-, son of Johann and Maria Selig, married to Katharina Senzig in 1851 Rupp 1822-, son of Jakob and Barbara Klein, married to Barbara Welsch in 1847 Rupp 1820-, son of Johann Norbert and Barbara Boley Rupp 1819-1878, son of Peter and Catharina Haffner, married to Anna Henrich in 1841 Rupp 1817-1817, son of Theobald and Margaretha Diedrich Rupp 1815-1887, son of Johann Georg and Rosina Beer, married to Maria Luxenburger in 1837 Rupp 1814-, son of Peter and Catharina Haffner Rupp 1812-1860, son of Nikolaus and Otilia Brion Rupp 1809-, son of Johann and Katharina Schmidt, married to Anna Denis in 1850 Rupp 1808-1874, son of Peter and Catharina Haffner, married to Gertrud Molitor in 1832 Rupp 1808-1868, son of Theobald and Margaretha Diedrich, married to Barbara Hoffmann in 1832 Rupp 1801-1854, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Theobald, married to Elisabeth Winter Rupp 1796-1873, son of Johann and Anna Margaretha Thiel, married to Elisabeth Strohm in 1825 Rupp 1793-1821, married to Margaretha Andre in 1812 Rupp 1784-, son of Matthias and Anna Eva Rink Rupp 1784-1817, son of Johann Georg and Barbara Klein, married to Katharina Schmidt in 1808 Rupp 1781-1782, son of Matthias and Anna Eva Rink Rupp 1775-1824, son of Johann and Catharina Capuche, with Anna Ney Rupp 1775-1779, son of Sebastian and Margaretha Ney Rupp 1775-1860, son of Nikolaus and Maria Mathis, married to Susanne Jourdain in 1801, Maria Selig in 1822 Rupp 1774-, son of Johann Georg and Barbara Klein Rupp 1773-1773, son of Johann and Katharina Weisshaupt Rupp ca 1769-1813, son of Nikolaus Hermann and Maria Catharina Prison Or Brisson, married to Anna Katharina Wolter in 1794 Rupp 1769-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Schuh Rupp 1767-1770, son of Johann and Maria Theobald Rupp 1758-1795, son of Johann Matthias and Eva Stein, married to Katharina Faust in 1781 Rupp 1757-1758, son of Mathias and Anna Katharina Kirchen Rupp 1756-1837, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Leistenschneider, married to Magdalena Wiltz in 1788 Rupp 1755-1801, son of Johann Nikolaus and Barbara Jungmann, married to Anna Elisabeth Wernet in 1787 Rupp 1755-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Arweiler Rupp 1752-1852, son of Johann Georg and Anna Franziska Balthasar Balzer, married to Franziska Senck in 1777, Anna WELTER in 1785 Rupp 1749-1814, son of Johann and Anna Elisabeth Neubecker, married to Anna Bietzer in 1774, Anna Maria Welsch in 1794 Rupp 1743-1817, son of Johann Bernard and Anna Bietzer, married to Catharina Capuche in 1767 Rupp 1743-1815, son of Jakob and Anna Luxenburger Rupp 1740-, son of Mathias and Anna Becker, married to Maria Magdalena Klein in 1763 Rupp 1736-1815, son of Michael and Anna Gross, married to Maria Theobald in 1765 Rupp 1736-1805, son of Johann Theobald and Anna Catharina Altmeyer, married to Anna Margaretha Thiel in 1783 Rupp 1732-, son of Johann Bernard and Anna Bietzer Rupp 1728-1779, son of Nikolaus and Susanne Schmidt Rupp 1724-1724, son of Johann Bernard and Anna Bietzer Rupp 1724-, son of Johann Peter and Gertrud Loew Rupp 1723-1798, son of Adam and Anna Reuter, married to Anna Elisabeth Neubecker in 1743 Rupp ca 1659-1731, son of Nicolaus and Christina Bommersbach, married to Angela Scharf in 1682, Magdalena Weirich in 1718, Margarethe Frey in 1728 Rupp , son of Peter Nikolaus and Katharina Muhm Rupp, married to Maria Wiltz Rupp , son of Franz and Maria Kneip Rupp , married to Margarethe Gladel Rupp 1736-1805, son of Johann Theobald and Katharina Altmeyer, married to Katharina Weisshaupt in 1766 Rupp 1794, married to Barbara Albert Rupp, son of Peter and Magdalena Albert\nRuppert 1889-1890, son of Franz and Franziska Turnacker Ruppert 1872-1944, son of Johann and Apollonia Schmidt, relationship with Regina Schmidt Ruppert 1870-1870, son of Johann and Apollonia Schmidt Ruppert 1868-1868, son of Johann and Apollonia Schmidt Ruppert 1864-1864, son of Johann and Apollonia Schmidt Ruppert 1833-, son of Philipp and Apollonia Hauk, relationship with Apollonia Schmidt Ruppert 1800-, son of Josef and Maria Barbara Bauer Ruppert 1798-1798, son of Josef and Maria Barbara Bauer Ruppert 1789-1791, son of Elias Rupert and Maria Margaretha Kessler Ruppert 1781-1812, son of Elias Rupert and Maria Margaretha Kessler, married to Maria Barbara Turnacher in 1809 Ruppert 1752-1796, son of Johann and Elisabeth Manger, married to Anna Maria Blees Ruppert 1722-, son of Johann and Barbara N., married to Elisabeth Manger Ruppert 1682-1762, married to Barbara N.\nRusch 1864-, son of Johann and Katharina Becker, married to Margarethe Lorson in 1892 Rusch 1857-1893, son of Nikolaus and Eva Hager, married to Barbara Berg in 1880 Rusch 1825-1870, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Stablo, married to Maria Lellig in 1859, Katharina Becker in 1862 Rusch 1806-1845, married to Barbara Nicolas Rusch 1806-1845, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Staub, married to Barbara Nicolas in 1832\nRuse 1851-1852, son of Johann and Anna Maria Stuhlsatz Ruse 1826-, son of Etienne and Anna Wolff, married to Anna Maria Stuhlsatz in 1847\nRuss 1836-1836, son of Johann Georg and Susanna Horn\nRusse 1873-, son of Johann and Anna Haffner, married to Margaretha Becker in 1896 Russe 1870-1870, son of Johann and Anna Haffner Russe 1833-1894, son of Johann Jakob Ruse and Margaretha Welsch, married to Anna Haffner in 1863 Russe 1828-, son of Johann Jakob Ruse and Margaretha Welsch Russe 1810-1810, son of Franz Ruse and Barbara Altmayer\nRyfel 1769-1838, son of Rudolf Ryffel and Anna Barbara Riffel, married to Catharina Ryffel in 1807\nS\nSMER 1800-1846, son of Michel SEMER and Anglique BOUR, married to Anna Maria BRACH in 1830\nSCHAIBEL 1882-1883, son of Mathus Schaible and Magdalena ROTT SCHAIBEL 1869-1870, son of Martin Schaible and Catharina Kaul SCHAIBEL 1864-1879, son of Johann Friederich Schaible and Friederika Jutzy\nSCHAIBLE 1902-1944, son of Christian Schaible and Katharina Henke, married to Pauline SINGER in 1929\nSCHERER 1821-, son of Johannes and Barbara Hermann SCHERER 1810-1878, married to Katharina FELD in 1835\nSCHMIDT 1874-1876, son of Nikolaus Schmidt and Barbara Bellmann SCHMIDT 1856-, son of Johann Schmitt and Margaretha SCHMITT, married to Susanna SCHMIDT in 1878 SCHMIDT 1848-1849, son of Johann Schmitt and Margaretha SCHMITT SCHMIDT 1793-, son of Johann Schmitt and Anna Maria Zech\nSCHMITT 1819-, son of Johann and Margaretha HOFFMANN, married to Maria Anna WEBER in 1847 SCHMITT 1811-1815, son of Johann and Margaretha HOFFMANN SCHMITT 1780-1833, son of Franciscus Schmidt and Gertrud Fischer, married to Margaretha HOFFMANN in 1800\nSCHNBERGER 1820-1890, married to Anna Maria RUPP in 1843 SCHNBERGER 1806-1818, son of Johann SCHNBERGER, SCHEMBERGER and Maria SCHNADINGER\nSCHNBERGER, SCHEMBERGER 1778-1829, son of Joseph SchNberger, Schemberger and Anna Barbara Winter, married to Maria SCHNADINGER in 1803 SCHNBERGER, SCHEMBERGER 1778-1778, son of Nikolaus Schnberger and Katharina Elisabeth Malsack SCHNBERGER, SCHEMBERGER 1703-, son of Johann and Margaretha ROUSSELIN, RESLING SCHNBERGER, SCHEMBERGER ca 1696-1782, son of Johann and Margaretha ROUSSELIN, RESLING, married to Catharina REICHART in 1733 SCHNBERGER, SCHEMBERGER 1728, son of Georg and Margaretha HOFFMANN, married to Margaretha ROUSSELIN, RESLING in 1695\nSCHORS 1869-, son of Nikolaus Schors and Maria Mller\nSCHRAMM 1765-1766, son of Nikolaus and Maria Catharina GERGEN\nSCHREIBER 1903-1953, with Margaretha KREIN\nSCHROEDER 1899-, son of Johann Schrder and Katharina HOFFMANN SCHROEDER 1889-1889, son of Johann Schrder and Catharina Schnaible SCHROEDER 1883-1883, son of Johann Schrder and Catharina Schnaible\nSCHUDER 1884-1884, son of Peter Schuder and Barbarae Krall\nSCHWEIGERT ca 1892-, son of Jakob Schweigert and Katharina Quade SCHWEIGERT 1890-1890, son of Johann Schweigert and Christina Singer SCHWEIGERT 1883-1961, son of Andreas Schweigert\nSCHWINN 1765-1835, son of Georg Johann Schwinn and Anna Gabriel, married to Anna Maria NEY in 1786\nSENZIG 1870-1876, son of Peter Senzig and Maria Jochum SENZIG 1870-, son of Johann and Anna Catharina NICOLA SENZIG 1866-1880, son of Johann and Catharina LEHNERT SENZIG 1841-1903, son of Peter Senzig and Margaretha Rck, married to Catharina LEHNERT in 1865 SENZIG 1840-1892, son of Johann Senzig and Anna Kuhn, married to Anna Catharina NICOLA in 1869 SENZIG 1823-1875, son of Johann Jakob Senzig and Magdalena Schuder SENZIG 1812-1819, son of Johann Jakob Senzig and Maria Barbara Haas\nSIEWERT ca 1887-, married to Margaretha BOLLINGER in 1911\nSONNTAG 1889-, son of Mathias and Maria Magdalena KRALL, married to Katharina WEISGERBER SONNTAG 1807-, son of Andreas Sonntag and Katharina Kurzmann\nSTEIN 1867-1868, son of Andreas and Christina Barbara Rau\nSTROHM 1850-1851, son of Johann and Anna Maria SCHMITT STROHM 1825-1848, son of Johann and Anna Maria SCHMITT STROHM 1804-1878, son of Peter Strohm and Anna Maria Rihm, married to Anna Maria SCHMITT in 1824\nSackman 1889-1957, son of Adam Adolf Sackmann and Louise Mack Sackman 1737-, son of Christian Heinrich and Anna Maria Seeger\nSackmann 1896-, son of Jacob and Barbara Reiss, married to Katharina Weippert in 1918 Sackmann 1874-, son of Johann Adam and Dorothea Vossler Sackmann 1865-, son of Jacob and Justina Kuck Sackmann , son of Adam and Friederika Hess\nSacksteder 1799-ca 1860, son of Johann and Katherina Berwald, married to Louise Schuller in 1819 Sacksteder 1775-1836, son of Mathias Sacksttter and Anna Marie Nicola, married to Katherina Berwald in 1790\nSahling 1893-, son of Johann Jakob and Philippina Mattes Sahling 1870-1870, son of Konrad and Katharina Barbara Unterschtz Sahling 1865-1866, son of Konrad and Katharina Barbara Unterschtz\nSahner 1856-, son of Johann Georg and Elisabetha Gestier, married to Maria Berger in 1885 Sahner 1790-1837, son of Joseph and Margaretha Hohlweg, married to Catharina Schlicker in 1815 Sahner 1769-, son of Nicolaus and Maria Catharina Kraus Sahner, married to Anna Catharina Dorothea Gerner\nSalzar 1776-1847, married to Johanna Reusch in 1802\nSalzer 1848-, married to Anna Barbara Reusch in 1874 Salzer 1808-1886, son of Johann Salzar and Johanna Reusch, married to Anna Maria Reusch in 1835 Salzer , married to Anna Elisabeth Friz in 1740\nSalzmann 1887-1954, son of Peter and Elisabeth Mailnder, married to Regina Bonenberger in 1914 Salzmann 1783-, son of Frank and Barbara Kiefer, married to Anna Maria Stenger in 1803\nSameisl or Samersla 1883-1944, married to Magdalena Werni in 1904\nSandeck 1843-1928, married to Anna Katharina Bremer\nSander 1898-1962, son of Georg and Margarethe Kaeff Sander 1897-1968, son of Joseph and Anna Maria Khler Sander 1897-, son of Martin and Margaretha Speicher, married to Rosa Kettenring in 1921 Sander 1888-, son of Johann and Barbara Algier Sander 1880-, son of Johann and Maria Bersal Sander 1870-1944, son of Johann Peter and Katharina Hauser Sander 1852-, son of Georg and Anna Maria Hanauer, married to Maria Bersal in 1875 Sander 1848-, married to Barbara Algier in 1875 Sander 1834-, son of Johann and Margarethe Gier Sander 1823-1841, son of Johannes and Gertrud Klein Sander 1820-1883, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Frank Sander 1819-1821, son of Johannes and Gertrud Klein Sander 1814-1815, son of Matthias and Magdalena Frey Sander 1807-, son of Margarethe Sander, married to Margarethe Gier in 1832 Sander 1794-, son of Joannes and Anna Maas Sander 1777-, son of Johannes and Anna Jungfleisch, married to Margaretha Hamerschmitt in 1815 Sander 1722-, son of Georg Alexander and Maria Loris\nSannewald 1837-1852, son of Georg Michael and Anna Margrethe Dorothea Kolb\nSanwald 1837-1882, son of Georg Michael Sannewald and Anna Margrethe Dorothea Kolb\nSartorius 1855-1918, son of Johann and Anna Maria Quirin Sartorius 1810-1878, son of Jean Baptiste and Jeanette Guitienne, married to Anna Maria Quirin in 1841\nSass 1878-, son of Johann and Anna Dorothea Bohnet, married to Luisa Jeske in 1900 Sass 1856-, married to Anna Dorothea Bohnet in 1877\nSattler 1719-1791, married to Anna Maria Armbruster in 1745 Sattler 1520, married to Barbara von Gaisberg Sattler, married to Antonia Gundel\nSauer 1880-, son of Georg and Catharina Steuer Sauer 1855-1858, son of Ludwig and Katharina Louis Sauer 1850-, son of Sebastian and Anna Catharina Barre Sauer 1848-, son of Conrad and Anna Bonenberger Sauer 1845-1927, married to Margaretha Bareith in 1876, Apollonia Hellenbrandt in 1890 Sauer 1845-, son of Martin and Catharina Daub, married to Louisa Magdalena Fischer in 1868 Sauer 1843-, son of Ludwig and Catharina Richner Sauer 1843-, son of Conrad and Anna Bonenberger Sauer 1834-1835, son of Sebastian and Anna Catharina Barre Sauer 1812-, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Reichert, married to Johannetta Klein in 1836 Sauer 1748-, son of Joes and Anna Maria Boley Sauer, married to Anna Maria Schlenker\nSauter 1766-1834, married to Agatha Honer in 1790\nSavelkouls 1866-, son of Friedrich August and Anna Zang\nSayler 1870-, son of Johannes and Regina Stoller\nSchFer 1850-, son of Johann and Barbara Massonne, married to Catharina Petry in 1875 SchFer 1838-, son of Johann and Barbara Massonne, married to Anna Wirth in 1858, Jakobine Philippina SchildwChter in 1862 SchFer 1815-1882, married to Margaretha Schmidt Schmitt in 1841 SchFer 1812-1866, married to Barbara Massonne in 1837 SchFer 1744-1747, son of Friedrich and Margaretha Merkel\nSchFfer 1867-1868, son of Johann SchFer and Jakobine Philippina SchildwChter SchFfer 1864-1866, son of Johann SchFer and Jakobine Philippina SchildwChter\nSchTzler 1814-1814, son of Georg Schatzler and Maria Margaretha Rupert SchTzler 1801-, son of Georg Schatzler and Maria Margaretha Rupert\nSchN 1740-1796, relationship with Anna Maria Imhof\nSchNberger, Schemberger 1723-1776, son of Joseph and Maria Maas, married to Margaretha KHn in 1753, Magdalena Hob, Hoppe in 1763\nSchaaf 1872-1872, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Heisel Schaaf 1865-1872, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Heisel\nSchaake 1849-1931, son of Gottfried Hermann and Anna Maria Meunier, married to Theresa Gunder\nSchabach 1875-1897, son of Mathias and Katharina Roth\nSchabbach 1808-1881, son of Johann and Anna Maria Strmer, married to Anna Maria Ertz Schabbach 1780-1847, son of Mathias Schabach and Maria Eva Saur, married to Anna Maria Strmer in 1807 Schabbach 1685-1760, son of Mathias and Johannetta ?, married to Barbara Schieber in 1718\nSchaber 1901-, son of Johann and Magdalena Wallewein Schaber 1874-, son of Jacob and Magdalena Renke, married to Magdalena Wallewein in 1902\nSchabinger ca 1707-, son of Hans Jacob and Anna Maria Duss, married to Agnes Maria Khner in 1724\nSchackmann 1883-1926, son of Jacob and Maria Speicher, married to Barbara Blank in 1907 Schackmann 1838-1901, married to Margaretha Karrenbauer in 1865 Schackmann 1810-1810, son of Peter Bruno and Katharina Lorson Schackmann 1795-, son of Johannes and Katharina Hanauer Schackmann 1752-1831, son of Jakob Jacquemin, Schackmann and Barbara Sibille, married to Maria Spuler in 1779\nSchad 1677-, son of Martin and Ursula Kchle, married to Maria Stengele in 1703\nSchaeble 1871-, son of Leonhard and Maria Soell\nSchaefer 1892-1959, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Albert, married to Pauline Lesch in 1920 Schaefer 1860-1927, married to Christina Handel in 1882 Schaefer 1849-1895, son of Valentin Schaeffer and Philippina Ziegelmayer, married to Sophie Killian in 1881 Schaefer 1820-1892, son of Luise Schaefer, married to Anna Maria Lonsdorfer in 1848 Schaefer 1812-1812, son of Johann Caspar and Maria Elisabeth Bunz Schaefer 1733-, married to Magdalena Burg in 1758\nSchaeffer, married to Anne Hubig\nSchaefle , son of Egid and Renata Wenzler\nSchafer 1792-1830, relationship with Margaretha Bischof\nSchfer 1891-, son of Johann and Katharina Leidinger Schfer 1888-, son of Martin and Margaretha Schneider, married to Margaretha Maria Johannes Schfer 1887-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Bedersdorfer, married to Sofie Trittmann in 1915 Schfer 1885-, son of Johann and Christina Handel Schfer 1885-, son of Johann Schaefer and Christina Handel Schfer 1876-1878, son of Johann and Magdalena Ruse Schfer 1870-1880, son of Johann and Maria Mathieu Schfer 1867-1875, son of Johann and Maria Mathieu Schfer 1861-1861, son of Johann and Maria Mathieu Schfer 1860-1927, married to Christina Handel in 1882 Schfer 1859-1918, son of Andreas Nikolaus and Angela Steil Schfer 1859-1861, son of Johann and Katharina Sabina Knoblauch Schfer 1855-, married to Katharina Leidinger in 1882 Schfer 1845-, son of Sebastian and Elisabeth Buschbacher, married to Magdalena Ruse in 1873 Schfer 1840-1872, with Margaretha Bareith Schfer 1834-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Wilhelm, married to Katharina Sabina Knoblauch in 1857 Schfer 1830-, married to Maria Mathieu in 1853 Schfer 1830-1895, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Klein, married to Maria Mathieu in 1853 Schfer 1777-, married to Eva Albert in 1814 Schfer 1763-1837, son of Friedrich SchFer and Margaretha Merkel, married to Magdalena Grewer Krewer in 1764 Schfer , married to Anna Maria Lutz in 1880 Schfer 1847, married to Barbara Kiefer Schfer , married to Eleonore Heit Schfer , married to Elisabeth ?\nSchffers , father of Anna Catharina Margaretha Schafferin\nSchaible 1899-1925, son of Johann Adam and Christiana S Schaible 1889-, son of Jacob and Anna Bohlender Schaible 1884-1885, son of Christian and Maria Krnzler Schaible 1882-1883, son of Mathus Schaible 1880-1886, son of Christian and Christine Barbara Gtz Schaible 1873-1873, son of Christian and Christina Engelhardt Schaible 1864-1879, son of Johann Friederich and Friederika Jutzy Schaible 1858-1858, son of Christian and Christina Engelhardt Schaible 1856-1908, son of Johann Georg and Katharina Eisenbeiss, married to Katherina Wittmeier Schaible 1856-1856, son of Johann Georg and Katharina Eisenbeiss Schaible 1853-1880, son of Johann Michael and Elisabetha Geist, married to Katharina Geist in 1873 Schaible 1834-1892, son of Johann Michael and Magdalena Schnuerlen, married to Eva Catharina in 1856 Schaible , son of Christian and Friedericka Roesch\nSchamma, son of Nikolaus and Henriette Willems\nSchanno 1895-, son of Michael and Anna Russe, married to Berta Johannes Schanno 1810-1813, son of Peter and Margaretha Focht Schanno 1804-1805, son of Peter and Margaretha Focht\nSchanz 1880-1890, son of Johannes and Marie Rieger\nSchanzenbach 1836-1836, son of Johann Carl Peter and Elisabetha Jacob\nSchappeler 1677-, son of Georg and Anna x\nScharf 1833-1909, son of Peter and Margaretha Burger, married to Barbara Kiefer in 1858\nScharff 1742-1780, son of Paul Scharf and Magdalena Helene Math, married to Margaretha Schmitt in 1771\nSchatz 1886-1962, married to Othelia Eisenbeiss in 1933 Schatz 1732-1801, son of Johann Martin and Elisabeth Weber, married to Eva Heller, Anna Maria Heisser in 1762, Margaretha Christoffel in 1778 Schatz , son of Heinrich and Christine Burkhardt\nSchtzle 1759-1842, son of Joseph and Maria Ursula Schnekenburger, married to Marianna Denkinger in 1793\nSchauber 1672-1749, son of Jakob and Agatha Buol, married to Katherina Schneider\nSchauff , father of Hans\nSchaufler 1795-1824, son of Franz Xaver and Catharina Bauser, married to Anna Theobald in 1814, Maria Theobald in 1816\nSchaum 1846-, son of Jakob and Barbara Dorr Schaum 1845-, son of Johann and Maria Hubig Schaum 1821-, son of Friedrich and Katharina Salzmann, married to Maria Hubig in 1845 Schaum 1809-1815, son of Friedrich and Katharina Salzmann\nSchaupp 1877-, married to Christine Buchfink in 1904\nSchedler 1877-1954, son of Johann and Maria Feld, married to Maria Oster in 1912 Schedler 1846-1905, married to Maria Feld in 1877\nScheerer 1842-, son of Gottlieb and Rosina Bulling, father of Maria\nScheffer 1490-1537, with Margaretha Kuhn Scheffer, father of Maria Magdalena Schaeffer\nScheffler , son of Heinrich Gustav and Ella Emilie Lange\nScheible 1742-1789, son of Jakob and Magdalena Eberhard, married to Catharina Hring in 1767 Scheible ca 1663-1740, married to Barbara Schabinger in 1687\nSchell 1871-, son of Johann and Catharina Schatz Schell 1868-, son of Peter and Barbara Hertel Schell 1847-, son of Jacob Peter and Regina Heer, married to Catharina Schatz in 1871, Elisabetha Schatz in 1885\nScheller 1855-1857, son of Johann and Katharina Kust Scheller 1833-, married to Katharina Kust in 1852\nSchelling 1821-1902, son of Johann Georg and Agnes Katharina Nill, with Anna Mary Mauder\nSchemel 1884-, son of Paul and Maria Sophia Mangin Schemel 1878-1880, son of Paul and Maria Sophia Mangin Schemel 1862-, son of Jakob and Anna Rupp\nSchemer 1865-1866, son of Cornelius and Barbara Hiry\nSchenberger 1882-, married to Lydia Quast in 1906\nSchenk 1883-1946, married to Christina Hehn Schenk in 1908\nSchepers 1893-1893, son of Theodor and Margaretha Trockle Schepers 1892-1892, son of Theodor and Margaretha Trockle\nScherbacher , with Barbara Meither\nScherbenske 1881-1941, son of Johannes and Magdalena Naasz, married to Katherena Knoepfle in 1902\nScherbinske 1872-1873, son of Conrad and Christina Krause Scherbinske ca 1864-, son of Johannes and Barbara Necker, married to Dorothea Burgemeister in 1886 Scherbinske 1859-1923, son of Johann and Karolina Heier, married to Lydia Mueller in 1886 Scherbinske 1832-1918, son of Johann Scherbinsky and Elisabeth Schneider, married to Karolina Heier in 1855\nScherbinski 1882-, son of Johann and Catharina Schneider, married to Christina Klaiber in 1908 Scherbinski 1853-1924, son of Johann Peter Czervinskin and Margaretha Riethmueller, with Catharina Schneider\nScherbinsky ca 1805-1845, son of Christian Czervinskin and Chistina Bohnet, married to Elisabeth Schneider in 1831\nScherer 1894-1975, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Mllenbach, married to Barbara Schmitt Scherer 1892-, son of Mathias and Elisabeth Karrenbauer Scherer 1872-, son of Johann and Maria Nieder Scherer 1865-, son of Johann and Maria Schmitt, married to Catharina Karrenbauer in 1891 Scherer 1862-, son of Jakob and Margaretha Grn Scherer 1858-, son of Georg and Justine Selcho Scherer 1857-1894, son of Peter and Anna Maria Knig Scherer 1854-1855, son of Mathias Jakob and Christine Weiss Scherer 1853-1853, son of Georg and Justine Selcho Scherer 1852-1923, married to Margaretha Katharina Wagner in 1877 Scherer 1851-, with Maria Ries Scherer 1845-1845, son of Jakob and Margaretha Grn Scherer 1842-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Knig, married to Maria Wilhelm in 1868 Scherer 1841-1910, son of Konrad and Catharina Jochum, married to Maria Nieder in 1865 Scherer 1841-1910, son of Konrad and Catharina Jochum Scherer 1840-, married to Maria Schmitt Scherer 1826-1881, son of Jacob and Margarethe Bla, married to Magdalena Becker in 1858 Scherer 1815-, son of Anton and Elisabeth Feilen, married to Barbara Hoff, Barbara Goergen in 1851 Scherer 1796-1800, son of Christian and Barbara Altmayer Scherer 1786-, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Elisabeth Perlian Scherer 1780-1857, son of Nikolaus and Anna Paulus, married to Anna Spurck in 1808 Scherer 1757-1809, son of Johannes and Margaretha Kurtz, married to Barbara Woll in 1787 Scherer 1755-1799, son of Jacob and Susanna Cron, married to Catharina Riehm in 1777 Scherer 1725-, son of Johann Peter and Anna Clein Scherer 1654-, son of Baltasar and Baltasar Scherer, married to Katharina Schmied in 1691 Scherer 1888, son of Nikolaus and Anna Puffay, married to Catherine Englinger in 1855 Scherer, married to Catharina Feld Scherer , married to Katharina Knig\nScherin 1896-, son of Johannes and Marie Selcho\nScherschel 1893-1895, son of Daniel and Maria Gertrud Hirtz\nScherz 1867-1919, son of Heinrich and Maria Jacob Scherz 1841-1903, son of Joseph and Catharina Weber, married to Anna Maria Natus in 1865\nScherzinger 1751-, son of Philipp and Catharina Kleck\nSchetgen 1848-, son of Johann and Katharina Tck, married to Gertrud Roth in 1872 Schetgen 1853, married to Katharina Tck\nSchettle 1852-1929, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Reinert, married to Magdalena Schwindling in 1883\nScheuer 1844-, son of Jacob and Walburga Thiel, married to Catharina Puhl in 1872 Scheuer /1856, married to Elisabeth Claus\nScheuren 1882-, son of Johann and Maria Gehl Scheuren 1837-, son of Christoph and Maria Anna Goergen, married to Maria Gehl in 1876\nScheurer 1867-, son of Johann Friedrich and Carolina Sultz, with Maria Magdalena Hopp\nSchiel , married to Anna Maria Mann\nSchierle 1858-, son of Johann Friederich and Barbara Christina Scholl\nSchiff 1775, married to Susanne Ehl in 1738\nSchiffer 1876-1942, son of Heinrich and Katharina Lux\nSchifferling , married to Margaretha Gradwohl in 1920\nSchiffknecht , married to Margaretha Wagner\nSchiffler 1901-1941, married to Anna Hoffmann in 1922\nSchiffmann 1857-, son of Matthias and Katharina Zwer Schiffmann, married to Katharina Neishfer Schiffmann , married to Elisabeth Dillschneider\nSchille 1832-, son of Caspar and Anna Maria Zang\nSchillinger 1879-, married to Anna Wagner Schillinger 1866-1944, married to Anna Amrein Schillinger 1770-, son of Johann and Maria Elisabeth Bach Schillinger 1722-1778, son of Andreas and Ottilia N., married to Maria Elisabeth Bach in 1756\nSchiltz, married to Katharina Gaudron\nSchimmelpfennig 1831-, son of Gottfried and Katharina Ortner, married to Katharina Rusch in 1856\nSchirg , with Sophia Sahner\nSchirra 1896-1958, son of Johann and Anna Kermann, married to Rosa Ney in 1924 Schirra 1892-1972, son of Nikolaus and Maria Reichrath Schirra 1892-1969, son of Johann and Maria Margarethe Decker Schirra 1890-, son of Johann and Maria Federspiel Schirra 1885-1885, son of Nikolaus and Anna Lorson Schirra 1880-1882, son of Johann and Katharina Schmidt Schirra 1880-1882, son of Matthias and Barbara Lorson Schirra 1877-1878, son of Johann and Katharina Schmidt Schirra 1871-1937, son of Johann and Magdalena Eberhard, married to Anna Sander in 1898 Schirra 1870-, son of Johann and Johanna Lorson Schirra 1869-, son of Peter and Barbara Speicher, married to Anna Kermann in 1893 Schirra 1865-, son of Matthias and Barbara Lorson Schirra 1864-1932, son of Johann and Margaretha Lorson, married to Anna Maria Fritz in 1888, Anna Fritz in 1897 Schirra 1863-, son of Johann and Margaretha Guillaume, married to Maria Federspiel in 1888 Schirra 1861-1936, son of Johann and Johanna Lorson, married to Maria Margarethe Decker in 1888 Schirra 1857-, son of Michael and Johanna Lorson Schirra 1843-, son of Michael and Katharina Hahn, married to Katharina Schmidt in 1873 Schirra 1837-1898, married to Helena Quint Schirra 1831-1881, son of Wendel and Barbara Jacob, married to Magdalena Eberhard in 1857 Schirra 1828-1896, son of Michael and Katharina Hahn, married to Johanna Lorson in 1856 Schirra 1826-1871, son of Nikolaus and Maria Wolf, married to Margaretha Lorson in 1853 Schirra 1824-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Wolf, married to Margaretha Guillaume in 1853 Schirra 1819-, son of Johann and Magdalena Eisenbarth Schirra 1814-1814, son of Johann and Magdalena Eisenbarth Schirra 1793-1876, son of Michael and Susanna Hanauer, married to Magdalena Eisenbarth in 1814, Anna Zang in 1830 Schirra , son of Johann and Helena Quint, married to Maria Josefine Petry in 1885, Margarethe Ehre in 1886 Schirra , son of Friedrich and Catharina Krmer, married to Margarethe Thiel in 1878, Barbara Meilchen in 1884\nSchirrar, married to Maria Matz\nSchittenhelm 1876-, son of Johann Martin and Maria Pauline Mller Schittenhelm 1876-1876, son of Johann Martin and Maria Pauline Mller Schittenhelm 1845-, son of Johannes\nSchlaberitz, married to Katherina Bauer\nSchlachter, married to Elisabetha Reilschifter\nSchlaich , married to Maria Karoline Stoll in 1873\nSchlander 1866-, son of Leonhard and Marie Anschtz, married to Katharina Raphael in 1890\nSchlauch 1878-, with Justina Ehmann Schlauch 1876-1907, married to Berta Dorothea Bachelier in 1898\nSchlaucher 1732-, son of Michael and Apollonia Andeler\nSchlecht 1886-1943, son of Gottfried and Christina Martin Schlecht 1868-, son of Adam and Elisabeth Katharine Bauer Schlecht 1842-, son of Adam and Elizabeth Marzolf\nSchlehuber 1894-1894, son of Peter and Anna Hhn Schlehuber 1889-1941, son of Johann and Katharina Gebert Schlehuber 1862-, son of Johann Friedrich and Anna Maria Weiss Schlehuber 1854-, son of Johann Friedrich and Anna Maria Weiss, married to Katharina Gebert in 1882\nSchleich 1891-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Ney Schleich 1874-, son of Christoph and Margaretha Jacob, married to Maria Grgen in 1900 Schleich 1826-1875, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Schmidt, married to Gertrud Molitor in 1852 Schleich 1772-1850, married to Barbara Dick in 1803\nSchleicher 1831-1831, son of Friedrich and Christine Mueller\nSchlemmer 1876-, married to Maria Baltes in 1908\nSchlenker 1881-1936, married to Katharina Elhard in 1904 Schlenker 1869-, son of Michael and Susanna Bohnet, married to Rosina Renz in 1905 Schlenker 1859-1933, son of Jacob and Christina Finkbainer Schlenker 1846-1932, son of Johann Martin and Katharina Kohler, married to Christina Schoettle in 1868\nSchley 1640-1709, married to Maria Katharina Paulus in 1662, Anna Margaretha Grsser in 1675 Schley , married to Anna Margaretha Grsser\nSchlichtig 1864-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Russe Schlichtig 1828-, son of Philipp and Margaretha Wirth Schlichtig 1819-1870, son of Josef and Elisabeth Morguet, married to Anna Maria Russe in 1859 Schlichtig 1744-1745, son of Peter and Anna Margaretha Theobald Schlichtig ca 1719-1749, married to Anna Maria Rupp\nSchlicker 1856-1908, son of Christian and Margarethe Rinn, married to Katharina Mayer in 1879 Schlicker 1799-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Stenger, married to Elisabeth Altmeyer Schlicker 1775-1839, son of Christian and Margaretha Heckmann, married to Elisabeth Stenger in 1798\nSchlimm 1843-1894, son of Gottfried and Anna Wohler, married to Johanna Luise Ottilie Kuhr in 1868\nSchlinger ca 1761-, married to Maria Margaretha Weber in 1790\nSchlder 1829-1829, son of Nicolaus Schloeder and Theresia Schmitz Schlder 1818-1826, son of Nicolaus Schloeder and Theresia Schmitz Schlder 1861, married to Maria Magdalena Jngling Schlder 1764-1785, son of Martin and Margareta Dixius\nSchloeder 1777-, son of Johann Jacob Schlder and Anna Margareta Zimmer\nSchmadel 1902-, son of Michael and Anna Jenal Schmadel 1855-1870, son of Johann and Katharina Denis Schmadel 1852-, son of Barbara Schmadel Schmadel 1832-1834, son of Elisabeth Schmadel Schmadel 1813-1887, son of Johann and Barbara Ganster, married to Katharina Denis in 1835 Schmadel , married to Barbara Ganster Schmadel, married to Magdalena Leinheuser\nSchmahl 1635-, married to Gertraud Stappen\nSchmallegger ca 1904-ca 1980, married to Hedwig Erna Reinhold in 1928\nSchmalz 1642-, son of Mathias and Johanna de Groif\nSchmeer 1842-1921, son of Johann Peter and Catharina Sophia Ludt, married to Louisa Sophia Mller in 1869\nSchmelzer 1715-1757, son of Johann Peter and Anna Elisabeth Gertrud Franck, married to Maria Catharina Barth in 1745\nSchmid 1886-1900, son of Johann Christian Schmidt and Eva Magdalene Ehrmann Schmid ca 1878-/1988, married to Christiane x in 1905 Schmid 1868-, son of Christian Or Christoph and Friederike Zimmermann Schmid 1719-, son of Konrad and Anna Maria Bader Schmid 1682-, son of Michael and Maria Keller Schmid 1680-, son of Michael and Maria Keller Schmid , married to Amalia Fritz in 1907\nSchmidblaicher 1811-, married to Eva Marie Heller in 1839\nSchmidt 1899-, son of Michael and Maria Engel, married to Margaretha Josefine Meunier Schmidt 1898-1899, son of Johann and Katharina Blumer Schmidt 1895-1941, son of Jakob and Maria Fissene Schmidt 1895-, son of Bernhard and Elisabeth Rupp Schmidt 1894-, son of Johann and Gertrud Fontaine Schmidt 1893-, son of Peter and Katharina Comtesse Schmidt 1889-, married to Alma Weiss in 1925 Schmidt 1889-, son of Christof and Katharina Schwarz Schmidt 1887-1887, son of Johann and Margarethe Mang Schmidt 1885-1969, son of Johann and Maria Demmer Schmidt 1883-1956, son of Georg and Apollonia Kessler Schmidt 1879-1968, with Katherine Walz Schmidt 1879-1881, son of Peter and Gertrud Kneip Schmidt 1876-, son of Christoph and Catharina Molitor Schmidt 1876-, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Hubig Schmidt 1875-1935, son of Jakob and Gertrud Theisen, married to Philippine Caroline Johannes in 1898 Schmidt 1872-1931, son of Johann Georg Schmied and Anna Maria Bohnet, married to Karoline Mayer in 1896 Schmidt 1872-1874, son of Michael and Anna Planta Schmidt 1870-1875, son of Michael and Elisabeth Wilhelm Schmidt 1869-1870, son of Jakob and Maria Becker Schmidt 1866-1870, son of Michael and Elisabeth Wilhelm Schmidt 1865-1935, son of Johann and Anna Beck Schmidt 1863-1940, son of Anna Maria Schmidt, married to Maria Monsieur in 1888 Schmidt 1862-, son of Johann Peter and Magdalena Becker Schmidt 1862-, married to Catharina Ney in 1888 Schmidt 1861-1900/, married to Gertrud Fontaine in 1885 Schmidt 1861-, son of Peter and Elisabeth Schirra, married to Maria Lorang in 1890 Schmidt 1861-, son of Kaspar and Katharina Hubert, married to Katharina Blumer in 1898 Schmidt 1859-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Margaretha Weber, married to Elisabeth Weiler in 1884, Katharina Blumer in 1894 Schmidt 1858-1858, son of Michael and Elisabeth Wilhelm Schmidt 1858-1884, son of Jakob and Margaretha Schon Schmidt 1857-, son of Johannes Schmitt and Elisabeth Khler, married to Maria Demmer in 1883 Schmidt 1856-1876, son of Andreas and Maria Gerard Schmidt 1856-, son of Mathias and Marianne Renz, married to Juliane Freiheit in 1876 Schmidt 1855-1927, son of Johann and Margarethe Goujet, married to Anna Katharina Beck in 1884 Schmidt 1855-1881, son of Peter and Elisabeth Schwarz Schmidt 1854-, son of Carl Schmitt and Margaretha Clanget Schmidt 1852-1853, son of Peter and Magdalena Beicht Schmidt 1851-, married to Barbara Grg in 1879 Schmidt 1849-, married to Barbara Ochs in 1880 Schmidt 1847-, son of Johann and Margarethe Goujet Schmidt 1844-, son of Peter and Margaretha Schmidt Schmidt 1841-1871, married to Catharina Caspar in 1867 Schmidt 1840-, son of Matthias Schmitt and Katharina Luxemburger, married to Margarethe Mang in 1866 Schmidt 1835-1881, son of Matthias Schmitt and Katharina Luxemburger, married to Anna Beck in 1860 Schmidt 1834-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Remark Schmidt 1832-, son of Paul and Catherine Kinzinger Schmidt 1832-1834, son of Peter and Anna Mathis Schmidt 1832-1909, son of Johann Crispinus Schmitt and Margaretha Klein, married to Barbara Schmitt in 1856, Barbara Renckes in 1877 Schmidt 1831-1893, son of Jakob and Barbara Theobald, married to Maria Schwarz in 1869 Schmidt 1831-1831, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Schwartz Schmidt 1830-1831, son of Johann and Elisabeth Remark Schmidt 1829-1829, son of Johann Georg and Barbara Bedersdorfer Schmidt 1828-, son of Michel and Anna Maria Villier Schmidt 1820-1876, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Jung Schmidt 1819-1862, married to Margaretha Schmidt in 1855 Schmidt 1815-1890, son of Johann Crispinus Schmitt and Margaretha Klein, married to Margarethe Goujet in 1844 Schmidt 1807-1860, married to Magdalena Molitor in 1832 Schmidt 1807-1822, son of Anton and Gertrud Wecker Schmidt 1806-1849, married to Barbara Fritz in 1830 Schmidt 1805-, married to Apollonia Paunert Schmidt 1805-1805, son of Johann Georg and Barbara Rupp Schmidt 1803-1805, son of Joes and Anna Wilhelm Schmidt 1802-1875, married to Barbara Molitor in 1828 Schmidt 1801-1872, son of Johann Schmitt and Anna Maria Zech Schmidt 1801-1852, son of Johann Schmitt and Anna Zang, married to Elisabeth Remark in 1829 Schmidt 1798-, son of Jakob Schmitt and Gertrud Amann, married to Apollonia Klein in 1832 Schmidt 1793-1871, son of Johann Adam and Maria Elisabeth Werb, married to Eva Schramm in 1823 Schmidt 1793-1862, son of Johann and Elisabeth Henrich, married to Margaretha Amann in 1816 Schmidt 1791-1793, son of Paul and Barbara Helleisen Schmidt 1785-1843, married to Magdalena Zerlaut in 1809 Schmidt 1774-, son of Johann and Angelika Jost, married to Catharina Kaiser in 1798 Schmidt 1773-, son of Johann Michael and Anna Elisabeth Kirsch Schmidt 1773-, son of Joseph Schmitt and Marguerite Sacksteder Schmidt 1771-1771, son of Konrad Schmitt and Katharina Pallier Schmidt 1770-1838, son of Joseph Schmitt and Marguerite Sacksteder, married to Susanne Kollmann in 1799, Anna Marie Schmidt in 1823, Barbara Lieb in 1825 Schmidt 1768-1846, son of Johann and Gertrud Planta, married to Elisabeth Henrich in 1790, Anna Catharina Jung in 1817 Schmidt 1764-1769, son of Konrad Schmitt and Katharina Pallier Schmidt 1762-1815, son of Johann and Anna Elisabeth Och, married to Anna Maria Werb Schmidt 1761-1799, son of Peter and Barbara Wirth, married to Angelica GERGEN Grgen in 1791 Schmidt /1760-, son of Matthias Schmitt and Angelika Lagrange, married to Katharina Becker in 1780, Margaretha Rupp in 1782 Schmidt 1748-, son of Konrad Schmitt and Margaretha Schmitt Schmidt 1746-1783, married to Angelika Jost in 1774 Schmidt 1744-1801, son of Johann and Angelika Caspar Schmidt 1741-1791, married to Anna Elisabeth Och Schmidt 1739-, son of Nikolaus and Johanna Mattheis Schmidt 1738-, son of Hans Peter and Maria Prinz Schmidt 1735-1803, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Schweitzer, married to Gertrud Planta in 1757 Schmidt 1727-, married to Anna Maria Serwe in 1749 Schmidt 1725-1808, son of Joh. Peter Schmid and Susanna Recktenwald, married to Maria Scheider Schmidt 1719-1779, married to Angelika Caspar, Maria Anna Bar in 1748 Schmidt 1708-1757, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Eisenbarth Schmidt ca 1708-/1761, son of Johann and Maria Becker, married to Anna Margaretha Schaller, Chalon, Schalon in 1731 Schmidt 1705-1760, son of Jakob and Maria Katharina Knauber, married to Margaretha Rupp in 1733 Schmidt 1697-1796, son of Johann Martin and Anna Scheur, married to Catharina Maas in 1721, Katharina Stuckart in 1730 Schmidt ca 1696-1774, married to Anna Catharina Schweitzer in 1732, Anna Planta in 1761 Schmidt 1691-1765, son of Johannes and Anna Margaretha Winter, married to Anna Margarethe Ehl in 1723 Schmidt ca 1685-, son of Johann Peter and Elisabeth Margarethe Poth Schmidt 1683-, married to Maria Becker in 1707 Schmidt 1646-1726, son of Philipp and Katharina Schweitzer, married to Anna Maria Bauer in 1670 Schmidt ca 1605-1676, married to Mary Ryder in 1625 Schmidt , married to Katharina Schaefer in 1915 Schmidt , married to Katharina Wagner Schmidt , married to Anna Diwo in 1908 Schmidt 1813, married to Barbara Klein Schmidt, son of Peter Jakob and Maria Hart Schmidt , married to Margaretha Gradwohl in 1800 Schmidt, married to Katharina Conrad Schmidt 1737, married to Gertrud Bauer Schmidt , married to Gertrud Spurck in 1700 Schmidt, married to Magdalena Renn\nSchmidt Schmitt 1731-1735, son of Andreas Schmidt and Katharina Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt , son of Jakob Schmidt and Barbara Theobald\nSchmidt, Schmitt 1825-1825, son of Johann Schmidt and Margaretha Amann Schmidt, Schmitt 1819-1819, son of Johann Schmidt and Margaretha Amann\nSchmidtgen , married to Anna Barbara Stein\nSchmied 1902-, son of Johannes Schmidt and Katharina Wiedmer, married to Magdalena Stickel in 1927 Schmied 1866-, son of Johann Georg Schmidt and Anna Maria Schlenker\nSchmieden 1869-, son of Thomas and Elisabeth Schwaben, married to Barbara Weiler in 1896\nSchmit , married to Johanna Kessler in 1769\nSchmitt 1897-1978, son of Peter and Maria Mller Schmitt 1894-, son of Jakob and Ottilia Schmitt Schmitt 1893-, son of Kaspar and Barbara Luxenburger Schmitt 1893-, son of Jakob and Gertrud Gross, married to Maria Magdalena Ecker Schmitt 1891-1892, son of Franz and Katharina Lehnert Schmitt 1891-1955, son of Vincenz and Barbara Schmidt Schmitt 1890-, son of Peter and Barbara Rigot Schmitt 1889-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Seidel Schmitt 1887-, son of Peter and Anna Thiel Schmitt 1887-1890, son of Johann Jacob and Maria Boos Schmitt 1885-1894, son of Georg and Katharina Fels Schmitt 1883-, son of Johann and Maria Rupp Schmitt 1881-, son of Jakob and Margarethe Ammann Schmitt 1881-1938, son of Adam and Angela Stutz Schmitt 1878-, son of Georg and Elisabeth Lehnert, married to Anna Maria Welsch in 1903 Schmitt 1876-1877, son of Johann and Maria Bonenberger Schmitt 1875-, son of Johann and Gertrud Hoffmann Schmitt 1874-1957, son of Ignaz Peter and Margarethe Zang, married to Emilie Burgun in 1901 Schmitt 1873-, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Lonsdorfer, married to Katharina Stein in 1898 Schmitt 1873-1935, son of Karl and Olympia Schaefer Schmitt 1872-, son of Johann Schmidt and Maria Schwarz, married to Karolina Port in 1908 Schmitt 1870-, son of Johann and Margaretha Theobald, married to Catharina Arweiler in 1902 Schmitt 1869-, son of Olympia Schaefer Schmitt 1867-1867, son of Kaspar and Margaretha Breininger Schmitt 1866-1945, son of Johann Jakob and Margarethe Maria Theis Schmitt 1866-, son of Johann and Margaretha Theobald, married to Maria Magdalena Khler in 1893 Schmitt 1863-, married to Barbara Russe in 1896 Schmitt 1861-, son of Joseph and Susanna Thiel Schmitt 1859-1866, son of Georg and Anna Maria Zwer Schmitt 1859-, married to Anna Schlichtig in 1882 Schmitt 1858-, son of Johann and Anna Mller, married to Anna Welsch in 1885 Schmitt 1858-1858, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Braun Schmitt 1856-, married to Barbara Sturm Schmitt 1855-, son of Jakob and Ludwina Kleinbauer Schmitt 1855-1855, son of Johann and Margaretha Engler Schmitt 1852-, son of Jakob and Ludwina Kleinbauer, married to Katharina Welsch in 1886 Schmitt 1851-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kiener Schmitt 1850-, son of Peter and Maria Welsch Schmitt 1847-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kiener Schmitt 1846-, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Brenner, married to Gertrud Hoffmann in 1870 Schmitt 1845-1889, son of Peter and Katharina Klein Schmitt 1844-, married to Maria Treinen in 1869 Schmitt 1844-1845, son of Johann Schmidt and Elisabeth Remark Schmitt 1842-1888, son of Johann Michel and Katharina Gier, married to Maria Bonenberger in 1868, Maria Rupp in 1881 Schmitt 1839-1839, son of Joseph and Maria Klaeser Schmitt 1836-1842, son of Johann Georg and Luise Margarethe Hubig Schmitt 1834-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Schmidt Schmitt 1833-, son of Johann and Barbara Maas Schmitt 1832-1835, son of Johann and Margaretha Bourgeois Schmitt 1832-, son of Anna Schmitt Schmitt 1832-1835, son of Ignaz Peter and Barbara Rei Schmitt 1831-1896, son of Peter and Maria Witty, married to Margaretha Theobald in 1858 Schmitt 1830-, son of Johann and Maria Anna Weber Schmitt 1828-1892, married to Elisabeth Schmitt in 1856 Schmitt 1828-, son of Johann and Maria Anna Weber, married to Anna Maria Weber in 1855 Schmitt 1826-1826, son of Johann and Maria Anna Weber Schmitt 1826-1848, son of Peter and Maria Witty Schmitt ca 1825-, with Margaretha Steffgen Schmitt 1822-1863, married to Elisabeth Bastian in 1850 Schmitt 1822-, married to Gertrud Gergen in 1845 Schmitt 1822-, son of Jakob and Margaretha Burgart Schmitt 1821-1821, son of Johann and Margaretha Bourgeois Schmitt 1820-1821, son of Peter and Maria Witty Schmitt 1820-1822, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Beicher Schmitt 1819-1857, son of Johann and Barbara Schwarz, married to Margaretha Engler in 1844 Schmitt 1818-1889, son of Nikolaus Schmidt and Elisabeth Schwartz, married to Katharina Schwarz in 1848 Schmitt 1816-, son of Mathias and Margaretha Barthel, married to Anne ANtoine in 1849 Schmitt 1815-, married to Katharina Gmmler in 1837 Schmitt 1815-1816, son of Adam and Anna Schneider Schmitt 1813-1877, son of Georg Schmidt and Catharina Theobald, married to Margaretha SCHMITT in 1842 Schmitt 1813-1892, son of Adam and Gertrud Wilhelm, married to Anna Mller in 1839 Schmitt 1812-, son of Johann Georg Schmidt and Anna Danner, married to Anna Maria Kiener in 1835 Schmitt 1811-1815, daughter of Johann and Margaretha Bourgeois Schmitt 1809-1813, son of Mathias and Margaretha Barthel Schmitt 1809-1814, son of Adam and Anna Schneider Schmitt 1806-1842, married to Angelika Tuillier in 1834 Schmitt 1799-, son of Johann and Anna Zang Schmitt 1799-, son of Johannes and Johanna Leistenschneider Schmitt 1798-, son of Jakob and Barbara Rau, married to Anna Maria Lay in 1818, Barbara Maas in 1832 Schmitt 1795-1858, married to Barbara Rupp in 1819 Schmitt 1794-1813, son of Johann Schmidt and Angelica GERGEN Grgen Schmitt 1793-1854, married to Maria Anna Weber in 1822 Schmitt 1790-, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Mathieu, married to Margaretha Morguet in 1813 Schmitt 1787-1788, son of Jakob and Catharina Welte Schmitt 1784-1848, son of Jakob and Catharina Welte, married to Antonetta Mller in 1815 Schmitt 1784-, son of Jakob and Magaretha Wilmoute Schmitt 1783-1865, son of Johann and Anna Franziska Gehl, married to Margaretha Bourgeois in 1811 Schmitt 1776-1779, son of Jakob and Catharina Welte Schmitt 1773-1832, son of Johann Michel and Anna Gertrud Kohler, married to Anna Zang in 1797 Schmitt 1771-1840, son of Johann and Margaretha Frougnier, married to Apollonia Klein in 1790, Barbara Schwarz in 1802 Schmitt 1769-, son of Johann and Anna Dorothea Fleischmann Schmitt 1761-1762, son of Johann and Anna Dorothea Fleischmann Schmitt 1760-1834, son of Johann and Gertrud Himbert, married to Elisabeth Fraisiere in 1795, Margaretha Gergen in 1806 Schmitt 1758-1814, son of Johann and Anna Maria Rupp, married to Anna Maria Zech in 1789 Schmitt 1757-1765, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Ahr Schmitt 1752-1814, son of Johann Nikolaus and Elisabeth Loth Schmitt 1752-, son of Johann Georg and Katharina Simon Schmitt 1747-1772, son of Jakob and Angelika Mathis Schmitt 1746-1789, son of Johann and Barbara Helleisen, married to Margaretha Frougnier in 1768, Anna Theobald in 1784 Schmitt 1743-1828, son of Peter and Margarethe Weingrtner, married to Anna Franziska Gehl in 1779 Schmitt 1742-1743, son of Johann and Anna Maria Rupp Schmitt ca 1736-1803, married to Gertrud Himbert in 1756 Schmitt 1733-, son of Nikolaus Schmidt and Johanna Mattheis, married to Anna Dorothea Fleischmann in 1752 Schmitt 1722-, son of Michael and Anna Magdalena Klein, married to Barbara Helleisen in 1745 Schmitt 1717-, son of Johann Michael Schmit and Eva x Schmitt 1712-, son of Johann Martin Schmidt and Susanna Lw Schmitt 1709-1773, son of Michael and Anna Magdalena Klein, married to Anna Maria Rupp in 1735 Schmitt 1708-, married to Anna Elisabeth Geick in 1745 Schmitt 1695-, son of Martin and Anna Schwind Schmitt , son of Johann and Barbara Sturm, married to Catharina Pister in 1906 Schmitt 1911, married to Barbara Staudt Schmitt , son of Nikolaus and Eva Kiefer Schmitt , married to Angela Beles Schmitt, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Schmidt Schmitt , married to Maria Kinn in 1919 Schmitt , married to Anna Katharina Scholtes Schmitt , married to Anna Billing Schmitt , married to Maria Mathieu Schmitt , married to Anna Petry Schmitt 1807, married to Angelika Klopp Schmitt, married to Susanne Held Schmitt, married to Barbara Staudt Schmitt 1782, son of Jakob and Magaretha Wilmoute Schmitt, married to Anna Beuion Schmitt, married to Anna Maria Kallenborn Schmitt 1831, son of Johann and Anna Billing, married to Anna Blahs, Anna Barbara Wilhelm in 1815 Schmitt, married to Anna Maria Schlichter Schmitt , married to Maria Barbara Kammer Schmitt, married to Margaretha Beaujoi Schmitt, married to Christina Crutz Schmitt, son of Peter and Catharina Hoffmann, married to Anna Maria Fell in 1886\nSchmittchen 1839, married to Barbara Stein\nSchmitz 1899-, son of Peter and Katharina Kleinbauer Schmitz 1872-, son of Matthias and Katharina Grgen, married to Magdalena Mathieu in 1895 Schmitz 1835-, son of Karl and Magdalena Mller, married to Maria Mommenthal in 1861, Angelika Daub in 1873 Schmitz 1817-1821, son of Johann and Maria Catharina Haag Schmitz 1816-, son of Johann and Maria Catharina Haag Schmitz 1794-, son of Johann and Maria Catharina Haag Schmitz, married to Theresia Neubecker Schmitz 1772-1841, married to Maria Catharina Haag in 1793\nSchmoll ca 1690-, father of Johann Adam\nSchnabel 1888-1919, son of Heinrich and Friederika Stein\nSchneid 1854, married to Anna Maria Hentges\nSchneider 1889-, son of Kaspar and Anna Nobel Schneider 1888-, son of Bernhard and Maria Reichert Schneider 1880-1954, son of Johann and Margarethe Kost Schneider 1875-1942, son of Johann Paul and Anna Rosina Keller, married to Dorothea Sophie Blatter in 1900 Schneider 1866-1929, son of Peter Heinrich and Anna Maria Breinig, married to Barbara Schweitzer in 1891 Schneider 1862-, son of Johann and Margarethe Schneider, married to Katharina Reichert in 1889 Schneider 1861-1861, son of Peter and Barbara Hoffmann Schneider 1860-1911, son of Franz and Anna Kirch, married to Maria Breininger in 1887 Schneider 1854-, son of Johann and Barbara Abech, married to Margarethe Kost in 1877, Maria Kost in 1890 Schneider 1852-1878, son of Peter and Barbara Hoffmann, married to Christina Christ in 1874 Schneider 1850-, son of Peter and Barbara Hoffmann, married to Catharina Weber in 1873 Schneider 1849-1915, son of Johann and Magdalena Ledig, married to Maria Scherer in 1873 Schneider 1849-1849, son of Peter and Barbara Hoffmann Schneider 1846-1871, son of Bernard and Anna Klein, married to Barbara Kostanzen in 1870 Schneider 1844-, married to Angelika Focht in 1868 Schneider 1818-1886, son of Johannes and Maria Catharina Thiel, married to Magdalena Ledig in 1848, Margarethe Luxenburger, Barbara Schwinn in 1869 Schneider 1795-1876, son of Christoph and Katharina Clement Schneider 1771-1817, married to Elisabeth Steil in 1795 Schneider 1756-, son of Michel and Anna Wilhelm Schneider 1731-1808, son of Johann Adam and Anna Elisabeth Becker, married to Anna Eva Feld in 1757 Schneider 1725-ca 1825, son of Johann Wilhelm and Maria Christina Utzig Schneider, married to Margaretha Klein in 1917 Schneider, married to Barbara Grutsch Schneider 1847, married to Barbara Pfeiffer Schneider, father of Barbara Schneider, married to Johanna Mastenik Schneider 1831, son of Johann and Johanna Mastenik, married to Katharina Klein, Anna Meyer in 1830 Schneider 1843, married to Magdalena Persch Schneider, married to Barbara Abech Schneider , married to Catharina Sellen Schneider, married to Anna Maria Linseler Schneider , married to Margarethe Schneider Schneider , married to Catharina Steffen\nSchnepf 1916-1919, son of Friedrich and Elisabetha Luise Jaquart Schnepf 1844-1894, married to Christine Johanna Sigloch in 1869\nSchniepp 1889-, son of Johann Georg and Katharina Weihmller\nSchnubel 1876-, son of Johann and Maria Wagner, married to Maria Lauer Schnubel 1841-, son of Philipp and Gertrud Zapp, married to Catharina Scholer in 1870 Schnubel 1836-1884, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Glser, married to Maria Wagner in 1866 Schnubel 1745-1821, son of Johannes and Maria Walburga Contz, married to Margaretha Kaiser in 1766 Schnubel ca 1703-1753, son of Peter and Johanna Klein\nSchnur 1871-1927, son of Peter and Margarethe Louis, married to Sophie Rullang in 1900 Schnur 1770-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Maria Klos, Clos Schnur 1769-1769, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Maria Klos, Clos Schnur , son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Wolter Schnur , son of Peter and Maria Paul\nSchoellkopf 1681-, married to Maria Magdalena Ruprecht in 1705\nSchoemann 1809-1812, son of Franz and Katharina Trockle Schoemann 1784-1849, son of Peter and Maria Plontz, married to Maria Anna Wirth in 1815 Schoemann 1784-1798, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Knauber Schoemann 1759-1831, son of Johann and Margaretha Didier, married to Anna Maria Knauber in 1790 Schoemann /1715-, son of Johann and Margaretha Stroh, married to Margarethe Ernst in 1747, Margaretha Didier in 1755 Schoemann, married to Margaretha Stroh\nSchoenenberger 1857-, son of Johann Schnenberger and Catharina Gerber Schoenenberger 1844-, son of Johann Schnenberger and Catharina Gerber\nSchoenhowen 1753-, son of Balthasar Schnhoven and Susanna Balthasar\nScholer 1814-, son of Johann Es and Maria Klein, married to Margaretha Kiefer in 1841 Scholer ca 1520-/1607, married to Margaretha ? in 1550 Scholer , married to Margaretha Lauer Scholer 1753, son of Peter and Anna Paulus, married to Anna Barbara Augustin in 1714\nScholl 1890-1890, son of Johann and Anna Heintz Scholl 1888-1888, son of Johann and Anna Heintz Scholl 1881-1897, son of Johann Baptist and Maria Klein Scholl 1869-1900, son of Georg Karl Friedrich and Wilhelmine Dorothea Katharina Karoline Weber Scholl 1854-1904, married to Anna Heintz in 1880 Scholl 1791-1878, married to Maria Juliana Pfisterer in 1816\nScholly 1892-, son of Josef and Anna Maria Comtesse, married to Maria Meyer Scholly 1873-, son of Anton and Anna Destruelle Scholly 1869-, son of Peter Josef and Margaretha Falk Scholly 1842-1845, son of Peter and Maria Denis Scholly, married to Helena Stein\nScholtes 1885-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Schorn Scholtes 1879-, married to Maria Quinten Scholtes 1858-, son of Johann and Margarethe Grtner, married to Anna Maria Schorn in 1882 Scholtes 1856-1856, son of Johann and Margarethe Grtner Scholtes, son of Jacob and Maria Scholtes, married to Margarethe Grtner in 1847 Scholtes , married to Margaretha Kratz\nSchmann 1819-1849, son of Peter Christian and Theresia Fegele, married to Maria Jacob in 1844\nSchmer , son of Anna Schmer, married to Elisabeth Schmidt in 1889 Schmer , married to Elisabeth Jung\nSchommer 1767-1770, son of Johann and Anna Margaretha Lillig Schommer 1727-1778, son of Mathias and Barbara Schmid, married to Anna Margaretha Lillig in 1762\nSchon 1874-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Khler Schon 1870-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Seger Schon 1851-1895, son of Johann and Maria Tonnelier, married to Anna Weiland in 1878 Schon 1823-1883, son of Johann Peter and Anna Maria Both, married to Maria Tonnelier in 1850 Schon , married to Margaretha Zipp Schon , married to Margaretha Zipp\nSchn 1718, married to Magdalena Knig\nSchnberger 1723-1776, son of Josef and Maria Maas, married to Margaretha Khn in 1753\nSchnborn 1832, married to Maria Walter\nSchne, married to Anna Margretha Schnleib\nSchonenberger 1784-1849, son of Johann and Angela Woll, married to Katharina Schroder in 1811 Schonenberger 1760-1848, married to Angela Woll in 1783\nSchnenberger , married to Catharina Gerber\nSchons , married to Catharina Hau\nSchpp 1865-1951, son of Philipp Heinrich and Catharina Margaretha Karrenbauer\nSchorn 1852-1875, son of Mathias and Margaretha Mller Schorn 1821-1882, son of Nikolaus and Anna Scholer, married to Catharina Nalbach in 1845 Schorn 1727-1799, son of Johann Georg Schorn or Schorr and Margaretha Theobaldt, married to Anna Weis in 1751, Anna Eva Weis\nSchorr 1902-, son of Johann and Dorothea Heller Schorr 1897-, married to Katharina Scherbinski in 1920 Schorr 1893-, son of Jacob and Maria Bach Schorr 1866-1929, married to Dorothea Heller in 1889 Schorr 1816-1892, son of Johann and Elisabeth Karrenbauer, married to Anna Maria Balzert in 1837, Anna Maria Blass in 1849 Schorr 1800-1867, relationship with Margaretha Meier Schorr 1792-1863, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schorr, married to Elisabeth Karrenbauer in 1813 Schorr ca 1740-1812, married to Elisabeth Schorr in 1782\nSchors 1851-, son of August and Elisabeth Becker, married to Eva Molitor in 1875\nSchott 1890-1981, son of Johann and Margaretha Kneip Schott 1861-, son of Anton and Anna Maria Schmitt, married to Margaretha Kneip in 1888, Anna Maria Klein in 1896\nSchottle 1860-1904, with Rosina Heier\nSchttle 1912-1974, son of Johann and Luise Mller Schttle 1889-1954, married to Luise Mller in 1910 Schttle 1863-1864, son of Johann Georg and Christina Saur\nSchrDer 1784-1866, son of Jean Etienne Schroeder and Anne Krauser, married to Anna Benn in 1806\nSchram 1781-1834, married to Eva Backes in 1808\nSchramm 1816-1876, son of Johann Baptist and Katharina Winter, married to Katharina Schwarz in 1838 Schramm 1813-1813, son of Georgius Schram and Eva Hernes Schramm 1797-1801, son of Georgius Schram and Eva Hernes Schramm 1776-1845, son of Bernhard and Elisabeth Karrenbauer, married to Gertrud Schmidt in 1804 Schramm 1712-1778, son of Johann Peter and Anna Catharina Zahler, married to Anna Gertrud Villier in 1733, Anna Margaretha Heisel in 1750 Schramm ca 1712-1764, married to Catharina Merten in 1736\nSchranck 1718, with Margaretha Blmlein\nSchraub 1841-, with Elisabetha Keller Schraub 1775-1776, son of Johann and Maria Eva Englert Schraub 1748-, son of Johann and Margaretha Blum, relationship with Maria Eva Englert Schraub 1719-, son of Johann Michael and Elisabeth ?, relationship with Margaretha Blum, Margareta ? Schraub , married to Margaretha Gradwohl in 1850\nSchreiber 1845-, son of Karl Ludwig and Elisabeth Arweiler, married to Barbara Hiry Schreiber 1837-, son of Janos Shreiber and Katalin Flasch Schreiber 1809-1849, son of Michael and Theresia Hofmann Schreiber 1798-, son of Josef and Elisabeth Weber Schreiber 1767-, son of Augustin and Rosina Horas Schreiber 1649-1709, married to Elisabetha Hrwedel in 1678\nSchreiner 1909-1991, son of Michel and Anna Dillschneider Schreiner 1895-1933, son of Johann and Katharina Reichrath Schreiner 1882-1930, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Latz Schreiner 1874-, son of Georg Philipp and Katharina Meyer Schreiner 1872-1884, son of Georg Philipp and Margarethe Mller Schreiner 1862-, son of Philipp and Maria Kurtz, married to Margaretha Gammel in 1888 Schreiner 1859-1859, son of Wendel and Catharina Dahm Schreiner 1859-, son of Peter and Anna Amalia Haen, married to Katharina Reichrath in 1884 Schreiner ca 1818-1861, married to Agnes Bsz in 1841 Schreiner 1776-1844, married to Anna Margaretha Maria Scherer in 1800 Schreiner 1687, married to Anna Mller Schreiner 1759-, son of Michael and Anna Elisabeth Luttmeyer\nSchrieb 1766-, son of Johann Scrib and Anna Jann, married to Margaretha Malsack in 1794\nSchroder 1732-1801, son of Nikolaus Schrder and Margarethe Holzer Schroder, married to Susanna Kramer in 1676\nSchrder 1857-, son of Johannes and Dorothea Schweigert, married to Catharina Schnaible in 1882, Katharina HOFFMANN in 1899 Schrder 1834-, son of Peter and Magdalena Fontaine Schrder 1832-1833, son of Peter and Magdalena Fontaine Schrder 1824-, with Barbara Heitz Schrder 1823-, with Dorothea Schweigert Schrder 1747-1813, son of Friedrich and Catharina Strauss, married to Maria Jensen in 1770, Maria Magdalena Jensen in 1770 Schrder ca 1705-, son of Johann Adam, married to Anna Crommer in 1728 Schrder , son of Johann and Barbara Heitz, married to Anna Ganster Schrder 1785, son of Johann Thilmann and Gertrud Cornely, married to Anna Katharina Mller Schrder, married to Margaretha Pohl\nSchu 1786-, married to Anna Margaretha Schnur in 1816 Schu 1777-1841, son of Bernhard Schuh and Magdalena Resch, married to Anna Eva Adams in 1809 Schu 1752-1811, son of Michel and Eva Theiss, married to Anna Maria Laub in 1770 Schu ca 1708-, son of Peter and Anna Catharina Schuh, married to Maria Backes in 1739\nSchubert 1894-1980, with Maria Kuhn\nSchuch 1843-, son of Johann and Margarethe Renckes Schuch 1817-, son of Johannes Schug and Margaretha Decker, married to Margarethe Renckes in 1843\nSchuder 1881-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Massonne, married to Gertrud Steier Schuder 1830-1879, married to Catharina Willmuth in 1857 Schuder 1819-1897, married to Maria Anna Seger in 1849 Schuder 1819-1841, son of Johann and Angelika Kiefer Schuder 1806-1806, son of Johann and Angelika Kiefer Schuder 1800-1862, son of Michael and Barbara Hiry, married to Anna Maria Kiefer in 1843 Schuder 1777-1850, son of Michael and Eva Weber, married to Angelika Kiefer in 1805 Schuder, son of Peter and Barbarae Krall, married to Anna Hector, Apollonia HECTOR\nSchueck , with Johanna Wallewein\nSchuele , married to Rosine Koepf in 1874\nSchuettenhelm , son of Johannes Michael Schittenhelm and Hans Schuettenhelm, married to Anna Schock in 1631\nSchuetz 1763-1833, married to Anna Maria Rosina Morsch in 1822\nSchug 1862-, son of Peter and Magdalena Bennoit Schug 1858-1928, son of Michael Schuch and Anna Maria Lorson Schug 1855-, son of Johannes and Magdalena Hantz, married to Catharina Maas in 1878 Schug 1849-, son of Michael Schuch and Anna Maria Lorson Schug 1824-, son of Johannes and Margaretha Decker Schug 1798-1801, son of Michael and Anna Barbara Haeffener Schug 1791-, married to Margarethe Gammel in 1815 Schug 1733-1759, married to Marie Anna Fronier in 1758 Schug, married to Margaretha Huthon\nSchuh 1894-, son of Lorenz and Margarethe Lang Schuh 1889-1967, with Magdalena Scherbenski Schuh 1700-, married to Maria Catharina Kircher in 1727\nSchuhe , married to Margaretha Hutton\nSchuhmacher 1898-1940, son of Wilhelm and Gertrude Krmer\nSchuler 1895-, son of Johann and Catharina Winter Schuler 1889-1889, son of Jakob and Margarethe Pes Schuler 1882-, son of Jakob and Margarethe Pes Schuler 1865-, son of Michael and Theresia Regel, married to Anna Barbara Von Reth in 1891 Schuler 1863-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Magdalena Grappe, married to Catharina Winter in 1890 Schuler 1856-, son of Christian and Elisabeth HANDEL Schuler 1839-1859, son of Valentin and Elisabeth Haser Schuler 1834-1869, son of Johann and Elisabeth Eisenbarth Schuler 1833-1833, son of Franz and Catharina Jacob Schuler 1827-1870/, son of Johann Baptist and Barbara Grass Schuler 1826-1827, son of Johann and Elisabeth Eisenbarth Schuler 1820-1875, son of Friedrich and Margaretha Jacob Schuler 1803-1889, son of Johannes Scholer and Maria Bauser, married to Elisabeth Eisenbarth Schuler 1798-1862, son of Johann and Katharina Wagner, married to Johanna Spth in 1820 Schuler 1783-1847, son of Johann and Maria Bauser, married to Elisabeth Gratz in 1811, Anna Donate in 1819 Schuler 1771-1812, son of Franz and Anna Maria Kintz, married to Katharina Wagner in 1793 Schuler 1759-1811, married to Margaretha Zang in 1786 Schuler 1753-1809, married to Maria Bauser Schuler 1720-, son of Johann Peter and Elisabetha Engelmann Schuler , with Friederika Wilhelmine Sophie Stahl Schuler , married to Anna Schmitt Schuler 1866, married to Margarethe Renauld\nSchuler Scholl 1722-1778, married to Anna Maria Kleber in 1751\nSchulgen 1790-1847, son of Peter and Catharina ThNes, married to Magdalena Beuringer in 1828 Schulgen 1742-1791, son of Michael and Christina Jager, married to Maria Jacobs in 1763\nSchulien 1778-, married to Magdalena Ackermann Schulien 1732-1779/, son of Conrad and Anna Kammer, married to Maria Katharina Pelcher in 1757, Maria Rauls in 1784 Schulien ca 1725-/1825, son of Conrad and Anna Kammer\nSchulig 1668-1737, married to Rosina Lamprecht in 1684\nSchull 1818-, son of Georg Peter Scholl and Elizabeth Berger\nSchultes, son of Peter and Margaretha Dohr, married to Maria Magdalena Ladwein in 1783\nSchultz 1888-, son of Franz and Margaretha Theobald Schultz 1862-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Becker Schultz 1839-, son of Jean and Maria Sellen, married to Elisabeth Nikola in 1869 Schultz 1799-1868, son of Andreas and Margaretha Schmidt Schultz 1786-1799, son of Andreas and Anna Maria Gradwohl Schultz 1758-1762, son of Franz and Maria Walburga Gro Schultz 1741-1765, son of Franz and Maria Walburga Gro\nSchulz 1875-, with Dorothea Sackmann Schulz 1875-, son of Christian and Christine Burghardt Schulz 1799-1870, married to Maria Katherina Ries in 1823 Schulz , married to Elisabeth Boulanger\nSchumacher 1831-, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Dmpelfeld, married to Elisabeth Tabellion, Barbara Tabellion in 1871 Schumacher 1717-1777, son of Hans Velten Schuhmacher and Anna Katharina Bch, married to Maria Katharina Klein Schumacher, son of Stephan and Walburga Becker, married to Anna Maria Becker in 1785\nSchumann 1834-, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Kessler Schumann 1796-1799, son of Johann Matthias and Eva Lutz Schumann 1789-, married to Anna Magdalena Handel in 1816\nSchummer 1828-, son of Johann and Barbara Barbian Schummer 1820-, son of Johann and Barbara Barbian Schummer 1793-1843, son of Johann and Anna Maria Ann, married to Barbara Barbian Schummer ca 1751-1814, married to Anna Maria Ann in 1785 Schummer 1745-1815, married to Maria Recktenwald in 1772\nSchur 1800-1863, son of Johann Schwarz and Anna Maria Constroffer, married to Theresia Magdalena Elisabetha Ullrich in 1826\nSchssler 1875-, son of Johann Michael and Maria Henriette Litzenburger\nSchuster 1887-1919, son of Johann and Katharina Bisanz Schuster 1886-1888, son of Jakob and Christina Bisanz Schuster 1858-, son of Johann Philipp and Elisabetha Maria Lang, married to Katharina Bisanz in 1883 Schuster 1791-, son of Johann Leonhard and Sibilla Rapp, married to Anna Margaretha Maier in 1815 Schuster , married to X Witty\nSchutz 1857-1876, son of Michael Schtz and Catharina Scherz Schutz 1841-/1894, son of Bernard and Catharina Bartel, married to Maria Pelcher in 1869 Schutz 1803-1890, married to Margaretha Winter in 1828\nSchtz 1901-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Wannenmacher, married to Philomena Greis Schtz 1876-, son of Peter and Katharina Feld, married to Barbara Lauer in 1901 Schtz 1875-, son of Johann and Katharina Wagener Schtz 1874-, son of Johann and Margaretha Feld, married to Elisabeth Eisenbarth in 1901 Schtz 1872-1872, son of Johann and Margaretha Feld Schtz 1868-1951, son of Peter and Anna Guillaume, married to Elisabeth Wannenmacher in 1895 Schtz 1864-, son of Mathias and Elisabeth Spanier, married to Katharina Moritz in 1891 Schtz 1861-, son of Peter and Gertrud Jung Schtz 1834-1890, son of Michael and Katharina Schmitt, married to Katharina Wagener in 1874 Schtz 1832-, son of Michael and Katharina Schmitt Schtz 1806-1808, son of Johannes and Lucia Kramer Schtz 1802-1804, son of Johann and Maria Barbara Nicolas Schtz 1795-1797, son of Johann and Maria Barbara Nicolas Schtz 1769-1842, son of Friedrich and Anna Catharina Macagne, married to Maria Barbara Nicolas in 1790 Schtz 1766-1768, son of Friedrich and Anna Catharina Macagne Schtz ca 1691-1757, son of Vinzenz and Anna Margarethe Becker, married to Margarethe Maass in 1715 Schtz , married to Margaretha Feld in 1867 Schtz, married to Elisabeth Kien Schtz , married to Katharina Lorson Schtz , married to Elisabeth ? Schtz , married to Maria Schmidt Schtz, son of Mathias and Maria Warck, married to Elisabeth Wrden in 1867\nSchwaeger 1872-, son of Johann and Margaretha Weitner Schwaeger 1872-1955, son of Peter and Catharina Flaus Schwaeger 1864-, son of Peter and Catharina Flaus Schwaeger 1836-1879, married to Margaretha Weitner in 1860\nSchwger 1872-1955, married to Catharina Schuhmacher in 1896\nSchwald 1896-1970, son of Philipp and Katharina Alter Schwald 1860-1945, son of Johann and Katharina Fleiner Schwald 1858-1859, son of Johann and Katharina Fleiner Schwald 1829-1896, married to Katharina Fleiner in 1852, Margarete Brod in 1876\nSchwander 1806-1814, son of Melchior and Anna Bonenberger Schwander 1796-, son of Melchior and Anna Bonenberger\nSchwanz 1788-1853, married to Anna Maria Loeffler in 1820\nSchwartz 1893-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Stuhlsatz Schwartz 1893-1961, son of Michael and Barbara Henry Schwartz 1861-1930, son of Joseph and Anna Pupp, married to Anna Maria Stuhlsatz in 1887 Schwartz 1848-, son of Johann and Margarethe Pupp, married to Anna Maria Kiefer in 1873 Schwartz 1824-, son of Johann and Barbara Becker, married to Margarethe Pupp in 1848 Schwartz 1808-, son of Johann and Barbara Becker Schwartz 1805-1805, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schtz Schwartz 1798-1800, son of Johann Schwarz and Anna Maria Constroffer Schwartz 1797-1800, son of Johann Michael and Magdalena Gangloff Schwartz 1775-1837, son of Georg and Maria Fischer, married to Elisabeth Schtz in 1796, Barbara Becker in 1806 Schwartz 1772-, son of August and Anna Barbara Frantzen Schwartz 1768-1771, son of August and Anna Barbara Frantzen Schwartz ca 1750-1812, son of Johann and Johanna Pintener, married to Anna Maria Winter in 1777 Schwartz 1719-1794, son of Johann Joseph and Elisabethae Margarethae ?, married to Johanna Pintener in 1745 Schwartz 1619-, son of Jakob Schwarz and Appollonia Beymel Schwartz 1812, son of Joannis and Anna Barbara Petri, married to Maria Elisabeth Low\nSchwarz 1898-, son of Andreas and Katharina Schmitt, married to Katharina Schmitt Schwarz 1898-, son of Johann Baptist and Elisabeth Berdin, married to Katharina Breininger Schwarz 1895-, son of Friedrich and Juliane Lutz Schwarz 1886-1954, with Christine Auwaerter Schwarz 1882-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Magdalena Roge, married to Margaretha Port Schwarz 1878-, son of Peter and Barbara Klein Schwarz 1878-1884, son of Bernhard and Margaretha Witzmann Schwarz 1873-1875, son of Michael and Katharina Klein Schwarz 1871-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Stein Schwarz 1868-, son of Michael and Katharina Klein, married to Margaretha Schon in 1894 Schwarz 1867-, son of Georg and Hedwig Renz, married to Juliane Geissheimer in 1894 Schwarz 1866-1867, son of Johann and Anna SchNberger Schwarz 1860-1867, son of Michael and Katharina Klein Schwarz 1854-1859, son of Nicholaus Schwartz and Catharina Paulus Schwarz 1853-, son of Michel and Katarina Johanna Baltes Schwarz 1846-, son of Nicholaus Schwartz and Catharina Paulus Schwarz 1843-1886, son of Johann and Margaretha Sonntag, married to Margaretha Freichel in 1872 Schwarz 1840-, son of Nicholaus Schwartz and Catharina Paulus Schwarz 1840-, son of Johann and Regina Stehle Schwarz 1840-1866, son of Bernhard Schwartz and Maria Nicolas, married to Anna SchNberger in 1865 Schwarz 1836-1836, son of Augustinus and Maria Ursula Benz Schwarz 1834-, son of Mathias and Maria Catharina Schwarz Schwarz 1828-1840, son of Peter and Maria Anna Fliegler Schwarz 1816-1883, son of Philipp and Anna Hoffmann, married to Margaretha Sonntag in 1841 Schwarz 1815-1887, son of Nikolaus Schwartz and Elisabeth WITZMANN, married to Anna Leipig in 1838 Schwarz 1804-1877, son of Johann and Anna Maria Constroffer, married to Maria Anna Schuder in 1834 Schwarz 1803-, married to Regina Stehle in 1830 Schwarz 1799-1847, son of Jakob and Katharina Dietrich Schwarz 1791-1877, son of Christoph and Barbara Bettinger, married to Margarethe Christiany in 1812 Schwarz 1784-, son of Sebastian and Margaretha Gerstener Schwarz 1784-1786, son of Bernard and Angela Scholer Schwarz 1775-, son of Christof and Barbara Schmitt Schwarz 1772-1823, son of Peter and Anna Elisabeth Thnes, married to Anna Maria Constroffer in 1792 Schwarz 1767-, son of Peter and Anna Elisabeth Thnes Schwarz 1766-, son of Christof and Anna Rupp Schwarz ca 1630-, married to Catharina Mattes in 1652 Schwarz, married to Catharina Goedert\nSchweigert 1885-, son of Johannes and Christiana Schulz Schweigert 1883-1885, son of Johann and Wilhelmina Baltzer Schweigert 1883-1961, son of Andreas and Christina Metzger, married to Rosina Siegler in 1905 Schweigert 1876-1904, son of Peter and Katharina Kuest Schweigert 1874-1909, son of Matthias and Anna Katharina Maier, married to Katharina Vetter in 1900 Schweigert 1865-1923, son of Sebastian Adam and Katharine Eider, married to Christina Singer in 1889 Schweigert 1862-1938, son of Johann Georg and Juliana Margaretha Beck, married to Wilhelmina Baltzer in 1888, Katharina Grauser Schweigert 1848-, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Barbara Geiler\nSchweisthal 1734-, son of Heinrich and Anna Gertrud Schurp\nSchweithal, married to Anna Maria Stein in 1915\nSchweitzer 1831-, married to Christina Schweitzer in 1859 Schweitzer 1796-1874, son of Mathias and Elisabetha Weisgerber, married to Catharina Jungmann in 1816, Katharina WOLF in 1820 Schweitzer ca 1732-, married to Barbara Speicher Schweitzer 1808, son of Peter and Maria Krmer, married to Barbara Schmidt in 1808 Schweitzer , father of Helena Wolf\nSchweizer 1831-, son of Johan Nepomuk and Anna Maria Kristenfeger, married to Maria Wagner in 1860\nSchwemmle 1898-, married to Luise Frida Hberle in 1926\nSchwendler 1899-, son of Johann and Gertrud Hein Schwendler 1891-, son of Johann and Gertrud Hein Schwendler 1834-, married to Anna Bach in 1856 Schwendler 1802-, married to Anna Steimer in 1828 Schwendler , son of Johann and Gertrud Hein Schwendler , married to Gertrud Hein in 1885\nSchwenzle 1875-, married to Rosine Friederike Halbgewachs in 1899\nSchwerz , married to Maria Zewe\nSchwikert 1786-, married to Anna Maria Schoenborn\nSchwindling 1859-, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Heidecker Schwindling 1792, married to Anna Maria Perlian in 1782 Schwindling , married to Catharina Ziegler\nSchwindt, (Schwinn, Schwind) 1710-1769, married to Katharina Schmitt in 1748\nSchwinger 1814, married to Anna Barbara Vogel in 1758\nSchwinn 1886-, son of Johann and Catharina Steffen Schwinn 1870-1870, son of Peter and Anna Maria Bogenschtz Schwinn 1832-1895, married to Katharina Sander in 1859 Schwinn ca 1710-1778, son of Johann Peter and Anna Gries, married to Anna Jacob Schwinn, married to Barbara Spang Schwinn, son of Johann and Barbara Spang, married to Catharina Steffen in 1880\nSchwitring 1822-, son of Johann Theobald and Catharina Margaretha Schumann, with Elisabeth Reeb\nScrib ca 1732-1810, married to Anna Jann in 1762\nSebastiany 1834-1841, son of Johann Jacob and Elisabetha Kurz\nSeefried 1886-1933, son of Andreas Jakob and Catharina Schaupp, married to Elizabetha Steinke in 1921 Seefried 1868-1868, son of Jakob and Wilhelmine Sass Seefried 1862-1863, son of Andreas Jakob and Catharina Schaupp Seefried 1854-, son of Lucas and Carolina Brickman, with Katharina Blum Seefried 1838-1917, son of Phillip Jakob and Christina Brenner, married to Barbara Schaible in 1857\nSeeger 1867-1869, son of Johann and Elisabeth Renz Seeger 1838-1895, married to Elisabeth Renz Seeger ca 1640-1685, son of Johann Jacob and Ursula Waidenbach\nSeel, married to Magdalena ?\nSeger 1882-1948, son of Paul and Anna Katharina Spengler Seger 1850-, son of Paul Sieger and Anna Rupp, married to Margaretha Becker in 1874 Seger 1823-1891, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Comtesse, married to Barbara Spurk in 1851 Seger 1790-, son of Peter and Brbara Weber, married to Catharina Scholer in 1813 Seger , son of Johann and Catharina Scholer, married to Maria Fries in 1855 Seger , son of Johann and Catharina Scholer Seger, married to Catharina Friedrich\nSeidel 1890-1900/, son of Johann and Maria Lonsdorfer Seidel 1889-1890, son of Johann and Maria Lonsdorfer Seidel 1884-, son of Johann and Margaretha Lonsdorfer, married to Anna Kneip in 1908 Seidel 1872-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Comtesse, married to Maria Krier in 1896 Seidel 1861-, son of Johann and Maria Mathieu, married to Maria Lonsdorfer in 1888 Seidel 1857-, son of Peter and Katharina Mathieu, married to Margaretha Lonsdorfer in 1883 Seidel 1834-, son of Peter and Anna Rullang, married to Maria Mathieu in 1858, Anna Friedrich in 1871 Seidel 1771-1837, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Deves, married to Anna Eva Lummer Seidel 1768-1776, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Deves Seidel 1738-1743, son of Peter and Anna Margaretha Bleis Seidel 1738-, son of Bartholomus and Katharina Felten Seidel 1733-, son of Bartholomus and Katharina Felten Seidel 1722-, son of Moritz Duringer and Katharina Seidel, married to Eva Loyo in 1774 Seidel , son of Johann and Maria Krier Seidel , father of Maria\nSeidt 1842-1849, son of Johann Georg and Christina Rosina Braum\nSeiler 1865-1905, son of Ludwig Seilner and Margaretha Petri\nSeilner 1877-, married to Elisabeth Lorson Seilner 1877-1881, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Poth Seilner 1862-, son of Johann and Katharina Both, married to Katharina Meilgen in 1887 Seilner 1828-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Havener Seilner 1822-, son of Franz and Katharina Schwartz Seilner 1817-1881, son of Peter and Marianne Bayot, married to Anna Maria Meilchen in 1844, Katharina Both in 1849\nSeitz 1867-, married to Christina Nittel in 1887 Seitz 1839-1912, married to Dorothea Flaig in 1860\nSeiwert 1860-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Schiffknecht Seiwert 1829-, son of Mathias and Barbara Bosch Seiwert 1805-1833, son of Mathias and Francisca Eisenbarth Seiwert, married to Maria Meyer Seiwert , son of Nikolaus and Maria Puhl\nSelcho 1868-, son of Gottlieb and Wilhelmine Mueller, with Emily Gross Selcho 1863-1864, son of Johann and Susanna Temke Demke Selcho 1854-, son of Karl and Karolina Schelske, married to Marie Jeske in 1881 Selcho 1836-1923, son of Karl and Marie Rosine Putau Budau, married to Susanna Temke Demke in 1861\nSellen 1728-1759, son of Johann and Maria Hoffmann Sellen 1764, married to Maria Hoffmann in 1712 Sellen, married to Maria Catharina Colmann\nSelzer 1858-, married to Anna Kneip in 1884\nSenzig 1859-, son of Andreas and Margarethe Schnberger, married to Margaretha Ney in 1886 Senzig 1855-, son of Joes Jakob and Anna Katharina Kuhn Senzig 1854-, son of Johann and Maria Rupp Senzig 1834-1899, son of Georg and Magdalena Kuhn, married to Magdalena Louis in 1864 Senzig 1832-, son of Johann and Anna Kuhn Senzig 1825-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Kuhn Senzig 1823-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Kuhn, married to Maria Rupp in 1852 Senzig 1810-1860, son of Johann and Maria Hector, married to Susanna Hector in 1835 Senzig 1798-1843, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Denis, married to Anna Kuhn in 1825 Senzig 1773-1828, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kvenig, married to Maria Hector in 1801 Senzig 1747-1780, married to Anna Maria Kvenig in 1771 Senzig 1743-, son of Johann Adam and Apollonia Alff, married to Johanna Houme in 1770 Senzig ca 1700-, son of Johann and Catharina Cob, married to Angela Haffner in 1721 Senzig /1670-1700/, son of Johann and Margarethe Heinrich, married to Catharina Cob in 1690 Senzig ca 1648-, married to Margarethe Heinrich in 1672\nSept 1911-1966, son of Johannes and Maria Heller Sept 1889-1969, son of Georg and Christina Albrecht, married to Kartharina Beglau in 1910 Sept 1889-1958, son of Johann and Elisabeth Schweigert, married to Regina Wiese in 1915 Sept 1863-1927, son of Christian and Rosina Mattern, married to Elisabeth Schweigert in 1887, Christina Bross in 1889\nSerf 1896-, son of Georg and Katharina Pistorius Serf 1837-1880, married to Elisabeth Marx in 1861, Maria Pistorius in 1874\nSerr 1870-1929, son of Karl Anton and Heinriette Seiler Serr 1861-1868, son of Philipp and Anna Maria Hermann\nSerwe 1812-1837, son of Peter and Anna Maria Kerber Serwe 1735-1812, son of Johann and Catharina Eisenbart, married to Maria Hoen in 1768 Serwe 1696-, son of Johann and Maria ?, married to Catharina Eisenbart in 1723 Serwe 1670-, married to Maria ?\nSetter 1886-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Trockle Setter 1861-, son of Michael and Elisabeth Altmeyer, married to Anna Maria Trockle in 1884\nSeufer 1766-, son of Franz and Margaretha Schick\nSieb 1767-1837, son of Anton and Angelika Keller, married to Catharina Scrib in 1794 Sieb 1754-1754, son of Anton and Angelika Keller\nSiebert 1836-1900, married to Rosina Herold in 1860\nSiebold 1883-1884, son of Johann and Gertrud Welsch Siebold 1842-1893, married to Gertrud Welsch in 1864\nSieg 1855-, son of Christian and Maria Anna Rosalia Robillard Sieg 1852-, son of Christian and Maria Anna Rosalia Robillard\nSiegel 1870-1870, son of Johann Christoph and Elizabethe Barbara Trefz Siegel 1862-1863, son of Johann Christoph and Elizabethe Barbara Trefz\nSieger 1796-1875, married to Barbara Kelkel in 1839 Sieger 1649-1697, son of Johann and Anna Vogle, with Susanna Buohl Sieger , with Anna Vogle Sieger 1683-1756, son of Michael and Maria Gerschweiler, married to Verena Stengler in 1716 Sieger , married to Johanetta Rinkes Sieger , married to Maria Anna Dannecker\nSiegfried 1871-, son of Jakob and Anna Schmitt, married to Anna Welsch Siegfried 1856-, son of Christoph Heinrich and Catharina Theobald, married to Maria Nagel in 1880 Siegfried 1847-1848, son of Christoph Heinrich and Catharina Theobald\nSiegwart 1874-1903, son of Johann and Magdalena Festor Siegwart 1866-, son of Peter and Maria Eiloff Siegwart 1865-, son of Nicolaus and Catharina Getrey Siegwart 1841-1876, son of Johann and Catharina Hopfner, married to Angelika Schmidt in 1859, Magdalena Festor in 1871 Siegwart 1834-, son of Josef Siegwarth and Katharina Zimmer Siegwart 1814-, son of Josef Siegwarth and Katharina Zimmer, married to Margarethe Schmidt in 1842 Siegwart 1801-, son of Johann Georg and Margarethe Hoffmann, married to Margarethe Kerner in 1829, Catharina Hopfner in 1837, Anna Nicolas in 1850 Siegwart 1801-1873, son of Johann Georg Sigwart and Margarethe Hoffmann, married to Margarethe Kerner in 1829, Catharina Hopfner in 1837 Siegwart 1749-, son of Johann and Helena Gertrud Wentzel Siegwart 1720-1778, son of Leonhart and Anna Maria Rocken, married to Helena Gertrud Wentzel in 1741\nSiegwarth 1875-1952, son of Josef and Theresia Mathieu\nSiewert 1886-, son of Christian and Margaretha Staubel, married to Anna Johanna Buechle in 1912 Siewert 1860-1861, son of Johann Siebert and Rosina Herold\nSiez , married to Dorothea Reusch in 1809\nSiffrin , married to Elisabeth Zewe\nSilcher 1909-1912, son of Johann Leonhardt and Anna Maria Kalmbach\nSimon 1884-1946, son of Peter and Katharina Fleiner Simon 1861-, son of Johann and Maria Meyer, married to Katharina Khn in 1884 Simon 1833-1899, son of Jakob Wilhelm Heinrich and Apollonia Theobald, married to Maria Meyer in 1860 Simon 1829-, son of Matthias and Barbara Kimmel, married to Margarethe Habermann in 1858 Simon 1807-1809, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Luxenburger Simon /1794-1872, son of Christof and Christine Meuns, married to Anna Maria Comtesse in 1819, Katharina Eisenbarth in 1871 Simon ca 1776-1862, son of Johann and Anna Naumann, married to Johanna Schamper in 1801 Simon 1748-1799, son of Michael and Maria Marx, married to Anna Naumann in 1773 Simon , married to Anna Remmel Simon 1761, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Mller\nSinger 1879-1880, son of Friedrich and Elisabetha Schweigert Singer , married to Marie Luise Hieber in 1909\nSinglen 1817-1901, married to Anna Catharina Schantz in 1842\nSinnreich 1878-, son of Georg and Anna Maria Bohrn, married to Maria Antony in 1904\nSledni 1909-, son of Bernhard Slitni and Sara Baierle\nSommer 1879-1907, son of Peter and Anna Genovefa Algier, married to Rosina Zimmermann in 1904 Sommer 1855-, married to Barbara Lay in 1881 Sommer, married to Elisabetha Zumbro\nSonnhalter 1895-, son of Johann and Margarethe Eberhard Sonnhalter 1873-1878, son of Georg and Margaretha Nalbach Sonnhalter 1866-, son of Georg and Margaretha Daub, married to Margarethe Eberhard in 1890 Sonnhalter 1863-, son of Johann and Johannetta Knopp Sonnhalter 1846-, son of Johann and Madelaine Klein, married to Elisabeth Remark in 1873 Sonnhalter 1845-, son of Johannes and Maria Catharina Nalbach Sonnhalter 1843-1843, son of Georg and Barbara Kurtz Sonnhalter 1838-1873, son of Peter and Maria Catharina Mhlmann Sonnhalter 1833-1834, son of Johannes and Maria Catharina Nalbach Sonnhalter 1809-1888, son of Georg Philipp and Barbara Karrenbauer, married to Madelaine Klein in 1835, Johannetta Knopp in 1856 Sonnhalter 1801-1862, son of Johannes and Catharina Mayer, married to Catherine Luxenburger in 1828 Sonnhalter 1793, son of Johannes and Catharina Mayer\nSonntag 1891-1892, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Wirth Sonntag 1858-, son of Johann and Magdalena Gergen, married to Maria Mller in 1884 Sonntag 1856-1866, son of Johann and Magdalena Gergen Sonntag 1853-, son of Johann and Margaretha Uder, married to Anna Kirchner in 1878 Sonntag 1848-1852, son of Johann and Margaretha Uder Sonntag 1845-, son of Cornelius and Anna Maria Kiefer, married to Catharina Eisenbarth in 1874 Sonntag 1836-1894, son of Johann Karl and Maria Magdalena Kwenig, married to Anna Breinig in 1857 Sonntag 1835-, son of Johannes and Susanne Brissier Sonntag 1827-1900, son of Johann and Gertrud Gergen, married to Magdalena Gergen in 1850 Sonntag 1817-1891, son of Hubert and Gertrud Altmayer, married to Margaretha Uder in 1841 Sonntag 1785-1855, son of Karl and Barbara Altmayer, married to Catharina Koby in 1807 Sonntag 1783-1852, son of Karl and Barbara Altmayer, married to Gertrud Gergen in 1807 Sonntag 1740-, son of Peter and Anna Zipp\nSter 1802-, son of Johann and Maria Catharina Detzem Ster 1752-, with Maria Catharina Detzem\nSther , married to Regina Jacobi\nSpad 1756-, son of Peter Spadt and Katharina Schmitt Spad 1754-, son of Peter Spadt and Katharina Schmitt\nSpang 1867-1912, son of Johann and Eva Scherer, married to Margarethe Becker in 1895, Helene Blatzheim in 1897 Spang 1819-1877, married to Eva Scherer in 1852\nSpangler 1847- Johann John\nSpaniol 1875-, son of Johann and Margaretha Neurohr, married to Anna Breinig in 1903 Spaniol 1857-, son of Johann and Margaretha Neurohr Spaniol 1827-, married to Margaretha Neurohr Spaniol 1767-, son of Johann Adam and Anna Barbara Houy, married to Margaretha Ardner in 1793, Margaretha Ardner in 1810\nSpath 1892-1988, son of Philipp and Anna Schwarz, married to Elisabeth Jacob in 1919, Rosa Meiniger\nSpth , father of Catharina Spaeth\nSpecker 1796-, son of Johann and Justina Strau Specker, married to Justina Schutzbach, Justina Strau in 1789\nSpeder ca 1672-1741, son of Johann Hans Peter and Catharina Strunck, married to Anna Monter\nSpeicher 1898-, son of Jacob and Catharina Pistorius, married to Barbara Bauer in 1921 Speicher 1895-1915, son of Jacob and Maria Kammer Speicher 1888-, married to Johanna Wilhelm in 1914 Speicher 1887-1965, son of Peter and Rosa Berger Speicher 1886-1964, son of Jacob and Catharina GRN, married to Anna Catharina Scherer in 1910 Speicher 1882-1882, son of Jacob and Catharina GRN Speicher 1881-1934, son of Ludwig and Margarethe Burgard Speicher 1876-1937, son of Johann and Franziska GRN, married to Maria Zimmer in 1905 Speicher 1872-1872, son of Johann and Catharina Weisgerber Speicher 1867-1867, son of Georg and Margaretha Blum Speicher 1867-1889, son of Johann and Magdalena Schtz Speicher 1867-1871, son of Jacob and Catharina GRN Speicher 1861-1865, son of Johann and Elisabeth Alt Speicher 1859-1860, son of Georg and Margaretha Blum Speicher 1858-1930, son of Jacob and Barbara Blum, married to Maria Catharina Altmeyer in 1884 Speicher 1856-1914, son of Johann and Margaretha Altmeyer Speicher 1853-1902, son of Philipp and Elisabeth Baldauf, married to Charlotte Luise Spang in 1881 Speicher 1852-1914, son of Jacob Caspar and Catharina Blank Speicher 1851-1925, son of Maria Altmeyer Speicher 1850-1909, son of Johann and Maria Altmeyer Speicher 1848-1848, son of Mathias and Catharina Speicher Speicher 1848-1875, son of Johann and Anna Schmitt Speicher 1841-, son of Georg and Anna Maria Thiel, married to Magdalena Schtz in 1866 Speicher 1839-1913, son of Peter and Barbara Altmeyer Speicher 1839-1842, son of Jacob and Maria Speicher Speicher 1836-1836, son of Hubert and Margaretha Linnenberger Speicher 1835-, married to Franziska GRN in 1863 Speicher 1834-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Kammer, married to Elisabeth Alt in 1861 Speicher 1833-1835, son of Hubert and Margaretha Linnenberger Speicher 1833-, son of Johann and Maria Speicher, married to Catharina Weisgerber in 1860 Speicher 1832-1833, son of Johann and Catharina Kiefer Speicher 1832-1900, son of Johann and A Baldauf Speicher 1827-1829, son of Johann and A Baldauf Speicher 1824-1866, son of Jacob and Maria Hintgen Speicher 1824-1872, married to Margaretha Conrad in 1849 Speicher 1823-1882, son of Georg and Maria Altmeyer, married to Maria Altmeyer in 1847 Speicher 1819-1892, son of Johann and Catharina Altmeyer, married to Anna Schmitt in 1842 Speicher 1818-1820, son of Georg and Margaretha Schwarz, married to Margaretha Altmeyer in 1839 Speicher ca 1816-, married to Anna Knig in 1843 Speicher 1816-1880, son of Georg and Margaretha Schwarz, married to Margaretha Altmeyer in 1839, Barbara Speicher in 1873 Speicher 1816-1819, son of Michael and Anna Maria Baldauf Speicher 1815-1839, son of Johann and Catharina Balzert Speicher 1812-, son of Jacob and Anna Baldauf Speicher 1809-, son of Mathias and Anna Karrenbauer, married to Maria Speicher in 1831 Speicher 1809-, son of Johann Jakob and Catharina Kiefer Speicher 1807-1841, son of Michael and Anna Altmeyer, married to Barbara Speicher in 1834 Speicher 1806-1806, son of Johann Wilhelm and Anna Maria Esch Speicher 1806-1877, married to Anna Baltes in 1830 Speicher 1804-1805, son of Johann Wilhelm and Anna Maria Esch Speicher 1804-, son of Hubert and Maria Kiel Speicher 1800-1842, son of Johann and Margaretha Weiland, married to Catharina Kiefer in 1822 Speicher 1798-1869, son of Peter and Elisabeth Balzert, married to Catharina Altmeyer in 1819, Catharina Margaretha Schneider in 1853 Speicher 1797-1863, son of Jacob and Margaretha Speicher, married to A Baldauf in 1815 Speicher 1796-1854, son of Jacobi and Anna Maria Catharina Altmeyer, married to Margaretha Speicher in 1826 Speicher 1790-1859, son of Johann and Anna Elisabeth Nicolai, married to Catharina Balzert in 1815 Speicher 1786-/1787, son of Valentin and Magdalena Frank Speicher 1784-1835, son of Johann and Catharina Karrenbauer Speicher 1783-, son of Peter and Magdalena Faust Speicher 1777-, married to Marie Elisabeth Weiland in 1801 Speicher 1771-1818, son of Johann and Barbara Frank, married to Margaretha Weiland in 1796 Speicher 1765-1836, son of Jacob and Anna Margaretha Grn, married to Irmina Blees in 1791 Speicher 1760-1824, son of Johann and Maria Job, married to Catharina Karrenbauer in 1783 Speicher 1755-1823, married to Anna Elisabeth Nicolai in 1784 Speicher 1755-1815, son of Johann and Margaretha Bernhard, married to Maria Magdalena Klein in 1787 Speicher 1755-1823, son of Johann Valentin and Margaretha Barthel, married to Anna Margaretha Altmeyer in 1802 Speicher 1744-1820, son of Nikolaus and Anna Eva Kast, married to Barbara Frank in 1769 Speicher 1736-1779, son of Johann Peter and Agnes Elisabeth Urich, married to Johanetta Linck in 1768 Speicher 1734-1789, son of Martin and Irmina Becker, married to Maria Job in 1756 Speicher 1725-, son of Philip and Anna Margaretha Wilhelm Speicher ca 1706-1763, son of Leonard and Anna Angela Luxemburger, married to Margaretha Bernhard in 1731 Speicher 1705-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Bouffai Speicher 1700-1740, son of Peter and Margaretha Kiefer, married to Anna Margaretha Meyer in 1738 Speicher 1655-1737, son of Michael Ltzenburger and Margaretha Speicher, married to Catharina Altmeyer in 1680, Anna Margaretha Holl in 1680 Speicher ca 1600-, son of Jakob and Catharina Unbehend Speicher, married to Maria Mohr Speicher , married to Margarethe Holl Speicher 1728-1767, son of Joannis and Johanna Speicher, married to Catharina Laccas in 1758\nSpeidel 1872-1941, married to Rebekka Schaefer in 1899\nSpeiser 1858-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Thiel, married to Barbara Biehl in 1882\nSpelz 1873-, son of Stefan and Margaretha Becker Spelz 1821-1886, son of Wilhelm and Maria Schfer, married to Anna Maria Birk in 1845 Spelz 1781-1844, son of Carl and Elisabeth Orth, married to Catharina Gratz in 1803, Barbara Augustin in 1842\nSpengler 1891-, son of Jacob and Maria Raphael Spengler 1816-, son of Clemens and Katharina Kaeff, married to Johanna Remarque in 1842 Spengler 1804-, son of Clemens and Katharina Kaeff, married to Katharina Wannenmacher in 1832 Spengler 1710-, married to Margarethe Haser Spengler , married to Anna Maria Spengler\nSpeth 1886-, son of Anton and Catharina Weis Speth 1882-, son of Jacob and Angela Fontaine Speth 1877-, son of Johann and Catharina Bastong Speth 1872-1873, son of Johann and Maria Jacob Speth 1836-, son of Nikolaus and Barbara Eisenbarth, married to Maria Jacob in 1861, Catharina Bastong Speth 1834-1896, son of Jacob and Katharina Ney Speth 1832-1833, son of Jacob and Katharina Ney Speth 1829-1842, son of Jacob and Katharina Ney Speth 1806-1877, married to Anna Schramm in 1832 Speth 1785-1786, son of Anton and Elisabeth Foss\nSpies 1883-1956, son of Johann and Anna Altmayer Spies 1877-1956, son of Peter and Margarethe Burg Spies 1858-1933, son of Franz Peter and Barbara Frey, married to Anna Lorson in 1885, Maria Remark in 1887 Spies 1850-1893, son of Wilhelm and Anna Schneider, married to Anna Altmayer in 1874 Spies 1827-1829, son of Peter and Elisabeth Wolff Spies 1743-1811, son of Johann and Elisabeth Welcker, married to Maria Philippina BODINET in 1782 Spies 1718-1781, son of Christian and Angela Paul, married to Elisabeth Welcker in 1738\nSpingler 1891-1970, son of Johann and Anna Zapp Spingler 1863-1894, son of Johann Spengler and Johanna Remarque, married to Anna Zapp in 1888\nSpoeri 1742-1808, married to Maria Catharina Beck in 1792\nSpor 1871, married to Anna Nalbach\nSprenger , married to Elisabeth Scheidt\nSpring 1755-1825, with Maria Barbara Steinbrenner\nSpringer 1789-, son of Leonhard and Anna Maria Lutz Springer 1785-1785, son of Leonhard and Anna Maria Lutz\nSpurk 1901-, son of Peter and Maria Bach Spurk 1898-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Thiel Spurk 1879-, son of Jakob and Barbara Mllenbach Spurk 1878-, son of Bernhard and Anna Maria Freydag Spurk 1878-, son of Peter Stephan and Katharina Feld Spurk 1874-, son of Mathias and Maria Walter Spurk 1858-, son of Peter and Maria Feld Spurk 1849-1855, son of Mathias and Catharina Grtner Spurk, married to Barbara Jost\nStRmer 1753-1811, son of Johann and Anna Katharina Neu StRmer 1775, married to Anna Katharina Neu in 1749\nStaeb 1900-, married to Friederike Raisch in 1939\nStahl 1804-1864, son of Johann Georg and Regina Pfrommer, married to Christina Barbara Holzaepfel in 1826, Helena Calmbacher in 1840\nStaib 1885-, son of Leopold and Maria Meske\nStaiger 1833-, married to Barbara Rapp in 1855\nStarck 1884-, son of Peter and Eva Lion Starck 1850-1853, son of Johann and Barbara Eberhard Starck 1847-, son of Nikolaus and Johanna Zapp Starck 1838-1898, son of Nikolaus and Johanna Zapp Starck 1810-1858, son of Johann and Maria Katharina Wirtz, married to Barbara Eberhard in 1844 Starck 1797-, son of Johann Wendel and Anna Margaretha Georg Starck 1774-1840, son of Peter and Margaretha Foss, married to Maria Katharina Wirtz in 1795\nStark 1902-1975, son of Johann and Rosina Baeuerlisberger Stark 1878-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Comtesse, married to Barbara Bier Stark 1860-1938, son of Georg Michael and Barbara Kircher, married to Rosina Baeuerlisberger in 1898 Stark 1849-1849, son of Franz and Margarethe Schmidt Stark 1840-1842, son of Franz and Margarethe Schmidt Stark , married to Wilhelmina Moll in 1907\nStaub ca 1756-1818, son of Johann and Susanna Klopp, married to Anna Catharina Schuch in 1785 Staub ca 1728-1778, married to Susanna Klopp Staub 1727-, son of Balthasar and Anna Kirch Staub 1721-1721, son of Balthasar and Anna Kirch\nStauch 1884-, son of Jakob and Barbara Mller Stauch 1846-1862, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Forster Stauch 1819-1889, son of Konrad Stauch, Staug and Katharina Bellner\nStaudt 1887-, son of Peter and Angelika Hoffmann, married to Katharina Mathilde Rau Staudt 1871-1883, son of Peter and Angelika Hoffmann Staudt 1850-1859, son of Johann and Catharina Leidinger Staudt 1825-, son of Mathias and Maria Anna Kuhn, married to Catharina Leidinger in 1849 Staudt ca 1796-1885, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kaufmann, married to Anna Maria Metzinger Staudt 1782-1784, son of Johann and Margarethe Welte Staudt 1781-1781, son of Johann Georg and Margaretha Schmitt Staudt 1773-1774, son of Johann Georg and Margaretha Schmitt Staudt 1763-1806, son of Johann and Margaretha Mittermller, married to Anna Maria Kaufmann in 1795 Staudt 1738-1808, son of Mathias and Katharina Scholer, married to Margarethe Welte in 1774, Margaretha Mittermller Staudt , son of Thilmann and Elisabeth Welsch, married to Anna Barbara Sensenberger in 1685 Staudt , married to Rosina Altmaier\nStau , married to Margaretha Antonia Ast in 1868\nStecher 1815-1840, married to Maria Weber\nSteckbech 1899-, son of Wilhelm August and Katharina Hoffmann\nSteffen 1890-, son of Johann and Susanna Dutt, married to Franziska Haase in 1920 Steffen 1851-, son of Johann and Maria Jenner, married to Susanna Dutt in 1885 Steffen 1850-, son of Peter and Magdalena Ackermann, married to Magdalena Haag in 1875 Steffen 1828-1874, son of Johann and Anna Maria Schnubel, married to Maria Jenner in 1850 Steffen 1811-, son of Johannes and Gertrude Woll Steffen 1796-1876, son of Mathias and Catharina Bosch, married to Anna Maria Schnubel in 1828 Steffen , married to Agatha Kerpen Steffen, married to Katharina Guldner\nSteghmayer ca 1695-, married to Maria Catharina Wannemacher in 1717\nStegmaier 1813-1859, married to Barbara Lohrmann in 1837\nStegner 1788-, son of Johann Georg and Elisabetha Brueckner Stegner 1712-1714, son of Hans and Anna Gerlach Stegner 1643-, son of Hans and Kunigunda Zeyler, married to Johanna Magdalena Reissenweber in 1666\nStehle, son of Mathias and Renate Schfle, married to Euphemia Mattes\nSteidle ca 1821-, with Anna Maria Scheijack Steidle 1720-, son of Johannes and Catharina Lurz, married to Franziska Schnell in 1743\nSteigele 1785-, son of Johannes Steichele and Catharina Margaretha Mayer Steigele ca 1730-, married to Maria Barbara Breuning in 1748\nSteil 1879-, son of Philipp and Anna Waller Steil 1833-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Ladwein Steil 1824-1824, son of Josef and Anna Maria Birk Steil 1824-, son of Peter and Anna Catharina Becker Steil 1823-1823, son of Peter and Anna Catharina Becker Steil 1820-, son of Jacob and Catharina Ewen, married to Barbara Seiwert in 1850 Steil 1749-1810, son of Johann and Catharina Contz, married to Johanetta Schilz in 1775, Gertrud Peterot in 1781 Steil 1740-1769, married to Anna Maria Kreutzer Steil 1747, son of X, married to Anna Maria Kohn Steil , married to Catharina Contz Steil 1786, married to Anna Maria Trenz in 1764\nSteimer 1868-, son of Mathias and Margarethe Gall, married to Barbara Tabellion in 1894 Steimer 1809-, son of Georg and Angela Knobe, married to Susanna Schiffmann in 1838 Steimer 1873-, son of Mathias and Margarethe Gall\nStein 1907-1913, son of Karl and Elisabeth Bohn Stein 1897-, son of Michael and Katharina Schmitt Stein 1897-1897, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Junk Stein 1895-, married to Anna Maria Heisel in 1920 Stein 1894-, son of Georg and Anna Thiery Stein 1891-, son of Mathias and Maria Margaretha Jungmann Stein 1891-, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Seilner Stein 1890-, son of Peter and Maria Mathieu, married to Anna Maria Arweiler Stein 1880-, son of Michael and Maria Rullang Stein 1879-1925, son of Johann and Henrietta Theobald, married to Anna Rullang in 1907 Stein 1874-1874, son of Peter and Katharina Becker Stein 1872-1929, son of Jacob and Anna Schneider, married to Barbara Katharina Glaser in 1895 Stein 1868-, son of Johannes and Catharina Fischer Stein 1867-, son of Andreas STEIN and Christina Barbara Rau Stein 1865-, son of Josef and Susanna Theobald Stein 1864-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Schon, married to Anna Engler in 1896 Stein 1861-, son of Johann and Anna Maier, married to Anna Goergen in 1891 Stein 1857-1857, son of Johann and Anna Maier Stein 1857-1874, son of Andreas and Katherinea Merkel Stein 1855-1856, son of Nikolaus and Anna Rupp Stein 1850-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Rupp, married to Anna Maria Becker in 1875 Stein 1849-1849, son of Nikolaus and Anna Rupp Stein 1847-, son of Johann Peter and Katharina Ochs Stein 1841-1885, son of Christof and Anna Becker, married to Henrietta Theobald in 1865 Stein 1829-1882, son of Johann and Barbara Kneip Stein 1823-1877, son of Nikolaus and Eva Theobald, married to Maria Schmitt in 1856 Stein 1818-1852, son of Nikolaus and Eva Theobald Stein 1817-1865, son of Johann Peter and Maria Zipp, married to Anna Maier in 1842 Stein 1817-1817, son of Johann and Barbara Kneip Stein 1814-1884, son of Conrad and Maria Barbara Hesse, married to Barbara Quirin in 1846 Stein 1809-1855, married to Gertrud Kessler in 1831 Stein 1802-1839, son of Johann and Anna Maria Rupp, married to Magdalena Riem in 1835 Stein 1794-1797, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Knauber Stein 1793-, son of Johann Peter and Margaretha Knauber, married to Barbara Kneip in 1817 Stein ca 1792-, with Maria Lorenz Stein 1773-1850, married to Anna Maria Rupp in 1798 Stein 1765-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Thiel Stein 1761-1789, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Kien, married to Franziska Winter in 1786 Stein 1745-1753, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Kien Stein 1724-, son of Johann and Catharina Thill, married to Maria Elisabeth Ob in 1747 Stein 1717-1718, son of Nikolaus and Apolline Hemmel Stein 1705-1741, son of Mathias and Christina Boley, married to Anna Rupp in 1730 Stein /1690-1755, son of Konrad and Anna Barbara Rupp, married to Catharina Thill in 1717 Stein ca 1650-1741, son of Johann and Elisabeth Altmeyer, married to Katharina Adami in 1673, Gertrud Michel in 1695, Anna Maria Relinger in 1716 Stein 1617-1722, son of Caspar and Magdalena ?, married to Elisabeth Altmeyer in 1648 Stein, son of Matthias and Elisabeth Lessel Stein , married to Katharina Rupp Stein, married to Marie Strouse\nSteinbach , married to Susanne Jung\nSteiner 1870-1875, son of Leonhard Georg and Katharina Dorothea Wieland Steiner 1834-1865, son of Friederich Karl and Eva Rosina Klenk Steiner, married to Gertrud Stolz\nSteinhilber 1810-1878, son of Peter and Christina Jetter, married to Agnes Barbara Wagner in 1834, Anna Maria Sauer in 1875 Steinhilber 1684, son of Jacob and Anna Flammer, married to Anna Barbara Henger in 1682\nSteinmann 1863-, son of Sebastian and Barbara Mallmann, married to Elisabeth Wassmuth in 1888\nSteinmetz 1769-1844, married to Magdalena Knaubert in 1814 Steinmetz ca 1738-1800, married to Anna Margaretha Martin in 1766\nStengel 1878-1878, son of Johann Friedrich and Barbara Magdalena Hack\nStenger 1813-, son of Michael and Elisabeth Woll, married to Katharina Jochum Stenger 1780-1811, son of Michael and Susanna Dorr, married to Barbara Martin in 1803\nStephan 1813-1849, son of Franz and Katharina Simon, married to Katharina Margaretha Kreis in 1837 Stephan 1851, son of Michael and Charlotte Karcher, married to Elisabeth Mathieu in 1801\nStephani , married to Maria Catharina Hoffmann Stephani , son of Johann and Maria Catharina Hoffmann, married to Magdalena Catharina Burg in 1887\nStephen 1723-, son of Jacob and Margaretha Schrder Stephen 1714-, married to Agnes Bichelberger Stephen /1641-1705/, married to Anna Maria Riem in 1660\nStern ca 1790-/1857, with Maria Starck\nSteuer 1687-1743, son of Jean and Eve Schwartz, married to Catharina Schwerdorfer in 1713\nStickel 1905-, son of Andreas and Catharina Sackmann Stickel ca 1904-, married to Frieda Helber in 1933 Stickel 1861-1861, son of Ehrhardt and Christiana Finkbeiner\nStiefel 1763-1834, son of Michael and Anna Barbara Reusch, married to Anna Catarina Friz in 1794, Dorothea Streicher in 1811\nStier 1858-, son of Michael and Maria Katharina Betting Stier 1773-1806, son of Fidel von Sigmaringen and Agnes Schneider Stier 1762-1768, son of Michael and Maria Mathes Stier 1684-, son of Andreas and Katherina Rei Stier 1684-1735, son of Martin and Katherina Grimm, married to Susanna Hipp in 1714 Stier 1662-, son of Bartholomus and Elisabeth Wschle Stier 1658-, son of Jrg and Ursula Beurin Stier 1654-, son of Hans and Eva Mathes Stier 1654-1737, son of Hanns and Eva Mattes, married to Agnes Linse in 1680\nStock 1837-1839, son of Johann and Anna Maria Bohnet Stock 1815-1860, married to Anna Maria Bohnet in 1837\nStockart 1880-1937, son of Peter and Adelheid Zimmer, married to Henriette Kufer in 1906\nStckle , with Dorotea Kircher\nStoffel 1877-, son of Friedrich and Katharina Kramer Stoffel , married to Anna Hoffmann\nSthr 1777-1865, son of Joseph Friedrich Stoehr and Christina Magdalena Plchlen Sthr 1912, married to Katharina Karoline Alexander\nStoltz, son of Valentin and Maria Katharina Kesseler, married to Gertrud Wannemacher in 1768\nStorn 1873-1950, married to Anna Hirschmann\nStotz 1894-1901, son of Johann and Rosina Bieber Stotz 1870-1961, son of Jakob and Katharina \"Anna\" Schlecht Stotz 1867-1908, son of Johann Daniel and Carolina Kapp, married to Rosina Bieber in 1889 Stotz 1866-1870, son of Jakob and Katharina \"Anna\" Schlecht Stotz 1864-, son of Johann Philipp and Eva Flemmer Stotz 1863-1866, son of Johann Daniel and Carolina Kapp Stotz 1858-1859, son of Johann Daniel and Carolina Kapp Stotz 1569-, son of Matthaeus and Katharina ?\nStraatmann 1859-1933, son of Joseph and Maria Joanna Raupp, married to Joanetta Wolf in 1885, Karolina Herrmann in 1892\nStragand 1860-1861, son of Georg and Margaretha Rupp Stragand 1858-1858, son of Georg and Margaretha Rupp Stragand 1822-1862, son of Johann and Maria Winterich Stragand 1795-1864, son of Nicolaus Rudolf and Anna Maria Jung, married to Maria Winterich in 1818 Stragand 1753-, son of Nicholas and Madeline Renard\nStrsser ca 1705-1787, married to Anna Catharina Bost in 1738\nStraub 1877-1961, son of Baltasar and Christine Bhringer, married to Emma Margarete Schmid in 1907 Straub 1865-1905, married to Eva Mattes in 1890 Straub , son of Wendelin and Maria Fritz\nStrauch 1886-1945, son of August and Margaretha Hoff, married to Margareta Schwarz in 1911\nStrauff 1891-, son of Philipp and Anna Spath Strauff 1890-, son of Peter and Lucia Reinert Strauff 1858-1871, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Catharina Altmeyer Strauff 1857-1857, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Catharina Altmeyer Strauff 1807-, son of Peter and Christina Gratz, married to Catharina Zapp in 1836\nStrauss 1893-1894, son of Matthias and Maria Comtesse Strauss 1892-, son of Johann Georg and Elisabeth Fink Strauss 1881-1931, son of Nikolaus and Anna Altmeyer, married to Caroline Stein in 1905 Strauss 1861-, married to Catharina Blum in 1885 Strauss 1861-1861, son of Matthias and Franziska Johann Strauss 1858-1859, son of Peter and Anna Maria Schmidt Strauss 1850-1856, son of Matthias and Franziska Johann Strauss 1834-1885, married to Barbara Pistorius in 1858 Strauss 1804-1831, son of Peter and Margaretha Grgen Strauss 1795-1799, son of Peter and Margaretha Grgen Strauss 1716-1718, son of Heinrich Georg and Helena Metzger, relationship with Anna Maria Altmayer\nStreib 1906-1968, married to Karolina Walter in 1929\nStreicher 1860-, son of Sebastian and Anna Wolf Streicher 1853-, son of Sebastian and Elisabeth Zang Streicher 1852-1852, son of Sebastian and Elisabeth Zang Streicher 1835-1920, son of Johann and Maria Agnes Reusch, married to Maria Barbara Reusch in 1863 Streicher 1833-, son of Johann and Barbara Schug Streicher 1797-1854, married to Maria Agnes Reusch in 1824 Streicher 1796-1834, son of Matthias and Anna Maria Renelle, married to Barbara Schug in 1816 Streicher 1769-, married to Maria Agnes Salzer in 1793 Streicher , with Franzisca Stier Streicher , married to Anna Maria Salzer in 1870\nStreuger 1793-, son of Johann Thomas Strenger and Christina Juliana Dambach, married to Christiane Friedrika Widmaier in 1821\nStroehle 1810-, son of Johann Leonhard Strhle and Marianna Emer\nStrohmaier 1885-1965, son of Friedrich and Karoline Hummel, married to Marie Or Mary Miller in 1913 Strohmaier 1865-1949, son of Johann Jacob and Catharina Moz, married to Maria Christina Schober in 1898\nStrmpler 1774-1775, son of Johann Philipp and Katharina Mayer\nStrunck 1660-1712, son of Johann and Helena Gehl Strunck ca 1617-1687, married to Helena Gehl in 1650\nStrunk 1879-, married to Margaretha Bast in 1902\nStuber 1878-1963, son of Christian and Catharina Bohnet, married to Magdalena Maria Hirschkorn in 1901\nStuckarts ca 1680-1708/, married to Barbara Claar\nStudolf 1870-1871, son of Franciscus Josephus Rudolf and Barbara Weiss\nStuhlsatz 1899-1967, son of Johann and Katharina Sander Stuhlsatz 1899-1941, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Fritz Stuhlsatz 1878-1878, son of Johann and Margarethe Streicher Stuhlsatz 1860-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Kost, married to Katharina Sander in 1896 Stuhlsatz 1857-, son of Jakob and Anna Eisenbarth Stuhlsatz 1855-, son of Johann and Magdalena Ballas, married to Margarethe Streicher in 1878 Stuhlsatz 1852-, son of Jakob and Anna Eisenbarth Stuhlsatz 1847-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Wilhelm Stuhlsatz 1839-, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Didier, married to Elisabeth Kost in 1863 Stuhlsatz 1836-1839, son of Johann and Elisabeth Fritz Stuhlsatz 1825-1888, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Didier, married to Magdalena Ballas in 1850 Stuhlsatz 1809-1819, son of Johann and Angelika Klein Stuhlsatz 1805-1872, son of Joes Heinrich and Barbara Pupp, married to Elisabeth Fritz in 1833, Anna Maria Wilhelm in 1841 Stuhlsatz 1802-1806, son of Johann and Margarethe Lorson Stuhlsatz 1781-1847, son of Nicolaus and Anna Maria Wolf, married to Margarethe Lorson, Angelika Klein in 1806\nStumm 1837-1846, son of Peter and Margarethe Zang\nStumpp 1829-, son of Mathias Stumpf and Johanna Beata Richter\nSturm 1901-, son of Johann and Maria Demmer, relationship with Katharina Klein Sturm 1871-, son of Peter and Maria Katharina Weiland, married to Maria Demmer\nStrmer 1758-1811, son of Johann StRmer and Anna Katharina Neu, married to Barbara Both in 1782\nStutz 1893-, son of Jacob and Susanna Jann Stutz 1889-1891, son of Franz and Katharina Schmitt Stutz 1888-1888, son of Heinrich and Catharina Knoblauch Stutz 1888-, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Schlechter, married to Antonie Nagel in 1911 Stutz 1887-, son of Peter and Catharina Tabellion Stutz 1886-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Morguet Stutz 1885-, son of Michael and Elisabeth Eberhard Stutz 1877-1947, son of Peter and Elisabeth Khler Stutz 1872-1872, son of Jacob and Catharina Trockle Stutz 1868-, son of Johann and Elisabetha Khler Stutz 1864-, son of Heinrich and Maria Kreis Stutz 1855-, son of Johann and Elisabetha Khler, married to Katharina Henriette Schmitt in 1882 Stutz 1849-1865, son of Johannes and Katharina Lang Stutz 1843-, son of Johannes and Katharina Lang, married to Maria Magdalena Thiel in 1868 Stutz 1843-1851, son of Jakob and Maria Amann Stutz 1839-1839, son of Peter and Margarethe Ribofose Stutz 1838-, son of Johann Peter and Gertrud Kurtz, married to Barbara Fischer in 1862 Stutz 1823-1887, son of Nicolaus Konrad and Margarethe Karrenbauer, married to Elisabetha Khler in 1855 Stutz 1815-1817, son of Johann and Gertrud Schwarz Stutz 1814-, son of Peter Joseph and Margaretha Stutz Stutz 1781-1831, son of Johann Sebastian and Margaretha Schwarz, married to Gertrud Schwarz in 1803 Stutz 1720-1798, son of Johann Caspar and Katharina Rupp, married to Anna Catharina Hellenbrech\nSuffel 1885-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Becker\nSulz 1877-, son of Peter and Rosina Ebert Sulz ca 1873-1874, son of Georg and Barbara Goehner\nSlzle 1898-, son of Christian Sulzle and Maria Sept\nSumm 1567-1633, married to Agnes Legler in 1592\nSupper 1828-, son of Georg Adam and Juliana Fritz\nSupritz 1889-, son of Anton and Katharina Till, with Josephine Korl, Elisabeth Boross, Maria Piller Supritz 1888-, son of Johann and Barbara Fritz Supritz 1861-1918, son of Johann and Eva Brucker, married to Katharina Galauner in 1895, Barbara Fritz Supritz 1830-1902, with Eva Brucker\nSzeder 1892-, son of Adam and Eva Geth, married to Maria Schudler in 1912\nSzl, married to Vilma Srkny\nT\nTHEER 1904-, son of Stefan and Theresia Kilbertus, with Anna Maria Breitenbach\nTILCK 1820-1825, son of Nikolaus Tilk and Katharina Treib TILCK 1781-1781, son of Michael Tilck and Catharina Steffen TILCK 1769-1771, son of Michael Tilck and Catharina Steffen TILCK ca 1760-1763, son of Michael Tilck and Catharina Steffen\nTabellion 1899-1972, son of Wilhelm and Barbara Wannenmacher Tabellion 1898-1983, son of Peter and Katharina Luxenburger Tabellion 1896-1960, son of Jakob and Katharina Abel Tabellion 1895-1968, son of Friedrich and Katharina Renckes Tabellion 1886-1888, son of Friedrich and Katharina Renckes Tabellion 1885-1971, son of Matthias and Katharina Zang Tabellion 1885-1885, son of Jakob and Elisabetha Kiefer Tabellion 1885-1953, son of Johann and Barbara Louis Tabellion 1884-1964, son of Georg and Maria Eisenbarth Tabellion 1883-1883, son of Johann and Maria Anna Eberhard Tabellion 1882-1972, son of Johann and Anna Stutz Tabellion 1869-1889, son of Michael and Margarethe Schwander Tabellion 1865-, son of Georg and Anna Katharina Louis, married to Margarethe Wampach in 1890 Tabellion 1864-, son of Georg and Maria Mller, married to Katharina Joerg in 1897 Tabellion 1864-, son of Jakob and Katharina Beck Tabellion 1863-, son of Michael and Margarethe Schwander Tabellion 1856-, son of Johann and Maria Decker, married to Anna Stutz in 1882 Tabellion 1855-, son of Georg and Margarethe Orth, married to Maria Anna Eberhard in 1879 Tabellion 1846-1846, son of Nikolaus and Anna Katharina Abel Tabellion 1835-1836, son of Georg and Barbara Kollmann Tabellion 1832-1893, son of Johann and Barbara Kiefer, married to Barbara Louis in 1859 Tabellion 1827-1899, son of Johann and Barbara Kiefer, married to Maria Decker Tabellion 1812-1813, son of Nikolaus and Anna Karrenbauer Tabellion 1812-1813, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Truntzler Tabellion 1793-1855, son of Johannes and Maria Kiefer, married to Barbara Kiefer in 1826\nTalmon Gros 1797-1866, married to Margaretha Barbara Lrcher in 1828\nTarnaski 1886-, married to Magdalena Motz in 1912\nTasch 1842-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Lorson Tasch 1829-1829, son of Johann and Maria Lorson Tasch 1795-, son of Clemens and Margarethe Eisenbarth, married to Maria Lorson in 1820\nTeppert 1903-1903, son of Martin and Magdalena Werni Teppert 1869-1928, married to Elisabeth Werni in 1893\nTernig , married to Catharina Backes\nTernus , married to Barbara ?\nTerres 1883-1884, son of Peter and Anna Roth\nTeste ca 1660-1717, married to Elisabeth Husson in 1686\nTeuchert 1742-1804, married to Elisabeth Schrter\nTheis 1898-, son of Johann and Maria Raubuch Theis 1871-1939, son of Sebastian and Charlotta Rinck, with Maria Raubuch Theis 1853-, son of Caspar and Catharina Drr Theis 1826-1846, son of Johannes and Barbara Karrenbauer Theis 1771-, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud MLler Theis 1768-1845, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud MLler, married to Catharina Scherer in 1803, Catharina Mergen in 1807 Theis 1737-1773, son of Johann and Eva Maria Billmann, married to Anna Maria Maus in 1757, Katharina Hubert Theis ca 1735-1784, married to Angela Paul in 1759 Theis , son of Paul and Susanna Weyand, married to Katharina Lauer Theis 1773, son of Peter and Margaretha Baur, married to Eva Maria Billmann in 1734 Theis 1718/, married to Anna ? in 1650 Theis, married to Elisabeth Hermann Theis , married to Barbara Scheffer in 1740\nTheisen 1883-1966, son of Johann and Maria Kleinbauer Theisen 1875-1880, son of Johann and Maria Kleinbauer Theisen 1868-, son of Johann and Anna Germann Theisen 1852-, son of Johann Bernhard and Maria Friedrich Theisen 1847-, son of Johann Bernhard and Anna Altmayer, married to Maria Kleinbauer in 1873 Theisen 1840-, son of Jakob and Anna Margaretha Kraus, married to Anna Germann in 1867 Theisen 1830, married to Elisabeth Negel\nTheobald 1898-1899, son of Johann and Katharina Engeldinger Theobald 1897-1918, son of Johann Jakob and Katharina Gertrud Ochs Theobald 1890-, son of Johann and Catharina Lorang Theobald 1889-1890, son of Hermann and Elisabeth Raphael Theobald 1889-, son of Peter and Gertud Ohlmann Theobald 1888-1969, son of Peter and Anna Engel Theobald 1885-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Amann Theobald 1883-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Mathis, married to Anna Maria Willkomm Theobald 1882-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Kneip Theobald 1877-, son of Catharina Fontaine Theobald 1877-, son of Johann and Catharina Fontaine Theobald 1875-, son of Johann and Maria Willems Theobald 1874-1875, son of Johann and Anna Henrich Theobald 1874-1878, son of Conrad and Anna Recktenwald Theobald 1873-, son of Stephan and Maria Grgen Theobald 1873-1874, son of Johann and Elisabeth Amann Theobald 1871-, son of Catharina Fontaine Theobald 1871-, son of Johann and Catharina Fontaine Theobald 1870-, son of Matthias and Katharina Fery, married to Barbara Kreutzer in 1894 Theobald 1869-, son of Johann and Gertrud Falk, married to Elisabetha Abel in 1898 Theobald 1868-1952, son of Johann and Barbara Rupp, married to Maria Klein Theobald 1868-, son of Peter Wei and Susanna Schamber Theobald 1864-1866, son of Johann and Anna Maria Mathieu Theobald 1859-, son of Johann and Gertrud Falk, married to Catharina Lorang in 1881 Theobald 1858-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Mathieu, married to Katharina Engeldinger in 1886 Theobald 1850-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Mathieu Theobald 1847-, son of Anton and Anna Jacob, married to Anna Henrich in 1874 Theobald 1842-1842, son of Johann and Anna Maria Comtesse Theobald 1842-, married to Catharina Fontaine in 1867 Theobald 1836-, married to Barbara Rupp in 1867 Theobald 1835-1877, son of Johann and Barbara Herber Theobald 1834-1895, son of Paul and Catharina Fischer, married to Elisabeth Krmer in 1861 Theobald 1833-, son of Peter and Apollonia woll, married to Elisabeth Freyermuth in 1857, Maria Willems in 1875 Theobald 1833-, son of Michael and Margaretha Schmitt, married to Elisabeth Daub in 1860 Theobald 1831-1831, son of Johann and Anna Maria Comtesse Theobald 1825-1878, son of Johann and Anna Maria Woll, married to Gertrud Falk in 1851, Elisabeth Amann in 1872 Theobald 1819-1819, son of Conrad and Catharina Merten Theobald 1815-1824, son of Stephan and Catharina GrasmCk Theobald 1810-1866, son of Mathias and Margaretha Massonne, married to Anna Maria Mathieu in 1848 Theobald 1808-1813, son of Georg and Katharina Burgard Theobald 1807-1808, son of Georg and Barbara Amann Theobald 1807-1807, son of Mathias and Margaretha Massonne Theobald 1805-1877, son of Georg and Barbara Amann, married to Anna Maria Comtesse in 1830 Theobald 1790-1860, married to Barbara Herber in 1832 Theobald 1790-1804, son of Andreas and Margaretha Fischer Theobald 1789-1790, son of Matthias and Johanna Welsch Theobald 1786-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Linseler Theobald 1783-1849, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Maria Thnes, father of Nikolaus Theobald 1779-1782, son of Kornelius and Katharina Theobald Theobald 1779-1849, son of Johann and Maria Ditlinger, married to Anna Maria Woll in 1820 Theobald 1773-1774, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Maria Thnes Theobald 1769-1770, son of Johann Georg and Katharina Hart Theobald 1769-1831, son of Johann and Anna Bietzer Theobald 1769-1831, son of Johann and Anna Bietzer, married to Anna Catharina Meyer in 1801 Theobald 1764-1767, son of Johann and Anna Barbara Luxenburger Theobald 1763-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Schmidt Theobald 1760-, son of Johann Adam and Anna Wirth Theobald 1752-1761, son of Nikolaus and Maria Klein Theobald 1752-1784, son of Jakob and Barbara Engel Theobald 1751-1759, son of Johann and Anna Barbara Luxenburger Theobald 1738-1808, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Knobe, married to Anna Bietzer in 1763, Maria Ditlinger in 1775, Catharina GrN in 1786 Theobald 1725-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Knobe Theobald 1721-1766, son of Jost Jodocus and Anna Elisabeth Schwind, married to Anna Barbara Luxenburger in 1748 Theobald 1717-, son of Johann and Maria Becking Theobald 1708-, son of David and Margarethe Frantz Theobald ca 1680-1761, son of Peter and Johannetta Theobald, married to Maria Becking in 1706 Theobald /1575-, son of Johann and Greth ?, married to Elsa ? in 1600 Theobald /1540-ca 1600, married to Greth ? in 1560 Theobald , married to Katharina Frank Theobald , married to Susanna Grn Theobald , son of Johann and Katharina Engeldinger\nTheobald- Frezermuth 1867-1948, son of Johann Theobald and Elisabeth Freyermuth, married to Magdalena Ohlmann\nTheobald-Ohlmann 1897-, son of Johann Theobald- Frezermuth and Magdalena Ohlmann\nTheurer , son of Maria ?, married to Magdalena Seitz in 1726, Magdalena Seitz\nThewes 1720-, married to Margaretha Schmidt\nThiel 1880-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Zenner Thiel 1871-, son of Johann and Margaretha Pinter Thiel 1863-, son of Johann Georg and Catharina Montag, married to Anna Maria Theis in 1888, Barbara Trabant in 1890 Thiel 1860-, son of Johann and Margaretha Speicher, married to Maria Reichrath in 1883 Thiel 1856-, son of Johann and Catharina Stutz Thiel 1854-1857, son of Johann and Margaretha Speicher Thiel 1851-, son of Anton and Maria Anna Petry, married to Johannetta Speicher in 1875 Thiel 1848-1849, son of Johann and Margaretha Speicher Thiel 1841-, son of Johann and Susanna Sellen, married to Margaretha Pinter in 1870 Thiel 1834-1915, son of Johann and Anna Maria Jochum, married to Elisabeth Woll Thiel 1815-1876, son of Johann and Magdalena Schmidt, married to Margaretha Speicher in 1842 Thiel 1810-1856, son of Mathias and Gertrud Klein, married to Catharina Stutz in 1855 Thiel 1810-, son of Valentin and Barbara Eisenbarth Thiel 1797-1879, married to Maria Anna Clasen in 1822 Thiel 1796-1800, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Mallin Thiel 1788-, son of Jacob and Anna Maria Blinn, married to Anna Wagner in 1813 Thiel 1786-, married to Katharina Petry in 1807 Thiel 1784-1856, son of Johannes and Maria Catharina Dnig, married to Helena Magdalena Schmidt in 1815 Thiel 1778-1779, son of Johannes and Anna Margaretha Jung Thiel /1735-1813, son of Nikolaus and Anna Wagner, married to Magdalena Kraemer in 1772 Thiel 1714-1765, son of Jacob and Barbara Lauer, married to Johanna Schu Thiel 1707-, son of Jacob and Barbara Lauer Thiel ca 1652-1706/, son of Maria Barbara Hetger, married to Anna Margaretha Jacobs in 1677 Thiel , son of Johann and Elisabeth Woll Thiel , relationship with Anna Maria Jochum Thiel , married to Anna Maria Jochum in 1820 Thiel , married to Magdalena Schmidt Thiel, married to Susanna Sellen Thiel , married to Anna Maria Ptzer Thiel , married to Eva Fritz\nThierer , son of Andreas and Barbara Semle\nThiery 1887-1956, son of Johann and Margarethe Mathilde Truntzler Thiery 1859-1939, son of Adam and Katharina Mller, married to Margarethe Mathilde Truntzler in 1886 Thiery, married to Margaretha Friedrich in 1914\nThies 1890-1943, son of Jakob and Gertrud Willems, married to Anna Wallenborn in 1914 Thies 1874-, son of Johannes and Catharina Brck, married to Anna Maria Grtner in 1898\nThieser, married to Elisabeth Land\nThilmont 1702-1754, son of Johann and Margarethe Francois, married to Anna Marie Bernard in 1729 Thilmont /1675-1723, married to Margarethe Francois\nThimmel 1893-, son of Jacob and Margaretha Foss Thimmel 1870-1870, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Grgen Thimmel 1855-1858, son of Jacob and Margaretha Fritz Thimmel 1851-, son of Jacob and Margaretha Fritz Thimmel 1833-, son of Jacob and Margaretha Fritz, married to Anna Juliana Neumann in 1858 Thimmel 1804-1858, son of Jakob and Barbara Schmidt, married to Gertrud Fontaine in 1831, Margaretha Jager in 1855 Thimmel 1695, married to Catharina Theobald\nThinnes ca 1700-1787, son of Johann Nikolaus and Gertrud Schmidt Thinnes 1839, married to Margarethe Brnet\nThoenes 1830-1887, married to Anna Maria Irsch in 1854 Thoenes 1803-1864, married to Anna Goergen in 1827 Thoenes 1739-1805, married to Maria Katgeli in 1765 Thoenes 1696-1761, son of Johann and Gertrud Gergen, married to Gertrud Wanmacher in 1722, Margaretha Haffner in 1730, Anna Maria Martin in 1742 Thoenes ca 1665-1723, son of Andreas ? and Anna Maria Staudt, married to Gertrud Gergen in 1690\nThomas 1899-, son of Heinrich and Philippina Katharina Mller\nThomaser 1842-, son of Johann and Maria Felllinger, married to Margaretha Lion Thomaser 1729-, son of Jaccob and Catharina Hector, married to Anna Arweiler in 1754 Thomaser 1814, son of Johann and Anna Arweiler, married to Katharina Schirra in 1792, Maria Mller in 1813 Thomaser, son of Johann and Maria Felllinger, married to Anna Maria Fischer Thomaser , son of Daniel and Maria Philippina Gillet, married to Maria Felllinger in 1841 Thomaser , son of Nikolaus and Eilsabeth May, with Catharina MLler Thomaser 1728-, son of Jaccob and Catharina Hector\nThomassin , married to Katharina Sauber\nThome 1886-1960, son of Nikolaus and Maria Altmeyer, married to Anna Maria Kraus Thome 1863-1963, son of Joseph and Maria Jung Thome , son of Johann and Anna Maria Kraus\nThon 1811-, son of Ignaz and Anna Renckes\nThnes 1795-1826, son of Peter and Gertrud Marx, married to Catharina Willmuth in 1825 Thnes 1766-1844, son of Johann Georg and Anna Himbert, married to Margaretha Lwenbrck in 1795 Thnes 1746-1761, son of Conrad Thoenes and Gertrud Altmayer Thnes 1736-1787, married to Anna Barbara Zipp Thnes ca 1724-1777, son of Cornelius and Catharina Grg\nThnes (Thines ) 1608-, son of Mathias Thnes and Angela ?, married to Marg. Dundorf\nThnes-Basten 1634-, son of Caspar Thnes and Marg. ?\nThumm 1879-, married to Anna Marie Greule in 1908\nThurn 1888-1937, son of Friedrich Carl and Katharina Kercher Thurn 1867-1947, son of Friederich Karl and Elisabetha Margarete Obenauer, married to Anna Schott in 1892, Karolina Wanner in 1898, Anna SCHOTT\nTilck 1812-, married to Maria Weber in 1836\nTilk 1882-1882, son of Jakob and Maria Theobald Tilk 1881-1881, son of Jakob and Maria Theobald\nTilmont 1852-1852, son of Ludwig and Luise Janson Tilmont 1843-1897, son of Ludwig and Luise Janson Tilmont 1841-1842, son of Ludwig and Luise Janson Tilmont 1836-1856, son of Anton Thilmont and Katharina Guldner Tilmont 1830-1905, son of Anton Thilmont and Katharina Guldner Tilmont 1825-1825, son of Anton Thilmont and Katharina Guldner\nTine 1849-1898, son of Jakob Thine and Anna Maria Schultz\nTin 1851-, son of Jacob Marcellus and Maria Mller Tin 1841-1843, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Maria Becker Tin 1816-1874, son of Johann and Margaretha Leinen, married to Ottilia Maurer in 1840 Tin 1802-, son of Jakob and Barbara Ecker Tin 1795-1868, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Schnubel, married to Margaretha Leinen in 1816 Tin 1772-, son of Jakob and Anna Zipp\nTinnes 1852-, son of Johann and Elisabetha Fissene Tinnes 1834-1875, son of Johann and Katharina Schmidt, married to Anna Maria Braun in 1860 Tinnes 1822-1867, son of Johann and Elisabeth Maas, married to Elisabetha Fissene in 1844 Tinnes 1806-, son of Peter and Maria Jacob Tinnes 1801-1839, son of Peter and Maria Jacob, married to Katharina Schmidt in 1828 Tinnes 1736-1787, married to Anna Barbara Zipp in 1765 Tinnes , married to Elisabeth Maas\nTonnelier 1729-1794, son of Ludwig Tonnellier and Johanna Gladel, married to Anna Margaretha Macagne in 1757\nTonnellier 1718-1772, son of Claudius and Anne Marie Pontry, married to Anna Maria Clanch in 1752 Tonnellier 1687-1687, son of Anton and Jean Vache Tonnellier , married to Katharina Mller\nTopfer, married to Anna Maria Engler\nTorscher, father of Tobias\nTrabler 1870-, son of Johannes and Katharina Kpf, with Amalia Feineisen\nTraencklen 1648-, son of Georg and Eva ?, married to Catharina Abele\nTrampert 1898-1965, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Gebert Trampert 1892-1894, son of Peter and Margarethe Remark Trampert 1859-1875, son of Mathias and Maria Larusch Trampert , father of Helene\nTraub 1898-1898, son of Johann Friedrich and Anna Marie Katharine Elisabeth Rosine Feucht\nTrautner 1882-1893, son of Johann and Caroline Benker Trautner 1862-, son of Friedrich Kreutzer and Margarete Trautner Trautner 1836-1913, son of Georg and Cunigunda Braun, married to Caroline Benker in 1868 Trautner 1831-1832, son of Georg and Cunigunda Braun\nTraxel 1843-, son of Conrad and Christina Mller\nTreib 1888-1945, son of Michel and Barbara Katharina Kiefer Treib 1884-, son of Georg and Maria Becker Treib 1878-1955, son of Mathias and Anna Riga, married to Anna Felten in 1903 Treib 1874-1876, son of Mathias and Anna Riga Treib 1872-1872, son of Peter and Maria Rosa Geisler Treib 1870-1872, son of Johann and Angelika Decker Treib 1846-, son of Nicolaus and Barbara Wirth, married to Magdalena Bietzer in 1874, Celina Benard in 1880 Treib 1836-, son of Nikolaus and Agatha Denis, married to Angelika Decker in 1863 Treib 1830-1847, son of Johann Georg and Maria Renault Treib 1819-, son of Johann Georg and Anna Catharina Cavelius Treib 1815-1887, son of Johann Georg and Anna Catharina Cavelius, married to Katharina Irsch in 1848 Treib 1801-1803, son of Johann Georg and Anna Catharina Mathis Treib 1796-, son of Johann Georg and Magdalena Braun Treib 1786-1793, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Bichelberger Treib 1770-1842, son of Martin and Gertrud Gehl, married to Margaretha Chambill in 1793 Treib 1762-, son of Martin and Gertrud Gehl, married to Gertrud Kockler in 1784, Anna Maria Felten in 1800 Treib 1650-, father of Philipp Treib , married to Maria Clausius in 1890\nTreichel 1841-1901, married to Elisabeth Braun in 1866\nTreinen 1907-1974, son of Johann and Katharina Margarethe Laval, married to Johanna Maul in 1931 Treinen 1883-1944, son of Matthias and Margarethe Krmer, married to Katharina Hofmann in 1908 Treinen 1879-1953, son of Johann and Luisa Catharina Duval, married to Katharina Margarethe Laval in 1904 Treinen 1848-1901, son of Nicolaus and Susanne Ott, married to Luisa Catharina Duval in 1872\nTrempler 1736-1813, son of X and Catharina Lehmann, married to Anna Eva Eberhard in 1763\nTrentz 1828-, with Barbara Mller Trentz 1787-1788, son of Peter and Anna Katharina Thiel Trentz 1779-1814, son of Peter and Anna Katharina Thiel, married to Margaretha Mller in 1803 Trentz 1775-1775, son of Peter and Anna Katharina Thiel\nTrenz 1812-1885, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Bernardy, married to Margaretha Schmitt in 1836\nTrinkle , son of X\nTrockle 1902-1975, son of Lorenz and Catharina Zimmermann Trockle 1885-1885, son of Johann and Elisabeth Krier Trockle 1885-, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Siegwart Trockle 1870-1871, son of Lorenz and Margaretha Stutz Trockle 1868-1869, son of Lorenz and Margaretha Stutz Trockle 1867-1944, son of Anton and Anna Maria Bonenberger Trockle 1856-1913, son of Johann and Dorothea Baldes, married to Kathrina Meyer in 1882 Trockle 1846-1847, son of Nikolaus and Maria Rupp Trockle 1836-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Rupp, married to Elisabeth Krier in 1865 Trockle 1826-1893, son of Anton and Katharina Comtesse, married to Dorothea Baldes in 1856 Trockle 1738-, married to Margarethe Robert\nTropcourt , married to Magdalena Lorig\nTrost 1778-1845, son of Friedrich and Anna Leibfart, married to Margarete Ehhalt in 1802\nTruar 1894-, son of Johann and Katharina Burg Truar 1887-1890, son of Johann and Katharina Burg Truar 1858-1897, son of Peter and Margaretha Ahr, married to Katharina Burg in 1883 Truar 1825-, son of Michael and Anna Wolf\nTruntzler 1899-1976, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Bogenschtz Truntzler 1889-1969, son of Johann and Margarethe Burgard Truntzler 1878-, son of Johannes and Barbara Becker Truntzler 1877-, son of Josef and Barbara Schneider Truntzler 1872-, son of Peter and Anna Bonenberger, married to Elisabeth Zapp in 1899 Truntzler 1870-, son of Matthias and Elisabeth Gonder Truntzler 1867-1867, son of Josef and Barbara Schneider Truntzler 1863-1930, son of Paul and Margaretha Karolina Forster, married to Margarethe Burgard in 1888 Truntzler 1861-, son of Matthias and Elisabeth Gonder Truntzler 1852-, son of Johann and Johanna Bersal, married to Elisabeth Schmitt in 1878 Truntzler 1838-, son of Johann Wilhelm and Katharina Allmand Truntzler 1831-, son of Johann Wilhelm and Katharina Allmand Truntzler 1808-1873, son of Johann and Anna Maria Mang, married to Katharina Brtin in 1833 Truntzler 1802-1880, son of Georg and Katharina Hahn, married to Johanna Bersal in 1840 Truntzler 1784-1784, son of Christoph and Barbara Ley Truntzler 1769-1814, son of Johannes Peter and Anna Margarethe Eberhard, married to Anna Maria Mang in 1792\nTuillier 1893-1893, son of Peter and Katharina Mller Tuillier 1874-1874, son of Peter and Maria Wilhelm Tuillier 1828-, son of Georg and Anna Barbara Strohm\nTurk 1887-1887, son of Peter and Maria Altmeyer Turk 1855-1860, son of Peter Trk and Maria Speicher Turk 1815-1877, son of Johann Trk and Maria Altmeyer, married to Maria Speicher in 1843\nTrk 1845-1913, son of Johann Turk and Maria Speicher, married to Magdalena Baldauf in 1872 Trk 1786-1860, son of Peter and Maria Eydt, married to Maria Altmeyer in 1808 Trk 1783-, son of Peter and Maria Eydt Trk 1764-, son of Nicolaus Duerck and Anna Barbara Speicher\nTurnacker 1836-, son of Anton and Franziska Vetter\nTurner 1849-1911, son of Peter and Elisabeth Leidinger, married to Susanna Magdalena Lillig Turner 1747-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Freichel Turner 1675-1732, married to Anna Maria ? in 1703 Turner 1891, son of Peter and Catharina Geid\nU\nUder, married to Margareta Schmidt\nUhing 1883-1895, son of Ludwig and Agatha Mattes\nUhlich 1910-, married to Adele Sulz in 1935\nUhrmacher 1746-1824, married to Margaretha Kuhn in 1787\nUllrich , married to Christine Koepf in 1868\nUlrich, son of Martin and Katharine Sackmann Ulrich 1811-1853, son of Francois and Margareta Collin, married to Katharina Uhl in 1842 Ulrich 1808-, son of Johann and Margaretha Springer Ulrich 1807-1853, son of Johann and Margaretha Springer Ulrich 1786-1853, son of Johann and Elisabeth Bichelberger, married to Margaretha Springer in 1806, Margaretha Bouvier in 1815 Ulrich 1780-1781, son of Johann and Elisabeth Bichelberger Ulrich 1771-1831, son of Michael and Anna Maria Collet, married to Marie Jeanne Schatz in 1795 Ulrich 1750-1821, son of Albert Louis Joseph and Anna Barbara Arbois, married to Elisabeth Bichelberger in 1778 Ulrich 1709-1709, son of Johann Konrad and Anna Dorn Ulrich, married to Maria Hermann Ulrich , married to Elisabeth Bichelberger Ulrich , married to Juvine Jobart\nUmhofer 1817-1890, married to Elisabeth Weiand in 1844\nUnger 1864-1864, son of Ludwig and Anna Rosina Blessing\nUnterschutz 1920-1943, son of Johann and Emilie Gafka Unterschutz 1892-, son of Gottlieb and Katharina Sahling, married to Emilie Gafka in 1919\nUnterschtz 1897-1898, son of Ludwig and Margaretha Mller Unterschtz 1894-1897, son of Ludwig and Margaretha Mller\nUrban 1838-, son of Caspar and Maria Magdalena Eberhard, married to Anna Maria Dolker in 1873\nUrich 1874-ca 1916, married to Rosalia Wituschek Urich 1831-, son of Johann Christoph and Rosina Catharina Kuebler Urich 1716-1768, son of Johann Friedrich and Anna Becker\nUrig , married to Anna Maria Relinger\nUrnau 1821-, married to Anna Maria Puhl in 1846\nV\nVOGEL 1888-, son of Martin Vogel and Maria Langeneck VOGEL 1886-, son of Martin Vogel and Maria Langeneck\nVache, married to Barbara Rondrau\nValet , married to Maria Kihm\nVan Bell 1820-1870, married to Magdalena Festor in 1844\nVantz 1738-1825, son of Jean George and Barbe Septfontaine, married to Magdalena Baur, Katharina Simon in 1808\nVechter, married to Anna Altmayer\nVeit 1842-1923, son of Josias Reusch and Catharina Reusch, married to Maria Catharina Salzer in 1869 Veit 1833-, son of Jacob and Rosina Katharina Mueller\nVeith ca 1549-/1608, married to Maria ? in 1569\nVelten ca 1650-, son of Peter and Ottilia Veltenin, married to Eva Gessinger\nVetter 1886-, son of Johannes and Barbara Schlenker, married to Mathilde Fode Vetter 1886-, son of Johann and Barbara Fode Vetter 1860-, son of Jacob and Catharina WEI, with Maria Tiede Vetter 1859-, son of Jacob and Catharina WEI, married to Barbara Fode in 1880 Vetter 1831-1835, son of Philipp and Anna Elisabeth Keiper Vetter , relationship with Gertrud Fuchs\nVilling 1826-, married to Maria Alber in 1860 Villing 1806-1866, son of Karl and Brigitta Kirchhofer, married to Walburga Lehr in 1833 Villing 1767-, son of Egidius and Franciska Matthes, married to Maria Flad in 1790\nVoegele 1618-1695, married to Maria Schmid in 1646\nVoehringer ca 1857-, married to Karoline Rosine Deininger in 1883\nVogel 1888-1917, son of Martin and Maria Langeneck Vogel 1886-1886, son of Martin and Maria Langeneck Vogel 1877-1920, married to Emilie Selcho in 1898\nVogelmann 1877-1945, son of Christoph Jakob and Katharina Dorothea Rank Vogelmann 1875-1877, son of Christof Jakob and Caroline Christiane Goetz Vogelmann 1841-1892, son of Johann Christoph and Maria Elisabeth Fischer Vogelmann 1833-, son of Heinrich and Rosina Kuehnle Vogelmann 1799-1803, son of George Michael and Anna Christine Wieland Vogelmann , son of Christof Jakob and Caroline Christiane Goetz\nVogl , married to Barbara Gradwohl in 1900\nVogt, married to Helena Hans\nVollmer 1877-, son of Johann Christian and Christina Weimer Vollmer ca 1875-1877, son of Johann Christian and Christina Weimer Vollmer 1864-, son of Johann Christian and Christina Weimer Vollmer 1857-1858, son of Johann Christian and Christina Weimer\nVolz 1862-1935, married to Hedwig Schittenhelm in 1900 Volz , son of Christian and Eva Elisabetha Walther Volz , married to Genofeva Weinmann in 1784 Volz , married to Katharina Girrbach in 1906\nVon Au 1785-1856, married to Katharina Frits in 1810\nVossler 1873-, son of Johann and Louisa Flaig Vossler 1867-1931, son of Friederich and Dorothea Bietz, married to Carolina Boschee in 1891 Vossler 1838-, married to Louisa Flaig in 1871\nW\nWALLIG 1788-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha KNOLL\nWEBER 1866-, son of Josef Weber and Anna Jacob, married to Katharina Tonnellier in 1889\nWEISSHAAR 1903-, son of Johann \"John\" Weishaar and Magdalena Ehmann, with Anna Neuharth\nWEI 1895-1981, son of Ferdinand Weiss and Anna Marie Gehring, married to Katharina Oster in 1917 WEI 1871-, son of Christoph and Anna Christina Reinke WEI 1835-, son of Gottlob and Anna Agneta Gro WEI 1788-1868, son of Johann Gottlieb and Maria Elisabeth Pfeiffer, married to Katharina Schmied in 1814\nWILHELM 1877-, married to Anna Maria BALTHASAR in 1901\nWILTZ ca 1757-1793, married to Margaretha GIER in 1791\nWINTER 1903-, son of Peter Winter and Katharina Niederkorn WINTER 1877-, son of Bernhard and Gertrud Witzmann, married to Maria KLEIN in 1904 WINTER 1876-1901, son of Johann Winter and Margaretha SCHMITT WINTER 1845-1857, son of Johann and Margaretha Gross WINTER 1844-1844, son of Johann and Margaretha Gross WINTER 1836-1916, son of Michael and Jeanne Hoffmann, with Maria PIGNON WINTER 1817-1859, son of Peter Winter and Catharina Nicolas, married to Margaretha Gross in 1839\nWIRTZ 1747-1817, married to Katharina LEISTENSCHNEIDER in 1777\nWOLL , son of Nikolaus Woll and Anna Maria Fuchs, married to Anna Hoffmann in 1826 WOLL , son of Nikolaus Woll and Anna Maria Fuchs\nWachs 1772-, son of Johann and Susanna Denis, married to Anna Elisabeth Ehrlich in 1797 Wachs 1748-1823, son of Johann Nicolaus and Anna Gertrud Felten, married to Susanna Denis in 1770, Anna Elisabeth Reichert in 1791\nWachter 1773-1836, son of Anton and Susanna Schreiner, married to Magdalena Pinter in 1814\nWackenhut 1810-, son of Franz Bernhard and Magdalene Katharine Lust, married to Anne Marie Rosine Katharine Schneider in 1833\nWacker 1907-1969, relationship with Catharina Walter Wacker 1783-, married to Johann Christoph Wacker in 1804\nWaechter, married to Christiane Marie Brenner\nWagener 1843-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Jacob Wagener 1815-1850, son of Johannes and Margarethe Drouard, married to Anna Maria Jacob in 1840 Wagener 1717-, son of Philipp and Anna Maria Irmisch Wagener 1690-, son of Nicolaus and Anna Eva Feriger Wagener ca 1650-, son of Peter and Maria Wagener, married to Irmina Reineri in 1678\nWagner 1898-1899, son of Georg and Rosina Kiefer Wagner 1886-1900, son of Andreas and Katharina Schmidt Wagner 1883-1885, son of Peter and Margarethe Rettler Wagner 1881-, son of Nikolaus and Susanna Lauer Wagner 1880-1953, son of Peter and Margaretha Schrder, married to Louise Kleinbauer Wagner 1874-1874, son of Johan Georg and Anna Maria Schweitzer Wagner 1873-1890, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Dillschneider Wagner 1871-, son of Adam Vagner and Theresia Schraub Wagner 1868-1868, son of Joannes and Anna Pataky Wagner 1865-1938, married to Christina Handel in 1893 Wagner 1857-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Peschon, married to Dorothea Fischer in 1889 Wagner 1856-1860, son of Johann Adam and Rosina Mller Wagner 1856-1901, married to Elsiabeth Jann in 1883 Wagner 1854-, son of Jacob and Luise Conrad, married to Elisabeth Lauer in 1881 Wagner 1854-, son of Mathias Joseph and Magdalena Barthel, married to Gertrud Alt in 1877, Maria Wilhelm in 1880, Anna Maria Rupp in 1891 Wagner 1852-, son of Peter and Johannetta Keler, married to Maria Magdalena Quirin in 1883 Wagner 1850-1903, son of Michael and Catharina Honecker, married to Katharina Simon in 1877 Wagner 1848-1922, son of Johann and Margaretha Klein Wagner 1846-1879, married to Anna Schwarz in 1877 Wagner 1845-1845, son of Wendel and Anna Maria Hector Wagner 1843-1844, son of Jacob and Luise Conrad Wagner 1842-1843, son of Andreas and Anna Maria Gradwohl Wagner 1840-1842, son of Wendel and Anna Maria Hector Wagner 1837-1845, son of Michael and Catharina Mahren Wagner 1829-1829, son of Andreas and Anna Maria Gradwohl Wagner 1814-, married to Eva Dicob in 1839 Wagner 1812-1905, son of Wilhelm and Catharina Keit, married to Margaretha Klein in 1839 Wagner ca 1791-, son of Mathias and Maria Catharina Karcher Wagner 1779-, married to Maria Elisabeth Kraemer in 1809 Wagner 1777-1832, son of Fridericus Vagner and Anna Maria Schultz, married to Maria Elisabeth Amrein Wagner 1732-1758, son of Johann Mathias Lehnen and Susanna Wagner, married to Barbara ? in 1757 Wagner /1732-1797, married to Magdalena Thiel in 1752 Wagner 1726-1791, son of Anton and Anna Maria Kuhn, married to Elisabeth Luxenburger in 1767 Wagner ca 1707-, married to Catharina Leinen Wagner 1689-1764, married to Maria Keszler in 1732 Wagner 1670-1742, son of Guttman and Anna Heintzen, married to Anna Blees in 1695 Wagner 1670-1736, son of Johann and Anna Friedrich, married to Maria Getrud Dell Wagner 1669-1669, son of Guttman and Anna Heintzen Wagner 1661-, son of Guttman and Anna Heintzen, married to Barbara Braun in 1680 Wagner 1585-1634, son of Paulus Wagner , father of Hans Michel Wagner 1844-, son of Heinrich and Margaretha Peter Wagner , married to Margarethe Assilion Wagner , married to Katharina Mller Wagner /1733, married to Maria Barbara ? in 1692 Wagner , married to Margaretha Dewald Wagner 1711, married to Anna Friedrich\nWahl 1894-, son of Johan and Katharina Goetz Wahl 1847-1926, married to Elisabeth Eisenbeiss in 1867 Wahl , married to Katharina Kron\nWahlen 1745-1797, son of Matthias and Maria Magdalena Feidt Wahlen 1723-1795, son of Theobald and Anna Maria Cremer, married to Antoinette Kirst Wahlen 1706-, son of Mathias and Anna Margaretha Herresbach\nWahlster 1823-1889, son of Peter Heinrich and Karoline Hirschmann, married to Luise Margarethe Rixecker in 1847\nWahsmuth 1899-1941, son of Johann and Catharina Fels Wahsmuth 1887-1958, son of Peter and Margarethe Khler Wahsmuth 1884-, son of Johann and Maria Grgen Wahsmuth 1872-1954, son of Peter and Margarethe Khler, married to Catharina Fels in 1897 Wahsmuth 1848-, son of Christian and Angelika Daub, married to Maria Grgen in 1873\nWalle ca 1700-, married to Anna Maria Bubel in 1729\nWallenborn 1898-, son of Alfons and Maria Bernard\nWaller 1713-1763, married to Anna Karta Waller , married to Anna Steffen\nWallewein 1888-1918, son of Friedrich and Christine Renke, married to Elisabeth Schnaible in 1914\nWallisch , married to Katharina Grosskopfin\nWalsch 1745-, married to Maria Elisabeth Wurster in 1769\nWalter 1898-, son of Johann and Philippina Damm, married to Karoline Lang in 1922, Philippine Schmidt in 1927 Walter 1885-, son of Johann Philipp and Elisabetha Margaretha Muller Walter 1880-1893, son of Johann and Margarete Fleiner Walter 1872-1935, married to Philippina Damm in 1893 Walter 1869-1878, son of Johann and Margarete Fleiner Walter 1853-, son of Johann Georg and Dorothea Stumpp Walter 1845-1880, married to Margarete Fleiner in 1865 Walter 1789-1850, relationship with Barbara Vetter Walter 1766-1766, son of Petrus and Catharina Gebhardt Walter , with Margaretha Mahler\nWalther 1900-, with Olga Oelke Walther 1691-, son of Johannes Walter and Maria Knapp\nWalz 1881-1952, son of Johann Georg and Regina Barbara Maurer, married to Friederike Buehler in 1922 Walz 1645-1687, son of Martin and Anna Breisch, married to Barbara Knecht in 1667\nWambach 1761-1825, son of Bartholm Wampach and Anna Claus\nWandernoth 1874-1900/, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Schuder, married to Elisabeth Mller in 1902 Wandernoth 1857-1900/, son of Georg and Barbara Gergen, married to Anna Maria Schmitt in 1880 Wandernoth 1844-, son of Georg and Barbara Gergen, married to Catharina Recktenwald in 1869 Wandernoth 1839-1904, son of Johann and Barbara Grg, married to Margaretha Willmuth in 1865 Wandernoth 1817-1886, married to Theresia Hiry Wandernoth 1811-1895, son of Johann and Catharina Klein, married to Barbara Grg in 1836 Wandernoth 1807-1810, son of Johann and Catharina Klein Wandernoth 1783-1865, married to Catharina Klein in 1805\nWannemacher 1832-1884, son of Christof and Barbara Altmayer, married to Anna Dreystadt in 1858 Wannemacher 1786-, son of Johann and Anna Valet Wannemacher 1785-, son of Johann and Johanna Bubel Wannemacher 1782-, son of Johann Abraham and Anna Barbara Bubel Wannemacher 1780-, son of Johann Adam and Anna Maria Zahm Wannemacher 1779-, son of Johann Adam and Anna Maria Zahm Wannemacher 1755-, son of Johann Georg and Elisabeth Hoffmann, married to Johanna Bubel in 1780 Wannemacher 1725-, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Barbara Maling Wannemacher 1685-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Reuter Wannemacher , son of Albert and Christina Hoffmann, married to Anna Valet in 1776\nWannenmacher 1891-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Klinkert Wannenmacher 1879-1949, son of Johann and Catharina Staudt Wannenmacher 1873-1961, son of Michael and Elisabeth Fischer Wannenmacher 1864-1939, son of Jakob and Barbara Meilchen Wannenmacher 1863-, son of Jacob and Anna Euphrosina Reinstdler, married to Elisabeth Klinkert in 1887 Wannenmacher 1846-, son of Bernhard Wannemacher and Elisabeth Renckes, married to Catharina Staudt in 1877 Wannenmacher 1792-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Raab Wannenmacher 1762-, son of Bernhard Wannemacher and Anna Barbara Hartz, married to Elisabeth Raab in 1786\nWarcken 1735-, son of Ludwig and Anna Maria Bauer\nWarken 1876-1878, son of Jacob and Margaretha Kallenborn Warken 1864-1882, son of Johann and Maria Gier Warken 1852-1938, married to Anna Blum in 1878 Warken 1831-, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Becker, married to Maria Gier in 1857 Warken 1782-, son of Mathias and Irmine Ney Warken 1775-1776, son of Mathias and Irmine Ney Warken 1865, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Britz, married to Anna Catharina Becker in 1826\nWarschburger 1777-1842, married to Anna Thome in 1798\nWaschburger , married to Margarethe Kohl\nWaschbusch 1891-1894, son of Karl and Katharina Schfer Waschbusch 1873-, son of Michael and Barbara Khn Waschbusch 1867-, son of Michael and Barbara Khn\nWasmer 1916-, son of Johann and Veronika Theer Wasmer 1869-1916, married to Veronika Theer in 1902\nWatring 1762-1772, son of Peter and Anna Katharina Hector Watring 1740-1788, son of Jakob Watring or Watrin or Wadrin and Anna Maria Millenbach (Millebach)\nWatzling ca 1807-, married to Maria Nicolas in 1833\nWeber 1895-1918, son of Jacob and Margaretha Stein Weber 1889-1922, son of Johannes and Luise Knecht, married to Julianna Vietz in 1914 Weber 1882-, married to Mathilde Richter in 1930 Weber 1881-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Nobel, married to Katharina Theobald in 1907 Weber 1881-1881, son of Georg Christian and Christina Luise Wurst Weber 1880-1880, son of Johann and Elisabeth Nobel Weber 1878-1879, son of Johann Joseph and Anna Stumm Weber 1861-, married to Barbara Rupp in 1886 Weber 1859-, son of Nicolaus and Anna Maria Haas, married to Katharine Renckes in 1885 Weber 1858-, son of Johann and Anna Johanna Kneip Weber 1853-, son of Peter and Catharina Maas, married to Christina Katharina Braun in 1879, Katharina Andre in 1894 Weber 1849-, son of Johann and Anna Johanna Kneip, married to Elisabeth Nobel in 1877 Weber 1848-, son of Johann and Margarethe Brcker, married to Sophia Dorothea Pfeiffer in 1879 Weber 1845-, son of Mathias and Eva Lauer, married to Susanna Gimmler in 1874 Weber 1843-, son of Peter and Anna Maria Mannes Weber 1841-, son of Johann and Anna Renckes Weber 1833-, son of Johann and Anna Renckes Weber 1831-1863, son of Christoph and Elisabeth Brunet Weber 1830-1891, son of Johann and Anna Braun, married to Maria Kiefer in 1855 Weber 1827-1899, son of Johann and Maria Kiefer, married to Florentiene Bollong in 1862, Catharina Schmitt in 1876 Weber 1826-1827, son of Johann and Maria Kiefer Weber 1824-1824, son of Johann and Anna Braun Weber 1819-1885, son of Jakob and Anna Hoffmann, married to Anna Johanna Kneip in 1845 Weber 1815-, married to Maria Sellen in 1839 Weber 1815-, son of Nikolaus and Odilia Vienkes Weber 1807-, son of Nikolaus and Odilia Vienkes, married to Anna Renckes in 1830 Weber 1806-, relationship with Rosina Becker Weber 1804-, son of Johann and Magdalena Tinnes, married to Margaretha Kiefer in 1834 Weber 1800-1833, son of Peter and Margaretha Kuhn, married to Anna Braun in 1824 Weber 1794-, married to Maria Kiefer Weber 1793-1828, son of Hubert and Anna Maria Weisgerber, married to Maria Kiefer Weber 1783-1842, son of Sebastian and Anna Franziska Thirier, married to Anna Albert in 1812 Weber 1774-1775, son of Johann and Margaretha Wirth Weber 1769-, son of Ferdinand and Irmina Renault, Renno, married to Magdalena Tinnes in 1798 Weber 1766-, married to Katharina Hasel in 1790 Weber 1741-1782, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Margaretha Becker, married to Margaretha Wirth in 1767 Weber ca 1723-, son of Nicholas and Susanna Geis Weber 1711-, son of Johann Heinrich and Anna Barbara Bietzer Weber 1668-, son of Peter Waeber and Anna Barbara Zehnder Weber 1659-1719, married to Eva Mller in 1680 Weber ca 1640-, father of Eva Weber , married to Anna Marie Stahl in 1882 Weber, married to Margarethe Brcker Weber, son of Emmerich and Margaretha Loskill, married to Maria Gangloff in 1906 Weber, father of Margaretha Weber 1863-, son of Michael and Rosina Catharina Steiner Weber , married to Margarethe Gottschalk Weber 1858-, son of Josef and Maria Knob, married to Anna Wollscheid in 1885 Weber , married to Maria Beck Weber, married to Katharina Weber Weber , father of Anna Margaretha\nWechter 1766-1766, son of Johann and Anna Hambsch Wechter ca 1724-1768, married to Anna Hambsch\nWecker 1769, son of Michael and Anna Schmidt Wecker , married to Elisabeth Schultes\nWeger ca 1565-1615, father of Anna Maria\nWeiand 1756-1825, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Schmidt, married to Margaretha Leist Weiand 1679-1732, son of Matthias and Barbara Mettler, married to Katharina Linnebach in 1713\nWeible 1778-1814, son of Johann Veit and Elisabeth Schaefer, married to Margaretha Stiefel in 1801\nWeiblin, married to Anna ?\nWeidner 1896-, son of Peter and Johanna Hahn Weidner 1884-1962, son of Johann and Katharina Elisabetha Haag Weidner 1879-1880, son of Peter and Katharina Geisler Weidner 1864-, son of Johann Georg and Maria Christina Catharina Krauss Weidner 1857-, son of August and Luise Kaltenecker, married to Katharina Elisabetha Haag in 1881\nWeihs 1869-1871, son of Johann and Margarethe Fersing Weihs 1842-, son of Philipp Wei and Maria Treib, married to Margarethe Fersing in 1868\nWeiland 1816-1817, son of Johann B and Catharina Jungmann Weiland 1807-1867, son of Joannes Weyland and Catharina Lackas, married to Elisabeth Kirsch Weiland 1786-, son of Philipp and Barbara Becker Weiland 1782-1817, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Margaretha Orth, married to Anna Maria Kost in 1807 Weiland 1752-, son of Jakob and Gertrud Speicher Weiland , married to Angela Puhl Weiland , married to Maria Maas Weiland , son of Joannis Nicolai Weyland and Mariae Meyer, married to Anna Funck in 1771 Weiland, married to Katharina Maas\nWeiler 1895-, son of Johann Peter and Maria Gladel Weiler 1895-, son of Johann and Margaretha Merfeld, married to Anna Christina Trockle Weiler 1887-, son of Johann and Katharina Berdin Weiler 1886-, son of Peter and Barbara Rupp Weiler 1884-1886, son of Johann Peter and Maria Gladel Weiler 1874-, son of Matthias and Josefin Breuer Weiler 1858-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Barbara Rupp, married to Anna Klein in 1890 Weiler 1856-1895, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Lay, married to Margaretha Merfeld in 1889 Weiler 1855-, son of Johann Peter and Maria Katharina Schmidt, married to Katharina Berdin in 1883 Weiler 1843-1844, son of Johann Peter and Maria Katharina Schmidt Weiler 1838-, married to Katharina Kneip in 1866 Weiler 1806-1806, son of Johann and Anna Rupp Weiler 1780-1856, son of Friedrich and Margaretha Khn, married to Anna Rupp in 1805 Weiler 1773-, son of Friedrich and Margaretha Khn Weiler , with Mathilda Ruff\nWeimann 1757, son of Johann and Margarethe Toussaint Weimann, married to Margarethe Toussaint\nWeimar 1811-1812, son of Johann Georg and Anna Katharina Sindlinger Weimar 1746-, son of Urban and Johanna Armbruster\nWeimert , married to Gertrud Gradwohl in 1896\nWein 1888-, son of Johann and Barbara Burette Wein 1853-, son of Johann and Eva Khn, married to Barbara Burette in 1879 Wein 1840-1860, son of Jakob and Maria Mock Wein 1803-1873, son of Kaspar and Angela Divot, married to Anna Maria Engel in 1828, Eva Khn in 1849 Wein 1776-, married to Catharina Eilber in 1799 Wein, married to Anna Maria Weber\nWeinand 1836-1837, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Berti Weinand 1815-1847, son of Heinrich and Margaretha Stroh, married to Elisabeth Fischer in 1843 Weinand 1813-1814, son of Heinrich and Margaretha Stroh Weinand 1745, married to Margaretha Faust in 1704\nWeingrtner 1874-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Tridemy, married to Anna Zillig in 1898 Weingrtner , married to Anna Maria Tridemy\nWeinmann 1834-1923, son of Jacob and Elisabetha Rues, married to Anna Maria Mueller in 1863 Weinmann 1825-, son of Kaspar and Christina Straub\nWeirich 1888-1888, son of Anton and Anna Daub Weirich 1868-1873, son of Johannes Weyrich and Elisabetha Schmid Weirich 1790-1845, married to Angelika Bourgeois in 1813 Weirich ca 1668-1723, son of Peter and Apollonia ?, married to Margaretha Madelen in 1688\nWeis , married to Barbara Schittenhelm in 1636\nWeisbrod 1603-1672, son of Benedict Weibrodt and Apollonia ?, married to Barbara Orth in 1635\nWeisenberger 1845-1845, son of Joseph and Barbara Kirchgassner Weisenberger 1819-1819, son of Philipp Anton and Maria Susanna Horn\nWeisgerber 1794-1868, son of Peter and Katharina Ziegler, married to Katharina Mahler in 1815 Weisgerber 1756-1764, son of Johann and Helena Altmayer Weisgerber 1746-1818, son of Johann and Anna Maria Blass Weisgerber 1744-1793, son of Johann and Anna Maria Blass Weisgerber 1741-, son of Nikolaus WEISGERBER and Elisabeth Ziegler Weisgerber 1724-1788, married to Margaretha Weber, Helena Altmayer in 1748 Weisgerber 1716-1772, son of Lorenz and Anna Blass, married to Anna Maria Blass in 1742 Weisgerber 1700-1770, married to Anna Elisabeth Karpich Weisgerber ca 1675-/1722, son of Johann and Anna Scherer Weisgerber 1640-, son of Mathias Johann and Margaretha Altmeyer, married to Anna Scherer in 1670 Weisgerber 1575-1629, son of Johann and Eva Sherer, married to Katharina Dietsch in 1595 Weisgerber 1552-, married to Eva Sherer Weisgerber, married to Katharina Mertes Weisgerber , married to Catharina Hofmann\nWeishaar 1865-, married to Gertrud Katharina Mnch in 1889\nWeismann, married to Maria Keller\nWeiss 1912-, son of Jakob and Emilie Elhard Weiss 1878-1879, son of Andreas and Margaretha Blaumeiser Weiss 1874-1878, son of Michael and Louisa Dietterle Weiss 1873-, son of Christian and Catharine Stephan, married to Pauline Both in 1893 Weiss 1872-1905, son of Christian WEI and Luisa Loffelbein, married to Mathilde Mogck in 1899 Weiss 1870-1923, son of Georg and Anna Maria Handel, married to Katharina Weiss in 1895 Weiss 1863-1863, son of Karl WEI and Wilhelmine Stegg Weiss 1858-1858, son of Gottfried and Anna Maria Dittus or Tittus Weiss 1857-, son of Peter and Katharina Jenal Weiss 1853-1928, son of Christian and Anna Maria Riethmuller, married to Rosina Reinke in 1873 Weiss 1850-, married to Friedrika Kungel in 1873 Weiss 1849-1849, son of Christian and Anna Maria Riethmuller Weiss 1845-, son of Johann and Anna Rosina Steinke, married to Christine Kalmbach in 1881 Weiss 1844-1923, son of Christian WEI and Barbara Schulz, married to Catharina Sulz in 1865, Anna Barbara Heidinger in 1875 Weiss 1840/-, son of Johann George WEI and Anna Maria Riedel Weiss 1828-, son of Anna Maria Weiss Weiss 1825-1870, son of Anna Maria Weiss, married to Barbara Nagel in 1848 Weiss 1824-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Comtesse Weiss 1822-, son of Johann and Anna Rosina Steinke Weiss 1819-1884, son of Johann and Anna Maria Comtesse, married to Eva Frantzen in 1849 Weiss 1817-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Comtesse Weiss 1798-1868, son of Johann and Gertrud Wein, married to Katharina Mller in 1820 Weiss 1768-1826, son of Johann and Katharina Mller, married to Gertrud Wein in 1791, Anna Maria Comtesse in 1814 Weiss 1741-1803, son of Johann and Margaretha Luxenburger, married to Katharina Mller in 1762, Maria Katharina Frais in 1782 Weiss 1722-1794, married to Margaretha Monika Ballevre Weiss 1703-1773, married to Margaretha Luxenburger in 1731 Weiss , son of Philipp Jakob and Elisabetha Catharina Kienzle, married to Elisabeth Pfeiffer in 1803, Anna Rosina Steinke in 1819 Weiss , married to Barbara Klein Weiss , married to Anna Maria Bommersbach Weiss, married to Maria Katharina Dolweck Weiss , father of Anna\nWeisser ca 1865-, married to Christina Karolina Kirn in 1892\nWeisshaar 1859-1859, son of Christoph Weihaar and Rosina Obenauer\nWeisz 1883-1943, son of Adam and Margaretha Motz, married to Maria Friedrich in 1907\nWei 1881-1957, son of Clemens and Gertrud Fersing Wei 1831-1868, son of Christian and Eva Rosina Lei Wei 1799-1882, son of Johann Joseph and Elisabeth Hoffmann Wei 1780-1832, son of Sebastian Weiss and Theres Bursch, married to Susanna Melcher Wei, married to Lioba Schad Wei, married to Sybilla Sauter\nWeiten 1885-1957, son of Adam and Anna Maria Ahr Weiten 1811-1849, son of Hubert and Johannetta Gille, married to Elisabeth Wolf in 1844 Weiten 1788-1826, married to Margarethe Hoffmann in 1813\nWeitzel 1796-, married to Margaretha Jann in 1831\nWekler 1755-1808, son of Johann Georg and Maria Eva Amrein, married to Maria Apollonia Frantz in 1781\nWelges 1835-, son of Lorenz Welches and Susanna Kirst, married to Katharina Margarethe Karoline Christine Schtz in 1862\nWelhelm Gleich 1852-, son of Johann Melchoir Gleich and Catharina Dorothea Mauch\nWelker 1903-, son of Martin and Eva Arnold Welker 1894-, son of Martin and Eva Arnold\nWeller 1889-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Kiefer, married to Johanna Breier Weller 1824-, son of Gottlieb and Eva Uebele Weller 1812-1896, son of Johann Georg and Regina Wieland Weller , with Eva Friz\nWelsch 1898-1898, son of Peter and Anna Schwarz Welsch 1898-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Welsch, married to Katharina Amann Welsch 1897-, son of Johann and Katharina Homburger, married to Margaretha Kronenberger Welsch 1892-1963, son of Johann and Katharina Werner Welsch 1890-1977, son of Johann and Carolina Hochreiter Welsch 1886-, son of Franz and Maria Katharina Klein Welsch 1876-1877, son of Nikolaus and Magdalena Karolin Wein Welsch 1876-, son of Peter and Angela Becker Welsch 1876-, son of Michael and Maria Mller Welsch 1875-, son of Johann and Anna Schmidt, married to Maria Denis in 1900, Agnes Wei Welsch 1874-, son of Andreas and Anna Lonsdorfer Welsch 1874-, son of Georg and Margaretha Barthel, married to Genovefa Kreutzer Welsch 1873-, son of Simon and Anna Maria Amann, married to Anna Kneip in 1896 Welsch 1872-1872, son of Johann and Anna Schmidt Welsch 1872-, son of Peter and Anna Teuschler, married to Katharina Kneip in 1896 Welsch 1872-, son of Michael and Maria Mller Welsch 1869-1870, son of Peter and Angela Becker Welsch 1869-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Fritz, married to Katharina Homburger in 1896 Welsch 1867-1871, son of Konrad and Anna Mller Welsch 1865-, son of Lorenz and Margaretha Comtesse Welsch 1864-, son of Adam and Katharina Cann, married to Maria Lonsdorfer in 1896 Welsch 1863-1953, son of Georg and Ludowika Denis, married to Margaretha Luxenburger in 1896 Welsch 1863-, son of Philipp and Katharina Welsch Welsch 1863-, son of Peter and Eva Comtesse, married to Franziska Fritz in 1892, Katharina Michler Welsch 1863-, son of Johann and Maria Schmidt, married to Katharina Werner in 1888 Welsch 1862-1863, son of Peter and Maria Speicher Welsch 1862-1870, son of Nikolaus and Maria Amann Welsch 1861-, son of Georg and Ludowika Denis Welsch 1859-, son of Andreas and Anna Lonsdorfer Welsch 1857-, son of Philipp and Margaretha Becker Welsch 1857-, son of Johann and Maria Schmidt, married to Magdalena Homburger in 1894 Welsch 1854-, son of Jakob and Eva Rupp, married to Carolina Hochreiter in 1878 Welsch 1851-1851, son of Franz and Katharina Becker Welsch 1848-, son of Johann and Johannette Port, married to Veronika Mathieu in 1870 Welsch 1844-1845, son of Johann and Eva Morguet Welsch 1840-1840, son of Johann and Barbara Gurtner Welsch 1839-1842, son of Jakob and Eva Rupp Welsch 1838-, son of Johann and Barbara Schmidt, married to Elisabeth Fritz in 1867 Welsch 1829-, son of Simon and Maria Becker Welsch 1827-1885, son of Johann and Barbara Schmidt, married to Maria Schmidt in 1855, Anna Schmidt in 1867 Welsch 1821-1864, son of Johann and Barbara Klein, married to Magdalena Weber in 1855 Welsch 1818-1871, son of Johann and Elisabeth Stein Welsch 1813-1818, son of Johann and Elisabeth Stein Welsch 1805-1840, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Altmayer Welsch 1802-1877, son of Andreas and Eva Bintz, married to Johannette Port in 1832 Welsch 1800-1800, son of Andreas and Eva Bintz Welsch 1799-1878, son of Michael and Anna Rupp, married to Eva Morguet in 1827 Welsch 1798-1843, son of Johann and Maria Loyo, married to Barbara Gurtner in 1832 Welsch 1797-1867, son of Michael and Anna Rupp, married to Anna Maria Mller in 1819, Barbara Schmidt in 1826 Welsch 1784-1854, son of Simon and Anna Eva Lonsdorfer, married to Elisabeth Stein in 1809 Welsch 1777-1846, son of Johann and Anna Maria Wagner, married to Barbara Klein in 1815 Welsch 1765-1776, son of Gabriel and Maria Sonntag Welsch 1761-1832, son of Johann Jakob and Anna Margaretha Eisenbarth, married to Maria Loyo in 1789 Welsch 1734-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Haffner Welsch 1731-1786, son of Peter and Maria Catharina Augustin, married to Margaretha Zipp in 1754, Anna Maria Wagner in 1765 Welsch 1690-1746, married to Anna Margaretha Trebel in 1726 Welsch 1684-1748, son of Gabriel and Angelica Sonntag, married to Anna Maria Haffner in 1722 Welsch , with Anna Dorothea Friz Welsch , son of Peter and Margaretha Barthel Welsch, son of Johann and Katharina Kneip Welsch , son of Johann and Maria Denis Welsch , son of Johann and Maria Denis Welsch , married to Maria Dillschneider Welsch, son of Lorenz and Katharina Lonsdorfer Welsch, son of Peter and Maria Reiter, married to Barbara Jenner in 1868\nWelte 1824-1877, son of Johann and Elisabeth Kiefer, married to Angelika Poinsaint Welte 1775-, son of Johann Georg and Maria Anna Steuer, married to Elisabeth Kiefer Welte 1756-1814, married to Margaretha Mller in 1792 Welte 1752-1755, son of Johann Gerog and Anna Maria Claudia ? Welte 1714-1757, son of Joseph and Anna Maria Gronder, married to Anna Gries in 1738\nWelter 1799-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Brill, married to Gertrude Margarethe Klein Welter 1755-1824, son of Johann Wendel and Anna Margaretha Sahner, married to Anna Maria Brill in 1785 Welter 1753-, son of Johann Wendel and Anna Margaretha Sahner Welter ca 1723-, married to Elisabeth Foss Foos\nWelters /1842, married to Anna Sophia Tossels\nWeltin, married to Theresia Gradwohl\nWenck , married to Anna Eva Barth in 1723\nWentz 1867-1870, son of Peter Wenz and Elisabetha Barth\nWenz 1921-, son of Johann and Margaretha Morhard Wenz 1867-1870, son of Peter and Elisabetha Barth Wenz, son of Friedrich and Margarethe Schmidt, with Margaretha Morhard\nWenzel 1890-1891, son of Johann and Ernestine Comtesse Wenzel 1862-, son of Jakob and Dorothea Lutz, married to Ernestine Comtesse in 1889\nWerb 1851-, son of Philipp and Anna Maria Imhof Werb 1848-1851, son of Philipp and Anna Maria Imhof Werb 1839-1904, married to Julianna Gerlach Werb 1788-1789, son of Christophorus and Elisabeth Cziegler Werb 1776-1776, son of Joannes and Maria Elisabeth Petz Werb 1763-1799, son of Joannes and Maria Elisabeth Petz, married to Anna Maria Kegler Werb 1762-1762, son of Joannes and Maria Elisabeth Petz Werb , married to Theresia Gradwohl in 1906 Werb , married to Apollonia Gradwohl in 1876\nWerner 1886-1886, son of Johann and Rosalia Mattes Werner 1884-1884, son of Johann and Rosalia Mattes Werner 1880-, son of Jakob Friederich and Magdalena Katherine Hauser Werner 1867-1934, married to Eva Meyer Werner 1862-1903, married to Philippine Pauline Reusch in 1886 Werner 1850-1916, married to Rosalia Mattes in 1873 Werner 1841-1922, married to Luisa Brenner in 1859 Werner ca 1656-1675, son of Johannes and Anna Wickler\nWernet 1874-, son of Paul and Katharina Eisvogel\nWerni 1869-1869, son of Franz and Katharina Weiler Werni 1869-1896, son of Martin and Katharina Schmidt, married to Anna Rapp in 1894 Werni 1842-1843, son of Josef and Elisabeth Lepold Werni 1837-1840, son of Josef and Elisabeth Lepold Werni 1777-, with Maria Anna Mattes Werni 1777-1848, married to Maria Anna Mattes in 1800\nWerthwein 1868-, son of Georg Jacob and Christina Catharina Barbara Dietrich\nWesthauser , married to Josepha Oswald\nWetzl 1910-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Konrad Wetzl 1885-, with Elisabeth Konrad Wetzl 1798-, with Elisabeth Schreiber\nWeyand 1821-1873, married to Barbara Maria Krall Weyand 1807-, son of Johann and Johanna Johanetta Leistenschneider Weyand 1797-, son of Peter and Susanna Klein Weyand 1770-1839, son of Peter and Margarethe Maria Magdalena Schneider, married to Johanna Johanetta Leistenschneider in 1804 Weyand 1724-, son of Bartholomus and Maria Hagenbchler Weyand 1713-1756, son of Nikolaus and Johanna Haas, with Margarethe Pese Weyand ca 1690-1745, son of Nikolaus and Anna Roben Weyand 1660-, son of Laurentius, married to Barbara Nn in 1680 Weyand 1658-, son of Laurentius, married to Barbara ? in 1680 Weyand , son of Johann and Barbara Maria Krall, married to Catharina Fellinger in 1877 Weyand , married to Katharina Schmitt\nWeydiger , married to X Unknown\nWeyland 1861-, son of Franz Weiland and Katharina Tull, married to Catherine Bach in 1893 Weyland , son of Nikolaus, married to Maria Kost in 1808\nWeyrath 1860-1929, son of Michael and Magdalena Wilhelm\nWeyrich 1780-, son of Mathias and Angelika Schfer, married to Anna Mller Weyrich 1749-, son of Johann and Margaretha Schmitt Weyrich 1746-1748, son of Johann and Margaretha Schmitt Weyrich 1716-1782, married to Margaretha Schmitt in 1745\nWidmann 1749-1812, married to Maria Magdalena Weihermueller in 1777 Widmann , married to Regina Seidt in 1880\nWidmer 1898-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Kugele Widmer 1870-, son of Johann and Friederika Kugele, married to Katharine Schmidt in 1896 Widmer 1857-, married to Anna Maria Kugele in 1882 Widmer 1846-1908, son of Johann Georg and Anna Maria Guenther, married to Friederika Kugele in 1873\nWiederrich 1882-1927, with Paulina Hofer\nWiege 1882-1885, son of Michael and Louisa Flegel Wiege 1881-1952, with Helen Heine Wiege 1873-1873, son of Johann Martin and Justine Wilhelmina Budau\nWiegel, married to Elisabeth Jost\nWieland 1899-, son of Johann Friedrich Baumann and Catharina Leippersberger Wieland 1880-, son of Christian Karl and Katharine Gruen Wieland 1861-, son of Johann Georg Leonhard and Rosina Margaretha Walk Wieland 1791-, son of Johann Georg and Sophie Barbara Wieland Wieland 1890-, son of Karl Leonhard and Katharina Barbara Kaercher Wieland 1886-1886, son of Karl Leonhard and Katharina Friederich Wieland 1860-, son of Johann Georg Leonhard and Katharina Schaub\nWiese 1915-, son of Heinrich and Katharina Flaig Wiese 1845-, married to Elisabeth Scherbinske in 1867\nWiesen 1877-, son of Johann and Barbara Quintus Wiesen 1825-1884, son of Johann and Maria Mnster, married to Elisabetha Fey in 1853, Barbara Quintus Wiesen 1795-, married to Maria Mnster in 1816\nWilhelm 1898-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Altmayer, married to Elisabeth Seibert Wilhelm 1897-1969, son of Stephan and Angela Rouget Wilhelm 1891-, son of Peter and Katharina Feld Wilhelm 1891-, son of Johann Heinerich and Anna Katharina Niederreiter Wilhelm 1890-1928, son of Josef and Maria Drr Wilhelm 1888-1967, son of Jakob and Maria Hhn Wilhelm 1887-1969, son of Peter and Gertrud Tuillier Wilhelm 1886-1887, son of Georg and Anna Maria Beck Wilhelm 1883-, son of Nikolaus and Margaretha Tuillier Wilhelm 1877-1877, son of Matthias and Margarethe Grothe Wilhelm 1876-, married to Anna Maria Planta in 1899 Wilhelm 1874-1892, son of Johann and Angela Schmitt Wilhelm 1867-, son of Johann Ludwig and Katharina Denis, married to Margarethe Scheid in 1893 Wilhelm 1866-, son of Johann and Gertrud Klein, married to Anna Maria Altmayer in 1893 Wilhelm 1863-1922, married to Maria Catharina Weber in 1886 Wilhelm 1863-, son of Johann and Angelika Tabellion Wilhelm 1861-, son of Christian and Barbara Hermann Wilhelm 1857-1857, son of Johann Ludwig and Katharina Denis Wilhelm 1856-1856, son of Johann Ludwig and Katharina Denis Wilhelm 1854-, son of Johann and Katharina Wahl Wilhelm 1849-, son of Peter and Margaretha Kiefer Wilhelm 1847-, son of Johann and Irmina Bell, married to Angela Schmitt in 1873 Wilhelm 1846-1867, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Rosenkranz Wilhelm 1838-, son of Josef and Maria Wirth, married to Elisabeth Barthel in 1867, Katharina Zellner in 1880 Wilhelm 1836-, son of Johann and Katharina Sander Wilhelm 1836-, son of Johann and Katharina Wahl Wilhelm 1831-, son of Andreas and Margarethe Schreiner, married to Angelika Tabellion in 1857 Wilhelm 1831-1871, son of Josef and Maria Wirth, married to Gertrud Klein in 1862 Wilhelm 1829-, son of Johann and Margarethe Sander Wilhelm 1824-, son of Josef and Katharina Fischer Wilhelm 1821-1883, son of Peter and Anna Kaspar, married to Maria Kollmann in 1851 Wilhelm 1818-, son of Hubert and Margarethe Zimmer, married to Elisabeth Stuhlsatz in 1842 Wilhelm 1814-, son of Josef and Katharina Fischer Wilhelm 1812-1857, son of Johann and Eva Eberhard, married to Katharina Wahl in 1836 Wilhelm ca 1809-1879, son of Nikolaus and Elisabeth Renier, married to Susanne Haag, Irmina Bell Wilhelm 1802-1859, son of Gertrud Wilhelm, married to Gertrud Mller in 1825 Wilhelm 1800-1849, son of Joes Georg and Anna Katharina Kiefer, married to Margarethe Sander in 1823, Katharina Sander in 1834 Wilhelm 1794-, son of Johann Peter and Barbara Aatz, married to Anna Katharina Giebel in 1814 Wilhelm 1782-1783, son of Johann Adam and Anna Rupp Wilhelm 1775-1840, son of Heinrich and Anna Margaretha Hubig, married to Eva Eberhard in 1800 Wilhelm 1775-1775, son of Johann Adam and Anna Rupp Wilhelm 1773-1794, son of Johann Peter and Barbara Aatz, married to Margaretha Becker in 1794 Wilhelm 1753-ca 1853, married to Maria Knapp in 1780 Wilhelm 1752-1774, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Knapp Wilhelm 1741-, son of Johann Bernhard and Angela Henrich, married to Anna Gertrud Schmitt in 1767 Wilhelm 1734-1803, son of Johann and Margaretha Mller, married to Maria Margaretha Speicher in 1765 Wilhelm 1700-1773, son of Mathias and Anna Barbara Schramm, married to Margaretha Mller in 1730 Wilhelm 1687-1743, married to Anna Catharina Hell in 1720 Wilhelm 1664-1734, married to Anna Catherina Mohr in 1684 Wilhelm 1856, married to Margaretha Andre in 1804 Wilhelm , son of Johann and Katharina Lw, married to Elisabeth Fery in 1889 Wilhelm , married to Katharina Lw Wilhelm, married to Katharina Augustin Wilhelm , married to Johanetta Zimmer Wilhelm, son of Johann and Johanetta Zimmer, married to Gertrud Stark in 1876\nWilkin 1900-1959, son of Nikolaus Wilken and Margaretha Feld Wilkin , relationship with Anna Maria Hermann\nWill 1897-1968, son of Johann and Katharina Zwer Will 1867-, son of Peter and Margarethe Schmitt, married to Katharina Zwer in 1890 Will 1861-1932, son of Johann and Barbara Brod Will 1859-1860, son of Johann and Barbara Brod Will 1857-1860, son of Johann and Barbara Brod Will 1855-, son of Franz and Anna Maria Peter, married to Katharina Schmitt in 1876 Will 1855-1856, son of Johann and Barbara Brod Will 1837-, son of Johann and Katharina Hermann Will 1803-1876, son of Nikolaus Wild and Eva Trenz, married to Katharina Hermann in 1828 Will 1863, married to Barbara Brod in 1851\nWillems 1888-, son of Johann and Margaretha Hild, married to Gertrud Welsch Willems 1875-, son of Maria Willems, married to Barbara Mller in 1896, Anna Destruelle in 1904 Willems 1865-, son of Johann and Katharina Elisabeth Emmes, married to Margaretha Hild in 1888 Willems 1832-, married to Katharina Elisabeth Emmes in 1858 Willems , married to Maria Barth Willems , married to Elisabeth Blumann in 1850 Willems, married to Katharina Spengler\nWillenberger , married to Maria Schmauch\nWillkomm 1869-1870, son of Anna Maria Willkomm Willkomm 1853-, son of Hyronimus and Anna Maria Theobald, married to Anna Fuss in 1875 Willkomm 1843-1844, son of Hyronimus and Anna Maria Theobald\nWillmes , married to Katharina Schneider\nWillmuth 1851-1856, son of Johann and Catharina Sieb Willmuth 1845-1858, son of Johann and Catharina Sieb Willmuth 1810-1885, son of Mathias and Anna Maria Zenner, married to Catharina Sieb in 1836\nWillwohl 1896-, son of Peter and Maria-Anna Franz Willwohl 1888-, son of Joannes and Francisca Kramer\nWilske 1912-1999, son of Reinhold and Friederika Stock\nWiltges 1760, married to Apollonia Clesius\nWiltz 1847-, married to Anna Loh in 1870 Wiltz , married to Anna ?\nWilzer 1847-, son of Josef and Maria Becker Wilzer , father of Peter\nWinckel ca 1720-, married to Anna Capitaine in 1745 Winckel , married to Anna Maria Hoffman\nWingerter, married to Catharina Haan\nWinter 1877-, son of Johann and Anna Fontaine Winter 1876-1877, son of Bernhard and Margaretha Barthel Winter 1874-1874, son of Anton and Ida Greff Winter 1863-1925, son of Bernhard and Anna Lemire, married to Maria Becker in 1890, Anna Engler Winter 1863-, son of Johann and Anna Fontaine Winter 1862-, son of Mathias and Anna Nicola Winter 1860-1888, son of Johann and Catharina Zang Winter 1851-, son of Bernhard and Anna Lemire, married to Elisabeth Haas in 1876 Winter 1849-1880, son of Matthias and Katharina Rupp Winter 1842-1906, son of Johann Peter and Apollonia Schtz, married to Barbara Fischer in 1867 Winter 1835-1835, son of Johann and Margarethe Guldner Winter 1835-, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Theis, married to Elisabeth Boley in 1862 Winter 1835-1843, son of Nikolaus and Anna Weis Winter 1833-, son of Johann Peter and Apollonia Schtz Winter 1832-, son of Johann and Maria Schober Winter 1829-, son of Anton and Catharina Theobald, married to Anna Fontaine in 1861 Winter 1829-, son of Johann and Margarethe Mller Winter 1829-1901, son of Michael WINTER and Jeanne Hoffmann, married to Margaretha SCHMITT Winter 1829-, son of Peter and Barbara Clesgen Winter 1829-1882, son of Nikolaus and Catharina Theis, married to Catharina Zang in 1857 Winter 1827-1840, son of Johann and Margarethe Guldner Winter 1825-, son of Johann Peter and Apollonia Schtz Winter 1820-1821, son of Peter and Anna Maria Strmer Winter 1812-, son of Anton and Anna Loris Winter ca 1810-1881, son of Veit Jakob and Elisabeth Catharina Stiefel, married to Anna Maria Rockenbauch in 1847 Winter 1810-1810, son of Anton and Anna Loris Winter 1809-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Geimer, married to Maria Schober in 1831 Winter 1798-1866, son of Johann and Johanna Kien, KHn, married to Margarethe Guldner in 1819 Winter 1797-, son of Georg and Margarethe Jahn, married to Margarethe Mller in 1822 Winter 1797-, son of Johann and Barbara Wechter, married to Catharina Theis in 1828 Winter 1794-1794, son of Anton and Katharina Strohm Winter 1792-1792, son of Georg and Margarethe Boley Winter 1788-1863, son of Michael and Margaretha Schon, married to Barbara Strmer in 1811 Winter 1787-, son of Peter and Maria Capitaine Winter 1786-, son of Johan and Maria Schmidt Winter 1774-1774/, son of Peter and Maria Capitaine Winter 1772-1837, son of Peter and Barbara Bauer, married to Johanna Kien, KHn in 1794 Winter 1766-1767, son of Mathias and Margarethe Reichrath Winter 1757-1835, son of Johann Bernhard and Anna Maria Nicholas, married to Barbara Wechter in 1781 Winter 1748-1813, son of Peter and Anna Maria Schuler Winter 1740-, son of Mathias and Margarethe Leistenschneider Winter 1739-, son of Johann Sebastian and Katharina Baur Winter 1738-, son of Peter and Anna Barbara Becker Winter 1737-1754, son of Mathias and Margarethe Leistenschneider Winter 1724-, son of Johann Christoph and Anna Maria Reslinger Winter 1722-1791, son of Johann Adam and Margarethae Rosbert, married to Anna Ahr in 1751, Gertrud Haeffener in 1758 Winter 1720-, son of Johann and Anna Catharina Renard Winter 1715-1719, son of Johann Adam and Margarethae Rosbert Winter 1710-1760, son of Johannes Wilhelm and Maria Marx Winter ca 1672-1736, son of Marcus and Elisabeth Pallier, married to Anna Catharina Renard in 1706 Winter , son of Franz Jacob and Maria Koch, with Eva Kohl Winter , son of Peter and Barbara Bauer, married to Johanna Kinn in 1794\nWiotte 1849-1849, son of Johann and Barbara Keller Wiotte 1827-1888, son of Andreas and Anna Morguet, married to Barbara Keller in 1849\nWirth 1887-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Gerner Wirth 1868-, son of Johann and Luise Minn, married to Susanna Philipp in 1892 Wirth 1861-1939, son of Franz and Margarethe Mller, married to Stephanie Goujet in 1889 Wirth 1851-1853, son of Michael and Anna Maria Feuerstein Wirth 1845-1900/, son of Johann and Angela Fevrier, married to Anna RECkTENWALD in 1872 Wirth 1840-, son of Johann Baptist and Catharina Hassel Wirth 1838-, son of Jacob and Ottilia Chevreux, married to Luise Minn in 1867 Wirth 1835-, son of Johann and Barbara Gurtner Wirth 1834-1896, son of Johann and Catharina * Haffner, married to Anna Gergen in 1860, Barbara Grg in 1866 Wirth 1833-1837, son of Johann Baptist and Catharina Hassel Wirth 1828-1828, son of Johann and Catharina * Haffner Wirth 1828-1837, son of Georg and Anna Maria Sander Wirth 1823-1843, son of Georg and Anna Maria Sander Wirth 1819-1821, son of Peter and Anna Maria Schmitt Wirth 1811-1888, son of Nikolaus and Gertrud Katgeli, married to Angela Fevrier in 1836 Wirth 1806-1828, son of Michael and Catharina Ordener Wirth 1805-1839, son of Karl and Anna Maria Bedersdorfer, married to Catharina Maria Missere in 1827 Wirth 1803-1870, son of Karl and Anna Maria Bedersdorfer, married to Catharina * Haffner in 1828 Wirth 1798-1871, son of Johann Georg and Anna Scrib, married to Margaretha Mertz, MRz in 1843 Wirth 1797-, son of Johann and Maria Rupp, married to Barbara Gurtner in 1822 Wirth 1763-1780, son of Peter and Anna Maria Haffner Wirth 1759-, son of Georg and Maria Thiel Wirth 1759-1814, son of Johann and Angelika Haffner, married to Maria Rupp in 1781 Wirth 1755-, son of Johann Peter and Anna Katharina Rolles Wirth 1734-/1747, son of Johann Peter and Anna Katharina Rolles Wirth 1697-1773, son of Joannis and Anna Magaretha Schmidt, married to Angela Knisbeck in 1721 Wirth, married to Margaretha Rupp Wirth, married to Angelika Haffner Wirth 1814, married to Anna Hawener Wirth, son of Jacob and Anna Schfer, married to Barbara Kerwer in 1873\nWirtz 1836-, son of Wilhelm and Elisabeth Katharina Lorson Wirtz 1832-, son of Wilhelm and Elisabeth Katharina Lorson Wirtz 1828-1875, son of Ferdinand and Gertrud Schuler Wirtz 1811-1812, son of Matthias Gonder and Anna Maria Wirtz Wirtz 1800-1840, son of Michael and Johanna Renner Wirtz 1794-1828, son of Johannes and Katharina Leistenschneider Wirtz 1765-1808, married to Margaretha Geber in 1792\nWitke 1875-1958, married to Katharina Heller in 1897\nWittich , married to Maria Catharina Heller in 1767\nWittmaier 1900-, married to Pauline Keller in 1924\nWittmann ca 1800-, married to Magdalena Weiss in 1820\nWittmar, married to Maria Breulinger\nWitty 1855-, son of Johann and Anna Schmidt Witty 1829-, son of Angelica Witty, married to Anna Schmidt in 1854, Katharina Schmitt in 1863\nWitzmann 1827-1841, son of Peter and Anna Maria Berg Witzmann 1821-1874, son of Peter and Anna Maria Berg Witzmann 1818-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Butter , Botter, married to Margaretha Alexander Witzmann 1795-1873, son of Johann and Anne Catherine Kaas, married to Anna Maria Butter , Botter Witzmann 1768-1844, son of Karl and Anna Barbara Loyo, married to Anne Catherine Kaas Witzmann 1763-1767, son of Karl and Anna Barbara Loyo\nWoelfle 1861-1885, married to Christina Bross in 1882\nWoger 1864-, son of Leonhard Woeger and Catharina Maunz\nWohler, father of Michael\nWolf 1909-1948, son of Johann and Maria Rauser Wolf 1893-1967, son of Peter and Johanna Spengler Wolf 1884-, son of Georg Heinrich and Barbara Heer, married to Magdalene Siegle in 1904 Wolf 1875-1939, son of Johann Friedrich and Dorothea Koenig, married to Maria Rauser in 1899, Johanna Adolf Wolf 1869-1869, son of Michael and Gertrud Fritz Wolf 1865-, son of Paul and Anna Maria Mang Wolf 1847-, son of Peter and Johanna Welsch Wolf 1846-, son of Christian Friedrich and Christina Friederike Schrtlen, married to Katharina Schneider in 1872 Wolf 1841-, son of Georg Adam and Elisabeth Meyer Wolf 1839-1840, son of Georg Adam and Elisabeth Meyer Wolf 1838-, son of Georg and Anna Wahl, married to Luisa Catharina Meyer in 1865 Wolf 1835-, son of Jakob and Barbara Ahr, married to Katharina Truntzler in 1861 Wolf 1829-, son of Georg and Barbara Ballas Wolf 1809-, son of Michael and Margarethe Hacklinger, married to Johannetta Prediger in 1847 Wolf 1692-1692, son of Johannes Wolff and Catharina Goesele Wolf , married to Maria Susanna Scholl Wolf , married to Sophie Mller Wolf, married to Maria Zenner Wolf , married to Sophia Wack\nWolff 1886-1959, son of Emil and Magdalena Khler Wolff 1814-1815, son of Bernhard and Elisabeth Remarque Wolff 1804-, son of Bernard and Margarethe Hoffmann, married to Anna Maria Meyer in 1835 Wolff 1795-, son of Johann Adam and Anna Elisabetha Marschall, married to Maria Magdalena Brucker in 1821 Wolff 1793-1794, son of Johann Gregor and Anna Maria Kappel Wolff ca 1767-1768, son of Johann and Anna Maria Hirtz Wolff 1757-1818, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Strauss, married to Katharina Kreutzer in 1782 Wolff 1736-1792, son of Friedrich and Anna Elisabeth Jakobi, married to Anna Maria Zenner in 1763, Anna Maria Hirtz in 1767, Barbara Dickopp in 1786 Wolff 1600-, son of Bonifatius and Annastasia ?, married to Ursula Brum in 1624 Wolff 1813, married to Anna Sathor\nWoll 1803-1880, son of Konrad and Anna Maria Bermann, married to Katharina Sahner in 1829 Woll 1785-1828, son of Andreas and Anna Eva Zenses, married to Margaretha Frantz in 1810 Woll 1783-1783, son of Nikolaus and Anna Maria Fuchs Woll 1778-1778, son of Nicolaus and Anna Barbara Speicher Woll 1762-1814, married to Margarethe Wirtz in 1791 Woll 1750-, son of Dominick Peter and Anna Maria Kessler, married to Anna Magdalena Holzer Woll 1745-1826, son of Dominick Peter and Anna Maria Kessler, married to Barbara Federkeil in 1778, Magdalena Jochum in 1809 Woll 1743-, son of Johannes and Anna Katharina Kessler, married to Anna Magdalena Holzer Woll ca 1740-, married to Elisabeth x in 1770 Woll 1740-, son of Daniel and Agatha Wetzer Woll 1728-1786, son of Adam and Maria Elisabeth Knibes or Kniebes, married to Anna Maria Riem in 1753 Woll ca 1704-, son of Johann and Maria Opfermann Woll ca 1668-, married to Maria Opfermann in 1693, Maria Elisabetha Senz in 1717 Woll ca 1640-1693, married to Anna Franziska ? in 1668 Woll 1860, son of Jakob and Margaretha Schmitt, married to Barbara Krmer in 1805 Woll 1700-, married to Katharina Keler in 1738 Woll , married to Barbara Amann\nWollenschneider , married to Anna Maria Lusch\nWollscheid 1849-, son of Peter and Johanna Reiter, married to Maria Schreiner in 1873, Anna Theresia Speicher in 1890 Wollscheid, married to Helene Reinert\nWueschner 1784-, son of Josef and Catharina Gestier\nWullenschneider , married to Anna Katharina Wagner\nWunn 1803-, married to Catharina Wonn\nWrden 1879-1879, son of Johann and Margaretha Birk Wrden 1840-1881, son of Michael and Margaretha Fries, married to Margaretha Birk in 1875 Wrden 1781-1783, son of Philipp and Margaretha Jenner Wrden 1706-1771, son of Johannes and Walburga Emmel, married to Maria Jungmann in 1737 Wrden 1832, married to Catharina Gros\nWurst 1888-, son of Thomas Carl Michael Mller and Margaretha Rosina Wurst Wurst 1888-, son of Johann David and Catharina Drexel Wurst 1877-, son of Christoph Christof and Magdalena Dorothea \"Rosa\" Boelz\nWurster 1911-1964, married to Lore Rosa Beutler Wurster ca 1887-, married to Anna Maria Schittenhelm in 1920 Wurster ca 1632-, son of Jacob and Elisabeth Seeger, with Veronica Catharina Schwartz Wurster 1942, son of Johann Georg and Friederike Geisel Wurster , married to Christina Seeger in 1825\nWurtz 1838-1916, son of Johann Georg Wurz and Catharine Burkhardt, with Anna Elizabeth Isch\nZ\nZWEYGARDT ca 1866-1915, son of Wilhelm Zweygardt and Rosina Wagner\nZacher 1831-1905, married to Catharina Ladner in 1853\nZahler 1832-, married to Catharina Raubuch in 1858 Zahler 1766-, son of Sebastian and Anna Maria Speicher Zahler /1712, married to Anna Catharina Marx\nZaiser 1872-, son of August and Barbara Glass\nZander 1739-1782, son of Johannes Sander and Anna Margarethe Stuckart\nZang 1905-1951, son of Michael and Maria Reis, married to Katherina Werner Zang 1898-1980, son of Jakob and Maria Seilner Zang 1890-1964, son of Johann and Katharina Burgard Zang 1890-1890, son of Georg and Barbara Rupp Zang 1889-1893, son of Peter and Katharina Daub Zang 1882-1961, son of Wilhelm and Eva Breitweiler Zang 1882-, son of Georg and Margarethe Herrmann Zang 1870-1930, son of Johann and Anna Maria Becker Zang 1864-, son of Friedrich Wilhelm and Margarethe Braun Zang 1861-, son of Friedrich Wilhelm and Margarethe Braun Zang 1858-1933, son of Peter and Anna Meyer, married to Helena Burgard in 1886 Zang 1856-, son of Michael and Margarethe Zang Zang 1855-, son of Michael and Anna Rupp, married to Maria Elisabeth Rupp in 1880 Zang 1855-, son of Johann and Margarethe Welsch, married to Barbara Hubig in 1878 Zang 1850-, son of Georg and Katharina Wilhelm, married to Katharina Burgard in 1876 Zang 1845-1883, son of Johann and Anna Decker Zang 1843-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Eisvogel Zang 1841-1841, son of Michael and Margarethe Tabellion Zang 1837-1866, son of Wendelin and Barbara Tabellion, married to Margarethe Abel in 1863 Zang 1829-, son of Georg and Elisabeth Abel, married to Anna Maria Becker in 1862, Anna Lorson in 1875 Zang 1829-, son of Johannes and Anna Tabellion Zang 1828-, son of Johann and Anna Tabellion, married to Margarethe Welsch in 1851, Elisabeth Grohsmann in 1871 Zang 1825-1825, son of Georg and Elisabeth Abel Zang 1814-1876, son of Johannes and Anna Tabellion, married to Anna Decker in 1839 Zang 1814-1857, married to Elisabeth Lux in 1850 Zang 1808-1808, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Mller Zang 1805-1827, son of Matthias and Barbara Siebentritt Zang 1803-1803, son of Michael and Anna Maria Schtz Zang 1801-1802, son of Michael and Anna Maria Schtz Zang 1795-, son of Michael and Anna Maria Schtz Zang 1794-1843, son of Johann and Angelika Burg, married to Anna Tabellion in 1815 Zang 1772-1772, son of Johann Georg and Maria Margaretha Rupp Zang 1768-1821, son of Johannes Peter and Anna Eva Renckes, married to Angelika Burg in 1792 Zang 1764-1797, son of Johann Georg and Maria Margaretha Rupp Zang ca 1743-/1777, son of Johann Georg and Maria Catharina Schweitzer, married to Irmina Rupp in 1769 Zang 1705-, son of Georgius and Anna Johanna Bichelberger Zang 1702-, son of Georgius and Anna Johanna Bichelberger\nZapp 1893-, married to Margaretha Bernardy in 1915 Zapp 1883-, son of Johann and Katharina Kiefer Zapp 1878-1880, son of Johann and Katharina Kiefer Zapp 1874-1958, son of Peter and Anna Bonenberger Zapp 1850-, son of Johann and Anna Lorson Zapp 1843-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Welsch, married to Katharina Kiefer in 1871 Zapp 1819-1866, son of Peter and Margarethe Bourelle, married to Anna Lorson in 1848 Zapp 1811-1829, son of Philipp and Anna Maria Wolf Zapp 1800-1837, son of Philipp and Anna Maria Wolf, married to Susanna Jaeckel in 1829 Zapp 1799-1867, married to Anna Rupp in 1829 Zapp 1792-, son of Peter and Anna Katharina Raber Zapp 1764-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Pauly Zapp ca 1656-, married to Anna Sophia Schider in in 1675 Zapp , married to Barbara Seidel\nZarth 1756-, son of Johann Peter and Anna Kaspar, married to Katharina Schneider Zarth , married to Anna Maria Zohler in 1843\nZech 1838-1853, son of Johann and Gertrud Foss Zech 1825-1878, son of Peter and Gertrud Schwartz, married to Anna Theobald in 1851 Zech 1802-1863, son of Johann and Gertrud Mosel, married to Gertrud Foss in 1827 Zech 1788-1825, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Mller Zech 1782-1825, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Mller, married to Gertrud Mosel in 1801, Catharina Haffner in 1821 Zech 1775-1776, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Mller Zech 1747-, son of Johann and Catharina Chateau Zech 1741-1745, son of Johann and Catharina Chateau Zech ca 1705-1761, son of Jacob and Margaretha Hennesin or Kenesin, married to Catharina Chateau in 1738\nZeh, married to Anna Maria Hessedenz in 1809\nZell 1822-, son of Johann and Catharina Schwalbach, married to Maria Hubig in 1844 Zell, married to Catharina Schwalbach\nZengerle 1833, married to Susanne Lillig Zengerle , married to Maria Magdalena Lacasse\nZenner 1854-1941, son of Wendel and Katharina Gonder Zenner 1837-, son of Hugo and Katharina Mayer, married to Katharina Hehs in 1863 Zenner 1822-1890, married to Elisabeth Schneider in 1849 Zenner 1810-1857, son of Jacob and Elisabeth Brear, married to Catharina Petry in 1839 Zenner , married to Anna Mayer Zenner 1727, married to Anna Eva Speckmeister Zenner, married to Angela Strauff\nZenses 1689-1748, son of Conrad and Anna Catharina Brand, married to Anna Gertrud Huping in 1722\nZewe 1894-1954, son of Johann and Anna Scherer Zewe 1881-, son of Johann and Anna Maria Krmer Zewe 1879-, son of Joseph and Margaretha Bronder Zewe 1878-, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Jochum Zewe 1878-, son of Peter and Catharina Weiskircher Zewe 1873-, son of Nikolaus and Margarethe Hbgen Zewe 1872-, son of Joseph and Anna Maria Jochum Zewe 1870-, son of Johann and Elisabeth Senz Zewe 1866-1921, son of Nicolaus and Margarethe Mller, married to Anna Scherer in 1892 Zewe 1860-, son of Konrad and Catharina Knauber Zewe 1856-1930, son of Georg and Anna Maria Knauber, married to Maria Gerber in 1884 Zewe 1855-1916, son of Peter and Katharina Knig, married to Anna Maria Krmer in 1880 Zewe 1853-1853, son of Konrad and Catharina Knauber Zewe 1847-1922, son of Jakob and Elisabeth Mller, married to Anna Maria Scherer in 1873 Zewe 1840-1888, son of Peter and Elisabeth Drr, married to Elisabeth Senz in 1865 Zewe 1833-1899, son of Peter and Catharina Keler Zewe 1831-, son of Jakob and Magdalena Resch Zewe 1830-, son of Wilhelm and Anna Maria Fuchs Zewe 1825-, son of Johann and Magdalena Drr Zewe 1818-, son of Johann and Angelika Drr Zewe 1811-1818, son of Johann and Magdalena Drr Zewe 1806-, son of Wilhelm and Elisabeth Jost Zewe 1792-1860, son of Peter and Katharina Kleer, married to Angelika Drr in 1814, Barbara Knauber in 1831 Zewe 1777-1839, son of Sebastian and Anna Margarethe Woll, married to Magdalena Drr in 1809 Zewe 1772-1773, son of Sebastian and Anna Margarethe Woll Zewe 1736-, son of Johann Wilhelm Edmund and Elisabeth Hell\nZey 1560-1620, married to Johann Zey in 1580 Zey 1560-1620, married to Johann Zey in 1580 Zey 1694, son of Christ and Gertrud ?, married to Anna Eva Schilling in 1659\nZick , with Anna Maria Kaess\nZiegele 1899-, son of Johann and Caroline Heer Ziegele 1871-, married to Caroline Heer in 1899 Ziegele 1854-1854, son of Johann Michael and Margaretha Hildenbrand Ziegele 1840-, son of Conrad and Catharina Stump, married to Magdalena Catharina Bhler in 1871 Ziegele 1776-1868, son of Johannes and Magdalena Rosina Fezer\nZiegler 1897-, son of Johann and Anna Mohm Ziegler 1894-, son of Jacob and Christina Nuebel Ziegler 1859-, married to Anna Mohm in 1882 Ziegler ca 1853-1885, son of Friedrich and Anna Maier Ziegler 1851-, son of Johann Nikolaus and Anna Maria Macari Ziegler 1814-1867, son of Andreas and Magdalena Anna Meier Ziegler 1777-, son of George John Philip and Anna Eva Uhler Ziegler 1767-1845, son of Johann Bernhard and Rosina Uhler, married to Catharina Epley in 1790 Ziegler 1747-1789, son of Johann Adam and Barbara Bommersbach, married to Maria MLlmann Ziegler 1680-1740, son of Johann and Helena Schweitzer Ziegler /1650-1732, married to Helena Schweitzer Ziegler , son of Johann and Anna Mohm Ziegler, married to Anna Mohm Ziegler , son of Ernst Gottlieb and Anna Maria Schweizer Ziegler , son of Jakob and Anna Maria Reiter, married to Paulina Lambert in 1886 Ziegler , married to Elisabeth Reiter Ziegler, married to Catharina Lesch\nZifflen 1710-1785, married to Anna Catharina Mast in 1734\nZiflin 1836-1908, son of Johann Martin Ziefle and Anna Maria Hanselmann, married to Margaretha Duerr in 1867\nZillig 1873-1877, son of Peter Joseph and Katharina Clanget\nZimmer 1899-1969, son of Wilhelm and Katharina Spaniol Zimmer 1896-1977, son of Johann and Elisabeth Kiesel Zimmer 1879-, son of Jacob and Margaretha Colmann, married to Maria Engstler Zimmer 1874-, son of Johann and Katharina Schlicker Zimmer 1864-, son of Nikolaus and Anna Katharina Winter, married to Elisabeth Kiesel in 1891 Zimmer 1857-, son of Peter and Katharina Courte, married to Anna Maria Weiten in 1896 Zimmer 1845-, son of Paul and Margarethe Zimmer, married to Anna Maria Stuhlsatz in 1878 Zimmer 1838-1917, son of Alois and Elisabeth Falk, married to Carolina Schmidt in 1863 Zimmer 1837-1906, son of Jakob and Katharina Woll, married to Katharina Schlicker in 1864 Zimmer 1785-, son of Peter and Katharina Schneider, married to Katharina Elisabeth Knoblauch in 1816 Zimmer 1725-, son of Leonard and Anna Katharina Kurtz Zimmer 1683-1722, son of Hans Georg and Maria Margaretha Kiefer, married to Elisabeth Reis in 1709 Zimmer 1625-1679, son of Johann and Elisabeth x Zimmer 1625-1689, son of Johannes and Elisabeth Zimmer, with Anna Maria Kiess, Elisabeth x Zimmer , son of Johann and Elisabeth Reis Zimmer , married to Susanna Paulus Zimmer 1767, married to Magdalena Meiser Zimmer , married to Elisabeth Meiser Zimmer 1697-, son of Friedrich and Margareta ? Zimmer 1739-, son of Johann and Susanna Wirtz Zimmer 1700-1760, son of Friedrich and Margareta ?, married to Susanna Wirtz in 1728\nZimmermann 1871-, son of Johann Mathias and Elisabeth Schreiner Zimmermann 1853-, son of Jacob and Carolina Flora Nietheimer Zimmermann 1840-1846, son of Johann Peter and Margarethe Karrenbauer Zimmermann 1835-1869, son of Josef and Anna Maria Schmidt Zimmermann 1827-1908, son of Paul and Anna Maria Woll, married to Barbara Bossle in 1857 Zimmermann 1797-, married to Anna Maria Notton in 1826 Zimmermann 1788-1865, married to Anna Maria Haap in 1813 Zimmermann 1839, married to Margarethe Geidt Zimmermann , married to Katharina Ubrig\nZingen 1665-, married to Susanne Fisch\nZinn 1855-, son of Jakob and Apolonia Comtesse\nZinner 1618-1679, son of Conrad Zeyler and Margaretha ?, married to Catharina Schmidt in 1646\nZipp 1894-1963, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Zapp Zipp 1893-1968, son of Michael and Elisabeth Kaeff Zipp 1883-1883, son of Matthias and Margaretha Weber Zipp 1866-, son of Michael and Maria Freys Zipp 1860-1938, son of Michael and Maria Freys, married to Katharina Tuillier in 1892 Zipp 1840-1941, son of Peter and Gertrud Ketterle Zipp 1827-1832, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Schoemann Zipp 1777-, son of Nikolaus and Maria Lonsdorfer Zipp 1762-, son of Nikolaus and Katharina Rupp Zipp, married to Barbara Gratz\nZippler , married to Catharina Margaretha Bauer\nZisch ca 1783-1842, married to Susanne Keilen\nZhler 1737-1822, son of Simon and Anna Maria Aatz, married to Susanna Rech in 1760 Zhler ca 1692-, married to Maria Becker in 1715\nZllner 1880-1887, son of Wilhelm and Margarethe Treib Zllner , son of Josef and Barbara Roos, married to Barbara Ferring in 1890\nZschorlich 1841-, married to Louise Vierkorn in 1875\nZwer 1896-1976, son of Georg and Katharina Bogenschtz Zwer 1886-1951, son of Michael and Anna Maria Gebert, married to Luise Elisabeth Dietrich in 1918 Zwer 1865-, son of Sebastian and Anna Maria Comtesse Zwer 1862-, son of Jakob and Katharina Gebert Zwer 1854-, son of Johann and Angelika Mller Zwer 1853-1890, son of Jakob and Katharina Steffen, married to Marie Sonnhalter in 1875 Zwer 1850-, son of Johann and Angelika Mller Zwer 1825-1861, son of Jakob and Anna Maria Schmitt, married to Angelika Mller in 1847, Magdalena Kiefer in 1858\nZweygardt 1883-, son of August and Anna Christiana Troester Zweygardt 1868-, son of Johann and Elizabeth Fiechtner Zweygardt 1863-1915, son of Ludwig Zweigardt and Margarete Grossmann Zweygardt 1837-1896, son of Georg Adam Zweigardt and Anna Maria Schlecht, married to Elisabeth Christine Fiechtner in 1859, Elizabeth Fiechtner in 1862\nf\nfuchs 1826-, son of Johann Fuchs and Elisabethe Jochum\ni\nirion 1906-, son of Johann Irion and Justine Ziehmann\nw\nwoll 1762-1814, son of Johann Adam and Anna Kiefer, married to Anna Jacob in 1787\nx\nx , son of Christoph Woll and Anna Maria Drrenbcher, married to Elisabeth x\nFamily Tree owner :\nKurt GRATHWOHL (kurtgrathwohl)\nThis user is a Premium member who get advantage of advanced features and options: more search criteria, unlimited access to the collections, hints and email alerts for finding new information and ancestors, etc.\nDiscover the Premium subscription\nContact\nHerzlich Willkommen!\nIn meinem Familienbaum finden sie meine vterliche Linie\naus dem Heubergdorf Kolbingen. Hierzu habe ich die KB aus Kolbingen\nausgewertet. Um die Forschungsarbeit zu vereinfachen, habe ich die\nNachnamen vereinheitlicht. Zum Beispiel habe ich aus Amma,\nAmann, Amman, Ammann, Amann Amman gemacht. Die\nunterschiedliche schreibweise wurde nmlich nicht zur\nUnterscheidung gemacht, sondern hing wohl eher von den\nschreibfertigkeiten der Pfarrer ab, da innerhalb einer Familie\nverschiedene Varianten anzutreffen waren. Durch Auswanderung\ngibt es Zweige der Familie Grathwohl in Ungarn, Amerika und\nFrankreich (Elsass). Bei diesen bin ich noch auf der Suche und\nfreue mich, falls sie hierzu Informationen und Daten fr mich\nhaben.\nAls nchstes Suchgebiet werde ich mich an das benachbarte\nRenquishausen machen, da von dort eine Gromutter kommt.\nMeine Frau stammt aus dem Saarland und von dort gibt es\ninnerhalb ihrer Verwandschaft einige recht aktive Genealogen, denen\nich hiermit meinen Dank aussprechen mchte. 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This site uses cookies and gives you control over what you want to activate OK, accept all Deny all cookies Customize Cookie policy", "url": "https://gw.geneanet.org/kurtgrathwohl?lang=en&m=P&nz=grathwohl&ocz=2&pz=melchior&v=johann" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Iedere student een leesbevorderaar - Lees, Lezer, Leest - Leesprofessional\nTerug\nNaar hoofdcontent\nBezoek website\n1.\nCover\n2.\nInhoud\n3.\nAanleiding - Ingrid de Jong\n4.\nDe leesprofessional als succesfactor\n5.\nLeesprofessional kan ongelijkheid compenseren\n6.\nIedere student een leesbevorderaar\n7.\nDe honger naar kennis aanwakkeren\n8.\nTechnologie in het onderwijs\n9.\nWorden er over honderd jaar nog boeken geschreven en gelezen\n10.\nLeesprofessionals voor het jonge kind\n11.\nKunst van het lezen\n12.\nJacques Vriens de schrijver de leraar de leesprofessional\n13.\nDe leesbevorderende leerkracht\n14.\nLeesontwikkelende leraar van de toekomst\n15.\n6x van leesprofessional tot leesprofessional\n16.\nColofon\nSchakel audio in\nContact\nDelen\nNaar overzicht\nMenu openen\nBezoek website\nVorige pagina\n6 / 16\nVolgende pagina\nSchakel audio in\nContact\nDelen\nNaar overzicht\nMenu openen\nVorige pagina\nVolgende pagina\nMenu sluiten\nMenu sluiten\nInhoud\nContact\nDelen\nLees, Lezer, Leest - Leesprofessional\nCover\nInhoud\nAanleiding - Ingrid de Jong\nDe leesprofessional als succesfactor\nLeesprofessional kan ongelijkheid compenseren\nIedere student een leesbevorderaar\nDe honger naar kennis aanwakkeren\nTechnologie in het onderwijs\nWorden er over honderd jaar nog boeken geschreven en gelezen\nLeesprofessionals voor het jonge kind\nKunst van het lezen\nJacques Vriens de schrijver de leraar de leesprofessional\nDe leesbevorderende leerkracht\nLeesontwikkelende leraar van de toekomst\n6x van leesprofessional tot leesprofessional\nColofon\nContact\nVul het contactformulier in en we beantwoorden uw vraag tijdens werkdagen binnen 24 uur.\nWebsite\nLinkedin\nX\nFacebook\nNaam\nVul je naam in\nE-mail\nVul een correct e-mailadres in\nOpmerking\nVul een opmerking in\nBedankt, je bericht is verzonden.\nEr ging iets mis met het verzenden van het formulier. Probeer het opnieuw.\nDeel deze publicatie\nStuur deze pagina eenvoudig door of plaats als bericht op social media.\nDeel deze specifieke pagina\nDeel de publicatie\nDeel pagina met Linkedin\nDeel pagina met Facebook\nDeel pagina met X\nDeel pagina met Whatsapp\nDeel pagina per e-mail", "url": "https://leeslezerleestleesprofessional.cubiss.nl/lees-lezer-leest-leesprofessional/iedere-student-een-leesbevorderaar" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Het team - Oma's Soep\nOnze missie\nProducten\nEvenementen\nHet team\nHelp mee\nZakelijk\nVacatures\nContact\nShop\nOma's Soep\nContactweg 62\n1014 BW Amsterdam\nKVK: 71215697\n+31 20 362 70 33\nHet team\nHet team van Omas Soep bestaat uit vrijwilligers, soephelden, lokale liefhebbers, waste warriors, eenzaamheidsbestrijders en fanatieke full-timers. Zie hieronder wie we bedoelen!\nAlle\nHoofdkantoor\nStudentenbesturen\nMax Kranendijk\nOprichter & mede-eigenaar\nmax@omassoep.nl\nMartijn Canters\nMede-eigenaar\nmartijn@omassoep.nl\nSophie Keijzer\nManager bedrijfsvoering\nsophie@omassoep.nl\nIris Mulder\nBusiness Development Manager Foodretail\niris@omassoep.nl\nMarie Boehme\nBusiness Development Manager Belgi\nmarie@omassoep.nl\nMarc Sandkuyl\nOperationeel Manager\nmarc@omassoep.nl\nValerie van der Ent\nOffice Manager\nvalerie@omassoep.nl\nJulot Westermeijer\nSocial Impact Manager\njulot@omassoep.nl\nNicky Verstappen\nBusiness Development Manager Foodservice\nnicky@omassoep.nl\nTjerk Zumpolle\nSenior Designer\ntjerk@omassoep.nl\nCathelijn Otto\nDesigner\ncathelijn@omassoep.nl\nLoek Voermans\nProductontwikkelaar\nNemi Dupuis\nSocial Impact & Marketing\nnemi@omassoep.nl\nSjoerd van Bergen\nWerkstudent Retail\nsjoerd@omassoep.nl\nNoor Verduin\nMarketing Stagiaire\nnoor@omassoep.nl\nJuliette Walther\nOperationeel Stagiaire\njuliette@omassoep.nl\nLaura Schreuders\nSocial Impact Stagiaire\nlauraschreuders@omassoep.nl\nTies Legtenberg\nWerkstudent Retail\nChristiaan van Asbeck\nWerkstudent Retail\nSjaak Post\nSoepbezorger\ninfo@omassoep.nl\nJeroen Lever\nSoepbezorger\ninfo@omassoep.nl\nIlvy Scholten\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Maastricht\nDaphne van Velden\nMarketing & Vice-voorzitter bij studentenbestuur Maastricht\nSem van Veldhoven\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Maastricht\nEline Bruinenberg\nVrijwilligerscordinator intern bij studentenbestuur Maastricht\nGeertje Janssen\nVrijwilligerscordinator extern bij studentenbestuur Maastricht\nSophie Dodemont\nOuderencordinator bij studentenbestuur Maastricht\nPhilip van Nuland\nPR/evenementen bij studentenbestuur Maastricht\nCezar Schmieman\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Wageningen\nBibi Doesburg\nMarketing bij studentenbestuur Wageningen\nMartijn Wagenaars\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Wageningen\nJuli Berg\nVrijwilligerscordinator intern bij studentenbestuur Wageningen\nWout Leijdekkers\nVrijwilligerscordinator extern bij studentenbestuur Wageningen\nIsabelle DAndolfi\nOuderencordinator bij studentenbestuur Wageningen\nMente Bgemann\nEvenementen/PR bij studentenbestuur Wageningen\nEmma Hendriks\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Eindhoven\nFrderique Bouwmeister\nMarketing bij studentenbestuur Eindhoven\nKlaas Wijnsma\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Eindhoven\nYente van Ginkel\nVrijwilligerscordinator intern bij studentenbestuur Eindhoven\nDouwe Hoogduin\nVrijwilligerscordinator extern bij studentenbestuur Eindhoven\nWouter Vos\nOuderencordinator bij studentenbestuur Eindhoven\nStephanie Wyers\nEvenementen/PR bij studentenbestuur Eindhoven\nLot Wolff\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Amsterdam\nLinde Caris\nMarketing bij studentenbestuur Amsterdam\nBastiaan Hogenbosch\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Amsterdam\nMike Karsten\nVrijwilligerscordinator intern bij studentenbestuur Amsterdam & werkstudent retail\nAnnabel Verstraten\nVrijwilligerscordinator extern bij studentenbestuur Amsterdam\nCharlie Wijn\nOuderencordinator bij studentenbestuur Amsterdam\nPuck Stok\nEvenementen/PR bij studentenbestuur Amsterdam\nMila van Dam\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Groningen\nFloor Lise Oosterhoff\nMarketing bij studentenbestuur Groningen\nQuirine Beijers\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Groningen\nVeerle van Dam\nVrijwilligerscordinator Intern bij studentenbestuur Groningen\nPieter Bas Verbeek\nVrijwilligerscordinator Extern bij studentenbestuur Groningen\nLaurl van Ommen\nOuderencordinator bij studentenbestuur Groningen\nStijn van Boxel\nEvenementen/PR bij studentenbestuur Groningen\nLars Peeters\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Rotterdam\nMarit Ruys\nVice-voorzitter bij studentenbestuur Rotterdam\nIsabelle Roessingh\nMarketing bij studentenbestuur Rotterdam\nPhilip Vlam\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Rotterdam\nEmmelot Smals\nVrijwilligerscordinator Intern bij studentenbestuur Rotterdam\nNoortje Wiegers\nVrijwilligerscordinator Extern bij studentenbestuur Rotterdam\nKirsten Vincentie\nOuderencordinator bij studentenbestuur Rotterdam\nFloris van Zeijl\nEvenementen/PR bij studentenbestuur Rotterdam\nAnna de Vries\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Utrecht\nPleun Martens\nMarketing bij studentenbestuur Utrecht\nWessel Muller\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Utrecht\nSenne Welsch\nVrijwilligerscordinator Intern bij studentenbestuur Utrecht\nWiebe Kardux\nVrijwilligerscordinator Extern bij studentenbestuur Utrecht\nWillem Michon\nOuderencordinator bij het bestuur van Utrecht\nRoos post\nEvenementen/ PR bij studentenbestuur Utrecht\nLinde Blom\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Leiden\nEva Ezechils\nMarketing bij studentenbestuur Leiden\nThierry Plantenga\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Leiden\nXanthe de Meij\nVrijwilligerscordinator Intern bij studentenbestuur Leiden\nFamke Wakkerman\nVrijwilligerscordinator Extern bij studentenbestuur Leiden\nHugo Kwint\nOuderencordinator 1 bij studentenbestuur Leiden\nGaius Jaarigsma\nOuderencordinator 2 bij studentenbestuur Leiden\nOttilie Fetter\nEvenementen/PR bij studentenbestuur Leiden\nLuuk Vos\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Delft\nVictorine van Welie\nMarketing bij studentenbestuur Delft\nOnno van Binsbergen\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Delft\nSarah de Vos\nVrijwilligerscordinator Intern bij studentenbestuur Delft\nJosephine van der Hage\nVrijwilligerscordinator Extern bij studentenbestuur Delft\nEmma Schreinemacher\nOuderencordinator bij studentenbestuur Delft\nHilbert Bijzitter\nPR/evenementen bij studentenbestuur Delft\nIsabelle Reemer\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Tilburg\nRoos Rozendaal\nMarketing bij studentenbestuur Tilburg\nNo Den Boon\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Tilburg\nGijs ter Schure\nVrijwilligerscordinator intern & extern bij studentenbestuur Tilburg\nDaantje Bruurs\nOuderencordinator bij studentenbestuur Tilburg\nRutger Jacobs\nOuderencordinator bij studentenbestuur Tilburg\nLieke van der Heide\nEvenementen/PR bij studentenbestuur Tilburg\nLieke Verschuuren\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Nijmegen\nElisa Pals\nMarketing bij studentenbestuur Nijmegen\nBent van de Plas\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Nijmegen\nNinke Moens\nVrijwilligerscordinator Intern bij studentenbestuur Nijmegen\nIsa Martens\nVrijwilligerscordinator Extern bij studentenbestuur Nijmegen\nFleur Pas\nOuderencordinator bij studentenbestuur Nijmegen\nTim Lazaroms\nPR /evenementen bij studentenbestuur Nijmegen\nJet Riemersma\nVoorzitter bij studentenbestuur Leeuwarden\nNynke Russchen\nMarketing bij studentenbestuur Leeuwarden\nAlicia Dikmans\nAcquisitie bij studentenbestuur Leeuwarden\nJamila Ahmad el Hussein\nVrijwilligerscordinator intern bij studentenbestuur Leeuwarden\nSteijn Smulders\nVrijwilligerscordinator extern bij studentenbestuur Leeuwarden\nSam Bartels\nOuderencordinator bij studentenbestuur Leeuwarden\nRionne Dijkstra\nPR/evenementen bij studentenbestuur Leeuwarden\nKom jij ons team versterken?\nWij zoeken regelmatig nieuwe stagiaires of structurele vrijwilligers die ons team willen versterken. Durf jij de uitdaging aan bij een van de snelgroeiende start-ups van Nederland? Bekijk hier de vacatures!\nBekijk de vacatures\nIk wil me aanmelden voor Oma's Brief\nAanmelden\nOnze missie\nProducten\nEvenementen\nHet team\nHelp mee\nZakelijk\nVacatures\nContact\nOma's Soep\nContactweg 62\n1014 BW Amsterdam\nKVK: 71215697\n+31 20 362 70 33\nAlgemene verkoopvoorwaarden\nCopyright 2024 Omas Soep", "url": "https://omassoep.nl/het-team/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "poliann@mit.edu | MIT Earth Resources Laboratory\nSkip to main content\nMIT Earth Resources Laboratory\nFor StaffFor Founding Members\nAnnouncementsCalendarContact\nAboutFounding MembersJob OpportunitiesResearchResearch AreasUncertainty and InversionMulti-phase FlowGeomechanicsRock Physics & ChemistryImagingApplicationsMonitoring ChangeCO2 SequestrationGeothermal EnergyHydrogen StorageInduced Seismicity & Other HazardsAcademicsPeopleSupportPublicationsSoftware\nSearch form\nSearch ERL...\nBack to People\npoliann@mit.edu\nOleg Poliannikov\nResearch Scientist\nPhD, Electrical Engineering, North Carolina State U., 2003\nBiographical Overview Oleg Poliannikov received his PhD in Electrical Engineering, Signal and Image Processing, from North Carolina State University (NCSU) in 2003. After graduation, he remained at NCSU for two years as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Center for Research in Scientific Computation. In 2005 Oleg accepted an assignment as a Visiting Professor in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Colorado. Oleg joined MITs ERL as a Postdoctoral Associate in 2007 where he was promoted to a Research Scientist in 2011.\nOlegs research interests include wave propagation in complex media, scattering, seismic interferometry and stochastic optimization.\nMIT Earth Resources Laboratory\nBuilding 54-210\n77 Massachusetts Avenue\nCambridge, MA 02139-4307\nAn Affiliation of MIT Department of\nEarth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences\nAccessibility\nClose\nSearch form\nSearch ERL...\nAboutFounding MembersJob OpportunitiesResearchResearch AreasUncertainty and InversionMulti-phase FlowGeomechanicsRock Physics & ChemistryImagingApplicationsMonitoring ChangeCO2 SequestrationGeothermal EnergyHydrogen StorageInduced Seismicity & Other HazardsAcademicsPeopleSupportPublicationsSoftware\nAnnouncementsCalendarContact\nFor StaffFor Founding Members", "url": "https://erlweb.mit.edu/users/poliannmitedu" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "RecQR: Using Recommendation Systems for Query Reformulation to correct unseen errors in spoken dialog systems | Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems\nskip to main content\nAdvanced Search\nBrowse\nAbout\nSign in\nRegister\nAdvanced SearchJournalsMagazinesProceedingsBooksSIGsConferencesPeopleMore\nSearch ACM Digital LibrarySearchSearch\nAdvanced Search\n10.1145/3604915.3610235acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesrecsysConference Proceedingsconference-collectionsrecsysConferenceProceedingsUpcoming EventsAuthorsAffiliationsAward WinnersMore\nHomeConferencesRECSYSProceedingsRecSys '23RecQR: Using Recommendation Systems for Query Reformulation to correct unseen errors in spoken dialog systems\nabstract\nShare on\nRecQR: Using Recommendation Systems for Query Reformulation to correct unseen errors in spoken dialog systems Authors: Manik Bhandari Alexa AI, Amazon, USA Alexa AI, Amazon, USA 0009-0007-8665-0811View Profile , Mingxian Wang Amazon, USA Amazon, USA 0009-0002-9438-1467View Profile , Oleg Poliannikov Amazon, USA Amazon, USA 0009-0008-6793-9123View Profile , Kanna Shimizu Amazon, USA Amazon, USA 0009-0003-9908-0329View Profile Authors Info & Claims RecSys '23: Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Recommender SystemsSeptember 2023Pages 10191022https://doi.org/10.1145/3604915.3610235Published:14 September 2023Publication History\n0citation92DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads92Last 12 Months92Last 6 weeks9\nGet Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account\nPublisher SiteGet AccessRecSys '23: Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Recommender SystemsRecQR: Using Recommendation Systems for Query Reformulation to correct unseen errors in spoken dialog systemsPages 10191022\nPreviousChapterNextChapter\nABSTRACT\nAs spoken dialog systems like Siri, Alexa and Google Assistant become widespread, it becomes apparent that relying solely on global, one-size-fits-all models of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Entity Resolution (ER), is inadequate for delivering a friction-less customer experience. To address this issue, Query Reformulation (QR) has emerged as a crucial technique for personalizing these systems and reducing customer friction. However, existing QR models, trained on personal rephrases in history face a critical drawback - they are unable to reformulate unseen queries to unseen targets. To alleviate this, we present RecQR, a novel system based on collaborative filters, designed to reformulate unseen defective requests to target requests that a customer may never have requested for in the past. RecQR anticipates a customers future requests and rewrites them using state of the art, large-scale, collaborative filtering and query reformulation models. Based on experiments we find that it reduces errors by nearly 40% (relative) on the reformulated utterances.\nReferences\n[n. d.]. Collaborative Filtering. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_filtering. Accessed: 2022-05-31.Google ScholarLars Backstrom and Jure Leskovec. 2011. Supervised Random Walks: Predicting and Recommending Links in Social Networks. In Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (Hong Kong, China) (WSDM 11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 635644. https://doi.org/10.1145/1935826.1935914Google ScholarDigital LibraryBahman Bahmani, Abdur Chowdhury, and Ashish Goel. 2010. Fast Incremental and Personalized PageRank. Proc. VLDB Endow. 4, 3 (dec 2010), 173184. https://doi.org/10.14778/1929861.1929864Google ScholarDigital LibraryDaniele Bonadiman, Anjishnu Kumar, and Arpit Mittal. 2019. Large Scale Question Paraphrase Retrieval with Smoothed Deep Metric Learning. In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (W-NUT 2019). Association for Computational Linguistics, Hong Kong, China, 6875. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-5509Google ScholarCross RefZheng Chen, Xing Fan, Yuan Ling, Lambert Mathias, and Chenlei Guo. 2020. Pre-Training for Query Rewriting in A Spoken Language Understanding System. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2002.05607Google ScholarEunah Cho, Ziyan Jiang, Jie Hao, Zheng Chen, Saurabh Gupta, Xing Fan, and Chenlei Guo. 2021. Personalized Search-based Query Rewrite System for Conversational AI. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Conversational AI. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 179188. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nlp4convai-1.17Google ScholarCross RefChantat Eksombatchai, Pranav Jindal, JerryZitao Liu, Yuchen Liu, Rahul Sharma, Charles Sugnet, Mark Ulrich, and Jure Leskovec. 2018. Pixie: A System for Recommending 3+ Billion Items to 200+ Million Users in Real-Time. In Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference (Lyon, France) (WWW 18). International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE, 17751784. https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186183Google ScholarDigital LibraryXing Fan, Eunah Cho, Xiaojiang Huang, and Chenlei Guo. 2021. Search based self-learning query rewrite system in conversational ai. In 2nd International Workshop on Data-Efficient Machine Learning (De-MaL).Google ScholarAshish Goel, Pankaj Gupta, John Sirois, Dong Wang, Aneesh Sharma, and Siva Gurumurthy. 2015. The Who-To-Follow System at Twitter: Strategy, Algorithms, and Revenue Impact. Interfaces 45, 1 (feb 2015), 98107.Google ScholarDigital LibraryPankaj Gupta, Ashish Goel, Jimmy Lin, Aneesh Sharma, Dong Wang, and Reza Zadeh. 2013. WTF: The Who to Follow Service at Twitter. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) (WWW 13). 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In Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (Hong Kong, China) (RecSys 13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 249256. https://doi.org/10.1145/2507157.2507164Google ScholarDigital Library\nCited ByView all\nIndex Terms\nRecQR: Using Recommendation Systems for Query Reformulation to correct unseen errors in spoken dialog systemsInformation systemsInformation retrievalRetrieval tasks and goalsRecommender systems\nRecommendations\nHuman-robot collaborative tutoring using multiparty multimodal spoken dialogueHRI '14: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction\nIn this paper, we describe a project that explores a novel experimental setup towards building a spoken, multi-modally rich, and human-like multiparty tutoring robot. A human-robot interaction setup is designed, and a human-human dialogue corpus is ...Read MoreImportance-Driven Turn-Bidding for spoken dialogue systemsACL '10: Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics\nCurrent turn-taking approaches for spoken dialogue systems rely on the speaker releasing the turn before the other can take it. This reliance results in restricted interactions that can lead to inefficient dialogues. In this paper we present a model we ...Read MoreTowards human-like spoken dialogue systems\nThis paper presents an overview of methods that can be used to collect and analyse data on user responses to spoken dialogue system components intended to increase human-likeness, and to evaluate how well the components succeed in reaching that goal. ...Read More\nComments\nPlease enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.\nLogin optionsCheck if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.Sign inFull AccessGet this Publication\nInformationContributorsPublished in\nRecSys '23: Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Recommender SystemsSeptember 20231406 pagesISBN:9798400702419DOI:10.1145/3604915Editors: Jie Zhang,Li Chen,Shlomo Berkovsky,Min Zhang,Tommaso di Noia,Justin Basilico,Luiz Pizzato,Yang Song\nCopyright 2023 Owner/AuthorPermission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. 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Please try again.", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3604915.3610235" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Interferometric imaging of the underside of a subducting crust - Poliannikov - 2012 - Geophysical Journal International - Wiley Online Library\nSkip to Article Content\nSkip to Article Information\nSearch withinThis JournalAnywhereSearch term Advanced Search Citation SearchSearch term Advanced Search Citation Search\nLogin / Register\nIndividual login\nInstitutional login\nREGISTER\nGeophysical Journal InternationalVolume 189, Issue 1 p. 681-690\nInterferometric imaging of the underside of a subducting crust\nOleg V. Poliannikov,\nOleg V. Poliannikov\nEarth Resources Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. E-mail: poliann@mit.eduSearch for more papers by this authorStphane Rondenay,\nStphane Rondenay\nEarth Resources Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. E-mail: poliann@mit.edu\nDepartment of Earth Science, University of Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorLing Chen,\nLing Chen\nInstitute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this author\nOleg V. Poliannikov,\nOleg V. Poliannikov\nEarth Resources Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. E-mail: poliann@mit.eduSearch for more papers by this authorStphane Rondenay,\nStphane Rondenay\nEarth Resources Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. E-mail: poliann@mit.edu\nDepartment of Earth Science, University of Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorLing Chen,\nLing Chen\nInstitute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this author\nFirst published: 23 February 2012\nhttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05389.xCitations: 4Read the full textAboutReferencesRelatedInformationPDFPDF\nToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation\nShareShare\nGive accessShare full text accessClose modalShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL\nShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat\nSUMMARY\nSeismic interferometry provides tools for redatuming physical data to a new source location. Turning a source, located close to a structure of interest, into a virtual receiver has the potential benefit of improving the quality of imaging by increasing the effective aperture and mitigating the effect of velocity uncertainty in the overburden. Here, we consider the problem of estimating the Greens function between two earthquakes located inside a subducting slab using earthquake data recorded at the surface. Our primary focus is to obtain an accurate time-image of the subducting interface. We propose a novel two-step kinematically correct redatuming procedure that first redatums the data from earthquakes below the subducting interface to the surface via classical interferometry, and then utilizes sourcereceiver wavefield interferometry to redatum virtual surface seismic data to the location of a particular earthquake event.\nREFERENCES\nAbers, G.A.,\nMacKenzie, L.S.,\nRondenay, S.,\nZhang, Z.,\nWech, A.G. &\nCreager, K.C., 2009. 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A theoretical overview of model-based and correlation-based redatuming methods, Geophysics, 71, SI103SI110.\n10.1190/1.2208967\nWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar\nShelly, D.R.,\nBeroza, G.C.,\nZhang, H.,\nThurber, C.H. &\nIde, S., 2006, High-resolution subduction zone seismicity and velocity structure beneath Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, J. geophys. Res., 111, B06311B06320.\n10.1029/2005JB004081\nWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar\nSnieder, R., 2004. Extracting the Greens function from the correlation of coda waves: a derivation based on stationary phase, Phys. Rev. E, 69, 046610.1046610.8.\nCASWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar\nStachnik, J.C.,\nAbers, G.A. &\nChristensen, D.H., 2004. Seismic attenuation and mantle wedge temperatures in the Alaska subduction zone, J. geophys. Res., 109, B10304.\n10.1029/2004JB003018\nWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar\nSuckale, J.,\nRondenay, S.,\nSachpazi, M.,\nCharalampakis, M.,\nHosa, A. &\nRoyden, L.H., 2009. High-resolution seismic imaging of the western Hellenic subduction zone using teleseismic scattered waves, Geophys. J. Int., 178, 775791.\n10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04170.x\nWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar\nThe ANCORP Working Group, 1999. Seismic reflection image revealing offset of Andean subduction-zone earthquake locations into oceanic mantle, Nature, 397, 341344.\n10.1038/16909\nWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar\nWagner, L.S.,\nBeck, S. &\nZandt, G., 2005. Upper mantle structure in the south central Chilean subduction zone (30 to 36 S), J. geophys. Res., 110, B01308B01327.\n10.1029/2004JB003238\nWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar\nWapenaar, K., 2004. Retrieving the elastodynamic Greens function of an arbitrary inhomogeneous medium by cross correlation, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 254301-1-4.\n10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.254301\nCASPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar\nWapenaar, K.,\nFokkema, J.T. &\nSnieder, R., 2005. 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Geophys., 163, 373403.\n10.1007/s00024-005-0021-y\nWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar\nCiting Literature\nVolume189, Issue1April 2012Pages 681-690\nReferencesRelatedInformation\nClose Figure ViewerReturn to FigurePrevious FigureNext FigureCaption\nDownload PDF\nAdditional links\nAbout Wiley Online Library\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Use\nAbout Cookies\nManage Cookies\nAccessibility\nWiley Research DE&I Statement and Publishing Policies\nDeveloping World Access\nHelp & Support\nContact Us\nTraining and Support\nDMCA & Reporting Piracy\nOpportunities\nSubscription Agents\nAdvertisers & Corporate Partners\nConnect with Wiley\nThe Wiley Network\nWiley Press Room\nCopyright 1999-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc or related companies. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial technologies or similar technologies.\nThe full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties.\nLog in to Wiley Online Library\nEmail or Customer ID\nPassword\nForgot password?\nNEW USER >\nINSTITUTIONAL LOGIN >\nChange Password\nOld Password\nNew Password\nToo Short\nWeak\nMedium\nStrong\nVery Strong\nToo Long\nYour password must have 10 characters or more:\na lower case character,\nan upper case character,\na special character\nor a digit\nToo Short\nPassword Changed Successfully\nYour password has been changed\nCreate a new account\nEmail\nReturning user\nForgot your password?\nEnter your email address below.\nEmail\nPlease check your email for instructions on resetting your password.\nIf you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered,\nand you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account.\nRequest Username\nCan't sign in? Forgot your username?\nEnter your email address below and we will send you your username\nEmail\nClose\nIf the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05389.x" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "RecQR: Using Recommendation Systems for Query Reformulation to correct unseen errors in spoken dialog systems | Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems\nskip to main content\nAdvanced Search\nBrowse\nAbout\nSign in\nRegister\nAdvanced SearchJournalsMagazinesProceedingsBooksSIGsConferencesPeopleMore\nSearch ACM Digital LibrarySearchSearch\nAdvanced Search\n10.1145/3604915.3610235acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesrecsysConference Proceedingsconference-collectionsrecsysConferenceProceedingsUpcoming EventsAuthorsAffiliationsAward WinnersMore\nHomeConferencesRECSYSProceedingsRecSys '23RecQR: Using Recommendation Systems for Query Reformulation to correct unseen errors in spoken dialog systems\nabstract\nShare on\nRecQR: Using Recommendation Systems for Query Reformulation to correct unseen errors in spoken dialog systems Authors: Manik Bhandari Alexa AI, Amazon, USA Alexa AI, Amazon, USA 0009-0007-8665-0811View Profile , Mingxian Wang Amazon, USA Amazon, USA 0009-0002-9438-1467View Profile , Oleg Poliannikov Amazon, USA Amazon, USA 0009-0008-6793-9123View Profile , Kanna Shimizu Amazon, USA Amazon, USA 0009-0003-9908-0329View Profile Authors Info & Claims RecSys '23: Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Recommender SystemsSeptember 2023Pages 10191022https://doi.org/10.1145/3604915.3610235Published:14 September 2023Publication History\n0citation92DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads92Last 12 Months92Last 6 weeks9\nGet Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account\nPublisher SiteGet AccessRecSys '23: Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Recommender SystemsRecQR: Using Recommendation Systems for Query Reformulation to correct unseen errors in spoken dialog systemsPages 10191022\nPreviousChapterNextChapter\nABSTRACT\nAs spoken dialog systems like Siri, Alexa and Google Assistant become widespread, it becomes apparent that relying solely on global, one-size-fits-all models of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Entity Resolution (ER), is inadequate for delivering a friction-less customer experience. To address this issue, Query Reformulation (QR) has emerged as a crucial technique for personalizing these systems and reducing customer friction. However, existing QR models, trained on personal rephrases in history face a critical drawback - they are unable to reformulate unseen queries to unseen targets. To alleviate this, we present RecQR, a novel system based on collaborative filters, designed to reformulate unseen defective requests to target requests that a customer may never have requested for in the past. RecQR anticipates a customers future requests and rewrites them using state of the art, large-scale, collaborative filtering and query reformulation models. Based on experiments we find that it reduces errors by nearly 40% (relative) on the reformulated utterances.\nReferences\n[n. d.]. Collaborative Filtering. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_filtering. Accessed: 2022-05-31.Google ScholarLars Backstrom and Jure Leskovec. 2011. Supervised Random Walks: Predicting and Recommending Links in Social Networks. In Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (Hong Kong, China) (WSDM 11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 635644. https://doi.org/10.1145/1935826.1935914Google ScholarDigital LibraryBahman Bahmani, Abdur Chowdhury, and Ashish Goel. 2010. Fast Incremental and Personalized PageRank. Proc. VLDB Endow. 4, 3 (dec 2010), 173184. https://doi.org/10.14778/1929861.1929864Google ScholarDigital LibraryDaniele Bonadiman, Anjishnu Kumar, and Arpit Mittal. 2019. Large Scale Question Paraphrase Retrieval with Smoothed Deep Metric Learning. In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (W-NUT 2019). Association for Computational Linguistics, Hong Kong, China, 6875. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-5509Google ScholarCross RefZheng Chen, Xing Fan, Yuan Ling, Lambert Mathias, and Chenlei Guo. 2020. Pre-Training for Query Rewriting in A Spoken Language Understanding System. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2002.05607Google ScholarEunah Cho, Ziyan Jiang, Jie Hao, Zheng Chen, Saurabh Gupta, Xing Fan, and Chenlei Guo. 2021. Personalized Search-based Query Rewrite System for Conversational AI. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Conversational AI. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 179188. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nlp4convai-1.17Google ScholarCross RefChantat Eksombatchai, Pranav Jindal, JerryZitao Liu, Yuchen Liu, Rahul Sharma, Charles Sugnet, Mark Ulrich, and Jure Leskovec. 2018. Pixie: A System for Recommending 3+ Billion Items to 200+ Million Users in Real-Time. In Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference (Lyon, France) (WWW 18). International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE, 17751784. https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186183Google ScholarDigital LibraryXing Fan, Eunah Cho, Xiaojiang Huang, and Chenlei Guo. 2021. Search based self-learning query rewrite system in conversational ai. In 2nd International Workshop on Data-Efficient Machine Learning (De-MaL).Google ScholarAshish Goel, Pankaj Gupta, John Sirois, Dong Wang, Aneesh Sharma, and Siva Gurumurthy. 2015. The Who-To-Follow System at Twitter: Strategy, Algorithms, and Revenue Impact. Interfaces 45, 1 (feb 2015), 98107.Google ScholarDigital LibraryPankaj Gupta, Ashish Goel, Jimmy Lin, Aneesh Sharma, Dong Wang, and Reza Zadeh. 2013. WTF: The Who to Follow Service at Twitter. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) (WWW 13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 505514. https://doi.org/10.1145/2488388.2488433Google ScholarDigital LibrarySaurabh Gupta, Xing Fan, Derek Liu, Benjamin Yao, Yuan Ling, Kun Zhou, Tuan-Hung Pham, and Chenlei(Edward) Guo. 2021. RoBERTaIQ: An efficient framework for automatic interaction quality estimation of dialogue systems. In KDD 2021 Workshop on Data-Efficient Machine Learning. https://www.amazon.science/publications/robertaiq-an-efficient-framework-for-automatic-interaction-quality-estimation-of-dialogue-systemsGoogle ScholarJosephA. Konstan, BradleyN. Miller, David Maltz, JonathanL. Herlocker, LeeR. Gordon, and John Riedl. 1997. GroupLens: Applying Collaborative Filtering to Usenet News. Commun. ACM 40, 3 (mar 1997), 7787. https://doi.org/10.1145/245108.245126Google ScholarDigital LibraryYuan Ling, Benjamin Yao, Guneet Kohli, Hung Pham, and Chenlei(Edward) Guo. 2020. IQ-Net: A DNN model for estimating interaction-level dialogue quality with conversational agents. In KDD Converse 2020. https://www.amazon.science/publications/iq-net-a-dnn-model-for-estimating-interaction-level-dialogue-quality-with-conversational-agentsGoogle ScholarAkashKumar Mohankumar, Nikit Begwani, and Amit Singh. 2021. Diversity Driven Query Rewriting in Search Advertising. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery I&; Data Mining (Virtual Event, Singapore) (KDD 21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 34233431. https://doi.org/10.1145/3447548.3467202Google ScholarDigital LibraryPragaash Ponnusamy, ClintSolomon Mathialagan, Gustavo Aguilar, Chengyuan Ma, and Chenlei(Edward) Guo. 2022. Self-aware feedback-based self-learning in large-scale conversational AI. In NAACL 2022. https://www.amazon.science/publications/self-aware-feedback-based-self-learning-in-large-scale-conversational-aiGoogle ScholarCross RefStefan Riezler and Yi Liu. 2010. Query Rewriting Using Monolingual Statistical Machine Translation. Computational Linguistics 36, 3 (Sept. 2010), 569582. https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00010Google ScholarDigital LibraryBadrul Sarwar, George Karypis, Joseph Konstan, and John Riedl. 2001. Item-Based Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on World Wide Web (Hong Kong, Hong Kong) (WWW 01). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 285295. https://doi.org/10.1145/371920.372071Google ScholarDigital LibraryHanghang Tong, Christos Faloutsos, and Jia-Yu Pan. 2006. Fast Random Walk with Restart and Its Applications. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Data Mining(ICDM 06). IEEE Computer Society, USA, 613622. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDM.2006.70Google ScholarDigital LibraryShoujin Wang, Liang Hu, Yan Wang, Xiangnan He, QuanZ. Sheng, MehmetA. Orgun, Longbing Cao, Francesco Ricci, and PhilipS. Yu. 2021. Graph Learning based Recommender Systems: A Review. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-21, Zhi-Hua Zhou (Ed.). International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 46444652. https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/630 Survey Track.Google ScholarCross RefShuai Zhang, Lina Yao, Aixin Sun, and Yi Tay. 2019. Deep Learning Based Recommender System: A Survey and New Perspectives. ACM Comput. Surv. 52, 1, Article 5 (feb 2019), 38pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3285029Google ScholarDigital LibraryYong Zhuang, Wei-Sheng Chin, Yu-Chin Juan, and Chih-Jen Lin. 2013. A Fast Parallel SGD for Matrix Factorization in Shared Memory Systems. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (Hong Kong, China) (RecSys 13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 249256. https://doi.org/10.1145/2507157.2507164Google ScholarDigital Library\nCited ByView all\nIndex Terms\nRecQR: Using Recommendation Systems for Query Reformulation to correct unseen errors in spoken dialog systemsInformation systemsInformation retrievalRetrieval tasks and goalsRecommender systems\nRecommendations\nHuman-robot collaborative tutoring using multiparty multimodal spoken dialogueHRI '14: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction\nIn this paper, we describe a project that explores a novel experimental setup towards building a spoken, multi-modally rich, and human-like multiparty tutoring robot. A human-robot interaction setup is designed, and a human-human dialogue corpus is ...Read MoreImportance-Driven Turn-Bidding for spoken dialogue systemsACL '10: Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics\nCurrent turn-taking approaches for spoken dialogue systems rely on the speaker releasing the turn before the other can take it. This reliance results in restricted interactions that can lead to inefficient dialogues. In this paper we present a model we ...Read MoreTowards human-like spoken dialogue systems\nThis paper presents an overview of methods that can be used to collect and analyse data on user responses to spoken dialogue system components intended to increase human-likeness, and to evaluate how well the components succeed in reaching that goal. ...Read More\nComments\nPlease enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.\nLogin optionsCheck if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.Sign inFull AccessGet this Publication\nInformationContributorsPublished in\nRecSys '23: Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Recommender SystemsSeptember 20231406 pagesISBN:9798400702419DOI:10.1145/3604915Editors: Jie Zhang,Li Chen,Shlomo Berkovsky,Min Zhang,Tommaso di Noia,Justin Basilico,Luiz Pizzato,Yang Song\nCopyright 2023 Owner/AuthorPermission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. 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For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.SponsorsIn-CooperationPublisherAssociation for Computing MachineryNew York, NY, United States\nPublication History\nPublished: 14 September 2023\nCheck for updates\nQualifiersabstractResearchRefereed limitedConference\nAcceptance RatesOverall Acceptance Rate254of1,295submissions,20%\nUpcoming Conference\nRecSys '24\nSponsor:\nsigchi\n18th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems\nOctober 14 - 18, 2024\nBari ,\nItaly\nFunding Sources\nOther MetricsView Article MetricsBibliometricsCitations0Article Metrics0Total CitationsView Citations92Total DownloadsDownloads (Last 12 months)92Downloads (Last 6 weeks)9Other MetricsView Author MetricsCited ByThis publication has not been cited yetPDF FormatView or Download as a PDF file.PDFeReaderView online with eReader.eReaderDigital EditionView this article in digital edition.View Digital EditionHTML Format View this article in HTML Format .View HTML Format FiguresOtherShare this Publication linkhttps://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3604915.3610235Copy LinkShare on Social Media\nShare on\n0ReferencesClose Figure ViewerBrowse AllReturnChange zoom levelCaption\nView Table of Contents\nExport CitationsSelect Citation formatBibTeXEndNoteACM RefPlease download or close your previous search result export first before starting a new bulk export.Preview is not available.By clicking download,a status dialog will open to start the export process. 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Please try again.", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3604915.3610235" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Interferometric Correlogram-space Analysis | SEG International Exposition and Annual Meeting | OnePetro\nSkip to Main Content\nAdvertisement\nClose\nJournals\nConferences\neBooks\nCollections\nPublishers\nAbout\nAbout Us\nParticipating Publishers\nSubscribe\nTerms\nPrivacy\nHelp\nSPE Member Pricing\nCitation Manager\nSearch Dropdown Menu\nheader search\nsearch input\nSearch input auto suggest\nfilter your search\nAll ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Exploration GeophysicistsSEG International Exposition and Annual Meeting\nSearch\nAdvanced Search\nCart\nUser Tools Dropdown\nCart\nRegister\nSign In\nToggle MenuMenu\nHOME\nLatest Conference\nAll Years\nOTHER PROCEEDINGS\nBROWSE BY PUBLISHER\nBROWSE BY SERIES\nBROWSE BY YEAR\nVISIT SEG\nCitation Manager\nSkip Nav Destination\nClose mobile navigation\n2010 SEG Annual Meeting\nOctober 1722, 2010\nDenver, Colorado\nAll Days\nPrevious Paper\nNext Paper\nArticle Navigation\nInterferometric Correlogram-space Analysis\nOleg V. Poliannikov;\nOleg V. Poliannikov\nEarth Resources Laboratory, MIT\nSearch for other works by this author on:\nThis Site\nGoogle Scholar\nMark E. Willis\nMark E. Willis\nConocoPhillips Company\nSearch for other works by this author on:\nThis Site\nGoogle Scholar\nPaper presented at the 2010 SEG Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, October 2010.\nPaper Number:\nSEG-2010-4052\nPublished:\nOctober 17 2010\nCite\nView This Citation\nAdd to Citation Manager\nShare Icon\nShare\nFacebook\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nEmail\nGet Permissions\nSearch Site\nCitation\nPoliannikov, Oleg V., and Mark E. Willis. \"Interferometric Correlogram-space Analysis.\" Paper presented at the 2010 SEG Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, October 2010.\nDownload citation file:\nRis (Zotero)\nReference Manager\nEasyBib\nBookends\nMendeley\nPapers\nEndNote\nRefWorks\nBibTex\nSearch Dropdown Menu\ntoolbar search\nsearch input\nSearch input auto suggest\nfilter your search\nAll ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Exploration GeophysicistsSEG International Exposition and Annual Meeting\nSearch\nAdvanced Search\nSUMMARYSeismic interferometry is a method of obtaining a virtual shot gather from a collection of physical shot gathers. The set of traces corresponding to two common receiver gathers from many physical shots is used to synthesize a virtual shot located at one of the receivers and a virtual receiver at the other. An estimate of a Greens function between these two receivers is obtained by first cross-correlating corresponding pairs of traces from each of the shots and then stacking the resulting cross-correlograms. In this paper, we study the structure of cross-correlograms obtained from a VSP acquisition geometry using surface sources and down-hole receivers. The model is purely acoustic and contains flat or dipping layers and/or point inclusions that act as diffractors. Results of a semblance-based moveout scan of the cross-correlograms are used to identify the potential geometry of the reflectors. This new information allows improvements in the quality of the trace at the virtual receiver by either rejecting those moveouts or enhancing them before the stack is performed.\nKeywords:\nmoveout,\nwillis,\nreflection,\nreceiver,\ninterferometry,\ndiffraction,\ndiffractor,\nconocophillips company,\nreceiver gather,\ncorrelogram\nSubjects:\nReservoir Characterization,\nSeismic processing and interpretation\nThis content is only available via PDF.\n2010. Society of Exploration Geophysicists\nYou can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.\nSign in\nDon't already have an account? Register\nPersonal Account\nYou could not be signed in. Please check your username and password and try again.\nUsername\n?\nPassword\nCould not validate captcha. Please try again.\nSign In\nReset password\nRegister\nSign in via OpenAthens\nPay-Per-View Access\n$9.00\nBuy This Article\nAnnual Article Package 25\n$225\nBuy Downloads\nAnnual Article Package 50\n$400\nBuy Downloads\nView Your Downloads\nAdvertisement\n0\nViews\nView Metrics\n\nEmail Alerts\nProceedings Paper Activity Alert Alert\nLatest Conference Proceeding Alert\nClose Modal\nAdvertisement\nSuggested Reading\nRedatuming Reflections By Source-receiver Wavefield Interferometry\nSEG10\nFKinematics of Water-bottom And Diffracted 2D Multiples In Data Space And Image Space\nSEG05\nSuper-virtual Interferometric Diffractions As Guide Stars\nSEG11\nUnderestimation of Body-waves In Green's Function Retrieval And Its Implications\nSEG10\nA 3-D Prestack Depth Migration Case History With a Velocity Model Update In the Gulf of Suez\nSEG95\nAdvertisement\nExplore\nJournals\nConferences\neBooks\nPublishers\nConnect\nAbout Us\nContact Us\nContent Alerts\nSPE Member Pricing\nResources\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy\nHelp\nKBART\nEngage\nSubscribe\nAdvertise\nFacebook\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nYouTube\nInstagram\nClose Modal\nClose Modal\nSign In or Register to Continue\nSign In or Register\nClose Modal\nClose Modal\nThis site uses cookies. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our privacy policy.\nAccept", "url": "https://onepetro.org/SEGAM/proceedings/SEG10/All-SEG10/SEG-2010-4052/96820" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Joint location of microseismic events in the presence of velocity uncertainty\nDSpace@MIT\nView Item\nDSpace@MIT Home\nMIT Open Access Articles\nMIT Open Access Articles\nView Item\nDSpace@MIT Home\nMIT Open Access Articles\nMIT Open Access Articles\nView Item\nJavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it.\nToggle navigation\nShow simple item record\nJoint location of microseismic events in the presence of velocity uncertainty\ndc.contributor.authorPoliannikov, Oleg V.\ndc.contributor.authorPrange, Michael\ndc.contributor.authorMalcolm, Alison E.\ndc.contributor.authorDjikpesse, Hugues\ndc.date.accessioned2015-04-01T16:25:06Z\ndc.date.available2015-04-01T16:25:06Z\ndc.date.issued2014-10\ndc.date.submitted2013-10\ndc.identifier.issn0016-8033\ndc.identifier.issn1942-2156\ndc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/96308\ndc.description.abstractThe locations of seismic events are used to infer reservoir properties and to guide future production activity, as well as to determine and understand the stress field. Thus, locating seismic events with uncertainty quantification remains an important problem. Using Bayesian analysis, a joint probability density function of all event locations was constructed from prior information about picking errors in kinematic data and explicitly quantified velocity model uncertainty. Simultaneous location of all seismic events captured the absolute event locations and the relative locations of some events with respect to others, along with their associated uncertainties. We found that the influence of an uncertain velocity model on location uncertainty under many realistic scenarios can be significantly reduced by jointly locating events. Many quantities of interest that are estimated from multiple event locations, such as fault sizes and fracture spacing or orientation, can be better estimated in practice using the proposed approach.en_US\ndc.description.sponsorshipMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Earth Resources Laboratory (Founding Members Consortium)en_US\ndc.description.sponsorshipNational Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant SES-0962484)en_US\ndc.language.isoen_US\ndc.publisherSociety of Exploration Geophysicistsen_US\ndc.relation.isversionofhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1190/GEO2013-0390.1en_US\ndc.rightsArticle is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use.en_US\ndc.sourceSociety of Exploration Geophysicistsen_US\ndc.titleJoint location of microseismic events in the presence of velocity uncertaintyen_US\ndc.typeArticleen_US\ndc.identifier.citationPoliannikov, Oleg V., Michael Prange, Alison E. Malcolm, and Hugues Djikpesse. Joint Location of Microseismic Events in the Presence of Velocity Uncertainty. GEOPHYSICS 79, no. 6 (October 24, 2014): KS51KS60. 2014 Society of Exploration Geophysicistsen_US\ndc.contributor.departmentMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciencesen_US\ndc.contributor.departmentMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Earth Resources Laboratoryen_US\ndc.contributor.mitauthorPoliannikov, Oleg V.en_US\ndc.contributor.mitauthorMalcolm, Alison E.en_US\ndc.relation.journalGeophysicsen_US\ndc.eprint.versionFinal published versionen_US\ndc.type.urihttp://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticleen_US\neprint.statushttp://purl.org/eprint/status/PeerRevieweden_US\ndspace.orderedauthorsPoliannikov, Oleg V.; Prange, Michael; Malcolm, Alison E.; Djikpesse, Huguesen_US\nmit.licensePUBLISHER_POLICYen_US\nmit.metadata.statusComplete\n\nFiles in this item\nName:\nPoliannikov-2014-Joint location ...\nSize:\n334.9Kb\nFormat:\nPDF\nView/Open\nThis item appears in the following Collection(s)\nMIT Open Access Articles\nShow simple item record\nShow Statistical Information\nSearch DSpace\nThis Collection\nBrowse\nAll of DSpaceCommunities & CollectionsBy Issue DateAuthorsTitlesSubjectsThis CollectionBy Issue DateAuthorsTitlesSubjects\nMy Account\nLogin\nStatistics\nOA StatisticsStatistics by CountryStatistics by Department\nPrivacyPermissionsAccessibilityContact us\nContent created by the MIT Libraries, CC BY-NC unless otherwise noted. Notify us about copyright concerns.", "url": "https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/96308?show=full" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Rock3/install/rockchip-flash-tools - Radxa Wiki\nPlease enable javascript, or click here to visit my ecommerce web site powered by Shopify.\nHome\nNews\nProducts\nZero\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nFAQs\nROCK 3\nModel A\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nFAQs\nCompute Module\nROCK 4\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nFAQs\nROCK 5\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nFAQs\nROCK Pi S\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nFAQs\nROCK Pi E\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nROCK Pi X\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nROCK Pi N10\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nAccessories\nPoE HAT\nSATA HAT\nBuy\nDistributors\nCommunity\nForum\nGithub\nService\nContact\nContact us\nAbout Radxa\nEdit\nPersonal\nCreate accountLog in\nPage\nPageDiscussionView sourceHistory\nGo\nTools\nPage informationPermanent linkPrintable versionSpecial pagesRelated changesWhat links here\nJump to: navigation,\nsearch\nRock3/install/rockchip-flash-tools\n< Rock3 | install\nMain\nGetting Started\nHardware\nInstallation\nDevelopment Guide\nDownloads\nCompute Module\nFAQs\nEnglish\n\nespaol\nDeutsch\nportugus do Brasil\nROCK 3 > Installation > Install Rockchip Flashing tools\nContents[hide]\n1 Install Rockchip flashing tools\n1.1 Part one: RKDevTool on Windows\n1.1.1 Step 1Install RKDevTool\n1.1.2 Step 2Install driver\n1.2 Part two: rkdeveloptool on Linux\n1.3 Part three: rkdeveloptool on macOS(Intel & Apple Silicon)\nInstall Rockchip flashing tools\nROCK 3 supports maskrom mode, which is a special operation mode for CPU to wait for command from USB OTG port. The Linux/macOS PC tool we use to communicate with ROCK 3 in maskrom mode are rkdeveloptool and RKDevTool. We use tool rkdeveloptool in Linux/macOS and RKDevTool tool under Windows.\nPart one: RKDevTool on Windows\nStep 1Install RKDevTool\nThe tool is provided in a compressed package. First, download the compressed package of this tool, and click the download link (RKDevTool_Release_v2.86.zip). After downloading, unzip it. Installation step is completed.\nStep 2Install driver\nUsing the RK driver assistant tool to install the driver.\nTheres no need to connect your Rockchip device during this procedure just download and extract RKDriverAssistant.zip\nThen double click on DriverInstall.exe in the RKDriverAssistant directory to start the utility. If you installed the Rockchip USB drivers for any other Rockchip devices already, make sure you click Uninstall Driver first.\nThen click Install Driverto install the driver. And restart PC.\nPart two: rkdeveloptool on Linux\nFor Linux, we build the latest rkdeveloptool (version >=1.32), from source code.\nTo build rkdeveloptool on a Debian based Linux distribution, follow the instruction below:\nInstall build dependency:\nsudo apt-get install libudev-dev libusb-1.0-0-dev dh-autoreconf\nClone the source code and build:\ngit clone https://github.com/radxa/rkdeveloptool.git\ncd rkdeveloptool\nautoreconf -i\n./configure\nmake\nIf you encounter compile error like below\n./configure: line 4269: syntax error near unexpected token `LIBUSB1,libusb-1.0'\n./configure: line 4269: `PKG_CHECK_MODULES(LIBUSB1,libusb-1.0)'\nYou should install pkg-config libusb-1.0\nsudo apt-get install pkg-config libusb-1.0\nThen re-run\nautoreconf -i\n./configure\nmake\nNow you have rkdeveloptool executable at the current directory.\nsudo cp rkdeveloptool /usr/local/bin/\nsudo ldconfig\nMake sure that its version is 1.32.or later\nrkdeveloptool -v\nrkdeveloptool ver 1.32\nPart three: rkdeveloptool on macOS(Intel & Apple Silicon)\nTo build rkdeveloptool on macOS, you need homebrew(or similar package manager) to install required packages.\nInstall build dependency:\nbrew install automake autoconf libusb\nClone the source code and build:\ngit clone https://github.com/radxa/rkdeveloptool\ncd rkdeveloptool\nautoreconf -i\n./configure\nmake\nIf you encounter compile error like below\n./configure: line 5384: syntax error near unexpected token `LIBUSB1,libusb-1.0'\n./configure: line 5384: `PKG_CHECK_MODULES(LIBUSB1,libusb-1.0)'\nYou should install pkg-config libusb-1.0\nbrew install pkg-config\nThen re-run\nautoreconf -i\n./configure\nmake\nNow you have rkdeveloptool executable at the current directory.\nsudo cp rkdeveloptool /opt/homebrew/bin/\nMake sure that its version is 1.32 or later.\nrkdeveloptool -v\nrkdeveloptool ver 1.32\nRetrieved from \"https://wiki.radxa.com/mw/index.php?title=Rock3/install/rockchip-flash-tools&oldid=9703\"\nCopyright2023 Radxa Computer (Shenzhen)\nHome\nForum\nDownload\nContact\nExcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.", "url": "https://wiki.radxa.com/Rock3/install/rockchip-flash-tools" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Getting Started with R2PRO - Banana Pi Wiki\nGetting Started with R2PRO\nFrom Banana Pi Wiki\nJump to: navigation, search\nContents\n1 Introduction\n2 specifications\n3 Android\n3.1 Prepare\n3.2 Install Image with Usb Download Tool\n3.2.1 Windows\n3.2.2 Linux\n3.3 Install Image with SDcard\n3.4 Boot Android from SDcard\n3.5 Build Android Source Code\n3.6 USB OTG Mode Switch\n3.7 Dual Display\n3.8 Touch Panel\n3.9 Custom Android Boot Logo\n3.10 IR Custom\n3.11 Wlan&BT\n3.12 Install Google Play with Magisk\n4 Linux\n4.1 Prepare\n4.2 Install Whole Image with Usb Download Tool\n4.2.1 Windows Driver install\n4.3 Install Separate Images with Usb Download Tool\n4.4 Install Image with SDcard\n4.5 Build Linux BSP Source Code\n4.6 Dual Display\n4.7 Wlan&BT\nIntroduction\nBanana Pi BPI-R1 Allwinner A20\nBanana Pi BPI-R2 with MTK MT7623N chip design\nBanana Pi BPI-R2 Pro Rockchip RK3568 design\nBanana Pi BPI-R64 MTK MT7622\nBanana Pi BPI-W2 with Realtek RTD1296 chip design\nBanana Pi BPI-R3 with MediaTek MT7986(Filogic 830)\nBanana Pi BPI-M2S Amlogic A311D chip\nspecifications\nAndroid\nPrepare\n1. Double male USB data cable for image download or adb debug.\n2. MicroUSB cable or usb to ttl cable (3.3v) if you need console debug message print, default baudrate is 1500000.\n3. Windows or Linux PC.\n4. Download the latest android image, and confirm that the md5 checksum is correct before flashing.\nDefault IP address for LAN port: 192.168.1.1\nUser name/password: pi/bananapi ,root/bananapi.\nOr the user is root without a password.\nInstall Image with Usb Download Tool\nWindows\n1. Download and install Rockchip USB driver\n2. Download Rockchip USB Download Tool\nThis tool defaults language is Chinese. you can change it to English after extract the package. Open RKDevTool_Release_v2.84/config.ini with an text editor (like notepad). The starting lines are:\n#Language Selection: Selected=1(Chinese); Selected=2(English)\n[Language]\nKinds=2\nSelected=1\nLangPath=Language\\\n3. Open RKDevTool.exe, Switch to the upgrade firmware page. Press the firmware button to open the image file to be upgraded. The upgrade tool displays detailed firmware information.\n4. Disconnect power adapter, connect dual male usb cable from the top usb host port to PC.\n5. There have two usb download mode for image upgrade.\nUboot Usb Download Mode (loader mode)\nIt's supposed to use this way if board already flashed a bootable uboot before.\nMaskrom Usb Download Mode(maskrom mode)\nPress the Recovery button or Maskrom button beside 3pin uart header and hold, connect the power adapter or press the RST button if power adapter already connected, about two seconds later, release the button. PC will Identify the device if RK usb driver installed correctly.\nThe download tool also show the download mode if device connected.\n6. Press the upgrade button to start the upgrade.\n7: If the upgrade fails, you can try to erase the Emmc by pressing the EraseFlash button first, and then upgrade image again.\nLinux\n1. Download Linux USB Download Tool, And install it into the system as follows commands:\n$ unzip Linux_Upgrade_Tool_xxxx.zip\n$ cd Linux_UpgradeTool_xxxx\n$ sudo mv upgrade_tool /usr/local/bin\n$ sudo chown root:root /usr/local/bin/upgrade_tool\n$ sudo chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/upgrade_tool\n2. Check the windows download processes, enter the right usb download mode and upgrade image firmware with this command:\n$ sudo upgrade_tool uf update.img\n3: If the upgrade fails, try erasing the emmc and upgrade again.\n$ sudo upgrade_tool ef update.img\n# upgrade again\n$ sudo upgrade_tool uf update.img\nInstall Image with SDcard\n1. Download Rockchip SDDiskTool.\n2. Insert microSD card to Windows PC, 8GB sdcard size at least.\n3. Run SD_Firmware_Tool, check the Upgrade Firmware box and select the correct removable disk device, Choose firmware image, then Click Create button to make it and wait until it is finshed\n4. Safely remove the microSD card, insert it into the R2pro board, power on the board, it will start upgrading automatically.\n5. After the upgrade, you can see the following info on screen, remove the microSD card and the board will restart automatically to complete the whole process of firmware update.\nBoot Android from SDcard\nCreate a sdcard for android boot is almost the same as create a firmware upgrade sdcard, only one difference is select \"SD Boot\" mode instead of \"Upgrade Firmware\". This process lasts about 8 minutes, then safely remove the SDcard, insert it into the r2pro board and power on.\nOne thing to note is that make sure emmc is empty, you must erase it if flashed before. We recommend that use emmc for android boot because it is faster and more stable.\nBuild Android Source Code\n1. Get Android source code\n$ git clone https://github.com/BPI-SINOVOIP/BPI-Rockchip-Android11 --depth=1\nor you can get the source code tar archive from BaiduPan(pincode: 8888) or GoogleDrive\n2. Build the Android Source code\nPlease read the source code README.md\nUSB OTG Mode Switch\nThe top usb port is a usb 3.0 otg port, but without hw id pin, it only can be used as host or peripheral.The release image set host mode default, but you can change it in Settings\n1. Tablet variant image\nSettings->Connected devices->USB Connect to PC, switch on is peripheral mode and switch off is host mode.\n2. Box variant image\nGo to Settings->Device Preferences->About, tap \"Build\" seven times to enable \"Developer options\" preference. Then back to Settings->Device Preferences->Developer options.Switch on is peripheral mode and switch off is host mode.\nDual Display\nTouch Panel\nR2Pro hw design only have one group TP io, CN7, CN8, CN9 are all connect to it, so only one interface Touch Screen can be used at the same time. you can enable or disable it in dtb\n&i2c1 {\nstatus = \"okay\"\n}\nCustom Android Boot Logo\n1. prepare two bmp format files, logo.bmp for uboot logo and logo_kernel.bmp for kernel logo.\n2. there are two ways to replace the logo\n1). create and replace the logo with adb tool\nswitch the otg port to enable adb, push the logo files to /sdcard/ directory.\n$ adb push logo_kernel.bmp /sdcard/\n$ adb push logo.bmp /sdcard/\n$ adb root\n$ adb shell\ncreate logo.img\nbananapi_r2pro:/ # cd /sdcard/\nbananapi_r2pro:/sdcard # cat logo.bmp > logo.img && truncate -s%512 logo.img && cat logo_kernel.bmp >> logo.img\nflash logo.img to logo partition\nbananapi_r2pro:/sdcard # dd if=logo.img of=/dev/block/by-name/logo\n24301+1 records in\n24301+1 records out\n12442166 bytes (12 M) copied, 1.104449 s, 11 M/s\nreboot android\nbananapi_r2pro:/sdcard # reboot\n2). create the logo on Linux and replace it with RKDevTool\ncreate logo.img on Linux\n$ cat logo.bmp > logo.img && truncate -s%512 logo.img && cat logo_kernel.bmp >> logo.img\nopen RKDevTool.exe, Switch to the Download Image page, change the items as following, press REC/LOADER and power on or reset the board to enter loader download mode, then click Run to flash logo.img to logo partition.\nIR Custom\nWlan&BT\nCN13 M.2 KEY E Slot is used for connect Wlan&BT adapter, the following WiFi Cards are tested and supported in default image\nRTL8822CE WIFI/BT (PCIE+USB)\nRTL8822BE WIFI/BT (PCIE+USB)\nRTL8852BE WIFI/BT (PCIE+USB)\nRTL8822CS WIFI/BT (SDIO+UART)\nAP6256 WIFI/BT (SDIO+UART)\nInstall Google Play with Magisk\n1. Download Magisk app\n2. Download MagiskGapps package\n3. Download device id app\n4. Copy download apps and package to SDcard and plugin it to Bananapi R2pro.\n5. Follow the process in the video to Install Google Play store.\nAnother way, you can build the android source code with OpenGApps google play include.\n1. Download the android source code\n2. Apply this patch to enable build OpenGApps\ndiff --git a/device/rockchip/rk356x/bananapi_r2pro/BoardConfig.mk b/device/rockchip/rk356x/bananapi_r2pro/BoardConfig.mk\nindex 3f17d3c0cc..bd8d1b3213 100755\n--- a/device/rockchip/rk356x/bananapi_r2pro/BoardConfig.mk\n+++ b/device/rockchip/rk356x/bananapi_r2pro/BoardConfig.mk\n@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ SF_PRIMARY_DISPLAY_ORIENTATION:= 0\nTARGET_ROCKCHIP_PCBATEST:= false\nBOARD_HAS_FACTORY_TEST:= false\n-BOARD_HAVE_OPENGAPPS:= false\n+BOARD_HAVE_OPENGAPPS:= true\n# increase super partition size for system, system_ext, vendor, product and odm\n# must be a multiple of its block size(65536)\n3. Create /vendor/opengapps folder\n4. Download OpenGApps aosp_build project to /vendor/opengapps/build\n5. Create /vendor/opengapps/sources folder, download OpenGApps projects to /vendor/opengapps/sources/\n6. Build the source code and flash the output image.\n7. Install device id app and register your device for google play certification, more info please refer to the video above.\nLinux\nThe below steps is to flash linux release image into BPI-R2PRO\nPrepare\n1. Double male USB data cable for image download into EMMC\n2. MicroUSB cable or usb to ttl(3.3v) cable if you need debug, default baudrate is 1500000.\n3. Windows or Linux PC.\n4. Download the Linux Release Image Linux Release Image, and confirm that the md5 checksum is correct before flashing.\nDefault IP address for LAN port: 192.168.1.1\nUser name/password: pi/bananapi ,root/bananapi.\nOr the user is root without a password.\nNote: The below picture is for BPI-R2PRO's Debug Connecting, the blue usb cable is Double male USB data cable for image download, the white MicroUSB cable is linux serial console, please install CH340E's USB convert serial driver.\nInstall Whole Image with Usb Download Tool\nWindows Driver install\n1. Download and install Rockchip USB driver\nFile:Driver install.PNG\n2. Download Rockchip USB Download Tool for EMMC upgrade\nThis tool defaults language is Chinese. you can change it to English after extract the package. Open RKDevTool_Release_v2.84/config.ini with an text editor (like notepad). The starting lines are:\n#Language Selection: Selected=1(Chinese); Selected=2(English)\n[Language]\nKinds=2\nSelected=2\nLangPath=Language\\\n3. Open RKDevTool.exe, Switch to the upgrade firmware page. Press the firmware button to open the image file to be upgraded. The upgrade tool displays detailed firmware information.\nNote: Because Linux's release image is very large, So you need wait for a long time when Software open and analysis the image file.\n4. Disconnect power adapter, connect dual male usb cable from the top usb host port to PC.\n5. There have two usb download mode for image upgrade.\nUboot Usb Download Mode (loader mode)\nIt's supposed to use this way if board already flashed a bootable uboot before.\nMaskrom Usb Download Mode\nPress the Recovery button or Maskrom button beside 3pin uart header and hold, connect the power adapter or press the RST button if power adapter already connected, about two seconds later, release the button. PC will Identify the device if RK usb driver installed correctly.\nThe download tool also show the download mode if device connected.\n6. Press the upgrade button to start the upgrade.\n7: If the upgrade fails, you can try to erase the Emmc by pressing the EraseFlash button first, and then upgrade image again.\nInstall Separate Images with Usb Download Tool\n1. Download Rockchip USB Download Tool for EMMC upgrade\n2. Open RKDevTool.exe, Switch to the Download Image page. The upgrade tool displays detailed all firmware image information. Then all image file is ready, you may push \"run\", the upgrade process begin.\nNote: Because Linux's release package, Example: Ubuntu-22.04-Desktop-EMMCBoot-rockdev-MT7531SW-DSA.zip, unzip it into the same folder \"Update-EMMC-Tools\" inside.\nInstall Image with SDcard\n1. Download Rockchip SDDiskTool.\n2. Insert microSD card to Windows PC, 8GB sdcard size at least.\n3. Run SD_Firmware_Tool, check the Upgrade Firmware box and select the correct removable disk device, Choose firmware image, then Click Create button to make it and wait until it is finshed\n4. Safely remove the microSD card, insert it into the R2pro board, power on the board, it will start Linux System.\nBuild Linux BSP Source Code\n1. Get Linux source code\n$ git clone https://github.com/BPI-SINOVOIP/BPI-R2PRO-BSP.git\n2. Build the Linux BSP Source code\nDual Display\nNote: All linux Image suuport dual display HDMI and eDP together, eDP only support 1920x1080.\nNote: HDMI Display\nNote: eDP panel Display\nWlan&BT\nCN13 M.2 KEY E Slot is used for connect Wlan&BT adapter, default image support RTL8822CE(PCIE+USB) and RTL8822CS(SDIO+UART).\nRetrieved from \"https://wiki.banana-pi.org/index.php?title=Getting_Started_with_R2PRO&oldid=16851\"\nCategory: Pages with broken file links\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nLog in\nNamespaces\nPage\nDiscussion\nVariants\nViews\nRead\nView source\nView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain pageRecent changesRandom pageHelp\nTools\nWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information\nThis page was last edited on 4 January 2024, at 02:25.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Banana Pi Wiki\nDisclaimers\nD.K Zh17 subscribersInstall google play on Bananapi R2pro Android 11/12D.K ZhSearchWatch laterShareCopy linkInfoShoppingTap to unmuteIf playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device.More videosMore videosShareInclude playlistAn error occurred while retrieving sharing information. Please try again later.Watch on0:000:00 / 8:24LiveAn error occurred.Try watching this video on www.youtube.com, or enable JavaScript if it is disabled in your browser.", "url": "https://wiki.banana-pi.org/Getting_Started_with_R2PRO" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Rock5/install/rockchip-flash-tools - Radxa Wiki\nPlease enable javascript, or click here to visit my ecommerce web site powered by Shopify.\nHome\nNews\nProducts\nZero\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nFAQs\nROCK 3\nModel A\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nFAQs\nCompute Module\nROCK 4\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nFAQs\nROCK 5\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nFAQs\nROCK Pi S\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nHardware\nDownload\nFAQs\nROCK Pi E\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nROCK Pi X\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nROCK Pi N10\nMain Page\nGetting Started\nAccessories\nPoE HAT\nSATA HAT\nBuy\nDistributors\nCommunity\nForum\nGithub\nService\nContact\nContact us\nAbout Radxa\nEdit\nPersonal\nCreate accountLog in\nPage\nPageDiscussionView sourceHistory\nGo\nTools\nPage informationPermanent linkPrintable versionSpecial pagesRelated changesWhat links here\nJump to: navigation,\nsearch\nRock5/install/rockchip-flash-tools\n< Rock5 | install\nMain\nGetting Started\nHardware\nInstallation\nGuide\nAccessories\nDownloads\nCompute Module\nFAQs\nEnglish\n\nespaol\nDeutsch\nportugus do Brasil\nROCK5 > Installation > Install Rockchip Flashing tools\nContents[hide]\n1 Install Rockchip flashing tools\n1.1 Option one: RKDevTool on Windows\n1.1.1 Step 1Install RKDevTool\n1.1.2 Step 2Install driver\n1.2 Option two: rkdeveloptool on Linux (X86 or ARM)\n1.3 Option three: rkdeveloptool on macOS(Intel & Apple Silicon)\nInstall Rockchip flashing tools\nROCK 5 supports maskrom mode, which is a special operation mode for CPU to wait for command from USB OTG port. The Linux/macOS PC tool we use to communicate with ROCK 5 in maskrom mode are rkdeveloptool on Linux/macOS PC and RKDevTool on Windows PC.\nOption one: RKDevTool on Windows\nStep 1Install RKDevTool\nThe tool is provided in a compressed package. Please download the compressed package of this tool and extract files.\nRKDevTool_v2.81\nRKDevTool_v2.92\nRKDevTool_v2.96 (including ROCK 5B eMMC/SPI flash configuration files. Recommended.)\nInstallation step is completed.\nStep 2Install driver\nUsing the RK driver assistant tool to install the driver.\nTheres no need to connect your Rockchip device during this procedure just download and extract RKDriverAssistant.zip\nThen double click on DriverInstall.exe in the RKDriverAssistant directory to start the utility. If you installed the Rockchip USB drivers for any other Rockchip devices already, make sure you click Uninstall Driver first.\nThen click Install Driverto install the driver. And restart PC.\nOption two: rkdeveloptool on Linux (X86 or ARM)\nFor Linux, we build the latest rkdeveloptool (version >=1.32), from source code.\nTo build rkdeveloptool on a Debian based Linux distribution, follow the instruction below:\nInstall build dependency:\nsudo apt-get install libudev-dev libusb-1.0-0-dev dh-autoreconf\nClone the source code and build:\ngit clone https://github.com/radxa/rkdeveloptool.git\ncd rkdeveloptool\nautoreconf -i\n./configure\nmake\nIf you encounter compile error like below\n./configure: line 4269: syntax error near unexpected token `LIBUSB1,libusb-1.0'\n./configure: line 4269: `PKG_CHECK_MODULES(LIBUSB1,libusb-1.0)'\nYou should install pkg-config libusb-1.0\nsudo apt-get install pkg-config libusb-1.0\nThen re-run\nautoreconf -i\n./configure\nmake\nNow you have rkdeveloptool executable at the current directory.\nsudo cp rkdeveloptool /usr/local/bin/\nsudo ldconfig\nMake sure that its version is 1.32.or later\nrkdeveloptool -v\nrkdeveloptool ver 1.32\nOption three: rkdeveloptool on macOS(Intel & Apple Silicon)\nTo build rkdeveloptool on macOS, you need homebrew(or similar package manager) to install required packages.\nInstall build dependency:\nbrew install automake autoconf libusb\nClone the source code and build:\ngit clone https://github.com/radxa/rkdeveloptool.git\ncd rkdeveloptool\nautoreconf -i\n./configure\nmake\nIf you encounter compile error like below\n./configure: line 5384: syntax error near unexpected token `LIBUSB1,libusb-1.0'\n./configure: line 5384: `PKG_CHECK_MODULES(LIBUSB1,libusb-1.0)'\nYou should install pkg-config libusb-1.0\nbrew install pkg-config\nThen re-run\nautoreconf -i\n./configure\nmake\nNow you have rkdeveloptool executable at the current directory.\nsudo cp rkdeveloptool /opt/homebrew/bin/\nMake sure that its version is 1.32 or later.\nrkdeveloptool -v\nrkdeveloptool ver 1.32\nRetrieved from \"https://wiki.radxa.com/mw/index.php?title=Rock5/install/rockchip-flash-tools&oldid=9767\"\nCopyright2023 Radxa Computer (Shenzhen)\nHome\nForum\nDownload\nContact\nExcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.", "url": "https://wiki.radxa.com/Rock5/install/rockchip-flash-tools" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Rock3A: Failed to flash eMMC from USB - ROCK 3 Series - Radxa Community\nHomeProductsNewsServiceDocumentationContactSign UpLog In\nRock3A: Failed to flash eMMC from USB\nROCK 3 Series\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nNov 20211 / 8Nov 2021Sep 2023\nyoshisNov '21My Rock3A ( v1.2, 4GB RAM and an eMMC 32GB module) is working well after copying a Debian image on microSD to eMMC by dd command. Then, I tried to install a new image to eMMC using USB Type A male to male cable along the instructions of\nhttps://wiki.radxa.com/Rock3/dev/usb-install 28\n.\nHowever, the error of Download image failed occurred on Windows10 using the RkDevTool.exe as below.\nErr_RkDevTool.png898463 15.4 KB\nIn addition, I also tried this installation on Linux environment (Ubuntu 20.04). The result was below.\n Commands and Results \n$rkdeveloptool -v\nrkdeveloptool ver 1.32\n$rkdeveloptool ld\nDevNo=1 Vid=0x2207,Pid=0x350a,LocationID=302 Maskrom\n$sudo rkdeveloptool db rk356x_spl_loader_ddr1056_v1.06.110.bin\n[sudo] password for yoshis:\nDownloading bootloader succeeded.\n$sudo rkdeveloptool wl 0 rock3a_debian_buster_xfce4_arm64_20211113_0127-gpt.img\nWrite LBA from file (100%)\n End of the results \nThe contents of the eMMC were the same as before even though there were no errors.\nI did the same procedure several times changing cables and the results were the same.\nPlease help me on this issue.\ncreatedNov '21last replySep '237replies1.4kviews3users1like1link5StephenRadxa TeamNov '21Please make sure that the left yellow hat is always there.\n1600px-3a-maskrom.jpg16001200 748 KB\n2 Replies\nyoshisNov '21Thanks, Stephen.\nI tried both shorting the pins at power on the board and always shorting pins though my board does not have pins but has just through holes.\nUnfortunately, the situations were quite the same.\nyoshisNov '21I found log files in the directory of \"\\RKDevTool_Release_v2.81\\Log.\nThe cause of the error was image size is larger than partition,image=5859375,partition=16384.\nThe RKDevTool.exe seemed to miss the eMMC module. Probably, the partition=16384 is the size of the SPI flash 8MB.\nThe content is below,\n Content of Log file \n18:55:32 677\tRKDevTool v2.8.1.0 start run\n18:56:33 712\tLayer<2-2>:Download Boot Start\n18:56:33 712\tLayer<2-2>:Download Boot Success\n18:56:33 728\tLayer<2-2>:Wait For Maskrom Start\n18:56:34 181\tLayer<2-2>:Wait For Maskrom Success\n18:56:34 181\tLayer<2-2>:Test Device Start\n18:56:34 181\tLayer<2-2>:Test Device Success\n18:56:34 196\tLayer<2-2>:Check Chip Start\n18:56:34 196\tLayer<2-2>: Check Chip Success\n18:56:34 196\tLayer<2-2>:Get FlashInfo Start\n18:56:34 196\t<LAYER 2-2> INFO:FlashInfo: 00 40 00 00 00 01 04 00 28 00 01\n18:56:34 212\tLayer<2-2>:Get FlashInfo Success\n18:56:34 212\tLayer<2-2>:Prepare IDB Start\n18:56:34 212\t<LAYER 2-2> INFO:CS(1)\t\t(8MB)\t\t(SAMSUNG)\n18:56:34 228\tLayer<2-2>:Prepare IDB Success\n18:56:34 228\tLayer<2-2>:Download IDB Start\n18:56:34 228\t<LAYER 2-2> INFO:DownloadIDBlock>New IDB\n18:56:38 213\tLayer<2-2>:Download IDB Success\n18:56:38 213\tLayer<2-2>:Wait For Maskrom Start\n18:56:38 681\tLayer<2-2>:Wait For Maskrom Success\n18:56:38 681\tLayer<2-2>:Test Device Start\n18:56:38 697\tLayer<2-2>:Test Device Success\n18:56:38 697\tLayer<2-2>: Download rock3a_debian_buster_xfce4_arm64_20211113_0127-gpt at 0x00000000\n18:56:38 697\tERROR:DownloadImage>image size is larger than partition,image=5859375,partition=16384\n18:56:38 712\tLayer<2-2>: RunProc is ending, ret=0\n End of the file \nI gave up this flashing method. Something is wrong on my board.\nThen, I will use the dd command though that needs two copy steps of big file. And I also dont like many times insertion / removal of the eMMC due to the Electrostatic discharge.\nThanks.\nyoshis StephenNov '21[Solved]\nHello, Stephen,\nI tried another one procedure since I was worried about the previous error log. It seemed that the image was tried to be downloaded to the SPI Flash.\nSo, I studied how to disable the SPI Flash function. When I looked into the rock3a_v1.3_sch.pdf, shorting the pin1 and the pin2 of recovery key seemed to stop the SPI Flash function. At last, I could flash the eMMC and back up the content in eMMC.\nThe procedure is below.\n1, Do not remove eMMC module and power off.\n2, Short the two holes as you attached the picture. Im using a small probing clip.\n3, Power on.\n4, Remove the shot clip and short the pin1 and pin2 of recovery key\n#On Linux\n*To flash eMMC\nsudo rkdeveloptool db rk356x_spl_loader_ddr1056_v1.06.110.bin\nsudo rkdeveloptool wl 0 rock3a_imagefile_gpt.img\n*To backup image\nsudo rkdeveloptool db rk356x_spl_loader_ddr1056_v1.06.110.bin\nsudo rkdeveloptool rl 0 31250000 backup_gpt.img #For 16GB image\n#On Windows\nUsing RKDevTool, select row1,2.\nRow1, 0x00,LoaderToDDR (Not Loader),\\rk356x_spl_loader_ddr1056_v1.06.110.bin\nRow2, 0x00, image , \\ rock3a_imagefile_gpt.img\nPush the Run button to flash eMMC\nRKDevTool.png899451 12.6 KB\nRegarding the transfer speed for flashing 3GB image, Ubuntu 20.04 on Windows Vmware took 139 seconds and RKDevTool took 83 seconds.\nI could not find how to backup image using RKDevTool.\nI like this procedure because I dont need to remove eMMC module to enter MASKROM mode.\nThen, Id like to use this method if there is no risk of damaging eMMC module.\nWhat do you think of this procedure?1\nStephenRadxa TeamNov '21\nyoshis:\nThe procedure is below.\n1, Do not remove eMMC module and power off.\n2, Short the two holes as you attached the picture. Im using a small probing clip.\n3, Power on.\n4, Remove the shot clip and short the pin1 and pin2 of recovery key\nGreat.\nyoshis:\nI could not find how to backup image using RKDevTool.\nIt seems that this application doesnt provide function of backing up system.\nyoshisNov '21Thanks for the additional info. I realized the RKDevtool is an update/upgrade tool. Ive stopped searching the information.\nAnyway, the rkdeveloptool is very useful for downloading new built image because the build environment is Linux even though the transfer speed is a bit slower than that of RKDevtool.\n2 years laterRoman_VasilievSep '23Hello! How to write data to eMMC via USB? I built my OS, but RKdevTool only reads signed files. How to evade this check and write whatever I want on eMMC. Now I have to boot from the SD card and write eMMC from the running system. I dont want to use SD cards to write OS to eMMC.\nReply\nSuggested Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nE25 using m2 sata\nROCK 3 Series\n0\n97\nDec '23\nRFID tag reading Python\nROCK 3 Series\n2\n180\nSep '23\nVulkan on the CM3\nCM3\n7\n370\nOct '23\nRockchip-bsp build with no console after u-boot\nCM3\n4\n232\nNov '23\nYocto trouble chromium and rust.py\nCM3\n1\n128\nApr 22\nWant to read more? Browse other topics in ROCK 3 Series or view latest topics.\n[en_US.share.topic]\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://forum.radxa.com/t/rock3a-failed-to-flash-emmc-from-usb/7897" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Windows RKDevTool | Vicharak\nSkip to content\nVicharak\nToggle navigation menu\n\nK\nVicharak\nContents\nOverview\nGetting Started\nFrequently Asked Questions\nVaaman SDK Documentation\nVaaman Application Documentation\nVaaman Linux Documentation\nLinux Development Guide\nU-Boot\nLinux Kernel\nLinux SDK\nLinux Configuration Guide\nVicharak Linux Configuration Utility\nChange U-Boot Logo\nLinux Usage Guide\nVicharak Linux Start Guide\nRockchip MaskROM mode Guide\nRockchip DevelopTool Guide\nWindows RKDevTool\nLinux Upgrade Tool (upgrade_tool)\nHow to flash FPGA firmware to SPI Flash\nHow to flash different Rockchip images using upgrade tool\nHow to use Vicharak kernel building scripts\nU-Boot USB Mass Storage (UMS) mode\nVaaman GPIO Programming Guide\nFPGA\nVaaman FPGA\nInstallation\nUsage\nVaaman FPGA Programming Documentation\nVaaman Remote Upload Documentation\nDownloads\nVaaman Downloads\nAccessories\nVaaman Accessories\nVicharak\n/Vaaman Linux Documentation\n/Linux Usage Guide\n/Rockchip Development Tool Guide\n/Windows RKDevTool\nWindows RKDevTool\nPre-Requisites\nUSB drivers installation\nDownload the Rockchip USB Drivers-Assistant\nand unpack it.\nHow to fix Windows Protected You PC Error\nClick on Install button available on the floating menu.\nClick on Yes button to confirm the installation.\nAfter the installation is complete, click on OK button to close the window.\nRKDevTool Installation\nDownload the Rockchip RKDevTool and unpack it.\nChange Tool language to English.\nOpen the RKDevTool folder and edit the config.ini file.\nChange the Selected value from 1 to 2 for Language option.\nSave the file and close it.\nOpen the RKDevTool folder and run the RKDevTool.exe file.\nHow to fix Windows Protected You PC Error\nHow to use RKDevTool on Windows\nConnect the Vaaman board to the PC using the USB cable. You will see the\nFound One LOADER Device or Found One MASKROM Device message in the RKDevTool window.\nTip\nIf you dont see the Found One LOADER Device or Found One MASKROM Device\nmessage, then you need to put the Vaaman board in the Loader Mode or Maskrom Mode.\nRefer to the How to enter Maskrom Mode for more details.\nFlash eMMC Image to Vaaman board\nOnce the Vaaman board is booted into Maskrom mode, you can flash the eMMC image to the board.\n1. Click on the Upgrade Firmware button from the top bar and select the firmware option.\n2. Select the firmware file from the firmware folder.\nTip\nYou can get the latest firmware from the Vaaman Downloads page.\n3. Click on the Upgrade button to start the flashing process.\n4. Wait for the flashing process to complete.\nRockchip Development Tool Guide\nLinux Upgrade Tool (upgrade_tool)\nOn this page\nPre-Requisites\nUSB drivers installation\nRKDevTool Installation\nHow to use RKDevTool on Windows\nFlash eMMC Image to Vaaman board\n 2024, Vicharak Computers LLPBuilt with Sphinx 7.1.2", "url": "https://docs.vicharak.in/vaaman-linux/linux-usage-guide/windows-rkdevtool/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Firmware Upgrade Firefly Wiki\nCAM-CRV(1126/1109)S2U Manual\n1.0\nProduct Introduction\nHardware Information\nApplication Scenario\nUsage\nFirmware Upgrade\nAcquisition\nWindows\nDriver Installation\nUpgrade\nLinux\nTool Installation\nUpgrade\nNote\nApplication Development\nAlgorithm Adaptation\nSelf-developed Algorithm\nRKMedia\nPeripheral development\nSource Compilation\nPeripheral Adaptation\nCAM-CRV(1126/1109)S2U Manual\nDocs \nFirmware Upgrade\nView page source\nFirmware Upgrade\nCAM-CRV1126S2U/CAM-CRV1109S2U provides Linux and Windows upgrade tools, the upgrade steps are very simple.\nAcquisition\nPlease go to the official Resource Download page to download the firmware of the corresponding device.\nWindows\nDriver Installation\nGo to the Resource Download page to download the driver.\nRun the exe file as an administrator.\nComplete driver installation.\nUpgrade\nOpen the Windows upgrade tool RKDevTool as an administrator (download the latest version of RKDevTool in the AndroidTool programming tool directory).\nPress and hold the recovery button of the device and use the Typec cable to connect the device and the computer to power on. After the RKDevTool shows that the device is recognized, release the recovery button (it takes about 3 seconds).\nImport the configuration file cam-crv1109s2u.cfg used for the upgrade.\nChoose the path to flash the partition firmware.\nClick Execute and wait for the upgrade to complete.\nModify theconfig.inifile to set the language.\nLinux\nTool Installation\nDownload the Linux upgrade tool upgrade_tool.\nInstallation\nunzip Linux_Upgrade_Tool_xxxx.zip\ncd Linux_UpgradeTool_xxxx\nsudo mv upgrade_tool /usr/local/bin\nsudo chown root:root /usr/local/bin/upgrade_tool\nsudo chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/upgrade_tool\nUpgrade\nPress and hold the recovery button of the device and use the Typec cable to connect the device and the computer to power on, wait for 3 seconds to release the recovery button.\nEnter the download firmware path and run the following commands to complete the upgrade.\nsudo upgrade_tool ul MiniLoaderAll.bin\nsudo upgrade_tool di -p parameter.txt\nsudo upgrade_tool di -uboot uboot.img\nsudo upgrade_tool di -b boot.img\nsudo upgrade_tool di -r recovery.img\nsudo upgrade_tool di -m misc.img\nsudo upgrade_tool di -oem oem.img\nsudo upgrade_tool di -userdata userdata.img\nsudo upgrade_tool di -rootfs rootfs.img\nsudo upgrade_tool rd\n# If the upgraded firmware is not in the current directory, please enter the full path.\nNote\nIf you need to upgrade a certain partition separately, Windows only needs to check the partition to be upgraded in RKDevTool, and Linux only needs to execute the corresponding upgrade partition command.\nAll firmware, tools, and driver downloads in the Wiki can be found on the official website Resource Download page.\nNext\nPrevious\n Copyright 2018, Firefly Team.\nBuilt with Sphinx using a theme provided by Read the Docs.\n", "url": "https://wiki.t-firefly.com/en/CAM-C11092U/upgrade.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Atari 2600+ Beta Update 1.1 - Page 6 - Atari 2600+ - AtariAge Forums\nJump to content\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign In\nRemember me\nNot recommended on shared computers\nSign In\nForgot your password?\nSign Up\nAtari 2600+\nHave You Played Atari Today?\n2600|5200|7800|Lynx|Jaguar|Forums|Store\nForums\nClubs\nApps\nBlogs\nGallery\nEvents\nMore\nAll Activity\nMy Activity Streams\nStatus Updates\nMore\nLeaderboard\nStaff\nOnline Users\nGuidelines\nMore\nSubscriptions\nMore\nMore\nThis Topic\nEverywhere\nThis Forum\nThis Topic\nStatus Updates\nTopics\nBlog Entries\nImages\nAlbums\nEvents\nPages\nProducts\nMembers\nMessenger\nAll Activity\nHome\nAtari Systems\nAtari 2600\nAtari 2600+\nAtari 2600+ Beta Update 1.1\nIGNORED\nAtari 2600+ Beta Update 1.1\nBy\nBen from Plaion\nDecember 28, 2023 in Atari 2600+\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n39\nReply to this topic\nStart new topic\nPrev\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\nNext\nPage 6 of 60\nRecommended Posts\n+undefinedopcode\nPosted December 30, 2023\nundefinedopcode\n+AtariAge Subscriber\n7 posts\nLocation:Victoria, Canada\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nOn 12/29/2023 at 12:04 AM, suspicious_milk said:\nI'm a Linux user, not a zealot \nEveryone has different wants/needs & that's fine.\nWINE is wonderful when used as intended with reasonable expectations. It'd be pretty weird (and unprofessional) to have an app that's flashing hardware depend on it. I don't think we'll see that anyways. It can be a good band-aid in desperate times though.\nExpand\nAgree. If one is on Linux, the more pragmatic approach may be a windows virtual machine with USB pass-through. I seem to recall this was possible with software like virtual box. I wouldn't rely on WINE to run hardware flash tools.\n3\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\natwwong\nPosted December 30, 2023\natwwong\nMembers\n1,210 posts\nHaunted Adventurer\nLocation:Vancouver\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nKind of on topic; can anyone do a comparison of NTSC vs PAL Ballblazer, now that the PAL version is supposedly working. Do they both play at similar speeds? Thanks in advance!\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nscifidude79\nPosted December 30, 2023\nscifidude79\nMembers\n535 posts\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nOn 12/30/2023 at 4:14 PM, undefinedopcode said:\nAgree. If one is on Linux, the more pragmatic approach may be a windows virtual machine with USB pass-through. I seem to recall this was possible with software like virtual box. I wouldn't rely on WINE to run hardware flash tools.\nExpand\nI used Linux for several years. I was a full fledged zealot and everything. I switched back to Windows a few years ago for software compatibility. (mainly games and some CGI software that I used to use) I understand the desire to use Linux and to be rid of Windows. I actually took a sword to my Windows 7 installation disc. (like I said, a zealot) However, even excluding game compatibility, I realized somewhere along the way that a lot of proprietary utilities to do very specific things made by small companies will usually only work on Windows. Sometimes you can get Mac compatibility, but Linux is usually out of the question. Linux-based operating systems just don't have enough of a user base to warrant people taking extra steps. And WINE is a crap shoot. Your suggestion of creating a VM running Windows is very smart and would require little effort. The VM could be used for one thing and then deleted. Windows installation media is free these days. You can create a Windows installation drive in Linux, I did it when I switched back to Windows.\n1\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nJello\nPosted December 30, 2023\nJello\nNew Members\n4 posts\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nCan anybody confirm if 2600 Game Selects Hero2 is working with this update? Thanks!\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nDVDfever\nPosted December 30, 2023\nDVDfever\nMembers\n28 posts\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nOn 12/30/2023 at 2:13 AM, swlovinist said:\nUpdated my orginal post but have been given an updated file and hombrew support is getting there! Here are my findings\nWhat is now working on this beta update:\n7800 Alpha Race\nArmor Attack II\nAsteroids Deluxe\nAstro Blaster\nAstro Fighter\nBaby Pac Man\nBeef Drop\nBlockem Sockem(Using DragonFly Cart)\nB*nk\nCombat 1990\nCrazy Brix(only working with joystick control)\nCrazy Otto\nCrystal Quest(control with CX 40 only, not working with 2 button)\nDonkey Kong PX\nDonkey Kong XM\nDungeon Stalker\nFail Safe\nFat Axl\nFrenzy\nFroggie\nK.C. Munchkin\nKessel Attack\nKlax\nKnight Guy in Low Res World Castle Days\nLava Lamps and 8 Track Theatre\nMeteor Shower\nMissing in Action(Prototype)\nMoon Cresta\nPac Man Collection\nPac Man 40th Anniversary with XM Sound!\nPac Man Jr.\nPineapple\nPit Fighter(Prototype)\nPlutos\nPopeye\nRip Off\nSanta Simon\nScramble\nSentinel\nSerpentine\nSirius\nSpace Duel\nSpace Invaders Collection\nStar Wars(Xevious Hack)\nSuper Circus Atariage\nSuper Cobra\nSuper Pac Man\nT:me Salvo\nTubes\nVenture\nWasp\nWizards Dungeon\nWorm\n2600 Working\nCircus Convoy\nTunnel Runner\n7800 still not working\n8 in 1 Multicarts\nAttack of the Petscii Robots\nRikki and Vikki\n2600 Not Working\nOmega Race(controller)\nMountain King\nExpand\nWhen's the museum coming, John Hancock?\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\njnagy13\nPosted December 30, 2023\njnagy13\nMembers\n13 posts\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nOn 12/28/2023 at 10:21 PM, DEANJIMMY said:\nI would like to try V1.1\nI have a Windows laptop and all non working PAL 7800 carts plus some 7800 homebrews \nI have 2600 PAL Enduro and Pole Position to test z26 and Mountain King CBS Ram plus...\nExpand\nI would also like to try V1.1 if possible. I bought 12 7800 games to use on the 2600+.\n1\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nnopaybob\nPosted December 30, 2023\nnopaybob\nMembers\n361 posts\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nI'm interested in the beta firmware for testing.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nBen from Plaion\nPosted December 30, 2023\nBen from Plaion\nMembers\n1,010 posts\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nOn 12/30/2023 at 2:44 PM, atariman72 said:\n@Ben from Plaion Will the beta be getting released to people on this forum over the remainder of this weekend?\nExpand\nYes, I'll send out instructions shortly\n9\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nGamma Ray\nPosted December 30, 2023\nGamma Ray\nMembers\n41 posts\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nOn 12/30/2023 at 6:28 PM, Ben from Plaion said:\nYes, I'll send out instructions shortly\nExpand\nThank you!!!\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nleematari\nPosted December 30, 2023\nleematari\nMembers\n8 posts\nLocation:BL9 7DB\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nHi Ben,\nId be happy to test the 1.1 firmware for you. Ive been a member here for 12 years and have quite a massive list of original 2600 games and a selection of 7800 games.\nAs a job, I help test and roll out mobile software on behalf of salesforce to a fleet of lift engineers across the globe and am used to using various testing scripts.\nIf I dont get chosen, good luck with future versions and we love what you gifs are doing.\nLee\n2\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nObadiah64\nPosted December 30, 2023\nObadiah64\nMembers\n43 posts\nLocation:Currently searching for the elusive Skunk Ape!\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\n(edited)\nOn 12/30/2023 at 6:28 PM, Ben from Plaion said:\nYes, I'll send out instructions shortly\nExpand\nThank you. Looking forward to it.\nThe 2600+ is the product I have been looking for. I thought R77 would be the one that would give me that cartridge swapping experience that I remember from 1978;) Sadly no.\nDon't get me wrong, the Retron77 is a great way to get the scratch for that Atari itch, but not with cartridge play. It is however a great way to play Atari with Stella on a console on an HD TV, utilizing roms on a SD card.\n(That is once you have upgraded the OS to the pure Stella experience)\nAnyways, thanks for the work you are putting into the firmware. It is moocho, greatly appreciated!\nEdited December 30, 2023 by Obadiah64\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\ntradyblix\nPosted December 30, 2023\ntradyblix\nMembers\n495 posts\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nThere's something about tracking down the carts that's sooo much fun too. Even as people look on with bemused eyes. What a nutter they probably think.\nBut yeah just finding out about new carts and wanting them, trying not to pay the crazy ebay prices... finding hidden gems people don't value that are better than some of the several hundred dollar carts...\nIt's really made the christmas of 2023 a great one for me. And for anyone who'll listen lol\n9\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nMi1ez\nPosted December 30, 2023\nMi1ez\nMembers\n40 posts\nLocation:Ludlow, MA (sometimes Palm Coast, FL)\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\n(edited)\nOn 12/29/2023 at 8:17 AM, JetmanUK said:\nI have a 7800 Asteroids cart in the post, it's taking a while to arrive. I'll test it when it does, but I may be on the new firmware by then.\nExpand\nI'd be interested! Thanks for checking, if you can. I'd still be interested to see your results with the new firmware too, since that'll ultimately be where we end up.\nThanks!\nEdited December 30, 2023 by Mi1ez\n1\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nBen from Plaion\nPosted December 30, 2023\nBen from Plaion\nMembers\n1,010 posts\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted December 30, 2023\nHello all,\nThanks for all the offers to try out the 1.1 beta software. More people have offered then I thought so probably best if I just provide the instructions and files here.\nHow to Update\nDumper:\nWith Power Switch off on the 2600+ connect the USB lead from the 2600+ to a Windows Laptop/PC.\nTV TYPE lever in B W\nHold down GAME SELECT lever and power on the 2600+, You should hear a windows connection jingle from your Laptop/PC\nOpenAtariDumper1.1.0.2.exe, You should see the status as Detected in green text\nPress Download and it takes about 5 seconds to flash the dumper chip. The status then goes to red not detected and thats it the dumper chip is updated.\nHow to Update\nEmulator Part 1:\nThe machine needs to add a driver to your Laptop/PC to talk to the 2600+. You only need to do this once.\nWith Power Switch off on the 2600+ connect the USB lead from the 2600+ to a Windows Laptop/PC.\nTV TYPE lever in COLOR\nHold down GAME RESET lever and power on the 2600+, You should hear a windows connection jingle from your Laptop/PC\nGoto Device Manager on your PC and click on the Unknown Device.\nBrowse your PC and click on theDriverAssitant_v5.12 (unzipped) and press Open.\nA confirmation message should pop up showing a successful driver update.\nShould take you no more then two minutes to do this.\nEmulator Part 2:\nNow for the actual emulator firmware update.\nWith Power Switch off on the 2600+ connect the USB lead from the 2600+ to a Windows Laptop/PC.\nTV TYPE lever in COLOR\nHold down GAME RESET lever and power on the 2600+, You should hear a windows connection jingle from your Laptop/PC\nOpen upRKDevTool_Release_v2.74 folder (unzipped) and click onRKDevTool.exe.\nYou should see the application window open and a status message of 'Found one MASKROM device'.\nPress the tab Upgrade Firmware.\nPress the Firmware button.\nFind Update-1225.img and press Open.\nYou should see the IMG prepped in the window. Press Upgrade.\nThe update uploads in about 30 seconds. The whole process should again take about 2 minutes.\nAnd thats everything done. Time to plug your carts in!\nJohn Hancock has already provided a list of working 7800 homebrews, so unless you just want to play those games for fun I'm more interested in receiving feedback for games he didnt test and anything else of note.\nBear in mind this is a beta and the purpose of offering this out on Atari Age is because of the breadth of cartridges out there that we internally just dont have easy access to - such a massive amount of carts with all their variations. I'm confident that this update will please, but some things may not work still and others havent been looked at like video touch pad, driver controller support as well as 2600 homebrew, a few odd carts and that one tricky official release Pitfall II. But we will as soon as the 1.1 is locked.\nThanks Ben\nAtariDumper1.1.0.2.exeFetching info...\nupdate-1225.imgFetching info...\nDriverAssitant_v5.12.zipFetching info...\nRKDevTool_Release_v2.74.zipFetching info...\n19\n16\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\ninfinite.pies\nPosted December 31, 2023\ninfinite.pies\nMembers\n77 posts\nLocation:New Zealand\nShare\nPosted December 31, 2023\nI'm assuming this would work with Windows 11?\nIt's not working with Windows 11 under Parallels on a Mac. It can see the console when trying to install the drivers under \"Emulator Part 1\", but it can't find any compatible drivers.\nJust thought I'd mention this in case anyone else was wondering, but I do realise this isn't the primary intention of releasing the beta, so I'm not expecting this to be addressed as an issue!\n1\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nSpanner\nPosted December 31, 2023\nSpanner\nMembers\n601 posts\nLocation:UK\nShare\nPosted December 31, 2023\n(edited)\nHi Ben, I made a PDF for the instructions in Word... I still use my CHA.. Thanks Ben.\nHow to Update Atari 2600+.pdfFetching info...\nEdited December 31, 2023 by Spanner\n6\n3\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nchad5200\nPosted December 31, 2023\nchad5200\nMembers\n638 posts\nLocation:Illinois\nShare\nPosted December 31, 2023\nThanks @Ben from Plaionfor sharing the 1.1 beta!\n1.1 beta initial feedback... all NTSC...\nGOOD:\n2600 Omega Race works (minus booster grip, which renders the game unplayable)\n2600 Circus Convoy works (VERY COOL!)\n7800 Asteroids didn't have the phantom hyperspace happen for me anymore but need more playtime to be sure.\nBAD/NO CHANGE:\n2600 Robot Tank still not working (no difference from 1.00, screen scrolls)\n2600 Spike's Peak not working (no difference from 1.00, game loads and starts but joystick is not working)\n2600 Burgertime not working (no difference from 1.00)\n2600 Masters Of The Universe not working (no difference from 1.00)\n2600 white shelled Coleco Donkey Kong Junior not working (no difference from 1.00, this is the issue discovered where many different Coleco games are not working if they have a specific circuit board)\n2600 Super Breakout (no difference from 1.00, still has jumpy/coarse paddle control)\n6\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\natariman72\nPosted December 31, 2023\natariman72\nMembers\n38 posts\nShare\nPosted December 31, 2023\nUpdate installed fine and tested the following so far\nPAL 2600 TITLES\nPole Position - track now the grey colour\nPac Man - I think the ghosts look easier to identify when you can eat them now...\nBattlezone - Only just got it but I remember people saying the colours were dark, the new palette fixes that fine.\nPAL 7800\nPole Position II - fire buttons now swapped round the correct way so you can play it with the one fire button to accelerate\nThanks to Ben and all the people who have put so much time and effort in to this beta so far!\n3\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n+LS650\nPosted December 31, 2023\nLS650\n+AtariAge Subscriber\n9,218 posts\nAtari rocks!\nLocation:British Columbia\nShare\nPosted December 31, 2023\nOn 12/31/2023 at 12:26 AM, infinite.pies said:\nI'm assuming this would work with Windows 11?\nExpand\nI am running Windows 11, V.23H2. Everything worked great, exactly as outlined in Ben's detailed instructions. The entire process took less than 8 or 10 minutes from beginning to end. Now when I see the Atari fuji, instead of V1.0, it instead says V1.1, Stella 6.7\nI popped in 7800 Pole Position II. It worked great with the stock CX-40+ joystick; the accelerator is now tied correctly to the lone fire button.\nI then tried 2600 Asteroids; I can verify that the Difficulty Switches are now correct, and Position A (as labelled) causes the saucers to appear.\nI also hoped that Robot Tank and BurgerTime might be working now, but they are the same as before - Robot Tank has a badly rolling screen and BurgerTime generates a bunch of color vertical bars.\nThanks to Ben for making this update available!\n2\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n+Philsan\nPosted December 31, 2023\nPhilsan\n+AtariAge Subscriber\n5,465 posts\nLocation:Switzerland\nShare\nPosted December 31, 2023\nUpdated without problems, thanks!\nMy PAL60 game LEM still has wrong colors. If I am not wrong an UI is necessary to solve PAL60 issue.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n+SabertoothRetro\nPosted December 31, 2023\nSabertoothRetro\n+AtariAge Subscriber\n917 posts\nLocation:CA\nShare\nPosted December 31, 2023\nOk, my computer showed the device as an Evercade Handheld. I'm assuming this is because they use the same chipset. Once I figured that out, the update process went smoothly.\nIt's cool to see Circus Convoy working.\nNeither Rampage (7800) or Double Dragon (7800) work. For Rampage, I get audio and a scrambled screen. For DD, nothing (black screen). They both have been repeatedly cleaned and work on my 7800.\n1\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nBen from Plaion\nPosted December 31, 2023\nBen from Plaion\nMembers\n1,010 posts\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted December 31, 2023\nOn 12/31/2023 at 12:34 AM, chad5200 said:\nBAD/NO CHANGE:\n2600 Robot Tank still not working (no difference from 1.00, screen scrolls)\n2600 Spike's Peak not working (no difference from 1.00, game loads and starts but joystick is not working)\n2600 Burgertime not working (no difference from 1.00)\n2600 Masters Of The Universe not working (no difference from 1.00)\n2600 white shelled Coleco Donkey Kong Junior not working (no difference from 1.00, this is the issue discovered where many different Coleco games are not working if they have a specific circuit board)\n2600 Super Breakout (no difference from 1.00, still has jumpy/coarse paddle control)\nExpand\nMost of these carts are on the way to the developer at the moment for a fix\n7\n1\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n+mksmith\nPosted December 31, 2023\nmksmith\n+AtariAge Subscriber\n1,646 posts\nMillie & Molly Runners Up Atari 7800 Best Homebrew\nLocation:Melbourne, Australia\nShare\nPosted December 31, 2023\nUpdate process worked fine on my Windows 11 machine. Now to do some testing of my meagre collection\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nHandy DG\nPosted December 31, 2023\nHandy DG\nMembers\n24 posts\nShare\nPosted December 31, 2023\n(edited)\nI attempted this update on two Windows 10 machines, and I could not get past step 1. On both machines, the Dumper update utility refused to recognize the 2600+. Does this utility require Windows 11 to function properly?\nUpdate: The Dumper utility would only recognize the 2600+ when it was plugged into a USB 2.0 port. It would not recognize it when plugged into a USB 3.0 port. So, I was indeed able to get past step 1.\nEdited December 31, 2023 by Handy DG\n1\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n+Philsan\nPosted December 31, 2023\nPhilsan\n+AtariAge Subscriber\n5,465 posts\nLocation:Switzerland\nShare\nPosted December 31, 2023\nOn 12/31/2023 at 1:04 AM, Handy DG said:\nI attempted this update on two Windows 10 machines, and I could not get past step 1. On both machines, the Dumper update utility refused to recognize the 2600+. Does this utility require Windows 11 to function properly?\nExpand\nWorked on Windows 10 64bit.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nPrev\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\nNext\nPage 6 of 60\nJoin the conversation\nYou can post now and register later.\nIf you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.\nNote: Your post will require moderator approval before it will be visible.\nReply to this topic...\n\nPasted as rich text. 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Upload or insert images from URL.\nLoading...\n\nDesktop\nTablet\nPhone\nSubmit Reply\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n39\nGo to topic listing\nRecently Browsing\n0 members\nNo registered users viewing this page.\nAll Activity\nHome\nAtari Systems\nAtari 2600\nAtari 2600+\nAtari 2600+ Beta Update 1.1\nTheme\nAtariAge (Default)\nDimension\nDeflection (Dark)\nPrivacy Policy\nContact Us\nCookies\nPowered by Invision Community\nAtariAge\nHome\n2600\n5200\n7800\nLynx\nJaguar\nForums\nForum Home\nClubs\nBlogs\nGallery\nSubscriptions\nStore\nStore Home\nNew Products\nBestsellers\nGift Certificates\nGeneral\nContact\nSubmit News\nPrivacy Policy\nLegal\nMailing List\nFollow AtariAge\nLike us on Facebook\nAtariAge Facebook Group\nFollow us on Twitter\nAtariAge on Instagram\nWatch us on YouTube\nChat on Discord\nCopyright 1998-2023 AtariAge\n\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign Up\nForums\nClubs\nApps\nBack\nBlogs\nGallery\nEvents\nAll Activity\nMy Activity Streams\nBack\nStatus Updates\nMore\nBack\nMore\nLeaderboard\nStaff\nOnline Users\nGuidelines\nSubscriptions\n\nCreate New...", "url": "https://forums.atariage.com/topic/358796-atari-2600-beta-update-11/page/6/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "2. Upgrade the firmware via USB cable Firefly Wiki\nROC-RK3588-PC Manual\n2.0\nQuick Start\n1. Introduction\n2. Serial debug\nUpgrade Firmware\n1. Boot mode description\n2. Upgrade the firmware via USB cable\n2.1. Introduction\n2.2. Preparatory Tools\n2.3. Prepare Firmware\n2.4. Install the Upgrade Tool\n2.4.1. Windows Operating System\n2.4.2. Linux Operating System\n2.5. Enter Upgrade mode\n2.5.1. Loader mode\n2.5.1.1. Hardware way into Loader mode\n2.5.1.2. Software way into Loader mode\n2.5.1.3. Check the Loader mode\n2.5.2. MaskRom mode\n2.6. Upgrade the firmware\n2.6.1. Windows Operating System\n2.6.1.1. Upgrade unified firmware - update.img\n2.6.1.2. Upgrade Partition image\n2.6.2. Linux Operating System\n2.6.2.1. Upgrade unified firmware - update.img\n2.6.2.2. Upgrade Partition image\n2.7. FAQs\n2.7.1. 1. How to forcibly enter MaskRom mode\n2.7.2. 2. Analysis of programming failure\n3. MaskRom mode\n4. Upgrade the firmware via SD card\nLinux\n1. Compile Linux firmware\n2. Firefly Linux User Guide\n3. Technical Case\nAndroid\n1. ADB use\n2. Compile environment to build\n3. Compile Android12.0 firmware\n4. Firefly Android User Manual\n5. FireflyApi2 Manual\n6. Technical Case\nPort Usage\n1. ADC\n2. Display\n3. Ethernet\n4. GPIO\n5. HDMI-IN\n6. LED\n7. PCIe\n8. PWM\n9. RTC\n10. SPI\n11. UART\n12. Watchdog\nOther\n1. NPU\nQuestions and answers\n1. Linux Device Tree (DTS) Manual\nHardware resources\n1. Interface Definition\n2. Hardware Documents\nResource download\nROC-RK3588-PC Manual\nROC-RK3588-PC\nSpec\nBuy\nPowered by Rockchip RK3588 octa-core 64-bit processor, the mini computer can be configured with up to 32GB RAM. Capable of 8K video encoding and decoding, it provides abundant interfaces, supporting NVMe SSD, Gigabit Ethernet, WiFi6 and a variety of video input and output. It also supports various operating systems. ROC-RK3588-PC can be used in ARM PC, mini PC, NAS, edge computing, cloud server, smart NVR, industrial control, etc\nDocs \n2. Upgrade the firmware via USB cable\nView page source\n2. Upgrade the firmware via USB cable\n2.1. Introduction\nThis article describes how to upgrade the firmware file on the host to the flash memory of the development board through the Type-C data cable. When upgrading, you need to choose the appropriate upgrade mode according to the host operating system and firmware type.\n2.2. Preparatory Tools\nROC-RK3588-PC development board\nFirmware\nhost computer\nType-C data cable\n2.3. Prepare Firmware\nThe firmware can be obtained by compiling the SDK, or you can download the public firmware (unified firmware) from the Resource download. There are two types of firmware files:\nA single unified firmware\nThe unified firmware is a single file packaged and merged by all files such as the partition table, bootloader, uboot, kernel, system and so on. The firmware officially released by Firefly adopts a unified firmware format. Upgrading the unified firmware will update the data and partition table of all partitions on the motherboard, and erase all data on the motherboard.\nMultiple partition images\nThat is, files with independent functions, such as partition table, bootloader, and kernel, are generated during the development phase. The independent partition image can only update the specified partition, while keeping other partition data from being destroyed, it will be very convenient to debug during the development process.\nThrough the unified firmware unpacking / packing tool, the unified firmware can be unpacked into multiple partition images, or multiple partition images can be merged into a unified firmware.\n2.4. Install the Upgrade Tool\n2.4.1. Windows Operating System\nInstall RK USB driver\nDownload Release_DriverAssistant.zip, extract, and then run the DriverInstall.exe inside .\nIn order for all devices to use the updated driver, first select Driver uninstall() and then select Driver install().\nRun AndroidTools RKDevTool.exe\nIn order to avoid the burning problem caused by the Androidtool_xxx version, it is recommended to use the tool packaged inside the public firmware package for burning. After decompressing the public firmware package, it is as follows:\nITX-3588J_Android12_HDMI_220308\n ITX-3588J_Android12_HDMI_220308.img\n linux\n Linux_Upgrade_Tool_v1.65.zip\n windows\n DriverAssitant_v5.1.1.zip\n RKDevTool_Release_v2.84.zip\nYou can also download AndroidTool separately, unzip it, and run RKDevTool.exe in the RKDevTool_Release_v2.xx directory (note that if you are running Windows 7/8, you need to right-click and select Run as administrator), as shown below:\n2.4.2. Linux Operating System\nThere is no need to install device driver under Linux.\nLinux_Upgrade_Tool\nDownload Linux_Upgrade_Tool, And install it into the system as follows for easy invocation:\nunzip Linux_Upgrade_Tool_xxxx.zip\ncd Linux_UpgradeTool_xxxx\nsudo mv upgrade_tool /usr/local/bin\nsudo chown root:root /usr/local/bin/upgrade_tool\nsudo chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/upgrade_tool\nLinux_adb_fastboot\nDownload Linux_adb_fastboot, And install it into the system as follows for easy invocation:\nsudo mv adb /usr/local/bin\nsudo chown root:root /usr/local/bin/adb\nsudo chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/adb\nsudo mv fastboot /usr/local/bin\nsudo chown root:root /usr/local/bin/fastboot\nsudo chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/fastboot\n2.5. Enter Upgrade mode\nUsually we upgrade firmware in two modes, namely Loader mode and MaskRom mode. Before we can write the firmware, we need to connect the device and put the board into upgradable mode.\n2.5.1. Loader mode\n2.5.1.1. Hardware way into Loader mode\nConnect the device and press the RECOVERY button to enter the Loader mode. The steps are as follows:\nDisconnect the power adapter first:\nType-C data cable connects one end to the host and the other end to the development board.\nPress the RECOVERY button on the device and hold.\nConnect to the power supply.\nAbout two seconds later, release the RECOVERY button.\n2.5.1.2. Software way into Loader mode\nType-C data cable is connected, use the command in the serial debugging terminal or adb shell:\nreboot loader\n2.5.1.3. Check the Loader mode\nHow to determine whether the board is in Loader mode, we can check through the tool\nWindows Operating System\nThe AndroidTool displays the prompt Found One LOADER Device at the bottom\nif the Enter Loader mode operation is performed, and the LOADER prompted by the upgrade tool is not displayed, check whether the Windows host computer you to discover new hardware and configure the driver. Open the Device manager and a new device Rockusb Device will appear, as shown below. If not, you can go back to the previous step to reinstall the driver.\nLinux Operating System\nAfter running upgrade_tool, you can see a Loader prompt in the connected device:\nfirefly@T-chip:~/severdir/down_firmware$ sudo upgrade_tool\nList of rockusb connected\nDevNo=1 Vid=0x2207,Pid=0x330c,LocationID=106 Loader\nFound 1 rockusb,Select input DevNo,Rescan press <R>,Quit press <Q>:q\n2.5.2. MaskRom mode\nTo enter MaskRom mode, please refer to MaskRom mode.\n2.6. Upgrade the firmware\n2.6.1. Windows Operating System\n2.6.1.1. Upgrade unified firmware - update.img\nThe steps to update the unified firmware update.img are as follows:\nSwitch to the Upgrade Firmware page.\nPress the Firmware button to open the firmware file to be upgraded. The upgrade tool displays detailed firmware information.\nPress the Upgrade button to start the upgrade.\nIf the upgrade fails, you can try to erase the Flash by pressing the EraseFlash button first, and then upgrade.\n2.6.1.2. Upgrade Partition image\nThe steps to upgrade the partition image are as follows:\nSwitch to the Download Image page.\nCheck the partition to be burned, and select multiple.\nMake sure the path of the image file is correct. If necessary, click the blank table cell on the right side of the path to select it again.\nClick Run button to start the upgrade, and the device will restart automatically after the upgrade.\n2.6.2. Linux Operating System\n2.6.2.1. Upgrade unified firmware - update.img\nsudo upgrade_tool uf update.img\nIf the upgrade fails, try erasing before upgrading.\n# erase flash : Using the ef parameter requires the loader file or the corresponding update.img to be specified.\n# update.img :The ubuntu firmware you need to upgrade.\nsudo upgrade_tool ef update.img\n# upgrade again\nsudo upgrade_tool uf update.img\n2.6.2.2. Upgrade Partition image\nsudo upgrade_tool di -b /path/to/boot.img\nsudo upgrade_tool di -r /path/to/recovery.img\nsudo upgrade_tool di -m /path/to/misc.img\nsudo upgrade_tool di -u /path/to/uboot.img\nsudo upgrade_tool di -dtbo /path/to/dtbo.img\nsudo upgrade_tool di -p paramater #upgrade parameter\nsudo upgrade_tool ul bootloader.bin #upgrade bootloader\nIf the upgrade fails due to flash problems, you can try low-level formatting and erase nand flash:\nsudo upgrade_tool lf update.img\t# low-level formatting\nsudo upgrade_tool ef update.img\t# erase\nfastboot Burn dynamic partitions:\nadb reboot fastboot # enter bootloader\nsudo fastboot flash vendor vendor.img\nsudo fastboot flash system system.img\nsudo fastboot reboot # After the burn is successful, restart\n2.7. FAQs\n2.7.1. 1. How to forcibly enter MaskRom mode\nA1 : If the board does not enter Loader mode, you can try to force your way into MaskRom mode. See operation method How to enter MaskRom mode.\n2.7.2. 2. Analysis of programming failure\nIf Download Boot Fail occurs during the programming process, or an error occurs during the programming process, as shown in the figure below, it is usually caused by the poor connection of the USB cable, the inferior cable, or the insufficient drive capability of the USB port of the computer. Troubleshoot the computer USB port.\nNext\nPrevious\n Copyright 2022, Firefly Team.\nBuilt with Sphinx using a theme provided by Read the Docs.\n", "url": "https://wiki.t-firefly.com/en/ROC-RK3588-PC/upgrade_firmware.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How to flash OS for RK3568 system\nSupport\nHow to flash OS for RK3568 system\nPDF\n\n2023090602\n\n\n\nA3\n\n2023-09-20\n\nCCD-07WR2\nCCD-10WR2\nOFT-07WR2\nOFT-10WR2\nOFT-21WR2\n\nThere are steps by steps to update image to RK3568 device.\nPreparing:\nDriver: \t\t\tDriverAssitant_v5.1.1\nFlash tool:\t\tRKDevTool_Release_v2.84 (v2.80 or newer)\nImage:\t\t\tupdate.img\nModel:\t\t\tRK-3568 Product: OFT-XXWR2 / CCD-XXWR2\nCable:\t\t\ttype A to type A USB cable, Control Bar cable (part number: E170X210020R, E1971120103R)\nMethod-1:\tSwitching OS from Android to Android / non-Android: It only needs to use USB cable.\nMethod-2:\tSwitching OS from non-Android to Android / non-Android: It needs to use USB cable and control bar cable (or short JTB1 pin2-3).\nDriver Installation\n1.\tInstall RK Driver Assistant v5.1.1 in your computer.\nExecute DriverInstall.exe and select Install Driver.\nMethod-1: Switching OS from Android to Android / non-Android\nIf OFT/CCD is installed Android image already, please follow below steps.\n1.\tConnect OFT to your computer with USB cable and power on to boot to Android. (Note: Need to connect the USB port nearby Lan port.)\n2.\tPress Build number 7 times and Android would set to develop mode.\nSettings -> About tablet -> Build number\n3.\tSettings > System > Advanced > Developer options > Set USB client mode and USB debugging to enable, then power down.\n4.\tExecute RKDevTool.exe in AndroidTool\\RKDevTool_Release_v2.84 on your PC.\n5.\tSelect Upgrade Firmware\n6.\tSelect Firmware and select update.img which is image you want to flash.\n7.\tSelect Switch to set the OFT to flash mode.\nWhen press Switch, the OFT display would disable after 5~10 seconds.\n8.\tThen press Upgrade to flash image.\n9.\tAfter flash finish, OFT would power on and boot to OS automatically.\nMethod-2: Switching OS from non-Android to Android / non-Android\nIf OFT dont install Android image or OFT is installed other OS, need to flash image with touch pad.\n1.\tConnect OFT and computer via USB cable.\n2.\tInstall driver to computer. (Please refer the Driver Installation page)\n3.\tExecute RKDevTool.exe in AndroidTool\\RKDevTool_Release_v2.84.\nIt would show No Device Found.\n4.\tKeep hold + and power on. (After the Power LED turns from red to green, it has entered the programming mode then you can release + key)\nNotice: \tIf there is no control cable in your side, please short circuit pin2 & pin3 as below pictures and then power on.\n5.\tWhen RKDevTool.exe detect OFT, RKDevTool.exe would change to Found One LOADER Device.\n6.\tSelect Upgrade Firmware\n7.\tSelect Firmware and select update.img which is image you want to flash.\n8.\tPress Upgrade to flash image.\n9.\tAfter flash finish, OFT would power on and boot to OS automatically.", "url": "https://www.avalue.com/cn/support/faq/downloadPdf/Software/How-to-flash-OS-for-RK3568-system" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "BPI-R2 PRO Upload SD Card Image to EMMC - Banana Pi BPI-M7/BPI-W3/BPI-R2 Pro/BPI-P2 Pro - banana pi single board computer open source project official forum BPI team\nbanana pi single board computer open source project official forum BPI team\nBPI-R2 PRO Upload SD Card Image to EMMC\nBanana Pi BPI-M7/BPI-W3/BPI-R2 Pro/BPI-P2 Pro\nbanada\n(banadafaith)\nNovember 30, 2022, 4:49pm\n1\nHello, I have a BPI-R2 PRO. I used https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1pnTxSquZL-7n0xx4Bx1xJl7LqEKfa71Y image for my project. Now I want to move my image from the SD card to emmc, but I do not know how will I do that. I asked a similar question before and I download zip file of my image under /root directory and I got disk size error . I asked this question in a new issue because I am confused and I want to move my image from sd to emmc via a command like\ndd if=bpi-r3.img of=/dev/mmcblk1\nor via RKDevTool.exe\nBest Regards\nfrank-w\n(Frank W.)\nNovember 30, 2022, 5:03pm\n2\nAs i wrote in the other thread you can extract to stdout and write to emmc. I guess you have r2pro and using my image which is a gz file to use the right tool for uncompress\ngunzip -c myfile.gz | dd of=/dev/mmcblkX bs=1M\nbanada\n(banadafaith)\nNovember 30, 2022, 5:32pm\n3\nHello ,I tried your solution .Uploading process has done. But it did not worked . I think it is about fstab file. There is only one command in BPI-ROOT partition /etc/fstab file which is\nUNCONFIGURED FSTAB FOR BASE SYSTEM\nwhat should i write in this file? Thank you best regards\nDeadMeat\n(Alex R.)\nNovember 30, 2022, 6:28pm\n4\nbanada:\nwhat should i write in this file? Thank you best regards\nIn general You should have 2 devices:\n/dev/mmcblk0\n/dev/mmcblk1\nOne is for EMMC another is for SD (i dont remember which one for what)\nLikely in /etc/fstab You have something similar to:\n/dev/mmcblkXpY / ext4 defaults 0 2\nWhere X is a number for a SD-card and Y is a root partition number.\nSo the 1st way to boot is to actualize the X: change 1 -> 0 (or 0 ->1)\nAnother way, it should work in case of usind dd, is to use UUID instead of /dev/mmcblkXpY:\nit should look similar to:\nUUID=3748ad4f-b444-43b9-a179-1ec73abdfc88 / ext4 ...\nAs I remember - the UUID of the root partition remains the same on cloning.\nYou may figure out yours by using: sudo ls -la /dev/disk/by-uuid\n2nd way (imho) is more convenient/universal, the only but in this case is - IDK which partition will be used in case if both EMMC and SD-card are present and have the same UUID.\nP.S. You also probably will have to edit the extlinux.conf\nbanada\n(banadafaith)\nDecember 1, 2022, 10:39am\n5\nI am new a t embedded linux. now Sinovips image (https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/1pFayiLS3cS0idClUlvHzaySaJMb_AOrB) works for sd card and emmc . Now I want to learn Is there any way use @frank-w 's image for emmc ? Because I use this image for my codes. Best Regards\nbanada\n(banadafaith)\nDecember 1, 2022, 12:02pm\n6\nIn extlinux.conf file\nappend earlycon=uart8250,mmio32,0xfe660000 console=ttyS2,1500000n8 root=/dev/mmcblk0p3 rootwait rw\ncommand was placed should I change it to the root=/dev/mmcblk1boot0(mmcblk1boot1)\nfrank-w\n(Frank W.)\nDecember 1, 2022, 12:05pm\n7\nRootfs is still p3,but the other mmcblkX\nbanada\n(banadafaith)\nDecember 1, 2022, 1:39pm\n8\nDeadMeat:\n/dev/mmcblkXpY / ext4 defaults 0 2\nshould I add\n/dev/mmcblkXpY / ext4 defaults 0 2\ncommand /etc/fstab\nlike\n/dev/mmcblk1p3 / ext4 defaults 0 2\n???\nBest Regards\nbanada\n(banadafaith)\nDecember 1, 2022, 2:25pm\n9\nThere is no devices like /dev/mmcblk1p3 but I tried it and it did not work. devices under /dev are\nWhat do you think for following command I changed to /dev/mmcblk0p3 -> /dev/mmcblk1boot1\nappend earlycon=uart8250,mmio32,0xfe660000 console=ttyS2,1500000n8 root=/dev/mmcblk1boot1 rootwait rw\nDeadMeat\n(Alex R.)\nDecember 1, 2022, 4:20pm\n10\nbanada:\nThere is no devices like /dev/mmcblk1p3 but I tried it and it did not work.\nLikely Youve flashed a wrong image, please double check it. Probably if youre burning a BPS image it may use some other than GPT partitioning. e.g. MTD.\nfrank-w\n(Frank W.)\nDecember 1, 2022, 5:07pm\n11\nRemember that partition table needs to re-read after flashing my imagebest way is reboot\nDeadMeat\n(Alex R.)\nDecember 2, 2022, 5:52am\n12\nfrank-w:\nbest way is reboot\nThe partprobe command may help, but yes reboot is a most reliable way. Just keep in mind: the emmc has a higher than a sd priority during boot.\nbanada\n(banadafaith)\nDecember 2, 2022, 7:40am\n13\nCould you give me more details ? I do not know how can I generate partition table ? I do not understand relation between reboot and partition table.\nBest Regards\nfrank-w\n(Frank W.)\nDecember 2, 2022, 2:49pm\n14\nYou dont have to create partition table it is there after you flashed image to emmc. But you have to read it again to access new partitions. Maybe partprobe is enough,maybe reboot is needed\nbanada\n(banadafaith)\nDecember 4, 2022, 7:29pm\n15\nAfter partprobe command I got this\nfrank-w\n(Frank W.)\nDecember 4, 2022, 7:35pm\n16\nOk,this looks good,you can fix this error with parted (write primary to backup)\nbanada\n(banadafaith)\nDecember 4, 2022, 7:38pm\n17\nI do not understand xould you give me more details I upload myimage file from .zip to emmc(unzip -c myimage.zip | dd of=/dev/mmcblk1 ) after it I wrote partprobe command.\nbanada\n(banadafaith)\nDecember 4, 2022, 7:49pm\n18\nfrank-w:\nwrite primary to backup\nIs the the proble msdos partition?Best Regards\nfrank-w\n(Frank W.)\nDecember 4, 2022, 8:33pm\n19\nNo,bootx partitions are hardware partitions. But mmcblk1 should be gpt like on sdcard,error with backup is normal,as this needs to be on end of disk and so missing\nbanada\n(banadafaith)\nDecember 4, 2022, 8:47pm\n20\nI got this what should I do?\nnext page \nHome\nCategories\nFAQ/Guidelines\nTerms of Service\nPrivacy Policy\nPowered by Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled\nSkip to main content\nSign UpLog In\nTopics\nMore\n\nCategories\nNews\nBanana Pi BPI-M1/BPI-M1+/BPI-R1\nBPI-M2+/BPI-M2 Zero/BPI-P2 Zero\nBanana Pi BPI-M2 Ultra / BPI-M2 Berry\nBanana pi BPI-M2 Magic\nAll categories\n\nHome\nEN Forum\nCN Forum\nGithub\nDownloads\nBPI Docs\nWikipedia\nOfficial Aliexpress Store\nBPI-R2 PRO Upload SD Card Image to EMMC\nBanana Pi BPI-M7/BPI-W3/BPI-R2 Pro/BPI-P2 Pro\ngithub.com\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nNov 2022\n2 / 32\nNov 2022\nDec 2022\nbanadabanadafaithNov '22Hello, I have a BPI-R2 PRO. I used https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1pnTxSquZL-7n0xx4Bx1xJl7LqEKfa71Y 23 image for my project. Now I want to move my image from the SD card to emmc, but I do not know how will I do that. I asked a similar question before and I download zip file of my image under /root directory and I got disk size error . I asked this question in a new issue because I am confused and I want to move my image from sd to emmc via a command like\ndd if=bpi-r3.img of=/dev/mmcblk1\nor via RKDevTool.exe\nBest Regards\ncreatedNov '22last replyDec '2231replies1.6kviews3users3links16124frank-wNov '22As i wrote in the other thread 10 you can extract to stdout and write to emmc. I guess you have r2pro and using my image which is a gz file to use the right tool for uncompress\ngunzip -c myfile.gz | dd of=/dev/mmcblkX bs=1M\nbanadabanadafaith frank-wNov '22Hello ,I tried your solution .Uploading process has done. But it did not worked . I think it is about fstab file. There is only one command in BPI-ROOT partition /etc/fstab file which is\nUNCONFIGURED FSTAB FOR BASE SYSTEM\nwhat should i write in this file? Thank you best regards\nDeadMeatAlex R.Nov '22\nbanada:\nwhat should i write in this file? Thank you best regards\nIn general You should have 2 devices:\n/dev/mmcblk0\n/dev/mmcblk1\nOne is for EMMC another is for SD (i dont remember which one for what)\nLikely in /etc/fstab You have something similar to:\n/dev/mmcblkXpY / ext4 defaults 0 2\nWhere X is a number for a SD-card and Y is a root partition number.\nSo the 1st way to boot is to actualize the X: change 1 -> 0 (or 0 ->1)\nAnother way, it should work in case of usind dd, is to use UUID instead of /dev/mmcblkXpY:\nit should look similar to:\nUUID=3748ad4f-b444-43b9-a179-1ec73abdfc88 / ext4 ...\nAs I remember - the UUID of the root partition remains the same on cloning.\nYou may figure out yours by using: sudo ls -la /dev/disk/by-uuid\n2nd way (imho) is more convenient/universal, the only but in this case is - IDK which partition will be used in case if both EMMC and SD-card are present and have the same UUID.\nP.S. You also probably will have to edit the extlinux.conf3 Replies\nbanadabanadafaith DeadMeatDec '22I am new a t embedded linux. now Sinovips image (https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/1pFayiLS3cS0idClUlvHzaySaJMb_AOrB 12) works for sd card and emmc . Now I want to learn Is there any way use @frank-w 's image for emmc ? Because I use this image for my codes. Best Regards\nbanadabanadafaith DeadMeatDec '22In extlinux.conf file\nappend earlycon=uart8250,mmio32,0xfe660000 console=ttyS2,1500000n8 root=/dev/mmcblk0p3 rootwait rw\ncommand was placed should I change it to the root=/dev/mmcblk1boot0(mmcblk1boot1)\nfrank-w banadaDec '22Rootfs is still p3,but the other mmcblkX1 Reply\nbanadabanadafaithDec '22\nDeadMeat:\n/dev/mmcblkXpY / ext4 defaults 0 2\nshould I add\n/dev/mmcblkXpY / ext4 defaults 0 2\ncommand /etc/fstab\nlike\n/dev/mmcblk1p3 / ext4 defaults 0 2\n???\nBest Regards\nbanadabanadafaith frank-wDec '22There is no devices like /dev/mmcblk1p3 but I tried it and it did not work. devices under /dev are\nWhat do you think for following command I changed to /dev/mmcblk0p3 -> /dev/mmcblk1boot1\nappend earlycon=uart8250,mmio32,0xfe660000 console=ttyS2,1500000n8 root=/dev/mmcblk1boot1 rootwait rw\nDeadMeatAlex R.Dec '22\nbanada:\nThere is no devices like /dev/mmcblk1p3 but I tried it and it did not work.\nLikely Youve flashed a wrong image, please double check it. Probably if youre burning a BPS image it may use some other than GPT partitioning. e.g. MTD.\nfrank-w DeadMeatDec '22Remember that partition table needs to re-read after flashing my imagebest way is reboot2 Replies\nDeadMeatAlex R.Dec '22\nfrank-w:\nbest way is reboot\nThe partprobe command may help, but yes reboot is a most reliable way. Just keep in mind: the emmc has a higher than a sd priority during boot.\nbanadabanadafaith frank-wDec '22Could you give me more details ? I do not know how can I generate partition table ? I do not understand relation between reboot and partition table.\nBest Regards\nfrank-w banadaDec '22You dont have to create partition table it is there after you flashed image to emmc. But you have to read it again to access new partitions. Maybe partprobe is enough,maybe reboot is needed\nbanadabanadafaith frank-wDec '22After partprobe command I got this\nfrank-w banadaDec '22Ok,this looks good,you can fix this error with parted (write primary to backup)2 Replies\nbanadabanadafaith frank-wDec '22I do not understand xould you give me more details I upload myimage file from .zip to emmc(unzip -c myimage.zip | dd of=/dev/mmcblk1 ) after it I wrote partprobe command.\nbanadabanadafaith banadaDec '22\nfrank-w:\nwrite primary to backup\nIs the the proble msdos partition?Best Regards\nfrank-w banadaDec '22No,bootx partitions are hardware partitions. But mmcblk1 should be gpt like on sdcard,error with backup is normal,as this needs to be on end of disk and so missing\nbanadabanadafaith frank-wDec '22\nI got this what should I do?1 Reply\nShare\n\n\n\n\nInvalid date\n\nInvalid date", "url": "https://forum.banana-pi.org/t/bpi-r2-pro-upload-sd-card-image-to-emmc/14388" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Imaging Edge Webcam | Sony\nSupport / Contact Us\nImaging Edge Webcam\nImaging Edge Webcam\nHome\nDownload\nHow to use\nFAQ\nAn application that lets you use your camera as a high-quality webcam\nDownload\nHow to use\nFAQ\nImaging Edge Webcam lets you connect your Sony camera to your personal computer, and use the camera as a webcam with a livestreaming/web conferencing service.\nBenefits of using your Sony camera as a webcam\nThe camera can capture faces with natural colors under any environmental conditions, including low light and back lighting.\nA large sensor can make the subject stand out with a blurred background.\nAuto-focusing keeps track of vivid facial expressions with Real-time Eye AF and Real-time Tracking.\n*Only when the camera supports the relevant functions.\nEasy setup: Once you connect your camera to a PC with a USB cable, you only need to select the camera to be used in live streaming or video conference service.\nUpdates\n2022-06-29\nImaging Edge Webcam 1.1.02 (Windows) has been released.\n2021-12-16\nImaging Edge Webcam 1.1.00 (Mac) has been released.\n2021-09-09\nImaging Edge Webcam 1.1.01 (Windows) has been released.\n2020-10-15\nImaging Edge Webcam 1.1.00 (Windows) has been released.\nThe issue where the aspect ratio remained set to 16:9 after using Webcam has been corrected.\n2020-10-15\nImaging Edge Webcam 1.0.00 (Mac) has been released.\n2020-08-20\nImaging Edge Webcam 1.0.00 has been released.\nEnglish\nTerms of Use\nAbout this Site\nCookie Policy\nCopyright 2024 Sony Corporation", "url": "https://support.d-imaging.sony.co.jp/app/webcam/en/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "What is the difference between the Imaging Edge Webcam software and the USB streaming function? | Sony USA\nSkip to ContentMain menuSONYSONYSony SitesElectronicsSupportSupportSelf SupportContact SupportCommunityRegister a ProductSign InSony RewardsElectronics RegistrationElectronics CommunitySony SitesSearch Sony\nUh oh.It looks like JavaScript is disabled in your browser. To get the full experience on Sony.com, please change your settings to allow JavaScript.\nSony SupportArticle ID : 00268963 / Last Modified : 05/23/2024PrintWhat is the difference between the Imaging Edge Webcam software and the USB streaming function?\nApplicable Products and Categories of This ArticleIMPORTANT: This article applies only to specific products and/or operating systems. Check Applicable Products and Categories for details.\nWhen connected to a compatible camera, the USB streaming function offers the following:\nEnhanced video resolution (depending on the camera).Audio streaming through the camera microphone.Direct USB connection without streaming software such as Imaging Edge Webcam.Power to the camera can be supplied by the computer.\nComparison between Imaging Edge Webcam and USB streaming:\nTableStreaming MethodSoftware RequiredVideoAudioResolutionImaging Edge WebcamYesMJPEGNo - Must use an external or the computer's microphone.1024 x 576 pixelsUSB StreamingNoMJPEG or YUV420\nYes - Camera's built-in microphone.\nLPCM 48 kHz, 16 bit, 2ch\n4k(2160p, HD(1080p), or HD(720p)\nNotes:\nUpdate the ZV-1 or DSC-RX0M2 camera to the latest firmware version to ensure USB streaming compatibility.To allow streaming for longer periods of time, you can charge the camera with the connected computer or use the USB power or USB Power Delivery feature of your camera. A sufficiently charged battery has to be in the camera and does not charge while using USB power or power from the computer.\nIf your camera has a USB Power Supply option, set it to ON.Refer to the Supplying power from a wall outlet section of your camera Help Guide for additional information.\nNot all cameras allow USB streaming video resolution setting changes, so refer to the Livestreaming video and audio (USB Streaming) section of your camera Help Guide for resolution information.Applications that utilize the USB streaming feature may not work with all video resolution settings or allow changes. Refer to your application instruction guide to verify compatible resolution settings.We can't guarantee operation of non-Sony applications.\nIf you need information on setup steps, select your preferred streaming method:\nImaging Edge WebcamUSB StreamingPlease accept Youtube cookies to watch this videoAccess your cookie preferences below and make sure to switch on the Youtube cookie under the 'Functional' section.Manage cookies\nRelated ArticlesHow to use your Alpha or DSC camera to live stream using the USB port with Imaging Edge Webcam softwareHow to use your Alpha or DSC camera to live stream with the USB streaming function[VIDEO] How to setup the ZV-E10 camera for USB streaming[VIDEO] How to setup Imaging Edge Webcam with the ZV-1 camera[VIDEO] How to live stream with the camera using the USB streaming feature\nProduct RepairRepair information and service assistance\nCommunityHere you can ask questions and connect with other Sony users\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\n\\n\nParts & AccessoriesProduct information and sales assistance\nRegister a ProductKeep track of all your products in one location\nContact SupportProduct support & customer relations\nSupport by Sony (Mobile App)Get Support Content on the Go!\nSony RewardsJoin NowLearn MoreManage AccountConsumer ElectronicsPress ReleasesAbout SonyAccessibilityElectronics StoreElectronics RegistrationElectronics NewsletterAuthorized RetailersProduct SupportProfessional Products & SolutionsTechnologyEventsInsightPress CenterRecyclingLocate a DealerProduct SupportOther SitesPlayStationSony PicturesSony MusicUnited StatesCareersContact UsCompany InfoVoluntary RecallLike us on FacebookVisit us on FacebookFollow us on TwitterVisit us on TwitterFollow us on InstagramView on InstagramFacebookTwitterInstagram 2023 SONY ELECTRONICS INC. 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Back ButtonCookie List Search IconFilter IconClear checkbox label labelApply CancelConsent Leg.Interest checkbox label label checkbox label label checkbox label label Confirm My Choices", "url": "https://www.sony.com/electronics/support/articles/00266596" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Download | Imaging Edge Webcam | Sony\nSupport / Contact Us\nImaging Edge Webcam\nDownload\nHome\nDownload\nHow to use\nFAQ\nDownload\nSupported OSes\nWindows10, Windows11\n64-bit only\nPC with Intel or AMD processor (The software will not run on PCs based on ARM processors)\nmacOS 11, macOS 12, macOS 13 (Currently not compatible with macOS 14)\nNote\nMake sure the OS and drivers have been updated to the latest versions.\nThe software is not guaranteed to run on all personal computer configurations.\nIn addition to what is specifically noted, the operating environment must satisfy the requirements of the OS.\nSupported Cameras\n* Some products included in the list below may not be available for sale in your country or region.\n: E-mountILCE-/ZV-\nZV-E1, ZV-E10, ILCE-1, ILCE-9M3, ILCE-9M2, ILCE-9, ILCE-7SM3, ILCE-7SM2, ILCE-7S, ILCE-7RM5, ILCE-7RM4A, ILCE-7RM4, ILCE-7RM3A, ILCE-7RM3, ILCE-7RM2, ILCE-7CR, ILCE-7CM2, ILCE-7C, ILCE-7M4, ILCE-7M3, ILCE-7M2, ILCE-6700, ILCE-6600, ILCE-6500, ILCE-6400, ILCE-6300, ILCE-6100, ILCE-5100\n: A-mountILCA-\nILCA-99M2, ILCA-77M2\nDigital Still CameraDSC-/ZV-\nZV-1F, ZV-1M2, ZV-1, DSC-RX1RM2, DSC-RX10M4, DSC-RX10M3, DSC-RX10M2, DSC-RX100M7, DSC-RX100M6, DSC-RX100M5A, DSC-RX100M5, DSC-RX100M4, DSC-RX0M2, DSC-RX0, DSC-HX99, DSC-WX800, DSC-WX700\nProfessional Video CamerasILME-\nILME-FX3, ILME-FX30\nSetup procedure\nClick the Download button and place the downloaded file in an arbitrary folder.\nDouble-click the file.\nFollow the instructions on the screen and install the application.\nAfter installing the application, restart the computer.\nImaging Edge Webcam icons are not displayed in the Applications folder, in the Start menu, or on the desktop. When using a livestream or web conferencing service, [Sony Camera (Imaging Edge)] is added to the camera settings options.\nTo uninstall the Mac version, open the downloaded IEW110_2111a.dmg file and double-click Uninstall in the folder that appears.\nDownload (Windows)\nDownload (Mac)\nUsage instructions (camera settings, etc.) are here.\nWas this information helpful?\t\t\t Yes No\nEnglish\nTerms of Use\nAbout this Site\nCookie Policy\nCopyright 2024 Sony Corporation", "url": "https://support.d-imaging.sony.co.jp/app/webcam/en/download/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How to use | Imaging Edge Webcam | Sony\nSupport / Contact Us\nImaging Edge Webcam\nHow to use\nHome\nDownload\nHow to use\nFAQ\nHow to use\nOn the camera, perform the following setting.\n* The displayed terms may differ depending on the camera.\nILCE-1/9M3/7SM3/7RM5/7CR/7CM2/7M4/6700, ZV-E1, ZV-1F/1M2, ILME-FX3/FX30\nILCE-9M2/7RM4A/7RM4/7C\nZV-E10\nZV-1\nWhen using another camera\nILCE-1\nMENU (Network) [Smartphone Connect] [Smartphone Connection] [Off]\nMENU (Network) [Transfer/Remote] [PC Remote Function] [PC Remote] [On]\nMENU (Network) [Transfer/Remote] [PC Remote Function] [PC Remote Cnct Method] [USB]\nILCE-9M2/7RM4A/7RM4/7C\nMENU (Network) [Ctrl w/ Smartphone] [Ctrl w/ Smartphone] [Off]\nMENU (Network) [PC Remote Function] [PC Remote] [On]\nMENU (Network) [PC Remote Function] [PC Remote Cnct Method] [USB]\nILCE-7SM3\nMENU (Network) [Transfer/Remote] [Ctrl w/ Smartphone] [Ctrl w/ Smartphone] [Off]\nMENU (Network) [Transfer/Remote] [PC Remote Function] [PC Remote] [On]\nMENU (Network) [Transfer/Remote] [PC Remote Function] [PC Remote Cnct Method] [USB]\nZV-1\nMENU (Network) [Ctrl w/ Smartphone] [Ctrl w/ Smartphone] [Off]\nMENU (Network) [PC Remote Function] [PC Remote] [On]\nWhen using another camera\nMENU (Network) / (Wireless) [Ctrl w/ Smartphone] [Ctrl w/ Smartphone] [Off]*\nMENU (Setup) [USB Connection] [PC Remote]\n* This operation is not necessary on models without [Ctrl w/ Smartphone].\nZV-E10\nMENU (Network) [Smartphone Connect] [Smartphone Connection] [Off]\nMENU (Network) [PC Remote Function] [PC Remote] [On]\nMENU (Network) [PC Remote Function] [PC Remote Cnct Method] [USB]\nILCE-1/9M3/7SM3/7RM5/7CR/7CM2/7M4/6700, ZV-E1, ZV-1F/1M2, ILME-FX3/FX30\nMake sure that the camera is not connected to a smartphone beforehand.\nMENU (Setup) [USB] [USB Connection Mode] [Sel. When Connect]\nAfter connecting the camera and computer as described in step 2, select [Remote Shoot (PC Remote)] on the screen of the camera.\nConnect the camera and computer using the supplied USB cable.\n*If a USB cable is not supplied with your camera, use a commercially available USB cable.\nWhen using the ILCE-7M2, ILCE-7S, ILCE-7SM2, ILCE-7RM2, ILCE-5100, ILCE-6300, ILCA-68, ILCA-77M2, DSC-RX1RM2, DSC-RX10M2, DSC-RX10M3, DSC-RX100M4, or DSC-RX100M5\nBefore proceeding to step 3 below, first set the camera to (Auto Mode). After launching the livestreaming/web conferencing service and starting the video, change to movie mode.\nWhen using a camera other than those listed above\nSet the camera to movie mode.\nIf you use the camera with the Cinematic Vlog setting or the XAVC S-I DCI 4K setting, you cannot use Imaging Edge Webcam in these modes. Use a setting other than Cinematic Vlog or XAVC S-I DCI 4K.\nNote\nIt is not possible to connect to the camera when the Imaging Edge Remote is active. Quit Remote and then connect to the camera.\nLaunch the live distribution/web conferencing service on your personal computer.\nYou may have to install additional software or register an account beforehand.\nChange the appropriate setting in the live distribution/web conferencing service to switch the camera to be used from the PCs built-in camera to the Sony camera.\nThe setting procedure will differ depending on the service you are using.\nFor detailed setting instructions, refer to the users manual or help page of the service.\nThe aspect ratio is automatically set to 16:9.\nWe recommend that you disable the sleep mode of your PC when using the Imaging Edge Webcam.\nWhen using Imaging Edge Webcam, do not unplug the USB cable of any USB devices such as a camera or headset, and avoid operations such as releasing the shutter or changing camera settings such as drive mode.\n< When using the Windows version > If the live view screen is interrupted by such operations, you may be able to recover by performing the following operations.\nTurn off the video of the web conferencing system.\nFrom the Windows Start menu, select [Imaging Edge Webcam] [USB Reset].\nTurn off the camera and then turn it on again.\nRestart the video of the web conferencing system.\nIf you are unable to recover by performing the operations above, turn off the camera and restart the PC.\nImaging Edge Webcam does not handle audio from the cameras built-in microphone or an external microphone. Use your personal computers built-in microphone or an external microphone.\nIf your camera has [USB Power Supply] as an option, we recommend that you set it to [On]. If you will be using Imaging Edge Webcam for an extended period of time, we recommend that you make sure the camera is fully charged beforehand.\nThe resolution is 1,024 576 pixels.\nLicensing Info\nThis software is based in part on the work of the Independent JPEG Group.\nlibjpeg-turbo\nCopyright (C)2009-2015, 2017 D. R. Commander. All Rights Reserved.\nRedistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\nRedistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.\nRedistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.\nNeither the name of the libjpeg-turbo Project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.\nTHIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\", AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 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IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.\nWas this information helpful?\t\t\t Yes No\nEnglish\nTerms of Use\nAbout this Site\nCookie Policy\nCopyright 2024 Sony Corporation", "url": "https://support.d-imaging.sony.co.jp/app/webcam/en/instruction/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How to use a Sony camera as webcam with the Imaging Edge Webcam software | Sony UK\nMy Sony\nSign in\nMy Products\nRegister a new product\nMy Account Details\nNewsletter Preferences\nCommunity\nMy Orders\nDelivery Addresses\nPayment Methods\nMy Coupons\nSign out\nSearch History\nClear History\nProducts\nSupport\nProducts\nProducts\nTVs & Home Theatre\nTVs & Home Theatre\nTVs\nHome Theatre & Soundbars\nBlu-ray Disc & DVD Players\nAudio\nAudio\nHeadphones\nPortable Audio Player\nHigh Resolution Audio\nWireless Speakers\n360 Reality Audio\nAudio Systems\nAudio Components\nDigital Voice Recorders\nBoomboxes, Radios & Portable CD Players\nHome Theatre & Sound Bars\nGaming Gear\nGaming Gear\nGaming Gears\nCameras\nCameras\nInterchangeable-lens Cameras\nLenses\nCompact Cameras\nVlog Cameras\nHandycam Camcorders\nAction Cam\nCinema Line Cameras\nCamera Accessories\nB to B solutions\nCloud Service\nCloud Service\nCreators Cloud\nMobile\nMobile\nSmartphones\nCar Audio\nCar Audio\nCar Audio\nMedia, Storage & Cables\nMedia, Storage & Cables\nMemory Cards, Storage & Cables\nAll Products\nAll Products\nProfessional Products & Solutions\nProfessional Products & Solutions\nStore\nPlayStation\nSupport\nSupport\nSupport\nSupport\nMy Sony\nMy Sony\nCommunity\nCommunity\nSupport by Sony mobile app\nSupport by Sony mobile app\nSony Sites\nSony Sites\nSony Group Site\nSony Group Site\nSony Design\nSony Design\nSony Professional\nSony Professional\nPlayStation\nPlayStation\nSony and the Environment\nSony and the Environment\nSony Pictures\nSony Pictures\nSony Music\nSony Music\nSony Biotechnology\nSony Biotechnology\nUh oh.It looks like JavaScript is disabled in your browser. To get the full experience on Sony.co.uk, please change your settings to allow JavaScript.\nSony SupportArticle ID : 00249485 / Last Modified : 21/05/2024PrintHow to use a Sony camera as webcam with the Imaging Edge Webcam software\nApplicable Products and Categories of This ArticleIMPORTANT: This article applies only to specific products and/or operating systems. Check Applicable Products and Categories for details.\nWhat is Imaging Edge Webcam Software?\nThe Imaging Edge Webcam software is an application that makes it possible to use a Sony camera as a high-quality webcam!This way, you can use your camera as ahigh-definition webcam for live streaming while taking advantage of its unique and diverse features.Imaging Edge Webcam does not handle audio, so use your personal computers built-in microphone or an external microphone.\nWhat cameras are supported?Supported operating systems:\nWindows 10 64-bitApple macOS 10.13 - 10.15 and macOS 11.0 operating systems (excluding Macs with Apple silicon)For an OS other than Windows 10 64-bitor if you would like to improve the resolution/framerate\t\t(explanatory article on how to live stream without using the Imaging Edge Webcam software)\nHow to install the Imaging Edge Webcam software?\nInstallation & Settings\nDownload and install the Imaging Edge Webcam software on your computer.Restart the computer (for the first time only).Turn on your camera.On the camera, enable the followingsettings (menu paths may differ slightly depending on the camera)\nILCE-1\nMENU(Network) Smartphone ConnectSmartphone ConnectionOffMENU(Network) Transfer/RemotePC Remote FunctionOnMENU(Network) Transfer/RemotePC Remote FunctionPC Remote Cnct Method)USB\nILCE-9M2 or ILCE-7C/7RM4/7RM4A\nMENU (Network) Ctrl w/ Smartphone Ctrl w/ SmartphoneOffMENU (Network) PC Remote Function PC Remote OnMENU (Network) PC Remote Function PC Remote Cnct Method USB\nILCE-7RM5/ILCE-7M4 or ILME-FX3/FX30\nMENU(Network)Transfer/RemoteCtrl w/ SmartphoneCtrl w/ SmartphoneOffMENU(Network)Transfer/RemotePC Remote FunctionPC RemoteOnMENU(Network)Transfer/RemotePC Remote FunctionPC Remote Cnct MethodUSB\nZV-E10\nMENU(Network)Smartphone ConnectSmartphone ConnectionOffMENU(Network)PC Remote FunctionPC RemoteOnMENU(Network)PC Remote FunctionPC Remote Cnct MethodUSB\nZV-1F\nMENU(Network)Transfer/RemotePC Remote FunctionPC RemoteOn\nZV-1\nMENU (Network) Ctrl w/ Smartphone Ctrl w/ SmartphoneOffMENU (Network) PC Remote Function PC Remote On\nWhen using another camera\nMENU (Network) / (Wireless) Ctrl w/ SmartphoneCtrl w/ Smartphone Off NOTE:This operation is not necessary on models without Ctrl w/ Smartphone.MENU (Setup) USB Connection PC Remote\nHow to set up your camera\nConnect the cameraandcomputer using the supplied USB cable. It is not possible to connect to the camera when the Imaging Edge Desktop (Remote)software is active. Quit the Imaging Edge Desktop (Remote)software first and then connect to the camera.\nWhen using the ILCE-7M2, ILCE-7S, ILCE-7SM2, ILCE-7RM2, ILCE-5100, ILCE-6300, ILCA-68, ILCA-77M2, DSC-RX1RM2, DSC-RX10M2, DSC-RX10M3, DSC-RX100M4, or DSC-RX100M5\t\tBefore proceeding to the next step, first set the camera to (Auto Mode). After launching the live streaming/web conferencing service and starting the video, change to movie mode.\nWhen using a camera other than those listed above\t\tSet the camera to movie mode.\nLaunch your prefered video conference softwareon your personalcomputer.\tChange the appropriate setting in the video conference software to switch the camera to be used from the PCs built-in camera to the Sony camera.\tIf you're uncertain about how to do this, check the support page of the video conferencing software you use.\nUseful tips when using the Imaging Edge Webcam Software\nThe aspect ratio is automatically set to 16:9. It will remain set to 16:9 after using the Imaging Edge Webcam software, so set it to the previous value if necessary.We recommend that you disable the sleep mode of your PC when using the Imaging Edge Webcam.When using the Imaging Edge Webcam, do not unplug the USB cable of any USB devices such as a camera or headset, and avoidreleasing the shutter or changing camera settings such as drive mode.If your camera has USB Power Supplyas an option, we recommend that you set it to On.The resolution is set to 1,024 576 pixels.To improve smooth movement,try (Auto Mode) instead of movie mode.The camera turns off automatically when the temperature of the camera body rises beyond a certain point. If you will be using the camera for an extended period of time, use (Auto Mode). On a camera with an Auto Power OFF Temp.setting, selecting the Highsetting will extend the length of time you can use the camera continuously.If you can't start the video of the web conference,the settings of different video conference software you are not currently using may be causing the problem. Make sure the camera setting of the other video softwareis set to something other thanthe Sony Camera (Imaging Edge).\nTroubleshooting tips\nIf theSony Camera (Imaging Edge)selection doesn't appear in the camera settings of the web conferencing system or the live view screen isn't displayed even after the camera setting is switched, the web conferencing system may not be compatible. If the web conferencing system is available in both an app version and a browser version, try both versions.\nOther tips will vary depending on the operating system. Select your OS for more information.\nWindows OS\nIf the movement isn't smooth during livestreaming, then switch to the(Auto Mode) instead of movie mode.When using the camera for an extended period of time, the camera will automatically shut down when the temperature rises beyond a certain point. For periods of extended use:\nUse the(Auto Mode).If your camera has theAuto Power OFF Temp.setting, select theHighsetting to extend the length of time you can use the camera continuously.\nIf you're using multiple web conferencing systems, be sure to have only one system utilising the Sony Camera (Imaging Edge) setting for video.If the Imaging Edge Webcam logo remains visible and the live view screen is not displayed. Don't connect or remove any USB devices from the computer or change the settings of the camera when using the software. If the livestreaming is interrupted by these operations, you may be able to recover with these steps:\nTurn off the video of the web conferencing system.On the computer, selectImaging Edge WebcamUSB Reset.Turn off the camera, and then turn it on again.Restart the video of the web conferencing system.\nmacOS\nWhen using Imaging Edge Webcam, don't connect or remove any USB devices from the computer or change the settings of the camera when using the software. If the live view screen is interrupted by such operations, turn off the camera and then restart your Mac.The messageFailed to connect to the camera due to a conflict with the function of another running applicationand you may be unable to connect.\nIf you launch the livestreaming/web conferencing service while an online storage application or an application that operates the camera remotely is running. If this happens, temporarily quit the other running application, wait for about one minute, and then relaunch the livestreaming/web conferencing system.\nPlease accept Youtube cookies to watch this videoAccess your cookie preferences below and make sure to switch on the Youtube cookie under the 'Functional' section.Manage cookies\nRelated ArticlesWhat is the difference between the Imaging Edge Webcam PC application and the USB streaming function?How to use your Alpha or DSC camera to live stream with the USB streaming functionI turned on the camera from Camera Remote Power ON/OFF on Imaging Edge Mobile (PlayMemories Mobile successor), but images in the camera do not appear on the smartphone.How to use your Alpha or DSC camera to live stream using the HDMI portThe edges of the image have strange colours when using the Toy Camera mode in Picture Effect.\nRegister your productGet access to all information, keep your product up to date and enjoy great deals\nSony CommunityVisit our Community and share your experiences and solutions with other Sony customers\nContact supportContact your Sony Support team\nRepair, Warranty & Spare PartsBook, track or maybe even avoid a repair\nSupport by Sony (Mobile App)Never miss an update again! 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I can't get a video feed from the camera to Zoom ... I only see the \"Logo\" of the software in the Zoom.\nAny ideas? Thank you!\nBest,\nMarek\nMarBa's gear list:MarBa's gear list\nPentax K-1\nPentax K-3 Mark III\nPentax smc FA 31mm F1.8 AL Limited\nPentax smc FA 43mm F1.9 Limited\nPentax smc FA 77mm 1.8 Limited\n+6 more\nSony a6300\nIf you believe there are incorrect tags, please send us this post using our\nfeedback form.\nReply to thread\nReply with quote\nComplain\nWilly79\n\nForum Pro\n\nPosts: 10,147\nRe: a6300 with Imaging Edge Webcam\nIn reply to MarBa\n\nAug 22, 2020\nMarBa wrote:\nHi guys,\nanyone with a6300 got the Imaging Edge Webcam software to work? I can't get a video feed from the camera to Zoom ... I only see the \"Logo\" of the software in the Zoom.\nAny ideas? Thank you!\nBest,\nMarek\nI will not be downloading or using \"Imaging Edge Webcam\" but I am interested and will follow comments to your thread. Thanks for the post.\nI am using my A6300 with a HDMI to USB 3.0 grabber which gives me 1080P / 60 fps resolution. Check the resolution with Imaging Edge Webcam (I their documentation says 576, that's less than using my laptop camera).\n-- hide signature --I enjoy content, simplicity and light weight: A6000, A6300, A6500 w/Sony + Zeiss + G Glass\nReply\nReply with quote\nReply to thread\nComplain\nHD_Steve\n\nNew Member\n\nPosts: 11\nRe: a6300 with Imaging Edge Webcam\nIn reply to MarBa\n\nAug 23, 2020\n1\nI had the same problem until I tried a different USB cable and that fixed it for me.\nReply\nReply with quote\nReply to thread\nComplain\nHandsome90\n\nContributing Member\n\nPosts: 640\nRe: a6300 with Imaging Edge Webcam\nIn reply to HD_Steve\n\nAug 23, 2020\n2\nHD_Steve wrote:\nI had the same problem until I tried a different USB cable and that fixed it for me.\nYup this. Have you tried using the cable that came with the camera? Some USB cables cannot transfer data.\nReply\nReply with quote\nReply to thread\nComplain\nhawk15\n\nContributing Member\n\nPosts: 796\nRe: a6300 with Imaging Edge Webcam\nIn reply to MarBa\n\nAug 23, 2020\nHow are you placing the camera? Most monitors are placed right in front of a wall.\nhawk15's gear list:hawk15's gear list\nSony a6000\nTamron 18-200mm F3.5-6.3 Di III VC\nSony E 16-50mm F3.5-5.6 PZ OSS\nSony E 35mm F1.8 OSS\nReply\nReply with quote\nReply to thread\nComplain\nWilly79\n\nForum Pro\n\nPosts: 10,147\nRe: a6300 with Imaging Edge Webcam\nIn reply to hawk15\n\nAug 23, 2020\n1\nhawk15 wrote:\nHow are you placing the camera? Most monitors are placed right in front of a wall.\nPhotos show my camera placement which is just above the back side of my laptop scene. The brackets are from Manfrotto and attached to my laptop cart.\nI am also using the Sony Remote Cable RM-VPR1 which allows me to zoom in / out with the 16-50mm PZ lens and focus. I also have an A/C adapter powering a slave battery which is in the camera so I don't need to worry about battery life.\nMakesamsungModelSM-G973UFocal length4.3mmShutter speed1/40 secAperturef/1.5ISO640Capture dateSun, 23 Aug 2020 13:12:34 GMTView: original size\nMakesamsungModelSM-G973UFocal length4.3mmShutter speed1/60 secAperturef/2.4ISO200Capture dateSun, 23 Aug 2020 13:16:15 GMTView: original size\nNo EXIF data.View: original size\nFor some Zoom meetings I have repositioned my laptop w/camera so my background becomes my bookcase instead of the wall (I don't like the virtual backgrounds).\n-- hide signature --I enjoy content, simplicity and light weight: A6000, A6300, A6500 w/Sony + Zeiss + G Glass\nReply\nReply with quote\nReply to thread\nComplain\nhawk15\n\nContributing Member\n\nPosts: 796\nRe: a6300 with Imaging Edge Webcam\nIn reply to Willy79\n\nAug 23, 2020\nNice docking station contraption.\nWhat software do you use, since you mentioned it's not the Imaging Edge Webcam?\nhawk15's gear list:hawk15's gear list\nSony a6000\nTamron 18-200mm F3.5-6.3 Di III VC\nSony E 16-50mm F3.5-5.6 PZ OSS\nSony E 35mm F1.8 OSS\nReply\nReply with quote\nReply to thread\nComplain\nWilly79\n\nForum Pro\n\nPosts: 10,147\nRe: a6300 with Imaging Edge Webcam\nIn reply to hawk15\n\nAug 23, 2020\n1\nhawk15 wrote:\nNice docking station contraption.\nWhat software do you use, since you mentioned it's not the Imaging Edge Webcam?\nNo additional software required.\nI ordered a portable computer / projector stand with wheels and modified it to meet my needs and comfort. I adjusted the mouse pad deck to be the same level (or just slightly above) as the padded arm on my comfy old man's chair.\nI am using an Pengo HMDI to USB 3.0 video grabber with Windows 10 which does not require any software (it is a simple plug-and-play). You can Google and find similar devices for as low as $17 (HDMI to USB Video Grabber). Although, I have not tried the lower priced units.\nhttps://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1560609-REG/pengo_technology_8rgr2_h01c01t0pe_1080p_hdmi_to_usb_c.html\nMakesamsungModelSM-G973UFocal length4.3mmShutter speed1/60 secAperturef/1.5ISO800Capture dateSun, 23 Aug 2020 16:56:22 GMTView: original size\nTo use the devise I run an HDMI cable from my A6300 to the device and then plug the USB 3.0 type C cable from the device to my computer.\nI also use an A/C power power supply in place of the in camera battery so I don't need to worry about battery life.\nhttps://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01D67LTIK?ref=ppx_pt2_dt_b_prod_image\nWith my camera I also use the Sony RM-VPR1 Remote Commander which allows me to zoom in / out my Sony E 16-50mm PZ lens as well as focus.\nhttps://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/925709-REG/sony_rm_vpr1_remote_control_with_multi_terminal.html?sts=pi&pim=Y\nMakesamsungModelSM-G973UFocal length4.3mmShutter speed1/30 secAperturef/1.5ISO640Capture dateSun, 23 Aug 2020 16:56:40 GMTView: original size\nInitially I used audio from my computer which was very good but then I added a Rode USB NT-Mini.\nhttps://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1540109-REG/rode_nt_usb_mini_usb_microphone.html\nBelow are a couple images of my DIY mic boom which I find very convenient and fold up out of the way when not using.\nMakesamsungModelSM-G973UFocal length4.3mmShutter speed1/40 secAperturef/1.5ISO640Capture dateSun, 23 Aug 2020 16:29:13 GMTView: original size\nMakesamsungModelSM-G973UFocal length4.3mmShutter speed1/40 secAperturef/2.4ISO640Capture dateSun, 23 Aug 2020 16:32:00 GMTView: original size\nMakesamsungModelSM-G973UFocal length4.3mmShutter speed1/40 secAperturef/1.5ISO640Capture dateSun, 23 Aug 2020 18:10:23 GMTView: original size\n-- hide signature --I enjoy content, simplicity and light weight: A6000, A6300, A6500 w/Sony + Zeiss + G Glass\nReply\nReply with quote\nReply to thread\nComplain\nMaxzoom\n\nRegular Member\n\nPosts: 423\nRe: a6300 with Imaging Edge Webcam\nIn reply to Handsome90\n\nSep 4, 2020\nSo I was using a 1m USB data cable but it did not work, seeing this post I tried a shorter 0.5mm data cable and it works.\nThanks for the tip.\nMaxzoom's gear list:Maxzoom's gear list\nSony a6500\nSony a6700\nSony E 50mm F1.8 OSS\nSony E 10-18mm F4 OSS\nSony E PZ 18-105mm F4 G OSS\n+6 more\nReply\nReply with quote\nReply to thread\nComplain\nBrentSchumer\n\nVeteran Member\n\nPosts: 4,707\nRe: a6300 with Imaging Edge Webcam\nIn reply to MarBa\n\nSep 4, 2020\nMarBa wrote:\nHi guys,\nanyone with a6300 got the Imaging Edge Webcam software to work? I can't get a video feed from the camera to Zoom ... I only see the \"Logo\" of the software in the Zoom.\nAny ideas? Thank you!\nBest,\nMarek\nBe sure to set the USB connect type to Computer Control.\nBrentSchumer's gear list:BrentSchumer's gear list\nSony RX100 VI\nSony a7R III\nVenus Laowa 100mm F2.8 Macro\nTamron 20mm F2.8 Di III OSD\nTamron 28-200mm F2.8-5.6\n+1 more\nReply\nReply with quote\nReply to thread\nComplain\nForum\nThreaded view\nKeyboard shortcuts:\nFForum\nMMy threads\nYou may also like\nNew: 7 Best cameras for travel\nMar 6, 2024\nSony is bringing shutter angle to the FX3 and FX30 (eventually)\nJan 17, 2024\nDPReview Annual Awards: The best photography gear of 2023\nDec 7, 2023\n7 Best mirrorless cameras\nNov 17, 2023\nLatest sample galleries\nPanasonic S9 pre-production sample gallery\nFujifilm X-T50 preview sample gallery\nFujifilm XF 16-50mm F2.8-4.8 R LM WR sample gallery\nSigma 15mm F1.4 DG DN Diagonal Fisheye lens sample gallery\nSee more galleries\n\nLatest in-depth reviews\n608Panasonic S9 initial reviewpreview1 week agoThe Lumix S9 is Panasonic's newest full-frame mirrorless camera. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Oberlin College and Conservatory\nSkip to main content\nSkip to main navigation\nRequest Info\nVisit & Connect\nApply\nGive\nSearch\nSearch Oberlin:\nSearch form\nSearch\nSearch\nMenu\nMain Menu\nCollege of Arts & SciencesOverviewCollege at a Glance\nAreas of Study: College\nCollege Faculty and Staff\nSciences at Oberlin\nLanguages at Oberlin\nPracticing Arts at Oberlin\nMusic Opportunities for A&S Students\nResources and Support for College Students\nCenter for Engaged Liberal Arts\nLife After Oberlin College\nConservatory of MusicOverviewConservatory at a Glance\nConservatory Areas of Study\nConservatory Faculty and Staff\nDivisions\nConservatory Complex\nOn Stage\nConservatory Resources and Support\nLife After Oberlin Conservatory\nAdmissions & AidOverviewArts and Sciences Admissions\nConservatory of Music Admissions\nDouble Degree Program\nFinancial Aid Overview\nTuition & Fees\nVisit & Connect\nClass Profile\nRequest Information\nAccepted Students\nOberlin Blogs\nLife at OberlinOverviewLiving on Campus\nDivision of Student Affairs\nMuseum and the Arts\nAthletics\nClubs & Organizations\nOur Traditions\nJewish Life at Oberlin\nThe Oberlin Stories Project\nIn and Around Oberlin\nAbout OberlinOverviewOberlin History\nMission and Values\nLeadership & Administration\nLibraries & Collections\nVisiting Oberlin\nNews & EventsOverviewNews\nEvents\nIn the News\nSpecial Events\nFaculty and Staff Notes\nRunning to the Noise Podcast\nCampus ResourcesOverviewOffices\nLocations & Facilities\nObieSafe\nCampus Bulletins\nCampus Support Resources\nTransportation for Students\nContact Oberlin\nResources For\nCurrent Students\nAlumni\nFaculty & Staff\nParents\nLocal Community\nJob Seekers\nRequest Info\nVisit & Connect\nApply\nGive\nOberlin College and Conservatory\nVideo Description: Oberlin Scenes\nThis silent video makes quick cuts, showing the green space and buildings around campus followed by students and faculty engaging in discussions, working in labs, and performing music.\nThe scenes include:\nAn aerial shot of Finney Chapel and the center of the Oberlin Campus.\nA student is planting a plant into dirt.\nA trumpeter plays, viewed through the strings of a bass.\nA yellow converse shoe on the foot of a statue.\nThe scenery of the koi pond in front of the Conservatory building.\nA timelapse of students walking between Mudd Library and Wilder Hall.\nAn aerial shot of solar panels in a field.\nA student is seated on a bench in a museum gallery, taking notes.\nA student and a professor are sitting together at a desk conducting a science project.\nA professor responds to a student.\nLab partners are doing an experiment while wearing lab coats and goggles.\nA professor explains a graph to two students.\nTwo students and a professor crouch over an experiment in the woods.\nOne student plays a drum kit while another plays alto sax.\nA conservatory professor gives tips to students in a jazz combo.\nThe back of a conductor conducting an orchestra.\nA student writes an equation on the blackboard as a professor stands behind him.\nSomeone wearing a suit gives a speech on a stage, in front of a map of the world.\nA student is working on their computer in a womb chair.\nA violinist plays in a bright, sunny room.\nA student reaches up with plant tweezers to trim a plant in a greenhouse.\nA coach is giving a speech to athletes.\nA tennis player serves.\nA close-up of a students fingers as they grip the rock climbing wall.\nRunners get positioned to start a race.\nStudents play the trombone, bass and drums on stage at the Cat and the Cream.\nAn aerial zooming out shot of Tappan Square.\nThe video then loops back to the beginning.\nPause Video\nOne college, one conservatory, one community. 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Minor\nConservatory\nImprovisation\nMinor\nArts and Sciences\nIndividual Major\nMajor\nConservatory\nInterdisciplinary Performance Minor\nMinor\nArts and Sciences\nInternational Affairs\nIntegrative Concentration\nConservatory\nJazz Composition\nMajor\nConservatory\nJazz Performance\nMajor\nArts and Sciences\nJewish Studies\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nJournalism\nIntegrative Concentration\nArts and Sciences\nLatin American Studies\nMajor\nArts and Sciences\nLaw and Society\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nLinguistics\nMinor\nArts and Sciences\nLiterary Translation\nMinor\nArts and Sciences\nMathematics\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nMiddle East and North Africa Studies\nMinor\nArts and Sciences, Conservatory\nMusic and Cognition Minor\nMinor\nArts and Sciences, Conservatory\nMusic and Popular Culture Minor\nMinor\nConservatory\nMusic History\nMinor\nConservatory\nMusic Minor\nMinor\nConservatory\nMusic Theory\nMinor\nArts and Sciences, Conservatory\nMusical Pathways\nMinor\nArts and Sciences\nMusical Studies\nMajor, Minor\nConservatory\nMusicology\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nNeuroscience\nMajor\nConservatory\nOboe\nMajor, Performance Diploma, Artist Diploma\nConservatory\nOpera Theater\nConservatory\nOrgan\nMajor, Minor, Artist Diploma\nArts and Sciences\nPeace and Conflict Studies\nIntegrative Concentration\nConservatory\nPedagogy, Advocacy, and Community Engagement\nIntegrative Concentration\nConservatory\nPercussion\nMajor\nArts and Sciences\nPhilosophy\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nPhysics\nMajor, Minor\nConservatory\nPiano\nMajor, Artist Diploma\nConservatory\nPiano and Vocal Accompanying\nMajor\nConservatory\nPiano Pedagogy\nMinor\nConservatory\nPiano Technology\nGraduate\nArts and Sciences\nPolitics\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nPre Law\nArts and Sciences\nPre Medical\nArts and Sciences\nPsychology\nMajor\nArts and Sciences\nPublic Humanities\nIntegrative Concentration\nConservatory\nRecorder\nMinor, Performance Diploma\nConservatory\nRecording Arts and Production\nMajor\nArts and Sciences\nReligion\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nRussian, East European, and Eurasian Studies\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nSociology\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nSpanish\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nStatistical Modeling\nMinor\nArts and Sciences\nStudio Art\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nTheater\nMajor, Minor\nConservatory\nTIMARA\nMajor, Minor\nConservatory\nTrombone\nMajor, Minor\nConservatory\nTrumpet\nMajor, Minor\nConservatory\nTuba\nMajor, Minor\nConservatory\nViola\nMajor\nConservatory\nViola da Gamba\nMajor, Minor\nConservatory\nViolin\nMajor\nConservatory\nVoice\nMajor, Minor\nArts and Sciences\nWriting and Communication\nMinor\nDidnt find what youre looking for?\nSee the full lists of majors, minors, and concentrations here:\nArts and\nSciences AreasofStudy\nConservatory of\nMusic AreasofStudy\nThere are many great colleges and many great conservatories. There is only one Oberlin.\nAcademic & artistic excellence\nWe offer one of the worlds great undergraduate educations. We will cultivate your curiosity and help you master the tools necessary to engage humanitys most vexing challenges, debates, and artistic frontiers.\nLearning & Labor\nIt's not just our motto, it's our practice. Hands-on experience is a critical part of an Oberlin education. In research and scholarship, in creative work and performance, we make the connections between learning and doing, between imagination and action.\nA restlessness of innovation\nFrom the very beginningas the first college to adopt a policy to admit Black students and the first to grant undergraduate degrees to women in a co-ed programwe have championed critical work that yields necessary progress: new discoveries, new music and art, new ideas, new ventures, new cultural practices and norms.\nFind your people. Find your muse.\nWith its longstanding commitments to access, diversity, and inclusion, Oberlin is the perfect laboratory in which to study and design the world you want. You'll always feel that you belong herewe'll celebrate you just as you are, without compromise. We're a place where individual flourishing is a collective endeavorwe believe that it takes more than yourself to be yourself.\nPhoto credit: Matthew Lester\nFaculty mentorship\nEvery Oberlin experience is a collaborative enterprise between students and faculty. Your faculty mentorsworld-renowned scholars, artists, teachers, and citizenswill guide and push you, invested fully in your promise and in your future. They will challenge you to approach your education with a critical mind and a resilient heart.\nAn ideal location\nIn a quintessential college town in the heart of the Midwest, our picturesque location provides small-town charm and safety. It gives us lots of room to breathe and the freedom to explore and apply new ideas. Whether on campus, in the city of Oberlin, or in nearby Cleveland, you'll find an expansive menu of cultural, social, and service programming.\nReady to launch\nWhen our students graduate, they land in the most interesting places. We do amazing, life-changing, creative work. Our alumni use their Oberlin educations to give the world more joy, hope, meaning, and justiceserving collectively as a global force for good. In every field, on every stage, Obies help people find the way forward.\nSustainable Infrastructure Program\nOberlin is taking a big step toward carbon neutrality with a multi-year, campus-wide conversion to geothermal energy. Follow our progress at CarbonNeutral.oberlin.edu.\nNot only are my teachers brilliant at what they do, theyre some of the most compassionate and supportive people I know. Theyve offered me invaluable guidance and pushed me in new creative directions that have ultimately made me a better artist and a better human being.\nJosh Augustin 20\nAdmissions and FinancialAid\nCollege of Arts and Sciences\nConservatory of Music\nCollege of Arts & Sciences\nConservatory of Music\nAdmissions & Aid\nLife at Oberlin\nAbout Oberlin\nNews & Events\nCampus Resources\nRequest Info\nVisit & Connect\nApply\nGive\nCollege of Arts and Sciences Admissions\n(800) 622-6243 or (440) 775-8411\n38 E. College St., Oberlin, OH 44074\nConservatory of Music Admissions\n(440) 775-8413\n39 W. College St., Oberlin, OH 44074\n 2024, Oberlin College and Conservatory\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright Policy\nAccreditation\nWebsite Accessibility\nContact Us\nCurrent Students\nAlumni\nFaculty & Staff\nParents\nLocal Community\nJob Seekers\nApply to Oberlin\nOberlin has separate application processes for the College of Arts and Sciences and the Conservatory of Music.\nCollege of ArtsandSciences\nAdmissions\nConservatory\nofMusic Admissions\nDouble Degree Program\nYou have exceptional musical talent and intellectual enthusiasm.We have a place just for you.\nDouble Degree Program Applicants", "url": "https://www.oberlin.edu/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Oberlin College - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\nToggle History subsection\n1.1Founding\n1.2Predecessor: The Oneida Institute\n1.3The Lane Rebels enroll at Oberlin\n1.419th century post founding\n1.520th century\n1.621st century\n1.6.1Gibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College\n2Academics\nToggle Academics subsection\n2.1College Libraries\n2.2Experimental College\n2.3Winter term\n2.4Creativity and Leadership\n3Campus culture\nToggle Campus culture subsection\n3.1Political activism\n3.2Student Cooperative Association\n3.3Music\n3.4Film\n4Sustainability\n5Campus publications and media\n6Athletics\nToggle Athletics subsection\n6.1Baseball\n6.2Football\n6.3Cheerleading\n6.4Fencing\n6.5Ultimate\n7Notable people\n8See also\n9References\n10Further reading\nToggle Further reading subsection\n10.1Primary sources\n11External links\nToggle the table of contents\nOberlin College\n23 languages\nCataletinaDeutschEspaolFranaisItalianoNederlandsNorsk bokmlShqipSimple EnglishSvenskaTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nCoordinates: 411735N 821318W / 41.29306N 82.22167W / 41.29306; -82.22167\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nPrivate college in Oberlin, Ohio, US\nOberlin CollegeFormer namesOberlin Collegiate Institute(18331864)MottoLearning and LaborTypePrivate liberal arts collegeEstablishedSeptember2, 1833; 190 years ago(1833-09-02)Academic affiliationsAnnapolis GroupCICCLACCOFHEFive Colleges of OhioGLCANAICU[1]Oberlin GroupEndowment$1.09 billion (2021)[2]PresidentCarmen Twillie AmbarAcademic staff327 (2017)[3]Students2,785 (2019)[3]LocationOberlin, Ohio, U.S.411735N 821318W / 41.29306N 82.22167W / 41.29306; -82.22167CampusSuburbanColors Red & gold[4]NicknameYeomen / YeowomenSporting affiliationsNCAA Division III NCACMascotYeobie the Squirrel[5]Websiteoberlin.edu\nOberlin College is a private liberal arts college and conservatory of music in Oberlin, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1833, it is the oldest coeducational liberal arts college in the United States and the second-oldest continuously operating coeducational institute of higher learning in the world.[6] The Oberlin Conservatory of Music is the oldest continuously operating conservatory in the United States.[7]\nIn 1835, Oberlin became one of the first colleges in the United States to admit African Americans, and in 1837, the first to admit women[8] (other than Franklin College's brief experiment in the 1780s[9]). It has been known since its founding for progressive student activism.[10]\nThe College of Arts & Sciences offers more than 60 majors, minors, and concentrations. Oberlin is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the Five Colleges of Ohio consortium.\nHistory[edit]\nOberlin College was preceded by Oberlin Institute, founded in 1833. The college's founders wrote voluminously and were featured prominently in the press, especially the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, in which the name Oberlin occurred 352 times by 1865. Original documents and correspondence survive and are readily available. There is a \"wealth of primary documents and scholarly works\".[11]:346 Robert Samuel Fletcher (class of 1920) published a history in 1943, that is a landmark and the point of departure of all subsequent studies of Oberlin's history.[12]:2021 His disciple Geoffrey Blodgett (1953) continued Fletcher's work.\nFounding[edit]\nPartial View Oberlin by H. Alonzo Pease, 1838\n\"'Oberlin' was an idea before it was a place.\"[13]:12 It began in revelation and dreams: Yankees' motivation to emigrate west, attempting perfection in God's eyes, \"educating a missionary army of Christian soldiers to save the world and inaugurate God's government on earth, and the radical notion that slavery was America's most horrendous sin that should be instantly repented of and immediately brought to an end.\"[13]:12 Its immediate background was the wave of Christian revivals in western New York State, in which Charles Finney was very much involved. \"Oberlin was the offspring of the revivals of 1830, '31, and '32.\"[14]:12 Oberlin founder John Jay Shipherd was an admirer of Finney, and visited him in Rochester, New York, when en route to Ohio for the first time. Finney invited Shipherd to stay with him as an assistant, but Shipherd \"felt that he had his own important part to play in bringing on the millennium, God's triumphant reign on Earth. Finney's desires were one thing, but Shipherd believed that the Lord's work for him lay farther west.\" Shipherd attempted to convince Finney to accompany him west, which he did in 1835.[15]:1314\nOberlin was to be a pious, simple-living community in a sparsely populated area, of which the school, training ministers and missionaries, would be the centerpiece. The Oberlin Collegiate Institute was founded in 1833 by Shipherd and another Presbyterian minister, Philo Stewart,[16] \"formerly a missionary among the Cherokees in Mississippi, and at that time residing in Mr. Shipherd's family,\"[17]:Int. 37 who was studying Divinity with Shipherd.[18]:281 The institute was built on 500 acres (2km2) of land donated by Titus Street, founder of Streetsboro, Ohio, and Samuel Hughes,[19]:91,94 who lived in Connecticut. Shipherd and Stewert named their project after Alsatian minister Jean-Frdric Oberlin, about whom a book had just been published,[20] which Stewart was reading to Shipherd.[18]:281 Oberlin had brought social Christianity to an isolated region of France, just as they hoped to bring to the remote Western Reserve region of northeastern Ohio.\nThe college was named after a prominent minister, J. F. Oberlin.\nTheir vision was:\nA community of Christian families with a Christian school which should be \"a center of religious influence and power which should work mightily upon the surrounding country and the worlda sort of missionary institution for training laborers for the work abroad\"the school to be conducted on the manual labor system, and to be open to both young men and young women. It was not proposed to establish a college but simply an academy for instruction in English and useful languages; and, if providence should favor it, in \"practical Theology\". In accordance with this plan the corporate name, \"Oberlin College Institute\"[,] was chosen.[21]:385\nOberlin was very much a part of the Utopian perfectionist enthusiasm that swept the country in the 1830s. \"Shipherd came close to being a Christian communist, and as he traveled about the country signing up recruits for the Oberlin colony, he carried with him a copy of the Oberlin covenant, which each colonist was required to sign.\"[15]:12\nThe Oberlin covenant is a fascinating document. It has strong communal overtones, though, in the end, private property is allowed. It is very keen on plain, straight livingno smoking, no chewing [tobacco], no coffee or tea; jewelry and tight dresses are explicitly renounced, as are fancy houses, furniture, and carriages. But the main thrust of the covenant is clearly toward missionary education to save a perishing world.[15]:1112\nThe terms of the Oberlin covenant, as summarized by Shipherd, were:\nEach member of the colony shall consider himself a steward of the Lord, & hold only so much property as he can advantageously manage for the Lord. Everyone, regardless of worldly maxims, shall return to Gospel simplicity of dress, diet, houses, and furniture, all appertaining to him, & be industrious & economical with the view of earning & saving as much as possible, not to hoard up for old age, & for children, but to glorify God in the salvation of men: And that no one need to be tempted to hoard up, the colonists (as members of one body, of which Christ is the head), mutually pledge that they will provide in all respects for the widowed, orphan, & all the needy as well as for themselves & households.[15]:16\nPredecessor: The Oneida Institute[edit]\nFurther information: Oneida Institute\nWith the noble exception of the Oneida Institute in the state of New York, which, in the midst of persecution, has stood erect and preeminently true to the slave, mighty in its free testimony, and terrible to the oppressor, the Institution of Oberlin is the only one in the United States in which the black and colored student finds a home, where he is fully and joyously regarded as a man and a brother.[22]\nThe Lane Rebels are commonly mentioned in the early history of Oberlin.[23] These original Oberlin students, who had little to do with Lane other than walking out on it, were carrying on a tradition that began at the Oneida Institute of Science and Industry, in Oneida County, New York, near Utica. Oneida was \"a hotbed of anti-slavery activity\",[24]:44 \"abolitionist to the core, more so than any other American college.\"[24]:46 A fundraising trip to England sought funds for both colleges.[25] Oberlin's anti-slavery activities supplanted those of Oneida, which fell on hard times and closed in 1843. Funding previously provided by the philanthropist brothers Lewis and Arthur Tappan was transferred to Oberlin. Oberlin became the new \"academic powder keg for abolitionism.\"[26]\nOneida was founded by George Washington Gale, of whom Oberlin President Charles Grandison Finney was a disciple. The institute's second and final President, Beriah Green, moved to Oneida after he proved too abolitionist for Western Reserve College, Oberlin's early competitor in the Ohio Western Reserve.\nThe Lane Rebels enroll at Oberlin[edit]\nWhen the Oberlin Collegiate Institute was formed in 1833 the founders did not anticipate including black Americans in the student body. Additionally, the slavery question did not play any part in the college's or colony's establishment. Such matters arose only when Oberlin's trustees agreed to admit the Lane Seminary Rebels from Cincinnati to Oberlin. The Lane Rebels collectively demanded that students at the seminary have the right to freely debate antislavery issues, and that the seminary's faculty members manage the affairs of the institution.[27]:20\nThe charismatic Theodore Dwight Weld, after three years (18271830) studying with Gale at Oneida, was hired by the new Society for Promoting Manual Labor in Literary Institutions, a project of the Tappans. (By \"literary institutions\" what is meant is non-religious schools, as in \"In every literary institution there are a number of hours daily, in which nothing is required of the student.\"[28]:40) He was charged with finding a site for \"a great national manual labor institution where training for the Western ministry could be provided for poor but earnest young men who had dedicated their lives to the home missionary cause in the vast valley of the Mississippi.\"[19]:43 By coincidence, the administrators of new and barely-functioning Lane Seminary, a manual labor school located just outside Cincinnati, were looking for students. Weld visited Cincinnati in 1832, determined that the school would do, got the approval of the Tappans, and by providing recommendations to them took over as de facto head of the Seminary, to the point of choosing the president (Lyman Beecher, after Finney turned it down) and telling the trustees whom to hire.[19]:54 He organized and led a group exodus of Oneida students, and others from upstate New York, to come to Lane. \"Lane was Oneida moved west.\"[19]:55\nThis coincided with the emergence of \"immediatism\": the call for immediate and uncompensated freeing of all slaves, which at the time was a radical idea, and the rejection of \"colonization\", sending freed slaves to Africa by the American Colonization Society. \"The anti-slavery and the colonization questions had become exciting ones throughout the whole country, and the students deemed it to be their duty thoroughly to examine them, in view of their bearing upon their future responsibilities as ministers of the gospel.\"[29]:226 Shortly after their arrival at Lane, the Oneida contingent held a lengthy, well-publicized series of debates, over 18 days during February 1834, on the topic of abolition versus colonization, concluding with the endorsement of the former and rejection of the latter. (Although announced as debate, no one spoke in favor of colonization on any of the evenings.) The trustees and administrators of Lane, fearful of violence like the Cincinnati riots of 1829, prohibited off-topic discussions, even at meals. The Lane Rebels, including almost all of Lane's theological students, among them the entire Oneida contingent, resigned en masse in December, and published a pamphlet explaining their decision.[30] A trustee, Asa Mahan, resigned also, and the trustees fired John Morgan, a faculty member who supported the students.[19]:159\nA chance encounter with Shipherd, who was travelling around Ohio recruiting students for his new Collegiate Institute, led to the proposal that they come to Oberlin, along with Mahan and the fired Lane professor. They did so, but only after Oberlin agreed to their conditions:\nOberlin, like Oneida, would admit African Americans on an equal basis. At the time, this was a radical and unpopular measure, even dangerous.[31] Previous attempts at \"racially\" integrated schools, the Noyes Academy and the Canterbury Female Boarding School, had been met with violence that destroyed both schools. Refugees from both had enrolled at Oneida. No one was calling for racially integrated schools, except at Oneida.\nThis measure caused the trustees \"a great struggle to overcome their prejudices\".[29]:239 Moving their meeting to Elyria on January 1, 1835, at the Temperance House instead of Oberlin, so as to avoid a hostile and possibly disruptive audience, the trustees agreed to hire Mahan and Morgan, but took no action on the black question. They tabled it, until it was made clear that if they did not agree, they would lose the Tappans' money, the cadre of students, Mahan, Finney, and Shipherd himself, who threatened to quit and set forth at length the reasons Oberlin should educate blacks.[14]:5862[32] The Trustees, meeting on February 9 in Shipherd's house, reexamined the question, and it passed after Trustee Chairman John Keep broke a 33 tie vote.[14]:6365[33]:271[34]:3637\nThere would be no restrictions on discussion of slavery or any other topic.\nAsa Mahan, the Lane trustee who resigned with the students, would become president. This initiative came from the Oneida students, and Weld in particular.\nProfessor John Morgan, fired by Lane for supporting the students,[19]:159 would be hired also.\nUnder what Fletcher labeled the \"Finney compact\", in sharp contrast with and in reaction to recent events at Lane, the internal affairs of the college were to be under faculty control, \"much to the irritation of our latter-day trustees, and occasionally our presidents and deans\".[12]:24 This commitment to academic freedom was a key innovation in American higher education.\n\"In the summer of 1835, they all arrived in OberlinPresident Mahan, Father Finney, Professor Morgan, the Lane rebels, the first black students, and the Tappans' money.\"[15]:22 The Oberlin Anti-Slavery Society, calling for \"immediate emancipation\", was founded in June, 1835. The names of Shipherd, Mahan, and Finney are first on its founding document, followed by names of the Oneida contingent.[35]\nOberlin replaced Oneida as \"the hot-bed of Abolitionism\",[36]:82 \"the most progressive college in the United States\".[37] Oberlin sent forth cadres of minister-abolitionists every year:\nFrom this fountain streams of anti-slavery influence began at once to flow. Pamphlets, papers, letters, lecturers and preachers, and school teachers, some five hundred each winter, went forth everywhere preaching the anti-slavery word. It was the influence emanating from this school that saved our country in its great hour of peril. There were thousands of other co-operating influences, but had that which went out from Oberlin been subtracted, there can hardly remain a doubt that freedom would have foundered in the storm. Indeed it is doubtful whether there would have been any storm. The nation probably would have meekly yielded to the dominion of the slave power, and the Western Hemisphere would have become a den of tyrants and slaves. As it was, we were scarcely saved.[36]:8283\n19th century post founding[edit]\nAsa Mahan (17991889) accepted the position of first president of the Oberlin Collegiate Institute in 1835, simultaneously serving as the chair of intellectual and moral philosophy and professor of theology. Mahan's strong advocacy of immediatismthe immediate and complete freeing of all slavesgreatly influenced the philosophy of the college. The same year, two years after its founding, the school began admitting African Americans.[38] The college experienced financial distress, and Rev. John Keep and William Dawes were sent to England to raise funds in 183940.[22][25][39] A nondenominational seminary,[40] Oberlin's Graduate School of Theology (first called the undergraduate Theological Department), was established alongside the college in 1833.[41] In 1965, the board of trustees voted to discontinue graduate instruction in theology at Oberlin, and in September 1966, six faculty members and 22 students merged with the Divinity School of Vanderbilt University.[41][42] Oberlin's role as an educator of African-American students prior to the Civil War and thereafter was significant.[43] In 1844, Oberlin Collegiate Institute graduated its first black student, George Boyer Vashon,[44] who later became one of the founding professors of Howard University[45] and the first black lawyer admitted to the Bar in New York State.\nSeverance Hall\nThe college's treatment of African Americans was inconsistent. Although intensely anti-slavery, and admitting black students from 1835, the school began segregating its black students by the 1880s with the fading of evangelical idealism.[11] Nonetheless, Oberlin graduates accounted for a significant percentage of African-American college graduates by the end of the 19th century.[46][47][failed verification] One such black alumnus was William Howard Day, who would go on to found Cleveland's first black newspaper, The Aliened American.[48] The college was listed as a National Historic Landmark on December 21, 1965, for its significance in admitting African Americans and women.[49]\nOberlin is the oldest coeducational college in the United States, having admitted four women in 1837 to its two-year \"women's program\".[50] These four women, who were the first to enter as full students, were Mary Kellogg (Fairchild), Mary Caroline Rudd, Mary Hosford, and Elizabeth Prall. All but Kellogg graduated. Mary Jane Patterson graduated with honors in 1862, the first black woman to earn a B.A. degree.[50] Soon, women were fully integrated into the college, and comprised from a third to half of the student body. The religious founders, especially evangelical theologian Charles Grandison Finney, saw women as morally superior to men.[51] Oberlin ceased operating for seven months in 1839 and 1840 due to lack of funds, making it the second-oldest continuously operating coeducational liberal arts college in the United States.[52]\nPeters Hall, the Oberlin Administration Building, in 1909\nMahan, who was often in conflict with faculty, resigned his position as president in 1850.[53][54] Replacing him was famed abolitionist and preacher Charles Grandison Finney, a professor at the college since its founding, who served until 1866.[55] At the same time, the institute was renamed Oberlin College,[56] and in 1851 received a charter with that name.[21]:385 Under Finney's leadership, Oberlin's faculty and students increased their abolitionist activity. They participated with the townspeople in efforts to assist fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad, where Oberlin was a stop, as well as to resist the Fugitive Slave Act.[57] One historian called Oberlin \"the town that started the Civil War\" due to its reputation as a hotbed of abolitionism.[34] In 1858, both students and faculty were involved in the controversial OberlinWellington Rescue of a fugitive slave, which received national press coverage. Two participants in this raid, Lewis Sheridan Leary and John Anthony Copeland, along with another Oberlin resident, Shields Green, also participated in John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry. This heritage was commemorated on campus by the 1977 installation of sculptor Cameron Armstrong's \"Underground Railroad Monument\", a railroad track rising from the ground toward the sky,[58] and monuments to the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue[59] and the Harper's Ferry Raid,[60] which followed an 1841 incident in which a group of \"fanatical abolition anarchists\" from Oberlin, using saws and axes, freed two captured fugitive slaves from the Lorain County jail.[61]\nOberlin's football team, 1892\nIn 1866, James Fairchild became Oberlin's third president, and first alumnus to lead it.[13]:122 A committed abolitionist, Fairchild, at that point chair of theology and moral philosophy, had played a role in the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue, hiding fugitive slave John Price in his home. During Fairchild's tenure, the faculty and physical plant of the college expanded dramatically. In 1889, he resigned as president but remained as chair of systematic theology. In 1896, Fairchild returned as acting president until 1898.[62]\nOberlin College was prominent in sending Christian missionaries abroad. In 1881, students at Oberlin formed the Oberlin Band to journey as a group to remote Shanxi province in China.[63]:2423 A total of 30 members of the Oberlin Band worked in Shanxi as missionaries over the next two decades. Ten died of disease, and in 1900, fifteen of the Oberlin missionaries, including wives and children, were killed by Boxers or Chinese government soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion.[64] The Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association, an independent foundation, was established in their memory. The Association, with offices on campus, sponsors Oberlin graduates to teach in China, India, and Japan. It also hosts scholars and artists from Asia to spend time on the Oberlin campus.\n20th century[edit]\nPeters Hall, home of the language departments, in 2010Bosworth Hall\nHenry Churchill King became Oberlin's sixth president in 1902. At Oberlin from 1884 onward, he taught in mathematics, philosophy, and theology. Robert K. Carr served as Oberlin College president from 1960 to 1970, during the tumultuous period of student activism. Under his presidency, the school's physical plant added 15 new buildings. Under his leadership, student involvement in college affairs increased, with students serving on nearly all college committees as voting members (including the board of trustees). Despite these accomplishments, Carr clashed repeatedly with the students over the Vietnam War, and he left office in 1969 with history professor Ellsworth C. Clayton becoming acting president.[62] Carr was forced to resign in 1970.\nOberlin (and Princeton) alumnus Robert W. Fuller's[65] commitment to educational reformwhich he had already demonstrated as a Trinity College deanled his alma mater to make him its tenth president in November 1970. At 33 years old, Fuller became one of the youngest college presidents in U.S. history. During his Oberlin presidencya turbulent time at Oberlin and in higher education generallyFuller reshaped the student body by tripling the enrollment of minorities at the college. He recruited and hired the first four African-American athletic coaches at a predominantly white American college or university, including Tommie Smith, the gold medalist sprinter from the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.\nIn 1970, Oberlin made the cover of Life as one of the first colleges in the country to have co-ed dormitories.[66][67] Fuller was succeeded by the longtime Dean of the Conservatory, Emil Danenberg, who served as president from 1975 to 1982, and died in office.[62] In 1983, following a nationwide search, Oberlin hired S. Frederick Starr, an expert on Russian and Eurasian affairs and skilled musician, as its 12th president. Starr's academic and musical accomplishments boded well for his stewardship of both the college and the Oberlin College Conservatory of Music.[68] Despite increasing minority hiring,[68] Starr's tenure was marked by clashes with students over divestment from South Africa and the dismissal of a campus minister,[68] as well as Starr's reframing Oberlin as the \"Harvard of the Midwest\".[69] A particularly vitriolic clash with students on the front lawn of his home in April 1990[69] led Starr to take a leave of absence from July 1991 to February 1992.[68] He resigned in March 1993, effective in June of that year.[68]\n21st century[edit]\nNancy Dye became the 13th president of Oberlin College in July 1994,[70] succeeding the embattled Starr.[69] Oberlin's first female president, she oversaw the construction of new buildings, increased admissions selectivity, and helped increase the endowment with the largest capital campaign to that point.[71] Dye was known for her accessibility and inclusiveness. Especially in her early years, she was a regular attendee at football games, concerts, and dorm parties.[69] Dye served as president for nearly 13 years, resigning on June 30, 2007.[72] Marvin Krislov served as president of the college from 2007 to 2017, moving on to assume the presidency of Pace University.[73] On May 30, 2017, Carmen Twillie Ambar was announced as the 15th president of Oberlin College, becoming the first African-American person and second woman to hold the position.[74]\nOberlin's first and only hired trade union expert, Chris Howell, argued that the college engaged in \"illegal\" tactics to attempt to decertify its service workers' July 1999 vote to become members of United Automobile Workers union. Howell wrote that college workers sought the union's representation in response to the administration's effort to \"speed up work\" to meet a \"mounting budget crisis\".[75]\nIn February 2013, the college received significant press concerning its so-called \"No Trespass List\", a secret list maintained by the college of individuals barred from campus without due process.[76] Student activists and members of the surrounding town joined to form the One Town Campaign, which challenged this policy. On February 13, 2013, a forum at the Oberlin Public Library that attracted over 200 people, including members of the college administration, the Oberlin city council and national press, saw speakers compare the atmosphere of the college to \"a gated community\".[77]\nIn September 2014, on Rosh Hashanah, Oberlin Students for Free Palestine placed 2,133 black flags in the main square of the campus as a \"call to action\" in honor of the 2,133 Palestinians who died in the 2014 IsraelGaza conflict.[78] In January 2016, hundreds of Oberlin alumni signed a letter to the Oberlin administration stating that this protest was an example of anti-Semitism on the campus.[79][80] Oberlin SFP responded with their own letter, detailing why protest of Israel does not constitute anti-semitism. They wrote, \"Feeling discomfort because one must confront the realities of Operation Protective Edge carried out in the name of the safety of the Jewish people does not amount to anti-Semitism.\"[81]\nIn early 2016, an Oberlin professor, Joy Karega, suggested Israel was behind 9/11[82] and blamed it for the Charlie Hebdo attacks and for ISIS,[83] prompting a rebuke from faculty and administration.[84] After five-and-a-half months of discussion, the school suspended[85] and then fired her.[86] The following week, the home of a Jewish professor at Oberlin was vandalized and a note that read \"Gas Jews Die\" was left on his front door.[87]\nOberlin came under federal investigation in late 2023 by the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights for alleged breach of Title VI, which protects students from discrimination because of their religion.[88] The focus of the investigation was on past statements of Professor Mohammad Jafar Mahallati, which some viewed as antisemitic.[88]\nGibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College[edit]\nMain article: Gibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College\nIn 2016, a black Oberlin student was caught shoplifting two bottles of wine from Gibson's Bakery and Market, a downtown Oberlin business. A scuffle ensued between Oberlin students and Gibson's staff, and the students involved pled guilty to misdemeanor charges. Oberlin faculty and students subsequently staged large demonstrations urging a boycott of Gibson's on the grounds that the store was racist, and Gibson's sued alleging libel and other charges. In June 2019, the college was found liable for libel and tortious interference in a lawsuit initiated by the store; the bakery was awarded damages of $44 million by the jury, but a legal cap on damages reduced the award to $31.5 million.[89] In October 2019, the college appealed the case to the Ohio District Courts of Appeals in Akron, Ohio.[90] On March 31, 2022, the Court of Appeals unanimously dismissed both appeals, Oberlin and Gibson, upholding the jury verdict and Judge Miraldi's decisions.[91] The Supreme Court of Ohio chose to not accept the appeal and cross-appeal on August 29, 2022.[92] In December 2022, Oberlin College paid Gibson's Bakery $36.59 million, the entire amount due.[93] \"We hope that the end of the litigation will begin the healing of our entire community\", said the college.[93]\nAcademics[edit]\nAcademic rankingsLiberal artsU.S. News & World Report[94]51Washington Monthly[95]114NationalForbes[96]207WSJ/College Pulse[97]112\nOberlin was ranked tied for the 51st-best national liberal arts college in the 2023-2024 edition of U.S. News & World Report's \"Best Colleges\" ranking.[98]\nOf Oberlin's nearly 3,000 students, nearly 2,400 are enrolled in the College of Arts & Sciences, a little over 400 in the Conservatory of Music, and the remaining 180 or so in both College and Conservatory under the five-year Double-Degree program.[99]\nThe College of Arts & Sciences offers over 50 majors, minors, and concentrations.[100] Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on 2023 graduates, were:[101]\nMusic Performance (89)\nPsychology (50)\nBiology (41)\nEconomics (39)\nPolitics (39)\nEnvironmental Studies (38)\nHistory (26)\nNeuroscience (26)\nThe Conservatory of Music is located on the college campus. Conservatory admission is selective, with over 1400 applicants worldwide auditioning for 120 seats. There are 500 performances yearly, most free of charge, with concerts and recitals almost daily. The Conservatory was one of the recipients of the 2009 National Medal of Arts.[102] The Allen Memorial Art Museum, with over 13,000 holdings, was the first college art museum west of the Alleghenies.[103]\nCollege Libraries[edit]\nBibbins Hall, Oberlin Conservatory\nThe Oberlin College Libraries has branches for art, music, and science, a central storage facility, and the Mary Church Terrell Main Library. The libraries have collections of print and media materials and provide access to various online databases and journals. Beyond the 2.4 million-plus items available on campus, Oberlin students have access to more than 46 million volumes from over 85 Ohio institutions through the OhioLINK consortium.[104] In the summer of 2007, the main level of the main library was converted into an Academic Commons that provides integrated learning support and is a hub of both academic and social activity.[105]\nExperimental College[edit]\nThe college's \"Experimental College\" or ExCo program, a student-run department, allows any student or interested person to teach their own class for a limited amount of college credit. ExCo classes by definition focus on material not covered by existing departments or faculty.[106][107]\nWinter term[edit]\nOberlin's Winter term, occurring each January, is described as \"a time for students to pursue interests outside of regular course offerings through immersive learning experiences.\"[108] Students may work alone or in groups, either on or off campus, and may design their own project or pick from a list of projects and internships set up by the college each year.[109] Students must complete a winter term project three years out of their four in the College of Arts and Sciences. Projects range from serious academic research with co-authorship in scientific journals, humanitarian projects, making films about historic Chicago neighborhoods, and learning how to bartend. A full-credit project is suggested to involve five to six hours per weekday.[110]\nCreativity and Leadership[edit]\nCreated in 2005 as a part of the Northeast Ohio Collegiate Entrepreneurship Program (NEOCEP), a Kauffman Campuses Initiative, and sponsored by the Burton D. Morgan and Ewing Marion Kauffman, the department is focused on supporting and highlighting entrepreneurship within the student body.[111][112] This is done through a series of classes, symposia, Winter Term programs, grants, and fellowships available at no cost to current students and in some cases, recent alumni.[113] One such opportunity is the Creativity and Leadership Fellowship, a one-year fellowship for graduating seniors that includes a stipend of up to $30,000 dollars to advance an entrepreneurial venture.[114]\nIn 2012, the Creativity and Leadership department announced LaunchU,[115][116] a business accelerator open to Oberlin College students and alumni who are pursuing an entrepreneurial venture. The selective, three-week intensive program connects the participants with other entrepreneurs and business leaders chosen from the surrounding northeast Ohio region as well as the extensive Oberlin College alumni network. LaunchU culminates in a public pitch competition before a guest panel of investors, where the participants have the opportunity to be awarded up to $15,000 in funding. The winner of the 2014 LaunchU pitch competition was Chai Energy, a Los Angeles-based green energy startup focused on modernizing and personalizing home energy monitoring.[117][118][119] In 2014, LaunchU announced the creation of an online network in order to build stronger connections between entrepreneurs within the Oberlin College students and alumni network with a focus on attracting younger alumni.[120]\nOberlin's North Quad, the center of North Campus and locations of the Barrows, Burton, East, Noah and Barnard Houses\nCampus culture[edit]\nPolitical activism[edit]\nOberlin protest speakers\nThe Oberlin student body has a long history of activism and a reputation for being notably liberal.[121] The college was ranked among The Princeton Review's list of \"Colleges with a Conscience\" in 2005.[122]\nIn the 1960s, Memorial Arch became a rallying point for the college's civil rights activists and its anti-war movement. Oberlin supplied a disproportionate number of participants in Mississippi Freedom Summer, rebuilt the Antioch Missionary Baptist Church in the Carpenters for Christmas project, supported NAACP sponsored sit-ins in Cleveland to integrate the building-trades, and with the SCLC participated in demonstrations at Hammermill Paper. In 1995, Emeritus Professor of Sociology (19662007), James Leo Walsh told The Oberlin Review that students \"carried out dozens of protests against the Vietnam war ranging from peaceful picketing to surrounding a local naval recruiter's car\".[123][124] In November 2002, 100 college workers, students, and faculty held a \"mock funeral 'for the spirit of Oberlin'\" in response to the administration's laying off 11 workers and reducing the work hours of five other workers without negotiation with college unions.[125] Oberlin Students have protested instances of fracking in Ohio such as \"the first natural gas and fracturing industry conference in the state,\" in 2011.[126]\nStudents and town residents protest the War in Afghanistan and oil well fracking\nIn 2004, student activism led to a campus-wide ban on sales of Coca-Cola products due to the company's human and labor rights violations.[127] However, the ban was revoked in spring 2014, and students may now buy Coca-Cola products from the student union.[128]\nIn 2013, after the discovery of hateful messages and the alleged sighting of a person wearing KKK robes, president Marvin Krislov cancelled classes and called for a day of reflection and change. In a public statement, he stated that an investigation had identified two students believed to be largely responsible, who had been removed from campus.[129][130][131] One of the students responsible said to police that he was \"doing it as a joke to see the college overreact to it\".[132]\nDuring the fall 2014 semester, Oberlin's Student Labor Action Coalition organized a petition to permit dining hall temporary workers working four-hour shifts to eat one meal from food the college throws out each day. The petition garnered over 1,000 signatures and resulted in workers obtaining the opportunity to put food into a management-given styrofoam container to eat after their shifts.[133][134][135]\nIn May 2015, students temporarily took over their school's administration building to protest a $2,300 increase in tuition cost between the 2015 and 2016 academic school years.[136] Students initially proposed, \"... moving from providing merit aid to need-based scholarships, loosening on-campus dining and housing requirements, reducing food waste and temporary workers in Campus Dining Services... \" to the school's Vice President of Finance Mike Frandsen on Monday, April 27, 2015, in which their demands were declined for issue. $10,931,088 were allocated to management salaries for the 20132014 school year, much of which came from student tuition.[137][138]\nIn December 2015, Oberlin's Black Student Union issued a series of 50 specific demands of the college and conservatory including promoting certain black faculty to tenured positions, hiring more black faculty, firing other faculty members, and obtaining a $15 an hour minimum wage for all campus workers and guaranteed health care in their contracts. The board of trustees responded by appointing some of the individual faculty and by, \"reviewing the allocation of faculty positions with consideration of how they will contribute to interactional diversity in the curriculum\" in the college's 20162021 strategic plan.[139][140][141][142] The college opposed firing any employees in response and neglected to issue formal responses to many of the other demands, though it has sought to cut wages and health care funds for administrators, office workers and library support staff during contract negotiations with the Office and Professional Employees International Union.[143] Many campus workers still earn the minimum wage.[133] Over 75 students protested the college's attempt to alter administrator, office worker and library support staff contracts during spring 2016 contract negotiations.[144]\nAlums for Campus Fairness has called on Oberlin to address the anti-Semitic hate-speech directed to Jewish students.[145][146][147]\nStudent Cooperative Association[edit]\nKeep Cottage, one of the four housing co-ops\nThe Oberlin Student Cooperative Association, or OSCA, is a non-profit corporation that houses 174 students in four housing co-ops and feeds 594 students in eight dining co-ops. Its budget is more than $2 million, making it the third-largest of its kind in North America behind the Berkeley Student Cooperative and the Inter-Cooperative Council of Ann Arbor.[148][149][150]\nOSCA is entirely student-run, with all participating students working as cooks, buyers, administrators, and coordinators. Every member is required to do at least one hour per week of cleaning if they are able, encouraging accountability for the community and the space. Most decisions within OSCA are made by modified consensus. Oberlin bans all fraternities and sororities, making the co-ops the largest student-organized social system at the college. In addition to OSCA's four housing/dining and three dining-only cooperatives, Brown Bag Co-op is an OSCA-backed grocery that sells personal servings of food at bulk prices. OSCA also funds the Nicaragua Sister Partnership (NICSIS), a \"sister cooperative\" with Nicaragua's National Union of Farmers and Ranchers (UNAG). Outside of OSCA, other Oberlin co-ops include the Bike Co-op, Pottery Co-op, and SWAP: The Oberlin Book Co-op.\nIn the spring of 2013, the Board of Directors of OSCA made a decision in a closed-door meeting to remove the Kosher-Halal Co-op from the Association after disputes over budgets and kitchen inspections.[151] Although KHC served both Kosher and Halal food, the membership was predominantly Jewish, and some alumni wrote that they believed the expulsion to be anti-Semitic in nature.[79][152]\nMusic[edit]\nIn addition to Oberlin Conservatory, Oberlin has musical opportunities available for amateur musicians and students in the college. Oberlin Steel, a steel pan ensemble founded around 1980,[153] plays calypso/soca music from Trinidad and Tobago and has been performing at Oberlin's Commencement Illumination event for over 30 years. Oberlin College Taiko, founded in 2008,[154] explores and shares Japanese taiko drumming as both a traditional and contemporary art form. The entirely student-run Oberlin College Marching Band (OCMB), founded in 1998, performs at various sporting events including football games, women's rugby, and pep rallies throughout the year. There are a number of a cappella groups, including: Pitch Please (all gender, all genre), the Obertones (men and nonbinary), Nothing But Treble (women and nonbinary), the Acapelicans (women and nonbinary), 'Round Midnight (all gender, jazz/folk). Other notable music organizations include the Black Musicians Guild and the Arts and Sciences Orchestra. Students in the college can form chamber groups and receive coaching through the Conservatory. Student composers also provide a demand for musicians to perform their work.\nAllen Memorial Art Museum, location of Oberlin's Art Rental program\nFilm[edit]\nThomas Edison's moving picture show was shown in Oberlin in February 1900.[155] Just seven years later, Oberlin's Apollo Theater opened, installing sound equipment for the 1928 release of The Jazz Singer, the first \"talkie\". The theater has since been a mainstay in the Oberlin community at its comfortable locale on south campus, and in 2012 (after a year of renovations) became the centerpiece for The Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman Cinema Studies Center for Media Education and Production. The area above the theatre includes editing labs, an animation area, a recording studio and small projection screening room.[156]\nSustainability[edit]\nThe Adam Joseph Lewis Center, location of the environmental studies department\nIn 2006, Oberlin became one of the charter institutions to sign the ACUPCC and set a target climate neutrality date for 2025.[157] Oberlin's innovative Adam Joseph Lewis Center For Environmental Studies, a building the Department of Energy labeled as one of the \"milestone\" buildings of the 20th century, incorporates a 4,600-square-foot (430-square-meter) photovoltaic array, the biggest of its kind in Ohio at the time. The AJLC also features a Living Machine, garden, orchard, and parking-lot solar array.\nThe school utilizes biodiesel, hybrid, and electric vehicles for various purposes, offers financial support to a local transit company providing public transportation to the school, and has been home to the Oberlin Bike Co-op, a cooperatively run bicycle center, since 1986. Each residence hall monitors and displays real time and historic electricity and water use. Some dorms also have special lamps which display a color depending on how real time energy use compares to the average historic energy use. The school's Campus Committee on Shareholder Responsibility provides students, faculty, and staff with the opportunity to make suggestions and decisions on proxy votes. A student board, the Oberlin College Green EDGE Fund, manages a set of accounts to support local sustainability, resource efficiency, and carbon offsetting projects. The Green EDGE Fund, created in 2007,[158] allocates grants for environmental sustainability projects and verifiable carbon offsetting projects within the Oberlin community, as well as loans from a revolving fund for projects at Oberlin College that reduce resource consumption and have calculable financial savings for the college.[159]\nIn 2007, Oberlin received a grade of \"B+\" from the Sustainable Endowments Institute's annual College Sustainability Report Card, and was featured among schools as a \"Campus Sustainability Leader\".[160] In 2008, Oberlin received an \"A\" on the annual College Sustainability Report Card.[161] It was also listed as the school with the greenest conscience by Plenty in their green campuses ratings.[162] In 2011, the college received an A on the Sustainability Report card.[163] Oberlin College participated in AASHE's Sustainability Tracking, Assessment, and Rating System (STARS) in early 2012. Oberlin College was one of only 43 institutions to receive a grade of Gold in STARS.[164]\nAccording to a 2010 article in The Oberlin Review, renovated dorms may use more electricity.[165] This is the case for several dorms renovated during the summer of 2008.[165] The college architect, Steve Varelmann, has called the numbers \"erratic and possibly unreliable\".[165] According to Varelmann, a possible explanation for this phenomenon is that previously non-functioning equipment started functioning again after the renovation.[166] Students may also be at fault for their behavior: \"What electronic devices are they using? Are they voluntarily reducing light usage? Are spaces experiencing increased use due to the improvements achieved from the renovation?\"[166] John Scofield, professor of physics at Oberlin concluded that \"We are building more and more efficient buildings, yet we're using more energy.\"[166]\nCampus publications and media[edit]\nOberlin students publish a wide variety of periodicals. The college's largest publications are The Oberlin Review and The Grape. The Oberlin Review is a traditional weekly newspaper, focusing on current events, with a circulation of around 1,700.[167] There is also a newspaper pertaining to the interests of students of color, called BIPOC Lenses.\nMagazines on campus include Wilder Voice, a magazine for creative nonfiction and long-form journalism,[168] The Plum Creek Review, a literary review containing student-written fiction, poetry, translations, and visual art,[169] Headwaters Magazine, an environmental magazine,[170] and The Synapse, a science magazine.[171][172] Spiral is a magazine focused on genre fiction. The college also produces a quarterly alumni magazine,[173] while the Conservatory publishes its own magazine once a year.\nThe WOBC News Corps, a news division of WOBC-FM created in February 2010, produces local news segments that air bi-hourly. WOBC, a large student organization with significant non-student membership, also maintains an online blog that focuses on music and local events.\nAthletics[edit]\nThe school's varsity sports teams are the Yeomen and Yeowomen. The name Yeomen arose in the early 1900s as a result of blending the former team moniker with the school's official motto. Early on in the program, football players and other athletes were known simply as Oberlin Men or \"O\" Men. Eventually, as the athletic department became more cohesive, the Yeomen mascot was adopted, drawing on the phonetic sound of \"O\" Men and the schools official motto of \"Learning and Labor\". As women's sports became more prevalent, \"Yeowomen\" was adopted to describe the mascot representing women's athletics. In 2014, the school announced that the albino squirrel will be its official mascot, although teams will continue to be referred to as \"yeomen\" and \"yeowomen\".[174]\nOberlin participates in the NCAA's Division III and the North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC), a conference which includes Kenyon College, Denison University, Wooster College, Wabash College and others. Basketball guard Joshua Friedkin, who played for Oberlin for four seasons, plays in the Israeli Premier Basketball League.[175] Kenyon has traditionally been Oberlin's biggest rival. In 2022, leaders of the Athletic Department and various club sports spoke out in favor of increased institutional support for the teams, requesting that the college provide access to professional sports trainers and team transportation.[176][177] The college also hosts several private sports teams, including the Oberlin Ultimate team.\nOberlin also has 17 club sports, including ice hockey, fencing, ultimate frisbee, rugby, equestrian, tennis, volleyball, and in martial arts such as Brazilian jiu jitsu and aikido. [178]\nBaseball[edit]\nOn May 8, 2015, the Oberlin baseball team won the championship of the NCAC. The championship was the first for Oberlin as a baseball team since it joined the NCAC in 1984.[179]\nFootball[edit]\nMain article: Oberlin Yeomen football\nOberlin's football team was the first team coached by John Heisman, who led the team to a 70 record in 1892. Oberlin is the last college in Ohio to beat Ohio State (winning 76 in 1921). Though in modern times, the football team was more famous for losing streaks of 40 games (19921996) and 44 games (19972001), the Yeomen have enjoyed limited success in recent years.\nCheerleading[edit]\nIn 2011, Oberlin began its most recent attempt to feature a cheerleading squad. In 2006, a cheerleader fell from atop a pyramid at a football game, initiating the demise of Oberlin's Cheerleading Club. That injury prompted the school to restrict the club's activities, prohibiting stunting and tumbling, after which participation fizzled out. The club's charter, however, remained intact and was used to bring the squad back in 2011. Tryouts were held in the spring of 2011, and the cheerleading team went active at Oberlin's first home football game that Fall, a 420 win over Kenyon College. The squad also cheers for the basketball team and participates in spirit building and service events across campus and in the community.[180]\nFencing[edit]\nOberlin has a club fencing team known as the Flaming Blades that practices and competes in foil, pe, and saber. They compete in the Midwestern Fencing Conference, Club Fencing Championships, USFA tournaments, and USCFC tournaments. [181]\nUltimate[edit]\nOberlin has both men's and a women's Ultimate club teams, known as the Flying Horsecows and the Preying Manti, respectively.[182] The Horsecows have made trips to College Nationals in 1992, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2010, 2018, and 2022.[183] The Manti qualified for Nationals for the first time in 1997 and have been recently in 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2018.[184] The Manti won the Division III national championship on May 19, 2019, defeating the top-ranked Bates Cold Front by a score of 137.[185] The Horsecows placed 5th nationally in 2022, the highest finish in program history.\nNotable people[edit]\nAlumni\nFurther information: List of Oberlin College and Conservatory people Notable alumni\nSince its founding, Oberlin alumni and faculty include 16 Rhodes Scholars, 20 Truman Scholars, 12 MacArthur fellows, 4 Rome Prize winners, and 4 Nobel Prize laureates.[186] In 2021, Oberlin was the 4th highest Baccalaureate producer of Fulbright scholars.[187]\nFaculty\nFurther information: List of Oberlin College and Conservatory people Notable faculty\nOther\nList of Oberlin College and Conservatory people\nSee also[edit]\nMount Oberlin (Glacier National Park) named after the college\nNew-York Central College, McGrawville\nOberlin College Press\nReferences[edit]\n^ \"NAICU Membership\". Archived from the original on November 9, 2015.\n^ Vietze, Anisa. \"College Endowment Surpasses $1 Billion\". Oberlin Review. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.\n^ a b NCES, \"College Navigator\" Archived January 16, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 16, 2020.\n^ \"Oberlin College Visual Style Guide\" (PDF). oberlin.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2019.\n^ \"Oberlin is Going Nuts Over Its New Athletics Mascot\". Oberlin College and Conservatory. Retrieved October 5, 2023.\n^ \"Oberlin History\". Oberlin College and Conservatory. February 23, 2017. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019.\n^ \"Oberlin Conservatory of Music\". www.kennedy-center.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.\n^ Faustine Childress Jones-Wilson; Charles A. Asbury; D. Kamili Anderson; Sylvia M. Jacobs; Margo Okazawa-Rey (1996). Encyclopedia of African-American Education. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.339. ISBN978-0-313-28931-6. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2018.\n^ \"Mission and History\". Franklin and Marshall College. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2019.\n^ Hartocollis, Anemona (June 14, 2019). \"Oberlin Helped Students Defame a Bakery, a Jury Says. The Punishment: $33 Million\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2019.\n^ a b Waite, Cally L. (2001). \"The Segregation of Black Students at Oberlin College after Reconstruction\". History of Education Quarterly. 41 (3): 344364. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2001.tb00092.x. JSTOR369200. S2CID143031130.\n^ a b Blodgett, Geoffrey (2006). \"Asa Mahan at Oberlin: The Pitfalls of Perfectionism (1984)\". Oberlin History. Essays and Impressions. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN0873388879.\n^ a b c Morris, J. Brent. (2014). Oberlin, Hotbed of Abolitionism: College, Community, and the Fight for Freedom and Equality in Antebellum America. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN9781469618296. Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2019 via Project MUSE.\n^ a b c Fairchild, J. H. (1860). Oberlin: its origin, progress and results. An address, prepared for the alumni of Oberlin College, assembled August 22, 1860. Oberlin, Ohio: Shankland and Harmon. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.\n^ a b c d e Blodgett, Geoffrey (2006). Oberlin History. Essays and Impressions. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN0873388879.\n^ \"City of Oberlin, Ohio\". Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.\n^ \"Historical summary\". General Catalogue of Oberlin College 18331908. Including an Account of the Principal Events in the History of the College, with Illustrations of the College Buildings.p. Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin College. 1909.\n^ a b Clark, George Peirce (1954). \"An Early Report on Oberlin College\". Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 63 (3): 279282. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.\n^ a b c d e f Fletcher, Robert Samuel (1943). History of Oberlin College from its foundation through the Civil War. Oberlin College.\n^ Sims, Thomas (1830). Brief memorials of Jean Frdric Oberlin, pastor of Waldbach, in Alsace and of Auguste Baron de Stael-Holstein; two distinguished ornaments of the French protestant church; with an introductory sketch of the history of Christianity in France, from the primitive ages to the present day. London: James Nisbet.\n^ a b Lull, Herbert Galen (June 1914). \"The Manual Labor Movement In the United States\". Manual Training: 375388. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2019.\n^ a b The martyr age of the United States of America, with an appeal on behalf of the Oberlin Institute in aid of the abolition of slavery. Newcastle upon Tyne: Newcastle Upon Tyne Emancipation and Aborigines Protection Society. 1840. JSTOR60238308. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.\n^ Oberlin Sanctuary Project (2017). \"The Lane Rebels at Oberlin\". Oberlin College Library. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.\n^ a b Sernett, Milton C. (1986). Abolition's axe: Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black freedom struggle. Syracuse University Press. ISBN9780815623700.\n^ a b Stuart, Charles (1841). Oneida and Oberlin, or A Call, addressed to British Christians and philanthropists, affectionately inviting their sympathies, their prayers, and their assistance, in favour of the Christians and philanthropists of the United States of North America, for the extirpation, by our aid, of that slavery which we introduced into those states, while they were under our power. Bristol, England: Wright and Albright. JSTOR60239226. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.\n^ DeCaro Jr., Louis A. (2002). 'Fire from the Midst of You' [:] A Religious Life of John Brown. New York: New York University Press. p.102. ISBN081471921X.\n^ Baumann, Roland M. (2010). Constructing Black Education at Oberlin College: A Documentary History. Ohio University Press. ISBN9780821418871. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2019 via Project MUSE.\n^ Weld, Theodore D. (1833). First annual report of the Society for Promoting Manual Labor in Literary Institutions, including the report of their general agent, Theodore D. Weld. January 28, 1833. New York: S. W. Benedict & Co.\n^ a b Tappan, Lewis (1870). The Life of Arthur Tappan. New York: Hurd and Houghton.\n^ 51 signatures (December 15, 1834). A statement of the reasons which induced the students of Lane Seminary, to dissolve their connection with that institution.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n^ Baumgartner, Kabria (2017). \"Building the Future: White Women, Black Education, and Civic Inclusion in Antebellum Ohio\". Journal of the Early Republic. 37 (1): 117145. doi:10.1353/jer.2017.0003. S2CID151585971.\n^ Shipherd, John J. 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(October 5, 2007). \"Club Sports Demand Equal Attention\". The Oberlin Review. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2008.\n^ \"Oberlin College Club Sports\".\n^ \"Oberlin College Athletics Baseball Wins NCAC Title for the First Time in School History\". Oberlin College. May 8, 2015. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2015.\n^ Perry, Nick. \"Oberlin Cheerleading Club Revived\". Fearless and Loathing. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.\n^ \"Fencing\".\n^ \"The Preying Manti\". Oberlin.edu. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2014.\n^ \"Oberlin Flying Horsecows\". College Championships. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.\n^ \"Oberlin Preying Manti\". College Championships. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.\n^ \"When It Counts: Oberlin Peaks to Win National Championship\". Ultiworld. May 21, 2019. Archived from the original on May 20, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2019.\n^ \"Courtney Bryan '04 Awarded Rome Prize for Composition\". Oberlin College and Conservatory. May 8, 2019. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.\n^ \"Top Producers of Fulbright Scholars, 2020-21\". February 15, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2023.\nFurther reading[edit]\nBarnard, John. From evangelicalism to progressivism at Oberlin College, 18661917 (The Ohio State University Press, 1969). full text online free Archived December 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine\nFletcher, Robert Samuel. A history of Oberlin College: From its foundation through the Civil War (Oberlin, 1943).\nHogeland, Ronald W. \"Coeducation of the Sexes at Oberlin College: A Study of Social Ideas in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America,\" Journal of Social History, (197273) 6#2 pp.160176 in JSTOR\nMorris, J. Brent. Oberlin, Hotbed of Abolitionism: College, Community, and the Fight for Freedom and Equality in Antebellum America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.\nWaite, Cally L. \"The Segregation of Black Students at Oberlin College after Reconstruction,\" History of Education Quarterly (2001) 41#3, pp.34464. in JSTOR\nHorton, James Oliver (Autumn 1985). \"Black Education at Oberlin College: A Controversial Commitment\". Journal of Negro Education. 54 (4): 477499. doi:10.2307/2294710. JSTOR2294710.\nPrimary sources[edit]\nOberlin College. General Catalogue of Oberlin College, 18331908: Including an Account of the Principal Events in the History of the College, with Illustrations of the College Buildings (1909) Online\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Oberlin College.\nOfficial website\n\"Oberlin College\". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.\n\"Oberlin\". Encyclopdia Britannica (11thed.). 1911.\nvteOberlin CollegeSchools\nCollege of Arts and Sciences\nOberlin Conservatory of Music\nLocations\nAllen Memorial Art Museum\nApollo Theater\nLewis Center for Environmental Studies\nLibrary\nTank House\nTappan Square\nTIMARA Laboratories\nWeltzheimer/Johnson House\nPeople\nPresidents (chronologically)\nAsa Mahan\nCharles Grandison Finney\nJames Fairchild\nWilliam Gay Ballantine\nJohn Henry Barrows\nHenry Churchill King\nErnest Hatch Wilkins\nWilliam Stevenson\nRobert K. Carr\nRobert W. Fuller\nEmil C. Danenberg\nS. Frederick Starr\nNancy Dye\nMarvin Krislov\nCarmen Twillie Ambar\nOthers\nNotable alumni\nNotable faculty\nStudent life\nFIELD\nFootball\nThe Oberlin Review\nShansi Memorial Association\nStudent Cooperative Association\nWOBC-FM\nPredecessors(chronologically)\nWestern Reserve College and Preparatory School\nOneida Institute\nLane Seminary\nRelated\nCollege Press\nCooper International Competition\nGibson's Bakery v. Oberlin College\nMartin Lectures\nOberlin Band\nLinks to related articles\nvteFive Colleges of Ohio\nDenison\nKenyon\nOberlin\nOhio Wesleyan\nWooster\nvteQuestBridge partner institutions\nAmherst\nBarnard\nBoston C\nBoston U\nBowdoin\nBrown\nCaltech\nCarleton\nCase Western Reserve\nClaremont McKenna\nColby\nColgate\nHoly Cross\nColorado\nColumbia\nCornell\nDartmouth\nDavidson\nDenison\nDuke\nEmory\nGrinnell\nHamilton\nHaverford\nJohns Hopkins\nMacalester\nMIT\nMiddlebury\nNorthwestern\nOberlin\nPomona\nPrinceton\nRice\nScripps\nSkidmore\nSmith\nStanford\nSwarthmore\nTufts\nChicago\nNotre Dame\nPennsylvania\nSouthern California\nVirginia\nVanderbilt\nVassar\nWashington and Lee\nWashington St. Louis\nWellesley\nWesleyan\nWilliams\nYale\nvteGreat Lakes Colleges Association\nAlbion\nAntioch\nAllegheny\nDenison\nDePauw\nEarlham\nHope\nKalamazoo\nKenyon\nOberlin\nOhio Wesleyan\nWabash\nWooster\nvteAnnapolis GroupChair\nNayef Samhat\nMemberschools\nAgnes Scott\nAlbion\nAlbright\nAllegheny\nAlma\nAmherst\nAtlantic\nAugustana\nAustin\nBard\nBates\nBeloit\nBennington\nBerea\nBerry\nBirmingham-Southern\nBowdoin\nBryn Mawr\nBucknell\nCarleton\nCarthage\nCentre\nClaremont McKenna\nCoe\nColby\nColgate\nColorado\nConnecticut\nCornell\nDavidson\nDenison\nDePauw\nDickinson\nDrew\nEarlham\nEckerd\nEmmanuel\nFranklin & Marshall\nFurman\nGettysburg\nGordon\nGoucher\nGrinnell\nGuilford\nGustavus Adolphus\nHamilton\nHampdenSydney\nHarvey Mudd\nHaverford\nHendrix\nHiram\nHobart & William Smith\nHoly Cross\nHope\nHoughton\nIllinois Wesleyan\nJuniata\nKalamazoo\nKenyon\nKnox\nLafayette\nLake Forest\nLawrence\nLewis & Clark\nLuther\nLycoming\nMacalester\nManhattan\nMcDaniel\nMillsaps\nMonmouth\nMoravian\nMorehouse\nMount Holyoke\nMuhlenberg\nNebraska Wesleyan\nOberlin\nOccidental\nOglethorpe\nOhio Wesleyan\nPitzer\nPomona\nPresbyterian\nPuget Sound\nRandolphMacon\nRandolph\nRedlands\nReed\nRhodes\nRichmond\nRipon\nRoanoke\nRollins\nSt. Benedict and St. John's\nSt. John's\nSt. Lawrence\nSt. Mary's (IN)\nSt. Norbert\nSt. Olaf\nSarah Lawrence\nScripps\nSewanee\nSkidmore\nSmith\nSouthwestern\nSusquehanna\nSwarthmore\nTransylvania\nTrinity College\nTrinity University\nUnion\nUrsinus\nVassar\nWabash\nWashington\nWashington & Jefferson\nWashington & Lee\nWellesley\nWesleyan University\nWhitman\nWillamette\nWilliam Jewell\nWilliams\nWittenberg\nWofford\nWooster\nvteOberlin Group of Libraries\nAgnes Scott\nAlbion\nAlma\nAmherst\nAugustana (IL)\nAustin\nBard\nBarnard\nBates\nBeloit\nBerea\nBowdoin\nBryn Mawr\nBucknell\nCarleton\nClaremont McKenna\nClark\nCoe\nColby\nColgate\nColorado College\nConnecticut College\nDavidson\nDenison\nDePauw\nDickinson\nDrew\nEarlham\nEckerd\nFranklin & Marshall\nFurman\nGettysburg\nGrinnell\nGustavus Adolphus\nHamilton\nHarvey Mudd\nHaverford\nHoly Cross\nHope\nKalamazoo\nKenyon\nKnox\nLafayette\nLake Forest\nLawrence\nMacalester\nManhattan\nMiddlebury\nMills\nMorehouse\nMount Holyoke\nOberlin\nOccidental\nOhio Wesleyan\nPitzer\nPomona\nRandolphMacon\nReed\nRhodes\nRollins\nSarah Lawrence\nScripps\nSewanee\nSimmons\nSkidmore\nSmith\nSpelman\nCollege of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University\nSt. Lawrence\nSt. Olaf\nSwarthmore\nTrinity (CT)\nTrinity (TX)\nUnion\nVassar\nWabash\nWashington and Lee\nWellesley\nWesleyan\nWheaton\nWhitman\nWhittier\nWillamette\nWilliams\nWooster\nvteConsortium of Liberal Arts Colleges\nAlbion\nAllegheny\nAlma\nAmherst\nBates\nBeloit\nBowdoin\nBryn Mawr\nBucknell\nCarleton\nColby\nColgate\nColorado College\nConnecticut College\nDavidson\nDenison\nDePauw\nDickinson\nEarlham\nFranklin & Marshall\nGettysburg\nGrinnell\nHamilton\nHampshire\nHarvey Mudd\nHaverford\nHobart & William Smith\nHoly Cross\nHope\nKalamazoo\nKenyon\nLafayette\nLake Forest\nLawrence\nLuther\nMacalester\nManhattan\nMiddlebury\nMills\nMount Holyoke\nOberlin\nOccidental\nOhio Wesleyan\nPomona\nReed\nRhodes\nSewanee\nSkidmore\nSmith\nSt. Lawrence\nSt. Olaf\nSwarthmore\nTrinity (CT)\nTrinity (TX)\nUnion\nVassar\nWabash\nWashington\nWashington & Lee\nWellesley\nWesleyan\nWheaton (IL)\nWheaton (MA)\nWhitman\nWhittier\nWilliams\nWooster\nvteNorth Coast Athletic ConferenceFull members\nDenison Big Red\nDePauw Tigers\nHiram Terriers (leaving in 2025)\nKenyon Owls\nOberlin Yeomen & Yeowomen\nOhio Wesleyan Battling Bishops\nWabash Little Giants\nWittenberg Tigers\nWooster Fighting Scots\nAssociate members\nAllegheny Gators\nEarlham Quakers\nTransylvania Pioneers\nWashington & Jefferson Presidents (all for field hockey)\nvteGlobal Liberal Arts AllianceNorth America\nUnited States\nAlbion College\nAntioch College\nAllegheny College\nDenison University\nDePauw University\nEarlham College\nHope College\nKalamazoo College\nKenyon College\nOberlin College\nOhio Wesleyan University\nWabash College\nCollege of Wooster\nEurope\nBulgaria\nAmerican University in Bulgaria\nFrance\nAmerican University of Paris\nGreece\nAmerican College of Greece\nItaly\nJohn Cabot 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state:\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nLists by insular areas\nAmerican Samoa\nGuam\nMinor Outlying Islands\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPuerto Rico\nVirgin Islands\nLists by associated state\nFederated States of Micronesia\nMarshall Islands\nPalau\nOther areas\nDistrict of Columbia\nAmerican Legation, Morocco\nRelated\nNational Historic Preservation Act\nHistoric Preservation Fund\nList of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places\nUniversity and college buildings listed on the 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rights in the United StatesLiberal arts colleges in OhioNational Historic Landmarks in OhioNational Register of Historic Places in Lorain County, OhioPrivate universities and colleges in OhioSchool segregation in the United StatesTourist attractions in Lorain County, OhioAbolitionism in OhioHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksCS1 maint: numeric names: authors listCS1 maint: location missing publisherArticles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse mdy dates from May 2022Coordinates on WikidataArticles using infobox universityAll articles with failed verificationArticles with failed verification from November 2023Commons category link from WikidataWikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource referenceWikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource referenceArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with BIBSYS 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Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "About Oberlin | Oberlin College and Conservatory\nSkip to main content\nSkip to main navigation\nRequest Info\nVisit & Connect\nApply\nGive\nSearch\nSearch Oberlin:\nSearch form\nSearch\nSearch\nMenu\nMain Menu\nCollege of Arts & SciencesOverviewCollege at a Glance\nAreas of Study: College\nCollege Faculty and Staff\nSciences at Oberlin\nLanguages at Oberlin\nPracticing Arts at Oberlin\nMusic Opportunities for A&S Students\nResources and Support for College Students\nCenter for Engaged Liberal Arts\nLife After Oberlin College\nConservatory of MusicOverviewConservatory at a Glance\nConservatory Areas of Study\nConservatory Faculty and Staff\nDivisions\nConservatory Complex\nOn Stage\nConservatory Resources and Support\nLife After Oberlin Conservatory\nAdmissions & AidOverviewArts and Sciences Admissions\nConservatory of Music Admissions\nDouble Degree Program\nFinancial Aid Overview\nTuition & Fees\nVisit & Connect\nClass Profile\nRequest Information\nAccepted Students\nOberlin Blogs\nLife at OberlinOverviewLiving on Campus\nDivision of Student Affairs\nMuseum and the Arts\nAthletics\nClubs & Organizations\nOur Traditions\nJewish Life at Oberlin\nThe Oberlin Stories Project\nIn and Around Oberlin\nAbout OberlinOverviewOberlin History\nMission and Values\nLeadership & Administration\nLibraries & Collections\nVisiting Oberlin\nNews & EventsOverviewNews\nEvents\nIn the News\nSpecial Events\nFaculty and Staff Notes\nRunning to the Noise Podcast\nCampus ResourcesOverviewOffices\nLocations & Facilities\nObieSafe\nCampus Bulletins\nCampus Support Resources\nTransportation for Students\nContact Oberlin\nResources For\nCurrent Students\nAlumni\nFaculty & Staff\nParents\nLocal Community\nJob Seekers\nRequest Info\nVisit & Connect\nApply\nGive\nAbout Oberlin\nPeters Hall is one of the stately academic buildings that faces Wilder Bowl.\nPhoto credit: John Seyfried\nOberlin is a place of intense energy and creativity, built on a foundation of academic, artistic, and musical excellence. With a top-ranking liberal arts college, a world-class conservatory, and a first-rate art museumall on a singlecampus,it is the ideal laboratory in which to study and design the world you want.\nOberlin College marker establishing its founding in 1833 by Presbyterian ministers.\nPhoto credit: Walter Novak\nOur Mission and History\nFrom its founding in 1833, Oberlin College has been a school with a mission, or rather, many missions. Beginning with abolition and coeducation, and most recently addressing the challenges of climate change, Oberlin has always beento quote historian Geoffrey Blodgett 53a peculiar mix of scholarly ambition and stubborn moral idealism.\nMission and Values\nOberlin History\nStrategic Plan\nCollege at a Glance\nConservatory at a Glance\nCox Administration Building, home to the Office of the President and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences.\nPhoto credit: Pang Fei Chiang\nLeadership and Administration\nThe Board of Trustees is the governing body of the college, ensuring that we achieve major goals and uphold our mission. The president provides day-to-day leadership and general supervision over the functions of Oberlin, reporting to the board and serving as member ex officio. Senior staff oversee academic and administrative functions of the collegeand advise and support the work of the president.\nLeadership and Administration Overview\nOffice of the President\nBoard of Trustees\nOne Oberlin Initiative\nAcademic Resources and Support\nBeginning with your first year, youll work closely with an advisor to build a meaningful academic experience. Throughout your time at Oberlin, youre supported with resources to help meet your educational needs, including mentoring, tutoring, and peer workshops.\nAdvisingCollege BookstoreDisability and AccessCenter for Student Success\nHealth, Wellness, and Safety\nA safe and supportive community promotes learning and personal growth. We offer confidential individual assistance as well as campus programs addressing substance use, health and safety, stress management, and more.\nCampus SafetyCounseling and Psychological ServicesStudent HealthPhysical Fitness and Recreation\nA World of Learning\nAccess to our libraries and special collections, study abroad opportunities and more, you will expand your world view and enrich your overall academic experience.\nLibraries and Collections\nGlobal Perspective\nStudy Away\nCourse Catalog\nCollege Archives\nCooper International Learning Center\nUpcoming Events\nFrank Lloyd Wright Open House\n02\nJun\n12:00 pm to 5:00 pm EDT\nWeltzheimer/Johnson House\nBaroque Performance Institute Faculty Chamber Music Concert\n21\nJun\n8:00 pm to 9:30 pm EDT\nKulas Recital Hall\nOberlin Chalk Walk\n22\nJun\n10:00 am to 4:00 pm EDT\nDowntown Oberlin\nBaroque Performance Institute Participant Chamber Music Concert\n22\nJun\n1:30 pm to 5:00 pm EDT\nConservatory Central Unit\nBaroque Performance Institute Faculty Chamber Music Concert\n28\nJun\n8:00 pm to 9:30 pm EDT\nWarner Concert Hall\nTrumpet Workshop Participant Recital\n30\nJun\n4:00 pm to 5:00 pm EDT\nClonick Hall\nView all events\nCollege of Arts & Sciences\nConservatory of Music\nAdmissions & Aid\nLife at Oberlin\nAbout Oberlin\nNews & Events\nCampus Resources\nRequest Info\nVisit & Connect\nApply\nGive\nCollege of Arts and Sciences Admissions\n(800) 622-6243 or (440) 775-8411\n38 E. College St., Oberlin, OH 44074\nConservatory of Music Admissions\n(440) 775-8413\n39 W. College St., Oberlin, OH 44074\n 2024, Oberlin College and Conservatory\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright Policy\nAccreditation\nWebsite Accessibility\nContact Us\nCurrent Students\nAlumni\nFaculty & Staff\nParents\nLocal Community\nJob Seekers\nApply to Oberlin\nOberlin has separate application processes for the College of Arts and Sciences and the Conservatory of Music.\nCollege of ArtsandSciences\nAdmissions\nConservatory\nofMusic Admissions\nDouble Degree Program\nYou have exceptional musical talent and intellectual enthusiasm.We have a place just for you.\nDouble Degree Program Applicants", "url": "https://www.oberlin.edu/about-oberlin" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Oberlin College Athletics - Official Athletics Website\nSkip To Main Content\nPause All Rotators\nSkip To Main Content\nOberlin College Athletics\nMain Navigation Menu\nSports\nMen's Sports\nBaseball\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nBasketball\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nCross Country\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nFootball\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nLacrosse\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nSoccer\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nSwimming & Diving\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nTennis\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nTrack & Field\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nWomen's Sports\nBasketball\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nCross Country\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nField Hockey\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nLacrosse\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nSoccer\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nSoftball\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nSwimming & Diving\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nTennis\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nTrack & Field\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nVolleyball\nSchedule\nRoster\nNews\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nTickets\nInside Athletics\nInside Athletics\nStaff Directory\nA Day in the Life of a Student-Athlete Video\nComposite Schedule\nPhotos\nAthletic Honors\nGeneral News\nSports Medicine\nSports Medicine - Club Sports\nTransgender Inclusion Policy\nEADA 2023\nNCAC Information\nMission Statement\nWhy Yeomen, Yeowomen, Squirrels?\nStudent Employment\nCompliance Corner\nFacilities: Inside Look\nVisiting Team Guide\nStudent-Athlete Advisory Committee\nBlack Student-Athlete Group\nDirections\nStudent-Athlete Referral\nCampus Resources\nHeisman Club\nHeisman Club Homepage\nPhoto Gallery\nMake a Donation\nGoYeo Storytellers\nOverview & Mission\nHeisman Commencement Weekend\nHall of Fame\nHall of Honor\nThe Board\nNext Generation Board\nRecreation\nCalendar of Events\nRecreation Center & Pool Hours\nRock Climbing Wall Hours\nClub Sports\nIntramural Sports\nRec Center Memberships\nRec Center Policies\nEquipment Rentals\nFacility Rentals\nLocker Rental\nTennis Court Reservations\nYeoFit\nMenu\nPhotos\nOpens in new window\nDonate\nOpens in new window\nPet Club\nOpens in new window\nFacebook\nOpens in new window\nTwitter\nOpens in new window\nInstagram\nOpens in new window\nSearch\nSearch\nGo\nTop Stories\nWomen's Tennis\n\nMay 15\nThree Womens Tennis Players Named CSC Academic All-District\nSoftball\n\nMay 29\nSoftball Places Four on CSC Academic All-District Team\nMen's Track and Field\n\nMay 25\nMakatiani Places 11th at Nationals to Earn Second-Team All-America Honors\nTrack & Field\n\nMay 24\nMoak Earns Second-Team All-American Honors\nPlay Video\nMen's Track and Field\n\nMay 23\nMoak Posts Top Time in Steeplechase Prelims\nGeneral\n\nMay 16\nOberlin Celebrates Student-Athletes at 13th Annual Obie Awards\nTrack & Field\n\nMay 18\nMakatiani, Moak Qualify for NCAA Championships\nTrack & Field\n\nMay 17\nFour Track & Field Athletes Earn Great Lakes All-Region Honors\nWomen's Track and Field\n\nMay 16\nTrack and Field Finish Last Chance Meet Week\nBaseball\n\nMay 16\nBaxt Named to All-NCAC Third-Team\nWomen's Tennis\n\nMay 15\nThree Womens Tennis Players Named CSC Academic All-District\nSoftball\n\nMay 29\nSoftball Places Four on CSC Academic All-District Team\nPreviousNextPause\nUpcoming Events and Recent Results\nEvents\nResults\nEvents\nCross Country\nat The College of Wooster Invitational\nFriday, Aug 30\n6:30 PM\nWomen's Volleyball\nat Bluffton University\nFriday, Aug 30\n7:00 PM\nLive video for Women's Volleyball at Bluffton University on August 30, 2024 at 7:00 PM\nLive stats for Women's Volleyball at Bluffton University on August 30, 2024 at 7:00 PM\nMen's Soccer\nvs John Carroll University\nFriday, Aug 30\n7:00 PM\nLive video for Men's Soccer vs John Carroll University on August 30, 2024 at 7:00 PM\nLive stats for Men's Soccer vs John Carroll University on August 30, 2024 at 7:00 PM\nWomen's Soccer\nat University of La Verne\nFriday, Aug 30\n7:00 PM PT / 10:00 PM ET\nField Hockey\nat Nazareth University\nSaturday, Aug 31\nTBA\nComposite Calendar\nResults\nTrack and Field\nat NCAA Championships\nSaturday, May 25\nFinal\nStory recap for for Men's Track and Field at NCAA Championships on May 25, 2024 at 1:00 PM\nTrack and Field\nat NCAA Championships\nFriday, May 24\nFinal\nStory recap for for Men's Track and Field at NCAA Championships on May 24, 2024 at 7:15 PM\nTrack and Field\nat NCAA Championships\nThursday, May 23\nFinal\nStory recap for for Men's Track and Field at NCAA Championships on May 23, 2024 at 7:35 PM\nTrack and Field\nat Augustana Invite\nFuller (21st / 56.68), Hill (7th / 1.53m), Obioha (9th / 48.55), Men's 4x400 (14th / 3:15.41)\nThursday, May 16\nFinal\nStory recap for for Men's Track and Field at Augustana Invite on May 16, 2024 at 12:00 PM\nTrack and Field\nat University of Mount Union Last Chance\nMakatiani (2nd / 14.19m)\nThursday, May 16\nFinal\nStory recap for for Men's Track and Field at University of Mount Union Last Chance on May 16, 2024 at 12:00 PM\nComposite Calendar\nVideos\nVideos\nAthletes Among Us: Shawn Lisann '26\nPlay Video\nAthletes Among Us: Shawn Lisann '26\nPlay Video\nBlack History Month Feature with Assistant Women's Basketball Coach Dr. Joe Howard\nPlay Video\nAthletes Among Us Black History Month Feature: Alyson Jefferson '24\nPlay Video\nOberlin College Named 2023 NCAA Division IIILGBTQ+ Institution of the Year\nPlay Video\nHappy Holidays from Oberlin College Athletics (2023)\nPlay Video\nAthletes Among Us: Taylor Gwynne '23\nPlay Video\nOberlin Athletics 2022-23 Rewind\nPlay Video\nAthletes Among Us: Emily Shimabukuro '24 of Oberlin Women's Lacrosse\nPlay Video\nA conversation with Bianca Smith: Baseball, life, and Jackie Robinson day\nPlay Video\nAthletes Among Us: Iyanna Lewis '23\nAll Videos\nAthlete Spotlight\nOberlin offers so much; academics, co-ops, organizations, community. I feel very supported here and my classes and professors are wonderful. I chose Oberlin because of the academics, the opportunity to play with an amazing group of people, and the various opportunities Oberlin offers.\nJocelyn Wong '25\nWomen's Soccer\nWhen you choose Oberlin, you are choosing to join a family. You forge a bond with your teammates from the moment you set foot on campus and that support system continues on through the rest of your life. You get to play the sport you love while also being encouraged to pursue your passion.\nAidan Loh '24\nMen's Lacrosse\nAs a two sport athlete I have the opportunity to be a part of the field hockey team and women's lacrosse team and experience both of those cultures. I have found a second family within these teams, and when I go to practice, I am pushed to be my best by my friends.\nAbigail Patchen '24\nField Hockey and Women's Lacrosse\nIchoseOberlin because of the atmosphere.As soonas I came to campus the first time for my tour and recruiting trip, I immediately knew that I wanted to go to Oberlin. It is a calm and relaxing atmosphere with driven students who want to be there, do well, and strive for success.\nRachel Hall '24\nWomen's Swimming and Diving\nThe mutual support between fellow athletes which leads to strong friendships outside our own teams. Oberlin Athletics is essentially one big family, that's constantly working on improving the sports environment, as well as the environment outside athletics.\nDorde Otasevic '23\nMen's Basketball\nI chose Oberlin because I was looking for a small liberal arts school with a great community and thats what my experience has been so far being an Oberlin student. I wanted to be at a school where I could continue my academic, athletic, and extracurricular pursuits, which Oberlin has afforded me.\nVanessa Baker '23\nField Hockey\nI chose Oberlin for the academic rigor and the team's bond and commitment. I love my team and it's unique in the way that I can rely on anyone. Throughout my first semester here, they helped me navigate this big change and they still continue to be an amazing support system.\nAdriana Morales '25\nWomen's Soccer\nWe balance academics, sports, social life and being involved on campus and sometimes it can be overwhelming. However, my coaches, teammates, athletics staff are always willing to help or listen to any feedback I have that can make our program better.\nAlyson Jefferson '24\nWomen's Basketball\nPreviousNextPause\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nOpens in new window\nFooter\nTerms of Service, opens in new window\nPrivacy Policy, opens in new window\nAccessibility\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nSidearm Sports, opens a new window\nAd Blocker Detected\nThanks for visiting goyeo.com!\nThe use of software that blocks ads hinders our ability to serve you the content you came here to enjoy.\nWe ask that you consider turning off your ad blocker so we can deliver you the best experience possible while you are here.\nThank you for your support!\nLearn More About Ad Blockers\nClose", "url": "https://goyeo.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home | Oberlin College Libraries\nSkip to main content\nSkip to footer\nTerrell Main Library Hours & Directions\n8am - 5pm\nOberlin College Libraries\nAbout\nNews\nEvents\nExhibitions\nFAQs\nFriends of the Libraries\nGive\nMy Account\nLibraries\nResearch Tools\nServices & Amenities\nCollections\nArchives\nMain Library Hours and Directions\n8am - 5pm\nLibraries\nResearch Tools\nServices & Amenities\nCollections\nArchives\nMy Account\nAsk a Librarian\nAbout\nNews\nEvents\nExhibitions\nFAQs\nFriends of the Libraries\nGive\nMary Church Terrell Main Library\n148 W College St. Oberlin, OH 44074-1545\nP: (440) 775-5016 F: (440) 775-6586\nClarence Ward Art Library\n83 North Main St. Oberlin, OH 44074-1151\nP: (440) 775-8635 F: (440) 775-8969\nConservatory Library\n77 West College St. Oberlin, OH 44074-1588\nP: (440) 775-8280 F: (440) 775-6586\nScience Library\n119 Woodland St. Oberlin, OH 44074-1097\nP: (440) 775-8310 F: (440) 775-6586\nMy Library Record\nInterlibrary Loan\nProQuest RefWorks\nConnect from Off-Campus\nYouve just added:\nItem\nitem(s) in cart\nSubtotal:\nView Cart\nCheckout\nTodays Hours:\nAll Hours & Directions\nTerrell Main Library\n8am - 5pm\nCirculation Desk\n8am - 5pm\nResearch Help Desk\n2:30pm - 4:30pm\nResearch Help Chat\n2:30pm - 4:30pm\nLibraries Administrative Office\n8:30am - 5pm\nAzariah's Cafe\nClosed\nCIT Help Desk\n8am - 4:30pm\nWriting Center Daytime\nClosed\nWriting Center Evening\nClosed\nSpeaking Center\nClosed\nDirections:\nLocation:\nMary Church Terrell Main Library\n148 W College St.\nOberlin, OH 44074-1545\nParking:\nThe main visitor lot is the east Service Building lot, and the south row of the Carnegie Building lot for visitors to offices within that building.\nTerrell Main Library Floor Plans\nFloor Plans\nOther Libraries Hours & Directions\nLearn More\nMary Church Terrell Main Library\nTerrell Special Collections\nClarence Ward Art Library\nConservatory Library\nScience Library\nLearn More About Our Libraries\nLearn More\nSearch Tools\nSummon\n?\nSummon provides access to millions of sources of all types (books, articles, audio, videos, images, etc.) on nearly any subject. Summon searches many, but not all, Oberlin College Libraries resources; comprehensive research should include subject databases. It searches the full text of some, but not all, Oberlin books, including books that Oberlin only owns in print.\nIf you are looking for a specific book, film, or journal, use OBIS, our catalog. If you are looking for a specific journal article, use the Journal Finder. Summon also includes the collection of the Allen Memorial Art Museum as well as materials from other research centers and open access repositories.\nDatabases A-Z\n?\nThe Databases A-Z list provides a complete alphabetical list of searchable databases accessible to you through the Oberlin College Libraries. The databases range from those that cover multiple subject areas, e.g. JSTOR or Web of Science, to more narrow research topics, e.g. SOCIndex.\nThey contain both citations and full text for ebooks, peer reviewed journals, newspapers, magazines, data sets, images, music, primary documents, and more. You will want to use them for finding credible and scholarly materials required for your college research.\nIf you are unsure which databases are best for your research topic try using the subject and type filters, consult a subject or course guide, Ask a Librarian, or make a research appointment.\nOBIS Catalog\n?\nOBIS provides access to print and digital books, databases, audiovisual materials, journals, and course reserves. It is the best place to look up books, recordings, journals, and films by title to determine if you can access an item through Oberlin. To see if Oberlin has access to an individual article, use the journal list. OBIS makes it easier to search by subject heading than Summon does, but it does not index the full-text of any books. In addition to books available at Oberlin through OBIS, patrons also have access to collections from a number of public, university, and college libraries in the state of Ohio through Oberlin Colleges partnership with the OhioLink consortium and SearchOhio.\nJournal Finder\n?\nThe Journal Finder lists in one place every print and electronic journal, magazine, and newspaper available through both paid subscriptions and reputable open access platforms. Use the Journal Finder to see if Oberlin subscribes to these publications, to see if they're available online, or to compare coverage dates across databases or subscription services.\nThe Journal Finder will not allow you to search by article title to determine if Oberlin owns an item - you must search by publication title (e.g. Nature or The New York Times) and then navigate through the volume and issue and year provided by the citation. If you want to search by article title, search for the article from Summon.\nOhioLINK Catalog\n?\nA virtual statewide library that displays information for items owned by OhioLINK libraries, a consortium of over 100 college, university, and research libraries in Ohio. Items described include books, journals and periodicals, audiovisual materials, sound recordings, electronic resources, government documents, archives and manuscripts, maps, and music scores.\nThe catalog provides bibliographic descriptions and indicates where copies are located and whether or not copies are available. The OhioLINK Central Catalog allows for delivery of requested items to a member library of your choice. Terrell Main Library is Oberlins pickup location for OhioLINK items. OhioLINK's design allows you to transfer a search from our local library catalog, OBIS, to the OhioLINK combined catalog with the touch of a button. Likewise, a search can just as easily transfer from OhioLINK or OBIS to the public library network Search Ohio.\nWorldCat\n?\nWorldCat contains more than 43 million records describing books and other items owned by libraries around the world. You can search for popular books, music, CDs, and videosall of the physical items you're used to getting from libraries. You can also discover digital content, such as downloadable audiobooks. Use InterLibrary Loan to order materials that you locate on WorldCat.\nResearch Guides\nCourse Guides\n?\nCourse Guides are organized collections of resources created for the research and information needs of students in specific courses. Research strategies and library services are also included.\nSource Type Guides\n?\nOberlin College librarians have identified the best platforms for finding resources by source type, including newspapers, magazines, dissertations and theses, books, music, primary sources, and more. Some guides also provide search tips and techniques.\nSubject Guides\n?\nResearch guides are the gateway to library collections and resources. Created and maintained by Oberlin College & Conservatory reference and subject librarians, Guides by Subject are organized by their relevant subject areas to provide a detailed list of recommended scholarly sources, including: databases; internet and digital resources; and the libraries collections of books, journals, magazines, music, art, DVDs, etc.\nGuides also help you develop search strategies, cite sources and manage bibliographic references, and lead to a librarian who can provide further assistance. Subject guides are displayed alphabetically.\nGeneral Purpose Guides\nInterlibrary Loan\nProQuest RefWorks\nConnect from Off-Campus\nTutorial Videos\nCitation Help\nNeed Help?\nMake an Appointment\nAsk a Question\nServices For All\nCirculationResearch SupportAccessibility\nServices for Students\nServices For Faculty\nServices For Alumni\nStudy Spaces & Technology\nReserve Study SpaceBorrow Equipment & TechPrint, Copy & ScanHost an EventTabling\nSpecial Spaces\nOCL Digital CollaborativeLetterpress StudioAcademic CommonsWriting & Speaking Center\nNeed Help?\nMake an Appointment\nAsk a Question\nSearch this website\nSearch\nClose\nStartSearching\nSummon\nOBIS Catalog\nDatabases A-Z\nReserve Materials\n?\nSummon provides access to millions of sources of all types (books, articles, audio, videos, images, etc.) on nearly any subject. Summon searches many, but not all, Oberlin College Libraries resources; comprehensive research should include subject databases. It searches the full text of some, but not all, Oberlin books, including books that Oberlin only owns in print.\nIf you are looking for a specific book, film, or journal, use OBIS, our catalog. If you are looking for a specific journal article, use the Journal Finder. Summon also includes the collection of the Allen Memorial Art Museum as well as materials from other research centers and open access repositories.\n?\nOBIS provides access to print and digital books, databases, audiovisual materials, journals, and course reserves. It is the best place to look up books, recordings, journals, and films by title to determine if you can access an item through Oberlin. To see if Oberlin has access to an individual article, use the journal list. OBIS makes it easier to search by subject heading than Summon does, but it does not index the full-text of any books. In addition to books available at Oberlin through OBIS, patrons also have access to collections from a number of public, university, and college libraries in the state of Ohio through Oberlin Colleges partnership with the OhioLink consortium and SearchOhio.\n?\nThe Databases A-Z list provides a complete alphabetical list of searchable databases accessible to you through the Oberlin College Libraries. The databases range from those that cover multiple subject areas, e.g. JSTOR or Web of Science, to more narrow research topics, e.g. SOCIndex.\nThey contain both citations and full text for ebooks, peer reviewed journals, newspapers, magazines, data sets, images, music, primary documents, and more. You will want to use them for finding credible and scholarly materials required for your college research.\nIf you are unsure which databases are best for your research topic try using the subject and type filters, consult a subject or course guide, Ask a Librarian, or make a research appointment.\n?\nThe libraries provide access to course readings by utilizing the Course Reserves service. Items can be placed on physical reserve within the libraries (books, DVDs, etc.), or digital files (print, audio, or video) of library materials can be placed online for ease of access (either through the library's ERes service or on Blackboard). Loan periods vary by branch.\nKeyword\nSearch books, articles & more\nAdvanced Search\nSearch\nFind More Search Tools\nBegin Your Research\nSearch Tools\nResearch Guides\nCitation Help\nGet Help & Services\nMake a Research Appointment\nWriting & Speaking Center\nAccessibility\nAccess Our Amenities\nReserve Study Space\nBorrow Equipment & Technology\nPrint, Copy & Scan\nMary Church Terrell\nBA 1884, MA 1888, Hon. 1948Learn about our Main Library's namesake and an original Oberlin activist.Digital ExhibitLearn More\nFeatured\nCollections\n&\nExhibitions\nPopular Protest in Post War Japan: The Antiwar Art of Shikoku Goro\nExhibition\nThe Milton J. and Mona C. Hinton Collection\nCollection\nOberlin and Activism\nCollection\nMake a Research Appointment\nResearch appointments are one-on-one consultations with a librarian that will help you become a better researcher.\nGo\nFAQ\nHere are the questions we hear most often from our users. If you don't find answers to your questions here, please contact us.\nGo\nBorrow Equipment & Technology\nPolicies and procedures for borrowing laptops, iPads, headphones, phone chargers, and audiovisual equipment.\nGo\nConnect With Us:\nAll Libraries\nSpecial Collections\nConservatory\nArchives\nLibraries\nMary Church Terrell Main LibraryTerrell Special CollectionsClarence Ward Art LibraryConservatory LibraryScience Library\nResearch Tools\nSearch Tools\nCitation Help\nServices & Amenities\nStudy Spaces & TechnologySpecial SpacesServices\nCollections\nSpecial CollectionsEast Asian CollectionVisual Resources CollectionGovernment Documents Collection\nArchives\nHoursCollectionsFinding Guides to CollectionsHelpful Resources\nHours & Directions\nLogin\nAbout\nNews\nEvents\nExhibitions\nFAQs\nFriends of the Libraries\nGive\nMary Church Terrell Main Library\n148 W College St. Oberlin, OH 44074-1545\nP: (440) 775-8285 F: (440) 775-6586\nClarence Ward Art Library\n83 North Main St. Oberlin, OH 44074-1151\nP: (440) 775-8635 F: (440) 775-8969\nConservatory Library\n77 West College St. Oberlin, OH 44074-1588\nP: (440) 775-8280 F: (440) 775-6586\nScience Library\n119 Woodland St. Oberlin, OH 44074-1097\nP: (440) 775-8310 F: (440) 775-6586\nQuick Navigation\nMary Church Terrell Main Library\nTerrell Special Collections\nClarence Ward Art Library\nConservatory Library\nScience Library\nCitation Help\nStudy Spaces & Technology\nSpecial Spaces\nServices\nSpecial Collections\nEast Asian Collection\nVisual Resources Collection\nGovernment Documents Collection\nHours\nCollections\nFinding Guides to Collections\nHelpful Resources\nOberlin College Libraries 2024, All rights reserved.\n| Privacy Policy\n| Attribution\nAsk a Librarian", "url": "https://libraries.oberlin.edu/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Oberlin College and Conservatory - Profile, Rankings and Data | US News Best Colleges\nEducationCollegesRankings and DirectoriesNational UniversitiesNational Liberal Arts CollegesRegional UniversitiesRegional CollegesHBCUsCommunity CollegesAll RankingsToolsCollege Admissions CalculatorCompare CollegesCollege Major QuizCollege SearchScholarship SearchAdviceCollege MajorsFinding the Right SchoolApply to CollegeGuide to Financial AidStudent LoansStudent Credit CardsAll College AdviceGrad SchoolsRankingsBusiness (MBA)EducationEngineeringFine ArtsHealthLawLibrary StudiesMedicineNursingPublic AffairsScienceSocial Sciences and HumanitiesToolsCompare Graduate SchoolsSearch for Graduate SchoolsAdviceApplying to Graduate School Paying for Graduate School About the GREStudying at a U.S. Grad SchoolAll Graduate School AdviceOnline CollegesRankingsOnline Bachelor's ProgramsOnline Master's ProgramsOnline MBA & Grad Business ProgramsOnline Grad Nursing ProgramsOnline Undergraduate DegreesOnline Graduate DegreesSee all Online College RankingsToolsSearch for Online ProgramsCompare Online ProgramsAdvicePaying for Online EducationThe Short List: Online ProgramsGlobal UniversitiesRankingsGlobal UniversitiesUniversities in AfricaUniversities in AsiaUniversities in Australia/New ZealandUniversities in EuropeUniversities in Latin AmericaSearch for Global UniversitiesAdviceStudying at Global UniversitiesStudying at a U.S. CollegeStudying at a U.S. Grad SchoolK-12K-12PreschoolsElementary SchoolsMiddle SchoolsHigh SchoolsPrivate SchoolsSearch Private SchoolsAdviceHigh Schools AdviceK-8SkillBuilderCoursesAll CoursesArtsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceEngineeringHealthLanguagesPhysical SciencesSocial Science and HumanitiesPlatformsCourseraedXUdacityAdviceSubject and Skill GuidesRankingsCollege RankingsGraduate School RankingsOnline College RankingsGlobal University RankingsHigh School RankingsK-8 Schools RankingsWebinarsAdmissions and ApplicationsFinancial Aid & ScholarshipsBuilding Your Resume & ExtracurricularsCollege MajorsCrafting Your College ListFor ParentsU.S. News College CompassMy Fit Custom College RankingMy SchoolsMy ScholarshipsMy NotesBest Colleges 2024 Guidebook,Digital EditionReading ListNewsletters & AlertsSign In to My AccountCollegesEducationHomeOberlin College and Conservatory#51 in National Liberal Arts Colleges (tie)4 year Oberlin, OH4 year Oberlin, OH Write a ReviewOverviewRankingsAdmissionsCostAcademicsStudent BodyCampus LifeAdd to ListShow All PhotosOverviewOberlin College and Conservatory is a private institution that was founded in 1833. It has a total undergraduate enrollment of 2,986 (fall 2022), and the campus size is 440 acres. It utilizes a 4-1-4-based academic calendar. Oberlin College and Conservatory's ranking in the 2024 edition of Best Colleges is National Liberal Arts Colleges, #51. Its tuition and fees are $64,646.Oberlin College and Conservatory is located in Oberlin, Ohio, 35 miles southwest of Cleveland. Among the 150 or so student organizations are the Student Senate, Oberlin Film Series and Swing Dance. Athletics play a big role in student life, as well, and Oberlin fields more than 20 NCAA Division III athletic teams, known as the Yeomen. Intramural sports include bowling, 4-on-4 basketball, frisbee, and cycling. All students are required to live either in College housing or an Oberlin Student Cooperative Association (OSCA) co-op. OSCA, Oberlins largest student organization, offers an alternative to College-run housing and dining.Oberlin College and Conservatory is comprised of the College of Arts and Sciences and the Conservatory of Music, which offers Bachelor of Music degrees and a number of masters programs and is regarded as one of the best undergraduate music schools in the country. The four-week winter term in January enables students to pursue a specific topic through an individual or group project; past projects have included traveling to India to study Gandhi and an intensive group course on electronic music. Oberlin also has the Experimental College, which offers for-credit courses taught by students, administrators, townspeople and faculty that tend to focus on nontraditional subjects like the fundamentals of rock climbing or community organizing. For $5 each, students can rent up to two works of art for a semester by artists such as Picasso and Toulouse-Lautrec through the Art Rental program.Oberlin College and Conservatory is a private institution that was founded in 1833. It has a total undergraduate enrollment of 2,986 (fall 2022), and the campus size is 440 acres. It utilizes a 4-1-4-based academic calendar. Oberlin College and Conservatory's ranking in the 2024 edition of Best Colleges is National Liberal Arts Colleges, #51. Its tuition and fees are $64,646.Oberlin College and Conservatory is located in Oberlin, Ohio, 35 miles southwest of Cleveland. Among the 150 or so student organizations are the Student Senate, Oberlin Film Series and Swing Dance. Athletics play a big role in student life, as well, and Oberlin fields more than 20 NCAA Division III athletic teams, known as the Yeomen. Intramural sports include bowling, 4-on-4 basketball, frisbee, and cycling. All students are required to live either in College housing or an Oberlin Student Cooperative Association (OSCA) co-op. OSCA, Oberlins largest student organization, offers an alternative to College-run housing and dining.Oberlin College and Conservatory is comprised of the College of Arts and Sciences and the Conservatory of Music, which offers Bachelor of Music degrees and a number of masters programs and is regarded as one of the best undergraduate music schools in the country. The four-week winter term in January enables students to pursue a specific topic through an individual or group project; past projects have included traveling to India to study Gandhi and an intensive group course on electronic music. Oberlin also has the Experimental College, which offers for-credit courses taught by students, administrators, townspeople and faculty that tend to focus on nontraditional subjects like the fundamentals of rock climbing or community organizing. For $5 each, students can rent up to two works of art for a semester by artists such as Picasso and Toulouse-Lautrec through the Art Rental program.+ Show MoreAt-a-GlanceSettingN/ATuition & Fees$64,646Undergraduate Enrollment2,986Acceptance Rate35%Visit School Website247 W. Lorain Street, Suite C, Oberlin, OH, 44074Work at this school? Claim it here2024 RankingsSchools are ranked according to their performance across a set of widely accepted indicators of excellence. Read more about how we rank schools.#51in National Liberal Arts Colleges(tie)#86in Best Value Schools#32in Best Undergraduate Teaching(tie)See All RankingsMy Fit ScoreMy Fit Custom College Ranking\nDoes this school fit your college needs? Receive\na personalized ranking provided by U.S. News College\nCompass and find out.\nTry it nowAdmissionsJan. 15Application Deadline35%Acceptance RateSAT Range*1360-1530ACT Range*30-33High School GPA*3.7\n* These are the average scores of applications admitted\nto this school. Ranges represent admitted\napplicants who fell within the 25th and 75th\npercentile.\nSee full admissions detailsWill You Get Into Oberlin College and Conservatory?College Admissions CalculatorSee How You CompareSign up for a free\nU.S. News account to see how you stack\nup against applicants seeking admission\nat any school.\nGet StartedAlready have an account?Log in now.InterestedInterestedAppliedAppliedAcceptedAcceptedEnrolledEnrolledRejectedRejectedWaitlistedWaitlistedSee How You CompareSign up for a free\nU.S. News account to see how you stack\nup against applicants seeking admission\nat any school.\nGet StartedAlready have an account?Log in now.InterestedInterestedAppliedAppliedAcceptedAcceptedEnrolledEnrolledRejectedRejectedWaitlistedWaitlistedData provided by U.S. News College Compass Users.CostTuition & Fees$64,646Room & Board$18,942(2023-24)Average Need-Based Aid Package$51,982$34,498Annual Cost*$34,498Annual Cost*Tuition & Fees$64,646Room & Board$18,942(2023-24)Average Need-Based Aid Package$51,982see more cost details*Average cost after aidAcademics72%4-Year Graduation Rate9:1Student/Faculty Ratio79%Classes With Fewer Than 20 Students* In cases where salary data at the specific major level is unavailable, a general salary for the major category is displayed.see full academic detailsPick the Perfect MajorDiscover the perfect major for you based on your innate wiring. The Innate Assessment sets you up for success by pairing you with majors, colleges and careers that fit your unique skills and abilities.Take the QuizTake the QuizStudents2,986Undergraduate EnrollmentGraduate Enrollment6Total Enrollment2,992Full-Time Degree-Seeking Students2,978Student DiversityGender DistributionMale41%Female59%Ethnic Diversity28%Minority Enrollment28%Minority Enrollment61%White10%Two or more races10%International8%Hispanic5%Black5%Asian1%UnknownNot Specified is not included in this breakdown due to an enrollment of 0%.see full student life detailsCampus LifeHousing and DormsTypes of campus housing available:coed dormswomen's dormsapartment for single studentsspecial housing for disabled studentsspecial housing for international studentscooperative housingtheme housingwellness housingother housing optionsStudent Activities58+Sports TeamsN/AFraternitiesN/ASororitiessee full campus life detailsAfter CollegeGraduation Rate72%Graduating Students Who Have Borrowed (any loan type, 2021)45%Average Debt at Graduation$30,446$28,437Median Starting Salary of Alumni$28,437Median Starting Salary of AlumniGraduation Rate72%Graduating Students Who Have Borrowed (any loan type, 2021)45%Average Debt at Graduation$30,446Schools You Might Also LikeCompareReviews & RatingsSee reviews and ratings of this school\nfrom students, alumni, staff and others. These reviews\nare not written by U.S. News and have no impact on any of\nthe Best Colleges rankings. Read an\nexplanation of user ratings.0 reviewsThis school does not have enough reviews yet. Click here to submit your review.Read MoreUndergraduate data are based on the 2022 school year.My Fit ScoreMy Fit Custom College Ranking\nDoes this school fit your college needs? Receive\na personalized ranking provided by U.S. News College\nCompass and find out.\nTry it nowYou can compare up to 25 schools at a time. 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Activate your full website and E-edition access! Non-subscribers: Shop our offers.\nBack\nCrop\nUndo / Cancel\nLoading...\nEdit Photo Info\nEdit Title\nEdit Caption\nCredit Source(s)\nSave\nCancel\nFeatured photo until:\nApplying \nLoading...\nView Page in Progress\nOver a hundred students gather in encampment at Oberlin College to protest Israel-Hamas war\nsubscribe\ncontact us\nterms of use\nprivacy policy\nArchived at NewspaperArchive\ncopyright lorain county printing and publishing co.", "url": "https://chroniclet.com/news/389475/over-a-hundred-students-gather-in-encampment-at-oberlin-college-to-protest-israel-hamas-war/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Oberlin College & Conservatory Applicant Portal | Home\nSkip to Main Content\nJobs at Oberlin\nHome\nSearch Jobs\nLog In /Create Account\nHelp\nHuman Resources\nContact Us\nBenefits\nStudent Employment\nOberlin College & Conservatory is a four-year, highly selective liberal arts college that combines a top-ranked college of arts and sciences with a world-renowned conservatory of music. Combined, the two divisions enroll approximately 2,900 students. Founded in 1833, Oberlin College & Conservatory was the first college in America to make interracial education and coeducation central to its mission-traditions that live today within a commitment to positive social engagement.\nLocated 35 miles southwest of Cleveland, Ohio, Oberlin College & Conservatory has earned a reputation of excellence based on the quality of its richly diverse student body, outstanding faculty, excellent facilities, and academic and technological resources.\nLearn more at: http://new.oberlin.edu/about/\nNew Users\nBefore applying for a job, you must create an account.\nFaculty\nProfessional Staff\nSupport Staff\nTemporary Workers\nStudent Workers\nReturning Users\nLog in with your username and password. This will enable you to:\nEdit your existing account setting.\nApply to new jobs.\nReview the status of positions you have applied to.\nEmail postings to a friend\nCurrent Applicants\nUse your saved log in user ID and password.\nIf this is your first time logging into the system as an applicant, you must create an account.\nTo reset password, return to login page and click on the Forgot your username or password reset link. If you have continued issues resetting your password, please contact Human Resources at human.resources@oberlin.edu.\nOberlin College & Conservatory is an Equal Opportunity Employer committed to creating an institutional environment free from discrimination and harassment based on race, color, sex, marital status, religion, creed, national origin, disability, age, military or veteran status, sexual orientation, family relationship to an employee of Oberlin College & Conservatory, and gender identity and expression.\nOffice of Human Resources\nOberlin College\n173 West Lorain Street\nOberlin OH 44074\nhttp://new.oberlin.edu/office/human-resources/\nPhone: (440) 775-8430\nFax: (440) 775-8683\nHours: M-F 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m.\nhuman.resources@oberlin.edu\n2015 Oberlin College | Privacy Policy\nTo ensure the security of your data, you will be logged out due to inactivity in 3 minutes at\n.\nAny data not saved will be lost.\nClick 'OK' to keep your session active.", "url": "https://jobs.oberlin.edu/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Oberlin College Press\nFIELD, a twice-yearly journal, aims to publish the very best of contemporary poetry and poetics.\nThe final issue of FIELD is a celebratory collection of the present and the past. It begins with new work by Heather Christle, Erin Malone, Susan Rich, Angie Estes, Alicia Rebecca Myers, Ute von Funcke (translated by Stuart Friebert), Mark Neely, Susan Grimm, Laura Judge, Benjamin Naka-Hasebe Kingsley, Jean Valentine, Carol Moldaw, Kate Partridge, Per Aage Brandt (translated by Thom Satterlee), Sandra McPherson, Margaret Ray, and others. The second half of the issue presents fifty poems representing our entire fifty-year history, including work by Margaret Atwood, Linda Bierds, Robert Bly, Billy Collins, Rita Dove, Russell Edson, Michael S. Harper, Laura Jensen, Philip Levine, Thomas Lux, Adrienne Rich, William Stafford, Gerald Stern, Mark Strand, C. D. Wright, and Charles Wright. You won't want to miss it.\nAsk for the new issue in your local bookstore,\nor contact us to order one!\nOberlin College Press publishes new collections of poetry by both established and emerging American poets, world poetry in illuminating translations, and innovative anthologies of poetry and poetics.\nThis spring we are publishing Sharon Dolin's luminous translation of the prize-winning Catalan poet Gemma Gorga, which joins the latest volume by Pulitzer Prize finalist Angie Estes, Will Schutt's brilliant new translation of the important Italian modernist Edoardo Sanguineti, and the most recent FIELD Poetry Prize winner by James Haug.\nOur books are found at discriminating bookstores\nnationwide.\nEssential operating support is provided by Oberlin\nCollege and by the Friends\nof Oberlin College Press.\nWith the publication of Sharon Dolin's translation of Gemma Gorga's Book of Minutes this spring, the publishing enterprise of Oberlin College Press is coming to an end, at least for the foreseeable future. Any further developments will be announced here. We intend that all our publications will remain in print and available for ordering.\nThe contents of the first fifty issues of FIELD are available in a searchable database online here.\nAs subscribers already know, the Spring 2019 issue (#100!) will be the final issue of FIELD..\nFIELD is now available for direct download from the 0s&1s e-bookstore.\nFor\nmore news >>\nOberlin College Press on Facebook\nAMERICAN ALPHABETS: 25 Contemporary Poets\nA major anthology of recent American poetry, featuring generous selections of the work of 25 extraordinary poets born since World War II, with thoughtful introductions and annotations. In language of striking originality and beauty, these poets illuminate the complexities of contemporary life and chart the contours of the American landscape.\nAgha Shahid Ali, Pamela Alexander, Bruce Beasley, Robin Behn, Linda Bierds, Marianne Boruch, Mark Doty, Rita Dove, Norman Dubie, Beckian Fritz Goldberg, Linda Gregerson, Bob Hicok, Yusef Komunyakaa, Larry Levis, Thomas Lux, Carol Muske-Dukes, Carl Phillips, Mary Ruefle, David St. John, Susan Stewart, Arthur Sze, Lee Upton, Bruce Weigl, C. D. Wright, Franz Wright\n50\nN. Professor Street, Oberlin, OH 44074-1095 |\nTel 440.775.8408 |\nFax 440.775.8124 | Email\nCopyright Oberlin College Press 2006 |\nDesign by Brandon\nRamos", "url": "https://www2.oberlin.edu/ocpress/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Oberlin Campus Visit RegistrationThis website uses scripting to enhance your browsing experience. Enable JavaScript in your browser and then reload this website.This website uses resources that are being blocked by your network. Contact your network administrator for more information.Skip to main contentSkip to main navigationRequest InfoVisit & ConnectApplyGiveMenu\nOberlin Campus Visit Registration\nWelcome to Oberlin! We are thrilled that you are interested in learning more about our campus and community. Select a date from the calendar below to register for a visit. Registration is currently open through August 31.\nSummer 2024 Visit Schedule: MayCollege of Arts & Sciences information sessions:\nMonday, Wednesday, and Friday at 9:00 am\nMonday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday at 2:00 pm\nSelect Saturdays at 10:00 am\nConservatory of Music information sessions and tours:\nMonday through Friday at 11:00 am\nGeneral campus tours:\nMonday through Friday at 10:00 am and/or 3:00 pm\nSelect Saturdays at 11:00 am\nSummer 2024 Visit Schedule: June through AugustSummer Visit Days\nLooking for an in-depth campus visit? Check out our Summer Visit Days! This is a full-day visit that includes a tour, panel sessions, and the opportunity to meet staff, students, and faculty. Our Summer Visit Days for 2024 are June 28, August 2, and August 9.College of Arts & Sciences information sessions:\nMonday through Friday* at 9:00 am and 2:00 pm\nSelect Saturdays at 10:00 am\nConservatory of Music information sessions and tours:\nMonday through Friday* at 11:00 am\nGeneral campus tours:\nMonday through Friday* at 10:00 am and 3:00 pm\nSelect Saturdays at 11:00 am\n*Please note that Oberlin College is closed on Fridays in July.Legend:AvailableUnavailable / FilledNot ScheduledVirtual engagement opportunities are available on ourVirtual Visit registration page. If you have any questions or need to change your visit registration, please contact us atcampus.visit@oberlin.edu.College of Arts & SciencesConservatory of MusicAdmissions & AidLife at OberlinAbout OberlinNews & EventsCampus ResourcesRequest InfoVisit & ConnectApplyGiveCollege of Arts and Sciences Admissions\n(800) 622-6243 or (440) 775-8411\n38 E. College St., Oberlin, OH 44074Conservatory of Music Admissions\n(440) 775-8413\n39 W. College St., Oberlin, OH 44074 2024, Oberlin College and ConservatoryPrivacy PolicyCopyright PolicyAccreditationWebsite AccessibilityContact UsCurrent StudentsAlumniFaculty & StaffParentsLocal CommunityJob SeekersPlease choose an application pathwayOberlin has distinct application processes for the College of Arts and Sciences and the Conservatory of Music. Chooseyourpath.College of Arts and Sciences AdmissionsConservatory of Music AdmissionsDouble Degree ProgramStudents of exceptional musical talent and intellectual zeal should consider OberlinsDoubleDegreeProgram.Double Degree Program Applicants", "url": "https://connect.oberlin.edu/portal/visit_campus" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Bigelow Tea - Buy Tea Online at Bigelow Tea Store\nSkip to content\nBigelow Tea\nSearch\nClose\nSign Up for Email\nContact Us\nShop Tea\nAll Products\nPopular Teas\nNew Teas\nConstant Comment\nSeasonal Teas\nVariety Packs\nTea Gifts\nBrand\nBigelow\nBigelow Benefits\nBigelow Botanicals\nsteep by Bigelow\nsteep caf\nCharleston Tea Garden\nTea Type\nBlack\nGreen\nHerbal\nDecaffeinated Tea\nCold Water Infusions\nOrganic\nOolong\nChai\nMatcha\nRed Rooibos\nFlavors\nFruit Teas\nFloral Teas\nSpice Teas\nCitrus Teas\nMint Teas\nWellness\nImmune Support\nDigestive Health\nStress Relief & Relaxation\nRestful Sleep\nEnergy & Focus\nPackaging Type\nTea Bags\nK-Cup Pods\nPyramid Bags\nLoose Tea\nAbout Our Tea\nDiscover Our Ingredients\nTea Education\nOur Difference\nThe Bigelow Story\nMeet the Family\nThrough The Years\nOur Impact\nCertified B\nReducing our Footprint\nGiving Back\nWhat's Brewing\nTea Wellness\nTea Education\nDoing The Right Thing\nBigelow News\nRecipes with Tea\nSearch\nAccount\n0\nCart\n...\nSite navigation\nClose\nShop Tea\nAll Products\nPopular Teas\nNew Teas\nConstant Comment\nSeasonal Teas\nVariety Packs\nTea Gifts\nBrand\nBigelow\nBigelow Benefits\nBigelow Botanicals\nsteep by Bigelow\nsteep caf\nCharleston Tea Garden\nTea Type\nBlack\nGreen\nHerbal\nDecaffeinated Tea\nCold Water Infusions\nOrganic\nOolong\nChai\nMatcha\nRed Rooibos\nFlavors\nFruit Teas\nFloral Teas\nSpice Teas\nCitrus Teas\nMint Teas\nWellness\nImmune Support\nDigestive Health\nStress Relief & Relaxation\nRestful Sleep\nEnergy & Focus\nPackaging Type\nTea Bags\nK-Cup Pods\nPyramid Bags\nLoose Tea\nAbout Our Tea\nDiscover Our Ingredients\nTea Education\nOur Difference\nThe Bigelow Story\nMeet the Family\nThrough The Years\nOur Impact\nCertified B\nReducing our Footprint\nGiving Back\nWhat's Brewing\nTea Wellness\nTea Education\nDoing The Right Thing\nBigelow News\nRecipes with Tea\nSearch\nClose\nCancel\nIs this a gift order\nSubtotal\n$000\nCheckout\nShipping, taxes, and discount codes calculated at checkout.\nYour cart is currently empty.\nContinue Shopping\nShop Tea\nExpand submenu\nMain Menu\nShop Tea\nAll Products\nPopular Teas\nNew Teas\nConstant Comment\nSeasonal Teas\nVariety Packs\nTea Gifts\nBrand\nExpand submenu\nBrand\nView all\nBigelow\nBigelow Benefits\nBigelow Botanicals\nsteep by Bigelow\nsteep caf\nCharleston Tea Garden\nTea Type\nExpand submenu\nTea Type\nView all\nBlack\nGreen\nHerbal\nDecaffeinated Tea\nCold Water Infusions\nOrganic\nOolong\nChai\nMatcha\nRed Rooibos\nFlavors\nExpand submenu\nFlavors\nView all\nFruit Teas\nFloral Teas\nSpice Teas\nCitrus Teas\nMint Teas\nWellness\nExpand submenu\nWellness\nView all\nImmune Support\nDigestive Health\nStress Relief & Relaxation\nRestful Sleep\nEnergy & Focus\nPackaging Type\nExpand submenu\nPackaging Type\nView all\nTea Bags\nK-Cup Pods\nPyramid Bags\nLoose Tea\nAbout Our Tea\nExpand submenu\nMain Menu\nAbout Our Tea\nDiscover Our Ingredients\nTea Education\nOur Difference\nThe Bigelow Story\nExpand submenu\nMain Menu\nThe Bigelow Story\nMeet the Family\nThrough The Years\nOur Impact\nExpand submenu\nMain Menu\nOur Impact\nCertified B\nReducing our Footprint\nGiving Back\nWhat's Brewing\nExpand submenu\nMain Menu\nWhat's Brewing\nTea Wellness\nTea Education\nDoing The Right Thing\nBigelow News\nRecipes with Tea\nTop searched\n\"Constant Comment\" Black Tea\n20 Count (Pack of 6)\n120 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nPeak Energy plus Extra L-Theanine And Caffeine Black Tea\n18 Count (Pack of 6)\n108 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nGreen Tea\n20 Count (Pack of 6)\n120 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nWhispering Wildflowers plus L-Theanine Herbal Tea\n18 Count (Pack of 6)\n108 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nLemon Ginger Plus Probiotics Herbal Tea\n18 Count (Pack of 6)\n108 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nGinger Honey plus Zinc Herbal Tea\n18 Count (Pack of 6)\n108 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nView more\nDrinking More Water Just Got Easier\nNot drinking enough water? We have you covered! Bigelow Botanicals Cold Water Infusions create a gentle herbal infusion by using real fruit and herbs steeped in cold water.\nExplore All The Flavors of Bigelow Botanicals\nVariety Is The Spice Of Life\nNow you can find a variety to fit into your life. Everything you could ever want to enjoy in a cup from a mixed case of Black teas, Herbal teas, Green teas, Immunity Support teas and so much more. All are great over ice!\nExplore Bigelow Variety Packs\nHealthy Never Tasted So Good!\nThe Bigelow Benefits line is a beautifully blended range of wellness teas. Familiar herbs and ingredients are the good-for-you and delicious solution you can rely on when expanding your healthy choices.\nExplore Bigelow Benefits Teas\nIt's Never Easy To Choose Just One!\nIts never easy to pick just one. And with so many delicious tasting teas to choose from, you dont have to. Discover some of our best selling teas.\nExplore Our Most Popular Teas\nBigelow Tea Has Been Certified By The WBENC\nOfficially recognizing the company as a woman-owned and operated business in the United States. This is more than just a certificate for us, for it's a celebration of our history and the Bigelow family.\nLearn More About Bigelow Teas' Commitment To Women-Led Excellence\nShop for Tea\nBlack Tea\nGreen Tea\nHerbal Tea\nCold Water Infusion\nShop Our Most Popular Teas\nView all\nQuick shop\nAdd to cart\n\"Constant Comment\" Black Tea\n20 Count (Pack of 6)\n120 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\n\"Close (esc)\"\nQuick shop\nAdd to cart\nPeak Energy plus Extra L-Theanine And Caffeine Black Tea\n18 Count (Pack of 6)\n108 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\n\"Close (esc)\"\nQuick shop\nAdd to cart\nLemon Ginger Plus Probiotics Herbal Tea\n18 Count (Pack of 6)\n108 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\n\"Close (esc)\"\nQuick shop\nAdd to cart\nGinger Honey plus Zinc Herbal Tea\n18 Count (Pack of 6)\n108 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\n\"Close (esc)\"\nQuick shop\nAdd to cart\nGreen Tea\n20 Count (Pack of 6)\n120 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\n\"Close (esc)\"\nThe Bigelow Difference is in the Details\nSince 1945, the Bigelow family has carefully selected only the highest quality tea ingredients. And we protect those ingredients with premium foil packaging to lock in freshness and flavor, so you get the best tea experience every time.\nOur Tea\nOur Story\nHealthy Never Tasted So Good!\nAs the leader in Specialty Tea, we know that tea has so many wellness benefits. Thats why weve created simple yet delicious ways to help you support a healthy lifestyle all year long.\nImmune Support\nDigestive Health\nStress Relief & Relaxation\nRestful Sleep\nEnergy & Focus\nOur Impact\nEvery Cup Counts\nIts simple, our story is steeped in doing the right thing. Bigelow always strives to do good, protect our planet and give back to our communities. And weve done it from the very beginning. Its who we are, what we do, and why it matters.\nSee Our Impact\nSee What Else is Brewing\nDoing The Right ThingWe are not just passionate about bringing you the best tasting teas, we are also committed to doing our part to support the planet.\nExplore With Us\nRecipes with TeaGet creative with your favorite tea and discover just how tasty tea can be. Simple recipes that are easy to make and, oh, so delicious!\nTry Something New\nTea WellnessLearn how tea wellness can give your body a boost and be part of your daily routine.\nSee the Benefits\nExplore our Brands\nProud To Be\n.\nSubscribe today and get 10% off your first purchase. You will get your coupon code with your welcome email.\nEnter your email\nSubscribe\nShop Teas\nAll ProductsPopular TeasNew TeasConstant Comment TeasSeasonal TeasTea Gifts\nAbout Bigelow\nOur StoryBigelow NewsCareer OpportunitiesCharleston Tea GardenFood ServiceOur Mission\nCustomer Service\nFAQsShipping & ProcessingReturn PolicyEmail PreferenceMy Account\nGet in touch\n1-888-244-3569\nEmail us\nFollow us\nFacebook\nInstagram\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nYouTube\nPinterest\nWe accept the following for online orders\nAmerican Express\nApple Pay\nDiners Club\nDiscover\nMeta Pay\nGoogle Pay\nMastercard\nPayPal\nShop Pay\nVenmo\nVisa\nCurrency\nUSD $\nAED .\nAFN \nALL L\nAMD .\nANG \nAUD $\nAWG \nAZN \nBAM \nBBD $\nBDT \nBGN .\nBIF Fr\nBND $\nBOB Bs.\nBSD $\nBWP P\nBZD $\nCAD $\nCDF Fr\nCHF CHF\nCNY \nCRC \nCVE $\nCZK K\nDJF Fdj\nDKK kr.\nDOP $\nDZD .\nEGP .\nETB Br\nEUR \nFJD $\nFKP \nGBP \nGMD D\nGNF Fr\nGTQ Q\nGYD $\nHKD $\nHNL L\nHUF Ft\nIDR Rp\nILS \nINR \nISK kr\nJMD $\nJPY \nKES KSh\nKGS som\nKHR \nKMF Fr\nKRW \nKYD $\nKZT \nLAK \nLBP .\nLKR \nMAD ..\nMDL L\nMKD \nMMK K\nMNT \nMOP P\nMUR \nMVR MVR\nMWK MK\nMYR RM\nNGN \nNIO C$\nNPR \nNZD $\nPEN S/.\nPGK K\nPHP \nPKR \nPLN z\nPYG \nQAR .\nRON Lei\nRSD \nRWF FRw\nSAR .\nSBD $\nSEK kr\nSGD $\nSHP \nSLL Le\nSTD Db\nTHB \nTJS \nTOP T$\nTTD $\nTWD $\nTZS Sh\nUAH \nUGX USh\nUSD $\nUYU $\nUZS\nVND \nVUV Vt\nWST T\nXAF Fr\nXCD $\nXOF Fr\nXPF Fr\nYER \n 2024 Bigelow Tea\nBigelow Tea\nPrivacy and SecurityAccessibility StatementTerm of Service\n\"Close (esc)\"\n\"Close (esc)\"", "url": "https://www.bigelowtea.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Preservation IPA - Bigelow Brewing Company\nAre you 21 or older?\nYes\nNo\nSkip to content\nHome\nOur Beer\nMenu\nEvents\nStore\nAbout Us\nBigelow Blog\nContact Us\nMenu\nHome\nOur Beer\nMenu\nEvents\nStore\nAbout Us\nBigelow Blog\nContact Us\nPreservation IPA\nMay 18, 2021\nPreservation IPA: The Road to Rivitalization\nThe Historic Use of the Former Maine Spinning Mill\nThe Maine Spinning Company, organized in 1904, was originally located at North Channel/Dodge Street in Skowhegan. The new mill was built on Skowhegan Island in 1921-22 and occupied in 1922. At its height, in the 1940s-1970s, the mill employed 300 people and produced 1.5 2 million pounds of yarn for markets throughout the United States.\nOver the decades, as a result of several mergers and acquisitions, the Maine Spinning Company evolved into the Solon Manufacturing Co., which operated in the building until the mill closed in the fall of 2005, due to foreign competition.\nSince 2005, the building has largely stood vacant. Most recently, the building, now in some disrepair, served as an outlet for the Chapter 11 Discount Stores which closed in 2019.\nThe Maine Spinning Company building is the only remaining industrial structure on Skowhegan Island and, when it was built in 1922, it was one of the first industries in town to be powered entirely by electricity from the Skowhegan Electric Works, located just behind the building. This building demonstrates the enormous change that was taking place in Skowhegan at the end of the second industrial revolution, when industry was moving from water to electric power; the buildings amenities demonstrate how workers needs were now being considered and improved. It was a significant building for the community at that time, because it was fully industrialized and employed a large number of the towns inhabitants. People today still recall their relatives having worked there.\nIn 1922, Maine Spinning Company was a pioneer in the extraordinary change in how textiles were manufactured in rural Maine. In urban centers across the country, the advances of mass production were now being amplified through the addition of new energy technologies like electricity, as well as the incorporation of new approaches to management and labor. These kinds of advances were already being adopted in Detroits auto industry by this time; however, this new mill for textile manufacturing was cutting-edge in rural Maine.\nThe Maine Spinning Company was established at Skowhegan Falls in 1904. Skowhegan was the Native American name for both the 12.5 acre island and the adjacent waterfall, located on the Kennebec River in mid-Maine, and today the island and waterfall are in the heart of downtown Skowhegan, Maine.\nThe original factory was a repurposed building, constructed of wood, located on Dodge Street on the banks of the Kennebec River directly across from the current site. The factory offered few elements of comfort for workersno water, no heat, no restrooms, and no screens on the windows; consequently, workers froze in the winter, sweltered and were besieged by insects in the summer. The spinning mechanisms, run by water power and leather belting, were difficult to operate and produced low yields. It is thought that the original building either burned or washed away in a flood. More research is needed to determine the exact fate of the original factory building. None of the Dodge Street buildings remain today and the street itself exists only as an alley.\nWith the needs of its workers in mind, little expense was spared with the construction of the new building, at a cost for equipment and machinery of $648,000, plus stock necessary to operate at a cost of $300,000. The building was designed by Lockwood, Greene & Co., Architects of Boston, and constructed by the Otto Nelson Company. A number of Lockwood, Greene & Co. works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.\nThe brick and concrete building originally had three floors, each with approximately 17,000 sq. ft. of usable space with two elevators, one at each end of the building, reaching all floors; there is also a full basement and loading docks for the first floor. An additional 10,000 sq. ft. floor on the roof was added later. The building featured an artesian well in its basement (no small feat drilling through the ledge of the Island), two bathrooms on each of its floors, double- glazed windows with screens for both worker health and improved efficiency and it featured steam heat with automatic heat control and complete automatic humidification, as well as full fire protection all revolutionary features for rural Maine.\nFor the small town of Skowhegan, this building represented an entirely new way of recognizing employees needs and of mechanizing equipment in revolutionary ways. It was one of the first buildings on the island to use hydroelectric generation from the power of the river while other industrial plants on the Island ran on water power, using water wheels and leather belting to run their machinery. It was built by local contractors and was a major source of pride.The original factory closed on a Saturday and the workforce reported to work in the new structure the following Monday.\nThe historic significance of this new mill to the town was reflected in the lavish opening festivities. A grand opening celebration was prepared on that Saturday night in the middle of February. The second floor was used as a grand ballroom with Murphys Orchestra, direct from Boston, playing for invited guests. Each employee could invite one guest, greatly increasing attendance. The third floor served as a banquet room and a major dinner was prepared by J.H. Hanson, the chef of the Oxford Hotel, assisted by two chefs from Lewiston, Maine, on a bank of electric ranges set up behind a curtain and served by forty of the young ladies from the community. The new factory was open for public viewing on Sunday for 1,500 attendees to considerable acclaim. Murphys Orchestra played throughout the day.\nAt Maine Spinning Companys start in their new home, a team of professional Syrian weavers was brought to Skowhegan from Lawrence, Massachusetts, to teach the local employees how to operate the new mechanized equipment. The Syrian workers had all previously worked at various jobs in a Bradford System worsted spinning plant. The Bradford System (also known as the English Worsted Yarn Count System or spinning count or Bradford count) is a method to assess the quality of wool. The Syrian workers were brought in to teach the local employees how to spin using the latest techniques. Working with electric powered machinery to create yarns in high volume required new skills and changed how Skowhegan workers viewed their profession and their abilities. Raw materials, imported from around the world, were spun into many different types of yarns that were eventually sold throughout America. Wools came from all parts of the British Empire and the Americas; mohair from Texas, Turkey, Cape Colony and West Africa; cashmere from India; alpaca from Peru; camels hair from Mongolia; China lambs wool from Tibet; and, angora rabbits hair from France. During the next ten years, as the local workers mastered the new equipment and operation, the Syrian weavers gradually returned to Lawrence, MA.\nAt its height, in the 1940s-1970s, the mill employed 300 people and produced 1.5 2 million pounds of yarn for markets throughout the United States. By 1941, the spinning mill had operated 37 years with night and day shifts. At this time, the mill was looked upon in the trade as probably the most versatile mill in the entire industry, making worsted yarns of every conceivable purpose for which worsted yarns are used.\nIn recent years, Skowhegan, Maine, has assumed an increasingly prominent role among Maine communities working to foster the growth of sustainable agriculture in the State first, by the creation, in 2007, of the Kneading Conference, whose goal was to encourage the greater use of locally grown and heritage grains suitable for our northern climate. This soon led to the creation of the Maine Grain Alliance, and the conversion of the former Somerset County Jail into a grist mill to serve local grain growers, which now operates successfully as the Maine Grains Grist Mill. Maine Grains also works closely with the Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association (MOFGA) to support local farms as they reorient to organic cultivation and to bring more acreage into the sustainable local cultivation of food products.\nOne of Bigelow Brewing Companys corporate principles is to use locally produced agricultural goods in our brewing process and restaurant. Every beer that we produce is made with malts that are grown in Maine; fruits and vegetables are from local farmers. We were recently ranked by the American Brewers Association as the 48th fastest-growing small independent brewery in the United States, and Bigelow Brewing Company received a 2019 Governors Award for Business Excellence.\nAs the new owner of the Maine Spinning Company building, we are ready to begin the restoration work necessary to bring this historic building back to life.\nHistorically, the Maine Spinning Company building is the last vestige of the dozens of industries, large and small, that were tightly grouped on Skowhegan Island and the banks of the Kennebec River. Architecturally, the exterior remains almost exactly as it was built, when it represented a new era of industrial design that took into consideration worker needs, as well as industrial efficiency.\nPreserving this downtown building is extremely important to Skowhegan as we continue to build on our past and connect it to our future. It is one of the most visible structures in the downtown area and is directly adjacent to the Skowhegan Historic District, a homogeneous and cohesive grouping of 38 architecturally and/or historically significant buildings, most dating from 1880 to 1910. This district encompasses the main commercial area, including the most southerly block of Madison Avenue and the two westernmost blocks of Water Street. All major styles of the period are represented, including the work of architect John Calvin Stevens, architect of Skowhegans Municipal Building and Opera House and more than 1,000 other buildings in the state of Maine.\nSkowhegan is also one of ten nationally designated Main Street communities in Maine, using a strategic four-point approach to downtown revitalization, a program developed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.\nAs we reenergize our community by celebrating who we are and where we came from, we are developing a pride of place through education and by informing our citizens of their unique place in Maines economic and cultural development. The Maine Spinning Mill is one of the most visible icons of this effort. Once this historic building re-opens as the new home of Bigelow Brewing Company in 2021 (hopefully), the building will enter a new phase of its nearly 100-year presence in the heart of Skowhegans downtown, continuing the ongoing history of our towns ever-evolving social and economic fabric and preserving an important piece of the towns architectural heritage.\nBigelow Brewing developed this beer as their community engagement project of the National Park Service historic preservation grant they received to develop plans for the rehabilitation of their new home in downtown Skowhegan.\nWe want to express our immense gratitude for everyone involved with this momentous project, including the Maine Downtown Center, the National Park Service, the Maine Development Foundation, and the Maine Historic Preservation Commission.\nCheers to an exciting future!\nPrevPreviousHow Bigelow Came to Be\nNextLive Brews TonightNext\n2 thoughts on Preservation IPA\nRoger Renfrew June 2, 2021 at 7:33 am\nYou two are amazing. Skowhegan has so much to be proud of and you are a major part of this.\nReply\nScot Sabins August 24, 2021 at 4:32 am\nI think its great that you are preserving this historic building. I will continue to huy your great beer & to support the causes you support. Looking forward to the opening of the future brewery\nReply\nLeave a Comment Cancel ReplyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Type here..Name\nEmail\nWebsite\nSave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.\nBigelow Brewing Company473 Bigelow Hill Rd.Skowhegan, ME 04976207-431-7265info@bigelowbrewing.com\nHOURS\nThursday 4-8pmFriday 3-8pmSaturday 12-8pmSunday 12-5pmPrivacy PolicyCookie Policy\nSTAY IN THE LOOP\nEmail\nSIGN UP\nFacebook-f\nInstagram\nYelp\nTripadvisor\n2024 Bigelow Brewing\nSite by Fisher Green Creative, LLC\nScroll to Top\nDana Digital Marketer\nWHAT DO YOU DO AT BIGELOW?\nI was originally hired to fill a kitchen position but I also was able to fill the not-yet-established social media/marketing position, which was my end goal anyway!\nFavorite style of beer?\nI dont discriminate. I gravitate towards hoppy ones, though.\nFavorite Bigelow Beer?\nDementia Dog but it makes me make too many typos when Im trying to work. Jailbreak Chocolate Chili Stout is my alternate when Im in the mood.\nFavorite non-Bigelow Beer?\nI like to try whatever is most funky, unique, or new to me when Im out and about. Boomsauce by Lord Hobo is usually my go-to otherwise.\nMost Likely to be overheard?\nWAIT. Lemme take a picture!\nQuote?\n*Finger guns* Fair enough\nWe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it.OkNo thanks.", "url": "https://bigelowbrewing.com/preservation-ipa/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Through The Years\n Bigelow Tea\nSkip to content\nBigelow Tea\nSearch\nClose\nSign Up for Email\nContact Us\nShop Tea\nAll Products\nPopular Teas\nNew Teas\nConstant Comment\nSeasonal Teas\nVariety Packs\nTea Gifts\nBrand\nBigelow\nBigelow Benefits\nBigelow Botanicals\nsteep by Bigelow\nsteep caf\nCharleston Tea Garden\nTea Type\nBlack\nGreen\nHerbal\nDecaffeinated Tea\nCold Water Infusions\nOrganic\nOolong\nChai\nMatcha\nRed Rooibos\nFlavors\nFruit Teas\nFloral Teas\nSpice Teas\nCitrus Teas\nMint Teas\nWellness\nImmune Support\nDigestive Health\nStress Relief & Relaxation\nRestful Sleep\nEnergy & Focus\nPackaging Type\nTea Bags\nK-Cup Pods\nPyramid Bags\nLoose Tea\nAbout Our Tea\nDiscover Our Ingredients\nTea Education\nOur Difference\nThe Bigelow Story\nMeet the Family\nThrough The Years\nOur Impact\nCertified B\nReducing our Footprint\nGiving Back\nWhat's Brewing\nTea Wellness\nTea Education\nDoing The Right Thing\nBigelow News\nRecipes with Tea\nSearch\nAccount\n0\nCart\n...\nSite navigation\nClose\nShop Tea\nAll Products\nPopular Teas\nNew Teas\nConstant Comment\nSeasonal Teas\nVariety Packs\nTea Gifts\nBrand\nBigelow\nBigelow Benefits\nBigelow Botanicals\nsteep by Bigelow\nsteep caf\nCharleston Tea Garden\nTea Type\nBlack\nGreen\nHerbal\nDecaffeinated Tea\nCold Water Infusions\nOrganic\nOolong\nChai\nMatcha\nRed Rooibos\nFlavors\nFruit Teas\nFloral Teas\nSpice Teas\nCitrus Teas\nMint Teas\nWellness\nImmune Support\nDigestive Health\nStress Relief & Relaxation\nRestful Sleep\nEnergy & Focus\nPackaging Type\nTea Bags\nK-Cup Pods\nPyramid Bags\nLoose Tea\nAbout Our Tea\nDiscover Our Ingredients\nTea Education\nOur Difference\nThe Bigelow Story\nMeet the Family\nThrough The Years\nOur Impact\nCertified B\nReducing our Footprint\nGiving Back\nWhat's Brewing\nTea Wellness\nTea Education\nDoing The Right Thing\nBigelow News\nRecipes with Tea\nSearch\nClose\nCancel\nIs this a gift order\nSubtotal\n$0.00\nCheckout\nShipping, taxes, and discount codes calculated at checkout.\nYour cart is currently empty.\nContinue Shopping\nShop Tea\nExpand submenu\nMain Menu\nShop Tea\nAll Products\nPopular Teas\nNew Teas\nConstant Comment\nSeasonal Teas\nVariety Packs\nTea Gifts\nBrand\nExpand submenu\nBrand\nView all\nBigelow\nBigelow Benefits\nBigelow Botanicals\nsteep by Bigelow\nsteep caf\nCharleston Tea Garden\nTea Type\nExpand submenu\nTea Type\nView all\nBlack\nGreen\nHerbal\nDecaffeinated Tea\nCold Water Infusions\nOrganic\nOolong\nChai\nMatcha\nRed Rooibos\nFlavors\nExpand submenu\nFlavors\nView all\nFruit Teas\nFloral Teas\nSpice Teas\nCitrus Teas\nMint Teas\nWellness\nExpand submenu\nWellness\nView all\nImmune Support\nDigestive Health\nStress Relief & Relaxation\nRestful Sleep\nEnergy & Focus\nPackaging Type\nExpand submenu\nPackaging Type\nView all\nTea Bags\nK-Cup Pods\nPyramid Bags\nLoose Tea\nAbout Our Tea\nExpand submenu\nMain Menu\nAbout Our Tea\nDiscover Our Ingredients\nTea Education\nOur Difference\nThe Bigelow Story\nExpand submenu\nMain Menu\nThe Bigelow Story\nMeet the Family\nThrough The Years\nOur Impact\nExpand submenu\nMain Menu\nOur Impact\nCertified B\nReducing our Footprint\nGiving Back\nWhat's Brewing\nExpand submenu\nMain Menu\nWhat's Brewing\nTea Wellness\nTea Education\nDoing The Right Thing\nBigelow News\nRecipes with Tea\nTop searched\n\"Constant Comment\" Black Tea\n20 Count (Pack of 6)\n120 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nPeak Energy plus Extra L-Theanine And Caffeine Black Tea\n18 Count (Pack of 6)\n108 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nGreen Tea\n20 Count (Pack of 6)\n120 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nWhispering Wildflowers plus L-Theanine Herbal Tea\n18 Count (Pack of 6)\n108 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nLemon Ginger Plus Probiotics Herbal Tea\n18 Count (Pack of 6)\n108 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nGinger Honey plus Zinc Herbal Tea\n18 Count (Pack of 6)\n108 Total Tea Bags\nPrice:\n$2095\n$20.95\nView more\nThrough The Years\n100% Family Owned. Three Generations. One Passion.\nIn 1945, Ruth Campbell Bigelow, a true innovator and pioneer of her time, reinvented tea in America with the first specialty tea, Constant Comment. To this day, the Bigelow familys commitment, enthusiasm, and passion for tea remains unchanged, just like Ruths original recipe.\nThe Beginning\nThrough the Years\nToday\n1st Generation1945: Bigelow Was Founded Bigelow Tea was founded by Ruth Campbell Bigelow, when she created Constant Comment in her kitchen. The first specialty tea in the USA. The first production facility was in the Bigelows New York brownstone apartment.1950: Moving to NorwalkWith their growing tea business, Ruth and David E. Bigelow sold their home in the city and moved to Connecticut. There they bought a small factory in the center of Norwalk, CT alongside the Norwalk River.1955: The Flood The company was devastated by the flood of 1955 as almost everything in the business washed out into the river. Thankfully, with hard work and determination business was back to usual within a few months.1957: Merwin Street MoveThe Bigelows moved their business a mile away to a classic New England brick factory building on Merwin Street in Norwalk, CT.1960: David Joins the Fold David Campbell Bigelow, Ruth and Davids son, joined the company full time.\n2nd Generation1963: Constant Comment Sweeps the NationThe senior Bigelows decided to retire and turn over the management of the company to their son David and his wife Eunice. Over the next several years, the demand for Constant Comment grew enormously, as more and more grocery stores began to carry the product.1974: New FlavorsBuilding on the success of Constant Comment, the company introduced several new flavors creating a whole line of teas to help achieve greater prominence on the supermarket shelf.1981: Lori Joins Full TimeLori Bigelow, David and Eunices oldest daughter, joined Bigelow Tea full time.1983: Boise Plant OpeningA new manufacturing and distribution center was opened in Boise, Idaho that included two tea bag machines.1985: The Boise Plant MovesAs the business grew, the Boise plant needed to expand, and moved to a larger facility across the train tracks.1986: Cindi Steps Up Cindi Bigelow, David and Eunices youngest daughter, joined Bigelow Tea full time.1988: 1st Community Challenge 5kBigelow held the 1st Bigelow Tea Community Challenge 5K Road race to raise money for a scholarship to help an employees family.1990: Opening of Fairfield FacilityThe Norwalk, CT facility closed after 33 years, and the company moved to the new Fairfield, CT facility.1993: Louisville Plant OpensA new manufacturing plant was built in Louisville, Kentucky to serve customers in the Midwest, Southeast and Southwest United States.2002: Bigelow Named #1 Specialty TeaCindi and Lori Bigelow became co-presidents of Bigelow Tea. Bigelow Tea became the #1 Specialty Tea brand in the United States.2003: Charleston Tea Garden PurchaseThe Bigelow family purchased the Charleston Tea Garden. Located on 127 acres on Wadmalaw Island in South Carolina, the Garden was, at that time, the only commercial tea garden in America.\n3rd Generation2005: Cindi Becomes CEOCindi Bigelow was appointed CEO of Bigelow Tea, becoming the 3rd generation to lead the company.2008: Lori Bigelow RetiresLori Bigelow retired from Bigelow Tea.2009: Beginning of Tea for The TroopsTo recognize the service of our troops, Bigelow began the Tea for The Troops donation program, donating tea to our service members.2019: B Corp CertificationBigelow Tea received B Corp Certification.2020: 100% Green-e CertificationBigelow became 100% Green-e Certified.2021: Opening of Orange, CT CenterBigelow Tea opened a new distribution center in Orange, CT.\n.\nSubscribe today and get 10% off your first purchase. You will get your coupon code with your welcome email.\nEnter your email\nSubscribe\nShop Teas\nAll ProductsPopular TeasNew TeasConstant Comment TeasSeasonal TeasTea Gifts\nAbout Bigelow\nOur StoryBigelow NewsCareer OpportunitiesCharleston Tea GardenFood ServiceOur Mission\nCustomer Service\nFAQsShipping & ProcessingReturn PolicyEmail PreferenceMy Account\nGet in touch\n1-888-244-3569\nEmail us\nFollow us\nFacebook\nInstagram\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nYouTube\nPinterest\nWe accept the following for online orders\nAmerican Express\nApple Pay\nDiners Club\nDiscover\nMeta Pay\nGoogle Pay\nMastercard\nPayPal\nShop Pay\nVenmo\nVisa\nCurrency\nUSD $\nAED .\nAFN \nALL L\nAMD .\nANG \nAUD $\nAWG \nAZN \nBAM \nBBD $\nBDT \nBGN .\nBIF Fr\nBND $\nBOB Bs.\nBSD $\nBWP P\nBZD $\nCAD $\nCDF Fr\nCHF CHF\nCNY \nCRC \nCVE $\nCZK K\nDJF Fdj\nDKK kr.\nDOP $\nDZD .\nEGP .\nETB Br\nEUR \nFJD $\nFKP \nGBP \nGMD D\nGNF Fr\nGTQ Q\nGYD $\nHKD $\nHNL L\nHUF Ft\nIDR Rp\nILS \nINR \nISK kr\nJMD $\nJPY \nKES KSh\nKGS som\nKHR \nKMF Fr\nKRW \nKYD $\nKZT \nLAK \nLBP .\nLKR \nMAD ..\nMDL L\nMKD \nMMK K\nMNT \nMOP P\nMUR \nMVR MVR\nMWK MK\nMYR RM\nNGN \nNIO C$\nNPR \nNZD $\nPEN S/.\nPGK K\nPHP \nPKR \nPLN z\nPYG \nQAR .\nRON Lei\nRSD \nRWF FRw\nSAR .\nSBD $\nSEK kr\nSGD $\nSHP \nSLL Le\nSTD Db\nTHB \nTJS \nTOP T$\nTTD $\nTWD $\nTZS Sh\nUAH \nUGX USh\nUSD $\nUYU $\nUZS\nVND \nVUV Vt\nWST T\nXAF Fr\nXCD $\nXOF Fr\nXPF Fr\nYER \n 2024 Bigelow Tea\nBigelow Tea\nPrivacy and SecurityAccessibility StatementTerm of Service\n\"Close (esc)\"\n\"Close (esc)\"", "url": "https://www.bigelowtea.com/pages/through-the-years" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Carpet Industry - Enfield Historical Society - Discover and Preserve Enfield CT\nSkip to content\nMembership\nEvents\nDonate\nMenu\nMenu\nThe Thompsonville Carpet Industry\n(1829-1971)\nEnfields carpet industry was founded by Orrin Thompson, after whom Thompsonville is named. Thompson obtained a charter from the State of Connecticut and, with $35,500 in capital investments from New York carpet importers and Scottish carpet weavers he built a 14 foot high, 118 foot long dam on Freshwater brook in 1828, then proceeded to construct the first of Enfields carpet mills the White Mill astride the brook. The mill was completed in early 1829 and, manned by skilled weavers brought over from Scotland, was in operation by summer of that year.\nEarly production consisted mostly of inexpensive flat-woven ingrain carpeting. As the mill became established other more expensive weaves, including three-ply ingrain, rugs, and loop brussels were added. By 1846 there were 230 looms in operation at the mill. Expanding production required the purchase or construction of additional mills, both in and outside of Enfield. In 1848 a new 330 foot by 60 foot brick mill was built. Over the next three years $350,000 was invested in new machinery, including nearly 150 power looms, which cut production costs by about 10%. By 1850 carpet output from the Thompsonville mills had reached 250,000 yards per year!\nUnfortunately, the economic picture had changed by this time, which resulted in significant losses and bad debts that forced Thompson and Company (Orrin, Orrins son Henry G. Thompson, and Joseph Dean) to go bankrupt. A group of businessmen from Hartford, headed by Timothy Allyn, Edmund G. Howe, and William R. Cone, raised half a million dollars in new money and got the mill back in operation just in time for the 1854 business recession. Despite this poor timing, the newly formed Hartford Carpet Company prospered. By 1871 the mill was producing over 7000 yards of carpet per day.\nNew carpet lines were added by the mills, including Wilton and Moquette (a modified axminster) carpets. Other improvements to the mill included electricity and a reduction of the work week to 56 hours for the workforce of 1,800.\nIn 1901 the Hartford Carpet Company merged with the E.S Higgens & Company of New York, forming the Hartford Carpet Corporation. The merger brought with it a huge expansion and modernization program. 400,000 square feet of buildings were added in 1901 alone, including a 900 foot long tapestry mill, a worsted mill, finishing, fulling, and scouring mills, a color house, and a rug finishing department. In 1902 an axminster mill was added, as were new broad looms and a 4,000 horsepower electric plant. By 1910 there were 2,900 employees turning out 7.5 million yards of carpet per year.\nIn 1914 the Hartford Carpet Corporation merged with the Bigelow Carpet Company of Clinton, Massachusetts to form the Bigelow-Hartford Carpet Company. This new company was the third largest corporation in New England with a total output of over 13,000,000 yards of carpet per year at its three locations.\nThe years leading up to 1929 saw more innovations and improvements as the company fought competition from linoleum and other hard-surface coverings. Profits remained good and another merger took place, this time with the Sanford Carpet Company of Amsterdam, New York. It was just one month after the Stock Market crash of 1929. The newly formed Bigelow-Sanford Carpet Company, Inc. was hit hard by the depression, but was able to recover and was again issuing dividends by 1935.\nDuring World War II production at the plant turned to materials and equipment for the war effort, including $56 million in blankets, which was more than any other manufacturer. Also produced were enormous quantities of duck (a canvas) and rubber coated nylon and rayon for tires. The mills machine shops produced parts for submarines, planes, radar, and even secret/classified projects.\nThe post-war boom brought total employment to 9,000 in 1948. Increased prices resulting from wool shortages during the Korean War, along with labor troubles, however, resulted in major losses in 1951. At this time mergers with southern companies resulted in the creation of a new Bigelow-Sanford Carpet Co., Inc. now a Delaware-based corporation. In 1958 the Thompsonville plant was sold for $1,300,000 to Kratter Associates, who then leased space back to the failing carpet operation. Production was gradually shifted to more modern, less expensive to operate southern factories.\nBy the 1960s, attempts were being made to use the buildings from Enfields rapidly declining carpet industry for other manufacturing purposes. Some small businesses rented space in vacant mill buildings. One example was the National Metal Specialties Company, which manufactured products including steel Christmas Tree stands. It only employed a handful of people\nPerhaps the most ambitious attempt was made by the Bigelow-Sanford Carpet Corporation itself. In 1960, Bigelow-Sanford purchased a majority stock interest in Crestliner, Inc., a manufacturer of fiberglass and aluminum boats ranging in size from 12 to 19 feet and selling for prices between $215 and $2,300 (1960 dollars) for $2,250,000 as part of a diversification strategy. Crestliner headquarters were to be moved to Thompsonville. Lowell Weicker (father of the future Connecticut Governor, U.S. Representative, and U.S. Senator of the same name) was named chairman of Crestliners board of directors, Bigelow-Sanford executive vice president William N. Freyer and comptroller Robert L. MacKenzie were appointed to the board, and Bigelow-Sanford vice president of finance, John A Donaldson, was appointed to the same position at Crestliner. Great excitement followed, with new boat models shown at regattas on the Connecticut River, and extensive coverage and publicity both locally and nationally. Unfortunately, timing is everything and the merger came at just about the worst time possible. Recreational boat sales plummeted at the time. Employment peaked at about 60 workers, far below predictions. All production workers were laid off in 1962 and all Thompsonville operations ceased in 1963. In one last bit of irony, Enfields Board of Selectmen adopted a new town seal on January 28, 1963 that features two boat propellers representing the local Crestliner boat plant, even as that plant was being shut down. Bigelow-Sanford sold Crestliner at a loss to Molded Fiber Glass Body Co. of Ashtabula, Ohio in 1964.\nDespite years of attempts by local management to make the plant productive enough to be profitable, the mill closed in 1971 and was vacated by the next year. The empty buildings sat deteriorating for a decade before some of them were given a new purpose. The mill was redeveloped as apartments and office space during the 1980s. Several buildings were demolished to make room for parking and other amenities, while the remaining ones were completely refurbished. The renovated facility opened in 1988 with the buildings retaining much of the positive character of the original factory complex, but without the hum and rumble of industrial activity.\nThe first carpet mills were water-powered, which greatly limited their capacity. Steam power and then electricity changed the game, allowing the mills to grow enormously. The Hartford Carpet Company built a 4,000 horsepower coal-fired power plant to support that growth. Working there was hot, dirty, and dangerous.\nOrrin Thompson built a 14 foot high, 118 foot wide dam and Thompsonvilles first carpet mill, the White Mill, at the waterfall on Freshwater Brook in 1828. Water that was stored in the newly-created Freshwater Pond travelled through a raceway beneath the mill to power the looms. The obsolete White Mill was torn down in 1900.\nThe Dye House, Black Mill, and Engine House were on the south side of Main Street. Completed in 1833, the Black Mill was Thompsonvilles second carpet mill. Carding, spinning, and weaving operations were carried out there.\nAt their peak, Enfields carpet mills defined and dominated Thompsonville as is clear in this aerial photo of the Bigelow-Sanford Carpet Company. For an idea of scale, the long building in the back right is the nearly-thousand-foot-long tapestry mill. Most of the homes in the photo housed mill workers.\nThe Bigelow-Sanford Carpet Company switched much of the Thompsonville plants production to war materials during World War II. The plant was so productive that it earned Army-Navy E awards for excellence on January 5, 1944, June 24, 1944, January 13, 1945, and July 28, 1945. This despite only 56% of its production during the war being for the military, with the remaining 44% of production still being carpets for the civilian market!\nRaw wool was imported from many regions around the world, then spun into yarn and dyed at the mills. The carpet mills received many patents over their decades of operation and one of the earliest was for a spinning frame for making wool.\nRugs were carefully inspected and imperfections repaired before being shipped.\nNearly 20 million yards of cotton duck were woven in Thompsonville as part of Bigelow-Sanfords World War II war materials production. Duck, which is being woven in this photograph, is a canvas used for many purposes, including tents and covers.\nThe mills in Thompsonville produced many types of carpeting. Ingrain, cut pile, and loop pile rugs and carpets required different looms. Axminster looms like these make cut pile carpeting. The combinations of colored yarns wound on spools on a series of frames controlled the pattern.\nThe mills in Thompsonville produced many types of carpeting. Ingrain, cut pile, and loop pile rugs and carpets required different looms. Jacquard looms like this make flat weave carpeting. Punched paper cards, visible above the weaver, control the pattern woven into the carpet by Jacquard looms.\nThe patterns in tapestry carpets are produced by printing the pattern onto the yarns before weaving them into the carpet. This was done in the Drum Print Department where each drum applied part of the pattern.\nCamouflage netting was woven in Thompsonville as part of Bigelow-Sanfords World War II war materials production. This publicity photo was taken when the Thompsonville plant received one of four Army-Navy E awards earned by the plant.\nMillions of wool blankets and millions of yards of wool cloth were woven in Thompsonville as part of Bigelow-Sanfords World War II war materials production. This publicity photo was taken when the Thompsonville plant received one of four Army-Navy E awards earned by the plant.\nThe Old Town Hall Virtual Museum\nHistory of The Old Town Hall\nView\nEnfield in the Revolutionary War\nView\nFarming\nView\nJonathan Edwards\nView\nMade in Enfield\nView\nThe Carpet Industry\nView\nThe Civil War\nView\nThe Enfield Shakers\nView\nThe Gunpowder Industry\nView\nThe Settling of Enfield\nView\nMuseum Overview\n2024 All Rights Reserved.\nPO Box 586, Enfield, CT 06083(860) 745-1729questions@enfieldhistoricalsociety.org\nBecome a Member\nMake a Donation\nVirtual Museum\nServices\nEvents\nMembership Payments\nContact\nMembership\nEvents\nDonate\nVirtual Museums\nThe Old Town Hall\nThe Martha Parsons House\nThe Wallop School\nEnfield History Resources\nHelpful Links\nServices\nAbout\nOverview\nEnfield History\nNews\nContact", "url": "https://enfieldhistoricalsociety.org/old-town-hall/the-carpet-industry/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Bigelow Aerospace - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\nToggle History subsection\n1.1NASA Lawsuit\n2Module design and business plans\nToggle Module design and business plans subsection\n2.1Expandable module design overview\n2.2Business plans\n3Modules\nToggle Modules subsection\n3.1Expandable habitat modules\n3.1.1Genesis I\n3.1.2Genesis II\n3.1.3Galaxy/Guardian\n3.1.4Sundancer\n3.1.5Bigelow Expandable Activity Module for the ISS\n3.1.6B330\n3.1.7BA 2100 concept module\n3.1.8First Base\n3.2Delays in launch capability\n4Bigelow Commercial Space Station\n5Crew and passenger transport\n6Aspirations beyond Earth-orbit\n7Honors\n8See also\n9References\n10Further reading\n11External links\nToggle the table of contents\nBigelow Aerospace\n20 languages\netinaDeutschEspaolEsperantoFranaisHrvatskiBahasa IndonesiaItalianoPolskiPortugusRomnSuomi\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nCoordinates: 361243N 1151001W / 36.212N 115.167W / 36.212; -115.167\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nThis article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nAmerican space technology company\nBigelow AerospaceCompany typePrivateIndustryAerospaceFounded1998; 26years ago(1998) [1]FounderRobert Bigelow (Founder and President)Defunct2020; 4years ago(2020)HeadquartersNorth Las Vegas, Nevada, United StatesKey peopleRobert Bigelow, Blair Bigelow [2]ProductsOrbital facilities, commercial space stationsNumber of employeesUnknownWebsitebigelowaerospace.com\nPart of a series onPrivate spaceflight\nActive companies\nArianespace\nAstra\nAxiom Space\nBigelow Aerospace\nBlue Origin\nEquatorial Space Systems\nFirefly Aerospace\nGalactic Energy\ni-Space\nNorthrop Grumman\nRedwire\nRelativity Space\nRocket Lab\nScaled Composites\nSpaceX\nThe Spaceship Company\nUnited Launch Alliance\nVirgin Galactic\nActive vehicles\nAntares\nCeres-1\nCygnus\nDragon 2\nElectron\nFalcon 9\nFalcon Heavy\nHyperbola-1\nNew Shepard\nPegasus\nSpaceShipTwo\nVega\nContracts and programs\nAnsari X Prize\nCommercial Crew Development\nCommercial Resupply Services\nGoogle Lunar X Prize\nSpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure\nSpaceX reusable launch system development\nRelated\nBillionaire space race\nSpaceflight portalvte\nBigelow Aerospace was an American space design and manufacturing company which closed its doors in 2020. It was an aeronautics and outer space technology company which manufactured and developed expandable space station modules. Bigelow Aerospace was founded by Robert Bigelow in 1998, and was based in North Las Vegas, Nevada. It was funded in large part by the profit Bigelow gained through his ownership of the hotel chain, Budget Suites of America.[3]\nThe company built two unmanned free-flying prototypes that flew in 2006 and 2007 and a module attached to the International Space Station. Bigelow Aerospace announced in 2010 that they intended to create a modular set of space habitats for creating or expanding space stations.[4] By 2013, Bigelow had invested US$250 million in the company.[5] Bigelow stated on a number of occasions that he was prepared to fund Bigelow Aerospace with about US$500 million through 2015 in order to achieve launch of full-scale hardware.[3][6]\nIn March 2020, the company laid off all 88 of its employees due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[7] As of January2024[update] the company remains dormant and is currently considered defunct.\nHistory[edit]\nNASA's design for the now-canceled TransHab module\nBigelow originally licensed the multi-layer, expandable space module technology from NASA in 2000 after Congress canceled the International Space Station (ISS) TransHab project following delays and budget constraints in the late 1990s.[3][8][9]\nBigelow has three Space Act agreements whereby Bigelow Aerospace is the sole commercializer of several of NASA's key expandable module technologies.[citation needed]\nBigelow continued to develop the technology for a decade, redesigning the module fabric layers including adding proprietary extensions of Vectran shield fabric, \"a double-strength variant of Kevlar\" and developing a family of uncrewed and crewed expandable spacecraft in a variety of sizes.[10] Bigelow invested US$75 million in proprietary extensions to the NASA technology by mid-2006,[1] and US$180 million into the technology by 2010.[11]\nBy 2010, Robert Bigelow had invested US$180 million in the company, which by 2013 had grown to US$250 million of his personal fortune.[5][11] Bigelow stated on multiple occasions that he was prepared to fund Bigelow Aerospace with up to about US$500 million through 2015 in order to achieve launch of full-scale hardware.[3][6]\nIn early 2010, NASA came full circle to once again investigate \"making inflatable space-station modules to make roomier, lighter, cheaper-to-launch spacecraft\" by announcing plans in its budget proposal released 22 February 2010. NASA considered connecting a Bigelow expandable craft to the ISS for safety, life support, radiation shielding, thermal control and communications verification testing for the next three years\",[10] and in December 2012, signed a US$17.8 million contract with Bigelow to develop the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM),[12] then projected to fly in 2015.[13] The module was berthed to the International Space Station on 16 April 2016, and was inflated on 28 May 2016. As of June2022[update] it remains at the station.\nSince early on, Bigelow has been intent on \"pursuing markets for a variety of users including biotech and pharmaceutical companies and university research, entertainment applications and government military and civil users\". The business model includes \"'leasing out' small space stations or habitats made of one or more [B330] inflatable modules to different research communities or corporations\".[3] Despite these broad plans for space commercialization, the space tourism destination and space hotel monikers were frequently used by many media outlets following the 2006/2007 launches of Genesis I and Genesis II. Robert Bigelow has been explicit that he is aiming to do business in space in a new way, with \"low cost and rapid turnaround, contrary to traditional NASA ISS and Space Shuttle operations and bureaucracy\".[3]\nIn October 2010, Bigelow announced that it had agreements with six sovereign nations to utilize on-orbit facilities of the commercial space station: UK Astronomy Technology Centre (United Kingdom), Netherlands Space Office (Netherlands), Defence South Australia (Australia), Singapore Government Technology Development Agency (Singapore), Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation, chairman is a previous director of JAXA (Japan) and Swedish National Space Board (Sweden).[14] In February 2011, Dubai of the United Arab Emirates became the seventh nation to have signed on.[15][needs update]\nIn 2011, Bigelow employed an in-house team of model makers, coming from the film and architecture industries, to make detailed models of their space habitats and space stations. Scale models were sent to \"potential customers, including governments and corporations, as a reminder of the possibilities\".[16]\nReportedly due to delays in launch capability to transport humans to low Earth orbit, Bigelow dramatically reduced staff in late September 2011, because crew transportation would not become available until \"years after the first B330 could be ready\",[17] laying off 40 of their 90 employees.[18]\nIn late March 2012 Bigelow began increasing staff levels once again.[19] By April 2013, Bigelow said that they would have B330 modules ready to go to space by the time that commercial passenger spacecraft were available to ferry their customers to the dualBA330 Alpha space station expected in 2017 and that Bigelow was ready to enter into contracts with customers.[20][needs update]\nFurther staff reductions occurred at the start of 2016, estimated by industry sources to be between 30 and 50 people of 150 employed at the time of the layoffs. This came after the company advertised more than 100 jobs in 2015 at both its North Las Vegas headquarters and its newly established propulsion department in Huntsville, Alabama.[18] As part of its reduction in workforce, the company closed the Huntsville facility.[21]\nIn February 2018, the company announced the formation of a new subsidiary, Bigelow Space Operations, to handle operational aspects of marketing and operating space stations in low Earth orbit.[22]\nIn March 2020, the company laid off all of its employees, 88 in total.[7]\nIn December 2021, Bigelow transferred ownership of BEAM to NASA's Johnson Space Center.[23]\nNASA Lawsuit[edit]\nThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2021)\nOn March 25, 2021, Bigelow Aerospace filed a lawsuit against NASA with the United States District Court for the District of Nevada. The lawsuit alleges that NASA still owes them $1.05 million for work done developing and testing an expandable space module. [24][25] On February 28, 2022, the District Court dismissed the case, as the court agreed with NASA that it had no jurisdiction over the matter, and that the case did not meet the conditions required to transfer the case.[26]\nModule design and business plans[edit]\nA full-scale mockup of Bigelow Aerospace's Space Station Alpha inside their facility in Nevada.\nExpandable module design overview[edit]\nNASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver views the inside of a full-scale mockup of Bigelow Aerospace's Space Station Alpha.\nBigelow Aerospace anticipates that its inflatable modules will be more durable than rigid modules.[27] This is partially due to the company's use of several layers of Vectran, a material twice as strong as Kevlar, and also because, in theory, flexible walls should be able to sustain micrometeoroid impacts better than rigid walls. In ground-based testing, micrometeoroids capable of puncturing standard ISS module materials penetrated only about halfway through the Bigelow skin. Operations director Mike Gold commented that Bigelow modules also wouldn't suffer from the same local shattering problems likely with metallic modules. This could provide as much as 24 hours to remedy punctures in comparison to the more serious results of standard ISS skin micrometeoroid damage.[10]\nExpected uses for Bigelow Aerospace's expandable modules include microgravity research and development and space manufacturing. Other potential uses include variable gravity research for gravity gradients above microgravity including Moon (0.16 g) and Mars (0.38 g) gravity research;[28] space tourism such as modules for orbital hotels; and space transportation such as components in spaceships for Moon or Mars crewed missions.[citation needed]\nBusiness plans[edit]\nAs of October2015[update] the Bigelow Aerospace website shows several pricing schemes including US$51.25 million for 60 days on a B330 space station. That price covers everything including transport, training, and consumables. For US$25 million Bigelow Aerospace customers can lease a third of a B330 habitat, roughly 110 cubic meters, for a period of 60 days.[29]\nIn 2010, Bigelow proposed conceptual designs for expandable habitats that would be substantially larger than the B330, previously its largest at 330m3 (12,000cuft) habitat volume. Contingent on NASA going forward with a super heavy lifter, the proposed concept would include \"expandable habitats offering 2,100 cubic meters [74,000 cubic feet] of volume nearly twice the capacity available on the International Space Station\", and another providing 3,240m3 (114,000cuft).[30]\nIn 2010, Bigelow Aerospace began building a large production facility in North Las Vegas, Nevada to produce the space modules. The 181,000sqft (16,800m2) facility will include three production lines for three distinct spacecraft, doubling the amount of floor space at Bigelow, and transitioning the focus from research and development, with an existing workforce of 115, to production. Bigelow expected to hire approximately 1,200 new employees to staff the plant, with production commencing in early 2012.[31][32]\nIn 2013, during execution of the contract to build the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module for the International Space Station,[33] Robert Bigelow indicated that his company manufactures about 50% of product content in-house, while subcontracting out the remainder.[34]\nIn March 2013, Bigelow signed an agreement with NASA to act as \"the central link between NASA and dozens of private companies that want to play a role in the creation of a new economy a space economy, including proposals far more complex than mere space tourism: research, manufacturing, medicine and agriculture. The agreement calls for Bigelow to liaise between NASA and the private sector to see how the U.S. government and industry could help each other\".[35]\nThe first deliverable on that contract, a \"report which identifies companies that want to be a part of this effort, as well as potential customers\", was delivered by Bigelow to NASA in May 2013.[35]\nModules[edit]\nOn 12 July 2006, and 28 June 2007, Bigelow launched the Genesis I and II modules, respectively. In mid-2008, Bigelow Aerospace completed the Galaxy module but did not launch it due to rising launch costs and the ability to substantially validate the new Galaxy technologies terrestrially, particularly after the successful two Genesis launches in 2006 and 2007.[36][37] It was tested on the ground at its North Las Vegas facility instead.\nAs of 2014, Bigelow had reserved a 2015 launch on SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket,[38] but did not announce the payload. The Falcon 9 would have been capable of launching a Sundancer module, but not a B330 module. Bigelow also talked with Lockheed Martin regarding potential launches on the Atlas V-401 launch vehicle.[39][40] No launch took place in 2015, although in April 2016 Bigelow Aerospace remained on SpaceX's list of future launch customers.[41] On 8 April 2016, the SpaceX CRS-8 mission launched BEAM to the ISS; on 11 April 2016, Bigelow and United Launch Alliance announced that an Atlas V-552 rocket had been booked for a flight in 2020 to deliver a B330 habitat to low-Earth orbit.[42]\nNote: Current as of July 2021. Dates of upcoming launches are proposed and are subject to change.\nModule Type\nModule Names\nVolume\nLaunch Date\nLaunch Vehicle\nStatus\nOrbital Test Module\nGenesis I\n11.5m3 (410cuft) [43]\n12 July 2006, 14:53 UTC\nDnepr\nLaunch successful; remains in orbit. Expected to decay by 2021.[44]\nOrbital Test Module\nGenesis II\n11.5m3 (410cuft) [43]\n28 June 2007, 15:02 UTC\nDnepr\nLaunch successful; remains in orbit. Expected to decay by 2022.[45]\nGround Test Article\nGalaxy/Guardian\n16.7m3 (590cuft)\nCancelled in 2008\n\nLaunch cancelled; used for tests on ground only.[37]\nOrbital Station Module\nB180 Sundancer\n180m3 (6,400cuft)\nCancelled in 2011\nFalcon 9 (planned)\nReplaced by B330 \"Nautilus\", will launch on Atlas V instead of Falcon 9.[46]\nOrbital Module docked to ISS\nBigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) [47]\n16m3 (565cuft) [48]\n8 April 2016, 20:43 UTC\nFalcon 9Dragon\nLaunch successful; currently (2022) operational, docked to ISS in orbit. Development began December 2012, built under a US$17.8 million NASA contract. Cleared to remain docked to the ISS until 2028.[49]\nOrbital Station Module\nB330 Nautilus\n330m3 (12,000cuft)\n\nAtlas V 552\nIn launch preparation, testing completed; mockup completed in 2015; initial goal to launch by end of 2017. A 2020 launch date was expected until Bigelow temporarily shut down during the 2020 global pandemic and economic depression.\nOrbital Module docked to ISS\nExpandable Bigelow Advanced Station Enhancement (XBASE)\n330m3 (12,000cuft)\n\nTBA (Atlas V or Vulcan)\nStalled development; part of 2016 NASA agreement under the NextSTEP program to develop full-sized module based on B330 to be docked to ISS.[50][51]\nSpace Station Core Module\nBA 2100 Olympus\n2,100m3 (74,000cuft)\n\nVulcan\nProposed; mockup built in 2015.[21]\nLunar Surface Station Module\nB330 First Base\n330m3 (12,000cuft)\n\nTBA\nProposed; mockup unveiled in June 2019 and will undergo testing. No launch vehicle yet selected.[52]\nExpandable habitat modules[edit]\nGenesis I[edit]\nMain article: Genesis I\nOn 12 July 2006, Genesis I launched on a Dnepr booster from Dombarovsky Cosmodrome in Orenburg Oblast, Russia. The launch was conducted by Bigelow and ISC Kosmotras. Despite ground-side difficulties during launch, the spacecraft performed as expected upon reaching orbit, inflating, deploying solar arrays and starting internal systems.[53] The mission is planned to last for five years and include extensive observation of the craft's performance including testing packing/deployment procedures and resistance to radiation and space debris, among other space hazards and conditions. Mike Gold, corporate counsel for Bigelow Aerospace, stated in relation to this mission and the next, \"Our motto at Bigelow Aerospace is 'fly early and often'. Regardless of the results of Genesis 1, we will launch a follow-up mission rapidly\".[44] As of December2020[update], the vehicle remains in orbit.[54][55]\nGenesis II[edit]\nMain article: Genesis II (space habitat)\nOn 28 June 2007, Genesis II launched on another Dnepr (a converted SS-18 ICBM) from Dombarovsky Cosmodrome in Orenburg Oblast, Russia. Launched at 08:02 PDT, Genesis II was inserted into orbit at 08:16 PDT at an inclination of 64.0.\nAlthough Genesis I and Genesis II are identical in size and similar in appearance there are several notable differences. Firstly, Genesis I contains 13 video cameras whereas Genesis II contains 22. Secondly, Genesis II includes a suite of additional sensors and avionics that are not present in Genesis I.\nThe orbital life is estimated to be 12 years, with a gradually decaying orbit resulting in re-entry into Earth's atmosphere and burn-up expected. As of December2020[update], the vehicle remains in orbit.[54][56]\nFly your stuff program\nBigelow Aerospace ran a Fly Your Stuff program for the Genesis II launch. The cost to launch pictures or small items was around US$300.[57] Bigelow photographed each item with internal cameras as the items floated inside the craft, displaying them on the company website.\nThe first image of the interior of Genesis II appeared on the company's website on 29 June 2007. Some of the pictures and other items placed aboard Genesis II as part of the Fly Your Stuff program are clearly visible. Another interior image, apparently taken with more of the spacecraft's internal lights activated, was posted on 2 July 2007. Articles from the Fly Your Stuff program are also visible in this image.\nTest items, supplied by Bigelow Aerospace employees, were sent into orbit on Genesis I. No new images of items floating inside Genesis I have been released since shortly after the launch and initial activation of the spacecraft due to problems with a computer which controls several of the internal cameras.[58]\nGalaxy/Guardian[edit]\nMain article: Galaxy (spacecraft)\nSundancer[edit]\nMain article: Sundancer\nThe third planned Bigelow launch, Sundancer, was to be equipped with full life-support systems, attitude control, orbital maneuvering systems, and would have been capable of reboost and deorbit burns.[59] Like the Genesis pathfinders, Sundancer's outer surface would have been compacted around its central core, with air expanding it to its full size after entering orbit. After expansion, the module would have measured 8.7m (29ft) in length and 6.3m (21ft) in diameter, with 180m3 (6,400cuft) of interior volume.[60] Unlike previous Bigelow craft, it was planned to have three observation windows.[59] As of September2009[update], SpaceX had been contracted to provide a Falcon 9 vehicle for launch of a Bigelow payload in 2011.[61]\nIn July 2011, Bigelow announced that they will cease development on the Sundancer and instead focus their efforts on the B330.[46]\nBigelow Expandable Activity Module for the ISS[edit]\nMain article: Bigelow Expandable Activity Module\nFull-scale mock-up of a BEAM at the Johnson Space Center Space Vehicle Mockup Facility\nIn December 2012, Bigelow began development work on the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) under a US$17.8 million NASA contract.[12] After a number of delays, BEAM was transported to ISS arriving on 10 April 2016, inside the unpressurized cargo trunk of a SpaceX Dragon during the SpaceX CRS-8 cargo mission.[13] The mission tested the BEAM module's structural integrity, leak rate, radiation dosage and temperature changes over a two-year-long mission.[13] At the end of BEAM's mission, the module was planned to be removed from the ISS and burn up during reentry.[13] In October 2017, it was announced that the module would stay attached to the ISS for at least three more years, with options for two further one-year extensions.[62]\nB330[edit]\nMain article: B330\nThe B330 is a full-scale production module weighing approximately 50,000lb (23,000kg),[63][64] with dimensions of approximately 45ft (14m) in length and 22ft (6.7m) in diameter when expanded.[65][66] Previous names for the B330 were the BA 330 and the Nautilus.\nBigelow has partnered with United Launch Alliance with the goal of launching a B330 module to orbit in 2021, potentially as an addition to the International Space Station.[67] The two companies have also proposed launching a B330 to low lunar orbit in 2022 to serve as a lunar depot.[68] The first B330 launch was originally planned to be launched aboard an Atlas V launch vehicle,[67] but ULA stated in October 2017 that its in-development Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle was the only launch vehicle available with the performance and fairing capacity to carry the module.[68]\nBA 2100 concept module[edit]\nMain article: BA 2100\nThe BA 2100, or Olympus module,[5] is a concept module that would require a heavy-lift launcher and would place in orbit the complete infrastructure of a 2,100m3 (74,000cuft) habitat, over six times as large as the B330. As of October2021[update], estimates put the vehicle mass between 90 and 120 metric tonnes, with a diameter of approximately 12m (39ft). The concept model shows 7m (23ft) docking ports at both ends.[69]\nFirst Base[edit]\nIn June 2019, Bigelow Aerospace introduced the \"First Base\" concept.[52] First Base is a 330m3 (12,000cuft) lunar station module that can accommodate four people; it features four airlocks and two warehouses with solar arrays on top.\nDelays in launch capability[edit]\nAs a result of delays in launch capability to transport humans to the Bigelow habitats, Bigelow \"laid off some 40 of its 90 employees\" in late September 2011. Bigelow had expected human launch capability by 2014 or 2015 but \"the prospect of domestic crew transportation of any kind is apparently going to occur years after the first B330 could be ready. ... For both business and technical reasons, we cannot deploy a B330 without a means of transporting crew to and from our station, and the adjustment to our employment levels was necessary to reflect this reality\".[17]\nBigelow Commercial Space Station[edit]\nMain article: Bigelow Commercial Space Station\nThe Bigelow Next-Generation Commercial Space Station is a private orbital space complex currently under development by Bigelow. The space station will include both Sundancer and B330 expandable spacecraft modules and a central docking node, propulsion, solar arrays, and attached crew capsules. Initial launch of space station components was planned for 2014, with portions of the station available for leased use as early as 2015.[70] Bigelow has publicly shown space station design configurations with up to nine B330 modules containing 100,000cuft (2,800m3) of habitable space.[14] Bigelow began to publicly refer to the initial configuration two Sundancer modules and one B330 module of the first Bigelow station as \"Space Complex Alpha\" in October 2010.[4]\nA second orbital station, Space Complex Bravo, was scheduled to begin launches in 2016.[71]\nLaunches will not commence until there are commercial crew transportation systems operational, which will be 2017 or later.[72]\nBigelow announced in October 2010 that it has agreements with six sovereign nations to utilize on-orbit facilities of the commercial space station: United Kingdom, Netherlands, Australia, Singapore, Japan and Sweden.[14] By February 2011, this number had risen to seven.[31]\nAn earlier space station, CSS Skywalker (Commercial Space Station Skywalker), was Bigelow's 2005 concept for the first space hotel.[73] The Skywalker was to be composed of multiple Nautilus habitat modules, which would be expanded and connected upon reaching orbit. An MDPM (Multi-Directional Propulsion Module) would allow the Skywalker to be moved into interplanetary or lunar trajectories.[74]\nIn November 2010, Bigelow indicated that the company would like to construct ten or more space stations and that there is a substantial commercial market to support such growth.[75]\nCrew and passenger transport[edit]\nBigelow's business model requires a means of transporting humans to and from low Earth orbit. In 2004, Bigelow established and funded a US$50 million prize, America's Space Prize, to stimulate development of crewed vehicles. The prize expired without a winner in early 2010.\nIn August 2009, Bigelow Aerospace announced the development of the Orion Lite spacecraft, intended to be a lower cost, and less capable version of the Orion spacecraft under development by NASA. The intention would be for Orion Lite to provide access to low earth orbit using either the Atlas V or Falcon 9 launch systems, and carrying a crew of up to 7.[76]\nAt the time Bigelow Aerospace's corporate counsel Mike Gold said: \"...we would be foolish to depend completely on one capsule provider or any single launch system\", ... \"Therefore, it is vital from both a practical and business perspective to ensure that SpaceX and Dragon aren't the only options available to us, hence the need for another capsule\".[77]\nAs of 2010[update], Bigelow was pursuing both launch options of Boeing CST-100 / ULA Atlas V and SpaceX Dragon / Falcon 9 as capsules and launchers.[78] \"Bigelow offers Boeing, SpaceX, and other vehicle developers ... the promise of a sustained, large market for space transportation services\".[4] With the initial Space Complex Alpha space station, Bigelow \"would need six flights a year; with the launch of a second, larger station, that number would grow to 24, or two a month\".[4]\nBigelow entered NASA's Commercial Crew Program (CCP) with the Starliner capsule in collaboration with Boeing.[57] Bigelow worked with Boeing to refine requirements for Starliner, including joint tests in August 2012.[57] Separately, in May 2012, Bigelow and SpaceX teamed up towards joint marketing to international customers of crew transport to the Bigelow B330 space facility.[79]\nAspirations beyond Earth-orbit[edit]\nIn February 2010, following the announcement of NASA's post-Augustine Commission plans to reorient human-to-orbit plans more in the direction of commercial launch providers, Robert Bigelow said \"We as a company have lunar ambitions, ... and we also have Mars ambitions as well\".[80] In April 2010, Bigelow suggested positioning a space station at the Lagrange point L1. He also said his proposed private Moon Base would consist of three B330s.[30]\nIn March 2013,[35] Bigelow signed a contract with NASA to \"look at ways for private ventures to contribute to human exploration missions, perhaps including construction of a moon base\"[20] and to act as a clearinghouse with other commercial companies to extend commercial activity at conceptual lunar expeditionary bases in ways that are not a mainline part of NASA's current focus for human spaceflight, which is asteroid exploration missions.[35]\nThe Bigelow report released later in 2013 identified \"an uncertain regulatory environment as a major obstacle to commercial activities\" on the Moon.[81]\nIn December 2014, the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation (AST) completed a review of the proposed Bigelow lunar habitat, and indicated that \"it was willing to use its authority to ensure Bigelow could carry out its [lunar] activities ... without interference from other [U.S.] companies licensed by the FAA\" [and that the FAA would] use its launch licensing authority, as best it can, to protect private sector assets on the Moon and to provide a safe environment for companies to conduct peaceful commercial activities without fear of harmful interference from other AST licensees\".[81]\nHonors[edit]\nBigelow Aerospace has received several honors for its spaceflight efforts. On 3 October 2006, Bigelow Aerospace received the Innovator Award from the Arthur C. Clarke Foundation.[82] The award recognizes \"initiatives or new inventions that have had recent impact on or hold particular promise for satellite communications and society, and stand as distinguished examples of innovative thinking\". Robert Bigelow was presented the award at the Arthur C. Clarke Awards in Washington, D.C. alongside Walter Cronkite, who was honored on the same night with the Arthur C. Clarke Lifetime Achievement Award.\nOn 26 January 2007, the Space Foundation announced that Bigelow Aerospace would be the recipient of its 2007 Space Achievement Award.[83] Bigelow Aerospace joins a list of previous winners that include the Titan Launch Vehicle team; The Inertial Upper Stage team, the SpaceShipOne team; the Arianespace-CNES Ariane 4 launch team; the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) teams; the NASA/Industry Galileo space probe team; the Hubble Space Telescope team; Sea Launch; and the NASA/Boeing International Space Station team. The award was presented to Robert Bigelow on 9 April 2007 at the 23rd National Space Symposium in Colorado Springs, Colorado.\nSee also[edit]\nSpaceflight portal\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Bigelow Aerospace.\nAxiom Space\nBlue Origin\nList of private spaceflight companies\nSpace Adventures\nSpace architecture\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b de Keyser, Sigurd (4 June 2006). \"Bigelow Aerospace; Russian Dnepr rocket to launch a 1/3-scale Genesis model\". Space Fellowship News. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2010.\n^ \"@BlairBigelow\" on Twitter\n^ a b c d e f Covault, Craig (27 September 2004). \"Bigelow's Gamble\". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Retrieved 17 February 2010 via Spaceflight Now.\n^ a b c d \"Bigelow still thinks big\". The Space Review. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2010.\n^ a b c Higginbotham, Adam (2 May 2013). \"Robert Bigelow Plans a Real Estate Empire in Space\". Business Week. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.\n^ a b Little, Geoffrey (1 January 2008). \"Mr. B's Big Plan\". Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 18 February 2010.\n^ a b Foust, Jeff (23 March 2020). \"Bigelow Aerospace lays off entire workforce\". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2 December 2023.\n^ Pittman, Bruce; Rasky, Dan; Harper, Lynn (2012). Infrastructure Based Exploration An Affordable Path To Sustainable Space Development (PDF). 63rd International Astronautical Congress, 15 October 2012, Naples, Italy. p.7. Retrieved 14 October 2014.\n^ 106th Congress (24 January 2000). \"National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2000\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 26 May 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n^ a b c Marks, Paul (3 March 2010). \"NASA turned on by blow-up space stations\". New Scientist. Retrieved 3 March 2010.\n^ a b \"The Americans may still go to the moon before the Chinese\". The Economist. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2010.\n^ a b \"NASA Contract to Bigelow Aerospace\". SpaceRef. 11 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013.\n^ a b c d \"NASA to Test Bigelow Expandable Module on Space Station\". NASA. 16 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013.\n^ a b c Simberg, Rand (28 October 2010). \"Bigelow Aerospace Shows Off Bigger, Badder Space Real Estate\". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 2 November 2010.\n^ Klotz, Irene (4 February 2011). \"Bigelow Floats Plan For Florida Space Coast\". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.\n^ Knapp, George (15 June 2011). \"Las Vegas Inventor's Ideas Take Shape\". 8NewsNow. Retrieved 6 August 2011.\n^ a b Berger, Brian; Leone, Dan (6 October 2011). \"Private Space Station Builder Downsizes Dramatically\". Space.com. Retrieved 17 December 2017.\n^ a b Foust, Jeff (7 January 2016). \"Layoffs Hit Bigelow Aerospace\". SpaceNews. Retrieved 9 January 2016.\n^ Dan Leone (20 March 2012). \"Bigelow Ends Employee Furloughs, Resumes Limited Hiring\". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013.\n^ a b Boyle, Alan (26 April 2013). \"To the moon? Bigelow Aerospace and NASA look at private exploration\". NBC News. Retrieved 19 April 2013.\n^ a b Barrett, Josh (8 January 2016). \"Bigelow Aerospace closes up shop in Huntsville\". Space Alabama. WAAY-TV. Retrieved 9 January 2016. [permanent dead link]\n^ Foust, Jeff (20 February 2018). \"Bigelow Aerospace establishes space operations company to look at commercial space station market\". SpaceNews. Retrieved 21 February 2018.\n^ \"Engineering Services for the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM)\". sam.gov. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. 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This dramatic rise in launch costs has forced us to rethink our strategy with Galaxy. Due to the fact that a high percentage of the systems Galaxy was meant to test can be effectively validated on a terrestrial basis, the technical value of launching the spacecraft particularly after the successful launch of both Genesis I and II is somewhat marginal. Therefore, we have decided to expedite our schedule yet again, and are now planning to move ahead directly with Bigelow Aerospace's first human habitable spacecraft, the Sundancer.\n^ \"Launch Manifest\". SpaceX. 2014. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2014.\n^ \"Bigelow Aerospace and Lockheed Martin Converging on Terms for Launch Services\" (Press release). Bigelow Aerospace. 5 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.\n^ Shiga, David (7 February 2008). \"No major hurdles to upgrade Atlas V rockets for people\". New Scientist. Retrieved 1 March 2010.\n^ \"Launch Manifest\". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.\n^ \"Bigelow Aerospace and United Launch Alliance Join Forces to Foster a New Era of Sustainable Commercialization in Low Earth Orbit\" (Press release). United Launch Alliance. 11 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.\n^ a b David, Leonard (26 March 2007). \"Bigelow Aerospace Sets a Business Trajectory\". Space.com. Retrieved 11 February 2011.\n^ a b David, Leonard (12 July 2006). \"Bigelow Orbital Module Launched into Space\". Space.com. Retrieved 11 March 2007.\n^ Malik, Tariq; Leonard David (28 June 2007). \"Bigelow's Second Orbital Module Launches Into Space\". Space.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007.\n^ a b \"Bigelow Aerospace Expediting B330 Development\". Bigelow Aerospace. July 2011. Archived from the original on 2 July 2011.\n^ Clark, Stephen (16 April 2016). \"Expandable room installed on space station\". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 19 April 2016.\n^ \"New Expandable Addition on Space Station to Gather Critical Data\". NASA. 12 March 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n^ Foust, Jeff (12 August 2019). \"NASA planning to keep BEAM module on ISS for the long haul\". Space News. Retrieved 7 February 2023.\n^ Mahoney, Erin (9 August 2016). \"NextSTEP Partners Develop Ground Prototypes to Expand our Knowledge of Deep Space Habitats\". NASA. Retrieved 9 April 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n^ Mosher, Dave (16 February 2018). \"Hotel billionaire Robert Bigelow is about to launch a new spaceflight company\". Business Insider. Retrieved 26 October 2018.\n^ a b \"Meet \"First Base\"\". Bigelow Aerospace. Retrieved 12 June 2019.\n^ \"Launch of Genesis I Pathfinder Ushers in a New Era of Commercial Space Development\". SpaceFellowship.com. 15 July 2006. Archived from the original on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2007.\n^ a b \"Genesis Program\". Bigelow Aerospace. Retrieved 14 January 2019.\n^ Peat, Chris (24 August 2020). \"Genesis 1 Orbit\". Heavens-Above. Retrieved 25 August 2020.\n^ Peat, Chris (24 August 2020). \"Genesis II Orbit\". Heavens-Above. Retrieved 25 August 2020.\n^ a b c Thompson, Mark (27 August 2012). \"Bigelow's inflatable space stations\". SEN. Retrieved 9 September 2012. the recent drop tests of Boeing's CST-100 were carried out with help from another commercial space business, Bigelow Aerospace. Bigelow Aerospace plans to use the CST-100 to ferry customers to and from its planned Bigelow Orbiting Space Complex, an inflatable space station.\n^ Ingham, Jay (13 February 2007). \"Genesis I Vehicle Performance Update\". Bigelow Aerospace. Archived from the original on 8 December 2007.\n^ a b Ferster, Warren (21 September 2006). \"Private Space Habitat Could Launch by 2010\". Space.com. Retrieved 28 July 2007.\n^ Covault, Craig (8 April 2007). \"Bigelow Reveals Business Plan\". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.\n^ \"SpaceX Launch Manifest\". SpaceX. 2009. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009.\n^ Berger, Eric (3 October 2017). \"NASA tries an inflatable room on the space station, likes it\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 4 October 2017.\n^ \"Moonandback Interview With Robert Bigelow, part 3 Pluses And Minuses\". moonandback.com. 30 November 2011. 0:51. Retrieved 10 December 2011.\n^ \"B330 diagram\". Bigrelow Space Operations (BSO). Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2018.\n^ \"BA 330\". Bigelow Aerospace. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2012.\n^ Rand Simberg (28 October 2010). \"Bigelow Aerospace Space Hotels BA-2100 Space Module Review\". Popular Mechanics.\n^ a b Wall, Mike (11 April 2016). \"Private Space Habitat to Launch in 2020 Under Commercial Spaceflight Deal\". Space.com. Retrieved 17 April 2016.\n^ a b \"Bigelow Aerospace and United Launch Alliance Announce Agreement to Place a B330 Habitat in Low Lunar Orbit\" (Press release). United Launch Alliance. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.\n^ \"BA-2100 module and other Bigelow Aerospace news\". Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2010.\n^ \"Next-Generation Commercial Space Stations: Orbital Complex Construction\". Bigelow Aerospace. Archived from the original on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.\n^ \"Balloons in Space: A History\". Space.com. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.\n^ \"Inflatable Habitats: From the Space Station to the Moon and Mars?\". Space.com. 18 August 2015.\n^ \"The Five-Billion-Star Hotel\". Popular Science. 1 March 2005.\n^ \"CSS Skywalker\". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009.\n^ \"Space, Inc. moving closer to launch: Private companies put forth some lofty ideas for space travel ... and they're closer to reality than you might think\". Florida Today. 14 November 2010. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2010. We hope to build a number of commercial space stations, not just one or two. We'd like to have 10 or 15 or 20. We think the markets are substantial, so that's exactly what we're trying to accomplish\n^ Klamper, Amy (14 August 2009). \"Company pitches 'lite' spaceship to NASA\". NBC News.\n^ Clark Lindsey. \"Bigelow Aerospace proposes \"Orion Lite\" concept to Augustine panel\". Space Transportation News. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011.\n^ \"Bigelow Marketing Inflatable Space Stations\". Aviation Week. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.[permanent dead link]\n^ Boyle, Alan (10 May 2012). \"SpaceX teams up with Bigelow on space station marketing\". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.\n^ Boyle, Alan (1 February 2010). \"Private Spaceflight Goes Public\". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 3 February 2010.\n^ a b Foust, Jeff (6 February 2015). \"FAA Review a Small Step for Lunar Commercialization Efforts\". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 February 2015.\n^ \"2006 Arthur C. Clarke Awards to honor Walter Cronkite and Robert Bigelow\" (Press release). ClarkeFoundation.org. 12 September 2006. Archived from the original on 7 February 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.\n^ \"Space Foundation honors Bigelow Aerospace with Space Achievement Award\" (Press release). SpaceFoundation.org. 25 January 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.\nFurther reading[edit]\nDinerman, Taylor (19 July 2004). \"Inflatable POOFs\". The Space Review.\nBelfiore, Michael (4 September 2004). \"Holidays in space are on the horizon\". New Scientist.\nCovault, Craig (27 September 2004). \"Bigelow's Gamble\". Aviation Week & Space Technology via Spaceflight Now.\nBelfiore, Michael (2 March 2005). \"The Five-Billion-Star Hotel\". Popular Science.\nDavid, Leonard (8 March 2005). \"Progress Made on Inflatable Private Space Module\". Space.com.\nOberg, James (6 June 2006). \"Russians delay test launch for space hotel\". NBC News.\nDavid, Leonard (12 July 2006). \"Exclusive: Bigelow Orbital Module Launched into Space\". Space.com.\nHosler, William (2006). \"Bigelow Aerospace Continues Relationship with NASA-JSC for Space Habitat Technology and Private Sector Space Development\". NASA. Archived from the original on 31 August 2006.\nExternal links[edit]\nOfficial website\n361243N 1151001W / 36.212N 115.167W / 36.212; -115.167\nvteSpace stations and settlements\nList of space stations\nList of commercial space stations\nCurrent\nInternational Space Station (ISS)\nTiangong space station (TSS)\nPastRussia /Soviet Union\nSalyut\nSalyut 1\nDOS-2\nSalyut 2 \nCosmos 557\nSalyut 3\nSalyut 4\nSalyut 5\nSalyut 6\nSalyut 7\nMir\nUnited States\nOPS 0855\nSkylab\nChina\nTiangong program\nTiangong-1\nTiangong-2\nPrivate\nGenesis\nI\nII\nCanceledIndividual projects\nAurora Station\nBigelow Commercial Space Station\nDeep Space Habitat\nExcalibur Almaz\nExploration Gateway Platform\nGalaxy\nIndustrial Space Facility\nManned Orbiting Laboratory\nNautilus-X\nOPSEK\nOrbital Technologies Commercial Space Station\nSkylab II (FlexCraft)\nSkylab B\nSundancer\nTiangong-3\nIncorporated into ISS\nSpace Station Freedom\nUSOS\nColumbus MTFF\nColumbus (ISS module)\nMir-2\nROS\nIn developmentRussia\nRussian Orbital Service Station\nPrivate\nAxiom Station\nHaven-1\nOrbital Reef\nStarlab\nInternational\nLunar Gateway\nProposed\nBharatiya Antariksha Station\nJapanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)\nLunar Orbital Station\nVoyager Station\nConcepts\nBernal sphere\nBishop Ring\nMcKendree cylinder\nO'Neill cylinder\nRotating wheel\nSpace settlement\nStanford torus\nWet workshop\nRelated\nList of films featuring space stations\nSpace stations and habitats in fiction\nMission to Mir (1997 documentary)\nSpace Station 3D (2002 documentary)\nOrphans of Apollo (2008 documentary)\nSpace Tourists (2009 documentary)\nA Beautiful Planet (2016 documentary)\nNotes: Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, Part of the Almaz military program, Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.\nvteSpace tourismOrganizationsActive\nAxiom Space\nBigelow Aerospace\nBlue Origin\nAirbus D&S\nMojave Aerospace Ventures\nOrbital Technologies\nPDAS\nRedwire\nSierra Nevada Corporation\nSpace Adventures\nThe Spaceship Company\nSpaceX\n#dearMoon project\nVirgin Galactic\nCAS Space\nARCA\nAssociation of Autonomous Astronauts\nAstronaute Club Europen\nCommercial Spaceflight Federation\nCopenhagen Suborbitals\nSpace Frontier Foundation\nSpace Tourism Society\nDefunct\nArmadillo Aerospace\nCanadian Arrow\nGolden Spike Company\nMirCorp\nOrion Span\nPlanetSpace\nRocketShip Tours\nSpace Island Group (Space Island Project)\nXCOR Aerospace\nVehicles\nCurrent\nSoyuz\nDragon 2\nNew Shepard\nSpaceShipTwo\nFuture\nNew Glenn\nSpaceShip III\nStarliner\nStarship\nLiving in space\nCommercialization of space\nSpace colonization\nSpace medicine\nSpace settlement\nSpace station\nSuborbital spaceplane\nSpace competitions\nAmerica's Space Prize\nAnsari X Prize\nGoogle Lunar X Prize\nSpace elevator competitions\nSpace touristsPast\nDennis Tito\nMark Shuttleworth\nGregory Olsen\nAnousheh Ansari\nCharles Simonyi\nRichard Garriott\nGuy Lalibert\nOliver Daemen\nJared Isaacman\nSian Proctor\nHayley Arceneaux\nChristopher Sembroski\nYusaku Maezawa\nYozo Hirano\nLarry Connor\nMark Pathy\nEytan Stibbe\nJohn Shoffner\nSpace tourismmissionsPast\nInspiration4\nBlue Origin NS-16\nBlue Origin NS-18\nBlue Origin NS-19\nBlue Origin NS-20\nBlue Origin NS-21\nBlue Origin NS-22\nGalactic 02\nGalactic 03\nGalactic 04\nGalactic 05\nGalactic 06\nAxiom-1\nAxiom-2\nPlanned\nPolaris Dawn\ndearMoon\nRelated\nAxiom Orbital Segment\nTourism on the Moon\nTourism on Mars\nHaven-1\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigelow_Aerospace&oldid=1218957510\"\nCategories: Bigelow Aerospace1999 establishments in NevadaAerospace companies of the United StatesCompanies based in North Las Vegas, NevadaPrivate spaceflight companiesPrivately held companies based in the Las Vegas ValleySpace tourismTransport companies established in 1999Transport companies disestablished in 2020Hidden categories: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors listSource attributionAll articles with dead external 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Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Hobart Baldwin Bigelow - National Governors Association\nHome\nGovernors\nGovernors\nNGA Leadership\nNGA Chairs Initiative: Disagree Better\nPast Chairs\nFormer Governors\nGovernors Spouses\nCouncil of Governors\nGubernatorial Elections\nGovernors Office Functions\nGovernors Powers & Authority\nNGA Center\nNGA Center for Best Practices\nProgram Areas\nBehavioral Health\nChildren and Families\nCybersecurity\nEnergy\nEnvironment\nHealthcare Delivery\nHomeland Security\nInfrastructure\nK-12 Education\nLand Management, Agriculture, Wildlife, and Rural Communities\nPostsecondary Education\nPublic Health\nPublic Safety and Legal Counsels\nWorkforce Development & Economic Policy\nProjects\nPublications\nWebinars\nMeeting Materials\nGovernment Relations\nGovernment Relations Homepage\nAdvocacy Communications\nNGA Committees, Task Forces & Council of Governors\nNGA Leadership\nNews\nPress Releases\nVideos\nSubscribe\nMembership\nAbout\nNGA Issue Library\nNGA Meetings\nNGA Partners\nStaff Directory\nCareers at NGA\nState Government Careers\nContact\nHome\nGovernors\nGovernors\nNGA Leadership\nNGA Chairs Initiative: Disagree Better\nPast Chairs\nFormer Governors\nGovernors Spouses\nCouncil of Governors\nGubernatorial Elections\nGovernors Office Functions\nGovernors Powers & Authority\nNGA Center\nNGA Center for Best Practices\nProgram Areas\nBehavioral Health\nChildren and Families\nCybersecurity\nEnergy\nEnvironment\nHealthcare Delivery\nHomeland Security\nInfrastructure\nK-12 Education\nLand Management, Agriculture, Wildlife, and Rural Communities\nPostsecondary Education\nPublic Health\nPublic Safety and Legal Counsels\nWorkforce Development & Economic Policy\nProjects\nPublications\nWebinars\nMeeting Materials\nGovernment Relations\nGovernment Relations Homepage\nAdvocacy Communications\nNGA Committees, Task Forces & Council of Governors\nNGA Leadership\nNews\nPress Releases\nVideos\nSubscribe\nMembership\nAbout\nNGA Issue Library\nNGA Meetings\nNGA Partners\nStaff Directory\nCareers at NGA\nState Government Careers\nContact\nBack to former Connecticut governors\nConnecticut\nGov. Hobart Baldwin Bigelow\nTerms\nJanuary 5, 1881 - January 3, 1883\nParty\nRepublican\nBorn\nMay 16, 1834\nPassed\nOctober 12, 1891\nBirth State\nConnecticut\nFamily\nMarried Eleanor Lewis; four children\nAbout\nHOBART BALDWIN BIGELOW, Connecticuts 33rd governor was born in North Haven, Connecticut, on May 16, 1834. He attended the South Egremont Academy in Massachusetts, but left school early to apprentice as a machinist. Bigelow became a successful businessman and a leading manufacturer of boilers and heavy machinery. In 1861 he purchased the Bigelow Manufacturing Company, which later conducted business under the name of the H.B. Bigelow & Co. Bigelow served as the companys president for life. He entered politics as councilman of New Haven, an office he held from 1863 to 1876. He also served as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1875, and was mayor of New Haven from 1879 to 1881. He was elected Governor of Connecticut on November 2, 1880, and was sworn into office on January 5, 1881. During his tenure, the Storrs Agricultural School was founded and assessments were cut back on mutual life insurance companies. Legislation was enacted that disallowed deceptive election registration procedures and a bill was constituted that regulated companies of 12 or more employees to install fire escapes. Bigelow left office on January 3, 1883, retiring from public service. Governor Hobart B. Bigelow died on October 12, 1891, and is buried at the Evergreen Cemetery in New Haven.\nSource\nSobel, Robert, and John Raimo, eds.Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978,Vol. 1, Westport, Conn.; Meckler Books, 1978. 4 vols.\nRootsWeb\nBigelow Society\nCurrent Connecticut Governor\nNed Lamont\nRecent Connecticut Governors\nGov. Ella T. Grasso\nJanuary 8, 1975 - December 31, 1980\nLearn More\nGov. Thomas J. Meskill\nJanuary 6, 1971 - January 8, 1975\nLearn More\nGov. John Dempsey\nJanuary 21, 1961 - January 6, 1971\nLearn More\nGov. Abraham Alexander Ribicoff\nJanuary 5, 1955 - January 21, 1961\nLearn More\nGov. John Davis Lodge\nJanuary 3, 1951 - January 5, 1955\nLearn More\nGov. Dannel Malloy\nJanuary 7, 2015 - January 9, 2019\nJanuary 5, 2011 - January 6, 2015\nLearn More\nGov. M. Jodi Rell\nJuly 1, 2004 - January 5, 2011\nLearn More\nGov. John G. Rowland\nJanuary 4, 1995 - July 1, 2004\nLearn More\nGov. Lowell P. Weicker\nJanuary 9, 1991 - January 4, 1995\nLearn More\nGov. William A. ONeill\nDecember 31, 1980 - January 9, 1991\nLearn More\nGov. Ella T. Grasso\nJanuary 8, 1975 - December 31, 1980\nLearn More\nGov. Thomas J. Meskill\nJanuary 6, 1971 - January 8, 1975\nLearn More\nGov. John Dempsey\nJanuary 21, 1961 - January 6, 1971\nLearn More\nGov. Abraham Alexander Ribicoff\nJanuary 5, 1955 - January 21, 1961\nLearn More\nGov. John Davis Lodge\nJanuary 3, 1951 - January 5, 1955\nLearn More\nGov. Dannel Malloy\nJanuary 7, 2015 - January 9, 2019\nJanuary 5, 2011 - January 6, 2015\nLearn More\nGov. M. Jodi Rell\nJuly 1, 2004 - January 5, 2011\nLearn More\nGov. John G. Rowland\nJanuary 4, 1995 - July 1, 2004\nLearn More\nGov. Lowell P. Weicker\nJanuary 9, 1991 - January 4, 1995\nLearn More\nGov. William A. ONeill\nDecember 31, 1980 - January 9, 1991\nLearn More\n\nSearch For Former Governors\nThis searchable database identifies former governors by state and dates of service. The governors' biographies available on the NGA website provide summary biographical information only and are edited infrequently.\nStart Searching\nWe state solutions\n 2024 NGA. All rights reserved.\npreviousnextslideshow", "url": "https://www.nga.org/governor/hobart-baldwin-bigelow/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Bigelow Advises TAG Manufacturing, Inc. on its Recapitalization by Center Rock Capital Partners - Bigelow LLC.\nSkip To Content\nHome\nWho is Bigelow?OUR TEAM\nWhat do we value?OUR PRINCIPLES\nWho have we worked with?TRANSACTION EXPERIENCE\nHow have we helped others?EOM STORIES\nHow can you learn more?EOM RESOURCE LIBRARY\nWould you like to join our team?CAREERS AT BIGELOW\nContact\nCareers Learn More\nTransaction Experiences\nBigelow Advises TAG Manufacturing, Inc. on its Recapitalization by Center Rock Capital Partners\nTransaction Experience Bigelow Advises TAG Manufacturing, Inc. on its Recapitalization by Center Rock Capital Partners\nShareShare on TwitterShare on LinkedInShare via Email\nTAG Manufacturing, Inc. (TAG) announced it has been recapitalized by Founders, Gary and Terry Wilt, in partnership with Center Rock Capital Partners, LP. TAG is a leading designer and manufacturer of highly engineered attachments for construction and earth-moving applications in North America. Center Rock is a private investment firm committed to building strong industrial businesses through real partnerships. This transaction is the successful culmination of an initiative led by Bigelow LLC.\nFounded in 2005 and headquartered in Chattanooga, Tennessee, TAG (www.tagmfg.us) is the second highly-successful company built by brothers Gary and Terry Wilt in the attachments industry. TAG revolutionized the industry by developing and engineering buckets for excavators, and designing couplers that allow for quick, convenient interchangeability of multiple attachments for multiple pieces of equipment. Their rapid manufacturing capabilities, superior customer service, and 40+ years of knowledge in the industry makes TAG an essential player within the construction equipment industrys supply chain for attachments. TAG is also an industry leader in meeting the needs of emergency personnel responding to damage from natural disasters within the United States. Center Rock brings a depth of experience to help us grow and expand the company. Equally as important as the opportunity for growth, is the fact that Center Rock shares our focus on genuine partnerships and culture, said Terry Wilt, COO & Co-Founder of TAG.\nSince founding TAG, my brother Terry and I have supported our employees, our customers, and our suppliers as partners. As we sought to find a growth investor, we wanted that same partnership approach; a group that understood the nuances of our business model, industry, customers, and individual desires. Center Rock brings all these qualities and more.\nGary Wilt, President & Co-Founder TAG Manufacturing, Inc.\nCenter Rock Capital Partners, (www.centerrockcp.com) is a Midwest-based private equity firm focused on building leading industrial companies in the lower middle market that are improving the customer experience within their industries. Center Rock seeks industrial manufacturing, industrial services, and industrial distribution companies headquartered in North America, often with multi-national operations and locations that serve both domestic and global markets. With substantial expertise working constructively with management teams to drive both operational and strategic improvement, Center Rocks investment professionals have the flexibility and tools to invest in a broad array of transactions and build value in industrial companies. TAG is a superb brand with a reputation for exceptional service, product quality, and leadership all attributes we look for in our investments. In a short period of time, Gary and Terry have created an incredible and durable business with great momentum that we are excited to build upon, said David Matthews, Principal at Center Rock.\nTAG has changed how the industry thinks of attachment suppliers. From the beginning, TAG has been dedicated to supporting its customers with speed, flexibility, and unmatched customer service. We are thrilled to partner with Gary, Terry, and the rest of the TAG team to support their future growth plans.\nTerry Theodore, Partner Center Rock Capital Partners\nFinancing for the transaction was provided by Czech Asset Management, L.P. (www.czechamlp.com), with over $4.7 billion of committed capital under management, based in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. Czech Asset Management is a direct lending firm engaged in providing privately negotiated, asset-based and cash-flow, first and second lien floating-rate senior secured loans primarily to U.S. middle market companies.\nOriginally established in 1935, Bigelow LLC (www.bigelowllc.com) is an independently owned M+A advisory boutique with a singular and passionate focus: Entrepreneur Owner-Managed businesses. Bigelow has a reputation for having a unique understanding of the special requirements of the owner-managed, entrepreneurial operating company in building, and ultimately capturing Enterprise Value.\nChattanooga, Tennessee\nhas been recapitalized by\nDetroit, Michigan\nThe undersigned initiated this transaction\nand acted as M+A advisor to\nTAG Manufacturing, Inc.\nMore Transaction Experiences\nContact Us\nOur TeamOur Team\nOur PrinciplesOur Principles\nTransaction ExperienceTransaction Experience\nEOM StoriesEOM Stories\nResource LibraryEOM Resource Library\nBlog\nPodcasts\nResearch\nVideos\nCareersCareers at Bigelow\n 2024 All rights reserved. Privacy Policy\nOur TeamOur Team\nOur PrinciplesOur Principles\nTransaction ExperienceTransaction Experience\nEOM StoriesEOM Stories\nResource LibraryEOM Resource Library\nBlog\nPodcasts\nResearch\nVideos\nCareersCareers at Bigelow\nWe like to share. Join our Mailing List.\nWe like to share. Interested in receiving immediately useful information for EOMs who want to capture Enterprise Value in a capital gain someday?NameEmail*\nPlease leave this field empty.\nContact us directly\nPete Worrell, Co-CEO\npworrell@bigelowllc.com\n603.766.2928\nRob MacLeod, Co-CEO\nrmacleod@bigelowllc.com\n603.766.2942\n2024 Bigelow LLC. All rights reserved.\nPowered byWordPress Security\nBack To Top\nSearch for:\nSearch\n", "url": "https://bigelowllc.com/transaction-experiences/bigelow-advises-tag-manufacturing-inc-on-its-recapitalization-by-center-rock-capital-partners/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "C.O. Bigelow The Oldest Apothecary in America Established 1838\nThe store will not work correctly when cookies are disabled.\nJavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser.\nFor the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser.\nPausePlayPrevious\nShop Our Unique Selection\nFree Ground Shipping In The U.S. With $49 Purchase\nEnjoy Free Samples With Any $49 Purchase\nShop Our Unique Selection\nFree Ground Shipping In The U.S. With $49 Purchase\nEnjoy Free Samples With Any $49 Purchase\nShop Our Unique Selection\nNext\nReceive A Free Deluxe Grooming Kit Filled With C.O. Bigelow Favorites When You Spend jQuery200 Or More.\nCelebrate the first week of Spring with C.O. Bigelow. After a long, cold Winter your skin could use some lorem ipsum dolor sit met. Consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. 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Bigelow\nChapped Hands Balm No. 1012\n$18.00\n4.9 star rating 224 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nC.O. Bigelow\nMentha Exfoliating Body Soap No. 1413\n$14.00\n4.9 star rating 483 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nCarthusia\nEau de Parfum - A'mmare\nAs low as\n$140.00\n5.0 star rating 6 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nWestman Atelier\nFace Trace Contour Stick\nAs low as\n$48.00\nAdd to Bag\nSupergoop\nGlowscreen SPF 40\nAs low as\n$22.00\nAdd to Bag\nAugustinus Bader\nThe Cream\nAs low as\n$185.00\n5.0 star rating 2 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nOribe\nGold Lust Repair & Restore Shampoo\nAs low as\n$21.00\n4.9 star rating 7 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nC.O. Bigelow\nMentha Lip Balm Stick No. 1131\n$9.00\n4.9 star rating 278 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nC.O. Bigelow\nMy Favorite Night Balm No. 306\n$8.95\n5.0 star rating 449 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nC.O. Bigelow\nElixir Blue Cologne No. 1580\n$42.00\n4.8 star rating 555 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nC.O. Bigelow\nPremium Shave Cream\nAs low as\n$6.00\n4.9 star rating 412 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nMarvis\nWhitening Mint Toothpaste\nAs low as\n$7.50\n4.9 star rating 56 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nC.O. Bigelow\nChapped Hands Balm No. 1012\n$18.00\n4.9 star rating 224 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nC.O. Bigelow\nMentha Exfoliating Body Soap No. 1413\n$14.00\n4.9 star rating 483 Reviews\nAdd to Bag\nNext\nfeatured BRANDS\nVIEW ALL BRANDS\nThe C.O.Bigelow Pharmacy\nWith 180 years of compounding experience and sophisticated state of the art technology, our legendary Greenwich Village pharmacy brings a personal touch to modern medicine.\nLearn More\nThe Oldest Apothecary in America\nReview Title\nReview Content\nReal Reviews From Real Customers Reviews carousel Carousel arrows 4.8 star rating 20308 Reviews Lemon Body Cream No. 005 - 32 oz 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Best moisturizer ever This is the best moisturizer Ive ever used! Lightly scented and quickly absorbed. Nancy W. 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Best moisturizer ever Lemon Body Cream No. 005 - 32 oz This is the best moisturizer Ive ever used! Lightly scented and quickly absorbed. Nancy W. Lavender Peppermint Conditioner 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Excellent Bought after using on Celebrity Cruise. Both me and my wife think both products are great. Just wish the shampoo came in larger bo...Read More John T. 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Excellent Lavender Peppermint Conditioner Bought after using on Celebrity Cruise. Both me and my wife think both products are great. Just wish the shampoo came in larger bo...Read More John T. Premium Shave Cream 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Best shaving cream I have ever used. I love how it goes on nice and smooth. And I especially love the mentholish cooling sensation left after the shave. Daniel M. 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Best shaving cream I have ever used. Premium Shave Cream I love how it goes on nice and smooth. And I especially love the mentholish cooling sensation left after the shave. Daniel M. Mentha Lip Tint Pink Mint No. 1644 5.0 star rating 04/27/24 This lip tint is wonderful This lip tint is wonderful for protecting the lips and beautifying them at the same time! Perfect size for a pocket, purs...Read More Mary S. 5.0 star rating 04/27/24 This lip tint is wonderful Mentha Lip Tint Pink Mint No. 1644 This lip tint is wonderful for protecting the lips and beautifying them at the same time! Perfect size for a pocket, purs...Read More Mary S. Elixir White Deodorant Stick No. 1622 5.0 star rating 04/16/24 Great product, beautiful scent I have only purchased the deodorant so far. But, I love the scent (and brand!) so much that I'm ordering the cologne. My wife love...Read More Timothy D. 5.0 star rating 04/16/24 Great product, beautiful scent Elixir White Deodorant Stick No. 1622 I have only purchased the deodorant so far. But, I love the scent (and brand!) so much that I'm ordering the cologne. My wife love...Read More Timothy D. Dr. Galen Herbal Skin Tonic No. 010 5.0 star rating 04/20/24 Good product for oily skin Nice scent, not too drying, does help to prevent breakouts on my skin. Leaves me with a clean feeling face! Laura K. 5.0 star rating 04/20/24 Good product for oily skin Dr. Galen Herbal Skin Tonic No. 010 Nice scent, not too drying, does help to prevent breakouts on my skin. Leaves me with a clean feeling face! Laura K. Mentha Lip Balm Stick No. 1131 5.0 star rating 04/22/24 By far the best lip balm you'll ever use! I'm a mom of four, high school to pre school. I have tried all sorts of chapsticks and lip balms over the years! We live in Colora...Read More Danielle 5.0 star rating 04/22/24 By far the best lip balm you'll ever use! Mentha Lip Balm Stick No. 1131 I'm a mom of four, high school to pre school. I have tried all sorts of chapsticks and lip balms over the years! We live in Colora...Read More Danielle Mentha Lip Shine No. 502 5.0 star rating 04/22/24 Best Stuff Ever I am absolutely addicted to this stuff! I always have a tube next to my couch, next to my bed, in my car, in my purse, in my bathr...Read More Leslie B. 5.0 star rating 04/22/24 Best Stuff Ever Mentha Lip Shine No. 502 I am absolutely addicted to this stuff! I always have a tube next to my couch, next to my bed, in my car, in my purse, in my bathr...Read More Leslie B. Almond Body Scrub No. 1972 5.0 star rating 04/23/24 My Favorite! This is a wonderful substitute for lotion that leaves skin feeling fresh and moisturized without feeling too oily. It works well t...Read More Lisa K. 5.0 star rating 04/23/24 My Favorite! Almond Body Scrub No. 1972 This is a wonderful substitute for lotion that leaves skin feeling fresh and moisturized without feeling too oily. It works well t...Read More Lisa K. Lemon Body Cream No. 005 - 32 oz 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Best moisturizer ever This is the best moisturizer Ive ever used! Lightly scented and quickly absorbed. Nancy W. 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Best moisturizer ever Lemon Body Cream No. 005 - 32 oz This is the best moisturizer Ive ever used! Lightly scented and quickly absorbed. Nancy W. Lavender Peppermint Conditioner 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Excellent Bought after using on Celebrity Cruise. Both me and my wife think both products are great. Just wish the shampoo came in larger bo...Read More John T. 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Excellent Lavender Peppermint Conditioner Bought after using on Celebrity Cruise. Both me and my wife think both products are great. Just wish the shampoo came in larger bo...Read More John T. Premium Shave Cream 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Best shaving cream I have ever used. I love how it goes on nice and smooth. And I especially love the mentholish cooling sensation left after the shave. Daniel M. 5.0 star rating 04/26/24 Best shaving cream I have ever used. Premium Shave Cream I love how it goes on nice and smooth. And I especially love the mentholish cooling sensation left after the shave. Daniel M. Mentha Lip Tint Pink Mint No. 1644 5.0 star rating 04/27/24 This lip tint is wonderful This lip tint is wonderful for protecting the lips and beautifying them at the same time! Perfect size for a pocket, purs...Read More Mary S. 5.0 star rating 04/27/24 This lip tint is wonderful Mentha Lip Tint Pink Mint No. 1644 This lip tint is wonderful for protecting the lips and beautifying them at the same time! Perfect size for a pocket, purs...Read More Mary S. Elixir White Deodorant Stick No. 1622 5.0 star rating 04/16/24 Great product, beautiful scent I have only purchased the deodorant so far. But, I love the scent (and brand!) so much that I'm ordering the cologne. My wife love...Read More Timothy D. 5.0 star rating 04/16/24 Great product, beautiful scent Elixir White Deodorant Stick No. 1622 I have only purchased the deodorant so far. But, I love the scent (and brand!) so much that I'm ordering the cologne. My wife love...Read More Timothy D. Dr. Galen Herbal Skin Tonic No. 010 5.0 star rating 04/20/24 Good product for oily skin Nice scent, not too drying, does help to prevent breakouts on my skin. Leaves me with a clean feeling face! Laura K. 5.0 star rating 04/20/24 Good product for oily skin Dr. Galen Herbal Skin Tonic No. 010 Nice scent, not too drying, does help to prevent breakouts on my skin. Leaves me with a clean feeling face! Laura K.\nJoin the C.O. Bigelow Mailing List\nEmail Address\nSign up\nInsider Deals Delivered Straight To Your Mailbox\nAbout C.O. 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These cookies do not store any personally identifiable information.Back ButtonCookie List Search IconFilter IconClear checkbox label labelApply CancelConsent Leg.Interest checkbox label label checkbox label label checkbox label labelReject All Confirm My Choices PagesHow can we help?ShippingReturnsFAQsContact usPopular Searches headbandlemonmenthamarvislip", "url": "https://www.bigelowchemists.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Collection: Bigelow &amp; Sanford Carpet Company records | HOLLIS for\nSkip to main content\nHOLLIS for\nArchival Discovery\nBrowse\nRepositories\nCollections\nDigital Materials\nRequest (0)\nMy Request List (0)\nHow to Request\nSearch\nSearch\nCitation\nRequest\nView PDFGenerating\nCSV\nFeedback\nAsk a Librarian\nCOLLECTION\nIdentifier:Mss:461 1828-1953 B592\nBigelow & Sanford Carpet Company records\nFOUND IN:\nBaker Library Special Collections and Archives, Harvard Business School\nBigelow & Sanford Carpet Company records\nCollection Overview\nCollection Inventory\nDigital Material\nScope and Contents\nIncomplete records of Bigelow-Sanford and many of its predecessors. Included are minutes and accounts books for Thompsonville Carpet Manufacturing Company (1828-1854); Hartford Carpet Company (1854-1901); Hartford Carpet Corporation (1901-1914); E. S. Higgins Carpet Company (1837-1901); Lowell Manufacturing Company (1828-1899); Stephen Sanford and Sons (1838-1929); Bigelow-Hartford (1914-1929). There are also minutes and reports for some of the divisions... of Bigelow-Sanford. These materials were collected in the writing of a history of the Company at the Harvard Business School, and some of the history project files are also in the collection.\nSee more\nDates\nCreation: 1828-1953\nConditions Governing Access\nCollection is open for research. Some materials may be stored offsite; access requires advance notice. Contact specialcollectionsref@hbs.edu for more information\nExtent\n33.5 linear feet (55 volumes, 11 boxes, 18 cartons, and 1 folder)\nCollapse All\nAdditional Description\nBiographical / Historical\nCarpet manufacturing firm, Thompsonville, Connecticut, formed in 1929 as the successor to eleven predecessor companies with histories extending back to 1825.\nPhysical Location\nMANU\nImmediate Source of Acquisition\nGift of Bigelow-Sanford Carpet Company, 1951, 1953.\nProcessing Information\nProcessed: July 2018 By: Baker Library Special Collections Staff\nLink to catalog\nAdministrative Information\nTitle\nBigelow & Sanford Carpet Company. Bigelow & Sanford Carpet Company Records, 1828-1953: A Finding Aid\nAuthor\nBaker Library\nDescription rules\ndacs\nLanguage of description\nund\nEAD ID\nbak00489\nRepository Details\nRepository Details\nPart of the Baker Library Special Collections and Archives, Harvard Business School Repository\nhttps://www.library.hbs.edu/sc\nBaker Library Special Collections and Archives holds unique resources that focus on the evolution of business and industry, as well as the records of the Harvard Business School, documenting the institution's development over the last century. These rich and varied collections support research in a diverse range of fields such as business, economic, social and cultural history as well as the history of science and technology.\nContact:\nBaker Library | Bloomberg Center Soldiers Field Road\nBoston\nMA\n01263\nUSA\n(617) 495-6411\nspecialcollectionsref@hbs.edu\nSearch within Collection\nFrom year\nTo year\nCollection organization\n\nCitation\nCite Item\nBigelow & Sanford Carpet Company Records. Baker Library, Harvard Business School.\nCopy to clipboard\nCite Item Description\nBigelow & Sanford Carpet Company Records. Baker Library, Harvard Business School. https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/bak00489/catalog Accessed May 29, 2024.\nCopy to clipboard\nClose\n\nRequest\nTo request materials for use in the Baker Library Special Collections and Archives reading room, go to the HOLLIS catalog record and click on the View in Library button. Please be sure to include specific Volume/Box/Folder/Item information in your request.\nClose\nPowered by ArchivesSpace\n 2020 President and Fellows of Harvard College\nAccessibility\nPrivacy\nHarmful Language Statement\nReport a Problem\nHelp\n\nClose\nProceed", "url": "https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/11/resources/8281" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Which is the best driving school in Coimbatore? - Quora\nSomething went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InWhich is the best driving school in Coimbatore?All related (42)SortRecommendedKarthik RavichandranLived in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India (20102016) Author has 84 answers and 519.8K answer views7yDriving Schools in Coimbatore PSG DRIVING SCHOOL C-Block, PSG Tech campus Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641 004. E-mail : cec@ptech.psgtech.ac.in Phone number : 0422 2595425 AMMAIAPPAR DRIVING SCHOOL, PEELAMEDU 180/227, Avinashi road, Peelamedu, Coimbatore - 641004 Phone number : +91 422 2598848 SRI ANNAMALAI DRIVING SCHOOL No 67/2 C R Complex, Avinashi Road, Aerodrome, Sitra Bus Stop Coimbatore - 641014, MARUTI DRIVING SCHOOL, SAIBABA COLONY Driving Schools, Heavy vehicle driving classes Phone number : +91 422 2434845 PAULDEC Contact: Mr.Paul Phone: 0422 - 2665405 Mobile: 9486116249 Area: SaravanampaContinue ReadingDriving Schools in Coimbatore PSG DRIVING SCHOOL C-Block, PSG Tech campus Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641 004. E-mail : cec@ptech.psgtech.ac.in Phone number : 0422 2595425 AMMAIAPPAR DRIVING SCHOOL, PEELAMEDU 180/227, Avinashi road, Peelamedu, Coimbatore - 641004 Phone number : +91 422 2598848 SRI ANNAMALAI DRIVING SCHOOL No 67/2 C R Complex, Avinashi Road, Aerodrome, Sitra Bus Stop Coimbatore - 641014, MARUTI DRIVING SCHOOL, SAIBABA COLONY Driving Schools, Heavy vehicle driving classes Phone number : +91 422 2434845 PAULDEC Contact: Mr.Paul Phone: 0422 - 2665405 Mobile: 9486116249 Area: Saravanampatti Address: #12, Church Street, 3rd Cross, Visvathapuram, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore - 641035. ABIRAMI DRIVING SCHOOL Contact: Mr.Karthikeyan Mobile: 9842218305 , 9842818305 Area: Papanaickenpalayam Address: #448, Bharathiyar Road, P.N.Palayam, Coimbatore - 641037. THENDRAL DRIVING SCHOOL Contact: Ms.Nandhini & Eswari Mobile: 9842561657 , 9500961657 Area: Singanallur Address: #595, Vasanth Nagar, Trichy Road, Singanallur, Coimbatore - 641005. GEM DRIVING SCHOOL Contact: Mr.Sridevi Mobile: 9843939000 , 9655539000 Area: Ganapathy Address: #2/3, Udaya Nagar Extn, Sathy Road, Ganapathy, Coimbatore - 641035. SHRI MANI DRIVING INSTITUTE Contact: Mr.Manikandan Phone: 0422 - 4216305 Mobile: 9843098589 , 9843198589 Area: Sundarapuram Address: #2/7, Sangam Street, Sundarapuram, Coimbatore - 641024. ABT MARUTI DRIVING SCHOOL Contact: Mr.Gokulakrishnan Phone: 0422 - 4232633 , 0422 - 2442182 Mobile: 9500998379 , 9790014765 , 8220011249 Address: #5-2/6, KMT Building, Kannappapuram, Sivananda Colony Bypass Road, Coimbatore - 641043. G RAJ DRIVING INSTITUTE Contact: Mr.T.Govindaraj Mobile: 9842291969 Area: Saibaba Colony Address: #187, Raja Annamalai Road, Saibaba Colony, Coimbatore - 641011. CHAMUNDI DRIVING SCHOOL Contact: Mr.Sridhar Phone: 0422 - 2474448 Mobile: 9842244411 Area: R. S. Puram Address: # 328, DB Road, RS Puram, Coimbatore - 641002. AMBAL DRIVING SCHOOL SINGANALLUR, COIMBATORE Contact: Sampath Kumar Phone: +91 99425 96661, +91 99424 96661 Area: No. 8, Aerodrome Road, Singanallur, Coimbatore 641005. Landmark: NEAR Jayanthara SchoolUpvote 9794Promoted by MasterworksLila FisherArt Education | @Masterworks1yDid Harry inherit more than William?Yes and no. When the Queen mother died back in 2002 she left more money to Harry, knowing that William would eventually become Prince and inherit the Duchy of Cornwall, a private estate valued at over $1 billion. Which is exactly what happened when Queen Elizabeth passed away in 2022. So overall, Willian inherited quite a bit more than Harry. But this $1 billion estate is nothing compared to the $10 billion that King Charles received tax free, thanks to a clever investment by the Queen into one of the worlds most exclusive asset classes fine art. The Royal family has been investing a portion oContinue ReadingYes and no. When the Queen mother died back in 2002 she left more money to Harry, knowing that William would eventually become Prince and inherit the Duchy of Cornwall, a private estate valued at over $1 billion. Which is exactly what happened when Queen Elizabeth passed away in 2022. So overall, Willian inherited quite a bit more than Harry. But this $1 billion estate is nothing compared to the $10 billion that King Charles received tax free, thanks to a clever investment by the Queen into one of the worlds most exclusive asset classes fine art. The Royal family has been investing a portion of their fortune into art for centuries But the Royals are far from the only billionaires who have invested a significant chunk of their fortunes in this emerging asset class. Billionaires like David Geffen, Jeff Bezos, and Bill Gates are all avid art collectors. The recently-named richest man in the world, Berard Arnault, who is the CEO of luxury-goods conglomerate LVMH, has an extensive collection of art. Plus, theres a long list of celebrities like Jay-Z, Oprah Winfrey, Steven Spielberg, Jack Nicholson, Madonna, and Ellen Degeneres who have invested millions into art. The only problem is, regular investors have always been locked out of this asset class because it usually takes millions of dollars to purchase just one iconic piece. Until now. Investing in art just got easier, thanks to a revolutionary new investment platform called Masterworks. Masterworks provides a simple, secure way for anyone to invest in shares of paintings from famous artists like Picasso, Banksy and Basquiat. Which is great, because contemporary art prices have outpaced the S&P 500 by 131% since 1995 and real estate and gold by more than three to one over the same period. Even better, art acts as a great hedge during periods of high inflation and market volatility. Which is why Blackrock CEO, Larry Fink, who manages nearly $10 trillion in assets, recently called art the new gold because of its remarkable ability to preserve wealth These are just a few reasons why billionaires like Larry Fink, Jeff Bezos, and Oprah Winfrey are pouring hundreds of millions into this asset class. Thanks to Masterworks, you can join them. All you need to do is go to this link to sign up for a free membership. See important disclosures: MasterworksUpvote 12.8K12.8K1.5K1.5K999486Related questionsMore answers belowHow much do car driving lessons cost in Hyderabad?Which is the best kids school in Coimbatore?How is maruti driving school in India. Is it different than other conventional driving schools?How is SSVM World School, Coimbatore?What is the best school in Coimbatore?Vikas KumawatManager at Maruti Suzuki India Limited2yMaruti Suzuki Driving School is one of the best driving school available in India. In Coimbatore also there are 34 Maruti Suzuki driving schools, address and contact detaills of those are available in the link given at the end of the answer. Along with driving training Licence assitance is also provided here. Following is the detail of the available courses. Learner Standard Track Course If youve never been behind the steering wheel, this course is for you. At the end of 21 days, youll know the basic traffic rules and have a hands-on driving experience through simulators and on-road driving. WhContinue ReadingMaruti Suzuki Driving School is one of the best driving school available in India. In Coimbatore also there are 34 Maruti Suzuki driving schools, address and contact detaills of those are available in the link given at the end of the answer. Along with driving training Licence assitance is also provided here. Following is the detail of the available courses. Learner Standard Track Course If youve never been behind the steering wheel, this course is for you. At the end of 21 days, youll know the basic traffic rules and have a hands-on driving experience through simulators and on-road driving. Whats more, youll have the confidence of taking the RTO driving exam to obtain a permanent driving license.10 Practical Sessions5 Simulator Sessions4 Theory SessionsLearner Extended Track Course If youve never been behind the steering wheel, this course is for you. At the end of 26 days, youll know the basic traffic rules and have a hands-on driving experience through simulators and on-road driving. Whats more, youll have the confidence of taking the RTO driving exam to obtain a permanent driving license.15 Practical Sessions5 Simulator Sessions4 Theory SLearner Detailed Track CourseLearner Detailed Track Course If youve never been behind the steering wheel, this course is for you. At the end of 31 days, youll know the basic traffic rules and have a hands-on experience through simulators and on-road driving. Whats more, youll have the confidence of taking the RTO driving exam to obtain a permanent driving license.20 Practical Sessions5 Simulator Sessions4 Theory SessionsAdvance Course If youre the one who has a license but feels under-confident while driving alone, this course is for you. At the end of these exciting 8 days, youll take on the roads effortlessly. How? By training under proficient trainers, of course.1Practical Exam6Practical Sessions2Theory SessionsClick on below link for more details https://www.marutisuzukidrivingschool.com/courses?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&campaign=6493986360&utm_term=maruti%20suzuki%20driving%20school&utm_content=m&gclid=Cj0KCQiAxc6PBhCEARIsAH8Hff0AJme66HlDu7Z_yudSLsp4UvcGDokNTXyxGLczuNmDb9DSpH3WAXgaAhxoEALw_wcB #MarutiSuzuki #MarutiSuzukiDrivingSchool #LearnwithconfidenceUpvote 91Add Senz5yThere are a lot of good training schools in Coimbatore, but I can say which is the worst. It is Annamalai driving school, 67/2,C.R.Complex Avinashi Road,Civil Aerodrome,Sitra, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641014. If you really want to spoil your peace of mind and loose money, go there. The owner lady, Arul and her one and one employee Saravanan drag you to hell! BEWARE OF THIS FRAUDS!Upvote 96Taha KaiyumLives in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India (1996present) Upvoted by Kishor Hari Haran, lives in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India (2004-present)7yGeedee driving school is one among the best driving schools in Coimbatore. Its quite costly but it's value for money. Hope this helps :)Upvote 9994Promoted by Roundhouse ProvisionsMatt Jennings Dramatization only - Roundhouse ProvisionsUpdated 1yWhat is the best way to keep energy levels high throughout the day?Just look at the legendary Chuck Norriss advice since he is now a whopping 81 years old and yet has MORE energy than me. He found a key to healthy aging and it was by doing the opposite of what most of people are told. Norris says he started learning about this revolutionary new method when he noticed most of the supplements he was taking did little or nothing to support his health. After extensive research, he discovered he could create dramatic changes to his health simply focusing on 3 things that sabotage our body as we age. This is the key to healthy aging, says Norris. Im living proContinue ReadingJust look at the legendary Chuck Norriss advice since he is now a whopping 81 years old and yet has MORE energy than me. He found a key to healthy aging and it was by doing the opposite of what most of people are told. Norris says he started learning about this revolutionary new method when he noticed most of the supplements he was taking did little or nothing to support his health. After extensive research, he discovered he could create dramatic changes to his health simply focusing on 3 things that sabotage our body as we age. This is the key to healthy aging, says Norris. Im living proof. Now, Chuck Norris has put the entire method into a 15-minute video that explains the 3 Internal Enemies that can wreck our health as we age, and the simple ways to help combat them, using foods and herbs you may even have at home. Ive included the Chuck Norris video here so you can give it a shot.Upvote 13.6K13.6K2K2K999286Related questionsWhat are some good car driving schools in Noida?What is the best driving school in Delhi?How do I get a driving license in Coimbatore?What will be the car driving school fee in Hyderabad?Which is the best CBSE school for Intermediate in Coimbatore?Can we really learn driving in a 21-day course at Maruti Suzuki Driving School?What is the best government school in Coimbatore?Why is the Maruti Suzuki Driving Institute one of the best driving schools in India?What are some reviews of the Maruti driving school? Is it worth it?Which is the best car driving school near me with fees?Which are the worst schools in Coimbatore?Which is the best play school in Coimbatore?How good is Coimbatore SSVM Residential School?Does Bangalore have an automatic car driving school?Which is the best? Chennai or Coimbatore?Related questionsWhat will be the driving school fee in Bangalore?How is GD School Coimbatore?What are some low cost driving schools around chennai?What is the driving license fee in Bangalore for a 2 wheeler?Are driving schools reliable in India?What are the Maruti Suzuki Driving School fees?AdvertisementAbout Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://www.quora.com/Which-is-the-best-driving-school-in-Coimbatore" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "New Jeyam Driving School, Dindigul - Service Provider of Driving Training and Car Driving\nis a member of IndiaMARTFollowing details of the company have been verified IndiaMARTAll IndiaAll India Search by voice Get Best PriceShopping Lead Manager\nBuyLeads\nProducts\nSellHelpFind answers to your queriesFor BuyingFor SellingShare your FeedbackRaise a ComplaintEmail us oncustomercare@indiamart.comCall us at +91-96-9696-9696Chat With usSeller AcademyMessages\nSign InSign In New to IndiaMART?Join NowHomePost Your Requirement Verified Business BuyerProducts/Services DirectoryMy OrdersRecent ActivitySettingsNEWShip With IndiaMARTEasy booking of transport Download App\nSelect a Language Listening... Retry\nX\nNew Jeyam Driving School\nDindigul, Tamil Nadu\n|\nVerifiedSupplier\nView Mobile Number\nHome\nProducts & ServicesDriving TrainingMotorbike Care Driving ClassesDriving LessonsCar DrivingWeekend Driving ClassesMoter Bike Driving Classes\nAbout Us\nDownload Brochure\nContact Us\nSend Email\nHiI agree to the terms and privacy policyVerifying... 1Have a requirement?Chat with us\nHiI agree to the terms and privacy policyVerifying... 1Have a requirement?Chat with us\nMoter Bike Driving Classes\nGet Best Quote\nDriving Training\nGet Best Quote\nCar Driving\nGet Best Quote\nMotorbike Care Driving Classes\nGet Best Quote\nWeekend Driving Classes\nGet Best Quote\nDriving Lessons\nGet Best Quote\nAbout Us\nWelcome to New Jeyam Driving School, We Are Provided Ladies And Gents, The Best Training Center In Dindigul City For Car And Bike Etc.+ Read More\nNature of Business\nService Provider\nYear of Establishment\n2013\nProducts & ServicesDriving TrainingGet Latest Price\nAsk for Details\nCar DrivingGet Latest Price\nAsk for Details\nMotorbike Care Driving ClassesGet Latest Price\nAsk for Details\nWeekend Driving ClassesGet Latest Price\nAsk for Details\nDriving LessonsGet Latest Price\nAsk for Details\nMoter Bike Driving ClassesGet Latest Price\nAsk for Details\nGet in touch with us\nOur Company\nAbout UsProducts & ServicesContact UsSitemap Download Brochure\nReach Us\nNew Jeyam Driving School92/146, R.S.Road, Opp Ganesh Theater, Dindigul-624001, Tamil Nadu, India\nGet Directions\nJoseph\nView Mobile Number\nSend SMS\nSend Email\nLeave a Message, we will call you back!\nSend your enquiry to this supplierToI agree to the terms and privacy policy\nShare us via\nTell us what you need, and well help you get quotes Tell us what you need Receive seller details Seal the deal Pay with IndiaMARTTell us what you need, and well help you get quotesI agree to the terms and privacy policy\nFollow us on: Facebook Twitter linkedin\nGo Mobile: iOS App Android Apphttps://m.indiamart.comWe are here to help\nyou!\nAbout UsJoin SalesSuccess Stories Press Section Advertise with UsJobs & CareersHelp Feedback Complaints Customer CareContact UsSuppliers Tool KitSell on IndiaMART Latest BuyLead Learning Centre Ship With IndiaMART Pay With IndiaMARTBuyers Tool KitPost Your Requirement Products You Buy Search Products & Suppliers Pay With IndiaMARTAccounting SolutionsAccounting Software Tally on Mobile GST e-Invoice\nTerms of Use -\nPrivacy Policy - Link to UsCopyright \n1996-2024 IndiaMART InterMESH Ltd. All rights reserved.", "url": "https://www.indiamart.com/new-jeyam-driving/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home | Ramajayam Driving School in Chennai and Madurai\n+91 9444075137\nramajeyam03@yahoo.com\nHome\nAbout Us\nCourses +\nLight Motor Vehicle\nHeavy Motor Vehicle\nGallery\nContact Us\nContact Us\nHome\nAbout Us\nCourses +\nLight Motor Vehicle\nHeavy Motor Vehicle\nGallery\nContact Us\nContact Us\nLearn to Drive With Confidence\nLearn More\nContact Us\nLearn to Drive With Confidence\nLearn More\nContact Us\nLearn to Drive With Confidence\nLearn More\nContact Us\nLearn to Drive With Confidence\nLearn More\nContact Us\nLearn to Drive With Confidence\nLearn More\nContact Us\nLearn to Drive With Confidence\nLearn More\nContact Us\n((About Us))\nWhy would you choose our driving school?\nRamajayam Heavy Driving Institute is a well-equipped and renowned Driving School in the field of motoring for nearly about 32 years. We have dedicated ourselves to the driving world and have contributed to elevate men & women\nWe are providing Heavy Vehicle Driver Training with License\nWe are providing Light Vehicle Driver Training with License\nWe are providing Two Wheeler License\nWe are providing Learn Driving & License\nWe are providing RTO Services\nWe are providing NOC\nWe are providing Lady Instructors For Women\nAbout More\n22 k+\nCourse Complete\n2.5 k+\nDriving learners\n32 k+\nExperience Instructors\n2.5 k+\nAwards Winner\n32\nYears Our Experience\nWe are imparting driving instructions with a view of creating safe motorists who will be confident enough to maneuver any kind of road & traffic condition.\nLearn More\n((Courses))\nOur Popular Driving Course\nHeavy Motor Vehicle\nLight Motor Vehicle\nHeavy Motor Vehicle\nLight Motor Vehicle\nHeavy Motor Vehicle\nLight Motor Vehicle\nHeavy Motor Vehicle\nLight Motor Vehicle\nStart Learning to Drive Today\nOur training programme is arranged in accordance with the syllabus of the Central Motor Vehicles Act 1996.\n+91 9444075137\n((Gallery))\nSee Our Photos\nRamajayam Heavy Driving Institute is a well-equipped and renowned Driving School in the field of motoring for nearly about 32 years. We have dedicated ourselves to the driving world and have contributed to elevate men & women.\nUseful Links\nHome\nAbout\nGallery\nContact\nCourses\nLight Motor Vehicle\nHeavy Motor Vehicle\nContact\n1/15, shesai nagar (CSI Wesley Church back side), ponamallee. Chennai - 600056\n+91 9444075137\n+91 9841091357\n+91 9841030889\nramajeyam03@yahoo.com\n2024 Ramajayam Heavy Driving Institute. All Rights Reserved | Developed by ClickPlus Solutions", "url": "https://ramajayamdrivinginstitute.co.in/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Jeyam Driving School, Tirunelveli Tenkasi Main Road, Alangulam, Tamil Nadu, 627851 search Search this area Move map to adjust & Click here What's New close Get the app Android iOS share Share App straighten notifications 0 Notifications Loading.. Real View add remove layers my_location 3D 2D close Measure Distance Click on the map to start measure Total area: m ( sq yard ) Total distance: Select starting point ( ) menu keyboard_backspace search directions menu Find Nearby close menu directions_car motorcycle local_shipping directions_walk* close Add Waypoint *Walk Carefully Find nearby facilities close Coffee Restaurants Pubs & Bars More ATMs Pharmacy Parking EV Charging Petrol Pump Transports Entertainment Hotels Shopping Groceries Hospitals Police stations Post Office Banks Spas Toilets CNG Station Less CoffeePubs & BarsATMsPharmacy Welcome to Mappls! share Mappls is India's own App & Portal for Maps, Navigation, Road Safety, Travel, Commerce & more... Learn More Introducing Mappls Travel New Beta AI Assistant Discover new places, go on new adventures! Get Mappls+ Membership to save 50,000 on travel Book Hotels & Car Rentals at great prices! 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lab Rats (American TV series) - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Plot\n2Episodes\n3Cast\nToggle Cast subsection\n3.1Main\n3.2Recurring\n4Production\n5Broadcast\n6Reception\nToggle Reception subsection\n6.1Critical\n6.2Ratings\n6.3Awards and nominations\n7Lab Rats: Elite Force spinoff series\n8References\n9External links\nToggle the table of contents\nLab Rats (American TV series)\n21 languages\netinaDanskDeutschEspaolFranaisItalianoMagyarPolskiPortugusRomnSimple EnglishSuomiSvenska\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAmerican comedy television series\nLab RatsGenreComedyCreated byChris Peterson & Bryan MooreStarring\nBilly Unger\nSpencer Boldman\nKelli Berglund\nTyrel Jackson Williams\nHal Sparks\nTheme music composer\nNiclas Molinder\nJoacim Persson\nJohan Alkens\nComposerBert SelenCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons4No. of episodes89 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers\nChris Peterson & Bryan Moore\nMark Brazill\nHayes Jackson\nProducerGreg A. HampsonCinematography\nRick F. Gunter\nThomas Eckelberry\nCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time2022 minutesProduction companyIt's a Laugh ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkDisney XDReleaseFebruary 27, 2012(2012-02-27)February 3, 2016(2016-02-03)RelatedLab Rats: Elite Force (2016)\nLab Rats is an American comedy television series created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore that aired on Disney XD from February 27, 2012 to February 3, 2016. The series stars Billy Unger, Spencer Boldman, Kelli Berglund, Tyrel Jackson Williams, and Hal Sparks.\nPlot[edit]\nA young teenager named Leo Dooley lives a normal life until the day his mother Tasha gets married to billionaire inventor Donald Davenport, with whom they move in. While trying to find his bedroom, Leo accidentally discovers teenage siblings with bionic superpowers living in his new basement. The series follows the bionic teens as they unravel in adventurous situations in an attempt to live life like a normal family in the fictional town of Mission Creek, California.\nAs the series progresses, the series introduces various new characters, including Davenport's younger brother Douglas and Douglas' android son Marcus; Krane and his bionic soldiers Taylor, formerly known as S-1, and Sebastian, formerly known as S-3; and scientist Giselle and her android Troy West. In the third season, Davenport opens up a bionic academy on a bionic island to train Krane's soldiers to be the world's new bionic heroes.\nEpisodes[edit]\nMain article: List of Lab Rats episodes\nSeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired119February27,2012(2012-02-27)November5,2012(2012-11-05)225February25,2013(2013-02-25)January13,2014(2014-01-13)323February17,2014(2014-02-17)February5,2015(2015-02-05)422March18,2015(2015-03-18)February3,2016(2016-02-03)\nCast[edit]\nMain article: List of Lab Rats characters\nMain[edit]\nBilly Unger as Chase\nSpencer Boldman as Adam\nKelli Berglund as Bree\nTyrel Jackson Williams as Leo\nHal Sparks as Davenport\nRecurring[edit]\nAngel Parker as Tasha\nMaile Flanagan as Principal Perry\nJeremy Kent Jackson as Douglas Davenport\nProduction[edit]\nOn May 10, 2010, Disney XD green-lit a pilot under the title of Billion Dollar Freshmen, created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore, as executive producers alongside Mark Brazill.[1] The pilot was filmed in the summer of 2010.[2][3] On July 13, 2011, Disney XD officially ordered Lab Rats, with production to begin in September 2011 in Hollywood for a 2012 premiere. Starring in the series are Tyrel Jackson Williams as Leo, Billy Unger as Chase, Spencer Boldman as Adam, Kelli Berglund as Bree, and Hal Sparks as Davenport.[4]\nOn May 18, 2012, Disney XD renewed the series for a second season.[5] On July 26, 2013, Disney XD renewed the series for a third season.[6] On May 9, 2014, Disney XD renewed the series for a fourth season.[7] On June 25, 2015, Kelli Berglund stated in an interview that the fourth season would be the final season.[8]\nBroadcast[edit]\nThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources:\"Lab Rats\"American TV seriesnews newspapers books scholar JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nThe series originally premiered on Disney XD on February 27, 2012,[9] and on Disney Channel on March 2, 2012.[10] In Canada, it first aired on Disney XD on February 24, 2012. It later stopped airing on Disney XD in Canada and moved to Disney Channel due to DHX Media losing Disney rights. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it first aired as a preview on March 29, 2012, and officially premiered on April 19, 2012. In South Africa, it premiered on Disney XD on June 10, 2012. In Australia and New Zealand, it first aired on Disney Channel on December 31, 2012, and officially premiered on January 10, 2013.\nReception[edit]\nCritical[edit]\nVariety television critic Brian Lowry knocked the series' one-hour premiere for failing \"to exhibit basic elements of coherence\" and for featuring \"too many lapses in logic\".[11]\nRatings[edit]\nThe series launch of Lab Rats in February 2012 was the most-watched series premiere in Disney XD history,[12] drawing 1.27 million viewers and performing well in key demographics.[13] The followup encore of the premiere that aired on Disney Channel on March 2, 2012, ranked as the number-one telecast in kids 211 for the week of February 27March 4, 2012, drawing 2.3 million viewers in the demographic.[10]\nViewership and ratings per season of Lab Rats\nSeason\nEpisodes\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nAvg. viewers(millions)\nDate\nViewers(millions)\nDate\nViewers(millions)\n1\n15\nFebruary27,2012(2012-02-27)\n1.27[14]\nNovember5,2012(2012-11-05)\n0.85[15]\n0.89\n2\n25\nFebruary25,2013(2013-02-25)\n1.01[16]\nJanuary13,2014(2014-01-13)\n0.74[17]\n0.73\n3\n20\nFebruary17,2014(2014-02-17)\n1.05[18]\nFebruary5,2015(2015-02-05)\n0.81[19]\n0.71\n4\n22\nMarch18,2015(2015-03-18)\n0.86[20]\nFebruary3,2016(2016-02-03)\n0.71[21]\n0.62\nAwards and nominations[edit]\nYear\nAwards\nCategory\nNominee\nResult\nRef\n2016\nKids' Choice Awards\nFavorite TV Show Kids Show\nLab Rats: Bionic Island\nNominated\n[22]\nLab Rats: Elite Force spinoff series[edit]\nOn September 3, 2015, it was announced that Lab Rats would have a joint spinoff series with Mighty Med under the title of Lab Rats: Elite Force. Only Billy Unger and Kelli Berglund from Lab Rats were reported to be returning for the new series, alongside Bradley Steven Perry, Jake Short, and Paris Berelc from Mighty Med.[23] It was subsequently announced that Lab Rats: Elite Force would premiere on Disney XD on March 2, 2016.[24]\nReferences[edit]\n^ Nellie Andreeva (May 10, 2010). \"Disney XD Orders Billion Dollar Pilot\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 22, 2020.\n^ \"Billion Dollar Freshmen\". billy-unger.com. November 1, 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2018.\n^ \"Lab Rats\". billy-unger.com. February 16, 2011. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2018.\n^ \"Disney XD Orders New Live-Action Comedy Series Lab Rats\" (Press release). Disney XD. July 13, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2018 via The Futon Critic.\n^ Nellie Andreeva (May 18, 2012). \"Disney XD's Top-Rated Series Lab Rats Renewed for Second Season\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 16, 2018.\n^ \"Disney XD Orders Third Season of Lab Rats\". Deadline Hollywood. July 26, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2018.\n^ \"Disney XD Orders Fourth Season Of Lab Rats\". Deadline Hollywood. May 9, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2018.\n^ Stephanie Osmanski (June 25, 2015). \"Kelli Berglund Confirms Disney XD's Lab Rats: Bionic Island Is Ending\". M Magazine. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2015.\n^ \"Disney XD Set to Premiere Lab Rats, a Comedy About a Teenager and His Three Super-Human Siblings, on Monday, February 27\" (Press release). Disney XD. January 9, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2018 via The Futon Critic.\n^ a b \"Disney Channel is TV's #1 Network in Total Day for Record-Setting 38 Consecutive Weeks in Kids 6-11 and Tweens 9-14\" (Press release). Disney Channel. March 6, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2018 via The Futon Critic.\n^ Brian Lowry (February 23, 2012). \"Lab Rats\". Variety. Retrieved May 8, 2018.\n^ Rick Kissell (April 6, 2015). \"Disney XD Sets Animated Ratings High with Premiere of Star vs. the Forces of Evil\". Variety. Retrieved May 8, 2018. Among all series on the network, it ranks second to date behind only the live-action original series Lab Rats in February 2012.\n^ \"Disney XD Original Series Lab Rats Is Network's #1 Launch Ever\" (Press release). Disney XD. February 29, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2018 via The Futon Critic.\n^ \"Monday's Cable Ratings\". The Futon Critic. February 28, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2018.\n^ \"Monday's Cable Ratings\". The Futon Critic. November 6, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2018.\n^ \"Monday's Cable Ratings\". The Futon Critic. February 26, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2018.\n^ Son of the Bronx (January 24, 2014). \"Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD Ratings (January 1319, 2014)\". Son of the Bronx. Retrieved August 8, 2018.\n^ Son of the Bronx (February 28, 2014). \"Disney Channel, Disney Junior and Disney XD Ratings (February 1723, 2014)\". Son of the Bronx. Retrieved August 8, 2018.\n^ Douglas Pucci (February 6, 2015). \"Thursday Final Nationals\". TV Media Insights. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2018. Note: The viewers are in the comments section.\n^ Mitch Metcalf (March 19, 2015). \"Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 3.18.2015\". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2018.\n^ Mitch Metcalf (February 4, 2016). \"Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.3.2016\". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2018.\n^ THR staff (March 12, 2016). \"Kids' Choice Awards: The Complete Winners List\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 3, 2020.\n^ Elizabeth Wagmeister (September 3, 2015). \"Disney XD Greenlights Lab Rats and Mighty Med Spinoff Series\". Variety. Retrieved September 4, 2015.\n^ \"Disney XD's New Spinoff Series Lab Rats: Elite Force Premieres Wednesday, March 2\" (Press release). Disney XD. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016 via The Futon Critic.\nExternal links[edit]\nLab Rats at IMDb\nvteFormer Disney XD original programming2000s debuts\nAaron Stone (20092010)\nYin Yang Yo! (2009)\nPhineas and Ferb (20092015)\nZeke and Luther (20092012)\nI'm in the Band (20092011)\n2010s debuts\nKick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil (20102012)\nPair of Kings (20102013)\nThe Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes (20102012)\nKickin' It (20112015)\nLab Rats (20122016)\nUltimate Spider-Man (20122017)\nMotorcity (20122013)\nTron: Uprising (20122013)\nGravity Falls (20122016)\nRandy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja (20122015)\nCrash & Bernstein (20122014)\nAvengers Assemble (20132019)\nHulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. (20132015)\nWander Over Yonder (20132016)\nMighty Med (20132015)\nThe 7D (20142016)\nStar Wars Rebels (20142018)\nKirby Buckets (20142017)\nPenn Zero: Part-Time Hero (20142017)\nStar vs. the Forces of Evil (20152019)\nLego Star Wars: Droid Tales (2015)\nTwo More Eggs (20152017)\nGamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything (20152017)\nGuardians of the Galaxy (20152019)\nPickle and Peanut (20152018)\nLab Rats: Elite Force (2016)\nWalk the Prank (20162018)\nLego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures (20162017)\nFuture-Worm! (20162018)\nRight Now Kapow (20162017)\nMilo Murphy's Law (20162019)\nMech-X4 (20162018)\nBilly Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer (2017)\nDuckTales (20172021)\nMarvel's Spider-Man (20172020)\nBig Hero 6: The Series (20172021)\nStar Wars Resistance (20182020)\nSee also\n25 Days of Christmas\nDisney Television Animation\nIt's a Laugh Productions\nvteIt's a Laugh ProductionsSeriesCurrent\nBunk'd (since 2015)\nThe Villains of Valley View (since 2022)\nFormer\nThe Suite Life of Zack & Cody (200508)\nHannah Montana (200611)\nCory in the House (200708)\nWizards of Waverly Place (200712)\nThe Suite Life on Deck (200811)\nSonny with a Chance (200911)\nJonas (200910)\nI'm in the Band (200911)\nGood Luck Charlie (201014)\nPair of Kings (201013)\nShake It Up (201013)\nA.N.T. Farm (201114)\nSo Random! (201112)\nKickin' It (201115)\nJessie (201115)\nAustin & Ally (201116)\nLab Rats (201216)\nCrash & Bernstein (201214)\nDog with a Blog (201215)\nLiv and Maddie (201317)\nMighty Med (201315)\nI Didn't Do It (201415)\nGirl Meets World (201417)\nK.C. Undercover (201518)\nBest Friends Whenever (201516)\nGamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything (201517)\nLab Rats: Elite Force (2016)\nBizaardvark (201619)\nRaven's Home (201723)\nCoop & Cami Ask the World (201820)\nSydney to the Max (201921)\nFilms\nHannah Montana: The Movie (2009)\nWizards of Waverly Place: The Movie (2009)\nThe Suite Life Movie (2011)\nGood Luck Charlie, It's Christmas! (2011)\nCrossovers\n\"That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana\" (2006)\n\"Take This Job and Love It\" (2007)\n\"Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana\" (2009)\n\"Weasels on Deck\" (2010)\n\"Charlie Shakes it Up\" (2011)\n\"Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year\" (2012)\n\"Good Luck Jessie: NYC Christmas\" (2013)\n\"Jessie's Aloha Holidays with Parker and Joey\" (2014)\n\"Karate Kid-tastrophe\" (2015)\n\"Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med\" (2015)\n\"Raven About Bunk'd\" (2020)\nTV specials\nThe Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex (2013)\nRelated\nABC Kids\nDisney Channel\nDisney XD\nDisney Channel programs\nDisney Channel original films\nToon Disney (19982009)\nDisney Channel Storytellers\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lab_Rats_(American_TV_series)&oldid=1225665748\"\nCategories: 2010s American children's comedy television series2012 American television series debuts2016 American television series endingsAmerican English-language television showsDisney XD original programmingTelevision series about familiesTelevision series about siblingsTelevision series by It's a Laugh ProductionsCyborgs in televisionHidden categories: Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataArticles needing additional references from May 2018All articles needing additional references\nThis page was last edited on 25 May 2024, at 23:08(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_Rats_(American_TV_series)" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lab Rats (TV Series 20122016) - IMDb\nMenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsCannes Film FestivalAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthStar WarsSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer?Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)Use appEpisode guideCast & crewUser reviewsTriviaFAQIMDbProAll topicsLab RatsTV Series20122016TV-Y722mIMDb RATING6.7/107.3KYOUR RATINGRatePOPULARITY3,203220Play trailer0:311 Video99+ PhotosActionComedyCrimeA scrawny 14-year-old, having discovered his inventor stepdad has three bionic, super-powered teens living cloistered in a secret lab beneath their home, brings them out into the world.A scrawny 14-year-old, having discovered his inventor stepdad has three bionic, super-powered teens living cloistered in a secret lab beneath their home, brings them out into the world.A scrawny 14-year-old, having discovered his inventor stepdad has three bionic, super-powered teens living cloistered in a secret lab beneath their home, brings them out into the world.CreatorsBryan MooreChris PetersonStarsWilliam BrentSpencer BoldmanKelli BerglundSee production info at IMDbProIMDb RATING6.7/107.3KYOUR RATINGRatePOPULARITY3,203220Top creditsCreatorsBryan MooreChris PetersonStarsWilliam BrentSpencer BoldmanKelli Berglund34User reviews3Critic reviewsSee production info at IMDbProAwards1 win & 5 nominationsEpisodes98Browse episodesTopTop-rated4 seasons4321See all5 years20162015201420132012See allVideos1Trailer 0:31Watch Trailer - Season 4Photos218Top castEditWilliam BrentChase Davenport98 eps 2012201698 episodes 20122016Spencer BoldmanAdam Davenport98 eps 2012201698 episodes 20122016Kelli BerglundBree Davenport98 eps 2012201698 episodes 20122016Tyrel Jackson WilliamsLeo Dooley98 eps 2012201698 episodes 20122016Hal SparksDonald Davenport98 eps 2012201698 episodes 20122016Maile FlanaganPrincipal Perry46 eps 2012201646 episodes 20122016Angel ParkerTasha Davenport38 eps 2012201638 episodes 20122016Jeremy Kent JacksonDouglas Davenport34 eps 2013201634 episodes 20132016Will ForteEddy20 eps 2012201520 episodes 20122015Brandon Salgado TelisBob14 eps 2015201614 episodes 20152016Madison PettisJanelle10 eps 2012201510 episodes 20122015Graham ShielsVictor Krane9 eps 201420169 episodes 20142016Mateus WardMarcus Davenport8 eps 201220168 episodes 20122016Michaela CarrozzoCaitlin8 eps 201220158 episodes 20122015Max CharlesSpin7 eps 20157 episodes 2015Cole EwingSebastian7 eps 20157 episodes 2015Eddie PerinoTrent6 eps 201220146 episodes 20122014John Eric BentleyPresident6 eps 201420156 episodes 20142015CreatorsBryan MooreChris PetersonAll cast & crewProduction, box office & more at IMDbProMore like this6.3Lab Rats: Elite Force6.6Mighty Med6.5Kickin' It6.5K.C. Undercover6.1Jessie6.4Liv and Maddie6.0Austin & Ally7.1Good Luck Charlie5.2A.N.T. Farm5.8Pair of Kings6.4The Suite Life on Deck5.0Shake It UpStorylineEditDid you knowEditTriviaIn \"Robot Fight Club,\" the actors had to build their own robots.QuotesAnnouncer: The world's first bionic superhumans. They're stronger than us, faster, smarter... The next generation of the human race is...Leo Dooley: ...living in my basement?ConnectionsReferenced in Mighty Med: Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med: Part 2 (2015)SoundtracksLab Rats ThemePerformed by DJ Lunar and BIAUser reviews34ReviewReviewFeatured review10/10 Excellent showGood for all age groups and has the potential to be an adult superhero show.helpful52calebethancooperSep 2, 2021Top picksSign in to rate and Watchlist for personalized recommendationsSign inFAQ20How many seasons does Lab Rats have?Powered by AlexaDetailsEditRelease dateFebruary 27, 2012 (United States)Country of originUnited StatesOfficial siteOfficial siteLanguageEnglishAlso known asLab Rats: Bionic IslandProduction companyIt's a Laugh ProductionsSee more company credits at IMDbProTechnical specsEditRuntime22 minutesColorColorSound mixStereoDolby DigitalAspect ratio16:9 HDRelated newsContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentTop GapWhat is the French language plot outline for Lab Rats (2012)?AnswerSee more gapsLearn more about contributingEdit pageAdd episodeMore to explorePhotosHollywood Power CouplesSee the galleryListStaff Picks: What to Watch in MaySee our picksListTop 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars of the Last DecadeSee the listRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb appSign in for more accessSign in for more accessFollow IMDb on socialGet the IMDb appFor Android and iOSHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoLicense IMDb DataPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top", "url": "https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1991564/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lab Rats (British TV series) - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Setting\n2Characters\n3Episodes\n4Reception\n5References\n6External links\nToggle the table of contents\nLab Rats (British TV series)\nAdd languages\nAdd links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nBritish TV series or programme\nLab RatsCartoon-style title screen of Lab RatsGenreSitcomWritten byChris AddisonCarl CooperDirected byAdam TandyStarringChris AddisonSelina CadellJo EnrightGeoffrey McGivernDan TetsellMargaret Cabourn-SmithCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes6ProductionExecutive producersArmando IannucciAli Bryer CarronProducerSimon NichollsCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time29 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkBBC TwoRelease10 July(2008-07-10)14 August 2008(2008-08-14)\nLab Rats is a 2008 BBC Two situation comedy set in a university science laboratory starring Chris Addison, who co-wrote the series with Carl Cooper. The series was produced by regular collaborator Simon Nicholls and directed by Adam Tandy. Its executive producer was Armando Iannucci with whom Addison worked in The Thick of It.\nIannucci stated that the programme would be a traditional-style sitcom recorded in front of a live audience. He hinted that it will be a \"very cartoony\" show featuring \"lots of giant snails\".[1]\nA pilot was announced as part of a series called \"Behind Closed Doors\" in autumn 2006, but was never broadcast.[2] A series of six episodes was broadcast in 2008. The show was not recommissioned for further series.\nSetting[edit]\nLab Rats is set in the Arnolfini, a research lab (and staff) for hire in St. Dunstan's University, designed to make some money for the university by carrying out research on behalf of other people.\nCharacters[edit]\nThe main characters are:\nDoctor Alex Beenyman (Chris Addison): The unofficial head of the lab, Dr Beenyman does his best to keep the others in control. He is the only sane member of the team but often ends up responsible for their actions.\nProfessor John Mycroft (Geoffrey McGivern): Officially in charge, Prof. Mycroft once won a Nobel Prize and has been living off it ever since. Spends a lot of his time drinking.\nCara McIlvenny (Jo Enright): A 4'11\" (150cm) lab assistant who's not always altogether 'there'. Although she has a talent for building machines, she does not appear to have much actual understanding of science, or of anything else. She is probably Alex's best friend within the lab.\nBrian Lalumaca (Dan Tetsell): A rather unpleasant lab assistant, who enjoys weapons, traps, and anything else violent. He often finds himself involved in Prof. Mycroft's mad schemes. He harbours something of a crush on the Dean, but is constantly frustrated by her inability to remember his name or role.\nMinty Clapper (Helen Moon): Secretary to Prof. Mycroft and Dr Beenyman.\nDean Mieke Miedema (Selina Cadell): The Dean of St Dunstan's College. Dutch.\nThe Secretary (Margaret Cabourn-Smith) who is constantly being given onerous tasks by the Dean. She has very few spoken lines but is involved in various visual gags throughout the series.\nEpisodes[edit]\nBroadcasting of the series of started on BBC Two at 9.30 pm on 10 July 2008.\nNo.TitleDirected byOriginal air date1\"A Snail\"Adam Tandy10July2008(2008-07-10)\nA maverick Russian professor asks the laboratory to solve his human cloning problem in 24 hours.\n2\"A Donor\"Adam Tandy17July2008(2008-07-17)\nA lab inspector turns up and causes havoc. The scientists must also keep a secret from him- they have a donor locked up in a cryogenic unit. With Robin Ince as Sir Andrew Chother.\n3\"A Protest\"Adam Tandy24July2008(2008-07-24)\nA protest against nothing in particular is held outside the laboratory.\n4\"A Bee\"Adam Tandy31July2008(2008-07-31)\nA friend of Professor Mycroft loses his prize test super bees.\n5\"A Seven-Nighter\"Adam Tandy7August2008(2008-08-07)\nThe team have a special overnight job in a secret government lab for 7 long nights.\n6\"A Diary\"Adam Tandy14August2008(2008-08-14)\nAlex's father finds the teenage diary of Captain Scott and the lab is hit by freak weather conditions.\nReception[edit]\nReception to the first episode \"A Snail\" was mixed in the British press. The Guardian Guide found the programme \"mundane and dated\",[3] Lucy Mangan also of The Guardian said \"the kind of stuff that would barely have passed muster in the 70s [...] all the jokes are spatchcocked into a wafer-thin plot that veers uncertainly between reality and surreality, this particular experiment can only be deemed a failure.\".[4] Tim Teeman writing in The Times said \"Lab Rats is a truly appalling new sit-com [...] Bad puns, redundant characters, lame jokes [...] Not even the best surgeon in the land could save this.\" (0/5 stars)[5]\nHowever Robert Hanks in The Independent said \"remarkable for its combination of very silly jokes and rather well-researched evolutionary theory. The cast is good. The plot of last night's episode was pleasantly absurdist, the jokes were commendably odd and wide-ranging [...] Somehow, though, it didn't quite gel, largely because of the studio audience, whose laughter, as so often, slowed things down and underlined jokes that needed to be thrown away [...] Worth giving it a week or two, though.\"[6] Robert Collins of The Daily Telegraph gave it his critic's choice, calling it \"likeable, madcap comedy [...] a catalytic reaction of Red Dwarf and The IT Crowd, in a solution of Are You Being Served? And it's not a bad formula.\"[7]\nVisitors to the British Comedy Guide website voted Lab Rats as the \"Worst New British TV Sitcom\" of 2008 in its annual awards, with the website saying that: \"The idea behind the show may have been good (to bring back silly studio-based sitcom to the BBC), but the execution was anything but good. An awful, awful comedy.\"[8]\nReferences[edit]\n^ Armando Iannucci: Keeper of the satirical flame Archived 8 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine in The Independent, 31 July 2006, retrieved 20 January 2007\n^ BBC Press Release:BBC THREE Autumn 2006, retrieved 23 April 2007\n^ The Guardian Guide - 511 July 2008\n^ Lucy Mangan on Last Night's TV, The Guardian - 11 July 2008 - Retrieved 11 July 2008\n^ Last Night's TV - The Times 11 July 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.\n^ Last Night's TV - The Independent - 11 July 2008 - Retrieved 11 July 2008.\n^ Critic's Choice - Lab Rats - The Daily Telegraph - 11 July 2008 - Retrieved 11 July 2008.\n^ \"The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2008\". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 19 January 2009.\nExternal links[edit]\nLab Rats at BBC Online\nChris Addison's Website\nLab Rats at British TV Comedy\nLab Rats at British Comedy Guide\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lab_Rats_(British_TV_series)&oldid=1173773042\"\nCategories: BBC television sitcoms2000s British sitcoms2008 British television series debuts2008 British television series endingsHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksUse dmy dates from July 2021Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataBBC programme template using Wikidata\nThis page was last edited on 4 September 2023, at 09:24(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_Rats_(British_TV_series)" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lab Rats (TV Series 2008 ) - IMDb\nMenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsCannes Film FestivalAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthStar WarsSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer?Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)Use appEpisode guideCast & crewUser reviewsTriviaIMDbProAll topicsLab RatsTV Series2008 29mIMDb RATING5.4/10243YOUR RATINGRateComedyLab Rats is a sit-com about the life of staff working in a science lab at a UK university.Lab Rats is a sit-com about the life of staff working in a science lab at a UK university.Lab Rats is a sit-com about the life of staff working in a science lab at a UK university.StarsChris AddisonSelina CadellJo EnrightSee production info at IMDbProIMDb RATING5.4/10243YOUR RATINGRateTop creditsStarsChris AddisonSelina CadellJo Enright8User reviewsSee production info at IMDbProSee production info at IMDbProEpisodes6Browse episodesTopTop-rated1 Season2008Photos9Top castEditChris AddisonDr. Alex Beenyman6 eps 20086 episodes 2008Selina CadellDean6 eps 20086 episodes 2008Jo EnrightCara McIlvenny6 eps 20086 episodes 2008Geoffrey McGivernProfessor John Mycroft6 eps 20086 episodes 2008Dan TetsellBrian Lalumaca6 eps 20086 episodes 2008Margaret Cabourn-SmithSecretary5 eps 20085 episodes 2008Helen MoonMinty Clapper4 eps 20084 episodes 2008Michael McShaneDr. Vaabit1 ep 20081 episode 2008John QuayleDr. Benjamin Beenyman1 ep 20081 episode 2008Sevan StephanDr. Andrei Kyrtistyges1 ep 20081 episode 2008Andrew BrookeProtestor1 ep 20081 episode 2008Robin InceSir Andrew Chother1 ep 20081 episode 2008Sue VincentProtestor1 ep 20081 episode 2008Kim WallLes Goodman1 ep 20081 episode 2008All cast & crewProduction, box office & more at IMDbProMore like this8.7The Thick of It7.6Breeders7.4In the Loop5.4The Hustle8.4VeepStorylineEditDid you knowEditTriviaThere is a cuddly toy stoat in a different place on the set in each episode. This was provided by Dave Willson, a crew member whose nickname is Weazel (the stoat toy was obviously mistaken for a weasel). This lead to the game of 'Spot the Weasel'.User reviews8ReviewReviewFeatured review8/10 Give It a chance.I saw Lab Rats for the 1st time last night & was actually quite impressed. I'm surprised it gets such a low rating here.I thought it was well written & whenever it seemed that an obvious gag was was coming, it actually flipped round & didn't do what I expected. The acting performances by the cast aren't all brilliant but they're certainly better than sitcoms like 'My Family' or the appalling 'After You've Gone' (which bizarrely gets some good reviews on IMDb). I quickly warmed to the characters, who are all a bit quirky in different ways & compliment each other well. I especially liked deadpan Cara & daft Brian. There were plenty of moments when I laughed out loud & Lab Rats actually has something different about it that sets it above the majority of sitcom mulch. It takes elements of shows like 'The Young Ones' & 'Father Ted' without being too derivative. Admittedly, it doesn't reach the same highs as either of those shows but it could develop into something really good in it's own right. I'd rather watch this than ad nauseam re-runs of 'The Good Life' & 'Home To Roost' (it was dull in the 80s. It's dull & dated now). Basically, I think everyone should give this series a chance. It's a fresh new comedy with good ideas & sometimes it takes time to get used a show in the 1st series when it's still finding it's feet. It took a lot of people a while to get in to 'The Mighty Boosh', 'The League Of Gentlemen' & even 'The Office' when they first started.helpful91chumpsteakAug 1, 2008Top picksSign in to rate and Watchlist for personalized recommendationsSign inDetailsEditRelease dateJuly 10, 2008 (United Kingdom)Country of originUnited KingdomOfficial siteBBC (United Kingdom)LanguageEnglishAlso known asLaborirotidFilming locationsBBC Television Centre, Wood Lane, Shepherd's Bush, London, England, UKProduction companyBritish Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)See more company credits at IMDbProTechnical specsEditRuntime29 minutesColorColorSound mixStereoRelated newsContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentTop GapBy what name was Lab Rats (2008) officially released in Canada in English?AnswerSee more gapsLearn more about contributingEdit pageAdd episodeMore to explorePhotosHollywood Power CouplesSee the galleryListStaff Picks: What to Watch in MaySee our picksListTop 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars of the Last DecadeSee the listRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb appSign in for more accessSign in for more accessFollow IMDb on socialGet the IMDb appFor Android and iOSHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoLicense IMDb DataPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top", "url": "https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1262402/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lab Rats | Disney Wiki | Fandom\nDisney Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nFilms\nAnimated films\nSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs\nSleeping Beauty\nThe Little Mermaid\nAladdin\nBeauty and the Beast\nThe Lion King\nTangled\nFrozen\nPixar films\nToy Story\nMonsters, Inc.\nCoco\nRatatouille\nWALL-E\nInside Out\nOnward\nLive-action films\nIndiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny\nHaunted Mansion\nMary Poppins\nWho Framed Roger Rabbit\nTRON\nThe Marvels\nAlice in 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shows,\nand\n5 more\nDisney shows\nLab Rats\n2010s television series\nTV-Y7 rated shows\nSitcoms\nEnglish\nDansk\nEspaol\nPolski\nPortugus do Brasil\n\nLab Rats\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nLab Rats\nGenre\nActionAdventureComedy\nFormat\nTeen sitcom\nCreated by\nChris PetersonBryan Moore\nOpening Theme\n\"Lab Rats\" by DJ Lunar and B.I.A\nNumber of seasons\n4\nNumber of episodes\n98\nProduction\nExecutive producer(s)\nChris PetersonBryan MooreMark Brazill\nBroadcast\nOriginal channel\nDisney XD\nOriginal run\nFebruary 27, 2012 February 3, 2016\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nIMDb page\nSource\nThe worlds first bionic superhumans, they're stronger than us, faster, smarter. The next generation of the human race is... living in my basement?\nOpening tag line from seasons 1-3\nThe worlds first bionic superhumans, they're stronger than us, faster, smarter. The next generation of the human race is... living on a bionic island.\nOpening tag line from season 4\nLab Rats is an American television sitcom that premiered on February 27, 2012 on Disney XD, which focuses on the life of Leo Dooley, who discovers three bionic teenagers, Adam, Bree, and Chase, with whom he develops an immediate friendship. The series was created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore. On January 15, 2011, Billy Unger, who plays Chase, stated that the series was originally called Billion Dollar Freshman. However, the pilot was reshot, with the changing of the name to Lab Rats, and the addition of Bree, the only girl of the group. On May 18, 2012, Lab Rats was renewed for a second season. It has also been announced on July 2013 that Lab Rats was renewed for a third season. On May 9, 2014, it was renewed for a 4th season. On September 3, 2015, it spawned a Disney XD crossover spin-off series with Mighty Med calledLab Rats: Elite Force.\nContents\n1 Premise\n2 Characters\n2.1 Main characters\n2.2 Secondary characters\n3 Reception\n3.1 Critical\n3.2 Ratings\n4 Episodes\n4.1 Ratings\n5 Gallery\n6 Trivia\nPremise[]\nA young teen accidentally discovers bionic teenagers with bionic powers. The bionic teens unravel in adventurous situations in an attempt to live life like a normal family.\nCharacters[]\nMain characters[]\nChase Davenport (Billy Unger) is the seventeen year-old lab rat with an incredible intelligence rate. His bionic powers are due to his leadership. His senses could be considered additional powers.\nAdam Davenport (Spencer Boldman) is the nineteen year-old lab rat with a shocking strength rate. His bionic powers are due to his tall height. His frustration could be considered additional powers.\nBree Davenport (Kelli Berglund) is the eighteen year-old lab rat with an accelerating speed rate. Her bionic powers are due to her lean figure. Her body could be considered additional powers of use.\nLeo Francis Dooley (Tyrel Jackson Williams) is the sixteen year-old teen without any abilities. He is considered a social outcast due to most circumstances considering his short amount of friends.\nDonald \"Big D\" Davenport (Hal Sparks) is the thirty-eight-year old billionaire inventor.\nSecondary characters[]\nTasha Davenport (Angel Parker) is Leo's mom, Donald's wife, and a T.V. reporter. She also acts as a mother figure for Adam, Bree, and Chase, but mostly Bree, because they are the only girls in the house. No one thinks she's a good reporter.\nEddy (Will Forte) is the sarcastic, smart-home system who controls the Lab Rats' house and hates Tasha and the kids.\nEthan (Garrett Backstrom) is Bree's ex-boyfriend. It appeared that him and Bree talk equations to each other. Appeared in \"Leo's Jam\" and \"Smart and Smarter.\"\nTerry Cherry Perry (Maile Flanagan) is the former principal of Mission Creek High School. It is unknown why, but she dislikes Leo the most.\nJanelle (Madison Pettis) is Leo's crush. Appeared in \"Can I Borrow the Helicopter?\" and \"Back From the Future.\"\nNote: The names of the Lab Rats; Adam, Bree and Chase, are implying that they were originally known as subjects A, B and C. This is further shown by the fact that Adam (Subject A), was born first, followed by Bree (Subject B), and finally Chase (Subject C).\nReception[]\nCritical[]\nVariety television critic Brian Lowry knocked the series' one-hour premiere for failing \"to exhibit basic elements of coherence\" and for featuring \"too many lapses in logic\".\nRatings[]\nThe series launch of Lab Rats in February 2012 was the most-watched series premiere in Disney XD history, drawing 1.3 million viewers and performing well in key demographics. The followup encore of the premiere that aired on Disney Channel on March 2, 2012, ranked as the number-one telecast in kids 211 for the week of February 27Match 4, 2012, drawing 2.3 million viewers in the demographic.\nEpisodes[]\nRatings[]\nDisney XD is adding another original series to their ranks by having another #1 show in Lab Rats. Lab Rats is coming off being the most watched show on the network in January, and is so far the second most watched show overall in prime in total viewers of kids 2-11 and kids 6-14.\nGallery[]\nTrivia[]\nThe theme song has two measures that sound the same as the ones from Falco's hit song, \"Rock Me Amadeus\".\nThis page uses content from the English Wikipedia page Lab Rats (TV series). The list of authors can be seen in the page history. Text from Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply.\nExpand\nv - e - d\nExpandPast Shows\nThe Suite Life of Zack & Cody (200508) Hannah Montana (200611) Cory in the House (200708) Wizards of Waverly Place (200712) The Suite Life on Deck (200811) Sonny with a Chance (200911) Jonas L.A. (200910) I'm in the Band (201011) So Random! (2011-12) Pair of Kings (2010-13) Shake It Up (2010-13) A.N.T. Farm (2011-14) Good Luck Charlie (2010-14) Kickin' It (2011-15) Jessie (2011-15) Austin & Ally (2011-16) Lab Rats (2012-16) Crash & Bernstein (2012-14) Dog with a Blog (2012-15) Liv and Maddie (2013-17) Mighty Med (2013-15) I Didn't Do It (2014-15) Girl Meets World (2014-17) K.C. Undercover (2015-18) Best Friends Whenever (2015-16) Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything (2015-17) Lab Rats: Elite Force (2016) Bizaardvark (2016-19) Coop & Cami Ask the World (2018-20) Sydney to the Max (2019-21)\nExpandCurrent Shows\nBunk'd (since 2015) Raven's Home (since 2017) The Villains of Valley View (since 2022)\nCategories\nCategories:\nShows\nArticles with Wikipedia content\nDisney XD shows\nDisney shows\nLab Rats\n2010s television series\nTV-Y7 rated shows\nSitcoms\nLanguages\nDansk\nEspaol\nPolski\nPortugus do Brasil\n\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nDisney\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Disney Wiki\n1\nInside Out 2\n2\nNostalgia\n3\n2024\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nDisney Wiki is a FANDOM Movies Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Lab_Rats" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lab Rats - AppleTV\nApple TV+\nMLS Season Pass\nSearch\nApple TV+\nApple TV+\nMLS Season Pass\nSearch\nSign In\nLab Rats\nKids & Family\n2012\nAvailable on Disney+\n14-year-old Leo finds three super-human teens living in his high-tech home's secret underground lab.\nKids & Family\n2012\n7+\nTV-Y7\nStarring\nBilly Unger,\nSpencer Boldman,\nKelli Berglund\nEpisodes\nEPISODE 1\nCrush, Chop, & Burn, Pts. 1 & 2.\nLeo finds three super-human teens living in his high-tech home's secret underground lab.\n21 min Dec 31, 2011\nTV-Y7\nEPISODE 2\nCommando App\nLeo hopes his siblings will help him get a better seat at lunch.\n21 min Mar 5, 2012\nTV-Y7\nEPISODE 3\nLeo's Jam\nIn helping Leo ask his crush to a dance, Adam accidentally ends up making her like him instead!\n21 min Mar 12, 2012\nTV-Y7\nEPISODE 4\nRats on a Train\nWhen Davenports high-tech train becomes a runaway, the Lab Rats get their first mission to stop it!\n20 min Mar 19, 2012\nTV-Y7\nEPISODE 5\nSmart and Smarter\nIn an attempt to prove he is a model student, Chase installs machines to help better the school.\n21 min Apr 23, 2012\nTV-Y7\nEPISODE 6\nExoskeleton vs. Grandma\nLeo tries to help Davenport set up for his annual conference, but instead ruins a prized invention.\n21 min Apr 30, 2012\nTV-Y7\nRelated\nCast & Crew\nBU\nBilly Unger\nChase\nSB\nSpencer Boldman\nAdam\nKB\nKelli Berglund\nBree\nTW\nTyrel Jackson Williams\nLeo Dooley\nHS\nHal Sparks\nDonald Davenport\nAbout\nLab Rats\nKIDS & FAMILY\n14-year-old Leo finds three super-human teens living in his high-tech home's secret underground lab.\n7+\nCOMMON SENSE\nGreat messages and lots of fun in family-friendly comedy.\nInformation\nStudio\n44\nReleased\n2012\nRated\nTV-Y7\nRegion of Origin\nUnited States\n 2012 DISNEY XD\nLanguages\nOriginal Audio\nEnglish, English (United Kingdom)\nAudio\nEnglish (Dolby5.1), and 18 more...\nSubtitles\nFinnish, and 5 more...\nSee All\nCopyright 2024\nApple Inc.\nAll rights reserved.\nInternet Service Terms\nApple TV & Privacy\nCookiePolicy\nSupport", "url": "https://tv.apple.com/us/show/lab-rats/umc.cmc.78wicvw12dl5m4hbwslnff3pz" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lab Rats TV Review | Common Sense Media\nSkip to main content\nCommon Sense Media\nMovie & TV reviews for parents\nUse app\nFor Parents\nFor Educators\nOur Work and Impact\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nEnglish\nEspaol\nSearch\nOr browse by category:\nMovies\nTV Shows\nBooks\nApps\nGames\nParenting\nSign in\nDonate\nGet the app\nMovies\nMovie Reviews and Lists\nMovie Reviews\nBest Movie Lists\nBest Movies on Netflix, Disney+, and More\nCommon Sense Selections for Movies\nMarketing Campaign\n50 Modern Movies 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They're trained in creating high-quality parenting advice based on best practices in child development.\nRead more about how we rate and review\nage 7+\nGreat messages and lots of fun in family-friendly comedy.\nTV\nDisney XD\nComedy\n2012\nRate TV show\nSave\nParents Say: age 8+\n21 reviews\nAny Iffy Content?\nRead more\nTalk with Your Kids About\nRead more\nA Lot or a Little?\nWhat you willand won'tfind in this TV show.\nEducational Value\nFeel-good lessons about family bonds, embracing in\nPositive Messages\nThe show centers on a nontraditional family unit w\nPositive Role Models\nAll of the characters demonstrate a willingness to\nViolence & Scariness\nPlayful scuffles between siblings. Some comic bull\nSex, Romance & Nudity\nTeens (especially girls) talk about wanting to dat\nLanguage\nPlenty of insults and name calling, all intended h\nProducts & Purchases\nNot present\nDrinking, Drugs & Smoking\nNot present\nParents Need to Know\nParents need to know that Lab Rats is a fun-filled show that has cross-generational appeal thanks to a talented cast, clever writing, and a unique storyline that's as much about the adults as it is the kids. The series is a comedy at heart, but it also mixes in some worthwhile themes about relationships,\nEducational Value\na little\nFeel-good lessons about family bonds, embracing individuality, and responsibility.\nPositive Messages\na lot\nThe show centers on a nontraditional family unit whose members make their relationships work with the help of communication, mutual trust, and, above all, a good sense of humor. A coming-of-age journey is complicated by the fact that three of the teens are hiding super powers, but they still deal fairly gracefully with some of the insecurities that come with the high school territory. There's some rebellion among the teens, but it always has consequences of some kind. Humor is derived from making fun of others, though it doesn't usually feel mean spirited.\nPositive Role Models\na lot\nAll of the characters demonstrate a willingness to change to benefit their evolving family life. Siblings have their share of squabbles, but their ties to one another remain strong, and it's usually a combination of their talents that gets them out of jams. The diverse cast includes a biracial couple. Some stereotyping for humor -- an Irish character is called a \"leprechaun,\" a jock is called a \"mouthbreather.\" The principal is a comic character and humor sometimes comes from the fact that she's unattractive, loud, and large-figured.\nViolence & Scariness\nvery little\nPlayful scuffles between siblings. Some comic bullying, plus pratfall humor.\nDid you know you can flag iffy content? Adjust limits for Violence & Scariness in your kid's entertainment guide.\nGet started\nClose\nSex, Romance & Nudity\nvery little\nTeens (especially girls) talk about wanting to date, and there's some good-natured flirting. An adult couple is affectionate with each other.\nDid you know you can flag iffy content? Adjust limits for Sex, Romance & Nudity in your kid's entertainment guide.\nGet started\nClose\nLanguage\nvery little\nPlenty of insults and name calling, all intended humorously: \"doofus,\" \"butt,\" \"ladyface.\"\nDid you know you can flag iffy content? Adjust limits for Language in your kid's entertainment guide.\nGet started\nClose\nParents Need to Know\nParents need to know that Lab Rats is a fun-filled show that has cross-generational appeal thanks to a talented cast, clever writing, and a unique storyline that's as much about the adults as it is the kids. The series is a comedy at heart, but it also mixes in some worthwhile themes about relationships, responsibility, and coping with change. All of the characters evolve to adapt to their new family structure, and the journey isn't without its bumps, but they work through their problems together. Strong adult role models, unpredictable bionic mishaps, and positive messages about embracing individuality round out this fun choice for families.\nWhere to Watch\nVideos and Photos\nLab Rats\nCommunity Reviews\nSee all\nParents say (21)\nKids say (80)\nage 8+\nBased on 21 parent reviews\nOregonMama\nParent of 8-year-old\nJuly 28, 2015\nage 9+\nSnarky\nI thought it might be funny, seemed safe enough, but the most disappointing thing about this show is that most of the laughs come from one of the siblings insulting another sibling. After a while, it gets pretty old fast.\nShow more\nKristen M.\nAdult\nApril 27, 2017\nage 8+\nWhen is it ever OK for adults to experiment on children?\nPre-adolescent and adolescent jokes aside, when did we decide that experimenting on human children is OK? In a time when genetic modification of embryos is at our doorstep, I find the premise of this show - a parent experimenting on either human embryos or children (the storyline isn't clear)- extremely disturbing. I don't think we should normalize the concept in a comedy show for kids- is it just me? What prompted the \"Lab Rats\" to exist, why is it OK?\nShow more\nRate TV show\nSee all 21 parent reviews\nWhat's the Story?\nLAB RATS is a comedy series about a charismatic but socially downtrodden teen named Leo (Tyrel Jackson Williams), who finds three bionic teens living in a secret lair in his inventor stepdad's house. Eager to befriend them, Leo offers to show them around the outside world, beginning with the unpredictable halls of his high school, where they unwittingly help his social status. When his stepdad, Donald (Hal Sparks), discovers the security breach, he fears for the safety of Adam (Spencer Boldman), Bree (Kelli Berglund), and Chase (Billy Unger) should their secret get out or, worse yet, should they lose control of their still-developing powers. Unfortunately, now that the teens have gotten a taste of real life, they're not willing to let it go, so Donald and Leo's mom, Tasha (Angel Parker), settle in for the long haul and take in the three superhumans as their own kids, glitches and all.\nShow more\nIs It Any Good?\nOur review:\nParents say\n(21\n):\nKids say\n(80\n):\nLab Rats is a truly family-friendly show that's almost as appealing for parents as it is for kids. It's a winning mix of the silly antics kids love and great messages about how family members relate to each other and why mutual trust and communication are important. The teens' bionic abilities raise some unique challenges, but ultimately this family tackles similar issues to the ones yours does: sibling rivalry, coping with feeling different, following family rules, and balancing the demands of parenthood.\nIt's easy to let your imagination run wild in a home that's filled with high-tech inventions, where interactive TV that lets you catch a home run ball in a major league park or a quick-witted \"smart\" house computer becomes a part of the family. What won't run wild, however, are these four teens. They're not perfect -- even the genetically engineered ones -- but they speak their mind, they learn from their mistakes, and they reflect the strong bonds that exist even within nontraditional families.\nShow more\nTalk to Your Kids About ...\nFamilies can talk about family rules. How do your family's rules reflect your values? Do you understand the reasons for the rules you have? How do they change as you get older? What are the consequences for breaking those rules?\nKids: What characteristics set you apart from your siblings and your peers? What are some of your favorite aspects about yourself? If you could change one thing, what would it be? If you could have a super power, which one would you want?\nIn what ways does the family on Lab Rats reflect yours? What do you think defines a family? How is your family a source of comfort and strength for you?\nShow more\nTV Details\nPremiere date:\nFebruary 27, 2012\nCast:\nBilly Unger\n,\nSpencer Boldman\n,\nTyrel Jackson Williams\nNetwork:\nDisney XD\nGenre:\nComedy\nTopics:\nSuperheroes\n,\nBrothers and Sisters\n,\nHigh School\nCharacter Strengths:\nCommunication\nTV rating:\nNR\nLast updated:\nJuly 8, 2023\nShow more\nDid we miss something on diversity?\nResearch shows a connection between kids' healthy self-esteem and positive portrayals in media. That's why we've added a new \"Diverse Representations\" section to our reviews that will be rolling out on an ongoing basis. You can help us help kids by\nsuggesting a diversity update.\nLab Rats\nSuggest an Update\nYour privacy is important to us. We won't share this comment without your permission. If you chose to provide an email address, it will only be used to contact you about your comment. See our privacy policy\n.\nWhere to Watch\nOur Editors Recommend\nFamily Ties\nage 11+\nSave\nWizards of Waverly Place\nage 7+\nSave\nSo Random!\nage 7+\nSave\nSee all\nBest Sitcoms for Your Next Family Binge-Watch\nSee all\nBest Tween TV Shows\nSee all recommended tv lists\nRelated Topics\nCommunication\nSuperheroes\nBrothers and Sisters\nHigh School\nWant suggestions based on your streaming services? Get personalized recommendations\nCommon Sense Media's unbiased ratings are created by expert reviewers and aren't influenced by the product's creators or by any of our funders, affiliates, or partners.\nSee how we rate\nCommon Sense is the nation's leading nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the lives of all kids and families by providing the trustworthy information, education, and independent voice they need to thrive in the 21st century.\nWe're a nonprofit. Support our work\nAbout\nColumn 1\nOur Work and Impact\nHow We Work\nDiversity & Inclusion\nMeet Our Team\nBoard of Directors\nBoard of Advisors\nOur Partners\nOur Offices\nPress Room\nAnnual Report\nContact Us\nLearn More\nColumn 1\nCommon Sense Media\nCommon Sense Education\nDigital Citizenship Program\nFamily Engagement Program\nPrivacy Program\nResearch Program\nAdvocacy Program\nGet Involved\nColumn 1\nDonate\nJoin as a Parent\nJoin as an Educator\nJoin as an Advocate\nGet Our Newsletters\nRequest a Speaker\nPartner With Us\nEvents\nApply for Free Internet\nWe're Hiring\nFollow Common Sense Media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nYouTube\nLinkedIn\nSearch Common Sense Media\nSubscribe to our newsletters\nI'm in\nContact us\n/\nPrivacy\n/\nCookie settings\n/\nTerms of use\n/\nCommunity guidelines\n Common Sense Media. All rights reserved. Common Sense and other associated names and logos are trademarks of Common Sense Media, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization (FEIN: 41-2024986).", "url": "https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/lab-rats" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "TV Show Review: Lab Rats Igaramkin\nSubmit Search\nSearch\nClose Menu\nSearch\nHome\nSchool\nSports\nOpinion\nFeatures\nIgaramkinMenuIgaramkinA Publication of Dimond High School Journalism Home\nStaff\nAbout\nMoreSchool\nSports\nOpinion\nFeatures\nNews\nMorearchivesMedia ReviewTV Show Review: Lab Rats Soren Getti|February 3, 2023Three special magical teenagers living in a basement, does that capture your attention? If so, thats amazing, because I will be reviewing the Disney XD TV show Lab Rats, about a 13-year-old boy named Leo Dooley moving into his new scientific-inventor stepdad Donald Davenports house with his mom Tasha Dooley. Leo discovers three teens in his basement Adam, Bree, and Chase who have bionic abilities. (Super Strength, Super Speed, Super Intelligence, and others in that order) Adam, Bree, and Chase are trained to go on missions to save the world with their bionic abilities. The one major thing all of them have to do is keep their bionic secret, otherwise, if their secret would be revealed, the FBI will take them and be their government guinea pigs. The show lasts for four seasons, from 2012 to 2016. Each episode has a runtime of 22 minutes unless its a double-length episode, which is around 45 minutes. It was Disney XDs biggest hit, gaining over 600,000 viewers on average each season. The show gets slightly downhill as it goes on, but its still an amazing show. WithThats So Raven,Gravity Falls, andStar vs. The Forces of Evil, people knew what to expect from a Disney sitcom. ButLab Ratschanged everything, with detailed characters, attention-grabbing plots, and stunning special effects that will leave you like WOAH!\nLets introduce the characters. The series protagonist Leo Dooley is a nerdy, flashy, go-getter 14-year-old boy. He can be seen as arrogant, rude, sassy, and doesnt care about anything much, except for the cheerleaders at school, and hisstepdadsmoney. But at heart, Leo is a nice person when he tries. He helps the people he cares about at times at least. And his humor and punchlines make him easily one of the most likable characters in the show. Next is the oldest bionic sibling, Adam. Adam is seen as an airhead whose most redeeming quality is his super strength. Even Donald couldnt save that one. Adam is childish, and always pulls pranks on his siblings, and even his punchlines showcasing his stupidity are so annoying since its super frequent. Bree is the middle sibling, and her personality changes frequently throughout the show. I dont know if its because shes isolated in her basement for the first 13-15 years of her life, or the producers didnt know how to write a female character, but either way, its kind of interesting if you pay attention. She is funny, and witty, and is always sick of the males in her house, but its fine because shes Bree. Next is the youngest sibling Chase, who is seen as extremely nerdy, spazzy, and as Adam calls him, girl-repellent. All of those are mainly due to his super intellect, but even though hes arguably the most important character in the series, hes by far the most underrated and underappreciated character. Lastly is the stepdad inventor Donald Davenport, an extremely egotistical narcissist, who manages to make anything about himself, even if its a life-or-death situation. Even if the characters are so diverse in personality, abilities, and overall character, the dynamic makes the show so much better.Lab Ratsis easily a 10/10 series, and its definitely worth a watch.\narchivesBehind the Beaters I have been running a beater with a heater for this newspaper for a whole year, and now I want to tell you about my car. I own a 1995 Mitsubi...The History of Same-Sex Unions Love is the supreme value around which all moral values can be integrated into one ethical system valid for the whole of humanity A quo...Stardew Valley Festival Guide Stardew Valley has a total of 9 festivals, two each in Spring, Summer, and Fall, and three in Winter. In the Summer and Spring, the festivals...Cars of the 1970s To conclude my three-part article about 1970s trends, I will be talking about cars this time. It's quite unusual for me to talk about cars ...Did Dionysus Become Jesus? For centuries, Dionysus has been a symbol to cling to for those who are oppressed. 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In the Summer and Spring, the festivals...Navigate LeftarchivesBehind the BeatersarchivesThe History of Same-Sex UnionsA&EStardew Valley Festival GuidearchivesCars of the 1970sA&EDid Dionysus Become Jesus?archivesGame Review: The Long DarkarchivesSenior FeverarchivesSelf-DestructionarchivesCancel CulturearchivesRestaurants in Anchorage123456Navigate Right\nHome\nStaff\nAbout\n 2024 FLEX WordPress Theme by SNO Log in\n0\nShare on Facebook\nShare on X\nShare via Email\nPrint\nSearch\nSubmit Search\nActivate SearchScroll to TopHomeTV Show Review: Lab Rats\nSearch\nHome\nSchool\nSports\nOpinion\nFeatures\nCloseClose Modal WindowClose", "url": "https://igaramkin.com/archives/2023/02/03/tv-show-review-lab-rats/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "German Bundestag - Registering to visit the dome of the Reichstag Building\nDirekt zum Hauptinhalt springen\nDirekt zum Hauptmen springen\nZur deutschen Startseite\nEN\nArabic\n\nBulgarian\n\nChinese\n\nDanish\ndansk\nGerman\nDeutsch\nEnglish\nEnglish\nFrench\nfranais\nGreek\n\nItalian\nitaliano\nCroatian\nhrvatski\nDutch\nNederlands\nPolish\npolski\nPortuguese\nportugus\nRomanian\nromn\nRussian\n\nSerbian\n\nSpanish\nespaol\nCzech\netina\nTurkish\nTrke\nUkrainian\n\nclose\nclose\nArabic\n\nBulgarian\n\nChinese\n\nDanish\ndansk\nGerman\nDeutsch\nEnglish\nEnglish\nFrench\nfranais\nGreek\n\nItalian\nitaliano\nCroatian\nhrvatski\nDutch\nNederlands\nPolish\npolski\nPortuguese\nportugus\nRomanian\nromn\nRussian\n\nSerbian\n\nSpanish\nespaol\nCzech\netina\nTurkish\nTrke\nUkrainian\n\nZur deutschen Startseite\nGerman Bundestag\nMembers\nOverview:\nMembers\nclose\nRemuneration\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nParliament\nOverview:\nParliament\nclose\nFunction and role\nLegal framework\nAdoption of legislation\nScrutiny of the government\nElection of the Federal Chancellor\nFederal budget\nParty funding\nPlenary\nPlenary agenda\nCalendar of Sittings\nSecretaries\nDistribution of Seats\nPresidium\nFunctions and duties\nElection of the Presidium\nSpeeches and texts by the President of the Bundestag\nCouncil of Elders\nParliamentary groups\nCitizens Assemblies\nArmed Forces Commissioner\nAdministration\nNational symbols\nHistory\nGerman parliamentarism\nHistory fact sheets\nElections\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nCommittees\nOverview:\nCommittees\nclose\nBudget\nClimate Action and Energy\nCultural and Media Affairs\nDefence\nDigital Affairs\nEconomic Affairs\nEconomic Cooperation and Development\nEducation, Research and Technology Assessment\nEnvironment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection\nEuropean Union Affairs\nFamily 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Documentation\nOfficial records\nMinutes of plenary proceedings\nParliamentary Library\nCatalogue of the Library\nResearch and Documentation Services\nParliamentary Archives\nPress Documentation Division\nText Archive\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nMedia Centre\nOverview:\nMedia Centre\nclose\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nPress\nOverview:\nPress\nclose\nPress\nDigital Image Service/Image Archive\nParliamentary Television\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nVisit\nOverview:\nVisit\nclose\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nTalks\nVisit to plenary sittings\nGuided Tours\nHistorical Exhibition\nArt\nArtists\nSelected works\nWe're glad to be of assistance!\nThe Bundestag on the move\nEnergy concept\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nSearch\nclose\nSearch\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nSearch\nclose\nSearch\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nMembers\nOverview:\nMembers\nclose\nRemuneration\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nParliament\nOverview:\nParliament\nclose\nFunction and role\nLegal framework\nAdoption of legislation\nScrutiny of the government\nElection of the Federal Chancellor\nFederal budget\nParty funding\nPlenary\nPlenary agenda\nCalendar of Sittings\nSecretaries\nDistribution of Seats\nPresidium\nFunctions and duties\nElection of the Presidium\nSpeeches and texts by the President of the Bundestag\nCouncil of Elders\nParliamentary groups\nCitizens Assemblies\nArmed Forces Commissioner\nAdministration\nNational symbols\nHistory\nGerman parliamentarism\nHistory fact sheets\nElections\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nCommittees\nOverview:\nCommittees\nclose\nBudget\nClimate Action and Energy\nCultural and Media Affairs\nDefence\nDigital Affairs\nEconomic Affairs\nEconomic Cooperation and Development\nEducation, Research and Technology Assessment\nEnvironment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection\nEuropean Union Affairs\nFamily Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth\nFinance\nFood and Agriculture\nForeign Affairs\nHealth\nHousing, Urban Development, Building and Local Government\nHuman Rights and Humanitarian Aid\nInternal Affairs and Community\nLabour and Social Affairs\nLegal Affairs\nMediation\nPetitions\nScrutiny of Elections, Immunity and the Rules of Procedure\nSports\nTourism\nTransport\nFurther bodies\nInquiry\nStudy\nScrutiny\nParliamentary Advisory Council on Sustainable Development\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nInternational\nOverview:\nInternational\nclose\nEuropean Policy at German Bundestag\nThe Bundestag's rights to participate in EU affairs\nEurope in the committees\nThe Bundestag and the European Parliament\nBrussels Office\nInternational\nInternational Parliamentary Assemblies\nInternational relations\nExchange programmes\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nDocuments\nOverview:\nDocuments\nclose\nParliamentary Documentation\nOfficial records\nMinutes of plenary proceedings\nParliamentary Library\nCatalogue of the Library\nResearch and Documentation Services\nParliamentary Archives\nPress Documentation Division\nText Archive\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nMedia Centre\nOverview:\nMedia Centre\nclose\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nPress\nOverview:\nPress\nclose\nPress\nDigital Image Service/Image Archive\nParliamentary Television\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nVisit\nOverview:\nVisit\nclose\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nTalks\nVisit to plenary sittings\nGuided Tours\nHistorical Exhibition\nArt\nArtists\nSelected works\nWe're glad to be of assistance!\nThe Bundestag on the move\nEnergy concept\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nSearch\nclose\nSearch\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nSearch\nclose\nSearch\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nclose\nSomethings changed\nThe URL of the page you are trying to access has changed\nYou will be redirected in10sec.\nStay on this page\nAccess new URL\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nVisit\nRegistering to visit the dome of the Reichstag Building\nThe dome and roof terrace of the Reichstag Building are a popular tourist magnet. ( German Bundestag/Neuhauser)\nCurrent information on visiting the German BundestagPrior registration is required in order to visit the German Bundestag. An online booking request form can be found at online registration.Up-to-date entry requirements for the day of your visit can be found in German at current informationThe roof terrace and dome of the Reichstag Building can be visited by members of the public, and offer spectacular views of the parliamentary and government district and Berlins sights.Admission is free; advance registration required.AdmissionEvery quarter of an hourLast admission: 21.45 hrsClosuresThe rooftop terrace and the dome are closed all day on 24December and from 16.00hrs onwards on 31December (last admittance 14.30 hrs). The dome will be closed to visitors from 8. to19. July 202422. to 26. July 202421. to 25. October 2024 and from28. October to 1. November 2024 to allow cleaning and maintenance work to be carried out. The roof terrace can still be visited when the dome is closed.For information about additional closures of the dome, please contact the Visitors' Service by telephone on +49 30/227-32083 during the following hours: Monday 9.00 to 15.00 hrs, Tuesday to Thursday 9.00 to 16.00 hrs, Friday 9.00 to 13.30 hrs.Audioguide to the dome of the Reichstag BuildingIn the course of 20 minutes, your personal guide to the dome will share with you all the most important facts about the Reichstag Building and its surroundings, the German Bundestag, the work of Parliament, and the sights you can see during your 230-metre-long ascent and descent.The easy-to-use audioguides, which you can obtain on the roof terrace, are available in twelve languages: English, French, Chinese, Dutch, Italien, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Turkish, Ukrainian and German. Special audioguides (in German) will also be available for children, for people with disabilities and in easy language.The audioguide is not available when the dome is closed.RegistrationRequests can only be submitted together with a complete list of participants (naming all members of your group). Without an accurate and complete list of participants, the Visitors Service cannot process your request. The following information is required for each person: surname, first name and date of birth.Online registrationWe regret that it is not possible to register by telephone.Information for visitors who have not booked in advanceIf you would like to visit the dome but have not booked in advance, you can register to do so at the service centre run by the Visitors Service near the Reichstag Building, next to the Berlin Pavilion on the south side of Scheidemannstrae. If any free places are still available, you will be issued a booking confirmation entitling you to visit the dome; please note that this must be issued a minimum of two hours before the time of your visit.Important: To book your visit to the dome, you will need to provide the following information at the service centre: your last name, first name and date of birth. When registering in person at the service centre, you must also show official photo identification (e.g. passport, national ID card, drivers licence, student or school pupil ID). Please ensure you bring the original, as copies of identification documents are not accepted.The booking confirmation is issued to you personally and is non-transferable. You will be asked for proof of identity both upon registration and at the main entrance for visitors.The service centre is open during the winter month (November 1 to March 31) from 8.00 to 18.00 hrs and in the summer months (April 1 to 31 October) from 8.00 to 20.00 hrs.Attention: On weekends, the service centre is only open from 10.00 to 18.00 hrs. In addition, please note that the service centre closes at 14.00 hrs on Tuesdays during session weeks.The rooftop restaurantThe rooftop restaurant east of the dome is open daily from 9.00 to 17.00 hrs and from 19.00 hrs to midnight. Visitors who have already reserved a table can reach the rooftop restaurant via the entrance below and to the right of the West Portal (West C). Tables can be reserved by calling +49 (0)30 226-29933 or sending an email to: kaeferreservierung.berlin@feinkost-kaefer.de.\nMarginalspalte\nFurther information\nExhibition on parliamentary history in the dome of the Reichstag Building\nOnline registration\nback to top\nclose\nSeite teilen\nFacebookXWhatsAppMailThreemaTelegram\nLink kopieren\nkopieren\nHomepage\nVisit\nServices for pre-booked visitors\nzurck zu: Visit\nSocial-Media-Verlinkungen\nContactSitemap\nSocial-Media-Verlinkungen\nPrivacy PolicyLegal notice\n German Bundestag\nPrinted from the German Bundestags website\nhttps://www.bundestag.de/en/visittheBundestag/dome/registration-245686\nStand: 29.05.2024", "url": "https://www.bundestag.de/en/visittheBundestag/dome/registration-245686" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Reichstag building - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Etymology\n2History\nToggle History subsection\n2.1Imperial and Weimar Republic eras\n2.2Nazi period\n2.3Cold War\n2.4Reunification\n3Dome\n4See also\n5References\nToggle References subsection\n5.1Notes\n5.2Bibliography\n6External links\nToggle the table of contents\nReichstag building\n68 languages\nAfrikaansAlemannisch ()BosanskiBrezhonegCataletinaDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFranaisFryskGaeilgeGalegoHrvatskiBahasa IndonesiaslenskaItalianoJawa-LatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviMagyarBahasa MelayuNederlandsNorsk bokmlNouormandPolskiPortugusRipoarischRomnSimple EnglishSloveninaSlovenina / srpskiSuomiSvenskaTagalog / tataraTrkeTing VitWinaray\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nCoordinates: 523107N 132234E / 52.51861N 13.37611E / 52.51861; 13.37611\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nSeat of the federal parliament of Germany\nThis article is about the building in Berlin, Germany. For other uses, see Reichstag.\nReichstagThe dedication Dem deutschen Volke, meaning To the German people, can be seen on the frieze above the entrance.General informationAddressPlatz der Republik 1, 11011 BerlinTown or cityBerlinCountryGermanyCoordinates523107N 132234E / 52.51861N 13.37611E / 52.51861; 13.37611Current tenantsBundestagConstruction started9 June 1884Completed1894Renovated19611964, 19921999Height47m (154ft)Technical detailsFloor count6Floor area61,166m2 (658,390sqft)[1]Design and constructionArchitect(s)Paul WallotRenovating teamArchitect(s)Norman Foster\nThe Reichstag (German: Reichstag, pronounced [astak] ; officially: Plenarbereich Reichstagsgebude [astaksbd] ; English: Imperial Assembly), a historic legislative government building on Platz der Republik in Berlin, is the seat of the German Bundestag. It is also the meeting place of the Federal Convention, which elects the President of Germany.\nThe Neo-Renaissance building was constructed between 1884 and 1894 in the Tiergarten district on the left bank of the River Spree to plans by the architect Paul Wallot. It housed both the Reichstag legislature of the German Empire and the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic. The Reich's Federal Council also originally met there. The building was initially used by the Reichstag for Nazi Germany, but severe damage in the Reichstag fire of 1933 prevented further use and the Reichstag moved to the nearby Kroll Opera House. The 1933 fire became a pivotal event in the entrenchment of the Nazi regime. The building took further damage during the Second World War and its symbolism made it an important target for the Red Army during the Battle of Berlin.\nAfter the war, the building was modernised and restored in the 1960s and used for exhibitions and special events, as its location in West Berlin prevented its use as a parliament building by either of the two Germanies. From 1995 to 1999, the Reichstag was fundamentally redesigned by Norman Foster for its permanent use as a parliament building in the now reunified Germany. The keys were handed over to the President of the Bundestag, Wolfgang Thierse, on 19 April 1999. The Bundestag has been meeting there ever since. A landmark of the city is the walk-in glass dome above the plenary chamber, designed by Gottfried Bhm.\nEtymology[edit]\nThe term Reichstag, when used to connote a diet, dates back to the Holy Roman Empire. The building was built for the Diet of the German Empire, which was succeeded by the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic. The latter would become the Reichstag of Nazi Germany, which left the building (and ceased to act as a parliament) after the 1933 fire and never returned, using the Kroll Opera House instead; the term Reichstag has not been used by German parliaments since World War II. In today's usage, the word Reichstag (Imperial Diet) refers mainly to the building, while Bundestag (Federal Diet) refers to the institution.\nHistory[edit]\nImperial and Weimar Republic eras[edit]\nConstruction of the building began well after the unification of Germany in 1871. Starting in 1871, and for the next 23 years, the parliament met in the former property of the Knigliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Berlin, at Leipziger Strae 4. In 1872, an architectural contest with 103 participating architects was carried out to erect a new building, a contest won by Ludwig Bohnstedt. The plan incorporated the Knigsplatz (today's Platz der Republik), which was then occupied by the palace of a Polish-Prussian aristocrat, Athanasius Raczyski. That property was unavailable at the time.[2]\nIn 1882, another architectural contest was held, with 200 architects participating. This time, the winnerthe Frankfurt architect Paul Wallotwould actually see his Neo-Baroque project executed. The direct model for Wallot's design was Philadelphia's Memorial Hall, the main building of the 1876 Centennial Exhibition.[3] Wallot adorned the building's faade with crowns and eagles symbolising imperial strength. The building's four corner towers represented the four German kingdoms at unification, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Wrttemberg, and the heraldic coat of arms of each kingdom, as well as smaller devices representing various German city-states, flanked the main entrance, celebrating the process of unification.[4] Some of the Reichstag's decorative sculptures, reliefs, and inscriptions were by sculptor Otto Lessing.\nOn 29 June 1884, the foundation stone was finally laid by Wilhelm I, at the east side of the Knigsplatz. Before construction was completed by Philipp Holzmann A.G. in 1894,[5] Wilhelm I died (in 1888, the Year of Three Emperors). His eventual successor, Wilhelm II, took a more jaundiced view of parliamentary democracy than his grandfather. The original building was acclaimed for the construction of an original cupola of steel and glass, considered an engineering feat at the time. But its mixture of architectural styles drew widespread criticism.[6]\nIn 1916, the iconic words Dem deutschen Volke (\"To the German People\") were placed above the main faade of the building, much to the displeasure of Wilhelm II, who had tried to block the adding of the inscription for its democratic significance. During the revolutionary days of 1918, two days before World War I ended and just hours after Wilhelm's abdication was announced, Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed the institution of a republic from one of the balconies of the Reichstag building on 9 November. The building continued to be the seat of the parliament of the Weimar Republic (19191933), which was still called the Reichstag. Up to 42 protesters died during the Reichstag Bloodbath of 13 January 1920, when workers tried to protest against a law that would restrict their rights; it was the bloodiest demonstration in German history.[7][8][9]\nThe Knigsplatz with the Raczyski Palace in 1880 (Brandenburg Gate on the right)\nThe Reichstag building on the Knigsplatz, c.1900\nThe Reichstag building, constitution celebration, 11 August 1932\nNazi period[edit]\nMain articles: Reichstag fire and Reichstag (Nazi Germany)\nOn 27 February 1933, there was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, precisely four weeks after Nazi leader Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany. Despite the firefighters' efforts, most of the building was gutted.[10] Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch \"council communist\", was the apparent culprit; however, Hitler attributed the fire to Communist agitators. He used it as a pretext to claim that Communists were plotting against the German government, and induced President Paul von Hindenburg to issue the Reichstag Fire Decree suspending civil liberties, and pursue a \"ruthless confrontation\" with the Communists.[11][12][13]\nFollowing the Reichstag fire, the building was not used for parliamentary sessions for the next 12 years of Nazi rule. Instead, the nearby Kroll Opera House was modified into a legislative chamber and served as the location of all parliamentary sessions, whilst the Reichstag building became the setting for political exhibitions.[10] In 1939, the library and archive were moved elsewhere, and the windows bricked up as the building was made into a fortress. By 1943, the building was used as a hospital, and a radio tube manufacturing facility by AEG. During the Battle of Berlin in 1945, it became one of the central targets for the Red Army to capture, due to its perceived symbolic significance.[14][15][16]\nThe Reichstag building on fire, 27 February 1933\nRaising a Flag over the Reichstag, by Yevgeny Khaldei, 2 May 1945\nRuins of the Reichstag building in postwar occupied Berlin, 3 June 1945\nCold War[edit]\nThe Reichstag building in 1970, before reconstruction. Note the missing dome.When the Cold War emerged, the building was physically within West Berlin, but in ruins. During the Berlin blockade, an enormous number of West Berliners assembled before the building on 9 September 1948, and Mayor Ernst Reuter held a famous speech that ended with \"Ihr Vlker der Welt... schaut auf diese Stadt...\" (\"You people of the world...look upon this city...\").[17]\nIn 1956, after some debate, the West German government decided that the Reichstag should not be torn down, but be restored instead under the guidance of Paul Baumgarten. The cupola of the original building, which had also been heavily damaged in the war, was dismantled, and the outside faade made simpler with the removal of ornaments and statues. Reconstruction started in 1961, and was complete by 1971.[18]\nThe artistic and practical value of his work was the subject of much debate after German reunification. Under the 1971 Four Power Agreement on Berlin, Berlin was formally outside the bounds of either East or West Germany, and so the West German parliament, the Bundestag, was not allowed to assemble formally in West Berlin. This prohibition was obeyed even though East Germany had declared East Berlin its capital, violating this provision. Until 1990, the building was thus used only for occasional representative meetings, and one-off events, such as a free concert given by British rock band Barclay James Harvest on 30 August 1980[19] and by Tangerine Dream on 29 August 1981.[20] It was also used for a widely lauded permanent exhibition about German history called Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte (\"Questions on German history\").\nReunification[edit]\nThe official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990, was held at the Reichstag building, including Chancellor Helmut Kohl, President Richard von Weizscker, former Chancellor Willy Brandt and many others. The event included huge firework displays. The following day the parliament of the united Germany assembled as a symbolic act in the Reichstag building.[21]\nHowever, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, on 20 June 1991, did the Bundestag conclude with quite a slim majority in favour of both government and parliament returning to Berlin from Bonn.\nOn 21 June 1994, Norman Foster was asked to include a dome solution in his draft reconstruction proposal, which he included in his 10 February 1995 plans.[22]\nBefore reconstruction began, the Reichstag was wrapped by the Bulgarian-American artists Christo and his wife Jeanne-Claude in 1995, attracting millions of visitors.[23] The project was financed by the artists through the sale of preparatory drawings and collages, as well as early works of the 1950s and 1960s.[24][25]\nDuring the reconstruction, the building was first almost completely gutted, taking out everything except the outer walls, including all changes made by Baumgarten in the 1960s. Respect for the historic aspects of the building was one of the conditions stipulated to the architects, so traces of historical events were to be retained in a visible state. Among them were bullet holes and graffiti left by Soviet soldiers after the final battle for Berlin in AprilMay 1945. However, graffiti considered offensive was removed, in agreement with Russian diplomats at the time.[26]\nReconstruction was completed in 1999, with the Bundestag convening there officially for the first time on 19 April of that year.[27] The Reichstag is now the second most visited attraction in Germany, not least because of the huge glass dome that was erected on the roof as a gesture to the original 1894 cupola, giving an impressive view over the city, especially at night.[28]\nThe Reichstag building during the official German reunification ceremony, with flags of all German states, 3 October 1990\nThe Reichstag covered in scaffolding during its reconstruction, August 1998. The new dome can be seen above the roofline.\nThe Reichstag as seen from the north-east in 2017, after reconstruction\nDome[edit]\nMain article: Reichstag dome\nThe large glass dome at the very top of the Reichstag has a 360 view of the surrounding Berlin cityscape. The main hall (debating chamber) of the parliament below can also be seen from inside the dome, and natural light from above radiates down to the parliament floor. A large sun shield tracks the movement of the sun electronically and blocks direct sunlight which would not only cause large solar gain, but dazzle those below. Construction work was finished in 1999 and the seat of parliament was transferred to the Bundestag in April of that year. The dome is open to visitors by prior registration.[29]\nThe Reichstag building with Gottfried Bhm's and Norman Foster's glass dome seen from Potsdamer Platz\nThe Reichstag's west facade and illuminated dome at night from Platz der Republik\nSee also[edit]\nGermany portal\nList of legislative buildings\nList of tourist attractions in Berlin\nBand des Bundes\nChristo and Jeanne-Claude\nNational Diet Building of Japan\nReichskanzlei\nReichstag (disambiguation)\nReferences[edit]\nNotes[edit]\n^ \"Reichstag, New German Parliament | Foster + Partners\". Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.\n^ Cullen 2015, p.1725.\n^ Filler, Martin, Makers of Modern Architecture, Volume 1, New York: The New York Review of Books, 2007, ISBN978-1-59017-227-8, p. 226\n^ Barnstone, Deborah Ascher (2004). The Transparent State: Architecture and Politics in Postwar Germany. London: Routledge. p.181. ISBN978-0415700191. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2021.\n^ Schmid, John (24 November 1999). \"Germany Fails in Effort To Keep Builder Afloat\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2013.\n^ David Clay Large, Berlin, New York: Basic Books, 2000, ISBN978-0-465-02646-3, p. 59 Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine.\n^ Liang 1970, p.98.\n^ Weipert 2012, p.16.\n^ Fisher 1948, p.120.\n^ a b Zenter & Bedurftig 1997, p.786.\n^ \"The Reichstag Fire\". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2023.\n^ Holborn 1972, p.182.\n^ Rabinbach 2008, p.97126.\n^ Beevor 2003, p.380, 390397.\n^ Cullen 2015, p.121138.\n^ Hamilton 2008, p.311.\n^ Cullen 2015, p.139148.\n^ Cullen 2015, p.158169.\n^ \"Barclay James Harvest Biography\". Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2020.\n^ \"Tangerine Dream - Berlin 1981\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.\n^ \"Reichstag | History & Facts | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.\n^ Cullen 2015, p.185, 197.\n^ Church, Jok. \"Wrapped Reichstag Berlin, 197195\". Christo and Jeanne Claude. Archived from the original on 27 August 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2009.\n^ Mun-Delsalle, Y.-Jean (14 September 2021). \"Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Final Project Arrives amid Growing Market Interest\". Artsy. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.\n^ Timothy (19 December 2021). \"BERLIN 2021 | The Bundestag in the Reichstag\". Trip By Trip. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.\n^ Cullen 2015, p.203205.\n^ Reichstag Archived 2 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Berlin International\n^ Martin, Guy. \"Touring the Reichstag: How Germany and Sir Norman Foster Gave the Building Back to the Public\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.\n^ www.reichstag.de \"Registering to visit the dome of the Reichstag Building\" Archived 23 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 29 September 2011\nBibliography[edit]\nBeevor, Antony (2003). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-14-028696-0.\nCullen, Michael (2015). Der Reichstag: Symbol Deutscher Geschichte (in German). Berlin: be.bra. ISBN9783898091145.\nFisher, Ruth (1948). Stalin and German Communism. Transaction Publishers. ISBN9781412835015. - Total pages: 687\nHamilton, A. Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945. Helion & Co. ISBN978-1-906033-12-5.\nHolborn, Hajo (1972). Republic to Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution; Ten Essays. Pantheon Books. ISBN978-0394471228. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.\nLiang, Hsi-huey (1970). The Berlin Police Force in the Weimar Republic. University of California Press. ISBN9780520016033. - Total pages: 252\nRabinbach, Anson (2008). \"Staging Antifascism: The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror\". New German Critique. 35 (1): 97126. doi:10.1215/0094033X-2007-021.\nWeipert, Axel (May 2012). \"Vor den Toren der Macht. Die Demonstration am 13. Januar 1920 vor dem Reichstag\" [At the gates of power. The demonstration on January 13, 1920 in front of the Reichstag] (PDF). Arbeit - Bewegung - Geschichte. 11 (2): 1632. ISSN1610-093X. OCLC49930935. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020.\nZenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). \"Reichstag fire\". The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN0306807939.\nReichstag: A Dome for the Capital. Archived 27 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine In: Sites of Unity Archived 17 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine (Haus der Geschichte), 2022.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Reichstag building.\nWebsite of the German parliament\nWrapped Reichstag\nPhotos of the Reichstag from 1989 and Photos of the 1945 Battle for the Reichstag.\nReichstag and vicinity at dawn, July 1971. 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Where is the best place to experience it? Come and explore the Reichstag!Reservations and tickets how to visit the ReichstagThere are several options to visit the Reichstag:join a guided tourlisten to a plenary session (in German of course)climb up to the dome and the roofOnline registration at the Bundestag (German parliament)A quick look around or a detailed tour - both is possible but only with an advanced booking. For this, simply use the online form and you can find further information at bundestag.de.Our tip: There are a lot of visitors to the Reichstag on weekends. If possible, its better to choose a time midweek.Other tickets for tours in the Reichstag and government district\n visitBerlin, Foto: Dagmar Schwelle\nEnjoy a boat ride past the government districtTake photos of the Reichstag and the government district from the water on a boat trip through Berlin.Ticket for boat tripsCity tours and guided tours with ReichstagExplore the government district and learn more about Berlins history and the architecture of the Reichstag building during a city tour.Popular tickets among our visitors can be found at visitBerlin.deInsider Tour Insider WalkIndividual city toursHop On / Hop Off - Bus tours with a stop at the ReichstagExplore Berlins sights during the bus tour and get off directly at the Reichstag. Book your tickets directly at visitBerlin.de and avoid long queues in Berlin.Tickets for bus toursA short history of the ReichstagThe Reichstag is an internationally recognisable symbol of democracy and the current home of the German parliament. Every year, thousands of guests visit the Reichstag - and with good reason: It is not often that you can enjoy such an amazing panorama while, just beneath your feet, the political decisions of tomorrow are being made. Both as an architectural wonder and a historical testimony, the Reichstag has an important role to play in Berlin.\n visitberlin, Foto: Wolfgang Scholvien\nThe original building is designed by Paul Wallot and modelled after the Memorial Hall in Philadelphia. Decorative motifs, sculptures and mosaics are contributed by the artist Otto Lessing. The Reichstag is completed in 1894 although it doesnt acquire its iconic dedication to the German People until 1916 when the words Dem Deutschen Volke are inscribed on its faade. At the time Kaiser Wilhelm II regards the building as the pinnacle of bad taste.The Reichstag serves as the home of the German parliament until 1933 when the building is badly damaged in a fire. This event marks the end of the Weimar Republic and provides a convenient pretext for Hitler to suppress dissent. Under Nazi dictatorship, the building falls into neglect and is severely damaged during the Second World War. In 1945 it becomes one of the primary targets for the Red Army due to its perceived propaganda value.After the war, West Germanys parliament is relocated to Bonn, and the building remains a virtual ruin until 1961 when a partial renovation is undertaken in the shadow of the newly erected Wall. Completed in 1964 this controversial restoration sees the buildings interior and exterior stripped of the majority of its statuary. However, the city makes efforts to retain the traces of its more recent history such as the bullet ridden faade and the graffiti left by the occupying Soviet soldiers.Throughout the cold war period and until the German reunification in 1989 the Reichstag is the site of a permanent exhibition, Questions about German History but otherwise sees only occasional ceremonial use. In 1990 the Reichstag is the site of the official reunification ceremony. After another year of intense debate, it is decided that it will once again be the home of the German national parliament. In 1995, just prior to the commencement of Norman Fosters restoration of the building, artist Christo and his wife Jeanne-Claude wrap the Reichstag in fabric. Fosters careful restoration and redesign of the building is completed in 1999, and the new German government convenes at the Reichstag for the first time on April the 19th.There is a certain irony in the fact that the buildings glass cupola is not featured in Fosters original plans for the renovation of the Reichstag. The dome sits directly above the debating chamber. A mirrored cone at its centre directs light into the Reichstag, increasing the buildings energy efficiency and affording visitors a view of the parliamentary proceedings below. The dome itself can be visited by prior registration and is reached by two large steel ramps that curve up towards it in the form of a double helix.Five fascinating facts about the Reichstag\nImage gallery\n visitberlin, Foto: Wolfgang Scholvien\nThe Reichstag with flapping flags\n iStock.com, Foto: \nThe Reichstag in winter\n visitberlin, Foto: Wolfgang Scholvien\nDome in the Reichstag\n visitBerlin, Foto: Artfully Media, Sven Christian Schramm\nFrontview of the Reichstag\n visitBerlin, Foto: Dagmar Schwelle\nSpree with a view of the Reichstag\n visitBerlin, Foto: Artfully Media, Sven Christian Schramm\nThe Reichstag in Berlin in summer\nPreviousPrevious\nNextNext\nCyrillic graffiti left by Soviet soldiers, after their siege of the Reichstag in 1945, has been carefully preserved and can be still seen by visitors today.A true example of eco-architecture, the Reichstag is highly self sufficient in its production of energy. The shape of the dome allows the building to make use of natural lighting and ventilation which makes the building a unique symbol of sustainability.The Reichstag is an important art venue. It has a considerable art collection and shows changing exhibitions as well as permanently installed artworks.The roof of the Reichstag is home to the Kfer Dachgarten Restaurant where guests with a prior reservation can enjoy a delicious breakfast, lunch or dinner. Free panoramic view included!Besides its eventful history, Berlin is known to be a casual and friendly city. See for yourself on the grass in front of the Reichstag. This is a perfect place for picnics and a popular spot for sunbathing and relaxing.What to see nearby when you visit the ReichstagThere are a number of important Berlin landmarks situated in the immediate vicinity of the Reichstag. The main railway station, the Bundeskanzleramt and the Brandenburger Tor are all located a short walk away from the parliament building. You can also find a number of memorials nearby. These include the astounding Holocaust-Memorial by Peter Eisenman that consists of 2,711 concrete slabs arranged in a grid in which you can suddenly feel very disoriented and small. Another nearby memorial consisting of a circular pool commemorates the Sinti and Roma victims of National Socialism, whilst a concrete cube containing a video memorialises the homosexuals persecuted under Nazism.How to get to the Reichstag using public transportThe Reichstag is easily accessible by public transport as it is situated just a short distance from Berlins main rail station, the Hauptbahnhof. The number 100 bus, which provides an unrivalled sightseeing opportunity along its route between the Zoo Station in the West and Alexanderplatz in the East, also stops at the Reichstag, as does the M41. The nearest U-Bahn station to the Reichstag is the Bundestag. It is the middle station of only three stations on what is surely Berlins shortest U-Bahn line which runs between the Hauptbahnhof and Brandenburger Tor.\nOpening hours (additional information)\nThe dome and roof terrace are open from 8.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. in the winter months (1 November to 31 March) and from 8.00 a.m. to 8.00 p.m. in the summer months (1 April to 31 October).The dome and roof terrace are closed all day on 24 December and from 4 p.m. on 31 December (last admission at 2.30 p.m.). The dome can be visited from15 to 19 April 202408 to 19 July 202422 to 26 July 202421 to 25 October 2024 and from28 October to 1 November 2024cannot be visited due to cleaning and maintenance work. The roof terrace will remain accessible during these dome closures.\nFind further information here\nyour visit\nShare on Facebook\nShare on Facebook\nShare on X\nShare on X\nShare by email\nShare by email\nPrint page\nPrint page\nAddress\nPlatz der Republik 1\n11011\nBerlin\nYou might find this also interesting\n visitBerlin, Foto: Dagmar Schwelle\nPolitical transparency for the citizens German Chancellery Berlins Federal Chancellery houses the offices of the German Chancellor and is the modern counterpart to the Reichstag Parliament\nShow details\n visitBerlin, Foto: Dagmar Schwelle\nSymbol of German reunificationBrandenburg Gate Brandenburg Gate is the first stop for every visitor to Berlin! The citys iconic landmark offers fascinating insights into the citys\nShow details\n iStock.com, Foto: savoia\nConnecting East and West Band des Bundes Berlins government buildings form a bridge over the river Spree connecting East and West. Known as the Band des Bundes the Federal\nShow details\nJump to top\nMail us\nhallo@visitBerlin.de\nSubscribe to\nour newsletter\nNavigation: About\nAbout visitBerlin\nPress\nJobs and career\nConvention\nTraveltrade\nAdvertising on visitBerlin.com\nBerlin's official travel website visitBerlin.de\nWe know Berlin and are here for you, even on-site.We know Berlin and are here for you, even on-site.\nWe know Berlin and are here for you, even on-site.\nWe offer you great deals, hotels and tickets.We offer you great deals, hotels and tickets.\nWe offer you great deals, hotels and tickets.\nWe have Berlin's biggest event calendar with many tips.We have Berlin's biggest event calendar with many tips.\nWe have Berlin's biggest event calendar with many tips.\nvisitBerlin-Blog\nHere write the Berlin insiders\nInsider tips for the German capital\nNews from Berlin, events & trends\nThe favourite places of Berliners\nFollow us\nvisitBerlin on FacebookFacebook logo\nvisitBerlin on XTwitter 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Building4.535,600 reviews#1 of 1,258 things to do in BerlinPoints of Interest & LandmarksArchitectural BuildingsGovernment BuildingsOpen now8:00 AM - 10:00 PMMonday8:00 AM - 10:00 PMTuesday8:00 AM - 10:00 PMWednesday8:00 AM - 10:00 PMThursday8:00 AM - 10:00 PMFriday8:00 AM - 10:00 PMSaturday8:00 AM - 10:00 PMSunday8:00 AM - 10:00 PMWrite a reviewAboutSituated just north of the Brandenburg Gate, this building houses the German Parliament and was the seat of the Weimar Republic government until it was seized by the Nazis in 1933.Read moreDuration: 2-3 hoursSuggest edits to improve what we show.Improve this listingTours & experiencesExplore different ways to experience this place.See optionsFull viewAll photos (21,124)What is Travelers Choice Best of the Best?This award is our highest recognition and is presented annually to those businesses that are the Best of the Best on Tripadvisor, those that earn excellent reviews from travelers and are ranked in the top 1% of properties 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Shore Excursion: Third Reich Berlin3Historical Toursfrom $814.02 per adult (price varies by group size)Warnemnde Shore Excursion: Private Sachsenhausen and Berlin Tour1Historical Toursfrom $828.04 per adult (price varies by group size)The area AddressPlatz der Republik 1, 10557 Berlin GermanyNeighborhood: Mitte (Borough)Read moreHow to get thereBundestag 4 min walkBrandenburger Tor 6 min walkReach out directlyVisit websiteCallEmailFull viewBest nearbyRestaurants5,456 within 3 milesLorenz Adlon Esszimmer4300.2 mi$$$$ French European Central EuropeanKaefer - Dachgarten Restaurant3,112167 ft$$$$ German International ContemporaryIndia Club3890.3 mi$$$$ Indian Vegetarian Friendly Vegan OptionsFlamingo Fresh Food Bar9990.4 mi$ Cafe International EuropeanBrasserie Quarr3930.2 mi$$$$ German European Central EuropeanRotes Kamel Restaurant1820.4 mi$$ - $$$ Lebanese Mediterranean Middle EasternRistorante Cinque2760.4 mi$$ - $$$ Italian Vegetarian Friendly Vegan OptionsIl Punto3240.4 mi$$$$ Italian Mediterranean EuropeanAlt-Berliner Wirtshaus1,7700.4 mi$$ - $$$ German Vegetarian Friendly Gluten Free OptionsAdlon To Go Coffee Shop870.2 mi$$ - $$$ Cafe InternationalSee allAttractions1,071 within 6 milesBibliothek des Deutschen Bundestages1114 ftLibrariesMemorial to the Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism360482 ftPoints of Interest & Landmarks Monuments & StatuesBrandenburg Gate46,5350.2 miPoints of Interest & Landmarks Monuments & StatuesPlatz der Republik107465 ftPoints of Interest & LandmarksJakob-Kaiser Haus5485 ftArchitectural Buildings Government BuildingsPaul-Lbe-Haus350.1 miArchitectural Buildings Government BuildingsThe Holocaust Memorial - Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe36,8880.3 miMonuments & StatuesHerkules Musagetis20.1 miMonuments & StatuesPariser Platz4350.2 miPoints of Interest & LandmarksSoviet Memorial Tiergarten6850.2 miHistoric SitesSee allSee what travelers are sayingLearn moreSidSneScotland, United Kingdom331 contributions5.0 of 5 bubblesGreat place to view entire city from doneVery impressive building with history The guide us very educated and explained everything well Amazing done and views of whole city from top.\nGo around 1800 visit so that you can go to the top for pictures of sunset on a good summer day. Its so beautiful to see whole of Berlin from thereRead moreVisited June 2023Traveled with familyWritten June 26, 2023Kay CMelbourne, Australia296 contributions4.0 of 5 bubblesBook ahead for ticketsSee where famous Angela Merkel spoke. Walk through the modern dome of the German Parliament House. You can ask for a free audio guide device when you reach the rooftop area.\nBut it is strongly recommended that you book tickets online days and even weeks ahead of your visit.Read moreVisited July 2023Traveled as a coupleWritten July 5, 2023Henry R17 contributions5.0 of 5 bubblesAmazing English tour of the Reichstag The tour of the building with an outstanding, well informed volunteer guide turned out to be an unexpected top highlight of a weekend Berlin. Fascinating information and a healthy dose of politics too. Obviously the dome is incredible too!Read moreVisited July 2023Traveled with familyWritten July 8, 202327508518717World22 contributions5.0 of 5 bubblesVisit the dome!I highly recommend visiting the dome of the Reichstag Building. It gives an excellent view of the city. Be sure to take a pamphlet when you have arrived with the elevator on the top floor. The pamphlet has a photo of the view from the dome with arrows/numbers to show what each building is. Very sunny and warm. Be sure to bring sun glasses/sun cap.Read moreVisited July 2023Written July 9, 2023CloraLondon, United Kingdom9 contributions5.0 of 5 bubblesThe Reichstag Building should be your first stop!The grand entrance is striking in its symmetry, and it's the perfect place to take a picture to remember your visit. Inside, you'll find a variety of interesting exhibits to explore. From the history of the building to the modern art installations, there's something for everyone. And if you're lucky, you might even get to see the famous glass dome! So if you want to experience something truly grand in Berlin, the Reichstag Building is the perfect place to go.Read moreVisited July 2023Traveled as a coupleWritten July 18, 2023StevieNewcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom68 contributions5.0 of 5 bubbles100% add a visit to your itineraryBooked a guided tour in advance for free on their website and it was well worth it ! The guide was fantastic , he was so informative , relaxed and funny . He engaged with all members of the tour and was very happy to answer questions ! The building is fantastic and its really go to see inside the chamber. Once the tour was finished we were permitted to also visit the dome on the roof which was a fantastic experience with excellent rooftop views of Berlin. I would 100% recommend adding this to your itinerary ! I booked my tour to start at 18:30 which mean the sun was going down by time we got to the dome so have a nice evening backdrop !Read moreVisited July 2023Traveled soloWritten July 19, 2023BigMerkGlasgow, United Kingdom2,508 contributions4.0 of 5 bubblesVisit to the domeWe had pre-arranged (as you must do) a dome visit during our 7 hour whistle-stop tour of Berlin. We quickly got thru security, who checked our booking (it was free) and ID before ascending in a glass elevator to the dome at the top of the Reichstagg. The views are amazing as is the architecture of the dome. Its well worth doing. Entry to the Reichstagg itself is separate and we did not manage to do this.Read moreVisited July 2023Traveled with friendsWritten July 23, 2023Tammy WNottingham, United Kingdom147 contributions5.0 of 5 bubblesStunning views across the cityWe booked our visit a few weeks before we arrived in Berlin. This was very easy and I got a response confirming our booking very quickly.\nOnce we arrived, the security check was quick and easy, we were then escorted in a group into the building, up the lift to the dome. Once there we were free to wander in the dome and the outside terrace.\nThe free audio guide was great, pointing out interesting features in the skyline and really helped to orientate us where everything was. The weather was beautiful so we had fantastic clear views.Read moreVisited July 2023Written July 25, 2023Sheepy-PrincessCardiff, United Kingdom41 contributions5.0 of 5 bubblesA must-do Berlin visit!Great must-do visit when in Berlin.\nI applied for tickets a couple of months in advance- easily done via the internet. Entrance is actually free of charge- take your passports to confirm your identity.\nWe visited the rooftop terrace. There are audio guides available but we used the written visitor guide. Great views all around Berlin and lots of seating. Accessible to all as a lift takes you up/down and there are plenty of seating spaces to enjoy the view.Read moreVisited July 2023Traveled with familyWritten July 27, 2023tufttufttuftHampshire, United Kingdom1,317 contributions4.0 of 5 bubblesCheck its not closed for maintenanceWent with my son for a weekend to Berlin and this was a recommended trip. We booked our tickets in advance however not early enough as we could only get a slot after sunset. Though it was still lovely, I think the views would have been better had we visited during the day. Also, the main attraction was closed for its yearly maintenance for the whole time we were in Berlin, so although we could go onto the roof, we could not enter the main visitor section of the room- the dome.\nYou did need ID, it was similar to getting into an airport with the amount of checks they carried out.Read moreVisited October 2022Traveled with familyWritten August 5, 2023These reviews are the subjective opinion of Tripadvisor members and not of TripAdvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews.ContributeWrite a reviewUpload a photoReviewsQ&AFiltersEnglishDetailed ReviewsMost Recent: Reviews ordered by most recent publish date in descending order.\nDetailed Reviews: Reviews ordered by recency and descriptiveness of user-identified themes such as wait time, length of visit, general tips, and location information.Popular mentionsbook in advanceglass domeaudio guidephoto idgerman parliamentroof terracetime slotsecurity checkamazing buildingwalk upwell worth a visitfree tourvisiting berlinpassportrampregisternormanfosterspiralarchitecturegovernmentticketscupolaparliamentarychamberpoliticsgermanygraffiti4.54.5 of 5 bubbles35,600 reviewsExcellent24,354Very good9,089Average1,711Poor259Terrible189Olivia GBudapest, Hungary41 contributions25.0 of 5 bubblesthe parliament at another levelNov 2019In order to visit the parliament you must make your reservation in advance and present an identity document, vis-a-vis the building , and its free of charge.At the entrance, the security is very similar to the one from the airports. You will receive headphones with audio guides and when you walk in the dome it will tell you about the buildings you see. A beautiful experience!At the exit is a very interesting job, a person is paid just to press a button to open the doors, I'm a little bad :))Read moreWritten February 3, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.The_Oj1Nairobi, Kenya168 contributions25.0 of 5 bubblesThe hallmark of German historyFeb 2020The Reichstag building is quite the monument with rich history and magnificence that any visitor to Berlin should never miss to visit. Entry is free and one receives an audio guide that activates automatically in the ramps. One should book early enough. It is an exciting activity that my 7 year olds enjoyed just as much. I recommend mid-day visit, we went at night at 1800h and we could not get a good view of the city building as described by the audio guide.This is worth your time.Read moreWritten February 24, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.Phil JNottingham, UK13 contributions25.0 of 5 bubblesBrilliant visitJan 2020We booked online a couple of weeks before our trip to Berlin. Very speedy response and we were booked in for our preferred time.On the day we arrived about 45 minutes early, but that was no problem as we were allowed in, through the security check with no queue or delay.The trip to the dome was really efficient, and the information provided on the displays and audio guide were perfect, distilling a great deal of information into straightforward messages. The audio guide pointed out buildings on the skyline, also providing background information on each one, as well as information on the Reichstag and the dome itself. Never too busy with other visitors, we spent over an hour enjoying the visit and we were impressed that it was all free.Read moreWritten January 20, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.Blue pearlBerlin, Germany18 contributions15.0 of 5 bubblesHistorical relevant place to go!Nov 2019Here is the seat of the German government. It is also a very important historical building. A must is to go to the beautiful glass dome. The view is spectacular. The building is situated next to the Brandenburg gate in the center of Berlin. The restaurant Kfer has very good food but you must reserve a table. The reichstag is a very popular place to go so I recommend you take time to wait in line to go up. They only allow a certain number of visitors at one time and the security is tight because its the Bundestag, their congress. TIP: If you make a reservation at Kfer online, you will be expedited to the dome. The restaurant isnt cheap but worthwhile. If youre only a short time in Berlin be sure to go here and explore the whole area around it.Read moreWritten February 15, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.FOODTART2011Edinburgh, UK71 contributions24.0 of 5 bubblesLimited to 100 free tickets available per hour for tourFeb 2020Remember your Photo ID if you want to enter and tour. Tickets must be obtained first( early birds get best pick). very popular tour. Booth over the road next to cafe and then Q for security. Well organised and worth the tripRead moreWritten February 8, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.Susan BWiesbaden, Germany213 contributions25.0 of 5 bubblesYou dont need a tour - go online to the Bundestag website & book for free!Jan 2020 FriendsI've been up to the top of the Reichstag three times now -- taking different friends each time. Before you get to Berlin, go online (I googled German Bundestag Dome) or \"Registering to visit the dome of the Reichstag Building\". The earlier you book before your trip, the more time slots that are available (we went mid-day, night, and then sunset). When you get to the top, there is a free audio guide telling you about the sights & the dome itself,Read moreWritten February 1, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.LeLozza9London, UK42 contributions25.0 of 5 bubblesImpressiveJan 2020Book ahead to see this interesting building. I booked a guided tour in English of the parliament building which also included an audio guide of the dome. The guide who showed our group around the building was very knowledge and helpful. The tour was extremely interesting, the new building was designed by Sir Norman Foster and is very impressive. We spent about an hour with our guide who left us at the dome for the audio tour. Really worth doing and free.Read moreWritten January 18, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.andycoldhamCrawley, UK980 contributions25.0 of 5 bubblesAwesomeJul 2020The Reichstag is a fabulous historical building, It is essential to book for visits and at the time of writing tours were only being run on weekends so we were unable to visit the interior or climb up the glass dome. Its a great photo spot and the park adjacent is a lovely place to while away a few hours and is very popular with the locals. Top tip is to book ahead as long as possible as at the moment,entry is very restrictedRead moreWritten July 24, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.senkayuBelgrade, Serbia131 contributions25.0 of 5 bubblesGreat place, do not miss it!Feb 2020 FamilyVisit to Reichstag is free of charge but you must apply online ahead and get your exact time slot to enter the building. We were so impressed not only by the city view from the top of the building, but also by construction of the roof and genius way of implementing science and environment protection awareness into the architecture. Make sure you take audio tour in order to learn about these very creative solutions as well as to recognize many important buildings that can be spotted from the top.Restaurant is nice looking but pricey. Read moreWritten February 13, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.LexUnited Kingdom122 contributions25.0 of 5 bubblesFantastic free experienceFeb 2020 CouplesThis was first on my list when researching things to experience in Berlin and it did not disappoint. The building of course is steeped in history, and the Norman Foster-designed dome was a particular highlight.We listened to the English audio tour and this was informative about the structure and the wider context and geography of Berlin.The tour was free, but requires booking in advance and is subject to security checks upon entry.Read moreWritten February 25, 2020This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.12Showing results 1-10 of 16,566eugenio tTremestieri Etneo, Italy31 contributionsCiao, la visita solo della cupola o anche del parlamento?Add a replyRomy VHaii,\nIk en mijn partner willen graag gaan samenwonen en hebben ons ingeschreven via een platform dat voor ons opzoek gaat naar woningen die voldoen aan onze eisen. Wij zagen een mooi appartement voor een goede prijs en hebben hierop gereageerd. Een week later kreeg in een mailtje van een vrouw (eigenaresse van de woning) wij konden het huren voor een onbepaalde tijd en trip advisor dient hier als een soort agent. We zouden dan eerst geld moeten overmaken, waarnaar we de woning konden bezichtigen en als we er uiteindelijk wilde gaan wonen konden we een contract ondertekenen en zouden we erin kunnen. Mochten we na deze bezichtiging het appartement toch niet willen huren, dan zouden we het volledige bedrag terug krijgen. Is dit iets wat ik moet geloven, of is dit pure oplichting? Weet niet zo goed wat ik er mee aan moet namelijk.\nMisschien heeft iemand hier ervaring mee?Add a replyMoira H28 contributionsIs there a left luggage facility? David KUnited Kingdom488 contributionsMmm..Not sure about Left Luggage facility\nWhen you pass thru security ,They check your Luggage\nI`m not sure if they would looked after it!Read all replies Netanya, Israel26 contributions daithifaulkner16 contributionsYesRead all repliesAngeles R1 contributionEn la puerta, hay posibiliddes reales de conseguir entradas , porqu por Internet, en mis fechas de estancia ya estn cubiertas?Angel MTortosa, Spain255 contributionsHola, no te lo s decir. Por lo que vi, todos bamos con las entradas reservadas, pero nunca se sabe, de todas maneras piensa que son alemanes y es difcil romperles los esquemas en las normas.Read all repliesHelen L3 contributionsHow do I book free entry Add a replyHelen L3 contributionsHow do I book free entry Add a replyBadMoon12Albuquerque, NM21 contributionsHi. I am confused about the free audio tour and having to make a reservation. I see that there is a way to make a reservation for a guided tour that takes 90 minutes and is offered in languages besides German at certain days/times. What reservation do you have to make to take a free audio tour? Thanks, Elaine1991KEBNavarre, FL1,534 contributionsHi Elaine, we made our reservations in advance with an audio tour. They let us in early and there was a long line to buy tickets. So order at home and you will be able to get in with no problem. It was definitely worth it. Go Lobo'sRead all repliesChelsea4 contributionsWhat other attractions are in the area to visit? We will have a 8 year old and 12. apars0nManchester, UK644 contributionsThe Tiergarten park opposite, and the zoo is near the other end of the park (about 3km from Reichstag). Public transport options if little legs won't make it!Read all repliesAlanah ReeveBury St. Edmunds, UK472 contributionsI have booked to visit as soon as we land meaning we will have hand luggage (medium sized rucksacks) with us. Will these be allowed in or is it worth booking for another day instead? Everything will be safe and airport standard however, don't want to be turned away once we arrive!Paul HWarrington, UK49 contributionsNot a problem, but it will be scanned.Read all repliesView allAlso popular with travelersSee all2023Memorial of the Berlin Wall18,156Historic SitesMitte2023Brandenburg Gate46,535Points of Interest & Landmarks Monuments & StatuesOpen now Mitte2023The Holocaust Memorial - Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe36,888Monuments & StatuesMitte2023East Side Gallery16,912Historic Sites Points of Interest & LandmarksFriedrichshain2023Berliner Unterwelten4,634Ancient Ruins Architectural BuildingsMitte2023Berliner Philharmonie3,246Symphonies Architectural BuildingsMitte2023Friedrichstadt-Palast5,978Points of Interest & Landmarks Architectural BuildingsOpen now MitteGleis 17 Memorial645Historic Sites Points of Interest & LandmarksGrunewald2023Berlin-Hohenschonhausen Memorial2,641Historic SitesAlt-Hohenschnhausen2023House of the Wannsee Conference751Historic Sites Educational sitesWannseeIs this your Tripadvisor listing?Own or manage this property? 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If you are a resident of another country or region, please select the appropriate version of Tripadvisor for your country or region in the drop-down menu. more", "url": "https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g187323-d190517-Reviews-Reichstag_Building-Berlin.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Reichstag BuildingMapHistoryThemed routesDonatePlan your tripfrdeplitenGermany / LandmarkReichstag BuildingBookmarkShareDirectionsThe Reichstag was built between 1884 and 1894. It served as the seat of parliament in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. During the Second World War the building was heavily damaged. Since 1994 it has been rebuilt and renovated. Nowadays, the Reichstag functions as the seat of the German federal parliament.AboutExploreMediaThe original Reichstag building was designed in 1884 by architect Paul Wallot. In 1894 the building opened as the Reichstag of the German Empire. After 1918 it became the parliament of the Weimar Republic.In 1933, the so called Reichstag Fire completely destroyed the plenary chamber. The Dutch Marinus van der Lubbe, a communist, was convicted and sentenced to death. Adolf Hitler used the fire as an excuse to persecute political opponents.The Reichstag was heavily damaged during the Second World War. Seizing the building was one of the last battles in the conquest of Berlin. Assaulting the iconic building on 30 April 1945, two Soviet soldiers raised the Soviet flag on the Reichstag building. The scene was re-enacted for a propaganda photo on 2 May. The German parliament, the Bundestag, sat in Bonn from 1949 to 1999. After the division of the city, the Reichstag building, which was located in the British sector, soon became a symbol of German unity. For that reason the Bundestag decided to maintain the Reichstag building, which had suffered severe damage during the war.The Reichstag building, decrepit and ruined, was partially refurbished in the 1960s. After German reunification, the Bundestag decided to use the building as a seat of parliament again. Since 1994, the building has rebuilt and renovated according to plans by star architect Norman Foster.Reopened in 1999, the Reichstag now functions as a seat of the federal German parliament. The roof terrace and glass dome of the Reichstag Building can be visited by members of the public, and offer spectacular views of the parliamentary and government district and Berlins sights. Various 90-minute tours are available when Parliament is not sitting.Reichstag Building, Platz der Republik, Berlin, Allemagne+ 49 ((0)30) 227-32152\nbesucherdienst@bundestag.de\nWebsiteStay up to date with the latest news and eventNewsletterMapHistoryThemed routesPodcastsBookmarksAboutHikingTour operatorsLRE Guide NetworkData & PrivacyCookies2024 LRE Foundation", "url": "https://www.liberationroute.com/pois/229/reichstag-building" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Reichstag | History & Facts | Britannica\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nLogin\nSubscribe Now\nSubscribe\nHome\nGames & Quizzes\nHistory & Society\nScience & Tech\nBiographies\nAnimals & Nature\nGeography & Travel\nArts & Culture\nMoney\nVideos\nReichstag\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction\nReferences & Edit History\nRelated Topics\nImages & Videos\nRelated Questions\nWhere is Berlin located?\nBerlin is famous for what cultural institutions?\nBerlin is the capital of what country?\nWhat was the cause of World War II?\nWhat were the turning points of World War II?\nRead Next\n13 Buildings That Tell Berlins Story\n75th Anniversary of Operation Barbarossa\n70th Anniversary of V-E Day\nTypes of Landing Craft of World War II Infographic\nAnniversary of the Tokyo Firebombing\nDiscover\nWhy Is Missouri Called the Show Me State?\nThe 10 Greatest Basketball Players of All Time\nPoker Hands Ranked\nEstimated Battle Casualties During the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944\nSecret Service Code Names of 11 U.S. Presidents\nWhats the Difference Between a Turtle and a Tortoise?\n9 of the Worlds Deadliest Snakes\nContents\nHome\nVisual Arts\nArchitecture\nReichstag\nbuilding, Berlin, Germany\nActions\nCite\nShare\nGive Feedback\nExternal Websites\nPrint\nCite\nShare\nFeedback\nExternal Websites\nWritten and fact-checked by\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nArticle History\nTable of Contents\nNorman Foster: ReichstagReichstag, Berlin, restorations and renovations by Norman Foster, 1999.(more)The chamber of the German Bundestag, with an interior view of the Reichstag dome.Reichstag, building in Berlin that is the meeting place of the Bundestag (Federal Assembly), the lower house of Germanys national legislature. One of Berlins most famous landmarks, it is situated at the northern end of the Ebertstrasse and near the south bank of the Spree River. Tiergarten Park is directly west of the building, and the Brandenburg Gate is to the south.Reichstag fireBurning of the Reichstag building in Berlin, February 1933.(more)The mystery behind the Reichstag fireAn investigation into who caused the Reichstag fire.(more)See all videos for this articleNorman Foster: ReichstagInterior of the Reichstag's glass dome, Berlin, designed by Norman Foster, 1999.(more)Berlin: ReichstagDome atop the Reichstag, Berlin.(more)The Neo-Renaissance building was designed by Paul Wallot and was completed in 1894. It was the home of the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) from 1894 to 1933, during the periods of the German Empire (18711918) and the Weimar Republic (191933). A fire at the Reichstag on February 27, 1933, one month after Adolf Hitler assumed the chancellorship, triggered events that led to Hitlers assumption of dictatorial powers in Germany. The disused building sustained additional damage from Allied bombing during World War II, and neglect in postwar years led to further deterioration. By the 1970s it had undergone partial restoration and became a museum of German history. More extensive restoration and renovation took place, under the direction of British architect Sir Norman Foster, after the reunification of West and East Germany in 1990. The buildings huge glass dome, once its most recognizable feature, was rebuilt. An interior ramp spirals to the top of the dome, affording excellent views of the surrounding city. After the restoration was completed, the Reichstag became one of Berlins most prominent tourist attractions, drawing hundreds of thousands of visitors each year.Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Wrapped ReichstagWrapped Reichstag, temporary installation by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, 1995; in Berlin.(more)The building became the focus of the art world in June 1995 when it was wrapped in more than one million square feet (more than 90,000 square meters) of silver fabric by the environmental sculptorsChristo and Jeanne-Claude. More than five million people viewed the installation, which was regarded as one of Christo and Jeanne-Claudes most ambitious projects.BundestagChamber of the Bundestag, in the Reichstag building, Berlin.(more)BundestagThe German Bundestag, Berlin.(more)On October 4, 1990, the Bundestag of the newly reunified German state had met for the first time in the Reichstag and the following year voted to transfer the seat of government from Bonn to Berlin, with the Reichstag becoming the Bundestags permanent home. Though the use of the Reichstag was met with some criticism, the Bundestag opened its inaugural session there on September 7, 1999.\nIn the 21st century the Reichstag became a symbol of Germanys commitment to renewable energy. The Reichstags iconic dome was designed to bathe the Bundestag chamber in natural light, and a massive solar array on its roof further increased the buildings energy independence. Biofuel generators provided for a significant amount of the Reichstags power needs, and in 2008 the Bundestag approved a plan to power the building with 100 percent renewable resources.The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn.\nLoad Next Page\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).\nFeedback Type\nSelect a type (Required)\nFactual Correction\nSpelling/Grammar Correction\nLink Correction\nAdditional Information\nOther\nYour Feedback\nSubmit Feedback\nThank you for your feedback\nOur editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/Reichstag-building-Berlin-Germany\nExternal Websites\nAlpha History - The Weimar Reichstag\nUniversity of Idaho - Reichstag, New German Parliament\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nReichstag - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)\nverifiedCite\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\nPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\nSelect Citation Style\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago Manual of Style\nBritannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. \"Reichstag\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Feb. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reichstag-building-Berlin-Germany. Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/Reichstag-building-Berlin-Germany\nExternal Websites\nAlpha History - The Weimar Reichstag\nUniversity of Idaho - Reichstag, New German Parliament\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nReichstag - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reichstag-building-Berlin-Germany" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Reichstag New German Parliament | Project\nBack To TopProjectsExpertiseStudioNewsCareersContactLegal and policies 2024 Foster + Partners. All Rights Reserved.", "url": "https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/reichstag-new-german-parliament" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Christo and Jeanne-Claude\nWe're sorry but this Website doesn't work properly without JavaScript\nenabled. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Thaddeus McCotter - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life, education, and career\n2U.S. House of Representatives\nToggle U.S. House of Representatives subsection\n2.1Committee assignments\n2.1.1Party leadership and caucus memberships\n3Political positions\n4Political campaigns\nToggle Political campaigns subsection\n4.12012 presidential campaign\n4.22012 congressional campaign and petition scandal\n4.3Resignation and aftermath\n5Post-congressional career\n6Bibliography\n7Personal life\n8See also\n9References\n10External links\nToggle the table of contents\nThaddeus McCotter\n11 languages\nCatalDeutschEspaolFranaisItalianoNorsk bokmlPolskiSvenska\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikinewsWikiquote\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAmerican politician (born 1965)\nThaddeus McCotterChair of the House Republican Policy CommitteeIn officeJanuary 3, 2007 January 3, 2011LeaderJohn BoehnerPreceded byAdam PutnamSucceeded byTom PriceMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Michigan's 11th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 2003 July 6, 2012Preceded byConstituency establishedSucceeded byDavid CursonMember of the Michigan Senatefrom the 9th districtIn officeJanuary 13, 1999 January 8, 2003Preceded byR. Robert GeakeSucceeded byDennis OlshoveMember of the Wayne County CommissionIn office19931999\nPersonal detailsBornThaddeus George McCotter (1965-08-22) August 22, 1965 (age58)Livonia, Michigan, U.S.Political partyRepublicanChildren3ResidenceLivonia, MichiganEducationUniversity of Detroit (BA, JD)OccupationAttorney\nThaddeus George McCotter (born August 22, 1965) is an American politician, radio host, and a member of the Republican Party. He was the U.S. Representative from Michigan's 11th congressional district from 2003 to 2012. The district at the time consisted of portions of Detroit's northwestern suburbs, such as Livonia, Westland and Novi. He was also a candidate for the Republican nomination for president in the 2012 election.\nMcCotter first entered politics in 1992 when he was elected to the Wayne County Commission. He then served in the Michigan Senate from 1999 to 2003. In 2002, McCotter was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. From July to September 2011, McCotter was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination for the 2012 race. After a last place finish in the Iowa Straw Poll in August and failing to secure a spot in the presidential debates, McCotter suspended his campaign.\nAfter ending his presidential campaign, McCotter decided to run again for his seat in Congress, but he failed to qualify for the 2012 Republican primary in his congressional district after most of his petition signatures were rejected as invalid. McCotter himself was not suspected of wrongdoing, though several of his staffers were charged with duplicating signatures and other electoral crimes, and some convicted. McCotter later sued some of the perpetrators for damage to his reputation, but fallout from the ensuing scandal resulted in McCotter's resignation from Congress in July 2012.[1][2][3]\nEarly life, education, and career[edit]\nMcCotter was born in Detroit, Michigan, and is a 1983 graduate of Detroit Catholic Central High School in Redford. His mother, Georgia Joan McCotter, was the city clerk of Livonia.[4]\nHe received a B.A. from the University of Detroit in 1987 and a J.D. from the same school in 1990.\nMcCotter had a private law practice and was a Schoolcraft College trustee before being elected to the Wayne County Commission in 1992. While on the commission, he worked to change the county charter to require that new taxes require the approval of two-thirds of the Commission and 60% of voters.\nMcCotter was elected to the Michigan State Senate in 1998. As a state senator, he helped apportion the U.S. Congressional district from which he was subsequently elected in 2002.[citation needed]\nU.S. House of Representatives[edit]\nCommittee assignments[edit]\nCommittee on Financial Services\nSubcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government-Sponsored Enterprises\nSubcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit\nSubcommittee on International Monetary Policy and Trade\nParty leadership and caucus memberships[edit]\nCongressional COPD Caucus\nHouse Sovereignty Caucus (co-founder)\nInternational Conservation Caucus\nSportsmen's Caucus\nShortly before the midterm elections in November 2006, McCotter made a $250,000 contribution to the National Republican Congressional Committee. After the elections, when the Republicans became the minority party in the House of Representatives, McCotter was elected chairman of the House Republican Policy Committee, the fifth-ranking post among House Republicans. The other Republican seeking the post was Congressman Darrell Issa of southern California.\nPolitical positions[edit]\nMcCotter was a member of both the moderate Republican Main Street Partnership and the conservative Republican Study Committee.\nIn May 2007, McCotter, along with 55 other Republicans, voted for a bill written by House Democrats aimed at stopping energy price gouging, against the wishes of House Minority Leader John Boehner, who labeled the bill \"as pointless political pandering\".[5]\nMcCotter was a supporter of the United States' involvement in both the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. In his 2011 book Seize Freedom!, he wrote that the wars \"were never separate wars; they have always been battle theaters in the War for Freedom.\"[6]\nOn September 22, 2008, McCotter became the first Republican in the House of Representatives to oppose the $700 billion Paulson bailout plan, calling it \"American socialism\".[citation needed] A week later, he and 132 other Republicans voted against the bill.[citation needed]\nAt the end of July 2009, McCotter introduced a bill to allow pet owners a $3,500 tax deduction for pet care costs.[7]\nThe bill, called the Humanity and Pets Partnered Through the Years (HAPPY) Act, was criticized by Howard Gleckman of the Tax Policy Center as \"the poster puppy for all that is wrong with the tax code.\"[8]\nMcCotter supported union-friendly measures including collective bargaining agreements for government jobs and card check, although he later said his vote for the so-called card check method was a mistake.[9]\nPolitical campaigns[edit]\nMcCotter was elected in November 2002, defeating Democratic Candidate Kevin Kelley of Redford, to the 108th Congress. He was reelected in the 2004 Congressional elections. McCotter ran unopposed in the 2006 Republican primary. His opponent in the November 2006 general election was Democrat Tony Trupiano, a progressive radio talk show host from Dearborn Heights. McCotter, Trupiano, Libertarian Party nominee John Tatar, and U.S. Taxpayers Party nominee Charles Tackett met only once for a recorded League of Women Voters public forum in mid-October. In radio and direct-mail advertisements, McCotter criticized Trupiano's position on illegal immigration, and he was reelected with 55 percent of the vote.\nIn November 2008, McCotter defeated Democrat Joseph Larkin, Green Party candidate Erik Shelley, and Libertarian John Tatar. McCotter won 51 percent of the vote to Larkin's 45 percent.[10] In November 2010, McCotter defeated Democrat Natalie Mosher with 59 percent of the vote to Mosher's 39 percent.[11]\n2012 presidential campaign[edit]\nMain article: Thaddeus McCotter 2012 presidential campaign\nIn May 2011, McCotter confirmed that he was considering a run for the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States in 2012.[12][13]\nBy late June, sources indicated that McCotter would enter the race.[14]\nOn June 23, 2011, a McCotter representative bid $18,000 for a site at the Ames Straw Poll Auction in Iowa.[15]\nOn July 1, 2011, McCotter announced that he had filed with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) as a candidate for president.[16]\nOn July 2, 2011, McCotter announced his candidacy at WAAM Freedom Fest in Whitmore Lake, Michigan, outside of Detroit.[17][18][19]\nThroughout his campaign, commentators suggested that McCotter's lack of name recognition nationwide would hamper his chances of winning the nomination. In opinion polls that included McCotter, he received less than one percent and he came in last place in the August 2011 Ames Straw Poll. On September 22, 2011, McCotter announced the end of his campaign for the presidential nomination, and said that his exclusion from presidential debates had hindered it. Given the lack of media coverage of his campaign, McCotter called the end of his presidential campaign \"death by media.\" He said he would endorse Mitt Romney and would run again for his 11th congressional district in 2012.[20][21]\n2012 congressional campaign and petition scandal[edit]\nIn April 2011, McCotter was the only member of Michigan's 15-member congressional delegation who did not confirm he was running for reelection.[22] He indicated interest in running against incumbent Democrat Debbie Stabenow for the U.S. Senate seat in Michigan in 2012, but in May 2011 announced that he would not campaign for the position.[23]\nAfter announcing his intention to run for reelection, McCotter was expected to win the Republican nomination easily, but on May 25, 2012, Michigan Secretary of State Ruth Johnson announced that he had failed to submit enough valid petition signatures to qualify for the August 7 primary ballot. Although McCotter had submitted 2,000 signatures, the maximum permitted by Michigan law for congressional primaries, a preliminary review indicated that fewer than the required minimum of 1,000 were valid. According to a spokeswoman for the Secretary of State's office, several of McCotter's petition signatures were duplicates. Michigan election law stipulates that if duplicates are found, both the original and duplicate are ruled invalid. McCotter had the option of running as a write-in candidate in the primary election or as an independent in the general election if he failed to qualify for a primary ballot spot.[24][25]\nAt the time the apparent fraud was uncovered, McCotter was on a congressional trip to Taiwan.[2] On May 26, a source within McCotter's campaign told the Detroit Free Press that McCotter conceded that the signatures would be ruled invalid, and that he was considering a write-in effort.[26] McCotter confirmed this to Nolan Finley of The Detroit News, adding that he did not understand what happened with the signatures on the petitions.[27]\nLater that day, state officials announced in two separate reviews that more than 85 percent of McCotter's petition signatures were invalid. The Secretary of State's office said its review revealed only 244 of 2,000 signatures were valid. Numerous petition sheets appeared to have been copiedin some cases, as many as three timesand in some cases a different canvasser's name was attached to one of the copies. Michigan elections director Chris Thomas conducted his own review, and said there was evidence signatures from 2010 petitions had been cut-and-pasted onto the 2012 sheets.[28] Thomas also said that McCotter had only turned in 1,830 signatures, and all but 244 were invalid. His office's review revealed that dozens of petition sheets appeared to have been copied in what he described as an \"unprecedented level\" of fraud.[29]\nLate on May 27, the Secretary of State's office announced that it found the potential fraud egregious enough to ask state attorney general Bill Schuette to look into the matter.[27] In an op-ed that ran in the May 29, 2012, Detroit News, McCotter announced he would mount a write-in campaign in the Republican primary for his seat. He also acknowledged that the signatures in question were indeed invalid, based on his own legal team's review. Likening himself to George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life, McCotter said that he was running a write-in campaign to \"clean up my own mess.\"[30]\nOn June 2, McCotter announced that he was ending his bid for reelection and would leave the House at the end of his term. In his statement, he said that he felt obligated to fulfill his duties in Congress and assist Schuette and Johnson in getting to the bottom of the petition fraud. These obligations, he said, made mounting a write-in bid for Congress impossible. \"One can't clean up a mess multitasking,\" he said.[2][31] McCotter was the first sitting congressman since the late 1940s not to qualify for his party's primary.[32]\nA month later, on July 5, The Detroit News reported that McCotter had spent much of the time since his presidential campaign failed writing a television pilot script for a comedy/variety show starring himself, to be called Bumper Sticker: Made on MoTown. It featured characters with the same nicknames he used for members of his staff and a guest appearance by conservative commentator S. E. Cupp. \"They take pot shots about McCotter's ill-fated bid for the White House while spewing banter about drinking, sex, race, flatulence, puking and women's anatomy\", the newspaper wrote.[33]\nResignation and aftermath[edit]\nOn July 6, 2012, McCotter resigned from the House. He said:[1][T]his past nightmarish month and a half have, for the first time, severed the necessary harmony between the needs of my constituency and of my family. As this harmony is required to serve, its absence requires I leave. The recent event's totality of calumnies, indignities and deceits have weighed most heavily upon my family. Thus, acutely aware one cannot rebuild their hearth of home amongst the ruins of their U.S. House office, for the sake of my loved ones I must \"strike another match, go start anew\" by embracing the promotion back from public servant to sovereign citizen.\nHe also wrote:[1]I do not leave for an existing job and face diminishing prospects (and am both unwilling and ill-suited to lobby), my priorities are twofold: find gainful employment to help provide for my family; and continue to assist, in any way they see fit, the Michigan Attorney General's earnest and thorough investigation, which I requested, into the 2012 petition filing.\nWhile McCotter was not suspected of any wrongdoing, several of his staff members were charged with crimes.[34] District Director Paul Seewald pleaded guilty to falsely signing a petition and was given two years of probation. Deputy District Director Don Yowchuang pleaded no contest to ten counts of felony forgery and was given three years of probation.[35] Scheduler Lorraine O'Brady pleaded no contest to five counts of falsely signing a nominating petition and was sentenced to 20 days in jail. District Representative Mary M. Turnbull pleaded no contest to the felony of committing an illegal act and was sentenced to two years of probation and one day in jail.[36]\nMcCotter's resignation left the 11th district unrepresented until the November elections, when Democrat David Curson was elected in a special election to finish McCotter's term.[37] Republican Kerry Bentivolio succeeded Curson in January 2013 as the representative of the redrawn 11th district.[38]\nPost-congressional career[edit]\nIn January 2014, McCotter launched Thaddeus McCotter's Freedom Asylum, a radio program on FM 92.7 & AM 1400, The Patriot in Detroit. It was canceled by June 2014.[citation needed]\nIn June 2017, McCotter served as an election observer in the Puerto Rico political-status referendum.[39] McCotter regularly appears on the John Batchelor Show radio program, on Cumulus Media, across the United States.\nBibliography[edit]\nSeize Freedom!: American Truths and Renewal in a Chaotic Age, Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 2011\nBumper Sticker: Made on Motown (unfinished television pilot)\nPersonal life[edit]\nMcCotter is a practicing Catholic.[40]\nIn December 2005, McCotter joined with several other Congressmen to form the \"Second Amendments\", a bipartisan rock and country band set to play for United States troops stationed overseas over the holiday season. He played lead guitar. In June 2006, the band played at President George W. Bush's picnic on the White House lawn, where Bush was quoted calling McCotter \"that rock-and-roll dude\".[41] McCotter was once in a band called the New Flying Squirrels.[42]\nSee also[edit]\nBiography portalMichigan portalPolitics portal\nList of federal political scandals in the United States\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c\nMcCotter, Thaddeus. \"Strike Another Match, Go Start Anew\". Facebook. Retrieved August 16, 2012.\n^ a b c Spangler, Todd; Gray, Kathleen; Laitner, Bill (June 2, 2012). \"McCotter ends write-in campaign for re-election\". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2012.\n^ Lange, Amy. \"AG announces charges against 4 after McCotter petition mess\". WJBK Fox 2. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n^ \"House Session: May 19, 2003\". C-SPAN. May 19, 2003. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2011.\n^ Weisman, Jonathan (May 31, 2007). \"Boehner leads effort to polish GOP brand\". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 14, 2009.\n^ Thad McCotter on War & Peace, On the Issues.\n^ H.R.3501 Humanity and Pets Partnered Through the Years (HAPPY) Act Archived October 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Bill Text 111th Congress (20092010) Library of Congress.\n^ Howard Gleckman, Happy Act: The Poster Puppy for What's Wrong with the Tax Code Tax Policy Center. December 1, 2009.\n^ Candidate profile: Michigan's Thaddeus McCotter keeps critics, allies guessing, Des Moines Register. August 4, 2011.\n^ \"House of Representatives Map Election Results 2008\". The New York Times.\n^ \"House Map Election Results 2010\". The New York Times.\n^ \"Rep. Thaddeus McCotter gets serious about possible bid for president\". Detroit Free Press. May 25, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.\n^ Rep. McCotter Ponders 2012 Presidential Run, The Wall Street Journal. May 25, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.\n^ Burns, Alexander (June 30, 2011). \"Thaddeus McCotter to file for president Friday\". Politico. Retrieved August 7, 2011.\n^ \"Thaddeus McCotter Creates Chaos At Straw Poll Auction\" Archived June 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Iowa Republican. June 23, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.\n^ \"Michigan GOP Rep. McCotter Unveils Presidential Bid\", The Wall Street Journal. July 1, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2011.\n^ Barr, Andy (July 2, 2011). \"Thaddeus McCotter 2012 announcement is unusually understated\". Politico. Retrieved July 3, 2011.\n^ Whitesides, John (July 2, 2011). \"Little-known Republican McCotter opens White House bid\". Reuters. Retrieved July 3, 2011.\n^ Guarino, Mark (July 2, 2011). \"Thaddeus McCotter jumps into presidential race. Thaddeus who?\". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 3, 2011.\n^ \"McCotter drops long shot bid for GOP presidential nomination\". The Detroit News. Retrieved October 20, 2011.\n^ \"McCotter drops W.H. bid, endorses Romney\", USA Today. September 22, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2011.\n^ \"Most of state's congressional delegation to seek re-election\". Morning Sun. April 17, 2011. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2011.\n^ \"McCotter won't run for Senate\" The Detroit News. May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011.\n^ Gray, Kathleen. \"Thaddeus McCotter may not appear on election ballot\". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved May 26, 2012.\n^ \"Michigan Congressman Thaddeus McCotter short on signatures for 2012 bid to retain his seat\" mlive.com May 25, 2012\n^ Gray, Kathleen; Laitner, Bill. \"U.S. Rep. Thaddeus McCotter to consider a write-in campaign in GOP primary race\". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved May 27, 2012.\n^ a b Schultz, Marsha. State looks into possible fraud in McCotter petition signatures foul-up[permanent dead link]. The Detroit News, May 28, 2012.\n^ Schultz, Marisa. Just 244 of 2,000 McCotter signatures valid, petition review finds[permanent dead link]. The Detroit News, May 29, 2012.\n^ Gray, Kathleen. \"All but 244 of McCotter's 1,830 submitted signatures were invalid; official calls it 'unprecedented' fraud\". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved May 29, 2012.\n^ McCotter, Thaddeus. McCotter: \"You clean up your own mess\"[permanent dead link]. The Detroit News, May 29, 2012.\n^ McCotter opts against write-in campaign The Washington Post, June 2, 2012.\n^ Nichols, Darren A. McCotter's spot on GOP August ballot in question[permanent dead link]. The Detroit News, May 26, 2012.\n^ Schultz, Marisa (July 5, 2012). \"TV pilot an outlet for Rep. McCotter\". The Detroit News. Retrieved July 6, 2012.\n^ Blake, Aaron (July 6, 2012). \"Thaddeus McCotter unexpectedly resigns from Congress by Aaron Blake\". The Washington Post.\n^ 2 Ex-McCotter Aides Sentenced In Election Scandal, Detroit.cbslocal.com, January 18, 2013.\n^ Gus Burns, Ex-Thad McCotter aide receives no jail time for role in petition fraud scandal, mlive.com, July 23, 2013.\n^ Trujillo, Mario (December 10, 2012). \"Michigan Rep. David Curson's campaign wins him a brief tenure on Capitol Hill\". thehill.com. Retrieved December 31, 2012.\n^ Pergram, Chad (November 7, 2012). \"Bentivolio will succeed McCotter, but not just yet\". Fox News.\n^ \"Rep. Young to Serve as Election Observer in Upcoming Puerto Rico Political-status Referendum\". US Fed News. June 15, 2017.\n^\n\"Representative Thaddeus G. 'Thad' McCotter (MI)\". Project Vote Smart. Archived from the original on December 14, 2006. Retrieved October 14, 2009.\n^\n\"President and Mrs. Bush Attend Congressional Picnic\". June 15, 2006. Retrieved October 14, 2009.\n^ Puchala, Jessica. Stones keyboardist jams with Michigan's McCotter, other House members. WZZM 13. July 17, 2008.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Thad McCotter.\nWikinews has news related to:\nThaddeus McCotter\nWikiquote has quotations related to Thaddeus McCotter.\nCongressman Thaddeus McCotter official U.S. House website\nAppearances on C-SPAN\nBiography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress\nFinancial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission\nProfile at Vote Smart\nCampaign finance reports and data Archived October 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine at the Federal Election Commission (presidential)\nFinancial information at OpenSecrets (presidential)\nU.S. House of Representatives\nPrecededbyJoe Knollenberg\nMemberoftheU.S.HouseofRepresentatives from Michigan's 11th congressional district 20032012\nSucceededbyDavid Curson\nParty political offices\nPrecededbyAdam PutnamFlorida\nChairman of House Republican Policy Committee 20072011\nSucceededbyTom PriceGeorgia\nU.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)\nPrecededbyLynn Riversas Former US Representative\nOrder of precedence of the United Statesas Former US Representative\nSucceededbyBrenda Lawrenceas Former US Representative\nvte( 2008) 2012 United States presidential election (2016 )\nFundraising\nNational polls\nStatewide polls (pre-2012, early 2012)\nTimeline\nGeneral election debates\nNewspaper endorsements\nHurricane Sandy\nDemocratic Party\nConvention\nPrimaries\nResults\nCandidates\nIncumbent nominee: Barack Obama\ncampaign\nendorsements\npositions\nIncumbent VP nominee: Joe Biden\npositions\nChallengers\nBob Ely\nKeith Judd\nWarren Mosler\nVermin Supreme\nRandall Terry\nJohn Wolfe\nRepublican Party\nConvention\nPrimaries\nDebates\nStatewide polls\nNational polls\nStraw polls\nCandidates\nNominee: Mitt Romney\ncampaign\nendorsements\npositions\nVP nominee: Paul Ryan\npositions\nOther candidates\nMichele Bachmann\ncampaign\nHerman Cain\ncampaign\npositions\nMark Callahan\nJack Fellure\nNewt Gingrich\ncampaign\npositions\nStewart Greenleaf\nJohn Davis\nJon Huntsman\ncampaign\nGary Johnson\ncampaign\nFred Karger\nAndy Martin\nThaddeus McCotter\ncampaign\nJimmy McMillan\nRoy Moore\nRon Paul\ncampaign\npositions\nTim Pawlenty\ncampaign\nRick Perry\ncampaign\npositions\nBuddy Roemer\ncampaign\nRick Santorum\ncampaign\nLibertarian Party\nConvention\nCandidates\nNominee: Gary Johnson\ncampaign\nVP nominee: Jim Gray\nOther candidates\nCarl Person\nSam Sloan\nGreen Party\nConvention\nPrimaries\nCandidates\nNominee: Jill Stein\ncampaign\nVP nominee: Cheri Honkala\nOther candidates: Stewart Alexander\nRoseanne Barr\nOther third-party and independent candidatesAmerican Independent Party\nNominee: Tom Hoefling\nOther candidates: Wiley Drake\nVirgil Goode\ncampaign\nEdward C. Noonan\nLaurie Roth\nAmerican Third Position Party\nNominee: Merlin Miller\nVP nominee: Virginia Abernethy\nConstitution Party\nConvention\nNominee: Virgil Goode\ncampaign\nVP nominee: Jim Clymer\nOther candidates: Laurie Roth\nRobby Wells\nFreedom Socialist Party\nNominee: Stephen Durham\nGrassroots Party\nNominee\nJim Carlson\nJustice Party\nNominee: Rocky Anderson\nVP nominee: Luis J. Rodriguez\nSocialism and Liberation\nNominee: Peta Lindsay\nPeace and Freedom Party\nNominee: Roseanne Barr\nVP nominee: Cindy Sheehan\nOther candidates: Stewart Alexander\nRocky Anderson\nPeta Lindsay\nProhibition Party\nNominee: Jack Fellure\nOther candidates: James Hedges\nReform Party\nNominee: Andre Barnett\nOther candidates: Laurence Kotlikoff\nBuddy Roemer\ncampaign\nRobby Wells\nSocialist Equality Party\nNominee\nJerry White\nSocialist Workers Party\nNominee: James Harris\nSocialist Party\nNominee: Stewart Alexander\ncampaign\nVP nominee: Alejandro Mendoza\nIndependents and others\nObjectivist Party\nTom Stevens\nIndependents\nLee Abramson\nRandy Blythe\nJeff Boss\nRobert Burck\nTerry Jones\nJoe Schriner\nMichael Bloomberg\nattempt to draft\nOther 2012 elections:\nHouse\nSenate\nGubernatorial\nvteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from MichiganTerritory\nWoodbridge\nSibley\nRichard\nWing\nBiddle\nWing\nLyon\nG. Jones\nAt-large\nCrary\nJ. Howard\nKelley\nStaebler\n1st district\nMcClelland\nBuel\nPenniman\nD. Stuart\nW. Howard\nCooper\nW. Howard\nGranger\nBeaman\nWaldron\nField\nA. S. Williams\nNewberry\nLord\nMaybury\nJ. L. Chipman\nGriffin\nCorliss\nLucking\nDenby\nDoremus\nCodd\nClancy\nSosnowski\nClancy\nSadowski\nTenerowicz\nSadowski\nMachrowicz\nNedzi\nConyers\nStupak\nBenishek\nBergman\n2nd district\nLyon\nJ. S. Chipman\nE. Bradley\nC. Stuart\nSprague\nC. Stuart\nNoble\nWaldron\nBeaman\nUpson\nStoughton\nWaldron\nWillits\nEldredge\nAllen\nGorman\nSpalding\nH. Smith\nTownsend\nWedemeyer\nBeakes\nBacon\nBeakes\nMichener\nLehr\nMichener\nMeader\nVivian\nEsch\nPursell\nHoekstra\nHuizenga\nMoolenaar\n3rd district\nHunt\nBingham\nJ. Conger\nClark\nWalbridge\nKellogg\nLongyear\nBlair\nWillard\nMcGowan\nLacey\nO'Donnell\nBurrows\nMilnes\nA. Todd\nGardner\nJ. Smith\nFrankhauser\nJ. Smith\nA. B. Williams\nHooper\nKimball\nMain\nShafer\nJohansen\nP. Todd\nG. Brown\nWolpe\nHenry\nEhlers\nAmash\nMeijer\nScholten\n4th district\nH. L. Stevens\nPeck\nLeach\nTrowbridge\nKellogg\nFerry\nFoster\nBurrows\nPotter\nKeightley\nBurrows\nYaple\nBurrows\nThomas\nHamilton\nKetcham\nFoulkes\nHoffman\nHutchinson\nStockman\nSiljander\nUpton\nCamp\nMoolenaar\nHuizenga\n5th district\nBaldwin\nTrowbridge\nO. Conger\nFoster\nW. Williams\nStone\nWebber\nHouseman\nComstock\nM. Ford\nBelknap\nM. Ford\nBelknap\nRichardson\nW. Smith\nDiekema\nSweet\nMapes\nJonkman\nG. Ford\nVander Veen\nSawyer\nHenry\nBarcia\nD. E. Kildee\nD. T. Kildee\nWalberg\n6th district\nDriggs\nStrickland\nSutherland\nBegole\nDurand\nBrewer\nSpaulding\nWinans\nBrewer\nStout\nAitken\nS. Smith\nKelley\nHudson\nPerson\nCady\nBlackney\nTransue\nBlackney\nClardy\nHayworth\nChamberlain\nCarr\nDunn\nCarr\nUpton\nDingell\n7th district\nO. Conger\nRich\nCarleton\nWhiting\nSnover\nWeeks\nMcMorran\nCramton\nWolcott\nMcIntosh\nO'Hara\nMackie\nRiegle\nD. E. Kildee\nN. Smith\nSchwarz\nWalberg\nSchauer\nWalberg\nSlotkin\n8th district\nN. Bradley\nEllsworth\nHorr\nTarsney\nBliss\nYoumans\nLinton\nBrucker\nFordney\nVincent\nHart\nCrawford\nBentley\nHarvey\nTraxler\nCarr\nChrysler\nStabenow\nRogers\nM. Bishop\nSlotkin\nKildee\n9th district\nHubbell\nCutcheon\nH. Wheeler\nMoon\nR. Bishop\nMcLaughlin\nHarry W. Musselwhite\nEngel\nThompson\nGriffin\nVander Jagt\nD. E. Kildee\nKnollenberg\nPeters\nS. Levin\nA. Levin\nMcClain\n10th district\nHatch\nFisher\nF. Wheeler\nWeadock\nCrump\nAplin\nLoud\nWoodruff\nLoud\nCurrie\nWoodruff\nCederberg\nAlbosta\nSchuette\nCamp\nBonior\nMiller\nMitchell\nMcClain\nJ. James\n11th district\nBreitung\nMoffatt\nSeymour\nStephenson\nAvery\nMesick\nDarragh\nDodds\nLindquist\nScott\nBohn\nP. Brown\nLuecke\nF. Bradley\nPotter\nKnox\nClevenger\nRuppe\nDavis\nKnollenberg\nMcCotter\nCurson\nBentivolio\nTrott\nH. Stevens\n12th district\nStephenson\nShelden\nYoung\nMacDonald\nW. F. James\nHook\nBennett\nHook\nBennett\nO'Hara\nBonior\nLevin\nJ. Dingell Jr.\nD. Dingell\nTlaib\n13th district\nNichols\nMcLeod\nBrennan\nMcLeod\nO'Brien\nMcLeod\nO'Brien\nCoffin\nO'Brien\nDiggs\nCrockett\nCollins\nW. Ford\nRivers\nKilpatrick\nClarke\nConyers\nB. Jones\nTlaib\nThanedar\n14th district\nWeideman\nRabaut\nYoungblood\nRabaut\nRyan\nNedzi\nHertel\nConyers\nPeters\nLawrence\n15th district\nJ. Dingell Sr.\nJ. Dingell Jr.\nW. Ford\nCollins\nKilpatrick\nJ. Dingell Jr.\n16th district\nLesinski Sr.\nLesinski Jr.\nJ. Dingell Jr.\n17th district\nDondero\nOakman\nGriffiths\nBrodhead\nLevin\n18th district\nDondero\nBroomfield\nHuber\nBlanchard\nBroomfield\n19th district\nFarnum\nMcDonald\nBroomfield\nvteMichigan's delegation(s) to the 108th112th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)\n108th\nSenate: C. Levin(D) D. Stabenow(D)\nHouse:\nJ. DingellJr.(D)\nJ. Conyers(D)\nD. Kildee(D)\nS. Levin(D)\nF. Upton(R)\nD. Camp(R)\nP. Hoekstra(R)\nJ. Knollenberg(R)\nN. Smith(R)\nB. Stupak(D)\nV. Ehlers(R)\nC. Kilpatrick(D)\nM. Rogers(R)\nT. McCotter(R)\nC. Miller(R)\n109th\nSenate: C. Levin(D) D. Stabenow(D)\nHouse:\nJ. DingellJr.(D)\nJ. Conyers(D)\nD. Kildee(D)\nS. Levin(D)\nF. Upton(R)\nD. Camp(R)\nP. Hoekstra(R)\nJ. Knollenberg(R)\nB. Stupak(D)\nV. Ehlers(R)\nC. Kilpatrick(D)\nM. Rogers(R)\nT. McCotter(R)\nC. Miller(R)\nJ. Schwarz(R)\n110th\nSenate: C. Levin(D) D. Stabenow(D)\nHouse:\nJ. DingellJr.(D)\nJ. Conyers(D)\nD. Kildee(D)\nS. Levin(D)\nF. Upton(R)\nD. Camp(R)\nP. Hoekstra(R)\nJ. Knollenberg(R)\nB. Stupak(D)\nV. Ehlers(R)\nC. Kilpatrick(D)\nM. Rogers(R)\nT. McCotter(R)\nC. Miller(R)\nT. Walberg(R)\n111th\nSenate: C. Levin(D) D. Stabenow(D)\nHouse:\nJ. DingellJr.(D)\nJ. Conyers(D)\nD. Kildee(D)\nS. Levin(D)\nF. Upton(R)\nD. Camp(R)\nP. Hoekstra(R)\nB. Stupak(D)\nV. Ehlers(R)\nC. Kilpatrick(D)\nM. Rogers(R)\nT. McCotter(R)\nC. Miller(R)\nG. Peters(D)\nM. Schauer(D)\n112th\nSenate: C. Levin(D) D. Stabenow(D)\nHouse:\nJ. DingellJr.(D)\nJ. Conyers(D)\nD. Kildee(D)\nS. Levin(D)\nF. Upton(R)\nD. Camp(R)\nM. Rogers(R)\nT. McCotter(R)\nC. Miller(R)\nG. Peters(D)\nT. Walberg(R)\nJ. Amash(R)\nD. Benishek(R)\nH. Clarke(D)\nB. Huizenga(R)\nD. Curson(D)\nAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nPeople\nUS Congress\nOther\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thaddeus_McCotter&oldid=1221298165\"\nCategories: 1965 birthsLiving peopleRepublican Party Michigan state senatorsPeople from Livonia, MichiganCandidates in the 2012 United States presidential election21st-century American legislatorsUniversity of Detroit Mercy alumniWriters from Michigan21st-century American writersAmerican talk radio hostsRadio personalities from DetroitRepublican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from MichiganCatholics from MichiganDetroit Catholic Central High School alumniHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksAll articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from December 2017Articles with permanently dead external linksArticles with dead external links from October 2022Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataUse mdy dates from December 2023All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from July 2012Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016Commons category link from WikidataPeople appearing on C-SPANArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with USCongress identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 29 April 2024, at 02:19(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "McCotter resigns from House - POLITICO\nSkip to Main Content\nPOLITICO\nPolitico Logo\nCongress\nPro\nE&E News\nSearch\nSearch\nWASHINGTON & POLITICS\nCongress\nWhite House\nElections\nLegal\nMagazine\nForeign Affairs\n2024 ELECTIONS\nNews\nResults\nTrump criminal cases\nTrump trial live updates\nSTATE POLITICS & POLICY\nCalifornia\nFlorida\nNew Jersey\nNew York\nGLOBAL POLITICS & POLICY\nBrussels\nCanada\nUnited Kingdom\nPOLICY NEWS\nAgriculture\nCannabis\nCybersecurity\nDefense\nEducation\nEnergy & Environment\nFinance & Tax\nHealth Care\nImmigration\nLabor\nSustainability\nTechnology\nTrade\nTransportation\nNEWSLETTERS\nPlaybook\nPlaybook PM\nWest Wing Playbook\nPOLITICO Nightly\nPOLITICO Weekend\nThe Recast\nInside Congress\nAll Newsletters\nCOLUMNISTS\nAlex Burns\nVictoria Guida\nJohn Harris\nAnkush Khardori\nJonathan Martin\nMichael Schaffer\nJack Shafer\nNahal Toosi\nSERIES & MORE\nBreaking News Alerts\nPodcasts\nVideo\nThe Fifty\nBidens Billions\nWomen Rule\nMatt Wuerker Cartoons\nCartoon Carousel\nPOLITICO Live\nUpcoming Events\nPrevious Events\nFollow us\nTwitter\nInstagram\nFacebook\nMy Account\nLog In\nLog Out\nMcCotter resigns from House\nAs recently as a year ago, Rep. McCotter was waging a bid for president.\nBy Alex Isenstadt\n07/06/2012 06:53 PM EDT\nLink Copied\nRep. Thaddeus McCotter abruptly announced his resignation on Friday afternoon, bringing an end to a Capitol Hill career that spanned a decade.\nThe surprise announcement came at the end of a quiet holiday week with Congress on recess, capping an astonishing six-week collapse for the Michigan Republican, who as recently as one year ago was waging a bid for the GOP presidential nomination.\n( PHOTOS: Thad McCotters career)\nToday I have resigned from the office of United States Representative for Michigans 11th Congressional District, McCotter wrote in a statement. After nearly 26 years in elected office, this past nightmarish month and a half have, for the first time, severed the necessary harmony between the needs of my constituency and of my family. As this harmony is required to serve, its absence requires I leave.\nIn June, McCotter announced that he would not seek reelection after he failed to get on the Aug. 7 primary ballot. McCotter, who did not turn in the necessary 1,000 signatures to become eligible, had initially pledged to wage a write-in primary campaign a decidedly uphill endeavor.\nMichigan Attorney General Bill Schuette, a Republican, immediately launched an investigation into the congressmans signature-gathering effort after election workers tasked with reviewing McCotters submitted petitions said they found signs of widespread fraud. The incumbent has said that he is offering his full cooperation with the investigation.\nOn Thursday, McCotters fate took another bizarre turn after the Detroit News published an unflattering article revealing that he had been working on a script for a lowbrow TV pilot. The congressman told the paper that working on the project had been a cathartic experience that helped him get through the embarrassment he experienced following his failed presidential bid.\nIn his Friday statement, McCotter wrote: The recent events totality of calumnies, indignities and deceits have weighed most heavily upon my family. Thus, acutely aware one cannot rebuild their hearth of home amongst the ruins of their U.S. House office, for the sake of my loved ones I must strike another match, go start anew by embracing the promotion back from public servant to sovereign citizen.\nMcCotter said he was leaving office in order to find gainful employment to help provide for my family; and continue to assist, in any way they see fit, the Michigan attorney generals earnest and thorough investigation, which I requested, into the 2012 petition filing.\nWhile our family takes this step into the rest of our lives, we do so with the ultimate confidence in our countrys future, McCotter wrote. Truly, it is a challenging and fortunate time to live in our blessed sanctuary of liberty.\nMcCotter, a top ally of House Speaker John Boehner, won a spot at the GOP leadership table in 2006, becoming chairman of the Republican Policy Committee. But the guitar-playing McCotter also earned a reputation as a quirky and distant figure who rarely donated to the campaigns of his congressional colleagues.\nMcCotters presidential bid, as he himself acknowledged, was nothing short of a flop. After being badly outspent and receiving little attention, McCotter dropped out of the Republican primary last fall, saying the race had been the worst 15 minutes of my life.\nMcCotters June retirement meant that the only Republican candidate whose name will appear on the Aug. 7 primary ballot is Kerry Bentivolio, a teacher and tea party activist. Republican Nancy Cassis, a former state senator, is running as a write-in candidate.\nRepublicans still have the edge in the GOP-friendly southeast Michigan seat in the fall. Democrats are expected to nominate Syed Taj, a physician who has run an underfunded campaign.\nFiled under:\nPolitics,\nThad McCotter,\nResignations\nPOLITICO\nLink Copied\nAbout Us\nAdvertising\nBreaking News Alerts\nCareers\nCredit Card Payments\nDigital Edition\nFAQ\nFeedback\nHeadlines\nPhotos\nPress\nPrint Subscriptions\nRequest A Correction\nWrite For Us\nRSS\nSite Map\nTerms of Service\nPrivacy Policy\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information and Opt Out of Targeted Advertising\n 2024 POLITICO LLC", "url": "https://www.politico.com/story/2012/07/mccotter-resigns-from-house-078191" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Thaddeus McCotter unexpectedly resigns from the House - The Washington PostAccessibility statementSkip to main contentDemocracy Dies in DarknessSign inAdvertisementclockThis article was published more than11 years agoDemocracy Dies in DarknessPoliticsBiden administration The Fix The Briefs Polling Democracy in America Election 2024 PoliticsBiden administration The Fix The Briefs Polling Democracy in America Election 2024 Thaddeus McCotter unexpectedly resigns from the HouseBy Aaron BlakeJuly 6, 2012 at 5:51 p.m. EDTShareComment on this storyCommentAdd to your saved storiesSaveMichigan Republican Rep. Thaddeus McCotter resigned from Congress on Friday, a surprise decision that caps among the most madcap two-month periods in modern politics.The Michigan Republican and 2012 presidential candidate announced his decision in a lengthy and characteristically verbose statement citing his desire to shift his focus to his family now that his congressional career is over. (He also quoted Bob Dylan's \"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue\".)Loading...Former Republican presidential candidate Rep. Thaddeus McCotter R-Mich.) speaks during a news conference on Capitol Hill on September 12, 2011 in Washington, DC. (Mark Wilson/Getty Images) )McCotter failed to qualify for the primary ballot after most of his petition signatures were recently found to be fraudulent. State officials are investigating the matter.McCotter initially opted to run a write-in campaign, but then announced he would not seek reelection.Story continues below advertisementHis statement continued: The recent events totality of calumnies, indignities and deceits have weighed most heavily upon my family. Thus, acutely aware one cannot rebuild their hearth of home amongst the ruins of their U.S. House office, for the sake of my loved ones I must strike another match, go start anew by embracing the promotion back from public servant to sovereign citizen.AdvertisementMcCotter's bizarre period continued this week when the Detroit News reported that he had written a TV pilot with a rather odd premise McCotter himself hosting a crude variety show that joked about flatulence and female anatomy, among other things. The script was leaked to the newspaper by a former staffer who thought it unbecoming a member of Congress.Follow Election 2024FollowMcCotter said in his statement that he will no longer give interviews as the state attorney general investigates his campaigns fraudulent signatures.Story continues below advertisementMcCotter's seat leans Republican and should be retained by the GOP. Gov. Rick Snyder (R) does not have to call a special election before the November general election, and it seems unlikely he would do so, given the cost of holding one and the short time between now and then.McCotter's is one of three seats that is now vacant. The others are the seats held by former congressman Jay Inslee (D-Wash.), who is running for governor, and the late congressman Donald Payne (D-N.J.), who died recently.Heres the full statement:Share CommentsSign upSubscribe to comment and get the full experience. 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Heres what happens next.TOP STORIESPoliticsReporting and analysis from the Hill and the White HouseIf Trump were convicted in his hush money trial, heres what he could face nextAnalysis|The Texas GOP takes the partys hostility to democracy to a new levelTrump makes sweeping promises to donors on audacious fundraising tourbackTry a different topicSign in or create a free account to save your preferencesAdvertisementAdvertisementwashingtonpost.com 1996-2024 The Washington Postwashingtonpost.com 1996-2024 The Washington Post", "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/thaddeus-mccotter-unexpectedly-resigns-from-congress/2012/07/06/gJQAfxqWSW_blog.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "%PDF-1.4\r%\n7 0 obj\r<< \r/Linearized 1 \r/O 10 \r/H [ 1294 214 ] \r/L 26693 \r/E 23909 \r/N 1 \r/T 26436 \r>> \rendobj\r xref\r7 36 \r0000000016 00000 n\n0000001064 00000 n\n0000001151 00000 n\n0000001508 00000 n\n0000001714 00000 n\n0000001941 00000 n\n0000002170 00000 n\n0000002957 00000 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(D:20020603171036-03'00')\r/CreationDate (D:20020603171019-03'00')\r/Producer (Acrobat Distiller 5.00 for Macintosh)\r>> \rendobj\r6 0 obj\r<< /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML /Length 770 >> \rstream\n2002-06-03T17:10:36-03:00\n2002-06-03T17:10:19-03:00\n2002-06-03T17:10:36-03:00\n2002-06-03T17:10:19-03:00\n2002-06-03T17:10:36-03:00\nendstream\rendobj\rxref\r0 7 \r0000000000 65535 f\n0000023818 00000 n\n0000023909 00000 n\n0000024014 00000 n\n0000025362 00000 n\n0000025427 00000 n\n0000025574 00000 n\ntrailer\r<<\r/Size 7\r/ID[<0469eacbb576092d13456a6b55211605><2d44297732dc53af9cdf1282c2ee6fb2>]\r>>\rstartxref\r173\r%%EOF", "url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/publications/manual/2001-2002/2001-mm-0161-0161-McCotter.pdf" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Search Results - Michigan Legislature\nSkip to content\nMichigan Legislature\nMichigan Compiled Laws Complete Through PA 41 of 2024\nMCL Complete Through PA 41 of 2024\nSenate adjourned until Thursday, May 30, 2024 10:00 AM\nSenate adjourned until 05/30/24 10:00 AM\nHouse adjourned until Thursday, May 30, 2024 12:00 PM\nHouse adjourned until 05/30/24 12:00 PM\nHome\nLegislature\nLegislative Document Search\nBills\nResolutions\nJoint Resolutions\nConcurrent Resolutions\nCalendars\nCommittees\nCommittee Bill Records\nCommittee Meetings\nInitiatives/Alternative Measures\nJournals\nLegislators\nPublic Acts (Signed Bills)\nRules and Schedules\nLaws\nMCL Search\nPublic Act MCL Search\nMichigan Constitution\nMCL Chapter Index\nExecutive Orders\nExecutive Reorganization Orders\nMCL Tables and Appropriation Acts\nMore\nArchives\nHistorical Documents\nCommittee Meeting Notifications\nLegislative Directory\nMichigan Manuals\nPublications\nRelated Sites\nHelp\nSign Up\nLog In\nSearch Results\nPrinter Friendly\nLegislative Session(s): 1999-2000\nDocument Type(s): Bills\nPrimary Sponsor Only: True\nSponsor: Thaddeus McCotter\n(71 results found)\nPlease note: on small devices, or if your browser window is not maximized, you may need to scroll horizontally to see the entire table\nDocument\nType\nDescription\nSJR A of 1999\nSenate Joint Resolution\nTaxation; generally; approval of tax increase; provide constitutional amendment to require 2/3 vote of the legislature.\nAmends sec. 26, art. IV of the state constitution.\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON FINANCE\nSR 0001 of 1999\nSenate Resolution\nA resolution notifying the Governor and the House of Representatives that the Senate is ready to proceed with the business of the session.Last Action: RESOLUTION ADOPTED\nSJR J of 1999\nSenate Joint Resolution\nCivil rights; open meetings; constitutional amendment to include open meetings act and the freedom of information act; provide for.\nAdds secs. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 & 48 to art. I of the state constitution.\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSR 0060 of 1999\nSenate Resolution\nYouth.Last Action: RESOLUTION ADOPTED\nSR 0094 of 1999\nSenate Resolution\nA resolution recognizing the month of October 1999 as National Lupus Awareness month.Last Action: RESOLUTION ADOPTED\nSB 0354 of 1999\nSenate Bill\nProperty tax; delinquent taxes; delinquent taxes levied on homestead property; provide for alternative collection procedure under separate act.\nAmends sec. 60 of 1893 PA 206 (MCL 211.60).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON ECON. DEVELOPMENT, INTL. TRADE AND REG. AFFAIRS\nSB 0440 of 1999\nSenate Bill\nLand use; land division; approval of roads in subdivisions; allow townships to assume certain powers and duties of county road commission.\nAmends sec. 113 of 1967 PA 288 (MCL 560.113).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON LOCAL, URBAN AND STATE AFFAIRS\nSB 0441 of 1999\nSenate Bill\nEducation; counseling; counselor who is not certified as a teacher; allow to work as counselor in public schools under certain circumstances.\nAmends sec. 1233 of 1976 PA 451 (MCL 380.1233).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION\nSB 0454 of 1999\nSenate Bill\nIncome tax; property tax credit; Roth individual retirement account conversion income; exempt from calculation of household income.\nAmends sec. 508 of 1967 PA 281 (MCL 206.508).\nLast Action: VETO RECEIVED BY SENATE\nSB 0500 of 1999 (PA 148 of 1999)\nSenate Bill\nCorrections; state facilities; prison litigation reform; provide for.\nAmends sec. 33 of 1893 PA 118 (MCL 800.33).\nTIE BAR WITH: SB 0406'99 SB 0419'99\nLast Action: ASSIGNED PA 0148'99\nSB 0735 of 1999\nSenate Bill\nCrimes; other; certain threats on school property; prohibit and provide a penalty.\nAmends 1931 PA 328 (MCL 750.1 - 750.568) by adding sec. 411r.\nLast Action: referred to Committee on Criminal Law and Corrections\nSB 0789 of 1999\nSenate Bill\nCities; home rule; detachment of city land; establish eligibility requirements.\nAmends secs. 6 & 9b of 1909 PA 279 (MCL 117.6 & 117.9b).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON LOCAL, URBAN AND STATE AFFAIRS\nSB 0811 of 1999 (PA 222 of 1999)\nSenate Bill\nCourts; supreme court; reapportionment of congressional districts; provide for supreme court jurisdiction and procedures.\nLast Action: ASSIGNED PA 0222'99\nSB 0832 of 1999 (PA 257 of 1999)\nSenate Bill\nTownships; other; 93-day imprisonment for local ordinance violation; authorize and permit adoption by reference of certain state statutes.\nAmends secs. 1, 4 & 5 of 1945 PA 246 (MCL 41.181 et seq.).\nLast Action: ASSIGNED PA 0257'99\nSB 0841 of 1999\nSenate Bill\nCampaign finance; contributions and expenditures; secretary of state to establish a website for disclosure purposes; require, and increase penalties for failure to report.\nAmends secs. 16 & 32 of 1976 PA 388 (MCL 169.216 & 169.232).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSCR 0043 of 2000\nSenate Concurrent Resolution\nEstonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the North American Treaty Organization.Last Action: reported with recommendation\nSR 0199 of 2000\nSenate Resolution\nincome from games of chance other than bingo.Last Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON FINANCE\nSR 0216 of 2000\nSenate Resolution\nA resolution honoring the memory of former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau.Last Action: RESOLUTION ADOPTED\nSB 1070 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nTrade; labeling; statute providing state inspectors with authority to investigate and provide penalties for mislabeling of hazardous substances and toys; repeal.\nRepeals 1965 PA 188 (MCL 286.451 - 286.462).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1075 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nAgriculture; other; rule-making authority regarding white pine blister rust; delete.\nAmends sec. 2 of 1929 PA 313 (MCL 286.102).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1076 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nAgriculture; other; rule-making authority regulating the transportation and sale of liming materials; eliminate.\nAmends sec. 8 of 1955 PA 162 (MCL 290.538).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1077 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nAgriculture; other; motor fuels quality act; remove certain rule-making authority of the department of agriculture.\nAmends sec. 4a of 1984 PA 44 (MCL 290.644a).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1079 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nAgriculture; animals; rule-making authority regarding livestock products; repeal.\nAmends secs. 3b & 7 of 1974 PA 181 (MCL 287.73b & 287.77) & repeals sec. 4 of 1974 PA 181 (MCL 287.74).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1080 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nAgriculture; other; rule-making authority regarding started pullets; repeal.\nRepeals sec. 4 of 1962 PA 213 (MCL 287.174).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1086 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHousing; public accommodations; provisions requiring certain fire escape systems; repeal.\nRepeals sec. 4 of 1913 PA 188 (MCL 427.4).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1087 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHousing; public accommodations; certain provisions relating to restroom facilities; repeal.\nRepeals sec. 5 of 1913 PA 188 (MCL 427.5).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1091 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nNatural resources; inland lakes; act requiring warning markings for ice cutting sites; repeal.\nRepeals 1899 PA 221 (MCL 752.351 - 752.353).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1093 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nCrimes; other; criminal provisions relating to dueling; repeal.\nRepeals secs. 171, 172, 173 & 173a of 1931 PA 328 (MCL 750.171 et seq.).\nLast Action: referred to Committee on Criminal Law and Corrections\nSB 1094 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nCriminal procedure; sentencing guidelines; sentencing guidelines for crime of engaging in or challenging to fight a duel; eliminate.\nAmends sec. 16i, ch. XVII of 1927 PA 175 (MCL 777.16i).\nLast Action: referred to Committee on Criminal Law and Corrections\nSB 1107 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nVehicles; other; prohibition against displaying an emblem or insignia on motor vehicles; repeal.\nRepeals sec. 3 of 1929 PA 269 (MCL 430.53).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1108 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nCriminal procedure; sentencing guidelines; sentencing guidelines for crime inciting an individual to violate a peace treaty with an Indian native or tribe; eliminate.\nAmends sec. 16q, ch. XVII of 1927 PA 175 (MCL 777.16q).\nTIE BAR WITH: SB 1109'00\nLast Action: referred to Committee on Criminal Law and Corrections\nSB 1109 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nCrimes; other; criminal provision relating to inciting an individual to violate a peace treaty with an Indian native or tribe; repeal.\nRepeals sec. 348 of 1931 PA 328 (MCL 750.348).\nLast Action: referred to Committee on Criminal Law and Corrections\nSB 1110 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nVehicles; equipment; prohibition on operating a vehicle without a windshield washing system; repeal.\nAmends sec. 709 of 1949 PA 300 (MCL 257.709).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1111 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nAdvertising; other; prohibition of publishing and distributing immoral advertising; amend and repeal.\nAmends sec. 34 of 1931 PA 328 (MCL 750.34) & repeals secs. 35, 36, 37 & 39 of 1931 PA 328 (MCL 750.35 et seq.).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1112 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nLiquor; advertising; prohibition for advertisements of intoxicating liquors referring to deceased ex-presidents; repeal.\nRepeals sec. 42 of 1931 PA 328 (MCL 750.42).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1113 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nCrimes; other; provision relating to taunting of an individual as having been a convict or an inmate in a correctional facility or jail; repeal.\nRepeals sec. 409 of 1931 PA 328 (MCL 750.409).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1114 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nCrimes; other; provisions relating to prize fighting; repeal.\nRepeals secs. 442, 443, 444, 445, 446 & 447 of 1931 PA 328 (MCL 750.442 et seq.).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1115 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nCriminal procedure; sentencing guidelines; sentencing guidelines for crimes of prize fighting and training for prize fighting; eliminate.\nAmends sec. 16v, ch. XVII of 1927 PA 175 (MCL 777.16v).\nTIE BAR WITH: SB 1114'00\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1117 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nCrimes; penalties; penalties for crimes when not fixed by statute; increase.\nAmends secs. 503 & 504 of 1931 PA 328 (MCL 750.503 & 750.504).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON JUDICIARY\nSB 1118 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nState agencies (existing); treasury; rule-making authority under the revenue act; eliminate.\nAmends sec. 30a of 1941 PA 122 (MCL 205.30a).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1122 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nTrade; labeling; statute relating to misbranded or mislabeled mattress or comforter; repeal.\nRepeals 1917 PA 54 (MCL 429.301 - 429.311).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1128 of 2000 (PA 108 of 2000)\nSenate Bill\nAnimals; other; bounty on rats; eliminate.\nRepeals 1915 PA 50 (MCL 433.251 - 433.253).\nLast Action: ASSIGNED PA 0108'00\nSB 1130 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nLaw enforcement; state police; authorization for a special reserve; eliminate.\nRepeals sec. 6b of 1935 PA 59 (MCL 28.6b).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1132 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nTraffic control; traffic regulation; regulations between drivers and streetcars; repeal.\nRepeals secs. 663, 664, 665 & 666 of 1949 PA 300 (MCL 257.663 et seq.).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1133 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nAgriculture; animals; registration of livestock brands; repeal.\nRepeals 1883 PA 122 (MCL 287.221 - 287.223).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1134 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nVehicles; bicycles; requirement of bicycle to be equipped with bell or similar device; repeal.\nAmends sec. 662 of 1949 PA 300 (MCL 257.662).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1139 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nFire; municipal fire insurance rate classification advisory board; repeal.\nRepeals 1976 PA 340 (MCL 28.651 - 28.657).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1144 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHighways; construction and repair; widening and altering of state trunk line highways with approval of state administrative board; repeal certain section.\nRepeals sec. 2 of 1925 PA 12 (MCL 250.112).\nLast Action: referred to Committee on Transportation\nSB 1147 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHighways; construction and repair; trunk line highway act, 1921 PA 324; repeal.\nRepeals 1921 PA 324 (MCL 250.151).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1148 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHighways; construction and repair; trunk line highway act, 1921 PA 341; repeal.\nRepeals 1921 PA 341 (MCL 250.161).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1149 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHighways; construction and repair; Colgrove highway act, 1921 PA 350; repeal.\nRepeals 1921 PA 350 (MCL 250.171).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1151 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHighways; bridges; provision relating to construction of bridge over Crooked lake; repeal.\nRepeals 1959 PA 82 (MCL 254.111 - 254.112).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1152 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHighways; bridges; provision relating to construction of interstate bridge between Michigan and Wisconsin; repeal.\nRepeals 1927 PA 98 (MCL 254.121 - 254.123).\nLast Action: referred to Committee on Transportation\nSB 1153 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHighways; bridges; provision relating to construction of interstate bridge between Michigan and Wisconsin; repeal.\nRepeals 1955 PA 191 (MCL 254.131).\nLast Action: referred to Committee on Transportation\nSB 1154 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHighways; bridges; provision creating a state bridge commission; eliminate.\nRepeals 1935 PA 147 (MCL 254.151 - 254.167) & sec. 356 of 1965 PA 380 (MCL 16.456).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1155 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHighways; bridges; provision relating to sale of land by the state bridge commission; eliminate.\nRepeals 1947 PA 294 (MCL 254.181).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1156 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHighways; bridges; provision relating to construction of bridge over Missaukee lake; eliminate.\nRepeals 1962 PA 57 (MCL 254.351 - 254.352).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1157 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nHighways; other; provision relating to planting of trees along state trunk line highways; repeal.\nRepeals 1919 PA 36 (MCL 247.231 - 247.235).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS\nSB 1172 of 2000 (PA 427 of 2000)\nSenate Bill\nMilitary affairs; other; Michigan military retirement board; eliminate.\nRepeals sec. 421 of 1967 PA 150 (MCL 32.821).\nLast Action: ASSIGNED PA 0427'00\nSB 1221 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nCrimes; other; threatening to damage or destroy school property or threatening to kill or injure school students or school personnel; prohibit and provide a penalty.\nAmends 1931 PA 328 (MCL 750.1 - 750.568) by adding sec. 411r.\nTIE BAR WITH: SB 1222'00\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON JUDICIARY\nSB 1222 of 2000 (PA 208 of 2000)\nSenate Bill\nCriminal procedure; arrests; arrest without a warrant for misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for more than 92 days or for threatening to damage or destroy school property or threatening to kill or injure school\nstudents or school personnel; allow under certain circumstances.\nAmends sec. 15, ch. IV of 1927 PA 175 (MCL 764.15).\nTIE BAR WITH: SB 1221'00\nLast Action: ASSIGNED PA 0208'00\nSB 1240 of 2000 (PA 335 of 2000)\nSenate Bill\nBusinesses; other; provision requiring that 2/3 of owners of professional corporations engaged in public accounting be licensed CPAs; eliminate.\nAmends sec. 4 of 1962 PA 192 (MCL 450.224).\nLast Action: ASSIGNED PA 0335'00\nSB 1255 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nEconomic development; tax increment financing; \"smart park\" local development financing district; create certified technology parks.\nAmends secs. 2, 4, 10 & 12 of 1986 PA 281 (MCL 125.2152 et seq.) & adds sec. 12a.\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON ECON. DEVELOPMENT, INTL. TRADE AND REG. AFFAIRS\nSB 1283 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nElections; candidates; signature requirements for county commission; revise.\nAmends sec. 11 of 1966 PA 261 (MCL 46.411).\nLast Action: REPORTED FAVORABLY WITHOUT AMENDMENT\nSB 1293 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nLocal government; other; joining state of Michigan as defendant in an adult entertainment lawsuit against a city; require.\nAmends sec. 5h of 1909 PA 279 (MCL 117.5h).\nLast Action: referred to Committee on Constitutional Law and Ethics\nSB 1313 of 2000 (PA 436 of 2000)\nSenate Bill\nOccupations; real estate; disclosure of agency relationship; revise.\nAmends secs. 2512 & 2517 of 1980 PA 299 (MCL 339.2512 & 339.2517).\nLast Action: ASSIGNED PA 0436'00\nSB 1319 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nInsurance; no-fault; affiliated insurers; increase flexibility in underwriting rules.\nAmends secs. 2119 & 2120 of 1956 PA 218 (MCL 500.2119 & 500.2120).\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES\nSB 1347 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nProperty tax; exemptions; property tax exemption for disabled veterans; provide for.\nAmends 1893 PA 206 (MCL 211.1 - 211.157) by adding sec. 7gg.\nLast Action: REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON FINANCE\nSB 1348 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nState; employees and officers; state poet laureate; create.\nCreates new act.\nLast Action: POCKET VETO\nSB 1349 of 2000 (PA 399 of 2000)\nSenate Bill\nLiquor; licenses; issuance of additional resort liquor licenses; provide for.\nAmends sec. 531 of 1998 PA 58 (MCL 436.1531).\nLast Action: ASSIGNED PA 0399'00\nSB 1398 of 2000\nSenate Bill\nCrimes; prostitution; qualifying underlying offenses to establish second, third, and subsequent offense violations; amend.\nAmends sec. 451 of 1931 PA 328 (MCL 750.451).\nLast Action: referred to Committee on Criminal Law and Corrections\nAcceptable Use Policy\nPrivacy Policy\nDMCA Policy\nComment Form\nLegislative Directory\nAccessibility\nSite Map\nBills\nMeetings\nLaws\nThe Michigan Legislature Website is a free service of the Legislative Service Bureau in cooperation with the Michigan Legislative Council, the Michigan House\nof Representatives, the Michigan Senate, and the Library of Michigan. 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If you believe the information is inaccurate, out-of-date, or incomplete or if you have problems\naccessing or reading the information, please send your concerns to the appropriate agency using the online Comment Form in the bar above this text.", "url": "http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(3ycvlccu3eex1tkhzbqj0xry))/mileg.aspx?page=ExecuteSearch&legislativesession=1999-2000&chamber=Senate&sponsor=Thaddeus%20McCotter" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Michigan: Thaddeus McCotter Resigns From Congress - Roll Call\nSkip to content\nPolitics\nCampaigns\nCongress\nWhite House\nPolicy\nDefense\nEnergy/Environment\nFintech\nHealth Care\nTechnology\nTransportation\nAll Policy\nHeard on the Hill\nPodcasts\nCQ Budget\nEqual Time\nFintech Beat\nPolitical Theater\nOversight\nFactba.se\nJoe Biden\nDonald Trump\nWhite House Calendar\nWhite House Releases\nPress Seating Chart\nDonald Trump Twitter\nCorrespondents Dinner\nBlog\nVisuals\nMore\nNewsletters\nCapitol Ink\nRoll Call e-Edition\nOpinion\nEvents\nClassifieds\nRollCall logo\nSearch RollCall.com\nRollCall logo\nPolitics\nCampaigns\nCongress\nWhite House\nPolicy\nDefense\nEnergy/Environment\nFintech\nHealth Care\nTechnology\nTransportation\nAll Policy\nHeard on the Hill\nPodcasts\nCQ Budget\nEqual Time\nFintech Beat\nPolitical Theater\nOversight\nFactba.se\nJoe Biden\nDonald Trump\nWhite House Calendar\nWhite House Releases\nPress Seating Chart\nDonald Trump Twitter\nCorrespondents Dinner\nBlog\nVisuals\nMore\nNewsletters\nCapitol Ink\nRoll Call e-Edition\nOpinion\nEvents\nClassifieds\nSearch RollCall.com\nMichigan: Thaddeus McCotter Resigns From Congress\n(Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call File Photo)\nBy\nJonathan Miller\nPosted July 6, 2012 at 5:29pm\nFacebook\nTwitter\nEmail\nReddit\nUpdated 6:30 p.m. | Michigan Republican Rep. Thaddeus McCotter, who ran a quixotic presidential bid and then failed to get enough signatures to appear on the GOP ballot for his 6th term, announced late today he had resigned from office.\nToday I have resigned from the office of United States Representative for Michigans 11th Congressional District, he said in a statement sent out by his campaign and posted to Facebook.\nAfter nearly 26 years in elected office, this past nightmarish month and a half have, for the first time, severed the necessary harmony between the needs of my constituency and of my family. As this harmony is required to serve, its absence requires I leave. The recent events totality of calumnies, indignities and deceits have weighed most heavily upon my family. Thus, acutely aware one cannot rebuild their hearth of home amongst the ruins of their U.S. House office, for the sake of my loved ones I must strike another match, go start anew by embracing the promotion back from public servant to sovereign citizen, he said.\nMartin Van Valkenburg, McCotters chief of staff, confirmed the resignation to Roll Call.\nMcCotter, one of the chambers more quirky Members, was known as a guitar-playing, chain-smoking loner in recent years. But his early Congressional career included a stint as the chairman of the Republican Policy Committee.\nAfter bollixing up getting enough signatures to get on the ballot, McCotter originally said he would mount a write-in campaign, but changed his mind and announced his retirement last month.\nNow, hes leaving early.\nIt will be up to Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder (R) to declare the 11th district seat vacant and schedule a special election. Its possible that Snyder will schedule the special election to be held concurrently with the already scheduled primary and general elections. Michigans primary is slated for Aug. 7.\nThe Republican on the primary ballot is little-known reindeer rancher Kerry Bentivolio. However, local and national Republicans are backing the write-in candidacy of former state Sen. Nancy Cassis. She will now presumably have the opportunity to get on to the special election ballot.\nLocal Democrats endorsed internist Syed Taj, but he also faces a primary. The district favors Republicans, but could be competitive.\nMcCotters resignation leaves the House with three vacancies. The other two are in Washingtons 1st district and New Jerseys 10th district. To see a full list of Members who have already resigned this Congress, check out our Casualty List.\nRecent Stories\nCapitol Ink | Aerial assault\nAuto parts suppliers fear a crash with shift to EVs\nAs summer interns descend on the Hill, this resource office is ready\nDemocrats add five candidates to Red to Blue program\nIs Congress still The Last Plantation? It is for staffers, says James Jones\nStaffers bear the brunt of threats aimed at district offices\nThe Source for news on Capitol Hill since 1955\nAbout\nContact Us\nAdvertise\nEvents\nPrivacy\nRC Jobs\nNewsletters\nThe Staff\nSubscriptions\nCQ Roll Call is a part of FiscalNote, the leading technology innovator at the intersection of global business and government. Copyright 2023 CQ Roll Call. All rights reserved.\nX\nX", "url": "https://rollcall.com/2012/07/06/michigan-thaddeus-mccotter-resigns-from-congress/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Masamune Makabe | Masamune-kun no Revenge Wiki | Fandom\nMasamune-kun no Revenge Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nCharacters\nClass 2-A\nAki Adagaki\nYoshino Koiwai\nKanetsugu Gasou\nMari Mizuno\nKaneko Sonoka\nKikune Kiba\nClass 2-B\nMasamune Makabe\nKojuro Shuri\nTae Futaba\nNeko Fujinomiya\nothers\nKinue Hayase\nChinatsu Hayase\nSumire Gasou\nForeigners\nMuriel Besson\nFrank Besson\nMedia\nManga\nLight Novel\nAnime\nList of Episodes\nCommunity\nAnime/Manga Hub\nRecent blog posts\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nMasamune-kun no Revenge Wiki\n143pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nCharacters\nClass 2-A\nAki Adagaki\nYoshino Koiwai\nKanetsugu Gasou\nMari Mizuno\nKaneko Sonoka\nKikune Kiba\nClass 2-B\nMasamune Makabe\nKojuro Shuri\nTae Futaba\nNeko Fujinomiya\nothers\nKinue Hayase\nChinatsu Hayase\nSumire Gasou\nForeigners\nMuriel Besson\nFrank Besson\nMedia\nManga\nLight Novel\nAnime\nList of Episodes\nCommunity\nAnime/Manga Hub\nRecent blog posts\nin:\nCharacters, Males, Class 2-B, High School Students\nMasamune Makabe\nEdit\nEdit source\nView history\nTalk (1)\nSpoiler Alert: This wiki article contains details about future plot lines described in the manga. Do not proceed unless you want to be spoiled!\nIntroduction\nQuotes\nRelationships\nImage Gallery\nMasamune Makabe\nManga\nAnime\nKanji\n \nRomaji\nMakabe Masamune\nAlso known as\nPiggy by Yoshino Koiwai Pigs-Foot (English Manga) by Yoshino Koiwai Masamune Hayase (Formerly) Mako (Kinue) Chubby Masa by Childhood Bullies Maa-kun by Hayase Kinue (Makabe's Mother)\nPersonal information\nGender\nMale\nAge\n16-17 (Masamune-kun no Revenge)18-19 (Masamune-kun no Revenge Engagement)\nBirthday\nJanuary 7 (Capricorn)\nRelatives\nGrandpa Makabe (Grandfather)Unnamed fatherHayase Kinue (Mother) Hayase Chinatsu (Younger Sister) Haruka (Cousin) Asae (Aunt) Aki Adagaki (Girlfriend - Future Wife)\nOccupation\nStatus\nAlive\nOccupation\nHigh School Student\nSchool\nYasaka High School\nClass\n2-B 3-A\nPhysical attributes\nHeight\n177 cm (5'10\")\nWeight\n65 kg (143)\nBlood type\nA\nFirst appearance\nManga\nChapter 1\nAnime\nEpisode 1\nPortrayal\nVoiced by (JP)\nNatsuki Hanae\nVoiced by (EN)\nJessie James Grelle (English Dub)\nMasamune Makabe ( , Makabe Masamune) is the main and titular protagonist of the manga series, Masamune-kun no Revenge.\nHe comes back as a fit and handsome young man to get revenge on Aki Adagaki, the girl who had brutally hurt his heart. With the help of Yoshino Koiwai, Aki's maid, he's looking for succession in breaking the Brutal Princess' heart.\nContents\n1 Appearance\n2 Personality\n3 Plot\n3.1 History\n3.2 Revenge Arc\n3.3 The Play Arc\n3.4 Field Trip Arc\n4 Etymology\n5 Trivia\n6 Navigation\nAppearance[]\nMakabe Before and After Masamune is a tall and handsome boy with black hair, blue eyes and he has an athletic and muscular build that makes him the object of affection for many of his female classmates.\nIn the past, however, he was chubby, short and ugly, which made him an easy target to bully.\nPersonality[]\nMasamune is quite smart as he got full marks in his transfer exam and seems to also excel in sports. When he's to please the women, he is shown to be quite flirtatious. Although his training made him tough and handsome, he still has a fear of bugs, especially spiders, which makes him squeal at times. It's shown that he's been able to \"read people\", as shown when he saw through Neko Fujinomiya's facade multiple times.\nHis handsome features and dream-like personality makes the girls in his school swoon for him. He gets all his moves and ideas of being a 'kind boy' from romance and shoujo manga, which he had borrowed from his sister.\nAlthough he may appear to be narcissistic, it is actually his fear of returning to his traumatic days of being overweight and bullied. As a result, he regularly works out and is extremely mindful of the calories in his foods.\nPlot[]\nHistory[]\nMasamune had met the heart-breaker, Aki Adagaki, on the day he was bullied, eight years ago. He was standing outside her mansion, claiming that he was rich. Once the bullies left because of the scary dogs, he saw her and they became good friends.\nGoing to Aki's garden very often, he would keep her company and give her gifts. In return for him being nice and honest to her, Aki would also help make Masamune stronger by stopping him from fearing her dogs, Lancelot and Sean. When Aki had helped Masamune take revenge on his bullies, she had also confessed her sadness as her parents were getting a divorce. Masamune had also vowed then to be by her side.\nLater at home, Masamune thoughtfully decided what to do to cheer her up when Chinatsu Hayase (Masamune's sister) was trying to get his attention. Kinue Hayase (Masamune's mother), misunderstanding what he said, was upset he didn't like her donuts and went to make better and fresh donuts, which Masamune took into consideration that he shouldn't buy a gift because Aki didn't like donuts or candy because they have it there in her mansion.\nHe went to Central Park to gather flowers and was running to Aki's mansion, only to meet his bullies as he ran towards the mansion. However, he was caught up by his bullies in the garden. Screaming her name as he was held back by the bullies, Yoshino Koiwai disguised as Aki came into view, very annoyed. She said \"I can't really come to like you, Piggy\" and nickname him Piggy, which broke Masamune's heart and humiliated him in front of the bullies. After the heartbreak, Masamune asked his grandfather to help him. So for the past eight years, his grandfather had made him run, pull weights and keep fit to become a handsome and tall young man. Masamune took his features as an advantage to advance in getting his revenge on Aki.\nRevenge Arc[]\nWhen Masamune meets Aki Adagaki, he realized how getting her to fall for him was not going to be easy as she was a man-hater who enjoyed humiliating and rejecting everyone who confessed to her. She also has a way of giving boys she doesn't like derogatory nicknames. Extremely confident about his good looks, he unhesitatingly proceeded to flirt and make her fall for him. He seemed to be making progress as she often got nervous and blush around him, despite insulting him just like she did everyone else. He even gained help from Yoshino Koiwai, Aki's maid.\nHe used Yoshino to fulfill his plan to get revenge on Aki but before he met with her, she gathered information about him and found out that he was the chubby kid \"Piggy Foot\" who was turned down by Aki eight years ago. At first, he was greatly anxious about having someone finding out about his past-self, however after they met face-to-face, and revealing that she was the one who found out his identity, Yoshino told him that she too would help him get revenge on Aki. She took advantage of Aki's trust for her to help Masamune meet his goal.\nThe Play Arc[]\nWhen Masamune decided to fill in as the prince at the last minute without consulting his class for Class 2-A play of Snow White when Kanetsugu Gas was nowhere to be found in time for her part to be played. He knew that they worked too hard for this to happen and couldn't let it end in tragedy. Although he had a fever at the time and ended up acting a bit clumsy on stage, his clumsiness and inability to think clearly resulted in him actually kissing Aki Adagaki and letting Class 2-A's play end in success. Kanetsugu managed to return to stage all the while feeling frustrated and leaving Class 2-B no choice but to scrap their play, despite Gasou asking Futaba to fill in as prince for Class 2-B play. Tae Futaba replied, \"Don't underestimate the role of chemistry here.\" Masamune had to go to the nurse's office afterward.\nField Trip Arc[]\nMasamune and his classmate go on a field trip in Paris and bump into a French otaku named Muriel Besson, who wishes to become a manga artist. After realizing that they were Japanese, she was inspired by Masamune and Aki Adagaki to create her own manga. At first, Masamune and Aki kindly reject her offer in assisting her, but her brother butts in and blackmails them too. As they act out what a Japanese couple does in a love comedy, Masamune confesses to Aki. She rejects him, saying that she was still in love with the boy 8 years ago. Confused by Aki's story, he blames her angrily, saying it was her fault as she runs away.\nMasamune visits the Adagaki mansion and runs into he then kisses Yoshino Telling her to shh and not tell Aki Adgaki Yoshino Koiwai. He tells her what if she was telling the truth and that she wasn't the one who gave him the nickname. Yoshino eventually confesses that she was the one that gave him the nickname because she hated how much time Aki spent with him.\nEtymology[]\nThe name Masamune means \"government, politics\" () (masa) and \"religion, sect, denomination, main point, origin, essence\" () (mune).\nMasamune's surname Makabe means \"real, genuine\" () (ma) and \"wall\" () (kabe).\nHis former surname Hayase means \"already, now, fast, early\" () (haya) and \"swift current, rapids\" () (se).\nTrivia[]\nThe anime covers Vol.1 to Vol.6.\nMasamune is 11 months older than Aki Adagaki.\nMasamune's first kiss is with Neko Fujinomiya.\nMasamune resembles Kazuto Kirigaya from Sword Art Online.\nMasamune's zodiac sign is a Capricorn.\nIn the manga, it is revealed that his name was Masamune Hayase in the past before he changed it to Masamune Makabe.\nNavigation[]\nExpandFeatured characters\nMain characters\nMasamune Makabe Aki Adagaki Yoshino Koiwai Neko Fujinomiya\nClass 2-A\nKanetsugu Gasou Mari Mizuno Kaneko Sonoka Kikune Kiba\nClass 2-B\nTae Futaba Kojuro Shuri Akio Tanabe\nOthers\nKinue Hayase Chinatsu Hayase Grandpa Makabe Sumire Gasou Midori Yuisaki\nForeigners\nMuriel Besson Frank Besson\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nMales\nClass 2-B\nHigh School Students\nAdd category\nCancel\nSave\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Masamune-kun no Revenge Wiki\n1\nMasamune Makabe\n2\nAki Adagaki\n3\nKinue Hayase\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nMasamune-kun no Revenge Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://masamunekuns-revenge.fandom.com/wiki/Masamune_Makabe" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Masamune Makabe/Relationships | Masamune-kun no Revenge Wiki | Fandom\nMasamune-kun no Revenge Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nCharacters\nClass 2-A\nAki Adagaki\nYoshino Koiwai\nKanetsugu Gasou\nMari Mizuno\nKaneko Sonoka\nKikune Kiba\nClass 2-B\nMasamune Makabe\nKojuro Shuri\nTae Futaba\nNeko Fujinomiya\nothers\nKinue Hayase\nChinatsu Hayase\nSumire Gasou\nForeigners\nMuriel Besson\nFrank Besson\nMedia\nManga\nLight Novel\nAnime\nList of Episodes\nCommunity\nAnime/Manga Hub\nRecent blog posts\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nMasamune-kun no Revenge Wiki\n143pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nCharacters\nClass 2-A\nAki Adagaki\nYoshino Koiwai\nKanetsugu Gasou\nMari Mizuno\nKaneko Sonoka\nKikune Kiba\nClass 2-B\nMasamune Makabe\nKojuro Shuri\nTae Futaba\nNeko Fujinomiya\nothers\nKinue Hayase\nChinatsu Hayase\nSumire Gasou\nForeigners\nMuriel Besson\nFrank Besson\nMedia\nManga\nLight Novel\nAnime\nList of Episodes\nCommunity\nAnime/Manga Hub\nRecent blog posts\nin:\nRelationships, Music\nMasamune Makabe/Relationships\n< Masamune Makabe\nEdit\nEdit source\nView history\nTalk (0)\nContents\n1 Family\n1.1 Grandpa Makabe\n1.2 Kinue Hayase\n1.3 Unnamed Father\n1.4 Chinatsu Hayase\n2 Love Interests\n2.1 Aki Adagaki\n2.2 Neko Fujinomiya\n2.3 Yoshino Koiwai\n3 Love Rival\n3.1 Kanetsugu Gasou\n4 Friends\n4.1 Kojuro Shuri\n4.2 Tae Futaba\n5 Relationship Poll\nFamily[]\nGrandpa Makabe[]\nHe is the grandfather of Makabe. For the eight years that Makabe was fat, his grandpa had trained him by making him exercise and cut down on eating junk food. Makabe appreciated it but also felt that his grandpa was being harsh on him.\nKinue Hayase[]\nMakabe is the son of Kinue. Their last names are different because Makabe decided to take his grandfather's last name. Kinue loves her son a lot and Makabe shares the same affection despite the irritation he feels whenever his mother gives him food with too muchfat and calories.\nUnnamed Father[]\nHis father. As a child he took great pride in his father was a rich CEO of an unnamed company, which suggests he looked up to him. Unfortunately, this bragging led to him being bullied by his peers but also set up the role of meeting Aki.\nChinatsu Hayase[]\nChinatsu is the younger sister of Makabe. She teases her brother by calling him a 'lolicon' and such due to his strange interest in shoujo mangas and having a picture of Aki and him when they were younger.\nLove Interests[]\nAki Adagaki[]\nMasamune and Aki are childhood friends. He first met her by accident because he was running away from some bullies and when he realized he was inside Adagaki property. From that point they would hang out together in her garden. It is shown that he was in love with her and the feelings were mutual as she was also in love with him. When he confesses his love, for unknown reasons she rejects him telling him that she can't come to like someone like him, later giving him the nickname 'Pig's Foot'. This is the main reason that triggered him to train his body and become thin and handsome.\nAfter growing up, he first transfers to her school only to take revenge on Aki. His plan involves making her fall in love with him and mercilessly, the same brutal and humiliating way Aki does it, reject her. Later he teams up with Yoshino (Aki's maid) to humiliate Aki who'd reject any confession and along with that, give the rejected a nickname. It is unknown what his true feelings are but it is true that he feels the most irritated when he sees her with her fiancee.\nIn chapter 34, Aki tells him that she cannot accept Masamune's feelings while telling him about the Masamune she met in her childhood and loves. She also tells him that when she told Masamune about her parents splitting up, she started crying, in which childhood Masamune says that he will always be with her, but after that, Masamune disappeared and never came back until now. She also tells him that Masamune's disappearance resulted in her habit of binge eating and now that he has come back, (Kanetsugu Gasou) he still doesn't feel any guilt for leaving her behind without saying a word. This leaves Masamune in confusion as he thinks what Aki is saying is different from what he has in his memory.\nBut he soon snaps at her and his hatred reached to a point where he couldn't hold it in. He recalls all the events that occurred in his childhood and the fact that she turned his confession down. He argues back saying \"Don't bullshit me. If that's true why did you give me such a nickname.\" He then yells at her saying she got what she deserved. This leaves Aki in despair and she replies that she thought Makabe would understand her. She leaves out crying.\nIn Chapter 39, after learning the truth from Yoshino, he quickly sprints to where Aki and Kanetsugu are. He finds them and confronts Kanetsugu and Aki. Finally, he tells Aki the truth about him being the Masamune she had befriended back then. After clearing the misunderstanding, and Kanetsugu running after being exposed, Aki tells him that she doesn't mind dating him which leaves him standing there, laughing to himself. They made up to each other afterwards and officially became a couple.\nAs a couple, the two are in a slightly awkward phase, with both of them becoming flustered when Masamune touched her and the two still called each other as they have been before the identity revelation. Regardless, she is open to going on a date with Masamune on Christmas Eve, which is also her birthday, and behaves in direct contrast to their first date at the beginning of the series, such as wanting to sit next to Masamune at the movies. Masamune, who had doubts about his feelings towards Aki, begins to slowly acknowledge that they are indeed not false. However, he is bothered by Aki's interest in making him chubby like how he used to be, feeling uncertain if she is in love with the Masamune of the past as opposed to himself now.\nAs of chapter 46, it is confirmed Aki is aware of Makabes schemes and believes he truly despises her. It is now believed that Aki does have feelings for the current Masamune after asking her old and new self about liking him in reality. She tells Neko this, crying as she thinks of her love be one sided as hers. Aki also went as far to say her feelings for Masamune are greater compared to Nekos. After confronting Yoshino, Aki fully believes that Masamune does dislike her and is implied that she knows where is true feelings lie.\nIn chapter 46.2 Aki invites Masamune on a date and takes him on a trip down memory lane. They bump into one of Masamunes old bullies from childhood (with Akis intention) and Aki declares how much Masamune has grown and matured from before. The bully apologizes for his misdeeds, leaving Makabes quite relieved and saying he wouldnt mind meeting with his other past bullies since he knows theyll say the same thing. Aki sees through this and confesses with pure grace that he has grown stronger, lost weight, and managed to chance. Her biggest words being to have faith in yourself. This moves Masamune completely, causing him to blush and start to tear up. Masamune gives Aki her chocolate and still continues to act flustered around her. He thinks to himself that he wants to touch her, but when he slowly moves his hand towards her, Aki suddenly declines his white day present. This leaves Makabe confused, holding back the present she rejected. Aki tells him there is a person he wants to throw away that he should get back. With that, Aki says goodbye to him and walks off, implying that she has just ended their relationship. Masamune stares off, looking quite confused and hurt from what had just happened.\nIn chapter 47, Makabe is seen to be absent from school for four days with unknown reasons. It is revealed later in the chapter that he went to live with his grandfather, presumably as a retreat for himself. He is shown to have kept the present that Aki rejected during their last date and that was the reason why he was absent for so long. He clearly loves Aki as he can be seen thinking about that incident ever since. However when his grandfather confront him about the present he burns it noting how they do not give off a sweet scent. [taken from the manga adaptation]\nIn chapter 49 he comes backs to school. He meet Aki with her being persuaded by Yoshino to go and see him. It is revealed that Masamune rejects Yoshino back in the mountains and he has something to say to Aki, now knowing his true feelings for her. He then confesses to Aki where she accepts him again and asks him to kiss her.\nNeko Fujinomiya[]\nHe was a bit embarrassed when he found out that she transferred to his school only for him. He from then on for some chapters was flustered when he saw her, but soon was able to overcome it by giving more attention to Aki. When she invites him to her apartment, he tries to sneak in her room only to be later found out by Neko. She tells him she had indeed took his and Aki's childhood photo. When she said he was cute and didn't matter if he used to be fat he thought to himself that he might cry, which left him totally defenseless. She uses this chance to kiss him and seduce him on her bed. When he thought to himself that it didn't matter whatever happens, he suddenly remembers Aki's face and her saying that she can't come to like someone like him in his childhood which makes him stop Neko's any more advance on him. He tells her that he doesn't truly love her and doesn't want to be dishonest anymore.\nShe shows her true nature which is very kind nature by hiding the fact that she has a weak constitution. He understands this when she runs away from home after getting rejected by Masamune. It is also shown that she was his childhood friend because she had a photo taken with him and his family where she was fat. Even his family seems to remember her but Masamune is oblivious to all of this. She still seems to have not overcome his rejection, but tries to avoid any kindness Masamune directs towards her.\nAfter Masamune and Aki began dating, he feels doubts about truly having feelings for Aki, which Neko catches on despite his attempts to hide it. Neko says that she will wait and see how things will unfold, implying that she believes that she might still have a chance to be with Masamune.\nYoshino Koiwai[]\nShe is Aki's maid who is helping him succeed in his plan of humiliating Aki so she can reflect on her actions. She knows that he is the one from long time back who was nicknamed 'piggy'. He calls her master and she is seen helping him a lot but limiting herself, trying not to overdo it. Even though in front it looks like she wants Masamune to succeed in his plan, it mostly seems like she wants them to become a real couple as only she knows that Aki used to love Masamune. The proof for this is that she avoided Masamune wavering his feelings towards Neko by telling him not to be taken away by tide.\nAfter Masamune backs out of a birthday date with Aki, he runs into Yoshino. Yoshino hurts her ankle, causing Masamune to have to carry her. During this turn of events, Masamune becomes extremely aware of Yoshino on his back and begins to think of her in a different way. He sets her down in a park, where she begins to lecture him on avoiding Aki. Masamune apologizes and suddenly pulls Yoshino into a hug, surprising her. He says, \"So I'm fine with Master...I'm glad I didn't go with her. I think I had the most fun when I was forming plans with Master.\" This results in Yoshino head-butting him and writing on his cheek \"I'll pretend I didn't hear.\" and running away. Masamune realizes this is something he shouldn't have said but knows he cannot take it back.\nUpon returning home, Yoshino begins to think about what Masamune said and thinks to herself, \"No no no, don't say something like that, dummy!\"\nLove Rival[]\nKanetsugu Gasou[]\nMasamune didn't know that Aki was fooled into becoming Gasou's fiancee or even about Kanetsugu being a female. Masamune sees her like a rival and challenges her for the place of Aki's dance partner. It is unknown whether Masamune hates her or not although it is certain that he doesn't like her. He is frustrated by Aki's sudden attraction towards her and Aki choosing her. After Masamune and Aki became a couple, Masamune runs into Gasou while getting food for Aki. He learns about the circumstances of her previous actions and is happy to see that she is doing better and happier than before\nFriends[]\nKojuro Shuri[]\nThey both are seen almost all the time together. He is Masamune's first friend. Shuri is very shy as he tends to always stick with Masamune. This was seen when Aki invites him to come with her to a private island. He panics in embarrassment because she is asking only him to come causing him to jump and hug Masamune while saying, \"I won't go anywhere if Masamune is not coming\".\nTae Futaba[]\nShe indirectly confesses to him in chapter 3 by asking him if he would like to hang out with her to movies and etc. to which he rejects. She cries and hopes they could be good friends from then on. Later on, they seem to be on good terms.\nRelationship Poll[]\nCategories\nCategories:\nRelationships\nMusic\nAdd category\nCancel\nSave\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Masamune-kun no Revenge Wiki\n1\nMasamune Makabe\n2\nAki Adagaki\n3\nYoshino Koiwai\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nMasamune-kun no Revenge Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://masamunekuns-revenge.fandom.com/wiki/Masamune_Makabe/Relationships" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Masamune Makabe | Heroes Wiki | Fandom\nHeroes Wiki-Welcome to the Hero/Protagonist wiki! If you can help us with this wiki please sign up and help us! Thanks! -M-NUva\nREAD MORE\nHeroes Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Popular Heroes\nStar and Stripe\nCaesar (Planet of the Apes Reboot)\nCharlie Morningstar\nTed (I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream)\nBrooklynn\nKing Baldwin IV\nSatoru Gojo\nNewly Changed Articles\nRed (Angry Birds)\nPeter Church\nDaniel C\nAlistair Krei\nAngie Piper/Gallery\nEllen \"Mac\" MacKenzie\nSpider-Man (Ultimate Spider-Man game)\nHeadlined Hero - Raphael (TMNT 2003)\nCommunity\nRules\nDiscord\nFeatured Users\nMr.Jay 641\nAkaStve\nKYLIE1114\nMakyzi143!\nDrake Gunderson\nWikification\nRobergestudios\nRecent Blogs\nRecent Changes\nAffiliates\nStaff\nBureaucrats\nEmeraldblade95\nJester of Chaos\nAdministrators\nAlexhoskins\nDarkUnknownWarrior\nKyurem147\nMesektet\nMrs. Super Nova\nRed Chevalier\nRobergestudios\nThe Humble Nintendo Master\nModerators\nJaxnys\nNerdWithAKeyboard\nShockwaveDude120\nWiki Manager\nBarneymiller123abc\nPure Good Terms\nPure Good Criteria\nPure Good Proposals\nProposal Permissions\nDiscussion Dates\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nHeroes Wiki\n43,712pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Popular Heroes\nStar and Stripe\nCaesar (Planet of the Apes Reboot)\nCharlie Morningstar\nTed (I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream)\nBrooklynn\nKing Baldwin IV\nSatoru Gojo\nNewly Changed Articles\nRed (Angry Birds)\nPeter Church\nDaniel C\nAlistair Krei\nAngie Piper/Gallery\nEllen \"Mac\" MacKenzie\nSpider-Man (Ultimate Spider-Man game)\nHeadlined Hero - Raphael (TMNT 2003)\nCommunity\nRules\nDiscord\nFeatured Users\nMr.Jay 641\nAkaStve\nKYLIE1114\nMakyzi143!\nDrake Gunderson\nWikification\nRobergestudios\nRecent Blogs\nRecent Changes\nAffiliates\nStaff\nBureaucrats\nEmeraldblade95\nJester of Chaos\nAdministrators\nAlexhoskins\nDarkUnknownWarrior\nKyurem147\nMesektet\nMrs. Super Nova\nRed Chevalier\nRobergestudios\nThe Humble Nintendo Master\nModerators\nJaxnys\nNerdWithAKeyboard\nShockwaveDude120\nWiki Manager\nBarneymiller123abc\nPure Good Terms\nPure Good Criteria\nPure Good Proposals\nProposal Permissions\nDiscussion Dates\nin:\nAnime Heroes, Manga Heroes, Jerks,\nand\n10 more\nTeenagers\nSiblings\nGenius\nMale\nAnti-Heroes\nSuccessful\nVengeful\nArrogant\nTragic\nMerciful\nMasamune Makabe\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nDo-Gooder\nFull Name\nMasamune Hayase (Perviously)Masamune Makabe\nAlias(es)\nPiggyPig's Foot (Both by Yoshino)Mako (Kinue)Chubby Masa (by his Childhood Bullies)Maa-kunMasa (by his mother)Big Bro Big Brother (by Hayase)\nOrigin\nMasamune-kun's Revenge\nOccupation\nHigh School Student (formerly)University Student (Currently in Engagement)Fitness Instructor\nPowers / Skills\nHigh intelligenceHigh Detuctive skillsEnchanced StrengthEnchanced Stamina\nHobby\nWorking outStaying fitReading mangaComing up with plans to revenge on Aki (Formerly)\nGoals\nGet revenge on AkiHaving Aki fall in love with him for revengeDump Aki once she fell in love with him for revenge (All formerly; abandoned because he learned the truth from Yoshino)Reconcile with Aki of what happened in the past Be in a relationship with Aki (Both succeeded)\nFamily\nShinshuu Makabe (Grandfather)Unnamed fatherHayase Kinue (Mother)Hayase Chinatsu (Younger Sister)Asae Makabe (Aunt)Haruka Makabe (Cousin)\nFriends / Allies\nAki Adagaki (Girlfriend)Yoshino KoiwaiNeko FujinomiyaKojuro ShuriTae Futaba\nEnemies\nAki Adagaki (formerly)Kanetsugu Gas (formerly)Suzuki (formerly; former childhood bully)\nType of Hero\nVengeful Teenager\nMasamune Makabe, formerly known as Masamune Hayase, is the titular main protagonist of the anime and manga Masamune-kun's Revenge.\nHe is voiced by Natsuki Hanae in Japanese and voiced by Jessie James Grelle in English.\nContents\n1 History\n2 Appearance\n3 Personality\n4 Etymology\n5 Trivia\n6 External Links\n7 Navigation\nHistory[]\nIn Masamune's childhood, was a target of bullying for his appearance as he was a short, chubby, and ugly kid. That was until he met a girl named Aki Adagaki when he was standing outside of her mansion. After the bullies had left because of the girl's scary dogs, he saw her and they became good friends.\nMasamune would go to Aki's garden very often, he would keep her company and give her gifts, In return for him being nice and honest to her, Aki would also help him to become stronger by stopping him from fearing her dogs, named Lancelot and Sean. When Aki helped him take revenge on his bullies, she confessed her sadness as her parents were separating. He would vow to be by her side.\nBack at home, Masamune pondered how to lift Aki's spirits while dealing with his persistent sister, Chinatsu Hayase. Unfortunately, his mother, Kinue Hayase, misunderstood his words and was upset about her donuts not meeting his approval. Determined to find a better solution, Kinue set out to make fresh donuts. Masamune decided against buying a gift, knowing Aki had an abundance of sweets at her mansion.\nWith a bouquet of flowers in hand, Masamune raced towards Aki's mansion through Central Park. However, he was intercepted by his longtime bullies in the garden. As they held him back, he desperately called out Aki's name. To his dismay, he was met by Yoshino Koiwai, disguised as Aki, who expressed annoyance and cruelly nicknamed him 'Piggy.' This heartbreak and humiliation marked a turning point for Masamune.\nHe would turn and stay with his grandfather for assistance, and over the next eight years, he underwent rigorous workouts to transform into a tall and handsome young man. Masamune would also change his surname from Hayase to his grandfather's surname, Makabe. Masamune saw his newfound appearance as a strategic advantage in his pursuit of revenge against Aki.\nAppearance[]\nMasamune is a boy with black hair and blue eyes.\nIn the past, Masamune was short, chubby, and ugly, which made him a target for bullies.\nEight years later, after losing weight, Masamune is tall and handsome. He has an athletic and muscular build that makes him the object of affection for many females. Looks like nothing of what he was when he was younger.\nPersonality[]\nMasamune's intelligence shines through as he achieves a perfect score on his transfer exam and exhibits prowess in various sports. When it comes to charming the ladies, he's not shy about being flirtatious. Despite his transformation into a handsome and strong young man, there's one thing that still sends shivers down his spine: his fear of bugs, particularly spiders, which occasionally prompts unexpected squeals.\nHis perceptive nature allows him to read people well, a skill he demonstrated when he saw through Neko Fujinomiya's facade on multiple occasions. Masamune's good looks and charismatic persona turn heads at school, making him the object of affection for many. He models his actions as a 'kind boy' after the romantic exploits depicted in the pages of shoujo manga, which he often borrows from his sister.\nThough some might mistake his behavior for narcissism, it's actually a defense mechanism against the haunting memories of his overweight and bullied past. To prevent a return to those traumatic days, he rigorously maintains a workout regimen and meticulously monitors the calorie content of his meals.\nEtymology[]\nThe name Masamune means \"government, politics\" () (masa) and \"religion, sect, denomination, main point, origin, essence\" () (mune).\nMasamune's surname Makabe means \"real, genuine\" () (ma) and \"wall\" () (kabe).\nHis former surname Hayase means \"already, now, fast, early\" () (haya) and \"swift current, rapids\" () (se).\nTrivia[]\nMasamune is 11 months older than Aki Adagaki.\nHis first kiss was with Neko Fujinomiya.\nMasamune resembles Kazuto Kirigaya from Sword Art Online.\nHis zodiac sign is a Capricorn.\nHis surname was Masamune Hayase in the past before he changed it to Masamune Makabe.\nExternal Links[]\nMasamune Makabe on the Masamune-kun Revenge Wiki\nNavigation[]\nView Heroes\nMasamune Makabe | Aki Adagaki | Neko Fujinomiya | Kojuro Shuri | Yoshino Koiwai\nCategories\nCategories:\nAnime Heroes\nManga Heroes\nJerks\nTeenagers\nSiblings\nGenius\nMale\nAnti-Heroes\nSuccessful\nVengeful\nArrogant\nTragic\nMerciful\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nSci-fi\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Heroes Wiki\n1\nStar and Stripe\n2\nCaesar (Planet of the Apes Reboot)\n3\nCharlie Morningstar\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nHeroes Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://hero.fandom.com/wiki/Masamune_Makabe" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Review: Masamune-kun no Revenge (Masamune-kuns Revenge) (Anime) | by nflstreet | MediumOpen in appSign upSign inWriteSign upSign inReview: Masamune-kun no Revenge (Masamune-kuns Revenge) (Anime)nflstreetFollow10 min readJan 18, 2021--ListenShareMasamune-kun no Revenge might be a rare example of me holding a higher opinion on an anime than the average person on Anilist and MyAnimeList does. Its not that Im a harsh critic its more that most people that rate anime like to give generous ratings. I know everyone has their different metrics when it comes to rating something, people who rate anime mostly rating it on the Enjoyment Factor, which at times has nothing to do if the anime is actually good or not. It can sometimes give someone a false read on an anime. With that being said, Im surprised that Masamune-kun only has a 65% rating on AniList (6.8 on MyAnimeList) its definitely nowhere near the best romantic comedy anime out there. Hell, its probably not the best romantic comedy from the season it aired (Winter 2017). At the same time, Ive seen much worse anime have higher ratings on the same site (Ill not name any names to avoid having people telling me to die again). It makes me beg the question; what gives? Is it that Masamune-kun doesnt have enough fanservice? Is it that Masamune himself is a rejection of the typical pitiful rom-com protagonist? Is it that Adagaki is too little of a tsundere? Is it that shes too much of a tsundere? I dont think I could come up with a conclusive answer if I tried, but it doesnt matter anyway.The revenge in Masamune-kun no Revenge is this: Makabe Masamune, our main character, wants Aki Adagaki, the main girl, to fall in love with him for the sake of dumping and humiliating her. Why, you may ask? Because eight years ago, Makabe, then a short and fat kid, was bullied by her, along with every other kid that made fun of him for being a fat rich kid, but especially by her. Her nickname for him, Pigs Foot, sticks to him to this day. Despite all of this, Makabe confesses his love to Aki, being rejected to no ones shock. While I cant garner much sympathy for Makabe, I have respect for the way he trains to get back at her. In between the eight years from that rejection to the beginning of the anime, Makabe has transformed himself physically and mentally. His workout regime as far as we know is simple A shit-ton of pushups, cardio, and from him having a home gym set up in his room, a lot of other things. His training hasnt exactly made him look like DK Metcalf or young Arnold Schwarzenegger, but I dont know many 16-year-olds that look like either of them. It seems to me that the mangaka of the manga this anime is based on doesnt know all that much about weight training, working out, and the diets of bodybuilders/guys who work out every day. In his room, theres no squat rack to do squats, and no bench to do any bench presses, the two exercises being the most commonly known and done weight lifting exercises. He doesnt even have a Smith Machine, which would let him do both without having to have a spotter in case hes trying to max out. Being rich, he could definitely obtain one if he wanted it. And its not just that while Makabe is averse to foods with high calories and fat, its common for athletes to eat a lot of food when theyre training, the most famous example being Michael Phelpss 12,000 calorie a day diet, which included three-slices of french toast, three chocolate chip pancakes, an entire pizza, and enough energy drinks to kill a horse. Of course, Makabe doesnt train as hard as someone whos won 23 Olympic gold medals, but its hard for me to believe that Makabe has been cutting for eight years. Even if Makabe was cutting the whole time, theres no scene with him eating or talking about grilled chicken, which is the staple for bodybuilders who want to eat something with high protein and low fat. His lack of knowledge about supplements is exposed when questioned about his vitamin intake by Neko Fujinomiya. While I dont expect Makabe to be cycling, especially considering his slim stature, I would expect him to know about whey, creatine, and some of the million other weightlifting supplements out there. Ultimately, I could chalk this all up to Makabe being dumb, but I think a lack of info about working out and workout culture from the mangaka and/or the anime studio is the main culprit in this situation. Socially, he has trained to talk to girls by reading a copious amount of shoujo manga. Often taking lines from series that hes read and using them on Aki, his strategy of being a shoujo manga main character is so-so. Its painfully obvious that Makabe has little experience with talking to women, or having friends in general three scenes in particular being; when he freezes up when trying to add his classs rep to his contact list, showing that he has zero people added on the app thats supposed to represent LINE; every time a woman calls him, with him taking a good minute to answer every time due to nerves; and his lack of experience at karaoke. He doesnt act like a total loser, but its clear that good looks will only get him so far. As silly as using shoujo manga as your basis as to how youre going to swoon girls, its better than, say, reading books by pick-up artists or anything as contemptible. It makes me wonder what else did Makabe do while he was gone for eight years? In the anime, that part of his life wasnt shown, but Im guessing it was eventually shown more in the manga (update: It was in the second chapter).Moving on, Makabes victim, Aki Adagaki, is what Id call your bog-standard rich tsundere main girl. In the first scene in the anime, she is confessed by a super hot guy in a Romeo and Juliet type fashion (with her being on the school roof while hes outside at the entrance of the school), and cuts him down, revealing that he bought a volume of a gender-swap manga last week, his internet power fantasy novel which has the main character sharing his name, and the fact that he has a hairy mole on his chest. She gives him the nickname Moley, having her maid, Yoshino Koiwai, unwrap a twenty-five feet long banner with Moley on it. I know this scene was an exaggeration to introduce her character, but it makes me wonder; why do men line up to confess to her even after seeing how brutally she cuts down other clueless men? Who knows. No one else is humiliated to the degree that guy was, so it might have been a one-time thing. Aki has a huge secret though. Its enough of a secret that no one except Yoshino knows about it. The secret? Its that she has an unstoppable appetite. Makabe should be eating like her if were being honest. Her typical lunch is Five Explosive Croquette Buns, four Cutlet Sandwiches, and god knows how many bentos. While having a huge appetite isnt exactly a third rail in contemporary girl culture, I can see why Aki would want to hide the fact that she could close a buffet down for the night if she wanted to. It doesnt seem to hurt her weight-wise, which I can only guess is due to her having great metabolism as well. Other than that, the only thing that separates her from other rich tsundere girls is that shes more flippant than average. Akis assistant, Yoshino, is more interesting. Hiding under the veneer of a slow and clumsy girl, Yoshino is actually ruthless and machiavellian. She decides to help Makabe on his quest to get revenge, believing that Aki has to reexamine herself a bit and that getting dumped by Makabe could help her behave a little more like someone who isnt on her high horse all the time. While Makabes revenge would be Akis just deserts, whether or not it would actually make her think about how she treats others is questionable. To paraphrase Slavoj iek, Theres nothing liberating in suffering. Theres as much chance that Aki would double down on her misandrist behavior as the chance that it would help her reflect on her actions in the past. Being bullied doesnt teach a lesson to the bullied that bullying is bad. In fact, it does the opposite. The same for kids who have abusive parents and/or guardians. Nevertheless, Yoshinos intervention into Makabes plans is a lifesaver for him. Without her, he wouldve gotten nowhere. The level of control she has over Aki, who is as socially maladroit as Makabe, sometimes leads to funny situations. The one that sticks out the most is when Aki shows up to a date with Makabe, she shows up wearing a magical girl cosplay, being tricked by Yoshino into believing that this is proper dress etiquette for first dates. I know that description doesnt sound that funny, but if you get to episode three, youll hopefully understand why I think its funny. Other characters of note include; Kojuurou Shuri, your typical girlish looking boy that every anime rom-com series has to have for some reason; Neko Fujinomiya, a mysterious girl that plays a huge role in the second arc of this anime, and thankfully doesnt become fodder after that; and Kanetsugu Gasou, another mysterious guy who looks like how Makabe would look if he never did a sit-up this man would be the Fat Bastard to young Makabes Porky.There isnt really one thing I can point to emphasize why I dont think that its a bad show. The morals, from what I can pick up from it, are solid. Looking handsome can help you out in life, but you wont get everything handed to you on a silver platter because of it. No one would notice or care if Makabe was 17% body fat instead of 7%. The only scenes where it matters are those over-dramatic scenes where girls are like whos that guy? and whatever. I could do without those, but Im not the main audience here. In the grand scheme of things, the fact that Makabe went through what I presume a rigorous self-improvement regime for years up to this point means little to the plot at hand. Just because you are hot doesnt mean that girls will line up to date you. Women are harder to get than that (well, most of them anyway). Working out just so girls will like you is quite possibly the worst reason why you could start working out. Its a good way to become either the biggest narcissist ever or an MGTOW loser. Makabe IS a narcissist, but in a former fat-kid turned hottie way and not a 4chan told me this is how I get women way. The point is that if you decide to start working out, do it because you either want to be healthier or because you want to lift more weight not because of a girl. Another, albeit a more no shit point, is that is it worth Makabe to go through all of this just to get revenge? This shallow quest to capture Akis heart just to crush itis it worth it? For the point of this series, it is, but it begs the question; is Makabe being truthful to himself? For those whove ever watched a romance anime before, you probably already know the kayfabe thats going on here. Its up to Makabe to realize it for himself, and not others.One thing that is unique about Masamune-kun is how average it is. As in, there are no great moments, but at the same time, there are no moments that wanted me to turn it off and drop it. Even if the anime committed the great sin of trying to have a humorous part in a heavy scene, I didnt mind that much since the humor was only in passing and didnt derail the whole scene, unlike in other anime of the same genre. What makes me give this anime a higher rating than average is that I left it having a positive experience. With an anime like this, your experience with it can depend heavily on if you like a character a lot, and if they win or not. I didnt have any strong affection for any character, so I was watching this from a neutral perspective. The lack of a conclusive ending could have turned people off too. The ending hints at something new that never happens in the anime universe since the only thing released after this was a bad OVA. Its to be expected though, since this anime was an adaptation of a manga that was at the time still ongoing. While its annoying now, it makes sense that they used the ending to promote the manga if it worked, I dont know. I know that Im going to at least attempt to read the manga, due to it not being terribly long. The manga has been officially translated into English, so being able to read it wont be that hard either. From what Ive seen, the unadapted parts of the manga are more wild and give more context to some parts of the anime. Unfortunately, I already spoiled myself when writing this review, so the reveals wont be shocking. It also helps that this anime doesnt pretend to be anything more high-brow than it actually is, while at the same time not seeping into being irredeemable gutter shit (compared to other anime of the same genre). It knows what it is, and doesnt pretend to be anything other than it.The $64,000 question here is: Is this anime worth watching? Id say definitely if youre into this type of anime. Its not the best rom-com anime out there, but its good enough. Most of the complaints I have about the anime have to do something that has little to do with the actual plot. While yes, the mangaka and anime studio might have a pedestrian understanding of working out, most people watching this dont give a shit about that, or wont even notice it. It was more humorous to me since I have a little more understanding of the insane world of being fit. The overall story and characters are average, but dont leave a bad taste in my mouth. While the humor is on par with the average anime, some parts are genuinely hilarious. I still havent found the reason why people that watched this show gave it such a mediocre rating. Maybe its because for this show, and this show only, they graded it solely based on objective measures. Who knows I probably dont want to know, since the reasons will be esoteric in nature and have something to do with what THAT person likes in a show. Im not trying to defend Masamune-kun. It can be considered uninspiring, bland, and cookie-cutter, but to me, it was still enjoyable to watch.70/100If you liked this review, or just want to yell at me, you can see more on TwitterSign up to discover human stories that deepen your understanding of the world.FreeDistraction-free reading. No ads.Organize your knowledge with lists and highlights.Tell your story. Find your audience.Sign up for freeMembershipAccess the best member-only stories.Support independent authors.Listen to audio narrations.Read offline.Join the Partner Program and earn for your writing.Try for $5/monthAnimeReviewAnime Review----FollowWritten by nflstreet48 FollowersAnime, Light Novel, and Manga Reviews Anilist:https://anilist.co/user/nflstreet/ Podcast:https://soundcloud.com/oreimo-castFollowHelpStatusAboutCareersPressBlogPrivacyTermsText to speechTeams", "url": "https://nflstreet.medium.com/review-masamune-kun-no-revenge-masamune-kuns-revenge-d105dc70ea1f" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Masamune-kun's Revenge - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Plot\n2Characters\n3Media\nToggle Media subsection\n3.1Manga\n3.2Light novel\n3.3Anime\n3.3.1Episodes\n3.3.1.1Season 1 (2017)\n3.3.1.2Season 2: R (2023)\n4Reception\n5Notes\n6References\n7External links\nToggle the table of contents\nMasamune-kun's Revenge\n16 languages\nAzrbaycancaDeutschEspaolFranaisBahasa IndonesiaItalianoPolskiTrkeTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nJapanese manga series and its franchise\nMasamune-kun's RevengeThe cover of the first volume featuring the character Aki Adagaki.GenreRomantic comedy[1]\nMangaWrittenbyHazuki TakeokaIllustratedbyTivPublishedbyIchijinshaEnglish publisherNA: Seven SeasImprintRex ComicsMagazineMonthly Comic Rex(2012 2019)Comic Howl(2023)DemographicShnenOriginal runOctober 27, 2012 December 26, 2023Volumes13\nSeries titles\nMasamune-kun's Revenge(October 27, 2012 June 27, 2018, 10 volumes)\nMasamune-kun's Revenge After School(September 27, 2018 January 26, 2019, 1 volume)\nMasamune-kun's Revenge engagement(April 26, 2023 December 26, 2023, 2 volumes)\nLight novelWrittenbyHazuki TakeokaIllustratedbyTivPublishedbyIchijinshaImprintIchijinsha BunkoDemographicMalePublishedDecember 20, 2013Volumes1\nAnime television seriesDirectedbyMirai MinatoProducedby\nList\nOshi YoshinumaTakashi OkadaHideyuki SaidaMika ShimizuYhei KisaraShunsuke MatsumuraJun FukudaYoshiyuki ShioyaYukihiro It\nWrittenbyMichiko YokoteMusicbyTatsuya KatoStudioSilver LinkLicensedbyNA: Crunchyroll[2]Original networkTokyo MX, KBS, Sun TV, AT-X, BS FujiOriginal run January 5, 2017 March 23, 2017Episodes12 + OVA\nAnime television seriesMasamune-kun's Revenge RDirectedbyMirai MinatoProducedby\nList\nOshi YoshinumaHisato UsuiTakashi JinguujiShinji OomoriFumihiro OzawaShouta WataseYuuki KonishiYuki MakimotoHaruna Hirose\nWrittenbyMichiko YokoteMusicbyTatsuya KatoStudioSilver LinkLicensedbyCrunchyroll\nSA/SEA: Medialink\nOriginal networkTokyo MX, BS11, AT-X, Sun TV, KBSOriginal run July 3, 2023 September 18, 2023Episodes12\nAnime and manga portal\nMasamune-kun's Revenge (Japanese: , Hepburn: Masamune-kun no Ribenji) is a Japanese manga series written by Hazuki Takeoka and illustrated by Tiv. The series is published by Ichijinsha and was serialized in their Monthly Comic Rex magazine in Japan from October 2012 to June 2018. A sequel manga, titled Masamune-kun's Revenge engagement, was serialized on Ichijinsha's Comic HOWL website from April to December 2023. The series is licensed by Seven Seas Entertainment in the United States. An anime television series adaptation by Silver Link aired from January to March 2017. The second season aired from July to September 2023.\nPlot[edit]\nMasamune Makabe was a chubby boy who had a close relationship with Aki Adagaki, a beautiful wealthy girl, until one day she cruelly rejected him and gave him the nickname \"Pig's Foot\". Seeking revenge against his tormentor, Masamune changed his name, began dieting and working out every day to become a fit and handsome, albeit vain, high school student. When he encounters Aki once again, she does not recognize him and he commits to seduce her into falling in love with him before embarrassingly rejecting her to exact vengeance. Masamune ends up allying with Aki's classmate and servant Yoshino Koiwai, who seems to know Masamune's nickname as well.\nCharacters[edit]\nMasamune Makabe ( , Makabe Masamune)\nVoiced by: Natsuki Hanae[3] (Japanese); Jessie James Grelle (English)[4]\nMasamune Makabe is the titular protagonist of the series. He is a handsome boy, but he was once a chubby kid that people liked to make fun of. In his childhood, he befriended Aki Adagaki but was brutally rejected by her after his love confession and nicknamed him \"Piggy\" (, Tonsoku, Pig's foot), causing him to undergo several diets and training and also changed his family name thanks to his grandfather. He's also committed to getting revenge on Aki; planning to make Aki fall in love with him and then cruelly reject her calling this his \"Dead or Love Plan\". When Yoshino confesses that she was the real culprit, Masamune is torn as to how he should reconcile with Aki. In a turn of events, Masamune properly affirms his love for Aki in the end.\nAki Adagaki ( , Adagaki Aki)\nVoiced by: Ayaka hashi[3] (Japanese); Morgan Garrett,[4] Alexis Tipton (young) (English)\nAki comes from a well-off family and is known for her brutal treatment of men. As a result, she has gained the nickname \"Cruel Princess\" (, Zangyaku Hime) from her classmates. She allegedly rejected Masamune and gave him the nickname \"Piggy\" when the two were children leading to his transformation and commitment to revenge. It was later revealed that she had a crush on Masamune during their childhood and that her hatred of men stemmed from the incident of his \"sudden departure\" without saying anything and leaving Aki heartbroken. When Masamune finally confronts her about the past, she tells him that she never gave him the nickname \"Piggy\" in the first place and never even heard of that nickname before. As Aki realizes Masamune's true identity, she attempts to make him the same chubby boy he used to be. Aki mentions she found his chubbiness \"cute\" and overall as a symbol of wealth, implying that chubby guys are her type. When she reads Masamune's entitles of revenge and hears Yoshino's regrets, Aki decides to fix everything. With the misunderstood vengeance cleared up, Aki can't help but accept Masamune's heart.\nYoshino Koiwai ( , Koiwai Yoshino)\nVoiced by: Inori Minase[3] (Japanese); Monica Rial[4] (English)\nYoshino is Aki's maid and follower. She seems to be a clumsy girl. However, beneath her clumsy and shy appearance, she is actually extremely deceptive and cold, able to deceive and hurt Aki without a second thought. Unlike Aki, Yoshino easily gained weight from sweets. Later, it was revealed that Yoshino had disguised herself as Aki eight years before, rejected Masamune, and gave him the nickname \"Piggy\" due to jealousy towards Aki's affection for him, but soon realized that her actions caused Aki to become estranged towards men. Ever since then she'd been regretting this and attempted to repay what she had done once Aki and Masamune reunited in high school. During the course of the story, in her attempts to set up Masamune and Aki, she becomes infatuated with Masamune. Aki learns of this and so she rejects Masamune and encourages Yoshino to be true to her feelings. However, Masamune refuses her confession and so Yoshino becomes determined to reunite them. Due to her and Masamune's efforts, Aki finally becomes true to her affection towards Masamune and they make up in the end with a kiss.\nNeko Fujinomiya ( , Fujinomiya Neko)\nVoiced by: Suzuko Mimori[3] (Japanese); Megan Shipman[5] (English)\nNeko is a frail girl who comes from a wealthy family. She transferred to the school that Masamune is attending in the second manga volume and confessed her love soon afterward. Masamune rejects her feelings but she continues to support his choices. It is later revealed that Neko also used to be chubby and that she had fallen in love with him when they were children. Neko confronts Masamune with this info that he had forgotten when he starts doubting his feelings towards Aki. She tells him that she has also fallen in love with the person \"that he is now\". Due to her habit of not wearing any panties, Aki and Yoshino nicknamed her the \"Commando Princess\". On White Day, Neko tempts Aki to break up with Masamune, but despite learning about Neko's knowledge of Masamune's revenge she continues to pursue him anyway.\nTae Futaba ( , Futaba Tae)\nVoiced by: Azusa Tadokoro[3] (Japanese); Caitlin Glass (English)[4]\nMasamune's class rep who loves BL and claimed to have confessed her feelings to Masamune once, but got rejected. Due to her hobby, she kind of loves pairing Masamune with Kojr.\nKojr Shuri ( , Shuri Kojr)\nVoiced by: Saori Hayami[3] (Japanese); Justin Briner (English)[4]\nMasamune's best friend looks like a girl but is actually a guy. He has a crush on Neko.\nKanetsugu Gas ( , Gas Kanetsugu)\nVoiced by: Mitsuki Saiga[6] (Japanese); Ryan Reynolds[5] (English)\nA chubby individual who claimed to be \"Masamune\" Aki's childhood friend in the past. Later on, it is revealed that Kanetsugu is a female pretending to be a male. She disguised herself as Masamune so she could marry into the Adagaki family in an attempt to save her family from poverty. After her true gender is exposed, she starts working part-time at school.\nMuriel Besson (, Myurieru Besson)\nVoiced by: Miku It[7] (Japanese); Reshel Mae[8] (English)\nA young French student with a keen interest in the Japanese culture (especially manga). She uses Masamune as a model of her hero and Aki as the heroine.\nFrank Besson (, Furanku Besson)\nVoiced by: Yasuyuki Kase[7] (Japanese); Derick Snow[8] (English)\nMuriel's older brother, as well as the boss of a Milieu. He enjoys spoiling his own sister very much.\nMedia[edit]\nManga[edit]\nWriter Hazuki Takeoka and Korean female artist Tiv began serializing the manga in the December 2012 issue of Ichijinsha's shnen manga magazine Monthly Comic Rex on October 27, 2012.[9][1] Ten tankbon volumes were released between April 2013 and July 2018. A spin-off titled \"Masamune-kun's Re??? (Somehow))\" (, Masamune-kun no Ri (Nantoka)) is drawn by Yki Shinichi and is serialized on Gekkan ComicREX starting from November 2016 issue.[10] North American publisher Seven Seas Entertainment announced that they had licensed the series on September 4, 2015.[1][11] The series concluded in 2018, with the final chapter being released on June 27.[12] Takeoka and Tiv launched an epilogue manga in Monthly Comic Rex on September 27, 2018. The short manga, titled Masamune-kun no Revenge After School (, Masamune-kun no Ribenji after school), is a series of after-stories focusing on various characters.[13] The short manga was released in tankbon as 11th volume of the main series.[14] A sequel manga, Masamune-kun's Revenge engagement, began serialization on Ichijinsha's new Comic Howl manga website on April 26, 2023,[15] and ended on December 26 of the same year.[16] The sequel was released in tankbon as 12th and 13th volume of the main series.[17][18]\nNo.\nOriginal release date\nOriginal ISBN\nEnglish release date\nEnglish ISBN\n1 April 27, 2013[19]978-4-7580-6372-2June 14, 2016[20]978-1-626922-2-59\n2 July 27, 2013[21]978-4-7580-6403-3September 13, 2016[22]978-1-626923-28-7\n3 March 27, 2014[23]978-4-7580-6432-3December 6, 2016[24]978-1-626923-66-9\n4 September 27, 2014[25]978-4-7580-6471-2March 7, 2017[26]978-1-626924-38-3\n5 April 27, 2015[27]978-4-7580-6497-2July 13, 2017[28]978-1-626924-93-2\n6 November 27, 2015[29]978-4-7580-6552-8October 3, 2017[30]978-1-626925-61-8\n7 June 27, 2016[31]978-4-7580-6590-0January 23, 2018[32]978-1-626926-73-8\n8 January 27, 2017[33]978-4-7580-6641-9June 19, 2018[34]978-1-626928-05-3\n9 February 5, 2018[35]978-4-7580-6706-5February 26, 2019[36]978-1-626929-44-9\n10 July 27, 2018[37]978-4-7580-6730-0May 28, 2019[38]978-1-642750-80-5\n11 April 26, 2019[14]978-4-7580-6799-7May 12, 2020 (digital)June 16, 2020 (physical)[39]978-1-64505-454-2\n12 July 27, 2023[17]978-4-75808-436-9\n13 December 26, 2023[18]978-4-75808-463-5\nLight novel[edit]\nA light novel adaptation by Hazuki Takeoka, with art by Tiv, has been published by Ichijinsha in a single volume released on December 20, 2013.[40]\nNo.\nJapanese release date\nJapanese ISBN\n1 December 20, 2013978-4-7580-4509-4\nAnime[edit]\nOn June 23, 2016, publisher Ichijinsha announced that the series would receive an anime television series adaptation.[41][42] The anime is produced by Silver Link and directed by Mirai Minato, with Michiko Yokote supervising the scripts, and Yokote and Kento Shimoyama writing the scripts, featuring character designs by Yki Sawairi.[43] Toshiki Kameyama is the series' sound director while Lantis produced the music.[3] The opening theme is \"Wagamama Mirror Heart\" (MIRROR HEART, \"Selfish Mirror Heart\") performed by Ayaka hashi, and the ending theme is \"Elemental World\" performed by ChouCho.[3] The AT-X broadcast uses the song \"Manazashi Silent\" (, Manazashi Sairento, \"Silent Gaze\") as its ending theme; it was sung by hashi and Suzuko Mimori under their respective character names Aki Adagaki and Neko Fujinomiya.[44] The series aired from January 5 to March 23, 2017. It was broadcast on Tokyo MX, AT-X, and BS Fuji.[3] The anime ran for 12 episodes and was released across six BD/DVD volumes.[45] Crunchyroll streamed and licensed the series,[2] while Funimation produced an English dub.[46] An OVA of the series has been released[47] and tells an \"after story\" for the manga.[12]\nKochi Ozu High School inspired the design of school setting\nRevenge's set design is inspired by real locations in the Tokyo metro, especially near Mitaka, Musashino and Yokohama. The school's exterior was modeled on Kochi Ozu High School[ja].[48]\nOn April 2, 2022, a second season titled Masamune-kun's Revenge R was announced.[49] The main staff and cast members are reprising their roles.[50] It was initially scheduled for April 2023, but was later delayed to July due to the COVID-19 pandemic affecting the production,[51][52] which aired from July 3 to September 18, 2023. The opening theme is \"Please, please!\" performed by Ayaka hashi.[7] Medialink licensed the series in South, Southeast Asia and Oceania (except Australia and New Zealand) and will stream it on Ani-One Asia's Youtube channel.[53]\nEpisodes[edit]\nSeason 1 (2017)[edit]\nNo.Title[54][a]Directed byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal air date[55]Ref.1\"The Boy Who Was Called Pig's Foot\"Transliteration: \"Tonsoku to yoba reta otoko\" (Japanese: )Keisuke InoueMichiko YokoteMirai MinatoJanuary5,2017(2017-01-05)[56]\nMasamune Makabe is introduced as a handsome guy who lives with his sister Chinatsu Hayase and his mother Kinue Hayase, but he is self-conscious about high-calorie foods. On his first day of high school, Masamune witnesses Shigeo Yamada being publicly humiliated and rejected by Aki Adagaki. Masamune quickly befriends classmates Tae Futaba and Kojr Shuri. When Aki finds classmate Akio Tanabe, she reads aloud his love letter and tears it up before rejecting him. Aki got the nickname \"Cruel Princess\" due to her family wealth and cruel methods of rejecting boys. Masamune recalls that Aki rejected him when they were childhood friends. Thanks to Kojr, Masamune collects information about Aki, rumored to always eat alone despite being surrounded by her female friends. Masasune follows Aki's maid Yoshino Koiwai to a storage closet, where he learns that Aki is prone to hypoglycemia and needs to eat in large quantities in order to satisfy her appetite. Aki promises that Masamune will regret it if he ever exposes her secret. During volleyball practice, Kojr says that there are rumors about Masamune and Aki being friends. After school, while Yoshino runs to the store to get some bread, Aki encounters an envious Akio, who attempts to cut Aki's hair. Masamune suddenly intercepts and causes Akio to run away. When Masamune was a chubby boy in the past, he visited Aki at her mansion, only for her to reject him and call him \"Pig's Foot\". Ever since then, he seeks revenge to win her heart before dumping her, calling it the \"Dead or Love Plan\". The next morning, after reconciling with Akio, Masamune finds an anonymous letter in his shoe locker with \"Pig's Foot\" written on it, fearing that someone might know about his past.\n2\"Cinderella Doesn't Smile\"Transliteration: \"Shinderera wa warawanai\" (Japanese: )Michiru ItabisashiMichiko YokoteMirai MinatoJanuary12,2017(2017-01-12)[57]\nMasamune becomes very cautious around his classmates. He was previously adopted by his grandfather and his last name was changed eight years ago. During the \"lunchtime stampede\" at the cafeteria, he reluctantly helps Yoshino buy five explosive croquette buns and four cutlet sandwiches. Accompanying Yoshino to the storage closet, Masamune meets a dead end with Aki when he tries to find out who wrote the anonymous letter. After Masamune receives a juice box from Yoshino without a smile, Aki states that Yoshino has a habit of serving others, though Yoshino is expected to always serve Aki. Before taking his leave, Masamune tells Aki that he wants to serve her, causing Aki to blush. After lunchtime, Masamune is caught in a snare trap surprisingly set up by Yoshino. She releases him and explains that the Koiwai family has been attendants to the Adagaki family for 300 years. Yoshino even offers to help Masamune execute his revenge plan. In the hallway on the way to class, Masamune runs into Tae, who invites him to an upcoming class barbecue. He attempts to exchange email addresses with her, but he chickens out and asks Kojr for advice. Tae learns that the school beautification committee lost a member, so Masamune volunteers to fill in the vacancy, but he is unable to get closer to Aki. In the classroom, Tae asks Masamune out on a movie date, but he kindly declines. When Tae leaves, Aki suddenly appears before Masamune. When Masamune attempts to exchange email addresses with Aki, she claims that her cellphone is being repaired. The following week, Masamune is sent on a wild-goose chase all over school set up by Aki, who frustrates him with a written rejection. Yoshino then tells Masamune that she will help him go on dates with Aki.\n3\"Yoshino's Magic Show\"Transliteration: \"Yoshino no Majikkush\" (Japanese: )Yshi IbeKento ShimoyamaKeiichiro KawaguchiJanuary19,2017(2017-01-19)[58]\nTae announces that all her classmates will need to attend supplementary classes for a month if any student fails the proficiency test. Masamune decides to tutor Kojr since he scored extremely low on his midterm exam. After Masamune sees Aki tutoring Yoshino nearby, Masasune and Aki each make a wager between who will score higher. Aki is surprised to learn from Yoshino that Masamune was the only student to get a perfect score on his transfer exam. Masamune receives a phone call from Yoshino, who says that she is unable to help him in the wager. Later on, Chinatsu and Kinue are shocked to see Masamune studying instead of working out. On the day of the proficiency test, Yoshino gives Masamune a black iced coffee from the vending machine while telling him that all his studying does not matter. He starts to have a stomachache at the beginning of the proficiency test, theorizing that Aki ordered Yoshino to lace the drink with laxatives. However, he finds out that Aki was absent from a fever, and his boxed lunch caused the stomachache. Masamune and Aki end up being the only students to attend the supplementary classes. Masamune later meets Aki at the train station for a date. He sees her cosplaying as a magical girl, as she believes this to be the \"first date dress code\". Masamune and Aki watch a horror movie in the theater with one empty seat between them. When they eat at a restaurant, a young girl asks Aki about her cosplay costume. After Masamune tells Aki that the first date dress code does not exist, Aki changes clothes in a dressing room. Masamune accidentally sees Aki in her undergarments, and she knocks him unconscious. Masamune reminisces about his first encounter with Aki at her mansion when they were children. When Masamune wakes up from Aki's lap at a park bench, she leaves after he apologizes for startling her. Yoshino contacts Masamune, saying that she agreed to help him with the revenge plan in efforts to make Aki humbler.\n4\"Clear and Present Danger\"Transliteration: \"Ima soko ni aru kiki\" (Japanese: )Keisuke InoueKento ShimoyamaKeisuke InoueJanuary26,2017(2017-01-26)[59]\nMasamune reads a shjo manga called \"Rose-Eyed Steroid\", featuring the characters Eiji and Momo, in order to gather ideas to execute his revenge plan. He stares at Aki during supplementary class and offers her an umbrella when it begins to rain outside. Yoshino later tells Masamune to stop being creepy towards Aki, advising him to back off a bit. Because of this, he starts to ignore Aki, even when she tries to return his umbrella. Aki soon stops Masamune in the hallway, consequently being flustered when trying to confront him as to why she is being ignored. He admits that he ignored her on purpose because he likes her, and he runs away after saying that he likes everything about her. In the schoolyard, Yoshino refuses to give Masamune advice. Masamune writes a love letter and gives it to Aki, but she throws it away right in front of him. Aki runs away after saying that Masamune is acting like a selfish jerk. While Yoshino assures Masamune that she will take care of the matter, Aki runs to a playground, where she recalls seeing Masamune and Yoshino together in the schoolyard. Yoshino finds Aki at the playground and clears up the misunderstanding by saying that Masamune just needed some advice, especially since Yoshino is aware that Aki likes Masamune back. Afterwards, Aki crosses an intersection while thinking about Masamune. When an oncoming car approaches Aki, Masamune rescues her from danger in the nick of time. A girl wearing a rosary comes out of the car and hugs Masamune, but he does not recognize her at all.\n5\"Mysterious Cat\"Transliteration: \"Misuteriasu kyatto\" (Japanese: )Shinsuke GomiMichiko YokoteMirai MinatoFebruary2,2017(2017-02-02)[60]\nThe girl believes her prayers were answered for having a chance meeting with Masamune. She is then told by her bodyguard Shid that they are running late. Once they depart, Aki walks off in a huff after witnessing everything. The next day at school, Masamune buys food during the \"lunchtime stampede\", but he is then shot repeated by Yoshino with an air gun. Yoshino leaves after Masamune confesses that he does not know the girl. Masamune delivers the food outside the storage closet without meeting Aki. He is shocked to learn that the girl, recognized as Neko Fujinomiya, is a transfer student in his class. Masamune soon learns from Tae that Neko transferred into the school just because of him. Neko reveals that Masamune offered his coat to her during Christmas three years ago. However, he realizes that she was not referring to him because he was still chubby during that time. He grabs her by the hand and takes her outside, confronting her as to why she made up a lie, though she says that the truth is embarrassing. As Masamune admits having unrequited love for someone else, he takes Neko to see Aki in her class. When a boy opens the classroom window, Masamune and Aki discover that Neko mysteriously does not wear panties. Masamune tries to stop Aki when she leaves the classroom, but Aki accidentally punches a teacher in the face, causing Masamune and Aki to clean the swimming pool as punishment. Masamune sprays water from a hose on Aki, then Aki carries a bucket of water in order to get even. Aki trips and falls into the swimming pool and starts to drown, prompting Masamune to dive in and rescue her, though the swimming pool turns out to be rather shallow. Aki is surprised that Masamune saved her despite him avoiding to get wet. He admits that his body moved on its own, as well as the fact that he likes her, so she asks him to prove it by kissing her.\n6\"Attack! Battle of the Home Visits\"Transliteration: \"Totsugeki! Otaku hmon-sen\" (Japanese: )Michiru ItabisashiMichiko YokoteKeiichiro KawaguchiFebruary9,2017(2017-02-09)[61]\nIn the schoolyard, Neko asks Yoshino where Masamune and Aki have been, but Yoshino says that she has no idea. At the swimming pool, Aki backs out before a hesitant Masamune tries to kiss her. When the swim team including Tae arrive for swimming practice, Aki leaves Masamune in the swimming pool. Masamune dries off in the schoolyard, where Neko sits beside him and offers hot tea filled with hydrating vitamins and minerals. He asks her about what she likes about him, and she answers that he is amazingly modest, a response that was unexpected of him. Yoshino follows Neko all the way towards Masamune's home. When Yoshino is noticed by Shid, Neko tells Shid that Yoshino is an attendant for Aki. Masamune arrives home, only to find out that Kinue \"recruited\" Yoshino and Neko to assist in making fried shrimp in the kitchen. Yoshino notices all the gym equipment that Masamune has in his bedroom. When Neko finds the two, she says that Chinatsu just came home and the fried shrimp is ready. At the dining table, Masamune prevents Chinatsu from revealing his past. Masamune complains about the high calories and Neko complains about the low nutrients, much to Kinue's worry. After eating, Chinatsu lights up fireworks. Yoshino tells Masamune about a time when Aki attached her to a bunch of fireworks in order to simulate a rocket launch, though Yoshino was blind and deaf for a week. Neko then tells Masamune that she admires Chinatsu, despite Masamune finding Chinatsu annoying. Kinue and Chinatsu also have a watermelon seed spitting contest. While Shid drives Neko to her house, Masamune walks Yoshino to the main road, as Yoshino tells Masamune to avoid falling in love with Aki. It is revealed that Neko has stolen a childhood photo of Masamune and Aki. The next day in the storage closet, Masamune tells Aki that she is amazingly modest, but she says that he is too conceited to accept being a moron.\n7\"The Tsunade Island Incident\"Transliteration: \"Tsunade-jima jiken\" (Japanese: )Yshi IbeKento ShimoyamaMasafumi TamuraFebruary16,2017(2017-02-16)[62]\nAs summer vacation finally begins, Masamune plans his next move to get closer to Aki, convincing her to invite him to her summer villa in Tsunade Island, along with Neko, Tae and Kojr. On the yacht, Yoshino informs Masamune that her research on Neko came up short. Yoshino threatens Masamune that she will reveal the whole story up to this moment if he does not make Aki fall in love with him by the end of the trip. At Tsunade Island, Adagaki family secretary Midori Yuisaki welcomes Masamune, Aki, Yoshino, Neko, Tae and Kojr to the summer villa. Masamune riskily declares that he is dating Aki, somehow convincing Yuisaki. Aki is reluctant to pretend dating Masamune for the duration of the trip. At the beach, Neko gets extra close with Masamune when she wants him to apply sunscreen on her. Aki comes in between them and advises Neko to back off from her cheap flirting tricks. When Aki takes Masamune to an isolated area of the beach, she orders him to bring her back some lunch. While Masamune fetches a boxed lunch from Yuisaki in the kitchen, Yuisaki suggests for Masamune to visit a haunted mansion, though Yuisaki secretly expresses envy towards Masamune for dating Aki. In the past, Yuisaki witnessed a young Aki rejecting all the boys after she was abandoned by the chubby Masamune. In the present, Masamune, Aki, Yoshino, Neko, Tae and Kojr enter the haunted mansion at night one by one. Yuisaki originally plans to cosplay as Ghostface in order to scare Masamune. However, Yoshino cosplays as Jason Voorhees and scares Yuisaki, who runs away and ends up scaring Aki, Tae and Kojr in the process. Yuisaki flees outside and encounters a spooky Neko, causing Yuisaki to run into a pole. While Masamune later carries Yuisaki on his back, he confides in her that he is not dating Aki. The next morning on the yacht, Yoshino respects Masamune for his risky strategy. Yoshino says that she will not say anything to Aki, but Yoshino states that she will not help Masamune if he cannot help himself.\n8\"It's Not You\"Transliteration: \"Kimi janai nda\" (Japanese: )Keisuke InoueKento ShimoyamaMirai MinatoFebruary23,2017(2017-02-23)[63]\nMasamune is contacted by Aki during his workout routine. He then tells Yoshino that Aki wants to meet in person in order to return a bag that he left at the summer villa. In his bedroom, Masamune realizes that the childhood photo of him and Aki has disappeared, certain that Neko stole it. Aki returns the bag to Masamune at a diner, though Masamune is bent on Neko stealing his childhood photo. Aki leaves after Masamune ignores her. Neko contacts Masamune and invites him to a water park with Tae. Masamune visits Neko in the afternoon at her apartment, where Neko makes hot tea. He snoops around her bedroom, filled with various pills and shjo manga, but she eventually finds him. After she admits that she became interested in \"Rose-Eyed Steroid\" because of him, she comes clean with Masamune's childhood photo. Neko kisses Masamune unexpectedly, saying that health is more important than looks. As Masamune contemplates that appearance is only one aspect of a person, he reveals that he had a snobbish attitude when he was chubby. Before taking his childhood photo with him, Masamune tells Neko that he cannot be with her, adding that his heart belongs to Aki. The next morning, a groggy Masamune meets with Aki, Yoshino, Tae and Kojr at the water park, though Neko decided to cancel on them. Later on, Shid rushes to inform the others that Neko has run away from the apartment since the morning. To make matters worse, the pills that Neko are actually anticonvulsants, and she puts on a cheerful facade to mask her fragile condition. Since Shid is aware that Masamune previously visited Neko's apartment, Masamune confesses that he rejected Neko and chose Aki.\n9\"It's Been Called Love and Affection\"Transliteration: \"Ai tomo koi tomo iukeredo\" (Japanese: )Ken TakahashiKento ShimoyamaKen TakahashiMarch2,2017(2017-03-02)[64]\nAs Aki ignores Masamune's confession, Shid informs everyone that Neko left her cellphone and wallet at the apartment. Leaving Masamune behind outside the water park, Shid drives Aki, Yoshino, Tae and Kojr, as they split up around town in search of Neko. Masamune and Aki end up together at the school, where Aki empathizes Masamune for rejecting Neko yet pities Neko for wallowing in misery. Masamune asks Aki if she knows about the nickname \"Pig's Foot\", but many love letters in the form of paper planes appear in the sky, leading them to find Neko on the school rooftop. Neko collapses in Masamune's arms, and she is sent to the hospital. Masamune contemplates if rejecting Neko was worth it, and he then visits her in the hospital room, where she starts talking about the past. It is shown that Neko was invited to a birthday party by three girls, but her condition was brought up when they mentioned tennis. Neko's grandfather suggested for her to undergo surgery, even though her condition would not be cured. She wanted the chance of falling in love, and she decided to pursue Masamune. Neko enjoys the chase of falling in love, noting that she and Masamune are very much alike. Aside from experiencing unrequited love for herself, she is satisfied that Masamune will not follow the same path. In the hospital lobby, Tae tells Yoshino and Kojr that she had feelings for Masamune, though she is glad to have friends. When Masamune comes back to the hospital lobby, he walks past Aki on his way out. While heading home, Masamune worries that he will end up on the same path of unrequited love, though he is still determined to execute his revenge plan. Outside her mansion, Aki recalls her conversation with Neko in the hospital room, in which Neko questioned Aki about her persistence of doubting Masamune's love. Aki believes that Masamune was very attractive when he was chubby. Masamune packs a duffel bag and leaves Chinatsu and Kinue. Aki is approached by a boy who resembles a chubby Masamune.\n10\"The New School Term Filled With Doubts\"Transliteration: \"Giwaku no Shin gakki\" (Japanese: )Shinsuke GomiMichiko YokoteShinsuke GomiMarch9,2017(2017-03-09)[65]\nYoshino's father is shocked to learn from a letter that the boy, introduced as Kanetsugu Gas, is betrothed to Aki. As summer vacation ends, Aki rejects the head player of the varsity baseball team outside school. Despite this, Tae, Sonoka Kaneko and Mari Mizuno are shocked to see that Aki has gone soft around Kanetsugu when the two head off to class. Masamune is surprised that Neko has returned to school after recovering from her surgery in the past month, while Neko realizes that Masamune did not make any progress with his revenge plan. When Masamune goes to see Aki after class, he is surprised to see that Kanetsugu is not only a transfer student in her class, but also is engaged to her. Yoshino takes Masamune to the storage closet, where she confirms that Aki and Kanetsugu are living together at the mansion. Masamune observes that Kanetsugu is an exceptional soccer player, is very academically smart and is inclined to sit next to Aki during lunchtime. After school, Tae, Sonoka and Mari meet up at a fast-food restaurant in order to discuss how Aki has changed. The next day at school, Tae proposes a play for the Yasaka Festival, in which Kojr and Masamune will star as Snow White and Prince Charming. After class, Masamune corners Aki against a wall in the hallway, but he is bereft of words, causing Aki to walk back to Kanetsugu. Tae, Sonoka and Mari intend to protect Aki from Masamune as the three recall the conversation with Kanetsugu at the fast-food restaurant, revealing that Kanetsugu does not plan to kiss Aki even though he is engaged to her. Sonoka uses her status as the student council vice president in order to deny approval for the proposal of Class 2-B to produce the play. Tae and Masamune learn that Class 2-A had the same proposal for Aki and Kanetsugu. To solve this issue, Masamune suggests a promotional competition for a poll between both plays. Masamune also wagers with Kanetsugu, in which the winner gets to dance with Aki at the after-party.\n11\"Snow White of the Yasaka Festival\"Transliteration: \"Yasaka sai no Shirayuki hime\" (Japanese: )Yshi IbeKento ShimoyamaKeiichiro KawaguchiMarch16,2017(2017-03-16)[66]\nTae acts sternly towards Kojr during a stage rehearsal of the play in the school gymnasium. Kojr runs out in the hallway and encounters Neko, who is on her way to the school gymnasium carrying her costume. Kanetsugu approaches Masamune in the schoolyard, boasting that he gives Aki some chocolates during breaks. While Aki and Kanetsugu walk towards the food trucks after school, Kanetsugu reminisces that his poor parents wanted him to marry a rich girl. Masamune gets sick at home after exercising in his underwear, prompting Chinatsu to summon Kinue, who wraps Masamune in blankets. On the day of the Yasaka Festival, Sonoka hosts the promotional competition for the plays. Neko takes Masamune to the school infirmary, where she instinctively knows that he was sick and tucks him in the bed. She leaves after saying that she would not mind being his dance partner at the after-party. With an hour before the performance, Kojr finds Neko at the food stalls. In the school gymnasium, they inform Tae that Masamune has gone missing. Meanwhile, a skilled kendo practitioner named Kikune Kiba has captured Masamune in a closet and wrapped him in blankets. Mari orders Kikune to keep Masamune hostage until Aki and Kanetsugu finish dancing at the after-party. Aki finds out that Kanetsugu also has gone missing. Yoshino previously disguised herself as the Evil Queen and locked Kanetsugu in another closet. Kikune became a bodyguard for Aki since a year ago after the latter rejected a cheating kendo practitioner named Masaru Tawarada. Kikune releases Masamune after he accuses her of being unfair. Masamune confidently waits for his friends to rescue him after realizing from Mari that Kanetsugu is also taken hostage. Aki tells Mari that the show must go on without Kanetsugu. After receiving a message from Mari saying to leave Masamune and find Kanetsugu, a furious Kikune chases Masamune out the window, but she falls into the fountain below while he hangs onto the ledge. Tae and Kojr tell Masamune that Aki is still performing without Kanetsugu, prompting Masamune to run back inside.\n12\"Don't Let Go of the Mic, Even if You Die\"Transliteration: \"Shindemo maiku o tebanasu na\" (Japanese: )Keisuke InoueMichiko YokoteMirai MinatoMarch23,2017(2017-03-23)[67]\nMasamune runs to the school gymnasium, where he is in awe that Class 2-A began their play without Kanetsugu. To prevent Aki from humiliating herself as Snow White, Masamune ignores Mari's objections and volunteers to be Prince Charming, thanks to Neko. During the scene where Snow White ate the poisoned apple and dies in a coffin with the Seven Dwarfs tearfully surrounding her, Prince Charming appears on stage. Despite being stricken with a fever, Masamune pushes through and manages to kiss Aki, but she punches him in embarrassment as the play comes to a close. During the after-party, students of Class 2-A and Class 2-B eventually decide to have a karaoke battle as a tie-breaker for the competition. Tae, Aki, Neko and Yoshino each select songs, singing with mics and scoring pretty high. However, Sonoka and Kikune catch on to Masamune, as he tries to escape from the karaoke battle. Aki and Neko even perform a duet together. When it is Masamune's turn to sing, he ends up scoring the lowest despite burning fifteen calories. Afterwards, Masamune and Aki sit on a park bench while waiting for Yoshino to come back from shopping. Masamune and Aki discuss how he stepped in during her play. He asks her to kiss him, but he ends up being fed a sweet baked potato just when Yoshino returns. When Aki and Yoshino leave, Masamune plots to execute his revenge plan during a class trip to Paris.\nOVA\"Of Course, My Mom...\"Transliteration: \"Uchi no Mama ni kagitte\" (Japanese: )Shin OonumaMichiko YokoteMirai MinatoJuly27,2018(2018-07-27)N/A\"Tsunade Island, Once More.\"Transliteration: \"Tsunade shima, futatabi.\" (Japanese: )\"Cinderella After Twelve\"Transliteration: \"12-Ji o sugita Shinderera\" (Japanese: 12)\nMasamune walks in the shopping district, describing himself as the perfect man. He returns home, learning that his cousin Haruka and his aunt Asae look exactly like his mom Kinue. Chinatsu convinces Kinue, Haruka and Asae to wear matching outfits and takes several pictures of them. While Haruka confesses that she wanted to marry Masamune, he claims that somebody already has his heart, though she still offers to be next in line. Aki, Yoshino, Neko, Tae and Kojr travel by yacht and visit Aki's summer villa at Tsunade Island. Yuisaki nosily asks Aki if she was dumped by Masamune, and Aki confirms that Masamune only gave himself more attention. This is shown when Masamune smacks into a street lamp while admiring himself in the shopping district. After a day at the beach, the girls gather together to talk about relationships, but they end up studying for the entrance exams. A drunk Yuisaki carries Kojr under her arm, while spurring up a conversation about loving attractive guys. As everyone else falls asleep, Aki calls Masamune at night, and she confirms to him that she is lonely. At the mansion, Yoshino is advised by her sister Shigeno Koiwai to have the day off. Shigeno gives Yoshino a haircut and a manicure before sending her outside in formal attire. As spectators turn heads, Yoshino contemplates that she always wore flat shoes and comfortable clothes which allowed her to be at Aki's beck and call. She enjoys a dessert served by a waiter and receives a balloon given by a bear mascot. Yoshino sees a boy and a girl who resemble Masamune and Aki as children, and after the boy accidentally drops his ice cream onto her dress, Yoshino gives up her balloon to the boy as a sign of forgiveness. She changes into causal attire in a dressing room, and she is glad to roam freely without getting attention. Returning to the mansion, Yoshino tells Shigeno that she wants to become prettier on her own, though she jokes about planning to dump the guy who falls in love with her.\nSeason 2: R (2023)[edit]\nNo.Title[68][a]Directed by[b]Written by[b]Storyboarded by[b]Original air date[69]Ref.1\"The Wee Parisian Mademoiselle\"Transliteration: \"Pari to Oga Tsuku Madomoazeru\" (Japanese: )Mirai Minato,Satoru KakutaniMichiko YokoteMirai MinatoJuly3,2023(2023-07-03)[70]\n2\"The Princess's Confession\"Transliteration: \"Purinsesu no Kokuhaku\" (Japanese: )Takahiro NakatsugawaMichiko YokoteHiromitsu KanazawaJuly10,2023(2023-07-10)[71]\n3\"They Show Up When You Least Expect It\"Transliteration: \"Wasureta Koro ni Yattekuru\" (Japanese: )Yamato OuchiMichiko YokoteYamato OuchiJuly17,2023(2023-07-17)[72]\n4\"I'm Not Going to Fall in Love with You, Pig's Foot\"Transliteration: \"Anta Nanka Suki ni Naranai wa Yo, Tonsoku\" (Japanese: )Takahiro NakatsugawaKento ShimoyamaTakahiro NakatsugawaJuly24,2023(2023-07-24)[73]\n5\"So We Became a Couple\"Transliteration: \"Kare to, Kanojo ni Narimashite\" (Japanese: )Mirai MinatoKento ShimoyamaMiyana OkitaJuly31,2023(2023-07-31)[74]\n6\"The Second Date\"Transliteration: \"Nidome no Dto\" (Japanese: )Ysuke OnodaMisaki MorieHiromitsu KanazawaAugust7,2023(2023-08-07)[75]\n7\"There's No Point in This Confession\"Transliteration: \"Yte mo Sennaki Kokuhaku desu ga\" (Japanese: )Misuzu HoshinoKento ShimoyamaKoji SawaiAugust14,2023(2023-08-14)[76]\n8\"There Are Things You Shouldn't Realize\"Transliteration: \"Kizuichaikenai Koto mo Aru\" (Japanese: )Yamato OuchiKento ShimoyamaYuuichi NiheiAugust21,2023(2023-08-21)[77]\n9\"Saint Valentine Is Watching\"Transliteration: \"Kiyoshi Barentain ga Miteiru\" (Japanese: )Takahiro NakatsugawaMisaki MorieMiyana OkitaAugust28,2023(2023-08-28)[78]\n10\"Whiteout\"Transliteration: \"Howaitoauto\" (Japanese: )Misuzu HoshinoMisaki MorieHiromitsu KanazawaSeptember4,2023(2023-09-04)[79]\n11\"Face Your Feelings\"Transliteration: \"Jibun no Kimochi ni Mukiatte\" (Japanese: )Mirai MinatoMichiko YokoteMirai MinatoSeptember11,2023(2023-09-11)[80]\n12\"Dead or love?\"Mirai MinatoMichiko YokoteMirai MinatoSeptember18,2023(2023-09-18)[81]\nReception[edit]\nReviewing the first volume, Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network stated that the combination of revenge comedy and romance was \"working thus far\". She felt that Aki's servant was the most interesting character, but also enjoyed Masamune, especially how he had to \"think about the correct response for each situation he finds himself in\". She called Aki \"utterly detestable\", and noted that it would be difficult for the series to turn around and make her a romantic interest. She wrote that the art was attractive, but noted that the drawings of women were often anatomically incorrect.[82]\nThe anime adaptation's first episode received poor reviews from Anime News Network's staff during the Winter 2017 season previews. Theron Martin enjoyed the series the most, stating that with the clichs he should have hated the first episode, but instead he found it quite entertaining. Other staffers weren't so positive. Nick Creamer called it a \"fairly generic romcom premiere starring a very repugnant cast\", while Bamboo Dong claimed it was \"a plain piece of toast smeared with unresolved childhood memories of rejection\" and complained about how males are portrayed as hapless victims of the heartless women. Jacob Chapman called the comedy \"dehumanizing\" and the episode was not engaging. Paul Jensen was more positive in that he found the story and characters were unusual enough to be interesting, but he had mixed feelings as he was not sure what the series wanted to be. Silverman states that the episode walks a fine line between comedy and cruelty and her strong dislike of Aki is definitely coloring this episode for her.[83]\nANN editor Lauren Orsini chose Masamune-kun's Revenge as her pick for the Worst Anime of 2017, criticizing its \"excessive cruelty\" being delivered by the two main leads and the rest of the cast, concluding that, \"This anime should only be viewed as an example of how not to win friends and influence people. The best revenge is a life well lived, as in, not Masamune's approach\".[84]\nNotes[edit]\n^ a b English translated titles are taken from Crunchyroll.\n^ a b c Information is taken from the ending credits of each episode.\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c Ressler, Karen (September 4, 2015). \"Seven Seas Adds Masamune-kun's Revenge Manga\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ a b \"Crunchyroll Announces Winter 2017 Anime Lineup\". Anime News Network. January 20, 2017. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2017.\n^ a b c d e f g h i Pineda, Rafael Antonio (October 23, 2016). \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Anime's Main Cast, Song Artists, January 5 Premiere Revealed\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2016.\n^ a b c d e Ressler, Karen (February 6, 2017). \"Funimation Announces Masamune-kun's Revenge Anime's English Dub Cast\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2017.\n^ a b \"Official Winter 2017 SimulDub Lineup\". Funimation. January 3, 2017. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2018.\n^ \" \" (in Japanese). TV. Retrieved February 23, 2017.\n^ a b c Hodgkins, Crystalyn (November 25, 2022). \"Masamune-kun's Revenge R Anime's 1st Promo Video Reveals Spring 2023 Premiere\". Anime News Network. Retrieved November 25, 2022.\n^ a b Hazra, Adriana (July 3, 2023). \"Masamune-kun's Revenge R Season's Reveals English Dub Cast, Staff\". Anime News Network. Retrieved July 3, 2023.\n^ TivREX [Tiv's New Series in Rex Depicts a Man who has Been Reborn Handsome to Take Revenge]. Natalie. Natasha, Inc. October 28, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ \"\". MyNavi (in Japanese). September 27, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017.\n^ Green, Scott (September 4, 2015). \"Seven Seas Goes Licenses \"I Was Abducted by an Elite All-Girls School as a Sample Commoner\" and More Manga\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on January 25, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ a b Pineda, Rafael Antonio (April 26, 2018). \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Manga Ends in 3 Chapters\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2018.\n^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (August 27, 2018). \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Manga Gets New Spinoff Series in September\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2018.\n^ a b (11) after school [Masamune-kun's Revenge (11) after school]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved December 30, 2019.\n^ Pineda, Rafael Antonio (February 13, 2023). \"Wotakoi's Fujita Launches New Manga This Month\". Anime News Network. Retrieved February 13, 2023. ...Hazuki Takeoka and Tiv will launch the Masamune-kun no Revenge engagement manga on April 26.\n^ Cayanan, Joanna (November 27, 2023). \"Masamune-kun no Revenge Engagement Manga Ends on December 26\". Anime News Network. Retrieved November 27, 2023.\n^ a b (12) engagement [Masamune-kun's Revenge (12) engagement]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved July 23, 2023.\n^ a b (13) engagement [Masamune-kun's Revenge (13) engagement]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved December 9, 2023.\n^ (1) [Masamune-kun's Revenge (1)]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Vol. 1\". Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved April 2, 2022.\n^ (2) [Masamune-kun's Revenge (2)]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Vol. 2\". Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved April 2, 2022.\n^ (3) [Masamune-kun's Revenge (3)]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Vol. 3\". Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved April 2, 2022.\n^ (4) [Masamune-kun's Revenge (4)]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Vol. 4\". Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved April 2, 2022.\n^ (5) [Masamune-kun's Revenge (5)]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Vol. 5\". Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved April 2, 2022.\n^ (6) [Masamune-kun's Revenge (6)]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Vol. 6\". Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved April 2, 2022.\n^ (7) [Masamune-kun's Revenge (7)]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Vol. 7\". Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved April 2, 2022.\n^ (8) [Masamune-kun's Revenge (8)]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved January 24, 2019.\n^ \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Vol. 8\". Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved April 2, 2022.\n^ (9) [Masamune-kun's Revenge (9)]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved January 24, 2019.\n^ \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Vol. 9\". Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved April 2, 2022.\n^ (10) [Masamune-kun's Revenge (10)]. Ichijinsha (in Japanese). Retrieved January 24, 2019.\n^ \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Vol. 10\". Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved April 2, 2022.\n^ \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Vol. 11 After School\". Seven Seas Entertainment. Retrieved April 2, 2022.\n^ (in Japanese). Ichijinsha. Retrieved August 11, 2016.\n^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (June 23, 2016). \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Manga Gets TV Anime Adaptation\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ Luster, Joseph (June 23, 2016). \"\"Masamune-kun's Revenge\" Anime Announced Along with Teaser Visual\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ Pineda, Rafael Antonio (September 23, 2016). \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Anime's Staff, Visual, January Premiere Revealed\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2016.\n^ \"1\". TV. Retrieved February 3, 2017.\n^ \"BD/DVD\". Retrieved January 24, 2019.\n^ Mateo, Alex (January 3, 2016). \"Crunchyroll, Funimation to Stream Saga of Tanya the Evil, Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid, Hand Shakers, More\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2016.\n^ Ferreira, Samantha (February 24, 2018). \"\"Masamune-kun's Revenge\" Anime Gets New OVA\". Anime Herald. Retrieved January 24, 2019.\n^ Donko, Wilhelm (February 14, 2017). \"FEATURE: Anime vs. Real Life \"Masamune-kun's Revenge\"\". Crunchyroll News. Retrieved March 18, 2024.\n^ Mateo, Alex (April 1, 2022). \"Masamune-kun's Revenge Anime Gets 2nd Season\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.\n^ R. Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.\n^ Dempsey, Liam (February 16, 2023). \"Masamune-kun's Revenge R Anime Postponed to July 2023 Due to COVID-19\". Crunchyroll. Retrieved February 16, 2023.\n^ Loo, Egan (May 1, 2023). \"Masamune-kun's Revenge R Season Rescheduled to July 3 After COVID-19 Delay\". Anime News Network. Retrieved May 1, 2023.\n^ \"Ani-One Asia\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved June 28, 2023.\n^ \"TV\". masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ \"TV\". masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 1. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 2. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 3. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 4. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 5. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 6. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 7. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 8. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 9. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 10. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 11. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ TV 12. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved June 25, 2022.\n^ \"StoryTV\". masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved July 3, 2023.\n^ \"OnAir, StreamingTV\". masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved July 3, 2023.\n^ 01. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved July 3, 2023.\n^ 02. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved July 10, 2023.\n^ 03. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved July 17, 2023.\n^ 04. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved July 24, 2023.\n^ 05. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved July 31, 2023.\n^ 06. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved August 7, 2023.\n^ 07. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved August 14, 2023.\n^ 08. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved August 21, 2023.\n^ 09. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved August 28, 2023.\n^ 10. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved September 4, 2023.\n^ 11. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved September 11, 2023.\n^ 12. masamune-tv.com (in Japanese). Retrieved September 18, 2023.\n^ Silverman, Rebecca (June 12, 2016). \"Masamune-kun's Revenge GN 1\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2016.\n^ Martin, Theron; Creamer, Nick; Dong, Bamboo; Chapman, Jacob; Jensen, Paul; Silverman, Rebecca (January 5, 2017). \"The Winter 2017 Anime Preview Guide: Masamune-kun's Revenge\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2017.\n^ \"The Worst Anime of 2017 The Best Anime of 2017\". Anime News Network. December 29, 2017. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2019.\nExternal links[edit]\nOfficial anime website (in Japanese)\nMasamune-kun's Revenge at Ichijinsha (in Japanese)\nMasamune-kun's Revenge at Seven Seas Entertainment\nMasamune-kun's Revenge (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia\nvteMonthly Comic Rex seriesCurrent\nAzur Lane Queen's Orders (2018)\nOnimai: I'm Now Your Sister! (2019)\nGirls' Frontline: The Song of Dolls (2019)\nMiss Caretaker of Sunohara-sou (2022)\n1990s\nBus Gamer (1999)\n2000s\nGau-Gau Wta 2 (2004)\nSolty Rei: Aka no Shukujo (2005)\nKannagi: Crazy Shrine Maidens (2006)\nEden* (2009)\nTenchi Muyo! War on Geminar (2009)\nSora Kake Girl R (2009)\n2010s\n30-sai no Hoken Taiiku (2010)\nLittle Busters! Kudryavka Noumi (2011)\nSenran Kagura: Guren no Uroboros (2011)\nMy Wife Is the Student Council President (2012)\nShomin Sample (2012)\nLong Riders! (2012)\nMasamune-kun's Revenge (2012)\nHimegoto (2013)\nSekai Seifuku: Bryaku no Zuvizud (2014)\nSekai Seifuku: Junketsu no White Light (2014)\nYatogame-chan Kansatsu Nikki (2016)\nChasing After Aoi Koshiba (2018)\n2020a\nEngaged to the Unidentified (2022)\nvteSilver LinkTV series20092015\nTayutama: Kiss on my Deity (2009)\nBaka and Test: Summon the Beasts (2010)\nBaka and Test: Summon the Beasts 2 (2011)\nC3 (2011)\nDusk Maiden of Amnesia (2012)\nChitose Get You!! (2012)\nKokoro Connect (2012)\nOniAi (2012)\nWataMote (2013)\nFate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya (2013)\nStrike the Blood (20132014)\nNon Non Biyori (2013)\nNo-Rin (2014)\nFate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 2wei! (2014)\nInvaders of the Rokujouma!? (2014)\nGirl Friend Beta (2014)\nYurikuma Arashi (2015)\nChaos Dragon (2015)\nNon Non Biyori Repeat (2015)\nFate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 2wei Herz! (2015)\nChivalry of a Failed Knight (2015)\nAnti-Magic Academy: The 35th Test Platoon (2015)\nShomin Sample (2015)\n20162020\nAnne Happy (2016)\nTanaka-kun Is Always Listless (2016)\nFate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 3rei! (2016)\nAnge Vierge (2016)\nMagic of Stella (2016)\nBrave Witches (2016)\nMasamune-kun's Revenge (2017)\nChaos;Child (2017)\nArmed Girl's Machiavellism (2017)\nBattle Girl High School (2017)\nRestaurant to Another World (2017)\nTwo Car (2017)\nA Sister's All You Need (2017)\nMitsuboshi Colors (2018)\nDeath March to the Parallel World Rhapsody (2018)\nButlers: Chitose Momotose Monogatari (2018)\nMiss Caretaker of Sunohara-sou (2018)\nCirclet Princess (2019)\nAo-chan Can't Study! (2019)\nWise Man's Grandchild (2019)\nThe Ones Within (2019)\nBofuri (2020)\nMy Next Life as a Villainess: All Routes Lead to Doom! (2020)\nThe Misfit of Demon King Academy (2020)\nOur Last Crusade or the Rise of a New World (2020)\n2021present\nNon Non Biyori Nonstop (2021)\nMy Next Life as a Villainess: All Routes Lead to Doom! X (2021)\nThe Dungeon of Black Company (2021)\nThe Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated! (2021)\nThe World's Finest Assassin Gets Reincarnated in Another World as an Aristocrat (2021)\nDeep Insanity: The Lost Child (2021)\nThe Greatest Demon Lord Is Reborn as a Typical Nobody (2022)\nWhen Will Ayumu Make His Move? (2022)\nThe Maid I Hired Recently Is Mysterious (2022)\nBofuri 2nd Season (2023)\nThe Misfit of Demon King Academy 2nd Season (2023)\nLevel 1 Demon Lord and One Room Hero (2023)\nMasamune-kun's Revenge R (2023)\nRagna Crimson (2023)\nTearmoon Empire (2023)\nSasaki and Peeps (2024)\nHokkaido Gals Are Super Adorable! (2024)\nMission: Yozakura Family (2024)\nOur Last Crusade or the Rise of a New World Season II (2024)\nOVAs/ONAs\nBaka to Test to Shkanj: Matsuri (2011)\nC3 (2012)\nKy no Asuka Show (20122013)\nOtome wa Boku ni Koishiteru: Futari no Elder (2012)\nNon Non Biyori (20142022)\nStrike Witches: Operation Victory Arrow (20142015)\nBonjour Sweet Love Patisserie (20142015)\nAlice in Borderland (20142015)\nStrike the Blood: Valkyria no koku-hen (2015)\nTanaka-kun Is Always Listless (2016)\nStrike the Blood II (20162017)\nArmed Girl's Machiavellism (2017)\nFate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya: Prisma Phantasm (2019)\nFilms\nChaos;Child: Silent Sky (2017)\nFate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya: Vow in the Snow (2017)\nNon Non Biyori Vacation (2018)\nFate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya: Licht - The Nameless Girl (2021)\nMy Next Life as a Villainess: All Routes Lead to Doom! The Movie (2023)\nVideo games\nHello, Good-bye (2010)\nRelated\nConnect\nCategory\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masamune-kun%27s_Revenge&oldid=1221979542\"\nCategories: Manga series2012 manga2017 anime television series debuts2023 anime television series debuts2013 Japanese novels2023 mangaAnime and manga about revengeAnime postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemicAnime series based on mangaCrunchyroll animeIchijinsha BunkoIchijinsha mangaLight novelsRomantic comedy anime and mangaSeven Seas Entertainment titlesShnen mangaSilver LinkTokyo MX original programmingHidden categories: CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse mdy dates from June 2016Articles containing Japanese-language textOfficial website different in Wikidata and WikipediaArticles with Japanese-language sources (ja)\nThis page was last edited on 3 May 2024, at 04:06(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masamune-kun%27s_Revenge" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Masamune Makabe | Masamune-kun, Masamune kun no revenge, AnimePinterestTodayWatchShopExploreLog inSign upExploreImage searchRead itSave myanimelist.netMasamune MakabeLooking for information on the anime or manga character Masamune Makabe? On MyAnimeList you can learn more about their role in the anime and manga industry.ArtMangaInspirationMasamune Kun No RevengeMasamune-kunMasamune Kuns RevengeMasamune-kun No Revenge MakabeJapanese Manga SeriesHot AnimeNikki RootNNikki Root141 followers", "url": "https://www.pinterest.com/pin/masamune-makabe--409898003570767382/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Completed - Masamune - kun no Revenge | FanVerse\nForums\nNew posts\nWhat's new\nNew posts\nNew articles\nNew media\nNew article comments\nNew media comments\nNew profile posts\nNew threadmarks\nLatest activity\nSupport\nOpen new ticket\nMedia\nArticles\nNew articles\nNew comments\nLog in\nRegister\nWhat's new\nNew posts\nMenu\nLog in\nRegister\nInstall the app\nInstall\nAkihabara District\nAkihabara TV Channel\nOff the Air\nCompletedMasamune - kun no Revenge\nThread starter\nAphrodite\nStart date\nMar 2, 2017\n1\n2\nNext\n1 of 2\nGo to page\nGo\nNext\nLast\n\nMore options\nWho Replied?\nAphrodite\nAlways Smile\nMar 2, 2017\n#1\nI have been watching this anime and it's pretty good. So far only 9 eps are out.\nInfo:\nMasamune Makabe was a chubby boy who had a close relationship with Aki Adagaki, a beautiful wealthy girl, until one day she cruelly rejected him and gave him the nickname \"Pig's Foot\". Seeking revenge against his tormentor, Masamune changed his name, began dieting and working out everyday to become a fit and handsome, albeit vain, high school student. When he encounters Aki once again, she doesn't recognize him and he commits to seduce her into falling in love with him and embarrassingly reject her to exact vengeance, but beneath the surface lies a deeper relationship between the two.\n\nZeta42\nHentai\nMar 3, 2017\n#2\nMaking a thread for an anime that will be over in a month\nAki's legs and Yoshino's boobs are the only reasons to watch this show.\nwibisana\nstill newbie\nMar 4, 2017\n#3\nYeah i fapped alot in manga version\nWatch 1st ep and suddenly drop this bcuz lesser art\n(I know its hard to make anime to look good)\nDrake\n Prism\nMar 4, 2017\n#4\nThis show has a really interesting premise, but unfortunately it's execution isn't that good since we all know the main character is going to forget all about his revenge and just end up falling in love with Aki. It also reminds of Nisekoi a lot (which isn't a good thing at all), and that girl with the brown hair is a blatant Marika rip off.\nF\nFelt\n<b><font color=000000></font></b>\nRetired Staff\nMar 4, 2017\n#5\nIt's an ok series. I enjoyed this weeks ep more than most of the season and the *twist* at the end of the ep was very interesting.\nAphrodite\nAlways Smile\nMar 4, 2017\n#6\nFelt said:\nIt's an ok series. I enjoyed this weeks ep more than most of the season and the *twist* at the end of the ep was very interesting.\nClick to expand...\nOh i know i was like omg whats going on. I also loved the look on aki's face when she was thinking back how cute Masamune was being so chubby. >.<\nZeta42\nHentai\nMar 9, 2017\n#7\nSurprisingly, Neko is alive and still in the show.\nFuck Masamune though. It takes a special kind of retarded to be so dedicated to his stupid revenge plan that he doesn't want the girl he hates to get together with an ugly fat guy.\nMider T\nNanners and kittens\nMar 10, 2017\n#8\nThought I was thrilled only one watching this.\nHated the animation and the changes in Masamune's character in the latest episode.\nF\nFelt\n<b><font color=000000></font></b>\nRetired Staff\nMar 11, 2017\n#9\nomg, The round prince is annoying me every time he's on screen.\nA\nAddy\nWell-Known Member\nMar 11, 2017\n#10\ni thought this would get more posts\n-Z-\nWell-Known Member\nMar 11, 2017\n#11\nWhy the hell did they have a heartwarming goodbye to Neko and then bring her back nek minnit?\nThat fat fuck better get cucked.\nAduro\nDefinitely not a villain.\nMar 11, 2017\n#12\nI feel like this went near some interesting themes then completely failed to have the guts to go near them. A male protagonist with anorexia could actually be a pretty moving and bold topic for a teen anime, but it was really pushed aside as a subplot and romance was considered more important. At first I thought Aki was bulimic too which might have been an interesting and provenant take on the socially-ideal girl with a dark secret type of character. It could have been a story about problems that high-school studenta really deal with. But it turned out to be a generic rom-com with all of its conflict caused by a stupid misunderstanding that wouldn't happen in real life.\nMider T\nNanners and kittens\nMar 12, 2017\n#13\nAduro said:\nI feel like this went near some interesting themes then completely failed to have the guts to go near them. A male protagonist with anorexia could actually be a pretty moving and bold topic for a teen anime, but it was really pushed aside as a subplot and romance was considered more important. At first I thought Aki was bulimic too which might have been an interesting and provenant take on the socially-ideal girl with a dark secret type of character. It could have been a story about problems that high-school studenta really deal with. But it turned out to be a generic rom-com with all of its conflict caused by a stupid misunderstanding that wouldn't happen in real life.\nClick to expand...\nHe isn't anorexic though. He just worked out a shitton. Aki does have an issue, as we'll find out soon enough.\nAduro\nDefinitely not a villain.\nMar 12, 2017\n#14\nMider T said:\nHe isn't anorexic though. He just worked out a shitton. Aki does have an issue, as we'll find out soon enough.\nClick to expand...\nSpoiler:\nAki's issue is that she eats a lot and she's mad that her childhood friend stopped visiting her due to stupid childhood misunderstanding. Rather than the more realistic issues like that fact that she's harassed by guys who are shallow and pervy around her.\nAnd Masamune is the definition of anorexic. His self-worth is based on looks and he's haunted by his former overweight body. The series just can't or won't actually deal with that in an interesting, helpful or realistic way.\nDrake\n Prism\nMar 12, 2017\n#15\n@Aduro I'm pretty that's not the definition of anorexia. Masamune is obsessed with his looks and doesn't want to be fat, but he is also healthy and not at an abnormally low body weight.\nAduro\nDefinitely not a villain.\nMar 12, 2017\n#16\nDrake said:\n@Aduro I'm pretty that's not the definition of anorexia. Masamune is obsessed with his looks and doesn't want to be fat, but he is also healthy and not at an abnormally low body weight.\nClick to expand...\nAnorexia is a mental disorder not a physical one. In the same way that an alcoholic person with no alcohol in their body is still an alcoholic, an anorexic is someone with a dangerous obsession with their own weight.\nAphrodite\nAlways Smile\nMar 12, 2017\n#17\nIm confused with this new person. Is this new person trying to be masamune kun?\nDrake\n Prism\nMar 12, 2017\n#18\nAduro said:\nAnorexia is a mental disorder not a physical one. In the same way that an alcoholic person with no alcohol in their body is still an alcoholic, an anorexic is someone with a dangerous obsession with their own weight.\nClick to expand...\nnationaleatingdisorders.org said:\nAnorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by weight loss (or lack of appropriate weight gain in growing children); difficulties maintaining an appropriate body weight for height, age, and stature;\nClick to expand...\nWikipedia said:\n... eating disorder characterized by a low weight...\nClick to expand...\nI wouldn't call Masamune's obsession with his weight \"dangerous.\" He is still completely healthy. Also, the alcohol comparison doesn't make sense because Masamune is not in danger of being underweight nor has he ever been underweight, while an alcoholic is always in danger of binge drinking and has had drinking problems in the past.\nMider T\nNanners and kittens\nMar 12, 2017\n#19\nAduro said:\nSpoiler:\nAki's issue is that she eats a lot and she's mad that her childhood friend stopped visiting her due to stupid childhood misunderstanding. Rather than the more realistic issues like that fact that she's harassed by guys who are shallow and pervy around her.\nClick to expand...\nSpoiler:\nShe only started eating that much when Masamune left, it's implied that she's trying to fill the void between that and her parents' divorce. She says the doctors don't know what's wrong with her.\nAnd boo hoo, she's popular with guys. That isn't an issue.\nAnd Masamune is the definition of anorexic. His self-worth is based on looks and he's haunted by his former overweight body. The series just can't or won't actually deal with that in an interesting, helpful or realistic way.\nClick to expand...\nLike Drake said, that isn't anorexia.\negressmadara\nWanderin' About\nMar 12, 2017\n#20\nAphrodite said:\nIm confused with this new person. Is this new person trying to be masamune kun?\nClick to expand...\nLooks like it.\nFelt said:\nomg, The round prince is annoying me every time he's on screen.\nClick to expand...\nare we the only ones watching kobayashi\nMider T\nNanners and kittens\nMar 16, 2017\n#21\nEpisode 11 out.\nMasamune (the real one) alluded to something in this episode. Good catch on him.\nAphrodite\nAlways Smile\nMar 16, 2017\n#22\nYeah i loved it.. only one ep left right?\nMider T\nNanners and kittens\nMar 16, 2017\n#23\nYes unfortunately.\nAphrodite\nAlways Smile\nMar 16, 2017\n#24\nDamn that sucks. Guess i gotta read the manga to see how it ends.\nAphrodite\nAlways Smile\nMar 16, 2017\n#25\nCool so the anime and mange are pretty close then.. maybe they will make more.\nZeta42\nHentai\nMar 23, 2017\n#26\nAnd just like that, it's over.\nI've gotta say, the rest of the show may be a shitty Nisekoi clone, but I thoroughly enjoyed this festival arc. It has lots of parallels with Aki and Masamune's incident in the past, and the arc is basically them reliving the old trauma. Or maybe just Aki.\nSpoiler:\nHeck, the one who takes Gasou away is the same fucking person who pretended to be Aki and chased Pig's Foot away. And as a bonus: Gasou is the fake prince in the present, and Yoshino was the fake princess in the past, the two people who stand between Aki and Masamune.\nMider T\nNanners and kittens\nMar 23, 2017\n#27\nWhat a stupid finale. They had to time to get to the most important issue of the entire series and they just blew it. What a gyp.\nZeta42\nHentai\nMar 24, 2017\n#28\nThe most important issue? You mean the fatty? No, 12 episodes is nowhere near enough to get that far in the story.\nMider T\nNanners and kittens\nMar 24, 2017\n#29\nThe fatty and the TRUTH. We were almost there, in fact it would have been better if they just made it 13 episodes.\nZeta42\nHentai\nMar 24, 2017\n#30\nThere's an entire arc between the festival and the truth.\n1\n2\nNext\n1 of 2\nGo to page\nGo\nNext\nLast\nYou must log in or register to reply here.\nShare:\nWhatsApp\nEmail\nShare\nQR Code\nLink\nAkihabara District\nAkihabara TV Channel\nOff the Air\nLight Fan Style\nEnglish (US)\nContact us\nTerms and rules\nPrivacy policy\nHelp\nRSS\nCommunity platform by XenForo 2010-2023 XenForo Ltd.\nBack\nTop\nBottom", "url": "https://www.fanverse.org/threads/masamune-kun-no-revenge.1095928/" } ]

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Moonarch Network BSC AVAX KCC ETH FTM #ad\nAdvertise here", "url": "https://moonarch.app/dapps" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "GitHub - monarch-initiative/monarch-app: Monarch Initiative website and API\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\nmonarch-initiative\n/\nmonarch-app\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n2\nStar\n14\nMonarch Initiative website and API\nmonarchinitiative.org/\nLicense\nBSD-3-Clause license\n14\nstars\n2\nforks\nBranches\nTags\nActivity\nStar\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nCode\nIssues\n103\nPull requests\n4\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\n0\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\nmonarch-initiative/monarch-app\nThis commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository.\nmainBranchesTagsGo to fileCodeFolders and filesNameNameLast commit messageLast commit dateLatest commitHistory521 Commits.github.githubbackendbackenddocsdocsfrontendfrontendscriptsscriptsservices/nginxservices/nginx.gitignore.gitignore.python-version.python-versionCODE_OF_CONDUCT.mdCODE_OF_CONDUCT.mdCONTRIBUTING.mdCONTRIBUTING.mdLICENSELICENSEMakefileMakefileREADME.mdREADME.mdcodecov.ymlcodecov.ymlmkdocs.yamlmkdocs.yamlView all filesRepository files navigationREADMECode of conductBSD-3-Clause licenseWelcome to the Monarch Initiative\nThe Monarch Initiative is an extensive knowledge graph and ecosystem of tools made for the benefit of clinicians, researchers, and scientists. The knowledge graph consists of millions of entities genes, diseases, phenotypes, and many more imported from dozens of sources.\nWe welcome the contributions of the community to help us maintain and improve the knowledge graph and the tools that use it. To help get started on contributing to the Monarch Initiative, please see our CONTRIBUTING.md file.\nMonarch App\n View the website \nThe monarch-app repo contains the source code for the Monarch Initiative website (a Vue webapp),\nas well as monarch-py, a Python library for interacting with the Monarch Initiative knowledge graph. The monarch-py library also includes a FastAPI module that serves as the website's backend. Together, the frontend and backend make up the stack used to deply and run the Monarch Initiative website.\nIf you wish to run Monarch-App as a local web application, please install the requirements below and then follow on to the usage section to start the application. Refer to Using Local Data to see how you can run the full Monarch website locally and use your own data store.\nFor developers\nThe monarch-app repository contains the code to run the Monarch Initiative website in the frontend and backend directories as well as documentation, helper scripts, Docker files and services to help set up a local environment for development and for deployment.\nTo start development, please refer to the CONTRIBUTING.md document with this README. If you are planning to only develop the frontend or backend of the application you can refer directly to the README and CONTRIBUTING files in each of those sections.\nAbout\nMonarch Initiative website and API\nmonarchinitiative.org/\nTopics\nmonarchinitiative\nResources\nReadme\nLicense\nBSD-3-Clause license\nCode of conduct\nCode of conduct\nActivity\nCustom properties\nStars\n14\nstars\nWatchers\n20\nwatching\nForks\n2\nforks\nReport repository\nReleases\n53\nv1.3.0\nLatest\nMay 28, 2024\n+ 52 releases\nContributors\n13\nLanguages\nVue\n38.8%\nPython\n38.5%\nTypeScript\n19.3%\nJavaScript\n1.0%\nMakefile\n0.9%\nSCSS\n0.7%\nOther\n0.8%\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/monarch-initiative/monarch-app" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Moonarch.app (MOONARCH) Price, Charts, and News | Coinbase: moonarch solana, moonarch\nSkip to contentSkip to site indexExploreCryptoView crypto prices and chartsENS ProfilesBuild your web3 presence todayWeb3Dive into the world of dappsStakingExplore staking across our productsLearnTips & TutorialsCrypto basicsCrypto glossaryUpdate the systemWeb3Market updatesCrypto policyCrypto questions, answeredGuides and explainers for your crypto questionsSee all articlesIndividualsBuy and sellBuy, sell and use cryptoAdvancedBuy, sell and use cryptoWalletThe best self-hosted crypto walletEarnEarn rewards on your cryptoCardSpend crypto, earn crypto rewardsPrivate ClientFor trusts, family offices, UHNWIsLearning rewardsLearn and earn cryptoNFTCreate, collect, connectCoinbase OneGet more out of cryptoCrypto tools for everyoneBuy, sell, and spend crypto on the world's most trusted crypto exchangeSee all productsBusinessesInstitutionalSolutions for institutional investorsPrimeThe prime brokerage platformCommerceAccept crypto from anyoneAsset HubList your asset on CoinbaseExchangeDirect access to our exchangeDerivatives ExchangeTrade an accessible futures marketInternational ExchangeDirect access to our international exchangeBuilt for businesses and institutionsCrypto solutions for institutional investors, family offices, and businessesSee all productsDevelopersDeveloper PlatformDeveloper tools and APIsOnrampA secure fiat-to-crypto solutionBaseAn Ethereum L2 to build dappsStakingStaking validators and toolingWalletsEnable the best wallet experience for any userBuild with CoinbaseTools to bring the world onchainSee all productsCompanyAboutCareersAffiliatesSupportBlogSecurityLearn all about CoinbaseWe're building an open financial system for the world.Sign inSign upMoonarch.app (MOONARCH) is not tradable on Coinbase.Data is sourced from CoinMarketCap, CoinGecko and other third parties. We make no representation on the accuracy of the data provided. Learn moreView all assetsMOONARCH PriceAboutMarket Market stats Market performanceRewardsNewsRelated AssetsDiscover conversionsPeople also viewTrending assetsPopular assetsRecently addedComparable market capAdvanced trading pairsDiscover more assetsSocialOverviewTwitterRedditMoonarch.app CalculatorCoinbase BytesFAQMoonarch.appMOONARCHBuyEURMOONARCH Price0.0052MarketMarket statsData is sourced from CoinMarketCap, CoinGecko and other third parties. We make no representation on the accuracy of the data provided. Learn moreMarket capData unavailableVolume (24h)33.52Circulating supplyData unavailableAll time high0.0057Market performancePrice change (1h)+100%Price change (1d)+100%Price change (1w)+100%Price change (2w)-8.51%Price change (1m)0%Price change (1y)+36.06%Related AssetsDiscover conversionsA selection of conversions from different assets to top cryptocurrencies.GRT - BTCSEI - ETHWBTC - USDCcbETH - USDTA selection of conversions for different assets and currencies.BCH - BHDBitcoin Cash - Bahraini DinarPRIME - PKREchelon Prime - Pakistani RupeeMETIS - EURMetis - EuroOSMO - XPDOsmosis - PalladiumEGLD - XDRMultiversX - Special Drawing RightsZEC - GTQZcash - Guatemalan QuetzalINDEX - MKDIndex Cooperative - Macedonian DenarAST - MOPAirSwap - Macanese PatacaBAL - CVEBalancer - Cape Verdean EscudoALEPH - PLNAleph.im - Polish ZotyERN - BNDEthernity Chain - Brunei DollarWAMPL - TTDWrapped Ampleforth - Trinidad and Tobago DollarTrending assetsAssets with the biggest change in unique page views on coinbase.com over the past 24 hours.XYONKNSUKUUMADIAAPI3SUIMXCPopular cryptocurrenciesA selection of cryptocurrencies in the top 50 by market cap.BitcoinEthereumTetherSolanaUSDCXRPDogecoinSHIBA INUCardanoAvalancheChainlinkPolkadotRecently addedA selection of the most recently added cryptocurrencies.Neon EVMAdvanced tradingHere is a selection of spot and futures markets that people watchBTC FuturesETH FuturesTRB-BTCETH-BTCCRV-BTCCBETH-ETHSOL-ETHLSETH-ETHBTC-USDCUSDT-USDCDiscover more assetsA selection of other relevant cryptocurrenciesBitcoinSynthetix Network TokenEthereum Name ServiceMakerAaveFlowLido DAO TokenHeliumVulcan Forged PYRSeamlessKarratStarknet TokenMoonarch.app CalculatorHow much is 1 MOONARCH?Conversion TableMOONARCH/USD (United States Dollar)$0.0057MOONARCH/CAD (Canadian Dollar)CA$0.0078MOONARCH/GBP (British Pound)0.0045MOONARCH/JPY (Japanese Yen)0.89MOONARCH/INR (Indian Rupee)0.47MOONARCH/BRL (Real)R$0.0295MOONARCH/EUR (Euro)0.0052MOONARCH/NGN (Nigerian Naira)NGN7.79MOONARCH/KRW (South Korean Won)7.77MOONARCH/SGD (Singapore Dollar)S$0.0077View moreGuidesCoinbase BytesMoonarch.app is on the rise this week.The price of Moonarch.app has increased by 100.00% in the last hour and increased by 100.00% in the past 24 hours. 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Data presented may reflect assets traded on Coinbases exchange and select other cryptocurrency exchanges. 2024 CoinbaseBlogTwitterFacebookCompanyAboutCareersAffiliatesBlogPressSecurityInvestorsVendorsLegal & privacyCookie policyCookie preferencesDo Not Share My Personal InformationDigital Asset DisclosuresLearnBitcoin HalvingEthereum MergeExploreCoinbase Bytes newsletterCrypto basicsTips & tutorialsCrypto glossaryMarket updatesWhat is Bitcoin?What is crypto?What is a blockchain?How to set up a crypto walletHow to send cryptoTaxesIndividualsBuy & sellEarn free cryptoWalletNFTCardCoinbase OneBusinessesInstitutionalPrimeAsset HubCommerceDerivatives ExchangeDevelopersDeveloper PlatformBaseStakingOnrampWalletsWallet SDKSign in with CoinbaseExchange APIPrime APIBase NodeBuild Onchain AppsSupportHelp centerContact usCreate accountID verificationAccount informationPayment methodsAccount accessSupported cryptoStatus", "url": "https://www.coinbase.com/price/moonarch-app" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Tokpie | Moonarch.app\nMenu\nExchange\nBuy Crypto\nGeneral Trade\nBuy With Credit Card\nMarkets\nAdvantages\nFAQ\nBlog\n TOKPIE 2018. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "King Arthur - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Historicity\n2Name\n3Medieval literary traditions\nToggle Medieval literary traditions subsection\n3.1Pre-Galfridian traditions\n3.2Geoffrey of Monmouth\n3.3Romance traditions\n4Decline, revival, and the modern legend\nToggle Decline, revival, and the modern legend subsection\n4.1Post-medieval literature\n4.2Tennyson and the revival\n4.3Modern legend\n5See also\n6Notes\n7References\nToggle References subsection\n7.1Citations\n7.2General and cited sources\n8Further reading\n9External links\nToggle the table of contents\nKing Arthur\n97 languages\nAlemannischAragonsAsturianuAzrbaycanca ()BosanskiBrezhonegCatalCebuanoetinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFranaisFryskGaeilgeGaelgGalegoHrvatskiIdoBahasa IndonesiaslenskaItalianoKapampanganKernowekKiswahiliKurdLatinaLatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviLingua Franca NovaMagyarMalagasyBahasa MelayuNederlandsNordfriiskNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskNouormandOccitanOzbekcha / PatoisPicardPolskiPortugusRomnScotsShqipSimple EnglishSloveninaSlovenina / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTagalogTrkeTing VitWinaray\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadView sourceView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadView sourceView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikiquote\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nLegendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries\n\"Arthur Pendragon\" redirects here. For other uses, see Arthur Pendragon (disambiguation) and King Arthur (disambiguation).\nTapestry showing Arthur as one of the Nine Worthies, wearing a coat of arms often attributed to him,[1] c. 1385\nKing Arthur (Welsh: Brenin Arthur, Cornish: Arthur Gernow, Breton: Roue Arzhur, French: Roi Arthur), according to legends, was a king of Britain. He is a folk hero and a central figure in the medieval literary tradition known as the Matter of Britain.\nIn Welsh sources, Arthur is portrayed as a leader of the post-Roman Britons in battles against the Anglo-Saxons in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. He first appears in two early medieval historical sources, the Annales Cambriae and the Historia Brittonum, but these date to 300 years after he is supposed to have lived, and most historians who study the period do not consider him a historical figure.[2][3] His name also occurs in early Welsh poetic sources such as Y Gododdin.[4] The character developed through Welsh mythology, appearing either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh otherworld Annwn.[5]\nThe legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain).[6] Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established a vast empire. Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey's Historia, including Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, the magician Merlin, Arthur's wife Guinevere, the sword Excalibur, Arthur's conception at Tintagel, his final battle against Mordred at Camlann, and final rest in Avalon. The 12th-century French writer Chrtien de Troyes, who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story, began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature. In these French stories, the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters, such as various Knights of the Round Table. The themes, events and characters of the Arthurian legend vary widely from text to text, and there is no one canonical version. Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed, until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century. In the 21st century, the legend continues to have prominence, not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre, film, television, comics and other media.\nHistoricity\nMain article: Historicity of King Arthur\n\"Arthur Leading the Charge at Mount Badon\" 1898\nThe historical basis for King Arthur has been long debated by scholars. One school of thought, citing entries in the Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons) and Annales Cambriae (Welsh Annals), saw Arthur as a genuine historical figure, a Romano-British leader who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons some time in the late 5th to early 6th century.\nThe Historia Brittonum, a 9th-century Latin historical compilation attributed in some late manuscripts to a Welsh cleric called Nennius, contains the first datable mention of King Arthur, listing twelve battles that Arthur fought. These culminate in the Battle of Badon, where he is said to have single-handedly killed 960 men. Recent studies question the reliability of the Historia Brittonum.[7]\nArchaeological evidence in the Low Countries and what was to become England shows early Anglo-Saxon migration to Great Britain reversed between 500 and 550, which concurs with Frankish chronicles.[8] John Davies notes this as consistent with the British victory at Badon Hill, attributed to Arthur by Nennius.[8] The monks of Glastonbury are also said to have discovered the grave of Arthur in 1180.[9]\nThe other text that seems to support the case for Arthur's historical existence is the 10th-century Annales Cambriae, which also link Arthur with the Battle of Badon. The Annales date this battle to 516518, and also mention the Battle of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut (Mordred) were both killed, dated to 537539. These details have often been used to bolster confidence in the Historia's account and to confirm that Arthur really did fight at Badon.\nKing Arthur returning from the Battle of Mons Badonis (or Mount Badon). First reference to Arthur, found in early Welsh literature. Stained glass in Llandaf Cathedral, Cardiff.\nProblems have been identified, however, with using this source to support the Historia Brittonum's account. The latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales. Additionally, the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early. They were more likely added at some point in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals. The Badon entry probably derived from the Historia Brittonum.[10]\nThis lack of convincing early evidence is the reason many recent historians exclude Arthur from their accounts of sub-Roman Britain. In the view of historian Thomas Charles-Edwards, \"at this stage of the enquiry, one can only say that there may well have been an historical Arthur [but ...] the historian can as yet say nothing of value about him\".[11] These modern admissions of ignorance are a relatively recent trend; earlier generations of historians were less sceptical. The historian John Morris made the putative reign of Arthur the organising principle of his history of sub-Roman Britain and Ireland, The Age of Arthur (1973). Even so, he found little to say about a historical Arthur.[12]\nPartly in reaction to such theories, another school of thought emerged which argued that Arthur had no historical existence at all. Morris's Age of Arthur prompted the archaeologist Nowell Myres to observe that \"no figure on the borderline of history and mythology has wasted more of the historian's time\".[13] Gildas's 6th-century polemic De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain), written within living memory of Badon, mentions the battle but does not mention Arthur.[14] Arthur is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle or named in any surviving manuscript written between 400 and 820.[15] He is absent from Bede's early-8th-century Ecclesiastical History of the English People, another major early source for post-Roman history that mentions Badon.[16] The historian David Dumville wrote: \"I think we can dispose of him [Arthur] quite briefly. He owes his place in our history books to a 'no smoke without fire' school of thought... The fact of the matter is that there is no historical evidence about Arthur; we must reject him from our histories and, above all, from the titles of our books.\"[17]\nSome scholars argue that Arthur was originally a fictional hero of folkloreor even a half-forgotten Celtic deitywho became credited with real deeds in the distant past. They cite parallels with figures such as the Kentish Hengist and Horsa, who may be totemic horse-gods that later became historicised. Bede ascribed to these legendary figures a historical role in the 5th-century Anglo-Saxon conquest of eastern Britain.[18] It is not even certain that Arthur was considered a king in the early texts. Neither the Historia nor the Annales calls him \"rex\": the former calls him instead \"dux bellorum\" (leader of wars) and \"miles\" (soldier).[19]\nSupposed former gravesite of Arthur at Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset\nDetails of Arthur's story are mainly composed of Welsh mythology, English folklore and literary invention, and most historians of the period do not think that he was a historical figure.[2][20][21] Because historical documents for the post-Roman period are scarce, a definitive answer to the question of Arthur's historical existence is unlikely. Sites and places have been identified as \"Arthurian\" since the 12th century,[22] but archaeology can confidently reveal names only through inscriptions found in secure contexts. The so-called \"Arthur stone\", discovered in 1998 among the ruins at Tintagel Castle in Cornwall in securely dated 6th-century contexts, created a brief stir but proved irrelevant.[23] Other inscriptional evidence for Arthur, including the Glastonbury cross, is tainted with the suggestion of forgery.[a]\nAndrew Breeze argues that Arthur was a historical character who fought other Britons in the area of the future border between England and Scotland, and claims to have identified the locations of his battles as well as the place and date of his death (in the context of the extreme weather events of 535536),[24] but his conclusions are disputed.[25] Other scholars have questioned his findings, which they consider are based on coincidental resemblances between place-names.[26] Nicholas Higham comments that it is difficult to justify identifying Arthur as the leader in northern battles listed in the Historia Brittonum while rejecting the implication in the same work that they were fought against Anglo-Saxons, and that there is no textual justification for separating Badon from the other battles.[27]\nSeveral historical figures have been proposed as the basis for Arthur, ranging from Lucius Artorius Castus, a Roman officer who served in Britain in the 2nd or 3rd century,[28] to sub-Roman British rulers such as Riotamus,[29] Ambrosius Aurelianus,[30] and the Welsh kings Owain Ddantgwyn,[31] Enniaun Girt,[32] and Athrwys ap Meurig.[33] However, no convincing evidence for these identifications has emerged.[2][34]\nName\nMain article: Arthur\n\"Arturus rex\" (King Arthur), a 1493 illustration from an early printed book, the Nuremberg Chronicle\nThe origin of the Welsh name \"Arthur\" remains a matter of debate. The most widely accepted etymology derives it from the Roman nomen gentile (family name) Artorius.[35] Artorius itself is of obscure and contested etymology.[36] Linguist Stephan Zimmer suggests Artorius possibly had a Celtic origin, being a Latinization of a hypothetical name *Artorjos, in turn derived from an older patronym *Arto-rg-ios, meaning \"son of the bear/warrior-king\". This patronym is unattested, but the root, *arto-rg, \"bear/warrior-king\", is the source of the Old Irish personal name Artr.[37] Some scholars have suggested it is relevant to this debate that the legendary King Arthur's name only appears as Arthur or Arturus in early Latin Arthurian texts, never as Artrius (though Classical Latin Artrius became Arturius in some Vulgar Latin dialects). However, this may not say anything about the origin of the name Arthur, as Artrius would regularly become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh.[38]\nAnother commonly proposed derivation of Arthur from Welsh arth \"bear\" + (g)wr \"man\" (earlier *Arto-uiros in Brittonic) is not accepted by modern scholars for phonological and orthographic reasons. Notably, a Brittonic compound name *Arto-uiros should produce Old Welsh *Artgur (where u represents the short vowel /u/) and Middle/Modern Welsh *Arthwr, rather than Arthur (where u is a long vowel //). In Welsh poetry the name is always spelled Arthur and is exclusively rhymed with words ending in -urnever words ending in -wrwhich confirms that the second element cannot be [g]wr \"man\".[39]\nAn alternative theory, which has gained only limited acceptance among professional scholars, derives the name Arthur from Arcturus, the brightest star in the constellation Botes, near Ursa Major or the Great Bear.[40] Classical Latin Arcturus would also have become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh, and its brightness and position in the sky led people to regard it as the \"guardian of the bear\" (which is the meaning of the name in Ancient Greek) and the \"leader\" of the other stars in Botes.[41]\nMany other theories exist, for example that the name has Messapian[42] or Etruscan[43] origins.\nMedieval literary traditions\nThe familiar literary persona of Arthur began with Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudo-historical Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), written in the 1130s. The textual sources for Arthur are usually divided into those written before Geoffrey's Historia (known as pre-Galfridian texts, from the Latin form of Geoffrey, Galfridus) and those written afterwards, which could not avoid his influence (Galfridian, or post-Galfridian, texts).\nPre-Galfridian traditions\nThe earliest literary references to Arthur come from Welsh and Breton sources. There have been few attempts to define the nature and character of Arthur in the pre-Galfridian tradition as a whole, rather than in a single text or text/story-type. A 2007 academic survey led by Caitlin Green has identified three key strands to the portrayal of Arthur in this earliest material.[44] The first is that he was a peerless warrior who functioned as the monster-hunting protector of Britain from all internal and external threats. Some of these are human threats, such as the Saxons he fights in the Historia Brittonum, but the majority are supernatural, including giant cat-monsters, destructive divine boars, dragons, dogheads, giants, and witches.[45] The second is that the pre-Galfridian Arthur was a figure of folklore (particularly topographic or onomastic folklore) and localised magical wonder-tales, the leader of a band of superhuman heroes who live in the wilds of the landscape.[46] The third and final strand is that the early Welsh Arthur had a close connection with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. On the one hand, he launches assaults on Otherworldly fortresses in search of treasure and frees their prisoners. On the other, his warband in the earliest sources includes former pagan gods, and his wife and his possessions are clearly Otherworldly in origin.[47]\nA page of Y Gododdin, one of the most famous early Welsh texts featuring Arthur (c.1275)\nOne of the most famous Welsh poetic references to Arthur comes in the collection of heroic death-songs known as Y Gododdin (The Gododdin), attributed to the 6th-century poet Aneirin. One stanza praises the bravery of a warrior who slew 300 enemies, but says that despite this, \"he was no Arthur\" that is, his feats cannot compare to the valour of Arthur.[48] Y Gododdin is known only from a 13th-century manuscript, so it is impossible to determine whether this passage is original or a later interpolation, but John Koch's view that the passage dates from a 7th-century or earlier version is regarded as unproven; 9th- or 10th-century dates are often proposed for it.[49] Several poems attributed to Taliesin, a poet said to have lived in the 6th century, also refer to Arthur, although these all probably date from between the 8th and 12th centuries.[50] They include \"Kadeir Teyrnon\" (\"The Chair of the Prince\"),[51] which refers to \"Arthur the Blessed\"; \"Preiddeu Annwn\" (\"The Spoils of Annwn\"),[52] which recounts an expedition of Arthur to the Otherworld; and \"Marwnat vthyr pen[dragon]\" (\"The Elegy of Uther Pen[dragon]\"),[53] which refers to Arthur's valour and is suggestive of a father-son relationship for Arthur and Uther that pre-dates Geoffrey of Monmouth.\nCulhwch entering Arthur's court in the Welsh tale Culhwch and Olwen. An illustration by Alfred Fredericks for an 1881 edition of the Mabinogion[54]\nOther early Welsh Arthurian texts include a poem found in the Black Book of Carmarthen, \"Pa gur yv y porthaur?\" (\"What man is the gatekeeper?\").[55] This takes the form of a dialogue between Arthur and the gatekeeper of a fortress he wishes to enter, in which Arthur recounts the names and deeds of himself and his men, notably Cei (Kay) and Bedwyr (Bedivere). The Welsh prose tale Culhwch and Olwen (c.1100), included in the modern Mabinogion collection, has a much longer list of more than 200 of Arthur's men, though Cei and Bedwyr again take a central place. The story as a whole tells of Arthur helping his kinsman Culhwch win the hand of Olwen, daughter of Ysbaddaden Chief-Giant, by completing a series of apparently impossible tasks, including the hunt for the great semi-divine boar Twrch Trwyth. The 9th-century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale, with the boar there named Troy(n)t.[56] Finally, Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads, a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes to assist recall. The later manuscripts of the Triads are partly derivative from Geoffrey of Monmouth and later continental traditions, but the earliest ones show no such influence and are usually agreed to refer to pre-existing Welsh traditions. Even in these, however, Arthur's court has started to embody legendary Britain as a whole, with \"Arthur's Court\" sometimes substituted for \"The Island of Britain\" in the formula \"Three XXX of the Island of Britain\".[57] While it is not clear from the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae that Arthur was even considered a king, by the time Culhwch and Olwen and the Triads were written he had become Penteyrnedd yr Ynys hon, \"Chief of the Lords of this Island\", the overlord of Wales, Cornwall and the North.[58]\nIn addition to these pre-Galfridian Welsh poems and tales, Arthur appears in some other early Latin texts besides the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae. In particular, Arthur features in a number of well-known vitae (\"Lives\") of post-Roman saints, none of which are now generally considered to be reliable historical sources (the earliest probably dates from the 11th century).[59] According to the Life of Saint Gildas, written in the early 12th century by Caradoc of Llancarfan, Arthur is said to have killed Gildas's brother Hueil and to have rescued his wife Gwenhwyfar from Glastonbury.[60] In the Life of Saint Cadoc, written around 1100 or a little before by Lifris of Llancarfan, the saint gives protection to a man who killed three of Arthur's soldiers, and Arthur demands a herd of cattle as wergeld for his men. Cadoc delivers them as demanded, but when Arthur takes possession of the animals, they turn into bundles of ferns.[61] Similar incidents are described in the medieval biographies of Carannog, Padarn, and Eufflam, probably written around the 12th century. A less obviously legendary account of Arthur appears in the Legenda Sancti Goeznovii, which is often claimed to date from the early 11th century (although the earliest manuscript of this text dates from the 15th century and the text is now dated to the late 12th to early 13th century).[62] Also important are the references to Arthur in William of Malmesbury's De Gestis Regum Anglorum and Herman's De Miraculis Sanctae Mariae Laudunensis, which together provide the first certain evidence for a belief that Arthur was not actually dead and would at some point return, a theme that is often revisited in post-Galfridian folklore.[63]\nGeoffrey of Monmouth\nKing Arthur in a 15th-century Welsh version of the Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth\nGeoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, completed c.1138, contains the first narrative account of Arthur's life.[64] This work is an imaginative and fanciful account of British kings from the legendary Trojan exile Brutus to the 7th-century Welsh king Cadwallader. Geoffrey places Arthur in the same post-Roman period as do Historia Brittonum and Annales Cambriae. According to Geoffrey's tale, Arthur was a descendant of Constantine the Great.[65] He incorporates Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, his magician advisor Merlin, and the story of Arthur's conception, in which Uther, disguised as his enemy Gorlois by Merlin's magic, sleeps with Gorlois's wife Igerna (Igraine) at Tintagel, and she conceives Arthur. On Uther's death, the fifteen-year-old Arthur succeeds him as King of Britain and fights a series of battles, similar to those in the Historia Brittonum, culminating in the Battle of Bath. He then defeats the Picts and Scots before creating an Arthurian empire through his conquests of Ireland, Iceland and the Orkney Islands. After twelve years of peace, Arthur sets out to expand his empire once more, taking control of Norway, Denmark and Gaul. Gaul is still held by the Roman Empire when it is conquered, and Arthur's victory leads to a further confrontation with Rome. Arthur and his warriors, including Kaius (Kay), Beduerus (Bedivere) and Gualguanus (Gawain), defeat the Roman emperor Lucius Tiberius in Gaul but, as he prepares to march on Rome, Arthur hears that his nephew Modredus (Mordred)whom he had left in charge of Britainhas married his wife Guenhuuara (Guinevere) and seized the throne. Arthur returns to Britain and defeats and kills Modredus on the river Camblam in Cornwall, but he is mortally wounded. He hands the crown to his kinsman Constantine and is taken to the isle of Avalon to be healed of his wounds, never to be seen again.[66]\nHow much of this narrative was Geoffrey's own invention is open to debate. He seems to have made use of the list of Arthur's twelve battles against the Saxons found in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, along with the battle of Camlann from the Annales Cambriae and the idea that Arthur was still alive.[67] Arthur's status as the king of all Britain seems to be borrowed from pre-Galfridian tradition, being found in Culhwch and Olwen, the Welsh Triads, and the saints' lives.[68] Finally, Geoffrey borrowed many of the names for Arthur's possessions, close family, and companions from the pre-Galfridian Welsh tradition, including Kaius (Cei), Beduerus (Bedwyr), Guenhuuara (Gwenhwyfar), Uther (Uthyr) and perhaps also Caliburnus (Caledfwlch), the latter becoming Excalibur in subsequent Arthurian tales.[69] However, while names, key events, and titles may have been borrowed, Brynley Roberts has argued that \"the Arthurian section is Geoffrey's literary creation and it owes nothing to prior narrative.\"[70] Geoffrey makes the Welsh Medraut into the villainous Modredus, but there is no trace of such a negative character for this figure in Welsh sources until the 16th century.[71] There have been relatively few modern attempts to challenge the notion that the Historia Regum Britanniae is primarily Geoffrey's own work, with scholarly opinion often echoing William of Newburgh's late-12th-century comment that Geoffrey \"made up\" his narrative, perhaps through an \"inordinate love of lying\".[72] Geoffrey Ashe is one dissenter from this view, believing that Geoffrey's narrative is partially derived from a lost source telling of the deeds of a 5th-century British king named Riotamus, this figure being the original Arthur, although historians and Celticists have been reluctant to follow Ashe in his conclusions.[73]\nWhatever his sources may have been, the immense popularity of Geoffrey's Historia Regum Britanniae cannot be denied. Well over 200 manuscript copies of Geoffrey's Latin work are known to have survived, as well as translations into other languages.[74] For example, 60 manuscripts are extant containing the Brut y Brenhinedd, Welsh-language versions of the Historia, the earliest of which were created in the 13th century. The old notion that some of these Welsh versions actually underlie Geoffrey's Historia, advanced by antiquarians such as the 18th-century Lewis Morris, has long since been discounted in academic circles.[75] As a result of this popularity, Geoffrey's Historia Regum Britanniae was enormously influential on the later medieval development of the Arthurian legend. While it was not the only creative force behind Arthurian romance, many of its elements were borrowed and developed (e.g., Merlin and the final fate of Arthur), and it provided the historical framework into which the romancers' tales of magical and wonderful adventures were inserted.[76]\nRomance traditions\nDuring the 12th century, Arthur's character began to be marginalised by the accretion of \"Arthurian\" side-stories such as that of Tristan and Iseult, here pictured in a painting by John William Waterhouse (1916)\nDuring the ongoing conquest of Wales by Edward I, he attempted to make King Arthur a fundamentally English character and hero.[77] The completion of the conquest was one of the factors that shifted storytellers away from the Welsh roots of the original tales.[77]\nThe popularity of Geoffrey's Historia and its other derivative works (such as Wace's Roman de Brut) gave rise to a significant numbers of new Arthurian works in continental Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries, particularly in France.[78] It was not, however, the only Arthurian influence on the developing \"Matter of Britain\". There is clear evidence that Arthur and Arthurian tales were familiar on the Continent before Geoffrey's work became widely known (see for example, the Modena Archivolt),[79] and \"Celtic\" names and stories not found in Geoffrey's Historia appear in the Arthurian romances.[80] From the perspective of Arthur, perhaps the most significant effect of this great outpouring of new Arthurian story was on the role of the king himself: much of this 12th-century and later Arthurian literature centres less on Arthur himself than on characters such as Lancelot and Guinevere, Percival, Galahad, Gawain, Ywain, and Tristan and Iseult. Whereas Arthur is very much at the centre of the pre-Galfridian material and Geoffrey's Historia itself, in the romances he is rapidly sidelined.[81] His character also alters significantly. In both the earliest materials and Geoffrey he is a great and ferocious warrior, who laughs as he personally slaughters witches and giants and takes a leading role in all military campaigns,[82] whereas in the continental romances he becomes the roi fainant, the \"do-nothing king\", whose \"inactivity and acquiescence constituted a central flaw in his otherwise ideal society\".[83] Arthur's role in these works is frequently that of a wise, dignified, even-tempered, somewhat bland, and occasionally feeble monarch. So, he simply turns pale and silent when he learns of Lancelot's affair with Guinevere in the Mort Artu, whilst in Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, he is unable to stay awake after a feast and has to retire for a nap.[84] Nonetheless, as Norris J. Lacy has observed, whatever his faults and frailties may be in these Arthurian romances, \"his prestige is neveror almost nevercompromised by his personal weaknesses... his authority and glory remain intact.\"[85]\nThe story of Arthur drawing the sword from a stone appeared in Robert de Boron's 13th-century Merlin. By Howard Pyle (1903)[86]\nArthur and his retinue appear in some of the Lais of Marie de France,[87] but it was the work of another French poet, Chrtien de Troyes, that had the greatest influence with regard to the development of Arthur's character and legend.[88] Chrtien wrote five Arthurian romances between c.1170 and 1190. Erec and Enide and Cligs are tales of courtly love with Arthur's court as their backdrop, demonstrating the shift away from the heroic world of the Welsh and Galfridian Arthur, while Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, features Yvain and Gawain in a supernatural adventure, with Arthur very much on the sidelines and weakened. However, the most significant for the development of the Arthurian legend are Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, which introduces Lancelot and his adulterous relationship with Arthur's queen Guinevere, extending and popularising the recurring theme of Arthur as a cuckold, and Perceval, the Story of the Grail, which introduces the Holy Grail and the Fisher King and which again sees Arthur having a much reduced role.[89] Chrtien was thus \"instrumental both in the elaboration of the Arthurian legend and in the establishment of the ideal form for the diffusion of that legend\",[90] and much of what came after him in terms of the portrayal of Arthur and his world built upon the foundations he had laid. Perceval, although unfinished, was particularly popular: four separate continuations of the poem appeared over the next half century, with the notion of the Grail and its quest being developed by other writers such as Robert de Boron, a fact that helped accelerate the decline of Arthur in continental romance.[91] Similarly, Lancelot and his cuckolding of Arthur with Guinevere became one of the classic motifs of the Arthurian legend, although the Lancelot of the prose Lancelot (c.1225) and later texts was a combination of Chrtien's character and that of Ulrich von Zatzikhoven's Lanzelet.[92] Chrtien's work even appears to feed back into Welsh Arthurian literature, with the result that the romance Arthur began to replace the heroic, active Arthur in Welsh literary tradition.[93] Particularly significant in this development were the three Welsh Arthurian romances, which are closely similar to those of Chrtien, albeit with some significant differences: Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain is related to Chrtien's Yvain; Geraint and Enid, to Erec and Enide; and Peredur son of Efrawg, to Perceval.[94]\nThe Round Table experiences a vision of the Holy Grail, an illumination by vrard d'Espinques (c.1475)[95]\nUp to c.1210, continental Arthurian romance was expressed primarily through poetry; after this date the tales began to be told in prose. The most significant of these 13th-century prose romances was the Vulgate Cycle (also known as the Lancelot-Grail Cycle), a series of five Middle French prose works written in the first half of that century.[96] These works were the Estoire del Saint Grail, the Estoire de Merlin, the Lancelot propre (or Prose Lancelot, which made up half the entire Vulgate Cycle on its own), the Queste del Saint Graal and the Mort Artu, which combine to form the first coherent version of the entire Arthurian legend. The cycle continued the trend towards reducing the role played by Arthur in his own legend, partly through the introduction of the character of Galahad and an expansion of the role of Merlin. It also made Mordred the result of an incestuous relationship between Arthur and his sister Morgause, and established the role of Camelot, first mentioned in passing in Chrtien's Lancelot, as Arthur's primary court.[97] This series of texts was quickly followed by the Post-Vulgate Cycle (c.123040), of which the Suite du Merlin is a part, which greatly reduced the importance of Lancelot's affair with Guinevere but continued to sideline Arthur, and to focus more on the Grail quest.[96] As such, Arthur became even more of a relatively minor character in these French prose romances; in the Vulgate itself he only figures significantly in the Estoire de Merlin and the Mort Artu. During this period, Arthur was made one of the Nine Worthies, a group of three pagan, three Jewish and three Christian exemplars of chivalry. The Worthies were first listed in Jacques de Longuyon's Voeux du Paon in 1312, and subsequently became a common subject in literature and art.[98]\nArthur receiving the later tradition's sword Excalibur in N. C. Wyeth's illustration for The Boy's King Arthur (1922), a modern edition of Thomas Malory's 1485 Le Morte d'Arthur\nThe development of the medieval Arthurian cycle and the character of the \"Arthur of romance\" culminated in Le Morte d'Arthur, Thomas Malory's retelling of the entire legend in a single work in English in the late 15th century. Malory based his bookoriginally titled The Whole Book of King Arthur and of His Noble Knights of the Round Tableon the various previous romance versions, in particular the Vulgate Cycle, and appears to have aimed at creating a comprehensive and authoritative collection of Arthurian stories.[99] Perhaps as a result of this, and the fact that Le Morte D'Arthur was one of the earliest printed books in England, published by William Caxton in 1485, most later Arthurian works are derivative of Malory's.[100]\nDecline, revival, and the modern legend\nPost-medieval literature\nThe end of the Middle Ages brought with it a waning of interest in King Arthur. Although Malory's English version of the great French romances was popular, there were increasing attacks upon the truthfulness of the historical framework of the Arthurian romances established since Geoffrey of Monmouth's time and thus the legitimacy of the whole Matter of Britain. So, for example, the 16th-century humanist scholar Polydore Vergil famously rejected the claim that Arthur was the ruler of a post-Roman empire, found throughout the post-Galfridian medieval \"chronicle tradition\", to the horror of Welsh and English antiquarians.[101] Social changes associated with the end of the medieval period and the Renaissance also conspired to rob the character of Arthur and his associated legend of some of their power to enthrall audiences, with the result that 1634 saw the last printing of Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur for nearly 200 years.[102] King Arthur and the Arthurian legend were not entirely abandoned, but until the early 19th century the material was taken less seriously and was often used simply as a vehicle for allegories of 17th- and 18th-century politics.[103] Thus Richard Blackmore's epics Prince Arthur (1695) and King Arthur (1697) feature Arthur as an allegory for the struggles of William III against James II.[103] Similarly, the most popular Arthurian tale throughout this period seems to have been that of Tom Thumb, which was told first through chapbooks and later through the political plays of Henry Fielding; although the action is clearly set in Arthurian Britain, the treatment is humorous and Arthur appears as a primarily comedic version of his romance character.[104] John Dryden's masque King Arthur is still performed, largely thanks to Henry Purcell's music, though seldom unabridged.\nTennyson and the revival\nIn the early 19th century, medievalism, Romanticism, and the Gothic Revival reawakened interest in Arthur and the medieval romances. A new code of ethics for 19th-century gentlemen was shaped around the chivalric ideals embodied in the \"Arthur of romance\". This renewed interest first made itself felt in 1816, when Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur was reprinted for the first time since 1634.[105] Initially, the medieval Arthurian legends were of particular interest to poets, inspiring, for example, William Wordsworth to write \"The Egyptian Maid\" (1835), an allegory of the Holy Grail.[106] Pre-eminent among these was Alfred Tennyson, whose first Arthurian poem \"The Lady of Shalott\" was published in 1832.[107] Arthur himself played a minor role in some of these works, following in the medieval romance tradition. Tennyson's Arthurian work reached its peak of popularity with Idylls of the King, however, which reworked the entire narrative of Arthur's life for the Victorian era. It was first published in 1859 and sold 10,000 copies within the first week.[108] In the Idylls, Arthur became a symbol of ideal manhood who ultimately failed, through human weakness, to establish a perfect kingdom on earth.[109] Tennyson's works prompted a large number of imitators, generated considerable public interest in the legends of Arthur and the character himself, and brought Malory's tales to a wider audience.[110] Indeed, the first modernisation of Malory's great compilation of Arthur's tales was published in 1862, shortly after Idylls appeared, and there were six further editions and five competitors before the century ended.[111]\nThis interest in the \"Arthur of romance\" and his associated stories continued through the 19th century and into the 20th, and influenced poets such as William Morris and Pre-Raphaelite artists including Edward Burne-Jones.[112] Even the humorous tale of Tom Thumb, which had been the primary manifestation of Arthur's legend in the 18th century, was rewritten after the publication of Idylls. While Tom maintained his small stature and remained a figure of comic relief, his story now included more elements from the medieval Arthurian romances and Arthur is treated more seriously and historically in these new versions.[113] The revived Arthurian romance also proved influential in the United States, with such books as Sidney Lanier's The Boy's King Arthur (1880) reaching wide audiences and providing inspiration for Mark Twain's satire A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889).[114] Although the 'Arthur of romance' was sometimes central to these new Arthurian works (as he was in Burne-Jones's \"The Sleep of Arthur in Avalon\", 18811898), on other occasions he reverted to his medieval status and is either marginalised or even missing entirely, with Wagner's Arthurian opera Parsifal providing a notable instance of the latter.[115] Furthermore, the revival of interest in Arthur and the Arthurian tales did not continue unabated. By the end of the 19th century, it was confined mainly to Pre-Raphaelite imitators,[116] and it could not avoid being affected by World War I, which damaged the reputation of chivalry and thus interest in its medieval manifestations and Arthur as chivalric role model.[117] The romance tradition did, however, remain sufficiently powerful to persuade Thomas Hardy, Laurence Binyon and John Masefield to compose Arthurian plays,[118] and T. S. Eliot alludes to the Arthur myth (but not Arthur) in his poem The Waste Land, which mentions the Fisher King.[119]\nMerlin and Viviane in Gustave Dor's 1868 illustration for Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Idylls of the King\nKing Arthur by Charles Ernest Butler (1903)\nN. C. Wyeth's title page illustration for The Boy's King Arthur (1922)\nModern legend\nSee also: List of works based on Arthurian legends\nKing Arthur (holding Excalibur) and Patsy in Spamalot, a stage musical adaptation of the 1975 comedy film Monty Python and the Holy Grail\nIn the latter half of the 20th century, the influence of the romance tradition of Arthur continued, through novels such as T. H. White's The Once and Future King (1958), Mary Stewart's The Crystal Cave (1970) and its four sequels, Thomas Berger's tragicomic Arthur Rex and Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon (1982), in addition to comic strips such as Prince Valiant (from 1937 onward).[120] Tennyson had reworked the romance tales of Arthur to suit and comment upon the issues of his day, and the same is often the case with modern treatments too. Mary Stewart's first three Arthurian novels present the wizard Merlin as the central character, rather than Arthur, and The Crystal Cave is narrated by Merlin in the first person, whereas Bradley's tale takes a feminist approach to Arthur and his legend, in contrast to the narratives of Arthur found in medieval materials.[121] American authors often rework the story of Arthur to be more consistent with values such as equality and democracy.[122] In John Cowper Powys's Porius: A Romance of the Dark Ages (1951), set in Wales in 499, just prior to the Saxon invasion, Arthur, the Emperor of Britain, is only a minor character, whereas Myrddin (Merlin) and Nineue, Tennyson's Vivien, are major figures.[123] Myrddin's disappearance at the end of the novel is, \"in the tradition of magical hibernation when the king or mage leaves his people for some island or cave to return either at a more propitious or more dangerous time\", (see King Arthur's messianic return).[124] Powys's earlier novel, A Glastonbury Romance (1932) is concerned with both the Holy Grail and the legend that Arthur is buried at Glastonbury.[125]\nThe romance Arthur has become popular in film and theatre as well. T. H. White's novel was adapted into the Lerner and Loewe stage musical Camelot (1960) and Walt Disney's animated film The Sword in the Stone (1963); Camelot, with its focus on the love of Lancelot and Guinevere and the cuckolding of Arthur, was itself made into a film of the same name in 1967. The romance tradition of Arthur is particularly evident and in critically respected films like Robert Bresson's Lancelot du Lac (1974), ric Rohmer's Perceval le Gallois (1978) and John Boorman's Excalibur (1981); it is also the main source of the material used in the Arthurian spoof Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975).[126]\nRetellings and reimaginings of the romance tradition are not the only important aspect of the modern legend of King Arthur. Attempts to portray Arthur as a genuine historical figure of c.500, stripping away the \"romance\", have also emerged. As Taylor and Brewer have noted, this return to the medieval \"chronicle tradition\" of Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Historia Brittonum is a recent trend which became dominant in Arthurian literature in the years following the outbreak of the Second World War, when Arthur's legendary resistance to Germanic enemies struck a chord in Britain.[127] Clemence Dane's series of radio plays, The Saviours (1942), used a historical Arthur to embody the spirit of heroic resistance against desperate odds, and Robert Sherriff's play The Long Sunset (1955) saw Arthur rallying Romano-British resistance against the Germanic invaders.[128] This trend towards placing Arthur in a historical setting is also apparent in historical and fantasy novels published during this period.[129]\nArthur has also been used as a model for modern-day behaviour. In the 1930s, the Order of the Fellowship of the Knights of the Round Table was formed in Britain to promote Christian ideals and Arthurian notions of medieval chivalry.[130] In the United States, hundreds of thousands of boys and girls joined Arthurian youth groups, such as the Knights of King Arthur, in which Arthur and his legends were promoted as wholesome exemplars.[131] However, Arthur's diffusion within modern culture goes beyond such obviously Arthurian endeavours, with Arthurian names being regularly attached to objects, buildings, and places. As Norris J. Lacy has observed, \"The popular notion of Arthur appears to be limited, not surprisingly, to a few motifs and names, but there can be no doubt of the extent to which a legend born many centuries ago is profoundly embedded in modern culture at every level.\"[132]\nSee also\nWales portalHistory portalCornwall portal\nArthur's O'on\nArtus Court\nBibliography of King Arthur\nKing Arthur's family\nKing Arthur's messianic return\nList of Arthurian characters\nList of legendary kings of Britain\nList of works based on Arthurian legends\nNotes\n^ Modern scholarship views the Glastonbury cross as the result of a probably late-12th-century fraud. See Rahtz 1993, Carey 1999 and Harris 2018.\nReferences\nCitations\n^ Neubecker 19982002\n^ a b c Tom Shippey, \"So Much Smoke\", review of Higham 2002, London Review of Books, 40:24:23 (20 December 2018)\n^ Higham 2002, pp.1137, has a summary of the debate on this point.; Davies, John (1993). A history of Wales. Internet Archive. London: Allen Lane the Penguin Press. p.133. ISBN978-0-7139-9098-0.\n^ Charles-Edwards 1991, p.15; Sims-Williams 1991. Y Gododdin cannot be dated precisely: it describes 6th-century events and contains 9th- or 10th-century spelling, but the surviving copy is 13th-century.\n^ See Padel 1994; Sims-Williams 1991; Green 2007b; and Roberts 1991a\n^ Thorpe 1966, but see also Loomis 1956\n^ Dumville 1986; Higham 2002, pp.116169; Green 2007b, pp.1526, 3038.\n^ a b Davies (1994) pp. 56\n^ Davies, John (1993). A history of Wales. Internet Archive. London: Allen Lane the Penguin Press. p.133. ISBN978-0-7139-9098-0.; \"Arthur's Tomb\". Glastonbury Abbey Archaeology. Retrieved 8 August 2022.\n^ Green 2007b, pp.2630; Koch 1996, pp.251253.\n^ Charles-Edwards 1991, p.29\n^ Morris 1973\n^ Myres 1986, p.16\n^ , De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, chapter 26.\n^ Pryor 2004, pp.2227\n^ Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, Book 1.16.\n^ Dumville 1977, pp.187188\n^ Green 2009; Padel 1994; Green 2007b, chapters five and seven.\n^ Historia Brittonum 56, 73; Annales Cambriae 516, 537.\n^ Higham 2002, pp.1137, has a summary of the debate on this point.\n^ Davies, John (1993). A history of Wales. Internet Archive. London: Allen Lane the Penguin Press. p.133. ISBN978-0-7139-9098-0.\n^ For example, Ashley 2005.\n^ Heroic Age 1999\n^ Breeze, Andrew (2015). \"The Historical Arthur and Sixth-Century Scotland\". Northern History. 52 (2): 158181. doi:10.1179/0078172X15Z.00000000085. S2CID161217897.; Breeze, Andrew (2020). British Battles 493-937: Mount Badon to Brunanburh. London: Anthem Press. pp.1324. doi:10.2307/j.ctvv4187r. ISBN9781785272233. JSTORj.ctvv4187r. S2CID243164764.\n^ \"King Arthur 'was real, wasn't a king... and lived in Strathclyde'\". The Independent. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.; Higham, Nicholas J. (2018). King Arthur: The Making of the Legend. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp.26263. ISBN978-0-300-21092-7.; \"537 and Camlann (Flint Johnson, University of Wisconsin - River Falls)\". researchgate.net. Retrieved 19 April 2021.\n^ \"Academia up in arms over King Arthur's Glasgow roots\". www.thenational.scot. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.\n^ Higham, Nicholas J. (2018). King Arthur: The Making of the Legend. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp.26263. ISBN978-0-300-21092-7.\n^ Littleton & Malcor 1994\n^ Ashe 1985\n^ Reno 1996\n^ Phillips & Keatman 1992\n^ Phillips, Graham (2016). The Lost Tomb of King Arthur: The Search for Camelot and the Isle of Avalon. Bear & Company.\n^ Bartrum, Peter Clement (1993). A Welsh Classical Dictionary, people in History and Legend up to about A.D. 1000 (PDF). National Library of Wales. p.35. William Owen Pughe in his Cambrian Biography, 1803, ... put forward the suggestion that Arthur was the same person as Athrwys ap Meurig. It was discussed and rejected by Sharon Turner (History of the Anglo-Saxons, Bk.3, Ch.3, 1805) and Rice Rees (Welsh Saints, 1836, pp.185-6), but accepted by Robert Owen (The Kymry, 1891, p.77)\n^ David, Brian, Review of Nicholas J. Higham, King Arthur: The Making of the Legend in Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 50:221-222 (2019) doi:10.1353/cjm.2019.0021 ProjectMUSE734087\n^ Koch 2006, p.121.\n^ Malone 1925.\n^ Zimmer 2009.\n^ Koch 1996, p.253.\n^ See Higham 2002, p.74; Higham 2002, p.80.\n^ Chambers 1964, p.170; Bromwich 1978, p.544; Johnson 2002, pp.3839; Walter 2005, p.74; Zimmer 2006, p.37.\n^ Anderson 2004, pp.2829; Green 2007b, pp.191194.\n^ Marcella Chelotti, Vincenza Morizio, Marina Silvestrini, Le epigrafi romane di Canosa, Volume 1, Edipuglia srl, 1990, pp. 261, 264.; Ciro Santoro, \"Per la nuova iscrizione messapica di Oria\", La Zagaglia, A. VII, n. 27, 1965, pp. 271293.; Ciro Santoro, \"La Nuova Epigrafe Messapica \"IM 4. 16, I-III\" di Ostuni ed nomi\" in Art-, Ricerche e Studi, Volume 12, 1979, pp. 4560.\n^ Wilhelm Schulze, \"Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eigennamen\" (Volume 5, Issue 2 of Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse, Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Gttingen Philologisch-Historische Klasse), 2nd edition, Weidmann, 1966, p. 72, pp. 333338; Olli Salomies, Die rmischen Vornamen. Studien zur rmischen Namengebung. Helsinki 1987, p. 68; Herbig, Gust., \"Falisca\", Glotta, Band II, Gttingen, 1910, p. 98.\n^ Green 2007b, pp.45176\n^ Green 2007b, pp.93130\n^ Padel 1994 has a thorough discussion of this aspect of Arthur's character.\n^ Green 2007b, pp.135176. On his possessions and wife, see also Ford 1983.\n^ Williams 1937, p.64, line 1242\n^ Charles-Edwards 1991, p.15; Koch 1996, pp.242245; Green 2007b, pp.1315, 5052.\n^ See, for example, Haycock 19831984 and Koch 1996, pp.264265.\n^ Online translations of this poem are out-dated and inaccurate. See Haycock 2007, pp.293311 for a full translation, and Green 2007b, p.197 for a discussion of its Arthurian aspects.\n^ See, for example, Green 2007b, pp.5467 and Budgey 1992, who includes a translation.\n^ Koch & Carey 1994, pp.31415\n^ Lanier 1881\n^ Sims-Williams 1991, pp.3846 has a full translation and analysis of this poem.\n^ For a discussion of the tale, see Bromwich & Evans 1992; see also Padel 1994, pp.24; Roberts 1991a; and Green 2007b, pp.6772 and chapter three.\n^ Barber 1986, pp.1718, 49; Bromwich 1978\n^ Roberts 1991a, pp.78, 81\n^ Roberts 1991a\n^ Translated in Coe & Young 1995, pp.2227. On the Glastonbury tale and its Otherworldly antecedents, see Sims-Williams 1991, pp.5861.\n^ Coe & Young 1995, pp.2637\n^ Bourgs, Andr-Yves, \"Guillaume le Breton et l'hagiographie bretonne aux XIIe et XIIIe sicles\", in: Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest, 1995, 1021, pp. 3545.; See Ashe 1985 for an attempt to use this vita as a historical source.\n^ Padel 1994, pp.812; Green 2007b, pp.7275, 259, 261262; Bullock-Davies 1982.\n^ Wright 1985; Thorpe 1966\n^ Mulligan, p. 2624.\n^ Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae Book 8.1924, Book 9, Book 10, Book 11.12\n^ Roberts 1991b, p.106; Padel 1994, pp.1112\n^ Green 2007b, pp.217219\n^ Roberts 1991b, pp.109110, 112; Bromwich & Evans 1992, pp.6465\n^ Roberts 1991b, p.108\n^ Bromwich 1978, pp.454455\n^ See, for example, Brooke 1986, p.95.\n^ Ashe 1985, p.6; Padel 1995, p.110; Higham 2002, p.76.\n^ Crick 1989\n^ Sweet 2004, p.140. See further, Roberts 1991b and Roberts 1980.\n^ As noted by, for example, Ashe 1996.\n^ a b Schama, Simon (2003). A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World? (Paperback 2003ed.). London: BBC Worldwide. p.168. ISBN978-0-563-48714-2.\n^ For example, Thorpe 1966, p.29\n^ Stokstad 1996\n^ Loomis 1956; Bromwich 1983; Bromwich 1991.\n^ Lacy 1996a, p.16; Morris 1982, p.2.\n^ For example, Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae Book 10.3.\n^ Padel 2000, p.81\n^ Morris 1982, pp.99102; Lacy 1996a, p.17.\n^ Lacy 1996a, p.17\n^ Pyle 1903\n^ Burgess & Busby 1999\n^ Lacy 1996b\n^ Kibler & Carroll 1991, p.1\n^ Lacy 1996b, p.88\n^ Roach 19491983\n^ Ulrich von Zatzikhoven 2005\n^ Padel 2000, pp.7782\n^ See Jones & Jones 1949 for accurate translations of all three texts. It is not entirely certain what, exactly, the relationship is between these Welsh romances and Chrtien's works, however: see Koch 1996, pp.280288 for a survey of opinions\n^ BNF c. 1475, fol. 610v\n^ a b Lacy 19921996\n^ For a study of this cycle, see Burns 1985.\n^ Lacy 1996c, p.344\n^ On Malory and his work, see Field 1993 and Field 1998.\n^ Vinaver 1990\n^ Carley 1984\n^ Parins 1995, p.5\n^ a b Ashe 1968, pp.2021; Merriman 1973\n^ Green 2007a\n^ Parins 1995, pp.810\n^ Wordsworth 1835\n^ See Potwin 1902 for the sources that Tennyson used when writing this poem\n^ Taylor & Brewer 1983, p.127\n^ See Rosenberg 1973 and Taylor & Brewer 1983, pp.89128 for analyses of The Idylls of the King.\n^ See, for example, Simpson 1990.\n^ Staines 1996, p.449\n^ Taylor & Brewer 1983, pp.127161; Mancoff 1990.\n^ Green 2007a, p.127; Gamerschlag 1983\n^ Twain 1889; Smith & Thompson 1996.\n^ Watson 2002\n^ Mancoff 1990\n^ Workman 1994\n^ Hardy 1923; Binyon 1923; and Masefield 1927\n^ Eliot 1949; Barber 2004, pp.327328\n^ White 1958; Bradley 1982; Tondro 2002, p.170\n^ Lagorio 1996\n^ Lupack & Lupack 1991\n^ Porius. New York: Overlook Duckworth 2007. pp. 819.\n^ C. A. Coates, John Cowper Powys in Search of a Landscape. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble, 1982, p. 139.\n^ New York: Simon and Schuster. C. A. Coates, John Cowper Powys in Search of a Landscape. pp. 9297.\n^ Harty 1996; Harty 1997\n^ Taylor & Brewer 1983, chapter nine; see also Higham 2002, pp.2122, 30.\n^ Thompson 1996, p.141\n^ For example: Rosemary Sutcliff's The Lantern Bearers (1959) and Sword at Sunset (1963); Mary Stewart's The Crystal Cave (1970) and its sequels; Parke Godwin's Firelord (1980) and its sequels; Stephen Lawhead's The Pendragon Cycle (198799); Nikolai Tolstoy's The Coming of the King (1988); Jack Whyte's The Camulod Chronicles (199297); and Bernard Cornwell's The Warlord Chronicles (199597). See List of books about King Arthur.\n^ Thomas 1993, pp.128131\n^ Lupack 2002, p.2; Forbush & Forbush 1915\n^ Lacy 1996d, p.364\nGeneral and cited sources\nAnderson, Graham (2004), King Arthur in Antiquity, London: Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-31714-6.\nAshe, Geoffrey (1985), The Discovery of King Arthur, Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday, ISBN978-0-385-19032-9.\nAshe, Geoffrey (1996), \"Geoffrey of Monmouth\", in Lacy, Norris (ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, pp.179182, ISBN978-1-56865-432-4.\nAshe, Geoffrey (1968), \"The Visionary Kingdom\", in Ashe, Geoffrey (ed.), The Quest for Arthur's Britain, London: Granada, ISBN0-586-08044-9.\nAshley, Michael (2005), The Mammoth Book of King Arthur, London: Robinson, ISBN978-1-84119-249-9.\nBarber, Richard (1986), King Arthur: Hero and Legend, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, ISBN0-85115-254-6.\nBarber, Richard (2004), The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief, London: Allen Lane, ISBN978-0-7139-9206-9.\nBibliothque nationale de France [French National Library] (c. 1475), Franais 116: Lancelot en prose [French MS 116: The Prose Lancelot] (in French), Illuminated by vrard d'Espinques. Originally commissioned for Jacques d'Armagnac, now held by the BNF Department of Manuscripts (Paris)\nBinyon, Laurence (1923), Arthur: A Tragedy, London: Heinemann, OCLC17768778.\nBradley, Marion Zimmer (1982), The Mists of Avalon, New York: Knopf, ISBN978-0-394-52406-1.\nBromwich, Rachel (1978), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN978-0-7083-0690-1. 2nded.\nBromwich, Rachel (1983), \"Celtic Elements in Arthurian Romance: A General Survey\", in Grout, P. B.; Diverres, Armel Hugh (eds.), The Legend of Arthur in the Middle Ages, Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, pp.4155, ISBN978-0-85991-132-0.\nBromwich, Rachel (1991), \"First Transmission to England and France\", in Bromwich, Rachel; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (eds.), The Arthur of the Welsh, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp.273298, ISBN978-0-7083-1107-3.\nBromwich, Rachel; Evans, D. Simon (1992), Culhwch and Olwen. An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN978-0-7083-1127-1.\nBrooke, Christopher N. L. (1986), The Church and the Welsh Border in the Central Middle Ages, Woodbridge: Boydell, ISBN978-0-85115-175-5.\nBudgey, A. (1992), \"'Preiddeu Annwn' and the Welsh Tradition of Arthur\", in Byrne, Cyril J.; Harry, Margaret Rose; Siadhail, Padraig (eds.), Celtic Languages and Celtic People: Proceedings of the Second North American Congress of Celtic Studies, held in Halifax, August 1619, 1989, Halifax, Nova Scotia: D'Arcy McGee Chair of Irish Studies, Saint Mary's University, pp.391404, ISBN978-0-9696252-0-9.\nBullock-Davies, C. (1982), \"Exspectare Arthurum, Arthur and the Messianic Hope\", Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies (29): 432440.\nBurgess, Glyn S.; Busby, Keith, eds. (1999), The Lais of Marie de France, London: Penguin, ISBN978-0-14-044759-0. 2nd.ed.\nBurns, E. Jane (1985), Arthurian Fictions: Re-reading the Vulgate Cycle, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, ISBN978-0-8142-0387-3.\nCarey, John (1999), \"The Finding of Arthur's Grave: A Story from Clonmacnoise?\", in Carey, John; Koch, John T.; Lambert, Pierre-Yves (eds.), Ildnach Ildrech. A Festschrift for Proinsias Mac Cana, Andover: Celtic Studies Publications, pp.114, ISBN978-1-891271-01-4.\nCarley, J. P. (1984), \"Polydore Vergil and John Leland on King Arthur: The Battle of the Books\", Arthurian Interpretations (15): 86100.\nChambers, Edmund Kerchever (1964), Arthur of Britain, Speculum Historiale.\nCharles-Edwards, Thomas M. (1991), \"The Arthur of History\", in Bromwich, Rachel; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (eds.), The Arthur of the Welsh, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp.1532, ISBN978-0-7083-1107-3.\nCoe, John B.; Young, Simon (1995), The Celtic Sources for the Arthurian Legend, Felinfach, Lampeter: Llanerch, ISBN978-1-897853-83-2.\nCrick, Julia C. (1989), The 'Historia regum Britanniae' of Geoffrey of Monmouth. 3: A Summary Catalogue of the Manuscripts, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN978-0-85991-213-6.\nDumville, D. N. (1977), \"Sub-Roman Britain: History and Legend\", History, 62 (205): 173192, doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1977.tb02335.x.\nDumville, D. N. (1986), \"The Historical Value of the Historia Brittonum\", Arthurian Literature (6): 126.\nEliot, Thomas Stearns (1949), The Waste Land and Other Poems, London: Faber and Faber, OCLC56866661.\nField, P. J. C. (1993), The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN978-0-585-16570-7.\nField, P. J. C. (1998), Malory: Texts and Sources, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN978-0-85991-536-6.\nFord, P. K. (1983), \"On the Significance of some Arthurian Names in Welsh\", Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies (30): 268273.\nForbush, William Byron; Forbush, Dascomb (1915), The Knights of King Arthur: How To Begin and What To Do, The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester, retrieved 22 May 2008.\nGamerschlag, K. (1983), \"Tom Thumb und Knig Arthur; oder: Der Dumling als Mastab der Welt. Beobachtungen zu dreihundertfnfzig Jahren gemeinsamer Geschichte\", Anglia (in German), 101 (101): 361391, doi:10.1515/angl.1983.1983.101.361, S2CID163284336.\nGreen, Caitlin (2009), \"The Historicity and Historicisation of Arthur\", Arthuriana, retrieved 9 July 2018.\nGreen, Thomas (August 2007a), \"Tom Thumb and Jack the Giant Killer: Two Arthurian Fairytales?\", Folklore, 118 (2): 123140, doi:10.1080/00155870701337296, S2CID161588264. (EBSCO subscription required.)\nGreen, Thomas (2007b), Concepts of Arthur, Stroud: Tempus, ISBN978-0-7524-4461-1.\nHardy, Thomas (1923), The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse: A New Version of an Old Story Arranged as a Play for Mummers, in One Act, Requiring No Theatre or Scenery, London: Macmillan, OCLC1124753.\nHarris, Oliver D. (2018), \"'Which I have beholden with most curiouse eyes': the lead cross from Glastonbury Abbey\", Arthurian Literature, 34: 88129, doi:10.1017/9781787442535.006, ISBN978-1-84384-483-9, S2CID200168947.\nHarty, Kevin J. (1996), \"Films\", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, pp.152155, ISBN978-1-56865-432-4.\nHarty, Kevin J. (1997), \"Arthurian Film\", Arthuriana/Camelot Project Bibliography, retrieved 22 May 2008.\nHaycock, M. (19831984), \"Preiddeu Annwn and the Figure of Taliesin\", Studia Celtica' (18/19): 5278.\nHaycock, M. (2007), Legendary Poems from the Book of Taliesin, Aberystwyth: CMCS, ISBN978-0-9527478-9-5.\nHeroic Age (SpringSummer 1999), \"Early Medieval Tintagel: An Interview with Archaeologists Rachel Harry and Kevin Brady\", The Heroic Age (1), archived from the original on 21 August 2014.\nHigham, N. J. (2002), King Arthur, Myth-Making and History, London: Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-21305-9.\nJones, Gwyn; Jones, Thomas, eds. (1949), The Mabinogion, London: Dent, OCLC17884380.\nJohnson, Flint (2002), The British Sources of the Abduction and Grail Romances, University Press of America.\nKibler, William; Carroll, Carleton W., eds. (1991), Chrtien de Troyes: Arthurian Romances, London: Penguin, ISBN978-0-14-044521-3.\nKoch, John T. (1996), \"The Celtic Lands\", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), Medieval Arthurian Literature: A Guide to Recent Research, New York: Garland, pp.239322, ISBN978-0-8153-2160-6.\nKoch, John T.; Carey, John (1994), The Celtic Heroic Age: Literary Sources for Ancient Celtic Europe and Early Ireland and Wales, Malden, MA: Celtic Studies Publications, ISBN978-0-9642446-2-7.\nKoch, John T. (2006), Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, ISBN1851094407.\nLacy, Norris J. (19921996), Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation, New York: Garland, ISBN978-0-8153-0757-0. 5vols.\nLacy, Norris J. (1996a), \"Character of Arthur\", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, pp.1617, ISBN978-1-56865-432-4.\nLacy, Norris J. (1996b), \"Chrtien de Troyes\", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, pp.8891, ISBN978-1-56865-432-4.\nLacy, Norris J. (1996c), \"Nine Worthies\", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, p.344, ISBN978-1-56865-432-4.\nLacy, Norris J. (1996d), \"Popular Culture\", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, pp.363364, ISBN978-1-56865-432-4.\nLagorio, V. M. (1996), \"Bradley, Marion Zimmer\", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, p.57, ISBN978-1-56865-432-4.\nLanier, Sidney, ed. (1881), The Boy's Mabinogion: being the earliest Welsh tales of King Arthur in the famous Red Book of Hergest, Illustrated by Alfred Fredericks, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.\nLanier, Sidney, ed. (1922), The Boy's King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory's History of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table, Illustrated by N.C. Wyeth, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.\nLittleton, C. Scott; Malcor, Linda A. (1994), From Scythia to Camelot: A Radical Reassessment of the Legends of King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table and the Holy Grail, New York: Garland, ISBN978-0-8153-1496-7.\nLoomis, Roger Sherman (1956), \"The Arthurian Legend before 1139\", in Loomis, Roger Sherman (ed.), Wales and the Arthurian Legend, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp.179220, OCLC2792376.\nLupack, Alan; Lupack, Barbara (1991), King Arthur in America, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, ISBN978-0-85991-543-4.\nLupack, Alan (2002), \"Preface\", in Sklar, Elizabeth Sherr; Hoffman, Donald L. (eds.), King Arthur in Popular Culture, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, pp.13, ISBN978-0-7864-1257-0.\nMalone, Kemp (May 1925), \"Artorius\", Modern Philology, 22 (4): 367374, doi:10.1086/387553, JSTOR433555, S2CID224832996. (JSTOR subscription required.)\nMancoff, Debra N. (1990), The Arthurian Revival in Victorian Art, New York: Garland, ISBN978-0-8240-7040-3.\nMasefield, John (1927), Tristan and Isolt: A Play in Verse, London: Heinemann, OCLC4787138.\nMerriman, James Douglas (1973), The Flower of Kings: A Study of the Arthurian Legend in England Between 1485 and 1835, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, ISBN978-0-7006-0102-8.\nMorris, John (1973), The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650, New York: Scribner, ISBN978-0-684-13313-3.\nMorris, Rosemary (1982), The Character of King Arthur in Medieval Literature, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN978-0-8476-7118-2.\nMyres, J. N. L. (1986), The English Settlements, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-282235-2.\nNeubecker, Ottfried (19982002), Wappenkunde (in German), Munich: Orbis Verlag, p.170, ISBN3-572-01336-4.\nPadel, O. J. (1994), \"The Nature of Arthur\", Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies (27): 131.\nPadel, O. J. (Fall 1995), \"Recent Work on the Origins of the Arthurian Legend: A Comment\", Arthuriana, 5 (3): 10314, doi:10.1353/art.1995.0040, S2CID32369325.\nPadel, O. J. (2000), Arthur in Medieval Welsh Literature, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN978-0-7083-1682-5.\nParins, Marylyn Jackson (1995), Sir Thomas Malory: The Critical Heritage, London: Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-13400-2.\nPhillips, Graham; Keatman, Martin (1992), King Arthur: The True Story, London: Century, ISBN978-0-7126-5580-4.\nPotwin, L. S. (1902), \"The Source of Tennyson's 'The Lady of Shalott'\", Modern Language Notes, 17 (8), Modern Language Notes, Vol. 17, No. 8: 237239, doi:10.2307/2917812, JSTOR2917812.\nPryor, Francis (2004), Britain AD: A Quest for England, Arthur, and the Anglo-Saxons, London: HarperCollins, ISBN978-0-00-718186-5.\nPyle, Howard (1903), The Story of King Arthur and His Knights, Illustrated by Howard Pyle, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons\nRahtz, Philip (1993), English Heritage Book of Glastonbury, London: Batsford, ISBN978-0-7134-6865-6.\nReno, Frank D. (1996), The Historic King Arthur: Authenticating the Celtic Hero of Post-Roman Britain, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, ISBN978-0-7864-0266-3.\nRoach, William, ed. (19491983), The Continuations of the Old French 'Perceval' of Chrtien de Troyes, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, OCLC67476613. 5vols.\nRoberts, Brynley F. (1980), Brut Tysilio: darlith agoriadol gan Athro y Gymraeg a'i Llenyddiaeth (in Welsh), Abertawe: Coleg Prifysgol Abertawe, ISBN978-0-86076-020-7.\nRoberts, Brynley F. (1991a), \"Culhwch ac Olwen, The Triads, Saints' Lives\", in Bromwich, Rachel; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (eds.), The Arthur of the Welsh, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp.7395, ISBN978-0-7083-1107-3.\nRoberts, Brynley F. (1991b), \"Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae and Brut Y Brenhinedd\", in Bromwich, Rachel; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (eds.), The Arthur of the Welsh, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp.98116, ISBN978-0-7083-1107-3.\nRosenberg, John D. (1973), The Fall of Camelot: A Study of Tennyson's 'Idylls of the King', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN978-0-674-29175-1.\nSimpson, Roger (1990), Camelot Regained: The Arthurian Revival and Tennyson, 18001849, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN978-0-85991-300-3.\nSims-Williams, Patrick (1991), \"The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems\", in Bromwich, Rachel; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (eds.), The Arthur of the Welsh, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp.3371, ISBN978-0-7083-1107-3.\nSmith, C.; Thompson, R. H. (1996), \"Twain, Mark\", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, p.478, ISBN978-1-56865-432-4.\nStaines, D. (1996), \"Tennyson, Alfred Lord\", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, pp.446449, ISBN978-1-56865-432-4.\nStokstad, M. (1996), \"Modena Archivolt\", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, pp.324326, ISBN978-1-56865-432-4.\nSweet, Rosemary (2004), \"Antiquaries: The Discovery of the Past in Eighteenth-century Britain\", Continuum, London, ISBN1-85285-309-3.\nTaylor, Beverly; Brewer, Elisabeth (1983), The Return of King Arthur: British and American Arthurian Literature Since 1800, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN978-0-389-20278-3.\nTennyson, Alfred (1868), Enid, Illustrated by Gustave Dor, London: Edward Moxon & Co..\nThomas, Charles (1993), Book of Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology, London: Batsford, ISBN978-0-7134-6689-8.\nThompson, R. H. (1996), \"English, Arthurian Literature in (Modern)\", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, pp.136144, ISBN978-1-56865-432-4.\nThorpe, Lewis, ed. (1966), Geoffrey of Monmouth, The History of the Kings of Britain, Harmondsworth: Penguin, OCLC3370598.\nTondro, Jason (2002), \"Camelot in Comics\", in Sklar, Elizabeth Sherr; Hoffman, Donald L. (eds.), King Arthur in Popular Culture, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, pp.169181, ISBN978-0-7864-1257-0.\nTwain, Mark (1889), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, New York: Webster, OCLC11267671.\nUlrich von Zatzikhoven (2005) [c. 1194], Lanzelet, Translated by Thomas Kerth, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN978-0-231-12869-8.\nVinaver, Sir Eugne, ed. (1990), The Works of Sir Thomas Malory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-812346-0. 3rded., revised.\nWatson, Derek (2002), \"Wagner: Tristan und Isolde and Parsifal\", in Barber, Richard (ed.), King Arthur in Music, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, pp.2334, ISBN978-0-85991-767-4.\nWalter, Philippe (2005) [2002], Art. L'orso e il re [Original French title: Arthur: l'ours et le roi; English: Arthur: The Bear and the King] (in Italian), Translated by M. Faccia, Edizioni Arkeios (Original French publisher: Imago).\nWhite, Terence Hanbury (1958), The Once and Future King, London: Collins, OCLC547840.\nWilliams, Sir Ifor, ed. (1937), Canu Aneirin (in Welsh), Caerdydd [Cardiff]: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru [University of Wales Press], OCLC13163081.\nWordsworth, William (1835), \"The Egyptian Maid, or, The Romance of the Water-Lily\", The Camelot Project, The University of Rochester, retrieved 22 May 2008.\nWorkman, L. J. (1994), \"Medievalism and Romanticism\", Poetica (3940): 144.\nWright, Neil, ed. (1985), The Historia Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth, 1: Bern, Burgerbibliothek, MS. 568, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN978-0-85991-211-2.\nZimmer, Stefan (2006), Die keltischen Wurzeln der Artussage: mit einer vollstndigen bersetzung der ltesten Artuserzhlung Culhwch und Olwen.\nZimmer, Stefan (2009), \"The Name of Arthur A New Etymology\", Journal of Celtic Linguistics, 13 (1), University of Wales Press: 131136.\nFurther reading\nBreeze, Andrew (September 2015). \"The Historical Arthur and Sixth-Century Scotland\". Northern History. LII (2): 158181. doi:10.1179/0078172x15z.00000000085. S2CID161217897.\nBreeze, Andrew (September 2016). \"Arthur's Battles and the Volcanic Winter of 536-7\". Northern History. LIII (2): 161172. doi:10.1080/0078172x.2016.1195600. S2CID164111727.\nHalsall, Guy (2013). Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions of the Dark Ages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-870084-5.\nHigham, Nicholas J. (2018). King Arthur: the making of the legend. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-21092-7.\nExternal links\nKing Arthur at Wikipedia's sister projects\nMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata\nInternational Arthurian Society\n\"Arthurian Gwent\". Blaenau Gwent Borough County Council. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008. An excellent site detailing Welsh Arthurian folklore.\nGreen, Caitlin. \"Arthuriana: Studies in Early Medieval History and Legend\". A detailed and comprehensive academic site, which includes numerous scholarly articles.\nArthuriana: The Journal of Arthurian Studies, published by Scriptorium Press for Purdue University, US. The only academic journal solely concerned with the Arthurian Legend; a good selection of resources and links.\n\"Celtic Literature Collective\". Provides texts and translations (of varying quality) of Welsh medieval sources, many of which mention Arthur.\nGreen, Thomas (October 2012). \"John Dee, King Arthur, and the Conquest of the Arctic\". The Heroic Age (15)..\nThe Camelot Project, The University of Rochester. Provides valuable bibliographies and freely downloadable versions of Arthurian texts.\nThe Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe. An online peer-reviewed journal that includes regular Arthurian articles; see especially the first issue.\nOf Arthour and of Merlin translated and retold in modern English prose, the story from Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland MS Advocates 19.2.1 (the Auchinleck MS) (from the Middle English of the Early English Text Society edition: O D McCrae-Gibson, 1973, Of Arthour and of Merlin, 2 vols, EETS and Oxford University Press).\nAlliterative Morte Arthure translated and retold in modern English alliterative prose, from Lincoln Cathedral MS 91, the Lincoln Thornton Manuscript.\nLegendary titles\nPrecededbyUther Pendragon\nKing of Britain\nSucceededbyConstantine\nvteKing Arthur and the Matter of BritainFamily\nAgravain\nCador\nConstantine\nCulhwch\nEctor\nElaine of Garlot\nHoel\nGaheris\nGareth\nGawain\nGingalain\nGuinevere\nIgraine\nKay\nMordred\nMorgan le Fay\nMorgause\nAmbrosius Aurelianus\nUther Pendragon\nUrien\nYvain\nKnights of the Round Table\nBagdemagus\nBedivere\nBors the Younger\nBrunor\nCligs\nCaradoc\nDagonet\nDaniel\nDinadan\nGalahad\nGalehaut\nGeraint\nGriflet\nLamorak\nLancelot\nLanval\nLionel\nMoriaen\nPalamedes\nPelleas\nPellinore\nPercival\nSagramore\nTristan\nOther characters\nAccolon\nAgrestes\nAngharad Golden-Hand\nAnguish of Ireland\nAnnowre\nBalin and Balan\nBan\nLady Bertilak\nBlack Knight(s)\nBlanchefleur\nBors the Elder\nBrangaine\nBrunor(s)\nCatigern\nClaudas\nElaine of Astolat\nElaine of Benoic\nElaine of Corbenic\nEnide\nFeirefiz\nFisher King(s)\nGarel\nGorlois\nGreen Knight(s)\nGuiomar\nGuiron le Courtois\nGwenhwyfach\nHellawes\nHengist\nIseult\nLady/Ladies of the Lake\nLaudine\nLeodegrance\nLohengrin\nLot\nLucius\nLunete\nLynette and Lyonesse\nMaleagant\nMark of Cornwall\nMeliodas\nMerlin\nNentres\nNine sorceresses\nOlwen\nPercival's sister\nRed Knight(s)\nRience\nSebile\nTaliesin\nTegau Eurfron\nVortigern\nYniol\nObjects and animals\nCavall\nExcalibur\nGringolet\nHoly Grail\nPridwen\nPrydwen\nQuesting Beast\nRound Table\nSiege Perilous\nTwrch Trwyth\nPlaces\nAstolat\nAvalon\nGlastonbury Tor\nBrocliande\nVal sans retour\nCaerleon\nCamelot\nCelliwig\nChapel perilous\nCorbenic\nEsplumoir Merlin\nJoyous Gard\nLand/Castle of Maidens\nLogres\nLyonesse\nSarras\nTintagel\nTintagel Castle\nIn media\nBibliography\nList of works\ncomics\nTopics\nBattle of Badon\nBattle of Camlann\nDolorous Stroke\nLoathly lady\nHistoricity of King Arthur\nKing Arthur's messianic return\nPendragon\nKnight of the Swan\nTristan and Iseult\nWales portal\nEngland portal\nHistory portal\nvteCeltic mythology seriesWelsh mythologyTexts and talesFour Branches of the Mabinogi\nPwyll Pendefig Dyfed\nBranwen ferch Llr\nManawydan fab Llr\nMath fab Mathonwy\nArthurian\nCulhwch and Olwen\nPreiddeu Annwfn\nPa gur\nOwain, or the Lady of the Fountain\nGeraint and Enid\nPeredur son of Efrawg\nThe Dream of Rhonabwy\nGeraint son of Erbin\nOther\nTaliesin\nCad Goddeu\nWelsh Triads\nThe Dream of Macsen Wledig\nEnglynion y Beddau\nGiant tales\nLludd and Llefelys\nCharacters\nAfaon fab Taliesin\nAmaethon\nArawn\nArianrhod\nArthur\nAfallach\nBeli Mawr\nBleiddwn\nBlodeuwedd\nBedwyr\nBendigeidfran\nBranwen\nCai\nCaradog ap Bran\nCaswallawn\nCeridwen\nCigfa\nCreiddylad\nCulhwch\nCyhyraeth\nCyledr Wyllt\nCymidei Cymeinfoll\nCynon\nDn\nDrudwas\nDylan ail Don\nDywel fab Erbin\nEdern ap Nudd\nEfnysien\nElen\nElffin ap Gwyddno\nEliwlod\nEufydd\nEuroswydd\nGeraint\nGilfaethwy\nGlewlwyd Gafaelfawr\nGoewin\nGofannon\nGoreu fab Custennin\nGronw Pebr\nGwawl\nGwern\nGwrhyr\nGwyddno Garanhir\nGwydion\nGwyn ap Nudd\nGwythyr\nGwalchmei\nHafgan\nHefeydd\nHueil mab Caw\nHychddwn\nHyddwn\nIddog ap Mynio\nIdris\nLlefelys\nLleu\nLlr\nLludd\nLlwyd\nMabon\nMadoc ap Uthyr\nMacsen Wledig\nMallt-y-Nos\nManawydan\nMath\nMatholwch\nMenw\nModron\nMorfydd\nMorfran\nMyrddin\nNisien\nOlwen\nPenarddun\nPenpingion\nPeredur\nPryderi\nPwyll\nRhiannon\nSaint Cyllin\nSaint Eigen\nSanddef\nSeithenyn\nTaliesin\nTegid Foel\nTeyrnon\nYsbaddaden\nAnimals andcreatures\nAdar Llwch Gwin\nAdar Rhiannon\nAderyn y Corff\nAfanc\nCavall (Cafall, Cabal)\nCeffyl Dr\nCewri\nCoblyn\nCoraniaid\nCn Annwn\nCyhyraeth\nDreigiau\nRed\nWhite\nGwyllgi\nGwyllion\nLlamhigyn y Dr\nMorgens\nPlentyn Newid\nPwca\nTwrch Trwyth\nTylwyth Teg\nLocations\nAnnwn\nCornwall (Celliwig)\nCaer Sidi\nCantre'r Gwaelod\nDyfed (Arberth, Gwales)\nGwynedd (Aberffraw, Arfon, Ardudwy, Caer Dathyl)\nIreland\nLondon (Ludgate)\nItems\nCross of Neith\nExcalibur (Caledfwlch)\nCauldron of rebirth\nLlech Ronw\nThirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain\nvteCulture of CornwallCornish: Gonisogeth KernowSymbols\nCeltic cross\nCornish chough\nCornish heath\nCornish kilts and tartans\nJonathan Trelawny\nMichael An Gof\nSaint Piran\nSaint Piran's Flag\nScillonian Cross\nFestivals\nAberFest\nAllantide\nChewidden Thursday\nFurry Dance\nGolowan\nGuldize\nKernewek Lowender\nMontol Festival\nMummer's Day\nNickanan Night\nNos Lowen\nNoze looan\n'Obby 'Oss\nPicrous Day\nSt Piran's Day\nTom Bawcock's Eve\nSports\nCornish hurling\nCornish pilot-gig racing\nCornish wrestling\nRugby union in Cornwall\nCuisine\nCloam oven\nClotted cream\nCornish cheeses\nCornish cream tea\nCornish fairings\nCornish Gilliflower\nHevva cake\nHog's pudding\nPasty\nSaffron bun\nStargazy pie\nCornish Yarg\nArts\nList of Cornish writers\nTristan and Iseult\nCornwall Film Festival\nTate St Ives\nSt Ives School\nW. J. Burley\nCharles Causley\nNewlyn School\nBarbara Hepworth\nDaphne du Maurier\nWilliam Golding\nAlan Kent\nH. C. McNeile\nRosamunde Pilcher\nDerek Tangye\nD. M. Thomas\nMinack Theatre\nThe Pirates of Penzance\nMusic\nCornish bagpipes\nBrenda Wootton\nDalla\nFisherman's Friends\nCrowns\nFolk songs\n\"Bro Goth agan Tasow\"\n\"Camborne Hill\"\n\"Come, all ye jolly tinner boys\"\n\"Delkiow Sivy\"\n\"Hail to the Homeland\"\n\"The Song of the Western Men\"\nLanguage\nAnglo-Cornish\nCornish literature\nOrdinalia\nBeunans Meriasek\nBewnans Ke\nPrayer Book Rebellion\nRadyo an Gernewegva\nMythology\nBeast of Bodmin\nBlunderbore\nBucca\nCormoran\nCruel Coppinger\nJack the Giant Killer\nKnocker\nKing Arthur\nLyonesse\nMermaid of Zennor\nOwlman\nPiskie\nSpriggan\nOrganisations\nFederation of Old Cornwall Societies\nGorsedh Kernow\nInstitute of Cornish Studies\nRoyal Cornwall Polytechnic Society\nRoyal Cornwall Show\nRoyal Institution of Cornwall (Royal Cornwall Museum)\nMovyans Skolyow Meythrin\nAkademi Kernewek\nCornwall portal\nvteGeoffrey of MonmouthWorks\nProphetiae Merlini (c. 1135)\nHistoria Regum Britanniae (c. 1136)\nVita Merlini (c. 1150)\nTranslations\nRoman de Brut\nLayamon's Brut\nBrut y Brenhinedd\nBreta sgur\nMerlnssp\nCharacters\nAeneas\nSaint Alban\nAlbanactus\nAlhfrith of Deira\nAllectus\nAmbrosius Aurelianus\nAmphibalus\nAndragius\nArchgallo\nArchmail\nKing Arthur\nArvirargus\nAscanius\nAugustine of Canterbury\nAurelius Conanus\nBedivere\nBeldgabred\nBeli Mawr\nBelinus\nBladud\nBledric ap Custennin\nBledudo\nBrennius\nBrutus Greenshield\nBrutus of Troy\nBudic II of Brittany\nCadfan ap Iago\nCadoc\nCador\nCadwaladr\nCadwallon ap Cadfan\nCamber (legendary king)\nCap of Britain\nCapetus Silvius\nCapoir\nCaracalla\nCaradocus\nCarausius\nCassivellaunus\nCatellus\nCatigern\nCherin\nClaudius\nCledaucus\nClotenus\nCoel Hen\nCoilus\nConan Meriadoc\nConstans II (son of Constantine III)\nConstantine the Great\nConstantine III (Western Roman Emperor)\nConstantine (Briton)\nConstantius Chlorus\nCordelia of Britain\nCorineus\nCunedagius\nCunobeline\nDanius\nSaint David\nDigueillus\nDiocletian\nDionotus\nDunvallo Molmutius\nEbraucus\nEdadus\nEdern ap Nudd\nEdwin of Northumbria\nEldol\nEldol, Consul of Gloucester\nElidurus\nEliud\nEnniaunus\nEstrildis\nEudaf Hen\nFerrex\nFulgenius\nGawain\nGerennus\nGoffar the Pict\nGogmagog (folklore)\nGoneril\nGorboduc\nGorbonianus\nGorlois\nGracianus Municeps\nGuiderius\nGuinevere\nGuithelin\nGurgintius\nGurguit Barbtruc\nGurgustius\nGwenddoleu ap Ceidio\nGwenddydd\nQueen Gwendolen\nHelena (empress)\nHelenus\nHengist and Horsa\nHoel\nHumber the Hun\nIago ap Beli\nIdvallo\nIgraine\nIngenius of Britain\nInnogen\nJago of Britain\nJulius and Aaron\nJulius Asclepiodotus\nJulius Caesar\nSir Kay\nKeredic\nKimarcus\nKinarius\nLatinus\nLavinia\nLeil\nLeir of Britain\nLocrinus\nKing Lot\nLucius of Britain\nLucius Tiberius\nLud son of Heli\nMaddan\nMaelgwn Gwynedd\nMagnus Maximus\nMandubracius\nQueen Marcia\nMarganus\nMarganus II\nMarius of Britain\nMempricius\nMerianus\nMerlin\nMillus\nMordred\nMorgause\nMorvidus\nMyrddin Wyllt\nNennius of Britain\nOcta of Kent\nOenus\nOswald of Northumbria\nOswiu of Northumbria\nOwain mab Urien\nPandrasus\nPenda of Mercia\nPeredur\nPeredurus\nPir of the Britons\nPorrex I\nPorrex II\nPublius Septimius Geta\nQuintus Laberius Durus\nRedechius\nRedon of Britain\nRegan (King Lear)\nRhydderch Hael\nRience\nRivallo\nRud Hud Hudibras\nRuno\nSawyl Penuchel\nSeptimius Severus\nSilvius (mythology)\nSisillius I\nSisillius II\nSisillius III\nSon of Gorbonianus\nTaliesin\nTasciovanus\nTrahern\nTurnus\nUrianus\nUther Pendragon\nVenissa\nVespasian\nVortigern\nVortimer\nVortiporius\nWulfhere of Mercia\nYwain\nthelberht of Kent\nthelfrith of Northumbria\nthelwald of Deira\nTopics\nAvalon\nBattle of Arfderydd\nBattle of Badon\nBattle of Camlann\nBattle of Guoloph\nBrut y Tywysogion\nExcalibur\nGesta Regum Britanniae\nLailoken\nList of legendary kings of Britain\nList of legendary rulers of Cornwall\nLogres\nMatter of Britain\nMolmutine Laws\nNennius\nPridwen\nRiothamus\nRiver Malvam\nSiege of Exeter (c. 630)\nLocations associated with Arthurian legend\nTreason of the Long Knives\nTrinovantum\nTrojan genealogy of Nennius\nVera historia de morte Arthuri\nWalter of Oxford\nWikiquote\nWikisource texts\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nPeople\nTrove\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Arthur&oldid=1224454151\"\nCategories: King ArthurArthurian legendWelsh folkloreWelsh mythologyWelsh legendary charactersKnights of the Round TableBritish male characters in televisionBurials at Glastonbury AbbeyEnglish folkloreEnglish mythologyFamily of King ArthurLegendary British kingsMale characters in animationMale characters in filmMale characters in literatureMythological swordfightersPeople whose existence is disputedHidden categories: Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pagesWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesFeatured articlesUse dmy dates from December 2021Use British English from April 2019Articles containing Welsh-language textArticles containing Cornish-language textArticles containing Breton-language textArticles containing French-language textCS1 French-language sources (fr)CS1 German-language sources (de)CS1 Welsh-language sources (cy)CS1 Italian-language sources (it)Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidataArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with Trove identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 18 May 2024, at 14:30(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arthur Uther Pendragon - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Biography\nToggle Biography subsection\n1.1Becoming Arthur Pendragon: 19861991\n2Activism\nToggle Activism subsection\n2.1Stonehenge\n2.2Poll tax protest\n2.3Other legal cases\n3Political career\n4Personal life\n5References\nToggle References subsection\n5.1Footnotes\n5.2Sources\n6External links\nToggle the table of contents\nArthur Uther Pendragon\n2 languages\nGalego\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikiquote\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nUK Neo-Druid activist\nNot to be confused with Uther Pendragon or Arthur Pendragon.\nArthur Uther PendragonBornJohn Timothy Rothwell (1954-04-05) 5 April 1954 (age70)Wakefield, Yorkshire, EnglandYearsactive1970s-2022TitleTitular Head and Chosen Chief,Raised Druid King of BritainChildren1Websitewarband.org.uk\nArthur Uther Pendragon (born John Timothy Rothwell, 5 April 1954) is a British eco-campaigner, Neo-Druid leader, media personality, and self-declared reincarnation of King Arthur, a name by which he is also known. Pendragon was the \"battle chieftain\" of the Council of British Druid Orders.\nBorn to a working-class family, Pendragon served in the British Army's Royal Hampshire Regiment before being discharged following an injury. Identifying as a greaser, he formed a biker club known as the Gravediggers, moving in counter-cultural circles at free festivals around Britain. After reading a book on King Arthur by the occultist Gareth Knight, he leapt to the conclusion that he was the reincarnation of the mythical king and changed his name by deed poll. He formed the Loyal Arthurian Warband out of his supporters and began describing himself as a Druid. Angered that English Heritage charged entry to visit Stonehenge, using the money for restoration and preservation of the archaeological site in Wiltshire, between 1990 and 1991 he picketed outside the site on a daily basis.\nLater that decade he joined various eco-protests against road development across Britain and, with the Council of British Druid Orders, campaigned for open access to Stonehenge during the solstices. For several years, Pendragon engaged in direct action protests and was repeatedly arrested. English Heritage agreed to implement open access at the solstice in 2000. Pendragon later focused on campaigning for the return of human remains removed from Stonehenge by archaeologists in 2008. He continued to call for free access to the site.\nBiography[edit]\nBecoming Arthur Pendragon: 19861991[edit]\nPendragon moved to Glastonbury and attended one of his earliest Druidic rites at Glastonbury Tor (pictured)\nIn 1986 he bought a sword called Excalibur in a Farnborough shop; its seller stated that it had been the prop in the 1981 film Excalibur.[1]\nActivism[edit]\nArthur Pendragon attending the 2010 Stonehenge Summer Solstice ritual\nStonehenge[edit]\nPendragon is best known for his legal battles with English Heritage regarding the monument of Stonehenge in Wiltshire, a site of great religious significance to Neo-Druids. Throughout the 1990s, he campaigned for the removal of the four-mile exclusion zone which was established each year during the summer solstice.[1][2] On 19 October 1998, with assistance from organisations such as Liberty who acted as his counsel, Pendragon had his case heard by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. He claimed that the exclusion zone around Stonehenge was restricting his freedom of thought, conscience, religion and freedom of expression, in contravention of Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the European Convention of Human Rights. The court decided in favour of the UK government. However, the exclusion zone was lifted the following year, after an unrelated case brought before the House of Lords ruled that the public have a right to assembly on a public highway.[3][4]\nIn June 2008, Pendragon set up a protest camp on a byway near the monument, demanding free access to Stonehenge for everyone. He insisted that the fences surrounding the site should be removed, and that the two nearby A roads (the A344 and A303) should be closed or redirected. He occupied the byway for ten months, and obtained 8,000 signatures in support of his petition. On 24 April 2009, he was ordered by Salisbury County Court to dismantle his camp and leave, following complaints from Wiltshire Council that he was obstructing traffic.[5] Pendragon defied the order.[6] He finally ended his protest on 19 May,[7] after English Heritage announced plans to move a section of the A303 underground, and to create a new visitor centre about a mile-and-a-half away from the stones.[8]\nIn August 2011, Pendragon filed a High Court appeal calling for the cremated remains of more than forty bodies to be immediately reburied. The remains had been exhumed from a burial site at Stonehenge in 2008, to be studied at Sheffield University. The appeal was rejected.[9][10] Pendragon has also voiced his opposition to English Heritage's plan to display three more sets of human remains at the new visitor centre, claiming that out of respect to the ancient British ancestors, replica bones should be on view instead.[11]\nIn 2020, English Heritage and the authorities controlling access to Stonehenge agreed along with members of the Druid and pagan communities that the Summer Solstice would not be physically observed as it used to be due to COVID-19 lockdowns. In an interview with the BBC Arthur Pendragon stated his understanding for this decision, noting that the Spring Equinox ceremony had also been cancelled.[12] On the evening preceding the Solstice and on the morning following Arthur Pendragon, along with author C. J. Stone and around fifty revellers as well as other Druids held gatherings involving ritual and protest in the publicly accessible area just outside Stonehenge and past the Heel Stone; part of the protest involved a placard making a statement against the proposed road tunnel under Stonehenge, this being the latest development in protest against a tunnel.[13] Arthur has stated publicly that he intends to bring legal challenges against Wiltshire Police, Wiltshire Council and English Heritage for refusing to allow him to park on any of the roads near Stonehenge as parking in the Stonehenge car park caused him to miss the Solstice sunrise.[14]\nPoll tax protest[edit]\nOn 24 January 1994, Pendragon was summoned to magistrates' court after refusing to pay two years' worth of poll tax. His case was presided over by Lord Tenby, who allowed Pendragon to wear his robes and sword in court, and allowed him to swear oath on his sword. At the end of the hearing, the case went against Pendragon and he was ordered to pay the money owed.[15][16]\nOther legal cases[edit]\nPendragon has been arrested, mainly for trespass, over 30 times.[17] Whilst in prison on remand, he has been denied his right to wear his own clothing his Neo-Druidic robe and ordered to wear prison uniform. Pendragon, refusing to comply with these orders, has then been left without clothing and put in solitary confinement.[17]\nPolitical career[edit]\nPendragon is a self-proclaimed English eccentric, and says that this helps him in his political work.[2] He has stood in several elections most recently as an Independent candidate for Salisbury in 2010,[18][19] 2015,[20] 2017[21] and 2019.\nPersonal life[edit]\nIn 2003, Pendragon published his autobiography, The Trials of Arthur (revised 2012), co-written with counterculture author C. J. Stone. In it, he claimed to be one of those Druids \"whose motivations are fundamentally political and radical\".[22] It was also noted that Pendragon viewed Britain as \"a land, not an identity\", \"a feeling\" and \"it welcomes all who arrive on these shores\".[23] Pendragon said his patriotism was \"inclusive, not exclusive... [and] welcoming of other cultures and other stories\".[24] The book further stated that Pendragon could be self-centred, vain, and impatient with others, and that he was sometimes unable to see perspectives other than his own[23] but it conceded that he was \"a man who laughed at himself\"[25] and acknowledged that some in Britain's Druidic community thought Pendragon brought Druidry into disrepute with his politicised campaigns and direct action tactics.[26]\nReferences[edit]\nFootnotes[edit]\n^ a b Berens, Camilla (10 February 1994). \"Britons, behold your King\". The Independent.\n^ a b Cohen, Nick (11 June 1995) \"King Arthur fights holy war\". The Independent.\n^ \"Law Lords back public gatherings\". The Lawyer. 22 March 1999. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.\n^ Harris, Paul (21 June 1999). \"After 10 years, Druids return to Stonehenge\". The Independent.\n^ Riddle, Annie (27 April 2009). \"Druids in defiant mood despite court order\". Salisbury Journal.\n^ \"Druid protestor King Arthur Pendragon defies Stonehenge eviction order\". The Telegraph. 3 May 2009.\n^ \"Free Stonehenge\". The Loyal Arthurian Warband. Retrieved 5 October 2013.\n^ \"Stonehenge centre gets go-ahead\". BBC News. 13 May 2009.\n^ \"King Arthur Pendragon loses human remains legal battle\". BBC News. 23 August 2011.\n^ \"Stonehenge bones decision backed by humanist association\". BBC News. 24 August 2011.\n^ \"Stonehenge should display fake human remains, druid says\". BBC News. 8 May 2011.\n^ \"Coronavirus: Stonehenge Summer Solstice gathering cancelled\". BBC News. 12 May 2020.\n^ \"Mega Solstice Newsletter: Summer Solstice 2020 at Stonehenge\". Megalithomania. 22 June 2020.\n^ \"The Wild Hunt Pagan Community Notes June 29th 2020\". The Wild Hunt. 29 June 2020.\n^ Pendragon & Stone (2003), pp. 9596.\n^ \"Druid does battle over poll tax bill\". The Independent. 25 January 1994. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.\n^ a b Penton, K (2008). \"Sunrise Festival Interview\". [dead link]\n^ Mayall, Roy (27 April 2010). \"All hail Salisbury's King Arthur\". The Guardian.\n^ \"Minute Manifesto: King Arthur Pendragon (Independent)\". BBC News. 26 April 2010.\n^ Merrill, Jamie (22 March 2015). \"Election 2015: Meet the top 12 wacky candidates seeking your vote in May\". The Independent.\n^ \"General Election 2017 Meet the Six Salisbury Candidates\". Salisbury Journal. 11 May 2017.\n^ Pendragon & Stone 2003, p.118.\n^ a b Pendragon & Stone 2003, p.144.\n^ Pendragon & Stone 2003, p.81.\n^ Pendragon & Stone 2003, p.69.\n^ Pendragon & Stone 2003, p.190.\nSources[edit]\nHemming, Henry In Search of the English Eccentric, John Murray 2 April 2009 ISBN978-0719522222\nHutton, Ronald (2006). Witches, Druids and King Arthur. Hambledon Continuum. ISBN978-1852855550. pages 252 to 253\nPendragon, Arthur; Stone, C J (2003). The Trials of Arthur.\nStone, C J (1999). Last of the Hippies. Faber and Faber. ISBN978-0571193134.\nWorthington, Andy Stonehenge: Celebration and Subversion Alternative Albion 21 June 2004 ISBN978-1872883762\nExternal links[edit]\nOfficial website of The Loyal Arthurian Warband\nTrailer for Being King Arthur documentary from Dancing Turtle Films July 12th 2013\nSky New Arthur Pendragon on paganism December 22nd 2015\nArthur Pendragon vs. English Heritage November 20th 2013\nArthur Pendragon at Salisbury Court January 9th 2017\nArthur Pendragon at Stonehenge March 28th 2017\nHenry Hemming interview April 19th 2008\nZDF TV Interview May 12th 2012 (English and German)\nWikiquote has quotations related to Arthur Uther Pendragon.\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Uther_Pendragon&oldid=1193182092\"\nCategories: 1954 birthsLiving peopleAnti-road protestEnglish activistsEnglish environmentalistsIndependent British political candidatesNeo-druidsEnglish modern pagansProtests in the United KingdomPeople from WakefieldHidden categories: All articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from October 2013Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataEngvarB from September 2014Use dmy dates from September 2014Articles with hCardsArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 2 January 2024, at 13:36(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. 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Nanatsu no Taizai Gakuen!\nProduction\nKing no Manga Michi\nSeven Days -The Bandit and The Holy Maiden-\nAnime\nList of Episodes\nTV Special (Signs of Holy war)\nSeason 2 (Revival of the Commandments)\nSeason 3 (Wrath of the Gods)\nSeason 4 (Dragon's Judgement)\nFirst Movie (Prisoner of the Sky)\nSecond Movie (Cursed by Light)\nThird Movie (Grudge of Edinburgh)\nDVD/BDs\nMusic\nOpenings\nEndings\nOriginal Soundtrack\nPerfect Time\nVideo Games\nGrand Cross\nUnjust Sin\nKnights of Britannia\nKnights in the Pocket\nStory Arcs\nHoly Knight Saga\nTen Commandments Saga\nThe Holy War Saga\nTimeline\nNakaba Suzuki (Author)\nCharacters\nSeven Deadly Sins\nMeliodas (Dragon's Sin of Wrath)\nDiane (Serpent's Sin of Envy)\nBan (Fox's Sin of Greed)\nKing (Grizzly's Sin of Sloth)\nGowther (Goat's Sin of Lust)\nMerlin (Boar's Sin of Gluttony)\nEscanor (Lion's Sin of Pride)\nThe Sins' Allies\nElizabeth Liones\nElaine\nHawk\nBartra Liones\nArthur Pendragon\nGerheade\nHelbram\nMatrona\nJenna\nZaneri\nHoly Knights\nDreyfus\nHendrickson\nHelbram\nGilthunder\nHowzer\nGuila\nJericho\nGriamore\nSlader\nZaratras\nTen Commandments\nZeldris of \"Piety\"\nEstarossa of \"Love\"\nFraudrin of \"Selflessness\"\nGaland of \"Truth\"\nMelascula of \"Faith\"\nGrayroad of \"Pacifism\"\nDrole of \"Patience\"\nGloxinia of \"Repose\"\nMonspeet of \"Reticence\"\nDerieri of \"Purity\"\nGoddess Clan\nSupreme Deity\nMael\nLudociel\nTarmiel\nSariel\nNerobasta\nElizabeth (Goddess)\nDemon Clan\nDemon King\nChandler\nCusack\nIndura\nRed Demons\nGray Demons\nAlbion\nGowther the Demon\nOther Characters\nGelda\nIzraf\nSolaad\nEllatt\nBellion\nBaruja\nDubs\nDahlia\nUniverse\nBritannia\nLiones\nCamelot\nDanafor\nEdinburgh\nFairy King's Forest\nIstar\nVaizel\nCorand\nCapital of the Dead\nBoar Hat\nPowers\nSpells\nFull Counter\nSnatch\nDisaster\nCreation\nInvasion\nInfinity\nThunderbolt\nVision\nCommandment\nSacred Treasure\nChastiefol\nGideon\nHerritt\nAldan\nLostvayne\nRhitta\nCourechouse\nBasquias\nDarrenheart\nObjects\nBalor's Magical Eye\nCoffin of Eternal Darkness\nDragon Handle\nFountain of Youth\nGoddess Amber\nIncantation Orb\nHorn of Cernunnos\nMinimum Tablets\nGroups\nHoly Knights\nTen Commandments\nFour Archangels\nPleiades of the Azure Sky\nDawn Roar\nWeird Fangs\nSix Knights of Black\nHoly Knights\nHoly Knights of Liones\nHoly Knights of Camelot\nRace\nHumans\nFairy Clan\nGiant Clan\nGoddess Clan\nDemon Clan\nDruids\nFour Knights of the Apocalypse\nAnime\nList of Episodes\nThe Four Knights\nPercival (Knight of Death)\nLancelot \"Sin\" (Knight of War)\nTristan Liones (Knight of Pestilence)\nGawain (Knight of Famine)\nThe Four Knights' Entourage\nNasiens\nDonny\nAnghalhad \"Anne\"\nIsolde\nJade\nChion\nSylvan\nKingdom of Camelot\nArthur Pendragon\nIronside\nPellegarde\nTalisker\nMortlach\nArdbeg\nDark Talismans\nMacduff\nTeaninich\nSupporting Characters\nVarghese\nOrdo\nDolores\nCalden\nEdlin\nPelliot\nGuinevere\nLocations\nBenwick\nGod's Finger\nEcho Gorge\nEntangled Forest\nSistana\nWallnack\nin:\nCharacters, Male Characters, Knights,\nand\n4 more\nHumans\nRoyal Family\nRulers\nAntagonists\nEnglish\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\nPolski\n\nArthur Pendragon\nView source\nView history\nTalk (0)\nSPOILER WARNING\nThis article contains HEAVY SPOILERS for the Nanatsu no Taizai manga. Please read at your own risk.\nIntroduction\nPlot\nImage Gallery\nArthur Pendragon\nAnime (4KOA)\nManga (4KOA)\nAnime (7DS)\nManga (7DS)\nKanji/Kana\n\nRmaji\ns Pendoragon\nAlias\nLord ArthurKing ArthurThe Child of HopeKing of KingsKing of ChaosKing of Humans\nBiological Description\nRace\nHuman\nGender\nMale\nAge\n16 (7DS)32 (4KOA)\nStatus\nAlive\nBirthday\nAugust 17\nHeight\n170 cm (5'7\")\nWeight\n64 kg (141 lbs)\nHair Color\nOrange\nEye Color\nPurple\nBlood Type\nA\nStatus\nRelationships\nUther (biological father)[1]Unnamed adoptive fatherKay (adoptive brother)Gawain (niece)\nAffiliation\nKingdom of Camelot\nOccupation\nKing of Camelot\nEquipment\nSequenceExcaliburCarnwennan\nMedia\nManga Debut\nChapter 62\nAnime Debut\nEpisode 16\nJapanese Voice\nSachi Kokuryu\nEnglish Voice\nZach Aguilar\nImage Gallery\nArthur Pendragon is the king of Camelot, holder of the Holy Sword Excalibur and the host of Chaos and the rightful King of Chaos,Konton no .\nHe is a supporting character in Nanatsu no Taizai, but became the main antagonist of the sequel series Four Knights of the Apocalypse.\nContents\n1 Appearance\n2 Personality\n3 History\n4 Abilities and Equipment\n4.1 Weapons\n4.2 Power Level\n5 Relationships\n5.1 Family\n5.1.1 Kay\n5.2 Seven Deadly Sins\n5.2.1 Merlin\n5.2.2 Meliodas\n5.3 Others\n5.3.1 Nanashi\n5.3.2 Chaos\n6 List of Fights\n6.1 Kingdom Infiltration arc\n6.2 Prelude to the New Holy War arc\n6.3 King of Chaos arc\n7 Trivia\n8 References\n9 Navigation\nAppearance\nArthur while using Chaos\nArthur with a new armored right arm\nChaos taking form from Aurthur's missing arm\nArthur's old helmet\nIn The Seven Deadly Sins, he's sixteen years old and has a very youthful appearance, with messy orange hair and a long cowlick that falls over the right side of his face.[2] Arthur also appears to be relatively short in height.\nArthur dons a set of full-body gold-colored steel armor with a unique helmet accentuated by three horns, two triple integrals, and a cape.[3] later in the series, Arthur looses his right arm as it was devoured whole by Cath Palug.\nWhile using his Chaos powers, Arthur's eyes become black while his irises become purple.\nIn Four Knights of the Apocalypse, he's thirty-two years of age and is clearly much older and taller, yet retains his youthful outlook nonetheless. He now wears new garbs befitting of his status as king, with light clothes with flower symbols in the middle of his shirt along with a new dark blue cape.\nHe's also able to make a new dark armored right arm with the symbol of Cath on its fist as reference of what happened to him years ago.\nPersonality\nArthur is a polite, young man who is still adjusting to his role as king. He takes his responsibilities very seriously, but usually undertakes them with a smile and has a very warm, and happy-go-lucky demeanor. Despite his outward appearance, it would be wrong to characterize him as immature or oblivious as shown when he was a child, he was fully aware that his older, adoptive brother hated and even tried to kill him, but hopes one day they could become friends.[4]\nSixteen years after the new Holy War, Arthur's personality has changed greatly. He became dark, arrogant, condescending, manipulative and somewhat tyrannical and psychotic.\nAs a result of the destruction of his kingdom and seeing the pointless death that the other races and their gods have left in their wake for purely selfish and prejudiced reasons, along with the newfound power of Chaos at his control, these have all taken a great impact on him and how he views the world.\nBelieving that the humans have suffered since ancient times due to the discrimination of the other races and from the massive casualities wrought in the wake of both the ancient and new Holy Wars, he rejects Meliodas', and the Kingdom of Liones' as a whole, belief that the five races can all live together peacefully and without prejudice. He instead believes that humans will always be lesser beings that the other four races will always see as mere prey and because of this, has developed a deep seated hate of the Demon, Goddess, Fairy and Giant clans, desiring to destroy them in order to save humanity from them and free Britannia for his race so it will finally become a land with true equality and peace.\nHis obsession with freeing humanity goes so far as to invade Britannia to force people to come to Camelot, even imprisoning and \"re-educating\" anyone who wishes to leave once there. He shows much less appreciation for the lives of others, even his own Holy Knights, being content for them to die in order to fulfill his goals.\nHistory\nBefore becoming a king, Arthur was a simple child who was adopted by a man who happened to be a Holy Knight and had an adopted older brother named Kay. Kay harbored a hatred for the young boy. Once, while they were children, Kay took Arthur's sword and offered to give it back to him if he crushed an apple with a stick whilst blindfolded and in the middle of a gorge on one of several platforms. Arthur completed this challenge with ease. Kay was furious at Arthur's skill and tossed the sword at him which led to Arthur falling down unfazed while Kay smiled. However, Arthur was saved by a strange Holy Knight who was shocked and amazed at how Arthur managed to be brave and fearless whilst falling to his doom. He was also impressed as to how Arthur forgave his brother, even telling him he should be a king instead of a Holy Knight like their father. Arthur was shocked until it was revealed that he was Bartra Liones, the 11th king of Liones, as he wondered if he was never going to be a Holy Knight as the king of Liones and his two escorts, Slader and Hugo, left for a meeting with King Uther Pendragon.\nDuring the Introduction arc, Arthur is rumored to have just became the new king of Camelot by the drinking patrons at Boar Hat in the small town of Bernia.[5] In Camelot, a giant sword fell from the sky to the Earth, where people believed that it was a holy sword sent from God. Every Holy Knight tried to pull it out, but they all failed until Arthur came and successfully pulled the sword, making him the new king of Camelot.[6]\nAt some point in time Arthur met Merlin, the Boar's Sin of Gluttony, who became his teacher and resolved to rescue King Bartra from the Holy Knights.\nAbilities and Equipment\nArthur in the past carried a golden sword and was geared with golden metal armor.[7] Arthur appears to be a very capable combatant as he easily blocked Hendrickson's surprise attack and simultaneously dealt a counter strike, dealing a blow on the Great Holy Knight. Arthur's swordsmanship skill is far above that of an ordinary human, as Arthur was able to fight evenly with Hendrickson and had great speed. But Hendrickson knew that Arthur was holding back for reasons unknown.\nArthur appeared to already have a high degree of strength in his youth as shown by being able to pull the sword Excalibur from its stone with ease. While Arthur himself does not know the limits of his own power, it is said that holding and using the legendary sword Excalibur allows him to access its full potential.[8]\nWhen wielding Excalibur, Arthur is empowered by the souls of all the master swordsmen who previously wielded the holy sword, and as a result he possesses full knowledge of different swordsmanship styles from the previous wielders of Excalibur and can use them with masterful ease. Arthur also gains a massive increase in speed and strength when wielding Excalibur, as shown when he was capable of fighting against Meliodas in his Assault Mode, Zeldris, Cusack and Chandler, even although none of them were using their full powers.[9]\nHe seems to carry a type of immunity or resistance to Commandments as Zeldris was curious why his Piety did not effect Arthur. He has also been noted by Orlondi to lack a presence which explains his skill in sneaking up on demons and dispatching them without ever being caught.\nAfter being awakened as the \"King of Chaos\", Arthur obtains the power of Chaos, who chose to coexist within him. Unconsciously, Arthur was capable of altering reality yet didn't possess any conscious control over it at first unlike Cath, who showed immediate proficiency with the power after taking a fragment from Arthur's arm. But after overcoming Cath's illusion in their second fight, he was consciously able to manifest a mouth-like vortex to absorb Cath upon realizing how to defeat him and declared himself the King of Chaos, accepting his new power.\n16 years later, Arthur power and control over Chaos has grown considerably, being able to share part of that power with his knights through the Chaos Staffs.\nArthur is able to bestow Magical Powers unto his Holy Knights, such as Teaninich's Summon Creature. Arthur has also placed \"Curse Reversal\" enchantments, built into those same Powers, set to kill his own Knights should they reveal secrets regarding his plans and Camelot.[10]\nWeapons\nSequence,Sekuensu: A longsword with a cross-shaped pommel and quillon. It possesses the ability to revert itself back to normal if it were to be broken.[11]\nHoly Sword Excalibur,Seiken Ekusukarib: Excalibur is a divine sword solely of the Humans making, which was imbued and empowered with the souls of the master swordsmen from all throughout Britannia who have wielded it in past millennia. As a result, the wielder of this sword is granted full knowledge and use of all the different swordsmanship styles used by the previous owners. Arthur was able to fight Cusack, Chandler and Zeldris nearly simultaneously wielding Excalibur,[12] however, it puts an incredible strain on Arthur because he wasn't strong enough to wield it properly. It was soon revealed to be the key to awaken Arthur as the King of Chaos merging with him, letting him manifest it in a different shape at will.[13] After accepting himself as the King of Chaos and absorbing Cath, thus retrieving the other part of Chaos, he manifested it as a new form that released amazing magic power as stated by Meliodas.[14]\nCarnwennan,Karunwenan: A sword made by Arthur's Chaos powers which generates a new blade everytime it is broken.[15]\nPower Level\nAfter becoming the King of Chaos, it can be assumed that Arthur may possess a very high power level, though exactly how much is currently unknown.\nPrior to obtaining the power of Chaos, Arthur's Power Level was stated as[16]:\nTotal\nMagic\nStrength\nSpirit\n40,000\n37,600\n900\n1,500\nRelationships\nFamily\nKay\nKay is Arthur's adoptive brother. Arthur appears to like Kay well enough and doesn't view him as a bad guy. Kay, on the other hand, seems to dislike Arthur and did not care if he died during their childhood.\nSeven Deadly Sins\nMerlin\nArthur and Merlin have a student and master relationship. It is unknown how they met but Arthur holds Merlin in high esteem and considers her an irreplaceable friend and valued teacher. They seem to be very close, with Merlin covering his eyes with her hand as Meliodas gropes Elizabeth and when Arthur is crying uncontrollably because he thought that Merlin had died and that he had failed to protect her.\nMany years later, the state of their relationship is unclear, as the Merlin who is seen together with Arthur is nothing but an illusion created by him.[17] However, it's indicated Arthur might in fact have romantic feelings for her, as he reacted harshly when confronted by Guinevere for having his love unreturned.\nMeliodas\nArthur and Meliodas appear to have a good relationship. Arthur seems to think very highly of Meliodas, seeing him as heroic and a skilled fighter during his battle against Hendrickson and Gilthunder. Arthur was so amazed at Meliodas skill and character that he offers him the rank of Great Holy Knight in Camelot which Meliodas accepts to Arthur's joy. Arthur was later disappointed when Meliodas said he will come to Camelot \"when he feels like it\" to help with Camelot's problems. Arthur's admiration continues to deepen as the story goes along.\nHowever, after discovering of Meliodas's betrayal, Arthur accepted the fact that Meliodas was the enemy. He stated that he would never forgive Meliodas for what he had done, and then tries to kill Meliodas. Yet now their friendship is rebuilt and is back to fighting together as comrades. Though by the time of the events of Four Knights of the Apocalypse they seem to be back to being enemies when they fought during the events of Chaos in Liones arc\nOthers\nNanashi\nArthur and Nanashi seemed to have an odd friendship since they first met as combat partners at the start of the Great Fight Festival. Although his attempts to befriend the foreign swordsman were met with indifference, Arthur have somehow managed to convince him help defend Britannia from the Ten Commandments.\nChaos\nDespite not knowing of the entity until told of by the Lady of the Lake, Chaos itself has chosen Arthur out of all the Humans in Britannia as it's host and to act in sympathy with Arthur. Originally, Arthur was unsure and questioned if the entity even existed but as he saw himself creating new worlds, albeit unconsciously, Arthur believed that Chaos wasn't an evil power as long as he used it for good intentions and before devouring Cath, he accepts himself as the \"King of Chaos\" and promises to use Chaos for good and the betterment of others.\nList of Fights\nKingdom Infiltration arc\nArthur Pendragon vs. Hendrickson: Indecisive\nMeliodas & Arthur Pendragon vs. Hendrickson & Gilthunder: Loss\nPrelude to the New Holy War arc\nArthur Pendragon vs. Meliodas, Zeldris, Cusack & Chandler: Loss\nKing of Chaos arc\nSeven Deadly Sins & Arthur Pendragon vs. Cath Palug: Win\nTrivia\nArthur, in Arthurian legend, was a famous king of Camelot, wielder of the legendary sword, Excalibur, and the founder of the Knights of the Round Table.\nAs a dignified king, he has no favorite food.\nIn Arthur's character design section, shown in volume 11, Nakaba states that Arthur has golden eyes. However, whenever Nakaba draws a color illustration of Arthur, he is only ever shown with violet eyes.\nAccording to the databook(s):\nSpecial ability: Carving with his sword\nHobbies: Challenging new things\nCharmpoint: His weird front hair\nComplex: That he became a king all of a sudden\nRespects: Meliodas\nDoesnt want as his enemy: Merlin\nDream/Hope: Making Camelot a wonderful country\nRegrets: That he couldnt save Merlin\nArthur placed 13th in the first popularity poll and 14th in the second.\nIn the Four Knights Sequel Manga, it is revealed that Adult Arthur does drink alcohol, but it isn't known if he thinks it tastes good.[18]\nAdult Arthur's daily routine: Inspecting and Purging[19]\nReferences\n Nanatsu no Taizai Manga: Extra 5, page 11\n Chapter 63, Page 11\n Chapter 62, Page 15\n Nanatsu no Taizai Manga: Extra Chapter 5\n Chapter 3, Page 4\n Chapter 63, Page 3\n Chapter 62, Page 15\n Chapter 254, Page 20\n Chapter 255\n Chapter 102 (4KOA), Page 3\n Arthur Pendragon's Character Design in Volume 11\n Chapter 255\n Chapter 339\n Chapter 343\n Chapter 79 (4KOA)\n Second Official Fanbook: page 58\n Chapter 91 (4KOA), Page 13\n Chapter 84 (4KOA)Q&A Corner\n Chapter 91 (4KOA)Q&A Corner\nNavigation\nExpand[ve?] Characters\nSeven Deadly Sins\nSins:\nBan Diane Escanor Gowther King Meliodas Merlin\nAllies of the Seven Deadly Sins\nAllies:\nElaine Elizabeth Liones Hawk Hawk Mama Helbram Jericho Oslo\nKingdom of Liones\nRoyal Family:\nBartra Liones Caroline Liones Denzel Liones Elizabeth Liones Margaret Liones Nadja Liones Tristan Liones Veronica Liones\nGreat Holy Knights:\nDreyfus Hendrickson Howzer Zaratras\nHoly Knights:\nDale Gannon Gilthunder Griamore Guila Gustaf Jericho Kaide Marmas Vivian\nDawn Roar:\nHugo Jillian Simon Slader Weinheidt\nPleiades of the Azure Sky:\nArden Deathpierce Deldry Denzel Liones Dogedo Invisible Waillo\nWeird Fangs:\nFriesia Golgius Jude Ruin\nApprentice Knights:\nAndre Hansen Muramo Parada Twigo\nKingdom of Camelot\nRuler:\nArthur Pendragon\nAllies:\nCath Kay Merlin\nHoly Knights:\nAlltabhainne Ardbeg Brackla Glenesk Jericho Livet Lochranza Macduff Miltonduff Mortlach Nanashi Rosebank Talisker Teaninich\nFour Evils:\nBeltreipe Ironside Pellegarde Worreldane\nDark Talismans:\nBurgie Fiddich Elgin Doronach Tamdhu\nCitizens:\nDiodora\nDemon Clan\nRuler:\nDemon King\nTen Commandments:\nAranak Calmadios Derieri Estarossa Fraudrin Galand Gowther Grayroad Melascula Monspeet Zeldris Zeno\nSix Knights of Darkness:\nAsyl Bianchi Dim Gallow Nora Schwarz\nSix Knights of Black:\nAtollah Bellion Dahaaka Derocchio Galla Pump\nDemons:\nAboru Albion Baruja Chandler Cusack Glariza Ioradio Velviger Original Demon Peronia Rajine\nLesser Demons:\nBlue Demons Copper Demons Crimson Demons Gray Demons Green Demons Ochre Demons Orange Demons Red Demons Silver Demons White Demons\nGoddess Clan\nRuler:\nSupreme Deity\nFour Archangels:\nLudociel Mael Sariel Tarmiel\nGoddesses:\nElizabeth Jelamet Jenna Nerobasta Zaneri\nMisc. Characters\nDruids:\nElizabeth Liones Hendrickson Lillia Theo Zaratras\nFairy Clan:\nElaine Ende Gerheade Gloxinia Helbram Invisible King Puck Puora\nGiant Clan:\nDiane Drole Dolores Dubs Dumbelbas Matrona\nVampire Clan:\nGanne Gelda Izraf Mod Orlondi Ren\nKingdom of Danafor:\nCain Barzad Liz Wandle\nKingdom of Edinburgh:\nDoni\nAssassin Knights of Malachia:\nEstaro Jigumo Torah\nOrdan Children:\nEric Katts Mera Pelliot Tanto Thomas\nWinged People:\nEllatt Solaad Vaness Zoria\nOthers:\nAldrich Alioni Anna Annie Arbus Carfen Chaos Dana Daymond Della Edda Elizabeth Ellen Haifan Ibaya Kilia Lady of the Lake Luigi Mead Merlin's Father Nanashi Northern Barbarian Chief Raizer Renee Rosa Rou Ruiz Selion Sennett Sol Solaseed Taizoo Wild Zalpa Zeal Zhivago\nGrand Cross\nSeven Catastrophes:\nCamila Eastin Amabyllis Lillia Mono Roxy Shin Valenti\nRagnarok:\nBaldr Brunhild Fenrir Freyja Freyr Gjalga Greib Grimnir Gunnar Heindall Hel Jormungand Megellda Odin Sigurd Skadi Thonar Tyr\nLords of Nightmares:\nSabunak Sallos Sitri\nCreatures\nKnown Creatures:\nAggressive Chimeras Anaon Beastmen Bellmoth Black Hounds Chicken-Matango Chimera Clay Dragons Cliff Howlers Dusk Bisons Earth Crawlers Eikthyrnir Fierce Dragons Goat Demons Great Kraken Hati Hide-and-Seek Hraesvelgr Indura Mutilator Rabbits Nidhoggr Screamers Skoll Sky Manta Sword Wolves Trackens Trolls Tyrant Dragon Ratatoskr\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nMale Characters\nKnights\nHumans\nRoyal Family\nRulers\nAntagonists\nLanguages\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\nPolski\n\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nSeven Deadly Sins\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Nanatsu no Taizai Wiki\n1\nPercival\n2\nMeliodas\n3\nLancelot\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nNanatsu no Taizai Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://nanatsu-no-taizai.fandom.com/wiki/Arthur_Pendragon" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Pendragon RPG - 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By using our website, you're agreeing to the collection of data as described in our Privacy Policy.SettingsReject allAccept All Cookies", "url": "https://www.chaosium.com/pendragon/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Recommend an edition of King Arthur Pendragon | Tabletop Roleplaying Open | RPGnet Forums\nForums\nNew posts\nSearch forums\nWhat's new\nNew posts\nLatest activity\nHome\nNews\nReviews\nColumns\nGame Index\nWiki\nUsers\nCurrent visitors\nLog in\nRegister\nWhat's new\nSearch\nSearch\nEverywhere\nThreads\nThis forum\nThis thread\nSearch titles only\nBy:\nSearch\nAdvanced search\nNew posts\nSearch forums\nMenu\nLog in\nRegister\nInstall the app\nInstall\nRPGnet Forum Feature Survey!\nHey, Net Punks!\nSorry, that was on my bucket list --MAB)\nAs part of RPGnet's upcoming overhaul, we're looking for feedback on current forum features and potential new ones.\nLet us know what you love, what you don't, and what you want!\nForums\nRPGnet Roleplaying\nTabletop Roleplaying Open\nRecommend an edition of King Arthur Pendragon\nThread starter\nGlamourweaver\nStart date\nOct 21, 2018\nTags\nkap\npendragon\n1\n2\n3\n4\nNext\n1 of 4\nGo to page\nGo\nNext\nLast\nG\nGlamourweaver\nValidated User\nValidated User\nOct 21, 2018\n#1\nI've never actually read or played the game, but in the wake of Greg Stafford's death I'm realizing the huge influence it's had, so I'm very interested. What edition of the game though would you recommend to a newbie to the game, but someone comfortable with a wide variety of rpgs, interesting in the game's distinct strengths?\nDarkMoc\nActive member\n10 Year Stalwart!\nOct 21, 2018\n#2\nMy personal recommendation is 4th, because it includes the non-Cymric cultures and non-knightly careers, giving players more options. You can get similar options with 3rd edition and Knights Adventurous or 5th edition and Book of Knights & Ladies, but (IIRC) only 4th has it in the core rules. The focus on Arthurian knights can be maintained if desired by restricting players to Cymric characters, but I like having the broader options available.\nCK!\nCreator of Things\n15 Year Compatriot!\nOct 21, 2018\n#3\nDarkMoc said:\nMy personal recommendation is 4th, because it includes the non-Cymric cultures and non-knightly careers, giving players more options. You can get similar options with 3rd edition and Knights Adventurous or 5th edition and Book of Knights & Ladies, but (IIRC) only 4th has it in the core rules. The focus on Arthurian knights can be maintained if desired by restricting players to Cymric characters, but I like having the broader options available.\nClick to expand...\nThis is all true. I would add two things:\nKing Arthur Pendragon 5.2 is Stafford's latest (and last) iteration of the game, with all the thinking he had done about the gam in the decades up to that point. I think it is the best version up to this point. For this reason it the best version available. If you want more options for Player Knights grab a copy of The Book of Knights & Ladies. But the core book still will keep you busy and is a great starting point.\nSecond, 4th edition has a Magic system and an option for PCs to be non-knight characters, including spell casters. Some people really like this. I have always thought it blows up the game. Eventually Stafford agreed and he ripped these elements out of the game. KAP is not about a medievalish Arthurian setting in the typical RPG sense with a neat set of mechanics. It\"s a game about playing Knights. At least that what Stafford last thought on the matter.\nI recommend 5.2. It is available on drivethru in PDF now, and print early next year. This is the only book you need to play the game.\nAdd in The Great Pendragon Campaign and you have a backdrop for KAP that will last about two years of real time sessions. This method is ultimately how Stafford saw the game working -- but again you don't need to use this supplement. The core rules alone will let you have a blast.\nAlso at drivethru is The Book of Knights & Ladies, as well as The Book of Battles (2nd ed.) which is Stafford's final Battle System for KAP which replaces the one in the core rules if you wish and the Battle System Stafford was really happy with. These two supplements aren't required, but round out the game nicely.\nLast edited: Oct 21, 2018\nJ\nJack\nWord Merc\n20 Year Hero!\nOct 21, 2018\n#4\nCK! said:\nThis is all true. I would add two things:\nKing Arthur Pendragon 5.2 is Stafford's latest (and last) iteration of the game, with all the thinking he had done about the gam in the decades up to that point. I think it is the best version up to this point. For this reason it the best version available. If you want more options for Player Knights grab a copy of The Book of Knights & Ladies. But the core book still will keep you busy and is a great starting point.\nSecond, 4th edition has a Magic system and an option for PCs to be non-knight characters, including spell casters. Some people really like this. I have always thought it blows up the game. Eventually Stafford agreed and he ripped these elements out of the game. KAP is not about a medievalish Arthurian setting in the typical RPG sense with a neat set of mechanics. It\"s a game about playing Knights. At least that what Stafford last thought on the matter.\nI recommend 5.2. It is available on drivethru in PDF now, and print early next year. This is the only book you need to play the game.\nAdd in The Great Pendragon Campaign and you have a backdrop for KAP that will last about two years of real time sessions. This method is ultimately how Stafford saw the game working -- but again you don't need to use this supplement. The core rules alone will let you have a blast.\nAlso at drivethru is The Book of Knights & Ladies, as well as The Book of Battles (2nd ed.) which is Stafford's final Battle System for KAP which replaces the one in the core rules if you wish and the Battle System Stafford was really happy with. These two supplements aren't required, but round out the game nicely.\nClick to expand...\nHonestly? My preferred it a mix of 5 and 4. I don't mind letting people play non-knights if they wanted, but I do get why people think its a bit much.\nG\nGlamourweaver\nValidated User\nValidated User\nOct 21, 2018\n#5\nOk, I'm going for 5.2 + Lords and Ladies. But if I want to consider implementing the magic system, is it only found in the 4th edition core?\nJ\nJack\nWord Merc\n20 Year Hero!\nOct 21, 2018\n#6\nGlamourweaver said:\nOk, I'm going for 5.2 + Lords and Ladies. But if I want to consider implementing the magic system, is it only found in the 4th edition core?\nClick to expand...\nThat's what I recall. Note you only really need it for PC mystics. You can easily simulate magic and such in NPCs without it.\nartikid\npasserby\n10 Year Stalwart!\nOct 21, 2018\n#7\n4th is the best\nT\nThane of Fife\nValidated User\nValidated User\nOct 21, 2018\n#8\nGlamourweaver said:\nOk, I'm going for 5.2 + Lords and Ladies. But if I want to consider implementing the magic system, is it only found in the 4th edition core?\nClick to expand...\nI believe that it is indeed only in the 4e core. My experience with the magic system is that it doesn't mesh that well with other players being knights. The two types of characters are a bit too different - magicians will have little to do during any fights, and knights will occasionally need to wait for magicians to sleep for a few months. Also, they tend to unhinge adventures (and the campaign) in a way that knights don't. For example, magicians can have a fertility spell. What happens if they cast it on Guenever?\nOne other comment to make is the baseline period. 5.2 is set at the beginning of the Great Pendragon Campaign (GPC), during the reign of Uther, so it doesn't really have much about Arthur in it. 4, on the other hand, is set during the height of Arthur's rule, so it has more on Arthur, but lines up less well with the GPC.\nCK!\nCreator of Things\n15 Year Compatriot!\nOct 21, 2018\n#9\nFor clarity: there is magic in all editions of KAP. Only 4th has mechanics for it.\nIn all other editions magic is the province of the GM. He creates whatever magic and effects he wants for the Player Knights to interact with. Magic remains strange, mysterious, and other worldly.\nCK!\nCreator of Things\n15 Year Compatriot!\nOct 21, 2018\n#10\nA note about timelines/history\nFirst edition KAP core rules assumed an open ended timeline, to be used in conjunction with The Pendragon Campaign. The Campagin begins during the rough and tumble time before Arthur takes the throne, moves through Arhtur's reign, and the fall of Camelot. There are different customs, ideals, passions, and equipment available as one moves through history.\nSecond edition was announced, never came out, doesn't exist.\nThird edition, for wise reasons, focused the default setting of the core book on 531, which is when Arhtur's reign is in full swing. It is what most people think of when they thing of Arthurian Knights. The customs, passions, ideals, and equipment are described in detail for this period. Then, a supplement called The Boy King, which starts the campaign history, could be added to get all the information about the earlier, pre-Arthurian customs and such. (For what it is worth, I think the 3rd edition is the most beautiful of the bunch. But, of course, it is the first one I read. In RPGs, I have found, we often love our first love the most!)\nFourth edition took the core rules of Third Edition and the 3rd edition supplement Knights Adventurous and basically stapled them together. (The pages are of compleylty different layout, typeface, and so on... but all in the same book.) As noted above, additional options for PCs, and a magic system are added. Because the edition is kind of a reprint of the third edition, the default setting and information is 531.\nFifth edition assumes a setting of 485, during the tumultuous time of Uther. However, an Appendix One in 5.2 (and maybe the other editions, I haven't checked) gives an overview of the customs and passions of later time periods. So the core book is enough to play during Arthur's reign. The Great Pendragon Campaign has a lot more information about these changes. But the key is the core rules of 5.2 are enough to play in both pre-Arthurian and Arthurian rule. 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Originally published by Chaosium, Inc. in 1985, it was never really a case of King Arthur Pendragon of actually being lost, for other publishers, most recently Nocturnal Media, had published highly regarded editions of the classic, most recently King Arthur Pendragon 5.2, but the award-winning roleplaying gameincluding the 1991 Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Rules for King Arthur Pendragon, Third Edition, and the 1987 Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Adventure and the 2007 Diana Jones Award for Gaming Excellence for The Great Pendragon Campaignwas first published by Chaosium, and so feels at home with the publisher.\nKing Arthur Pendragon 5.2would suggest that it is a relatively minor update to King Arthur Pendragon, Fifth Edith, but those changes are significant. Most obviously, in the new layout and full colour upgrade, which results in a stunningly clean looking book, but also in minor tweaks to the mechanics. Less obviously, but in hindsight, more importantly, in the addition of a set designers notes from the late Greg Stafford. These place King Arthur Pendragon in context and explain Staffords reasons for his design decisions, his love of Arthurian legend, and more. That they are his final words on what he clearly states he considers to be his masterpiece, is sad but fitting. So the question is, isKing Arthur PendragonGreg Staffords masterpiece? Instead of making you wait until the end of the review to answer that question, that question will be answered here and the review will instead be used to explain why.\nYes.\nKing Arthur Pendragonis Greg Staffords masterpiece and he was right to make such a claim.\nKing Arthur Pendragonis as the title suggests an Arthurian roleplaying game. Drawing from sources as diverse as the Welsh The Mabinogion, Sir Thomas Malorys fifteenth century Le Morte DArthur, and T.H. Whites The Once and Future King, it presents a melange of the legends that compacts a thousand years of history and French and British culture into just eight decades. It begins in the Dark Ages of the Fifth Century with native Britons holding off the Saxon invaders, sees the discovery and rise of King Arthur, inaugurating a golden age of chivalry, Christianity, and feudalism, and of honour, romance, and great quests, before the death of Arthur ushers a return of the Dark Ages with greater Saxon successes\nPlayers will explore this not through one character, but several, as their characters first try to protect Britains surviving kingdoms against the encroaching invaders, and then their characters sons will see the rise of Arthur, and their sons will aspire to become members of King Arthurs Roundtable. This generational play is just the first of King Arthur Pendragons innovations. They will do this as one character typethe Knight. And even then only as one type of Knightthe British Cymric Knight. They may be British Christian Knights, Roman Christian Knights, or Pagan Knights, but they are British Knights. Each begins the game as a squire, before being knighted and serving Sir Roderick, Earl of Salisbury in the south of England. Now previous versions of the roleplaying game have allowed other character types, such as Pictish and Saxon Knights, even characters capable of casting magic, butKing Arthur Pendragon 5.2saves Knights from other lands for future supplements and magic for use by NPCs and as narrative devices and effects for the Game Master. This focus on a single character type is indicative of King Arthur Pendragon 5.2s tight focus.\nOne issue with this character type is it is primarily a male one. As both historical and ahistorical asKing Arthur Pendragonis with its feudal society, it should be no surprise that Knights are male, and that to be faithful to the history and the sources, the roles of women are limited in the roleplaying game. This does not mean that there are not important and influential women in the settingnotably Queen Guenever and Queen Morgan le Faybut they do not necessarily ride into battle or go on quests.King Arthur Pendragonthough, does not limit player choice and not only provides a list of historical examples who did, it also gives guidelines for creating female knights.\nAs a Knight each character is defined by Homeland, Culture, and Fathers Name, then Fathers Class, Son Number, Liege Lord, Current Class, Current Home, Age, and Year Born. All this before we even get to the numbers, which start with Traits and Passionswhich define a Knights personality, then continue with AttributesSize, Dexterity, Strength, Constitution, and Appearancewhich are rated between three and twenty-one. Notably, there is no Intelligence attribute, that being left up to the player rather than the character. Skills are roughly divided into combat skills and ordinary skills. They range between one and twenty, but can go higher. Every Knight has Glory, a measure of his renown and his actions, the higher it is, the greater the chance of his being recognised.\nCharacter generation is dedicated to creating such a Knight. Much of the background information is designed to support the set-up in Salisbury and is thus set in stone. The player has a choice in how he assigns points to his Knights attributes and skills, although the base skills are the same for all Knights. A Knight also has a coat of arms that a player is free to design and he also receives a Family Characteristic which all members of his family share. The last step in Knight generation is to develop his family history in and around Salisbury. This is a step-by-step process which charts the events in the lives of the Knights grandfather and father in the forty or so years before the player character Knight enters play. One thing thing a Knight inherits from his father is Glory, reflecting the renown his father achieved. Of course, the Knight will go on to greater Glory...\nOur sample Knight is Sir Miles the Modest, a Christian Knight, whose outstanding Trait is his self-effacement and his ability to compose songs and poems. His grandfather fought with great distinction defending King Constans and he hopes to be as valorous.\nSir Miles the Modest\nHomeland: Salisbury Culture: Cymric\nFathers Name: Melion Fathers Class: Vassal Knight Son Number: One\nLiege Lord: Sir Roderick, Earl of Salisbury Current Class: Vassal Knight\nCurrent Home: Cholderton\nAge: 21 Year Born: 464 AD\nGlory: 1,196\nATTRIBUTES\nSize 12\nDexterity 12\nStrength 12\nConstitution 15\nAppearance 12\nDERIVED ATTRIBUTES\nDamage: 4d6\nHealing Rate: 2\nMovement Rate: 2\nTotal Hit Points: 27\nUnconscious: 6\nDistinctive Features: Green Eyes\nFAMILY CHARACTERISTIC\nGood with Words (+15 Compose)\nPERSONALITY TRAITS\nChaste 10 | 10 Lustful\nEnergetic 10 | 10 Lazy\nForgiving 09 | 11 Vengeful\nGenerous 10 | 10 Selfish\nHonest 10 | 10 Deceitful\nJust 10 | 10 Arbitrary\nMerciful 10 | 10 Cruel\nModest 16 | 04 Proud\nPrudent 10 | 10 Reckless\nSpiritual 10 | 10 Worldly\nTemperate 10 | 10 Indulgent\nTrusting 10 | 10 Suspicious\nValorous 16 | 04 Cowardly\nPASSIONS\nLoyalty (Lord) 15\nLove (Family) 15\nHospitality 15\nHonour 15\nHate (Saxons) 11\nHate (Picts) 11\nSKILLS\nCombat Skills: Battle 15, Horsemanship 10, Sword 15, Lance 10, Spear 6, Dagger 5\nAwareness 10, Boating 1, Compose 25, Courtesy 10, Dancing 5, Faerie Lore 1, Falconry 5, First Aid 10, Flirting 3, Folk Lore 2, Gaming 3, Heraldry 3, Hunting 2, Intrigue 3, Orate 10, Play (Harp) 3, Read (Latin) 0, Recognise 5, Religion (Christianity) 2, Romance 7, Singing 5, Stewardship 2, Swimming 2, Tourney 2\nEQUIPMENT\nChainmail and shield, two spears, sword, dagger, fine clothing (worth 1), gear (personal, travel, war), four horses (charger, two rouncys, sumpter), engraved silver ring (heirloom, worth 2)\nHISTORY\nMiles grandfather fought at the Battle of Carlion in 439 AD and served as a garrison knight for several years before dying trying to protect King Constans in 444 AD. Miles father, Melion, fought at the Siege of Carlion in 466 AD and then as a garrison knight for many years, withstanding many Saxon raids. He fought in the Battle of Salisbury in 480 AD and was present at the funeral of High King Aurelius Ambrosius and the election of Uther as the new Pendragon. He was killed at the Battle of Eburacum in 484 AD.\nMechanically, King Arthur Pendragon 5.2 is simple. A player rolls a twenty-sided die, the aim being to roll equal to under the skill, Trait, or Passion. Rolls of twenty are always a fumble, whilst rolls equal to the value of the skill are always critical rolls. Critical rolls grant an experience check. For example, when attempting a Recognise check for Sir Miles to see if he recognises a fellow knight by his coat of arms, results of one to four would be a success, but a result of a five would be a critical success. In opposed rolls, the participant who makes a successful roll, but rolls highest succeeds better than his opponent. For example, in a Gaming contest, Sir Miles player succeeds, but only rolls a two. His opponent, with a higher skill of 6, rolls a five and wins. If a Knight has a skill over twenty, then the value over twenty acts as a bonus to his players roll, with results over twenty counting as a critical success. For example, Sir Miles has a Compose skill of 25. This grants his player a +5 bonus to the roll, with any roll of 20 or more counting as a critical success. When it comes to making Experience Checks, a player simply has to roll over the value of the skill, Trait, or Passion to increase it, but for skills over twenty, a straight roll of twenty is required to improve it.\nFor example, Sir Miles wants to write a song dedicated to the widow of his liege lord, extolling the virtue of her loyalty to her late husband and duty to see to the care of his children. He believes that having lost his own wife, he should marry the lady and the song he believes is appropriate means of wooing her. His player rolls 17, scoring a critical success. Later on, when it comes to rolling the Experience Check for Sir Miles Compose skill, his player rolls only a 12 and so does not improve the skill.\nCombat essentially uses the opposed roll mechanic. In a Melee Round, rolls are made for each combatants combat skill. If both combat skill rolls are successful, but the higher roll means that participant wins the exchange and inflict damage, whilst the defender can use his shield to defend himself. If the roll is failed for a combatant and his opponents roll is a success, then the defender cannot use his shield. Damage in general, is not done by weapon typethough some weapons, like a dagger, will reduce the number of dice rolled for damagebut by the damage rating of the Knight or NPC.\nTypically, a player will be rolling four six-sided dice for damage for his Knight. If ready for a fight, a Knight will be wearing Chainmail which provides ten points of protection, and if his player rolls well enough, wielding a shield that provides another six. If not, even an average damage roll for a Knight will inflict damage and if a player makes a critical roll in combat, then the damage is doubled. What this means is that combat inKing Arthur Pendragonhas the potential to be incredibly deadly, the rules also allowing for knockdown, being knocked unconscious, inflicting wounds, and breaking weapons.\nAfter a Knight has suffered from damage or wounds, first aid can be applied in order to keep him from deaths door, but in the long term, a Knight will need the application of Chirurgeryan non-knightly skill that no honourable Knight will know. Otherwise, there is rest and recuperation, but what there is not, magical healing, and what there is, is the chance of a wound deteriorating and should a Knight not rest, of aggravating it. What this highlights is that the life of the Knight might be glorious, it might be honourable, but it can also be nasty, brutal, and short. The time needed for healing should a wound be suffered is also one reason why adventuring opportunities are so limited inKing Arthur Pendragon.\nAs simple as the mechanics are inKing Arthur Pendragon, they are not what the roleplaying game is known for. That honour goes to its system of Traits and Passions. Traits represent a Knights personality, consisting of thirteen opposite pairs. So Chaste and Lustful, Honest and Deceitful, Valorous and Cowardly, and so on. Each Trait in a pair is assigned a value, the two values together adding up to no more than twenty. So, a Trusting of ten and Suspicious of ten, an Energetic of fourteen and Lazy of six, and so on. During a game, a player can look to the values of his Knights Traits to determine how he might act, but if unsure or wanting guidance, the player can roll against one of them, and the Game Master can also direct a player to roll against one to see how his Knight will act in a particular situation.\nFor example, Sir Miles is attending a feast at which his lord has an entourage of Saxon warriors as guests. During the evening, a Saxon knight, Cuthred, boasts of his prowess at the battle of Ebacurum against the less than worthy Christian knights. Good manners forbids the hosts rising to the bait, but Sir Miles father was killed in the battle and so he has a hatred of Saxons. Looking at Sir Miles personality Traits, he has a Vengeance of eleven and a Forgiving of nine. Sir Miles player could just say that the knight leaps to his feet and demands satisfaction or that Cuthred apologises, but instead decides that he will roll for it to determine what Sir Miles will do.\nIf Sir Miles player rolls against the Knights Vengeance of eleven, then Sir Miles will be angered to act against Cuthred, leading to an exchange of words, possibly a fight with Cuthred, and a rebuke from his lord. If though, that roll is failed, his player will roll against Sir Miles Forgiving of nine. Again, if Sir Miles player rolls under that, Sir Miles will not act vengefully, but demur, being prepared to forgive Cuthred for his boasts. No fight ensues and his lord might give Sir Miles an approving nod for his keeping his temper. Of course, if both rolls are failed, Sir Miles is free to act as his player decides.\nIf the player successfully rolls against a Trait, then like skills, the Trait can be improved, even if that Trait is seen as a negative one. What this means is that the values of Traits can change over time, reflecting how a Knights personality can change when he is pushed to act one way or another. At the same time, a Knight should also be working to find opportunities to raise certain Traits. These are seen as virtuous Traitsfor example, Chaste, Energetic, Generous, Modest, and Temperate for Sir Miles as a British Christian Knightand if their combined is high enough, he will be renowned for his virtue and gain Glory for it. In this way, King Arthur Pendragon encourages a player to roleplay his Knight aspiring to be the best knight that he can.\nThe personality Traits in King Arthur Pendragon are an incredible piece of design, subtle and elegant, and doing so much more than you think. Obviously, they guide and direct a Knights behaviour and decisions, at dramatic moments deciding how a Knight will act and they push a player toward roleplaying an ideal, that is, an Energetic, Generous, Just, Merciful, Modest, and Valorous knight, the very model of Christian chivalry which lies at the heart of the genre that King Arthur Pendragon is all about emulating. Yet, they also serve as the equivalent of the games mental advantages and disadvantages, either hindering or benefiting a knight depending upon the situation. In the given example, Sir Miles Vengeance of eleven works as a slightly stronger disadvantage, whilst his Forgiving of nine is a weaker advantage. Given another situation, his Vengeance might be the advantage and his Forgiving the disadvantage. In other roleplaying games, such advantages and disadvantages are cut and dried absolutes, known quantities. InKing Arthur Pendragon 5.2, they are not. They are flexible, they have the capacity to change over time, and so they reflect a characters growth and change more readily and easily, with there being no possibility of a character simply and absolutely buying off a disadvantage, for personality Traits can just as easily swing back the other way.\nIn addition, a Knights Passions, like Loyalty (Lord), Love (Family), and Hate (Saxons) which represent strong emotional and psychological tendencies. When a player rolls against one of his Knights Passion, it can grant inspiration and a bonus for a task, but should it fail, it can leave the Knight disheartened and suffering a penalty to a task.\nFor example, at the feast where a Saxon knight, Cuthred, boasted of his prowess at the Battle of Ebacurum against the less than worthy Christian knights, Sir Miles player made a successful roll against Sir Miles Vengeance of eleven. Instead of striking at the uncouth Saxon, Sir Miles player decides that the Knight will rebuke Cuthred and speak vehemently of the British knights at that battle. This will be an Orate check, but Sir Miles player decides that he will invoke Sir Miles Passion of Hate (Saxons) of eleven. He is fortunate and rolls tena success. Sir Miles is inspired, gains +10 to his Orate skill for the one roll. Sir Miles player rolls twenty, which would normally be a fumble, but is here a critical result, and Sir Miles gives an impassioned speech about the prowess of his father and his fellow knights at the Battle of Ebacurum, which has the Christian knights around the table cheering.\nWhat is so surprising is that given the flexibility of the Traits and Passions in King Arthur Pendragon, that they have not been used elsewhereuntil recently that is. Most obviously in the Paladin: Warriors of Charlemagne, but also in the way that Runes and Passions are used in RuneQuest: Roleplaying in Glorantha, both published by Chaosium. Imagine how Traits and Passions could be used in a roleplaying set in feudal Japan or even somewhere as alien and baroque as Tkumel?\nAnother innovation in King Arthur Pendragon is its highly structured, generational play. Knights will generally go on an adventure just once a year, typically in the summer when it is easier to travel. This might be as simple as attending court, but it might also be a raid on the neighbouring Saxons, going on a quest, participating in a campaign, and so on. Once that is over, a Knight will engage in training, family matters, and see to his manor, all during the Winter Phase. In game terms this is when a player rolls for any Experience Checks that his Knight has accrued during the summer adventuring phase, but equally as importantly, it is when a Knight and his family age. When a Knight reaches the age of thirty-five, there is a chance that he will suffer random reduction to one or more attributes. This will carry on until either one of the Knights attributes is reduced to zero or he retires from play. When he does so, ideally, his oldest surviving son will step into his shoes and become the players new Knight. The son has to be a minimum of twenty-one to do that, and even before that, the player has to be rolling each year to see if his Knights wife gives birth, and then each year to see if the child survives. This generational play should ideally see one Knight succeed his father and then be succeeded by his son, but the constant need to check to see if each child survives further enforces the perilous times in which King Arthur Pendragon is set.\nKing Arthur Pendragon 5.2includes a great deal of information about its setting. This covers not only Salisbury and notable places and personages, but also a guide to the Britain of the time, the customs of Knighthood and laws of the land, both Paganism and Christianity, before moving forward to explore the chivalrous and romantic future of King Arthurs reign. As well as a relatively short bestiary, a complete battle system is provided for handling combat between hundreds and thousands of men. Then of course, there is the scenario, which sees the player characters a squires on their last day before being knighted. There is very much a step-by-step process to the scenario, the squires undergoing some training in order to show their players how the mechanics work, and so on. The scenario will be familiar to anyone who has played previous editions of King Arthur Pendragon, but it does a fine job showing how the roleplaying game works.\nPhysically,King Arthur Pendragon 5.2is a fine looking book. The full colour, stained-glass window illustrations which preface every chapter are excellent, capturing the high medieval idealism of the Arthurian setting, whilst the sepia illustrations elsewhere depict the romance, the mystery, and the brutalism of the setting. The book is well written and quite easy to read and digest, although a few game examples, more clearly marked would have nice additions.\nIt would be easy to simply describe King Arthur Pendragon as the greatest Arthurian roleplaying game ever published. Easy because it would be true. It is a fantastic design and it superbly invokes its sources. Yet as a roleplaying game, King Arthur Pendragon is all but without peer, indeed the second greatest Arthurian roleplaying game ever published, Prince Valiant: The Storytelling Game, is also designed by Greg Stafford. As to the others, the third best, Age of Arthur: Heroism in the Dark Ageseschews the romanticism of the first two, whilst Legends of Excalibur: Arthurian Adventures from RPGObjects is the best d20 System option for Arthurian roleplaying, Once and Future King, published by TSR for the Amazing Engine rules, the best Science Fiction interpretation, Corporiathe best dystopian interpretation, and Steve Jackson Games GURPS Camelot offered the most comprehensive overview of the genre. Of I, Mordred: The Fall and Rise of Camelot from Avalanche Press, the less said, the better\nYet,King Arthur Pendragon 5.2is not quite perfect. The problem is that its focus is too much on set-up for the period in the Dark Ages of its history, prior to the rise and reign of King Arthur. There are notes on this, but they are relegated to an appendix, almost like an afterthought. So anyone coming to the roleplaying game wanting the grandeur and romance of that period may well be disappointed by what they are given in the pages ofKing Arthur Pendragon 5.2. Similarly, some may be disappointed by the lack of character options, but to be fair, the combination of character Traits and skills allow for more diversity in terms of character personalities than is obvious at first glance. Further, the focus on Salisbury means that there is not a huge amount of scope to take a campaign and its player Knights beyond that and the scenario only gets the player characters to knighthood, with nothing really for them to play as knights, although the Game Master could perhaps adapt one of the solo adventures included. Now there are supplements which will address these issues, most notably The Great Pendragon Campaign, the astonishingly grand campaign which will take a band of Knights and their descendants right through the eighty year time frame of King Arthur Pendragon. As for further character options, there is the Book of Knights and Ladies supplement. Certainly though, an anthology scenarios showcasing just whatKing Arthur Pendragon 5.2is capable of would be perfect, but in the meantime there are older supplements availablesuch as Tales of Mystic Tournaments and Tales of Chivalry and Romancewhich are compatible withKing Arthur Pendragon 5.2.\nReviewing the first edition of King Arthur Pendragona rather lovely boxed setin White Dwarf 72 (December, 1985), Graeme Staplehurst said that it [L]ooks like being one of the best systemised roleplaying games around. before concluding that, Overall, I would not hesitate to recommend the game to any roleplaying aficionado who is looking for inspiration . . . were it not for the dreadful price. (It was then priced at 25.95approximately 78 today). Nevertheless, Staplehurst awarded King Arthur Pendragon nine out of ten. In Dragon #107 (March, 1986), Ken Rolston concluded that, Pendragons Arthurian matter and its masterful treatment commends itself highly. and that, In presentation, Pendragon is attractive and pleasurable reading. serious fantasy role-playing gamers shelf. The Pendragon boxed set is an excellent value, certainly one of the most important RPG releases of 1985, and belongs on every serious fantasy role-playing gamers shelf. Anthony Fiorito, writing in Different Worlds Issue 42 (May/June, 1986), said, In summation, King Arthur Pendragon is a straightforward, uncomplicated attempt at recreating the atmosphere of Arthurs Britain. It is easy to understand and extremely playable. The rules flow smoothly and although they do not cover every possible situation, are structured to give a general idea of what to do in any reasonable case. before highlighting what he saw as weaknessesthe lack of a magic system and the background knowledge required by the Game Master in order to create scenario. (Arguably, the first of these is not really a weakness, but the second may still be an issue.) Fiorito awarded King Arthur Pendragon four stars out of five and finished by saying, But even with these few drawbacks, Pendragon has turned out to be one of the most enjoyable new role-playing games that Ive played in a long time. It was definitely worth the money spent. I recommend this game to everyone who has ever dreamed of being a knight in shining armor or pulling the sword from the stone.\nAt the top of this review, I stated that Greg Stafford is right to regard King Arthur Pendragon as his masterpiece. Not just a masterpiece, but a design classic, a master class in using mechanics to both model its Arthurian genre and to encourage its players to roleplay its knightly character types. Those mechanics are all but peerless, beautifully elegant, but flexible in how they push a Knight to act and his player to roleplay and explore Arthurian Britain not through the players eyes, but through those of his Knight. Then there is that setting, brought to life as a labour of love upon the part of the author, ready to be explored and experienced. Put it in your top ten, your top five, or your top three, King Arthur Pendragon is one of the greatest roleplaying games ever published, the perfect combination of mechanics and theme.\nPosted by\npookie\nat\n12:00\nEmail ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest\nLabels:\nArthurian RPG,\nChaosium,\nCulture Game,\nDark Ages,\nGreg Stafford,\nKing Arthur Pendragon,\nRPG\n4 comments:\nOlav NSunday 6 October 2019 at 13:42:00 BSTCongratulations on 1000 reviews, and at such a well-written review at that. The rpg community is lucky to have you!ReplyDeleteRepliesReplyChrisSunday 6 October 2019 at 21:48:00 BSTNoble Sir,By the dedication and valour of your art, your many deeds precede you. I stand here in recognition of your Honour and Glory.May God Bless you in your endeavours.ReplyDeleteRepliesReplyPaMarWednesday 23 October 2019 at 08:59:00 BSTBack in the late 80s I, too, was impressed by the Traits/Passions rules so I added these to my own little NPC generator program.It would roll up random people for use in my heavily mutated modern day CoC campaign, and I could use a simple roll whenever I had the NPC interacting with the PCs.ReplyDeleteRepliesReplyJusticeSaturday 27 November 2021 at 06:17:00 GMTThank you for this informative review. I am so very impressed with the Traits/Passions of Pendragon I incorporated them into my homebrew fairy-tale RPG.I still am a little off-put by rolling against BOTH the Virtue and Vice, because I am so used to the binary aspect of DnD, but I really appreciate it, because humans are not binary, but we do have opposite poles pulling our souls.Thank you! I hope to actually play this one day soon.peacejusticeReplyDeleteRepliesReplyAdd commentLoad more...\nNewer Post\nOlder Post\nHome\nSubscribe to:\nPost Comments (Atom)\nSearch This Blog\nA blog dedicated to reviews of RPGs and their supplements, with an emphasis on Call of Cthulhu and other Lovecraftian inspired games. 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Powered by Blogger.\nioje svetainje naudojami slapukai i sistemos Google, kad bt galima teikti paslaugas ir analizuoti sraut. Js IP adresas ir naudotojo priemon bendrinama su Google kartu su naumo ir saugos metrika, siekiant utikrinti paslaugos kokyb, generuoti naudojimo statistik ir aptikti bei sprsti piktnaudiavimo problemas.Suinokite daugiauSupratau", "url": "http://rlyehreviews.blogspot.com/2019/10/review-1000-king-arthur-pendragon.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "[King Arthur Pendragon] Help me sort out the supplements | Tabletop Roleplaying Open | RPGnet Forums\nForums\nNew posts\nSearch forums\nWhat's new\nNew posts\nLatest activity\nHome\nNews\nReviews\nColumns\nGame Index\nWiki\nUsers\nCurrent visitors\nLog in\nRegister\nWhat's new\nSearch\nSearch\nEverywhere\nThreads\nThis forum\nThis thread\nSearch titles only\nBy:\nSearch\nAdvanced search\nNew posts\nSearch forums\nMenu\nLog in\nRegister\nInstall the app\nInstall\nRPGnet Forum Feature Survey!\nHey, Net Punks!\nSorry, that was on my bucket list --MAB)\nAs part of RPGnet's upcoming overhaul, we're looking for feedback on current forum features and potential new ones.\nLet us know what you love, what you don't, and what you want!\nForums\nRPGnet Roleplaying\nTabletop Roleplaying Open\n[King Arthur Pendragon] Help me sort out the supplements\nThread starter\nShingen\nStart date\nAug 27, 2016\nTags\npendragon\n1\n2\n3\n\nGo to page\nGo\n6\nNext\n1 of 6\nGo to page\nGo\nNext\nLast\nShingen\nPleased as Pie\nRPGnet Member\nAug 27, 2016\n#1\nI have owned the last few versions of the King Arthur Pendragon core rulebooks (5, 5.1, and now I will have 5.2 via the Prince Valiant KS) and the Great Pendragon Campaign. I have never been able to run the game, but an opportunity is presenting itself so I wanted to look to some of the supplements.\nI have seen them places and never gone for them because I can't really tell which supplements are still good, which ones are tied to editions, which updated versions are available, etc. Stewart Wieck mentioned on the Prince Valiant KS that they are looking to bring the \"Book of xx\" series back in new format, but otherwise there is a mass of books and I don't know how to sort through them.\nIf anyone could provide some guidance, I would be grateful. While I could do without magic, I have one player who will certainly wish to use magic so those supplements are of special interest.\nLast edited: Aug 27, 2016\nR\nRogerBW\nRobot Revolution Fodder\nValidated User\nAug 27, 2016\n#2\nI'm in a similar position (a couple of sessions into the GPC) so I'll try to start things off. As far as I can tell, the core system hasn't changed hugely - like Call of Cthulhu, you can pretty much use old adventures with new rules or vice versa.\nMagic system is in the fourth edition rulebook.\nBook of the Estate supersedes Book of the Manor, or at least isn't really compatible with it - but it's a lower-detail system. I'm using BotM in my campaign.\n\"Book of the\" titles in general are intended for 5e.\nI'm mostly using the 5.1e rules, GPC, and Books of the Manor, Battles v2 (which expands the battle system), and Armies (which gives you more army lists for Battles). Knights and Ladies has rules for characters from other times and places than Uther-period Salisbury, though I'm not using it for starting PCs.\nsilburnl\nActive member\n20 Year Hero!\nAug 27, 2016\n#3\nIn rough order of usefulnesss, here are the recent line of books:\nBook of Knights & Ladies - get this if you want more varied chargen\nBook of the Manor\\Book of the Estate -both cover being a landed knight so you only need one (I recommend estate)\nBook of Battle II - get this for more involved battles (don't bother with v1)\nBook of Armies - army lists for use with BoB\nBook of the Entourage - more detail on a noble household (complements BotE)\n'Book of the Warlord - details of the high mobility, interesting but not essential\nBook of Uther - details of the royal court, interesting but not essential\nSupplements from earlier editions of the game remain compatible as the core rules engine hasn't changed substantially so you can buy with confidence. Here's what I have on my shelf:\n4e core rules - if you absolutely *must* have a player facing magic system then this is where you will find it\nSaxons! - more detail on the 'enemy' including a campaign frame for playing on the other side...\nSavage Mountains - region guide for Cambria and a set of scenarios during Arthur's pacification of the mountain chiefdoms n the 530s\nPerilous Forest - region guide for Cumbria, with a whole bunch of scenario hooks and a mini-campaign in the Wastelands ( a lot of this is in the GPC however)\nBeyond The Wall - region guide for Caledonia, with chargen rules for Picts and some scenarios\nPagan Shore - region guide for Ireland with lots of background on Irish culture and chargen rules for Irish characters\nLand of Giants - Scandinavia and the Northmen, including a campaign frame for a \"let's be Vikings\" game\nBlood and Lust - scenarios and plot hooks mostly, with a region guide for Anglia\nTales of Chivalry & Romance - scenario book focused on the ideals of, well, chivalry and romance\nTales of Magic & Mystery - scenario book focused on faerie/supernatural adventures\nTales of the Spectre Kings - scenario book focused on ghost stories\nThe Grey Knight - a single scenario, can the players recover one of the Treasures of Britain in time to help Sir Gawain's meet a deadly challenge?\nLordly Domains - superceded by BotM/BotE; for completists only ( or you want the hunting and falconry rules)\nThe Boy King - superceded by the first part of the GPC; for completists only\nRegards\nLuke\nKurt McMahon\nAcademic Ninja\n15 Year Compatriot!\nAug 27, 2016\n#4\n3rd, 4th, and 5th edition Pendragon are pretty compatible. There are minor rules differences between them, especially in the character creation rules, but it's fairly easy use adventure material written for the earlier editions with 5th edition.\nSo, with that in mind, here's a summary of the published Pendragon supplements:\n1st Edition\nThe Grey Knight and Tournament of Dreams were adventures written for 1st edition. Both were revised for 4th edition in Tales of Mystic Tournaments.\nThe Pendragon Campaign and Noble's Book were supplements that have been superseded by newer books. The former was the earliest incarnation of the material that eventually became The Great Pendragon Campaign, while the latter contained rules for managing knightly manors.\n2nd Edition\nThe 2nd edition of Pendragon was planned and even assigned a stock number, but was never published.\n3rd Edition\nKnights Adventurous and The Boy King were supplements that have been superseded by newer books. The former primarily contained rules for creating knights from places other than Salisbury, while the latter was an update of The Pendragon Campaign.\nSavage Mountains, Blood & Lust, Perilous Forest, and The Spectre King are all useable with later editions. Each is a combination of regional sourcebook and adventure collection. An updated version of the material in The Spectre King was published for 4th Edition as Tales of the Spectre Kings.\n4th Edition\nThe King Arthur Pendragon 4th Edition rulebook is the only published book for the game that contains magic rules. They have not been updated for 5th edition. The 4th Edition rulebook also contained an updated version of most of the material in Knights Adventurous.\nBook of Knights was basically 4th Edition Lite, a cut-down version of the rulebook intended as an introduction for new players.\nThere was an updated version of The Boy King published for 4th Edition that added character stats for a couple of magician NPCs like Merlin.\nBeyond the Wall is a regional sourcebook for Scotland. Pagan Shore is a regional sourcebook for Ireland. Land of Giants is a regional sourcebook for the Scandinavian kingdoms of Arthur's time. All of these are potentially useable with 5th Edition.\nLordly Domains was an update of the Noble's Book. The manor management system it contains is rather broken, and Greg Stafford doesn't care for it. It has some nice material on hunting and falconry, feasts, and fortifications, and an adventure that's potentially useable with 5th Edition.\nSaxons! is a sourcebook on, you guessed it, the Saxons. It's designed to let you play Pendragon from the Saxon point of view. It has some useful background material on Saxon culture and an expanded version of the climactic Battle of Badon.\nTales of Mystic Tournaments, Tales of Magic & Miracles , Tales of Chivalry & Romance, and Tales of the Spectre Kings are all adventure collections and should be quite useable with 5th Edition.\n5th Edition\nThe Great Pendragon Campaign is Greg Stafford's magnum opus, and the one \"must buy\" Pendragon supplement IMO. It's a massive update of The Boy King, expanding its campaign material to cover the entirety of Arthur's reign.\nThe various Book of... supplements (aside from the aforementioned Book of Knights) were all written for 5th edition.\nBook of Battle and Book of Armies are a total rewrite of the Pendragon mass combat system and a book of army lists useable with the new system. I think they're a vast improvement over what's in the core rulebook, but others may find them too rules heavy. Whether you find these useful probably depends on how interested you are in the mass combat mini-game.\nBook of Knights and Ladies is the material on non-Salisbury knights from Knights Adventurous and the 4th Edition rulebook updated for 5th Edition.\nBook of the Manor, Book of the Entourage, and Book of the Estate are all supplements expanding the manor management rules. Book of the Manor is very detailed and rather heavy on record keeping. Book of the Estate is a newer, simplified version of the rules that also covers larger estates. The two systems are only somewhat compatible; personally, I'd go with the newer rules in Book of the Estate if I was going to use one. Book of the Entourage contains expanded details on retainers that can be added to a knight's retinue. None of these books are necessary, but they are useful if you or your players are interested in the manor management mini-game.\nThe Book of the Warlord contains info on the major nobles of the King Uther period and their estates (described using the rules from Book of the Estate). Book of Uther contains expanded info on King Uther's court as well as material to expand The Great Pendragon Campiang into the early years of Uther's reign.\nN\nNikMak\nValidated User\nValidated User\nAug 27, 2016\n#5\nlol, read this title and was all set to show off my knowledge... only to be beaten to the punch by you lot! Nice to know there is so much knowledge of, and love for, one one of my favorite games\nD\ndysjunct\nLive Free or Don't\n20 Year Hero!\nAug 27, 2016\n#6\nI wrote a long overview of the game a couple of years ago here:\nhttps://www.rpggeek.com/geeklist/86080/king-arthur-pendragon-comprehensive-guide\nI need to update it for the past few releases, but it might give you some perspective on where to start.\nLaminator_X\nActive member\n15 Year Compatriot!\nAug 27, 2016\n#7\nBook of the Estate is kind of a mess if you think about the rules with any rigor or depth. The raiding and siege rules are particularly jacked up. With the former, a small group cannot pick at the edges of a large estate. With the latter, the most important factor for the defender is a long outer perimeter and lots of assault gear, while things like fresh water, stored provisions, and disease don't matter at all.\nKnights and Ladies OTOH is excellent.\nShingen\nPleased as Pie\nRPGnet Member\nAug 27, 2016\n#8\nThis is all great stuff! Thank you all!\nAre there any well known fan-written things, unspoken rules or house rules that I should be aware of?\nN\nNikMak\nValidated User\nValidated User\nAug 27, 2016\n#9\nthe most common house rules I have heard of are\nTraits\nhouse rule/clarification #1 you only 'have' to roll traits if they are higher than 15, and you are acting against them\nhouse rule #2 if you roll against a trait succeed, but you STILL want to act as though you failed the trait roll - you may act against the trait, but take an immediate -1 to the that trait\ne.g.\nplayer: \"I want to charge straight at the Utterly Enormous Giant\"\nGM: \"roll prudent +15...ok you succeed; that would be suicide!\"\nplayer: \"I don't care i want to charge it anyway!\"\nGM \"... are you sure about this? OK, increase your reckless by 1, and give me a lance charge roll, you get one free hit as the Utterly Enormous Giant is surprised that you are not running away, it has never seen such a thing before!\")\nPassions\nhouse rule #1 passions can/can't only be used once per scene\nhouse rule #2 passions can/can't be stacked\nhouse rule#3 you can only use ONE passion in a given scene (I hate this one but i know folks who play that way)\nsneaking\nhouse rule#1 you can use Dex instead of hunting to sneak\nfyi I let passion be used a lot, the more the merrier IMO. The PCs are going to die sooner or later, they may well be awesome for as long as they are alive\nfeasts and appearance - there is a 'mini game' for feasting that is an excellent addition to the game, and stops appearance being a dump stat for some players\nFeast Events\nyou can get more info, more house rules and download the feast cards here as well\nLast edited: Aug 27, 2016\nS\nScarik\nYou die as you live.\nValidated User\nAug 27, 2016\n#10\nLaminator_X said:\nBook of the Estate is kind of a mess if you think about the rules with any rigor or depth. The raiding and siege rules are particularly jacked up. With the former, a small group cannot pick at the edges of a large estate. With the latter, the most important factor for the defender is a long outer perimeter and lots of assault gear, while things like fresh water, stored provisions, and disease don't matter at all.\nKnights and Ladies OTOH is excellent.\nClick to expand...\nFor the siege rules at least that's because its a misnomer. The rules aren't really about besieging an enemy and starving him out but about assaulting the walls of their fortress and storming their gates. They should be called Assaulting Castle Rules.\nRaiding I agree with so I still use my own cobbled together version of it.\n1\n2\n3\n\nGo to page\nGo\n6\nNext\n1 of 6\nGo to page\nGo\nNext\nLast\nYou must log in or register to reply here.\nShare:\nReddit\nPinterest\nTumblr\nWhatsApp\nEmail\nShare\nLink\nForums\nRPGnet Roleplaying\nTabletop Roleplaying Open\nBig Purple\nContact us\nTerms and rules\nPrivacy policy\nHelp\nHome\nRSS\nCommunity platform by XenForo 2010-2024 XenForo Ltd.\nForum icons by Delapouite, Lorc, and Viscious Speed from game-icons.net, used under CC-By-3.0.\n 1996-2024 RPGmatch Inc. and individual authors, All Rights Reserved. Compilation copyright 1996-2024 RPGmatch Inc.\nRPGnet and RPGmatch are registered trademarks of RPGmatch Inc., all rights reserved.\nBack\nTop\nBottom", "url": "https://forum.rpg.net/index.php?threads/king-arthur-pendragon-help-me-sort-out-the-supplements.788543/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Professor Utonium (1998 TV series) | Powerpuff Girls Wiki | Fandom\nPowerpuff Girls Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nDiscover the Show\nHeroes\nThe Powerpuff Girls\nBlossom\nBubbles\nButtercup\nProfessor Utonium\nBunny\nBullet\nVillains\nMojo Jojo\nHIM\nFuzzy Lumpkins\nPrincess Morbucks\nGangreen Gang\nThe Rowdyruff Boys\nBrick\nBoomer\nButch\nLocations\nThe City of Townsville\nThe Girls' House\nPokey Oaks Kindergarten\nMonster Isle\nCitiesville\nOriginal Series\nSeason 1\nSeason 2\nSeason 3\nSeason 4\nSeason 5\nSeason 6\n2016 Series\nSpecials\n'Twas the Fight Before Christmas\nThe Powerpuff Girls Rule!\nThe Powerpuff Girls Movie\nWho, What, Where, When, Why, How...Who Cares?\nThe Powerpuff Girls: Dance Pantsed\nNeed Help?\nBureaucrats\nUbmiLibe\nJacksonone\nVogel100\nSpaceCakeHell2000\nAdmins\nUltimateTitan6\nSteven Bomb 17\nPinkieLopBun\nXOsha\nWave9Nut\nRosiesievers20\nWiki Managers\nKylaraE\nSaunt3D\nRules\nManual of Style\nForum\nGeneral Discussion\nThe Wiki Appearance\nQuestions and Answers\nNew on Powerpuff Girls Wiki\nNews and Announcements\nFun/Roleplaying board\nFun\nThe 1998 Powerpuff Girls\nPowerpuff Girls Z\nThe Powerpuff Girls Reboot\nReport vandalism\nOther CN Wikis\nAdventure Time\nRegular Show\nGumball\nEd, Edd n Eddy\nCourage\nBen 10\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nPowerpuff Girls Wiki\n2,258pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nDiscover the Show\nHeroes\nThe Powerpuff Girls\nBlossom\nBubbles\nButtercup\nProfessor Utonium\nBunny\nBullet\nVillains\nMojo Jojo\nHIM\nFuzzy Lumpkins\nPrincess Morbucks\nGangreen Gang\nThe Rowdyruff Boys\nBrick\nBoomer\nButch\nLocations\nThe City of Townsville\nThe Girls' House\nPokey Oaks Kindergarten\nMonster Isle\nCitiesville\nOriginal Series\nSeason 1\nSeason 2\nSeason 3\nSeason 4\nSeason 5\nSeason 6\n2016 Series\nSpecials\n'Twas the Fight Before Christmas\nThe Powerpuff Girls Rule!\nThe Powerpuff Girls Movie\nWho, What, Where, When, Why, How...Who Cares?\nThe Powerpuff Girls: Dance Pantsed\nNeed Help?\nBureaucrats\nUbmiLibe\nJacksonone\nVogel100\nSpaceCakeHell2000\nAdmins\nUltimateTitan6\nSteven Bomb 17\nPinkieLopBun\nXOsha\nWave9Nut\nRosiesievers20\nWiki Managers\nKylaraE\nSaunt3D\nRules\nManual of Style\nForum\nGeneral Discussion\nThe Wiki Appearance\nQuestions and Answers\nNew on Powerpuff Girls Wiki\nNews and Announcements\nFun/Roleplaying board\nFun\nThe 1998 Powerpuff Girls\nPowerpuff Girls Z\nThe Powerpuff Girls Reboot\nReport vandalism\nOther CN Wikis\nAdventure Time\nRegular Show\nGumball\nEd, Edd n Eddy\nCourage\nBen 10\nin:\nCharacters, Male Characters, Heroes,\nand\n22 more\nCivilian\nDay Savers\nScientists\nThe Powerpuff Girls (1998) characters\nHumans\nAdults\nRaven-haired characters\nCharacters voiced by Tom Kane\nCharacters voiced by Rob Paulsen\nUtonium Family\nTownsville\nParents\nProtagonists\nMain Characters\nMale Heroes\nFathers\nThe Powerpuff Girls\nBrothers\nLove Interests\nJolly Characters\nSerious Characters\nCharacters who never really get angry\nEnglish\n\nProfessor Utonium (1998 TV series)\nView source\nView history\nTalk (8)\nProfessor Utonium\n\"Once again, I have no idea what I did!\" -- \"Bubble Boy\"\nName:\nProfessor Utonium\nNickname:\nPookie Bear, Fuzzy Muffin, Cuddlefish, Love Bucket, Snootypoo, Sugar Cookie, Shlubbypuff, Duck-Billed Platypus, Physics Pants, Silly Billy, Soccerman, RockStar, Poogly Pie, Cutie Patootie (by Ms. Keane), Professor U.\nAlias:\nDad[1]Daddy[2]Daddy-O[3]Professor UntoniumProfessorPowerprof.Mr. Utonium (by his elementary school teacher)\nGender:\nMale\nAge:\nUnknown (about the same age as Ms. Keane and Sara Bellum)\nFirst appearance:\n\"Monkey See, Doggie Do\"\nLast appearance:\n\"The Powerpuff Girls: Dance Pantsed\"\nEpisode count:\n93\nVoice actor:\nTom KaneRob Paulsen (young)\nFamily:\nBlossom (daughter)Bubbles (daughter)Buttercup (daughter)Eugene (brother)\nCreator:\nCraig McCracken\nProfessor Utonium is the scientist responsible for creating The Powerpuff Girls and the deuteragonist of the series. He teaches classes in quantum physics and micro-nuclear fusion at Townsville Research Center.\nContents\n1 Personality\n2 Likes & Dislikes\n2.1 Likes\n2.2 Dislikes\n3 Gallery\n4 Appearance\n5 Episode Appearances\n6 Creations / Inventions\n7 Trivia\n8 References\nPersonality\nProfessor Utonium introduces himself as \"Professor - Professor Utonium\" in The Powerpuff Girls Movie.\nAccording to his past, mentioned in Get Back Jojo, Utonium started out as a terrible brat who had no interest in education, let alone science; then he changed his ways and eventually created the Powerpuff Girls.\nHe is overprotective of the Girls. He is a very affectionate and supportive father, whose pep talks often bring the girls around when they are discouraged. While he is sometimes portrayed as rather skittish, he can be reasonably strict with the girls when he needs to be, particularly when they were falling asleep in school.\nUtonium is a keen golfer. Ironically, his most successful inventions are those that he makes by accident - such as the Powerpuff Girls themselves, or the containment device seen in \"Bubble Boy\" (he says of it: \"Once again, I have no idea what I did!\"). Most inventions he creates on purpose usually don't work or have some great flaw. This extends to his cooking skills as well, the chili he made for the Townsville cookoff one year resulted in a hazmat team bordering off the house.\nIn Knock it Off and Town and Out, the Professor is shown to lack common sense. In the former he never realized his college roommate was taking advantage of him. In the latter, he moved to Citysville for his new job instead of commuting.\nHe also doesn't like liver and onions, and neither does The Powerpuff Girls. He still, however, lies that he likes them to have the girls think he's a mature adult. This is hinted at in \"A Very Special Blossom\" and \"Lying Around the House.\" He has a predilection for lying and whenever he lies it backfires on him, such as when he kept lying to the Girls he had a lot of work to do even though he had free time to watch a sports game.\nProfessor Utonium is also unlucky in love if his relationships with Sedusa, Ms. Keane, and Ms. Bellum are any indication. Sedusa wormed her way into the family circle so that she could keep the Powerpuff Girls from interfering with her crime sprees. Ms. Keane, on the other hand, did not like nor understand his aversion to cats; a blatant reference to \"Cat Man Do.\" He was also the would-be husband of Ms. Bellum.\nIn \"Criss Cross Crisis,\" he swapped bodies with Buttercup.\nIn the episode \"Get Back Jojo,\" it's revealed that he went to elementary school with Ms. Bellum and Ms. Keane during the 1950s. This would mean that if the series took place in 1998 (the year the show released), he would probably be more than 45 years old by then.\nLikes & Dislikes\nLikes\nScience\nMs. Keane\nBlossom\nButtercup\nBubbles\nMayor\nMs. Sara Bellum\nGolf and anything to do with it\nInventions\nThe City of Townsville\nPancakes\nSilent movies\nIma Goodlady (did not know it was Sedusa in disguise)\nDislikes\nThe Rowdyruff Boys\nMojo Jojo\nFuzzy Lumpkins\nSedusa\nThe Powerpuff Girls getting hurt\nProfanity\nThe Town of Citiesville\nCats (after \"Cat Man Do\")\nHIM\nParent Teacher Conferences\nSpiders\nDick Hardly (in \"Knock It Off\")\nThe Run-of-the-Mill Girls\nWhen the Mayor acts like a baby\nWrestling (shown in \"Impeach Fuzz\")\nDestroying his creations\nBeing exposed\nAccidentally doing things (as seen in \"Oops, I Did It Again\")\nGallery\nClick here to visit Professor Utonium's Gallery.\nAppearance\nProfessor Utonium is very \"square\", handsome, and old-fashioned. He wears a white lab coat with pens in its pocket and a shirt and tie. His head is impossibly rectangular with carefully parted black hair and thick eyebrows. He has blue eyes during one scene in \"Mr. Mojo's Rising.\" The Professor's voice is very thoughtful, exactly the sort anyone might expect from an eminent scientist and/or a father figure in a 1950s TV series. In the earlier episodes (such as \"Insect Inside\"), he was seen carrying a tobacco pipe, but this was dropped in the later episodes.\nEpisode Appearances\nInsect Inside\nMonkey See, Doggie Do\nMommy Fearest\nOcti Evil\nGeshundfight\nBoogie Frights\nTelephonies\nTough Love\nMajor Competition\nMr. Mojo's Rising\nIce Sore\nBubblevicious\nCat Man Do\nImpeach Fuzz\nThe Rowdyruff Boys\nUh Oh Dynamo\nCollect Her\nSupper Villain\nBirthday Bash\nToo Pooped to Puff\nDream Scheme\nBeat Your Greens\nDown 'n' Dirty\nSlave the Day\nLos Dos Mojos (mentioned)\nA Very Special Blossom\nDaylight Savings\nMo Job (Non speaking cameo)\nPet Feud\nThe Powerpuff Girls' Best Rainy Day Adventure Ever\nJust Desserts\nTwisted Sister\nCover Up\nSpeed Demon\nSlumbering with the Enemy\nThe Mane Event\nTown and Out\nChild Fearing\nCriss Cross Crisis\nBubblevision\nBought and Scold\nMonkey See, Doggy Two\nJewel of the Aisle\nSuper Zeroes\nPloys R' Us\nThe Headsucker's Moxy\nEqual Fights\nPowerprof.\nMoral Decay\nMeet the Beat Alls\nHelter Shelter\nFilm Flam\nGet Back Jojo\nHim Diddle Riddle\nSuperfriends\nMembers Only\nNano of the North\nStray Bullet\nKnock It Off\nThe Powerpuff Girls Movie\nKeen on Keane\nNot So Awesome Blossom\nPower-Noia\nNuthin' Special (mentioned)\nShut the Pup Up\nI See A Funny Cartoon in Your Future (mentioned)\nOcti-Gone\nToast of the Town\nBurglar Alarmed\nShotgun Wedding\nSave Mojo (Cameo)\nThe Boys Are Back in Town (Flashback)\nSee Me, Feel Me, Gnomey\nPee Pee G's\nThe City of Clipsville\nLying Around the House\nBubble Boy\nCurses\nBang For Your Buck\nSilent Treatment\nSweet 'N Sour (cameo)\nCoupe d'etat\nMakes Zen to Me\nSay Uncle\nReeking Havoc\nLive and Let Dynamo (mentioned)\nOops, I Did It Again\nA Made Up Story\nLittle Miss Interprets\nNight Mayor\nThe City of Nutsville\nThat's Not My Baby (mentioned)\nSimian Says\nSun Scream\nThe City of Frownsville\nWest in Pieces (Western Version)\nCrazy Mixed-Up Puffs\nMizzen in Action\nRoughing It Up\nWhat's the Big Idea?\nThe Powerpuff Girls Rule!\nThe Powerpuff Girls: Dance Pantsed\nCreations / Inventions\nThe Professor's very first experiment\nThe Powerpuff Girls (The Powerpuff Girls Movie)\nDynamo (Uh-Oh, Dynamo)\nBody Switcher (Criss Cross Crisis)\nPowerprof. Suit (Powerprof.)\nTime Portal (Get Back Jojo)\nMicro-Stabilizer (Nano of the North)\nTransport Carrier Solution (Nano of the North)\nMagnavision Helmet (Nano of the North)\nContainment Ray (Bubble Boy)\nAntidote X (The Powerpuff Girls Movie)\nK.A.R.R. (Coupe d'etat)\nP.R.O.F. (Coupe d'etat)\nRun-of-the-Mill Girls (Oops, I Did It Again)\nCold Cream (A Made Up Story)\nNocturnatron (Night Mayor)\nDune Buggy (The Powerpuff Girls Rule!!!)\nTrivia\nThe Professor's voice actor, Tom Kane was in both the original and reboot. Coincidentally, he also voices HIM in both reboots.\nThe Professor was inspired by J.R. \"Bob\" Dobbs of the Church of the Subgeniuses.\nThe Professor said, \"We're the Utoniums.\" in \"Roughing It Up,\" when the girls were angry at Fuzzy Lumpkins and his three nephews, which implies that \"Utonium\" is actually his surname.\nIt was revealed in \"Uh-Oh, Dynamo\" that the Professor is left-handed.\nIn the episode \"Mommy Fearest\", the Professor is shown sleeping in a double bed alone, implying that he may have been married at some point.\nReferences\n Bubbles twice in The Powerpuff Girls Movie/Transcript, Blossom and Buttercup in Members Only/Transcript\n Mojo in in The Powerpuff Girls Movie/Transcript, possibly Bubbles too in an unidentified episode\n Buttercup in in The Powerpuff Girls Movie/Transcript\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nMale Characters\nHeroes\nCivilian\nDay Savers\nScientists\nThe Powerpuff Girls (1998) characters\nHumans\nAdults\nRaven-haired characters\nCharacters voiced by Tom Kane\nCharacters voiced by Rob Paulsen\nUtonium Family\nTownsville\nParents\nProtagonists\nMain Characters\nMale Heroes\nFathers\nThe Powerpuff Girls\nBrothers\nLove Interests\nJolly Characters\nSerious Characters\nCharacters who never really get angry\nLanguages\n\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Powerpuff Girls Wiki\n1\nHim (1998 TV series)\n2\nThe Rowdyruff Boys (characters)\n3\nThe Powerpuff Girls (characters)\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nPowerpuff Girls Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.\nView Mobile Site", "url": "https://powerpuffgirls.fandom.com/wiki/Professor_Utonium_(1998_TV_series)" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "List of The Powerpuff Girls characters - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Origin\n2The Powerpuff Girls\nToggle The Powerpuff Girls subsection\n2.1Blossom\n2.2Bubbles\n2.3Buttercup\n3Secondary characters\nToggle Secondary characters subsection\n3.1Professor Utonium\n3.2The Mayor of Townsville\n3.3Ms. Bellum\n3.4Ms. Keane\n3.5Narrator\n3.6Talking Dog\n3.7Mitch Mitchelson\n3.8Stanley Whitfield\n4Villains\nToggle Villains subsection\n4.1Mojo Jojo\n4.2Fuzzy Lumpkins\n4.3HIM\n4.4Princess Morbucks\n4.5The Gangreen Gang\n4.6The Amoeba Boys\n4.7Sedusa\n4.8The Rowdyruff Boys\n5Powerpuff Girls Z characters\n6The Powerpuff Girls 2016-exclusive characters\nToggle The Powerpuff Girls 2016-exclusive characters subsection\n6.1Allies\n6.1.1Blisstina \"Bliss\"\n6.1.2The Derbytantes\n6.1.3Donny\n6.2Villains\n6.2.1Packrat\n6.2.2Allegro\n6.2.3Manboy\n6.2.4The Fashionistas\n6.2.5Jemmica/Jemoir\n6.2.6Silico\n7Notes\n8References\nToggle the table of contents\nList of The Powerpuff Girls characters\n4 languages\nItalianoSimple English / srpskiTrke\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nThe Powerpuff Girls is an American animated television series franchise that takes place in the fictional city of Townsville and stars the titular Powerpuff Girls, Blossom, Bubbles, Buttercup, who appear in the original TV series, as well as the anime adaptation and the 2016 reboot series.\nSecondary characters include Professor Utonium, the girls' father who created them in his lab; The Mayor, the goodhearted, but dimwitted mayor of Townsville who frequently calls the girls via hotline to ask for help to protect the city; Ms. Bellum, the mayor's secretary who acts as the voice of reason when he makes decisions; and Ms. Keane, the girls' kindergarten teacher at Pokey Oaks school. The series' primary villains include Mojo Jojo, a hyper-intelligent, megalomaniacal ape; HIM, a mysterious demonic being; Fuzzy Lumpkins, a Bigfoot-like hillbilly; Princess Morbucks, a wealthy, spoiled girl; the Gangreen Gang, five green-skinned hoodlums; Sedusa, a Gorgon-like seductress; the Amoeba Boys, three dimwitted amoebas and the Rowdyruff Boys, three male evil versions of the Powerpuff Girls.\nSeries creator Craig McCracken originally conceived the characters while attending the California Institute of the Arts in 1991. McCracken fleshed-out the premise as a short pilot called The Whoopass Girls in Whoopass Stew. After a name change and character redesigns, a new pilot, called \"The Powerpuff Girls: Meat Fuzzy Lumkins\", aired on Cartoon Network's World Premiere Toons animation showcase in 1995. High viewer approval ratings convinced the network to approve a full series, which premiered in 1998 and ended in 2005\nOrigin[edit]\nIn June 1991, Craig McCracken, a student of the animation program of CalArts,[1] initially created a drawing of three girls on a small sheet of orange construction paper as a birthday card design for his brother.[2][1][3] The following year he included the three girls as the main characters of his short film Whoopass Stew! The Whoopass Girls in: A Sticky Situation.[4] This was intended to be part one of four Whoopass Girls shorts, but only one was produced.[1][4][5] McCracken felt that he wanted to make a superhero student film but felt that the muscular guy standard was already played out. Then after drawing the three little girls he started imagining them in superhero situations.[2] McCracken's Whoopass Girls short was picked up for a series by Cartoon Network in 1993. After the name Whoopass was dropped for Powerpuff to include it in the What a Cartoon! showcase, the Powerpuff Girls then appeared in two What a Cartoon! shorts before receiving their own series.[1][6]\nThe Powerpuff Girls[edit]\nFictional character\nThe Powerpuff GirlsThe Powerpuff Girls charactersFirst appearance\n\"A Sticky Situation!\" (1992 pilot)\n\"Monkey See, Doggie Do\" (1998)\n\"Escape from Monster Island\" (2016)\nLast appearance\n\"Octi Gone\" (2005)\n\"Sideline Dad\" (2019)\nCreated byCraig McCrackenVoiced by\nWhoopass Stew: Jennifer Fried\nWhat a Cartoon!:\nBlossom: Cathy Cavadini\nBubbles: Kath Soucie\nButtercup: E. G. Daily\n1998 original:\nBlossom: Cathy Cavadini\nBubbles: Tara Strong\nButtercup: E. G. Daily\n2016 reboot:\nBlossom: Amanda Leighton\nBubbles: Kristen Li\nButtercup: Natalie Palamides\nIn-universe informationSpeciesThe Powerpuff Girls/artificial humansGenderFemaleFamily\nProfessor Utonium (creator, father)\nBunny (later sister, deceased)\nBlisstina Utonium (older sister, 2016 TV series only)\nAs depicted in the opening sequence of each episode, the Powerpuff Girls, Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup, were created by Professor Utonium in an attempt to create the \"perfect little girl\" using a mixture of \"sugar, spice, and everything nice\" (shown in respective fields of sky blue, lime green, and bright pink). However, he accidentally spilled a mysterious substance called \"Chemical X\" into the mixture, creating, instead of the \"perfect little girl\", three girls (each possessing one of the above elements dominating her personality), and granting all three superpowers including flight, superhuman strength, super speed, limited invulnerability, x-ray vision, super senses, heat vision, and energy projection. In the original pilot, the accidental substance was a can of \"Whoopass\", which was replaced by \"Chemical X\" in the aired version.[7]\nThe three girls all have abnormally large eyes (inspired by Margaret Keane's art[8]) and stubby arms and legs, and lack of noses, ears, fingers, necks, and flat feet with toes (McCracken preferred them to look more symbolic of actual girls rather than going for a \"realistic\" look, meaning fewer body parts were needed[9]). They wear dresses that match the colors of their eyes with black stripes, as well as white tights and black Mary Janes.\nBlossom[edit]\nMain article: Blossom (The Powerpuff Girls)\nBlossom (voiced by Cathy Cavadini in the What a Cartoon! episodes and the series) is one of the three main protagonists, the tactician and the self-proclaimed leader of the Powerpuff Girls. Her personality ingredient is \"everything nice\", her signature color is bright pink, and she has long red-orange waist-length hair worn in a ponytail with a red bow and a pink hair clip with a red heart. She was named for having spoken freely and honestly to the Professor shortly after her creation as shown in The Powerpuff Girls Movie. She is often seen as the most level-headed, intelligent, and composed member of the group and also strong and determined. She is also a master strategist and apt planner.[10] Her unique power is freezing objects with her breath as seen in the episode \"Ice Sore\".\nIn the reboot and Lego Dimensions, voiced by Amanda Leighton, the 2016 version of Blossom is once again depicted as the leader of the team. Her 2016 counterpart is identical to her 1998 counterpart, but there is one difference: her bow is rounder and light red rather than pointy and dark red. She loves organization and hates when things are messy and out of order. She has a perfect attendance record and is an overachiever. She can be stubborn at times, but still comes through. She also has ice breath like her 1998 counterpart. Her trail is bright pink with little squares. Her unique abilities are: Ice breath, genius-level intelligence, microscopic vision, natural leadership skills, and intuitive aptitude. She also can project bright pink energy and manipulate it into various household and office items; an ability her 1998 counterpart in the original show does not possess.\nBubbles[edit]\nBubbles (voiced by Tara Strong in the series, and by Kath Soucie in the What a Cartoon! episodes) is one of the three main protagonists and the \"softest and sweetest\" of the three.[10] Her signature color is blue, her personality ingredient is \"sugar\", and she has blonde hair in pigtails. Bubbles is seen as kind and very sweet but she is also capable of extreme rage and mean and can fight monsters just as well as her sisters can. Her best friend is a stuffed octopus doll she calls \"Octi\", and she also loves animals. She exhibits the ability to both understand multiple languages (mostly Spanish) and communicate with various animals; her unique powers are projecting powerful sonic screams, and creating a shockwave of thunder with a single clap from her hands.[10]\nIn the reboot voiced by Kristen Li, the 2016 version of Bubbles has shoulder-length blonde hair in pigtails, just like her original counterpart, except with new blue hair ties and the pigtails being set slightly higher-up than previously. Bubbles is an animal lover like her 1998 counterpart and usually tries to save the day in the nice way. Like her 1998 counterpart, she can be a bit naive but can also get angered very easily. When in bed she has Octi by her side. Her trail is blue with little circles. Unlike her original counterpart, she is shown to have talent with computers and can even create and program her own video games which have become extremely popular among the children in Townsville, including her sisters. Her special abilities include: Animal telepathy, animal empathy, zoolingulism, sound manipulation, sonic waves, sonic blasts, vocal mimicry, hypnotic singing, and multilingualism. She also can project bright blue energy and manipulate it into various animals due to her love for them; an ability her 1998 counterpart in the original show does not possess.\nButtercup[edit]\nButtercup (voiced by E. G. Daily) is one of the three main protagonists and she is described as a \"tough hotheaded tomboy\".[10] Her personality ingredient is \"spice\", her signature color is green, and she has short black hair in a flip. She loves to get dirty, fights hard and plays rough; she does not plan and is all action.[10] Her unique power is curling her tongue. McCracken originally wanted to name the character \"Bud\" until a friend suggested the name Buttercup.[1] According to The Powerpuff Girls Movie, Buttercup really disliked the name she was given.\nIn the reboot voiced by Natalie Palamides, the 2016 version of Buttercup's appearance is almost exactly like her original counterpart except she has a cowlick on the back of her head. She is depicted as a tomboy who loves to get into action and likes to play sports, hanging out with boys and having fun like her 1998 counterpart, She has a fear of spiders like her 1998 counterpart as well. She has a temper that can usually get out of control. She is also the main archenemy of Manboy, who called her \"princess\", which she hates the most, Blossom and Bubbles attempt to stop her. Her trail is green with little triangles. Unlike her two sisters, she does not possess any special abilities of her own. However, she, like her sisters, can project bright green energy and manipulate it into various weaponry; an ability her 1998 counterpart and her sisters in the original show do not possess.\nSecondary characters[edit]\nProfessor Utonium[edit]\nFictional character\nProfessor UtoniumThe Powerpuff Girls characterFirst appearance\n\"A Sticky Situation!\" (1992, prototype)\n\"Monkey See, Doggie Do\" (1998)\n\"The Stayover\" (2016)\nLast appearance\n\"Octi Lost\" (2005)\n\"Sideline Dad\" (2019)\nCreated byCraig McCrackenVoiced byTom KaneIn-universe informationSpeciesHumanGenderMaleOccupationScientistFamilyEugene Utonium (brother)Children\nJojo (pet chimpanzee, formerly)\nBlossom (created daughter)\nBubbles (created daughter)\nButtercup (created daughter)\nBunny (later created daughter (deceased) (original series))\nBlisstina Utonium (older daughter, 2016 TV series only)\nHomeTownsville, U.S.A.NationalityAmerican\nProfessor Utonium (voiced by Tom Kane) is a scientist who works in his home in the suburbs of the City of Townsville, and the Powerpuff Girls' loving creator and father. A stereotypical scientist, his general attire is a white lab coat and black pants. The Professor once housed a chimpanzee named Jojo (later to become Mojo Jojo) as a lab assistant who proved to be reckless and destructive. While the Professor was stirring his perfect girl concoction, Jojo shoved him, causing him to accidentally break a flask containing the mysterious \"Chemical X\" which spilled into the formula, thus creating the Powerpuff Girls. The Professor is a genius in many fields of science, and has shown knowledge in fields such as physics, chemistry, and biology, as well as being a skilled inventor. Aside from his role as a scientist, he acts as a parent to the Powerpuff Girls. Although he apparently did not legally \"adopt\" the girls, everyone who addresses him calls him \"their father\" and they as \"his daughters\". The Professor can be strict, easily manipulated, and overprotective at times, but still retains his caring fatherly image.\nThe Mayor of Townsville[edit]\nThe Mayor of Townsville (voiced by Tom Kenny in the series and by Jim Cummings in the What a Cartoon! episodes) is generally referred throughout only as \"Mayor\", although he is referred to as \"Barney\" by his wife in the episode \"Boogie Frights\". He is short and elderly with a fringe of white hair around a bald scalp and a thick white mustache. He wears a monocle over his left eye and a small top hat that \"floats\" just above his head. The Mayor is quite dimwitted and cowardly, but cares deeply about his city. He has a love for pickles and is very childish at times. He sometimes calls the girls for very silly reasons, as seen in the episode \"Bubblevicious\" because of a traffic jam. The What a Cartoon! episode \"Meat Fuzzy Lumpkins\" featured a different Mayor who was younger, taller and more competent than the Mayor of the series.\nMs. Bellum [edit]\nMs. Sara Bellum (voiced by Jennifer Martin) is the Mayor's curvy secretary whose face is always obscured, and often handles issues that her inept boss cannot. Her name is a pun on the word cerebellum presumably due to her intelligent and wise nature. She has also proved to be a capable fighter, battling the villainess Sedusa by herself when the girls were disabled, as shown in the episode \"Something's a Ms.\". Ms. Bellum only appears in one episode of the 2016 television series The Powerpuff Girls, where she takes a 1,000-day-long vacation break from all her hard work.\nMs. Keane[edit]\nMs. Keane (voiced by Jennifer Hale and by Kath Soucie in the What-a-Cartoon! episodes) is the kindergarten teacher of Pokey Oaks Kindergarten. She wears an orange shirt, a red vest, brown pants, and has short black hair and light blue eyes. She is patient, wise, understanding, and protective of her students, making her a well-liked, motherly figure. She is also an animal lover, owning a ginger cat named Valentino, and the class pet hamster, Twiggy. Ms. Keane forbids any fighting in school, even if there is a crisis taking place within it; she convinces the girls that there are other ways to solve problems other than fighting as demonstrated in the episodes \"Schoolhouse Rocked\" and \"Imaginary Fiend\". She is named after Margaret Keane who was the main influence behind the design of the Powerpuff Girls.\nNarrator[edit]\nNarrator (voiced by Tom Kenny in the series and Craig McCracken in Whoopass Stew and by Ernie Anderson in the What a Cartoon! episodes) is the enthusiastic but unseen narrator of the show. As the primary comic relief character in the show, he often comments on the proceedings of the episode, says things which happen to be hints about the plots of certain episodes, and frequently breaks the fourth wall. He is also shown to be the only connection between the audience and the girls, as he can \"talk\" to both and even be involved, such as Mojo Jojo transforming him into a dog. In the episode \"Simian Says\", he is kidnapped by Mojo Jojo, who promptly takes his place as the episode begins.\nTalking Dog[edit]\nTalking Dog (voiced by Tom Kane in the series and by Paul Mercier in the What a Cartoon! episodes) is a small white dog with black ears and nose and a black spot on his back, wearing a red collar with a yellow dog tag. He is often depicted as arrogant and rude, though also straightforward and earnest. He is frequently abused in almost every appearance he makes; as a running gag, no one ever seems to regard his pain and simply ignores him.\nMitch Mitchelson[edit]\nMitch Mitchelson (voiced by Tom Kenny) is the bully at Pokey Oaks Kindergarten. Mitch has brownish hair, and wears a black T-shirt with the words \"MITCH ROCKS\" on the front. He sometimes torments other kids at Pokey Oaks, though he is not a major threat. He is also a close friend of Buttercup. For a brief time Mitch hosted a short segment on Cartoon Network called \"Mitch Rocks\", where he looked at various things and said whether they \"rock\" or not.[11][dead link]\nStanley Whitfield[edit]\nStanley Whitfield (voiced by Tom Kane) is a Townsville anchorman. He communicates on television what happens every time there is important news in the city. Something that stands out about his appearance is that he always has one eye closed.\nVillains[edit]\nMojo Jojo[edit]\nFictional character\nMojo JojoThe Powerpuff Girls characterFirst appearance\n\"Monkey See, Doggie Do\" (1998)\n\"The Stayover\" (2016)\nLast appearance\n\"Octi Gone\" (2005)\n\"Watch It!\" (2019)\nCreated byCraig McCrackenVoiced byRoger L. JacksonIn-universe informationSpeciesChimpanzeeGenderMaleOccupationMad scientistFamilyProfessor Utonium (owner, formerly)\nUnnamed mother (only in the 2016 reboot)ChildrenThe Rowdyruff Boys (created sons) (only in 1999)HomeTownsville, U.S.A.\nMojo Jojo (voiced by Roger L. Jackson) is a mad scientist, anthropomorphic green-skinned chimpanzee with great intelligence, who speaks with a Japanese accent in an overly exaggerated and repetitive manner. As the main antagonist of the series and the Powerpuff Girls' archenemy, Mojo Jojo was Professor Utonium's reckless laboratory chimpanzee, Jojo, before Professor Utonium created the Powerpuff Girls; the same accident that created the Girls gave Jojo his super-intelligence.[10] Despite his high intelligence, his plans often contain flaws that he overlooks, and he rarely has much success against the Girls, as their superpowers are too much for his inventions. However, he is a master at manipulation and trickery, often fooling the Girls into thinking he has changed despite their constant encounters. Mojo lives in an observatory atop a dormant volcano located in the middle of Townsville's municipal park. In the 2016 television series The Powerpuff Girls, Mojo has a mother who also appears to be evil.\nFuzzy Lumpkins[edit]\nFuzzy Lumpkins[12] (voiced by Jim Cummings) is a hillbilly monster often seen playing his banjo which he calls \"Jo\". He was the first villain introduced in the series, since he first appears in one of the two prototype episodes \"Meat Fuzzy Lumpkins\" from the short series What a Cartoon!. He speaks in a southern accent, and lives in the woods next to Townsville. Fuzzy has a limited intellectual capacity, and is not nearly so active and ambitious as most of the villains in the series. He usually limits himself to shooting anyone whom he finds trespassing on his property, though he is also prone to destructive fits of rage; Fuzzy (according to Professor Utonium's research) belongs to a race of \"Lumpkins\"; he has three siblings (Furry, Fluffy, and Hairy), three nephews (Buzzy, Wuzzy, and Scuzzy), and several dozen cousins who closely resemble him.\nHIM[edit]\nHIM (voiced by Tom Kane) is a sinister, manipulative, and effeminate demon. His plans are usually psychological in nature, and often consist of manipulating events to either drive the Powerpuff Girls insane or drive wedges between them. HIM possesses various supernatural and demonic abilities such as shapeshifting, mind manipulation, reality warping, various kinds of energy manipulation, and more. Craig McCracken has stated that \"HIM\" was inspired by the mannerisms of the Chief Blue Meanie in the 1968 film Yellow Submarine.[13]\nPrincess Morbucks[edit]\nPrincess Morbucks (voiced by Jennifer Hale) is a spoiled, rich, and bratty little girl, whose partially unseen and mostly mute father allows her to finance various evil plots to destroy the Powerpuff Girls. Her hatred of the girls stems from her rebuffed attempt to become one of them. Her father is \"Daddy\" Morbucks, a large man whose face is always hidden. He dotes on his daughter and usually indulges in her whims, but it is hinted that his patience is limited and Princess fears truly angering him. Thanks to him, Morbucks has access to virtually unlimited financial resources. In the 2016 television series The Powerpuff Girls where she is voiced by Haley Mancini and Kelsy Abbott, Morbucks seeks to kill and replace the Powerpuff Girls rather than simply join them.\nThe Gangreen Gang[edit]\nThe Gangreen Gang (sometimes referred as The Ganggreen Gang)[a] are a gang of deformed green-skinned teenage punks. Not possessing any powers or exceptional abilities, the Gang is normally not too much of a threat to the girls, but have shown themselves to be very dangerous when motivated. They also delight in tormenting those weaker than themselves, especially children and the elderly. The Gangreen Gang lives in an old shack located in Townsville's junkyard.\nAce (voiced by Jeff Bennett): A mean-spirited and opportunistic rogue with a slick-back haircut, a colored vest-jacket, a peach-fuzz mustache, a pair of shades, and also has fangs. As the Gang's leader and their smartest member, he is the instigator of most of their antisocial activities, and does possess a certain charismatic charm that allows him to sweet-talk people who ought to know better, such as Ms. Keane in the episode \"School House Rocked\" and even Buttercup in the episode \"Buttercrush\". He speaks in a nasally Italian/New Yorker accent. In 2018, Ace temporarily became the replacement bassist of the virtual band Gorillaz while Murdoc Niccals was in prison.[16]\nSnake (voiced by Tom Kenny): A slippery character with a forked tongue, skinny body and a hissing voice. He is the Gang's second-in-command, but this mostly makes him a yes-man to Ace. He does have a personality of his own, but it is usually silenced due to Ace punching him when he speaks out of line (or asks a foolish question). It is revealed in \"School House Rocked\" that his real name is Sanford D. Ingleberry.\nLil' Arturo (voiced by Tom Kenny and by Carlos Alazraqui in his first appearance): A malevolent Mexican little boy, Lil' Arturo seems to take the most amusement from the Gang's activities. In the episode \"School House Rocked\" he carries around a switchblade-styled comb he calls \"Maria\", a treasured gift from his incarcerated father. He has a rather prominent underbite. His full name is Arturo de la Guerra, which is Spanish for \"Arthur from the War\". His small size allows him to sneak through cramped spaces and passages that the rest of the gang cannot reach.\nGrubber (voiced by Jeff Bennett): A disfigured, barefoot hunchback with untidy hair, grubby clothes and protruding eyes. He also appears to be mostly mute, communicating instead through blowing a raspberry. He does, however, occasionally demonstrate unexpected talents, such as playing the violin, speaking eloquently or performing impersonations. When attending the girls' school for a short time, Grubber showed that he was able to horribly contort his body, making him briefly resemble a well-spoken and handsome-looking young man before snapping back to his normal self.\nBig Billy (voiced by Jeff Bennett): A hulking, dimwitted colossus who acts as the Gang's muscle. Though he does at times display a childlike innocence, he mostly just does the bidding of his more savvy and vindictive friends. In the episode \"School House Rocked\", it is revealed that his real name is William W. Williams and that he is a cyclops, with his single eye hidden beneath his shaggy red hair. Although he rarely fares any better in combat against the girls than the rest of the gang, he has the muscular power to stop a speeding train from running down citizens from the track and tackle monsters to the ground with his bare hands. He is fiercely loyal to anyone he considers to be a friend, and briefly tried to help the Powerpuff Girls after they saved him from being run over by a train. However, his clumsiness and lack of intelligence made him more destructive as a hero than he was as a villain.\nThe Amoeba Boys[edit]\nThe Amoeba Boys (voiced by Chuck McCann in the series and the What a Cartoon! episodes and by Lou Romano in Whoopass Stew) are a trio of mutant amoebas. With their mobster affectations, these aspiring criminals would love nothing more than to be regarded as serious villains worthy of fighting, and even getting beaten up and sent to jail by the Powerpuff Girls. Unfortunately, their brains are too primitive to devise a crime above the level of littering or jaywalking. Indeed, they considered stealing an orange to be their greatest crime ever in the episode \"Divide and Conquer\". They are Townsville's least malicious villains, even having a friendship-of-sorts with the Girls. They are generally harmless, but their actions have on occasion endangered both the girls and the town by accident.\nBossman: The leader and general spokesman of the Amoeba Boys. He wears a gray fedora. In the pilot, he is depicted with a cigar in his mouth.\nJunior: The smallest one of the Amoeba Boys. He wears a black cap and usually repeats whatever Bossman says. In the episode \"Crime 101\" from What a Cartoon!, he was named Tiny.\nSlim: The tallest one of the Amoeba Boys. He wears a brown fedora and is even slower and more incompetent than the other two amoebas. In the episode \"Crime 101\" from What a Cartoon!, he was called Skinny Slim.\nSedusa[edit]\nSedusa (voiced by Jennifer Hale) is a young, beautiful Gorgon-like mistress of disguise and seductress who uses her feminine wiles to influence men to do her bidding, such as Professor Utonium, the Mayor, and the Gangreen Gang. When her identity is revealed, she typically doffs down to her leotard battle suit and fights with her prehensile hair. Similar to Ms. Bellum, Sedusa is withdrawn from the reboot due to female modifications regarding her appearance to be inappropriate.[17]\nThe Rowdyruff Boys[edit]\nThe Rowdyruff Boys are the evil male versions of the Powerpuff Girls, created by Mojo Jojo using a mixture of \"snips, snails, a puppy dog tail\", and radioactive toilet water in his cell in Townsville Prison. They are essentially violent bullies who have the same powers as the Powerpuff Girls, with their own techniques as well. They were ultimately destroyed when the girls kissed them, but were later resurrected by HIM.\nBrick (voiced by Rob Paulsen): Blossom's male counterpart, he is the short-tempered and self-proclaimed leader of the Rowdyruff Boys. He has an abrasive and rash attitude, which often causes conflict with his brothers. His signature color is red, and he wears a backwards red baseball cap compared to Blossom's bow. He also originally had bangs, which were replaced with long spiky hair when he was revived.\nBoomer (also voiced by Paulsen): Bubbles' male counterpart, he is a loud-mouthed dunce, as opposed to Bubbles' nave sweetness, and he has been known to like disgusting things. After his resurrection, Boomer is shown to be the least intelligent of the boys and is often bullied and bossed around by his brothers. Boomer's hair parts in a curved fashion like Bubbles', but is longer and spiky on each end, in a wings haircut.\nButch (voiced by Roger L. Jackson): Buttercup's male counterpart. After his resurrection, Butch becomes more hyperactive and overly excited. Butch's hair is spiked upwards, abandoning his previous cowlick from his first appearance. He also shares Buttercup's small triangular hair parting.\nPowerpuff Girls Z characters[edit]\nMain article: List of Powerpuff Girls Z characters\nThe Powerpuff Girls 2016-exclusive characters[edit]\nAllies[edit]\nBlisstina \"Bliss\"[edit]\nMain article: Bliss (The Powerpuff Girls)\nBlisstina \"Bliss\" (voiced by Olivia Olson, Toya Delazy, Wengie, and Alesha Dixon) is the original Powerpuff Girl in the 2016 series, and is referred to as the fourth one because she is the fourth Powerpuff Girl to be shown in the reboot. She first appears in the five-part special, \"The Power of Four\". Her hair color is electric blue, and she often wears a pastel blue hairband with a pink heart adorned upon it. In two flashbacks depicting events that occur ten years prior to the main events of the series, Professor Utonium attempts to create the perfect little girl in response to his rival Newtronium creating the perfect little boy; Utonium uses sugar, spice, and everything nice. However, he accidentally adds Chemical W to the concoction, thus creating Bliss. Mojo Jojo also considered himself Bliss' childhood friend when he was the Professor's lab assistant. Bliss possesses superhuman strength, supersonic flight, superhuman hearing, laser vision, and limited invulnerability. However, unlike Blossom, Bubbles and Buttercup and their original 1998 counterparts, Bliss also possesses psionic abilities, but her powers are uncontrollable due to her emotions. As such, in a flashback scene, Bliss' powers caused the destruction of the Professor's residence after she throws a temper tantrum, and the Professor ends up unconscious. Bliss then flies off to Bird Poop Island to keep everyone safe from her superpowers (Mojo himself was saddened to see Bliss run away) and meets her pet elephant, Mee. After spending several years on Bird Poop Island, Bliss moves back to Townsville; after saving the girls from being beaten by the Gnat, she is considered a hero and gets some training to control her powers. But the Professor dismisses her from ever using her powers again, as he insists that she is not ready yet. However, Mee convinces Bliss to prove him wrong as the girls invite her to defeat Chipmunk Commando. Her anger gets the best of her, as she almost hurts the girls, and Mee reveals that he is in fact Him in disguise. He manipulates her into fusing with him, and causes mayhem in Townsville within Bliss's body. But she then breaks free from Him's body thanks to Mojo Jojo, who tries to get her to notice him but fails. Bliss, Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup then combine together by the power of sisterhood to defeat Him.\nBecause of the planet Saturn being moved closer to Earth, Bliss leaves to bring it back to its rightful place in the Solar System. She also pledges to come back to see Utonium and the Powerpuff Girls again when she is done.\nThe Derbytantes[edit]\nThe Derbytantes (voiced by Kate Higgins) are a group of bad girl roller skaters who Buttercup usually likes hanging around with. Introduced in the 2016 series, they are never seen without their skates and enjoy playing \"Deathball\" (a sport resembling a cross between dodgeball and Rollerball). Notable members include: Maylyn (the leader, with pink hair and lightning bolts on her uniform), Jaylyn (blue hearts), Haylyn (yellow hearts) and Bobby Susan Ray-Lyn (who looks more like a grown man).\nDonny[edit]\nDonny (voiced by Josh Fadem) is a young unicorn who is best friends with Bubbles. Introduced in the 2016 series, Donny is originally unaware they are unicorns because of the thick hair on their heads, but still seeks to become one by having Professor Utonium transform him into one.\nVillains[edit]\nPackrat[edit]\nPackrat (voiced by Jason Spisak) is a scheming, oversized rat from the sewers. Introduced in the 2016 series, he loves stealing \"shiny things\" from stores and the people of Townsville, which he sees as gifts for various dolls he views as girlfriends. He broke Bubbles' arm in \"Strong Armed\". In \"Little Octi Lost\", he stole Octi from Buttercup.\nAllegro[edit]\nAllegro (voiced by Eric Bauza) is a happy party-obsessed, panda-like being who is capable of causing people to go into a stupor of pure happiness. Introduced in the 2016 series and based on Panda from We Bare Bears, another Cartoon Network series, his true form is a smaller blue bear. He is actually one half of an entity called the Cosmic Bear.\nManboy[edit]\nManboy (voiced by Maurice LaMarche) is a short man with super strength and a magical beard (similar to Sedusa's hair) and has a tall wood figure that he uses in battle. Introduced in the 2016 series, he is an enemy to the Powerpuff Girls, mainly to Buttercup, because he is incredibly sexist and constantly declares men are superior to women. He is eventually revealed to be a child who gained an adult body when he got his powers.\nThe Fashionistas[edit]\nBianca and Barbarus Bikini (voiced by Lily Vonnegut (Bianca) and Natalie Palamides (Barbarus' vocal effects)) are a stylish pair respectively consisting of a human and gorilla. Bianca was initially chosen to be the new assistant of the Mayor, before being found out. They have an offshore hideout. Bianca replaces Sedusa as the main villainess in the reboot.[17]\nJemmica/Jemoir[edit]\nJemmica (voiced by Anais Fairweather) is a thief who presents herself as a treasure-hunting adventurer but had actually stolen artifacts from archeological digs. It is revealed in \"Total Eclipse of the Kart\" that she is actually ancient evil Jemoire, Queen of the Storms and she was ultimately stopped when she was frozen by a freeze ray.\nSilico[edit]\nThe mysterious villain Silico (voiced by Jason Spisak) first appears in the episode \"Viral Spiral\", where he offers the Amoeba Boys a way to destroy the internet and finally become big-name villains. In \"Halt and Catch Silico\", he uses a social media news website Muck Bucket to post false news stories about the Powerpuff Girls. The Powerpuff Girls confront him in his lair and he reveals that he was originally a lonely kid who built toy robot friends to keep him company, however, they were accidentally destroyed when a monster the Powerpuff Girls defeated fell on his house, causing him to swear revenge against the Powerpuff Girls, whom he held responsible due to their carelessness. The Powerpuff Girls manage to defeat him when he unwisely calls Blossom \"unorganized\", but it turns out to be a hologram he created. In \"Take Your Kids to Dooms Day\", he steals a power suit to fight the Powerpuff Girls before being defeated by the Professor. In \"The Trouble with Bubbles\", he hacks a robotic clone of Bubbles to destroy the Powerpuff Girls, but Robo-Bubbles sacrifices herself to defeat him before she explodes. He survives an explosion and disguises himself as the Professor to replace him. In the Episode \"Lights Out!\", he disguises as Bliss and gave everyone in Townsville, the Butley. He shuts down the power, and mind-controlled everyone in Townsville to antagonize and destroy the Powerpuff Girls, even Bliss too. But was stopped by Bubbles by giving him a modified Butley, he appears to drop a bomb on the girls and leaves the library to explode. Later, he was escorted to jail for his crimes.\nNotes[edit]\n^ According to Cartoon Network's Powerpuff Girls characters page, the name of this group of villains is the \"Ganggreen Gang\";[10] however, the official Powerpuff Girls magazine refers to them as \"the Gangreen Gang\",[14] as well as the series episodes.[15]\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c d e The Powerpuff Girls: Who, What, Where, How, Why... Who Cares?. 2009.\n^ a b Wineman, Daniel (November 15, 1998). \"SIGNOFF; Never Underestimate the Power of a Puff\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2011.\n^ McCracken, Craig (January 20, 2008). \"1st PPG Drawing\". CMcC's DeviantArt Gallery. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.\n^ a b Lenburg, Jeff (2006). Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award-winning and Legendary Animators. Hal Leonard Corporation. p.231. ISBN978-1-55783-671-7. Retrieved May 31, 2011.\n^ \"Spike and Mike's A Brief History\". SpikeandMike.com. July 3, 2011. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2014.\n^ \"Animator Profile: CRAIG McCRACKEN\". CartoonNetwork.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2007.\n^ DeMott, Rick (October 2000). \"The Powerpuff Girls' Phenomenal Merchandising Mantra\". Animation World Magazine. 5 (7). Animation World Network. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2011.\n^ Townsend, Emru (Summer 1995). \"Craig McCracken on Stupid Dogs and Powerful Girls\". Frames per Second Magazine (6). Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011.\n^ Lloyd, Robert (November 22, 2000). \"Beyond Good and Evil: To the utterly adorable kicking superheroics of the Powerpuff Girls!\". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2011.\n^ a b c d e f g \"The Powerpuff Girls Characters\". www.cartoonnetwork.com. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved 2018-02-22.\n^ \"Mitch Rocks\". Primal Screen. Retrieved January 5, 2021.\n^ So spelled on the title-card the first Powerpuff Girls episode, \"Meat [sic] Fuzzy Lumpkins also appears in the series\n^ \"Who inspired Him?\". Toonzone. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved 2011-06-28.\n^ The Powerpuff Girls Powerzine. Cartoon Network. 2000. p.85. ISBN00-74470-77903-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)\n^ \"The Gangreen Gang by Chris Battle\". Archived from the original on 2020-09-09. Retrieved September 8, 2020.\n^ Staley, Brandon (May 31, 2018). \"The Gorillaz's New Band Member is a Powerpuff Girls Character\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2018-12-19.\n^ a b Brown, Tracy (4 April 2016). \"New 'Powerpuff Girls' packs a bigger character punch than the original\". Los Angeles Times.\nvteThe Powerpuff GirlsSeries\n1998 series\nepisodes\nsoundtracks\nThe Powerpuff Girls Movie\nZ\nepisodes\n2016 series\nepisodes\nCharacters\nBlossom\nPowerpuff Girls Z\nBliss\nVideo games\nBad Mojo Jojo\nPaint the Townsville Green\nChemical X-Traction\nRelish Rampage\nRelated\nCartoon Network Racing\nCartoon Network: Punch Time Explosion\nFusionFall\nLego Dimensions\nRelated\nLego The Powerpuff Girls\nWhat a Cartoon!\nCartoon Cartoons\n\"Angels with Dirty Faces\"\n\"New Jeans\"\nCategory\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Powerpuff_Girls_characters&oldid=1226114066\"\nCategories: Lists of characters in American television animationThe Powerpuff Girls charactersThe Powerpuff Girls listsHanna-Barbera characters1990s television-related lists2000s television-related lists2010s television-related lists2020s television-related listsTelevision characters introduced in 1992Animated characters introduced in 1992Television characters introduced in 1995Animated characters introduced in 1995Television characters introduced in 1998Animated characters introduced in 1998Television characters introduced in 2006Television characters introduced in 2016Lists of anime and manga charactersHidden categories: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errorsArticles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataAll articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from October 2023\nThis page was last edited on 28 May 2024, at 16:45(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. 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Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Powerpuff_Girls_characters" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Professor Utonium | FusionFall Wiki | Fandom\nFusionFall Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nRetro\nCharacters\nCartoons Represented\nNPCs\nNPC groups\nTransportation\nMonkey Skyway Agent\nS.C.A.M.P.E.R.\nSlider\nWhoosh\nKumari Serpent\nItems\nWeapons\nArmors\nAccessories\nVehicles\nNanos\nFusions\nFusion Monsters\nMonsters by level\nMonsters by location\nMonsters by type\nMissions\nRetro World Missions\nFuture World Missions\nPast World Missions\nGuide Missions\nFuture Guide Missions\nDexter Guide Missions\nBen Guide Missions\nEdd Guide Missions\nMojo Jojo Guide Missions\nRetro Nano Missions\nOG\nTransportation\nMagical Toadstool\nAreas\nNull Void\nProvidence HQ\nMt. 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Neverest\nOG Missions\nOG World Missions\nOG Nano Missions\nOG Nanos\nGames\nOriginal\nRetro\nLegacy\nLegacy Wikia\nHeroes\nCommunity\nRules and polices\nBlocking Policy\nBlog guidelines\nProtected Page Policy\nImage Policy\nManual of Style\nUser guidelines\nAdministrators\nBlog posts\nInteraction\nCommunity forum\nWikia Help\nThe Basics\nHelp on Editing\nAccount Help\nGettin' Technical\nFAQ\nin:\nHumans, Males, Nanos, The Powerpuff Girls NPCs\nProfessor Utonium\nEdit\nEdit source\nView history\nTalk (1)\nMain pageQuotesGallery\nProfessor Utonium\n Series The Powerpuff Girls\n Location The Past Genius Grove\n Status The Past AliveThe Future Unknown\n Relatives Blossom (Daughter/Creation)Buttercup (Daughter/Creation)Bubbles (Daughter/Creation)\n Nano Item Calculator\n Appearance \nSpecies Human\nGender MaleHair Color BlackEye Color Black\n Voiced by Tom Kane\n Nano Information \n Level 12 (Retro) 08 (Academy)\nCosmix\nDrain - Point\nProf. Protection\nThe Prof.'s parental instincts kick in as he hits a monster for more damage.\nJump - Group\nRocket Pack\nUsing his Powerproof Rocket Pack, Utonium gives your group a jump boost!\nRocket - Self\nUtonium Zoom\nUsing the power of science, the Professor will propel you upward. Even in midair!\nProfessor Utonium is a NPC in Cartoon Network Universe: FusionFall and its fan revivals. He is a briliant human scientist specializing in genetics and the creator of the Powerpuff Girls, having made them using sugar, spice and everything nice, plus the extra ingredient Chemical X.[1][2]\nThe loss of his daughter Buttercup a year ago has takes a terrible toll on the professor, who refuses to believe that she is gone. Professor Utonium's fatherly instincts have as well fueled his friendship with boy genius, Dexter. Following the beginning of the Fusion Invasion, their relationship strengthens, as they combine their efforts to study the invading enemy.[1]\nContents\n1 History\n1.1 FusionFall: Worlds Collide\n1.2 Cartoon Network Universe: FusionFall\n1.2.1 Fusion Invasion\n1.2.1.1 The Past\n2 Personality\n3 Powers and abilities\n4 Missions\n4.1 Past World Missions\n4.2 Past Nano Mission\n5 Game changes\n5.1 Retrobution\n6 Origin\n7 References\n8 External links\nHistory[]\nFusionFall: Worlds Collide[]\nIn the manga, the professor seems unaware of Computress' secret crush on him as they deal with the Terrafuser.\nCartoon Network Universe: FusionFall[]\nFusion Invasion[]\nIn the Future, the Professor had seemingly disappeared alongside the majority of the Powerpuff Girls.[3]\nThe Past[]\nProfessor Utonium\nIn the Past, he is found at Genius Grove, alongside Dee Dee and Numbuh Five by Dexter's old home in the past. Because Buttercup is his daughter, he is very sorrowful about nearly losing her after her last fight with Mojo before Fuse's arrival, but isvery happy when the player tells him about what happened to her during the \"I'm Still Standing\" mission given by Buttercup at Marquee Row.\nWhile Blossom was making a picnic, the Professor's house was attacked by Gravel Golems. They destroy his communications equipment and he is unable to tell Blossom he was going to be late for the picnic. The player defeats the Gravel Golems and returns some stolen equipment to the Professor. He repairs his communications device so he can apologize to Blossom. He even gives her presents to make up for it.\nProfessor Utonium suspects Father of working with Fuse. After some investigation in Peach Creek Estates, it is determined that Father is studying. The Professor later finds the Fusion who is threatening to terrafuse Pokey Oaks, Fusion Bubbles. He mistakes this Fusion for the real Bubbles and yells at the player to stop attacking her. He quickly realizes his mistake and attributes his outburst to the loss of Buttercup.\nPersonality[]\nUtonium has a strong capacity for love and always makes sure his daughters are all right. This has led him to falsely identify Fusion Bubbles as the real Bubbles in a clouded battlefield. This folly makes Father point out that the Professor's \"sentimental heart\" is his weakness.\nPowers and abilities[]\nGenius-level Intellect: A certified scientist specializing in genetics,[1] Utonium possesses a brilliant mind.[2] Notably, he has been able to create superhuman lifeforms from ingredients as simple as sugar, spice and everything nice by combining them with Chemical X.[1] In fact, he is said to be almost as intelligent as the world-renoved inventor, Dexter.[4]\nMissions[]\nPast World Missions[]\n\"Blossom's Picnic Panic (Part 3 of 4)\"\n\"Blossom's Picnic Panic (Part 4 of 4)\"\n\"Of Fathers and Fusions (Part 1 of 3)\"\n\"Of Fathers and Fusions (Part 3 of 3)\"\n\"One Spooky Fusion (Part 1 of 4)\"\n\"New Creep in Town (Part 2 of 3)\"\n\"Nuclear Bore (Part 2 of 2)\"\n\"Beautification Mutation (Part 3 of 6)\"\n\"Beautification Mutation (Part 4 of 6)\"\nPast Nano Mission[]\n\"Mutation Abomination\"\nGame changes[]\nRetrobution[]\nOn 24 March 2024, the following changes were made:\nProfessor Utonium received a new character texture and message box icon.\nThe Prof. Utonium Nano received an updated character texture and Nano icon.\nOrigin[]\nProfessor Utonium, from The Powerpuff Girls.\nProfessor Utonium originates from the 1998 American superhero animated television series The Powerpuff Girls. In that media, he is the deuteragonist of the show. A certified professor that teaches classes in quantum physics and micro-nuclear fusion at Townsville Research Center, he is the best known as the scientist who created the Powerpuff Girls. The professor is supportive and kind towards his daughters, if not a little overprotective, but will be firm when the situation calls for it. However, he can be skittish and lacking in common sense at times. A running gag is also that his best creations are made by accident.\nAs a child in the 1950s, the professor had no interest in science. When he was saved from a time-traveling Mojo Jojo by the Powerpuff Girls however, he was inspired by the sight of the girls to study science in order to learn what they were. As an adult, during a time where Townsville was overrun by crime, the professor sought to make the perfect little girls to raise and make the city better. However, his assistant, Jojo, caused him to add Chemical X to his formula, resulting in the Powerpuff Girls' birth. Though he quickly took the girls in, he struggled with the city's reception to them until they won over the citizens' favor. Since then, the Professor has been raising the Powerpuff Girls and supporting them in their war against crime.\nReferences[]\n 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3\nCartoon Network Universe: FusionFall. Cartoon Network Universe: FusionFall: About FusionFall/Game Details. Cartoon Network. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010.\"Professor Utonium: A scientist specializing in genetics, Professor Utonium created the Powerpuff Girls from sugar, spice and everything nice, plus the extra ingredient Chemical X. Of course, the loss of Buttercup takes a terrible toll on the professor, who refuses to believe that she is gone. Professor Utonium's fatherly instincts have fueled his friendship with boy genius, Dexter. After Planet Fusion arrives, their relationship strengthens, as they combine their efforts to study the invading enemy.\"\n 2.0 2.1 OpenFusion (18 August 2020) (PC). Mission:Genius Groves, Candy Coves (Part 2 of 5). \"Ranger Joey: Professor Utonium is the brilliant scientist who created the Powerpuff Girls with his amazing Chemical X. We need you to get his calculator for research into improving Professor Utonium Nanos. Go see him in Genius Grove.\"\n OpenFusion (18 August 2020) (PC). Area/level:Pokey Oaks South (The Future). \"Gotta Getta: No Powerpuff Girls in sight. No Professor Utonium, either.\"\n OpenFusion (18 August 2020) (PC). Area/level:Genius Grove. \"Dexbot Q-52: Professor Utonium is almost as intelligent as Dexter.\"\nExternal links[]\nProfessor Utonium (1998 TV series) at Powerpuff Girls Wiki\nCategories\nCategories:\nHumans\nMales\nNanos\nThe Powerpuff Girls NPCs\nAdd category\nCancel\nSave\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore FusionFall Wiki\n1\nOpenFusion\n2\nFusionFall Legacy\n3\nCharacters\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nFusionFall Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://fusionfall.fandom.com/wiki/Professor_Utonium" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Professor Utonium | The Powerpuff Girls: Action Time Wiki | Fandom\nThe Powerpuff Girls: Action Time Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nWiki Content\nRecently Changed Pages\nHIM\nBerserk\nBrat\nBrute\nButch\nBlair\nBossy Pants\nCharacters\nBrat\nButtercup\nBlossom (character)\nBlossom Akatsutsumi\nAmi Goutokuji\nBlight\nToon Fantasy\nLiving characters\nBrat\nBerserk\nBubbles\nButtercup\nBlossom (character)\nBlight\nToon Fantasy\nCommunity\nHelp\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nThe Powerpuff Girls: Action Time Wiki\n697pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nWiki Content\nRecently Changed Pages\nHIM\nBerserk\nBrat\nBrute\nButch\nBlair\nBossy Pants\nCharacters\nBrat\nButtercup\nBlossom (character)\nBlossom Akatsutsumi\nAmi Goutokuji\nBlight\nToon Fantasy\nLiving characters\nBrat\nBerserk\nBubbles\nButtercup\nBlossom (character)\nBlight\nToon Fantasy\nCommunity\nHelp\nin:\nCharacters, Male characters, Movies,\nand\n9 more\nSeasons\nSpecials\nLiving characters\nPowerpuff Girls Characters\nCrossovers\nHumans\nPowerpuff Girls D\nGrim Tales Characters\nToon Fantasy\nProfessor Utonium\nEdit\nEdit source\nView history\nTalk (0)\nProfessor Utonium\nFamily\nBlossom, Bubbles, Buttercup, Eugene (Brother)\nLikes\nHis girls, The Rowdyruff Boys, Anna Goldman, science, golf\nDislikes\nOppressor Plutonium, Brat, Brute, his girls getting hurt, liver & onions, Princess Morbucks, HIM, Mojo Jojo, Sedusa\nAge\nMid-40s to Early 60s\nHair\nBlack\nEyes\nDark Brown\nVoiced By\nTom Kane Fahey\nHeight\n6'1\nWeight\n137 lbs\nProfessor Utonium is the father-figure of The Powerpuff Girls and a genius professor. He is usually called a \"nerd\" or a \"geek\" by people. He has a rivalry with Oppressor Plutonium, the father-figure of The Powerpunk Girls. Unlike his daughters, his appearance is the same.\nContents\n1 Traits and Personality\n2 Appearance\n3 Likes\n4 Dislikes\n5 Gallery\nTraits and Personality[]\nHe has a nerd personality. He is incredibly smart and has well knowledge and intelligence. Professor is also silly, clumsy, odd, and can be very overprotective.\nHe is usually called a nerd for being extremely smart and knowledgeable. Professor is also very kind as a person, and will help people out including his daughters. Sometimes, he can be very serious. Every time his daughters aren't around, it is reveal in Season 4, he helps out with Anna Goldman teaching her science, building stuff, or making a potion. She is the only member in his lab class due to other children thinking that the Professor is a huge nerd. He approves of the Rowdyruff Boys dating his daughters after they should him that they can be trusted. He is fiercely protective of the girls, sometimes to a fault. He is a very affectionate and supportive father whose pep talks often bring the girls around when they are discouraged. While he is sometimes portrayed as rather skittish, he can be firm with the girls when he needs to (particularly when they get into physical fights). He is a keen golfer. His most successful inventions are those that he makes by accident - such as the Powerpuff Girls themselves, or the containment device seen in Bubble Boy (he says of it: \"Once again, I have no idea what I did!\"). Most inventions he creates on purpose usually don't work or have some great flaw. This extends to his cooking skills as well, the chili he made for the Townsville cook-off one year resulted in a hazmat team bordering off the house. He also doesn't like liver and onions, and neither do the Powerpuff Girls. This is hinted in A Very Special Blossom and Lying Around The House. He is also unlucky in love, examples including his previous relationships with Sedusa and Ms. Keane. Sedusa betrayed him by trying to enter the family circle so that she can punish the Powerpuff Girls so that they won't be able to stop her crime sprees. Ms. Keane didn't like Professor Utonium's dislike for cats, which is because he had \"A bad experience with one,\" in reference to the episode Cat Man Do, an experience she doesn't believe. In Criss Cross Crisis, he had swapped bodies with Buttercup. In the episode Get Back Jojo it is revealed that he went to elementary school with Ms. Bellum and Ms. Keane during the 1950s. He has blue eyes during one scene in the episode Mr. Jojo's Rising.\nAppearance[]\nProfessor Utonium wears a white lab coat, with pens in its pocket, and wears a shirt and tie, and his head is impossibly rectangular with carefully parted black hair and thick eyebrows. The Professor's voice is deep and thoughtful, exactly the sort you might expect from am an eminent scientist and/or a father figure in a 1950s TV show. In the earlier episodes, such as Monkey See, Doggy Do he was seen carrying a tobacco pipe, but this was dropped in the later episodes. In the new series, he wears black pants with black dress shoes along with a red polo with his lab coat over it.\nLikes[]\nBlossom\nBubbles\nButtercup\nBrick\nButch\nBoomer\nAnna Goldman\nMayor\nInventions\nCity of Townsville\nCreating an experiment\nCaring for and being supportive of the girls\nCreating new things\nBeing a great father of the PowerPuff Girls\nAll of his inventions\nMs. Sarah Bellum\nHis Grandchildren\nBerserk\nMs. Keane\nDislikes[]\nLiver and Onions\nSedusa\nMojo Jojo\nWatching any his daughters fighting or hitting each other\nFuzzy Lumpkins\nHis girls getting injured\nTown of Citiesville\nProfanity\nFemme Fatale\nHIM\nPrincess Morbucks\nOppressor Plutonium\nBrat\nBrute\nGallery[]\nProfessorProf.My GirlsHaving FunProfessor\"That's okay, Professor, I was an accident too!\"Talking DogRun Away, DaddyJust a normal dayRepair man, DadEyedrops of DOOMWest in Pieces\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nMale characters\nMovies\nSeasons\nSpecials\nLiving characters\nPowerpuff Girls Characters\nCrossovers\nHumans\nPowerpuff Girls D\nGrim Tales Characters\nToon Fantasy\nAdd category\nCancel\nSave\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore The Powerpuff Girls: Action Time Wiki\n1\nThe Rowdyright Boys\n2\nMs. Sarah Bellum\n3\nGangreen Gang\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nThe Powerpuff Girls: Action Time Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://blossom.fandom.com/wiki/Professor_Utonium" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Somalia - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\nToggle History subsection\n1.1Prehistory\n1.2Antiquity and classical era\n1.3Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages\n1.4Early modern era and the scramble for Africa\n1.5Independence (19601969)\n1.6Somali Democratic Republic (19691991)\n1.7Somalia Civil War\n1.8Transitional institutions\n1.9Islamic Courts Union\n1.10Transitional Federal Government\n1.11Al Shabaab insurgency\n1.12End of transitional period\n1.13Federal government\n2Geography\nToggle Geography subsection\n2.1Administrative divisions\n2.2Location\n2.3Waters\n2.4Habitat\n2.5Environment\n2.6Climate\n2.7Wildlife\n3Politics and government\nToggle Politics and government subsection\n3.1Foreign relations\n3.2Military\n3.3Human rights\n4Economy\nToggle Economy subsection\n4.1Agriculture\n4.2Monetary and payment system\n4.3Energy and natural resources\n4.4Telecommunications and media\n4.5Tourism\n4.6Transport\n5Demographics\nToggle Demographics subsection\n5.1Languages\n5.2Urban areas\n5.3Religion\n5.4Health\n5.5Education\n6Culture\nToggle Culture subsection\n6.1Cuisine\n6.2Music\n6.3Literature\n6.3.1Contemporary\n6.4Sports\n6.5Architecture\n7See also\n8Notes\n9References\n10Bibliography\n11External links\nToggle the table of contents\nSomalia\n245 languages\nAchAfrikaansAlemannischAnarkielngliscAragonsArpetanAsturianuAvae'AzrbaycancaBasa BaliBamanankanBanjar / Bn-lm-g ()Bikol CentralBislamaBoarischBosanskiBrezhonegCatalCebuanoetinaChavacano de ZamboangaChi-ChewaChiShonaChiTumbukaCorsuCymraegDagbanliDanskDavvismegiellaDeitschDeutschDin bizaadDolnoserbskiEestiEspaolEsperantoEstremeuEuskaraEegbeFarefareFiji HindiFroysktFranaisFryskFulfuldeGaeilgeGaelgGagauzGidhligGalegoGky / Gychi Konknni/Hak-k-ngHausaHawaiiHornjoserbsceHrvatskiIdoIgboIlokano Bahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueIsiZuluslenskaItalianoJawaKabyKapampanganKernowekIkinyarwandaKiswahiliKongoKotavaKreyl ayisyenKriyl gwiyannenKurdLadinLadinoLatinaLatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviLigureLimburgsLinglaLingua Franca NovaLivvinkarjalaLa .lojban.LugandaLombardMagyarMadhurMalagasyMaltiMoriBahasa Melayu Minangkabau / Mng-dng-ngNederlandsNedersaksies NordfriiskNorfuk / PitkernNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskNovialOccitan OromooOzbekcha / PangcahPapiamentuPatoisPiemontisPlattdtschPolskiPortugusQaraqalpaqshaQrmtatarcaRomnRomani hibRumantschRuna Simi SakizayaGagana SamoaSngSarduScotsSeediqSeelterskSesothoSesotho sa LeboaShqipSicilianuSimple EnglishSiSwatiSloveninaSloveninalnskiSoomaaliga / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogTaqbaylit / tatara TayalThujTrkeTrkmeneTyap / UyghurcheVahcuenghVnetoVepsn kelTing VitVolapkVroWest-VlamsWinarayWolofXitsongaYorbZazakiZeuwsemaitkaBetawiGhanaian Pidgin \nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadView sourceView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadView sourceView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikinewsWikiquoteWikivoyage\nCoordinates: 10N 49E / 10N 49E / 10; 49\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nCountry in the Horn of Africa\nFederal Republic of SomaliaJamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya(Somali) (Arabic)Jumhriyah a-ml al-Fdirliyah\nFlag\nCoat of arms\nAnthem:Qolobaa Calankeed \"Every Nation Has Its Own Flag\"Capitaland largest cityMogadishu22N 4521E / 2.033N 45.350E / 2.033; 45.350OfficiallanguagesSomali, Arabic[1]Ethnicgroups (2021)[1][2]\nSomali 85%\nOther 15%\nReligion Sunni Islam (official)[1]Demonym(s)Somali[1]GovernmentFederal parliamentary constitutional republicPresident Hassan Sheikh MohamudPrime Minister Hamza Abdi BarreSpeaker of the Senate Abdi Hashi AbdullahiSpeaker of the House Aden Madobe\nLegislatureFederal ParliamentUpper houseSenateLower houseHouse of the PeopleHistoryLand of Punt 2350 BCEMacrobia 1000 BCEBarbaria 100 BCEAdal Kingdom 9th centurySultanate of Mogadishu 10th centurySultanate of Ifat 13th centuryAjuran Sultanate 13th centuryHiraab Imamate 16th centurySultanate of the Geledi 1695-1911Majeerteen Sultanate 16481927Sultanate of Hobyo 18781927British Somaliland 1884Italian Somaliland 1889Independence and union with the State of Somaliland 1 July 1960Current constitution 1 August 2012\nArea Total637,657[1]km2 (246,201sqmi) (43rd)Population2022 estimate17,597,511[3] (78th)Density27.2[4]/km2 (70.4/sqmi) (199th)GDP(PPP)2023estimateTotal $34.03 billion[5] (145th)Per capita $2,060[5] (181st)GDP(nominal)2023estimateTotal $12.8 billion[5] (152nd)Per capita $775[5] (178th)HDI(2022)0.380[6]low(193rd)CurrencySomali shilling (SOS)Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)Driving siderightCalling code+252ISO 3166 codeSOInternet TLD.so\nSomalia,[a] officially the Federal Republic of Somalia,[b] is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is on the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti[11] to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland.[12] Somalia has an estimated population of around 17.1 million,[13][14] of which over 2 million live in the capital and largest city Mogadishu. Around 85% of its residents are ethnic Somalis.[1] The official languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic,[1] though the former is the primary language. The people of Somalia are Muslims,[15] the majority of them Sunni.[16]\nIn antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial center.[17][18] During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Ajuran Sultanate, Adal Sultanate, Imamate of Awsame, and the Sultanate of the Geledi. In the late 19th century, Somali sultanates were colonized by the Italian and British Empires,[19][20][21] who merged all of these tribal territories into two colonies: Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland.[22][23] In 1960, the two territories united to form the independent Somali Republic under a civilian government.[24] Siad Barre of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic, brutally attempting to squash the Somaliland War of Independence in the north of the country.[25] The SRC collapsed in 1991 with the onset of the Somali Civil War.[26] The Transitional National Government of Somalia (TNG) was established in 2000, followed by the formation of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (TFG) in 2004, which reestablished the Somali Armed Forces.[1][27]\nIn 2006, with a US-backed Ethiopian intervention, the TFG assumed control of most of the nation's southern conflict zones from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The ICU subsequently splintered into more radical groups, including the jihadist group al-Shabaab, which battled the TFG and its AMISOM allies for control of the region.[1] By mid-2012, the insurgents had lost most of the territory they had seized, and a search for more permanent democratic institutions began.[28] Despite this, insurgents still control much of central and southern Somalia,[29][30] and wield influence in government-controlled areas,[30] with the town of Jilib acting as the de facto capital for the insurgents.[29][31] A new provisional constitution was passed in August 2012,[32][33] reforming Somalia as a federation.[34] The same month, the Federal Government of Somalia was formed[35] and a period of reconstruction began in Mogadishu, despite al-Shabaab frequently carrying out attacks there.[28][36]\nSomalia is among the least developed countries in the world, as evidenced by its ranking in metrics such as GDP per capita,[37] Human Development Index,[38] and the Fragile States Index.[39] It has maintained an informal economy mainly based on livestock, remittances from Somalis working abroad, and telecommunications.[40] It is a member of the United Nations,[41] the Arab League,[42] African Union,[43] Non-Aligned Movement,[44] East African Community,[45] and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[46]\nHistory\nMain article: History of Somalia\nPrehistory\nNeolithic rock art at the Laas Geel complex depicting a long-horned cow.\nSomalia was likely one of the first lands to be settled by early humans due to its location. Hunter-gatherers who would later migrate out of Africa likely settled here before their migrations.[47] During the Stone Age, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished here.[48][49][50][47][51][52] The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to the 4th millennium BCE.[53] The stone implements from the Jalelo site in the north were also characterized in 1909 as important artifacts demonstrating the archaeological universality during the Paleolithic between the East and the West.[54]\nAccording to linguists, the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing Neolithic period from the family's proposed urheimat (\"original homeland\") in the Nile Valley,[55] or the Near East.[56]\nThe Laas Geel complex on the outskirts of Hargeisa in northwestern Somalia dates back approximately 5,000 years, and has rock art depicting both wild animals and decorated cows.[57] Other cave paintings are found in the northern Dhambalin region, which feature one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback. The rock art is dated to 1,000 to 3,000 BCE.[58][59] Additionally, between the towns of Las Khorey and El Ayo in northern Somalia lies Karinhegane, the site of numerous cave paintings, which collectively have been estimated to be around 2,500 years old.[60][61]\nAntiquity and classical era\nMain articles: Somali Architecture and Sesea\nAncient pyramidical structures, mausoleums, ruined cities and stone walls, such as the Wargaade Wall, are evidence of an old civilization that once thrived in the Somali peninsula.[62][63] This civilization enjoyed a trading relationship with ancient Egypt and Mycenaean Greece since the second millennium BCE, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient Land of Punt.[62][64] The Puntites native to the region traded myrrh, spices, gold, ebony, short-horned cattle, ivory and frankincense with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese and Romans through their commercial ports. An Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut is recorded on the temple reliefs at Deir el-Bahari, during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati.[62]\nIn the classical era, the Macrobians, who may have been ancestral to Somalis, established a powerful tribal kingdom that ruled large parts of modern Somalia. They were reputed for their longevity and wealth, and were said to be the \"tallest and handsomest of all men\".[65] The Macrobians were warrior herders and seafarers. According to Herodotus' account, the Persian Emperor Cambyses II, upon his conquest of Egypt in 525 BC, sent ambassadors to Macrobia, bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission. The Macrobian ruler, who was elected based on his stature and beauty, replied instead with a challenge for his Persian counterpart in the form of an unstrung bow: if the Persians could manage to draw it, they would have the right to invade his country; but until then, they should thank the gods that the Macrobians never decided to invade their empire.[65][66] The Macrobians were a regional power reputed for their advanced architecture and gold wealth, which was so plentiful that they shackled their prisoners in golden chains.[66] The camel is believed to have been domesticated in the Horn region sometime between the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE. From there, it spread to Egypt and the Maghreb.[67]\nDuring the classical period, the Barbara city-states also known as sesea of Mosylon, Opone, Mundus, Isis, Malao, Avalites, Essina, Nikon and Sarapion developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from Ptolemaic Egypt, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia, Parthian Persia, Saba, the Nabataean Kingdom, and the Roman Empire. They used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the beden to transport their cargo.\nThe Beden is a fast, ancient Somali single or double-masted maritime ship.\nAfter the Roman conquest of the Nabataean Empire and the Roman naval presence at Aden to curb piracy, Arab and Somali merchants agreed with the Romans to bar Indian ships from trading in the free port cities of the Arabian peninsula[68] to protect the interests of Somali and Arab merchants in the lucrative commerce between the Red and Mediterranean Seas.[69] However, Indian merchants continued to trade in the port cities of the Somali peninsula, which was free from Roman interference.[70] For centuries, Indian merchants brought large quantities of cinnamon to Somalia and Arabia from Ceylon and the Spice Islands. The source of the cinnamon and other spices is said to have been the best-kept secret of Arab and Somali merchants in their trade with the Roman and Greek world; the Romans and Greeks believed the source to have been the Somali peninsula.[71] The collusive agreement among Somali and Arab traders inflated the price of Indian and Chinese cinnamon in North Africa, the Near East, and Europe, and made the cinnamon trade a very profitable revenue generator, especially for the Somali merchants.[69]\nBirth of Islam and the Middle Ages\nMain articles: Somali aristocratic and court titles, Ifat Sultanate, Walashma dynasty, Sultanate of Mogadishu, Adal Sultanate, and Ajuran Sultanate\nThe Silk Road extending from China to southern Europe, Arabia, Somalia, Egypt, Persia, India, and Java.\nIslam was introduced to the area early on by the first Muslims of Mecca fleeing prosecution during the first Hejira with Masjid al-Qiblatayn in Zeila being built before the Qiblah towards Mecca. It is one of the oldest mosques in Africa.[72] In the late 9th century, Al-Yaqubi wrote that Muslims were living along the northern Somali seaboard.[73] He also mentioned that the Adal Kingdom had its capital in the city.[73][74] According to Leo Africanus, the Adal Sultanate was governed by local Somali dynasties and its realm encompassed the geographical area between the Bab el Mandeb and Cape Guardafui. It was thus flanked to the south by the Ajuran Empire and to the west by the Abyssinian Empire.[75]\nThroughout the Middle Ages, Arab immigrants arrived in Somaliland, a historical experience which would later lead to the legendary stories about Muslim sheikhs such as Daarood and Ishaaq bin Ahmed (the purported ancestors of the Darod and Isaaq clans, respectively) travelling from Arabia to Somalia and marrying into the local Dir clan.[76]\nIn 1332, the Zeila-based King of Adal was slain in a military campaign aimed at halting Abyssinian emperor Amda Seyon I's march toward the city.[77] When the last Sultan of Ifat, Sa'ad ad-Din II, was also killed by Emperor Dawit I in Zeila in 1410, his children escaped to Yemen, before returning in 1415.[78] In the early 15th century, Adal's capital was moved further inland to the town of Dakkar, where Sabr ad-Din II, the eldest son of Sa'ad ad-Din II, established a new base after his return from Yemen.[79][80]\nStatue of Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, Imam of the Adal Empire.\nAdal's headquarters were again relocated the following century, this time southward to Harar. From this new capital, Adal organised an effective army led by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad \"Gurey\" or \"Gran\"; both meaning \"the left-handed\") and his closest top general Garad Hirabu \"Emir Of The Somalis that invaded the Abyssinian empire.[80] This 16th-century campaign is historically known as the Conquest of Abyssinia (Futuh al-Habash). During the war, Imam Ahmad pioneered the use of cannons supplied by the Ottoman Empire, which he imported through Zeila and deployed against Abyssinian forces and their Portuguese allies led by Cristvo da Gama.[81]\nDuring the Ajuran Sultanate period, the city-states and republics of Merca, Mogadishu, Barawa, Hobyo and their respective ports flourished and had a lucrative foreign commerce with ships sailing to and from Arabia, India, Venetia,[82] Persia, Egypt, Portugal, and as far away as China. Vasco da Gama, who passed by Mogadishu in the 15th century, noted that it was a large city with houses several storeys high and large palaces in its centre, in addition to many mosques with cylindrical minarets.[83] The Harla, an early Hamitic group of tall stature who inhabited parts of Somalia, Tchertcher and other areas in the Horn, also erected various tumuli.[84] These masons are believed to have been ancestral to ethnic Somalis.[85]The Ajuran Sultanate maintained commercial ties with the Ming dynasty and other kingdoms.\nIn the 16th century, Duarte Barbosa noted that many ships from the Kingdom of Cambaya in modern-day India sailed to Mogadishu with cloth and spices, for which they in return received gold, wax and ivory. Barbosa also highlighted the abundance of meat, wheat, barley, horses, and fruit on the coastal markets, which generated enormous wealth for the merchants.[86] Mogadishu, the center of a thriving textile industry known as toob benadir (specialized for the markets in Egypt, among other places[87]), together with Merca and Barawa, also served as a transit stop for Swahili merchants from Mombasa and Malindi and for the gold trade from Kilwa.[88] Jewish merchants from the Hormuz brought their Indian textile and fruit to the Somali coast in exchange for grain and wood.[89]\nTrading relations were established with Malacca in the 15th century,[90] with cloth, ambergris and porcelain being the main commodities of the trade.[91] Giraffes, zebras and incense were exported to the Ming Empire of China, which established Somali merchants as leaders in the commerce between East Asia and the Horn.[92] Hindu merchants from Surat and Southeast African merchants from Pate, seeking to bypass both the Portuguese India blockade ( and later the Omani interference), used the Somali ports of Merca and Barawa (which were out of the two powers' direct jurisdiction) to conduct their trade in safety and without interference.[93]\nEarly modern era and the scramble for Africa\nMain articles: Geledi sultanate, Isaaq Sultanate, Sultanate of Hobyo, and Dervish movement (Somali)\nSee also: Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland\nSultan of Ajuran Olol Dinle and his delegation, in Benito Mussolini's Italy, during the festivities of Adolf Hitler's visit to Rome, 1938.\nIn the early modern period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate and Ajuran Sultanate began to flourish in Somalia. These included the Hiraab Imamate, the Isaaq Sultanate led by the Guled dynasty,[94] the Habr Yunis Sultanate led by the Ainanshe dynasty,[19] the Sultanate of the Geledi (Gobroon dynasty), the Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia), and the Sultanate of Hobyo (Obbia). They continued the tradition of castle-building and seaborne trade established by previous Somali empires.\nSultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, the third Sultan of the House of Gobroon, started the golden age of the Gobroon Dynasty. His army came out victorious during the Bardheere Jihad, which restored stability in the region and revitalized the East African ivory trade. He also had cordial relations and received gifts from the rulers of neighbouring and distant kingdoms such as the Omani, Witu and Yemeni Sultans.\nSultan Ibrahim's son Ahmed Yusuf succeeded him as one of the most important figures in 19th-century East Africa, receiving tribute from Omani governors and creating alliances with important Muslim families on the East African coast.\nLeaders of the Isaaq clan photographed in Hargeisa in 1958 during the Duke & Duchess of Gloucester's visit to Somaliland\nIn Somalland, the Isaaq Sultanate was established in 1750. The Isaaq Sultanate was a Somali kingdom that ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries.[94] It spanned the territories of the Isaaq clan, descendants of the Banu Hashim clan,[95] in modern-day Somaliland and Ethiopia. The sultanate was governed by the Rer Guled branch established by the first sultan, Sultan Guled Abdi, of the Eidagale clan.[96][97][98] According to oral tradition, prior to the Guled dynasty the Isaaq clan-family were ruled by a dynasty of the Tolje'lo branch starting from, descendants of Ahmed nicknamed Tol Je'lo, the eldest son of Sheikh Ishaaq's Harari wife. There were eight Tolje'lo rulers in total, starting with Boqor Harun (Somali: Boqor Haaruun) who ruled the Isaaq Sultanate for centuries starting from the 13th century.[99][100] The last Tolje'lo ruler Garad Dhuh Barar (Somali: Dhuux Baraar) was overthrown by a coalition of Isaaq clans. The once strong Tolje'lo clan were scattered and took refuge amongst the Habr Awal with whom they still mostly live.[101][102]\nIn the late 19th century, after the Berlin Conference of 1884, European powers began the Scramble for Africa. In that year, a British protectorate was declared over part of Somalia, on the African coast opposite South Yemen.[103] Initially, this region was under the control of the Indian Office, and so administered as part of the Indian Empire; in 1898 it was transferred to control by London.[103] In 1889, the protectorate and later colony of Italian Somalia was officially established by Italy through various treaties signed with a number of chiefs and sultans;[104] Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid first sent a request to Italy in late December 1888 to make his Sultanate of Hobyo an Italian protectorate before later signing a treaty in 1889.[105]\nHobyo Sultanate cavalry and fort\nThe Dervish movement successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region.[106] The Darawiish defeated the Italian, British, Abyssinian colonial powers on numerous occasions, most notably, the 1903 victory at Cagaarweyne commanded by Suleiman Aden Galaydh,[107] forcing the British Empire to retreat to the coastal region in the late 1900s.[108] The Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 by British airpower.[109]\nThe dawn of fascism in the early 1920s heralded a change of strategy for Italy, as the north-eastern sultanates were soon to be forced within the boundaries of La Grande Somalia (\"Greater Somalia\") according to the plan of Fascist Italy. With the arrival of Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi on 15 December 1923, things began to change for that part of Somaliland known as Italian Somaliland. The last piece of land acquired by Italy in Somalia was Oltre Giuba, present-day Jubaland region, in 1925.[105]Statue of Muhammed Abdullah Hassan, Leader of the Dervishes.The Italians began local infrastructure projects, including the construction of hospitals, farms and schools.[110] Fascist Italy, under Benito Mussolini, attacked Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935, with an aim to colonize it. The invasion was condemned by the League of Nations, but little was done to stop it or to liberate occupied Ethiopia. In 1936, Italian Somalia was integrated into Italian East Africa, alongside Eritrea and Ethiopia, as the Somalia Governorate. On 3 August 1940, Italian troops, including Somali colonial units, crossed from Ethiopia to invade British Somaliland, and by 14 August, succeeded in taking Berbera from the British.[citation needed]\nA British force, including troops from several African countries, launched the campaign in January 1941 from Kenya to liberate British Somaliland and Italian-occupied Ethiopia and conquer Italian Somaliland. By February most of Italian Somaliland was captured and, in March, British Somaliland was retaken from the sea. The forces of the British Empire operating in Somaliland comprised the three divisions of South African, West African, and East African troops. They were assisted by Somali forces led by Abdulahi Hassan with Somalis of the Isaaq, Dhulbahante, and Warsangali clans prominently participating. The number of Italian Somalis began to decline after World War II, with fewer than 10,000 remaining in 1960.[111]\nIndependence (19601969)\nMain articles: State of Somaliland, Somali Republic, Greater Somalia, and Somali Youth League\nFollowing World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland as the Trust Territory of Somaliland, on the condition first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL)that Somalia achieve independence within ten years.[112][113] British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960.[111]Mogadishu, capital of Italian Somaliland, with the Catholic Cathedral at the center and the Arch monument in honor of King Umberto I of Italy.To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in Western political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated in political administrative development. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would later cause serious difficulties integrating the two parts.[114]An avenue in downtown Mogadishu in 1963.Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis,[115] the British returned the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably protected by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Somali Region to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against possible advances by the French.[116]\nBritain included the conditional provision that the Somali residents would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over the area. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over.[112] Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists.[117][118] This was despite a plebiscite in which, according to a British colonial commission, almost all of the territory's ethnic Somalis favored joining the newly formed Somali Republic.[119]\nA referendum was held in neighbouring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans.[120] There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls.[121]\nThe majority of those who voted 'no' were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later.[120] Djibouti finally gained independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a 'yes' vote in the referendum of 1976, eventually became Djibouti's first president (19771999).[120]\nPresident Aden Adde alongside Prime minister Abdirashiid Ali Sharmarke praying Eid in 1964 at Arba'a Rukun Mosque.\nOn 1 July 1960, five days after the former British Somaliland protectorate obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, the territory united with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic,[122] albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain.[123][124] A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal with other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic, and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become president from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, was ratified popularly by the people of Somalia under Italian trusteeship, Most of the people from the former Somaliland Protectorate did not participate in the referendum, although only a small number of Somalilanders who participated the referendum voted against the new constitution,[125] which was first drafted in 1960.[24] In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Egal would later become the President of the autonomous Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia.\nOn 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'tat on 21 October 1969, in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army.[126]\nSomali Democratic Republic (19691991)\nMain articles: Somali Democratic Republic and 1969 Somali coup d'tat\nMohamed Ainanshe Guled in North Korea meeting President Kim Il Sung 1970\nAlongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Brigadier General Mohamed Ainanshe Guled, Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. Kediye officially held the title \"Father of the Revolution\", and Barre shortly afterwards became the head of the SRC.[127] The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic,[128][129] dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.[130]\nThe revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League in February, 1974.[131] That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU).[132]\nIn July 1976, Barre's SRC disbanded itself and established in its place the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), a one-party government based on scientific socialism and Islamic tenets. The SRSP was an attempt to reconcile the official state ideology with the official state religion by adapting Marxist precepts to local circumstances. Emphasis was placed on the Muslim principles of social progress, equality and justice, which the government argued formed the core of scientific socialism and its own accent on self-sufficiency, public participation and popular control, as well as direct ownership of the means of production. While the SRSP encouraged private investment on a limited scale, the administration's overall direction was essentially communist.[130]\nIn July 1977, the Ogaden War broke out after Barre's government used a plea for national unity to justify an aggressive incorporation of the predominantly Somali-inhabited Ogaden region of Ethiopia into a Pan-Somali Greater Somalia, along with the rich agricultural lands of south-eastern Ethiopia, infrastructure, and strategically important areas as far north as Djibouti.[133] In the first week of the conflict, Somali armed forces took southern and central Ogaden and for most of the war, the Somali army scored continuous victories on the Ethiopian army and followed them as far as Sidamo. By September 1977, Somalia controlled 90% of the Ogaden and captured strategic cities such as Jijiga and put heavy pressure on Dire Dawa, threatening the train route from the latter city to Djibouti. After the siege of Harar, a massive unprecedented Soviet intervention consisting of 20,000 Cuban forces and several thousand Soviet experts came to the aid of Ethiopia's communist Derg regime. By 1978, the Somali troops were ultimately pushed out of the Ogaden. This shift in support by the Soviet Union motivated the Barre government to seek allies elsewhere. It eventually settled on the Soviets' Cold War arch-rival, the United States, which had been courting the Somali government for some time. Somalia's initial friendship with the Soviet Union and later partnership with the United States enabled it to build the largest army in Africa.[134]Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council, meeting with President of Romania Nicolae Ceauescu.A new constitution was promulgated in 1979 under which elections for a People's Assembly were held. However, Barre's Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party politburo continued to rule.[129] In October 1980, the SRSP was disbanded, and the Supreme Revolutionary Council was re-established in its place.[130] By that time, Barre's government had become increasingly unpopular. Many Somalis had become disillusioned with life under military dictatorship.\nThe regime was weakened further in the 1980s as the Cold War drew to a close and Somalia's strategic importance was diminished. The government became increasingly authoritarian, and resistance movements, encouraged by Ethiopia, sprang up across the country, eventually leading to the Somali Civil War. Among the militia groups were the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), United Somali Congress (USC), Somali National Movement (SNM) and the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), together with the non-violent political oppositions of the Somali Democratic Movement (SDM), the Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA) and the Somali Manifesto Group (SMG).\nSomalia Civil War\nMain articles: Somali Civil War, History of Somalia (19912006), Isaaq genocide, and Somaliland War of Independence\nMap of the sites related to the Isaaq genocide\nAs the moral authority of Barre's government was gradually eroded, many Somalis became disillusioned with life under military rule. By the mid-1980s, resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration had sprung up across the country. Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as locally supporting the guerrillas, especially in the northern regions. The clampdown included bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative centre of Hargeisa, a Somali National Movement (SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988.[135][136]\nThe clampdown initiated by Barre's government extended its reach beyond the initial bombings in the north to encompass various regions across the country. This reproduction of aggressive strategies aimed at stifling descent and retaining authority over the populace was a hallmark of the government's repressive actions in the South. One of the most notable instances occurred in 1991, when Barre's regime initiated a ruthless arial assault that led to the deaths of numerous innocent individuals in the town of Beledwene, situated in southern Somalia.[137] The cruelty and magnitude of this atrocity highlighted the degree to which the government was prepared to go to quash any sort of opposition or resistance, displaying a blatant disregard for human rights and the worth of human life.[138]\nAnother notable instance of Barre's repressive policies occurred in the city of Baidoa, which earned the nickname 'the city of death' due to the tragic events that unfolded there during the famine and civil war.[139] It is worth noting that hundreds of thousands of individuals lost their lives as a consequence of governmental strategies specifically aimed at the Rahanweyn community residing in these areas.[140]\nDuring 1990, in the capital city of Mogadishu, the residents were prohibited from gathering publicly in groups greater than three or four. Fuel shortages, inflation, and currency devaluation impacted the economy. A thriving black market existed in the centre of the city as banks experienced shortages of local currency for exchange. Harsh exchange control regulations were introduced to prevent export of foreign currency. Although no travel restrictions were placed on foreigners, photographing many locations was banned. During daytime in Mogadishu, the appearance of any government military force was extremely rare. Alleged late-night operations by government authorities, however, included \"disappearances\" of individuals from their homes.[141]\nIn 1991, the Barre administration was ousted by a coalition of clan-based opposition groups, backed by Ethiopia's then-ruling Derg regime and Libya.[142] Following a meeting of the Somali National Movement and northern clans' elders, the northern former British portion of the country declared its independence as the Republic of Somaliland in May 1991. Although de facto independent and relatively stable compared to the tumultuous south, it has not been recognized by any foreign government.[143][144]\nPrior to the civil war, Mogadishu was known as the \"White pearl of the Indian Ocean\".[145]\nMany of the opposition groups subsequently began competing for influence in the power vacuum that followed the ouster of Barre's regime. In the south, armed factions led by USC commanders General Mohamed Farah Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mohamed, in particular, clashed as each sought to exert authority over the capital.[146] In 1991, a multi-phased international conference on Somalia was held in neighbouring Djibouti[147] Owing to the legitimacy bestowed on Muhammad by the Djibouti conference, he was subsequently recognized by the international community as the new President of Somalia.[147] He was not able to exert his authority beyond parts of the capital. Power was instead vied with other faction leaders in the southern half of Somalia and with autonomous sub-national entities in the north.[148] The Djibouti conference was followed by two abortive agreements for national reconciliation and disarmament, which were signed by 15 political stakeholders: an agreement to hold an Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation, and the 1993 Addis Ababa Agreement made at the Conference on National Reconciliation.[citation needed]\nIn the early 1990s, due to the protracted lack of a permanent central authority, Somalia began to be characterized as a \"failed state\".[149][150][151]\nTransitional institutions\nMain articles: Transitional National Government, Transitional Federal Institutions, Transitional Federal Government, and Transitional Federal Parliament\nAbdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, president of the transitional government of Somalia\nThe Transitional National Government (TNG) was established in AprilMay 2000 at the Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC) held in Arta, Djibouti. Abdiqasim Salad Hassan was selected as the President of the nation's new Transitional National Government (TNG), an interim administration formed to guide Somalia to its third permanent republican government.[152]\nThe TNG's internal problems led to the replacement of the Prime Minister four times in three years, and the administrative body's reported bankruptcy in December 2003. Its mandate ended at the same time.[153]\nOn 10 October 2004, legislators elected Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed as the first President of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG), the Transitional National Government's successor.[154] the TFG was the second interim administration aiming to restore national institutions to Somalia after the 1991 collapse of the Siad Barre regime and the ensuing civil war.[155]\nThe Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was the internationally recognised government of Somalia until 20 August 2012, when its tenure officially ended.[35] It was established as one of the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) of government as defined in the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC) adopted in November 2004 by the Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP). The Transitional Federal Government officially comprised the executive branch of government, with the TFP serving as the legislative branch. The government was headed by the President of Somalia, to whom the cabinet reported through the Prime Minister. However, it was also used as a general term to refer to all three branches collectively.[citation needed]\nIslamic Courts Union\nSee also: Islamic Courts Union\nMap showing the ICU at the peak of its influence.\nIn 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), assumed control of much of the southern part of the country for 6 months and imposed Shari'a law. Top UN officials have referred to this brief period as a 'Golden era' in the history of Somali politics.[156][157]\nTransitional Federal Government\nSee also: Somalia War (20062009) and Battle of Mogadishu (2006)\nThe Transitional Federal Government sought to re-establish its authority, and, with the assistance of Ethiopian troops, African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States, drove out the ICU and solidified its rule.[158] On 8 January 2007, TFG President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed entered Mogadishu with the Ethiopian military support for the first time since being elected to office. The government then relocated to Villa Somalia in the capital from its interim location in Baidoa. This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country.[159]\nAl Shabaab insurgency\nSee also: Al-Shabaab (militant group)\nAl-Shabaab opposed the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia and continued an insurgency against the TFG. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had forced the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops.[160]\nOwing to a lack of funding and human resources, an arms embargo that made it difficult to re-establish a national security force, and general indifference on the part of the international community, Yusuf found himself obliged to deploy thousands of troops from Puntland to Mogadishu to sustain the battle against insurgent elements in the southern part of the country. Financial support for this effort was provided by the autonomous region's government. This left little revenue for Puntland's own security forces and civil service employees, leaving the territory vulnerable to piracy and terrorist attacks.[161][162]\nOn 29 December 2008, Yusuf announced before a united parliament in Baidoa his resignation as President of Somalia. In his speech, which was broadcast on national radio, Yusuf expressed regret at failing to end the country's seventeen-year conflict as his government had been mandated to do.[163] He also blamed the international community for their failure to support the government, and said that the speaker of parliament would succeed him in office per the Charter of the Transitional Federal Government.[164]\nEnd of transitional period\nSee also: Hizbul Islam, Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, Somali Civil War (2009present), and 2009 timeline of the War in Somalia\nBetween 31 May and 9 June 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) participated in peace talks in Djibouti brokered by the former United Nations Special Envoy to Somalia, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members, which then elected Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, as president.[1]\nPolitical and military situation in Somalia as of December 2023\nWith the help of a small team of African Union troops, the TFG began a counteroffensive in February 2009 to assume full control of the southern half of the country. To solidify its rule, the TFG formed an alliance with the Islamic Courts Union, other members of the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, and Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, a moderate Sufi militia.[165] Furthermore, Al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam, the two main Islamist groups in opposition, began to fight amongst themselves in mid-2009.[166] As a truce, in March 2009, the TFG announced that it would re-implement Shari'a as the nation's official judicial system.[167] However, conflict continued in the southern and central parts of the country. Within months, the TFG had gone from holding about 70% of south-central Somalia's conflict zones, to losing control of over 80% of the disputed territory to the Islamist insurgents.[159]\nIn October 2011, a coordinated operation, Operation Linda Nchi between the Somali and Kenyan militaries and multinational forces began against the Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia.[168][169] By September 2012, Somali, Kenyan, and Raskamboni forces had managed to capture Al-Shabaab's last major stronghold, the southern port of Kismayo.[170] In July 2012, three European Union operations were launched to engage with Somalia: EUTM Somalia, EU Naval Force Somalia Operation Atalanta off the Horn of Africa, and EUCAP Nestor.[171]\nStructure of the Federal Parliament of Somalia.\nAs part of the official \"Roadmap for the End of Transition\", a political process that provided clear benchmarks leading toward the formation of permanent democratic institutions in Somalia, the Transitional Federal Government's interim mandate ended on 20 August 2012.[28] The Federal Parliament of Somalia was concurrently inaugurated.[35]\nFederal government\nThe Federal Government of Somalia, the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war, was established in August 2012. In August 2014, the Somali government-led Operation Indian Ocean was launched against insurgent-held pockets in the countryside.[172]\nGeography\nMain article: Geography of Somalia\nSomalia is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Somali Sea and Guardafui Channel to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. With a land area of 637,657 square kilometers, Somalia's terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.[173] Its coastline is more than 3,333 kilometers in length, the longest of mainland Africa.[12] It has been described as being roughly shaped \"like a tilted number seven\".[174]\nIn the far north, the rugged eastwest ranges of the Ogo Mountains lie at varying distances from the Gulf of Aden coast. Hot conditions prevail year-round, along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.[175] Geology suggests the presence of valuable mineral deposits. Somalia is separated from Seychelles by the Somali Sea and is separated from Socotra by the Guardafui Channel.\nAdministrative divisions\nMain articles: Administrative divisions of Somalia and States and regions of Somalia\nSomalia is officially divided into eighteen regions (gobollada, singular gobol),[1] which in turn are subdivided into districts. The regions are:\nA map of Somalia's regions.\nRegions of Somalia\nRegion\nArea (km2)\nPopulation[176][177]\nCapital\nAwdal\n21,374\n1,010,566\nBorama\nBari\n70,088\n949,693\nBosaso\nNugal\n26,180\n473,940\nGarowe\nMudug\n72,933\n864,728\nGalkayo\nGalguduud\n46,126\n634,309\nDusmareb\nHiran\n31,510\n566,431\nBeledweyne\nMiddle Shabelle\n22,663\n622,660\nJowhar\nBanaadir\n370\n2,330,708\nMogadishu\nLower Shabelle\n25,285\n1,218,733\nBarawa\nTogdheer\n38,663\n962,439\nBurao\nBakool\n26,962\n383,360\nXuddur\nWoqooyi Galbeed\n28,836\n1,744,367\nHargeisa\nBay\n35,156\n1,035,904\nBaidoa\nGedo\n60,389\n566,318\nGarbahaarreey\nMiddle Juba\n9,836\n432,248\nBu'aale\nLower Juba\n42,876\n632,924\nKismayo\nSanaag\n53,374\n578,092\nErigavo\nSool\n25,036\n618,619\nLas Anod\nSee also: List of cities in Somalia by population\nNorthern Somalia is now de facto divided up among the autonomous regions of Puntland (which considers itself an autonomous state), Somaliland (a self-declared but unrecognized state) and newly established Khatumo State of Somalia. In central Somalia, Galmudug is another regional entity that emerged just south of Puntland. Jubaland in the far south is a fourth autonomous region within the federation.[1] In 2014, a new South West State was likewise established.[178] In April 2015, a formation conference was also launched for a new Hirshabelle State.[179]\nThe Federal Parliament is tasked with selecting the ultimate number and boundaries of the autonomous regional states (officially Federal Member States) within the Federal Republic of Somalia.[180][181]\nLocation\nOrthographic projection of Somalia.\nSomalia is bordered by Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Guardafui Channel and Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. The country borders Djibouti. It lies between latitudes 2S and 12N, and longitudes 41 and 52E. Strategically located at the mouth of the Bab el Mandeb gateway to the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, the country occupies the tip of a region that, due to its resemblance on the map to a rhinoceros' horn, is commonly referred to as the Horn of Africa.[1][182]\nWaters\nMain article: Islands of Somalia\nSomalia has the longest coastline on the mainland of Africa,[183] with a seaboard that stretches 3,333 kilometres (2,071mi). Its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. The nation has a total area of 637,657 square kilometres (246,201sqmi) of which constitutes land, with 10,320 square kilometres (3,980sqmi) of water. Somalia's land boundaries extend to about 2,340 kilometres (1,450mi); 58 kilometres (36mi) of that is shared with Djibouti, 682 kilometres (424mi) with Kenya, and 1,626 kilometres (1,010mi) with Ethiopia. Its maritime claims include territorial waters of 200 nautical miles (370km; 230mi).[1]\nSomalia has several islands and archipelagos on its coast, including the Bajuni Islands and the Saad ad-Din Archipelago: see islands of Somalia.\nThe Jubba River\nHabitat\nSomalia contains seven terrestrial ecoregions: Ethiopian montane forests, Northern ZanzibarInhambane coastal forest mosaic, Somali AcaciaCommiphora bushlands and thickets, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Hobyo grasslands and shrublands, Somali montane xeric woodlands, and East African mangroves.[184]\nIn the north, a scrub-covered, semi-desert plain referred as the Guban lies parallel to the Gulf of Aden littoral. With a width of twelve kilometres in the west to as little as two kilometres in the east, the plain is bisected by watercourses that are essentially beds of dry sand except during the rainy seasons. When the rains arrive, the Guban's low bushes and grass clumps transform into lush vegetation.[182] This coastal strip is part of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion.\nCal Madow is a mountain range in the northeastern part of the country. Extending from several kilometres west of the city of Bosaso to the northwest of Erigavo, it features Somalia's highest peak, Shimbiris, which sits at an elevation of about 2,416 metres (7,927ft).[1] The rugged eastwest ranges of the Karkaar Mountains also lie to the interior of the Gulf of Aden littoral.[182] In the central regions, the country's northern mountain ranges give way to shallow plateaus and typically dry watercourses that are referred to locally as the Ogo. The Ogo's western plateau, in turn, gradually merges into the Haud, an important grazing area for livestock.[182]\nSomalia has only two permanent rivers, the Jubba and Shabele, both of which begin in the Ethiopian Highlands. These rivers mainly flow southwards, with the Jubba River entering the Indian Ocean at Kismayo. The Shabele River at one time apparently used to enter the sea near Merca, but now reaches a point just southwest of Mogadishu. After that, it consists of swamps and dry reaches before finally disappearing in the desert terrain east of Jilib, near the Jubba River.[182]\nEnvironment\nSomalia's coral reefs, ecological parks and protected areas\nSomalia is a semi-arid country with about 1.64% arable land.[1] The first local environmental organizations were Ecoterra Somalia and the Somali Ecological Society, both of which helped promote awareness about ecological concerns and mobilized environmental programs in all governmental sectors as well as in civil society. From 1971 onward, a massive tree-planting campaign on a nationwide scale was introduced by the Siad Barre government to halt the advance of thousands of acres of wind-driven sand dunes that threatened to engulf towns, roads and farm land.[185] By 1988, 265 hectares of a projected 336 hectares had been treated, with 39 range reserve sites and 36 forestry plantation sites established.[182] In 1986, the Wildlife Rescue, Research and Monitoring Centre was established by Ecoterra International, with the goal of sensitizing the public to ecological issues. This educational effort led in 1989 to the so-called \"Somalia proposal\" and a decision by the Somali government to adhere to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which established for the first time a worldwide ban on the trade of elephant ivory.\nThe coast south of Mogadishu\nLater, Fatima Jibrell, a prominent Somali environmental activist, mounted a successful campaign to conserve old-growth forests of acacia trees in the northeastern part of Somalia.[186] These trees, which can live for 500 years, were being cut down to make charcoal which was highly in demand in the Arabian Peninsula, where the region's Bedouin tribes believe the acacia to be sacred.[186][187][188] However, while being a relatively inexpensive fuel that meets a user's needs, the production of charcoal often leads to deforestation and desertification.[188] As a way of addressing this problem, Jibrell and the Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organization (Horn Relief; now Adeso), an organization of which she was the founder and executive director, trained a group of teens to educate the public on the permanent damage that producing charcoal can create. In 1999, Horn Relief coordinated a peace march in the northeastern Puntland region of Somalia to put an end to the so-called \"charcoal wars\". As a result of Jibrell's lobbying and education efforts, the Puntland government in 2000 prohibited the exportation of charcoal. The government has also since enforced the ban, which has reportedly led to an 80% drop in exports of the product.[189] Jibrell was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2002 for her efforts against environmental degradation and desertification.[189] In 2008, she also won the National Geographic Society/Buffett Foundation Award for Leadership in Conservation.[190]\nFollowing the massive tsunami of December 2004, there have also emerged allegations that after the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in the late 1980s, Somalia's long, remote shoreline was used as a dump site for the disposal of toxic waste. The huge waves that battered northern Somalia after the tsunami are believed to have stirred up tons of nuclear and toxic waste that might have been dumped illegally in the country by foreign firms.[191]\nThe European Green Party followed up these revelations by presenting before the press and the European Parliament in Strasbourg copies of contracts signed by two European companies the Italian Swiss firm, Achair Partners, and an Italian waste broker, Progresso and representatives of the then President of Somalia, the faction leader Ali Mahdi Mohamed, to accept 10 million tonnes of toxic waste in exchange for $80 million (then about 60 million).[191]\nAccording to reports by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the waste has resulted in far higher than normal cases of respiratory infections, mouth ulcers and bleeding, abdominal haemorrhages and unusual skin infections among many inhabitants of the areas around the northeastern towns of Hobyo and Benadir on the Indian Ocean coast diseases consistent with radiation sickness. UNEP adds that the situation along the Somali coastline poses a very serious environmental hazard not only in Somalia, but also in the eastern Africa sub-region.[191]\nClimate\nSee also: Climate change in Somalia\nSomalia map of Kppen climate classification.\nOwing to Somalia's proximity to the equator, there is not much seasonal variation in its climate. Hot conditions prevail year-round along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 30 to 40C (86 to 104F), except at higher elevations along the eastern seaboard, where the effects of a cold offshore current can be felt. In Mogadishu, for instance, average afternoon highs range from 28 to 32C (82 to 90F) in April. Some of the highest mean annual temperatures in the world have been recorded in the country; Berbera on the northwestern coast has an afternoon high that averages more than 38C (100F) from June through September. Nationally, mean daily minimums usually vary from about 15 to 30C (59 to 86F).[182] The greatest range in climate occurs in northern Somalia, where temperatures sometimes surpass 45C (113F) in July on the littoral plains and drop below the freezing point during December in the highlands.[175][182] In this region, relative humidity ranges from about 40% in the mid-afternoon to 85% at night, changing somewhat according to the season.[182] Unlike the climates of most other countries at this latitude, conditions in Somalia range from arid in the northeastern and central regions to semiarid in the northwest and south. In the northeast, annual rainfall is less than 100mm (4in); in the central plateaus, it is about 200 to 300mm (8 to 12in). The northwestern and southwestern parts of the nation, however, receive considerably more rain, with an average of 510 to 610mm (20 to 24in) falling per year. Although the coastal regions are hot and humid throughout the year, the hinterland is typically dry and hot.[182]\nThere are four main seasons around which pastoral and agricultural life revolve, and these are dictated by shifts in the wind patterns. From December to March is the Jilal, the harshest dry season of the year. The main rainy season, referred to as the Gu, lasts from April to June. This period is characterized by the southwest monsoons, which rejuvenate the pasture land, especially the central plateau, and briefly transform the desert into lush vegetation. From July to September is the second dry season, the Xagaa (pronounced \"Hagaa\"). The Dayr, which is the shortest rainy season, lasts from October to December.[182] The tangambili periods that intervene between the two monsoons (OctoberNovember and MarchMay) are hot and humid.[182]\nWildlife\nMain article: Wildlife of Somalia\nA camel in the northern mountains.\nSomalia contains a variety of mammals due to its geographical and climatic diversity. Wildlife still occurring includes cheetah, lion, reticulated giraffe, baboon, serval, elephant, bushpig, gazelle, ibex, kudu, dik-dik, oribi, Somali wild ass, reedbuck and Grvy's zebra, elephant shrew, rock hyrax, golden mole and antelope. It also has a large population of the dromedary camel.[192]\nSomalia is home to around 727 species of birds. Of these, eight are endemic, one has been introduced by humans, and one is rare or accidental. Fourteen species are globally threatened. Birds species found exclusively in the country include the Somali Pigeon, Alaemon hamertoni (Alaudidae), Lesser Hoopoe-Lark, Heteromirafra archeri (Alaudidae), Archer's Lark, Mirafra ashi, Ash's Bushlark, Mirafra somalica (Alaudidae), Somali Bushlark, Spizocorys obbiensis (Alaudidae), Obbia Lark, Carduelis johannis (Fringillidae), and Warsangli Linnet.[193]\nSomalia's territorial waters are prime fishing grounds for highly migratory marine species, such as tuna. A narrow but productive continental shelf contains several demersal fish and crustacean species.[194] Fish species found exclusively in the nation include Cirrhitichthys randalli (Cirrhitidae), Symphurus fuscus (Cynoglossidae), Parapercis simulata OC (Pinguipedidae), Cociella somaliensis OC (Platycephalidae), and Pseudochromis melanotus (Pseudochromidae).\nThere are roughly 235 species of reptiles. Of these, almost half live in the northern areas. Reptiles endemic to Somalia include the Hughes' saw-scaled viper, the Southern Somali garter snake, a racer (Platyceps messanai), a diadem snake (Spalerosophis josephscorteccii), the Somali sand boa, the angled worm lizard, a spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx macfadyeni), Lanza's agama, a gecko (Hemidactylus granchii), the Somali semaphore gecko, and a sand lizard (Mesalina or Eremias). A colubrid snake (Aprosdoketophis andreonei) and Haacke-Greer's skink (Haackgreerius miopus) are endemic species.[195]\nPolitics and government\nMain article: Politics of SomaliaHassan Sheikh MohamudPresident since 2022Hamza Abdi BarrePrime Minister since 2022\nSomalia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic. The President of Somalia is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Somali Armed Forces and selects a Prime Minister to act as head of government.[196]\nThe Federal Parliament of Somalia is the national parliament of Somalia. The bicameral National Legislature consists of the House of the People (lower house) and the Senate (upper house), whose members are elected to serve four-year terms. The parliament elects the President, Speaker of Parliament and Deputy Speakers. It also has the authority to pass and veto laws.[197]\nSharif Hassan Sheikh Aden, Former Speaker of Parliament.\nThe Judiciary of Somalia is defined by the Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia. Adopted on 1 August 2012 by a National Constitutional Assembly in Mogadishu,[198][199] the document was formulated by a committee of specialists chaired by attorney and Speaker of the Federal Parliament, Mohamed Osman Jawari.[200] It provides the legal foundation for the existence of the Federal Republic and source of legal authority.[201]\nThe national court structure is organized into three tiers: the Constitutional Court, Federal Government level courts and State level courts. A nine-member Judicial Service Commission appoints any Federal tier member of the judiciary. It also selects and presents potential Constitutional Court judges to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament for approval. If endorsed, the President appoints the candidate as a judge of the Constitutional Court. The five-member Constitutional Court adjudicates issues pertaining to the constitution, in addition to various Federal and sub-national matters.[201]\nSomali law draws from a mixture of three different systems: civil law, Islamic law and customary law.[202]\nAccording to 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices Somalia is 5th least democratic country in Africa.[203]\nAfter the collapse of Somalia in 1991, there were no relations or any contact between the Somaliland government, which declared itself a country, and the government of Somalia.[204][205]\nForeign relations\nMain article: Foreign relations of Somalia\nPresident of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan opening the new terminal of Aden Abdulle International Airport in Mogadishu, Somalia. (25 January 2015)\nSomalia's foreign relations are handled by the President as the head of state, the Prime Minister as the head of government, and the federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[201]\nAccording to Article 54 of the national constitution, the allocation of powers and resources between the Federal Government and the Federal Republic of Somalia's constituent Federal Member States shall be negotiated and agreed upon by the Federal Government and the Federal Member States, except in matters pertaining to foreign affairs, national defence, citizenship and immigration, and monetary policy. Article 53 also stipulates that the Federal Government shall consult the Federal Member States on major issues related to international agreements, including negotiations vis-a-vis foreign trade, finance and treaties.[201]\nThe Federal Government maintains bilateral relations with a number of other central governments in the international community. Among these are Djibouti, Ethiopia, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Turkey, Italy, the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, the United States, the People's Republic of China, Japan, Russian Federation and South Korea.\nAdditionally, Somalia has several diplomatic missions abroad. There are likewise various foreign embassies and consulates based in the capital Mogadishu and elsewhere in the country.\nSomalia is also a member of many international organizations, such as the United Nations, African Union and Arab League. It was a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in 1969.[206] Other memberships include the African Development Bank, East African Community, Group of 77, Intergovernmental Authority on Development, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Development Association, International Finance Corporation, Non-Aligned Movement, World Federation of Trade Unions and World Meteorological Organization.\nMilitary\nMain article: Somali Armed Forces\nColonel of the Somali Armed Forces\nThe Somali Armed Forces (SAF) are the military forces of the Federal Republic of Somalia.[207] Headed by the President as Commander in Chief, they are constitutionally mandated to ensure the nation's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.[201]\nThe SAF was initially made up of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force and the National Security Service.[208] In the post-independence period, it grew to become among the larger militaries on the continent.[134] The subsequent outbreak of the civil war in 1991 led to the disbandment of the Somali National Army.[209]\nIn 2004, the gradual process of reconstituting the military was put in motion with the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). The Somali Armed Forces are now overseen by the Ministry of Defence of the Federal Government of Somalia, formed in mid-2012. In January 2013, the Somali federal government also re-opened the national intelligence service in Mogadishu, renaming the agency the National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA).[210] The Somaliland and Puntland regional governments maintain their own security and police forces.\nHuman rights\nMain article: Human rights in Somalia\nBoth male and female same-sex sexual activity are punishable by death within Somalia.[211] On October 3, 2020, a UN human rights investigator raised concerns over Somali government's backtracking of human rights commitments.[212]\nEconomy\nMain article: Economy of Somalia\nAir Somalia Tupolev Tu-154 in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Somalia today has several private airlines\nAccording to the CIA and the Central Bank of Somalia, despite experiencing civil unrest, Somalia has maintained a healthy informal economy, based mainly on livestock, remittance/money transfer companies and telecommunications.[1][40] Owing to a dearth of formal government statistics and the recent civil war, it is difficult to gauge the size or growth of the economy. For 1994, the CIA estimated the GDP at $3.3 billion.[213] In 2001, it was estimated to be $4.1 billion.[214] By 2009, the CIA estimated that the GDP had grown to $5.731 billion, with a projected real growth rate of 2.6%.[1] According to a 2007 British Chambers of Commerce report, the private sector also grew, particularly in the service sector. Unlike the pre-civil war period when most services and the industrial sector were government-run, there has been substantial, albeit unmeasured, private investment in commercial activities; this has been largely financed by the Somali diaspora, and includes trade and marketing, money transfer services, transportation, communications, fishery equipment, airlines, telecommunications, education, health, construction and hotels.[215] Libertarian economist Peter Leeson attributes this increased economic activity to the Somali customary law (referred to as Xeer), which he suggests provides a stable environment to conduct business in.[216]\nAccording to the Central Bank of Somalia, the country's GDP per capita as of 2012[update] is $226, a slight reduction in real terms from 1990. About 43% of the population lives on less than 1 US dollar a day, with around 24% of those found in urban areas and 54% living in rural areas.[40]\nSomalia's economy consists of both traditional and modern production, with a gradual shift toward modern industrial techniques. Somalia has the largest population of camels in the world.[217] According to the Central Bank of Somalia, about 80% of the population are nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists, who keep goats, sheep, camels and cattle. The nomads also gather resins and gums to supplement their income.[40]\nAgriculture\nSee also: Agriculture in Somalia\nAgriculture is the most important economic sector of Somalia. It accounts for about 65% of the GDP and employs 65% of the workforce.[215] Livestock contributes about 40% to GDP and more than 50% of export earnings.[1] Other principal exports include fish, charcoal and bananas; sugar, sorghum and corn are products for the domestic market.[1] According to the Central Bank of Somalia, imports of goods total about $460 million per year, surpassing aggregate imports prior to the start of the civil war in 1991. Exports, which total about $270 million annually, have also surpassed pre-war aggregate export levels. Somalia has a trade deficit of about $190 million per year, but this is exceeded by remittances sent by Somalis in the diaspora, estimated to be about $1 billion.[40]\nWith the advantage of being located near the Arabian Peninsula, Somali traders have increasingly begun to challenge Australia's traditional dominance over the Gulf Arab livestock and meat market, offering quality animals at very low prices. In response, Gulf Arab states have started to make strategic investments in the country, with Saudi Arabia building livestock export infrastructure and the United Arab Emirates purchasing large farmlands.[218] Somalia is also a major world supplier of frankincense and myrrh.[219]\nThe Port of Berbera\nThe modest industrial sector, based on the processing of agricultural products, accounts for 10% of Somalia's GDP.[1] According to the Somali Chamber of Commerce and Industry, over six private airline firms also offer commercial flights to both domestic and international locations, including Daallo Airlines, Jubba Airways, African Express Airways, East Africa 540, Central Air and Hajara.[220] In 2008, the Puntland government signed a multimillion-dollar deal with Dubai's Lootah Group, a regional industrial group operating in the Middle East and Africa. According to the agreement, the first phase of the investment is worth Dhs 170m and will see a set of new companies established to operate, manage and build Bosaso's free trade zone and sea and airport facilities. The Bosaso Airport Company is slated to develop the airport complex to meet international standards, including a new 3,400m (11,200ft) runway, main and auxiliary buildings, taxi and apron areas, and security perimeters.[221]\nPrior to the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, the roughly 53 state-owned small, medium and large manufacturing firms were foundering, with the ensuing conflict destroying many of the remaining industries. However, primarily as a result of substantial local investment by the Somali diaspora, many of these small-scale plants have re-opened and newer ones have been created. The latter include fish-canning and meat-processing plants in the northern regions, as well as about 25 factories in the Mogadishu area, which manufacture pasta, mineral water, confections, plastic bags, fabric, hides and skins, detergent and soap, aluminium, foam mattresses and pillows, fishing boats, carry out packaging, and stone processing.[222] In 2004, an $8.3 million Coca-Cola bottling plant also opened in the city, with investors hailing from various constituencies in Somalia.[223] Foreign investment also included multinationals including General Motors and Dole Fruit.[224]\nMonetary and payment system\nMain articles: Central Bank of Somalia and Somali shilling\n2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard (100 shillings)\nThe Central Bank of Somalia is the official monetary authority of Somalia.[40] In terms of financial management, it is in the process of assuming the task of both formulating and implementing monetary policy.[225]\nOwing to a lack of confidence in the local currency, the US dollar is widely accepted as a medium of exchange alongside the Somali shilling. Dollarization notwithstanding, the large issuance of the Somali shilling has increasingly fuelled price hikes, especially for low value transactions. According to the Central Bank, this inflationary environment is expected to come to an end as soon as the bank assumes full control of monetary policy and replaces the presently circulating currency introduced by the private sector.[225]\nAlthough Somalia has had no central monetary authority for more than 15 years between the outbreak of the civil war in 1991 and the subsequent re-establishment of the Central Bank of Somalia in 2009, the nation's payment system is fairly advanced primarily due to the widespread existence of private money transfer operators (MTO) that have acted as informal banking networks.[226]\nThese remittance firms (hawalas) have become a large industry in Somalia, with an estimated US$1.6 billion annually remitted to the region by Somalis in the diaspora via money transfer companies.[1] Most are members of the Somali Money Transfer Association (SOMTA), an umbrella organization that regulates the community's money transfer sector, or its predecessor, the Somali Financial Services Association (SFSA).[227][228] The largest of the Somali MTOs is Dahabshiil, a Somali-owned firm employing more than 2,000 people across 144 countries with branches in London and Dubai.[228]\n500 Somali shilling banknote\nWith a significant improvement in local security, Somali expatriates began returning to the country for investment opportunities. Coupled with modest foreign investment, the inflow of funds have helped the Somali shilling increase considerably in value. By March 2014, the currency had appreciated by almost 60% against the U.S. dollar over the previous 12 months. The Somali shilling was the strongest among the 175 global currencies traded by Bloomberg, rising close to 50 percentage points higher than the next most robust global currency over the same period.[229]\nThe Somalia Stock Exchange (SSE) is the national bourse of Somalia. It was founded in 2012 to attract investment from both Somali-owned firms and global companies in order to accelerate the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction process in Somalia.[230]\nEnergy and natural resources\nMain articles: Mineral industry of Somalia and Oil exploration in Puntland\nThe World Bank reports that electricity is now in large part supplied by local businesses.[215] Among these domestic firms is the Somali Energy Company, which performs generation, transmission and distribution of electric power.[231] In 2010, the nation produced 310 million kWh and consumed 288.3 million kWh of electricity, ranked 170th and 177th, respectively, according to the CIA.[1][needs update]\nOil blocks in Puntland\nSomalia has reserves of several natural resources, including uranium, iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt and natural gas. The CIA reports that there are 5.663 billion cubic metres of proven natural gas reserves.[1]\nThe presence or extent of proven oil reserves in Somalia is uncertain. The CIA asserts that as of 2011[update] there are no proven reserves of oil in the country,[1] while UNCTAD suggests that most proven oil reserves in Somalia lie off its northwestern coast, in the Somaliland region.[232] An oil group listed in Sydney, Range Resources, estimates that the Puntland region in the northeast has the potential to produce 5 billion barrels (79010^6m3) to 10 billion barrels (1.610^9m3) of oil,[233] compared to the 6.7 billion barrels of proven oil reserves in Sudan.[234] As a result of these developments, the Somalia Petroleum Corporation was established by the federal government.[235]\nIn the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating that the amount of the deposits could amount to over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.[236] In 1984, the IUREP Orientation Phase Mission to Somalia reported that the country had 5,000 tons of uranium reasonably assured resources (RAR), 11,000 tons of uranium estimated additional resources (EAR) in calcrete deposits, as well as 0150,000 tons of uranium speculative resources (SR) in sandstone and calcrete deposits.[237] Somalia evolved into a major world supplier of uranium, with American, UAE, Italian and Brazilian mineral companies vying for extraction rights. Link Natural Resources has a stake in the central region, and Kilimanjaro Capital has a stake in the 1,161,400 acres (470,002ha) Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA) Block, which includes uranium exploration.[238]\nThe Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company is an energy conglomerate based in Mogadishu. It unites five major Somali companies from the trade, finance, security and telecommunications sectors, following a 2010 joint agreement signed in Istanbul to provide electricity and gas infrastructure in Somalia. With an initial investment budget of $1 billion, the company launched the Somalia Peace Dividend Project, a labour-intensive energy program aimed at facilitating local industrialization initiatives.\nAccording to the Central Bank of Somalia, as the nation embarks on the path of reconstruction, the economy is expected not only to match its pre-civil war levels, but also to accelerate in growth and development due to Somalia's untapped natural resources.[40]\nTelecommunications and media\nMain articles: Communications in Somalia and Media of Somalia\nThe Hormuud Telecom building in Mogadishu\nAfter the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up and compete to provide missing infrastructure. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, South Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and Internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.[239]\nAfter forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa.[240] These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city and town in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighbouring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia.[222] Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an inter-connectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.[239]\nThe state-run Somali National Television is the principal national public service TV channel. After a twenty-year hiatus, the station was officially re-launched on 4 April 2011.[241] Its radio counterpart Radio Mogadishu also broadcasts from the capital. Somaliland National TV and Puntland TV and Radio air from the northern regions.\nAdditionally, Somalia has several private television and radio networks. Among these are Horn Cable Television and Universal TV.[1] The political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports broadsheets publish out of the capital. There are also a number of online media outlets covering local news,[242] including Garowe Online, Wardheernews, and Puntland Post.\nThe internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Somalia is .so. It was officially relaunched on 1 November 2010 by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.[243]\nIn November 2013, following a Memorandum of Understanding signed with Emirates Post in April of the year, the federal Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications officially reconstituted the Somali Postal Service (Somali Post).[244] In October 2014, the ministry also relaunched postal delivery from abroad.[245]\nTourism\nMain article: Tourism in Somalia\nAncient cave paintings at the Laas Geel, Hargeisa\nSomalia has a number of local attractions, consisting of historical sites, beaches, waterfalls, mountain ranges and national parks. The tourist industry is regulated by the national Ministry of Tourism. The autonomous Puntland and Somaliland regions maintain their own tourism offices.[246] The Somali Tourism Association (SOMTA) also provides consulting services from within the country on the national tourist industry.[247] As of March 2015, the Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife of the South West State announced that it is slated to establish additional game reserves and wildlife ranges.[248] The United States Government recommends travelers to not travel to Somalia.[249]\nNotable sights include the Laas Geel caves containing Neolithic rock art; the Cal Madow, Golis Mountains and Ogo Mountains; the Iskushuban and Lamadaya waterfalls; and the Hargeisa National Park, Jilib National Park, Kismayo National Park and Lag Badana National Park.\nTransport\nMain articles: Transport in Somalia and List of airports in Somalia\nThe Aden Adde International Airport\nSomalia's network of roads is 22,100km (13,700mi) long. As of 2000[update], 2,608km (1,621mi) streets are paved and 19,492km (12,112mi) are unpaved.[1] A 750km (470mi) highway connects major cities in the northern part of the country, such as Bosaso, Galkayo and Garowe, with towns in the south.[250]\nThe Somali Civil Aviation Authority (SOMCAA) is Somalia's national civil aviation authority body. After a long period of management by the Civil Aviation Caretaker Authority for Somalia (CACAS), SOMCAA is slated to re-assume control of Somalia's airspace by 31 December 2013.\nSixty-two airports across Somalia accommodate aerial transportation; seven of these have paved runways. Among the latter, four airports have runways of over 3,047 metres (9,997ft); two are between 2,438 and 3,047m (7,999 and 9,997ft) and one is 1,524 to 2,437m (5,000 to 7,995ft) long.[1] There are fifty-five airports with unpaved landing areas. One has a runway of over 3,047m; four are between 2,438m and 3,047m in length; twenty are 1,524m to 2,437m; twenty-four are 914m to 1,523m; and six are under 914 metres (2,999ft).[1] Major airports in the nation include the Aden Adde International Airport in Mogadishu, the Hargeisa International Airport in Hargeisa, the Kismayo Airport in Kismayo, the Baidoa Airport in Baidoa, and the Bender Qassim International Airport in Bosaso.\nEstablished in 1964, Somali Airlines was the flag carrier of Somalia. It suspended operations during the civil war.[251][252] However, a reconstituted Somali government later began preparations in 2012 for an expected relaunch of the airline,[253] with the first new Somali Airlines aircraft scheduled for delivery by the end of December 2013.[254] According to the Somali Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the void created by the closure of Somali Airlines has since been filled by various Somali-owned private carriers. Over six of these private airline firms offer commercial flights to both domestic and international locations, including Daallo Airlines, Jubba Airways, African Express Airways, East Africa 540, Central Air and Hajara.[220]\nPossessing the longest coastline on the continent,[12] Somalia has several major seaports. Maritime transport facilities are found in the port cities of Mogadishu, Bosaso, Berbera, Kismayo and Merca. There is also one merchant marine. Established in 2008, it is cargo-based.[1]\nDemographics\nMain article: Demographics of Somalia\nSee also: List of cities in Somalia by population\nPopulation[13][14]\nYear\nMillion\n1950\n2.3\n2000\n9.0\n2021\n17.1\nSomalia lacks reliable population data.[255][256] The country had an estimated population of around 17.1 million inhabitants in 2021;[13][14] the total population according to the 1975 census was 3.3 million.[257] A United Nations Population Fund survey conducted in 2013 and 2014 estimated the total population to be 12,316,895.[258]\nAbout 85% of local residents are ethnic Somalis,[1] who have historically inhabited the northern part of the country.[259] They have traditionally been organized into nomadic pastoral clans, loose empires, sultanates and city-states.[260] Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left the country.[261]\nNon-Somali ethnic minority groups make up the remainder of Somalia's population, and are largely concentrated in the southern regions.[259] They include Bravanese, Bantus, Bajuni, Ethiopians (especially Oromos), Yemenis, Indians, Persians, Italians and Britons. The Bantus, the largest ethnic minority group in Somalia, are the descendants of slaves who were brought in from southeastern Africa by Arab and Somali traders.[262] In 1940, there were about 50,000 Italians living in Italian Somaliland.[263] Most Europeans left after independence, while a small number of Westerners are still present in Somalia mainly working for international organizations operating in Somalia.\nPopulation per age group\nA sizable Somali diaspora exists in various Western countries, such as the United States (particularly in the state of Minnesota) and in the United Kingdom (particularly in London), Sweden, Canada, Norway, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Finland, Australia, Switzerland, Austria, and Italy, as well on the Arabian peninsula, and several African nations, such as Uganda and South Africa. The Somali diaspora is deeply involved in the politics and development of Somalia. The president of Somalia, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, was a former diaspora Somali and held US citizenship which he voluntarily renounced in 2019.[264][265]\nSomalia's population is expanding at a growth rate of 1.75% per annum and a birth rate of 40.87 births per 1,000 people.[1] The total fertility rate of Somalia is 6.08 children born per woman (2014 estimates), the fourth highest in the world, according to the CIA World Factbook.[1] Most local residents are young, with a median age of 17.7 years; about 44% of the population is between the ages of 014 years, 52.4% is between the ages of 1564 years, and only 2.3% is 65 years of age or older.[1] The gender ratio is roughly balanced, with proportionally about as many men as women.[1]\nThere is little reliable statistical information on urbanization in Somalia. Rough estimates have been made indicating a rate of urbanization of 4.79% per annum (20052010 est.), with many towns quickly growing into cities.[1] Many ethnic minorities have also moved from rural areas to urban centres since the onset of the civil war, particularly to Mogadishu and Kismayo.[266] As of 2008[update], 37.7% of the nation's population live in towns and cities, with the percentage rapidly increasing.[1]\nLanguages\nMain article: Languages of Somalia\nSomali and Arabic are the official languages of Somalia.[201] The Somali language is the mother tongue of the Somali people, the nation's most populous ethnic group.[1] It is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, and its nearest relatives are the Oromo, Afar and Saho languages.[267] Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages,[268] with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.\nStone tablet from the 14th-century in the Wadaad orthography\nSomali dialects are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benadir and Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the Benadir coast, from Adale to south of Merca including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional phonemes that do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn) clans in the southern areas of Somalia.[269] Benadiri is the main dialect spoken in the country, in contrast to Northern Somali which is the main dialect spoken in Somaliland.[270]\nA number of writing systems have been used over the years for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the Somali alphabet is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the Supreme Revolutionary Council formally introduced it in October 1972.[271] Other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing. Indigenous writing systems developed in the 20th century include the Osmanya, Borama and Kaddare scripts.[272]\nIn addition to Somali, Arabic is an official national language in Somalia.[201] Around 2 million Somalis speak it[273] due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education.[274][275][276]\nEnglish is widely spoken and taught. It used to be an administrative language in the British Somaliland protectorate and due to globalization is now also prominent across Somalia. English is the medium of instruction at many universities across Somalia,[277][278] and is one of the primary working languages of major NGOs operating in Somalia.[279][280][281][282] Italian was an official language in Italian Somaliland and during the trusteeship period, but its use significantly diminished following independence. It is now most frequently heard among older generations, government officials, and in educated circles.[274][273]\nOther minority languages include Bravanese, a variant of the Bantu Swahili language that is spoken along the coast by the Bravanese people, as well as Kibajuni, a Swahili dialect that is the mother tongue of the Bajuni minority ethnic group.\nUrban areas\nvte Largest cities or towns in Somalia.\nRank\nName\nRegion\nMunicipal pop.\nRank\nName\nRegion\nPop.\nMogadishuHargeisa\n1\nMogadishu\nBanaadir\n2,330,708[283][284]\n11\nBelad Weyne\nHiraan\n278,118\t[283]\nburco\n2\nHargeisa\nWoqooyi Galbeed\n1,346,651[283]\n12\nCaynab\nSool\n300,199[283]\n3\nburco\nTogdheer\n615,067[283]\n13\nAfgooye\nLower Shabelle\n265,684[283]\n4\nBorama\nAwdal\n597,842[283]\n14\nBalcad\nMiddle Shabelle\n255,291[283]\n5\nBoosaaso\nBari\n99,975[283]\n15\nBerbera\nWoqooyi Galbeed\n251,189[283]\n6\nBaidoa\nBay\n146,957[283]\n16\nLaas Caanood\nSool\n246,020[283]\n7\nGaalkacyo\nMudug\n201,542[283]\n17\nKismayo\nLower Juba\n243,043[283]\n8\nLaasqoray\nSanaag\n33,101\t[283]\n18\nAfmadow\nLower Juba\n231,017[283]\n9\nGarowe\nNugaal\n189,103[283]\n19\nJowhar\nMiddle Shabelle\n221,044[283]\n10\nQoriyoley\nLower Shabelle\n26,402[283]\n20\nSaacow\nMiddle Juba\n211,369[283]\nReligion\nReligion in Somalia 2010[285]\nReligion\nPercent\nIslam\n99.8%\nOther\n0.2%\nMain article: Religion in Somalia\nThe Mosque of Islamic Solidarity in Mogadishu is the largest mosque in the Horn region\nAccording to the Pew Research Center, 99.8% of Somalia's population is Muslim.[285] The majority belong to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.[16] Sufism, the mystical sect of Islam, is also well established, with many local jama'a (zawiya) or congregations of the various tariiqa or Sufi orders.[286] The constitution of Somalia likewise defines Islam as the state religion of the Federal Republic of Somalia, and Islamic sharia law as the basic source for national legislation. It also stipulates that no law that is inconsistent with the basic tenets of Shari'a can be enacted.[201]\nChristianity is a minority religion in Somalia, with adherents representing less than 0.1% of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research Center.[285] The number of Christians in Somalia is estimated at 1,000 people.[287] There is one Catholic diocese for the whole country, the Diocese of Mogadishu, which estimates that there were only about one hundred Catholic practitioners in 2004.[288]\nIn 1913, during the early part of the colonial era, there were virtually no Christians in the Somali territories, with only about 100200 followers coming from the schools and orphanages of the few Catholic missions in the British Somaliland protectorate.[289] There were also no known Catholic missions in Italian Somaliland during the same period.[290] In the 1970s, during the reign of Somalia's then Marxist government, church-run schools were closed and missionaries sent home. There has been no archbishop in the country since 1989, and the cathedral in Mogadishu was severely damaged during the civil war. In December 2013, the Ministry of Justice and Religious Affairs also released a directive prohibiting the celebration of Christian festivities in the country.[291]\nAccording to the Pew Research Center, less than 0.1% of Somalia's population in 2010 were adherents of folk religions.[285] These mainly consisted of some non-Somali ethnic minority groups in the southern parts of the country, who practice animism. In the case of the Bantu, these religious traditions were inherited from their ancestors in Southeast Africa.[292]\nAdditionally, according to the Pew Research Center, less than 0.1% of Somalia's population in 2010 were adherents of Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, or unaffiliated with any religion.[285]\nHealth\nMain articles: Healthcare in Somalia and Child marriage in Somalia\nLife expectancy in Somalia, 1950 to 2019\nUntil the collapse of the federal government in 1991, the organizational and administrative structure of Somalia's healthcare sector was overseen by the Ministry of Health. Regional medical officials enjoyed some authority, but healthcare was largely centralized. The socialist government of former President of Somalia Siad Barre had put an end to private medical practice in 1972.[293] Much of the national budget was devoted to military expenditure, leaving few resources for healthcare, among other services.[216]\nSomalia's public healthcare system was largely destroyed during the ensuing civil war. As with other previously nationalized sectors, informal providers have filled the vacuum and replaced the former government monopoly over healthcare, with access to facilities witnessing a significant increase.[294] Many new healthcare centres, clinics, hospitals and pharmacies have in the process been established through home-grown Somali initiatives.[294] The cost of medical consultations and treatment in these facilities is low, at $5.72 per visit in health centres (with a population coverage of 95%), and $1.893.97 per outpatient visit and $7.8313.95 per bed day in primary through tertiary hospitals.[295]\nComparing the 20052010 period with the half-decade just prior to the outbreak of the conflict (19851990), life expectancy actually increased from an average of 47 years for men and women to 48.2 years for men and 51 years for women.[296][297] Similarly, the number of one-year-olds fully immunized against measles rose from 30% in 19851990 to 40% in 20002005,[296][298] and for tuberculosis, it grew nearly 20% from 31% to 50% over the same period.[296][298]\nThe number of infants with low birth weight fell from 16 per 1,000 to 0.3, a 15% drop in total over the same time frame.[296][299] Between 2005 and 2010 as compared to the 19851990 period, infant mortality per 1,000 births also fell from 152 to 109.6.[296][297] Significantly, maternal mortality per 100,000 births fell from 1,600 in the pre-war 19851990 half-decade to 1,100 in the 20002005 period.[296][300] The number of physicians per 100,000 people also rose from 3.4 to 4 over the same time frame,[296][298] as did the percentage of the population with access to sanitation services, which increased from 18% to 26%.[296][298]\nAccording to United Nations Population Fund data on the midwifery workforce, there is a total of 429 midwives (including nurse-midwives) in Somalia, with a density of one midwife per 1,000 live births. Eight midwifery institutions presently exist in the country, two of which are private. Midwifery is regulated by the government, and a license is required to practice professionally. A live registry is also in place to keep track of licensed midwives. In addition, midwives in the country are officially represented by a local midwives association, with 350 registered members.[301]\nAccording to a 2005 World Health Organization estimate, about 97.9% of Somalia's women and girls underwent Female genital mutilation,[302] a pre-marital custom mainly endemic to the horn of Africa and parts of the Near East.[303][304] Encouraged by women in the community, it is primarily intended to protect chastity, deter promiscuity, and offer protection from assault.[305][306] By 2013, UNICEF in conjunction with the Somali authorities reported that the prevalence rate among 1- to 14-year-old girls in the autonomous northern Puntland and Somaliland regions had dropped to 25% following a social and religious awareness campaign.[307] About 93% of Somalia's male population is also reportedly circumcised.[308]\nSomalia has one of the lowest HIV infection rates on the continent. This is attributed to the Muslim nature of Somali society and adherence of Somalis to Islamic morals.[309] While the estimated HIV prevalence rate in Somalia in 1987 (the first case report year) was 1% of adults,[309] a 2012 report from UNAIDS says that since 2004, estimates from 0.7% to 1% have been assumed.[310]\nAlthough healthcare is now largely concentrated in the private sector, the country's public healthcare system is in the process of being rebuilt, and is overseen by the Ministry of Health. The Minister of Health is Qamar Adan Ali.[311] The autonomous Puntland region maintains its own Ministry of Health,[312] as does the Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia.[313]\nSome of the prominent healthcare facilities in the country are East Bardera Mothers and Children's Hospital, Abudwak Maternity and Children's Hospital, Edna Adan Maternity Hospital and West Bardera Maternity Unit.\nEducation\nMain article: Education in Somalia\nThe Ministry of Education is officially responsible for education in Somalia, and oversees the nation's primary, secondary, technical and vocational schools, as well as primary and technical teacher training and non-formal education. About 15% of the government's budget is allocated toward scholastic instruction.[314] The autonomous Puntland and Somaliland macro-regions maintain their own Ministries of Education.\nMogadishu University's main campus in Mogadishu\nHigher education in Somalia is now largely private. Several universities in the country, including Mogadishu University, have been scored among the 100 best universities in Africa in spite of the harsh environment, which has been hailed as a triumph for grass-roots initiatives.[222] Other universities also offering higher education in the south include Benadir University, the Somalia National University, Kismayo University and the University of Gedo. In Puntland, higher education is provided by the Puntland State University and East Africa University. In Somaliland, it is provided by Amoud University, the University of Hargeisa, Somaliland University of Technology and Burao University.\nQu'ranic schools (also known as dugsi quran or mal'aamad quran) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qu'ranic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is often the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. To address shortcomings in religious instruction, the Somali government on its own part also subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated.[315]\nCulture\nMain article: Culture of Somalia\nCuisine\nMain article: Somali cuisine\nAssortment of various popular Somali dishes\nSomali cuisine is an intricate and diverse fusion of a multitude of culinary influences, drawing from the rich tapestry of Arab, Indian, and Italian flavours. This culinary tapestry is a direct result of Somalia's longstanding heritage of vibrant trade and bustling commerce.[316]\nThe essential components that form the foundation of Somali dishes encompass staples like rice and pasta, along with an extensive selection of meats ranging from lamb to beef and chicken. Aromatic spices such as cumin, cardamom, and coriander are frequently utilized to infuse dishes with tantalizing flavors.[317][318]\nThe culinary landscape of Somali cuisine also boasts an impressive assortment of hearty stews, traditional flatbreads, and delectable pastries, with highlights like the beloved \"Canjeero/Lahooh,\" a delightful variation of the tangy fermented pancake-like flatbread that is savoured not only in Somalia but also in its neighbouring countries like Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Yemen.[319][320][321]\nAdditionally, a distinctive feature of Somali culinary tradition is the incorporation of camel meat and milk. They are considered a delicacy and serve as cherished and fundamental elements in the rich tapestry of Somali cuisine.[322]\nSomali rice, the usual staple for dinner or lunch, is typically seasoned and mixed with various ingredients such as meat, vegetables, and, in a somewhat unique manner, raisins, adding a sweet note to the dish. Also, it is not uncommon for this dish to be presented in a visually appealing manner by incorporating multiple colors, as certain portions may be artificially tinted with shades of yellow or orange using saffron and other spices to enhance its aesthetic appeal.[323]\nSomali rice (bariis) and fish (kalluun), Liver (beer) with vegetable also (Sabaayad) pancakes\nAn enduring testament to the influence of Italian colonial rule in Somalia is the widespread adoption of pasta and lasagne in the local culinary landscape, espicially in the south, showcasing how these dishes have seamlessly integrated into the traditional diet alongside rice.[324][325]\nTea and coffee, both well-loved beverages, are also really popular. Among the early adopters of coffee consumption were the Somalis, who have the historical distinction of being among the first individuals documented to have enjoyed this stimulating drink. Additionally, Somali merchants played a pivotal role in the global coffee trade, being one of the first to export coffee beans.[326][327] The unique Somali coffee, known locally as 'Qahwo' and tea 'Shah', stand out due to their preparation method which involves a blend of various spices meticulously selected to enhance their rich and complex flavor profile.[328]\n'Xalwo', which is closely associated with Omani 'Halwa', is a smooth jelly-like treat that is made with a blend of spices, seeds, nuts, and caramelized sugar.[329] This delightful confection is well-loved in Somalia and is commonly served together with Somali 'Qahwo'. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense or incense (unsi), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad.[330]\nMusic\nMain article: Music of Somalia\nSomalia has a rich musical heritage centred on traditional Somali folklore. Most Somali songs are pentatonic. Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, Sudan or the Arabian Peninsula, but it is ultimately recognizable by its unique tunes and styles. Traditional instruments prominently featured in the music of Somalia include the oud lute. It is often accompanied by small drums and a reed flute in the background. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists (midho), songwriters (laxan) and singers (codka or \"voice\").[331]\nLiterature\nMain article: Literature of Somalia\nThe Somali community has been a source of many significant poets, writers, and Islamic figures over the years, a considerable proportion of whom have played a pivotal role in influencing and moulding the trajectory of Muslim scholarship and traditions, not just in the Horn of Africa but also reaching far into the Arabian Peninsula and other regions around the world. Somalia has also been called by, among others, the Canadian novelist and scholar Margaret Laurence, a \"Nation of Poets\" and a \"Nation of Bards\". Famed British explorer and writer Richard Burton eloquently wrote about Somalia:\"The country teems, with 'poets, poetasters, poetitoes, poetaccios': every man has his recognized position in literature as accurately defined as though he had been reviewed in a century of magazines - the fine ear of this people causing them to take the greatest pleasure in harmonious sounds and poetical expressions, whereas a false quantity or a prosaic phrase excite their violent indignation.\"[332]\nContemporary\nFamed poet, philosopher and orator Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame (Hadraawi)\nWith the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 as the nation's standard orthography, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have received worldwide acclaim. Among these modern authors, Nuruddin Farah is the most renowned, receiving, among other honors, the 1998 Neustadt international prize for Literature.[11] Faarax M.J. Cawl is another notable Somali author who is famous for his novel set in the Dervish era, Ignorance is the enemy of love. Somali poetry also thrived during this era with Hadraawi gaining national renown for his prose and poetry.\nSports\nMain article: Sports in Somalia\nFootball is the most popular sport in Somalia. Important domestic competitions are the Somalia League and Somalia Cup, with the Somalia national football team playing internationally.\nBasketball is also played in the country. The FIBA Africa Championship 1981 was hosted in Mogadishu from 15 to 23 December December 1981, during which the national basketball team received the bronze medal.[333]\nIn 2013, a Somalia national bandy team was formed in Borlnge. It participated in the Bandy World Championship 2014.\nIn the martial arts, Faisal Jeylani Aweys and Mohamed Deq Abdulle of the national taekwondo team took home a silver medal and fourth place, respectively, at the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup in Tongeren.[334] Additionally, Mohamed Jama has won both world and European titles in K-1 and Thai Boxing.[335]\nArchitecture\nMain article: Somali architecture\nThe Citadel of GondersheSomali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and design. Spanning the country's ancient, medieval and early modern periods, it also embraces the fusion of Somalo-Islamic architecture with contemporary Western designs.\nIn ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in ancient Egypt.[336] There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing settlements, such as the Wargaade Wall.\nThe adoption of Islam in Somalia's early medieval history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This stimulated a shift in construction from dry stone and other related materials to coral stone, sun dried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in Somali architecture. 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S2CID6515240.\nMauri, Arnaldo, Somalia, in G, Dell'Amore (ed.), \"Banking Systems of Africa\", Cariplo-Finafrica, Milan, 1971, pp.209217.Banking Development in Somalia\nSamatar, Said S. (1982). Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-10457-9.\nSchraeder, Peter J. (2006). \"From Irredentism to Secession: The Decline of Pan-Somali Nationalism\". In Lowell W. Barrington, ed., After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States (pp.107137). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. ISBN978-0-472-09898-9.\nShay, Shaul. Somalia in Transition Since 2006. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2014.\nWarmington, Eric Herbert (1995). The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India. South Asia Books. ISBN81-215-0670-0.\nZolberg, Aristide R.; Suhrke, Astri; Aguayo, Sergio (1989). Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-505592-4.\nA. Rosati; A. Tewolde; C. Mosconi (2007). Animal Production and Animal Science Worldwide. Wageningen Academic Pub. p.169. ISBN978-90-8686-034-0.\nExternal links\nSomalia at Wikipedia's sister projects\nDefinitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityTravel information from Wikivoyage\nWikimedia Atlas of Somalia\nLink to >100 maps of all Somali Regions, Districts and neighborhoods of Mogadishu\nFederal Government of Somalia Archived 8 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine\nSomalia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.\nSomalia web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries\nSomalia at Curlie\nSomalia profile from BBC News\nvteSomaliaarticlesHistoryChronology\nLaas Geel\nLand of Punt\nWalashma dynasty\nAdal Sultanate\nAjuran Empire\nSultanate of the Geledi\nIsaaq Sultanate\nMajeerteen Sultanate\nSultanate of Hobyo\nWarsangali Sultanate\nDervish movement\nItalian Somaliland\nBritish Somaliland\nTrust Territory of Somaliland\nOgaden War\nSomaliland War of Independence (19811991)\nIsaaq genocide\nRebellion (19861992)\nPiracy\nCivil War\nEthiopian intervention (20062009)\n(2009present)\nBy topic\nMaritime\nMilitary\nPostal\nGeography\nCities\nClimate\nWildlife\nGreater Somalia\nGuardafui Channel\nHafun\nWaterfalls\nIskushuban\nLamadaya\nMountain ranges\nCal Madow\nMountains\nBahaya\nIsland\nBajuni Islands\nRegions\nAwdal\nBakool\nBanaadir\nBari\nBay\nGalguduud\nGedo\nSool\nSanaag\nHiran\nMiddle Juba\nLower Juba\nMudug\nNugal\nMiddle Shebelle\nLower Shebelle\nTogdheer\nWoqooyi Galbeed\nStates\nGalmudug\nKhatumo\nHirshabelle\nJubaland\nSomaliland\nPuntland\nSouth West Somalia\nPolitics\nCabinet\nConstitution\nElections\nForeign relations\nGovernment\nHuman rights\nLGBT rights\nJudiciary\nLaw (Xeer)\nMilitary\nPolitical history\nParliament\nPolitical parties\nPresident\nList\nPrime Minister\nList\nEconomy\nAgriculture\nCentral Bank\nCompanies\nEconomic history\nEEZ\nMineral industry\nOil industry\nShilling (currency)\nCommunications\nTourism\nTransportation\nSociety\nAnthem\nChild marriage\nCoat of arms\nDemographics\nDiaspora\nEducation\nHealth\nFlag\nPolygamy\nPublic holidays\nWomen\nCulture\nArchitecture\nArt\nCinema\nCuisine\nLiterature\nMedia\nMusic\nReligion\nSports\nLanguages\nCategory\nPortal\nLinks to related articles\nvteCountries and regions in the Somali PlateCountries\nComoros\nEswatini\nKenya\nMadagascar\nMauritius\nMozambique\nSeychelles\nSomalia\nSomaliland\nTanzania\nUganda\nRegions\nKwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)\nMayotte (France)\nRunion (France)\nSomali Region (Ethiopia)\nvteCountries and territories of AfricaSovereign states\nAlgeria\nAngola\nBenin\nBotswana\nBurkina Faso\nBurundi\nCameroon\nCape Verde\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nComoros\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nRepublic of the Congo\nDjibouti\nEgypt (partly in Asia)\nEquatorial Guinea\nEritrea\nEswatini\nEthiopia\nGabon\nThe Gambia\nGhana\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nIvory Coast\nKenya\nLesotho\nLiberia\nLibya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMali\nMauritania\nMauritius\nMorocco\nMozambique\nNamibia\nNiger\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSo Tom and Prncipe\nSenegal\nSeychelles\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSouth Africa\nSouth Sudan\nSudan\nTanzania\nTogo\nTunisia\nUganda\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nStates with limitedrecognition\nSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (unclear sovereignty)\nSomaliland\nDependentterritoriesFrance\nles parses\nUnited KingdomSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da CunhaAfrican territories fullypart of non-African statesFrance\nMayotte\nRunion\nItaly\nPantelleria\nPelagie Islands\nPortugal\nMadeira\nSavage Islands\nSpain\nCanary Islands\nCeuta\nMelilla\nPlazas de soberana\nYemen\nSocotra\nCategory\nAfrica portal\nvteCountries bordering the Red Sea\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nEritrea\nEthiopia\nJordan\nSaudi Arabia\nSomalia\nSudan\nYemen\nvteCountries and territories bordering the Indian OceanAfrica\nComoros\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nEritrea\nFrance\nMayotte\nRunion\nKenya\nMadagascar\nMauritius\nMozambique\nSeychelles\nSomalia\nSomaliland\nSouth Africa\nSudan\nTanzania\nAsia\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory United Kingdom\nChristmas Island (Australia)\nCocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJordan\nKuwait\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMyanmar\nOman\nPakistan\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nThailand\nTimor-Leste\nUnited Arab Emirates\nYemen\nOther\nAntarctica\nAustralian Antarctic Territory\nFrench Southern and Antarctic Lands\nHeard Island and McDonald Islands\nAustralia\nvteCountries bordering the Arabian Sea\nIndia\nIran\nMaldives\nOman\nPakistan\nSomalia\nYemen\nvteArab League\nArab League\nLists\nPolitics\nCharter\nCouncil\nFlag\nGeography\nHeadquarters\nHistory\nMilitary\nJoint Defence Council\nParliament\nArab Union\nMembershipMembers\nAlgeria\nBahrain\nComoros\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nIraq\nJordan\nKuwait\nLebanon\nLibya\nMauritania\nMorocco\nOman\nPalestine\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSomalia\nSudan\nSyria\nTunisia\nUnited Arab Emirates\nYemen\nObservers\nArmenia\nBrazil\nEritrea\nIndia\nVenezuela\nCandidates\nSouth Sudan\nDiplomacy\nArab Peace Initiative\nArab League monitors in Syria\nArab LeagueEuropean Union relations\nForeign relations\nLife\nDemographics\nEconomy\nGDP\nEconomic and Social Council\nInstitutions\nSport\nPan-Arabism\nUnion of Arab National Olympic Committees\nPan Arab Games\nvteNon-Aligned MovementMembers and the NAM\nCyprus \nEgypt\nGhana\nIndia\nMalta \nSri Lanka\nTanzania\nYugoslavia \nStructureOrganizations\nNAM News Network (News Agencies Pool)\n\"Josip Broz Tito\" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries\nPrinciples\nFive Principles of Peaceful Coexistence\nSummits\nBandung Conference\nBrioni Meeting\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n16th\n18th\n19th\nFounders\nJosip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia)\nSukarno (Indonesia)\nJawaharlal Nehru (India)\nKwame Nkrumah (Ghana)\nGamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)\nPeople\nHouari Boumediene\nFidel Castro\nNelson Mandela\nMohamed Morsi\nNicols Maduro\nSirimavo Bandaranaike\n denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement\nvteAfrican UnionHistory\nPan-Africanism\nDecolonisation of Africa\nCasablanca Group\nMonrovia Group\nAfrican and Malagasy Union\nAbuja Treaty\nSirte Declaration\nLome Summit\nOrganisation of African Unity\nChairperson\nSecretary General\nGeography\nBorders\nExtreme points\nMember states\nRegions\nOrgans\nExecutive Council\nPermanent Representatives' Committee\nSpecialized Technical Committees\nAssembly\nChairperson\nCommission\nChairperson\nDeputy Chairperson\nAUCC\n2025 election\nPan-African Parliament\nBureau\nSecretariat\nGallagher Estate\nAfrican Court of Justice\nAfrican Court on Human and Peoples' Rights\nECOSOCC Committees\nPeace and Security\nPolitical Affairs\nInfrastructure and Energy\nSocial Affairs and Health\nHR, Sciences and Technology\nTrade and Industry\nRural Economy and Agriculture\nEconomic Affairs\nWomen and Gender\nCross-Cutting Programs\nFinancial institutions\nAfrican Central Bank\nAfrican Monetary Fund\nAfrican Investment Bank\nPeace and Security Council\nACIRC\nAfrican Standby Force\nPanel of the Wise\nUNAMID\nAMIB\nAMIS\nAMISOM\nMISCA\nSpecialised agencies and institutions\nAfrica Centres for Disease Control and Prevention\nPolitics\nAPRM\nForeign relations\nAfrican Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights\nAfrican Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights\nEnlargement\nUnited States Africa Command (United States military bases)\nUnited States ambassadors\nAfrican UnionEthiopia relations\nSymbols\nAnthem\nEmblem\nFlag\nPassport\nEconomy\nCurrencies (Gold standard)\nDevelopment Bank\nAfrican Economic Community\nNEPAD\nAfrican Continental Free Trade Area\nSingle African Air Transport Market\nCulture\nAfrica Day\nTheory\nAfro\nUnited States of Africa\nUnited States of Latin Africa\nEast African Federation\nCategory\nvteCommunity of SahelSaharan States (CEN-SAD)\nBenin\nBurkina Faso\nCape Verde\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nComoros\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nEritrea\nGambia\nGhana\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nIvory Coast\nKenya\nLiberia\nLibya\nMali\nMauritania\nMorocco\nNiger\nNigeria\nSo Tom and Prncipe\nSenegal\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSudan\nTogo\nTunisia\nvteOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)\nSecretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation: Hissein Brahim Taha\nMember statesMembers\nAfghanistan\nAlbania\nAlgeria\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBenin\nBurkina Faso\nBrunei\nCameroon\nChad\nComoros\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nGabon\nGambia\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nGuyana\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIvory Coast\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLebanon\nLibya\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMali\nMauritania\nMorocco\nMozambique\nNiger\nNigeria\nOman\nPakistan\nPakistan-OIC relations\nPalestine\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSenegal\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSudan\nSuriname\nTajikistan\nTogo\nTunisia\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUganda\nUzbekistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nYemen\nSuspended\nSyria\nObserversCountriesand territories\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nCentral African Republic\nNorthern Cyprus1\nRussia\nThailand\nMuslimcommunities\nMoro National Liberation Front\nInternationalorganizations\nEconomic Cooperation Organization\nAfrican Union\nArab League\nNon-Aligned Movement\nUnited Nations\nHistoryDeclarations\nAbuja Declaration (1989)\nCairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990)\nOIC Resolution 10/11 (2008)\nOIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010)\nSessionsExtraordinary\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nFourth\nFifth\nSixth\nSeventh\nEighth\nNinth\nArabIslamic (2023)\nDemographics\nEconomy\nGDP\nGDP per capita\nExports\nImports\nPopulation\nLargest cities\nEducation\n1 As the \"Turkish Cypriot State\".\n10N 49E / 10N 49E / 10; 49\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nSweden\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nVatican\nGeographic\nMusicBrainz area\nPeople\nUK Parliament\nOther\nHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland\nNARA\nIdRef\nslm Ansiklopedisi\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somalia&oldid=1226112968\"\nCategories: Somalia1960 establishments in SomaliaCountries and territories where Arabic is an official languageCountries in AfricaEast African countriesFederal republicsHorn African countriesLeast developed countriesMember states of the African UnionMember states of the Arab LeagueMember states of the Organisation of Islamic CooperationMember states of the United NationsStates and territories established in 1960Countries and territories where Somali is an official languageHidden categories: Articles containing Somali-language textPages with Somali IPAArticles containing Arabic-language textCS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)Webarchive template wayback linksCS1 Somali-language sources (so)All articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from July 2017Articles with permanently dead external linksCS1 Estonian-language sources (et)CS1 Danish-language sources (da)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pagesWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesUse dmy dates from July 2019EngvarB from May 2021All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from October 2021Articles containing Latin-language textPages using multiple image with auto scaled imagesArticles containing potentially dated statements from 2012All articles containing potentially dated statementsWikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2021All Wikipedia articles in need of updatingArticles containing potentially dated statements from 2011Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2000Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidataPages using Sister project links with default searchArticles with Curlie linksCoordinates on WikidataArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with Libris identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with VcBA identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz area identifiersArticles with UKPARL identifiersArticles with HDS identifiersArticles with NARA identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersArticles with TDVA identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 28 May 2024, at 16:38(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: Somalia | USCIS\nSkip to main content\nAn official website of the United States government Here's how you know\nEspaol\nMultilingual Resources\nOfficial websites use .gov\nA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\nSecure .gov websites use HTTPS\nA lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. 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We encourage you to register as soon as possible within the 60-day re-registration period.If you are filing an initial application for TPS under Somalias redesignation, effective March 18, 2023, you must register during the registration period that runs from March 13, 2023 through Sept. 17, 2024. We encourage you to register as soon as possible within the registration period.Go to theTPSwebpagefor information aboutregistering.Where to FileIf you are applying for TPS Somalia, you may fileForm I-821, Application for Temporary Protected Status, online. When filing an initial TPS application or re-registering for TPS, you can also request an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) by submitting a completedForm I-765, Application for Employment Authorization, online with your Form I-821.File OnlineIf you are filing a paper initial TPS application or re-registering for TPS, or if you are filing for a replacement EAD for TPS you were already granted, send your TPS package to the appropriate address in the table below.If yousend your paper application via:Then, mail your application to:U.S. Postal Service (USPS):USCISAttn: TPS SomaliaP.O. Box 6943Chicago, IL 60680-6943FedEx, UPS, or DHL deliveries:USCISAttn: TPS Somalia(Box 6943)131 S. Dearborn St., 3rd FloorChicago, IL 60603-5517Automatic Extension of Employment Authorization Document (EAD)USCIS has automatically extended throughMarch17, 2024, the validity of Employment Authorization Documents (EADs) issued under the TPS designation for Somalia with an original expiration date ofMarch 17, 2023, or Sept.17, 2021.To prove that you are authorized to continue working legally, you may showyour TPS-related EAD with aMarch 17, 2023, or Sept.17, 2021,expiration dateto your employer. Government agencies may also acceptthisdocumentifthey need toverifyyour immigration status.Employers and government agenciesmay rely on theFederal Registernotice as evidence of the continuing validity of your EAD. Go toI-9 CentralsTemporary Protected Status and Deferred Enforced Departurewebpagefor more information.If we approve your TPS re-registration application and you paid the fee for a new EAD (or we approved your fee waiver request), we will issue you a new EAD with a Sept.17, 2024, expiration date.For more information on TPS eligibility requirements, what to file, and step-by-step instructions on submitting a re-registration orinitial TPS application package, go totheTPS webpage.You can find the filing fees for TPS related forms on our Fee Schedule page.Other Immigration OptionsYou might be eligible for other immigration options listed on theExplore My Optionspage.To apply for lawful permanentresidentstatus (aGreen Card), you must be eligible under one of the categories listed on theGreen Card Eligibility Categoriespage. Once you find the category that may fit your situation, click on the link provided to get information on eligibility requirements, how to apply, and whether your family members can also apply with you.For general questions about the employment eligibility verification process, visitI-9 Centraland theTPS webpage;call USCIS at 888-464-4218 (TTY: 877-875-6028);or email USCIS ati-9central@uscis.dhs.gov. We accept calls and emails in English and many other languages.For questions about avoiding discrimination during the employment eligibility verification process, you may also call the U.S. Department of Justices Immigrant and Employee Rights Section (IER) Employer Hotline (which oers language interpretation in many languages) at 800-255-8155 (TTY: 800- 237-2515), or email IER at osccrt@usdoj.gov.Note on Seeking Asylum:Being granted and maintaining TPS until a reasonable period before the filing of the asylum application is considered an extraordinary circumstance for the purposes of the one-year filing deadline. In other words, having TPS stops the clock on the requirement to file for asylum within one year of arriving in the United States, if the one-year clock has not already expired. See 8 CFR 208.4(a)(5)(iv).Avoid ScamsPlease be aware that someunauthorized practitionersmay try to take advantage of you by claiming they can file TPS forms. These same individuals may ask that you pay them to obtain such forms; however, all USCIS forms are free for download from the USCIS website at uscis.gov/forms. We want to ensure that all potential TPS applicants know how to obtain legitimate, accurate legal advice and assistance. A list of accredited representatives is available on the USCIS website on theFind Legal Serviceswebpage.We donotwant you to become a victim of an immigration scam. If you need legal advice on immigration matters, make sure the person helping you is authorized to give legal advice. Only an attorney or an accredited representative working for a Department of Justice (DOJ) recognized organization can give you legal advice. Visit theAvoid Scamspage for information and resources.Related LinksMore InformationTemporary Protected StatusMuddada Dib-isku-Diiwaangalinta ayaa Hadda u Furan kuwa Heerka Ku-Meel-Gaarka Loo Ammaangaliyo ee loogu talagalay Soomaaliya. (PDF, 63.78 KB)Temporary Protected Status Extended for SomaliaXaalada Si kumeel gaadhka ah in loo ilaaliya ee loogu talagalay Wadanka: SomaliyaFormsI-821, Application for Temporary Protected StatusI-765, Application for Employment AuthorizationI-131, Application for Travel DocumentI-912,Request for Fee WaiverI-601, Application for Waiver of Ground of InadmissibilityToolsFee Waiver GuidanceOther USCIS LinksWorking in the U.S.Non-USCIS LinksDepartment of Justice, Immigrant and Employee Rights Section Close All Open All\nLast Reviewed/Updated:\n04/01/2024\nWas this page helpful?\nYes\nNo\nThis page was not helpful because the content:\nSelect a reasonhas too little informationhas too much informationis confusingis out of dateotherSelect a reason\nHow can the content be improved?\n0 / 2000To protect your privacy, please do not include any personal information in your feedback. Review our Privacy Policy.\nReturn to top\nTopics\nForms\nNewsroom\nCitizenship\nGreen Card\nLaws\nTools\nFacebook\nTwitter\nYouTube\nInstagram\nLinkedIn\nEmail\nContact USCIS\nAgency description\nUSCIS.gov\nAn official website of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security\nImportant links\nAbout USCIS\nAccessibility\nBudget and Performance\nDHS Components\nFreedom of Information Act\nNo FEAR Act Data\nPrivacy and Legal Disclaimers\nSite Map\nOffice of the Inspector General\nThe White House\nUSA.gov\nLooking for U.S. government information and services?\nVisit USA.gov\nNational Terrorism Advisory System\nPut this widget on your web page", "url": "https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/temporary-protected-status/temporary-protected-status-designated-country-somalia" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Somalia | Election, President, News, Capital, & Economy | Britannica\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nLogin\nSubscribe Now\nSubscribe\nHome\nGames & Quizzes\nHistory & Society\nScience & Tech\nBiographies\nAnimals & Nature\nGeography & Travel\nArts & Culture\nMoney\nVideos\nSomalia\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction & Quick FactsLandReliefDrainageSoilsClimatePlant and animal lifePeopleEthnic groupsLanguagesReligionSettlement patternsDemographic trendsEconomyAgriculture, forestry, and fishingResources and powerManufacturingFinanceTradeTransportationGovernment and societyConstitutional frameworkHealth and welfareHousingEducationCultural lifeCultural milieuDaily life and social customsThe artsMedia and publishingHistoryExplorationEarly activity on the coastsPenetration of the interiorBefore partitionPeoples of the coasts and hinterlandThe great Somali migrationsSomali clans and foreign tradersThe imperial partitionCompetition between the European powers and EthiopiaRevolt in British SomalilandItalian SomalilandThe Somali RepublicIndependence and unionPan-SomalismThe era of Scientific SocialismCivil warAttempts at peaceA new government\nReferences & Edit History\nFacts & Stats\nImages\nFor Students\nSomalia summary\nQuizzes\nThe Country Quiz\nWhich Country Is Larger By Area? Quiz\nWhich Country Is Larger By Population? Quiz\nWhich Country Is Larger? Quiz\nGuess the Country by Its Neighbors Quiz\nRelated Questions\nWhat were some of George H.W. Bush's achievements?\nWhat was Bill Clintons childhood like?\nWhat is Bill Clintons family like?\nWhat is Bill Clintons occupation?\nRead Next\nHave Any U.S. Presidents Decided Not to Run For a Second Term?\nTimeline of the 1990s\n26 Decade-Defining Events in U.S. History\n11 PopularOr Just Plain OddPresidential Pets\n9 American Political Scandals\nDiscover\n10 Best Hockey Players of All Time\nTitanosaurs: 8 of the World's Biggest Dinosaurs\nWhy Is the Indy 500 Held on Memorial Day Weekend?\nWhy Do Some Cicadas Appear Only Every 17 Years?\nPoker Hands Ranked\nWhy Was Nazi Germany Called the Third Reich?\nSecret Service Code Names of 11 U.S. Presidents\nContents\nHome\nGeography & Travel\nCountries of the World\nSomalia\nActions\nCite\nShare\nGive Feedback\nExternal Websites\nPrint\nCite\nShare\nFeedback\nExternal Websites\nAlso known as: As-Sml, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, Somali Democratic Republic, Soomaaliya\nWritten by\nJrg H.A. Janzen\nAcademic counselor, Centre for Development Studies, Faculty of Geosciences, Free University of Berlin. Author of Nomads in the Sultanate of Oman.\nJrg H.A. Janzen,\nIoan M. Lewis\nEmeritus Professor of Anthropology, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London. Author of Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Culture and others.\nIoan M. LewisSee All\nFact-checked by\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nLast Updated:\nMay 27, 2024\n\nArticle History\nTable of Contents\nflag of Somalia\nSee all media\nHead Of Government:\nPrime Minister: Hamza Abdi Barre2\n(Showmore)\nCapital:\nMogadishu\n(Showmore)\nPopulation:\n(2024 est.) 20,300,000\n(Showmore)\nHead Of State:\nPresident: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud2\n(Showmore)\nForm Of Government:\nfederal republic2 with two legislative houses (House of the People [275]; Upper House [54])\n(Showmore)\nSee all facts & stats \nRecent News\nMay 25, 2024, 4:10 AM ET (Nation.Africa)\nWill Somalia stand on its feet after AU troops finally exit?\nMay 24, 2024, 6:51 AM ET (The Weather Channel)\nCyclone Laly Strikes East Africa, Killing Two People in Kenya and Affecting Dozens in Somalia | Weather.com\nMay 21, 2024, 4:12 AM ET (South China Morning Post)\nChinese embassy security official killed in bomb attack in Somalia\nMay 17, 2024, 5:17 AM ET (Deutsche Welle)\nSomaliland eyes Ethiopia's recognition amid Somalia tensions\nMay 12, 2024, 1:40 AM ET (ABC News (U.S.))\nSomalia wants to terminate the UN political mission assisting peace efforts in the country\nSomaliaMogadishu, SomaliaFishermen at the port of Mogadishu, Somalia.(more)Somalia, easternmost country of Africa, on the Horn of Africa. It extends from just south of the Equator northward to the Gulf of Aden and occupies an important geopolitical position between sub-Saharan Africa and the countries of Arabia and southwestern Asia. The capital, Mogadishu, is located just north of the Equator on the Indian Ocean.SomaliaSomalia is a country of geographic extremes. The climate is mainly dry and hot, with landscapes of thornbush savanna and semidesert, and the inhabitants of Somalia have developed equally demanding economic survival strategies. Apart from a mountainous coastal zone in the north and several pronounced river valleys, most of the country is extremely flat, with few natural barriers to restrict the mobility of the nomads and their livestock. The Somali people are clan-based Muslims, and about three-fifths follow a mobile way of life, pursuing nomadic pastoralism or agropastoralism.Somalia, Somaliland, and PuntlandThe Republic of Somalia experienced fragmentation in the 1990s: the self-proclaimed Republic of Somaliland asserted its independence from Somalia in 1991, and the Puntland State of Somalia declared itself an autonomous region of Somalia in 1998. Neither is internationally recognized.(more)The Republic of Somalia was formed in 1960 by the federation of a former Italian colony and a British protectorate. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre) held dictatorial rule over the country from October 1969 until January 1991, when he was overthrown in a bloody civil war waged by clan-based guerrillas. After Siads fall from power, warfare continued and the country lacked an effective centralized governmentproblems that persisted into the 21st century. Moreover, a de facto government declared the formation of an independent Republic of Somaliland in the north in 1991. Similarly, in 1998 the autonomous region of Puntland (the Puntland State of Somalia) was self-proclaimed in the northeast.Decades of civil hostilities have virtually destroyed Somalias economy and infrastructure and split the country into areas under the rule of various entities. When Somalias tenuous transitional administration handed power to a new government in 2012, the newly declared Federal Republic of Somalia had only limited control over the country. There was, however, hope that the new government would usher in a new era, one in which peace would be achieved and Somalis could focus on rebuilding their country.\nBritannica Quiz\nThe Country Quiz\nLand Physical features of SomaliaSomalia is bounded by the Gulf of Aden to the north, by the Indian Ocean to the east, by Kenya and Ethiopia to the west, and by Djibouti to the northwest. Somalias western border was arbitrarily determined by colonial powers and divides the lands traditionally occupied by the Somali people. As a result, Somali communities are also found in Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya, and the border remains a source of dispute. Relief The Somali peninsula consists mainly of a tableland of young limestone and sandstone formations. In the extreme north, along the Gulf of Aden, is a narrow coastal plain called the Guban, which broadens northward toward the port of Berbera. This gives way inland to a maritime mountain range with a steep north-facing scarp. Near Ceerigaabo (Erigavo) a mountain called Surud Cad reaches the highest elevation in the country, about 7,900 feet (2,408 metres). To the south are the broad plateaus of the Galgodon (or Ogo) Highlands and the Sool and Hawd regions, which drop gradually southward toward the Indian Ocean.\nSpecial 67% offer for students! Finish the semester strong with Britannica.\nLearn More\nIn southern Somalia the crystalline bedrock outcrops to the south of Baydhabo (Baidoa) in the shape of granite formations called inselbergs. These give way farther south to alluvial plains, which are separated from the coast by a vast belt of ancient dunes stretching more than 600 miles (1,000 km) from south of Kismaayo (Chisimaio) to north of Hobyo (Obbia). Drainage The flatness of the Somalian plateaus is interrupted by several deep valleys. Starting in the northeast, these are the Dharoor and Nugaaleed (Nogal) valleys; both are wadis that, in season, have rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean at Xaafuun and Eyl, respectively. In the southwest are the only permanent rivers in Somalia, the Jubba and the Shabeelle (Shebeli). Originating in the Ethiopian highlands, these two streams cut deeply into the plateaus before meandering through the alluvial plains toward the coast. Whereas the Jubba flows directly from north of Kismaayo into the Indian Ocean, the Shabeelle veers southwest immediately to the north of Mogadishu and flows into a large swamp before reaching the Jubba. The Jubba carries more water than the Shabeelle, which sometimes dries up in its lower course in years of sparse rainfall in the Ethiopian highlands. During dry seasons these rivers are a major source of water for people and animals. Because over most of the country the water table is deep or the groundwater has a high mineral content, the conservation of surface runoff is of primary importance. Soils The types of soil vary according to climate and parent rock. The arid regions of northeastern Somalia have mainly thin and infertile desert soils. The limestone plateaus of the interfluvial area have fertile dark gray to brown calcareous residual soils that provide good conditions for rain-fed agriculture. The most fertile soils are found on the alluvial plains of the Jubba and Shabeelle rivers. These deep vertisols are covered in black soils derived from decomposed lava rocks that are commonly called black cotton soils (because cotton often is grown in them). These soils have a high water-retention capacity and are mainly used for irrigation agriculture. Climate Somalia lies astride the Equator, but unlike typical climates at this latitude, conditions in Somalia range from arid in the northeastern and central regions to semiarid in the northwest and south. The climatic year comprises four seasons. The gu, or main rainy season, lasts from April to June; the second rainy season, called the dayr, extends from October to December. Each is followed by a dry seasonthe main one (jilaal) from December to March and the second one (xagaa) from June to September. During the second dry season, showers fall in the coastal zone.\nLong-term mean annual rainfall is less than 4 inches (100 mm) in the northeast and about 8 to 12 inches (200 to 300 mm) in the central plateaus. The southwest and northwest receive an average of 20 to 24 inches (500 to 600 mm) a year. While the coastal areas experience hot, humid, and unpleasant weather year-round, the interior is dry and hot. Somalia has some of the highest mean annual temperatures in the world. At Berbera, on the northern coast, the afternoon high averages more than 100 F (38 C) from June through September. Temperature maxima are even higher inland, but along the coast of the Indian Ocean temperatures are considerably lower because of a cold offshore current. The average afternoon high at Mogadishu, for example, ranges from the low 80s F (mid- to upper 20s C) in July to the low 90s F (low 30s C) in April.\nLoad Next Page\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia\nExternal Websites\nSouth African History Online - Somalia\nUNICEF - Somalia\nWorld Health Organization - Somalia\nCentral Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Somalia\nGlobalSecurity.org - Somalia - Introduction\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nSomalia - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)\nSomalia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)\nprint\nPrint\nPlease select which sections you would like to print:\nTable Of Contents\nIntroduction & Quick FactsLandPeopleEconomyGovernment and societyCultural lifeHistory\nverifiedCite\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\nPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\nSelect Citation Style\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago Manual of Style\nJanzen, Jrg H.A. and Lewis,\nIoan M.. \"Somalia\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 May. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia. Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia\nExternal Websites\nSouth African History Online - Somalia\nUNICEF - Somalia\nWorld Health Organization - Somalia\nCentral Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Somalia\nGlobalSecurity.org - Somalia - Introduction\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nSomalia - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)\nSomalia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Somalia Sanctions | Office of Foreign Assets Control\nSkip to main content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHeres how you know\nHeres how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal government site.\nThe site is secure.\nThe https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.\nU.S. Department of the Treasury\nRead the latest Treasury news\nOffice of Foreign Assets Control\nA Part of Treasury's Office of Terrorism and\nFinancial Intelligence\nMENU\nSearch\nAbout OFAC\nRecent Actions\nSanctions Lists\nSanctions List Service\nSpecially Designated Nationals (SDN) List\nConsolidated Sanctions List (Non-SDN Lists)\nOther OFAC Sanctions Lists\nSanctions List Search\nSanctions Programs\nRussia-related Sanctions\nIran Sanctions\nNorth Korea Sanctions\nCuba Sanctions\nCounter Narcotics Sanctions\nCyber-related Sanctions\nVenezuela-related Sanctions\nComplete List of Sanctions Programs and Country Information\nSubmit a Report\nContact Us\nEnter Search Term(s):\nAdvanced Search\nBreadcrumb\nHome\nSanctions Programs and Country Information\nSomalia Sanctions\nSpecially Designated Nationals List (SDN List)\nConsolidated Sanctions List (Non-SDN Lists)\nAdditional Sanctions Lists\nSearch OFAC's Sanctions Lists\nSanctions Programs and Country Information\nRecent Actions\nOFAC License Application Page\nAdditional OFAC Resources\nFrequently Asked Questions\nCivil Penalties and Enforcement Information\nOFAC Reporting System\nSelected General Licenses Issued by OFAC\nContact OFAC\nSomalia Sanctions\nSign up forSomalia Sanctionse-mail updates.\nSanctions Brochures\nSanctions Brochures are an overview of OFAC's regulations with regard to the Somalia sanctions. They are useful quick reference tools.\nOverview of Sanctions\nFrequently Asked Questions\nOFAC has compiled hundreds of frequently asked questions (FAQs)about itssanctions programs and related policies. The links below send the user to OFAC's FAQ pages.\nFrequently Asked Questions Regarding Somalia\nOFAC Frequently Asked Questions\nInterpretive Guidance\nOFACissues interpretive guidance on specific issues related to the sanctions programs it administers. These interpretations of OFAC policyare sometimes published in response to a public request for guidance or may be released proactively by OFAC in order to address acomplex topic.\nGuidance on the Provision of Certain Services Relating to the Requirements of U.S. Sanctions Laws(January 12, 2017)\nIndex of Interpretative Guidance\nApplying for a SpecificOFAC License\nIt may be in your and the U.S. governments interest to authorize particular economic activity related to the Somalia sanctions. Certain activities related tothe Somalia sanctionsmay be allowed if they are licensed by OFAC. Visit the link below to apply for an OFAC license.\nApply for an OFAC License Online-Authorization from OFAC to engage in a transaction that otherwise would be prohibited.\nGuidance on OFAC Licensing Policy\nCertain activities related to the Somalia sanctions may be allowed if they are licensed by OFAC. Below OFAC has issued guidance and statements on specific licensing policies as they relate to the Somalia sanctions.\nLicenses for Legal Fees and Costs- Guidance on the Release of Limited Amounts of Blocked Funds for Payment of Legal Fees and Costs Incurred inChallenging the Blocking of U.S. Persons in Administrative or Civil Proceedings\nEntities Owned By Blocked Persons- Guidance On Entities Owned By Persons Whose Property And Interests In Property Are Blocked\nLEGAL FRAMEWORK FORTHESomalia sanctions\nThe Somaliasanctions programrepresents the implementation of multiplelegal authorities. Some of these authorities areinthe form of executive ordersissued by thePresident. Other authorities arepublic laws (statutes) passed byThe Congress. Theseauthorities are further codified by OFACinits regulations which are published in the Code of Federal Regulations(CFR).Modificationsto these regulationsare posted in the Federal Register.In addition to all of these authorities, OFAC may alsoimplementUnited Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCRs)with regard to the Somalia sanctions.\nExecutive Orders\n13620 Taking Additional Steps to Address the National Emergency With Respect to Somalia (Effective Date - July 20, 2012)\n13536 Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in Somalia (Effective Date - April 13, 2010)\nStatutes\nInternational Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), 50 U.S.C. 1701-1706\nNational Emergencies Act (NEA), 50 U.S.C. 1601-1651\nSection 5 of the United Nations Participation Act of 1945 (UNPA), 22 U.S.C. 287c\nCode of Federal Regulations\n31 CFR Part 551 - Somalia Sanctions Regulations\nFederal Register Notices\n87 FR 78484-22 - Publication of Humanitarian Sanctions Regulations Amendment and General Licenses(Nongovernmental Organizations, Agricultural, and Medicine)\n87 FR 78470-22- Publication ofUnited States Government and International Organizations Official BusinessSanctions Regulations Amendment and General Licenses\n86 FR 22346 - Amended Somalia Sanctions Regulations\n75 FR 24394- New regulations to implement Executive Order 13536\nUnited Nations Security Council Resolutions\n1897 (30 November 2009)\n1872 (26 May 2009)\n1851 (16 December 2008)\n1846 (2 December 2008)\n1844 (20 November 2008)\n1816 (2 June 2008)\n1772 (20 August 2007)\n1744 (20 February 2007)\n1725 (6 December 2006)\n1356 (19 June 2001)\n733 (23 January 1992)\nRecent Actions regarding Somalia Sanctions\nCounter Terrorism Designations; Somalia DesignationsRelease Date: May 24, 2023\nKingpin Act Designations; Counter Narcotics Designations Updates and Removals; Somalia Designation UpdateRelease Date: Sep 22, 2021\nIssuance of Amended Somalia Sanctions RegulationsRelease Date: Apr 27, 2021\nOffice of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence\nAdditional Resources\nPrivacy Act\nSmall Business Contacts\nBudget and Performance\nTreasuryDirect.gov Securities/Bonds\nFreedom of Information Act (FOIA)\nNo FEAR Act Data\nWhistleblower Protection\nHelpful OFAC Links\nSign Up For OFAC E-mail Alerts\nContact OFAC\nOFAC RSS Feed\nDealing with an \"OFAC Alert\"\nList of Country-related Sanctions\nAppeal an OFAC designation or other listing\nOther Government Sites\nUSA.gov\nUSAJOBS.gov\nOPM.gov\nMyMoney.gov\nData.gov\nFooter\nPrivacy Policy\nGoogle Privacy\nSite Policies and Notices\nAccessibility", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/somalia-sanctions" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Skip to main contentGo to CIA.govWorld Factbook GlyphWFBThe World FactbookCountriesMapsReferencesAboutExplore All CountriesSomaliaAfricaPage last updated: May 22, 2024Photos of Somaliaview 1 photosCountry FlagView DetailsCountry MapView DetailsSpecial Country ProductsCountry SummaryTravel FactsAfrica Demographic AtlasView All FilesLocator MapView DetailsIntroductionBackgroundBetween A.D. 800 and 1100, immigrant Muslim Arabs and Persians set up coastal trading posts along the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, solidifying present-day Somalias close trading relationship with the Arab Peninsula. In the late 19th century, Britain, France, and Italy established colonies in the Somali Peninsula that lasted until 1960, when British Somaliland gained independence and joined with Italian Somaliland to form the Republic of Somalia. The country functioned as a parliamentary democracy until 1969, when General Mohamed SIAD Barre took control in a coup, beginning a 22-year socialist dictatorship. In an effort to centralize power, SIAD called for the eradication of the clan, the key cultural and social organizing principle in Somali society. Resistance to SIADs socialist leadership, which was causing a rapid deterioration of the country, prompted allied clan militias to overthrow SIAD in 1991, resulting in state collapse. Subsequent fighting between rival clans for resources and territory overwhelmed the country, causing a manmade famine and prompting international intervention. Beginning in 1993, the UN spearheaded an international humanitarian mission, but the international community largely withdrew by 1995 after an incident that became known as Black Hawk Down, in which two US military helicopters were shot down in Mogadishu. The fighting and subsequent siege and rescue resulted in 21 deaths and 82 wounded among the international forces.International peace conferences in the 2000s resulted in a number of transitional governments that operated outside Somalia. Left largely to themselves, Somalis in the country established alternative governance structures; some areas formed their own administrations, such as Somaliland and Puntland, while others developed localized institutions. Many local populations turned to sharia courts, an Islamic judicial system that implements religious law. Several of these courts came together in 2006 to form the Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The ICU established order in many areas of central and southern Somalia, including Mogadishu, but was forced out when Ethiopia intervened militarily in 2006 on behalf of the Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG). As the TFG settled in the capital, the ICU fled to rural areas or left Somalia altogether, but the organization reemerged less than a year later as the Islamic insurgent and terrorist movement al-Shabaab, which is still active today. In 2007, the African Union (AU) established a peacekeeping force, took over security responsibility for the country, and gave the TFG space to develop Somalias new government. By 2012, Somali powerbrokers agreed on a provisional constitution with a loose federal structure and established a central government in Mogadishu called the Somali Federal Government (SFG). Since then, the country has seen several interim regional administrations and three presidential elections, but significant governance and security problems remain because al-Shabaab still controls large portions of the country.TipVisit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.Definitions and NotesGeographyLocationEastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of EthiopiaGeographic coordinates10 00 N, 49 00 EMap referencesAfricaAreatotal: 637,657 sq kmland: 627,337 sq kmwater: 10,320 sq kmcomparison ranking: total 46Area - comparativealmost five times the size of Alabama; slightly smaller than TexasArea comparison map:Land boundariestotal: 2,385 kmborder countries (3): Djibouti 61 km; Ethiopia 1,640 km; Kenya 684 kmCoastline3,025 kmMaritime claimsterritorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimexclusive economic zone: 200 nmClimateprincipally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoonsTerrainmostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in northElevationhighest point: Mount Shimbiris 2,460 mlowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mmean elevation: 410 mNatural resourcesuranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reservesLand useagricultural land: 70.3% (2018 est.)arable land: 1.8% (2018 est.)permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)forest: 10.6% (2018 est.)other: 19.1% (2018 est.)Irrigated land2,000 sq km (2012)Major aquifersOgaden-Juba BasinPopulation distributiondistribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa as shown on this population distribution mapNatural hazardsrecurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy seasonGeography - notestrategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez CanalPeople and SocietyPopulationtotal: 13,017,273male: 6,546,312female: 6,470,961 (2024 est.)comparison rankings: female 78; male 79; total 78Nationalitynoun: Somali(s)adjective: SomaliEthnic groupspredominantly Somali with lesser numbers of Arabs, Bantus, and othersLanguagesSomali (official), Arabic (official), Italian, Englishmajor-language sample(s): Buugga Xaqiiqda Aduunka, waa laga maarmaanka macluumaadka assasiga. (Somali)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.ReligionsMuslim 99.9% (Sunni Muslim 98.1%, Shia Muslim 1.2%, Islamic schismatic 0.6%), ethnic religionist 0.1% (2020 est.)Demographic profileSomalia scores very low for most humanitarian indicators, suffering from poor governance, protracted internal conflict, underdevelopment, economic decline, poverty, social and gender inequality, and environmental degradation. Despite civil war and famine raising its mortality rate, Somalias high fertility rate and large proportion of people of reproductive age maintain rapid population growth, with each generation being larger than the prior one. More than 60% of Somalias population is younger than 25 as of 2020, and the fertility rate is among the worlds highest at almost 5.5 children per woman a rate that has decreased little since the 1970s. A lack of educational and job opportunities is a major source of tension for Somalias large youth cohort, making them vulnerable to recruitment by extremist and pirate groups. Somalia has one of the worlds lowest primary school enrollment rates just over 40% of children are in school and one of the worlds highest youth unemployment rates. Life expectancy is low as a result of high infant and maternal mortality rates, the spread of preventable diseases, poor sanitation, chronic malnutrition, and inadequate health services. During the two decades of conflict that followed the fall of the SIAD regime in 1991, hundreds of thousands of Somalis fled their homes. Today Somalia is the worlds fourth highest source country for refugees, after Ukraine, Syria and Afghanistan. Insecurity, drought, floods, food shortages, and a lack of economic opportunities are the driving factors. As of 2022, more than 660,000 Somali refugees were hosted in the region, mainly in Kenya, Yemen, Egypt, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Uganda, while nearly 3 million Somalis were internally displaced. Since the implementation of a tripartite voluntary repatriation agreement among Kenya, Somalia, and the UNHCR in 2013, many Somali refugees have returned home, some 80,000 between 2014 and 2022. The Kenyan Government in March 2021 ordered the closure of its two largest refugee camps, Dadaab and Kakuma, which then hosted more than 410,000 mainly Somali refugees. However, the UN refugee agency presented a road map, including voluntary repatriation, relocation to third countries, and alternative stay options that persuaded the Kenyan Government to delay the closures. The plan was supposed to lead to both camps being closed by 30 June 2022. Yet, as of May 2022, few Somali refugees had decided to return home because of security concerns and the lack of job prospects, instead waiting in the camps unsure of what the future held for them. Other Somali asylum seekers brave the dangers of crossing the Gulf of Aden to reach Yemen despite its internal conflict with aspirations to move onward to Saudi Arabia and other locations.Age structure0-14 years: 41.4% (male 2,689,086/female 2,694,372)15-64 years: 55.8% (male 3,699,721/female 3,568,163)65 years and over: 2.8% (2024 est.) (male 157,505/female 208,426)2023 population pyramid:Dependency ratiostotal dependency ratio: 99.4youth dependency ratio: 94.2elderly dependency ratio: 5.2potential support ratio: 19.3 (2021 est.)Median agetotal: 19.1 years (2024 est.)male: 19.3 yearsfemale: 18.9 yearscomparison ranking: total 215Population growth rate2.55% (2024 est.)comparison ranking: 15Birth rate37.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)comparison ranking: 8Death rate11.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)comparison ranking: 23Net migration rate-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)comparison ranking: 136Population distributiondistribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa as shown on this population distribution mapUrbanizationurban population: 47.9% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 4.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030Major urban areas - population2.610 million MOGADISHU (capital), 1.127 million Hargeysa (2023)Sex ratioat birth: 1.03 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)Maternal mortality ratio621 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)comparison ranking: 7Infant mortality ratetotal: 83.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)male: 93.2 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 73.7 deaths/1,000 live birthscomparison ranking: total 2Life expectancy at birthtotal population: 56.5 years (2024 est.)male: 54.1 yearsfemale: 59 yearscomparison ranking: total population 225Total fertility rate5.12 children born/woman (2024 est.)comparison ranking: 8Gross reproduction rate2.52 (2024 est.)Contraceptive prevalence rate6.9% (2018/19)Drinking water sourceimproved: urban: 96.4% of populationrural: 73.7% of populationtotal: 84.2% of populationunimproved: urban: 3.6% of populationrural: 26.3% of populationtotal: 15.8% of population (2020 est.)Current health expenditureNAPhysicians density0.02 physicians/1,000 population (2014)Hospital bed density0.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)Sanitation facility accessimproved: urban: 82.4% of populationrural: 33.8% of populationtotal: 56.2% of populationunimproved: urban: 17.6% of populationrural: 66.2% of populationtotal: 43.8% of population (2020 est.)Major infectious diseasesdegree of risk: very high (2023)food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Rift Valley fever, and sexually transmitted diseases: hepatitis B (2024)water contact diseases: schistosomiasisanimal contact diseases: rabiesnote: on 31 August 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Somalia is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an infected person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccineObesity - adult prevalence rate8.3% (2016)comparison ranking: 153Alcohol consumption per capitatotal: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)beer: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)wine: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)spirits: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)comparison ranking: total 188Currently married women (ages 15-49)62.9% (2023 est.)Child marriagewomen married by age 15: 16.8%women married by age 18: 35.5%men married by age 18: 5.6% (2020 est.)Education expenditures0.3% of GDP (2019) NAcomparison ranking: 197Literacytotal population: NAmale: NAfemale: NAEnvironmentEnvironment - current issueswater scarcity; contaminated water contributes to human health problems; improper waste disposal; deforestation; land degradation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationEnvironment - international agreementsparty to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protectionsigned, but not ratified: Nuclear Test BanClimateprincipally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoonsLand useagricultural land: 70.3% (2018 est.)arable land: 1.8% (2018 est.)permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)forest: 10.6% (2018 est.)other: 19.1% (2018 est.)Urbanizationurban population: 47.9% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 4.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030Food insecurityexceptional shortfall in aggregate food production/supplies: due to drought conditions and internal conflict -about 6.5 million people are estimated to face severe acute food insecurity between April and June 2023 as a result of consecutive poor rainy seasons since late 2020 and heightened conflict since early 2021 (2023)Air pollutantsparticulate matter emissions: 14.28 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)carbon dioxide emissions: 0.65 megatons (2016 est.)methane emissions: 20.13 megatons (2020 est.)Waste and recyclingmunicipal solid waste generated annually: 2,326,099 tons (2016 est.)Major aquifersOgaden-Juba BasinTotal water withdrawalmunicipal: 20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)industrial: 2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)agricultural: 3.28 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)Total renewable water resources14.7 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)GovernmentCountry nameconventional long form: Federal Republic of Somaliaconventional short form: Somalialocal long form: Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya (Somali)/ Jumhuriyat as Sumal al Fidiraliyah (Arabic)local short form: Soomaaliya (Somali)/ As Sumal (Arabic)former: British Somaliland, Italian Somaliland, Somali Republic, Somali Democratic Republicetymology: \"Land of the Somali\" (ethnic group)Government typefederal parliamentary republicCapitalname: Mogadishugeographic coordinates: 2 04 N, 45 20 Etime difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)etymology: several theories attempt to explain the city's name; one of the more plausible is that it derives from \"maq'ad-i-shah\" meaning \"the seat of the shah,\" reflecting the city's links with PersiaAdministrative divisions18 regions (plural - gobollo, singular - gobol); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe (Middle Jubba), Jubbada Hoose (Lower Jubba), Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe (Middle Shabeelle), Shabeellaha Hoose (Lower Shabeelle), Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi GalbeedIndependence1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic)National holidayFoundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960); note - 26 June (1960) in SomalilandConstitutionhistory: previous 1961, 1979; latest drafted 12 June 2012, adopted 1 August 2012 (provisional)amendments: proposed by the federal government, by members of the state governments, the Federal Parliament, or by public petition; proposals require review by a joint committee of Parliament with inclusion of public comments and state legislatures comments; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament and approval by a majority of votes cast in a referendum; constitutional clauses on Islamic principles, the federal system, human rights and freedoms, powers and authorities of the government branches, and inclusion of women in national institutions cannot be amended; amended 2024Legal systemmixed legal system of civil law, Islamic (sharia) law, and customary law (referred to as Xeer)International law organization participationaccepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCtCitizenshipcitizenship by birth: nocitizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Somaliadual citizenship recognized: noresidency requirement for naturalization: 7 yearsSuffrage18 years of age; universalsuffrage starting with 24 June 2024 local electionsExecutive branchchief of state: President HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud (since 23 May 2022)head of government: Prime Minister Hamza Abdi BARRE (since 25 June 2022)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by the House of the Peopleelections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the Federal Parliament by two-thirds majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 15 May 2022 (next to be held in 2026); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of the Peopleelection results: 2022: HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud elected president in third round - Federal Parliament percent of vote in first round - Said ABDULLAHI DENI (Kaah) 20.2%, Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed \"Farmaajo\" (TPP) 18.3%, HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud (PDP) 16.2%, Hassan Ali KHAYRE (independent) 14.6%, other 30.7%; Federal Parliament percent of vote in second round - HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud 34.1%, Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed \"Farmaajo\" 25.7%, Said ABDULLAHI DENI 21%, Hassan Ali KHAYRE 19.2%; Federal Parliament percent of vote in third round - HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud 66%, Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed \"Farmaajo\" 34%2017: Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed \"Farmaajo\" elected president in second round; Federal Parliament number of votes in first round - HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud (PDP) 88, Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed \"Farmaajo\" (TPP) 72, Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed (ARS) 49, other 37; Federal Parliament number of votes in second round - Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed \"Farmaajo\" 184, HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud 97, Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed 45Legislative branchdescription: bicameral Federal Parliament to consist of:Senate (54 seats; senators indirectly elected by state assemblies to serve 4-year terms)House of the People (275 seats; members indirectly elected by electoral colleges, each consisting of 51 delegates selected by the 136 Traditional Elders in consultation with sub-clan elders; members serve 4-year terms)elections: Senate - first held on 10 October 2016; last held 27 July - 13 November 2021 (next to be held in 2024)House of the People - first held 23 October - 10 November 2016 (next scheduled for September - October 2021 but postponed to November 2021 and then extended several times until April 2022; next to be held in June 2024)election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 40, women 14, percentage women 25.9%House of the People - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 221, women 54, percentage women 19.6%; total Federal Parliament percentage women 20.7%note 1: the inaugural House of the People was appointed in September 2012 by clan elders; in 2016 and 2017, the Federal Parliament became bicameral with indirect elections scheduled for 10 October 2016 for the Upper House - renamed 'Senate' and 23 October to 10 November 2016 for the House of the People; while the elections were delayed, they were eventually held in most regions despite voting irregularities; on 27 December 2016, 41 Upper House senators and 242 House of the People Members of Parliament were sworn innote 2: despite the formation of political parties in 2020, the 2021 parliamentary elections maintained a primarily clan-based system of appointments; seats in the legislature were apportioned to Somali member states and not by party representation Judicial branchhighest court(s): the provisional constitution stipulates the establishment of the Constitutional Court (consists of 5 judges, including the chief judge and deputy chief judge); note - under the terms of the 2004 Transitional National Charter, a Supreme Court based in Mogadishu and the Appeal Court were established; yet most regions have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either secular, traditional Somali customary law, or Islamic lawjudge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president upon proposal of the Judicial Service Commission, a 9-member judicial and administrative body; judge tenure NAsubordinate courts: federal courts; federal member state-level courts; military courts; sharia courtsPolitical parties and leadersselect National Independent Electoral Commission (NIEC) approved parties (as of 2020): Cosmopolitan Democratic Party [Yarow Sharef ADEN]Green Party [Ahmed HAJI]Himilo Qaran Party [Sharif SHEIKH AHMED]Ilays Party [Abdulkadir OSOBLE]Justice and Reconciliation PartyNational Progressive PartyPeace and Unity Party [Asha ABDALLA]Qaransoor Party [Abdijabaar SHEIKH AHMED]Qiimo Qaran PartySecurity and Justice PartySocial Justice Party [Mohamed NUR, chairman]Somali Labour Party[Ali Mohamed APOLLO, chairman]Somali Republic Party [Abdinur Ahmed DARMAN, chairman]Somali Social Unity Party or SSUP [Yaasiin Maaxi MACALIN]Union for Peace and Development Party or PDP [HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud]Wadajir Party [Abdirahman Abdishakur WARSAME] note: in 2017 an independent electoral commission (the NIEC) was inaugurated with a mandate to oversee the process of registration of political parties in the country; as of 2021, the NIEC had registered a total of 110 partiesInternational organization participationACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU (candidate), EAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in the USchief of mission: Ambassador Ali Sharif AHMED (since 16 September 2019)chancery: 1609 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 853-9164email address and website: info@somaliembassydc.nethttps://somaliembassydc.net/Diplomatic representation from the USchief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charg d'Affaires Shane L. DIXON (since 25 July 2023)embassy: Mogadishu, (reopened October 2019 on the grounds of the Mogadishu Airport)mailing address: P.O. Box 606 Village Market00621 Nairobi, Kenyatelephone: [254] 20 363-6451email address and website: SomaliaPublicAffairs@state.govhttps://so.usembassy.gov/Flag descriptionlight blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; the blue field was originally influenced by the flag of the UN but today is said to denote the sky and the neighboring Indian Ocean; the five points of the star represent the five regions in the horn of Africa that are inhabited by Somali people: the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland (which together make up Somalia), Djibouti, Ogaden (Ethiopia), and the North East Province (Kenya)National symbol(s)leopard; national colors: blue, whiteNational anthemname: \"Qolobaa Calankeed\" (Every Nation Has its own Flag)lyrics/music: lyrics/music: Abdullahi QARSHEnote: adopted 2012; written in 1959\"Qolobaa Calankeed\" (Every Nation Has its own Flag):Government - noteregional and local governing bodies continue to exist and control various areas of the country, including the self-declared Republic of Somaliland in northwestern SomaliaEconomyEconomic overviewlow-income African Horn economy; 30 years of war and instability crippled economic potential; high remittances for basic survival; new fiscal federalism approach; cleared some unsustainable debt; environmentally fragile; digitally driven urbanization effortsReal GDP (purchasing power parity)$25.491 billion (2022 est.)$24.886 billion (2021 est.)$24.089 billion (2020 est.)note: data in 2017 dollarscomparison ranking: 148Real GDP growth rate2.43% (2022 est.)3.31% (2021 est.)-2.56% (2020 est.)note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currencycomparison ranking: 158Real GDP per capita$1,400 (2022 est.)$1,500 (2021 est.)$1,500 (2020 est.)note: data in 2017 dollarscomparison ranking: 218GDP (official exchange rate)$10.42 billion (2022 est.)note: data in current dollars at official exchange rateInflation rate (consumer prices)1.5% (2017 est.)-71.1% (2016 est.)comparison ranking: 24GDP - composition, by sector of originagriculture: 60.2% (2013 est.)industry: 7.4% (2013 est.)services: 32.5% (2013 est.)comparison rankings: services 223; industry 214; agriculture 2GDP - composition, by end usehousehold consumption: 72.6% (2015 est.)government consumption: 8.7% (2015 est.)investment in fixed capital: 20% (2015 est.)investment in inventories: 0.8% (2016 est.)exports of goods and services: 0.3% (2015 est.)imports of goods and services: -1.6% (2015 est.)Agricultural productscamel milk, milk, goat milk, sheep milk, sugarcane, fruits, sorghum, cassava, vegetables, maize (2022)note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnageIndustrieslight industries, including sugar refining, textiles, wireless communicationIndustrial production growth rate4.3% (2014 est.)note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currencycomparison ranking: 83Labor force3.163 million (2022 est.)note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking workcomparison ranking: 103Unemployment rate19.29% (2022 est.)19.94% (2021 est.)19.59% (2020 est.)note: % of labor force seeking employmentcomparison ranking: 204Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)total: 34.7% (2021 est.)male: 32.5%female: 38.5%comparison ranking: total 26Population below poverty line54.4% (2022 est.)note: % of population with income below national poverty lineGini Index coefficient - distribution of family income36.8 (2017 est.)comparison ranking: 82Remittances16.65% of GDP (2022 est.)17.63% of GDP (2021 est.)18.85% of GDP (2020 est.)note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entitiesBudgetrevenues: $145.3 million (2014 est.)expenditures: $151.1 million (2014 est.)Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)-0.1% (of GDP) (2014 est.)comparison ranking: 50Public debt76.7% of GDP (2017 est.)93% of GDP (2014 est.)comparison ranking: 43Taxes and other revenues0% (of GDP) (2020 est.)note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDPcomparison ranking: 214Current account balance-$464 million (2017 est.)-$427 million (2016 est.)comparison ranking: 104Exports$819 million (2014 est.)$779 million (2013 est.)comparison ranking: 186Exports - partnersUAE 50%, Oman 30%, Bulgaria 3%, India 3%, Kuwait 2% (2022)note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exportsExports - commoditiesgold, sheep and goats, cattle, gum resins, shellfish (2022)note: top five export commodities based on value in dollarsImports$94.43 billion (2018 est.)$80.07 billion (2017 est.)comparison ranking: 50Imports - partnersUAE 33%, China 19%, India 16%, Turkey 7%, Ethiopia 5% (2022)note: top five import partners based on percentage share of importsImports - commoditiestobacco, raw sugar, palm oil, rice, milk (2022)note: top five import commodities based on value in dollarsReserves of foreign exchange and gold$30.45 million (2014 est.)comparison ranking: 195Debt - external$5.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)comparison ranking: 131Exchange ratesSomali shillings (SOS) per US dollar -Exchange rates:23,097.987 (2017 est.)23,061.784 (2016 est.)22,254.236 (2015 est.)20,230.929 (2014 est.)19,283.8 (2013 est.)EnergyElectricity accesspopulation without electricity: 10 million (2020)electrification - total population: 49.3% (2021)electrification - urban areas: 70.6% (2021)electrification - rural areas: 30.6% (2021)Electricityinstalled generating capacity: 91,000 kW (2020 est.)consumption: 311.2 million kWh (2019 est.)exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)imports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)transmission/distribution losses: 35 million kWh (2019 est.)comparison rankings: installed generating capacity 185; transmission/distribution losses 38; imports 124; exports 104; consumption 180Electricity generation sourcesfossil fuels: 95.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)solar: 3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)wind: 1.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)Coalproduction: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)Petroleumtotal petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)refined petroleum consumption: 5,900 bbl/day (2019 est.)crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)Refined petroleum products - production0 bbl/day (2015 est.)comparison ranking: 137Refined petroleum products - exports0 bbl/day (2015 est.)comparison ranking: 184Refined petroleum products - imports5,590 bbl/day (2015 est.)comparison ranking: 167Natural gasproduction: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)proven reserves: 5.663 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)Carbon dioxide emissions882,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)from petroleum and other liquids: 882,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)comparison ranking: total emissions 176Energy consumption per capita802,000 Btu/person (2019 est.)comparison ranking: 195CommunicationsTelephones - fixed linestotal subscriptions: 91,000 (2022 est.)subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2022 est.) less than 1comparison ranking: total subscriptions 140Telephones - mobile cellulartotal subscriptions: 8.844 million (2022 est.)subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 50 (2022 est.)comparison ranking: total subscriptions 96Telecommunication systemsgeneral assessment: Somalias economic difficulties in recent years have made it difficult for telcos and the government to sustain investment in infrastructure; the government has also had to contend with militant groups which continue on occasion to force the closure of internet services in many areas of the country; in recent years, though, the government has addressed the lack of guidance which had prevailed since 1991, when a dictatorial regime was overthrown; the National Communications Law was passed in October 2017, aimed at setting a legal and regulatory framework for the telecoms sector, while provision was made in the following year to set up a regulatory authority to oversee the telecom sector; more recently, three types of licenses were mandated to provide clarity to operators, and to bring the market closer into line with international standards; all operators were given until August 2020 to secure one of the three license types; given the poor condition of fixed-line infrastructure, operators have concentrated on mobile connectivity; their investment plans have involved the development of LTE services to provide mobile data and broadband services; the telecom market has flourished; tariffs are among the lowest in Africa, and new cable systems coming on stream in the next few years, as well as planned investments from local operators to bolster the countrys national fiber backbone, will lead to downward pressure on retail pricing; on the consumer side, spending on telecoms services and devices are under pressure from the financial effect of large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes as the remnants of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic remain and as global events, such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine, continue to play out; the market is continuing a positive growth trajectory, supported by a slow economic rebound in the country (2022)domestic: fixed-line is 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 50 per 100 (2022)international: country code - 252; landing points for the G2A, DARE1, PEACE, and EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa, Indian Ocean Islands, the Middle East, North AfricaandEurope (2019)Broadcast media2 private TV stations rebroadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN; Somaliland has 1 government-operated TV station and Puntland has 1 private TV station; the transitional government operates Radio Mogadishu; 1 SW and roughly 10 private FM radio stations broadcast in Mogadishu; several radio stations operate in central and southern regions; Somaliland has 1 government-operated radio station; Puntland has roughly a half-dozen private radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2019)Internet country code.soInternet userstotal: 2.465 million (2021 est.)percent of population: 14.5% (2021 est.)comparison ranking: total 129Broadband - fixed subscriptionstotal: 119,000 (2020 est.)subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2020 est.)comparison ranking: total 127TransportationNational air transport systemnumber of registered air carriers: 6 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 7annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 4,486 (2018)Civil aircraft registration country code prefix6OAirports38 (2024)comparison ranking: 106Roadwaystotal: 15,000 km (2013)comparison ranking: total 125Merchant marinetotal: 4 (2023)by type: general cargo 1, other 3comparison ranking: total 172Portstotal ports: 6 (2024)large: 1medium: 0small: 2very small: 3ports with oil terminals: 2key ports: Baraawe, Berbera, Boosaaso, Kismaayo, Marka, MuqdishoMilitary and SecurityMilitary and security forcesSomali National Armed Forces (SNAF; aka Somali National Defense Force): Land Forces (Somali National Army or SNA), Somali Navy, Somali Air ForceMinistry of Internal Security: Somali National Police (SNP, includes Coast Guard and a commando unit known as Harmacad or Cheetah)National Security and Intelligence Agency (includes a commando/counterterrorism unit) (2023)note 1: the Somali Navy and Air Force have only a few hundred personnel, little equipment, and are not operational; in early 2024, Somalia signed an agreement with Turkey to build, train and equip the Somali Navynote 2: Somalia has numerous militia (\"macawisley\") and regional forces operating throughout the country; these forces include ones that are clan- and warlord-based, semi-official paramilitary and special police forces (\"darwish\"), and externally sponsored militiasnote 3: Somaliland and Puntland have separate military and security forcesMilitary expenditures6% of GDP (2021 est.)6% of GDP (2020 est.)5.6% of GDP (2019 est.)6% of GDP (2018 est.)5.9% of GDP (2017 est.)comparison ranking: 5Military and security service personnel strengthsestimates vary; approximately 20,000 regular military personnel (2023)note 1: in January 2023, the Somali Government said the SNA would have 24,000 trained and equipped troops by 2024; it aims to also have about 40,000 policenote 2: as of 2022, there were estimates of up to 50,000 militia forces operating in the countryMilitary equipment inventories and acquisitionsthe SNA is lightly armed with an inventory that includes a variety of older, secondhand equipment largely from Italy, Russia, South Africa, and the UK; in recent years, it has received small quantities of equipment as aid/donations from a variety of countries, including the US (2023)Military service age and obligation18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription of men aged 18-40 and women aged 18-30 is authorized, but not currently utilized (2023)Military - notethe Somali National Army (SNA) and supporting security and militia forces are actively conducting operations against the al-Shabaab terrorist group (see Appendix T); al-Shabaab controls large parts of southern and central Somaliaof the SNAs approximately 13 brigades, the most effective are assessed to be the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Advanced Infantry Brigade and those of the Turkish-trained Gorgor (\"Eagle\") Special Division; as of 2023, the Danab Brigade numbered about 2,000 troops with an eventual projected strength of 3,000, while the Gorgor Division was estimated to have up to 5,000 trained troops; the Somali Government has sent thousands of troops to Eritrea and Uganda for training and in 2023 announced plans to send additional personnel to Egypt and Ethiopia for trainingthe African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) operated in the country with the approval of the UN from 2007-2022; its peacekeeping mission included assisting Somali forces in providing security for a stable political process, enabling the gradual handing over of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces, and reducing the threat posed by al-Shabaab and other armed opposition groups; in April 2022, AMISOM was reconfigured and replaced with the AU Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS); the ATMIS mission is to support the Somalia Federal Government (FGS) in implementing the security objectives of the FGS's security transition plan, a comprehensive strategy developed by the FGS and its international partners in 2018 and updated in 2021 to gradually transfer security responsibilities from ATMIS to Somali security forces; originally about 20,000-strong (civilians, military, and police), ATMIS began reducing its staffing levels in mid-2023; its planned departure from Somalia is the end of 2024 UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM; established 2013) is mandated by the Security Council to work with the FGS to support national reconciliation, provide advice on peace-building and state-building, monitor the human rights situation, and help coordinate the efforts of the international community; the UN Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS; established 2015) is responsible for providing logistical field support to ATMIS, UNSOM, and the Somali security forces on joint operations with ATMISthe European Union Training Mission in Somalia (EUTM-S) has operated in the country since 2010; the EUTM provides advice and training to the Somali military; the US, UK, and Turkey maintain separate military training missions in Somalia (the US has also supported the SNA with air strikes); the UAE maintains a military presence in Somaliland (2023)TerrorismTerrorist group(s)Terrorist group(s): al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham Somalianote: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-TTransnational IssuesRefugees and internally displaced personsrefugees (country of origin): 23,364 (Ethiopia), 9,969 (Yemen) (2023)IDPs: 3.864 million (civil war since 1988, clan-based competition for resources; famine; insecurity because of fighting between al-Shabaab and the Transitional Federal Government's allied forces) (2022)AgencyAbout CIALeadershipOrganizationMission and VisionCIA MuseumCareersCareer OpportunitiesHiring ProcessStudent ProgramsAccommodationsMyLINKResourcesNews & StoriesCenter for the Study of Intelligence (CSI)The World FactbookWorld LeadersThe Langley FilesSpy KidsHelpful LinksPartner with CIAPrepublication ReviewDiversity & InclusionFreedom of Information Act (FOIA)Frequently Asked QuestionsPrivacy PolicyReport InformationReport InformationContact CIAContact CIAConnect with CIAInstagramFacebookTwitterLinkedInYouTubeFlickrTelegramSearch CIA.govSite PoliciesPrivacyNo FEAR ActECA NoticeInspector GeneralUSA.govSitemap", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Somalia Travel Advisory\nSecurity Alert\nMay 17, 2024\nWorldwide Caution\nUpdate\nMay 10, 2024\nInformation for U.S. Citizens in the Middle East\nSkip to main content\nHome|\nTravel Advisories |\nNewsroom|\nAbout Us|\nContact Us |\nCareers|\nMyTravelGov|\nFind U.S. Embassies & Consulates\nTravel.State.Gov\nTravel.State.Gov\nCongressional Liaison\nSpecial Issuance Agency\nU.S. Passports\nInternational Travel\nU.S. Visas\nIntercountry Adoption\nInternational Parental Child Abduction\nRecords and Authentications\nPopular Links\nHome\nTravel Advisories\nNewsroom\nAbout Us\nContact Us\nCareers\nMyTravelGov\nFind U.S. Embassies & Consulates\nStay Connected\nLegal Resources\nLegal Information\nInfo for U.S. Law Enforcement\nTravel.State.Gov\nU.S. DEPARTMENT of STATE BUREAU of CONSULAR AFFAIRS\nTravel.State.Gov >\nTravel Advisories>Somalia Travel Advisory\nCongressional Liaison\nSpecial Issuance Agency\nLegal Resources\nU.S. Passports\nInternational Travel\nU.S. Visas\nIntercountry Adoption\nInternational Parental Child Abduction\nReplace or Certify Documents\nTravel Advisories\nEnglish\nTravel Advisories\nTravel.State.Gov >\nTravel Advisories>Somalia Travel Advisory\nShare this page:\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ\nAll\nFilter Countries\nSomalia Travel Advisory\nTravel AdvisoryJuly 31, 2023\nSomalia - Level 4: Do Not Travel\nO\nD\nK\nE\nN\nH\nU\nT\nC\nReissued with obsolete COVID-19 page links removed.\nDo not travel to Somalia due tocrime,terrorism,civil unrest, health issues, kidnapping,andpiracy.\nCountry Summary: Violent crime, such as kidnapping and murder, is common throughout Somalia, including Puntland and the Somaliland region. Illegal roadblocks are widespread. Some schools and other facilities acting as cultural rehabilitation centers are operating throughout Somalia with inadequate or nonexistent licensing and oversight. Reports of physical abuse and people being held against their will in these facilities are common.\nTerrorists continue to plot kidnappings, bombings, and other attacks in Somalia. They may conduct attacks with little or no warning, targeting airports and seaports, government buildings, hotels, restaurants, shopping areas, and other areas that attract large crowds and are frequented by Westerners, as well as government, military, and Western convoys. Methods of attack can include car bombs, suicide bombers, individual attackers, and mortar fire, among others. While some areas have experienced less severe terrorist activity, such as the Somaliland region, where there have been no major terrorist attacks since 2008, terrorist attacks involving the indiscriminate use of explosive devices and other weapons can take place anywhere in Somalia at any time without warning. The U.S. Embassy heavily restricts the movement of its employees in Mogadishu based on the critical threat environment.\nCivil unrest occurs throughout Somalia and can sometimes be violent.\nMedical facilities across Somalia have limited capacity and are often nonexistent in rural areas.\nPirates are active in the waters off the Horn of Africa, especially in the international waters near Somalia.\nThe U.S. government has extremely limited ability to provide emergency services to U.S. citizens in Somalia due to the lack of permanent consular presence in Somalia, including the Somaliland region.\nDue to risks to civil aviation operating within or in the vicinity of Somalia, the Federal Aviation Administration has issued a Special Federal Aviation Regulation. For more information, U.S. citizens should consult theFederal Aviation Administrations Prohibitions, Restrictions, and Notices.\nRead thecountry information pagefor additional information on travel to Somalia.\nIf you decide to travel to Somalia:\nReview your personal security plan and visit our page onTravel to High-Risk Areas.\nAvoid sailing near the coast of Somalia and review theLive Piracy Reportpublished by the International Maritime Bureau.\nDraft a will and designate appropriate insurance beneficiaries and/or power of attorney.\nDiscuss a plan with loved ones regarding care/custody of children, pets, property, belongings, non-liquid assets (collections, artwork, etc.), funeral wishes, etc.\nShare important documents, login information, and points of contact with loved ones so that they can manage your affairs if you are unable to return as planned to the United States. Find a suggested list of such documents here.\nEstablish your own personal security plan in coordination with your employer or host organization (if you are traveling on business) or consider consulting with a professional security organization.\nDevelop a communication plan with family and/or your employer or host organization (if you are traveling on business), so that they can monitor your safety and location as you travel through high-risk areas. This plan should specify whom you would contact first, and how that person should share the information.\nIdentify key sources of possible assistance for you and your family in case of emergency, such as the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate, FBI, the State Department, your employer (if traveling on business), and local friends/family in the high-risk area.\nBe sure to appoint one family member to serve as the point of contact with hostage-takers, media, U.S. and host country government agencies, and members of Congress if you are taken hostage or detained.\nEstablish a proof of life protocol with your loved ones, so that if you are taken hostage, your loved ones can know specific questions (and answers) to ask the hostage-takers to be sure that you are alive (and to rule out a hoax).\nLeave DNA samples with your medical provider in case it is necessary for your family to access them.\nErase any sensitive photos, comments, or other materials from your social media pages, cameras, laptops, and other electronic devices that could be considered controversial or provocative by local groups.\nLeave your expensive/sentimental belongings behind.\nEnroll your trip in the State Department'sSmart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP).\nFollow the Department of State onFacebookandTwitter.\nReview theCountry Security Reportfor Somalia.\nPrepare a contingency plan for emergency situations. Review theTravelers Checklist.\nVisit the CDC page for the latestTravel Health Informationrelated to your travel.\nTravel Advisory Levels\nAssistance for U.S. Citizens\nU.S. Embassy Kenya\nUnited Nations AvenueGigiri, Nairobi, Kenya\nTelephone\n(254) (20) 363-6451 (Monday through Thursday, 7:15 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. and Friday from 7:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m.)\nEmergency\n(254) (20) 363-6000\nFax\nNo Fax\nEmail\nkenya_acs@state.gov\nWebsite\nhttps://ke.usembassy.gov/\nSomalia Map\nView Larger Map\nSearch for Travel Advisories\n\nExternal Link\nYou are about to leave travel.state.gov for an external website that is not maintained by the U.S. Department of State.\nLinks to external websites are provided as a convenience and should not be construed as an endorsement by the U.S. Department of State of the views or products contained therein. If you wish to remain on travel.state.gov, click the \"cancel\" message.\nYou are about to visit:\nCancel\nGO\nTravel.State.Gov\nTravel.State.Gov\nCongressional Liaison\nSpecial Issuance Agency\nU.S. Passports\nInternational Travel\nU.S. Visas\nIntercountry Adoption\nInternational Parental Child Abduction\nRecords and Authentications\nPopular Links\nHome\nTravel Advisories\nNewsroom\nAbout Us\nContact Us\nCareers\nMyTravelGov\nFind U.S. Embassies & Consulates\nStay Connected\nLegal Resources\nLegal Information\nInfo for U.S. Law Enforcement\nPrivacy |\nCopyright & Disclaimer |\nFOIA |\nNo FEAR Act Data |\nOffice of the Inspector General |\nUSA.gov |\nUSA.gov/espanol |\nThis site is managed by the U.S. Department of State. External links to other Internet sites and listings of private entities on this page are provided as a convenience and should not be construed as the U.S. Department of State or U.S. government endorsement of the entity, its views, the products or services it provides, or the accuracy of information contained therein. The order in which names appear has no significance, and the listings or links may be removed at any time at the discretion of the Department.", "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/somalia-travel-advisory.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Somalia country profile - BBC NewsBBC HomepageSkip to contentAccessibility HelpYour accountHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelMore menuMore menuSearch BBCHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveClose menuBBC NewsMenuHomeIsrael-Gaza warWar in UkraineIndia Election 2024ClimateVideoWorldUS & CanadaUKBusinessMoreTechScienceEntertainment & ArtsHealthIn PicturesBBC VerifyWorld News TVNewsbeatWorldAfricaAsiaAustraliaEuropeLatin AmericaMiddle EastSomalia country profilePublished2 JanuaryShareclose panelShare pageCopy linkAbout sharingCreated in 1960 from a former British protectorate and an Italian colony, Somalia collapsed into anarchy following the overthrow of the military regime of President Siad Barre in 1991.As rival warlords tore the country apart into clan-based fiefdoms, an internationally-backed unity government formed in 2000 struggled to establish control, with separatist movements in the two relatively peaceful northern regions of Somaliland and Puntland. However, unlike Somaliland, Puntland is not trying to obtain international recognition as a separate nation, but is part of the federal Somali state.The seizure of the capital Mogadishu and much of the country's south by a coalition of Islamist shariah courts in 2006 prompted an intervention by Ethiopian, and later, African Union, forces.Since 2012, when a new internationally-backed government was installed, Somalia has been inching towards stability, but the new authorities still face a challenge from al-Qaeda-aligned Al-Shabab insurgents.Read Puntland profileRead Somaliland profileRead more country profiles, external - Profiles by BBC Monitoring, externalFEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA: FACTSCapital: MogadishuArea: 637,657 sq kmPopulation: 17 millionLanguages: Somali, ArabicLife expectancy: 55 years (men) 59 years (women)LEADERSPresident: Hassan Sheikh MohamudImage source, Getty ImagesHassam Sheikh Mohamud was elected by parliament in May 2022, defeating incumbent President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed Farmajo. Mohamud had served a previous term as president in 2012-2017, which was dominated by the struggle against al-Shabab jihadists, and he still faces a strong challenge by the insurgency.MEDIAImage source, Getty ImagesImage caption, TV is still a minor medium in SomaliaSomalia's disintegration is reflected in its fragmented and partisan media, which operates in a hostile environment.Journalists and media outlets complain about intimidation at the hands of state security agencies. Nevertheless, professionally-run media outlets have emerged - in particular, FM radios with no explicit factional links. The TV and press sectors are weak and radio is the dominant medium. Domestic web access is held back by poor infrastructure, but social media use is on the rise.Read full media profileTIMELINEImage source, Getty ImagesImage caption, More than one million people lost their homes as a result of the civil war7th-19th Centuries - From the 7th-Century arrival of Islam onwards, modern-day Somalia is ruled by a series of at times competing sultanates.19th Century - European colonial powers gradually make inroads into Somalia's rival regional states, with the bulk of the area coming under Italian rule and the British establishing control of the northwest.1960 - Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland become independent, merge and form the United Republic of Somalia. 1969 - Mohamed Siad Barre assumes power in coup after the assassination of the elected president; he goes on to declare Somalia a socialist state and nationalises most of the economy.1991 - The ousting of Mohamed Siad Barre in 1991 sparks a decades-long civil war between rival clan warlords and the disintegration of central authority. Former British Somaliland declares unilateral independence.1990s- US-spearheaded UN peacekeeping mission fails to restore peace.2006 - Militias loyal to the Islamist Union of Islamic Courts capture Mogadishu and other parts of south after defeating clan warlords, before being driven out by Ethiopian forces.2007-11 - An African Union peacekeeping force, Amisom, begins to deploy and Ethiopian troops withdraw in 2009. Al-Shabab - a jihadist breakaway from the Islamic Courts - advance into southern and central Somalia, prompting an armed intervention by Kenya.2012 - Efforts to restore a central authority since 2000 finally make substantial progress, with the swearing in of the first formal parliament in more than 20 years, and the holding of the first presidential election since 1967. 2022 - Somali government forces, aided by US air strikes and African Union troops carry out major offensives against al-Shabab, retaking control of significant areas that had previously been under the group's control. 2024 - Ethiopia and Somaliland sign a memorandum of understanding for landlocked Ethiopia to use one of Somaliland's ports. Somalia describes the agreement as an act of \"aggression\".Image source, Getty ImagesImage caption, The scars of civil war are visible in Mogadishu's historic port cityRelated TopicsSomaliaAfricaMore on this storyKenya country profilePublished4 July 2023Ethiopia country profilePublished2 JanuaryEritrea country profilePublished18 April 2023Djibouti country profilePublished18 April 2023Somaliland profilePublished2 JanuaryPuntland profilePublished3 AprilAround the BBCBBC SomaliBBC Media Action - SomaliaRelated Internet LinksIrin - SomaliaCrisis GroupThe BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.Top StoriesLive.Jury begins deliberating in Trump's hush-money trialGaza war could go on for rest of 2024, says Israel PM's aidePublished1 hour agoConcern for Iceland town following new eruptionPublished37 minutes agoFeaturesGrowing up under fire: Ukraines children adapt to survive Russia's invasionDoes banning mobile phones stop friction in the classroom?Why Nigel Farages return to the fray matters'I've only caught three exam cheats in 25 years'A sliding doors moment that consigned USA cricket to pub quiz answerWhy Canada is riddled with wildfires that burn year-roundWho are the 47 democracy activists facing jail in Hong Kong?Elsewhere on the BBCInside the Baby Reindeer controversyWhat impact can drama inspired by true events have on real people?From rural Jamaica to X-Factor gloryDalton Harris became the first non-British black singer to win the UKs biggest TV singing competitionOne of the countrys most notorious unsolved murdersViv Graham's death continues to cast a long shadow over the family he left behindArdal O'Hanlon unearth the rich history of the Irish coastExplore the rich history and vibrant wildlife of a realm where the ocean reigns supremeMost Read1Man accused of hitting TikToker charged with hate crimes 2Concern for Iceland town following new eruption3Homeless sent out of city to make room for Taylor Swift fans4Delhi 'unbearable' as temperatures near 50C5Gaza war could go on for rest of 2024, says Israel PM's aide6North Korea drops trash balloons on the South7What will Trump jury decide? Here are the three options8What happens if Trump is convicted in hush-money trial?9Nick Carter denies 'outrageous' sex assault claims10Singapore Airlines plane jolted up and down for five seconds - reportBBC News ServicesOn your mobileOn smart speakersGet news alertsContact BBC NewsHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveTerms of UseAbout the BBCPrivacy PolicyCookiesAccessibility HelpParental GuidanceContact the BBCGet Personalised NewslettersWhy you can trust the BBCAdvertise with us 2024 BBC. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read about our approach to external linking.", "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094503" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "U.S. Relations With Somalia - United States Department of State\nSkip to content\nAn official website of the United States Government Here's how you know\nOfficial websites use .gov\nA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\nSecure .gov websites use HTTPS\nA lock ( ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 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RELATIONS\nThe United States established diplomatic relations with Somalia in 1960, following its constituent parts independence from British and Italian administration, respectively. A 1969 coup replaced Somalias elected government with military rule that reflected both ideological and economic dependence on the Soviet Union. Following war with Ethiopia in the 1970s, Somalia began turning toward the West, including the United States, for international support, military equipment, and economic aid. The start of a civil war in the 1980s led to the collapse of Somalias central government in 1991.\nFollowing this, various groupings of Somali factions, sometimes supported by outside forces, sought to control the national territory (or portions thereof) and fought one another. Although the United States never formally severed diplomatic relations with Somalia, the U.S. Embassy in Somalia was closed from 1991 to 2018. Numerous efforts at mediation and reconciliation were attempted during these years, and a transitional government was established in 2004. In 2012, Somalia completed its political transition through a limited, indirect election of a new federal parliament and president. With the adoption of a provisional constitution, the United States formally recognized the new federal government of Somalia (FGS) on January 17, 2013. In February 2017, the FGS completed its first national electoral process since the 2012 transition, selecting a new federal parliament and a new president, President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed. Parliamentary and presidential elections due to be completed in 2021 are underway but have been delayed repeatedly by disagreements over implementation of the process and a succession of political crises.\nU.S. foreign policy objectives in Somalia are to promote political and economic stability, prevent the use of Somalia as a safe haven for international terrorism, and alleviate the humanitarian crisis caused by years of conflict, drought, flooding, and poor governance. The United States is committed to helping Somalias government strengthen democratic institutions, improve stability and security, and deliver services for the Somali people. Since 2013, the FGS has made progress establishing government institutions, negotiating relationships with regional authorities, and supporting community stabilization. The United States supports the FGSs state-building agenda for completing federal state formation, completing a review of the provisional constitution and holding a constitutional referendum, preparing for democratic elections, promoting reconciliation, and strengthening responsive and representative governing institutions. The United States recognizes the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Somalia within its 1960 borders in accordance with the Somali provisional constitution, which includes Somaliland and Puntland. The United States also has supported the efforts of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and the Somali national forces in driving the al-Shabaab terrorist organization out of strategically important population centers and in extending security throughout Somalia.\nU.S. Assistance to Somalia\nThe United States has provided more than $3 billion in humanitarian assistance for Somalia since 2006 to address the problems of drought, famine, and refugees. Since 2011, the United States has provided an additional $253 million in development assistance to support economic, political, and social sectors to achieve greater stability, establish a formal economy, obtain access to basic services, and attain representation through legitimate, credible governance. The United States works closely with other donor partners and international organizations to support social services and the development of an effective and representative security sector, including military, police, and justice sector, while supporting ongoing AMISOM efforts.\nBilateral Economic Relations\nThe United States has little trade or investment with Somalia. U.S. exports to Somalia include legumes, grain, baking-related goods, donated products, and machinery. U.S. imports from Somalia include precious stones and low-value shipments.\nSomalias Membership in International Organizations\nSomalia and the United States belong to a number of the same international organizations, including the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank.\nBilateral Representation\nOn December 2, 2018, for the first time since the closure of the U.S. embassy in Mogadishu on January 5, 1991, the United States reestablished a permanent diplomatic presence in Somalia. In addition to the embassy in Mogadishu, the U.S. mission to Somalia operates partially from the U.S. embassy in Nairobi. The U.S. embassy in Nairobi handles consular coverage for Somalia. Other principal mission officials are listed in theDepartments Key Officers List.\nThe Somali embassy in Washington is located at 1609 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 200o8 (tel. 202.853.9164).\nMore information about Somalia is available from the Department of State and other sources, some of which are listed here:\nCIA World Factbook Somalia Page\nU.S. Mission\nUSAID Somalia Page\nHistory of U.S. Relations With Somalia\nOffice of the U.S. Trade Representative Country Page\nU.S. Census Bureau Foreign Trade Statistics\nOffice of Foreign Assets Control Sanctions Page\nLibrary of Congress Country Studies\nTravel Information\nTags\nBureau of African Affairs\nSomalia\nRelated Articles\nRead more\nBack to Top\nWhite House\nUSA.gov\nOffice of the Inspector General\nArchives\nContact Us\nfollow us\nFacebook\nX\nInstagram\nYouTube\nFlickr\nGovDelivery\nPrivacy Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nCopyright Information\nFOIA\nNo FEAR Act\nU.S. Department of State\nThe Lessons of 1989: Freedom and Our Future", "url": "https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-somalia/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Somalia - European Commission\nThis site uses cookies. Visit our cookies policy page or click the link in any footer for more information and to change your preferences. Accept all cookies Accept only essential cookies\nSkip to main content\nAn official website of the European UnionAn official EU websiteHow do you know?All official European Union website addresses are in the europa.eu domain.See all EU institutions and bodies\nenenSelect your languageClosebgesespaolcsetinadadanskdeDeutscheteestielenEnglishfrfranaisgaGaeilgehrhrvatskiititalianolvlatvieultlietuvihumagyarmtMaltinlNederlandsplpolskiptportugusroromnsksloveninaslsloveninafisuomisvsvenska\nSearch\nSearchSearch\nEuropean Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations\nMenuCloseMenuBackPrevious itemsNext itemsHomeWho we areAbout usAccountabilityJobs and opportunitiesSee allWhat we doCivil ProtectionHumanitarian aidSee allWhere we workAsia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and CaribbeanAfricaMiddle East and Northern AfricaSee allPartnershipsCivil protection partnersHumanitarian partnersEuropean and international cooperationSee allFunding & evaluationsFinancing civil protectionFunding for humanitarian aidProcurementEvaluationsOnline databasesSee allResources & CampaignsAudio-visual productionsCampaignsCountry & thematic pagesEurobarometer reportsPolicy guidelinesReports, studies and other publicationsSee allNews & storiesEventsStoriesNewsSee all\nHomeWhere we workAfricaSomaliaSomalia\n UNICEF, 2018Somalia\nPage contentsIntroductionWhat are the needs?How are we helping?Facts & figuresRelated information\nIntroduction\nFor decades, Somalia has endured prolonged conflict and extreme weather conditions.\nThe recent drought has led to 90% of the country being under extreme drought conditions. 5 consecutive rainy seasons have failed, impacting over 8 million people. Since 2021, more than 1.7 million have been displaced by the drought.\nThe latest Deyr rainy season (October-December 2023), aggravated by the El Nio effect combined with a positive Indian Ocean Dipole, translated into above-average rainfalls and massive flooding, and affected 2.5 million people, including 1.2 million people who were forcibly displaced and 119 casualties.\nExtreme weather events driven by climate change are compounded by conflict, political instability, COVID-19, and the impact of the war in Ukraine on food, fuel, and fertiliser prices.\nWhat are the needs?\nIn 2024, at least 6.9 million people, almost half of Somalias population, require immediate life-saving humanitarian and protection assistance.\nWhile famine is no longer the most likely scenario, food insecurity remains high, with more than 4.3 million people still acutely food insecure, and about 1.5 million children under the age of 5 expected to suffer from acute malnutrition in 2024.\nMore than half of the population is water insecure, while 4.6 million people need shelter and non-food items. In addition, Somalia ranks last place in the Global Health Security Index, and 80% of households lack a handwashing facility.\n European Union, 2022 (photographer: Said Yusuf Warsame)\nCurrently, there are close to 4 million internally displaced people in Somalia due to drought, floods, conflict, and insecurity. They live in unsanitary makeshift camps, facing increased protection and health risks.\nSince 2022, protracted armed conflict with renewed large-scale fighting has severely impacted civilians and the movement of people and goods in the country. Violations of international humanitarian law are widespread.\nDespite increasing aid support since August 2022, humanitarian needs still outpace the response. The 2023 Humanitarian Response Plan for Somalia, which sought more than US$2.6 billion to meet the priority needs of 7.6 million people, had only 43.6% of the requested funding secured at the end of 2023.\nTherefore, increased humanitarian assistance is needed to respond to the number of overlapping crises and prevent deaths.\nThe 2024 Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan for Somalia requires US$1.6 billion to meet the priority needs of the 5.2 million people targeted.\nHow are we helping?\nFor 2024, EU humanitarian funding has an initial available budget of 37 million for humanitarian interventions in Somalia. In 2023, the EU allocated 85.3 million for humanitarian projects in Somalia, mainly in response to the drought.\nEU humanitarian funding supports aid organisations in delivering (i) food assistance, (ii) basic health and nutrition services, (iii) clean water, (iv) protection, (v) shelter, and (vi) education.\nOur humanitarian partners work in rural and hard-to-reach areas to ensure no one is left behind. They also work to mitigate further displacement of rural populations while also providing essential lifesaving assistance in already congested urban and peri-urban areas hosting those displaced.\nMothers are shown how to treat malnutrition and, if needed, are provided with medicines or nutritional supplements delivered by the Humanitarian Air Bridge. European Union, 2022 (photographer: Said Yusuf Warsame)\nWhenever relevant, EU humanitarian support helps people in need through cash transfers. This enables them to feed and sustain their family while also meeting other basic needs in a dignified way. Using cash transfers also helps overcome accessibility challenges while supporting local markets.\nSomalia has high child and maternal mortality rates, severe malnutrition rates, and frequent outbreaks of disease. The countrys health system also faces critical shortages, and only 1/3 of health facilities are functional.\nThere is currently an increase in outbreaks of disease in the country, especially acute watery diarrhoea, cholera, and suspectedmeasles. This is due to climate shocks, limited access to clean water and hygiene, and unsanitary living conditions in displacement camps. All these diseases are potentially deadly.\nTherefore, the EU focuses on providing quality health care, epidemic prevention and control, and emergency treatment of malnutrition. We support experienced health and nutrition partners in communities and health facilities.\nIn July 2022, the EU launched a Humanitarian Air Bridge to deliver emergency supplies to hard-to-reach areas no longer accessible by road. This operation transported life-saving nutrition and health assistance to underserved and hard-to-reach locations during the most critical dry period.\nThe EU also funds disaster risk reduction and preparedness activities through community-based early warning, preparedness, and response systems. The aim is to reduce the impact of the multiple shocks experienced in the country related to climate, conflict, and epidemics.\nHowever, the country still needs more long-term development to support the resilience and self-reliance of the vulnerable, such as pastoral, agricultural and marginalised communities. Cooperation between the EUs humanitarian and development actions is ongoing, especially for cash-based social safety nets and education, to build up the longer-term resilience of affected Somali communities.\nThe EU aims to increase the visibility of the crisis, such as through the High-Level Roundtable on the Horn of Africa Drought. This was co-hosted by Commissioner Lenari and UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator Martin Griffiths on 26 April 2022.\nLast updated: 27/02/2024\nFacts & figures\nAt least 6.9 millionpeople need humanitarian assistance and\nmore than 4.3 millionare acutely food insecure (OCHA)\n1 in 8children dies before turning 5(UNICEF)\nClose to 4 millioninternally displaced people(OCHA)\nMore than714,000Somali refugees in neighbouring countries (UNHCR)\nEU humanitarian funding:\n37 million in 2024\n85.3 millionin 2023\nAround 220 million since beginning of 2021\nNearly543 millionsince 2017\nRelated information\nEU humanitarian initiative to support COVID-19 vaccination rollout in Africa\nEuropean Consensus on humanitarian aid\nInternational Partnerships\nEU External Action\nEU humanitarian aid photos from Somalia\nShare this page\nEuropean Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid OperationsThis site is managed by:Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO)AccessibilityContact usContact formFollow usTwitterInstagramFacebookYouTubeLinkedInExposureFlickrMastodonAbout usJobs and opportunitiesSubscribe to our newsletterOrganisation and leadershipRelated sitesDG ECHO Partners' websiteEmergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC)Union Civil Protection Knowledge NetworkCommissioner Janez LenariContact the European CommissionFollow the European Commission on social mediaResources for partnersReport an IT vulnerabilityLanguages on our websitesCookiesPrivacy policyLegal notice", "url": "https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/where/africa/somalia_en" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Somalia - United States Department of State\nSkip to content\nAn official website of the United States Government Here's how you know\nOfficial websites use .gov\nA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\nSecure .gov websites use HTTPS\nA lock ( ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 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Reports\nForm Finder\nOrganization Chart\nPlans, Performance, Budget\nEvidence, Evaluation, and Learning\nInformation Quality Act\nOpen Government Initiative\nData Informed Diplomacy\nDigital Government Strategy\nPlain Writing Program\nPartner with State\nLeadership\nThe Secretary of State\nDeputy Secretary of State\nDeputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources\nBiographies of Senior Officials\nDirectories\nContact Us\nTelephone Directory\nU.S. Ambassadors\nU.S. Embassies and Other Posts\nCountry Offices Directory\nKey Officers of Foreign Service Posts\nDiplomats in Residence\nMenu\nState Department Home\nsearch\nSearch:\nSearch\nClose\nHomeCountries & AreasSomalia\nhide\nSomalia\nSubscribe\nView Fact Sheet\nEmbassies & Consulates\nBureau of African Affairs\nInternational Travel Information\nWhat you need to know before you go: visas, embassy & consulate locations, vaccinations, etc.\nInternational Travel Information: Learn More\nCurrent Travel Advisories\nLevel 4: Do Not Travel\nLearn More\nU.S. Relationship\nThese are excerpts from the U.S. Relations With Somalia\nU.S.-Somalia Relations\nU.S. Assistance to Somalia\nBilateral Economic Relations\nU.S.-Somalia Relations\nThe U.S. established diplomatic relations with Somalia in 1960, following its constituent parts independence from British and Italian administration, respectively. Although the U.S. never formally severed diplomatic relations with Somalia, the U.S. Embassy in Somalia was closed in 1991. With the adoption of a provisional constitution, the U.S. formally recognized the new Federal Government of Somalia on January 17, 2013.\nThe U.S. established diplomatic relations with Somalia in 1960, following its constituent parts independence from British and Italian administration, respectively. Although the U.S. never formally severed diplomatic relations with Somalia, the U.S. Embassy in Somalia was closed in 1991. With the adoption of a provisional constitution, the U.S. formally recognized the new Federal Government of Somalia on January 17, 2013. U.S. foreign policy objectives in Somalia are to promote political and economic stability, prevent the use of Somalia as a safe haven for international terrorism, and alleviate the humanitarian crisis caused by years of conflict, drought, flooding, and poor governance.\nCollapse U.S.-Somalia Relations\nRead more about U.S.-Somalia Relations\nU.S. Assistance to Somalia\nThe U.S. has provided $1.5 billion in humanitarian assistance in Somalia since 2006 to address the problems of drought, famine, and refugees. Since 2011, the U.S. has provided an additional $240 million in development assistance to support economic, political, and social sectors to achieve greater stability, establish a formal economy, obtain access to basic services, and attain representation through legitimate,\nThe U.S. has provided $1.5 billion in humanitarian assistance in Somalia since 2006 to address the problems of drought, famine, and refugees. Since 2011, the U.S. has provided an additional $240 million in development assistance to support economic, political, and social sectors to achieve greater stability, establish a formal economy, obtain access to basic services, and attain representation through legitimate, credible governance. The U.S. works closely with other donor partners and international organizations to support social services and the development of an effective and representative security sector, including military, police, and justice sector, while supporting ongoing African Union peacekeeping efforts.\nCollapse U.S. Assistance to Somalia\nRead more about U.S. Assistance to Somalia\nBilateral Economic Relations\nThe U.S. has little trade or investment with Somalia. U.S. exports to Somalia include legumes, grain, baking-related goods, donated products, and machinery. U.S. imports from Somalia include precious stones and low-value shipments.\nIntegrated Country Strategies\nThe Integrated Country Strategy is the four-year strategy articulating U.S. priorities in a given country. The Chief of Mission leads the strategy.\nView Integrated Country Strategies\nInvestment Climate Statements\nThe Investment Climate Statements analyze a variety of economies that are or could be markets for U.S. businesses and provide information on the business climates.\nView Investment Climate Statements\nFiscal Transparency Report\nThe Fiscal Transparency Report analyzes government transparency and identifies needed changes to improve public spending accountability.\nView Fiscal Transparency Report\nDiscover More\n2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices\n2022 Report on International Religious Freedom\n2023 Trafficking in Persons Report\nView all Department Reports and Publications\nCOVID-19 Vaccine Deliveries\nSince August, 2021 the United States has donated 1,485,980 safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine doses with the people of Somalia. This includes 847,080 Pfizer and 638,900 J&J doses. Of the 1,485,980 vaccine doses, 100% were donated in partnership with COVAX.\nThe United States is committed to leading an international and coordinated effort to accelerate access to safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines to meet global needs. The United States is working with other governments and partners including COVAX, Caricom, and the African Vaccine Acquisition Trust (AVAT) to protect communities from COVID-19 and apply lessons from this pandemic to enhance health security now and in the future.\nLearn more about our workDelivering Vaccinesand onCOVID-19 Recovery.\nMore Vaccine Deliveries\nHighlights\nApril 19, 2024\nG7 Italy 2024 Foreign Ministers Statement on Addressing Global Challenges, Fostering Partnerships\nMarch 11, 2024\nDesignatingTransnational Network Supporting al-Shabaab\nFebruary 21, 2024\nDepartment Press Briefing February 21, 2024\nFebruary 21, 2024\nOnline Briefing with Molly Phee, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs; Michael Hammer, Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa; and John Godfrey, U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Sudan\nFebruary 16, 2024\nAssistant Secretary Phees Travel to Somalia\nVIEW ALL NEWS\nTags\nBureau of African Affairs\nSomalia\nBack to Top\nWhite House\nUSA.gov\nOffice of the Inspector General\nArchives\nContact Us\nfollow us\nFacebook\nX\nInstagram\nYouTube\nFlickr\nGovDelivery\nPrivacy Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nCopyright Information\nFOIA\nNo FEAR Act\nU.S. Department of State\nThe Lessons of 1989: Freedom and Our Future", "url": "https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/somalia/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Anu Ramaswami | Civil and Environmental Engineering\nCivil and Environmental Engineering\nOff screen link: Skip to content\nOff screen link: Skip to search\nCivil and Environmental Engineering\nMain Menu\nMenu\nAbout\nAboutSubmenu\nMessage from the Chair\nEmployment Opportunities\nAdvisory Council\nHistory of the Department\nUndergraduate\nUndergraduateSubmenu\nUndergraduate Studies\nObjectives and Outcomes\nPaths to Graduation\nStudent Projects\nStudent Groups\nCenter for Career Development\nGraduate\nGraduateSubmenu\nGraduate Studies\nPrograms\nDegrees Offered\nHow to Apply\nHow to ApplySubmenu\nWhat we look for in applicants at CEE/Princeton\nFaculty\nResearch\nResearchSubmenu\nSustainable, Resilient Cities and Infrastructure Systems\nWater, Climate and Energy\nMechanics, Materials and Structures\nHydrology and the Atmospheric Environment\nChemistry, Biology and Technology\nArchitecture, Arts and Archaeology\nArchitecture and Engineering\nDirectory, (current section)\nNews\nEvents\nContact Us\nIntranet\nLog in\nSearch\nSearch\nHome\nDirectory\nAnu Ramaswami\nAnu Ramaswami\nPosition\nSanjay Swani 87 Professor of India Studies\nRole\nProfessor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies, and the High Meadows Environmental Institute\nOffice Phone\n609-258-3729(Link opens phone app)\nEmail\nanu.ramaswami@princeton.edu\nOffice\nE232 Engineering Quad\nWebsite\nhttps://ramaswami.princeton.edu(Link is external)\nCV\nRamaswami CV 2022(Link downloads document)\nEducation\nPhD Civil Engineering and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1995.\nMS Civil Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1989.\nBS Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras. 1987.\nBio/Description\nHonors, Awards, DISTINCTIONS\n2022 American Academy of Environmental Engineers & Scientists (AAEES) Science Award\n2022 Steven K. Dentel Association of Environmental Engineering & Science Professors (AEESP) Award for Global Outreach\nChair, 2022 Gordon Research Conference in Industrial Ecology\nMember, UN Environments International Resource Panel (2014 - present)\nLead Author IPCC Working Group III Chapter 12: Human Settlements, Infrastructure & Spatial Planning (2012 - 2013)\nResearch interests\nDr. Ramaswami is an interdisciplinary environmental engineer recognized as a pioneer and leader on the topic of sustainable urban infrastructure systems. Her work explores how seven key sectors - that provide water, energy, food, buildings, mobility, connectivity, waste management and green/public spaces shape human and environmental wellbeing, from local to global scales. She brings expertise across multiple disciplines: environmental science and engineering, industrial ecology, public health and public affairs, with a human-centered and systems focus.\nCourses:\nENV 343 / CEE 343 / SAS 343 Inequality in India: An Interdisciplinary and Global Perspective\nENV 377 / CEE 377 /SAS 377 / URB 377 Sustainable Cities in the US and India: Technology & Policy Pathways\nCEE 598 / ENV 598 Special Topics in Sustainable, Resilient Cities and Infrastructure Systems\nSelected Publications\nGoogle scholar profile: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=VKBHZZcAAAAJ&hl=th(Link is external)\nRelated News\nProf. Ramaswami recognized with AAEES Science Award\nPrinceton researchers receive $2.5 million to advance the science of urban food sustainability\nProf. Anu Ramaswami Joins Princeton University\nSitewide Category\nSustainable, Resilient Cities and Infrastructure Systems\nWater, Climate and Energy\nFooter\n(Link is external)\nThe Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering\nE209A Engineering Quadrangle\nPrinceton, New Jersey 08544 USA\nTelephone: (609) 258-4600\nEmail: cee@princeton.edu\nFooter menu\nContributions to and/or sponsorship of any eventdoes not constitute departmental or institutionalendorsementof the specific program, speakers or views presented.(Link is external) (Link opens in new window)\nDigital Accessibility(Link is external) (Link opens in new window)\n 2024 The Trustees of Princeton University\nm", "url": "https://cee.princeton.edu/people/anu-ramaswami" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Anu Ramaswami - Princeton Engineering\nSkip to content\nPrinceton University\nLinkedIn\nTwitter\nFacebook\nInstagram\nSearch\nMenu\nClose\nAbout\nSchool Information\nOverviewYour first points of contact with Princeton EngineeringLeadership and StaffMeet our administrative teamLeadership CouncilAccomplished leaders who serve as advisors to the deanStrategic PlanningA bold vision for the next decadePrinceton EngineersCelebrating our communityE100In 2021-2022, we celebrated the centennial of our first academic year\nInformation for\nProspective StudentsWhy become a Princeton EngineerCorporate PartnersResearch partnerships, licensing, and recruitingEntrepreneursHelping students turn inspiration into actionAlumniStay connected to Princeton EngineeringVisitorsDirections, and tour information\nDiversity & Inclusion\nGeneral Information\nDiversity and InclusionOur commitment to diversity and inclusionDiversity DashboardDemographic information and trendsDiversity Champions ProgramLearn, share, and practice strategies related to diversity, equity, and inclusion\nResources\nDiversity and Inclusion Programs and ResourcesFostering greater diversity in science and engineeringDiversity and Inclusion EventsProfessional, social opportunities for the Princeton communityNewsletter ArchiveQuarterly publication of the Office of Diversity and Inclusion at Princeton Engineering\nUndergraduate\nGeneral information\nOverviewRigorous foundation, hands-on experience, liberal arts contextAdmission and ToursSign up for a tourAcademicsSix departments offer BSE degrees; 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A Princeton data tool helps planners set priorities.\nPart Fourteen: Hello, World\nStudy shows how cities can consider race and income in household energy efficiency programs\nResearch meets the challenge of measuring urban carbon emissions\nA systems-level approach to sustainability helps cities work better for people and the planet\nResearch\nCities and the Future Metropolis\nData Science\nEnergy and Environment\nEntrepreneurship\nPublic Policy\nAffiliations\nCivil and Environmental Engineering\nHigh Meadows Environmental Institute\nPrinceton Institute for International and Regional Studies (PIIRS)\nPrinceton Institute for International and Regional Studies (PIIRS)\nSubscribe to our mailing list\nLinkedin Facebook Twitter Instagram\nPrinceton Engineering\nSchool of Engineering and Applied SciencePrinceton, New Jersey 08544\n 2024 The Trustees of Princeton UniversityPrinceton, New Jersey 08544 USA", "url": "https://engineering.princeton.edu/faculty/anu-ramaswami" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Urban Nexus Lab\nUrban Nexus Lab\nOff screen: Skip to content\nOff screen: Skip to search\nUrban Nexus Lab\nMain Menu\nMenu\nPeople\nPublications\nProjects\nCourses\nNews & Events\nNews & EventsSubmenu\nBlog\nContact\nLog in\nSearch\nSearch\nUrban Nexus Lab\nVision and Experience\nThis website represents multiple projects led by Professor Anu Ramaswami. The goal of the Urban Nexus Lab is to advance sustainable, healthy, and equitable cities through knowledge co-production and nexus modeling of seven key transboundary infrastructure and food systems. Through multiple National Science Foundation (NSF) grants and partnerships with more than 30 cities in the US and India, as well as emerging innovative partnerships with metropolitan regions, the Urban Nexus lab has developed innovative datasets and models to inform infrastructure transitions towards decarbonization, environmental sustainability, health, and equity.\nOverarching Framework\nConnecting multiple sectors...\nWater\nGreenery\nTransportation\nFood\nBuildings\nEnergy\nWaste\n... across spatial scales with multiple societal outcomes\nEnvironment\nHealth\nWellbeing\nEquity\nLivability\nFollow Urban Nexus Lab\nTwitter(Link is external) - Instagram(Link is external) - LinkedIn(Link is external)\nFooter\nDigital Accessibility(Link is external) (Link opens in new window)\n 2024 The Trustees of Princeton University\n(Link is external)\nm", "url": "https://ramaswami.princeton.edu/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Anu Ramaswami | M. S. Chadha Center for Global India\nM. S. Chadha Center for Global India\nOff screen link: Skip to content\nOff screen link: Skip to search\nM. S. Chadha Center for Global India\nMain Menu\nMenu\nPeople, (current section)\nPeopleSubmenu\nDirector\nAdvisory Council\nExecutive Committee\nFaculty Associates\nResearch Associates\nAdministration\nVisitors\nCourses\nCoursesSubmenu\n2023 Global Seminar\nProjects\nSummer Internship\nSummer InternshipSubmenu\nBefore You Apply\nHost an Intern\nFunding\nFundingSubmenu\nFaculty\nGraduates\nUndergraduates\nPodcast\nNews\nEvents\nEventsSubMenu\nPast Events\nLog in\nSearch\nSearch\nHome\nPeople\nAnu Ramaswami\nAnu Ramaswami\nSection Menu\nDirector\nAdvisory Council\nExecutive Committee\nFaculty Associates\nResearch Associates\nAdministration\nVisitors\nPosition\nDirector, M.S. Chadha Center for Global India\nRole\nSanjay Swani '87 Professor of India Studies\nTitle\nProfessor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies, and the High Meadows Environmental Institute\nOffice Hours\nEducation\nBio/Description\nAnu Ramaswami is an interdisciplinary environmental engineer recognized as a pioneer and leader on the topic of sustainable urban infrastructure systems. Her work explores how seven key sectors that provide water, energy, food, buildings, mobility, connectivity, waste management and green/public spaces shape human and environmental wellbeing, from local to global scales. She brings expertise across multiple disciplines: environmental science and engineering, industrial ecology, public health, and public affairs, all with a human-centered and systems focus.\nRamaswami has served as lead PI and director of several flagship interdisciplinary programs supported by the National Science Foundation, focused on developing sustainable infrastructure and cities in the U.S., India and China. Her work has been published in Nature Climate Change and Science, as well as in top disciplinary journals, and distilled in policy-oriented reports of the United Nations and the World Bank.\nRamaswami is a member of the UN Environments International Resource Panel and the National Science Foundations Advisory Committee for Environmental Research and Education (AC-ERE) and serves on the editorial board of Nature Sustainability.\nSelected Publications\nFooter\n(Link is external)\nJOIN OUR MAILING LIST(Link is external) (Link opens in new window)\nFooter menu\nPrinceton CGI Twitter\n(Link is external)\nPrinceton CGI YouTube\n(Link is external)\nDigital Accessibility(Link is external) (Link opens in new window)\n 2024 The Trustees of Princeton University\nm", "url": "https://cgi.princeton.edu/people/anu-ramaswami" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Anu Ramaswami | Princeton Environmental Research\nPrinceton Environmental Research Addressing the worlds problems\nOff screen link: Skip to content\nOff screen link: Skip to search\nPrinceton Environmental Research\nAddressing the worlds problems\nMain Menu\nMenu\nResearch\nResearchSubmenu\nBiodiversity\nClimate\nEnergy\nFood, Land, & Cities\nSociety\nSustainability\nWater, Drought & Flooding\nExperts, (current section)\nIn the News\nEvents\nAcademic Units\nAbout\nThe Charge\nSearch\nSearch\nHome\nFeatured Experts\nAnu Ramaswami\nPhoto byDavid Kelly Crow\nRole\nUrban infrastructures, sustainability, health and equity\nTitle\nSanjay Swani '87 Professor of India Studies. Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies, and the High Meadows Environmental Institute. Director, Chadha Center for Global India.\nOffice Phone\n609-258-3729(Link opens phone app)\nEmail\nanu.ramaswami@princeton.edu\nWebsite\nThe Sustainable Urban Infrastructure Systems Lab(Link is external)\nBio/Description\nAnu Ramaswami is the Sanjay Swani '87 Professor of India Studies, and a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies and the High Meadows Environmental Institute. An interdisciplinary environmental engineer recognized as a pioneer and leader on the topic of sustainable urban infrastructure systems, Ramaswamis work explores how seven key sectors water, energy, food, buildings, mobility, connectivity, waste management and green/public spaces shape human and environmental well-being, from local to global scales. She brings expertise across multiple disciplines, including environmental science and engineering, industrial ecology, public health and public affairs, with a human-centered and systems focus. Ramaswami is director of Princetons Chadha Center for Global India.\nOn Twitter:@AnuRamaswami(Link is external)\nRelated News\nNew calculator helps cities achieve net-zero goalsPrinceton experts identify priorities for the upcoming United Nations climate conferencePrinceton experts take to mass media to discuss climate impact and solutionsClimate change, social inequalities and citiesWhat is a net-zero city?Researchers aim to build urban resilience and maximize output from wind farmsThe future of food in a changing climateEmotional well-being while home gardening similar to other popular activitiesReducing the impacts of indirect land useFood systems are key to curbing cities environmental footprint\nFooter\nDigital Accessibility(Link is external) (Link opens in new window)\n 2024 The Trustees of Princeton University\nm", "url": "https://environmenthalfcentury.princeton.edu/experts/anu-ramaswami" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Anu Ramaswami | Center for Policy Research on Energy and the Environment (C-PREE)\nCenter for Policy Research on Energy and the Environment (C-PREE)\nOff screen link: Skip to content\nOff screen link: Skip to search\nMain Menu\nMenu\nResearch\nResearchSubmenu\nAir Pollution and Health\nBehavioral Decision Research\nClimate Adaptation\nConservation\nEnergy Systems\nFood, Agriculture, and Land\nPeople, (current section)\nPeopleSubmenu\nFaculty\nStudents\nPostdocs & Researchers\nStaff\nEnvironmental Policy Associates\nEvents\nEventsSubmenu\nDavid Bradford Energy and Environmental Policy Seminar Series\nDavid Bradford Energy and Environmental Policy Seminar SeriesSubmenu\nDavid Bradford Seminars Archive & Videos\nOther Events & Conferences\nOther Events & ConferencesSubmenu\nArchive of Conferences & Other Events\nNews\nNewsSubmenu\nStudent Blog & News\nSTEP Program\nSTEP ProgramSubmenu\nMaster's Certificate\nDoctoral Certificate\nSTEP PhD in Public Affairs\nAbout\nAboutSubmenu\nWork with Us\nContact\nBecome an Environmental Policy Associate\nSign up for C-PREE's newsletter(Link is external)\nLog in\nSearch\nSearch\nHome\nPeople\nSection Menu\nFaculty\nStudents\nPostdocs & Researchers\nStaff\nEnvironmental Policy Associates\nAnu Ramaswami\nPosition\nSanjay Swani '87 Professor of India Studies. Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, PIIRS, and HMEI\nRole\nDirector, M.S. Chadha Center for Global India\nEmail\nanu.ramaswami@princeton.edu\nWebsite\nhttps://ramaswami.princeton.edu/(Link is external)\nBio/Description\nAnu Ramaswami is an interdisciplinary environmental engineer and professor at Princeton University, with appointments across India studies, civil and environmental engineer, and the High Meadows Environmental Institute. She has pioneered sustainable urban systems science and knowledge co-production for developing low-carbon, healthy, and equitable cities. Her work explores how eight key sectors that provide water, energy, food, buildings, mobility, connectivity, waste management and green/public spaces shape human and environmental wellbeing, from local to global scales.\nRamaswamis work integrates environmental science and engineering, industrial ecology, public health and public affairs, with a human-centered and systems focus. She is the author of more than 100 peer-reviewed articles, published in leading journals such as Science, Nature Climate Change, Nature Sustainability, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Environmental Science & Technology, and Environmental Research Letters. She is the inaugural director of the M.S. Chadha Center for Global India at Princeton University, the lead principal investigator and director of the National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported Sustainable Healthy Cities Network(Link is external), and serves on the United Nations Environment Programmes International Resource Panel.\nTwitter -@AnuRamaswami(Link is external)\nFooter\nDigital Accessibility(Link is external) (Link opens in new window)\n 2024 The Trustees of Princeton University\nm", "url": "https://cpree.princeton.edu/people/anu-ramaswami" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Anu Ramaswami - High Meadows Environmental Institute\nAbout HMEI\n<\nAbout HMEI\nDiscover HMEI\nHistory & Mission\nGet Involved\nOur Name\nEmployment Opportunities\nContact\nResearch\n<\nResearch\nFaculty Research\nResearch Centers\nResearch Areas\nResearch Initiatives\nResources and Opportunities\nPrograms\nEducation\n<\nEducation\nUndergraduate Program\nProgram in Environmental Studies\nInternships\nFunding Opportunities\nPrizes\nResources\nGraduate Program\nGraduate Certificate in Environmental Studies\nHMEI-CESEn Program\nHMEI-STEP Program\nPrinceton Energy and Climate Scholars (PECS)\nFunding Opportunities\nResources\nEvents\n<\nEvents\nEvents at HMEI\nHMEI Events Series\nHMEI Faculty Seminar Series\nNewsPeople\nSearch Sites & People\nAbout HMEI\n<\nAbout HMEI\nDiscover HMEI\nHistory & Mission\nGet Involved\nOur Name\nEmployment Opportunities\nContact\nResearch\n<\nResearch\nFaculty Research\nResearch Centers\nResearch Areas\nResearch Initiatives\nResources and Opportunities\nPrograms\nEducation\n<\nEducation\nUndergraduate Program\nProgram in Environmental Studies\nInternships\nFunding Opportunities\nPrizes\nResources\nGraduate Program\nGraduate Certificate in Environmental Studies\nHMEI-CESEn Program\nHMEI-STEP Program\nPrinceton Energy and Climate Scholars (PECS)\nFunding Opportunities\nResources\nEvents\n<\nEvents\nEvents at HMEI\nHMEI Events Series\nHMEI Faculty Seminar Series\nNewsPeople\nOur New Home Check out our special page about our new home in Princetons ES + SEAS complex now under construction\nPeople\nBack To Previous Page\nLeadership & HMEI Faculty\nHMEI Associated Faculty\nVisiting Faculty & Lecturers\nAdministrative & Technical Staff\nPostdoctoral Fellows & Research Staff\nFaculty Advisory Committee\nBrowse by Research Area\nAnu Ramaswami\nOffice\nE232 Engineering Quad\nEmail\nanu.ramaswami@princeton.edu\nWeb\nCEE Website\nTitle\nSanjay Swani 87 Professor of India Studies. Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies, and the High Meadows Environmental Institute. Director, M.S. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home - Devdutt Pattanaik\nMythologist | Author | Speaker | Illustrator\nSearch\nMenuHomeAll ArchivesArticlesBooksVideosPodcastsInterviewsLinks in Bio\nOther linksAboutContactSTORE\nFacebook\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nYouTube\nInstagram\nMay 29, 2024\nUnlock the Magic of Myth: T-shirts from Devdutt Pattanaik\nDive into a blend of mythology and art thatll make your feed pop! Trust us; you dont want to miss out on these vibrant visuals\nJanuary 6, 2024\nTirthankar: Jain Dharm Par 63 Vichar\nby Devdutt Pattanaik (Author), Mihir Nilum Jajodia (Translator) \nFebruary 12, 2023\nThe Forgotten Women Who Helped Shape Jainism\nJainism follows the path revealed by 24 sages known as Tirthankara, who appear in every \nJainism South India Women\nMay 25, 2024\nArticles\nRetroflex sounds of Indian Women\nWomen came to India as part of the Out of Africa migration about 50,000 years old. Their legacy is the retroflex sounds () that is part of the Indian language. \nAnthropology Heritage\nMay 24, 2024\nArticles\nThree Dimensions of Greatness\nWisdom prevails only when we listen to each other, find ways to accommodate each other, which is why the Jain community survived despite great hostility in its long history\nJainism\nMay 23, 2024\nArticles\nGiving Tilak His Due\nThe idea of Aryans coming from outside is often seen by nationalists as a racist idea fabricated by Europeans, such as Max Mueller and John Marshall. They ignore that the original nationalist, Bal Gangadhar Tilak proposed this same idea in his book The Orion, Or Researches Into The Antiquity Of The Vedas and Arctic Home\nHarappan Heritage History Prehistoric\nMay 13, 2024\nArticles\nThat Holy City Which Never Unites\nAs we march towards constructing that single city, using social media, it feels like a new Hinduism is being forged, one that erases the female principle\nMonotheism Poltheism Society\nMay 12, 2024\nSurdas and Ramanuja Jayanti\n\nMay 12, 2024\nArticles\nThe Maleness of Shiva\nThis leads to questions if Shiva and Shakti are equal halves or is she the inferior half? Are they talking about men and women, or about mind and body?\nPuranic Shiva Vedic\nAll Posts\nNew Books\nApril 9, 2024\nABC of Hinduism for Kids\nWith its simple writing style and fun, colourful illustrations, ABC of Hinduism for Kids is the perfect introduction to a Hindu way of life for your little ones\nApril 2, 2024\nSati Savitri\nYou have heard tales of patriarchy. This book tells you the other talesthe ones they dont tell you\nJanuary 25, 2024\nGarud Puran (Hindi translation of Garuda Purana)\nGarud Puran Hindi Translation\nJanuary 6, 2024\nTirthankar: Jain Dharm Par 63 Vichar\nby Devdutt Pattanaik (Author), Mihir Nilum Jajodia (Translator) \nAll Books\nDevdutt Pattanaik writes and speaks on the relevance of mythology in modern times, especially in areas of management, governance, and leadership.\nAbout\nFollow on\nFacebook\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nYouTube\nInstagram\nSubscribe to new Posts via email\nType your email\nSubscribe\nContact\n 2023 Devdutt Pattanaik, All Rights Reserved | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy", "url": "https://devdutt.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Devdutt Pattanaik - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life and education\n2Career\n3Art\n4Views\nToggle Views subsection\n4.1Myth and Mythology\n4.2Business\n4.3Politics\n4.4Sexuality\n5Reception\n6Publications\nToggle Publications subsection\n6.1Mythology\n6.2Management\n6.3Fiction\n6.4Children's books\n6.5Textbook\n6.6Foreword/Contribution\n6.7Co-authored\n7References\n8External links\nToggle the table of contents\nDevdutt Pattanaik\n13 languages\nItaliano / tatara\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikiquote\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nIndian mythologist and writer (born 1970)\nDevdutt PattanaikDevdutt PattanaikBorn11 December 1970(1970-12-11) (age53)Mumbai, IndiaNationalityIndianEducationMBBS (Mumbai University)Postgraduate Diploma Comparative Mythology (Mumbai University)Occupation(s)Mythologist, writer, columnist, illustratorKnownforWorks on Indian mythologyParent(s)Prafulla Kumar (father)Sabitri Pattanaik (Das) (mother)\nDevdutt Pattanaik's voice\nRecorded January 2018\nWebsitewww.Devdutt.comSignature\nDevdutt Pattanaik is a mythologist and writer from Mumbai, India. He writes on mythology, the study of cultural truths revealed through stories, symbols and rituals. He lectures on the relevance of both Indian and Western myths in modern life. His work focuses largely on the areas of religion, mythology, and management. He has authored and illustrated over 50 books, including ABC Of Hinduism,[1] Bahubali: 63 insights into Jainism,[2] and Yoga Mythology: 64 Asanas and Their Stories.[3]\nPattanaik is a regular columnist for reputed newspapers like Mid-day,[4] Times of India[5] and Dainik Bhaskar.[6] He is also known for his TED talk[7] and Business Sutra[8] as well as hosting a radio show/podcast for Radio Mirchi, called The Devdutt Pattanaik Show.[9]\nA medical doctor by training, Pattanaik spent 15 years working in the Pharma and healthcare industry. However, his study on the cultural impact of mythology began three decades ago.\nEarly life and education[edit]\nPattanaik was born brought up in Mumbai. He spent his childhood and student life in Chembur, Mumbai.[10] He studied in Our Lady of Perpetual Succour High School in Chembur.[11] Pattanaik graduated in medicine (M.B.B.S.) from Grant Medical College, Mumbai, and subsequently obtained a diploma in Comparative Mythology from Mumbai University.[12]\nCareer[edit]\nPattanaik worked in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry (Sanofi Aventis and Apollo Group of Hospitals,[13] respectively) for 14 years and spent his spare time writing articles[14][15] and books on mythology,[16][17] which eventually became his full-time profession. His first book Shiva: An Introduction was published in 1997.[18] Pattanaik illustrates most of his own books.[19]\nHe was a speaker at the first TED conference in India held in November 2009.[20][21]\nPattanaik has consulted Star TV network on mythological television series like Mahabharata and Siya Ke Ram; these serials have challenged conventional views of the narratives and opened up new avenues of interpretation.[22][23][24]\nHe has also been the story consultant at Indian television network Star TV, where Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev is based on his work[25][26][27] and Epic channel, where he presents Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik.[28]\nIn 2015, Pattanaik presented the Hindi television series Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik on the \"EPIC ON\" channel. In the show, he attempts to demystify and decode the folklore and traditions that accompanies Indian mythology. In December 2016, he made \"his debut on the Forbes India Celeb 100 list, on the 93rd spot.\"[29]\nPattanaik worked on Audible Originals (India)'s audiobook titled Suno Mahabharat Devdutt Pattanaik ke Saath and Revisiting Mahabharata with Devdutt Pattanaik.[30][31] In his show he talks about the details of the war in the Mahabharata, how it affected the world, and what happened to India after the death of the Pandavas and the Kauravas. He also communicates the Vedic tenets which describes karma and dharma.[31]\nArt[edit]\nHanuman with Ram's banner\nColumnist Koral Dasgupta mentions, \"Pattanaiks art follows a particular style and is dependent on expertly sketched lines but the focus is never the perfection of hands and limbs and props. The pursuit is clearly that of beauty and depiction; not the grammatical detailing of a photograph!\"[32]\nViews[edit]\nMyth and Mythology[edit]\nPattanaik opines that \"no society can exist without myth as it creates notions of right and wrong, good and bad, heaven and hell, rights and duties\".[33] To him, mythology \"tells people how they should see the world... Different people will have their own mythology, reframing old ones or creating new ones.\"[34] His desire is \"to get Saraswati out of the closet. Saraswati belongs everywhere, she has to flow everywhere\" and his body of work is aimed \"to make knowledge accessible.\"[35]\nIn Shiva to Shankara: Giving Form to the Formless,[36] Pattanaik explores the layers of meanings embedded in Shiva's linga and the transformation of Shiva, the hermit, into Shankara, the householder by the Goddess. Culture: 50 Insights from Mythology contextualises mythology and proposes that myths are alive, dynamic, shaped by perception and the times one lives in.[37]\nWestern mythology, according to him, propagates the idea that the world is in need of changing, either by Greek heroes, or by Abrahamic prophets and kings, or by scientists, activists and capitalists. \"Indic mythology presents the idea that the world is constantly changing, human intervention notwithstanding. There are no heroes or villains, no oppressor or oppressed, no saviour or martyr, just different ways of looking at reality...I do not claim objectivity; I am comfortable with subjectivity and well aware of my Indian gaze,\" he says.[38]\nBusiness[edit]\nIn his book, Business Sutra: An Indian Approach to Management, \"the central theme is that when individual beliefs come into conflict with corporate beliefs, problems surface in organisations. Conversely, when institutional beliefs and individual beliefs are congruent, harmony is the resultant corporate climate. It is when people are seen as mere resources meant to be managed [read: manipulated] through compensation and so-called motivation; it is when they are treated like switches in a circuit board; it is then that disharmony descends causing disruption\".[39]\nPolitics[edit]\nPattanaik is wary of the influence of \"white saviours\" on liberals as well as religious radicals. He has been rather contemptuous of the hyper-nationalism of a section of American Hindus who are clueless about Indian realities.[40][41] He also frowns on secularists and atheists who deny their own missionary zeal and mythic structure, and see themselves as \"rational\".[42]\nDevdutt says, \"Unlike fiction or history, mythology is a pluralistic truth with many interpretations, all of which needs to be respected.\"[38] He further states, For politicians, dates are important. For human beings and devotees, God is everywhere, every time.[43]\nSexuality[edit]\nPattanaik has been frank about the LGBTQ revolution in India.[44] Pattnaik realised that he was gay in 10th standard and came out to his parents when he was 30.[45] After the 2018 decriminalization of homosexuality in India, Pattanaik came out as gay in a televised interview.[44][45][46] He has written about the presence, and at several instances, the celebration, of the queer within the Indian mythos. Elucidating that karmic faiths can be used to affirm the dignity of queer people, he speaks of how when one discovers love and appreciation for the world as it is, not the way one wants it to be, one develops wisdom.[47]\nReception[edit]\nDevdutt Pattanaik, mythologist and author, with books written by him\nIn 2014, Pattanaik was listed in the top category of bestselling Indian authors.[48] His book Devlok, based on the television programme of the same name, was one of the year's bestsellers in 2016.[49] Forbes India had ranked Pattanaik among the 100 celebrities of India in 2016.[50]\nFiction author Ashwin Sanghi has said that Pattanaik attempts to \"explain mythology in simple words\".[51] Psychologist Urmi Chanda-Vaz, who calls Pattanaik \"India's most beloved mythology explicator\", praised his book My Gita.[52][53] Academic Shiv Visvanathan has praised Pattanaik by saying that he has made myth-reading \"an open, playful, almost domestic game, like Chinese Checkers or Scrabble\".[54]\nNeil Gaiman praised Devdutt Pattanaik for his 2016 book Olympus: An Indian Retelling of the Greek Myth. \"I read a fantastic Indian writer recently where he told Greek myth but from an Indian perspective... He makes it so easy to understand but what is lovely is that he does from a very proud Indian connect.\"[55]\nPublications[edit]\nMythology[edit]\nShiva: An Introduction. Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd., 1997. ISBN978-81-8462-013-9. (Based on Shiva).\nVishnu: An Introduction. Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd., 1999. ISBN81-87111-12-7. (Based on Vishnu).\nDevi, The Mother-Goddess: An Introduction. Vakils, Feffer, and Simons Ltd., 2000. ISBN978-81-87111-91-7. (Based on the concept of Devi).\nThe Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine. Inner Traditions/ Bear & Company, 2000. ISBN978-0-89281-807-5. Translations: Hindi.\nHanuman: An Introduction. Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd., 2001. ISBN978-81-87111-94-8. (Based on Hanuman).\nThe Man Who Was A Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore. Harrington Park Press, 2002. ISBN1560231815.\nHindu India. Brijbasi Art Press, 2003. ISBN8187902078.\nIndian Mythology: Tales, Symbols, and Rituals from the Heart of the Subcontinent. Inner Traditions/ Bear & Company, 2003. ISBN978-0-89281-870-9.\nLakshmi, The Goddess of Wealth and Fortune: An Introduction. Vakils, Feffer, and Simons Ltd., 2003. ISBN978-81-8462-019-1. (Based on Lakshmi).\nMyth=Mithya: A Handbook of Hindu Mythology. Penguin Books India, 2006. ISBN9780143099703. Translations: Hindi, Marathi, Turkish.\nShiva to Shankara: Decoding the Phallic Symbol. Indus Source, India. 2006. ISBN81-88569-04-6. Translations: Czech, Hindi (Based on Shiva).\nThe Book of Ram. Penguin Books India, 2009. ISBN9780143065289. (Based on Ram) - Part of a book series on mythological figures published by Penguin.\n7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art. Westland Ltd., 2009. ISBN9788189975678. Translations: Gujarati, Hindi (Based on Hindu Calendar art).\nHanuman's Ramayan. Tulika Publishers, 2010. ISBN9788181467515. (Based on Hanuman).\nJaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata. Penguin Books India, 2010. ISBN9780143104254. Translations: Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil (Based on the Mahabharata).\n7 Secrets of Shiva. Westland Ltd., 2011. ISBN9789380658636. Translations: Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Russian, Telugu (Based on Shiva).\n7 Secrets of Vishnu. Westland Ltd., 2011. ISBN9789380658681. Translations: Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Russian (Based on Vishnu).\n99 Thoughts on Ganesha: Stories, Symbols and Rituals of India's Beloved Elephant-headed Deity. Jaico Publishing House, 2011. ISBN978-81-8495-152-3. Translations: Gujarati, Hindi, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu (Based on Ganesha).\nSita: An Illustrated Retelling of the Ramayana. Penguin Books India, 2013 ISBN9780143064329. Translations: Hindi, Marathi, Tamil (Based on the Ramayana).\nShikhandi: And Other Tales They Don't Tell You. Zubaan Books & Penguin Books India, 2014. ISBN978-9383074846. Translations: Hindi, Marathi.\n7 Secrets of the Goddess. Westland Ltd., 2014. ISBN9789384030582. Translations: Hindi, Italian, Marathi, Russian (Based on the Goddess).\nMy Gita. Rupa Publications India, 2015. ISBN9788129137708. Translations: Hindi, Marathi (Based on The Gita).\nDevlok with Devdutt Pattanaik. Penguin Random House India, 2016. ISBN9780143427421.\nOlympus An Indian Retelling of Greek Mythology. Penguin Random House India, 2016. ISBN9780143428299 (Based on Greek mythology).\nDevlok with Devdutt Pattanaik (Book 2) Publisher: Penguin Random House, 2017 ISBN978-0143428435 Translations: Hindi ISBN978-0143440468\nShiva to Shankara: Giving Form to the Formless. HarperCollins India, Indus Source 2017. ISBN978-9352641956. Based on Older Book / Reprint\nMy Hanuman Chalisa. Rupa Publications, 2017. ISBN9788129147950 (Based in the Hanuman Chalisa).\nDevlok with Devdutt Pattanaik (Book 3) Publisher: Penguin Random House, 2017 ISBN978-0143442790.\nShyam: An Illustrated Retelling of the Bhagavata. Penguin, 2018 ISBN9780670084463 (Based on the Bhagavata).\nRamayana Versus Mahabharata: My Playful Comparison. Rupa Publications India, 2018 ISBN9789353332303 (Based on the Ramayana & Mahabharata).\nHindu Trinity: 21 Life-enhancing Secrets Revealed Through Stories and Art. Westland India 2019. ISBN978-9388754712. Based on Older Books / Reprint\nWisdom of the Gods for You and Me: My Gita and My Hanuman Chalisa. Rupa Publications India 2019. ISBN978-9353335113. Based on Older Books / Reprint\nFaith: 40 Insights into Hinduism Publisher: HarperCollins, 2019 ISBN978-9353025960.\nPilgrim Nation: The Making of Bharatvarsh - Aleph Book Company, 2020 ISBN978-9389836004.\nDharma Artha Kama Moksha: 40 Insights into Happiness - HarperCollins, India, 2021 ISBN978-9354224447.\nMarriage: 100 Stories Around India's Favourite Ritual - Rupa Publications India, 2021 ISBN9353338441.\nAdi Purana: Entire Veda as a Single Story - Westland, 2021 ASINB099ZWDLFH - quick read\nHope: Wisdom to Survive in a Hopeless World - Juggernaut, 2021 ISBN978-9391165529.\nEden: An Indian Exploration of Jewish, Christian and Islamic Lore - Penguin Random House, 2021 ISBN978-0670095407.\nThe Stories We Tell: Mythology to Make Sense of Modern Lives - Aleph Book Company, 2022 ISBN978-9391047825.\nDharm Aur Samlaingikta/ - Penguin India, 2022 ISBN978-0143454755.\nGaruda Purana and Other Hindu Ideas On Death, Rebirth and Immortality - Westland Books, 2022 ISBN978-9395073448.\nTales From the Land of Jagannatha - Odia Media Private Limited, 2023 ISBN978-9395150088.\nBahubali: 63 Insights into Jainism - Harper Collins, India, 2023 ISBN978-9356993457.\nTirthankar: Jain Dharm Par 63 Vichar - HarperHindi, India, 2023 ASINB0CNSCZZKC.\nSati Savitri - Penguin, 2024 ISBN978-0143467588.\nManagement[edit]\nBusiness Sutra: A Very Indian Approach to Management. Aleph Book Company, 2013. ISBN9788192328072. Translations: French, German, Hindi, Italian, Marathi, Tamil.\nThe Success Sutra: An Indian Approach to Wealth. Aleph Book Company, 2015. ISBN9789384067410. Based on Older Book\nThe Leadership Sutra: An Indian Approach to Power. Aleph Book Company, 2016. ISBN9789384067465. Based on Older Book\nThe Talent Sutra: An Indian Approach to Learning. Aleph Book Company, 2016, ISBN9789383064274 Based on Older Book\nCulture: 50 Insights from Mythology. HarperCollins India, Indus Source 2017. ISBN978-9352644971.\nLeader: 50 Insights from Mythology. HarperCollins India, Indus Source 2017. ISBN978-9352644957.\nHow to Become Rich: 12 Lessons I Learnt from Vedic and Puranic Stories Publisher: Rupa Publications India, 2019 ISBN978-9353336899.\nFiction[edit]\nThe Pregnant King. Penguin Books India, 2008. ISBN9780143063476. Translations: Hindi, Marathi\nIs He Fresh?: Aka Kaula Hai? (Penguin Petit). Penguin UK, 2015. ISBN9789351187585\nChildren's books[edit]\nFun in Devlok: An Identity Card for Krishna. Puffin India, 2011. ISBN978-0143331674.\nFun in Devlok: Gauri and the Talking Cow. Puffin India, 2011. ISBN978-0143331704.\nFun in Devlok: Indra Finds Happiness. Puffin India, 2011. ISBN978-0143331681.\nFun in Devlok: Kama vs Yama. Puffin India, 2011. ISBN9780143331957.\nFun in Devlok: Saraswati's Secret River. Puffin India, 2011. ISBN9780143331964.\nFun in Devlok: Shiva Plays Dumb Charades. Puffin India, 2011. ISBN9780143331698.\nFun in Devlok Omnibus. Puffin India, 2014. ISBN9780143333449. Reprint (Compilation)\nPashu: Animal Tales from Hindu Mythology. Penguin Books India, 2014. ISBN9780143332473. Translations: Hindi.\nThe Girl Who Chose: A New Way of Narrating the Ramayana. Puffin Books, 2016. ISBN9780143334637 (Based on the Ramayana).\nThe Jaya Colouring Book. Penguin Random House India, 2016. ISBN9780143426479. Based on Older Book\nThe Sita Colouring Book. Penguin Random House India, 2016. ISBN9780143426462. Based on Older Book\nThe Boys Who Fought: The Mahabharata for Children. Puffin, 2017 ISBN9789386815873 (Based on the Mahabharata).\nVahana: Gods and Their Favourite Animals - Rupa Publications India, 2020 ISBN978-9390356065.\nShyam: Our Little Krishna - Puffin, 2021 ISBN978-0143453697. - Based on Older Book\nGreek Gods, Monsters and Heroes: Read and Colour - Puffin, 2023 ISBN978-0143453703. - Based on Older Book\nABC of Hinduism for Kids - Aleph Book Company, 2024 ISBN978-8119635740.\nTextbook[edit]\nIndian Culture, Art and Heritage For Civil Services Exam Publisher: Pearson India, 2021 (1st Edition) ISBN978-9390531615.\nForeword/Contribution[edit]\nClose, Too Close: The Tranquebar Book of Queer Erotica. Westland, 2012. ISBN978-9386036919\nCelebrating Public Spaces of India. Mapin Publishing, 2016. ISBN978-9385360084.\nThe Illustrated Mahabharata: The Definitive Guide to Indias Greatest Epic. DK Publishing (Dorling Kindersley), 2017. ISBN978-0241264348\nI Am Divine. So Are You: How Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and Hinduism Affirm the Dignity of Queer Identities and Sexualities. HarperCollins, 2017 ISBN9789352774869.\nPadmavat: An Epic Love Story. Rupa Publications, 2018. ISBN978-9353040239. -Illustrator\nBehold, I Make All Things New: How Judaism, Christianity and Islam affirm the dignity of queer identities and sexualities. HarperCollins, 2019 ISBN9789353574550.\nKabir, Kabir: The life and work of the early modern poet-philosopher. Westland, 2021 ISBN978-9390679157. -Illustrator\nUrban Sadhu Yoga Chant Book: A Collection of Chants, Kirtans, Prayers, Sutras, Shlokas, Shastras, Devotional Songs, and Inspirational Texts for the Modern Yoga Practitioner. ISBN979-8492000349 -Illustrator\nCo-authored[edit]\nYoga Mythology: 64 Asanas and Their Stories Publisher: HarperCollins, 2019 ISBN978-9353570842.\nAranyaka: Book of the Forest Publisher: Westland, 2019 ISBN978-9388754576.\nReferences[edit]\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2024). ABC Of Hinduism. Aleph Book Company. ISBN978-8119635740.\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2023). Bahubali: 63 Insights into Jainism. Harper Collins. ISBN978-8119635740.\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2019). Yoga Mythology: 64 Asanas and Their Stories. Harper Collins. ISBN978-8119635740.\n^ https://www.mid-day.com/author-detail/devdutt-pattanaik-86\n^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-plus/author-devduttpattanaik-16385\n^ https://www.bhaskar.com/bih-pat-hmu-mat-latest-patna-news-031003-3048545-nor.html/\n^ https://www.ted.com/speakers/devdutt_pattanaik\n^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtofACChFQc&ab_channel=CNBC-TV18\n^ https://mirchi.in/podcast/culture/the-devdutt-pattanaik-show-mirchi\n^ Sharma, Sanjukta (16 September 2010). \"The mythologist\". Mint.\n^ \"Devdutt Pattanaik: Ramayana in OLPS\". Mid-Day. 12 June 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2017.\n^ Bali, Shinmin (25 May 2003). \"Teaching Old Heads New Tricks\". Financial Express. The Indian Express.\n^ \"Devdutt Pattanaik, Chief Belief Officer, Future Group | NASSCOM\". Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (31 October 2015). \"Devdutt Pattanaik on 14 things historians taught him\". dailyo.in.\n^ Pattnaik, Devdutt (17 November 2018). \"#MeToo in Mahabharata: Political needs were placed over Draupadi's security\". Economic Times Blog.\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (19 January 2014). \"5151 years of Gita\". Mid-day.\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (27 December 2015). \"The complete man\". TheWeek.in.\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (20 August 1997). Shiva: an introduction. Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd. ISBN9780863110085 via Google Books.\n^ Krishnamachari, Suganthy (24 April 2009). \"Demystifying mythology: A conversation with Devdutt Pattanaik\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009.\n^ \"Great response to first TED meet in India\". The Hindu. 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2009.\n^ \"Devdutt Pattanaik: East vs. West -- the myths that mystify, TEDIndia 2009\". ted.com. November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014.\n^ Sen, Debarati S (3 September 2013). \"Devdutt Patnaik roped for Mahabharat\". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 August 2017.\n^ \"Best of Radio Mirchi: Devdutt Pattanaik speaks about Siya Ke Ram saath Jeeturaaj\". radiomirchi.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017.\n^ \"Exclusive | Mahabharat will stir lot of curiosity: Devdutt Pattanaik\". adgully.com. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2017.\n^ Yadav, Sangeeta (16 July 2017). \"God of small screen\". The Pioneer. Retrieved 6 October 2022.\n^ \"MindRush. Event Speakers. Devdutt Pattanaik\". businesstoday.in. 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020.\n^ \"Devon ke Dev Mahadev Review\". India Opines. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2018.\n^ \"An eclectic set of speakers announced for Goafest 2014\". Indian Television Dot Com. 2 April 2014.\n^ Abrol, Somya (23 December 2016). \"Seeing Chetan Bhagat and Devdutt Pattanaik in the Forbes India Celeb 100 list is confusing us no end\". India Today.\n^ Majumdar, Meghna (25 May 2020). \"Devdutt Pattanaik narrates The Mahabharata as a six-hour audio tale\". The Hindu. ISSN0971-751X. Retrieved 22 June 2020.\n^ a b Ghosal, Sharmistha (29 May 2020). \"Audible Suno launches Suno Mahabharata Devdutt Pattanaik Ke Saath\". indulgexpress.com. The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 June 2020.\n^ Dasgupta, Koral (7 October 2015). \"Beyond the writer: Devdutt Pattanaik\". News18. Blog.\n^ Sinha, Namya (4 July 2016). \"No society can exist without myth, says Devdutt Pattanaik\". Hindustan Times.\n^ Chakrabarty, Roshni (7 July 2017). \"Devdutt Pattanaik explains how understanding the symbolism behind Indian mythology can entirely change the way we view life\". India Today.\n^ \"Modern people want to feel liberal, so they construct a past that's conservative\". The Indian Express. Devdutt Pattanaik in conversation with The Indian Express Literary Editor Pratik Kanjilal. Express Adda, New Delhi. 27 October 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (30 January 2018). Shiva to Shankara: giving form to the formless. Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. ISBN9789352641956. OCLC985916928.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2018). CULTURE: 50 insights from mythology. [S.l.]: Harper360. ISBN9789352644971. OCLC990971229.\n^ a b https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/devdutt-pattanaik-retells-greek-myths-718037-2016-11-03\n^ Devarajan, R. (6 May 2013). \"An Indian view of management\". The Hindu via www.thehindu.com.\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (24 December 2016). \"From Macaulay to Frawley, from Doniger to Elst: Why do many Indians need White saviours?\". Scroll.in.\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (17 September 2017). \"Devdutt Pattanaik: Brahmins who rejected Ram\". Mid-Day.\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (6 August 2017). \"Devdutt Pattanaik: Atheist and secular mythologies\". Mid-day.\n^ https://theprint.in/india/ram-remains-in-soul-of-devotee-at-all-times-writer-debdutt-pattanaik/1922747/\n^ a b \"Devdutt Pattanaik comes out of the closet\". The Times of India. 20 September 2018.\n^ a b \"Mythologist and Author Devdutt Pattanaik Comes Out as 'Gay' in Interview for the First Time After Section 377 Abolition - ED Times\".\n^ \"Proud to be gay\". The Times of India. 22 July 2018.\n^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (7 September 2018). \"India's ancient religions are actually very accepting of gay people\". Quartz India.\n^ Nerurkar, Sonal (10 August 2014). \"Bang for the book\". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 August 2017.\n^ \"Bestseller books of 2016: Indian authors beat international writers\". The Economic Times. 11 December 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2017.\n^ Abrol, Somya (23 December 2016). \"Seeing Chetan Bhagat and Devdutt Pattanaik in the Forbes India Celeb 100 list is confusing us no end\". India Today. Retrieved 16 February 2019.\n^ Rao, Namrata (5 February 2017). \"'Writing is an art, crime writing is a craft': Ashwin Sanghi\". Financial Express. Retrieved 9 February 2017.\n^ Chanda-Vaz, Urmi (5 February 2017). \"Indian mythology is a new medium of choice for feminist narratives (and it's working)\". Scroll.in. Retrieved 9 February 2017.\n^ Chanda-Vaz, Urmi (22 November 2015). \"Why reading Devdutt Pattanaik's My Gita makes sense but does not mean you're reading the Gita\". Scroll.in. Retrieved 9 February 2017.\n^ Visvanathan, Shiv (16 December 2016). \"Shiv Visvanathan on the importance of being (and thinking like) Devdutt Pattanaik\". Scroll.in.\n^ \"Good Omens gives people different way to imagine what heaven and hell may look like: Neil Gaiman\". The Indian Express. PTI. 31 May 2019.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikiquote has quotations related to Devdutt Pattanaik.\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Devdutt Pattanaik.\nOfficial website\nDevdutt Pattanaik at TED\nDevlok with Devdutt Pattanaik at EPIC ON\nAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nCzech Republic\nOther\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devdutt_Pattanaik&oldid=1222986344\"\nCategories: 1970 birthsLiving peopleIndian male writers20th-century Indian medical doctorsMythographersMedical doctors from MumbaiUniversity of Mumbai alumniIndian television presentersIndian columnistsIndian LGBT writers21st-century Indian LGBT peopleHidden categories: CS1 maint: othersCS1 maint: location missing publisherArticles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse dmy dates from October 2019Pages using infobox person with multiple parentsArticles with hAudio microformatsBiography with signatureArticles with hCardsCommons category link from WikidataArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with LNB identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 9 May 2024, at 04:44(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdutt_Pattanaik" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Devdutt Pattanaik | Speaker | TED\nYou have JavaScript disabled\nFor the best experience, please turn JavaScript on.\nHere's how\nMenu\nMain menu\nTED\nIdeas change everything\nWatch\nTED Talks\nBrowse the library of TED talks and speakers\nPlaylists\n100+ collections of TED Talks, for curious minds\nTED Series\nGo deeper into fascinating topics with original video series from TED.\nTED-Ed videos\nWatch, share and create lessons with TED-Ed\nTEDx Talks\nTalks from independently organized local events\nDiscover\nTopics\nExplore TED offerings by topic\nPodcasts\nTED's original podcast initiatives\nTED Books\nShort books to feed your craving for ideas\nIdeas Blog\nOur daily coverage of the world of ideas\nNewsletter\nInspiration delivered straight to your inbox\nAttend\nConferences\nTake part in our events: TED, TEDGlobal and more\nTEDx events\nFind and attend local, independently organized events\nTED on screen\nExperience TED from home\nTED Courses\nLearn from TED speakers who expand on their world-changing ideas\nParticipate\nNominate\nRecommend speakers, Audacious Projects, Fellows and more\nOrganize a local TEDx event\nRules and resources to help you plan a local TEDx event\nTranslate\nBring TED to the non-English speaking world\nTED Fellows\nJoin or support innovators from around the globe\nAbout\nOur organization\nOur mission, history, team, and more\nConferences\nTED Conferences, past, present, and future\nPrograms & Initiatives\nDetails about TED's world-changing initiatives\nPartner with TED\nLearn how you can partner with us\nTED Blog\nUpdates from TED and highlights from our global community\nTED Guide to Public Speaking\nAn insiders guide to creating talks that are unforgettable\nMembership\nMy Library\nMembership\nConferences\nTEDx events\nYour TED-Ed activity\nAccount settings\nSign out\nSign in\nSearch\nSearch:\nCancel search\nTED Speaker\nTED Attendee\nDevdutt Pattanaik\nMythologist\nTED Speaker\nTED Attendee\nHomepage: devdutt.com\nTED Speaker\nPersonal profile\nDevdutt Pattanaik looks at business and modern life through the lens of mythology.\nWhy you should listen\nWe all search for meaning in our work and lives. Devdutt Pattanaik suggests we try a tactic of our ancestors -- finding life lessons in myth, ritual and shared stories. When he was Chief Belief Officer at Future Group in Mumbai, he helped managers harness the power of myth to understand their employees, their companies and their customers. He's working to create a Retail Religion, to build deep, lasting ties between customers and brands. Pattanaik is a self-taught mythologist, and the author (and often illustrator) of several works on aspects of myth, including the primerMyth = Mithya: A Handbook of Hindu Mythologyand his most recent book,7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art.He writes a column called \"Management Mythos\" for Economic Times that juxtaposes myth onto modern leadership challenges. His newest area of inquiry: How is traditional management, as expressed in old Indian cultural narratives, different from modern scientific management techniques?\"\nWhat others say\nWe're looking at stories that have lasted the test of time, like the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Bible. That's proof of their effectiveness.Devdutt Pattanaik\nDevdutt Pattanaiks TED talk\n18:26\nDevdutt Pattanaik\nEast vs. West the myths that mystify\nPosted\nNov 2009\nMore news and ideas from Devdutt Pattanaik\nTEDIndia\nEast vs. West the myths that mystify: Devdutt Pattanaik on TED.com\nNovember 19, 2009\nAt TEDIndia, Devdutt Pattanaik takes an eye-opening look at the myths of India and of the West, and shows how these two fundamentally different sets of beliefs about gods, death and heaven help us consistently misunderstand one another. His goal is to help us all understand these founding beliefs and use them to understand []\nContinue reading\nTEDIndia\nThe first 5 TEDTalks from TEDIndia\nNovember 17, 2009\nHeres the schedule for the first five TEDTalks to be released from TEDIndia. Theyre premiering here on TED.com as well as on ted.indiatimes.com and on mobile phones at http://indiatimes.vuclip.com. Live now: Pranav Mistrys SixthSense demo and an amazing announcement. Premiering Thursday, Nov. 19: Devdutt Pattanaik contrasts the mythology of India and the West []\nContinue reading\nTEDIndia\nThe Buzz: Devdutt Pattanaik on how myths shape cultures\nNovember 5, 2009\nMythologist Devdutt Pattanaik explained how our subjective truths shape our worldviews. The differences between Eastern and Western mythologies whether they portray life as linear or cyclical resonate in the beliefs and behaviors of todays business world. Check out the reactions on Facebook and Twitter: Brilliant point on the world v/s my world by []\nContinue reading\nTED\nPrograms & initiatives\nTEDx\nTED Fellows\nTED Ed\nTED Translators\nTED Institute\nThe Audacious Project\nTED@Work\nTED Courses\nWays to get TED\nPodcasts\nMore ways to get TED\nFollow TED\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nYouTube\nLinkedIn\nTED Blog\nOur community\nTED Speakers\nTED Fellows\nTED Translators\nTEDx Organizers\nTED Community\nTED Newsletters\nGet the latest\nTED Talks\ndelivered daily, right to your inbox\nSign up now\nLanguage Selector\nTED.com translations are made possible by volunteer\ntranslators. Learn more about the\nOpen Translation Project.\nEnglish\nTED Talks Usage Policy\nPrivacy Policy\nAdvertising / Partnership\nTED.com Terms of Use\nJobs\nPress\nHelp\nPrivacy Preferences\nMembership\n TED Conferences, LLC. All rights reserved.", "url": "https://www.ted.com/speakers/devdutt_pattanaik" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Devdutt Pattanaik (Author of Jaya)\n,\nHomeMy BooksBrowse RecommendationsChoice AwardsGenresGiveawaysNew ReleasesListsExploreNews & InterviewsGenresArtBiographyBusinessChildren'sChristianClassicsComicsCookbooksEbooksFantasyFictionGraphic NovelsHistorical FictionHistoryHorrorMemoirMusicMysteryNonfictionPoetryPsychologyRomanceScienceScience FictionSelf HelpSportsThrillerTravelYoung AdultMore GenresCommunity GroupsQuotesAsk the AuthorSign InJoinSign upView profileProfileFriendsGroupsDiscussionsCommentsReading ChallengeKindle Notes & HighlightsQuotesFavorite genresFriends recommendationsAccount settingsHelpSign outHomeMy BooksBrowse RecommendationsChoice AwardsGenresGiveawaysNew ReleasesListsExploreNews & InterviewsGenresArtBiographyBusinessChildren'sChristianClassicsComicsCookbooksEbooksFantasyFictionGraphic NovelsHistorical FictionHistoryHorrorMemoirMusicMysteryNonfictionPoetryPsychologyRomanceScienceScience FictionSelf HelpSportsThrillerTravelYoung AdultMore GenresCommunity GroupsQuotesAsk the Author\nDiscover new books on Goodreads\nSee if your friends have read any of Devdutt Pattanaik's books\nSign in with Facebook\nSign in options\nJoin Goodreads\n0 ratings |\n0 reviews |\navg rating:0.0\n#7 most followed\nDevdutt Pattanaiks Followers (3,105)\nAdd NewVideos\nAdd a comment\nMore videos\nDevdutts Bookshelves\nread (0)\ncurrently-reading (0)\nto-read (0)\nDevdutts Friends (1)\nVenu Gopal\n2,862 books\n|\n88 friends\nDevdutt Pattanaik\nGoodreads Author\nBorn\nin Mumbai, India\nWebsite\nhttp://www.devdutt.com\nTwitter\ndevduttmyth\nGenre\nMythology, Business\nMember Since\nApril 2019\nURL\nhttps://www.goodreads.com/devduttmyth\nedit data\nDr. Devdutt Pattanaik (born December 11, 1970) is an Indian physician turned leadership consultant, mythologist and author whose works focus largely on the areas of myth, mythology, and also management. He has written a number of books related to Hindu mythology, including Myth = Mithya: A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, a novel, The Pregnant King, and Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata (2010).He is the Chief Belief Officer of Future Group, one of Indias largest retailers, bringing the wisdom of Indian mythology into Indian business, especifically in human resource management. He also writes a column for the newspaper MID DAY.He has also written a novel based on a tale from the Mahabharata titled 'The Pregnant King' published b\nDr. Devdutt Pattanaik (born December 11, 1970) is an Indian physician turned leadership consultant, mythologist and author whose works focus largely on the areas of myth, mythology, and also management. He has written a number of books related to Hindu mythology, including Myth = Mithya: A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, a novel, The Pregnant King, and Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata (2010).He is the Chief Belief Officer of Future Group, one of Indias largest retailers, bringing the wisdom of Indian mythology into Indian business, especifically in human resource management. He also writes a column for the newspaper MID DAY.He has also written a novel based on a tale from the Mahabharata titled 'The Pregnant King' published by Penguin Books India\n...more\n26 postsDevdutt Pattanaik's Blog\nIs Shiva the corporate destroyer or Kalki?\nArt by Devdutt PattanaikPublished on 15th June, 2018, in Economic TimesKalki, the tenth avatar of Vishnu, is very popular amongst young people, who visualise him as an Avenger, part of a cosmic end game. He is visualised as riding a white horse, brandishing a fiery sword, cutting down people. The story about Kalki is not very wellknown; but the general belief is that he destroys bad people and\nRead more of this blog post \nView more on Devdutt Pattanaik's website \nLike\n\n0 comments\n\nflag\nPublished on June 15, 2019 12:22\nView all 26 posts \nCombine EditionsDevdutt Pattanaiks books\nDevdutt Pattanaik\nAverage rating:\n4.01\n\n84,023\nratings\n\n7,127\nreviews\n 217 distinct works\n Similar authors\nJaya\n4.22 avg rating 18,609 ratings\n\npublished\n2010\n\n14 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nWant to Read\nCurrently Reading\nRead\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nSita: An Illustrated Retelling of the Ramayana\n4.09 avg rating 7,767 ratings\n\npublished\n2013\n\n12 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nMy Gita\n3.98 avg rating 7,478 ratings\n\npublished\n2015\n\n3 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nKrishna's Secret\n3.97 avg rating 5,721 ratings\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\n7 Secrets Of Shiva\n4.02 avg rating 5,093 ratings\n\npublished\n2011\n\n25 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nMyth = Mithya: A Handbook of Hindu Mythology\n3.84 avg rating 4,794 ratings\n\npublished\n2006\n\n19 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Pregnant King\n3.85 avg rating 3,283 ratings\n\npublished\n2008\n\n12 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nShikhandi and Other Stories They Don't Tell You\n3.59 avg rating 3,052 ratings\n\npublished\n2014\n\n9 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nHow to take decisions (Management Sutras Book 5)\n4.06 avg rating 2,340 ratings\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\n7 Secrets Of Vishnu\n3.99 avg rating 2,124 ratings\n\npublished\n2011\n\n17 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nMore books by Devdutt Pattanaik\nSeries by Devdutt Pattanaik\nThe Great Indian Epics Retold\n(3 books)\nby\nDevdutt Pattanaik (Goodreads Author)\n4.18 avg rating 27,125 ratings\nThe 7 Secrets\n(4 books)\nby\nDevdutt Pattanaik (Goodreads Author)\n4.00 avg rating 8,749 ratings\nFun in Devlok\n(7 books)\nby\nDevdutt Pattanaik (Goodreads Author)\n4.15 avg rating 498 ratings\nQuotes by Devdutt Pattanaik\n(?)\nQuotes are added by the Goodreads community and are not verified by Goodreads.\n(Learn more)\nWithin infinite myths lies the eternal truthWho sees it all? Varuna has but a thousand eyes, Indra has a hundred, You and I, only two.\n\nDevdutt Pattanaik,\nMyth = Mithya: A Handbook of Hindu Mythology\n72 likes\nLike\nRefusal to accept the flow of the world is the root of all misery.\n\nDevdutt Pattanaik,\nJaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata\n52 likes\nLike\nWhat the person, who knows the truth, will speak, will not be understood by the person who does not know the truth.\n\nDr. Devdutt Pattanaik\ntags:\ntruth\n48 likes\nLike\nSee all Devdutt Pattanaik's quotes \nTopics Mentioning This Author\ntopics\nposts\nviews\nlast activity\nIIT Bombay Reader...:\nGood Indian Mythology authors?\n10\n66\nSep 01, 2012 08:25PM\nThe Seasonal Read...:\nSpring Challenge 2014: Reading Plans\n35\n291\nMar 15, 2014 03:13PM\nRomance Readers R...:\n2014 Read the Season Welsh Edition: GAEAF (Winter)\n110\n361\nMar 30, 2014 08:38AM\nRomance Lovers fo...:\n1,000 Members - Woohoo! A Celebration & a Challenge\n138\n147\nAug 18, 2014 10:40AM\nAll About Books:\n'Ramadan' Theme\n34\n116\nDec 28, 2014 07:55AM\nRomance Readers R...:\n2014 A-Z Author Challenge\n132\n323\nJan 01, 2015 11:07PM\nA Million More Pages:\nFeb Gryffindor BOTB Mini Challenge: Sharp Things\n224\n120\nFeb 28, 2015 09:55PM\nA Million More Pages:\nFEB15 Scavenger Hunt\n249\n123\nMar 01, 2015 08:03AM\nA Million More Pages:\nHandling The Horcruxes: Ravenclaw January Prefect\n341\n142\nMar 01, 2015 04:08PM\nA Million More Pages:\nFebruary Hufflepuff BOTB Mini Challenge: BSC\n227\n116\nMar 03, 2015 12:29PM\nMore\nDevdutts Friend Comments\npost a comment \nAdd a reference:\nBook\nAuthor\nSearch for a book to add a reference\nadd:\nlink\ncover\nAuthor:\nadd:\nlink\nphoto\nNo comments have been added yet.\nCompany\nAbout us\nCareers\nTerms\nPrivacy\nInterest Based Ads\nAd Preferences\nHelp\nWork with us\nAuthors\nAdvertise\nAuthors & ads blog\nAPI\nConnect\n\n2024\nGoodreads, Inc.\nMobile version\nWelcome back. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account.", "url": "https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/200940.Devdutt_Pattanaik" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "What is wrong with Devdutt Pattanaik? - Quora\nSomething went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InWhat is wrong with Devdutt Pattanaik?All related (41)SortRecommendedHarshikaLived in Earth (20020)4yI read his books . Easy writing , and difficult questions on morality intrigued me . It was a gateway to an ocean of knowledge and information . The wrong part : The fact that Mr. Patnaik has got many things on his hand - being a mythologist is one of his passion . But if its so , why not present it in a completely white way . Adding nonsense interpolations with the main text , adding stories from folklores - and then telling that they are taken from such and such source - doesnt help much . People read you , and then think that its the only truth - because you claimed it - thats equally deliContinue ReadingI read his books . Easy writing , and difficult questions on morality intrigued me . It was a gateway to an ocean of knowledge and information . The wrong part : The fact that Mr. Patnaik has got many things on his hand - being a mythologist is one of his passion . But if its so , why not present it in a completely white way . Adding nonsense interpolations with the main text , adding stories from folklores - and then telling that they are taken from such and such source - doesnt help much . People read you , and then think that its the only truth - because you claimed it - thats equally delightful and frightening . When you are a massy writer , you have to be careful about what you write . I had read jaya. His interpretation on Mahabharata , and the fact it has got so many baseless stories which were not needed . Making karna the hero everybody wants him to be - for no reason . Making Panchali an ambiguous character - about how she was upset with her husband and was putting up an acting show all the time - disgusting .And then he - in a dark box writes that the story is from some Maharashtrian folklore.if he wants to write all these - interpolation - write them in a separate book . Why is he deviating the readers mind like that . I mean the Pandavas and Draupadi get butchered for no reason , and Mr. Karna gets an easy escape - just to please a particular fandom . I bet if he attempted on writing the original Mahabharata : the Vyas one - it would have taken him years to draft book on each parva. But who cares lets find the easy way out ,right ? To not to speak of his tweets . Maybe he is given something to eat or drink before he goes on to write all that . I dont know why people dont get - that being read by such a mass is a great achievement - one should exploit it in the right way . Love love Peace.Upvote 999212991995Sponsored by GrammarlyReview your English writing for mistakes.Write clearly in English with no mistakes. Try our free writing app!Download3.2K3.2KRelated questionsMore answers belowIs Devdutt Pattanaik a fraud?Did Yashoda knew that Shree Krishna was not her son?Which book is better, Sita by Devdutt Pattanaik or Sita by Amish Tripathi?Why is A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada so great?Why do some people mock Devdutt Pattanaik and his book?PrithwiSoftware Developer (2015present) Author has 223 answers and 8M answer views3yRelatedWhat is your review of Devdutt Pattanaik?His every single book is copy of some popular Odia mythological writers . He just translated it to English and add some sexual stories into it. That sells and he earn money from it. But the problem is those books are folklore, not something close to the originals. And the worst part is he never give credits to the original writers from where he copy the whole content. Devdutt Pattanaik has written the book \"Jaya - An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata\". Although, I admire DP, I can't help but think that DP has turned out a lot of trash like a typical Hindi Masala film. Sage Vyasa who wroteContinue ReadingHis every single book is copy of some popular Odia mythological writers . He just translated it to English and add some sexual stories into it. That sells and he earn money from it. But the problem is those books are folklore, not something close to the originals. And the worst part is he never give credits to the original writers from where he copy the whole content. Devdutt Pattanaik has written the book \"Jaya - An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata\". Although, I admire DP, I can't help but think that DP has turned out a lot of trash like a typical Hindi Masala film. Sage Vyasa who wrote Mahabharata did not pass judgement on individuals; especially on Kuru elders such as Bhishma, Drona, Kripa, etc. Devdutt Pattanaik has interpreted that Bhishma erred on the side of dharma because his dharma was to be a king, a father, rear a family and ensure the continuity of the line. Similarly, he says that Drona and Ashwatthama should have remained as priests but attachment to wealth and property was their bane. This is true enough. But I am afraid that Devdutt Pattanaik's book is full of regional folklore and stories that cannot be possibly attributed to Vyasa's rendition. Here are a few examples: - DP did not refer to one true source of Mahabharata but liberally used apparently unrelated folklore to colour his own version. He said that it was Krishna who told Pandavas to burn the Khandava forest, he has used the \"Jambul-akhyan\" story to express that Draupadi was secretly infatuated with Karna, Krishna told Draupadi that she should have married Karna and then she wouldn't have been gambled away, etc. - The most annoying falsity is that DP has said Yudhishthira told Draupadi to go and yield to Kichaka if necessary because for 'greater good' their identity cannot be disclosed, etc. --- (Here is an excerpt) Annoyed by Sudeshnas casual attitude, Sairandhri went to Kanka, Protect me from such harassment. I cannot, said Kanka, I am helpless. Please understand. None of us can risk discovery. We must endure this humiliation and do everything in our power not to reveal our identity till the end of the year. --- - When it comes to Karna, DP has used every other myth lore associated with the character - DP finished the Go-Harana parva war in two lines as follows: --- (DP has written ...) You always agree with the elders of the family, said Duryodhana. As per my calendar, the thirteen years are not yet over, no matter what they argue. The Pandavas must stay in exile. Duryodhana then turned to Karna and Dushasana and said, Attack. Kill Arjuna and raze Matsya to the ground. But before anyone could take a step forward, Arjuna released three arrows, one landed near Bhishmas feet, another at Dronas feet, indicating his reverence for the two of them, and the third one put the entire Kaurava army to sleep. --- But there are a few good messages in footnotes of each chapter. So everything is not necessarily a waste of time. But overall ... Devdutta Pattanaik writes his own imaginations and then justifies them as \"your myth is my truth\". Agreed that perception and reality can be different but when there is a ready reference available, picking up something that agrees with your belief is spreading myth. The book is so subtly pro Duryodhana that DP says during Draupadi swayamvar ... --- (DP has written ...) As Duryodhan was already married to Bhanumati, he had sworn to one wife only. Hence Karna got up instead ... --- DP mentions that Pandu was impotent. The Kindama Rishi curse was/is a cover up. This insinuation stems from Iravati Karve's 'Yugaant'. Two reason are stated for this claim: 1. Pandu was unable to father a child for long time. 2. That is why, Bhishma 'purchased' him a second wife (Madri). Now it is quite possible that Pandu was impotent. But this does not explain why Dhritarashtra, who married earlier, could not father a child till very late, and after Pandu renounced the throne and went to the forest. As also, why did Pandu renounce the throne? Surely impotency could not be the reason? That is the danger of reading interpretations. Seriously, His books are trash.Read it at your own risk. Only good thing in his books are the colourful covers.image : googleUpvote 99937099289911Ajita BarikAuthor has 1.5K answers and 8M answer views4yI have been following his writings since 2008; a friend of mine had compiled his articles and I loved each of them back then. He did a marvellous job in exploring the hidden gems behind the ocean of mythology. Our mythology has a lot of hidden messages inside it, one can decipher a lot according to one's own intellect levels. Devdutt undoubtedly is a scholar who understands a lot. A lot is what I mean. Not everything. If someone is an expert on something, he too will have certain limitations, nobody can be the 'all-knowing' and even Devdutt agrees to that. His books and his shows both are amaziContinue ReadingI have been following his writings since 2008; a friend of mine had compiled his articles and I loved each of them back then. He did a marvellous job in exploring the hidden gems behind the ocean of mythology. Our mythology has a lot of hidden messages inside it, one can decipher a lot according to one's own intellect levels. Devdutt undoubtedly is a scholar who understands a lot. A lot is what I mean. Not everything. If someone is an expert on something, he too will have certain limitations, nobody can be the 'all-knowing' and even Devdutt agrees to that. His books and his shows both are amazing, his explanation methodology is great. However when I see some of his Twitter comments, I doubt that is it the same person or someone else? The way of commenting and writing is not at all in sync, maybe he has delegated it to some team? From a simple plain way of explaining certain idea, it becomes Brahmin bashing, questioning other's ideologies- that's not the Devdutt I have understood. So I can't say what is right- the Devdutt whom I know since 2008 vs the current one of Twitter seem 2 different people altogether.Upvote 991091Kiron KrishnanA resident and citizen of India. Author has 2K answers and 9.9M answer views4yRelatedWhat is your review of Devdutt Pattanaik?I used to respect his writing (though obviously I dont agree on many of his narratives) when I read Seven Secrets of Shiva. But the moment he started politicizing things and needlessly poked into politicized issues, I lost respect for him. His later books became more and more of his personal literary works. He just became another creative writer. Recently, I came across his tweets online. Most of those were terrible ad hominiem attacks and verbal abuse against people for often no solid reasons. Tweets like I will check with. your mother. made me cringe his personality. As a creative writer, Continue ReadingI used to respect his writing (though obviously I dont agree on many of his narratives) when I read Seven Secrets of Shiva. But the moment he started politicizing things and needlessly poked into politicized issues, I lost respect for him. His later books became more and more of his personal literary works. He just became another creative writer. Recently, I came across his tweets online. Most of those were terrible ad hominiem attacks and verbal abuse against people for often no solid reasons. Tweets like I will check with. your mother. made me cringe his personality. As a creative writer, he is good. As a mythologist, he is not so good. As a scholar of religion and history, he is bad. As a person, he is terribly worse. This is my review of Devdutt. Thanks for asking me Pragya.Upvote 9991909916Sponsored by Flot.aiRIP ChatGPT. This tool is 10x better and can be used anywhereIntegrate ChatGPT into daily workflow. Write, Improve, Paraphrase, Summarize, Explain, Translate.Get the App9914Related questionsIs Devdutt Pattanaik a fraud?Did Yashoda knew that Shree Krishna was not her son?Which book is better, Sita by Devdutt Pattanaik or Sita by Amish Tripathi?Why is A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada so great?Why do some people mock Devdutt Pattanaik and his book?What happened to Yashoda after Lord Krishna left her? Did they meet again?What are some misconceptions about Lakshmana in the Ramayana?Which book of Hindu religion has written that it is worshiping idol?What is your review of Devdutt Pattanaik?When exactly did Yashoda find out that Krishna wasn't really her own son?Did Shri Rama had an elder sister named Shanta by his parents as per Ramayana?Why are there so many versions of the concept of what Hinduism is all about? If somebody has to practice Hinduism in its true form, who or what should he/she follow?Why does Rajiv Malhotra disavow Devdutt Patnaik and his works?Sri Krishna addresses Draupadi as sakhi in the epic Mahabharata. What does sakhi mean?Did Skand Purana really say that Shree Ram married Sita when she was 6 or is it a false translation?Related questionsIs Devdutt Pattanaik a fraud?Did Yashoda knew that Shree Krishna was not her son?Which book is better, Sita by Devdutt Pattanaik or Sita by Amish Tripathi?Why is A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada so great?Why do some people mock Devdutt Pattanaik and his book?What happened to Yashoda after Lord Krishna left her? Did they meet again?AdvertisementAbout Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://www.quora.com/What-is-wrong-with-Devdutt-Pattanaik" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home | Kansas GOP\ntop of pageContact the KSGOP |Phone: 785.234.3456ABOUT USELECTED OFFICIALSPARTY LEADERSHIPFIND YOUR LOCAL GOPSTATE PARTY MEETING UPDATESNEWSTAKE ACTIONSTOREMoreUse tab to navigate through the menu items.DONATESUBSCRIBEDEFENDING KANSASSAVING AMERICAJOIN THE 1776 CLUB TODAY!\nSUPPORT THE KS GOP NOW!\nREGISTER TO VOTE!\nPROTECT THE VOTE\nSUBSCRIBE TO THE FRIDAY FILESUBSCRIBEThanks for submitting!DONATEVOLUNTEERPAID FOR BY KANSAS REPUBLICAN PARTY, MIKE BROWN, CHAIR\nALAN TOWNSEND, TREASURER\nNOT AUTHORIZED BY ANY CANDIDATE OR CANDIDATES COMMITTEEbottom of page", "url": "https://www.kansas.gop/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "I was a proud and active Kansas Republican. But the party and its leaders have changed. Kansas Reflector\nHOME\nNEWS\nNews\nPolitics\nElection 2024\nEnvironment\nPodcasts\nOpinion\nOPINION\nABOUT\nSUBSCRIBE\nDONATE\nPart of States Newsroom\nNews\nPolitics\nElection 2024\nEnvironment\nPodcasts\nOpinion\n3:33\nOPINION\nPolitics + Government\nOPINION\nI was a proud and active Kansas Republican. But the party and its leaders have changed.\nCindy Entriken\nOctober 20, 2023 3:33 am\nKansas Republicans have a long and honorable history, writes our columnist. It's just a shame to see what's happened to them recently. (Getty Images)\nHow I long for the days when Republicans elected to public office in Kansas were sane as in approachable, willing to listen and discuss alternative perspectives, willing to compromise so that everyone got a little something.\nI was a registered Republican for years. I voted for Gerry Ford, Nancy Kassebaum, Mike Hayden. I worked for Wendell Lady, former speaker of the Kansas House, when he ran for governor.\nIn 1983, as part of the requirements for my first masters degree in Urban Affairs from Wichita State, I did an internship in the Kansas Legislature. I was assigned to then-Sen. Paul Hess not a great experience, but I got to hang out and talk policy with some terrific Republican legislators, especially Reps. Sandy Duncan, Neil Whitaker and Belva Ott. I came to know Representatives Wanda Fuller and Bob Frey a bit.\nLater, I worked for Mike Hayden in his successful gubernatorial campaign and served on his Task Force for Mental Health Reform. I met and worked with Attorney General Bob Stephen on the issue of domestic violence. His transformation from a law enforcement officer to an advocate of domestic violence victims was impressive.\nIts not just the current crop of Republicans elected to office who are deaf and blind to the perspectives of others. Some everyday citizens suffer the same malady.\nIts not their indifference or apathy that appalls me. Its their rage and hatred towards me and people like me who dont share their views.\nIm convinced that we have more in common than we have differences. We really do want better futures for our children and our grandchildren. The difference seems to be how we define better future and how we get there from here. I define better future as women having control over their own bodies and medical decisions, while some believe that the state should control womens bodies and decisions about medical care.\nIt's not their indifference or apathy that appalls me. It's their rage and hatred towards me and people like me who don't share their views.\n Cindy Entriken\nI love babies, and I was thrilled when my daughter got pregnant, and I became a grandmother. She was at a age and had the marital, financial, familial and educational support to ensure that the baby would come into the world with a better than even chance of starting life successfully.\nBut not all women have those supports, and if they bring babies into the world, those babies dont have a better than even chance, especially when pro-life supporters are pro-life for only the duration of the pregnancy and maybe a few months past that.\nWe all want to drink clean water and breathe clean air. So I support alternative energy, such as wind towers, and regulations to prevent harmful chemicals from leaching into the groundwater. But I dont have any financial or emotional investment in fossil fuels.\nPerhaps the difference between me and folks who are invested in Koch Industries and similar corporations is that they know some secret the rest of us dont. As the climate warms, somehow their grandchildren wont have to worry about or wont be exposed to the increasingly sweltering environment coupled with less available water? Maybe they think that money will buy them all the air conditioning and water they need to thrive.\nI want to see my tax dollars used for great public education, including knowledge of the real history of the United States and the use of enslaved indigenous peoples and African citizens to build the wealth of white Europeans. I want to see history that celebrates the contributions of men and women of all ethnicities. And I want to see students able to consider any idea for its truthfulness and applicability to life. I call that critical thinking.\nThe ideas spouted by the current crop of Republican elected officials, including their loathing of undocumented immigrants, frighten and appall me.\nEvery single Republican, unless he or she is a descendant of an indigenous person, is the descendant of an undocumented immigrant from some place, some time ago. If your ancestor was documented, as in landing on Ellis Island or someplace similar, he or she came here to escape poverty, crime, disease, oppression. Yet, elected Republicans want to deny to others what they once benefited from themselves.\nI used to fit well in the Kansas Republican Party because the members were critical thinkers, open to any idea that could make life better for all Kansans. I no longer identify as a party member.\nCindy Entriken is the author of Ilas War, the true story of the first 26 years of the life of her great aunt, Ila Armsbury. She lives in Wichita with her husband, Jim Hammer, one rescue dog and three cats. Through its opinion section, Kansas Reflector works to amplify the voices of people who are affected by public policies or excluded from public debate. Find information, including how to submit your own commentary, here.\nRepublish\nOur stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. We ask that you edit only for style or to shorten, provide proper attribution and link to our website. AP and Getty images may not be republished. Please see our republishing guidelines for use of any other photos and graphics.\nCindy EntrikenCindy Entriken is a person with strong likes and dislikes. She hates cooking, exercise, and hot weather. She loves being outdoors, gardening, and learning which explains the two master's degrees and the 31 hours toward a Ph.D. She adores cats and her two grandsons. And she can't go a day without reading preferably mysteries, nonfiction, history, novels, almost anything she can get her hands on. In her spare time, Cindy rehabs old houses in her hometown of Lincoln and writes an occasional column for the Lincoln Sentinel Republican. Cindy lives in Wichita with her husband, Jim Hammer, one rescue dog and three cats. She is the author of \"Ila's War,\" the true story of the first 26 years of the life of her great aunt, Ila Armsbury.MORE FROM AUTHOR\nRelated News\nIn the aftermath of this Kansas Reflector columnistsby Dave KendallMay 29, 2024\nJustice demands freedom for Kansas woman who killed herby Clay WirestoneMay 28, 2024\nWhy the U.S. government is trying to break up Live Nation by David ArditiMay 27, 2024\nRead & Reflect\nDemocracy Toolkit //\nRegister to vote | Campaign finance | Contact your legislator | Lobbyist Directory | Candidate List\nDEMOCRACY TOOLKIT\nRegister to voteCampaign financeContact your legislatorLobbyist DirectoryCandidate List\n Kansas Reflector, 2024\nv1.19.0\nABOUT US\nKansas Reflector is a nonprofit news operation providing in-depth reporting, diverse opinions and daily coverage of state government and politics. This public service is free to readers and other news outlets.\nWere part of States Newsroom, the nations largest state-focused nonprofit news organization.\nDEIJ Policy | Ethics Policy | Privacy Policy\nOur stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. We ask that you edit only for style or to shorten, provide proper attribution and link to our website.\nDEIJ Policy | Ethics Policy | Privacy Policy\n Kansas Reflector, 2024\nv1.19.0\nStates Newsroom\nFair. Fearless. Free.\n1XI was a proud and active Kansas Republican. But the party and its leaders have changed.\nby Cindy Entriken, Kansas Reflector October 20, 2023\n<h1>I was a proud and active Kansas Republican. But the party and its leaders have changed.</h1>\n<p>by Cindy Entriken, <a href=\"https://kansasreflector.com\">Kansas Reflector</a> <br />October 20, 2023</p>\n<p>How I long for the days when Republicans elected to public office in Kansas were sane as in approachable, willing to listen and discuss alternative perspectives, willing to compromise so that everyone got a little something.</p>\n<p>I was a registered Republican for years. I voted for Gerry Ford, Nancy Kassebaum, Mike Hayden. I worked for Wendell Lady, former speaker of the Kansas House, when he ran for governor.</p>\n<p>In 1983, as part of the requirements for my first masters degree in Urban Affairs from Wichita State, I did an internship in the Kansas Legislature. I was assigned to then-Sen. Paul Hess not a great experience, but I got to hang out and talk policy with some terrific Republican legislators, especially Reps. Sandy Duncan, Neil Whitaker and Belva Ott. I came to know Representatives Wanda Fuller and Bob Frey a bit.</p>\n<p>Later, I worked for Mike Hayden in his successful gubernatorial campaign and served on his Task Force for Mental Health Reform. I met and worked with Attorney General Bob Stephen on the issue of domestic violence. His transformation from a law enforcement officer to an advocate of domestic violence victims was impressive.</p>\n<p>Its not just the current crop of Republicans elected to office who are deaf and blind to the perspectives of others. Some everyday citizens suffer the same malady.</p>\n<p>Its not their indifference or apathy that appalls me. Its their rage and hatred towards me and people like me who dont share their views.</p>\n<p>Im convinced that we have more in common than we have differences. We really do want better futures for our children and our grandchildren. The difference seems to be how we define better future and how we get there from here. I define better future as women having control over their own bodies and medical decisions, while some believe that the state should control womens bodies and decisions about medical care.</p>\n<div class=\" newsroomBlockQuoteContainer \">\n<div class=\"newsroomBlockQuoteSVGContainer\">\n</div>\n<div class=\"newsroomBlockQuoteQuoteContainer\">\n<blockquote>It's not their indifference or apathy that appalls me. It's their rage and hatred towards me and people like me who don't share their views.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"newsroomBlockQuoteAuthorContainer\">\n<p><b> Cindy Entriken</b></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p>I love babies, and I was thrilled when my daughter got pregnant, and I became a grandmother. She was at a age and had the marital, financial, familial and educational support to ensure that the baby would come into the world with a better than even chance of starting life successfully.</p>\n<p>But not all women have those supports, and if they bring babies into the world, those babies dont have a better than even chance, especially when pro-life supporters are pro-life for only the duration of the pregnancy and maybe a few months past that.</p>\n<p>We all want to drink clean water and breathe clean air. So I support alternative energy, such as wind towers, and regulations to prevent harmful chemicals from leaching into the groundwater. But I dont have any financial or emotional investment in fossil fuels.</p>\n<p>Perhaps the difference between me and folks who are invested in Koch Industries and similar corporations is that they know some secret the rest of us dont. As the climate warms, somehow their grandchildren wont have to worry about or wont be exposed to the increasingly sweltering environment coupled with less available water? Maybe they think that money will buy them all the air conditioning and water they need to thrive.</p>\n<p>I want to see my tax dollars used for great public education, including knowledge of the real history of the United States and the use of enslaved indigenous peoples and African citizens to build the wealth of white Europeans. I want to see history that celebrates the contributions of men and women of all ethnicities. And I want to see students able to consider any idea for its truthfulness and applicability to life. I call that critical thinking.</p>\n<p>The ideas spouted by the current crop of Republican elected officials, including their loathing of undocumented immigrants, frighten and appall me.</p>\n<p>Every single Republican, unless he or she is a descendant of an indigenous person, is the descendant of an undocumented immigrant from some place, some time ago. If your ancestor was documented, as in landing on Ellis Island or someplace similar, he or she came here to escape poverty, crime, disease, oppression. Yet, elected Republicans want to deny to others what they once benefited from themselves.</p>\n<p>I used to fit well in the Kansas Republican Party because the members were critical thinkers, open to any idea that could make life better for all Kansans. I no longer identify as a party member.</p>\n<p><em>Cindy Entriken is the author of Ilas War, the true story of the first 26 years of the life of her great aunt, Ila Armsbury. She lives in Wichita with her husband, Jim Hammer, one rescue dog and three cats. Through its opinion section, Kansas Reflector works to amplify the voices of people who are affected by public policies or excluded from public debate. Find information, including how to submit your own commentary, <a href=\"https://kansasreflector.com/submit-opinion/\">here</a>.</em></p>\n<style> figure, .tipContainer, .socContainer, .subscribeShortcodeContainer, .donateContainer {display:none !important;} .youtubeContainer { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 30px; height: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-bottom:12px; } .youtubeContainer iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100% !important; height: 100%; margin: 12px 0px !important; } .newsroomSidebar {width:35%;max-width:35%;padding:10px;border-top:solid 2px black;background-color:#d3d3d3;float:right;margin-left:50px;} .snrsInfoboxSubContainer {padding:10px;border-top:solid 2px black;background-color:#d3d3d3;} .halfwidth {float:right;width:50%;max-width:50%;} .indent2Container {margin-left: 1em;margin-bottom:1em; border-left: solid 1px black;padding-left: 2em;} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {.newsroomSidebar {max-width:95%;width:95%;margin-left:4%} .halfwidth {float:none;width:100%;max-width:100%;} }</style>\n<p><a href=\"https://kansasreflector.com\">Kansas Reflector</a> is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Kansas Reflector maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Sherman Smith for questions: <a href=\"mailto:info@kansasreflector.com\">info@kansasreflector.com</a>. Follow Kansas Reflector on <a href=\"https://facebook.com/kansasreflector\">Facebook</a> and <a href=\"https://twitter.com/KansasReflector\">Twitter</a>.</p>\nView Republishing Guidelines\nCopy to clipboard", "url": "https://kansasreflector.com/2023/10/20/i-was-a-proud-and-active-kansas-republican-but-the-party-and-its-leaders-have-changed/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "%PDF-1.4\r%\n32 0 obj\r<>\rendobj\nxref\n32 19\n0000000016 00000 n\n0000000909 00000 n\n0000000972 00000 n\n0000001152 00000 n\n0000001238 00000 n\n0000001691 00000 n\n0000001726 00000 n\n0000007309 00000 n\n0000007539 00000 n\n0000008294 00000 n\n0000009095 00000 n\n0000009938 00000 n\n0000010876 00000 n\n0000011629 00000 n\n0000012431 00000 n\n0000013256 00000 n\n0000014075 00000 n\n0000014716 00000 n\n0000000676 00000 n\ntrailer\n<]/Prev 229922>>\nstartxref\n0\n%%EOF\n50 0 obj\r<>stream\nhb```f``z B@V8e^V7|[n3`rU*EefKr% \f\fCa@Qi| -`(3tvaO9yO\\RH3\u000b@)\nendstream\rendobj\r33 0 obj\r<>\rendobj\r34 0 obj\r<>\rendobj\r35 0 obj\r<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>\rendobj\r36 0 obj\r<>\rendobj\r37 0 obj\r[/ICCBased 49 0 R]\rendobj\r38 0 obj\r<>stream\nxmX\\SW?!BRQ.dD`mE*HjjvYuNM{'3rEBd6 l&*nwGTF.|Gf=@;]gxq|dr}\r;,_G^Gm>\r_<~*ZE\"tHo()Ww{ad\f\tDM5bX@fs\th\"FL%JT\t50?ChA\r@JamJQX/\nC;EW\"h\\Gxx?ksS\\vc\\}l)z%41e`}Mq9ce+(_(yF8'C0\r`l#<3@SCs5F(wFT\tAZ4DBE9#Oh8@5A\t<`#74ar28G!rEh\t@R@tX\fl 4\rF.+`P^ 3`v|?gL:sa;D\\_[es;\u000bMDJdQJR\fS\f{>|IJ~P---0:~fF|0z+DO.STbN+*2V(O?f[%WUVTK49utN-OT4K^q,!\tNX,s?XI?wm\r)rVX)Q%l`Te8;%}s_K#WUa]Obw,ojzeH7p\rJ*#$hx,zD\tH\r3.]bgkp&+&:~z,Z;;3kgd8U`!m@|L7H)2B#ceg0{w\\l$xAyARpL!\u000bSET?\n5\u000bD\n;\tO;bw\\*oZKV:(#X< TiM(I _rg(@? 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entitlement\nBy: Tim Carpenter - February 11, 2023 6:13 pm\nMike Brown, who lost a Republican primary for secretary of state in 2022, was elected chairman of the state party over Helen Van Etten by a vote of 90-88. (Tim Carpenter/Kansas Reflector)\nTOPEKA Former Johnson County commissioner and 2020 election conspiracy theorist Mike Brown narrowly defeated Saturday a former Republican national committeewoman to earn a two-year term as the state GOPs chairman.\nThe contest over who would serve in the partys top administrative job offered a fresh illustration of GOP infighting despite calls by Brown and Helen Van Etten to seek unity if chosen to replace chairman Mike Kuckelman, an attorney who served four years as chairman. In advance of the party meeting, Kuckelman accused Brown of being insufficiently conservative on abortion and gun rights. During his nomination speech, Brown fired back by declaring himself pro-life and pro-2A.\nVan Ettens base in the 2nd and 4th congressional districts was pitted against dominance of Brown in the 3rd District in the Kansas City area. In a packed convention hall, it took a minimum of 90 votes from the 179 credentialed delegates to prevail. Hand counting of ballots settled the issue: Brown, 90; Van Etten, 88. One ballot was declared spoiled, because someone apparently voted for both nominees.\nBrown, an Overland Park construction contractor, lost a reelection campaign for Johnson County Commission in 2020 and fell short in the Republican primary for Kansas secretary of state in 2022. He rebounded by surviving one of the closest races for party chairman in state history.\nAs Republicans, Brown said, we are not the party of equity and entitlement. We are the party of excellence and hard work.\nHe urged GOP delegates to get behind his candidacy and work to overhaul the organization to make Republicans more competitive, especially in the 3rd District. His quest is to end the career of Democratic U.S. Rep. Sharice Davis, who is serving her third term representing the Kansas City area. He also wants to flip the governors office in 2026 after back-to-back victories by Democratic Gov. Laura Kelly over Republicans Kris Kobach and Derek Schmidt.\nWe simply cannot continue to keep doing the same things over and over and believe that somehow its going to turn out differently, Brown said. Were going to get the governors seat back. Were going to get CD3 back. Were going to get control of this mess.\nLynn Rogers, a former Democratic lieutenant governor and state treasurer, said election of Brown meant the Kansas GOP made their bed and must lie down in the conspiracy-laden nightmare of their own making.\nBrown has called for RNC chairwoman Ronna McDaniel to resign. In public appearances, Brown said there shouldnt be room in the states Republican Party for RINOSs or what he described as milquetoast, Republican-in-name-only, lousy Republicans. He also has a record of promoting election conspiracy theories alleging President Donald Trump had reelection stolen from him in 2020 because of fraudulent activity.\nAfter Brown took his position on the stage, GOP delegates debated but tabled a resolution calling for impeachment of President Joe Biden. The request centered on concern about Bidens purported approval of social media companies censoring commentary by conservatives about COVID-19 and vaccines to counter the pandemic.\nBrown, who was endorsed by former U.S. Rep. Tim Huelskamp, said the Kansas GOP would be a fundraising machine, become more unified and develop databases to help candidates win. He would expand the state partys role in elections by reaching down to local school board races and city council campaigns. It was essential to expand the Republican supermajorities in the Kansas House and Kansas Senate, he said.\nBrown was nominated for chairman by Calvin Hayden, the Johnson County sheriff. Hayden complained that hed never received financial support from the state party in his campaigns for sheriff.\nThat cant happen, Hayden said. We need to help our people at the grassroots level. We need to fight. We need to make sure that we get people with conservative values.\nHelen Van Etten, a former national committeewoman for the Kansas Republican Party from Topeka, lost on a vote of 90-88 her campaign to be appointed chairwoman of the state GOP. She lost to former Johnson County Commission member Mike Brown. (Tim Carpenter/Kansas Reflector)\nSecond place\nVan Etten, who has never held elective political office and immigrated to the United States from Taiwan, was the state partys national Republican committeewoman from 2008 to 2020. In a speech, Van Etten vowed to strengthen the Republican Party by emphasizing fundraising, county-level training and recruitment of activists.\nAs a long-time conservative activist, I have fought for decades in the trenches, she said. Our fight is for the values and the freedoms that we hold dear. I have a track record of standing for conservative principles and working with all Republicans to get things done. I will be nobodys rubber stamp. Neither will I be a carbon copy of any previous or current leadership.\nVan Etten is a retired audiologist with the Topeka school district and served from 2013 to 2021 on the Kansas Board of Regents as an appointee of Gov. Sam Brownback.\nMichael Austin, a Trump administration appointee as adviser to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, nominated Van Etten for the post. He said he appreciated Browns zeal and passion for conservatism, but indicated that wasnt enough in these times.\nWe need experience, he said. We need connections. We are the calvary. We are the boots on the ground. I trust doctor Helen Van Etten to give us the tools and the resources we need to win the fight and make this state great again.\nAn exit speech\nBefore the agenda turned to voting on two candidates for chairman, Kuckelman encouraged the audience to be respectful of anyone expressing contrasting views. He said hed not thrown anyone out of state party meeting before, but appeared to leave open that possibility.\nI know theres a lot of emotion. Well run this meeting with decorum and respect, Kuckelman said. We are all Republicans. All of us in this room are unified on the Republican principles on the platform.\nKuckelman sought after the November election to punish GOP officials who supported independent gubernatorial candidate Dennis Pyle.\nHe said the next chairman had to build ties within the party, advance platform principles and build support for GOP nominees. He said the Kansas GOP had to remain dedicated to expanding voter registration among Republicans and strive to get more conservatives to vote, he said.\nAnother task was to maintain the Republican two-thirds supermajorities in the Kansas House and Kansas Senate, keep both U.S. Senate seats in GOP hands, win the 3rd District congressional seat and reclaim the governors office.\nIn addition, he said the state party had to reach out to minority voters and to the 500,000 unaffiliated registered voters in Kansas. He said Democrats in Kansas led independent voters astray in the latest election by distorted information on the issues. They incited the left with the wrong messages, Kuckelman said.\nRepublish\nOur stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. We ask that you edit only for style or to shorten, provide proper attribution and link to our website. AP and Getty images may not be republished. Please see our republishing guidelines for use of any other photos and graphics.\nTim CarpenterTim Carpenter has reported on Kansas for 35 years. He covered the Capitol for 16 years at the Topeka Capital-Journal and previously worked for the Lawrence Journal-World and United Press International.Kansas Reflector is part of States Newsroom, the nations largest state-focused nonprofit news organization.MORE FROM AUTHOR\nRelated News\nSenate rejects election bill amended to force hand counts ofby Tim CarpenterMarch 5, 2024\nKobach: Florida man taken into custody for alleged electionby Tim CarpenterFebruary 19, 2024\nKelly denounces gun violence, urges return to less toxicby Tim CarpenterFebruary 16, 2024\nRead & Reflect\nDemocracy Toolkit //\nRegister to vote | Campaign finance | Contact your legislator | Lobbyist Directory | Candidate List\nDEMOCRACY TOOLKIT\nRegister to voteCampaign financeContact your legislatorLobbyist DirectoryCandidate List\n Kansas Reflector, 2024\nv1.19.0\nABOUT US\nKansas Reflector is a nonprofit news operation providing in-depth reporting, diverse opinions and daily coverage of state government and politics. This public service is free to readers and other news outlets.\nWere part of States Newsroom, the nations largest state-focused nonprofit news organization.\nDEIJ Policy | Ethics Policy | Privacy Policy\nOur stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. We ask that you edit only for style or to shorten, provide proper attribution and link to our website.\nDEIJ Policy | Ethics Policy | Privacy Policy\n Kansas Reflector, 2024\nv1.19.0\nStates Newsroom\nFair. Fearless. Free.\n1XKansas Republicans select 2020 election conspiracy theorist to serve as party chairman\nby Tim Carpenter, Kansas Reflector February 11, 2023\n<h1>Kansas Republicans select 2020 election conspiracy theorist to serve as party chairman</h1>\n<p>by Tim Carpenter, <a href=\"https://kansasreflector.com\">Kansas Reflector</a> <br />February 11, 2023</p>\n<p>TOPEKA Former Johnson County commissioner and 2020 election conspiracy theorist Mike Brown narrowly defeated Saturday a former Republican national committeewoman to earn a two-year term as the state GOPs chairman.</p>\n<p>The contest over who would serve in the partys top administrative job offered a fresh illustration of GOP infighting despite calls by Brown and Helen Van Etten to seek unity if chosen to replace chairman Mike Kuckelman, an attorney who served four years as chairman. In advance of the party meeting, Kuckelman accused Brown of being insufficiently conservative on abortion and gun rights. During his nomination speech, Brown fired back by declaring himself pro-life and pro-2A.</p>\n<p>Van Ettens base in the 2nd and 4th congressional districts was pitted against dominance of Brown in the 3rd District in the Kansas City area. In a packed convention hall, it took a minimum of 90 votes from the 179 credentialed delegates to prevail. Hand counting of ballots settled the issue: Brown, 90; Van Etten, 88. One ballot was declared spoiled, because someone apparently voted for both nominees.</p>\n<p>Brown, an Overland Park construction contractor, lost a reelection campaign for Johnson County Commission in 2020 and fell short in the Republican primary for Kansas secretary of state in 2022. He rebounded by surviving one of the closest races for party chairman in state history.</p>\n<p>As Republicans, Brown said, we are not the party of equity and entitlement. We are the party of excellence and hard work.</p>\n<p>He urged GOP delegates to get behind his candidacy and work to overhaul the organization to make Republicans more competitive, especially in the 3rd District. His quest is to end the career of Democratic U.S. Rep. Sharice Davis, who is serving her third term representing the Kansas City area. He also wants to flip the governors office in 2026 after back-to-back victories by Democratic Gov. Laura Kelly over Republicans Kris Kobach and Derek Schmidt.</p>\n<p>We simply cannot continue to keep doing the same things over and over and believe that somehow its going to turn out differently, Brown said. Were going to get the governors seat back. Were going to get CD3 back. Were going to get control of this mess.</p>\n<p>Lynn Rogers, a former Democratic lieutenant governor and state treasurer, said election of Brown meant the Kansas GOP made their bed and must lie down in the conspiracy-laden nightmare of their own making.</p>\n<p>Brown has called for RNC chairwoman Ronna McDaniel to resign. In public appearances, Brown said there shouldnt be room in the states Republican Party for RINOSs or what he described as milquetoast, Republican-in-name-only, lousy Republicans. He also has a record of promoting election conspiracy theories alleging President Donald Trump had reelection stolen from him in 2020 because of fraudulent activity.</p>\n<p>After Brown took his position on the stage, GOP delegates debated but tabled a resolution calling for impeachment of President Joe Biden. The request centered on concern about Bidens purported approval of social media companies censoring commentary by conservatives about COVID-19 and vaccines to counter the pandemic.</p>\n<p>Brown, who was endorsed by former U.S. Rep. Tim Huelskamp, said the Kansas GOP would be a fundraising machine, become more unified and develop databases to help candidates win. He would expand the state partys role in elections by reaching down to local school board races and city council campaigns. It was essential to expand the Republican supermajorities in the Kansas House and Kansas Senate, he said.</p>\n<p>Brown was nominated for chairman by Calvin Hayden, the Johnson County sheriff. Hayden complained that hed never received financial support from the state party in his campaigns for sheriff.</p>\n<p>That cant happen, Hayden said. We need to help our people at the grassroots level. We need to fight. We need to make sure that we get people with conservative values.</p>\n<figure><a href=\"https://kansasreflector.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Van-Etten-1-scaled.jpg\"></a><i></i> Helen Van Etten, a former national committeewoman for the Kansas Republican Party from Topeka, lost on a vote of 90-88 her campaign to be appointed chairwoman of the state GOP. She lost to former Johnson County Commission member Mike Brown. (Tim Carpenter/Kansas Reflector)</p></figure>\n<p></p>\n<h4>Second place</h4>\n<p>Van Etten, who has never held elective political office and immigrated to the United States from Taiwan, was the state partys national Republican committeewoman from 2008 to 2020. In a speech, Van Etten vowed to strengthen the Republican Party by emphasizing fundraising, county-level training and recruitment of activists.</p>\n<p>As a long-time conservative activist, I have fought for decades in the trenches, she said. Our fight is for the values and the freedoms that we hold dear. I have a track record of standing for conservative principles and working with all Republicans to get things done. I will be nobodys rubber stamp. Neither will I be a carbon copy of any previous or current leadership.</p>\n<p>Van Etten is a retired audiologist with the Topeka school district and served from 2013 to 2021 on the Kansas Board of Regents as an appointee of Gov. Sam Brownback.</p>\n<p>Michael Austin, a Trump administration appointee as adviser to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, nominated Van Etten for the post. He said he appreciated Browns zeal and passion for conservatism, but indicated that wasnt enough in these times.</p>\n<p>We need experience, he said. We need connections. We are the calvary. We are the boots on the ground. I trust doctor Helen Van Etten to give us the tools and the resources we need to win the fight and make this state great again.</p>\n<p></p>\n<h4>An exit speech</h4>\n<p>Before the agenda turned to voting on two candidates for chairman, Kuckelman encouraged the audience to be respectful of anyone expressing contrasting views. He said hed not thrown anyone out of state party meeting before, but appeared to leave open that possibility.</p>\n<p>I know theres a lot of emotion. Well run this meeting with decorum and respect, Kuckelman said. We are all Republicans. All of us in this room are unified on the Republican principles on the platform.</p>\n<p>Kuckelman sought after the November election to punish GOP officials who supported independent gubernatorial candidate Dennis Pyle.</p>\n<p>He said the next chairman had to build ties within the party, advance platform principles and build support for GOP nominees. He said the Kansas GOP had to remain dedicated to expanding voter registration among Republicans and strive to get more conservatives to vote, he said.</p>\n<p>Another task was to maintain the Republican two-thirds supermajorities in the Kansas House and Kansas Senate, keep both U.S. Senate seats in GOP hands, win the 3rd District congressional seat and reclaim the governors office.</p>\n<p>In addition, he said the state party had to reach out to minority voters and to the 500,000 unaffiliated registered voters in Kansas. He said Democrats in Kansas led independent voters astray in the latest election by distorted information on the issues. They incited the left with the wrong messages, Kuckelman said.</p>\n<style> figure, .tipContainer, .socContainer, .subscribeShortcodeContainer, .donateContainer {display:none !important;} .youtubeContainer { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 30px; height: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-bottom:12px; } .youtubeContainer iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100% !important; height: 100%; margin: 12px 0px !important; } .newsroomSidebar {width:35%;max-width:35%;padding:10px;border-top:solid 2px black;background-color:#d3d3d3;float:right;margin-left:50px;} .snrsInfoboxSubContainer {padding:10px;border-top:solid 2px black;background-color:#d3d3d3;} .halfwidth {float:right;width:50%;max-width:50%;} .indent2Container {margin-left: 1em;margin-bottom:1em; border-left: solid 1px black;padding-left: 2em;} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {.newsroomSidebar {max-width:95%;width:95%;margin-left:4%} .halfwidth {float:none;width:100%;max-width:100%;} }</style>\n<p><a href=\"https://kansasreflector.com\">Kansas Reflector</a> is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Kansas Reflector maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Sherman Smith for questions: <a href=\"mailto:info@kansasreflector.com\">info@kansasreflector.com</a>. Follow Kansas Reflector on <a href=\"https://facebook.com/kansasreflector\">Facebook</a> and <a href=\"https://twitter.com/KansasReflector\">Twitter</a>.</p>\nView Republishing Guidelines\nCopy to clipboard", "url": "https://kansasreflector.com/2023/02/11/kansas-republicans-select-2020-election-conspiracy-theorist-to-serve-as-party-chairman/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kansas Secretary of State | Elections | Presidential Preference Primary\nAn official State of Kansas government website. Here's how you know.\nThe .gov means it's official.A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\nThe site is secure.The https:// or lock icon ensures you're safely connected to the website and any information you provide is encrypted.\nScott SchwabKansas Secretary of State\nMenu\nBusinesses\nBusinesses\nBusiness Search\nBusiness Login\nBusiness Login\nBusiness Login Video Tutorial\nRegister a Business\nChange/Amend a Business\nFile Information Report\nReinstate a Business\nClose a Business\nCopies & Certifications\nElections\nElections\nElecciones\nRegister to Vote\nOnline Voter Registration\nPaper Voter Registration Form\nRegistering to Vote After Completing Felony Sentence\nMilitary and Overseas Citizens\nVoterView\nCampaign Finance & Ethics Filings\nFile Campaign Finance Report\nView Campaign Finance Report\nSubstantial Interest Filings\nImportant Election Dates\nCandidates\nCandidate Information\nCandidate List\nCounty Election Offices\nCounty Election Offices\nCertified Election Training\nElection Results\nElection Security\nElection Security Initiative\nDid You Know?\nReport Voter Fraud\nElections 101\nElection Resources\nElection Guides & Resources\nDistrict Maps\nStatistics\nVoters\nVoter Information\nPhoto ID\nPoll Workers\nForms\nFrequently Asked Questions\nPublications\nPublications\nKansas Administrative Regulations\nOnline Administrative Regulations\nProposed Regulations Open for Comment\nProposed Regulations Subscription Service\nFuture Effective Regulations\nAdministrative Regulations Agency Resources\n2022 Kansas Administrative Regulations Volumes\nKansas Register\nSession Laws of Kansas\nPurchase Lawbooks\nEducational Publications\nFrequently Asked Questions\nGeneral Services\nGeneral Services\nNotary\nApostilles & Authentications\nUniform Commercial Code\nFiling Information\nDefinitions\nFrequently Asked Questions\nTrademark/Service Mark\nTrademark/Service Mark Information\nTrademark/Service Mark Search\nFrequently Asked Questions\nService of Process\nCemetery Filings\nAthlete Agent Filings\nGovernmental Entity Filings\nPurchase Kansas Flags\nKORA Policy Statement\nLabor Unions\nFinance Rates\nLobbyist\nLobbyist\nLobbyist Login\nApply for Lobbyist Login\nLobbyist Directory\nLobbyist Directory Search\nMedia\nMedia\nPress Releases\nIn the News\nNewsletter\nFrom the Vault\nAbout\nAbout\nContact Us\nOffice Initiatives\nInternship Program\nJob Openings\nSchwab Biography\nOffice Organization Chart\nEmail Secretary Schwab\nSocial Media\nSearch\nPresidential Preference Primary Information\nWhat is a Presidential Preference Primary?\nA presidential preference primary takes an act by the Kansas legislature to be conducted. The enactment takes the responsibility from the two state parties (Republican and Democrat) in Kansas from conducting a caucus, and instead, having the state of Kansas conduct a primary election. It is a preference primary because it is an election where the vote totals are given to a political party to allocate delegates to candidates at the national convention. This is not a primary where the voters selected the party candidate.\nWhat is the History of Presidential Preference Primary in Kansas?\nIn Kansas, it is a function of the state political parties to allocate delegates to presidential candidates at each partys national convention to select each partys presidential nominee. Such delegates are chosen via caucus or convention by the political parties. This year, the state legislature decided to resurrect the state-run presidential preference primary, which had only been used in Kansas in 1980 and 1992.\nWhen is the Election?\nThe Republican and Democratic parties can have a state-run primary election on March 19, 2024. However, either party may opt out of participating in the primary by notifying the Secretary of State on or before December 1, 2023.\nWho is on the Ballot?\nPresidential candidates must file their candidacy with the Secretary of State 60 days before the election (12:00 p.m. January 19, 2024). Candidates must either pay a $10,000 filing fee or present a petition with 5,000 signatures of registered Kansas voters of the applicable political party.\nWhat Voters Can Participate?\nEach political party must notify the Secretary of State in writing on or before January 16, 2024, as to who may vote in the partys primary election. This information will be updated following January 16, 2024.\nWhere is my Polling Location?\nLike other elections, the county election office will determine where the voting locations are held. Advance voting by mail and advance voting in person are also an option. You will vote at your regular polling place unless you receive a notification by mail from your county election office. You may also verify your polling location on the VoterView website.\nIMPORTANT DATES\nFriday, December 1, 2023\nDeadline for political parties to opt out of participating in the Presidential Preference Primary.\nPress Release\nTuesday, January 2, 2024\nDeadline for political parties to submit the party rules for delegate allocation to the Secretary of State.\nKansas Democratic Party Delegate Selection Plan\nKansas Republican Party Delegate Selection Plan\nTuesday, January 16, 2024\nDeadline for political parties to notify the Secretary of State who is eligible to vote in each partys Presidential Preference Primary.\nFriday, January 19, 2024\n12:00 p.m. Deadline for candidates to file to run in the Presidential Preference Primary.\nClick here to see the eight candidates filed.\nTuesday, February 20, 2024\nDeadline to register to vote or update voter registration information to participate in the Presdiential Preference Primary.\nLast day to apply for an advance voting by mail ballot.\nWednesday, February 28, 2024\nFirst day of advance voting. Advance ballots by mail are transmitted. In-person advance voting may begin. Check with your county election officer for specific times and locations.\nMonday, March 18, 2024\nIn-person advance voting ends at 12:00 p.m.\nTuesday, March 19, 2024\nPresidential Preference Primary Election(All advance ballots by mail must be received by close of polls.)\nThis is a one-time presidential preference primary, should the Kansas legislature choose to have another presidential preference primary in four years this would take an act of the legislature. Due to upcoming party deadlines, details may change. Please check back for updated information.\nUpdated December 21, 2023.\nKansas Secretary of State\nMemorial Hall, 1st Floor120 SW 10th AvenueTopeka, KS 66612-1594\n785-296-4564\nkssos@ks.gov\n8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.\nBusiness Services Division\n785-296-4564\nkssos@ks.gov\nElections Division\n800-262-VOTE(8683)\nelection@ks.gov\nPublications Division\n785-296-BOOK(2665)\nsos_lawbooks@ks.gov\n 2024 Kansas Secretary of State", "url": "https://sos.ks.gov/elections/presidential-preference-primary.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kansas Republican Party - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Party structure and governance\n2Current party leadership\n3Current Republican officeholders\nToggle Current Republican officeholders subsection\n3.1Members of Congress\n3.1.1U.S. Senate\n3.1.2U.S. House of Representatives\n3.2Statewide offices\n3.3State legislature\n3.3.1Kansas Senate\n3.3.2Kansas House of Representatives\n4Party history\nToggle Party history subsection\n4.1Dominant political party of Kansas\n4.2Early party history 1854 to 1974\n4.2.1Territorial Kansas (18541860)\n4.2.2Basic party organization (18591908)\n4.2.3Early statehood (18601890)\n4.2.4Republicans vs Populists (18901898)[26]\n4.2.4.11890 election cycle\n4.2.4.21892 election cycle\n4.2.4.31894 election cycle\n4.2.4.41896 election cycle\n4.2.4.51898 election cycle\n4.2.4.61900 election cycle\n4.2.5Standpatters vs Insurgents: progressive period (19001918)[35]\n4.2.5.1The factions[37]\n4.2.5.219001908 election cycles\n4.2.5.31910 election cycle\n4.2.5.41912 election cycle fractured party\n4.2.5.51914 and 1916 election cycles, party reuniting\n4.2.5.6Campaign operations\n4.2.6Optimism, prosperity and the new conservatives (19181930)\n4.2.7Role of the party chair\n4.2.8Depression and the New Deal (19301936)\n4.2.9Alf Landon and the Republican establishment (19381955)\n4.2.10\"Young Turk\" insurgents (19521960)\n4.2.10.1Emergence of the Young Turks\n4.2.10.21956 election cycle\n4.2.10.31958 election cycle\n4.2.10.41960 election cycle\n4.2.11Social changes and an expanding federal government (19601974)\n4.2.11.11964 election cycle - first conservative insurgency\n4.2.11.21966 election cycle\n4.2.11.31968 election cycle\n4.2.11.4Party as a campaign organization (late 1960s and early 1970s)\n4.2.11.51970 election cycle\n4.2.11.61972 election cycle\n4.2.11.7Statutory party organization (1972-1992)\n4.3Modern party history: 1974 to today\n4.3.1Post-Watergate decline (19741978)\n4.3.1.11974 election cycle\n4.3.1.21976 election cycle\n4.3.2Major reduction in party patronage (19751980s)\n4.3.3Bob Dole and the Republican establishment (19781992)\n4.3.3.1Party campaign operations (19741990)[80]\n4.3.3.21978 election cycle\n4.3.3.31980 election cycle\n4.3.3.41982 election cycle\n4.3.3.51984 election cycle\n4.3.3.61986 election cycle\n4.3.3.71988 election cycle\n4.3.3.81990 election cycle\n4.3.3.91992 Changes to party organization\n4.3.4The second conservative insurgency (19921998)\n4.3.4.11992 election cycle\n4.3.4.21994 election cycle\n4.3.4.31996 election cycle\n4.3.5Moderate faction regains control (19982006)\n4.3.5.11998 election cycle\n4.3.5.22000 election cycle\n4.3.5.32002 election cycle\n4.3.5.4McCain-Feingold campaign finance reforms\n4.3.5.52004 election cycle\n4.3.6Republican low point and recovery (20062008)\n4.3.6.12006 election cycle\n4.3.6.22008 election cycle\n4.3.7\"Clean Sweep\": Conservative faction takes control (20102018)\n4.3.7.12010 election cycle\n4.3.7.22012 election cycle\n4.3.7.32014 election cycle\n4.3.7.42016 election cycle\n4.3.7.52018 election cycle\n4.3.8Republican populism (2020)\n4.3.8.12020 election cycle[111]\n4.3.8.22022 election cycle[111]\n4.3.8.32024 election cycle[111]\n5Prominent Kansas Republicans\n6Kansas Republican Party chairmen\n7Republican National Committee members\n8Film and literature\n9See also\n10References\n11External links\nToggle the table of contents\nKansas Republican Party\n1 language\nSimple English\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nKansas affiliate of the Republican Party\nKansas Republican Party ChairmanMike BrownSenate PresidentTy MastersonHouse SpeakerDaniel HawkinsFoundedMay 18, 1859Headquarters800 SW Jackson St., Suite 1300Topeka, KS 66612Membership (2021)871,817[1]IdeologyConservatismNational affiliationRepublican PartyColors Red (unofficial)U.S. Senate seats2 / 2U.S. House seats3 / 4Statewide executive offices4 / 6Seats in the Kansas Senate28 / 40Seats in the Kansas House of Representatives85 / 125Websitewww.kansas.gopPolitics of KansasElections\nThe Kansas Republican Party is the state affiliate political party in Kansas of the United States Republican Party. The Kansas Republican Party was organized in May 1859.\nAt the state level, the party is largely split between its moderate and conservative ideological factions, with the moderates often willing to work with Democrats on legislation and other matters.[2] Because of this divide, Kansas is sometimes described as having \"three-party politics.\"[3] In recent years, as the national Republican Party has grown more conservative, some moderates have left the party to become Democrats.[4] It is currently the dominant party in the state, controlling all but one of Kansas' four U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, and supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature. The statewide offices that the party does not control are the governorship and the lieutenant governorship which are currently held by Democrats Laura Kelly and David Toland respectively.\nParty structure and governance[edit]\nThe current internal operating rules for the Kansas Republican Party and its biannual platform can be found on the party webpage: www.kansas.gop. The current Kansas Republican Party structure includes the following elements:[5]\nPrecincts: Kansas is divided into thousands of administrative voting districts called precincts. Precincts are not based on population and range from 0 registered voters to 2,500 voters. During the biannual primary election in August, the registered Republican voters in each precinct elect one precinct committeeman and one precinct committeewoman (also known as \"precinct leaders\"). Vacancies in precinct positions may be filled by the county party chair. In the event that an elected partisan state legislative or county office becomes vacant, the precinct leaders from that district will meet and elect a replacement\nCounty Party: Each of the 105 counties has an active Republican County Party. Every two years, between the primary election and 2 weeks after the general election, all the precinct committee people the county party \"Central Committee\" hold a meeting and elect county party officers, a chair, vice chair, secretary and treasurer. Each county party is responsible for recruiting, advising, and supporting county-level candidates and supporting all Republican candidates whose district includes all or part of the county\nCounty Delegates: At the biannual meeting of the precinct committeemen, county delegates are elected. Each county has two automatic delegates, its chair and vice chair. Additional delegates are awarded based on the total number of Republican votes from the county in the last primary election. While most counties have only 2 delegates, large counties, like Sedgwick and Johnson, have dozens of county delegates\nDistrict Committee: The county delegates assemble in four different Congressional District Committees. In December or January after each general election, the District Committees meet and elect four officers (chair, vice-chair, secretary, and treasurer) and 37 delegates and 37 alternate delegates to the state committee. In presidential election years, the District Committee meets to elect some of the delegates to the Republican National Convention. In the event a Congressional office becomes vacant, the District Committee will select the Republican candidate for the special election to fill the vacancy\nState Committee: The state committee, currently has 179 members, and is made up of 37 delegates from each congressional district, the chair and vice-chair of each district, the six state party officers, key elected officials and leaders of Republican affiliated groups. The State Committee meets at least twice a year. Every two years the newly elected delegates elect new state party officers a chair, vice-chair, secretary and treasurer. During the first meeting in a Presidential election year, the state committee elects a National Committeeman and Committeewoman, who take office immediately after the Republican national convention. The state committee approves resolutions, changes to the state party constitution and by-laws, and approves the party platform every two years\nExecutive Committee: The Executive committee currently has 38 members and is made up of the party officers, elected officials, leaders of Republican affiliated groups, and some specially appointed and elected individuals. The Executive Committee meets at State Committee meetings and by phone several times during the year. Budgetary and other administrative supervisory duties are tasked to the executive committee\nState party officers: There are six party officers. The chair, vice-chair, secretary, and treasurer are elected every two years. The national committeeman and women are elected every four years. The chair may hire an executive director and other paid staff with the approval of the executive committee\nRepublican House Campaign Committee (RHCC) and Kansas Republican Senatorial Committee (KRSC): These are special party organizations composed of Republican Representatives and Senators. The role of these organizations is to recruit, advise, and support Republican candidates for the Kansas House and Senate. The Representatives and Senators elect the leadership for each organization\nCurrent party leadership[edit]\nParty officers[6]\nChair: Mike Brown\nVice-chair: Cheryl Reynolds\nSecretary: Tess Anderson\nTreasurer: Alan Townsend\nNational Committeewoman: Kim Borchers\nNational Committeeman: Mark Kahrs\nExecutive Committee Members:[6]\nthe 6 party officers\nSenator Jerry Moran or Designee\nSenator Roger Marshall or Designee\nCongressman Tracey Mann or Designee\nCongressman Jacob LaTurner or Designee\nCongressman Ron Estes or Designee\nSecretary of State Scott Schwab or Designee\nAttorney General Kris Kobach or Designee\nState Treasurer Steve Johnson or Designee\nInsurance Commissioner Vicki Schmidt or Designee\nSenate President Ty Masterson or Designee\nSenate Majority Leader Larry Alley or Designee\nSpeaker of the House Dan Hawkins or Designee\nHouse Majority Leader Chris Croft or Designee\nKansas Black Republican Council chair\nKansas Federation of Republican Women chair\nKansas Republican Hispanic Assembly chair\nKansas Federation of Young Republicans chair\nKansas Federation of College Republicans chair\nThe chair and vice-chair of each District Party Committee\nOne State Committee member from each district, elected by members of that district\nTwo individuals appointed by the Chair\nCurrent Republican officeholders[edit]\nMembers of the Republican Party currently hold both U.S. Senate seats; three of the four U.S. House seats; four of six statewide offices, and a majority in both the Kansas House of Representatives and the Kansas Senate.\nMembers of Congress[edit]\nU.S. Senate[edit]\nCurrent Senators:[7]\nSenior U.S. Senator Jerry Moran\nJunior U.S. Senator Roger Marshall\nU.S. House of Representatives[edit]\nCurrent House members:[8]\nKS-01: Tracey Mann\nKS-02: Jake LaTurner\nKS-04: Ron Estes\nStatewide offices[edit]\nSecretary of State: Scott Schwab\nAttorney General: Kris Kobach\nState Treasurer: Steve Johnson\nInsurance Commissioner: Vicki Schmidt[9]\nState legislature[edit]\nKansas Senate[edit]\nSee also: Kansas Senate\nPresident of the Senate: Ty Masterson\nSenate Majority Leader: Larry Alley\nKansas House of Representatives[edit]\nSee also: Kansas House of Representatives\nSpeaker of the House: Daniel Hawkins\nHouse Majority Leader: Chris Croft[10]\nParty history[edit]\nDominant political party of Kansas[edit]\nThe Kansas Republican Party has dominated Kansas politics since Kansas statehood in 1861. Kansas has had 45 governors: 32 Republicans, 11 Democrats and 2 Populists. Kansas has had 33 U.S. Senators: 28 Republicans, 3 Democrats, and 2 Populists. The last time a Democrat was elected to the U.S. Senate from Kansas was in 1932. Since 1960, the Republicans have won 107 of 131 Congressional elections and have won 71 of 93 statewide elections. The Democrats have won control of the Kansas Senate only in the 1912 election and control of the Kansas House only three times in the 1912, 1976, and 1990 elections. Beginning with the 1968 election, Kansas has consistently voted for the Republican presidential candidate and since 1860 has voted for the Republican presidential candidate 20 times, the Democrat six times and the Populist candidate once. From the 2010 to the 2016 elections, Republicans went 320 in Kansas's federal and statewide elections.\nCurrently, of the 1.9 million registered voters in Kansas, about 45% registered as members of the Republican Party, about 25% registered as members of the Democratic Party, and about 30% registered as unaffiliated with any political party.[11]\nBleeding Kansas poster protesting against the Kansas legislature to abolish slavery in the state.\nEarly party history 1854 to 1974[edit]\nTerritorial Kansas (18541860)[edit]\nKansas and the Republican Party owe their mutual existence to the passage of the KansasNebraska Act in 1854, which repealed the Missouri Compromise. The Compromise had outlawed slavery above the 3630' latitude in the Louisiana territories.[12] Eliminating the Missouri Compromise left the question of whether Kansas would be a slave or free state up to the Kansas voters. Anti-slavery and pro-slavery settlers came into Kansas in order to influence the outcome of the first election. The conflict was violent, known to history as Bleeding Kansas.[13] In 1855, the anti-slavery settlers organized themselves as the Free-State political party, which, in 1859, became the Kansas Republican Party.\nThe Kansas Republican Party was organized on May 18, 1859, at a convention held at the Jillson Hotel in Osawatomie, and was attended by Horace Greeley.[14][15] When the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention met in July 1859, it consisted of 35 Republicans and 17 Democrats.[16] It produced the Wyandotte Constitution, making Kansas a free state and was ratified by the people of Kansas on October 4, 1859.[17] Abraham Lincoln, campaigning to be the new Republican Party's presidential nominee, visited Kansas in November and December 1859, speaking in Elwood, Troy, Atchison, and Leavenworth.[18]\nShortly after Lincoln's visit, John A. Martin, Atchison journalist and future governor, noted \"We have formed a Republican Constitution, adopted it with Republican votes, sent a Republican delegate to bear it to the National Capital, [and] elected Republican State Officers and a Republican State Legislature.\" No place, he added, was \"as thoroughly Republican\" as Kansas.[19]\nBasic party organization (18591908)[edit]\nState Conventions: At the state level the party would hold a state convention in every general election year, and a second convention in presidential election years.[20] The convention was usually in Topeka.[20] The State Convention consisted of delegates, the number determined by a formula. For instance in 1890, there were 564 State Convention Delegates one delegate at-large from each county and one delegate for every 400 votes or fractional part of 400 cast for Republican presidential electors in 1888.[21]\nUntil the advent of primary elections in August 1908, the convention would nominate the Republican candidates for all statewide offices, such as governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, and at-large Congressman. Every four years, in Presidential election years, a second Convention would select the Republican presidential electors and the Kansas delegates to the Republican National Convention. Until 1912, U.S. Senators were elected by the state legislature. The Convention created committees for resolutions and the party platform, which were voted on by the convention. The convention also elected the state committee members.\nObtaining the nomination for a statewide office required the support of a majority of the state convention delegates, which, in turn, required diligent detailed effort by a network of supporters to obtain the support of the majority of precinct committeemen in enough counties to win a majority of the delegates. An example of this process occurred in January 1904 when Governor Willis Bailey was working for re-nomination. On January 26, Reno County, elected a delegation that planned to support Edward Hoch as governor, followed immediately by Sumner County with the same result.[22] A reform group called the Kansas Republican League had diligently recruited pro-Hoch precinct committeemen. On January 30, Governor Bailey announced he would not seek re-election as governor.\nState Officers, and Central & Executive Committees: The state convention also elected the officers of the state party's central Committee a chair and a secretary. The state party central committee generally consisted of one person per congressional district (seven or eight) and one person per judicial district (around 30).[20] The state party's executive committee generally had about eleven members.[20] The Central and Executive Committees had powers designated to them by the Party Constitution.\nCounty and District Committees: Counties and Congressional Districts also had central committees with elected officers. Districts held conventions to nominate congressmen and counties held conventions to nominate county officials, candidates for the Kansas House, and delegates to the state convention. Until the late 1960s each of the 105 counties had one designated state representative, with the other 20 representatives distributed to counties with larger populations, resulting in several counties having two or three representatives. Senate districts consisted of one or more entire counties and held conventions to nominate the Republican Senate candidates.\nAs a result, district and county chairs held immense power. Before 1908, they strongly influenced who the delegates would select as the Republican candidate and with the advent of the primary system, they could give or withhold support to anyone considering a run for office, in effect, determining if there would be a primary. Furthermore, the tradition in Kansas was that county chairs controlled who received state patronage jobs in their counties. The system, however, was susceptible to change from below, if the voters installed new precinct committeemen who elected different county or district chairs.\nNational Committeemen: The National Committeeman was elected by the National Convention delegates for a four-year term, took office immediately after the National Convention, and tended to hold officer for long periods to build seniority and work up the National Party hierarchy. For instance, John A. Martin was National Committeeman from 1872 to 1884; Cy Leland Jr., was National Committeeman from 1884 until 1900, having served on the national Republican executive committee; and was followed by David W. Mulvane who served from 1900 to 1912, and also served on the national Republican executive committee.\nEarly statehood (18601890)[edit]\nAfter statehood, Kansas remained a solidly Republican state for the next thirty years. The initial free-state movement established a core foundation of Republicans. During the Bleeding Kansas period many had died and towns had been sacked; Kansas, Lincoln, John Brown, abolition, the Union Army and the Republican Party were woven together in a state narrative.[23] Kansas sent a higher proportion of its eligible men to serve in the Union Army than any other state. Union veterans settling in Kansas after the Civil War were usually Republican and their veterans' organization, the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) was a strong supporter of Republican candidates. Farmers acquired land through the Homestead Act of 1862, passed by Republicans. Veterans' pensions came from the national Republican administration. Railroads, and the towns they helped create, were generally supportive of Republicans. Members of the Republican Party controlled not only local school boards and judgeships, but also won the vast majority of state legislative, governor and congressional positions.\nBetween the 1860 and 1888 elections, of the 45 Congressional races, Republican candidates won 44 and, of the 14 Gubernatorial races, Republicans won 13. Republicans held solid majorities in the State Senate and House every year through 1888.[24] The Presidential election of 1860, won by Abraham Lincoln, was Kansas' first participation in a national election and 79% of its vote went to Lincoln.[24] Kansas voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election between 1860 and 1888.[24] The first Governor was Republican Charles Robinson, the first U.S. Senators were Republicans James Lane and Samuel Pomeroy, the first Congressman was Republican Martin F. Conway, and Republicans in the first Kansas legislature held 29 of 36 state senate seats and 63 of 74 state representative seats.[24]\nOne of the major issues facing the Republican party during this time was prohibition. While most Republicans supported temperance, prohibition legal restrictions on alcohol was more problematic. In the late 1870s, the party split over the issue those who supported temperance but not prohibition led by John Martin and the more radical prohibition supporters led by John St John. The St John faction won out, St John was twice elected governor, in 1878 and 1880, and Kansas imposed prohibition by Constitutional amendment in 1880. During the 1882 election, St John tried for a third term but was defeated when many \"wet\" Republicans refused to back him for a third term.[25] In 1884, the state party convention nominated John A. Martin by acclimation and placed upon him the responsibility of rehabilitating the party and reconciling factional conflicts which had developed over prohibition.[25] Martin endorsed prohibition arguing that his goal was to elect Republicans and prohibition had passed with a majority vote of the people. Martin was elected governor in 1884 and in 1886 was re-nominated by acclamation at the state Republican Convention and re-elected as governor.\nRepublicans pursued policies that at the time were considered radical. In 1882, the Republican State party convention adopted a platform that supported woman's suffrage. The same convention nominated E.P. McCabe to run for state auditor, an election he won, becoming the first African-American elected to a statewide office outside of reconstruction. He was re-elected in 1884. In 1888, republican Alfred Farifax became the first African-American elected to the state house. In 1887, republican Susanna \"Dora\" Salter became the first woman elected to an executive position in American history, when she was elected mayor of Argonia.\nRepublicans vs Populists (18901898)[26][edit]\nThe political movement called \"populism\", represented by the People's Party, exploded onto the Kansas political scene in the 1890s.[26] Its primary base were farmers suffering from a combination of bad weather and an economic depression. It took the form of radical agrarianism hostile to banks, railroads, established interests and political parties. Its general political agenda called for a pro-debtor fiscal policy; the abolition of national banks; a graduated income tax; political reform through the direct election of Senators and civil service reform; and regulation of monopoly pricing through Government control of all railroads, telegraphs, and telephones.\nIn the late 1880s, a national farmers advocacy organization, the Farmers Alliance, grew in influence holding large national conventions. In 1890, through the clever and deft political maneuvering of political operatives, many from Kansas, the Farmer's Alliance became the People's or Populist Party, an organization dedicated to electing its members to office. In the 1890s the Populist movement was extremely successful in Kansas, but its inability to organize for effective legislative action doomed it to failure. The Republican Party responded by effectively countering the People's Party, the organization formed to channel the populist movement. Republicans split the populists on wedge issues such as prohibition and woman's suffrage, questioned the competence of populists to hold elected office, relied on the depth and tradition of Republican support among leading citizens; organized the grassroots level through Commercial and Republican Clubs, and partially adopted an agenda that addressed issues raised by the Populists.[24] The result was wide swings in political control between the Populists who partially prevailed in 1890 and 1892; and controlled all state government in 1896 and the Republicans who regained control in 1894 and then permanently defeated the Populists in 1898 and 1900.\n1890 election cycle[edit]\nIn the 1890 election,[27][28] the Republicans went from 121 State Representatives to 26, a loss of 95 seats, and from holding all seven Congressional seats to holding two. The Kansas legislature then elected a Populist as U.S. Senator. The Populists probably would have elected a governor also, but a confused effort allowed the Republican candidate to win a plurality of the vote.\n1892 election cycle[edit]\nIn the 1892 election,[29] the Republicans gained 39 House seats for a total of 65 seats, a bare majority; went from 38 Senate seats to 15; held only two of eight Congressional seats, lost the governorship, and Kansas voted for the Populist presidential candidate. The makeup of the House was disputed resulting in the \"Populist War.\"[30] In the 1893 Session, the Populist members and the Republican members held simultaneous sessions, each claiming to have the majority. The Populist governor called out the militia, but since most of them were Republicans they refused to obey orders. The dispute was resolved by the Supreme Court, which, in a partisan vote, gave the majority to the Republicans.\n1894 election cycle[edit]\nIn the 1894 election,[31] the Republicans gained 27 more House seats for a total of 92; won seven of eight Congressional seats, and regained the governorship. The Populists, however, still held a majority in the state senate. There were several reasons for this electoral turn-around.[32] First, there was a public backlash to the circus-like antics of the 1893 legislative session. Second, the Populists sought to ease off on prohibition and women's suffrage, splitting their base vote. Last, the Republicans successfully prevented a fusion ticket of Populists and Democrats. Populists were in favor of woman's suffrage while Democrats opposed it. Republican leader Cy Leland convinced the Democrats to run their own gubernatorial candidate splitting the opposition vote.[32]\n1896 election cycle[edit]\nIn the 1896 election,[33] the Populists and the Democrats merged efforts to form a Fusion Party and the Republicans lost 43 House seats for a total of 49; won only two of eight Congressional seats; lost the Governorship; the legislature elected a Populist to the U.S. Senate seat; and Kansas voted for William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic candidate for president. In August 1896 William Allen White, editor of the Emporia Gazette, wrote his famous editorial \"What's the Matter with Kansas\" criticizing the Populist movement.\n1898 election cycle[edit]\nIn the 1898 election,[24] the Republicans regained power, gaining 43 House seats for a total of 92; won seven of eight Congressional seats; and won the governorship, when William Stanley defeated populist incumbent John Leedy. Mort Albaugh, chairman of the Republican State Committee, was responsible for organizing the Republican effort that overthrew the Populist movement in Kansas.[34] As a final step, the Republicans won a large majority in the 1900 State Senate election. The Populists, as a political organization, faded away after 1898 but their ideas and the issues that provoked this political uprising remained.\n1900 election cycle[edit]\nIn 1900, the Republicans finished their restoration to power by winning seven of eight Congressional districts, the Governor and all statewides, and a majority in the state Senate and state House. In the 1901 session, with control of both houses of the legislature, the Republicans legislatively prevented future fusion tickets between Populists and Democrats by prohibiting any person to \"accept more than one nomination for the same office\" and that \"the name of each candidate shall be printed on the ballot once and no more.\"\nStandpatters vs Insurgents: progressive period (19001918)[35][edit]\nThe Kansas Republican Party that emerged in 1900 from the Populist period was a changed organization. The new reality was that it could no longer rely on \"waving the bloody shirt,\" that is recalling the Civil War period, as most voters no longer had personal experience with War. Moreover, the demographic and economic make-up of Kansas was changing, creating new political issues and new constituencieschanges that fueled the Populist movement, were still strong in Kansas, and that Republicans needed to address.\nThe Republicans successfully met the challenge of this new environment. From the 1900 to 1910 elections, Republicans won every gubernatorial and U.S. Senate election, 47 of 48 Congressional elections and solid majorities in the Kansas House and Senate.\nThe major characteristic of Kansas political history during this period was reform agitation through factional maneuvering within the Republican Party, not, as in the 1890s, by third party political movements.[36] Although this period was named the Progressive Era, there was no distinctive philosophy or body or principles that guided political activities. Instead, recombinations of factions within the republican party were the distinctive characteristic of the time, throughout all of which expansion of governmental services and responsibilities was the rule\nThe factions[37][edit]\nThere were several factions in the Republican Party that competed for power. During the 1900 and 1902 elections the two main factions were the \"Machine,\" \"Bosses,\" or \"Old Crowd\", of Cy Leland, Mort Albaugh, and future U.S. Senator Chester Long, which fought for control with the \"Young Crowd\", which also called itself the \"Boss Busters,\" of future U.S. Senator Joseph R. Burton, David Mulvane, and future U.S. Senator and Vice President Charles Curtis.[38] In the 1904 election, Walter Stubbs, future Governor, was elected to the state House and joined the Boss Buster faction.\nIn 1906, when faction leader U.S. Senator Joseph Burton was convicted and forced to resign, his faction broke in two. One group, including Charles Curtis, joined the machine faction and together became known as the stand-patters or \"regulars.\" The other group became the progressives, strong supporters of President Roosevelt, often called Square Dealers and included future Governors Edward Hoch and Walter Stubbs, U.S. Senator Joseph Bristow, Congressmen Edmond Madison and Victor Murdock, and journalists like William Allen White.\nIn the 1908 and 1910 elections, the Progressives and Standpatters intensely competed for power and election issues become more intertwined with national politics. The primary election process, first used in 1908, allowed progressives to take over, ousting U.S. Senator Chester Long in 1908, and defeating four standpatter congressmen in the 1910 primary elections. The rivalry became so intense that in the 1912 election, Progressives and Standpatters split over presidential electors and the Republican candidates were swept from power by the democrats. In 1913, some progressives, including William Allen White, Henry Allen, and Victor Murdock formed a separate Progressive Party. Other progressives like U.S. Senator Joseph Bristow and future Goveronor and U.S. Senator Arthur Capper refuse to break with the Republican Party. In the 1914 election the Progressive candidates lost across the board to Republican candidates who returned to power throughout Kansas. Younger members who later rose to prominence included governor and presidential candidate Alf Landon and governor and U.S. Senator Clyde Reed. Younger progressive members who later rose to prominence included governor and presidential candidate Alf Landon and governor and U.S. Senator Clyde Reed.\nProgressives sought to solve problems that flowed from the new industrialized order, targeting giant corporations and corrupt political bosses who they felt had stolen America from its people. They viewed government intervention on behalf of the people as their primary tool of reform. They sought to use government power to limit the concentrated economic power of large business monopolies like the railroads and Standard Oil. They pushed for more direct grassroots involvement in government, favoring, for instance, primary elections over convention-nominated candidates to minimize the influence of political bosses, recall elections, lobbyist reform, campaign finance reporting, and civil service reform to reduce political patronage. They generally favored the use of government power to improve public morality favoring, for instance, strict prohibition, banning cigarettes, and restricting dancing. They tried to use government power to improve public health by implementing modern scientific techniques. Last, they adopted scientific management techniques from business to modernize government to make it more efficient and effective.\nA third group of Republicans were grassroots organizations that focused on contemporary social issues like prohibition, Carrie Nation and her hatchet attacks on saloons were emblematic of this group, or woman's suffrage. In 1912, with the support of all parts of the Republican Party, and partially as a way to strengthen the prohibition movement, the Kansas Constitution was amended to give women the right to vote.\n19001908 election cycles[edit]\nIn 1900, the Insurgents controlled the state party convention and William Stanley was again elected governor. In 1902 the Old Guard was back in control, and Willis Bailey was elected governor. In 1904 and 1906, the Insurgents regained control of the state party convention and Edward W. Hoch was elected and re-elected governor.[39]\nPrimary elections were adopted in a special legislative session in January 1908 and the first primary election held in August 1908. In 1908, Walter Stubbs was elected governor and Joseph Bristow, a progressive, was elected to the U.S. Senate after defeating incumbent establishment Republican Chester Long in the first primary. Inb the 1910 primary progressives challenged all seven Congressman and unseated four.\n1910 election cycle[edit]\nIn August 1910, factionalism reached new intensity and there were fierce primary battles for every federal and statewide office.[40] The 1910 Congressional general election slate went from six \"Regulars\" and two \"Insurgents\" to two \"Regulars\" and six \"Insurgents.\" One commentator observed: \"Kansas fired a shot that will be heard around the country. The prairies are afire with insurgency. What does it profit a StandPat Congressman if he saves his face in Washington and loses his hide in Kansas?\" Walter Stubbs won re-election as governor.\n1912 election cycle fractured party[edit]\nIn 1912,[41] factionalism exacerbated by the national Howard Taft Theodore Roosevelt split, caused the two Kansas Republican factions to split the party with members of the Insurgent faction running their own candidates in some elections in opposition to the Kansas Republican Party's official candidate. Many Republican voters did not vote, resulting in lower voter turnout than in 1908. As a result, the Republicans lost the gubernatorial race, by 29 votes, lost control of the State Senate and House, and lost five of eight Congressional seats. Democratic presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson won Kansas. Former Governor Walter Stubbs defeated incumbent U.S. Senator Charles Curtis in the primary election, but then lost to the Democrat in the general election. In December, some Kansas Republicans attended a meeting in Chicago to form a separate Progressive Party.\n1914 and 1916 election cycles, party reuniting[edit]\nIn 1914,[42] most of the Progressive faction rejoined the Kansas Republican Party, although some, like Henry Allen, broke away and joined a new, separate \"Progressive Party\".[43] As a result, in 1914 the Republicans regained control of the House. In 1916, after the break-away progressives rejoined republican ranks, the Republicans regained control of the State Senate and won seven of eight Congressional seats. Arthur Capper, a former newspaper editor and member of the progressive faction, was elected governor in 1914 and again in 1916 (he had lost in 1912) and brought the two factions together. Governor Capper gained support from the grassroots by making Kansas a \"bone-dry\" state (no alcoholic beverages at all). He gained support from the establishment by imposing fiscally conservative policies such as paying off all state debt in 1916. He retained support from progressives by signing, for example, legislation strengthening Blue Sky securities laws and workers compensation. He was the first governor to describe government reforms using business concepts such as being in favor of \"modern scientific business methods, in the elimination of useless positions and requiring the highest efficiency on the part of every public servant\" and noted that the burden of taxation had \"increased at an alarming rate without commensurate benefit to the public.\"[44]\nCampaign operations[edit]\nIn the 1918 gubernatorial campaign, the Republican candidate, Henry Allen, was still in France. His campaign manager, Harvey H. Motter of Wichita, a traveling salesman, decided, through necessity, to forego the traditional campaign of personal visits by the candidate and campaigning through surrogates prominent local citizens and instead relied on networks of local volunteers and numerous local contributions.[45] The new campaign style succeeded and was copied by future candidates of both parties.\nOptimism, prosperity and the new conservatives (19181930)[edit]\nThroughout the 1920s, Kansans held an optimistic belief that the material aspects of life were steadily improving, evidenced by, for instance, higher incomes, higher crop yields, science, industry, better roads, schools, more efficient farming, electricity, and cars. They believed that thrift, self-sufficiency and wholesome living were keys to this success.[46] Republicans positioned themselves as the party of the proud past and the architects of the current and future prosperity. They were the party of prosperity, good roads, child welfare, and public safety, with necessary periodic reforms of government to keep taxes low and programs effective.\nThe voters agreed with this proposition. Between 1918 and 1930, Republicans held the governorship for all but one term, their majority in the State Senate never dropped below 30 and was as high as 37 of 40 seats, in the Kansas House the number of Republicans was never below 90 and was as high as 113 of 125 seats. Republicans held at least seven of the eight Congressional seats every election and held both U.S. Senate seats. Among several reforms enacted in the 1920s were government funded kindergarten, creation of the Board of Regents, and, after a major political battle, a constitutional amendment in 1928 that allowed the state government to pay for a highway system.[47] Until then, roads and other internal improvements were county and township responsibilities.\nIn the 1920s, the party still consisted of two factions, usually labeled conservative and progressive, which manifested itself in gubernatorial election politics. Between 1904 and 1920, all Republican governor candidates had come from the progressive wing. But a new generation of conservatives entered Kansas politics, most World War One veterans and members of the American Legion. John D. M. Hamilton, Clifford R. Hope, and Frank \"Chief\" Haucke were representative members of this new group who challenged the older progressive politicians.\nIn the 1918 and 1920 elections, Henry Allen, a progressive, was elected governor. In 1922, after a 7-way primary, the Republican candidate was conservative William Y. Morgan. He lost to the Democratic candidate, a victim of a severe farm recession and probable desertion of some progressive Republican voters. In 1924, conservative Benjamin Paulen beat out progressives Clyde Reed and former Governor Walter Stubbs to win the nomination. Paulen went on to win the governorship defeating both the Democrat and William Allen White, who ran as an independent attacking the Ku Klux Klan. Paulen was re-elected easily in 1926. In 1928, Clyde Reed, a progressive, won out in a 6-way primary, with his closest opponent being John D. M. Hamilton, a young conservative war veteran and Speaker of the House.\nIn 1930, as the depression began, Governor Clyde Reed was defeated in the primary by Frank Hauke, a young conservative war veteran and head of the American Legion, who was supported by David Mulvane, John D. M. Hamilton, John W. Breyfogle, and William Y. Morgan. Hauke lost the gubernatorial race to the Democratic candidate by 200 votes, in a race that also included John R. Brinkley, the \"goat gland doctor\", running as an independent. Alf Landon, future governor and presidential candidate, started firmly in the progressive camp, helping the Allen and White campaigns, and serving as Reed's campaign manager in 1928, but by the end of the 1920s had become disenchanted with progressive ideology.[48]\nRole of the party chair[edit]\nIn the first half of the twentieth century, the state party chair was elected every two years at the state party convention, which was held two weeks after the primary. The accepted practice was that the Republican gubernatorial candidate selected the chair, who was elected and then served as the campaign manager for the governor's campaign. The chair would raise funds, accompany the candidate, and work with county chairs to turn out the vote. Once the campaign ended, the state party chair became a de facto assistant governor, fending off job seekers, coordinating state and federal patronage, serving as a liaison with legislators and party officials, and gathering political intelligence to help the legislative program.[48] At this time the legislature met every two years, in the non-election year. In January of the election year, candidates would network and announce their candidacies at the Kansas Day social events in Topeka, an event the party chair would attend. This would initiate the primary election campaigns and the cycle would start again.\nDepression and the New Deal (19301936)[edit]\nThe stock market crash of October 1929 marked the start of the decade-long economic downturn known as the Great Depression, which took hold in Kansas between the 1930 and 1932 elections. Kansas voters concluded that the Republican agenda of rigorous austerity in government, cutting government size, and reducing taxes was not working and needed to be supplemented by other programs programs of the type offered by the national Democrats.\nBetween 1930 and 1938 the Kansas Republican Party sustained a period of political decline. Republicans lost the governorship in 1930 and 1936. Alf Landon, elected governor in 1932, had managed to balance the state's budget and to be re-elected in 1934, the only Republican governor in the nation re-elected. On that basis he became the Republican presidential candidate for 1936, but lost his home state in the election. A Democrat won a special election and in 1932 was re-elected as U.S. Senator. The Republicans held four of the seven Congressional seats in 193236. In the State House, Republicans dropped from 101 representatives after the 1928 election to between 65 and 75 seats, a bare majority. In the Senate, they dropped from 37 seats to 26 seats in 1932 and 24 seats in 1936.\nIn response, Kansas Republicans changed to reflect the popular will and adopted more expansive government-backed economic agenda, while maintaining strict prohibition, even after national prohibition was removed in 1932. Landon, a self-described \"pragmatic progressive\",[49] demonstrated the Kansas Republican Party's capacity to adapt to the new realities of the Depression and remain the majority party. Some of the reforms instituted by Republicans were passage of a state income tax in 1933, passage of a state sales tax in 1937, and requiring all local government entities to use a standard accounting and auditing system.\nIn 1937 women were added to the statutory party structure by the addition of three provisions:[50] (1) each precinct would now elect one precinct committeewoman in addition to the committeeman, (2) county, district and state committees would now elect a vice-chair, in addition to the chair, secretary and treasurer, with the requirement that the chair and vice-chair be of opposite gender, and (3) the National Committeewoman was added to the party council. This was codified in KS Statute 25-221, with the opposite gender requirement at 25-221a.\nAlf Landon and the Republican establishment (19381955)[edit]\nPresident Dwight D. Eisenhower (19531959)\nAfter the loss of the Governor's race in 1936 and wanting a solid anti-New Deal front, the Republican gathering for the 1937 Kansas Day became a major planning session to regroup and reorganize the party. The leaders of this effort turned the tide and then ran the party for the next 15 years. Prominent behind-the-scenes players included Dane G. Hansen of Logan, Harry Darby (future national committeeman and U.S. Senator) and Lacy Haynes (prominent writer for the K.C. Star) of Kansas City, Harm Voss of Downs, Walter Fees (future party chair) of Iola, Dick Robbins of Pratt, Lester McCoy of Garden City, and Jess Harper of Sitka.[51] Other leaders of the rejuvenation were Blake Williamson, Ed Boddington, and Art Stanley from Kansas City; Dolph Simons, Sr. (owner of the Lawrence newspaper), and Charles Stowe of Lawrence; Drew McLaughlin of Paola; Senator Harris from Ottawa; Watson Marple of Fort Scott; W.R. Hagman of Pittsburg; Mrs. Effie Semple (future national committeewoman) of Columbus; Rolla Clymer, Dick Woodward, and Gale Moss of Eldorado; Ernie Shawver, Edward F. Arn (future governor), Pat Patterson, George A. Brown, and Wash Loston of Wichita; Stewart Newlin of Sumner County; Kirke E. Dale and George Templar of Arkansas City; Wes Roberts (future party chair) of Oskaloosa; Paul Wunsch (future state senate president pro tem) of Kingman; Wayne Rogler of Chase County; Hugh Edwards of Eureka; Jess Denious of Dodge City; Lester McCoy and Cap Burtis of Garden City; Ernie Briles of Stafford; Andrew Frank Schoeppel (future governor and U.S. Senator) of Ness City; Congressman Frank Carlson (future governor and U.S. Senator) and Edward Burge of Concordia; McDill \"Huck\" Boyd (future national committeeman) of Phillipsburg; Wint Smith (future Congressman) of Mankato; Henry Buzik of Sylvan Grove; Ben Bernie of Hill City; Tuffy Lutz of Sharon Springs; Frank \"Chief\" Haucke of Council Grove; Warren Shaw, Mark Bennett and Harry Crane (future party chair) of Topeka; Casey Jones of Olathe; Jay Parker of Hill City; Ross Beach, Murray Eddy and Ed Flood of Hays; Charles Cushing of Downs; Albert M. Cole of Jackson County (later 1st District Congressman); William Beck of Holton; Dick Becker of Coffeyville; John Wall of Sedan; Charles Arbuthnot of Lebanon; C.I. Moyer (future party chair) of Doniphan County; Lloyd Ruppenthal (future party chair) and Adrian Smith of McPherson; Lee Larabee of Liberal; Roy Smith of Edmund, O.O. Osborne of Stockton; and August Lauterbach of Colby.[51]\nBy November 1938, Kansas voters were disenchanted with the distant aggregation of power in Washington and the marked tendency of urban dwellers on the east coast to belittle Kansas, referring to it as \"backward,\" \"unprogressive,\" \"unsophisticated,\" and \"antediluvian.\"[52] While some parts of the country continued to support the New Deal, the common opinion in Kansas was to view it as a wasteful intrusion of government bureaucracy by arrogant and ignorant easterners. An October 1938 poll indicated that 59% of Kansans disapproved of Roosevelt.[53] This feeling burst out in the 1938 elections where Republicans regained the U.S. Senate seat, when former Governor Clyde M. Reed defeated the Democratic incumbent, won six of seven Congressional seats, and went from 74 seats to 107 of the 125 seats in the Kansas House. In the 1940 election Republicans went from 24 to 35 of the 40 seats in the Kansas Senate.\nThroughout the 1940s and early 1950s Republicans firmly controlled Kansas Government. Every Governor was Republican and won re-election: Payne Ratner (1938 and 1940 elections), Andrew Frank Schoeppel (1942 and 1944 elections); Frank Carlson (1946 and 1948 elections), and Edward F. Arn (1950 and 1952 elections). After U.S. Senator Clyde M. Reed died in office on 1949, Henry Darby was appointed to finish the term and former Governor Frank Carlson was elected in 1950 as U.S. Senator and went on to serve three complete terms, before retiring. U.S. Senator Arthur Capper, having served five full terms was succeeded by former Governor Andrew Schoeppel who won the 1948 election and served two complete terms before dying in office during his third term. In the State House, of the 125 seats Republicans always held between 90 and 107 seats; in the State Senate, of the 40 seats, Republicans held between 34 and 39 seats.\nThis smooth continuity was the result of intense behind-the-scenes efforts by party leaders to achieve consensus. Alf Landon, as governor from 1932 to 1935, and presidential candidate in 1936, was a national Republican leader and, until 1948, generally controlled the Kansas Republican party.[54] He backed Payne Ratner, Andrew Schoeppel and his former campaign manager, Frank Carlson for governor, as well as Clyde M. Reed for U.S. Senator in 1938 and 1944. He was the Kansas Republican national convention delegation leader in 1940 and 1944 and selected the delegation's members. Landon, however, was challenged by Andrew Schoeppel who announced that in 1948 he would run for U.S. Senate against Landon's choice, the aging Arthur Capper. This dispute resulted in a fracture in the state party, with many of Landon's former supporters refusing to back Capper.[54] In January 1948, the state party central committee changed the rules for selecting national delegates in a way that diminished Landon's influence, resulting in only six of the 18 delegates being Landon supporters.[54] Harry Darby, an Andrew Schoeppel supporter, was re-elected national committeeman and elected chair of the delegation. Senator Arthur Capper, aged 83, then decided not to file for re-election and Landon was left without direct political power, but remained an elder statesman for years.\n\"Young Turk\" insurgents (19521960)[edit]\nEmergence of the Young Turks[edit]\nThe 1952 election saw the emergence of a new Republican faction the \"Young Turks\" which included state senator and future Governor John Anderson; Lieutenant Governor and future Governor Fred Hall; Senator John Woelk; Senator William Weygand; Senator John Crutcher (Hutchinson), future state party chair and U.S. Senator James Pearson; Representative John Glades; and future state party chair Donald Schnacke.[55][56] They took on the \"Old Guard\" establishment, which included Governor Edward Arn, U.S. Senator Frank Carlson, U.S. Senator Andrew Schoeppel, Congressman Ed Reese, Wesley Roberts, Senator Steadman Ball, Senator Paul Wunsch (who was President Pro Tem of the Senate from 1949 to 1964), McDill \"Huck\" Boyd, and Harry Darby (National Committeeman from 1940 to 1964), and who controlled the patronage system and party structure.[55][56] The Young Turks resented the perceived abuses of patronage, political deal-making, and cronyism as well as the power county party chairs had to control patronage and influence elections.[57] A common motivation was to \"clean-up the mess in Topeka.\"[58]\nFred Hall was elected lieutenant governor in 1950 and again in 1952, defeating Wayne Ryan a veteran senator and friend of Governor Arn. In 1954, Hall was elected governor, beating Old Guard candidate George Templar. He did not owe his election success to the party establishment, clashed with, and refused to work with party leaders. Exacerbating this new factional fighting, was President Eisenhower's January 1953 appointment of C. Wesley Roberts as chair of the Republican National committee. Roberts was a Kansas newspaperman, former Kansas state party chair, U.S. Senator Frank Carlson's 1950 campaign manager, and an old-fashioned party loyalist who could work the patronage system. A KC Star article, however, exposed that Roberts possibly improperly took money to transfer property to the state and he resigned, giving the Young Turks more ammunition in their fight with the establishment.\nThe effects of these disputes were felt in the 1954 election where the Republican hold on the Kansas House dropped from 105 to 89 seats. The 1954 election was also the first to make use of political advertising on television.\n1956 election cycle[edit]\nAs resistance to Governor Hall grew, he sought to control the party structure. The state chair, Lloyd Ruppenthal, had been his campaign manager and a supporter, but fought Hall's attempts to take control of state patronage away from county chairs, supporting the traditional power of county chairs to control patronage. Hall sought to oust National Committeeman Harry Darby and control the delegates going to the 1956 National Convention. The State Convention, however, re-elected Darby as National Committeeman and Mrs. Semple as National Committeewoman breaking tradition by doing it before the convention.[58] They also elected chair Ruppenthal as a delegate, and he refused Governor Hall's demand that Ruppenthal resign as state chair.[58]\nIn the 1956 legislative session, the Republican legislature passed Right-to-Work legislation only to have Governor Hall veto it. The Republican State Committee passed a resolution supporting \"Right to Work\", condemning the governor for his veto.[24] Hall was soundly defeated in the 1956 primary by Clyde Reed Jr., which was particularly vitriolic in tone.[59] This helped Democrat George Docking win the governorship in the 1956 election. In January 1957, with two weeks left in his governor's term, Hall resigned and his former lieutenant governor, now governor, John McCuish, appointed Hall to a recent Kansas Supreme Court vacancy. This insider crony deal became known as the \"Triple Play\" and brought more embarrassment to the Republican Party.[60]\n1958 election cycle[edit]\nRepublican dominance continued to decline with the 1958 election. George Docking became the first two-term Democratic governor in Kansas history. There were several reasons for this serious intra-Republican factional fighting distracted the party, the right-to-work Constitutional amendment was on the ballot in 1958 which galvanized Democratic turnout, demographic changes undercut the Republican base resulting in fewer farms and a decline in rural population, growth of larger towns and cities; and an economic shift towards non-agricultural trade and industry. Additionally, George Docking successfully positioned himself as more fiscally conservative than his Republican opponents, defining himself as a stringent fiscal conservative, seeking fiscal sanity, supporter of law and order, but a social moderate. In 1958, Docking campaigned on repealing the 0.5% increase in the state sales tax enacted by the Republican legislature.\nOf the six Congressional seats, the Democrats picked up two new seats, splitting the delegation three to three. Republicans lost 14 seats in the Kansas House, leaving them with just 69 out of 125 seats. The voters of Kansas, however, remained conservative in outlook. In 1958, despite opposition from Democrats, unions, some clergy, university professors, and Governor Docking, Kansas voters approved a constitutional Right-To-Work Amendment, a proposition rejected by many other states.\n1960 election cycle[edit]\nIn 1960, John Anderson, one of the Young Turks, was elected governor, defeating McDill \"Huck\" Boyd, the party establishment's candidate, in the primary and Democrat George Docking, trying for a third term, in the general.[61] This victory restored Republican control and consolidated a generational shift to new Republican leadership. The Republicans continued to hold both U.S. Senate seats, five of six Congressional seats, a gain of two, 32 State Senate seats, and gained 13 seats in the House. Anderson's campaign manager, James Pearson, became the State Party chair. The 1960 election was when Bob Dole was first elected to Congress with the support of his mentor McDill \"Huck\" Boyd and Dane Hansen, in the Sixth District northwest Kansas.\nSocial changes and an expanding federal government (19601974)[edit]\nIn the 1960s, new issues came to the forefront the Vietnam War, international communism, government's expanded role in social welfare, changing sexual morality and gender relations, and civil rights for minorities. Throughout the 1960s, the Republican Party maintained a working majority in state government. They held both U.S. Senate seats, almost always held all five Congressional seats, held majorities in both legislative chambers, with around 85 seats in the House and 30 seats in the Senate. Republicans won the governorship in the 1960, 1962, and 1964 elections, but lost it in 1966, 1968, and 1970.[24]\nOne of the contributing factors to the loss in 1966 was the magnitude of change achieved by the Republican administrations in the first half of the decade. The state school system was completely re-engineered with thousands of school districts consolidated, a new State School Board created, and a new educational finance system created. Redistricting, based on one-man, one-vote, became a major topic in the legislature. To pay for the education reforms, state income tax withholding was imposed and the state sales tax was increased. There were also a plethora of social issues before the legislature including birth control, civil rights, and fair housing.\n1964 election cycle - first conservative insurgency[edit]\nIn the Kansas Republican party, a new Conservative faction emerged that was inspired by Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater. This faction, taking the approach of other insurgent factions, recruited new precinct leaders and managed to gain working control of the state party by 1964.[62] The part of Goldwater's message that resonated with many Kansans Republicans was ineffective and wasteful big government programs and interference in the marketplace. It was similar to the message articulated by Arthur Capper and Alf Landon in the 1930s. The arguments, however, were now stronger, with much higher taxes and much large social welfare programs. Goldwater's national supporters included Ronald Reagan and Phyllis Schlafly.\nRepublican leadership in Kansas was split on the Presidential choice for 1964. At the April 1964 party convention in Topeka, Governor John Anderson and Senator James Pearson supported Nelson Rockefeller, Congressman Clifford Hope favored Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Congressman Bob Dole and conservative business leader Gorden Greb supported Goldwater.[24] The Kansas Republican Party delegates threw their support to Goldwater. In an unprecedented move, the party denied its own governor, John Anderson, a position as a voting delegate to the 1964 Republican National Convention[63] held in San Francisco, and described as the ugliest since 1912, as entrenched moderates faced off against conservative insurgents.[64] In an era in which a national consensus seemed to have coalesced around advancing civil rights, containing Communism and expanding government, the moderates believed they had to win to preserve the Republican Party. The conservatives wanted to contain the role of the federal government and roll back Communism.[64]\nBarry Goldwater did not win the Kansas Presidential vote in 1964, but he won a substantial minority (45%). His loss motivated his core supporters to create a distinctively conservative voice in Kansas, but after 1964, the conservative faction lost some support. The average Kansas voter had contradictory feelings on federal programs. While they voiced support for individual self-sufficiency and attacked government interference and high taxes, they took full advantage of social security and medicare for the elderly, farm subsidies, small business loans, and road and community development funding.[24]\nThe 1964 Kansas Republican Governor's primary, which chose Governor Anderson's successor, was probably the most \"power-packed\" in state history.[65] There were eight candidates with six being political powers: William Avery, Congressman, who won the primary and the general elections; Paul Wunsch, state senator, former Speaker, and 28-year legislative veteran; Harold Chase, the Lieutenant Governor; McDill \"Huck\" Boyd, newspaper publisher, activist, and ally of Congressman Bob Dole; William Ferguson, the Attorney General; and Grant Dohm, three-term legislator.[65]\n1966 election cycle[edit]\nIn the 1966 elections, Congressman Bob Dole and U.S. Senator James Pearson, both prevailed in their primaries.[66] Pearson suspected that the Goldwater or conservative faction encouraged Congressman Ellsworth, from the party's liberal wing, to run against him in the primary.[67]\nIn the same election, Republican Governor William Avery lost his re-election bid to Democrat Robert Docking (son of Governor George Docking). Docking campaigned on an agenda of lower taxes, austere government, and law and order.[68] Avery, the Republican, campaigned on the major expansion of education funding under his administration but was left defending the increase in sales taxes, the imposition of income tax withholding, and higher liquor and cigarette taxes.\n1968 election cycle[edit]\nIn 1968, at the urging of retiring Senator Frank Carlson, Congressman Bob Dole defeated former governor William Avery in the primary and went on to be elected U.S. Senator. In 1968, Kansas voted for Nixon in the presidential race. Republicans won all five Congressional seats, gained five seats in the State Senate, gained 11 seats in the State House, but lost the Governor's race to Robert Docking who ran on an agenda of fiscal responsibility, tax reform, and executive branch reorganization.\nParty as a campaign organization (late 1960s and early 1970s)[edit]\nAfter the election losses to Robert Docking, the state party was viewed as an ineffective campaign organization, having lost focus on its primary role of electing Republicans and instead serving as a battleground where each faction fought to get supporters elected as precinct leaders, county officers, and delegates.[69] In contrast, the Democrat Docking had run a thoroughly modern and focused campaign with polling, mass media advertising, and effective use of TV.[24] The conclusion drawn by most Kansas candidates was that mass media was better at voter mobilization than party precinct organizations and that the party organization was being replaced by individual political entrepreneurs and consultants running candidate-centered campaigns.\n1970 election cycle[edit]\nU.S. Senate[70]: There was no U.S. Senate Election\nU.S. Congress[70]: Republican incumbent Keith Sebelius won re-election in the 1st District; Democrat Bill Roy upset Republican incumbent Chester Mize in the 2nd District, Republican incumbent Larry Winn won re-election in the 3rd District; Republican incumbent Garner Shriver won the 4th District, and Republican incumbent Joe Skubitz won re-election in the 5th District\nKansas Statewide[71]: Democrat Robert Docking won re-election as governor for an unprecedented third term, defeating Kent Fizzell; Republican Reynolds Schultz was elected lieutenant governor; Elwill Shanahan was re-elected as Secretary of State; William Fletcher was re-elected as insurance commissioner; and Walter Peery was re-elected as treasurer\nKansas Senate[71]: There were no State Senate elections\nKansas House[71]:The Republicans won 84 seats, a loss of three. Calvin Strowig was elected Speaker\nState Party[72]: In August 1970, the State Committee elected William Falstad as chair. Huck Boyd was re-elected as National Committeeman\n1972 election cycle[edit]\nPresident[73]: Republican candidate Richard Nixon carried Kansas and won the election, defeating George McGovern. The national Republican convention was held in Miami Beach, FL\nU.S. Senate[73]: Republican James Pearson was re-elected to the U.S. Senate\nU.S. Congress[73]: Republican incumbent Keith Sebelius won re-election in the 1st District; Democrat Bill Roy was re-elected in the 2nd District, Republican incumbent Larry Winn was re-elected in the 3rd District; Republican incumbent Garner Shriver was re-elected in the 4th District, and Republican incumbent Joe Skubitz was re-elected in the 5th District\nKansas Statewide[71]: Democrat Robert Docking won re-election as governor for unprecedented fourth term, defeating Morris Kay, who had prevailed in the Republican primary over former Governor John Anderson, Ray Frisbie, and Lt Governor Reynolds Schultz; Republican David C. Owen, a close associate of Bob Dole, was elected Lt Governor; Elwill Shanahan was re-elected as Secretary of State; William Fletcher was re-elected as insurance commissioner; and Tom Van Sickle was elected as treasurer\nKansas Senate[71]: Republicans won 27 seats, a net loss of 5 seats since the 1968 election. Robert Bennett was elected Senate President\nKansas House[71]: Republicans won 80 seats, a loss of four seats. Pete McGill was elected Speaker\nState Party[72]: William Falstad continued as state party chair until January 1973 when the state committee elected Jack Ranson chair. The change in dates reflected the changeover from 2-year to 4-year terms for the governor and other statewide elections\nStatutory party organization (1972-1992)[edit]\nIn 1972, the legislature further regulated the structure and operations of political parties.[74] The changes added additional detailed guidance on filling precinct vacancies, requiring county committees to reorganize within two weeks of the primary, that district committees would reorganize within 90 days of the primary, that the state committee would consist of 22 delegates from each district (eliminating the old provision that each county chair was a delegate), that the executive committee would include the state officers, district chairs and vice-chairs, and the primary federal and state elected officials or their designees, and it re-designated the party council as the platform committee. This statute was amended somewhat in 1977, 1980, 1988, and 1989 adding the chairs of affiliated groups to the executive committee.\nModern party history: 1974 to today[edit]\nThe modern political history of Kansas begins in the early 1970s as a result of two major structural changes. First, in the late 1960s, one-man one-vote became the legal standard governing redistricting.[24] Before this, each of Kansas' 105 counties had one state representative, regardless of population, with the remaining 20 representatives allocated to a county based on population. The House reapportioned the 20 extra legislators in 1959 and 1909. State Senate and Congressional districts had no requirement to be of roughly equivalent population and consisted of groups of entire counties. The old system heavily weighted the legislature in favor of rural areas and diluted the political power of the new population centers in Wichita, Topeka, and Johnson County. The new paradigm for legislative districts caused substantial changes to state legislative districts and the composition of the legislature, increasing the political power of cities and suburbs at the expense of the rural areas. Second, the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1972 to make the term for statewide office, such as governor, starting with the 1974 election, four years instead of two years.[24] Additionally, the governor and lieutenant governor would henceforth run as a single ticket, not as separate campaigns.[24]\nPost-Watergate decline (19741978)[edit]\n1974 election cycle[edit]\nU.S. Senate:[75] Bob Dole experienced a close race from challenger Democrat and two-term Congressman Bill Roy. Senator Dole, for the first time in Kansas politics, made abortion a central campaign issue, using it to win over Wichita. Bill Roy campaigned intensely around Kansas City linking Dole to Nixon, Watergate, and Ford's pardon of Nixon\nU.S. Congress[75]: Republican incumbent Keith Sebelius won re-election in the 1st District; Democratic incumbent Martha Keys was elected in the 2nd District, beating John C. Petersen; incumbent Larry Winn won re-election in the 3rd District; Republican incumbent Garner Shriver was re-elected in the 4th District, and incumbent Joe Skubitz was re-elected in the 5th District\nKansas Statewide[71]: The 1974 statewide office elections were the first for the new 4-year terms. Republican Bob Bennett won the governorship, after winning a close 3-way primary he defeated Democrat and former attorney general, Vern Miller. Republican Shelby Smith was elected lieutenant governor; Elwill Shanahan was re-elected as Secretary of State; and William Fletcher was re-elected as insurance commissioner\nKansas Senate[71]: No election. After Robert Bennett resigned from the Senate to become governor, Richard Rodgers served as Senate President for the 1975 session, then was confirmed as a U.S. District Court Judge, and Ross Doyen became Senate President for the 1976 session\nKansas House[71]: Republicans won 72 seats, a net loss of eight seats. Pete McGill was re-elected Speaker\nState Party[72]: In 1975, the State Committee elected Jack Ranson as chair. Huck Boyd was re-elected as national committeeman\n1976 election cycle[edit]\nThe 1976 was one of the worst election cycles for Kansas Republicans since the depression due to the fallout from Watergate and a general anti-incumbent mood with the voters. The Republicans lost control of the Kansas House and a Congressional seat.\nPresident[76]: Republican candidate Gerald Ford carried Kansas, but lost nationally to Democrat Jimmy Carter. The Republican vice-presidential candidate was Kansas Senator Bob Dole. The national Republican convention was held in Kansas City, MO\nU.S. Senate[76]: There was no U.S. Senate Election\nU.S. Congress[76]: Republican incumbent Keith Sebelius was re-elected in the 1st District; incumbent Larry Winn won re-election in the 3rd District; and incumbent Joe Skubitz was re-elected for the eighth time in the 5th District. Democratic incumbent Martha Keys was re-elected in the 2nd District, beating Ross Freeman. Democrat Dan Glickman defeated 8-term incumbent Republican Garner Shriver in the 4th District\nKansas Senate[71]: Republicans won 21 seats, a net loss of 6 seats since the 1972 election. The Senate elected Ross Doyen as Senate President and Norman Gaar as Majority Leader\nKansas House[71]: Republicans lost the majority in the House to the Democrats for only the second time in Kansas history, winning only 60 seats, a net loss of 12\nState Party[72]: In January 1977, the State Committee re-elected Jack Ranson as chair. Huck Boyd was re-elected as National Committeeman\nMajor reduction in party patronage (19751980s)[edit]\nA profound change for party power and influence in Kansas was the substantial reduction in the extent of political patronage, that is, the practice of elected officials filling government positions with political allies of his or her own choosing. From the party's perspective, the reduction in party patronage, materially reduced the power and influence of the county chair position, which, in-turn, weakened the entire party organization.\nIn Kansas, since the 1860s, newly elected officials had always had broad discretion in the hiring of state and local employees and used this power to reward political allies. Elected officials would work with and on the recommendation of local county party chairs. The patronage system not only rewarded political supporters for past support, it also encouraged future support, because persons who have a patronage job try to retain it by campaigning for the party at the next election. Patronage maintained strong political organizations by offering campaign workers rewards. More importantly, patronage put people into government who agreed with the political agenda of the victor. Cooperation, loyalty, and trust flowed from this arrangement. The issue surrounding patronage was not whether elected officials should have the discretion to hire certain government employees, but how far down the organizational chain that power should extend. Too far down the chain could result in inefficiency and too little created a class of state bureaucrats unresponsive to the officials elected by the people.\nOver time, Kansas civil service reforms had reduced the extent of patronage, up to the early 1970s it was still common, politically astute, and a generally accepted practice.[77] The substantial reduction in patronage from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s was a result of post-Watergate reforms. Governor Bennett remarked that \"[In 1974] we campaigned on the promise that we were going to operate the government on a very efficient and economical basis - that we were not going to rely on patronage. So that sort of foreclosed the party from a very active role in appointments. They had a passive role. Sometimes they tried to play it and sometimes they didn't even do that.\"[78] Democratic Governor Carlin (197986) had similar observations on the change \"county chairs across the state were very, very unhappy . . . They didn't follow issues, they followed patronage. They followed what they had run on to become county chair. And, you know, people were asking, what's going on here?\".[79]\nBob Dole and the Republican establishment (19781992)[edit]\nThe next 14 years lacked continual or substantial Republican control. After Bob Bennett failed to win re-election as governor, Democrat John Carlin held it for two terms (19791986), Republican Mike Hayden then held it for one term (19871990), but failed to be re-elected, Democrat Joan Finney held the governorship for one term (19911994) and did not run again, then Republican Bill Graves held it for two terms (19952002). The Democrats always held one or two Congressional seats. The Republicans lost the House majority in the 1990 election and their numbers in the House ranging from 62 to 76 of the 125 seats. The Republican majority in the Senate ranged from 22 to 24 of the 40 seats.\nDuring this period, U.S. Senator Bob Dole was the most influential leader of the Kansas Republican Party. He effectively ensured that his supporters and former staff were in influential positions throughout Kansas.\nParty campaign operations (19741990)[80][edit]\nTwo developments merged in the mid-1970s to redirect the state party's campaign focus and techniques. First, before 1974 the state party had been a temporary organization focused primarily on electing governors. Once the governor's term was extended to four years, the party was able to spread its focus to supporting other races. Second, as part of the post-Watergate reforms, the Republican National Committee funded efforts to professionalize state party operations and to develop statewide voter, volunteer, and contributor lists. By the late 1970s, the party was actively helping state legislative, congressional, and other statewide races by swapping volunteer and contributor lists. The state party also had the resources to conduct direct mail fund raising. By the early 1980s, the state party was able to provide some financial support to candidates. By 1990, for the first time, the party ran training seminars for vulnerable incumbent candidates, trained all candidates on campaign finance laws, and conducted some polling. The party also started doing telemarketing fund raising.\n1978 election cycle[edit]\nU.S. Senate[81]: After incumbent Republican Senator James Pearson retired, Nancy Kassebaum was elected to the U.S. Senate after defeating Democrat Bill Roy and winning an 8-way primary that included future Congresswoman Jan Meyers. Kassebaum was the first woman to win a Senate seat in her own right (not as a widow of a senator)\nU.S. Congress[81]: Keith Sebelius was re-elected to the 1st District; James Jeffries was elected to the 2nd District after the Democratic incumbent did not run; Larry Winn was re-elected to the 3rd district and Bob Whittaker was re-elected to the 5th district. Democrat Dan Glickman was re-elected to the 4th District\nKansas Statewide[71]: Democrat John W. Carlin was elected governor after defeating incumbent Republican Bob Bennett; Democrat Paul Dugan was elected Lt Governor; Bob Stephan was elected Attorney General; Jack Brier was elected Secretary of State; Fletcher Bell was re-elected as insurance commissioner; and Democrat Joan Finney was re-elected as treasurer\nKansas House[71]: Republicans won 69 seats, a net gain of 9 seats, and recovered the majority in the Kansas House. The House elected Wendall Lady as Speaker and Robert Frey as Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 1979, the State Committee elected Morris Kay as chair\n1980 election cycle[edit]\nPresident[82]: Republican presidential candidate Ronald Reagan easily won Kansas and the Presidency. Kansas held a Presidential primary, won by Ronald Reagan.[83] The national Republican convention was held in Detroit, Michigan.\nU.S. Senate[82]: Bob Dole was re-elected to the U.S. Senate with 64% of the vote.\nU.S. Congress[82]: Keith Sebelius was re-elected for the sixth time to the 1st District; James Edmund Jeffries was re-elected in the 2nd District, Larry Winn was re-elected to the 3rd district and Bob Whittaker was re-elected to the 5th district. Incumbent Democrat Dan Glickman held the 4th District, defeating Clay Hunter.\nKansas Senate[71]: Republicans won 24 seats, a net gain of 3 seats. The Senate elected Ross Doyen as Senate President and Robert Talkington as Majority Leader.\nKansas House[71]: Republicans won 72 seats, a net gain of 3 seats. The House elected Wendall Lady as Speaker and Robert Frey as Majority Leader.\nState Party[72]: In January 1981, the State Committee re-elected Morris Kay as chair. The executive director was Merlyn Brown.\n1982 election cycle[edit]\nU.S. Senate[84]: There was no U.S. Senate race.\nU.S. Congress[84]: Pat Roberts won the 1st District after Keith Sebelius retired; Larry Winn was re-elected to the 3rd district and Bob Whittaker was re-elected to the 5th district. Democrat Jim Slattery won the 2nd District by defeating Morris Kay after incumbent Republican James Edmund Jeffries did not run. Democrat Dan Glickman was re-elected to the 4th District, defeating Jerry Caywood\nKansas Statewide[71]: Democrat John W. Carlin won re-election as governor; Democrat Thomas Docking was elected Lt Governor; Bob Stephan won re-election as Attorney General; Jack Brier was re-elected as Secretary of State; Fletcher Bell was re-elected as insurance commissioner; and Democrat Joan Finney was re-elected as treasurer\nKansas House[71]: Republicans held steady winning 72 seats. The House elected Mike Hayden as Speaker and Joseph Hoagland as Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 1983, the State Committee elected Mary Alice Lair as chair, but she gave it up in favor of Robert Bennett. The executive director was Vern Chesbro\n1984 election cycle[edit]\nPresident[85]: Republican presidential candidate Ronald Reagan swept Kansas and won the presidency. The national Republican convention was held in Dallas, TX\nU.S. Senate[85]: Nancy Kassebaum was re-elected as U.S. Senator\nU.S. Congress[85]: Pat Roberts held the 1st District; Jan Meyers was elected to the 3rd district, defeating Democrat John Reardon, after a five-way primary, and Bob Whittaker was re-elected to the 5th district. Incumbent Democrat Jim Slattery won the 2nd District defeating Jim Van Slyke. Incumbent Democrat Dan Glickman won the 4th District defeating William Krause\nKansas Senate[71]: Republicans won 24 seats, holding even. The Senate elected Robert Talkington as Senate President and Paul \"Bud\" Burke as Majority Leader\nKansas House[71]: Republicans won 76 seats, a net gain of 4 seats. The House elected Mike Hayden as Speaker and James Braden as Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 1985, the State Committee elected Vern Chesbro as chair. The executive director was Eric Rucker\n1986 election cycle[edit]\nU.S. Senate[86]: Bob Dole won re-election to the U.S. Senate with 70% of the vote\nU.S. Congress[87]: Pat Roberts held the 1st District; Jan Meyers held the 3rd district, and Bob Whittaker held the 5th district. Incumbent Democrat Jim Slattery won the 2nd District beating Phill Kline. Incumbent Democrat Dan Glickman won the 4th District beating Bob Knight\nKansas Statewide[71]: Mike Hayden, defeated Democrat Tom Docking, to be elected governor, after winning a 7-way primary that included Jack Breir, Larry Jones, and Gene Bicknell. Jack Walker was elected lieutenant governor. Bob Stephan was re-elected as attorney general. Bill Graves was elected Secretary of State. Fletcher Bell was re-elected Commissioner of Insurance. Democrat Joan Finney was re-elected as state treasurer\nKansas House[71]: Republicans won 74 seats for a net loss of 2 seats. The House elected James Braden as Speaker and Joe Knopp as Majority Leader. In 1987 a fiscal conservative group, the Republican Reform Caucus, formed consisting of 12 Republican lawmakers who banded together in Topeka to challenge the establishment moderate leadership. Its leaders were Kerry Patrick, Bob Vancrum, David Miller, J.C. Long, and Gayle Mollenkamp[88]\nState Party[72]: In January 1987, the State Committee elected Fred Logan as chair. The executive director was Catherine Whitaker\n1988 election cycle[edit]\nPresident[89]: Republican candidate George H. W. Bush won Kansas and the presidency. Kansas held a presidential caucus. The national Republican convention was held in New Orleans\nU.S. Senate[89]: There was no election for the U.S. Senate\nU.S. Congress[89]: Pat Roberts held the 1st District; Jan Meyers held the 3rd district, and Bob Whittaker won the 5th district. Incumbent Democrat Jim Slattery won the 2nd District, defeating Phil Meinhardt. Incumbent Democrat Dan Glickman won the 4th District, defeating Lee Thompson\nKansas Senate[83]: The Republicans won 22 seats, for a net loss of 2 seats. The Senate elected Bud Burke as Senate President; Eric Yost as Senate Vice-president; Fred Kerr as Majority Leader; and Ben Vidricksen as Assistant majority Leader\nKansas House[83]: The Republicans won 68 seats, for a net loss of 6 seats. The House elected James Braden as Speaker; Dale Sprauge as Speaker Pro Tem; Bob Miller as Majority Leader, and Max Moomaw as Assistant Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 1989, the State Committee elected Rochelle Chronister as chair. The executive director was Catherine Whitaker\n1990 election cycle[edit]\nU.S. Senate[90]: Nancy Kassebaum easily won re-election to the U.S. Senate\nU.S. Congress[90]: Pat Roberts held the 1st District; Jan Meyers held the 3rd district, and Dick Nichols won the 5th district. Incumbent Democrat Jim Slattery won the 2nd District defeating Scott Morgan. Incumbent Democrat Dan Glickman won the 4th Congressional District, defeating Roger Grund\nKansas Statewides[83]: Democrat Joan Finney won the Governor's office, defeating incumbent Republican governor Mike Hayden, who had defeated Nestor Weigand in the primary. Governor Hayden was handicapped by substantial changes to the property tax system resulting from Constitutional changes made before his term began, including the first property value assessment in 20 years and the implementation of classification, i.e., assigning different tax rates based on the \"class\" of property as opposed to the traditional system of taxing all property at an \"equal and uniform\" rate\".[91] The result was substantially higher commercial property rates. Governor Hayden, therefore, suffered a similar fate as Governor Avery did in 1966 being held accountable for the tax implications of decisions made by the previous administration.[91] Robert Stephan was re-elected as attorney general. Bill Graves was re-elected as the Secretary of State. Ronald Todd was elected insurance commissioner. Democrat Sally Thompson won the state treasurer race\nKansas House[83]: For only the third time in Kansas history, the Republicans lost their majority in the Kansas House. They held 62 seats, a net loss of 7 seats, giving the Democrats a majority by one vote. The Republican Caucus elected Bob Miller as Minority Leader, and Wanda Fuller as Assistant Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 1991, the State Committee elected Kim Wells as chair; Janet Boisseau as vice-chair; Sara Ullman as secretary, and Duane Nightingale as treasurer. The executive director was Steve Brown\n1992 Changes to party organization[edit]\nIn 1992, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a California statutory scheme, similar to Kansas', which regulated party structure and operations. After 1992, state parties were free to organize and operate free of government regulation, other than a bare minimum regarding election of precinct committeemen and women and filling vacancies in elected office. The major changes enacted since 1992 were to increase the state committee to 37 delegates from each Congressional district and specifying that the platform committee would be composed of two to four individuals from each district selected by the state committee chair.\nThe second conservative insurgency (19921998)[edit]\nThe new conservative wave was a result of two distinct political agendas that merged into one force.[92] The first force was fiscal conservatism, which opposed what was seen as a state government grown too large, that taxed, spent, and borrowed too much. It first appeared in 1987 in the form of the \"Republican Reform Caucus\" a group of 12 legislators pushing for fiscal restraint. The second force, was the anti-abortion movement. In 1991, the anti-abortion movement showed its political power in Kansas during the \"Summer of Mercy\" when daily blockades of abortion clinics and a large rally took place in Wichita. In 1992, the conservative movement began a systematic effort to take over the party, recruiting precinct leaders with a goal of gaining control of the State Committee. In 1994, the conservative movement achieved several successes. It elected David Miller as state party chair and conservatives Todd Tiahrt and Sam Brownback to Congress. Conservative Tim Shallenburger became Speaker of the House. In 1996, David Miller was re-elected as State party chair. Sam Brownback, ignoring the requests of Bob Dole and Governor Bill Graves, ran for and won the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Dole, defeating Lt Governor Shelia Frahm, in the primary. Conservatives Jerry Moran, Vince Snowbarger and Jim Ryun were elected, and Todd Tiahrt was re-elected, to Congress. In 1998, the conservative tide ebbed and the moderate faction after conducting a well-organized and funded effort regained control of the State Committee.\n1992 election cycle[edit]\nPresident[93]: Republican presidential candidate George H. W. Bush won Kansas, but lost the national election to Bill Clinton. Kansas held a presidential primary won by George H. W. Bush with Pat Buchanan second. The national convention was held in Houston, Texas. The Presidential Electors were: Shari Caywood, James Bolden, Bruce Mayfield, Carlos Mayans, Charles Rayl, and Adolph Howard[94]\nU.S. Senate[93]: Bob Dole easily won re-election to the U.S. Senate with 62% of the vote\nU.S. Congress[93]: Pat Roberts and Jan Meyers held the 1st and 3rd Congressional seats. Democratic incumbent Jim Slattery won the 2nd District, defeating Jim Van Slyke. Democratic incumbent Dan Glickman won the 4th Congressional district, defeating Eric Yost. Kansas lost its fifth Congressional district to reapportionment\nKansas Senate[83]: Running in newly redistricted districts, the Republicans held 27 seats, a gain of 5. The Senate elected Paul \"Bud\" Burke as Senate President; Jerry Moran as Senate Vice President; Sheila Frahm as Majority Leader, and Ben Vidrickisen as Assistant Majority Leader\nKansas House[83]: Running in newly redistricted districts, the Republicans regained the majority, with 66 seats, a net gain of 4 seats. The House elected Bob Miller as Speaker; Tim Shallenburger as Speaker Pro Tem; Vince Snowbarger as Majority Leader; and Robin Jennison as Assistant Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 1993, the State Committee re-elected Kim Wells as chair; Janet Boisseau as vice-chair; Sara Ullman as secretary, and Duane Nightingale as treasurer. Mike Harris was elected National Committeeman and Mary Alice Lair was re-elected National Committeewoman. The executive director was Steve Brown\n1994 election cycle[edit]\nU.S. Senate[95]: There was no U.S. Senate race\nU.S. Congress[95]: All four Congressional seats were won by Republicans, a net gain of two seats. Pat Roberts was re-elected in the First District and Jan Meyers was re-elected in the Third District. The Second District was won by Sam Brownback, defeating former Democratic Governor John W. Carlin, after the incumbent Democratic Congressman, Jim Slattery, ran unsuccessfully for governor. Todd Tiahrt won the Fourth District defeating 9-term incumbent Democrat Dan Glickman\nKansas Statewides[83]: Bill Graves won the governor's office defeating Jim Slattery. Sheila Frahm won lieutenant governor. After she resigned in 1996 to run for the U.S. Senate, she was replaced by Gary Sherrer. Carla Stovall won the Attorney General's office. Ron Thornburgh won the Secretary of State's office. The Republicans lost the treasurer race to Sally Thompson and the insurance commissioner race to Kathleen Sebelius. When Sally Thompson resigned as state treasurer in 1998, Clyde Graber (R) was appointed state treasurer\nKansas Senate: There were no senate elections, but when Sheila Frahm resigned to become lieutenant governor, Jerry Moran became Majority Leader and Alicia Salisbury became Senate Vice President\nKansas House[83]: The Republicans held 81 seats, a net gain of 15 seats. The House elected Tim Shallenburger as Speaker; Susan Wagle as Speaker Pro Tem; Robin Jennison as Majority Leader, and Doug Mays as Assistant Majority Leader. This constituted a conservative leadership slate\nState Party[72]: In January 1995, the State Committee elected David Miller as chair; Barbara Lissendem as vice-chair; Mary Jane Bradley as secretary; and Paul Rosell as treasurer. This state party election was a victory of the 'pro-life,' conservative faction. The executive director was Kris Van Meteren\n1996 election cycle[edit]\nPresident[96]: Republican presidential candidate Bob Dole easily won Kansas, but lost the national election to Bill Clinton. There was no presidential caucus or primary, all delegates were directed by the state committee to vote for Bob Dole. The national Republican convention was held in San Diego, California. The Presidential Electors were: Timothy Golba, Michael Harris, Betty Hanicke, Marynell Reece, Marjorie Robards, and John Watkins[97]\nU.S. Senate[96]: When Bob Dole resigned his Senate seat in June 1996 to run for president and Nancy Kassebaum decided not to run for re-election as a U.S. Senator, there were open elections for both Kansas U.S. Senate seats. Pat Roberts easily won the seat previously held by Kassenbaum, defeating Democrat Sally Thompson, the state treasurer. Sam Brownback first won a primary against Sheila Frahm, who had been appointed to the seat by Governor Bill Graves. Then, in a special election, Sam Brownback defeated Jill Docking to win the seat previously held by Senator Bob Dole\nU.S. Congress[96]: Republicans continued to hold all four Congressional seats: Jerry Moran won the 1st district after Pat Roberts vacated the seat to run for the U.S. Senate, Jim Ryun won the 2nd district, Vince Snowbarger won the 3rd district after Jan Meyers decided not to run for re-election, and Todd Tiahrt was re-elected in the 4th District\nKansas Senate[83]: The Republicans held even with 27 seats. The Senate elected Dick Bond as Senate President; Tim Emert as Senate Vice-president; Alicia Salisbury as Majority Leader, and Ben Vidricksen as Assistant Majority Leader\nKansas House[83]: The Republicans held 77 seats, a net loss of 4 seats. The House elected Tim Shallenburger as Speaker; Susan Wagle as Speaker Pro Tem; Robin Jennison as Majority Leader; and Doug Mays as Assistant Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 1997, the State Committee re-elected David Miller as chair; Kate Carty as vice-chair; Mary Jane Bradley as secretary; and Bill Adams as treasurer. Dwight Sutherland was elected National Committeeman and Mary Alice Lair was re-elected as National Committeewoman. David Miller resigned in 1998 to run against Gov Graves in the primary and was replaced by Steve Abrams. The executive director was Kris Van Meteren, then Karen Casto, then John Potter\nModerate faction regains control (19982006)[edit]\n1998 election cycle[edit]\nU.S. Senate[98]: Sam Brownback won re-election to his U.S. Senate seat in the regular election\nU.S. Congress[98]: Jerry Moran in the 1st District, Jim Ryun in the 2nd District, and Todd Tiahrt in the 4th District won re-election. The Republicans lost the 3rd Congressional district when incumbent Vince Snowbarger lost to Democrat Dennis Moore\nKansas Statewides[83]: Bill Graves, after defeating David Miller in the primary, won re-election as governor in a landslide. Gary Sherrer won lieutenant governor. Carla Stovall won re-election as attorney general. Ron Thornburgh won re-election as Secretary of State. Tim Schallenberger won the election for state treasurer. Democrat Kathleen Sebelius won the election for insurance commissioner\nKansas House[83]: The Republicans held 77 seats, a net loss of 4 seats. The House elected Robin Jennison as Speaker; Doug Mays as Speaker Pro Tem; Kent Glasscock as Majority Leader; and Shari Weber as Assistant Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 1999, the State Committee elected Mark Parkinson as chair; Margie Canfield as vice-chair; Wanda Morrison as secretary; and Steve Martens as treasurer. This election was a victory of the moderate faction. Starting in 1997 the moderate faction had recruited hundreds of precinct leaders and elected a sufficient number in August 1998 to gain control of the party's state committee. The executive director was Kari Austen\n2000 election cycle[edit]\nPresident[99]: Republican presidential candidate George W. Bush easily swept Kansas. There was no presidential caucus or primary, all delegates attended the convention uncommitted. The national Republican convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Presidential Electors were: Shari Caywood, Richard Eckert, Mark Heitz, Gene Eastin, Susan Estes, and Charles Hostetler[100]\nU.S. Senate[99]: There was no United States Senate race\nU.S. Congress[99]: The Republicans held three Congressional seats with Jerry Moran in the 1st, Jim Ryun in the 2nd, and Todd Tiahrt in the 4th winning re-election. Phill Kline lost to incumbent Democrat Dennis Moore in the 3rd District, after beating Greg Musil in the primary\nKansas Senate[83]: The Republicans held 30 seats, a net gain of 3 seats, of whom 15 were freshman. The Senate elected David Kerr as Senate President; Sandy Praeger as Senate Vice President; Lana Oleen as Majority Leader; and Les Donovan as Assistant Majority Leader\nKansas House[83]: The Republicans won 79 seats, a net gain of 2 seats. The House elected Kent Glasscock as Speaker; Clay Aurand as Speaker Pro Tem; Sheri Webber as Majority Leader; and John Ballou as Assistant Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 2001, the State Committee re-elected Mark Parkinson as chair; Margie Canfield as vice-chair; Wanda Morrison as secretary; and Brad Stout as treasurer. Calvin James and June Cooper were elected National Committeeman and woman. The executive director remained Kari Austen\n2002 election cycle[edit]\nU.S. Senate[101]: Pat Roberts won re-election to the U.S. Senate without opposition\nU.S. Congress[101]: The Republicans held three Congressional seats with Jerry Moran in the 1st, Jim Ryun in the 2nd, and Todd Tiahrt in the 4th winning re-election. Adam Taff lost to incumbent Democrat Dennis Moore in the 3rd District\nKansas Statewides[83]: Republican Tim Shallenberger and David Lindstrom lost the race for governor against Kathleen Sebelius. Phill Kline won the attorney general's office, defeating Chris Biggs. Ron Thornburgh won re-election as Secretary of State. Sandy Praeger won election as the insurance commissioner. Lynn Jenkins won election as state treasurer\nKansas Senate: There were no senate elections, but John Vratil became Senate Vice President after Sandy Praeger resigned to become insurance commissioner\nKansas House[83]: House candidates ran in new districts after redistricting. The Republicans held 80 seats, a gain of one. The House elected Doug Mays as Speaker; John Ballou as Speaker Pro Tem; Clay Aurand as Majority Leader; and Ray Merrick as Assistant Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 2003, the State Committee elected Dennis Jones chair; Pat Ranson vice-chair; Pat Smith as secretary; and Morey Sullivan as treasurer. This was the third election where the moderate faction controlled the party. The executive director was Scott Poor. In 2002, the chair tried to make the party's primary an \"open\" primary, allowing unaffiliated or democratic voters to vote in the Republican primary. After a lawsuit brought by Susan Estes and others, the Court ruled that unless the state committee amended its Constitution, the primary would remain closed\nMcCain-Feingold campaign finance reforms[edit]\nIn the 1980s and 1990s the state party often had a paid staff of six to ten, each with specific responsibilities. The Campaign Finance changes severely limited the amount of funds ultimately available to the state party and marked a major change in resources available to the party to use to support candidates[24]\n2004 election cycle[edit]\nPresident[102]: Republican presidential candidate George W. Bush carried Kansas by a wide margin. There was no presidential caucus or primary, all delegates were to vote for George Bush. The national Republican convention was held in New York, New York. The Presidential electors were: Ruth Garvey Fink, Bernard \"Bud\" Hentzen, Dennis Jones, Wanda Konold Jack Ranson, and Patricia P. Smith[103]\nU.S. Senate[102]: Sam Brownback easily won re-election as U.S. Senator\nU.S. Congress[102]: The Republicans held three Congressional seats with Jerry Moran in the 1st, Jim Ryun in the 2nd, and Todd Tiahrt in the 4th all winning re-election. Kris Kobach lost to incumbent Democrat Dennis Moore in the 3rd District after defeating Adam Taff in the primary\nKansas Senate[83]: Senate candidates ran in new districts established by the 2002 redistricting. The Republicans held steady with 30 seats. Steve Morris was elected Senate President; John Vratil as Senate Vice President; Derek Schmidt as Majority leader; and Karin Brownlee as Assistant Majority Leader\nKansas House[83]: The Republicans held 83 seats, a net gain of 3 seats. Doug Mays was re-elected as Speaker; Ray Merrick as Speaker Pro Tem; Clay Aurand as Majority Leader; and Joe McLeland as Assistant Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 2005, the State Committee elected Tim Shallenburger as chair; Susan Estes as vice-chair; Beverly Caley as secretary; and Emmitt Mitchell as treasurer. Steve Cloud and Alicia Salisbury were elected National Committeeman and woman. The executive director was Derreck Sontag in 2005 and then Ron Freeman in 2006\nRepublican low point and recovery (20062008)[edit]\nThe Republicans hit a low point in the 2006 election when Kathleen Sebelius won re-election as governor, Phill Kline lost his re-election bid as attorney general, and Jim Ryan lost his re-election bid for the Second Congressional District. Moreover, Mark Parkinson, former state party chair, became a Democrat and ran as Sebelius' lieutenant governor. This left the Republicans holding only three of the six statewide offices and only two of four Congressional seats. Intra-party factional feuding between moderates and conservatives reached new intensity, with some moderate leaders openly endorsing Democratic candidates.\nIn 2008, however, the Republicans regained the initiative. The Kansas Democrats, in the year of Obama, poured money and effort into Kansas, but came up short, losing the Second Congressional District to Lynn Jenkins and showing no consequential gains in state legislative races. Republican success in 2008 was due to an energetic slate of candidates and to the statewide campaign organization of U.S. Senator Pat Roberts. The Roberts organization, under campaign manager David Kensinger, invested in and developed a statewide structure to conduct an effective grassroots campaign, registering and identifying Republican voters and then effectively getting them out the vote.\n2006 election cycle[edit]\nU.S. Senate[104]: There was no United States Senate election\nU.S. Congress[104]: The Republicans lost one U.S. Congressional seat. Jerry Moran in the 1st District and Todd Tiahrt in the 4th District held their seats. Incumbent Jim Ryun in the 2nd District lost to Democrat Nancy Boyda. Chuck Ahner lost to incumbent Democrat Dennis Moore in the 3rd District\nKansas Statewides[83]: After a seven-way primary, Jim Barnett and Susan Wagle lost the gubernatorial election to incumbent Democrat Kathleen Sebelius. Phill Kline lost his re-election bid for attorney general to Democrat Paul Morrison, who later resigned in a scandal and was replaced by Steve Six. Ron Thornburgh won re-election as Secretary of State and after he resigned in 2010 was replaced by Democrat Chris Biggs. Sandy Praeger won re-election as the insurance commissioner. Lynn Jenkins won re-election as treasurer. She resigned as state treasurer after winning the 2nd Congressional District in 2008 and was replaced by Democrat Dennis McKinney\nKansas House[83]: After the election and some defections to the Democrats, the Republicans held 78 House seats, a net loss of 5 seats. The House elected Melvin Neufeld as Speaker; Don Dahl as Speaker Pro Tem; Ray Merrick as Majority Leader, and Jene Vickrey as Assistant Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: In January 2007, the State Committee elected Kris Kobach as chair; Sharon Meissner as vice-chair; Beverly Caley as secretary; and David Thorne as treasurer. The conservative faction continued to control the party. The executive director for 20072008 was Christian Morgan\n2008 election cycle[edit]\nPresident[105]: In the year Democrat Barack Obama was elected president, Republican candidate John McCain carried Kansas by a wide margin. In the Kansas Presidential Caucus, Mike Huckabee prevailed. The national Republican convention was in St Paul, Minnesota. The Presidential electors were: Tom Arpke, David Kensinger, Mike Pompeo, Jeff Colyer, Kris Kobach, and Helen Van Etten\n[106]\nU.S. Senate[105]: Pat Roberts won re-election to the Senate by a large margin defeating former Democratic Congressman Jim Slattery\nU.S. Congress[105]: Jerry Moran, in the 1st District, and Todd Tiahrt, in the 4th District, won re-election to Congress. In a close race, Lynn Jenkins defeated incumbent Democrat Nancy Boyda to win the 2nd District, after defeating Jim Ryun in the primary. Nick Jordan lost to incumbent Democrat Dennis Moore in the 3rd District\nKansas Senate[83]: The Republicans gained a seat in the Kansas Senate winning 31 seats. The Senate re-elected Steve Morris as Senate President; John Vratil as Senate Vice President; Derek Schmidt as Majority Leader, and Vicki Schmidt as Assistant Majority Leader\nKansas House[83]: The Republicans held their ground but lost a seat to a subsequent defection, leaving them with 77 seats. The House elected, in a surprise upset, Michael O'Neal as Speaker over the previous Speaker Melvin Neufeld; Arlen Siegfreid as Speaker Pro Tem; Ray Merrick as Majority Leader; and Peggy Mast as Assistant Majority Leader\n\"Clean Sweep\": Conservative faction takes control (20102018)[edit]\nThe 2010 and 2012 elections were watershed elections for the political history of Kansas. The 2010 election was a decisive victory for the Republican Party in the year of the \"Tea Party\", a grass roots, fiscally conservative movement that formed in early 2009. Led by the Brownback Campaign under campaign manager David Kensinger, the Republicans developed and implemented the \"Clean Sweep\" program focusing on early, detailed voter identification and a systematic data driven get-out-the-vote effort. The Republicans won all six statewide offices for the first time since the 1966 election, all four Congressional seats for the first time since the 1996 election, and gained 16 seats in the House, for 92 total seats, a number last equaled in the 1954 election. As a result, the conservative faction firmly held the executive branch and the House. In the Senate, the moderate and conservative Republican factions were of roughly equal number, allowing the Democrats, who usually aligned with the moderate faction, to control the outcome on divisive issues.\nThe 2012 election did not change the overall number of Republicans in the legislature, but it radically changed the composition of the Senate. After bitter primaries, the conservative Republican candidates prevailed in most races and then went on to win in the general election. Some moderate senate incumbents, who lost in the primary election, endorsed Democrats.[107] A completely new leadership took over the Kansas Senate.\n2010 election cycle[edit]\nU.S. Senate[108]: Jerry Moran became the new U.S. Senator, replacing Sam Brownback, after a tough primary victory over Todd Tiahrt\nU.S. Congress[108]: Republicans won all four Congressional districts for the first time since 1996 with Tim Huelskamp winning the first, after a seven-way primary; incumbent Lynn Jenkins winning re-election in the second; Kevin Yoder winning the third, after a 13-way primary; and Mike Pompeo winning in the fourth, after a four-way primary\nKansas Statewides[83]: The party swept all six statewide elections for the first time since 1964. Sam Brownback became governor, Jeff Colyer lieutenant governor, Kris Kobach Secretary of State, Derek Schmidt attorney general, Sandy Praeger was re-elected as insurance commissioner, and Ron Estes state treasurer\nKansas Senate[83]: There were two special senate elections both won by Republicans, and Jay Emler was elected Majority Leader after Derek Schmidt resigned to become state attorney general\nKansas House[83]: Republicans picked up 16 seats in the Kansas House of Representatives, resulting in 92 Republican representatives, the highest number since 195354. Of the 92, 33 were freshman of whom 9 were elected by precinct leaders to fill post-election vacancies. The House re-elected Michael O'Neal as Speaker; Jene Vickrey as Speaker Pro Tem; Arlen Siegfreid as Majority Leader; and Peggy Mast as Assistant Majority Leader\nState Party[72]: At the January 2009 meeting in Topeka, the State Committee elected Amanda Adkins as chair; Ron Estes as vice-chair; Susan Concannon as secretary; and Steve Fitzgerald as treasurer. Helen van Etten and Mike Pompeo were elected National Committeeman and woman. The executive director was CiCi Rojas in 2009 then Ashley McMillan in 2010\n2012 election cycle[edit]\n2012 began with the state party Convention including speakers Governor Rick Perry of Texas, Governor Bobby Jindal of Louisiana, Governor Bob McDonnell of Virginia, and publisher Steve Forbes. On March 10, the state party held its presidential preference caucus at 96 locations in 90 different counties. Over 32,000 people showed up to vote. Rick Santorum won 33 delegates and Mitt Romney won 7 delegates. The 2012 general election was the first time in Kansas history when three factors aligned on the same election (1) there was no U.S. Senator on the ballot, (2) there were no statewide offices on the ballot, and (3) both state Senate and House candidates ran in newly redistricted districts\nPrimary Election: The primary, held on August 7, 2012, was a decisive battle between the moderate faction, particularly those in the state senate aligned with the Senate leadership, and the conservative faction, primarily challengers to Senate incumbents aligned with Governor Brownback. Of the 32 Republican senate seats, 29 had primaries. The primary election had several unique features. First, there was no U.S. Senate or statewide office race on the ballot, and, as it turned out, no Republican congressional primaries. This lack of marquee races resulted in an emphasis on legislative races. Second, when the legislature was unable to pass redistricting maps, the matter ended up before the federal court. The 3-judge panel issued new district lines for the congressional, state senate, state house, and state school board districts. The court was required to make the state legislative districts with a 1% population deviation from the perfect district and did not include incumbent locations as a criterion in its determination. The result were radically new maps, issued Friday, June 8, 2012. Candidates had to file by Monday, June 11 at noon. Consequentially, over that weekend there was a rush to recruit candidates to fill districts without an incumbent. Last, this election brought independent expenditures by Political Committees (PACs) to levels not before seen in Kansas. When the last county reported its results early on Wednesday, August 8, the conservative candidates had won a substantial majority of the Republican senate primary races\nPresidential: Mitt Romney easily won Kansas with 62% of the statewide vote. Obama only managed 37%. The National Convention was held in Tampa, Florida. The Kansas members of the Electoral College were Amanda Adkins, Todd Tiahrt, Helen Van Ettan, Randy Duncan, Kelly Arnold, and Lt Governor Jeff Colyer[109]\nU.S. Senate: There were no U.S. Senate races. After the election, Jerry Moran was elected chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee\nCongressional: For the first time in over 40 years, the Kansas Democrats failed to mount a serious challenge to any of the Republican candidates. As a result, Tim Huelskamp won the 1st District with no opposition, Lynn Jenkins won the 2nd District will minimal opposition, Kevin Yoder won the 3rd District with only a Libertarian as an opponent, and Mike Pompeo won the 4th District. Lynn Jenkins was elected vice chair of the Republican House Conference\nState Senate: The Republicans won a record 32 seats. Of the 11 open seats, Republicans won 10. The Republican Caucus elected Susan Wagle as Senate President, Jeff King as Senate Vice President, Terry Bruce as Majority Leader, Julia Lynn as Assistant Majority leader, and Garrett Love as Whip. This was a complete break with past leadership, none of the leaders for the 2013 Session had previously been in Senate leadership\nState House: In an unprecedented accomplishment, after gaining 16 seats in 2010 for a total of 92, the Republicans won 92 seats again in 2012, defying the general consensus that after large gains, some lost seats were normal. Of the 35 open seats, Republicans won 26. Republicans won 34 seats with no Democratic challenger. The House Republican Caucus elected Ray Merrick as Speaker, Peggy Mast as Speaker Pro Tem, Jene Vickrey as Majority Leader, David Crum as Assistant Majority Leader, and Brian Weber as Whip\nState School Board: Republicans won four of the five races\nState Party[72]: At the January 2011 meeting in Topeka, the State Committee re-elected Amanda Adkins as party chair and elected Kelly Arnold as vice chair, Michelle Martin as secretary and T.C. Anderson as treasurer, and in a special election, Todd Tiahrt was elected National Committeeman, when Mike Pompeo resigned after winning a seat in Congress. Ashley McMillan, after serving as executive director during the 2010 election cycle, resigned in March 2011 and was replaced by Clay Barker. In February 2012, the State Committee re-elected Todd Tiahrt as national committeeman and Helen van Etten as national committeewoman\n2014 election cycle[edit]\nThe 2014 election saw a concentrated, but ultimately unsuccessful, effort by Democrats to win the Governor's race. Many leaders of the older moderate faction, including those who lost positions in 2010 and 2012, formed groups to support liberals like democratic governor candidate Paul Davis or independent U.S. senate candidate Greg Orman. These groups were likewise unsuccessful in bringing the Kansas electorate along with them. Bob Dole, aged 91, visited all 105 Kansas Counties in a 10-part thank you tour, campaigning for Governor Sam Brownback and U.S. Senator Pat Roberts.\nPrimary Election: The primary, held on August 5, 2014, featured several major contests. U.S. Senator Pat Roberts faced a strong challenge from \"Tea Party\" candidate Dr. Milton Wolf, and two other candidates. Roberts prevailed with 48% of the vote. Congressman Mike Pompeo was unsuccessfully challenged by National Committeeman Todd Tiahrt. Congressman Tim Huelskamp prevailed over Alan LaPolice. There were 30 primaries for Kansas House seats, of which 15 were strongly contested. After substantial funds were expended in these races there was little or no net change in the ideological - conservative / moderate - make-up of the Republican slate of general election candidates\nU.S. Senate: Senator Pat Roberts was initially challenged by Democrat Chad Taylor and Independent Greg Orman. In a bizarre twist, Chad Taylor dropped out after winning the Democratic primary, leaving the field to Orman. After Orman gained a substantial early lead in the polls, the Roberts team launched an effective persuasion and voter turnout effort that saw numerous national republican leaders coming to Kansas. Roberts won the election with 53% of the vote to Orman's 43%\nCongressional: The four Republican incumbents swept to victory with double digit wins. As a result, Tim Huelskamp won the 1st District, Lynn Jenkins won the 2nd District, Kevin Yoder won the 3rd District, and Mike Pompeo won the 4th District\nKansas Statewides: After a very tough and contentious race, Sam Brownback was re-elected as governor with Jeff Colyer as his lieutenant governor with 50% of the vote to 46% for Democrat Paul Davis. The other four statewide races were less contested with Kris Kobach re-elected as Secretary of State, Derek Schmidt re-elected as attorney general, Ron Estes re-elected as state treasurer, and Ken Selzer elected as the new insurance commissioner\nState House: Republicans took five democrat-held seats for a total of 97 of 125. No Republican incumbents lost and no open seats previously held by a Republican were won by Democrats. Ray Merrick was re-elected Speaker, and Gene Vickrey was re-elected House Majority Leader\nState School Board: Republicans won four of the five races\nState Party[72]: At the January 2013 State Convention in Hutchinson, Kelly Arnold was elected chair, Michelle Martin vice-chair, Derek Kreifels secretary, and T.C. Anderson re-elected treasurer. Clay Barker remained as executive director\n2016 election cycle[edit]\nThe 2016 election on November 8, 2016, saw a concentrated and successful effort by the moderate faction to increase its strength in the Republican legislative offices and a successful effort by Democrats to gain seats in the legislature.\nPresidential Caucus: The Caucus was held Saturday, March 5. Turnout of 79,000 voters exceeded all forecasts. Kansas' 40 delegates were allocated with Ted Cruz: 24, Donald Trump 9; Marco Rubio 6, John Kasich 1. Kansas then selected its national convention delegates at four district and one state conventions, held in April and May 2016. The 40 delegates and 37 alternate delegates attended the National Convention in Cleveland from 18 to 21 July at which Donald Trump was nominated as the Presidential Candidate.\nPrimary Election: The primary, held on August 8, 2016, saw intense competition between candidates of the conservative and moderate factions. In the Kansas Senate and House primary elections, the moderate faction gained candidates for each chamber. Congressman Tim Huelskamp was defeated by primary challenger Roger Marshall in a stiffly fought and expensive primary election\nPresidential Election: Trump won Kansas' six electoral college votes by winning 56.6% of the vote in Kansas, 671,018 votes. The electoral college met on December 19 and voted for Donald Trump and Mike Pence. The electors were: Kelly Arnold, Helen van Etten, Mark Kahrs, Ashley McMillan Hutchinson; Ron Estes, and Clay Barker\nU.S. Senate: Senator Jerry Moran won easily with 62.1% of the vote\nCongressional: The four Republican candidates swept to victory each with double digit percentage wins. As a result, Roger Marshall won the 1st District, Lynn Jenkins won the 2nd District, Kevin Yoder won the 3rd District, and Mike Pompeo won the 4th District\nSpecial KS-04 Election: After being confirmed as CIA Director, Congressman Mike Pompeo resigned his seat. On February 9, 2017, a special nominating convention from the 4th District selected state treasurer Ron Estes as the Republican candidate for the April 11, 2017, special election. Ron Estes went on to win the Special Election with 53% of the vote\nKansas Statewides: No Statewide offices were up for election in 2016. In July 2017, however, Governor Brownback was nominated to be U.S. Ambassador at large for Religious Freedom. He had to be re-nominated in early 2018 and was finally confirmed in January 2018\nState Senate: Republicans lost one seat for a total of 31 of 40. The Republican Caucus, on December 5, elected Susan Wagle as Senate President and Jim Denning as Majority Leader\nState House: Republicans lost a net of 12 House seats for a total of 85 of 125. This was still their fourth best performance since 1970. The Republican Caucus, on December 5, elected Ron Ryckman, Jr, as Speaker and Don Hineman as Majority Leader\nState School Board: Republicans won four of the five races\nState Party[72]: At the February 2015 state committee meeting held in Wichita, the State Committee elected Kelly Arnold as chair; Ashley McMillan Hutchinson as vice-chair; Derek Kreifels as secretary, and T.C. Anderson as treasurer. Clay Barker remained as executive director. At the February 2016 state committee meeting in Overland Park, the State Committee elected Mark Kahrs and re-elected Helen van Etten as National Committeeman and Committeewoman\n2018 election cycle[edit]\nThe 2018 election saw the Republicans lose the Governor and Third District Congressional races, the first time the Democrats had won a statewide or federal office since 2008. Republicans won the other four statewide offices, the other three congressional offices and retained the majority in the state House with a somewhat more conservative caucus.\nPrimary Election: There were several open seat primaries in 2017. When Governor Brownback was confirmed as a U.S. Ambassador in January 2017, he resigned and Lt Gov Jeff Colyer became Governor on January 31, 2017. He appointed Tracey Mann as Lt Governor. The Governor primary consisted of Governor Jeff Colyer, Secretary of State Kris Kobach, Insurance Commissioner Ken Selzer, former state senator Jim Barnett and a few others. Kobach won the primary by a margin of 343 votes over Colyer. The Secretary of State primary had several candidates and Scott Schwab, the Speaker Pro Tem, prevailed. Vicki Schmidt, a state senator won the Insurance Commissioner primary. In the 2nd Congressional District, after Congresswoman Lynn Jenkins announced she would not run for re-election, a multi-candidate primary was won by Steve Watkins (politician). There were multiple House primaries in which eight incumbents were defeated and 12 open seats were contested\nU.S. Senate: No U.S. Senate seats were up for election. In January 2019, Pat Roberts announced he would not run for re-election in 2020\nCongressional: Republicans won three of the four districts. In the 1st District, incumbent Roger Marshall won with 68% of the vote. In the 2nd District, Steve Watkins (politician) won with 48% of the vote over democrat Paul Davis. In the 4th district, incumbent Ron Estes, won with 60% of the vote. In the 3rd district incumbent Kevin Yoder was defeated getting 43% of the vote\nKansas Statewides: Republicans won four of the five statewide races, losing the Governor race. Democrat Laura Kelly defeated republican Kris Kobach for governor 48% to 43% of the vote. Independent Greg Orman, who ran for the U.S. Senate in 2014, won 7% of the vote. Incumbent Derek Schmidt was re-elected Attorney General with 59% of the voter. Scott Schwab, the House Speaker Pro Tem, was elected Secretary of State with 53% of the vote. Jake LaTurner, who had been appointed State Treasurer in 2017 was elected with 58% of the vote. Vicki Schmidt, a state senator, was elected Insurance Commissioner with 63% of the vote\nState Senate: State Senate was not up for election. The Republicans won the one special election. After the election, two republican senators switched to the Democratic party\nState House: Republican candidates won five new seats and lost five seats, leaving the House at 85 Republicans. The overall make-up of the Republican House Caucus was more conservative. After the election, two republican representatives (one had already lost in the primary) switched to the Democratic party\nState School Board: Republicans won four of the five election\nState Party: At the February 2017 State Committee meeting in Manhattan, the state committee re-elected Kelly Arnold as chair, Ashley M. Hutchinson as vice-chair, elected Alana J. Roethle as secretary, and re-elected TC Anderson as treasurer. Clay Barker stayed on as executive director until October 2017. TC Anderson resigned as treasurer in January 2018 and Richard Todd was elected replacement treasurer in February 2018. Jim Joice was appointed as executive director in April 2018 and resigned the position in December 2019.\nRepublican populism (2020)[edit]\nSweeping social-economic changes altered the composition of the Republican Party. Working class voters switched to republican, not for economic reasons but for cultural ones.[110] These new party members often opposed 1980s era conservative policies such as increased immigration, free trade, international involvement and reduced government social programs. Harbingers of this movement were Pat Buchanan's 1992 presidential campaign and Mike Huckabee's 1988 presidential campaign and culminated in the election of Donald Trump in 2016.\n2020 election cycle[111][edit]\nThe November 3, 2020, general election saw record voter turnout, record spending, and broad success for Republican conservatives in both the primary and general elections. A democrat \"blue wave\" did not occur, although the democrat candidates made gains in Johnson County, while losing ground elsewhere in the state. The 2020 election cycle was disrupted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.\nPresidential Caucus: Due to the lack of any opposition, the four district committees and the state committee voted to bind their national convention delegates to Donald Trump and then proceeded to elect the national convention delegates. The normal national convention was canceled due to COVID-19 and a truncated convention with a few representatives from each state was substituted\nPrimary Elections: In the US Senate primary, Roger Marshall prevailed over Kris Kobach and Bob Hamilton. In the KS-01 primary, Tracey Mann prevailed over Bill Clifford. In the KS-02 primary, State Treasurer Jacob LaTurner prevailed or incumbent Congressman Steve Watkins. In the KS-03 primary, Amanda Adkins prevailed over Sara Hart Weir and Andrienne Vallejo Foster. In the state senate and state house primaries conservative candidates saw broad success against incumbents and in open seat races\nPresidential Election: Donald Trump won Kansas' six electoral college votes by winning 56.2% of the vote, 771,406 votes. The electoral college met on December 14 and voted for Donald Trump and Mike Pence. The electors were: Mike Kuckelman, Helen van Etten, Mark Kahrs, Shannon Golden, Emily Wellman, and Treatha Brown-Foster\nU.S. Senate: Roger Marshall won the election with 53.2% of the vote\nCongressional: Republican candidates won three elections: Tracey Mann won the 1st District with 71% of the vote, Jacob LaTurner won the 2nd District with 55% of the vote, and Ron Estes was reelected in the 4th District with 64% of the vote. Amanda Adkins lost in the 3rd District\nKansas Statewides: No Statewide offices were up for election in 2020, although Jacob LaTurner resigned as State Treasurer after winning a Congressional seat\nState Senate: Republicans retained 29 seats of 40 in the state senate, losing two seats and gaining two seats. The Republican Caucus, on December 7, 2020, elected Ty Masterson as Senate President and Gene Suellentrop as Majority Leader\nState House: Republicans won four new seats and lost two seats for a net gain of two seats for a total of 86 of 125. The Republican Caucus, on December 7, 2020, re-elected Ron Ryckman, Jr, as Speaker and Dan Hawkins as Majority Leader\nState School Board: Republicans won three of the five races\nState Party[72]: At the February 2019 State Committee meeting in Topeka, the state committee elected Mike Kuckelman as chair, Virginia Crossland-Macha as vice-chair, Emily Wellman as secretary, and Bob Dool as treasurer. Shannon Golden was appointed executive director in August 2019. Virginia Crossland-Macha later resigned her position leaving a vacancy\n2022 election cycle[111][edit]\nRedistricting After the Kansas Supreme Court upheld the new legislative district lines all Congressional, and state senate, house and state school board races were run in new districts\nPrimary Elections: In the US Senate primary, incumbent Jerry Moran prevailed with 81% of the vote. In the only Congressional district primary, Amanda Adkins prevailed in the third district with 77% of the vote. Derek Schmidt, the current attorney general, and Katie Sawyer, won the Governor - Lt Governor primary with 81% of the vote. Incumbent Scott Schwab won the Secretary of State primary with 55% of the vote. Kris Kobach won a three-way primary for Attorney General with 42% of the vote. Representative Steve Johnson won the State Treasurer primary in a very close race. Incumbent Insurance Commissioner Vicki Schmidt had an uncontested primary. Twenty-five house seats had primary elections\nU.S. Senate: Incumbent Jerry Moran was re-elected with 60% of the vote\nCongressional: Incumbent Tracy Mann was reelected in the 1st District with 68% of the vote. Incumbent Jake LaTurner was re-elected in the 2nd district with 58% of the vote. Incumbent Ron Estes was reelected in the 4th District with 64% of the vote. In the 3rd District, Amanda Adkins lost to with 43% of the vote\nKansas Statewides: Incumbent Attorney General Derek Schmidt and Katie Sawyer lost to incumbent Governor Laura Kelly and David Toland 48% to 49%. Incumbent Secretary of State Scott Schwab was re-elected with 59% of the vote. Kris Kobach was elected Attorney General with 51% of the vote. Representative Steve Johnson won the State Treasurer race with 54% of the vote. Incumbent Insurance Commissioner Vicki Schmidt was reelected with 63% of the vote\nState Senate: State Senate were not up for election, but a special election for Senate District 38 was held for the remainder of the term of Senator Bud Estes who died in February 2021\nState House:The Republicans lost one net net and held 85 of the 125 seats\nState School Board:Republican candidates won two contested races and three uncontested races\nState Party[72]: At the April 2021 State Committee meeting in Manhattan, the state committee re-elected Mike Kuckelman as chair, elected Sue Schlapp as vice-chair, re-elected Emily Wellman as secretary, and elected Cheryl Reynolds as treasurer. Shannon Golden remained executive director until November 11, 2022\n2024 election cycle[111][edit]\nPrimary Elections:\nCongressional:\nState Senate:\nState House:\nState School Board:\nState Party[72]: At the February 2023 State Committee meeting in Topeka, the state committee elected Mike Brown as chair, elected Cheryl Reynolds as vice-chair, elected Tess Anderson as secretary, and elected Alan Townsend as treasurer. Dakotah Parshall was appointed executive director in February 2023. At the January 2024 State Committee in Overland Park, Mark Kahrs was re-elected as national committeeman and Wendy Bingesser was elected as national committeewoman.\nProminent Kansas Republicans[edit]\nSam Brownback (U.S. House (19951996); U.S. Senate (III) (19972010); Governor (20112018))\nArthur Capper (Governor (19151918); U.S. Senate (II) (19191948))\nFrank Carlson (U.S. House (19351946); Governor (19471950); U.S. Senate (III) (19501968))\nCharles Curtis (U.S. House (18931906); U.S. Senate (II) (19071912); U.S. Senate (III) (19151929); 31st Vice President (19291933))\nBob Dole (U.S. House (19611968); U.S. Senate (III) (19691996); Chairman of the Republican National Committee (19721974); Vice presidential nominee (1976); Presidential nominee (1996))\nDwight D. Eisenhower (President of the United States (19531961))\nBill Graves (Secretary of State (19871994); Governor (19952002))\nJohn D. M. Hamilton (Speaker of the Kansas House (19271928); Governor primary candidate (1928); State Party Chairman (19301932); National Committeeman (19321940); Chair Republican National Committee (19361940))\nClifford R. Hope (Speaker of the Kansas House (19251926); U.S. House (19271957))\nJohn James Ingalls (U.S. Senate (III) (18731891); Senate President Pro Tempore (18871891))\nNancy Kassebaum (U.S. Senate (II) (19781997))\nAlf Landon (Governor (19331936); Presidential nominee (1936))\nVictor Murdock (U.S. House (19031914); Editor of the Wichita Eagle)\nJames B. Pearson (U.S. Senate (II) (19621978))\nKeith George Sebelius (U.S. House (19691980))\nAndrew Frank Schoeppel (Governor (19431946), U.S. Senate (II) (19491962))\nWalter Stubbs (Governor (19091912), Speaker of the Kansas House (19071908), State Party Chair (19041906))\nKansas Republican Party chairmen[edit]\nThe following people were chairmen for the Kansas Republican Party:\nNumber\nName\nTerm\nFrom\nNotes\n68th\nMike Brown\nFebruary 2023 present\nOverland Park\nJohnson County Commissioner (20172021), Anti-establishment activist\n67th\nMike Kuckelman\nFebruary 2019 - February 2023\nOlathe\nAttorney\n66th\nKelly Arnold\nJanuary 2013 February 2019\nWichita\nSedgwick County Clerk (2008present)\n65th\nAmanda Adkins\nJanuary 2009 January 2013\nOverland Park\nCandidate for Kansas' third house district in 2020 and 2022\n64th\nKris Kobach\nJanuary 2007 January 2009\nPiper\nKansas Secretary of State (20112019), Kansas Attorney General (2023present)\n63rd\nTim Shallenburger\nJanuary 2005 January 2007\nBaxter Springs\nKansas House (19871998), Speaker of the House (19951998), Kansas State Treasurer (19982002), Governor Candidate (2002), Governor's Legislative Liaison (20112019)\n62nd\nDennis Jones\nJanuary 2003 January 2005\nLakin\nModerate, co-founder of Traditional Republicans for Common Sense\n61st\nMark Parkinson\nJanuary 1999 January 2003\nWichita\nBecame a Democrat in 2006 to run for Lieutenant Governor with Kathleen Sebelius; became Governor upon her resignation (20092010)\n60th\nSteve Abrams\nMay 1998 January 1999\nArkansas City\nState Board of Education Chair (20052007), State Senator from the 32nd district (20092017)\n59th\nDavid Miller\nJanuary 1995 May 1998\nEudora\nLeader of various pro-life movements, resigned to run for Kansas Governor in 1998\n58th\nKim Wells\nJanuary 1991 January 1995\nLawrence\nBob Dole's campaign manager for 1988\n57th\nRochelle Chronister\nJanuary 1989 January 1991\nTopeka\nBill Graves's Secretary of Social and Rehabilitation Services from 1995 to 1999, spokeswoman for Traditional Republicans for Common Sense\n56th\nFred Logan\nJanuary 1987 January 1989\nPrairie Village\nHigher education advocate. Youngest chairman at the time of him taking office at 35\n55th\nVern Chesbro\nJanuary 1985 January 1987\nOttawa\nFounder of Contel, unsuccessful candidate for state senate in 2000\n54th\nDavid C. Owen\nJanuary 1983 January 1985\nStanley\nKansas Lieutenant Governor (19731974), Senator Bob Dole's successful 1974 campaign manager\n53rd\nRobert F. Bennett\nAugust 1982 January 1983\nPrairie Village\nKansas Governor (19751979), Senate President (1975)\n52nd\nMary Alice Lair\nJune 1982 August 1982\nPiqua\nNational Committeewoman (19891999)\n51st\nMorris Kay\nJanuary 1979 June 1982\nLawrence\nHouse Majority Leader (19711972)\n50th\nJack Ranson\nJanuary 1973 January 1979\nWichita\nNational Committeeman (19871996)\n49th\nWilliam Falstad\nAugust 1970 January 1973\nFredonia\n-\n48th\nDon O. Concannon\nAugust 1968 August 1970\nHugoton\nLost the 1972 gubernatorial primary by 530 votes, led the unsuccessful West Kansas movement in 1992\n47th\nGeorge Nettles\nAugust 1966 August 1968\nPittsburg\n-\n46th\nOliver H. Hughes\nAugust 1964 August 1966\nEmporia\n-\n45th\nRichard D. Rogers\nAugust 1962 August 1964\nManhattan\nSenator James B. Pearson's 1962 campaign manager, Senate President (1975), Federal District Court Judge (19752015)\n44th\nDonald P. Schnacke\nJanuary 1961 August 1962\nTopeka\n-\n43rd\nJames B. Pearson\nAugust 1960 January 1961\nOverland Park\nJohn Anderson's 1960 campaign manager, resigned when appointed as a U.S. Senator (19611979) by Governor Anderson\n42nd\nSam Mellinger\nAugust 1958 August 1960\nEmporia\nNational Committeeman (19641968)\n41st\nJames Pratt\nAugust 1956 August 1958\nTopeka\n-\n40th\nLloyd Ruppenthal\nAugust 1954 August 1956\nMcPherson\nFred Hall's 1954 campaign manager\n39th\nRoy W. Cox\nNovember 1953 August 1954\nIola\n-\n38th\nC. I. Moyer\nAugust 1950 November 1953\nSeverance\nEdward F. Arn's 1950 campaign manager, resigned to become director of the Small Business Administration in Kansas City\n37th\nC. Wesley Roberts\nNovember 1946 August 1950\nOskaloosa\nFather of U.S. Senator Pat Roberts, Governor Frank Carlson's 1948 campaign manager\n36th\nF. Quentin Brown\nAugust 1946 November 1946\nGreensburg\nFrank Carlson's 1946 campaign manager, died in office, aged 36\n35th\nA. Harry Crane\nAugust 1942 August 1946\nTopeka\n-\n34th\nWalter Fees\nAugust 1938 August 1942\nIola\nPayne Ratner's 1938 and 1940 campaigns manager\n33rd\nFrank G. Todd\nAugust 1936 August 1938\nAtchison\n-\n32nd\nWill T. Beck\nAugust 1934 August 1936\nHolton\n-\n31st\nFrank Carlson\nAugust 1932 August 1934\nAtchison\nAlf Landon's 1932 campaign manager, U.S. Representative (19351946), Kansas Governor (19471950), U.S. Senator (19511968)\n30th\nJohn D. M. Hamilton\nAugust 1930 August 1932\nTopeka\nHouse Speaker (19271928), Republican candidate in the 1928 gubernatorial election, Frank Haucke's 1930 campaign manager, National Committeeman (19321940), chair of the Republican National Committee (19361940)\n29th\nAlf Landon\nAugust 1928 August 1930\nTopeka\nClyde Reed's 1928 campaign manager, Kansas Governor (19331937), presidential candidate (1936)\n28th\nSeth G. Wells\nAugust 1926 August 1928\nErie\nKansas State Auditor (19021906)\n27th\nJ.L. Stryker\nAugust 1924 August 1926\nTopeka\n-\n26th\nWilbur Hawk\nAugust 1922 August 1924\nAtchison\nWilliam Yoast Morgan's 1922 campaign manager\n25th\nHarvey H. Motter\nAugust 1918 August 1922\nWichita\nHenry Justin Allen's 1918 and 1920 campaigns manager\n24th\nCharles Sessions\nAugust 1916 August 1918\n-\n-\n23rd\nJoseph C. Gafford\nMay 1913 August 1916\nMinneapolis\nKansas State Accountant (19051913)\n22nd\nJoseph N. Dolley\nAugust 1908 May 1913\nMaple Hill\nHouse Speaker (19091910), resigned to join the new Progressive Party\n21st\nSchuyler C. Crummer\nAugust 1906 August 1908\nBelleville\n-\n20th\nWalter Stubbs\nAugust 1904 August 1906\nLawrence\nHouse Speaker (19071908) and Kansas Governor (19091913)\n19th\nMorton Albaugh\nAugust 1898 August 1904\nKingman\nWilliam Eugene Stanley's 1898 and 1900 campaigns manager, Willis J. Bailey's 1902 campaign manager, Chester Long's 1903 campaign manager, clerk of the U.S. District Court\n18th\nJ.M. Simpson\nAugust 1896 August 1898\n-\nSecond Tenure\n17th\nCyrus Leland, Jr.\nAugust 1894 August 1896\nTroy\nDoniphan County Commissioner (18701890), Kansas Collector of Internal Revenue (18881892), William McKinley's western presidential campaign manager (1896), Kansas Pension Agent (18971900), National Committeeman (18841900)\n16th\nJ. M. Simpson\nJuly 1892 June 1894\n-\nFirst tenure\n15th\nWilliam J. Buchan\nSeptember 1890 July 1892\nKansas City\n-\n14th\nHenry Booth\nMay 1888 September 1890\nLarned\n-\n13th\nP.I. Bonebrake\nJuly 1884 July 1886\n-\n-\n12th\nA.L. Redden\nAugust 1882 July 1884\n-\n-\n11th\nJ.P. Johnson\nSeptember 1880 August 1882\n-\n-\n10th\nJoseph Wilson\nAugust 1876 September 1878\nTopeka\n-\n9th\nJohn Guthrie\nSeptember 1872 August 1876\nTopeka\nTopeka Postmaster, 1872 presidential elector, candidate for Kansas Governor in 1876\n8th\nDaniel R. Anthony\nSeptember 1870 September 1872\nLeavenworth\nBrother of Susan B. Anthony\n7th\nPeter Percival Elder\nSeptember 1868 September 1870\nOttawa\nKansas Lieutenant Governor (18711872), House Speaker as a Republican (1877) and as a Populist (1891)\n6th\nFrank H. Drenning\nSeptember 1866 September 1868\nWathena\n-\n5th\nJacob Stotler\nApril 1864 September 1866\nEmporia\nHouse Speaker (1865)\n4th\nSidney Clarke\nOctober 1863 April 1864\nLawrence\nU.S. Representative (18651871)\n3rd\nChester Thomas\nOctober 1862 October 1863\nShawnee County\n-\n2nd\nAbel C. Wilder\nOctober 1859 October 1862\nLeavenworth\nU.S. Representative (18631865)\n1st\nSamuel C. Pomeroy\nMay 1859 October 1859\nAtchison\nU.S. Senator (18611873)\nRepublican National Committee members[edit]\nNational Committeemen:\nMark Kahrs (since July 2016 to present), three terms\nTodd Tiahrt (January 2011 July 2016), one term and a quarter, also U.S. Representative (19952011)\nMike Pompeo (July 2008 January 2011), three quarters of a term, resigned upon taking office in Congress, U.S. Representative (20112017), also director of the Central Intelligence Agency (20172018) and U.S. United States Secretary of State (20182020)\nSteve Cloud (July 2003 July 2008), one term and a quarter\nCalvin James (July 2000 July 2003), three quarters of a term (died in office)\nDwight Sutherland (September 1997 July 2000), three quarters of a term\nMike Harris (July 1996 September 1997), a quarter of a term (resigned)\nJack Ranson (January 1987 July 1996), two terms and a quarter\nHuck Boyd (August 1966 January 1987), four terms and a half, plus three quarters (died in office) also candidate for the governorship in 1960 and 1964\nSam Mellinger (April 1964 August 1966), half a term, also state party chair (19581960), became National Committeeman after Harry Darby resigned\nHarry Darby (June 1940 April 1964), five terms and three quarters, resigned, also U.S. Senator (19491950)\nJohn D. M. Hamilton (June 1932 June 1940), two terms, also House Speaker (19271928), state party chair (19301932), chair of the Republican National Committee (19361940)\nDavid W. Mulvane (June 1920 June 1932; second time), three terms, conservative political operative, ally of Charles Curtis\nFred Stanley (June 1912 June 1920), two terms, progressive\nDavid W. Mulvane (June 1900 June 1912; first time), three terms, conservative political operative, ally of Charles Curtis\nCyrus Leland, Jr. (18841900), four terms, also state party chair (18781880; 18941896), conservative political operative, ally of William McKinley\nJohn A. Martin (18721884; second time), three terms, also Kansas Governor (18831886)\nSamuel C. Pomeroy (18701872), half a term, also U.S. Senator (18601872)\nJohn A. Martin (18681870; first time), half a term, also Kansas Governor (18831886)\nSamuel J. Crawford (18661868), half a term\nJames H. Lane (18641866), half a term (died in office), also U.S. Senator (18611866)\nWilliam A. Phillips (18601864), one term\nMartin Conway (18561860), one term, also U.S. Representative (18611862)\nNational Committeewomen:\nWendy Bingesser (July 2024-\nKim Borchers (Since Jul 2020 - July 2024 ), one term\nHelen Van Etten (August 2008 - Jul 2020), three terms\nAlicia Salisbury (August 2004 August 2008), one term\nJune Cooper (August 2000 August 2004), one term\nMary Alice Lair (August 1988 August 2000), three terms, also state party chair (1982)\nMarynell Reece (August 1975 August 1988), three terms and a quarter\nBeth Rodgers (April 1968 August 1975), two terms and three quarters, resigned when her husband became a federal judge\nJerrene Mellinger (August 1966 April 1968), half a term, widow of National Committeeman Sam Mellinger\nDonna Addington (July 1964 August 1966), half a term, resigned for personal reasons\nFlorence Emma Semple (July 1952 July 1964), three terms\nEleanor S. Harris (June 1936 July 1952), four terms\nElizabeth Bittman (June 1924 June 1936), three terms\nFilm and literature[edit]\nIn their documentary How Democracy Works Now: Twelve Stories, filmmakers Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini provide a behind-the-scenes look at Kansas Republican Party politics and the party's response to the issue of immigration in the early 2000s.\n\"Story Three: You Never Know\" uses the 2002 Kansas Republican primaries as a case-study for the ongoing debates within the Republican party. It focuses on the 2002 trip of David Kensinger, Sam Brownback's Chief of Staff, from Capitol Hill to guide to three conservative Kansas candidates who challenge mainstream party nominees\n\"Story Four: Sam in the Snow\" focuses largely on (then Senator) Sam Brownback's commitment to push forward comprehensive immigration reform in 2002, and the obstacles posed by the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The film also chronicles his choice between the Senate Judiciary Committee with a likely position as chairman of the Immigration Subcommittee and a coveted seat on the Senate Appropriations Committee. The film's title refers to Brownback[112]\nIn the 2004 book What's the Matter with Kansas?, which was written in the pre-Donald Trump days when mainstream \"neoconservatives\" still dominated the national Republican Party, author Thomas Frank wrote about how Republicans were able to dominate Kansas politics by adopting a more populist form of conservatism.\nSee also[edit]\nHow Democracy Works Now: Twelve Stories\nList of governors of Kansas\nUnited States congressional delegations from Kansas\nList of United States senators from Kansas\nKansas Attorney General (chronological list of attorneys general)\nSecretary of State of Kansas (chronological list of secretaries of state)\nKansas Insurance Commissioner (chronological list of commissioners of insurance)\nKansas State Treasurer (chronological list of state treasurers)\nKansas Senate\nKansas House of Representatives\nReferences[edit]\n^ Winger, Richard. \"March 2021 Ballot Access News Print Edition\". Ballot Access News. Retrieved March 15, 2021.\n^ \"Joe Biden's Bipartisan Dream Comes True in Kansas\". The Atlantic. 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-01-17.\n^ \"Three-Party politics returning to Topeka\". The Wichita Eagle. 2017-01-05. Retrieved 2020-01-17.\n^ \"Why Did These Three Republican Lawmakers in Kansas Leave for the Democratic Party?\". slate.com. 2018-12-20. Retrieved 2020-01-17.\n^ http://www.ksgop.org Archived 2009-08-04 at the Wayback Machine | Kansas Republican Party Constitution and Bylaws\n^ a b Party Officials, The Republican Party of Kansas, http://ksgop.org/party_officials/, retrieved 15 February 2015\n^ U.S. Senate, The Republican Party of Kansas, http://ksgop.org/us_senate/, Retrieved 13 December 2011\n^ U.S. House, The Republican Party of Kansas, http://ksgop.org/us_house/, retrieved 13 December 2011\n^ Statewide officials, The Republican Party of Kansas, http://ksgop.org/statewide_officials/, Retrieved 5 February 2018\n^ Kansas Senate and House, The Republican Party of Kansas, http://ksgop.org/kansas-senate/ Archived 2012-01-19 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 13 December 2016\n^ KS Secretary of State Registered Voter List\n^ Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854),100 Milestone Documents, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=28\n^ \"Bleeding Kansas\". kshs.org.\n^ \"Speech of Horace Greeley to a Mass Meeting of Citizens of Kansas, Attending the Republican Convention at Osawatomie, May 18, 1859,\" New York Daily Tribune, May 31, 1859\n^ Kansas Historical Quarterly - When Horace Greeley Visited Kansas in 1859. by Martha B. Caldwell. May 1940 (Vol. 9, No. 2), pages 115 to 140.\n^ \"Wyandotte Constitutional Convention\". kshs.org.\n^ \"Wyandotte Constitution\". kshs.org.\n^ \"Abraham Lincoln in Kansas\". kshs.org.\n^ \"Kansas Thoroughly Republican\", Freedom's Champion, December 17, 1859\n^ a b c d The Annals of Kansas (1541-1885) Daniel W. Wilder, Topeka (1875), (1886); The Annals of Kansas,(1886-1925) Kansas State Historical Society, Kirke Mechem, ed (1954), (1956)\n^ Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Republican State Convention of Kansas, George W. Crane Publisher, Topeka, KS, (1890) at 56\n^ La Forte, Robert Sherman, Leaders of Reform Progressive Republicans in Kansas, 1900-1916, University Press of Kansas (1974) at 33.\n^ Red State Religion, Robert Wuthnow, Princeton University Press 2012, at 7980\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Secretary of State's Records\n^ a b Malin, John C., Kansas Historical Quarterly - Was Governor John A. Martin a Prohibitionist? November 1931(Vol. 1, No. 1), pages 63 to 73\n^ a b Kansas Populism Ideas and Men, O. Jean Clanton, University of Kansas Press (1969)\n^ Kansas Populism Ideas and Men, O. Jean Clanton, University of Kansas Press (1969)at 7290\n^ Peter Argersinger, Road to a Republican Waterloo: the Farmer's Alliance and the Election of 1890 in Kansas, Kansas Historical Quarterly, Winter 1967 (Vol 33, No 4) pp 443469.\n^ Kansas Populism Ideas and Men, O. Jean Clanton, University of Kansas Press (1969)at 91150\n^ \"Legislative War\". kshs.org.\n^ Kansas Populism Ideas and Men, O. Jean Clanton, University of Kansas Press (1969)at 151183\n^ a b Walter T.K. Nugent, How the Populists Lost in 1894, Kansas Historical Quarterly, XXXI (Autumn 1965), at 24555.\n^ Kansas Populism Ideas and Men, O. Jean Clanton, University of Kansas Press (1969)at 184230\n^ Red State Religion, Robert Wuthnow, Princeton University Press, 2012, at 99\n^ Leaders of Reform, Progressive Republicans in Kansas, 1900-1916, Robert Sherman La Forte, University of Kansas Press, 1974\n^ Malin, James C., A Concern About Humanity: Notes on Reform 1872-1912 at the National and Kansas Levels of Thought. Lawrence, 1964.\n^ Leaders of Reform, Progressive Republicans in Kansas, 1900-1916, Robert Sherman La Forte, University of Kansas Press, 1974.\n^ R. Alton Lee, Joseph Ralph Burton and the \"Ill-Fated\" Senate Seat of Kansas, A Journal of the central Plains 32 (Winter 2009-2010): 24665\n^ La Forte, Robert Sherman, Leaders of Reform, Progressive Republicans in Kansas, 1900-1916, University of Kansas Press (1974), at 266.\n^ Leaders of Reform, Progressive Republicans in Kansas, 1900-1916, Robert Sherman La Forte, University of Kansas Press, 1974, at 89163.\n^ Leaders of Reform, Progressive Republicans in Kansas, 1900-1916, Robert Sherman La Forte, University of Kansas Press, 1974, 185228.\n^ Leaders of Reform, Progressive Republicans in Kansas, 1900-1916, Robert Sherman La Forte, University of Kansas Press, 1974, 229260.\n^ Dimmitt, Marius Albert, M.A, 1958, University of Kansas, The Progressive Party in Kansas, 1911-1917\n^ Arthur Capper Publisher, Politician, Philanthropist, Homer E Socolofsky, University of Kansas Press, 1962, at 87.\n^ Allen's Campaign Unique, Kansas City Star, August 4, 1918\n^ Robert Wuthnow, Red State Religion, University of Kansas Press (2012), at 110.\n^ Miner, Craig, Kansas The History of the Sunflower State, 1854-2000, University Press of Kansas (2002), at 266\n^ a b McCoy, Donald R., Landon of Kansas, University of Nebraska Press (1966), at 45.\n^ \"Alf Landon, G.O.P. Standard Bearer Dies at 100\", New York Times, October 13, 1987\n^ Session Laws 1937, Chap 224, March 30\n^ a b Jones, Billy M.; Dane Gray Hansen Titan of Northwest Kansas 1883-1965, Ctr of Business Admin Wichita State University (1982), at 139\n^ Robert Smith Bader, Hayseeds, Moralizers, and Methodists: The Twentieth Century Image of Kansas, Kansas University press (1988), at 81.\n^ Gallup poll, October 1015, 1938\n^ a b c McCoy, Donald, Landon of Kansas, University of Nebraska(1966)\n^ a b Beatty, Bob, \"For the Benefit of the People\" A Conversation with Former Governor John Anderson Jr.\" Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 30 (Winter 2007/2008: 252269).\n^ a b Frederick Seaton, The Man in the Middle, the Career of Senator James B. Pearson, Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 34 (Winter 2011-2012) 296315.\n^ Beatty, Bob, \"For the Benefit of the People\" A Conversation with Former Governor John Anderson Jr.\" A Journal of the Central Plains 30 (Winter 2007/2008: 257.\n^ a b c Lee, R. Alton, The Triple Switch: How the Missouri Plan Came to Kansas, The Journal of the Kansas Bar Association, January 2004, 2837.\n^ Smith, Rhoten A, Clarence Jacob Hein, Republican Primary Fight: A Study in Factionalism, Case Studies in Practical Politics, Henry Holt and Company (1958)\n^ Bob Beatty, \"For the Benefit of the People\" A Conversation with Former Governor John Anderson Jr.\" A Journal of the Central Plains 30 (Winter 2007/2008: 25758, n.14\n^ Bob Beatty, \"For the Benefit of the People\" A Conversation with Former Governor John Anderson Jr.\" A Journal of the Central Plains 30 (Winter 2007/2008)\n^ 2012 Conversation with Donald P. Schnacke, State Party Chair 1961-62\n^ Bob Beatty, \"For the Benefit of the People\" A Conversation with Former Governor John Anderson Jr.\" A Journal of the Central Plains 30 (Winter 2007/2008: 254, 26465.\n^ a b \"History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places - Smithsonian\". smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-23.\n^ a b Bob Beatty, \"You Have to Like People\" A Conversation with Former Governor William H. Avery, Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 31 (Spring 2008): 4867, at 59, n.18.\n^ Frederick Seaton, Man in the Middle, the Career of Senator James B. Pearson, Kansas History; A Journal of the Central Plains 34 (Winter 2011-2012), 296315\n^ Frederick Seaton, Man in the Middle, the Career of Senator James B. Pearson, Kansas History; A Journal of the Central Plains 34 (Winter 2011-2012), 302\n^ Joel paddock, The Gubernatorial Campaigns of Robert Docking, 1966-1972, Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plain 31 (Summer 2008) 86103.\n^ Bob Beatty, \"You Have to Like People\" A Conversation with Former Governor William H. Avery, A Journal of the Central Plains 31 (Spring 2008): 4867, at 64, n.24.\n^ a b Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 3, 1970, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1970election.pdf\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u KS Legislative Research Records\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Official KSGOP Records\n^ a b c Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 7, 1972, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1972election.pdf\n^ Session Laws 1972, Substitute for Senate Bill 161,\n^ a b Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 4, 1974, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1974election.pdf\n^ a b c Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 2, 1976, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1976election.pdf\n^ Bob Beatty, \"Be Willing to Take Some Risks to Make Things Happen\" A Conversation with Former Governor John W. Carlin, Kansas History: A Journal of The Central Plains 31 (Summer 2008): 114140, at 131, 136.\n^ Virgil W. Dean, Seeking \"Realism and a Little Rationality\" in Government, Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 31 (Summer 2008): 104113, at 108\n^ Bob Beatty, \"Be Willing to Take Some Risks to Make Things Happen\" A Conversation with Former Governor John W. Carlin, Kansas History: A Journal of The central Plains 31 (Summer 2008): 114140, at 136.\n^ Flentje, Edward and Aistrup, Joseph, Kansas Politics and Government The Clash of Political Cultures, University of Nebraska (2010)at 6870.\n^ a b Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 1978, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1978election.pdf\n^ a b c Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 4, 1980, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1980election.pdf\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Election Statistics, State of Kansas Office of the Secretary of State, http://www.kssos.org/elections/elections_statistics.html\n^ a b Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 1982, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1982election.pdf\n^ a b c Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 6, 1984, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1984election.pdf\n^ Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 1986, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1986election.pdf\n^ http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1986election.pdf [bare URL PDF]\n^ \"Once rebels, Kansas conservatives now see a legacy\". kansascity.\n^ a b c Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 8, 1988, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1988election.pdf\n^ a b Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1990, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1990election.pdf\n^ a b Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 32 (Spring 2009) 4674, at 6772\n^ Flentje, H. Edward and Aistrup, Joseph, Kansas Politics and Government, The Clash of Political Cultures, University of Nebraska Press (2010)\n^ a b c Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 3, 1992, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1992election.pdf\n^ \"U. S. Electoral College\". archives.gov.\n^ a b Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1994election.pdf\n^ a b c Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 5, 1996, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1996election.pdf\n^ \"U. S. Electoral College\". archives.gov.\n^ a b Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1998, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1998election.pdf\n^ a b c Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 7, 2000, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2000election.pdf\n^ \"U. S. Electoral College\". archives.gov.\n^ a b Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2002election.pdf\n^ a b c Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 2, 2004, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2004election.pdf\n^ \"U. S. Electoral College 2004 Election - Main Page\". archives.gov.\n^ a b Statistics of the Congressional Elections of November 7, 2006, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2006election.pdf\n^ a b c Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections of November 4, 2008, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2008election.pdf\n^ \"U. S. Electoral College 2008 Election - Certificates\". archives.gov.\n^ http://cjonline.com/news/2012-10-03/three-kansas-gop-senators-endorse-dem-nominees (accessed January 9, 2013), http://cjonline.com/news/state/2012-10-19/six-republican-senators-endorse-democrat-hensley (accessed January 9, 2013)\n^ a b Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010, Karen L. Haas, http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2010election.pdf\n^ \"U. S. Electoral College 2012 Election - Certificates\". archives.gov.\n^ We Should Have Seen It Coming: From Reagan to Trump--A Front-Row Seat to a Political Revolution; a book by Gerald F. Seib (2020)\n^ a b c Secretary of State Records\n^ How Democracy Works Now, http://www.howdemocracyworksnow.com/shop/, retrieved 13 December 2011\nExternal links[edit]\nOfficial website\nvteRepublican Party\nHistory\nNational Union Party\nThird Party System\nFourth Party System\nFifth Party System\nSixth Party System\nPresidentialtickets,nationalconventions,andpresidentialprimaries\n1856 (Philadelphia): Frmont/Dayton\n1860 (Chicago): Lincoln/Hamlin\n1864 (Baltimore): Lincoln/Johnson\n1868 (Chicago): Grant/Colfax\n1872 (Philadelphia): Grant/Wilson\n1876 (Cincinnati): Hayes/Wheeler\n1880 (Chicago): Garfield/Arthur\n1884 (Chicago): Blaine/Logan\n1888 (Chicago): Harrison/Morton\n1892 (Minneapolis): Harrison/Reid\n1896 (Saint Louis): McKinley/Hobart\n1900 (Philadelphia): McKinley/Roosevelt\n1904 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Fairbanks\n1908 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman\n1912 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman/Butler\nprimaries\n1916 (Chicago): Hughes/Fairbanks\nprimaries\n1920 (Chicago): Harding/Coolidge\nprimaries\n1924 (Cleveland): Coolidge/Dawes\nprimaries\n1928 (Kansas City): Hoover/Curtis\nprimaries\n1932 (Chicago): Hoover/Curtis\nprimaries\n1936 (Cleveland): Landon/Knox\nprimaries\n1940 (Philadelphia): Willkie/McNary\nprimaries\n1944 (Chicago): Dewey/Bricker\nprimaries\n1948 (Philadelphia): Dewey/Warren\nprimaries\n1952 (Chicago): Eisenhower/Nixon\nprimaries\n1956 (San Francisco): Eisenhower/Nixon\nprimaries\n1960 (Chicago): Nixon/Lodge\nprimaries\n1964 (San Francisco): Goldwater/Miller\nprimaries\n1968 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew\nprimaries\n1972 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew\nprimaries\n1976 (Kansas City): Ford/Dole\nprimaries\n1980 (Detroit): Reagan/G. 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By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Republican Party of Kansas - Ballotpedia\n\nGet Email Updates from Ballotpedia\nEmail *\nFirst Name *\nLast Name\nPlease complete the Captcha above\n\nBallotpedia on Facebook\nShare this page\nFollow Ballotpedia\n\nBallotpedia on Twitter\nShare this page\nFollow Ballotpedia\nSubscribe\nDonate\nSubscribe\nSubscribe\nDonate\nRepublican Party of Kansas\nFrom Ballotpedia\nJump to:\t\t\t\t\tnavigation, \t\t\t\t\tsearch\nBallot access\nU.S. parties\nCandidate petitions\nElection Policy\nVoting Policy\nRepublican Party of KansasBasic factsLocation:Topeka, Ks.Type:Political partyAffiliation:RepublicanTop official:Mike Brown, ChairWebsite:Official website\nContents\n1 Party chair\n2 Party leadership\n3 Platform\n4 Party rules and bylaws\n5 Party candidates\n5.1 2024\n6 See also\n7 External links\n8 Footnotes\nThe Republican Party of Kansas is the Kansas political party affiliate of the national Republican Party. The group is headquartered in Topeka, Kansas.\nParty chair\nMike Brown\nMike Brown was elected as Chair in February 2023. [1]\nParty leadership\nThe website for the Kansas Republican Party listed the following individuals as the party's state leadership as of April 2024:[2]\nMike Brown, Chair\nCheryl Reynolds, Vice chair\nAlan Townsend, Treasurer\nTess Anderson, Secretary\nMark Kahrs, National committeeman\nKim Borchers, National committeewoman\nFor more information on the party's full leadership and staff, please click here.\nPlatform\nThe party's stated platform is composed of 14 main issues: [3]\nEmbracing our Heritage\n\"The Kansas Republican Party believes that the fundamental principles of the Republican Party are rooted in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitutions of the United States and Kansas, especially in their respective Bills of Rights. The Party supports the preservation of our Republic, its ideals, and institutions for the good of all Americans. We adamantly oppose the erosion of these cherished freedoms. Preserving these freedoms requires our best effort; our willingness to believe in ourselves and to believe in our capacity to accomplish great things; and our great faith that together, with Gods guidance, we can and will resolve the problems that now confront us..\nRespecting the Constitution separation of powers\n\"The judicial branch of our government, must recognize that it is not a super-legislative body. The core mission of the judiciary is to protect the historically recognized constitutional rights of the people. We believe judges should be arbiters of conflict and not public policy makers. The judiciary should be held accountable for its mission by a thorough examination of its members by the people whose rights they are to protect. The most efficient mechanism of accountability, and one envisioned by both the state and federal constitutions, is a vigilant legislature. Kansas should change its judicial selection process to reflect the federal model of legislative confirmation or by adopting direct election of judges statewide. We support the use of American law for American courts and believe strongly that only American laws and the Constitutions of the United States and Kansas should be used for legal decisions in our courts when foreign law violates these fundamental liberties, rights and privileges granted under the United States and Kansas constitutions.\"\nRespecting individual freedoms and liberty\n\"Respect for each persons dignity, freedom, ability, and responsibility is a bedrock strength of our nation. We believe that each individual is unique and oppose group-identity based politics and policies. We affirm the Declaration of Independence and the Kansas Constitution, which state that we are endowed by our Creator with inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. We affirm the rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights as originally intended by the founding fathers including the rights to practice religion freely, to keep and bear arms, to be protected from unreasonable searches and seizures, and to not have property taken by government for private use. Local control should be preferred and considered when enacting laws and regulations, larger government units should not interfere with local, more efficient and responsive solutions. The Republican Party supports the right of all individuals and groups to express their political views freely and openly without government regulation or interference. We cherish the opportunity to engage with others and to advance our philosophy of freedom and responsibility in a free and vibrant political debate, secure in the knowledge that the logic of freedom and responsibility will always prevail in a free and educated electorate. The Republican plan empowers people with a renewed commitment to Almighty God, as we 3 continue to focus on each individuals unique value, dignity, and duty to serve our State, Nation and fellow man. As Republicans we believe in equal political rights and equal justice for all. Voting is an essential individual right and, to ensure election integrity, we support requiring Kansans to show a government-issued photo ID to vote in any election in our state. We encourage the purging of the Kansas voter rolls of ineligible voters to ensure the integrity of our elections. We welcome Kansans of every ethnicity into our Party as we work together to preserve our heritage of political equality, religious freedom, and strong moral values. We strive to eliminate racism and we condemn all racist acts and groups. The Kansas Republican Party is proud to support and honored to have as its affiliates: the Kansas Black Republican Council, the Republican National Hispanic Assembly of Kansas, the Kansas Federation of Republican Women, the Heartland Republican Jewish Coalition, the Kansas Young Republicans and the Kansas Federation of College Republicans.\"\nUpholding the Constitutional right to keep and bear arms\n\"Because the Second Amendment is essential to protecting all of the other rights endowed by God and guaranteed by the constitution, we uphold the right of Americans to keep and bear arms as an individual right that antedates the Constitution and is solemnly confirmed by the Second Amendment. We call upon the President to appoint, and for the Senate to confirm, judges who respect the Constitution and the right of individual citizens to keep and bear arms. We affirm that firearm ownership is an exercise of responsible citizenship that enables Americans to defend themselves and their families, property, and communities. We recognize that gun control, in all its forms, only penalizes law-abiding citizens. Such proposals are ineffective at reducing violent crime. We oppose the licensing of law-abiding gun and ammunition owners, gun registration, limitations on ammunition purchases, and calls to confiscate firearms and magazines as violations of the Second Amendment. We affirm the preeminent role of state government to establish laws regarding firearms. We oppose all efforts to stigmatize gun ownership in housing, healthcare, and access to financial services. We support allowing teachers who volunteer and go through training and certification to be armed in our public schools to defend our children.\"\nPromoting a culture of life\n\"Every innocent human life is sacred. Every human being, born or unborn, has an inalienable right to life which cannot be infringed. We believe life begins at conception and does not end until natural death. The Kansas Republican Party will lead our nation toward a culture that values lifethe life of the elderly and sick, the life of the young, and the life of the unborn. All unborn children, regardless of ability, have a fundamental right to life which cannot be infringed. Kansas Republicans, therefore, affirm our support for a Human Life Amendment to 4 the U. S. Constitution (as stated in the Republican National Platform), and we endorse legislation to make clear the Fourteenth Amendments protections apply to unborn children. We oppose using public revenues for abortion and funding organizations which advocate it. In the interest of guarding the inalienable right to life of all Americans, we support the prohibition of euthanasia and overturning of Roe v. Wade.. We encourage providing positive alternatives to abortion by meeting the physical, emotional, and financial needs of pregnant women and offering adoption services where needed and promoting abstinence-only educational programs in our schools. To protect women considering abortion, we support full disclosure of possible short and long-term effects of abortion and licensure and regulation of abortion clinics by the State. The State of Kansas needs to enforce its laws regarding abortion, especially the strict prohibition against late-term abortions, and to ensure the right to civil and criminal redress for matters involving malpractice, malfeasance, or ethical violations, including the illegal sale of baby parts. We support the prohibition of all human cloning, whether therapeutic or reproductive. We support the use of scientifically proven and successful adult stem cell and umbilical cord blood cell research and other innovations that do not involve destroying human life.\nSupporting our military\n\"We support a modernized, fully equipped, and trained armed force. Their noble mission and the sacrifices they have made mandate that the men and women of these all-volunteer forces be given the greatest honor and respect. The Veterans Administration needs to provide adequate and timely support for our veterans. Kansas should support veterans service organizations. We encourage actions and policies that will help employers and communities to support National Guard members and their families as they serve our state and nation. We encourage Kansas employers to hire veterans. We support choice in health care options for veterans, including the ability to seek private health care paid for by the Department of Veterans Affairs. A strong national defense requires a great relationship with our allies. As Republicans, we stand in solidarity behind our key ally, the nation of Israel, and oppose any Boycott, Divest and Sanction campaign directed against it. We recognize its vital importance to the Middle East region and encourage our leaders and leaders around the country to fully support Israel.'\nImmigration\n\"Legal immigration is a blessing to this country, and with the promises of America, a blessing to all. Preserving that promise for future generations requires that we protect the sovereignty of our country and secure our borders. Illegal immigration is not compatible with this goal. Immigration and citizenship with all of its privileges, executed pursuant to the law, are an essential component of that promise. It is, therefore, the duty of all who seek the promise of America to respect the laws of our land. Illegal immigration is unacceptable within the State of Kansas. Employers hoping to take advantage of cheap labor resources using illegal aliens in their work force will not be tolerated. Every effort must be used to ensure that all employees working within the state of Kansas are legal. 5 Law enforcement agencies must use all available resources to remove from the state all illegal aliens involved in crimes in the most expeditious manner. Maximum cooperation should be the norm between all law enforcement agencies within the state when dealing with enforcement of laws affecting illegal immigrants. Sanctuary jurisdictions, which are cities or counties that limit communication between their law enforcement officers and other law enforcement or refuse to honor detainer requests, should be prohibited in Kansas as posing unnecessary risk of harm to the people of Kansas. Incentive programs to entice illegal immigrants to Kansas must be terminated. English is the official language of the state of Kansas, and unless contrary to federal law, all published state documents, resources, advertisements, media and online material should be made available only in our official language.'\nHealthcare\n\"True health care reform gives individuals control over their health care and health insurance decisions. Regulators and legislators should promote an environment that fosters competition and choice in both insurance and providers, including primary care physicians, telemedicine, and free clinics. Kansas should support enlarging health savings accounts. This will equalize the tax treatment of individual and group plans, promote personal ownership of health insurance, and empower citizens in making health care choices for themselves and their families. Imperative to lowering the cost of health care is the implementation of meaningful tort reform for medical malpractice. We encourage the Governor, Attorney General, and legislators to refrain from expanding Medicaid and other federal health care programs.'\nGrowing the economy\n\"The keys to economic success and personal financial security are opportunity and entrepreneurship. Federal, state, and local governments must recognize that prosperity can only be achieved when economic resources remain in the hands of the people. Tax policy at all governmental levels should foster economic growth as this is the path to job creation and technological growth. Government should always seek first to constrain its expenditures to the least possible. Increasing the tax burden on its citizens should be a last resort, and any effort to do so beyond the rate of economic growth should be submitted to a vote of the citizenry. To promote economic growth, state tax policy must be simple and fair to Kansas businesses. Further, there must be a property tax system that is fair and accountable to the people. The Legislature should periodically re-examine all sales and income tax exemptions, credits, and deductions to determine whether the goal of the exemption is being achieved. Governments should not compete with private enterprise. To ensure the efficacy of government, we must support zero-based budgeting, auditing each program individually to determine the necessity of the program. This process will enable us to recognize and eliminate the duplication of inspections and services while realizing cost savings. Understanding that business, and not government, drives job creation, growth, and innovation, 6 we must work toward a consistent regulation system where such regulations are clear, expected, and user-friendly. This reform will encourage businesses to settle in Kansas. Equally important, we must create a tax policy to encourage businesses and industries already here to stay. This tax base must be competitive with neighboring states and should include a level of consistency, allowing industries to plan on staying in our state long term. We expect our government to create a budget much like Kansas families create their own budgets, by spending within its means. The Kansas budget increase should not exceed inflation or population growth. Welfare programs are a temporary last resort and should never be allowed to be used to sustain a way of life. Assistance programs should function as work support not work replacement. Every effort must be made to eliminate improper use and abuse of welfare programs to guarantee every taxpayer dollar goes to lifting individuals and families out of poverty, not supporting a habit or lifestyle choice.'\nBuilding the knowledge of students\n\"The Kansas Republican Party believes that the primary goal of education should be to prepare Kansas students for life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness through rigorous, academic instruction according to each students God given gifts and talents. We want Kansas schools to be the best in the nation and to reach that goal we believe that our children come first in all policy making. Kansas statute guarantees parents have the fundamental right to exercise primary control for their childs education. We believe a broad range of education opportunities, including home schooling, should be available for families to choose. Student outcomes should be based upon their needs and abilities, instead of mandates by the US Dept. of Education and NonGovernmental Organizations. Kansas students should no longer be subject to Social Emotional Learning curriculum and its accompanying critical race theory, behavioral screening, sex education, and school-based physical and mental health clinics. SEL instruction to collect data on students attitudes, values, and beliefs must be shown to the parent and written informed consent given. Storage of any data must be done with top security standards. We believe teachers are most valuable for the student learning and they are being burdened with paperwork and regulations caused by federal standards codified by Every Student Succeeds Act. Kansas Constitution guarantees local control of schools by elected boards, held accountable to their constituents, and these federal mandates are costly to the state and should be stopped. Nor should accreditation of our Kansas schools be based upon these federal mandates. Educational standards established and adopted by the Kansas State Board of Education, accountable to Kansas voters, should be Kansas own. Included in these standards should be the study of civics, financial literacy, and the US and Kansas Constitutions and history by sourcing the original documents of our Founding Fathers. We call for prohibiting biological males at birth from playing in female sports. We support public school audits and transparent use of state funds. Furthermore, it is an abuse of the public trust for public schools to use Kansas taxpayer dollars, allocated to local districts to hire lobbyists and to fund lawsuits against the state. We support base state funding following the student to assure meeting the educational needs of students. 7 Our students, upon high school graduation, should be fully prepared without the need of costly remediation, to advance into their adult lives, be it at home, work, community college, technical school, or the university. Higher education should seek ways to reduce tuition costs and be places of learning and impartial instruction.'\nBuilding safer communities\n\"We believe the rights of society and the rights of the individual must be protected. We support the full funding of law enforcement across the state to create safe neighborhoods, to protect us from sex offenders, and to provide freedom from abuse. The judicial system must impose swift and fair punishment for all crimes, violent and non-violent. We oppose pornography in all forms as an indignity to the human person. Because of the increasing prevalence of pornography and its harmful effects in our society, we call for the Government to enact and enforce appropriate laws addressing its public health effects. Human trafficking is contrary to the principles of freedom and dignity. The exploitation of human beings dehumanizes the individuals who are trafficked and weakens the moral and social fabric of society at large. Any law or constitutional provisions allowing the state of Kansas to own and operate gambling facilities must be repealed. Government oversight of gambling enterprises is compromised when government itself is in the gambling business.'\nPreserving traditional families\n\"Families and communities are not abstract constructs, but rather, natural and intrinsic to human existence. As Republicans, we believe that strong societies rest on strong, stable families. Families provide important value in attaining leadership skills, moral fiber, work ethic and other traits necessary to be successful in society. We believe God created man and woman. Therefore, as defined by the Kansas Constitution, the benefits and privileges of marriage exist only between one man and one woman. Happy and healthy marriages are the foundation of our society, and we must support the institution of marriage if our society is to survive. Because our childrens future is best preserved within the traditional understanding of marriage, we call for a federal constitutional amendment that fully protects marriage as a union of a man and a woman, so that judges and legislatures cannot make other arrangements equivalent to it. We support the courageous efforts of single-parent families to provide a stable home for their children. We also salute and support the efforts of foster and adoptive families. As the family is our basic unit of society, we oppose initiatives that erode parental rights, such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Parents bear the final responsibility before God in rearing of their children and have the right to raise their children consistent with their religious and moral values. Parents must be free to train and discipline their children in love and direct their education and health care according to their beliefs and values without government intrusion.'\nEnergy\n\"We support an energy policy which creates a strong State economy with affordable and reliable energy. Kansas residents must be considered first when developing new, potentially expensive technology. We encourage the development of alternative energy supplies, while continuing to support the oil and gas industry within the state. Ever increasing energy prices are creating new avenues for entrepreneurs and existing companies to develop new sources of energy. New developments in wind, solar, biofuels, and geothermal energy sources show real promise for clean, inexpensive, renewable energy for future generations. Increasing energy sources will inevitably create a more market-based system which ultimately lowers utility prices for consumers. Kansas leaders should not be allowed to arbitrarily deny permits to build new power and energy producing plants. Carbon dioxide, one of the most common gases on earth, should not be declared a pollutant nor used as an excuse to deny the construction of new power plants. We oppose so-called Cap and Trade legislation. We oppose efforts to force communities to engage in sustainable development under guidance from the federal government or the United Nations.\nPreserving the Heartland\n\"We gratefully acknowledge the gift of abundant natural resources in our state and especially recognize the importance of these resources in the agricultural economy. Agriculture is the largest economic driver in Kansas. Maintaining the rich heritage of our state for the future depends on the protection and wise use of all natural resources. We recognize that stewardship requires the wise conservation of our God-given natural resources. The balance between the conservation of natural resources and private enterprise can be accomplished. We support the protection of water rights and natural mineral resources of private landowners and federally recognized American Indian tribes as well as encourage the conservation of all natural resources through economic and tax incentives rather than government regulations. Private property rights and ownership are foundational to a free society and to individual prosperity and should not be encumbered by excessive, burdensome state and federal regulations, such as the Waters of the U.S. (WOTUS) rule and the America the Beautiful (30x30) Initiative. Government should be prohibited from seizing private property for economic development purposes or National Heritage Areas. Eminent domain is intended for essential public purposes only. We encourage the Governor, Attorney General, and legislature of Kansas to join all lawsuits that seek to restrain any federal environmental actions that infringe on the powers reserved to the states under the 10th Amendment, or that exceed the federal government's enumerated powers.\nParty rules and bylaws\nCandidate ballot access\nFind detailed information on ballot access requirements in all 50 states and Washington, D.C.\nSee also: Rules of the Kansas Republican Party\nThe state party is governed by a set of rules and bylaws. Typically, these give structure to the different levels of organizationlocal, county, and state committeesand establish protocol for electing committee members. The bylaws also typically give details on the party's process for nominating and sending delegates to the national party convention during presidential elections. The following is a selection of the Kansas Republican Party's rules. This selection focuses on the structure and governance of the party:[4]\nThe party is organized into county, congressional district and state committees. The state committee is the governing body of the party.\nThe two national committee members are elected by the state committee at its first meeting in presidential election years.\nParty candidates\nNote: The following table lists candidates who filed to run for office with this political party in a given year. The list may not be comprehensive if the state's official filing deadline has not passed. This list may not populate if no candidates have filled to run with this political party. Using the tools at the top of the table, you can increase the number of candidates shown on your screen or scroll through the table to view additional candidates. To report an error, please email us at editor@ballotpedia.org.\n2024\nKansas2024 Kansas GOP Candidates candidateofficepartystatusElection DateTracey Mann IncumbentU.S. House Kansas District 1RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024Jeff KahrsU.S. House Kansas District 2RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024Derek SchmidtU.S. House Kansas District 2RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024Shawn TiffanyU.S. House Kansas District 2RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024Jacob LaTurner IncumbentU.S. House Kansas District 2RepublicanWithdrew PrimaryNov 5, 2024Karen CrnkovichU.S. House Kansas District 3RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024Prasanth ReddyU.S. House Kansas District 3RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024Jonathon WestbrookU.S. House Kansas District 3RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024Ron Estes IncumbentU.S. House Kansas District 4RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024Craig BowserKansas State Senate District 1RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024John EpleeKansas State Senate District 1RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024Keenen SmithKansas State Senate District 25RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024Kyle McNorton IncumbentKansas House of Representatives District 50RepublicanCandidacy Declared PrimaryNov 5, 2024 = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.\nSee also\nList of political parties in the United States\nPolitical parties in Kansas\nRepublican Party\nKansas\nExternal links\nSearch Google News for this topic\nKansas Republican Party Website\nKansas Republican Party on Facebook\nKansas Republican Party on Twitter\nFootnotes\n 'Kansas Reflector, \"Kansas Republicans select 2020 election conspiracy theorist to serve as party chairman,\" February 11, 2023\n KS GOP, Party Leadership,\" accessed April 16, 2024\n KS GOP, Platform of the Kansas Republican Party,\" accessed April 16, 2024\n Kansas Republican Party, \"Kansas Republican Party Constitution,\" February 28, 2012\nvePolitical parties in the United StatesMajor partiesDemocratic Party Green Party Libertarian Party Republican Party\nMinor and historical parties2010 Peace Party 99% Party A Connecticut Party American Constitution Party American Freedom Party Alaskan Independence Party American Labor Party American Party of South Carolina American Public Party American-Laborite Party Americans Elect Anti-Prohibition Party Anti-Trust Democratic Party Arizona Americans Elect Party Bull Moose Party Christian Center Party Common Sense Party Conservative Party Constitution Party Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party Democratic-Populist Party Democratic-Republican Disability Party Ecology Democracy Party Employmentwealth Party Entrepreneurship Party Farmer-Labor Party Free Energy Party Freedom Party Fusion Democratic Party Fusion Party Glass-Steagall Now Gold Democratic Party Grassroots Party Green Independent Party Green-Rainbow Party Happiness Party Independence Party Independent American (Nevada) Iowa Party Justice for Vermonters Party Labor Party Liberal Party Liberty Union Party Lower Taxes Party Maryland Service Party Moderate Party Modern Whig Party Mountain Party New Independent Party No Labels NSA Did 911 Peace and Freedom Party People's Party People's-Democratic Party Peoples Party Populist Party Progressive Democratic Party Progressive Independent Party Progressive Party Progressive-Republican Party Prohibition Party Public Ownership Party Reform Party Rent is 2 Damn High Resource Party School Choice Party Senior Side Party Separatist Party Silver Party Silver-Democratic Party Silver-Republican Party Socialist Party Socialist Workers Party Tax Revolt Party Tea Party Teller Silver-Republican Party U.S. Taxpayers Party United Citizens Party United States Marijuana Party Vermont Independence Day Party Vermont Progressive Party Vermont-Independence Party Working Families Party Wyoming Country Party\nOtherList of political parties in the United States Political parties with candidates in state house elections in 2010 Political parties with candidates in state senate elections in 2010\nRetrieved from \"https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Kansas&oldid=9514338\"\nCategories: Pages using DynamicPageList3 dplreplace parser functionPolitical partiesRepublican state parties\nBallotpedia features 490,618 encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. 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Please switch to another browser like Chrome, Firefox, or Edge for a better experience.\nskip navigation\nHere's how you know\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nOfficial websites use .gov\nA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\nSecure .gov websites use HTTPS\nA lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.\nFederal Election Commission | United States of America\nCalendar\nGlossary\nSearch\nSearch\nMenu\nMenu\nHome\nCampaign finance data\nAll data\nRaising\nSpending\nLoans and debts\nFilings and reports\nCandidates\nCommittees\nBulk data\nCampaign finance statistics\nFind elections. Search by state or ZIP code\nLook up contributions from specific individuals\nHelp for candidates and committees\nAll compliance resources\nGuides\nForms\nDates and deadlines\nTrainings\nLearn about electronic filing\nFind and contact your committee's analyst\nLegal resources\nAll legal resources\nAdvisory opinions\nEnforcement\nStatutes\nLegislation\nRegulations\nCourt cases\nPolicy and other guidance\nSearch across all legal resources\nSearch guidance documents\nAbout\nAll about the FEC\nNews and announcements\nCommission meetings\nMission and history\nLeadership and structure\nReports about the FEC\nCareers\nWorking with the FEC\nContact\nIntroduction to campaign finance and elections\nFederal Election Commission | United States of America\nHome\n\nLegal resources\n\nEnforcing federal campaign finance law\n\nAudit Reports\n\nUnauthorized Committee Audit Reports\n\nKansas Republican Party (2008)\nKansas Republican Party (2008)\nAudit documents\nAudit documents\nAudit documents\nDescription\nDate\nInterim Audit Report of the Audit Division\n05/14/2010\nOffice of General Counsel-Interim Audit Report of the Audit Division\n04/14/2010\nCommittee's Response to the Interim Audit Report of the Audit Division\n07/02/2010\nDraft Final Audit Report of the Audit Division\n08/10/2010\nOffice of General Counsel-Draft Final Audit Report of the Audit Division\n08/05/2010\nCommittees Response to the Draft Final Audit Report of the Audit Division\n08/31/2010\nAudit Division Recommendation Memorandum\n10/19/2010\nOffice of General Counsel-Comments on the Audit Division Recommendation Memorandum\n10/05/2010\nOpen Session Meeting-Audit Division Recommendation Meeting\n03/03/2011\nVote Certification-Audit Division Recommendation Memorandum\n03/03/2011\nOpen Session Meeting-Proposed Final Audit Report\n05/26/2011\nVote Certification-Proposed Final Audit Report\n05/26/2011\nStatement of Reasons - Chair Bauerly and Commissioner Weintraub\n05/26/2011\nFinal Audit Report of the Commission\n06/08/2011\nThis information is not intended to replace the law or to change its meaning, nor does this information create or confer any rights for or on any person or bind the Federal Election Commission or the public.\nThe reader is encouraged also to consult the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, as amended (52 U.S.C. 30101 et seq.), Commission regulations (Title 11 of the Code of Federal Regulations), Commission advisory opinions and applicable court decisions.\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nPrivacy and security policy\nPlain language\nNo FEAR Act\nStrategy, budget and performance\nOpen government\nProtected Voices\nUSA.gov\nInspector General\nFOIA\nOpenFEC API\nGitHub repository\nRelease notes\nFEC.gov status\nFederal Election Commission\nThe FEC's Twitter page\nThe FEC's YouTube page\nSign up for FECMail\nHide glossary\nGlossary\nSearch terms\nExamples: receipt; Hybrid PAC\nActThe Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, as amended (52 U.S.C. 30101-30146). 11 CFR 100.18. Prior to September 1, 2014, the Act appeared in Title 2 of the U.S. Code. Sometimes abbreviated FECA.Adapted disclaimerA clear statement that the internet public communication is paid for, and that identifies the person or persons who paid for the internet public communication using their full name or a commonly understood abbreviation or acronym by which the person or persons are known, which is accompanied by: an indicator and a mechanism. It must satisfy the requirements of 11 CFR 110.11(c)(1), (c)(5)(ii) and (iii).Administrative expenseFor party committees, rent, utilities, office equipment, office supplies, routine building maintenance and other operating costs not attributable to a specific candidate.Administrative terminationAdministrative termination is the action taken by the Commission to terminate the reporting obligations of political committees that appear to be inactive in accordance with 52 U.S.C. 30103(d)(2) and 11 CFR 102.4. Administrative termination does not relieve a committee of any legal responsibility for the payment of any outstanding debt or obligations.AdvanceThe payment by an individual from his or her personal funds, including a personal credit card, for the costs incurred in providing goods or services to, or obtaining goods or services that are used by or on behalf of, a candidate or a political committee. See 11 CFR 116.5.Advisory opinion (AO)A formal response from the Commission regarding the legality of a specific activity proposed in an advisory opinion request (AOR). 11 CFR Part 112.Affiliated committeesCommittees and organizations that are considered one committee for purposes of the contribution limits. 11 CFR 110.3(a)(1). Affiliated committees include (1) All committees established or authorized by a candidate as part of his or her campaign for federal or nonfederal office; and (2) All committees established, financed, maintained or controlled by the same person, group or organization. 11 CFR 100.5(g)(1) and (2); 11 CFR 110.3(a)(1).Agent (of a candidate)An agent of a federal candidate or officeholder is any person who has actual authority, either express or implied, to engage in any of the following activities on behalf of the candidate or officeholder: To solicit, receive, direct, transfer or spend funds in connection with any election.To request or suggest that a communication be created, produced or distributed; To make or authorize a communication that meets one or more of the content standards for coordination;To request or suggest that any other person create, produce, or distribute any communication;To be materially involved in decisions regarding the content, intended audience, means, media outlet, timing, frequency, size, prominence or duration of a communication;To provide material or information to assist another person in the creation, production or distribution of any communication; or\nTo make or direct a communication that is created, produced or distributed with the use of material or information derived from a substantial discussion about the communication with a different candidate; 11 CFR 109.3(b) and 300.2(b)(3).Agent (of a party)An agent is any person who has actual authority, either expressed or implied, to engage in certain activities on behalf of the committee. In the case of state, district and local party committees, these activities are:Expending or disbursing any funds for federal election activity; Transferring or accepting transfers of funds for federal election activity; Engaging in joint fundraising activity if any part of the funds are to be used for federal election activity; or Soliciting any funds for, or making or directing any donations to, any tax-exempt 501(c) organization or 527 organization that is not also a political committee, a party committee or an authorized campaign committee.11 CFR 300.2(b)(2).In the case of the national party committees, these activities are:\nSoliciting, directing or receiving a contribution, donation or transfer of funds; orSoliciting any funds for, or making or directing donations to, any tax-exempt 501(c) organization or 527 organization that is not also a political committee, a party committee or an authorized campaign committee.11 CFR 300.2(b)(1). In the case of communications, for all party committees, the activities include: Requesting or suggesting that a communication be created, produced or distributed;Creating, producing or distributing any communication at the request of a candidate; orBeing materially involved in the content or distribution of a communication.11 CFR 109.3(a).Allocation accountA separate federal account into which funds from either a committees federal and nonfederal accounts, or (for party committees) from its federal and Levin accounts, are deposited solely to pay expenses that must be allocated. (A party committee must have separate allocation accounts for its federal/nonfederal allocation and for its federal/Levin allocation). 11 CFR 106.7(f) and 300.33(d).Authorized committeeA political committee that has been authorized by a candidate to accept contributions or make expenditures on his or her behalf, or one that accepts contributions or makes expenditures on behalf of a candidate and has not been disavowed by the candidate.Bundled contributionA contribution forwarded to a reporting committee by a lobbyist/registrant or lobbyist/registrant PAC, or received by a reporting committee and credited to a lobbyist/registrant or lobbyist/registrant PAC. See 11 CFR 104.22(a)(6).Campaign travelerAny candidate traveling in connection with an election for federal office, or any individual traveling in connection with an election for federal office on behalf of a candidate or political committee; or any member of the news media traveling with a candidate. 11 CFR 100.93(a)(3)(i).CandidateAn individual seeking nomination for election, or reelection, to a federal office becomes a candidate when he or she (or persons working on his or her behalf) receives contributions or makes expenditures that exceed $5,000.Candidate IDA unique identifier assigned to each candidate registered with the FEC. The initial character indicates the office sought. (H)ouse, (S)enate, (P)resident. If a person runs for several offices, they will have separate IDs for each office.Cash on handCash on hand includes funds held in checking and savings accounts, certificates of deposit, petty cash funds, travelers checks, treasury bills and other investments valued at cost. 11 CFR 104.3(a)(1).CFRCode of Federal Regulations. The annual collection of executive-agency regulations published in the daily Federal Register, combined with previously issued regulations that are still in effect. The sections of the CFR containing federal campaign finance regulations may be found in Title 11 and are available on the FECs website or as a free publication from the FEC.Clearly identified candidateA candidate is clearly identified when his or her name, nickname, photograph or drawing appears, or when his or her identity is otherwise apparent through an unambiguous reference such as the President, your Congressman, or the incumbent, or through an unambiguous reference to his or her status as a candidate such as the Democratic presidential nominee or the Republican candidate for Senate in the State of Georgia. 11 CFR 100.17.Collecting agentA collecting agent is an organization or committee that collects and transmits contributions to one or more separate segregated funds to which the collecting agent is related. A collecting agent may be either:A committee, whether or not it is a political committee as defined in 11 CFR 100.5, affiliated with the separated segregated fund under 11 CFR 110.3.The connected organization of the separated segregated fund as defined in 11 CFR 100.6. A parent, subsidiary, branch, division, department, or local unit of the connected organization of the separate segregated fund.A local national or international union collecting contributions on behalf of the separate segregated fund of any federation with which the local, national or international union is affiliated. See 11 CFR 114.1(e) and 102.6(b)(1).Commercial vendorAny person providing goods or services to a candidate or political committee whose usual and normal business involves the sale, rental, lease or provision of those goods or services. 11 CFR 116.1(c).Committee typeA definition that categorizes groups organized to receive and spend money in federal elections. The basic committee types are authorized committees, political party committees, separate segregated funds (SSFs) and nonconnected committees.Communications costsCosts that a corporation, labor organization, trade association or incorporated membership organization pays for express advocacy communications that are directed to the restricted class, once the payments exceed $2,000 for any election (primary or general). The payments are not considered contributions but instead are reported as \"Communication Costs on Form 7.\" See 11 CFR 104.6(a).Communications filersForm 5, Form 7 and Form 9 filers, whose activity includes: Contributions reported by persons other than political committeesIndependent expenditures reported by persons other than political committeesCommunication costs reported by corporations and membership organizationsElectioneering communicationsCompensationDirect payments to the candidate unless the payments are otherwise permitted by law, such as candidate expense reimbursements and candidate loan repayments under 11 CFR Part 116.Conduit or intermediaryAny person who receives and forwards an earmarked contribution to a candidate or a candidates authorized committee. 11 CFR 110.6(b)(2).Connected organizationAn organization that uses its treasury funds to establish, administer or solicit contributions to a separate segregated fund. 11 CFR 100.6(a).ContributionA gift, subscription, loan, advance or deposit of money or anything of value given to influence a federal election; or the payment by any person of compensation for the personal services of another person if those services are rendered without charge to a political committee for any purpose. 11 CFR 100.52(a) and 100.54.Contribution in the name of anotherGiving money or anything of value, all or part of which was provided to the contributor by another person (the true contributor) without disclosing the source of the money or the thing of value to the recipient candidate or committee at the time the contribution is made; or making a contribution of money or anything of value and attributing as the source another person when in fact the contributor is the source. 11 CFR 110.4(b).CooperativeA cooperative is a voluntary economic association organized to provide economic services, without gain, to itself, and to the members who own and control it. A federated cooperative as defined in the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929, 12 U.S.C. 1141j, or a rural cooperative eligible for assistance under chapter 31 or title 7 of the United States Code, may solicit the members of the cooperative's regional, state or local affiliates, provided that all of the political committees established, financed, maintained or controlled by the cooperative and its regional, state or local affiliates are considered one political committee for the purposes of the limitations in 11 CFR 110.1 and 110.2.CoordinatedMade in cooperation, consultation or concert with, or at the request or suggestion of, a candidate, a candidates authorized committee or their agents, or a political party committee or its agents. 11 CFR 109.20(a).Coordinated communicationA communication that satisfies a three-pronged test: The communication must be paid for by a person other than a federal candidate, authorized committee, or a political party committee, or any agents of the aforementioned entities with whom the communication is coordinated.One or more of the five content standards set forth in 11 CFR 109.21(c) must be satisfied; andOne or more of the five conduct standards set forth in 11 CFR 109.21(d) must be satisfied.A payment for a communication satisfying all three prongs is an in-kind contribution to the candidate or political party committee with which it was coordinated. 11 CFR 109.21.Coordinated party expenditureA special type of expenditure that can be made only by a national or state political party committee in connection with the general election of a candidate. These expenditures are subject to a separate set of limits and do not count against the partys normal contribution limits with respect to each candidate. 11 CFR 109.30 and 109.32-37.CorporationAny separately incorporated entity (other than a political committee that has incorporated for liability purposes only). 11 CFR 100.134(l) and 114.12(a). The term corporation covers both for-profit and nonprofit corporations and includes nonstock corporations, incorporated membership organizations, incorporated cooperatives, incorporated trade associations, professional corporations and, under certain circumstances, limited liability companies.Custodian of RecordsThe individual or entity holding possession of a political committees books and accounts.The Custodian of Records is listed on the committees Statement of Organization. 11 CFR 102.2(a)(1)(iii).Date madeThe date the contributor relinquishes control over a contribution. A contribution that is mailed is considered made on the date of the postmark. An electronic contribution is considered to be made when the contributor authorizes the transaction. In the case of an in-kind contribution, a contribution is made on the date the goods or services are provided by the contributor. This date determines the election or calendar year limit against which a contribution counts. 11 CFR 110.1(b)(6).Date of ineligibilityThe candidates date of ineligibility shall be whichever date by operation of the following occurs first:The day on which an individual ceases to be a candidate because he or she is not actively conducting campaigns in more than one State in connection with seeking the presidential nomination; The 30th day following the date of the second consecutive primary election in which such individual receives less than 10 percent of the number of popular votes cast for all candidates of the same party for the same office in that primary election, if the candidate permitted or authorized his or her name to appear on the ballot, unless the candidate certifies to the Commission at least 25 business days prior to the primary that he or she will not be an active candidate in the primary involved; orThe last day of the matching payment period. See 11 CFR 9033.5.Date receivedThe date a committee (or a person acting on the committees behalf) either takes possession of the contribution or, for an electronic contribution, obtains the contributor's authorization for the transaction. 11 CFR 102.8(a). This date is used for FEC reporting.DebtDebts include unpaid bills. FEC reports show the amount of reportable debt a committee owes to other entities at the end of the filing period.DelegateAn individual who is or seeks to become a delegate to a national nominating convention or to a state, district or local convention, caucus or primary held to select delegates to a national nominating convention. 11 CFR 110.14(b)(1).Delegate committeeA group organized for the purpose of influencing the selection of one or more delegates. The term includes a group of delegates, a group of individuals seeking to become delegates and a group of individuals supporting delegates. 11 CFR 110.14(b)(2).Designated/designationA contribution is considered to be designated in writing for a particular election if The contribution is made by check, money order, or other negotiable instrument which clearly indicates the particular election with respect to which the contribution is made;The contribution is accompanied by a writing, signed by the contributor, which clearly indicates the particular election with respect to which the contribution is made; orThe contribution is redesignated in accordance with 11 CFR 110.1(b)(5). 11 CFR 110.1(b)(4).Direct mailAny mailings made by a commercial vendor or made from a commercial list. 11 CFR 100.87(a), 100.89(a), 100.147(a) and 100.149(a)DisbursementAny purchase or payment made by a political committee or any other person that is subject to the Federal Election Campaign Act. 11 CFR 300.2(d).Disclaimer noticeA disclaimer notice is a statement that identifies the person(s) who paid for a communication and whether the communication was authorized by one or more candidates. 11 CFR 110.11.Disclosure dateThe disclsoure date is the first date on which an electioneering communication is publicly distributed provided that the person making the electioneering communication has made one or more disbursements, or has executed one or more contracts to make disbursements, for the direct costs of producing or airing one or more electioneering communications aggregating in excess of $10,000; orAny other date during the same calendar year on which an electioneering communication is publicly distributed provided that the person making the electioneering communication has made one or more disbursements, or has executed one or more contracts to make disbursements, for the direct costs of producing or airing one or more electioneering communications aggregating in excess of $10,000 since the most recent disclosure date during such calendar year. 11 CFR 104.20(a)(1).DistrictA U.S. House of Representatives District. Because Senators represent an entire state, Senate races do not have districts associated with them.DonationA payment, gift, subscription, loan, advance, deposit or anything of value given to a person but does not include contributions.11 CFR 300.2(e).Earmarked contributionA contribution that the contributor directs (either orally or in writing) to or on behalf of a clearly identified candidate or authorized committee through an intermediary or conduit. Earmarking may take the form of a designation, instruction or encumbrance, and it may be direct or indirect, express or implied. However, a contributor authorizing a commercial payment processor to transmit funds to a designated candidate or authorized committee in its ordinary course of business does not in itself constitute an earmark. 11 CFR 110.6.ElectionAny one of several processes by which an individual seeks nomination for election, or election, to federal office. They include: a primary election, including a caucus or convention that has authority to select a nominee; a general election; a runoff election; and a special election held to fill a vacant seat. 11 CFR 100.2.Election cycleThe period beginning the day after the previous general election for a given federal office and ending on the date of the general election for that office. The number of years in an election cycle differs according to the federal office sought. The election cycle spans two years for House candidates; four years for presidential candidates; and six years for Senate candidates. See 11 CFR 100.3(b).Electioneering communicationAny broadcast, cable or satellite communication that (1) refers to a clearly identified candidate for federal office; (2) is publicly distributed within certain time periods before an election and (3) is targeted to the relevant electorate. 11 CFR 100.29.EmployerThe organization or person by whom an individual is employed, and not the name of his or her supervisor. 11 CFR 100.21.Ending cash on handThe total amount of cash on hand that remains after the amount of cash on hand at the beginning of the reporting period is adjusted to add the total receipts for the reporting period and subtract the total disbursements for the reporting period.Executive and administrative personnelIndividuals employed by a corporation or labor organization who are paid on a salary rather than hourly basis and who have policymaking, managerial, professional, or supervisory responsibilities. The definition does not include professionals who are represented by a labor organization, salaried foremen and lower-level supervisors having direct supervision over hourly employees, former or retired personnel who are not stockholders, and consultants who are not employees under the Internal Revenue Code. 11 CFR 114.1(c), 26 CFR 31.3401(c)-1.Exempt party activitiesCertain candidate support activities that state and local party groups may undertake without making a contribution or expenditure, provided specific rules are followed.ExpenditureA purchase, payment, distribution, loan, advance, deposit or gift of money or anything of value made for the purpose of influencing a federal election. A written agreement to make an expenditure is also considered an expenditure. 11 CFR 100.111 and 100.112.Expenditure report periodIn the case of a major party, the expenditure report period begins on September 1 before the election or on the date on which the major partys presidential nominee is chosen, whichever is earlier; and the period ends 30 days after the presidential election. In the case of a minor or new party, the period will be the same as that of the major party with the shortest expenditure report period. See 11 CFR 9002.12.Express advocacyUnambiguously advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified federal candidate. There are two ways that a communication can be defined as express advocacy (candidate advocacy): by use of certain explicit words of advocacy of election or defeat and by the only reasonable interpretation test. See 11 CFR 100.22.FacilitationThe use of corporate or labor organization resources or facilities to engage in fundraising activities in connection with any federal election (other than raising funds for the organizations separate segregated fund). Facilitation results in a prohibited contribution to the committee that benefits from the activity. 11 CFR 114.2(f).FamilyFor purposes of candidate travel rules, \"immediate family\" means the father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, spouse (see separate definition), father-in-law or mother-in-law of the candidate. See 11 CFR 100.93(g)(4).For purposes of rules governing SSF solicitations and corporate/labor communications, \"families\" includes spouses (see separate definition), mothers, fathers, sons and daughters who live in the same household. See AOs 2013-06 and 1980-102.For purposes of public funding, the term \"immediate family\" means a candidates spouse (see separate definition), and any child, parent, grandparent, brother, half-brother, sister, or half-sister of the candidate and the spouses of such persons. 11 CFR 9003.2(c)(1) and 9035.2(b).Federal Election Activity (FEA)Activity by state, district and local party committees, which may be paid for with federal or in the case of the first two types a combination of federal and Levin funds. The four types of federal election activity are as follows:Voter registration activity during the period 120 days before a primary or general election and ending on election day itself;Voter identification, get-out-the-vote and generic campaign activity conducted in connection with an election in which a federal candidate appears on the ballot;A public communication that refers to a clearly identified candidate for federal office and that promotes, attacks, supports or opposes any candidate for federal office. The communication does not need to expressly advocate the election or defeat of the federal candidate to qualify as federal election activity; and Services provided during a month by an employee of a state, district or local party committee who spends more than 25 percent of his or her compensated time during that month on activities in connection with a federal election including FEA. 11 CFR 100.24(b).Federal fundsFunds that comply with the limits, prohibitions and reporting requirements of the Federal Election Campaign Act. 11 CFR 300.2(g).Federal government contractorA person who enters into a contract, or is bidding on such a contract, with any agency or department of the United States government and is paid, or is to be paid, for services, material, equipment, supplies, land or buildings with funds appropriated by Congress. 11 CFR 115.1.Federal officeholderAn individual elected to or serving in the office of President or Vice President of the United States, or a Senator or Representative in, or a Delegate or Resident Commissioner, to the Congress of the United States. 11 CFR 113.1(c) and 300.2(o).Federally chartered corporationA corporation that is organized pursuant to a federal statute and that became a corporation when it received a charter from a federal agency. See AOs 1988-12 and 1984-63.FilingA report, designation or statement submitted to the FEC by a candidate, committee or other entity. Required filings include declarations of candidacy and committee reports of the money they receive and spend. See also \"Reports, designations and statements\".Foreign national An individual who is not a citizen of the United States or a national of the United States and has not been lawfully admitted to the U.S. for permanent residence, as defined in 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(20); orA foreign principal, as defined in 22 U.S.C. 611(b). 11 CFR 110.20(a)(3).GELAC fundGeneral Election Legal and Accounting Compliance fund. A fund established by major party candidates for the Office of the President or Vice President of the United States, to be used to collect contributions solely for legal and accounting services to ensure compliance with federal law. See 11 CFR 9003.3.Generic campaign activityA type of Federal Election Activity, as distinguished from voter drive activity. Generic campaign activity is a public communication that promotes or opposes a political party and does not promote or oppose a clearly identified federal candidate or a nonfederal candidate. 11 CFR 100.25.Get-Out-The-Vote (GOTV)In regard to FEA, GOTV activity encompasses all means of assisting, encouraging or urging potential voters to vote. This activity includes, but is not limited to: Encouraging or urging potential voters to vote, whether by mail (including direct mail), email, in person, by telephone (including prerecorded telephone calls, phone banks and messaging such as SMS and MMS), or by any other means;Informing potential voters, whether by mail (including direct mail), email, in person, by telephone (including pre-recorded telephone calls, phone banks and messaging such as SMS and MMS), or by any other means, about the hours or location of polling places, or about early voting or voting by absentee ballot;Offering or arranging to transport, or actually transporting voters to the polls;Any other activity that assists potential voters in voting. 11 CFR 100.24(a)(3).Host committeeA host committee is any local organization, such as a local civic association, business league, chamber of commerce, real estate board, board of trade, or convention bureau, that satisfies all of the following conditions:It is not organized for profit;Its net earnings do not inure to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual; andIts principal purpose is the encouragement of commerce in the convention city, as well as the projection of a favorable image of the city to convention attendees. 11 CFR 9008.50.Hybrid PACA committee that, in addition to making contributions, establishes a separate bank account to deposit and withdraw funds raised in unlimited amounts from individuals, corporations, labor organizations and/or other political committees, consistent with the stipulated judgment in Carey v. FEC. The funds maintained in this separate account will not be used to make contributions, whether direct, in-kind or via coordinated communications, or coordinated expenditures, to federal candidates or committees.IdentificationFor purposes of recordkeeping and reporting, a persons full name and address and, in the case of an individual, his or her occupation (principal job title or position) and employer (organization or person by whom an individual is employed) as well. 11 CFR 100.12, 100.20 and 100.21.In-kind contributionA contribution of goods, services or property offered free or at less than the usual and normal charge. The term also includes payments made on behalf of, but not directly to, candidates and political committees (except for independent expenditures or non-coordinated communications). 11 CFR 100.52(d).Inactive candidateThe ineligibility date shall be the date on which an individual ceases to be a candidate because he or she is not actively conducting campaigns in more than one state in connection with seeking the presidential nomination. This date shall be the earliest of: The date the candidate publicly announces that he or she will not be actively conducting campaigns in more than one state; orThe date the candidate notifies the Commission by letter that he or she is not actively conducting campaigns in more than one state; orThe date which the Commission determines under 11 CFR 9033.6 to be the date that the candidate is not actively seeking election in more than one state. See 11 CFR 9033.5.Inaugural committeeThe committee appointed by the President-elect to be in charge of the presidential inaugural ceremony and functions and activities connected with the inaugural ceremony. 11 CFR 104.21.Independent expenditureAn expenditure for a communication That expressly advocates the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate andThat is not made in cooperation, consultation or concert with, or at the request or suggestion of, any candidate, or his or her authorized committees or agents, or a political party committee or its agents. 11 CFR 100.16.Independent expenditure only committeeA political committee that makes only independent expenditures that may solicit and accept unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, labor organizations and other political committees. It may not accept contributions from foreign nationals, federal contractors, national banks or federally chartered corporations. See AO 2010-11. Such committees, popularly known as Super PACs, must register with the Commission and comply with all applicable reporting requirements of the Act.IndicatorAny visible or audible element associated with an internet public communication that is presented in a clear and conspicuous manner and gives notice to persons reading, observing, or listening to the internet public communication that they may read, observe, or listen to a disclaimer satisfying the requirements of 11 CFR 110.11(b) and (c)(1) through a mechanism. An indicator may take any form including, but not limited to, words, images, sounds, symbols, and icons.Joint contributionA contribution made by more than one person, indicated by the signature of each contributor in writing. 11 CFR 110.1(k)(1).Joint fundraisingFundraising conducted jointly by a political committee and one or more other political committees or unregistered organizations. Joint fundraising is often conducted between a principal campaign committee and a political party committee.Joint fundraising committeeA committee that has been set up for the purposes of fundraising for multiple committees at the same time or an existing committee that has been authorized to serve that purpose.Labor organizationAn organization, agency or employee representative committee or plan, in which employees participate and which exists for the purpose of dealing with employers on grievances, labor disputes, wages, hours of employment or working conditions. 11 CFR 114.1(d).Lawfully admitted for permanent residenceAn individual lawfully admitted for permanent residence is someone who has been granted authorization to live and work in the United States on a permanent basis. As proof of that status, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) grants a person a permanent resident card, commonly called a \"Green Card.\"Leadership PACA political committee that is directly or indirectly established, financed, maintained or controlled by a candidate or an individual holding federal office, but is not an authorized committee of the candidate or officeholder and is not affiliated with an authorized committee of a candidate or officeholder.Levin fundsA category of funds raised by state, district and local party committees that may be spent for certain Federal Election Activities. Levin funds are donations from sources ordinarily prohibited by federal law but permitted by state law. 11 CFR 300.31 and 300.32.Limited liability company (LLC)A business entity that is recognized as a limited liability company under the laws of the state in which it is established. LLCs that are treated as partnerships under the IRS code may make contributions. LLCs that have publicly traded stock or are treated as corporations under the IRS code are prohibited from making contributions. 11 CFR 110.1(g).Lobbyist/registrantA person who is a current registrant under the Lobbying Disclosure Act, or an individual who is named on a current registration or report filed under the Lobbying Disclosure Act. See 11 CFR 104.22.Lobbyist/Registrant PACAny political committee established or controlled by a person who is a current registrant under Lobbying Disclosure Act or an individual who is named on a current registration or report filed under the Lobbying Disclosure Act.Local or district party committeeA political committee that, by virtue of the bylaws of a political party, is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a political party at a level lower than the state level (e.g., city, county, ward). 11 CFR 100.14(b).Local party organizationA local party organization is an organization that is responsible for a political party's activities below the state level (such as city, county or district level) but is not registered with the Federal Election Commission as a district or local party committee.Major partyA political party whose candidate in the preceding presidential election received, as the candidate of such party, 25 percent or more of the popular vote. 11 CFR 9002.6 and 9008.2(c).Matching fundsPartial public funding available to eligible presidential primary candidates in the form of matching payments. The federal government will match up to $250 of an individual's total contributions to an eligible candidate, provided that candidate shows broad-based public support and agrees to comply with spending limits. See 11 CFR Part 9033, Part 9034, Part 9035 and Part 9037.Matching payment periodMatching payment period means the period beginning January 1 of the calendar year in which a presidential general election is held and may not exceed one of the following dates: For a candidate seeking the nomination of a party which nominates its presidential candidate at a national convention, the date on which the party nominates its candidate.For a candidate seeking the nomination of a party which does not make its nomination at a national convention, the earlier of1) The date the party nominates its presidential candidate, or 2) The last day of the last national convention held by a major party in the calendar year. 11 CFR 9032.6.Matter Under Review (MUR)An FEC enforcement action, initiated by a sworn complaint or by an internal administrative action.MechanismAny use of technology that enables the person reading, observing, or listening to an internet public communication to read, observe or listen to a disclaimer satisfying the requirements of 11 CFR 110.11 (b) and (c)(1) after no more than one action by the recipient of the internet public communication. A mechanism may take any form including, but not limited to, hover-over text, pop-up screens, scrolling text, rotating panels, and hyperlinks to a landing page.MemberWith respect to a labor organization, a trade association, a cooperative or other incorporated membership organization, a member is an individual or other entity that: Satisfies the requirements for membership in a membership organization; affirmatively accepts the organizations invitation to become a member; andmaintains a long-term and continuous bond with the organization by:having a significant financial attachment, such as a significant investment or ownership stake;paying annual dues; orhaving direct participatory rights in the governance of the organization. 11 CFR 114.1(e)(2).Membership organizationA labor organization or a trade association, cooperative or other incorporated membership organization that:is composed of members;expressly states the qualifications for membership in its articles and by-laws;makes its articles, by-laws and other organizational documents available to its members;expressly seeks members;acknowledges the acceptance of membership, such as by sending membership cards to new members or including them on a membership newsletter list; andis not organized primarily for the purpose of influencing a federal election. 11 CFR 100.134(e) and 114.1(e)(1).Memo entry/memo itemA way to mark a transaction so that the dollar amount is not incorporated into the total figure for the schedule.Memo textA field offered in FECFile software and some commercial software to allow a committee to provide additional text to describe a particular transaction it is reporting.Minor partyFor purposes of public funding, the term \"minor party\" means a political party whose presidential candidate in the preceding presidential election received five percent or more, but less than 25 percent, of the total number of popular votes received by all candidates for such office. See 11 CFR 9002.7.Multicandidate committeeA political action committee or party committee that has been registered at least six months, has more than 50 contributors and, with the exception of state party committees, has made contributions to at least five candidates for federal office. 11 CFR 100.5(e)(3).Municipal fundA municipal fund is any fund or account of a government agency, municipality, or municipal corporation whose principal purpose is the encouragement of commerce in the municipality and whose receipt and use of funds is subject to the control of officials of the State or local government. 11 CFR 9008.50(c).National bankA bank that is subject to the supervision of the Comptroller of the Currency. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency is a bureau of the U.S. Treasury Department.National committeeAn organization that, by virtue of the bylaws of a political party, is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the political party at the national level, as determined by the Commission. 11 CFR 100.13.National party committeeA political committee established and maintained by a national political party. A partys national committee, House campaign committee and Senate campaign committee are considered national party committees, as determined by the Commission. 11 CFR 110.1(c)(2); 110.2(c)(2); 110.3(b)(2).Net debts outstandingThe total of a campaigns unpaid debts incurred with respect to an election plus estimated costs to liquidate the debts plus costs of terminating political activity (if appropriate) minus cash on hand and receivables. 11 CFR 110.1(b)(3)(ii).Net outstanding campaign obligations (NOCO)The total of all outstanding obligations for qualified campaign expenses as of a publicly funded presidential candidate's date of ineligibility, plus estimated necessary winding down costs less the total of: Cash on hand as of the close of business on the last day of eligibility;The fair market value of capital assets and other assets on hand; andAmounts owed to the committee in the form of credits, refunds of deposits, returns, receivables, or rebates of qualified campaign expenses; or a commercially reasonable amount based on the collectibility of those credits, returns, receivables or rebates. See 11 CFR 9034.5.New partyFor purposes of public funding, the term \"new party\" means a political party which is neither a major party nor a minor party. 11 CFR 9002.8.Non-contribution accountA separate bank account to deposit and withdraw funds raised in unlimited amounts from individuals, corporations, labor organizations and/or other political committees, consistent with the stipulated judgment in Carey v. FEC. The funds maintained in this separate account will not be used to make contributions, whether direct, in-kind or via coordinated communications, or coordinated expenditures, to federal candidates or committees.Nonconnected committeeAny committee that conducts activities in connection with an election, but that is not a party committee, an authorized committee of any candidate for federal election, or a separate segregated fund. 11 CFR 106.6(a).NoneIf data appears as \"None\", it's best to check the source document. Common reasons that the data appears as \"None\" are:Data is not processed yet; often, paper filings cause delays and inconsistent upload times.Data is from an amendment that did not properly identify the form it was amending.The filer did not fill out the information on the form.If you think there is an error, you can report that via our feedback tool.Nonfederal fundsFunds that are not subject to the limitations or prohibitions of the Federal Election Campaign Act. 11 CFR 300.2(k).Nonmulticandidate committee/nonqualified committeeA political action committee or party committee that has NOT met all of these conditions: a) has been registered at least six months, b) has more than 50 contributors and, with the exception of state party committees, c) has made contributions to at least five candidates for federal office. See 11 CFR 100.5(e)(3).OccupationThe principal job title or position of an individual and whether or not self-employed. 11 CFR 100.20.One-third ruleA formula used to ensure the treasury funds of a connected organization are not traded for voluntary contributions when the organization pays for prizes or entertainment to offer as an incentive to make a contribution to its SSF. Under the one-third rule, the SSF must reimburse the connected organization for costs that exceed one-third of the money raised. See 11 CFR 114.5(b)(2).Ongoing committeeAny political committee that has not terminated and does not qualify as a terminating committee. 11 CFR 116.1(b).Operating expendituresA committee's day-to-day expenditures for items such as rent, overhead, administration, personnel, equipment, travel, advertising and fundraising.Ordinary course of businessIn determining whether credit was extended in the ordinary course of business, the Commission will considerWhether the commercial vendor followed its established procedures and its past practice in approving the extension of credit;Whether the commercial vendor received prompt payment in full if it previously extended credit to the same candidate or political committee; andWhether the extension of credit conformed to the usual and normal practice in the commercial vendor's trade or industry. 11 CFR 116.3(c).Organization typeCertain filers, like separate segregated funds and communication cost filers, identify the types of organizations they are connected with. These connected organizations can be identified as corporations, trade associations, labor organizations, cooperatives, membership organizations or corporations without capital stock.Overnight delivery serviceA private delivery service business of established reliability that offers an overnight (next business day) delivery option.Party committeeA political committee that represents a political party and is part of the official party structure at the national, state or local level.PASOPASO is an acronym that stands for Promote, Attack, Support or Oppose. See, e.g., 11 CFR 100.24(b)(3).PersonAn individual, partnership, political committee, corporation, labor organization or any other organization or group of persons, not including the federal government. 11 CFR 100.10.Personal funds of a candidateThe personal funds of a candidate include: Assets which the candidate has a legal right of access to or control over, and which he or she has legal title to or an equitable interest in, at the time of candidacy;Income from employment;Dividends and interest from, and proceeds from sale or liquidation of, stocks and other investments;Income from trusts, if established before the election cycle;Income from trusts established by bequests (even after candidacy)Bequests to the candidate;Personal gifts that had been customarily received by the candidate prior to the beginning of the election cycle; andProceeds from lotteries and similar games of chance. 11 CFR 100.33(a) and (b).Political Action Committee (PAC)Popular term for a political committee that is neither a party committee nor an authorized committee of a candidate. PACs directly or indirectly established, administered or financially supported by a corporation or labor organization are called separate segregated funds (SSFs). PACs without such a corporate or labor sponsor are called nonconnected PACs.Political committeeAn entity that meets one of the following conditions:An authorized committee of a candidate (see definition of candidate)Any club, association or other group of persons that receives contributions or makes expenditures, either of which aggregate over $1,000 during a calendar yearA local unit of a political party (except a state party committee) that: (1) receives contributions aggregating over $5,000 during a calendar year; (2) makes contributions or expenditures either of which aggregate over $1,000 during a calendar year or (3) makes payments aggregating over $5,000 during a calendar year for certain activities that are exempt from the definitions of contribution and expenditure (11 CFR 100.80, 100.87 and 100.89; 11 CFR 100.140, 100.149).Any separate segregated fund upon its establishment. 11 CFR 100.5.Political partyAn association, committee or organization that nominates or selects a candidate for election to federal office whose name appears on the election ballot as the candidate of the organization.PostmarkedA U.S. Postal Service postmark or the verifiable date of deposit with an overnight delivery service.Presidential Election Campaign FundA special fund established by law into which dollars voluntarily designated by taxpayers on their federal income tax returns for the purpose of presidential public funding are deposited. Once the Federal Election Commission determines that eligibility requirements have been met, it certifies the amount of public funds to which the candidate is entitled. The U.S. Treasury then makes the actual payments from the Fund. See 11 CFR 9002.5 and 26 U.S.C. 9006.Presidential public fundsPublic funding of presidential elections means that qualified presidential candidates may choose to receive federal government funds to pay for certain expenses of their political campaigns in both the primary and general elections. Prior to the 2016 presidential election, national political parties could also receive federal money for their national nominating conventions.Principal campaign committeeAn authorized committee designated by a candidate as the principal committee to raise contributions and make expenditures for his or her campaign for a federal office.Prior approvalA written request to a member corporation of a trade association to a member corporation for permission to solicit the members restricted class. This request for approval must inform the member corporation that corporate approval is necessary before the trade association or its SSF may conduct a solicitation and the corporation may not approve solicitations by another trade association for the same calendar year. 11 CFR 114.8(d)(3).Promoted for a feeA public communication is promoted for a fee where a payment is made to a website, digital device, application, or advertising platform in order to increase the circulation, prominence, or availability of the communication on that website, digital device, application, or advertising platform. 11 CFR 100.26.Public communicationA communication by means of any broadcast, cable or satellite communication, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, mass mailing or telephone bank to the general public, or any other form of general public political advertising. The term general public political advertising does not include communications made over the internet, except for communications placed or promoted for a fee on another persons website, digital device, application, or advertising platform. 11 CFR 100.26, 100.27 (definition of mass mailing) and 100.28 (definition of telephone bank).Qualified campaign expenseAny expenditure, including a purchase, payment, distribution, loan, advance, deposit, or gift of money or anything of value incurred by a publicly funded presidential candidate that meets certain conditions to be considered qualified and thus not subject to repayment of public funds. For primary candidates, the expenditure is a qualified campaign expense if:It is incurred by or on behalf of a candidate or the candidate's authorized committees from the date the individual becomes a candidate through the last day of the candidate's eligibility as determined under 11 CFR 9033.5;It is made in connection with his or her campaign for nomination; andNeither the incurrence nor payment of which constitutes a violation of any law of the United States or of any law of any state in which the expense is incurred or paid, or of any regulation prescribed under such law of the United States or of any state.See 11 CFR 9032.9. For general election candidates, the expenditure is a qualified campaign expense if:It is incurred to further a candidate's campaign for election to the office of President or Vice President of the United States;It is incurred within the expenditure report period, as defined under 11 CFR 9002.12, or incurred before the beginning of such period to the extent such expenditure is for property, services or facilities to be used during such period; andNeither the incurrence nor the payment of such expenditure constitutes a violation of any law of the United States, any law of the state in which such expense is incurred or paid, or any regulation prescribed under such federal or state law.See 11 CFR 9002.11.Qualified/non-qualifiedIn the context of multicandidate political committees identified in FEC data reports and indices, the designation qualified or non-qualified reflects whether a political committee has satisfied the criteria for multicandidate political committee status (i.e., whether the committee has been registered for at least 6 months, received contributions from more than 50 persons, and made contributions to 5 or more federal candidates). Committees listed as non-qualified do not satisfy these requirements. See 11 CFR 100.5(e)(3).Reason-to-believe findingIn the course of its duties, the Commission may find \"reason to believe that a person has committed, or is about to commit, a violation\" of the Act. A \"reason to believe\" finding is not a finding that the respondent violated the Act, but instead simply means that the Commission believes a violation may have occurred. Such a finding is a precondition to opening an investigation into the alleged violation. 52 U.S.C. 30109(a)(2).Reattributed contributionThe portion of an excessive contribution that has been attributed in writing to another contributor and signed by both contributors. 11 CFR 110.1(k)(3)(ii).ReceiptAnything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee.Redesignated contributionWith regard to contributions made to candidates, the portion of a contribution that has been designated by the contributor, in writing, to an election other than the one for which the funds were originally given. 11 CFR 110.1(b)(5).Refunded contributionA contribution is refunded when the recipient committee deposits the contribution and sends the contributor a check or similar draft, including electronic transfer, for the amount (or a portion) of the contribution. 11 CFR 103.3(b).Reports, designations and statementsAll committees registered with the FEC and other persons who make certain expenditures or disbursements are required to file reports, designations and statements that disclose their financial activity. The contents of those reports and statements, as well as the filing schedule, depend on the type of committee or organization, or the type of expenditure or disbursement made. See also \"Filing.\".Restricted class/solicitable classThose persons, including the executive and administrative personnel, members or stockholders (and the families of each) within a corporation or labor organization, who may be solicited for contributions to the organizations separate segregated fund at any time and who may receive certain communications from the organization. 11 CFR 114.1(j); 114.3(a); 114.5(g); 114.7(a) and (h); and 114.8(c), (h) and (i).Separate segregated fund (SSF)A political committee established, administered or financially supported by a corporation or labor organization, popularly called a Corporate or Labor Political Action Committee (PAC). See 11 CFR 114.1(a)(2)(iii). The term \"financially supported\" does not include contributions to the SSF, but does include the payment of establishment, administration or solicitation costs. 11 CFR 100.6(c).Solicitation (SSF)A statement that publicizes the SSFs right to accept unsolicited contributions from any lawful contributor; provides information on how to contribute to the SSF; or encourages support for the SSF. AO 198455, n. 2; AOs 197966 and 197913.Special electionA primary, general or runoff election that is not a regularly scheduled election and that is held to fill a vacant seat in the House of Representatives or the Senate. 100.2(f).SpouseCouples married under state law, including same-sex couples, are \"spouses\" for the purpose of Commission regulations. AOs 2013-07 and 2013-06.State party committeeA committee which, by virtue of the bylaws of a political party or the operation of state law is part of the official party structure and is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the party at the state level, including an entity that is directly or indirectly established, financed, maintained or controlled by that organization, as determined by the Commission. 11 CFR 100.14(a).StatusRefers to whether the candidate is an incumbent, challenger or running unopposed.StockholderA person who has a vested beneficial interest in stock, the power to direct how that stock is voted (if it is voting stock) and the right to receive dividends.11 CFR 114.1(h).Super PACA political committee that makes only independent expenditures that may solicit and accept unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, labor organizations and other political committees. It may not accept contributions from foreign nationals, federal contractors, national banks or federally chartered corporations. See AO 2010-11. Such committees, also known as independent expenditure only committees, must register with the Commission and comply with all applicable reporting requirements of the Act.Terminating committeeA political committee that is winding down its activities in preparation for filing a termination report. A terminating committee has ceased to make or receive contributions or make expenditures (other than for debt retirement purposes or winding-down costs). 11 CFR 116.1(a).to DirectFor purposes of 11 CFR Part 300, to direct means to guide, directly or indirectly, a person who has expressed an intent to make a contribution, donation, transfer of funds or otherwise provide anything of value, by identifying a candidate, political committee or organization for the receipt of such funds or things of value. The contribution, donation, transfer or thing of value may be provided directly or through an intermediary. Direction does not include merely providing information or guidance as to the applicability of a particular law or regulation. 11 CFR 300.2(n).to SolicitFor the purposes of 11 CFR Part 300, to solicit means to ask, request or recommend, explicitly or implicitly, that another person make a contribution, donation, transfer of funds or otherwise provide anything of value. A solicitation is an oral or written communication that, construed as reasonably understood in the context in which it is made, contains a clear message asking, requesting or recommending that a person make a contribution, donation, transfer of funds or otherwise provide anything of value. A solicitation may be made directly or indirectly. The context includes the conduct of persons involved in the communication. A solicitation does not include mere statements of political support or mere guidance as to the applicability of a particular law or regulation. 11 CFR 300.2(m).Total disbursementsThe sum of all purchases and payments made during a filing period by a political committee or any other person, including an organization that is not a political committee that is subject to the Federal Election Campaign Act.Total receiptsThe sum of all contributions and other receipts received by a committee during a filing period.Trade associationA membership organization consisting of persons engaged in a similar or related line of commerce. A trade association is organized to promote and improve business conditions in that line of commerce and not to engage in a regular business for profit. No part of the net earnings of a trade association may inure to the benefit of any member.TreasurerRequired for every political committee. The treasurer is responsible for filing the committee's registration form, depositing receipts, authorizing expenditures, monitoring contributions, keeping records, signing all reports and statements and filing all reports and statements on time.Treasury fundsFunds of a corporation or labor organization that are derived from commercial activities or dues payments. Treasury funds may be used for the establishment, administrative and fundraising costs of the organizations separate segregated fund, as well as for making independent expenditures and contributing to Super PACs and the non-contribution accounts of Hybrid PACs. See 11 CFR 114.5(b) and 114.10.U.S. NationalThe term U.S. National means an individual who is a U.S. citizen or an individual who, although not a U.S. citizen, owes permanent allegiance to the United States. 31 CFR 800.253. For example, certain persons born in outlying possessions of the United States are U.S. Nationals but not U.S. citizens. 8 U.S.C.1408.U.S.C.The United States Code (U.S.C.) contains the federal statutory laws of the United States, arranged into 54 broad titles according to subject matter. The FEC administers the campaign finance laws found in Title 52 and the portions of Title 26 of the United States Code concerning public financing of presidential election campaigns.Undesignated contributionContributors may designate contributions for a particular election by indicating in writing the specific election to which they intend a contribution to apply. A contribution that is not designated by the contributor for a specific election is an undesignated contribution. Undesignated contributions count against the donors contribution limits for the candidates next election. 11 CFR 110.1(b)(2).Unique identifierA unique title or code assigned by a party committee to each program or event for which it reports an allocation ratio. Party committees must use that identifier consistently when reporting the activity. 11 CFR 104.17(b)(1)(iii).Usual and normal chargeWith regard to goods provided to a political committee, the term refers to the price of those goods in the market from which they ordinarily would have been purchased at the time they were provided. With regard to services, the term refers to the hourly or piecework charge for the services at a commercially reasonable rate prevailing at the time the services were rendered. 11 CFR 100.52(d)(2).Voter drive activityVoter identification, voter registration and get-out-the-vote-drives, or any other activities that urge the general public to register or vote, or that promote or oppose a political party, without promoting any federal or nonfederal candidate, that do not qualify as FEA. This is a category of allocable activity for mixed federal/nonfederal party activity sometimes also referred to as a generic voter drive. 11 CFR 106.7(c)(5).Voter identificationWith regard to FEA, this means acquiring information about potential voters, including, but not limited to, obtaining voter lists and creating or enhancing voter lists by verifying or adding information about the voters likelihood of voting in an upcoming election or voting for specific candidates. 11 CFR 100.24(a)(4).Voter registration activityIn regard to FEA, voter registration activity encompasses all means of contacting potential voters to assist, encourage or urge them to register to vote. This activity includes, but is not limited to: Encouraging or urging potential voters to register to vote, whether by mail (including direct mail), email, in person, by telephone (including pre-recorded telephone calls, phone banks and messaging such as SMS and MMS), or by any other means;Preparing and distributing information about registration and voting;Distributing voter registration forms or instructions to potential voters;Answering questions about how to complete or file a voter registration form, or assisting potential voters in completing or filing such forms;Submitting or delivering a completed voter registration form on behalf of a potential voter;Offering or arranging to transport, or actually transporting potential voters to a board of elections or county clerks office for them to fill out voter registration forms; orany other activity that assists potential voters to register to vote. 11 CFR 100.24(a)(2).Written instrumentA check written on a personal, escrow or trust account representing or containing the contributor's personal funds; a money order; any similar negotiable instrument; or, for contributions by credit or debit card, a paper record, or an electronic record that can be reproduced on paper, of the transaction. In the case of a contribution by a credit card or debit card, \"written instrument\" includes either a transaction slip or other writing signed by the cardholder, or in the case of such a contribution made over the internet, an electronic record of the transaction created and transmitted by the cardholder, and including the name of the cardholder, which can be maintained electronically and reproduced in a written form by the recipient candidate or candidate's committee. See 11 CFR 9034.2(b).\nFeedback\nClose\nSubmit another issue\nPost public feedback about the FEC.gov website anonymously\nHow can we improve FEC.gov? Your feedback, browser information and the URL of the page you were viewing at the time of submission will be posted publicly - so don't include sensitive information like your name, contact information or Social Security number.\nWhat were you trying to do on fec.gov, and how can we improve it? (required)\nGeneral website feedback\nTell us about yourself\nI'm a interested in .\nPost\nReview all reported feedback | Contact the FEC about a specific question | Use of reCAPTCHA", "url": "https://www.fec.gov/legal-resources/enforcement/audit-reports/unauthorized-committee-audit-reports/kansas-republican-party-2008/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Opinion | Why I left the Kansas Republican Party - The Washington Post\nAccessibility statementSkip to main contentDemocracy Dies in DarknessSign inclockThis article was published more than5 years agoDemocracy Dies in DarknessOpinionsEditorials Columns Guest opinions Cartoons Submit a guest opinion Today's Opinions newsletter OpinionsEditorials Columns Guest opinions Cartoons Submit a guest opinion Today's Opinions newsletter Opinion Why I left the Kansas Republican PartyBy Dinah SykesJanuary 6, 2019 at 11:46 a.m. ESTSen. Dinah Sykes of Lenexa, Kan. (Courtesy of Sen. Dinah Sykes)ShareComment on this storyCommentAdd to your saved storiesSaveDinah Sykes is a member of the Kansas State Senate.Compromise, common sense and listening to all sides of an issue dont seem like countercultural values. Certainly, in the home I grew up in they werent. My parents belonged to separate political parties, and those values were part of the air I breathed.But in my states Republican Party, such values have become increasingly difficult to find. And thats why Ive decided to leave the party.I ran for office because I strongly believe that elected officials should serve the people they represent. They should take the time to hear from those on all sides of an issue and consider how people's lives are affected by policies. I didnt see this from the incumbent, so I ran for a seat in the Kansas legislature.There, I identified with and developed friendships with moderate women in both parties who embodied this kind of principled compromise and common sense. Despite the work of then-Gov. Sam Brownback, a Republican, to purge state government (and the Republican Party) of moderates, I believed the best way to fight for my state was to work with my moderate friends to try to reverse those changes; in fact, thats what I had been elected to do. Its what the people wanted. However, I quickly discovered during my own service what many of my moderate friends already knew: The changes were deeper and much more pervasive than I thought. To many in the Republican Party, bipartisan had become a dirty word.AdvertisementI witnessed party bosses reinforce this message numerous times by punishing caucus members who disagreed with their leadership. I was even threatened early in my first session for advocating an end to Brownbacks failed tax experiment, a key issue in my campaign and one that the people of my district supported. When a fixed ideological position was put ahead of the people I serve and their wishes, I knew that was unacceptable.Louis Klemp, a county commissioner in Leavenworth, Kan., made comments about a master race at a commission meeting Nov. 13. (Video: Leavenworth County Kansas via Storyful)Making matters worse were almost daily emails from constituents asking if I agreed with the latest absurd tweet by the president or a racist statement made against newly elected Rep. Sharice Davids (D-Kan.) by a local Republican precinct committeeman. I did not.Furthermore, I watched the 2018 elections in Kansas where the Republican Party nominated Kris Kobach, a man whose whole career is built on weaponizing fear and blaming his failures on others, for governor. I also watched as party allies attacked moderates in both the primary and general elections. The message was clear: Pragmatic moderates are unwelcome and unnecessary. Yet, those were the very leaders who helped push our state forward from the failed Brownback experiment.AdvertisementWhile I tried to be a rational voice, speaking up more and more within the party, my attention to these matters diverted me from working to help those who I serve on the issues that affect them the most access to health care, fully funded schools, strong infrastructure and good-paying jobs. These are all issues that also happen to be at the heart of the Democratic Party platform.Share this articleShareIf Kobach embodied the direction the state and national party were headed and ultraconservatives continued to dominate the platform, I knew my values no longer aligned with the Republican Party, and I no longer wanted to be a part of it.I want to work with other moderate, pragmatic leaders on policy that helps remove bureaucratic hurdles and helps government better serve Kansans rather than having to constantly disavow rhetoric designed to divide people. I can do that in the Democratic Party.AdvertisementI want to dedicate my time to serving the people in my district and working for the good of all Kansans in the party of Gov.-elect Laura Kelly a dedicated, hard-working public servant who, in her own words, saw the results of the 2018 election as a wave of common sense and civility.My change to the Democratic Party has already shown me reasons for optimism. I have found that I am respected, my opinion is valued, and open discussions are encouraged. I see a future in which sound policy is valued above scoring cheap political points.Many in our country and the state of Kansas desire a future in which common sense and common decency are the rule rather than the exception. As Americans, we are at our best when we put aside fear, put aside the kind of viciousness that comes when we ignore our better angels and work together for the benefit of the state. It is my hope that someday these qualities are valued equally by both parties, but now I look forward to working for Kansans as a Democrat.Read more:Max Boot: I left the Republican Party. Now I want Democrats to take over.Max Boot: I left the Republican ideological bubble. I dont want to join another.Eugene Robinson: Fairness left the GOP long ago. Is decency gone, too?Max Boot: The dark side of American conservatism has taken overJennifer Rubin: The Republican Party isnt grand, and its old ideas are making it irrelevantShare CommentsSign upTOP STORIESWorld newsEssential reporting from around the worldVatican apologizes after Pope Francis is accused of using homophobic slurLong-lost Caravaggio painting of extraordinary value shown for first timeOpinion|Bidens deal with Saudi Arabia may be dead on arrival, thankfullybackTry a different topicSign in or create a free account to save your preferenceswashingtonpost.com 1996-2024 The Washington Postwashingtonpost.com 1996-2024 The Washington Post", "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/01/06/why-i-left-kansas-republican-party/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "%PDF-1.5\r%\n124 0 obj\r<>\rendobj\n141 0 obj\r<>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<937D814E695C7541A583FF65D1DC5168>]/Index[124 39]/Info 123 0 R/Length 92/Prev 300733/Root 125 0 R/Size 163/Type/XRef/W[1 3 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Dragon Ball GT - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Plot\nToggle Plot subsection\n1.1Black Star Dragon Balls/Baby Saga\n1.2Super Android 17 Saga\n1.3Shadow Dragons Saga\n2Characters\nToggle Characters subsection\n2.1Main characters\n2.1.1Son Goku\n2.1.2Pan\n2.1.3Trunks\n2.2Supporting characters\n2.2.1Vegeta\n2.2.2Giru\n2.2.3Uub\n2.3Major antagonists\n2.3.1Doctor Myuu\n2.3.2Baby\n2.3.3Super 17\n2.3.4Shadow Dragons\n3Production\nToggle Production subsection\n3.1Music\n3.2Localization\n3.2.1Funimation dub\n3.2.2Blue Water dub\n3.2.3AB Groupe dub\n4Related media\nToggle Related media subsection\n4.1Home media and streaming\n4.1.1DVD releases\n4.21997 stage show\n4.3Art books and manga\n4.4Video games\n5Reception\n6Notes\n7References\n8External links\nToggle the table of contents\nDragon Ball GT\n33 languages\nCatalCebuanoDeutschEspaolEuskaraFranaisGalegoBahasa IndonesiaItalianoKurdLietuviMagyarBahasa MelayuNederlandsNorsk bokmlOzbekcha / PolskiPortugusRomnShqip / srpskiSvenskaTrkeTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n19961997 Japanese anime television series\nDragon Ball GT GT(Doragon Bru J T)GenreAdventure[1]Fantasy comedy[1]\nAnime television seriesDirectedbyOsamu KasaiWrittenbyAya Matsui (#150)Atsushi Maekawa (#5164)MusicbyAkihito TokunagaStudioToei AnimationLicensedbyCrunchyroll[a]Original networkFNS (Fuji TV)English networkAU: Cartoon Network (Toonami), Network TenBI: Cartoon Network, CNX, ToonamiCA: YTVHK: TVB PearlIN: Cartoon Network[2]NZ: TV3US: Cartoon Network (Toonami), Nicktoons, International ChannelOriginal run February 7, 1996 November 19, 1997Episodes64 (List of episodes)\nAnime television filmA Hero's LegacyWrittenbyAtsushi MaekawaMusicbyAkihito TokunagaStudioToei AnimationLicensedbyCrunchyroll[b]Original networkFuji TVReleasedMarch 26, 1997Runtime46 minutes\nMedia franchise\nList of all Dragon Ball series\nList of all Dragon Ball films\nList of all Dragon Ball video games\nList of all Dragon Ball soundtracks\nDragon Ball GT (Japanese: GT, Hepburn: Doragon Bru J T) is a Japanese anime television series based on Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball manga that ran from February 1996 to November 1997. Produced by Toei Animation, the series premiered in Japan on Fuji TV and ran for 64 episodes. Unlike Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z, the previous two television adaptations in the Dragon Ball media franchise, Dragon Ball GT does not adapt the manga by Toriyama. Dragon Ball GT is an anime-exclusive sequel to Dragon Ball Z with an original storyline using the same characters and universe, which follows the exploits of Son Goku, the series protagonist who is turned into a child; his granddaughter, Pan; and their associates on a quest to collect the Black Star Dragon Balls, a more powerful set of Dragon Balls which are hidden throughout the galaxy.\nDespite the series being a non-manga adaptation, series creator Toriyama designed new characters for Dragon Ball GT. Until the release of Dragon Ball Super in 2015, Dragon Ball GT was the last televised animated series in the Dragon Ball franchise.\nPlot[edit]\nSee also: List of Dragon Ball GT episodes\nBlack Star Dragon Balls/Baby Saga[edit]\nFive years after the 28th World Martial Arts Tournament (, Tenkaichi Budkai, lit. \"The Number One Martial Arts Association Under the Heavens\") (10 years in the Funimation dub),[3] Goku is accidentally turned back into a child by Ultimate Shenron (, Kykyoku Shenron), a much more powerful version of Shenron created by the Nameless Namekian (before he split into Kami and King Piccolo) who can grant any single wish, regardless of any restrictions placed on the other dragons, summoned from the Black Star Dragon Balls (, Kykyoku no Doragon Bru, lit. \"Ultimate Dragon Ball\") by his old enemy Emperor Pilaf. He is then forced to travel across the universe to retrieve them, accompanied by his granddaughter Pan and Trunks as, if he does not retrieve them within a year, the Earth will explode. The trio goes through various adventures in their journey to find the Black Star Dragon Balls, until they encounter the artificial Tuffle parasite, Baby, who intends to destroy the Saiyan race as his revenge for their extermination of the Tuffles many years ago.\nAfter turning practically all of the Earth's population, including the Saiyans, into Neo-Tuffles, Baby decides to convert Vegeta's body into his own and use it to kill Goku. Goku fights him and is quickly defeated, but, after having his tail regenerated by Kibito Kai and Old Kai, transforms and achieves the power of Super Saiyan 4 (, Sp Saiya-jin F). In this new form, Goku easily overpowers Baby before destroying the evil Tuffle by propelling him into the sun with a 10x Kamehameha (, Jbai Kamehameha, lit. \"10-Fold Turtle Destruction Wave\"). Piccolo then sacrifices himself to permanently destroy Ultimate Shenron and the Black Star Dragon Balls when the Earth explodes after Goku and the others help the people of Earth evacuate to Planet Plant, which Baby had wished back into existence using the Black Star Dragon Balls.\nSuper Android 17 Saga[edit]\nA year after Baby's defeat, Dr. Myuu (Baby's creator) and Dr. Gero (creator of the Red Ribbon Army androids) create an evil replica of Android 17 (17, Jinzningen J Nana G, lit. \"Artificial Human #17\") in Hell, and have it control the original Android 17 so that a portal from Hell to Earth opens up, leading to a mass invasion of the planet by revived villains. The original Android 17 attempts to mentally manipulate Android 18 as well, but Krillin intervenes. Enraged, 17 murders Krillin by shooting an energy beam through his heart. The two Android 17s then fuse into Super 17 (, Ch J Nana-G), who vows to destroy all of humanity and avenge the Red Ribbon Army's defeat at the hands of Goku. Super 17 seems impervious to all of Goku's attacks, but when 18 attacks him to avenge Krillin's death, Goku takes advantage of the distraction to penetrate through Super 17 with his Super Dragon Fist (, Ch Ryken) technique, then unleashes a Rapid-Fire Kamehameha (, Renzoku Kamehameha, lit. \"Continuous Turtle Destruction Wave\") that completely eradicates him.\nShadow Dragons Saga[edit]\nThe Dragon Balls are collected to revive those killed by Super 17, including Krillin. However, an evil black dragon emerges and then splits into seven Shadow Dragons, who set out to punish humanity for their constant misuse of the Dragon Balls by destroying the Earth. All but the most powerful, Syn Shenron, are defeated by Goku and Pan. Syn Shenron appears to be losing until he absorbs the Dragon Balls and gains tremendous power, transforming into Omega Shenron and surpassing even Super Saiyan 4 Goku's power. Goku is about to sacrifice himself to destroy the evil dragon, but Vegeta intervenes and gains the Super Saiyan 4 transformation with help from Bulma's newest invention, the Blutz Wave Generator. Goku and Vegeta merge using the Fusion Dance technique to create Gogeta, who uses his immense power to beat Omega Shenron to a pulp. However, after being too confident in his ability to defeat Omega Shenron, he uses up too much time in an attempt to embarrass him. Gogeta then defuses and Goku and Vegeta revert to their base forms. Eventually, using the energy of every living being in the universe, Goku creates the incredibly powerful Super Ultra Spirit Bomb (, Ch Urutora Genki-dama, lit. \"Super Ultra Energy Sphere\") and uses it to destroy Omega Shenron once and for all.\nAfterward, the real Shenron appears from the restored Dragon Balls to grant Goku and his friends one last wish, which they use to revive everyone killed by Super 17 and the Shadow Dragons, and then proceeds to disappear along with Goku and the Dragon Balls. Several decades later, Goku's great-great-grandson, Goku Jr., competes in the 64th World Martial Arts Tournament against Vegeta's descendant, Vegeta Jr., as the now-elderly Pan cheers him on. Pan then sees a rejuvenated adult Goku and tries to approach him, but he quickly disappears into the crowd. Goku then leaves the World Martial Arts Tournament with a flashback covering all the events of his timeline. After the flashback ends, Goku then catches his Power Pole and rides off on his Flying Nimbus cloud, bringing the story of Dragon Ball to an end.\nCharacters[edit]\nSee also: List of Dragon Ball characters\nMain characters[edit]\nSon Goku[edit]\nMain article: Goku\nGoku is descended from an alien warrior race known as the Saiyans, who sent him, originally named Kakarot, to Earth to prepare it for conquest.[ch.197] In the first episode, Goku is transformed back into a child by an accidental wish made by the Pilaf Gang using the Black Star Dragon Balls, setting in motion the events of the entire series.[4] The Black Star Dragon Balls were then scattered around the whole universe in different planets after the wish making, and due to the lethal side effect of these Black Star Dragon Balls, the Earth was set to be destroyed in a year if the Balls were not collected within that period of time. Goku, his granddaughter Pan, and the son of Vegeta, Trunks, travel the universe to search for the Black Star Dragon Balls and return them to Earth to prevent its destruction. After acquiring the Super Saiyan 4 transformation, Goku battles the evil Tuffle Baby, Super 17, and the evil Shadow Dragons. His final challenge is against Omega Shenron, whom he destroys using the Spirit Bomb.[5] Goku leaves with the original form of Shenron, but not before saying his goodbyes to his friends on Earth. He then appears 100 years later at the next World Martial Arts Tournament as an adult, where he watches a battle between Goku Jr., his descendant, and Vegeta Jr., Vegeta's descendant. An elderly Pan sees him, but he quickly departs.[6] Goku is the main protagonist of Dragon Ball GT, and the overall main protagonist of the Dragon Ball franchise.\nPan[edit]\nPan () is the granddaughter of Goku and daughter of Gohan and Videl,[ch.518] as such her ancestry comes from both humans and the extraterrestrials called the Saiyans. Pan appears as a young child in the final installments of the original manga and Dragon Ball Z anime series and is featured as one of the protagonists of the Dragon Ball GT anime series and its television special A Hero's Legacy. According to Dragon Ball GT producer Kz Morishita, Pan's role in the GT series was intended to be a strong but constantly imperiled character who had to be rescued by Goku, essentially a heroine who makes Goku a hero.[7]\nIn Japanese media she is voiced by Yko Minaguchi.[8] In the North American versions of Dragon Ball GT, she is voiced by Elise Baughman in the Funimation dub (who also voices her in Dragon Ball Kai) and by Caitlynne Medrek in the Blue Water dub.[9] Sharon Mann voices the older version of the character in AB Groupe's English dub of the GT TV special, which was recorded in France. In the English version of Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout, she is voiced by Julie Maddalena.\nTrunks[edit]\nMain article: Trunks (Dragon Ball)\nIn Dragon Ball GT, Trunks' second incarnation has become the President of Capsule Corporation,[10] but does not take the job seriously. During his time on Imecka, Trunks battles with Ledgic, but he is defeated, who after which, Goku fights him. Trunks later encounters more powerful threats, such as Luud, and General Rilldo. He is then later briefly controlled by Baby during the Baby arc, but is able to free himself from control, but not before Baby implants a mind-control seed. [11] Trunks travels through space with Pan and a de-aged Goku in search of the Black Star Dragon Balls during the first half of the series, though his prominence in the series is reduced following the Baby arc. He also plays a very big part of giving energy to Goku to help him fight Omega Shenron.\nSupporting characters[edit]\nVegeta[edit]\nMain article: Vegeta\nIn the Baby arc, Vegeta is confronted by a Baby-possessed Gohan. Baby possessed Vegeta during their battle despite strong resistance by Vegeta,[12] and the resulting Baby/Vegeta fusion battles Goku.[13][14] Vegeta is later split from Baby's body before Baby is destroyed.[15] Later, he fights Super Android #17, but again, he is knocked out and nearly killed.[16] When Omega Shenron wreaks havoc, he fights with Goku as a Super Saiyan 4 but the two eventually revert to normal.[17][18] Afterwards, Vegeta says a farewell to Goku, who leaves the duty of protecting Earth in Vegeta's hands before he flies off into the sky on Shenron.[19]\nGiru[edit]\nGiru () is a character that first appears in the 3rd episode of Dragon Ball GT. Originally known as T2006 or DB4649T2006RS, Giru is a Machine Mutant, fully mechanical beings with organic properties: they can mold, contort, and reshape themselves like organic lifeforms, absorb and integrate metallic and mechanical materials into their being, as well as restructure themselves. He is encountered by Goku, Pan and Trunks on Imecka. Giru consumes their Dragon Radar for energy in an act of desperation for survival, inadvertently integrating the Dragon Radar's functionality into his software. Giru joins Goku's group and accompanies them to various planets in the galaxy on their quest to find the Black Star Dragon Balls. Giru would become good friends with Pan in the series; however, he is frequently the recipient of abuse, both verbal and physical, at the hands of Pan, which makes him somewhat fearful of her. Giru plays a pivotal role during the group's encounter with his creator Doctor Myuu as well as the parasitic Baby on the planet M-2, and aids them in their subsequent struggle against the villains. During the Shadow Dragons arc, Giru accompanies Goku and Pan to search for the seven Shadow Dragons using his built-in Dragon Radar functionality to track the creatures. He is voiced by Shinobu Satouchi in Japanese media and by Sonny Strait in the Funimation anime dub.\nUub [edit]\nOob (, bu), known as Uub in the English anime dub, is the human reincarnation of the evil Majin Buu. After Buu was destroyed, Goku asked for him to be reincarnated as a good person, so they may battle again.[ch.518] Goku eventually senses Uub's hidden power and seeks him out ten years later, when Uub attends the tournament to gain money for his village.[ch.518] Goku ends up deciding to train him to be a future defender of Earth and as an opponent that he can battle.[ch.519] During the Baby arc he would merge with the benevolent incarnation of Majin Buu ((), Majin B (Zen)), (lit. \"Demon Person Buu (Good)\"), and become Super Oob (, Sp bu) (\"Majuub\" in the English dub), a being powerful enough to face threats such as Baby, Super 17, and Omega Shenron. After fusing with Buu, he experiences a slight alteration of his physical appearance and gains a massive boost in power as well as new abilities such as Buu's signature ability to turn enemies into candy.\nHe is voiced by Atsushi Kisaichi in Japanese, by Scott Roberts and Brendan Hunter in the English Blue Water dub, and by Sean Teague in the Funimation dub.\nMajor antagonists[edit]\nDoctor Myuu[edit]\nDoctor Myuu (, Dokut My) is a recurring character that first appears in the 13th episode of Dragon Ball GT. A brilliant but mad Machine Mutant scientist, he is assisted by his enforcer General Rilldo (, Rirudo Shgun) and intends to gather the Black Star Dragon Balls to complete what appears to be his ultimate creation, Baby. His plans are eventually foiled by Goku, Pan, and Trunks after they arrive on the planet M-2 and defeat most of his minions. Myuu escapes and evades Goku and his companions after Baby's apparent defeat, only to be killed when Baby suddenly emerges from his body. It is then revealed that Baby was the one who created and programmed Dr. Myuu, and not the other way around. He later joins forces with Doctor Gero while in Hell to create a duplicate of Android 17 using Myuu's machine mutant technology, who then manipulates the original Android 17 into converging their power together to open a rift between Earth and Hell, enabling him and his co-creators to escape. Android 17 and his Hell Fighter duplicate eventually fuse to become Super 17, who subsequently turns on and murders both Gero and Myuu. He is voiced by Kazuyuki Sogabe in Japanese media and Duncan Brannan in the Funimation anime dub.\nBaby[edit]\nBaby (, Beb) is a character that first appears in the 22nd episode of Dragon Ball GT. He is a parasitic alien created by combining the DNA of the king of the Tuffles (, Tsufuru-jin) with a cybernetic body. Baby desires to exterminate all of the Saiyans to avenge the extinction of his people and the loss of their homeworld to the Saiyans. Baby is first reactivated from a sleep state by Doctor Myuu; he attempts to fight Goku, Trunks, and Pan but is easily defeated. To boost his power, Baby infects various people with his DNA and begins gathering energy from them. After a second defeat at the hands of the three Saiyans, Baby infects Trunks and travels to Earth with his unsuspecting host. On Earth, he battles Goten and Gohan, infects them both, and eventually infects Vegeta to make him his primary host. Goku, Trunks, and Pan return to Earth to find the entire population is now under Baby's control. Baby defeats Goku, then he uses the Black Star Dragon Balls to restore the planet Tuffle and transport the Earth population to it. During this time, Baby evolves into an even more powerful form and defeats and eats Uub after his chocolate beam is reflected back. Goku returns for a rematch, but is swiftly defeated. This causes Goku to transform into a Golden Great Ape and then into a Super Saiyan 4. Baby then has Bulma, also under his control, fire a radiation beam at him from her Blutz Wave Generator which enables him to transform into a Golden Great Ape as well. After a lengthy battle, Goku emerges victorious with the help of Uub, who weakens Baby from inside him, and Trunks, Gohan, and Goten, who were freed from Baby's control by Kibito Kai. Baby separates from Vegeta and attempts to escape in a spaceship, vowing to return to destroy the Saiyans. Goku blasts the spaceship with a 10x Kamehameha attack, sending it into the sun and obliterating Baby. The character made his manga debut in the first chapter of Dragon Ball Heroes: Victory Mission in October 2012. Baby is voiced by Yusuke Numata in Japanese media and by Mike McFarland in the Funimation anime dub.\nSuper 17[edit]\nIn the \"Super 17\" arc, Doctor Gero and Doctor Myuu create a machine mutant copy of Android 17 by the name of Hell Fighter 17, who is capable of mentally controlling Red Ribbon Androids like 17 and 18.[20] Android 17 is compelled into fusing with his machine mutant replica and become the villainous Super 17. Super 17 is capable of absorbing an opponent's incoming attacks, but he is unable to move and absorb energy at the same time.[21] Sometime after Goku kills Super 17 using the Super Dragon Fist while the latter is distracted by 18, the original Android 17 is eventually revived with the Dragon Balls during the series finale.[22] He is voiced by Shigeru Nakahara in Japanese media and Chuck Huber in the Funimation anime dub.\nShadow Dragons[edit]\nThe Shadow Dragons, known as Evil Dragons (, Jaakury) in the original Japanese, are a group of evil beings born from the evil energy caused by overuse of the Dragon Balls in Dragon Ball GT. They are named after the One-Star through Seven-Star Dragon Balls; One-Star Dragon (, shinron, Chinese: Y Xng Lng), Two-Star Dragon (, Ryanshinron, Chinese: r Xng Lng), Three-Star Dragon (, Sanshinron, Chinese: Sn Xng Lng), Four-Star Dragon (, Sshinron, Chinese: S Xng Lng), Five-Star Dragon (, shinron, Chinese: W Xng Lng), Six-Star Dragon (, Ryshinron, Chinese: Li Xng Lng), and Seven-Star Dragon (, Chshinron, Chinese: Q Xng Lng). In the English dubs, their names are changed to Syn Shenron, Haze Shenron, Eis Shenron, Nuova Shenron, Rage Shenron, Oceanus Shenron, and Naturon Shenron respectively.\nWhen attempting to undo the damage caused by Super 17, a cigar-smoking Black Smoke Shenlong (, Kokuen no Ry, lit. \"Black Smoke Dragon\"), named Black Smoke Shenron in the Funimation dub, is summoned from the Dragon Balls instead of the regular Shenron. He is a dragon who is formed from all the negative energy accumulated from the selfish wishes granted throughout the series using the Dragon Balls. Summoned from the same Earth Dragon Balls, he splits into seven Evil Dragons who each take the form of a tainted Dragon Ball, spreading out all over the world and proceeding to cause chaos, causing the heroes to defeat each one. Goku, Pan, and Giru manage to defeat the other dragons before encountering Eis and Nuova Shenron. Being much more honorable than his brethren, Nuova helps Goku and turns on Eis. Syn Shenron, the most powerful of the Shadow Dragons, kills Nuova before absorbing both his Dragon Ball and the others as well to increase his power and become Omega Shenron, Super One-Star Dragon (, Sp shinron) in Japanese, with access to all of the abilities of his brethren. After a long battle, he is killed by Goku's Super Genki-Dama, and the Dragon Balls are purified.\nThe Shadow Dragons make their manga debut in the Jaaku Missions Saga of Dragon Ball Heroes: Victory Mission. When confronted by the Dragon Ball Heroes, Black Smoke Shenron creates Shadow GT Goku (, Shad Gok) to combat them. Shadow GT Goku is a replication of GT Goku created by Black Smoke Shenron as his primary method of fighting.\nDaisuke Gri voices Black Smoke Shenron in Japanese, and Christopher Sabat voices him in the Funimation dub. Syn/Omega Shenron is voiced by Hidekatsu Shibata in Japanese. Bob Carter and Christopher R. Sabat respectively voice Syn Shenron and Omega Shenron in the Funimation dub, while Victor Atelevich voices them both in the Blue Water dub.\nProduction[edit]\nUnlike the previous anime series in the Dragon Ball franchise, Dragon Ball GT does not adapt the manga series written by Akira Toriyama, but tells an original story conceived by the staff of Toei Animation using the same characters and universe from the original Dragon Ball manga and it continues the story where Dragon Ball Z had left off. Toriyama did, however, come up with the Dragon Ball GT name, which stands for \"Grand Tour\", in reference to the series having the characters travel through the universe, and designed the appearances of the main cast. Toriyama himself referred to GT as a \"side story of the original Dragon Ball\".[23]\nChief character designer Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru said he agonized over designing Super Saiyan 4 Goku, which was the idea of the show's producers, questioning whether it was necessary to go further with the transformations. Because Super Saiyan 4 is brought about while in a Saiyan's Great Ape (, zaru, lit. \"Great Monkey\") form, he made the hair more \"wild\" and covered Goku's body in red fur. There was only a single final draft of the character; although Nakatsuru did consider making the hair blond, he ended up choosing black as it provides more contrast with the red fur.[24]\nMusic[edit]\nThe music of Dragon Ball GT was composed by Akihito Tokunaga, although the series uses five pieces of theme music by popular recording artists. Field of View performs the series opening theme, \"Dan Dan Kokoro Hikareteku\" (DAN DAN ), which is used for all 64 episodes in Japanese. Vic Mignogna performs the English version. \"Hitori Janai\" (), performed by Deen in Japanese and Stephanie Young in English, is used for the ending theme for the first 26 episodes. Starting at episode 27, the series begins using Zard's \"Don't You See!\" for the ending theme in Japanese. Stephanie Young performed the song in English. Episode 42 marks the next ending theme change, with \"Blue Velvet\" by Shizuka Kud in Japanese and Brina Palencia in English being used. \"Sabitsuita Machine Gun de Ima o Uchinuk\" (), performed by Wands in Japanese and Justin Houston in English, is introduced as an ending theme in episode 51. It was used as the ending theme for the remainder of the series, except for the final episode in the original broadcast, which reuses the opening theme, which was omitted in the alternate soundtrack, composed by Mark Manza.\nLocalization[edit]\nFunimation dub[edit]\nWhen Dragon Ball GT was originally airing in Japan during 1996 and 1997, Funimation had already begun dubbing the first two seasons of Dragon Ball Z, in association with Saban Entertainment and Ocean Productions. Once Funimation completed work on Dragon Ball Z in 2003, they licensed GT for an English language broadcast in the United States. Their English dub of the series utilized a new guitar-based musical score by Mark Menza, and a new rap metal theme, titled \"Step into the Grand Tour\".[25] The theme was performed by rapper Marcus Hall (known as \"Shorty the Man\").[26]\nThe Funimation dub aired on Cartoon Network's Toonami programming block from November 7, 2003, to April 16, 2005, and had reruns outside of Toonami until June 13, 2005. Funimation decided to release the first few home video volumes several months ahead of the TV debut. Part of the reasoning behind this was so that Toonami could repeat the entirety of Dragon Ball Z in 2003 before airing the first episode of GT.[27]\nThe company's original home video release and television broadcast both skipped the first 16 episodes of the series. Instead, Funimation created a composition episode entitled \"A Grand Problem\" which used scenes from the skipped episodes to summarize the story. The skipped episodes were later shown on Cartoon Network as \"The Lost Episodes\" after the original broadcast concluded. Funimation's English dub began re-airing in the US on Nicktoons from January 16 to December 13, 2012, (which also included the U.S. television premiere of Episode 16 \"Giru's Checkered Past\") and rerun until January 2, 2015, due to Adult Swim having air rights Dragon Ball Z Kai through Toonami.[28] \"Step into the Grand Tour\" was included on the original DVD/VHS volumes by Funimation, and appeared on all TV airings on Toonami and Nicktoons. However, subsequent home video releases and streaming have excluded the song in favor of an English version of the Japanese theme. Later releases also include an audio track that combines the Funimation voices with the original Tokunaga score.\nIn Australia, Funimation's English dub aired on Network Ten's Cheez TV morning cartoon block from March 2004 to June 2004.[29] It also aired concurrently on the Australian version of Toonami.\nBlue Water dub[edit]\nAB Groupe (in association with Chinook Animation and Blue Water Studios) produced an alternate dub for Europe and Canada and was aired on YTV and Toonami UK, which divided the episodes into two seasons. The original Japanese music composed by Akihito Tokunaga was retained in the Blue Water dub.[30][31] This dub ran in the UK from March 3, 2003, on CNX until August 17, 2003. The Dragon Ball Z Ocean cast, which was used in the Funimation/Saban dub of Seasons 12 and the Westwood Media/AB Groupe dub of Seasons 49, was originally contacted to dub Dragon Ball GT as well. Due to cost-cutting measures, this never came to fruition, with dubbing being moved from Vancouver to Calgary, where Blue Water Studios was based.\nThe dub had a script that was independent of Funimation, with some techniques having different titles (such as \"Instant Transmission\", which is renamed \"Instant Translocation\"). The names of various characters, such as the Shadow Dragon villains, were more accurate to the Japanese version when compared to the names given by Funimation. Unlike with the Funimation dub and Japanese version, the dub utilized a real child actress for Pan.[9]\nAB Groupe dub[edit]\nA third English dub exists, also produced by AB Groupe, utilizing a different French-based cast. This cast only dubbed the 1997 A Hero's Legacy special, which aired on Toonami UK in 2005. Like with the Blue Water dub, it kept the original Japanese soundtrack. The French-based English cast also dubbed most of the other Dragon Ball / Dragon Ball Z films and specials, with their dub being known by fans as the \"Big Green dub\", because it changed Piccolo's name to Big Green.[32]\nRelated media[edit]\nHome media and streaming[edit]\nFirst Dragon Ball GT DVD volume, released in Japan by Toei Video on February 6, 2008.\nIn Japan, Dragon Ball GT did not receive a home video release until June 15, 2005, eight years after its broadcast. This was a remastering of the series in a single 12-disc DVD box set, that was made-to-order only, referred to as a \"Dragon Box\". It was released by Pony Canyon. The content of this set began being released on mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs on August 6, 2009, and finished with the eleventh volume released on June 4, 2010.\nIn North America, Funimation began releasing Dragon Ball GT on both VHS and DVD in edited and uncut formats in April and September 2003,[33] starting with episode 17, after they made their own clip show episode titled 'A Grand Problem' to bring the audience up to speed with the story. After the final fifteenth volume, they released the first 16 episodes in five \"Lost Episode\" volumes between July 2004 and February 2005. They then released the series in DVD box sets; the first (beginning with episode 17) in October 2005 and finished in November 2006 with the first 16 episodes as a box set. Two years later, they began releasing the series again in DVD \"remastered season\" sets that finally put the episodes in proper chronological order; the first on December 9, 2008, and the second on February 10, 2009. A Game Boy Advance Video cartridge containing the episodes \"A Grand Problem\" and \"Pan's Gambit\" was released on September 7, 2004, by Majesco Entertainment. A complete series DVD box set including the TV special was later released on September 21, 2010. Manga Entertainment began distributing Dragon Ball GT on DVD in the UK on January 20, 2014, which are re-releases of Funimation's 2008 and 2009 sets.[34][35] The first season set of Dragon Ball GT contains the first 34 episodes of the series on five discs, and was released alongside MVM Films' release of Is This a Zombie? of the Dead.[36]\nThe series was made available on the FunimationNow app upon its launch. In March 2022, Dragon Ball GT along with the Dragon Ball titles were transferred to Crunchyroll, a streaming service Funimation acquired a year prior.[37]\nDVD releases[edit]\nRegion 1 (North America) and Region 4 (Australia/New Zealand)\nIndividual Discs\nName\nDisc #\nRelease Date\nEpisodes\nSaga\nReaction\n1\nJuly 13, 2004 (North America)September 24, 2004 (Australia)[38]\n13\nBlack Star Dragon Ball Saga\nRejection\n2\nSeptember 7, 2004 (North America)November 18, 2004 (Australia)\n46\nRuination\n3\nNovember 23, 2004 (North America)January 12, 2005 (Australia)\n79\nConviction\n4\nDecember 14, 2004 (North America)February 24, 2005 (Australia)\n1012\nActivation\n5\nFebruary 8, 2005 (North America) March 14, 2005 (Australia)\n1316\nAffliction\n6\nApril 15, 2003 (North America)September 10, 2003 (Australia)\n1719\nBaby Saga\nIncubation\n7\nApril 15, 2003 (North America)September 10, 2003 (Australia)\n2022\nCreation\n8\nJune 3, 2003 (North America)November 18, 2003 (Australia)\n2325\nProliferation\n9\nJune 3, 2003 (North America)November 18, 2003 (Australia)\n2628\nRamifications\n10\nJuly 15, 2003 (North America)December 5, 2003 (Australia)\n2931\nPreparation\n11\nJuly 15, 2003 (North America)December 5, 2003 (Australia)\n3234\nAnnihilation\n12\nOctober 14, 2003 (North America)January 14, 2004 (Australia)\n3537\nSalvation\n13\nOctober 14, 2003 (North America)January 14, 2004 (Australia)\n3840\nCalculations\n14\nDecember 30, 2003 (North America)February 11, 2004 (Australia)\n4144\nSuper 17 Saga\nRevelations\n15\nDecember 30, 2003 (North America)February 11, 2004 (Australia)\n4547\nEvolution\n16\nFebruary 3, 2004 (North America)April 20, 2004 (Australia)\n4851\nShadow Dragon Saga\nRevolution\n17\nFebruary 3, 2004 (North America)April 20, 2004 (Australia)\n5254\nRealization\n18\nMarch 30, 2004 (North America)June 23, 2004 (Australia)\n5557\nConversion\n19\nMarch 30, 2004 (North America)June 23, 2004 (Australia)\n5860\nGenerations\n20\nMay 11, 2004 (North America)August 18, 2004 (Australia)\n6164\nTV Special\nName\nRelease Date\nA Hero's Legacy\nNovember 16, 2004 (North America)March 17, 2005 (Australia)\nSeason Box Sets\nName\nDate\nDiscs\nEpisodes\nSagas\nSeason One\nDecember 9, 2008\n5\n134\nBlack Star Dragon Ball/Baby Saga\nSeason Two\nFebruary 10, 2009\n5\n3564 + TV Special\nBaby Saga/Super 17/Shadow Dragon Saga/A Hero's Legacy\nThe Complete Series\nSeptember 21, 2010\n10\n164 + TV Special\nBlack Star Dragon Ball/Baby/Super 17/Shadow Dragon Saga/A Hero's Legacy\nRegion 2\nDragon Ball GT Set (Japan)\nName\nDate\nDiscs\nEpisodes\nDragon Box GT: Dragon Ball GT DVD-BOX\nFebruary 28, 2005\n12\n164 + TV Special\nSeason Box Sets (United Kingdom)\nName\nDate\nDiscs\nEpisodes\nDragon Ball GT Season 1\nJanuary 20, 2014\n5\n134\nDragon Ball GT Season 2\nMarch 17, 2014\n5\n3564 + TV Special\nThe Complete Series\nDecember 3, 2018\n10\n164 + TV Special\n1997 stage show[edit]\nIn 1997, a Dragon Ball GT stage show was performed in Japan. It featured Goku, Pan, and Trunks battling against villains from the series, as well as new forms of Cell and Frieza. All actors wore large mascot costumes for the performance.[39]\nArt books and manga[edit]\nThere are two companion books to the series, called the Dragon Ball GT Perfect Files, released in May 1997 and December 1997 by Shueisha's Jump Comics Selection imprint. They include series information, illustration galleries, behind-the-scenes information, and more. They were out of print for many years but were re-released in April 2006 and this edition is still in print.[40][41]\nIn 2013, an anime comic version of Dragon Ball GT, starting from the final arc, began running in Shueisha's Saiky Jump magazine. It began serialization in the January 2014 issue, which was released on December 4, 2013.[42] Upon completing the arc, the comic resumed by starting from the beginning of GT in June 2019.[43]\nVideo games[edit]\nMain article: List of Dragon Ball video games\nThere have been two video games produced based on Dragon Ball GT, the first being Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout in 1997 for the PlayStation, which received international releases that same year, making it the original Dragon Ball game to be released in North America. The game featured a Californian-based voice cast for the North American version, rather than the Vancouver-based Ocean cast, who were doing the original North American dub of Dragon Ball Z during 1997. The 2005 Game Boy Advance game Dragon Ball GT: Transformation was released exclusively in North America.\nTwo \"GT Packs\" were released for the game Dragon Ball Xenoverse on March 10, 2015, and April 14, 2015, respectively. Both Packs can also be obtained through the game's season pass.\nGoku as he appears in Dragon Ball GT is a playable character in Dragon Ball FighterZ. The character was released as paid downloadable content on May 9, 2019.[44]\nReception[edit]\nThe series is often considered the \"black sheep\" of the Dragon Ball franchise, due to the lack of involvement from series creator Akira Toriyama.[45][46] In 2010, Dragon Ball: Raging Blast 2 producer Ryo Mito stated that \"GT is popular with fans overseas. In Japan, it's not as popular.\"[47] It was considered to be Funimation's second-biggest anime property during the 2000s, behind only Dragon Ball Z. GT's American release was labeled as \"very successful\" in 2005.[48]\nJeffrey Harris from IGN called it \"downright repellent,\" mentioning that the material and characters had lost their novelty and fun. They also criticized the GT character designs of Vegeta and Trunks as being \"goofy.\"[49] Anime News Network (ANN) also gave negative comments about the anime, mentioning that the fights from the series were \"a very simple childish exercise\" and that older fans will want to stick with other anime. The series's plot was also criticized for giving a formula that was already used in its predecessors.[50] Although, it did call it \"a fun ride when not taken very seriously.\"[51]\nIn his 2008 Funimation season set review, Todd Douglass Jr. of DVD Talk stated that the series became the \"bastard child of the series\",[52] and was \"a bad idea that spawned out of someone's desire to make more money on the back of Toriyama's work.\"[52] He goes on to write, \"Dragon Ball GT isn't all bad. There are some nice fights scattered throughout the show and though the stories never quite reach the level we grew accustomed to in Z some of moments were entertaining enough to please Dragon Ball fans. It's just that those snippets are spread few and far between and when compared to its predecessors it comes up woefully short by all accounts.\"[52]\nCBR stated that the character of Pan \"embraces a tomboy aesthetic and prefers fighting over other activities that might be considered more conventionally feminine.\",[53] and claimed that the show \"dropped the ball with [her] potential.\"[54] Comicbook.com said that GT \"floundered to create characters who were memorable or even likable to fans\",[55] and criticized it for making Goku become \"so important to the show that former characters like Krillin, Gohan, and even Vegeta are all but forgotten.\"[55]\nIn recent years, GT has begun to be compared favorably to Dragon Ball's latest anime series, Dragon Ball Super. In 2021, Hidden Remote remarked that, \"Despite its strengths, Dragon Ball Super boasts some notable flaws. Whats more is that these weaknesses exist in areas where GT excelled.\"[56]\nNotes[edit]\n^ Formerly known as Funimation.\n^ In North America through Crunchyroll (formerly known as Funimation) and in Australia through Madman Anime.\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b \"Dragon Ball GT\". Funimation. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.\n^ \"Cartoon Network gears up for 2005 with new acquisitions\". Indian Television. April 12, 2005. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2023.\n^ \"Dragon Ball GT\". Funimation. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2016.\n^ \"The Mysterious Dragon Balls Activate!! Goku Becomes A Child!?\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 1. February 7, 1996.\n^ \"A Miraculous Come-From-Behind Victory!! Goku Saves The Universe\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 63. November 12, 1997.\n^ \"Goodbye, Goku... 'Til the Day We Meet Again\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 64. November 19, 1997.\n^ \"Dragon Ball GT DVD Box: Dragon Box GT \"Dragon Book\"\". Animation Collective and Pony Canyon. June 15, 2005. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2018.\n^ \"N. Carolina's Animazement to Host Madhouse Co-Founder Masao Murayama\". Anime News Network. April 8, 2013. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2015.\n^ a b \"Caitlynne Medrek\". Female.com.au. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.\n^ \"Dragon Ball GT | Trunks\". Dragon Ball GT. Funimation. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2017. Trunks is the current President of the Capsule Corporation, but don't let his new digs fool you.\n^ Peckham, Eric Mylonas (2005). \"T\". Dragonball GT: Transformation. Prima Games. ISBN9780761546788.\n^ \"The Attack on Vegeta\" / \"Ambitions Achieved!? Vegeta Possessed\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 27. November 6, 1996.\n^ \"The Fall of The Saiyans\" / \"The Situation is Even Worse!? Super Saiyan 3 Fails!!\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 29. November 27, 1996.\n^ \"Goku's Ascension\" / \"The Strongest Form! Son Goku Becomes A Super Saiyan 4!!\". Dragon Ball GT. January 29, 1997.\n^ \"Baby Put To Rest\" / \"The Finale! At Last, Bebi Is Annihilated\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 39. February 26, 1997.\n^ \"17 Times 2\" / \"The Ultimate Android! The Two #17s Unite\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 44. April 30, 1997.\n^ \"Super Saiyan 4 Vegeta\" / \"Friend Or Foe?... Giant Ape Vegeta on the Rampage\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 59. September 17, 1997.\n^ \"Universal Allies\" / \"A Miraculous Come-From-Behind Victory!! Goku Saves The Universe\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 63. November 12, 1997.\n^ \"Until We Meet Again\" / \"Goodbye, Goku... 'Till the Day We Meet Again\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 64. November 19, 1997.\n^ \"The Villains Of Hell!! The Revival of Cell and Frieza\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 43. April 23, 1997.\n^ \"A Grand Turnabout! Goku's and #18's Combo Attack Explodes\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 47. June 4, 1997.\n^ \"\"Goodbye, Goku... 'Till the Day We Meet Again\"\". Dragon Ball GT. Episode 64. November 19, 1997.\n^ Akira Toriyama message in the Dragon Book included with the Dragon Ball GT Dragon Box DVD set.\n^ DRAGON BALL (in Japanese). Shueisha. 2010. pp.7879. ISBN978-4-8342-8413-3.\n^ \"30 Ridiculous Mistakes In Dragon Ball GT Only True Fans Noticed\". ScreenRant. February 24, 2019. Archived from the original on September 12, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.\n^ Padula, Derek (April 15, 2015). \"Exclusive Interview with Dragon Ball GT Rap Intro Creator\". The Dao of Dragon Ball. Archived from the original on September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.\n^ \"THE FUTURE OF DRAGON BALL\". Icv2.com. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.\n^ \"U.S. TV's Nicktoons to Run Dragon Ball GT in January\". Anime News Network. December 15, 2011. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2013.\n^ \"Cartoon Central Australia Old Cheez TV schedules\". Members.optusnet.com.au. Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.\n^ \"Dragon Ball GT episode guide\". YTV. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008.\n^ \"Forum Buzz: New Anime on YTV this Fall\". AnimeOnDVD.com. August 18, 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2004. Retrieved June 5, 2008.\n^ \"5 Anime Dubs That MIGHT Be the Worst Thing You've Ever Heard\". Cbr.com. December 4, 2020. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.\n^ \"FUNimation announces DBGT\". Anime News Network. January 18, 2006. Retrieved February 2, 2014.\n^ \"Manga Entertainment 2013 Q1 Schedule Includes Evangelion 3.33 in March\". Anime News Network. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2013.\n^ \"Trailer: Dragon Ball GT\". Anime News Network. January 9, 2014. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2020.\n^ \"First Dragon Ball GT Plus Is this a Zombie? of the Dead Released Monday\". Anime News Network. January 19, 2014. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.\n^ \"Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z and Dragon Ball GT Are Now on Crunchyroll!\". Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.\n^ \"DVD Title search results for 'dragon ball gt'\". www.michaeldvd.com.au. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\n^ \"20 Dark Secrets You Didn't Know About Dragon Ball GT\". TheGamer. February 26, 2018. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.\n^ \"GT vol1 (Dragon Ball GT: Perfect File vol.1)\". Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013.\n^ \"GT vol2 (Dragon Ball GT: Perfect File vol.2)\". Shueisha. Archived from the original on February 24, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2013.\n^ \"Dragon Ball GT Gets Anime Comic Series\". Anime News Network. October 30, 2013. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2013.\n^ Peters, Megan (June 2, 2019). \"Surprise! Dragon Ball GT's Manga Is Resuming\". ComicBook. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2019.\n^ \"Dragon Ball FighterZ Kid Goku DLC Release Date Revealed\". Archived from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2019.\n^ \"Should Fans Watch Dragon Ball Super or Dragon Ball GT First?\". Anime. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.\n^ \"10 Times Dragon Ball GT Was Actually Better Than Super\". CBR. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.\n^ \"Dragon Ball: Raging Blast 2 Producer On Cross-Cultural Dragon Ball Development Siliconera\". Siliconera. July 28, 2010. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.\n^ \"Atari And Funimation Agree To Exclusive Multi-Year Extension Of Dragon Ball License\". GamesIndustry.biz. January 12, 2005. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.\n^ Harris, Jeffrey (November 12, 2007). \"Dragon Ball GT The Lost Episodes DVD Box Set Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2008.\n^ Bertschy, Zac (June 6, 2004). \"Dragon Ball GT DVD 8: Salvation\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2008.\n^ Divers, Allen (January 15, 2004). \"Dragon Ball GT DVD 7: Annihilation\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2014.\n^ a b c Todd Douglass Jr. (January 22, 2009). \"Dragon Ball GT: Season One\". www.dvdtalk.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.\n^ \"Dragon Ball GT: 10 Ways Pan Changed By The End Of The Anime\". CBR. February 17, 2021. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\n^ \"Dragon Ball GT: 6 Changes That Would Have Improved Pan\". CBR. December 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\n^ a b \"Why Is Dragon Ball GT So Disliked By Fans?\". Anime. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.\n^ \"5 things Dragon Ball GT did better than Dragon Ball Super\". Hidden Remote. January 13, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2024.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikiquote has quotations related to Dragon Ball GT.\nFunimation's Dragon Ball GT site Archived January 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine\nDragon Ball GT (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia\nvteDragon Ball by Akira ToriyamaManga\nDragon Ball\nEpisode of Bardock\nDragon Ball Super\nCollected volumes\nDragon Ball chapters\nDragon Ball Z chapters\nDragon Ball Super chapters\nAnimeTV and net series\nDragon Ball\nepisodes\nDragon Ball Z\nepisodes\nseason 1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nKai episodes\nDragon Ball GT\nepisodes\nDragon Ball Super\nepisodes\nSuper Dragon Ball Heroes\nepisodes\nTV specials and OVAs\nDragon Ball Z: Bardock The Father of Goku\nDragon Ball Z: The History of Trunks\nDragon Ball Z Side Story: Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans\nDragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy\nDragon Ball: Yo! 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By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_GT" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Dragon Ball GT | Dragon Ball Wiki | Fandom\nDragon Ball Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nContent\nCharacters\nDragon Team\nFrieza Force\nRed Ribbon Army\nOrganization of Babidi\nTeam Universe 6\nPride Troopers\nDark Empire\nAnime\nDragon Ball\nDragon Ball Z\nDragon Ball Z Kai\nDragon Ball Super\nDragon Ball Daima\nSuper Dragon Ball Heroes\nDragon Ball GT\nDr. Slump\nManga\nDragon Ball\nDragon Ball Super\nDark Demon Realm Mission!\nUniverse Mission!!\nBig Bang Mission!!!\nUltra God Mission!!!!\nMeteor Mission!\nSagas\nFilms\nVideo Games\nBudokai series\nBudokai Tenkaichi series\nXenoverse series\nHeroes\nFighterZ\nDokkan Battle\nLegends\nCommunity\nAdministrators\nForum\nBlogs\nAnime/Manga Hub\nAbout Us\nPolicies\nGuidelines\nRules\nStandards\nManual of Style\nAdministration\nRequests\nProposals\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nDragon Ball Wiki\n8,624pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nContent\nCharacters\nDragon Team\nFrieza Force\nRed Ribbon Army\nOrganization of Babidi\nTeam Universe 6\nPride Troopers\nDark Empire\nAnime\nDragon Ball\nDragon Ball Z\nDragon Ball Z Kai\nDragon Ball Super\nDragon Ball Daima\nSuper Dragon Ball Heroes\nDragon Ball GT\nDr. Slump\nManga\nDragon Ball\nDragon Ball Super\nDark Demon Realm Mission!\nUniverse Mission!!\nBig Bang Mission!!!\nUltra God Mission!!!!\nMeteor Mission!\nSagas\nFilms\nVideo Games\nBudokai series\nBudokai Tenkaichi series\nXenoverse series\nHeroes\nFighterZ\nDokkan Battle\nLegends\nCommunity\nAdministrators\nForum\nBlogs\nAnime/Manga Hub\nAbout Us\nPolicies\nGuidelines\nRules\nStandards\nManual of Style\nAdministration\nRequests\nProposals\nin:\nDragon Ball GT, Anime series\nEnglish\nCatal\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nPortugus do Brasil\nTrke\nDragon Ball GT\nView source\nView history\nTalk (640)\nDragon Ball GT\nDragon Ball GTDoragon Bru J T\nGenre\nAction, Adventure, Comedy, Fantasy, Science fiction, Martial arts\nAnime series: Dragon Ball GT\nDirected by\nOsamu Kasai\nStudio\nToei Animation\nSeries Composition\nAya Matsui (#1-50)\nWritten by\nAya MatsuiMasashi KubotaAtsushi Maekawaothers\nLicensor\nFunimation\nNetwork\nFuji Television\nOther networks\nCartoon Network (Toonami)\nOriginal run\nFebruary 7, 1996 November 19, 1997\nNo. of episodes\n64\nStreaming Sites\nHulu\nCrunchyroll\nDragon Ball GT (, Doragon Bru J T, GT standing for \"Grand Tour\", commonly abbreviated as DBGT) is one of two sequels to Dragon Ball Z, whose material is produced only by Toei Animation and is not adapted from a preexisting manga series. The Dragon Ball GT series is the shortest of the Dragon Ball series, consisting of only 64 episodes; as opposed to its predecessor, Dragon Ball Z, which consisted of 291 episodes, Dragon Ball, which consisted of 153, and its successor series Dragon Ball Super, with 131 episodes. The series spanned 64 episodes and is concluded by the TV special Dragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy.\nContents\n1 Plot\n2 Overview\n2.1 Series History\n2.2 Toriyama's involvement and canon debate\n3 Sagas\n4 English adaptations\n4.1 US (Funimation) version\n4.2 International (Blue Water) version\n5 Live stage show\n6 TV special\n7 Release\n7.1 Funimation Remastered Box Sets\n8 Manga\n9 Cast\n10 Staff\n11 Theme Songs\n12 Reception\n13 Gallery\n14 See also\n15 References\n16 External links\n17 Site Navigation\nPlot\nThe GT logo, designed by Akira Toriyama (Perfect Files)\nThe series continues the adventures of Goku, who is turned back into a child by Emperor Pilaf accidentally wishing this using the Black Star Dragon Balls in the beginning of the series and is forced to travel across the galaxy to retrieve them. The first half of the series focuses on Goku, Pan, and Trunks, while the second half brings back most of the prominent characters from Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z. The series follows the Dragon Team against far more powerful foes such as the Luud Cult, theMachine Mutants,Baby, Super 17, and the Shadow Dragons.\nThe series is most commonly referred to as taking place 5 years after the Peaceful World Saga,[1][2] though in promotional material for the English dub it was referred to as occurring 10 years later.[3][4] It was also on one occasion instead referred to as taking place six years later.[5]\nOverview\nSeries History\nGT main characters as designed by Akira Toriyama\nThe first two anime series were directly based off the Dragon Ball manga, which took much longer to produce than the anime did. This often resulted in \"filler\"; a notable instance being that the end of Goku's battle withFriezalasts much longer than Frieza's predicted \"five minutes\".Since Dragon Ball GT was not based on the manga, no filler was required. As a result, four entire sagas (the Black Star Dragon Ball Saga, the Baby Saga, the Super 17 Saga, and the Shadow Dragon Saga) were completed in only 64 episodes. The music for Dragon Ball GT was composed and written by Akihito Tokunaga, replacing Shunsuke Kikuchi who is now retired after composing his last score for the final episode of Dragon Ball Z and the character designs for Dragon Ball GT were created by Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru.\nDragon Ball GT began on Fuji TV at 7:30 p.m. on Wednesday, February 7, 1996, exactly one week after the final episode of Dragon Ball Z. It ran for 64 episodes, the last of which aired on November 19, 1997. The series average rating was 14.6%, with its maximum being 19.7% (Episode 02) and its minimum being 9.6% (Episode 21). The series has also been aired across Japan by the anime television network, Animax, where it is currently being regularly broadcast. Unlike the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z series, the creator Akira Toriyama had only minor involvement in the show's early stages, setting forth the initial premise of the series, as well as creating designs for most of the villains and main characters, including newcomer Giru. Early episodes are much more comedic in tone, reminiscent of early Dragon Ball. The later episodes, however, are action-packed and feature the same sort of dramatic tone that existed in Dragon Ball Z. The series ran for 64 episodes, ending after two years on the air. GT was followed by Dragon Ball Z Kai, a condensed remake of Dragon Ball Z, and Dragon Ball Super, which features a new plotline set directly after Dragon Ball Z, taking place between episodes 288 and 289 and began airing in the summer of 2015.\nGoku, Pan, and Trunks adventuring, drawn by Toriyama (Weekly Jump No.3-4, 1996)\nThere are two companion books to the series, called the Dragon Ball GT: Perfect File, released in May 1997 and December 1997 by Shueisha's Jump Comics Selection imprint. They include series information, illustration galleries, behind-the-scenes information, and more. They were out of print for many years but were re-released in April 2006 and this edition is still in print.\nOn June 15, 2005, Toei Animation (in conjunction with distributor Pony Canyon) released the entire series (including the Gok Jr. TV special) in an extremely limited-edition DVD boxed set (called \"Dragon Box GT\"), along with a Dragon Radar remote control and an exclusive booklet. While the set features remastered audio and video, there are no subtitles, English or otherwise. It's also unavailable to the general public due to its scarce numbers and its huge cost.[6]\nToriyama's involvement and canon debate\nAkira Toriyama credited as author in Dragon Ball GT\nAkira Toriyama is credited as author in the ending credits of Dragon Ball GT; he oversaw the series' production; this was the same process that was used during the production of the anime series Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z. He came up with the name of the series, drew a rough design for the GT logo, he designed the GT appearance of the series main cast, and he designed the appearances of Giru and the Grand Tour Spaceship used in the Black Star Dragon Ball Saga.[7] He also drew at least three color pictures of Goku, Pan, and Trunks adventuring on various planets (Monmaasu, Rudeeze, and an area in Hell).[8]\nSuper Saiyan 4 Goku, drawn by Akira Toriyama\nToriyama seems to have positive feelings towards his work's continuation. He refers to his fellow GT staff as \"excellent\", praising in particular the series animator, \"animator Nakatsuru-kun is amazingly skilled, and mastered the peculiarities of my drawings\". Toriyama has said that watching GT makes him happy, and that he enjoys it.[9] Toriyama drew a promotional version of Super Saiyan 4 Goku exclusively for the Dragon Box GT. Characters and events from GT have also been included in recent Dragon Ball video games.\nSome fans do not consider GT to be an official installment of the series, most often citing that the series was not directly adapted from a Toriyama manga. Like Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z, GT contains minor elements inconsistent with prior anime events. However, GT has the fewest inconsistencies of the first three anime series, making it difficult to burden the few that exist as a reason for the series to be set aside as unofficial.\nOn the same Dragon Box that Toriyama illustrated the Super Saiyan 4 form, he refers to the series as \"a grand side-story of the original Dragon Ball\".[9] This controversial statement is interpreted by some fans to mean that the series is considered by Toriyama as an official continuation of his manga, and by others to mean the opposite. In December 2014, Funimation English voice actor and voice director Christopher Sabat said that GT is \"not even canon anymore\",[10] likely meaning that the release of Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods superseded GT as official content, in Sabat's opinion. Notably, Sabat's statement is one of very few recorded usages of the word \"canon\" by anyone involved in the production of any Dragon Ball media.\nIn a Toei Animation a press statement about Battle of Gods on July 17, 2012, says the movie takes place \"between the animation series \"Z\" and \"GT\", or in other words from the blank decade between the end of the battle with Majin Buu in chapter 517 of the manga and chapter 518, will be depicted for the first time.\"[11] Some fans have taken this press statement as confirmation that GT is a part of continuity.\nSagas\nBlack Star Dragon Ball Saga (Episodes 1~16)\nBaby Saga (Episodes 17~40)\nSuper 17 Saga (Episodes 41~47)\nShadow Dragon Saga (Episodes 48~64)\nEnglish adaptations\nUS (Funimation) version\nFunimation's GT logo. It is identical to the original logo used in the original Japanese version and the Blue Water English dub, but with few minor details added. This logo was unveiled in the spring of 2003.\nThe English adaptation of Dragon Ball GT ran on Cartoon Network between November 7, 2003 and April 16, 2005 and had reruns until June 13, 2005, but the version by FUNimation had a major alteration: the first 16 episodes of the series, the \"Black Star Dragon Ball Saga\", were cut and replaced by a single US-only episode which summarized the episodes; this became the new series premiere and the rest of the episodes began with episode 17. This edit was implemented by the producers of the English dub to prevent viewers from possibly being put-off by these differently toned early episodes. The 16 missing episodes have since been released as the \"Lost Episodes\".[12] When first aired, Funimation recorded a new musical score composed by Mark Menza and the openings and closings were replaced with something completely different from the original. For example, a rap was used for the opening and used different clips from the show to make up the visuals. However, when FUNimation released the series to two remastered boxed sets in 2008, the original Japanese music was restored, and English versions of the opening and all four closings were created, which are all very close to the original versions. From early 2012 until January 2015, the FUNimation version, including the \"lost episodes\", was shown on Nicktoons.\nInternational (Blue Water) version\nOutside of the United States, (excluding Australia and New Zealand) a different English dub of the series was aired, featuring the voice actor of Canadian voice acting group Blue Water Studios. While the voices are different from both the American and international English dubs of Dragon Ball Z, the original background music by Akihito Tokunaga was kept, the episodes were aired in their proper order, and the scripts were kept much closer to the original Japanese version. However, the international version kept the original Japanese theme song but used English subtitles. An English version of the GT theme song was sung while this dub aired on Toonami in the UK, however these were different lyrics to the original song and not a direct translation.\nLive stage show\nDragon Ball GT (live show)\nTV special\nDragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy (! , Gok Gaiden! Yki no Akashi wa Sshinch, lit. \"Goku Sidestory! The Proof of his Courage is the Four-Star Ball\")\nRelease\nFunimation Remastered Box Sets\nIn 2008 FUNimation began production of remastering the entire Dragon Ball GT series similar to the remastering process of Dragon Ball Z. Unlike the Dragon Ball Z remastered sets, the Dragon Ball GT Remastered Season Sets are presented in a 4:3 full frame and come with 5 discs rather than 6. The GT Sets are not presented in high definition. Just like the Dragon Ball Z remastered sets, the GT Sets include English dialogue with original Japanese background music, 5.1 surround sound, English dialogue with US broadcast stereo and original Japanese mono. Both Dragon Ball GT Season Box sets include a booklet including character profiles\" and an episode guide.\nDragon Ball GT: Season One was released on December 9, 2008. The box set includes the Black Star Dragon Ball Saga and most of the Baby Saga, spanning the first 34 episodes over 5 discs.\nDragon Ball GT: Season Two was released on February 10, 2009. The box set includes the last six episode of the Baby Saga, Super 17 Saga and Shadow Dragon Saga, spanning the final 30 episodes concluding the series. The TV special Dragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy is included as part of the Box set.\nOn September 21, 2010, FUNimation released Dragon Ball GT: The Complete Series which featured all 64 episodes of the show and Dragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy.\nDragon Ball GT Season 1Dragon Ball GT Season 2Dragon Ball GT The Complete SeriesDragon Ball GT Volume 1Dragon Ball GT Volume 2Dragon Ball GT Volume 3Dragon Ball GT Volume 4Dragon Ball GT Volume 5Dragon Ball GT Volume 6Dragon Ball GT Volume 7Dragon Ball GT Volume 8Dragon Ball GT Volume 9Dragon Ball GT Volume 10Dragon Ball GT Volume 11\nSeason\nRelease Date\nSagas\nDragon Ball GT: Season 1\nDecember 9, 2008\nBlack Star Dragon Ball and Baby Saga\nDragon Ball GT: Season 2\nFebruary 10, 2009\nSuper 17, Shadow Dragon Sagas and Dragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy\nDragon Ball GT: The Complete Series\nSeptember 21, 2010\nAll 64 episodes and Dragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy\nManga\nDragon Ball GT anime manga full color edition\nThe \"Anime Comics\" manga version of Dragon Ball GT began in the January 2014 issue of Saiky Jump, starting with the Evil Dragons Arc. Because the original story comes from an anime rather than a manga, this media is sometimes referred to as an animanga, a portmanteau of \"anime\" and \"manga\".\nPresented in full color (as opposed to the limited-color version from serialization), Shueisha released the first three volumes of Dragon Ball GT on December 4, 2019, with pricing for 1,000 each (plus tax), and covered the entirety of the series' Evil Dragons arc. Previously, theDragon Ball GTanime comic was exclusive to itsSaiky Jumpserialization.\nDragon Ball GT: Volume 1 (Evil Dragons Arc)Dragon Ball GT: Volume 2 (Evil Dragons Arc)Dragon Ball GT: Volume 3 (Evil Dragons Arc)Dragon Ball GT Anime manga 2014 promoDragon Ball GT Anime Manga 2019 promoDragon Ball GT Anime Manga (limited color)Dragon Ball GT Anime Manga (limited color)Limited color and full color comparisonDragon Ball GT anime manga full color edition)\nCast\nCharacter name\nJapanese voice\nFunimation voice\nBlue Water voice\nGoku\nMasako Nozawa\nStephanie Nadolny (child)Sean Schemmel (adult/Super Saiyan 4)\nZoe Slusar (child)Jeremiah Yurk (adult/Super Saiyan 4)\nGoten\nMasako Nozawa\nRobert McCollum\nScott Hendrickson\nTrunks\nTakeshi Kusao\nEric Vale\nMatthew Erickson\nGiru\nShinobu Satouchi\nSonny Strait\nNathan Simpson\nUub\nAtsushi Kisaichi\nSean Michael Teague\nScott Roberts (1st episode)Brendan Hunter\nPan\nYko Minaguchi\nElise Baughman\nCaitlynne Medrek\nVegeta\nRy Horikawa\nChristopher Sabat\nRoger Rhodes\nBulma\nHiromi Tsuru\nTiffany Vollmer\nKristin Nowosad\nBulla\nHiromi Tsuru\nPariksi Fakhri\nLeda Davies\nGohan\nMasako Nozawa\nKyle Hebert\nScott Roberts\nVidel\nYko Minaguchi\nLucy Small\nJennifer Holder\nChi-Chi\nNaoko Watanabe\nCynthia Cranz\nDebbie Munro\nKrillin\nMayumi Tanaka\nSonny Strait\nDan Gascon\nAndroid 18\nMiki It\nMeredith McCoy\nJennifer Bain\nMarron\nTomiko Suzuki\nMeredith McCoy\nLori Barnes Smith\nDende\nHiro Yuki\nJustin Cook\nJeffrey Watson\nMr. Popo\nToku Nishio\nChristopher Sabat\nDave Pettitt\nPiccolo\nToshio Furukawa\nChristopher Sabat\nEthan Cole\nEmperor Pilaf\nShigeru Chiba\nChuck Huber\nDean Galloway\nShu\nTessh Genda\nChris Cason\nJonathan Love\nMai\nEiko Yamada\nJulie Franklin\nDebbie Munro\nMr. Satan\nDaisuke Gri\nChris Rager\nDave Pettitt\nMajin Buu\nKz Shioya\nJosh Martin\nCorby Proctor\nMaster Roshi\nHiroshi Masuoka\nMike McFarland\nDean Galloway\nTien Shinhan\nHirotaka Suzuoki\nJohn Burgmeier\nChiaotzu\nHiroko Emori\nMonika Antonelli\nYamcha\nToru Furuya\nChristopher Sabat\nPuar\nNaoko Watanabe\nMonika Antonelli\nKibito Kai\nShinichir ta\nKent Williams\nRoger Rhodes\nOld Kai\nReiz Nomoto\nKent Williams\nSteve Olson\nSugoro\nBin Shimada\nBrice Armstrong\nJonathan Love\nShusugoro\nMayumi Tanaka\nJohn Burgmeier\nDan Gascon\nDr. Gero\nKji Yada\nKent Williams\nJonathan Love\nDr. Myuu\nKazuyuki Sogabe\nDuncan Brannan\nDave Pettitt\nGeneral Rilldo\nKiyoyuki Yanada\nAndrew Chandler\nSteve Olson\nBaby\nYsuke Numata\nMike McFarland\nAdam Hunter\nAndroid 17\nShigeru Nakahara\nChuck Huber\nEthan Cole\nFrieza\nRysei Nakao\nLinda Young\nJennifer Bain\nCell\nNorio Wakamoto\nDameon Clarke\nBen Jeffery\nKing Kai\nJji Yanami\nSean Schemmel\nDean Galloway\nSyn Shenron\nHidekatsu Shibata\nBob Carter/Christopher Sabat\nNoah Umholtz\nShenron\nDaisuke Gri\nChristopher Sabat\nDave Pettitt\nNarrator\nJoji Yanami\nAndrew Chandler\nSteve Olson\nStaff\nDirector: Minoru Okazaki\nSeries Director: Osamu Kasai\nEpisode Director: Hidehiko Kadota, Hiroyuki Kakud, Jun'ichi Fujise, Kazuhito Kikuchi, Mitsuo Hashimoto, Osamu Kasai, Shigeyasu Yamauchi (ep 15), Takahiro Imamura, Yoshihiro Ueda\nProducer: Kji Kaneda (Fuji TV), Kz Morishita, Seiichi Hiruta (Toei Animation)\nAssistant producer: Seiichi Hiruta\nPlanning: Kenji Shimizu, Kz Morishita\nSeries Composition & Chief Scenario Director: Aya Matsui\nScreenplay: Atsushi Maekawa (28 episodes), Aya Matsui (11 episodes), Daisuke Yajima (3 episodes), Junki Takegami (5 episodes), Masashi Kubota (5 episodes), Toshinobu Ooi (10 episodes)\nStoryboard: Shigeyasu Yamauchi (eps 15, 20), Kz Morishita (ep 61)\nIn charge of production: Yuichi Suenaga\nCharacter Design: Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru, Akira Toriyama (Main characters minus Lazuli and Marron) (Uncredited)\nArt and Design: Takashi Yoshiike\nArt design: Ryuuji Yoshiike, Tadanao Tsuji\nArt: Koji Sakaki, Tomoko Yoshida, Tsutomu Fujita\nBackground Art: Shinji Ito (3 episodes)\nAnimation Director: Akira Inagami, Kazuya Hisada, Masayuki Uchiyama, Naoki Miyahara, Tadayoshi Yamamuro, Noboru Koizumi, Shingo Ishikawa, Takeo Ide, Toshiyuki Kan'no, Yuuji Hakamada\nMusic: Akihito Tokunaga\nSound Director: Nobuhiro Komatsu\nSound Effects: Hidenori Arai\nEditing: Shinichi Fukumitsu\nTheme Songs\nOpening: \"DAN DAN Kokoro Hikarete 'ku\"\nVersion 1: episodes 1~26 (on Hulu, episodes 1~40)\nVersion 2: episodes 27~64 (on Hulu, episodes 41~64)\nEndings:\n\"Hitori ja Nai\": episodes 1~26\n\"Don't You See!\": episodes 27~41\n\"Blue Velvet\": episodes 42~50\n\"Sabitsuita Machine Gun de Ima o Uchinuk\": episodes 51~64\nReception\nDue to series burnout, Dragon Ball GT never reached the same level of success as Dragon Ball Z in Japan (managing to get up to only 14% ratings compared to Dragon Ball Zs peak of 25% and dip to 13.5%). However, in America, Dragon Ball GT DVDs outsold the Dragon Ball Z ones in 2003.[13]\nGallery\nMain characters designed and colored by Toriyama (Perfect Files)GT appearance of the series main cast designed by Toriyama (Perfect Files)GT spaceship designed by Toriyama (Weekly Jump 52, 1995)Giru designed by Toriyama (Weekly Jump 52, 1995)Monmaasu scenery drawn by Toriyama (Weekly Jump 52, 1995)Rudeeze scenery drawn by Toriyama (Weekly Jump 52, 1995)The main series cast on a Dragon Ball GT posterAnother poster showing the extended castDragon Ball GT anime comicsDragon Ball GT anime comicsDragon Ball GT anime comicsDragon Ball GT anime comicsGT Dragon Book storyboard designs from July 1995\nSee also\nList of Dragon Ball GT episodes\nGohan subplot (Dragon Ball GT)\nReferences\n Dragon Ball GT: Perfect File volume 1, 1997\n Dragon Ball Xenoverse, 2015\n Kanzenshuu's page on Anime Insider December 2003 (#10). kanzenshuu. Retrieved on December 2003.\n Kanzenshuu's page on Shonen Jump (Issue 5, May 2003). kanzenshuu. Retrieved on May 2003.\n Kanzenshuu's article on Animerica April 2003 (Volume 11, Number 4). kanzenshuu. Retrieved on April 2003.\n Kanzentai's Guide on Dragon Boxes. kanzentai.\n Dragon Ball GT: Perfect File, 1997\n Monsters on this image appear in Hell in Dragon Ball GT episode 64, \"Until We Meet Again\"\n 9.0 9.1 Dragon Ball GT DVD Box: Dragon Box GT Dragon Book. kanzenshuu.\n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbLq_NfLN9A\n Toei Animation's Press Release for the upcoming film. toei.co.jp (July 17, 2012).\n Kanzenshuu's Newbie Guide. kanzenshuu.\n Anime Insider December 2003 (#10), \"The QT on GT\". kanzenshuu. Retrieved on December 2003.\nExternal links\nOfficial Toei Animation's website\nOfficial FUNimation's website\nNicktoons' official Dragon Ball GT page\nOfficial Manga UK's website\nOfficial Madman's website\nSite Navigation\nShowv d eDragon Ball production staffCompaniesBird Studio Caramel Mama Shueisha Toei AnimationAuthor(s)Akira Toriyama Naho Ooishi* Toyotarou* Yoshitaka Nagayama*AssistantsTakashi MatsuyamaEditorsAkio Iyoku* Daisuke Terashi* Fuyuto Takeda Kazuhiko Torishima Shinichi Fukumitsu* Victory Uchida* Y KondDirectorsAkihiko Yamaguchi Akihiro Nakamura Akio Yamaguchi Atsutoshi Umezawa Aya Komaki Ayumu Ono Daisuke Nishio Hidehiko Kadota Hideki Hiroshima Hiroki Shibata Hiroshi Aoyama Hiroyuki Kakud Ichio Hayashi Johei Matsuura Jun'ichi Fujise Kana Shinohara Kazuhisa Takenouchi Kazuhito Kikuchi Kazuya Hisada Kazuya Karasawa Ken'ichi Takeshita Keisuke Masunaga Kimitoshi Chioka Khei Hatano Kji Kawasaki Kji Ogawa Kysuke Yamazaki Makoto Sonoda Masahiro Hosoda Masanori Sat Masaki Sato Masato Mikami Masato Mitsuka Maya Asakura Minoru Okazaki Morio Hatano Osamu Kasai Ry Nanba Ryta Nakamura Shigeyasu Yamauchi Tadayoshi Yamamuro Tai'ichir Ohara Takahiro Imamura Takahiro Majima Takao Iwai Takao Kiriyama Tatsuya Nagamine Tatsuya Orime Toshiaki Komura Toshihiko Arisako Wataru Matsumi Yashiro Ichinomiya Yoshihiro Ueda Yui Komatsu Yuji Endo Yukihiko Nakao Yutaka SatProducersChiaki Imada Gyarmath Bogdan Hiromi Seki James Wong Kazumitsu Matsusaka Keizo Shichijo Kenji Shimizu Kohei Obara Kji Kaneda Kouichi Hirose Kz Morishita Kytar Kimura Masato Seino Rikiz Kayano Seiichi Hiruta Tamio Kojima Tan Takaiwa Tokiz Tsuchiya Tomio Anzai Tsutomu Tomari Yoshiaki YanagiProduction managersAkihiko Yamaguchi Atsunori Kazama Katsunori Kobayashi Kazumi Fujioka Matsuji Kishimoto Takeshi Torimoto Yuichi SuenagaScreenwritersAkira Toriyama Atsushi Maekawa Aya Matsui Ben Ramsey Daisuke Yajima Hajime Satsuki Hiroko Miyazaki Hiroshi Toda Junki Takegami Katsumi Aoshima Katsuyuki Sumisawa Keiji Terui Masashi Kubota Michiru Shimada Miho Maruo Reiko Yoshida Satoru Akahori Shun'ichi Yukimuro Sumio Uetake Takao Koyama Toshiki Inoue Toshinobu Ooi Yoshifumi Yuki Yoshiyuki Suga Ysuke WatanabeArt directorsEiji It Hiroshi Kat Hiromitsu Shiozaki Iwamitsu Ito Junichi Taniguchi Kunio Kaneshima Masahiro Shimanuki Mitsuo Shind Ryuuji Yoshiike Shigenori Takada Shinz Yuki Tadanao Tsuji Teppei Horita Yoshiyuki Yamamoto Yji IkedaAnime designersKatsuyoshi Nakatsuru Minoru Maeda Naohiro Shintani Shinz Yuki Tadayoshi YamamuroAnimatorsAkemi Seki Akiko Matsumoto Akio Katada Akira Inagami Akira Kato Ayumi Kondou Chihiro Tanaka Chiori Matsuda Daisuke Hiruma Eugene Ayson Hideaki Maniwa Hideki Yamazaki Hideko Okimoto Hiroaki Shimizu Hiromi Matsushita Hiroshi Takeuchi Hirotaka Nii Hiroyuki Itai Hitoshi Ehara Hisashi Eguchi Joey Calangian Junko Miyamoto Junko Shirasu Junichi Taniguchi Kaori Takamura Katsumi Aoshima Kazuya Hisada Keiko Sasa Keisuke Masunaga Koji Nashizawa Kji Usui Mamoru Hosoda Masaki Sato Masanori Sat Masayuki Uchiyama Midori Sawaki Miho Tanaka Naoki Tate Naoaki Hj Naohiro Shintani Naoki Miyahara Naotoshi Shida Noel Ao-Nuevo Osamu Ishikawa Paul Ao-Nuevo Romel Pura Sai Yamane Satoru Kusuda Seizo Toma Shingo Ishikawa Shuuichiro Manabe Sonomi Aramaki Tai'ichir Ohara Tatsuo Miura Tomekichi Takeuchi Tomoko Hirokawa Toshiyuki Kan'no Tsuyako Yamamuro Yasunori Got Yoichi Onishi Yoshitaka Yashima Yui Kinoshita Tomoko Kusunoki Yuichi Karasawa Yukihiro Kitano Yukio Ebisawa Yumiko Watanabe Yutaka Hirose Yutaka It Yuuji Hakamada Yuya TakahashiSpecial EffectsAsami Aoki Hidenori Arai Nao ta Yji OkajimaMusic composersShunsuke Kikuchi Chiho Kiyooka Akihito Tokunaga Kenji Yamamoto Norihito Sumitomo Shuki Levy Kussa Mahchi Ron Wasserman Bruce Faulconer Julius Dobos Mike Smith Scott Morgan Andy Baylor Dale Kelly Mark Akin Scot Risch Tom Keenlyside John Mitchell David Iris Mark Menza Dave Moran Nathan Johnson Jeremy Sweet Shigeru Miyashita Yya MoriVocalistsAyumi Hamasaki Hironobu Kageyama Takayoshi TanimotoVoice actorsJapanese voice actors Blue Water voice actors Ocean voice actors FUNimation voice actorsSee alsoDr. Slump Dragon Ball (manga anime) Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball GT Dragon Ball Z Kai Dragon Ball Super (manga anime) Super Dragon Ball Heroes (anime) Dragon Ball Daima Video games Related manga Dragon Ball Room\nCategories\nCategories:\nDragon Ball GT\nAnime series\nLanguages\nCatal\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nPortugus do Brasil\nTrke\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Dragon Ball Wiki\n1\nGoku\n2\nVegeta\n3\nList of Power Levels\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite 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All rights reserved.\nvideogame_asset Dragon Ball Z: Kakarot\nclose\nsearch\nMods\nGames\nImages\nVideos\nUsers\nSearch all games chevron_right\nPopular games\nSkyrim Special Edition\nSkyrim\nFallout 4\nFallout New Vegas\nStardew Valley\nCyberpunk 2077\nOblivion\nFallout 3\nBaldur's Gate 3\nThe Witcher 3\nMount & Blade II: Bannerlord\nclose\nPlease log in or register\nTo enjoy the benefits of Nexus Mods, please log in or register a new account\nLog in\nRegister\nGo Premium\nUpgrade your account to unlock all media content.\nUpgrade\nchevron_right\nwarning\nWe are aware of an issue with download statistics. See our status page for details.\nclose\nAll games\nDragon Ball Z: Kakarot\nMods\nGameplay\nDragon Ball GT - Kakarot\nDragon Ball GT - Kakarot\nEndorsements\n9\nUnique DLs\n--\nTotal DLs\n--\nTotal views\n--\nVersion\n1.0-Beta\nDownload:\nManual\n19 items\nFile information\nLast updated\n03 May 2024\n6:54PM\nOriginal upload\n03 May 2024\n3:03AM\nCreated by\nJuliki9\nUploaded by\njuliki9\nVirus scan\nSafe to use\nTags for this mod\nCompilation\nPerformance Optimization\nGameplay\nEnglish\nSpanish\nAnimation - New\nAnimation - Modified\nModels/Meshes\nTextures\nVisual Effects/Particles\nView more...\nTag this mod\nDescription\nFiles\n2\nImages\n19\nVideos\n0\nArticles\n2\nPosts\n60\nForum\n0\nBugs\n0\nLogs\nStats\nCurrent section\nViewing: Description\nDescription\nFiles\n2\nImages\n19\nVideos\n0\nArticles\n2\nPosts\n60\nForum\n0\nBugs\n0\nLogs\nStats\nAbout this mod\nThis is a mod created to be an experience of DragonBall GT, with new characters that I've personally created from the GT Saga.This mod includes:- New logo for the Dragon Ball GT Kakarot and a new intro of the game- New UI images- And different characters like: Goku GT/ Gohan GT / Trunks GTAmong other things, and\nShare\nPermissions and credits\nCredits and distribution permission\nOther user's assets\nSome assets in this file belong to other authors. You will need to seek permission from these authors before you can use their assets\nUpload permission\nYou are not allowed to upload this file to other sites under any circumstances\nModification permission\nYou must get permission from me before you are allowed to modify my files to improve it\nConversion permission\nYou can convert this file to work with other games as long as you credit me as the creator of the file\nAsset use permission\nYou must get permission from me before you are allowed to use any of the assets in this file\nAsset use permission in mods/files that are being sold\nYou are not allowed to use assets from this file in any mods/files that are being sold, for money, on Steam Workshop or other platforms\nAsset use permission in mods/files that earn donation points\nYou are not allowed to earn Donation Points for your mods if they use my assets\nAuthor notes\nIf you want to use my mod or part of my mod in your project, please, send me a message to my discord @Juliki9 or write me an email to julian.steam96@gmail.com and I will reply you as soon as possible.\nFile credits\nI want to thank to:@Reckon for providing me with support related to different issues along the development of the mod, and contact information that has allowed me to reach many people that has helped me as well.@NoName for guiding me in the process of designing the characters, your advice and tips were really helpful and I am really thankful to you for that and for the laughs that we had in the background!@Dario, (Without you this couldn't have never happened), He was the first modder to give me a hand on my project and provide me with the first basic steps into implementing new characters into the game, but not only that, he has provided me as well with support during the development on the mod and has even implemented some unique features to the project, as new combos for Goku GT, changes on some text and required changes on Goku's skill tree.@Doubs for allowing me to implement one of the coolest things in this game, which are the accurate auras like in the anime (One of the most AMAZING mods in my opinion)@JNolan (https://www.youtube.com/@jnolan01) for the video/intro of the game@jlg_gg_ddvnagz and @elnenecool_d49k46r for the edited image of Bandai Namco@FCArts for the reference imagesAnd anyone else who has helped me and supported me during all this time! Thank you for your kindness and your patience!!(Please, check out some of the work of these modders, all of them are great and have great talent!!)\nDonation Points system\nThis mod is opted-in to receive Donation Points\nDonations\nStraight donations accepted\nDonate\nDO YOU LIKE MY MOD? DO YOU WANT TO SUPPORT MY CONTENT? SUPPORT ME BY CLICKING ON THE LINK BELOW AND INVITE ME TO A COFFEE! https://ko-fi.com/juliki9-------------------------------Hello everyone!This is a special mod that I've been working during some time already, and the first thing that I want you to know is that IT IS NOT FINISHED YET.As I've mentioned in the brief overview, I've created this mod to be an experience of the GT Saga, with new characters, effects, techniques, and some other details that you will discover by playing the mod.I've created this one as a full experience of the mod, so people can upload only one file and enjoy the experienceBut because there are many files on this one, it might not be 100% compatible with other mods, and for that reason I recommend to use it only with some specific mods.However, if you want to use it with other mods NO WORRIES AT ALL!! I got you! ;)During the next weeks, I will be uploading this mod in segmented parts, which means that I will split the characters and other features that this mod includes so it's more compatible with other mods and you can play it without any issues! :)-----------------------------------------------------------Now, before going forward with what the mod includes I want to thank and give credit to all the people that have helped me during the development of this mod by providing me with information on how to do things and also with solutions/implementations on this mod.I want to thank to:@Reckon for providing me with support related to different issues along the development of the mod, and contact information that has allowed me to reach more people that has helped me as well.@NoName for guiding me in the process of designing the characters, your advice and tips were really helpful and I am thankful to you for that and for the laughs that we had in the background!@Dario, (Without you this couldn't have happened), He was the first modder to give me a hand on my project and provide me with the first basic steps into implementing new characters into the game, but not only that, he has provided me as well with support during the development on the mod and has even implemented some unique features to the project, as new combos for Goku GT and changes on some text and on Goku's skill tree.@Doubs for allowing me to implement one of the coolest things in this game, which are the accurate auras like in the anime (One of the most AMAZING mods in my opinion)@JNolan (https://www.youtube.com/@jnolan01) for the video/intro of the game @jlg_gg_ddvnagz and @elnenecool_d49k46r for the edited image of Bandai Namco@FCArts for the reference imagesAnd anyone else who has helped me and support me during all this time! Thank you for your kindness and your patience!!(Please, check out some of the work of these modders, all of them are great and have great talent!!)-------------------------------------------------------------About the mod itself, includes different characters like Goku GT Kid with SSJ, SSJ2 and SSJ3 transformations (Not including SSJ God or Blue, as any of these transformations existed on the GT Saga), also, this version doesn't include the SSJ4 as Goku doesn't have the tail implemented, but this will change on the next version of this mod, where I will include the monkey tail and the SSJ4 transformation.Also, I've implemented characters like Trunks GT and Gohan GT, and a new damage outfit for Goku GT. (For the best experience I encourage everyone to also download the Vegeta GT version from FroztiGaming in the following link: https://www.nexusmods.com/dragonballzkakarot/mods/157)This mod also includes the changes on the aura to be more accurate to the anime among changes on combos and details like the DragonBall GT kakarot, or the intro of the game.I hope everyone likes this mod and all the changes and details that I've added, if you like this mod and you would like me to keep working on it, PLEASE, CONSIDER DONATING ANYTHING to support my work and support the creation of more new characters and mods.Thank you so much for your support!! I will follow back with new fixes for this mod soon.NOTE: Also, some time ago, someone told me to implement a mod to play it on the main story, but I told this person that it wasn't possible to do that on my old mod. However, I kept that idea with me, and on this mod, I've added the outfit across the story. I still working on that but the idea is that soon you should be able to play the story with this Goku GT Kid.\nVORTEX\nThe powerful open-source mod manager from Nexus Mods.\nLearn more\nNexus Mods\nNews\nStatistics\nCareers\nAbout us\nPremium features\nDiscover\nAll games\nAll mods\nNew mods\nPopular mods\nTrending mods\nAll collections\nAll images\nSupport\nHelp\nWiki\nAPI reference\nGive feedback\nReport a bug\nUnban requests\nDMCA\nManage cookie settings\nCommunity\nForums\nDiscord\nSupport authors\nContact us\nSupport Nexus Mods\nGo premium\nNetwork Stats\nMembers\n50,464,071\nMods\n576,201\nKudos given\n2,576,719\nPage served in\n0.133s [nexusmods-778b8c748-87x95]\nCopyright 2024 Black Tree Gaming Ltd. All rights reserved.\nTerms of Service | Privacy Policy", "url": "https://www.nexusmods.com/dragonballzkakarot/mods/568" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Dragon Ball GT (TV Series 19961997) - IMDb\nMenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsCannes Film FestivalAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthStar WarsSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer?Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)Use appEpisode guideCast & crewUser reviewsTriviaFAQIMDbProAll topicsDragon Ball GTOriginal title: Dragon Ball GT: Doragon bru jtTV Series19961997TV-PG24mIMDb RATING6.8/1029KYOUR RATINGRatePOPULARITY3,829227Play trailer1:0918 Videos99+ PhotosAnimationActionAdventureAfter Goku is made a kid again by the Black Star Dragon Balls, he goes on a journey to get back to his old self.After Goku is made a kid again by the Black Star Dragon Balls, he goes on a journey to get back to his old self.After Goku is made a kid again by the Black Star Dragon Balls, he goes on a journey to get back to his old self.CreatorAkira ToriyamaStarsElise BaughmanAndrew ChandlerMasako NozawaSee production info at IMDbProIMDb RATING6.8/1029KYOUR RATINGRatePOPULARITY3,829227Top creditsCreatorAkira ToriyamaStarsElise BaughmanAndrew ChandlerMasako Nozawa65User reviews4Critic reviewsSee production info at IMDbProEpisodes65Browse episodesTopTop-rated1 Season4 years2004200319971996See allVideos18Clip 1:04Watch Dragonball Gt: PreparationTrailer 1:09Watch Dragon Ball GT: The Complete SeriesTrailer 1:02Watch Dragon Ball GT: Season OneTrailer 0:31Watch Dragon Ball GT: Season TwoTrailer 0:44Watch Dragon BallTrailer 1:20Watch Dragon Ball GTTrailer 0:37Watch Dragon Ball GT: Ramification/PreparationTrailer 0:58Watch Dragon BallTrailer 0:58Watch Dragon BallTrailer 0:32Watch Dragon Ball GT: Vol 11-12Trailer 0:31Watch Dragon Ball GT: Calculations & Revelations aka \"Dragonball: Grand Tour\"Trailer 0:59Watch Dragon BallPhotos201Top castEditElise BaughmanPan65 eps 1996200265 episodes 19962002Andrew ChandlerNarrator65 eps 1996200265 episodes 19962002Masako NozawaSon Gok64 eps 1996199764 episodes 19961997Yko MinaguchiPan64 eps 1996199764 episodes 19961997Jji YanamiNarrator64 eps 1996199764 episodes 19961997Caitlynne MedrekPan (Blue Water Dub)64 eps 1996199764 episodes 19961997Jeremiah YurkAdult Goku (Blue Water dub)64 eps 1996199764 episodes 19961997Stephanie NadolnyYoung Goku61 eps 1996200261 episodes 19962002Eric ValeTrunks49 eps 1996200249 episodes 19962002Matthew EricksonGill49 eps 1996199749 episodes 19961997Takeshi KusaoTrunks48 eps 1996199748 episodes 19961997Sonny StraitGiru45 eps 1996200245 episodes 19962002Shinobu SatouchiGiru44 eps 1996199744 episodes 19961997Kyle HebertGohan32 eps 1996200232 episodes 19962002Hiromi TsuruBulma31 eps 1996199731 episodes 19961997Sean SchemmelSS4 Goku30 eps 1996200230 episodes 19962002Christopher SabatVegeta29 eps 1996200229 episodes 19962002Daisuke GriMr. Satan28 eps 1996199728 episodes 19961997CreatorAkira ToriyamaAll cast & crewProduction, box office & more at IMDbProMore like this8.5Dragon Ball8.3Dragon Ball Z Kai8.8Dragon Ball Z8.5Dragon Ball8.8Dragon Ball Z7.6Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn7.4Dragon Ball Z: Wrath of the Dragon7.4Dragon Ball Z: Broly - The Legendary Super Saiyan6.5Dragon Ball Z: Broly - Second Coming7.0Dragon Ball Z: Cooler's Revenge7.1Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero6.7Super Dragon Ball HeroesStorylineEditDid you knowEditTriviaContrary to popular belief, there IS a manga of Dragon Ball GT. However, it came AFTER the anime and was not created by Akira Toriyama, therefore making it unofficial to the official Toriyama-verse.GoofsIn the final episode, Turtle says he's nowhere near a thousand years old, despite having celebrated his thousandth birthday in DBZ, following the Garlic Jr. Saga.QuotesBaby: [inside Vegeeta] I wish for an exact replica of the Tusful Planet.Pan: [disappointed] You mean we went through all of that and grandpa and I don't get our bodies back?Crazy creditsDragon Ball GT featured FOUR different end credit sequences/songs, which is astonishing considering it was the shortest lived of the 3 Dragon Ball series.Alternate versionsThe Hungarian dub of the series was based on the original uncut Japanese version, however the names used in it are a mix of the Japanese, English and French names. This is because the translator wanted to keep the French names that most fans would have been familiar with (since the Hungarian localization of the Dragon Ball franchise was originally based on the badly translated French version licensed by AB Groupe), only making slight corrections to them. This makes the dub very inconsistent.ConnectionsFeatured in Dragon Ball GT: Transformation (2005)SoundtracksDragon Ball GTWritten by Alessandra Valeri ManeraPerformed by Max Longhi and Giorgio VanniUser reviews65ReviewReviewFeatured review Fine follow up to DragonBall ZThere are many complaints against DragonBall GT. Many people complain about the lack of characters who get things to do, the lack of favourite characters from the first two series, and the mix of styles from the first two series. The first DragonBall was a very comedic show that centered around Goku growing up as a child, while DragonBall Z introduced many new characters, evolved the existing ones and took itself a lot more seriously. Both shows worked fine in their individual styles, but did feel slightly contrasting next to each other.DragonBall GT is also disregarded by many fans, as the series original creator did not work on this series other than having the job of character consultant.But looking past the complaints, and regarding it as a series in it's own right, DragonBall GT is very fine. The first step it takes is noticeable - reducing Goku back to the state of a child. The second is probably more noticeable - reducing the regular cast list to only 3; only two of which were favourites from DragonBall Z. In later episodes, an all new fourth party is also added - Gil, a robot who swallowed the Dragon Radar from the original series - unfortunately, he generally slows things down, but at least there has been innovation, which is commendable.What this series does - and very successfully, it's worth noting - is consistently merge the comedic DragonBall with the action-laden DragonBall Z. Everyone is a winner here, even if their favourite style is not featured as much as in their favourite of the two original series. Reducing Goku to a child was a sensible move, as it allowed fans of the original who drifted during Z's adult-Goku to become interested in the series with the character they knew and loved again. The series utilises it's license to the fullest - resurrecting Emporer Pilaf from the original series (noticeably absent from DragonBall Z), and recreating the importance of the DragonBalls (who were generally merely aesthetic in DragonBall Z). The series also introduces the character of Pan - who showed a lot of potential at the end of DragonBall Z. Perhaps the most controversial aspect of the show, Pan does take up a lot of the screen time, but her character is a direct descendant of Bulma from the original series (despite family tree relations), with the role of 'growing up' given to Goku in DragonBall and Gohan in DragonBall Z.The series is not perfect, however. Early episodes are generally unengaging, with sometimes uninteresting villains and often farcical situations. The early episodes seem to focus mostly on the DragonBall style over the DragonBall Z one - and because of this the series feels alienated to those who have only experienced DBZ (which is probably a large percentage of the fanbase). Animation has dropped noticeably in quality from DragonBall Z - feeling a bit more 'clunky' and hard-edged. Character re-designs are generally awful; Vegeta starts off the series with a moustache, Gohan's glasses now dominate his face, Trunks has been given an odd suit that really can't be categorised, and Krillin is almost completely unrecogniseable from the first series.On a redeeming note, though, some character redesigns are good - Pan's costume suits the feel of the show, and Bulma looks exactly the same as in DBZ, save a few wrinkles. Goten also looks great as the skinny teenager, and his role is well written. Hercule also looks much better than expected with a bald patch.Fans of DBZ will be disappointed that many of the characters are left out of the action - Gohan, Goten and others seemingly never get to fight at all, or do anything of utmost importance. Krillin is annoyingly underused, but he was becoming like that in DragonBall Z as well. Yamcha, again, is noticeably missing. And most surprisingly, Vegeta gets considerably less screen-time in DBZ - though of all the supporting cast, he probably does the most, so it's not all bad.So what is DragonBall GT? It's a decidedly mixed bag - many good features, and many bad. But as a series in it's own right, it is very good, and a few steps above many other action animes that have all action and barely any substance. The light humour adds a lot, too, and feels very much a part of the DragonBall continuity. And because of the linked styles from the first two series, which works very well in the later episodes, the series really does take on a new perspective, and truly does feel like a DragonBall series. It's not perfect, but for fans of the series it's more of the same - repetitive fight after repetitive fight, with Hercule throwing in some overused (but still welcome) cameos here and there.A good follow up, if not perfect. Definitely worth investing in if a fan of either original series - or if DBZ left you begging for more - which it did for many people.helpful169Gav_tHFeb 8, 2004Top picksSign in to rate and Watchlist for personalized recommendationsSign inFAQ17How many seasons does Dragon Ball GT have?Powered by AlexaDetailsEditRelease dateSeptember 2003 (United States)Country of originJapanLanguageJapaneseAlso known asGTProduction companiesBird StudiosToei AnimationToei DogaSee more company credits at IMDbProTechnical specsEditRuntime24 minutesColorColorRelated newsContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentTop GapWhat was the official certification given to Dragon Ball GT (1996) in Brazil?AnswerSee more gapsLearn more about contributingEdit pageAdd episodeMore to explorePhotosHollywood Power CouplesSee the galleryListStaff Picks: What to Watch in MaySee our picksListTop 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars of the Last DecadeSee the listRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb appSign in for more accessSign in for more accessFollow IMDb on socialGet the IMDb appFor Android and iOSHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoLicense IMDb DataPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top", "url": "https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0139774/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Akira Toriyama's view on \"DragonBall GT\" Kanzenshuu\nKanzenshuu\nSkip to content\nSearch\nAdvanced search\nSearch\nUnanswered topics\nActive topics\nSearch\nMembers\nThe team\nMain Website\nThe Forum\nDragon Ball\nIn-Universe Discussion\nSearch\nAkira Toriyama's view on \"DragonBall GT\"\nDiscussion, generally of an in-universe nature, regarding any aspect of the franchise (including movies, spin-offs, etc.) such as: techniques, character relationships, internal back-history, its universe, and more.\nModerators: General Help, Kanzenshuu Staff\nLocked\nSearch\nAdvanced search\n1\n2\n3\nNext\nAoi\nBeyond-the-Beyond Newbie\nPosts: 431 Joined: Thu Nov 02, 2006 9:56 pm\nLocation: Now in Buenos Aires Argentina\nAkira Toriyama's view on \"DragonBall GT\"\nPost\nby Aoi Sun Mar 11, 2007 3:04 pm\nHey you! Yes, you reading this, and you linking this!\nYou haven't been linked to the best source!\nWhat you see below is a community member's old, rough translation followed by equally very old conversations about said translation. This random forum thread isn't what you want to be linking people to. Kanzenshuu's own translation of this comment, and the original source image it's being translated from, can be found over in our \"Translations\" section-\nvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv\nhttps://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/dragon-book-gt-toriyama-intro/\n^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\nThat link above is the page on our actual website that you want to link to, instead!\nYou'll probably also find the following page of our \"Production Guide\" of particular interest:\nhttps://www.kanzenshuu.com/animation-production/toriyama-contributions/\n------------------------------------------------------\nAfter reading the translation it surprised me much because I had not remembered Akira Toriyama saying this (I put it under). But maybe the most important excuse non Dragon ball GT fans had of making it \"official\" was always that they wanted to hear it from his own mouth.\nBut reading this again:\n\"If you are able, along with me, to enjoy watching the original Dragon Ball's grand side-story Dragon Ball GT, you will be pleased.\n\nAkira Toriyama\"\nits a perfect way to look at Dragon ball GT. For people who dont want it to be the real end to the dragon ball story, it is just a \"side story\" and for those who love it it can be part of the grand final story. Incredible that I had forgot about this.\n----\nTRANSLATION\n-\nDVD BOX\nI am truly thankful to all of you who bought this Dragon Ball GT DVD Box.\n\nHaving quietly ended Dragon Ball in serialization, I, who am lazy by nature, was happy to finally be liberated from Deadline Hell.\n\nThe people from the TV anime were wanting to continue just a little further, but since I didn't want to do any more than I already had, I ended up leaving everything, including the story, up to the people on the anime staff.\nGT\nThat is \"Dragon Ball GT\".\nGTGT\n\"GT\" is an automotive term, \"gran turismo\" -- in other words, a fast, powerful car. But in this case, since the plan was to be running all around the universe, I made it GT, carrying the meaning of a great journey, \"grand touring.\"\nGT\nIn GT, the only contributions that I made were the title, the initial main character designs, some of the mecha designs, and a number of image cuts. But thanks to the excellent staff that I was having keep continuing Dragon Ball, I was able to relax and leave it to them.\n\nIn particular, the animator Nakatsuru-kun is so skilled, and has such understanding of the peculiarities of my drawings, that there have been times that even I have been like, \"Did I draw this character design, or did Nakatsuru-kun?,\" not being able to tell the difference.\nGT\nFor example, \"Super Saiyan 4,\" which appears in GT, was Nakatsuru-kun's design. The image I drew above is the likeness I made after looking at it. Did I do a good job?\nGT\nIf you are able, along with me, to enjoy watching the original Dragon Ball's grand side-story Dragon Ball GT, you will be pleased.\n\nAkira Toriyama\n-------------\nBefore this the only thing we knew about Akira and GT was that he drew a little and got paid but we never heard him say : \"this is part of the story\". I think this can clear many problems between fans who still fight about this.\nTop\nLavender Saiyan\nRegular\nPosts: 610 Joined: Sat Dec 02, 2006 3:03 am\nLocation: New Jersey\nPost\nby Lavender Saiyan Sun Mar 11, 2007 3:14 pm\nI'm not exactly sure what you're getting at.\n[b]*Supporter of the Remastered Season Sets*[/b]\n*Dodges rocks*\nTop\nAoi\nBeyond-the-Beyond Newbie\nPosts: 431 Joined: Thu Nov 02, 2006 9:56 pm\nLocation: Now in Buenos Aires Argentina\nPost\nby Aoi Sun Mar 11, 2007 3:18 pm\nthat I have been reading for many months (on this board and articles on wikipedia type of site) how non- Dragon ball GT fans (here and in Japan) always said that \"because Akira Toriyama didnt write it or ever said that it was part of the story, then it is not official or \"canon\".\nBut reading this proves that he did leave the story to be continued and that he sees it as a real part of dragon ball. I used to hate GT also because I always thought that in reality Akira would not have anything to do with this and that is why he left early.\nLast edited by Aoi on Sun Mar 11, 2007 4:12 pm, edited 1 time in total.\nTop\nSoluzar\nNewbie\nPosts: 43 Joined: Wed Aug 02, 2006 5:56 am\nPost\nby Soluzar Sun Mar 11, 2007 3:22 pm\nSo it's a side-story, or something that isn't part of the main story. That's fine by me. It's still not a part of the manga, or even a part of the main anime story. It's got about the same status as a movie, to judge from what he said in the text you've provided.\nKore wa \"signature\" ja nai.\nTop\nOlivier Hague\nI Live Here\nPosts: 2171 Joined: Mon May 22, 2006 12:09 pm\nPost\nby Olivier Hague Sun Mar 11, 2007 3:33 pm\nAoi wrote:reading this proves that he did leave the story to be continued and that he sees it as a real part of dragon ball.\nEr... Well, that's not really what he's saying. ^^;\nTop\nSoluzar\nNewbie\nPosts: 43 Joined: Wed Aug 02, 2006 5:56 am\nPost\nby Soluzar Sun Mar 11, 2007 3:42 pm\nAoi wrote:I used to hate GT also because I always thought that in reality Akira would not have anything to do with this and that is why he left early.\nHow are you on a first name basis with Mr. Akira Toriyama?\nIn any case, he's saying that he approved the creation of it, but that the story is nothing to do with him, which means that whatever else you can say, Dragon Ball GT is irrelevant to the manga version. I always view the anime as being just an adaption of the manga version, which is the real Dragon Ball. That's why anything that happens in the filler is irrelevant, if sometimes fun. Dragon Ball GT, not being based on the manga is one long filler.\nKore wa \"signature\" ja nai.\nTop\nConan the SSJ\nI Live Here\nPosts: 2814 Joined: Sun Apr 17, 2005 8:40 am\nLocation: Ohio\nPost\nby Conan the SSJ Sun Mar 11, 2007 4:01 pm\nSoluzar wrote:So it's a side-story, or something that isn't part of the main story. That's fine by me. It's still not a part of the manga, or even a part of the main anime story. It's got about the same status as a movie, to judge from what he said in the text you've provided.\nAbout the manga, I agree with ya' there. However, it not being part of the main anime story is entirely open to interpretation; no-one is wrong. Toriyama's clearly shown he supports the series and also contributed help in his own way, GT's done by the exact same animation studio and voice cast, and it's clearly intended by Toei to be a continuation of the previous anime series. Yes, there are inconsistencies and goofs (most of which could be explained with an open mind and certain point of view of the anime), but it's obvious to anyone who sits down and watches the entire series that many references/flashbacks/tie-ins are made with the original DB and DBZ anime. Hell, episode 55 in its entirety features Vegeta remembering his lengthy history with \"Kakarrot\" from their first battle all the way to Vegeta admitting Kakarrot is \"number 1\" in the battle with Buu. Same with the last episode, as Goku strolls down the aisle outside the Budokai arena, we're shown every major event in all three series prior to when the Dragonballs began to crack, culminating in a \"circle is now complete\" moment as Goku leaves on Kinto 'Un. I think it's pretty clear Toei meant for GT to be a continuation and culmination of the anime as a whole.\nMe, I view GT as \"canon\" with the anime. Nothing anyone can say is going to change my mind. Until Akira Toriyama and/or Toei actually state GT not being \"official\" with the anime, this is what I'm sticking to.\n14 years later\nTop\nAoi\nBeyond-the-Beyond Newbie\nPosts: 431 Joined: Thu Nov 02, 2006 9:56 pm\nLocation: Now in Buenos Aires Argentina\nPost\nby Aoi Sun Mar 11, 2007 4:11 pm\nConan the SSJ wrote:Soluzar wrote:So it's a side-story, or something that isn't part of the main story. That's fine by me. It's still not a part of the manga, or even a part of the main anime story. It's got about the same status as a movie, to judge from what he said in the text you've provided.\nAbout the manga, I agree with ya' there. However, it not being part of the main anime story is entirely open to interpretation; no-one is wrong. Toriyama's clearly shown he supports the series and also contributed help in his own way, GT's done by the exact same animation studio and voice cast, and it's clearly intended by Toei to be a continuation of the previous anime series. Yes, there are inconsistencies and goofs (most of which could be explained with an open mind and certain point of view of the anime), but it's obvious to anyone who sits down and watches the entire series that many references/flashbacks/tie-ins are made with the original DB and DBZ anime. Hell, episode 55 in its entirety features Vegeta remembering his lengthy history with \"Kakarrot\" from their first battle all the way to Vegeta admitting Kakarrot is \"number 1\" in the battle with Buu. Same with the last episode, as Goku strolls down the aisle outside the Budokai arena, we're shown every major event in all three series prior to when the Dragonballs began to crack, culminating in a \"circle is now complete\" moment as Goku leaves on Kinto 'Un. I think it's pretty clear Toei meant for GT to be a continuation and culmination of the anime as a whole.\nMe, I view GT as \"canon\" with the anime. Nothing anyone can say is going to change my mind. Until Akira Toriyama and/or Toei actually state GT not being \"official\" with the anime, this is what I'm sticking to.\nI agree with you 100%. And what I meant to put (sorry I think my english didnt make it clear enough) was that not only does it never say that \"GT is not part of the anime story\" but Akira actually says here that it is.. That is why I think what he wrote is important in that he finally put the argument to rest.\nTop\nAoi\nBeyond-the-Beyond Newbie\nPosts: 431 Joined: Thu Nov 02, 2006 9:56 pm\nLocation: Now in Buenos Aires Argentina\nPost\nby Aoi Sun Mar 11, 2007 4:24 pm\nOlivier Hague wrote:Aoi wrote:reading this proves that he did leave the story to be continued and that he sees it as a real part of dragon ball.\nEr... Well, that's not really what he's saying. ^^;\nwell the universe i mean, not his dragon ball because he didnt write it.\nTop\nMajinVejitaXV\nSlut of the Daizenshuu EX Family\nPosts: 3149 Joined: Thu Jul 22, 2004 9:39 am\nPost\nby MajinVejitaXV Sun Mar 11, 2007 4:59 pm\nHow was \"side-story\" literally said in the Japanese, \"Gaiden\"?\n-Corey\nTop\nPieter\nBeyond Newbie\nPosts: 297 Joined: Wed Nov 29, 2006 9:37 pm\nLocation: Holland\nPost\nby Pieter Sun Mar 11, 2007 5:49 pm\nSoluzar wrote:So it's a side-story, or something that isn't part of the main story. That's fine by me. It's still not a part of the manga, or even a part of the main anime story. It's got about the same status as a movie, to judge from what he said in the text you've provided.\nAs a movie? The closest GT would get to something from Dbz would be the specials.\nMajinVejitaXV wrote:How was \"side-story\" literally said in the Japanese, \"Gaiden\"?\n-Corey\nI'm curious as well.\nTop\nLavender Saiyan\nRegular\nPosts: 610 Joined: Sat Dec 02, 2006 3:03 am\nLocation: New Jersey\nPost\nby Lavender Saiyan Sun Mar 11, 2007 5:53 pm\nSoluzar wrote:Aoi wrote:I used to hate GT also because I always thought that in reality Akira would not have anything to do with this and that is why he left early.\nHow are you on a first name basis with Mr. Akira Toriyama?\nIn any case, he's saying that he approved the creation of it, but that the story is nothing to do with him, which means that whatever else you can say, Dragon Ball GT is irrelevant to the manga version. I always view the anime as being just an adaption of the manga version, which is the real Dragon Ball. That's why anything that happens in the filler is irrelevant, if sometimes fun. Dragon Ball GT, not being based on the manga is one long filler.\nI think that's the best way to view it. It contradicts too many things to be canon. Maybe people would view it better if it didn't contradict stuff. But the original main plot starts to contradict things as it is. Only Toriyama himself can contradict things, no one else.\nMe, I view GT as \"canon\" with the anime. Nothing anyone can say is going to change my mind. Until Akira Toriyama and/or Toei actually state GT not being \"official\" with the anime, this is what I'm sticking to.\nHmmmm, never thought of it that way.\n[b]*Supporter of the Remastered Season Sets*[/b]\n*Dodges rocks*\nTop\nMisterFlashdude\nOMG CRAZY REGEN\nPosts: 779 Joined: Tue May 02, 2006 3:21 pm\nPost\nby MisterFlashdude Sun Mar 11, 2007 6:05 pm\nWhen did GT being a part of the anime storyline become contested? Mr.Toriyama also writes at the beginning of the last volume 'I ended it like it might not really be ending, like it could continue' (not an exact quote).\nEveryone wanted him to continue, he didn't want to continue.\nIt's not considered 'canon' because to most people, that story ends with the manga and anything not printed in the manga is filler. But this wouldn't really be filler, would it? After all, filler exists to waste time between actual storylines... so, because the actual storyline ended, this was just disappointing. Mr.Toriyama endorsing it doesn't really change any of that.\nI've seen it, of course... and I just didn't care for it. Even if Mr.Toriyama had drawn it himself, I'd still dislike it. To me, it's as much a part of the storyline as Garlic Jr. Some people like to think it all goes together, and that's their choice.\nTop\nSoluzar\nNewbie\nPosts: 43 Joined: Wed Aug 02, 2006 5:56 am\nPost\nby Soluzar Sun Mar 11, 2007 6:41 pm\nMisterFlashdude wrote:When did GT being a part of the anime storyline become contested?\nFor the same reason that the movies aren't a real part of the anime storyline. They don't fit into continuity properly, and they aren't based on Toriyama's work. I'm just giving my reasoning, I've got no axe to grind with anyone else's view of GT.\nKore wa \"signature\" ja nai.\nTop\nAcid_Reign\nAdvanced Regular\nPosts: 1056 Joined: Wed Jan 24, 2007 5:59 am\nLocation: Massachusetts, USA\nContact:\nContact Acid_Reign\nFacebook\nTwitter\nYouTube\nPost\nby Acid_Reign Sun Mar 11, 2007 7:14 pm\nMajinVejitaXV wrote:How was \"side-story\" literally said in the Japanese, \"Gaiden\"?\n-Corey\nNope, it's \"\" (saido sutr).\nWhy do you ask?\nTop\nMajinVejitaXV\nSlut of the Daizenshuu EX Family\nPosts: 3149 Joined: Thu Jul 22, 2004 9:39 am\nPost\nby MajinVejitaXV Sun Mar 11, 2007 10:15 pm\nAcid_Reign wrote:Nope, it's \"\" (saido sutr).\nWhy do you ask?\nSimply because stories which are defined as \"Gaiden\" typically take place outside of the normal continuity. Still, the fact that Toriyama termed it a \"side story\" and not an outright continuation leads me to believe he thinks of it as...well, a different animal from the DragonBall and DragonBall Z animes.\n-Corey\nTop\nAoi\nBeyond-the-Beyond Newbie\nPosts: 431 Joined: Thu Nov 02, 2006 9:56 pm\nLocation: Now in Buenos Aires Argentina\nPost\nby Aoi Sun Mar 11, 2007 10:23 pm\nI understand the questions and the reason is that I have been going to a few other dragon ball sites (but in honest opinon, daizex is the best ever made, even compared to some big Japanese sites a few years ago) and I kept finding things like : \"non canon\" as if it was official. (for example www.dbzlegacy.com)\nAlso on Wikia.org (the site given on this message board), reading things like this is a little frustrating:\n\"Dragon Ball GT is the sequel to Dragon Ball Z, whose material is produced by only by TOEI Animation. The Dragon Ball GT series is the shortest of the Dragon Ball series, being only 64 episodes; as opposed to it's predecessor Dragon Ball Z which consisted of 292 episodes.\n[edit]The Debate over Canon\nThis series was never written by Akira Toriyama or even originally produced as manga like its predecessors Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z, so numerous fans consider it non-canon. Inconsistencies in Dragon Ball GT when comparing it to Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z are created by Toei, who simply used GT as a way to re-establish Goku's title as savior of the Universe. Goku by the end of Dragon Ball Z was estimated to be in his mid fifties and he was about to train a predecessor. Many fans agree that Dragon Ball GT was a pointless series because Goku had already become the Universe's greatest defender at the end of Dragon Ball Z. \"\nAnd in many of the sites I always saw arguments about how \"Akira never said anything about him considering it part of the dragon ball universe\". So that is why i put his quote here.\nLast edited by Aoi on Sun Mar 11, 2007 10:29 pm, edited 1 time in total.\nTop\nAcid_Reign\nAdvanced Regular\nPosts: 1056 Joined: Wed Jan 24, 2007 5:59 am\nLocation: Massachusetts, USA\nContact:\nContact Acid_Reign\nFacebook\nTwitter\nYouTube\nPost\nby Acid_Reign Sun Mar 11, 2007 10:24 pm\nMajinVejitaXV wrote:Simply because stories which are defined as \"Gaiden\" typically take place outside of the normal continuity. Still, the fact that Toriyama termed it a \"side story\" and not an outright continuation leads me to believe he thinks of it as...well, a different animal from the DragonBall and DragonBall Z animes.\n-Corey\nThat is interesting (and quite frankly what I'd like to believe, not that it matters either way for me) but it's a bit hard to determine his exact opinion from an insert that came with the GT boxed set. I can't imagine the fans shelling out for it would be very happy if Toriyama had flat-out dissed it. :P\nTop\nnathantheguitarist\nI'm, pretty, cozy, here...\nPosts: 1516 Joined: Mon Nov 27, 2006 3:37 am\nContact:\nContact nathantheguitarist\nWebsite\nPost\nby nathantheguitarist Sun Mar 11, 2007 10:34 pm\n*Too lazy to read all of the other posts, save for the top one of course*\nThat's from Akira Toriyama? What is it from, the Perfect Files, or the GT DragonBook?\nWell, either way, thanks for the translation, that was neat!\nCan't you see? He's the man. Let me hear you applaud. He's more than a man! He's a shiny golden god!\nTop\nAoi\nBeyond-the-Beyond Newbie\nPosts: 431 Joined: Thu Nov 02, 2006 9:56 pm\nLocation: Now in Buenos Aires Argentina\nPost\nby Aoi Sun Mar 11, 2007 11:58 pm\nOh I didnt do it, It was on another post but was well translated so put it here =)\nTop\nLocked\nDisplay: All posts1 day7 days2 weeks1 month3 months6 months1 year\nSort by: AuthorPost timeSubject\nDirection: AscendingDescending\n1\n2\n3\nNext\nReturn to In-Universe Discussion\nJump to\nKanzenshuu\n Website & Community Discussion\n The Podcast\n Staff Help Requests\nDragon Ball\n General Franchise Discussion\n In-Universe Discussion\n Dragon Ball Super\n Episode Discussion Archive\n Dragon Ball Kai\n Episode Discussion Archive\n Music\n Video Games\n Fan-Created Works\nWho is online Users browsing this forum: Google Adsense [Bot] and 3 guests\nProLight Style by Ian Bradley. Modified by Hujio.\nPowered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited\nPrivacy\n|\nTerms\n|\nForum Rules", "url": "https://www.kanzenshuu.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5411" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Is Dragon Ball GT worth watching? - Quora\nSomething went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InIs Dragon Ball GT worth watching?All related (53)SortRecommendedAssistantBotMay 2Opinions on Dragon Ball GT vary among fans of the Dragon Ball series. Dragon Ball GT is a sequel to Dragon Ball Z and was not based on the original manga created by Akira Toriyama. As a result, some fans feel that GT doesn't live up to the standards set by Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z. Dragon Ball GT has its own unique storyline and characters, and some viewers enjoy it for what it is. However, others criticize it for various reasons, including pacing issues, inconsistencies with the established lore of the series, and character development. Ultimately, whether Dragon Ball GT is worth watching Continue ReadingOpinions on Dragon Ball GT vary among fans of the Dragon Ball series. Dragon Ball GT is a sequel to Dragon Ball Z and was not based on the original manga created by Akira Toriyama. As a result, some fans feel that GT doesn't live up to the standards set by Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z. Dragon Ball GT has its own unique storyline and characters, and some viewers enjoy it for what it is. However, others criticize it for various reasons, including pacing issues, inconsistencies with the established lore of the series, and character development. Ultimately, whether Dragon Ball GT is worth watching is subjective and depends on your personal preferences as a viewer. If you're a fan of the Dragon Ball series and want to see how the story continues after Dragon Ball Z, you may find some enjoyment in watching GT. However, if you're looking for a series that closely follows the original manga and maintains the same level of quality as Dragon Ball Z, you may be disappointed. If you're a completionist or a dedicated fan of the Dragon Ball franchise, you may still want to give Dragon Ball GT a chance to form your own opinion. Just keep in mind that it is a separate entity from the original manga and may not resonate with all fans in the same way.Upvote Jimmy Lee6yI would say yes because, it is the best way to keep up the characters and at the future after seeing what in the last episode of dragon ball z kai the last. Besides its the only way to find out how goku and vegeta become super sayian 4. So just watch it guys.Continue ReadingI would say yes because, it is the best way to keep up the characters and at the future after seeing what in the last episode of dragon ball z kai the last. Besides its the only way to find out how goku and vegeta become super sayian 4. So just watch it guys.Upvote 992091Promoted by monday.commonday.comOne platform for managing any project, task, and workflow.Updated 1yWhat are the best project management tools for managers?As a manager, the ability to prioritize workloads, schedule employees/projects, and track deadlines is simply impossible without a reliable and easy-to-use project management platform. Trusted by over 180K global customers, monday.com offers an award-winning, customizable work and project management platform for all teams, industries, and sizes. With its easy-to-use interface, any member of your team can jump on and start using it immediately, no training required. Try for free (Free forever. No credit card)>>With monday.com, you can plan, execute, and manage all of your teams' work in one placeContinue ReadingAs a manager, the ability to prioritize workloads, schedule employees/projects, and track deadlines is simply impossible without a reliable and easy-to-use project management platform. Trusted by over 180K global customers, monday.com offers an award-winning, customizable work and project management platform for all teams, industries, and sizes. With its easy-to-use interface, any member of your team can jump on and start using it immediately, no training required. Try for free (Free forever. No credit card)>>With monday.com, you can plan, execute, and manage all of your teams' work in one place by automating and streamlining activities with no-code automations, saving you and your team hours of valuable time. With customizable dashboards, 200+ pre-made templates, 72+ integrations, and real-time notifications and updates, optimize processes, and boost team productivity and collaboration. You can easily track projects and meet deadlines using timelines, Gantt charts, and more. Discover why 180K+ global customers love and use monday.com.Try monday.com for freeUpvote 999378997597Related questionsMore answers belowShould I watch Dragon Ball GT or skip it?Does Dragon Ball GT get good?Is Dragon Ball GT better than Dragon Ball Super?Is Dragon Ball GT as bad as people say? I haven't seen it yet.In what order should I watch Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Kai, Dragon Ball Z, and Dragon Ball GT?Kameron ColemanB.A in Kinesiology, Stephen F. Austin State University (Graduated 2020) Author has 323 answers and 1.7M answer views6yIn my opinion, yes. A lot of people do not like it especially with it not being canon. But I really liked it. You're introduced to new characters, villains, a few new transformations, even a new set of Dragon balls. It's a unique story that you'll have to judge yourself. It is slightly inconsistent but if you look past them it's good.Upvote 98Henry Huntera fan of Dragon Ball Author has 1.5K answers and 2.2M answer views4yIf youre a fan of Dragon Ball, Id say its worth a watch. If this would be your first exposure to Dragon Ball, I wouldnt recommend it. If youre looking for something like Dragon Ball Z you wont find it here, not in the early episodes. For whatever reason, they decided to pay homage to the original chapter of Dragon Ball by reverting Goku into a child and having them go on wacky adventures to find the Dragon Balls. Ironically, that chapter of the manga wasnt too popular and the series was nearly abandoned until Akira Toriyama convinced his editors to give it another chance, and with the intContinue ReadingIf youre a fan of Dragon Ball, Id say its worth a watch. If this would be your first exposure to Dragon Ball, I wouldnt recommend it. If youre looking for something like Dragon Ball Z you wont find it here, not in the early episodes. For whatever reason, they decided to pay homage to the original chapter of Dragon Ball by reverting Goku into a child and having them go on wacky adventures to find the Dragon Balls. Ironically, that chapter of the manga wasnt too popular and the series was nearly abandoned until Akira Toriyama convinced his editors to give it another chance, and with the introduction of the 21st Tenkaichi Budokai, the series became a hit. So the first several episodes are less high powered actions and more goofy antics. If thats a turn off, Id recommend watching the first couple of episodes and then skipping to the introduction of Baby, as not much of the early episodes is really vital to the plot. The animation and choreography took a step down from Dragon Ball Z as well, just something to keep in mind. Honestly, if you temper your expectations and go in hoping for an average to above average shoen anime and not the successor to one of the most popular animes in the West, its rather enjoyable. The end sequence is by far the best anime ending to any of the Dragon Ball series, considering it was, at the time, thought to be the final piece of Dragon Ball media. GT gets a bad reputation from internet dwellers with a hate boner. Like I said, temper your expectations accordingly and you should find it enjoyable.Upvote 9916Related questionsWhere can I watch Dragon Ball GT?Is there anything to catch up on before watching Dragon Ball GT?Is the Dragon Ball series worth watching?Why is Dragon Ball GT so horrible?Did Dragon Ball Super delete Dragon Ball GT as a canon?Can I watch Dragon Ball Super if I did not watch Dragon Ball GT yet?Will there possibly be another series after Dragon Ball GT?How does Dragon Ball GT end?How would you fix Dragon Ball GT?Why is Dragon Ball GT so good?Where can I download Dragon Ball GT?Why would anybody like Dragon Ball GT?Which season do I have to watch after Dragon Ball GT?Are there still Dragon Ball Z fans who watch Dragon Ball GT every now and then?Is Dragon Ball GT canon?Related questionsWas Dragon Ball GT a mistake?How many episodes of Dragon Ball GT are there?What does GT stand for in Dragon Ball GT?What happened between Dragon Ball GT and Dragon Ball Super?Is there a Dragon Ball season after Dragon Ball GT?From which episode should I start watching Dragon Ball GT?AdvertisementAbout Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://www.quora.com/Is-Dragon-Ball-GT-worth-watching" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Goku | Dragon Ball GT Wiki | Fandom\nDragon Ball GT Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nWiki Content\nRecently Changed Pages\nGogeta\nBulla/Bra\nGohan\nBlack Star Shenron\nDragon ball gt\nSuper 17\nTrunks\nOrganization\nHelp\nForums\nPolicy\nCopyright\nCommunity\nSite administration\nSite maintenance\nSkills\nGohan\nCommunity\nHelp\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nDragon Ball GT Wiki\n37pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nWiki Content\nRecently Changed Pages\nGogeta\nBulla/Bra\nGohan\nBlack Star Shenron\nDragon ball gt\nSuper 17\nTrunks\nOrganization\nHelp\nForums\nPolicy\nCopyright\nCommunity\nSite administration\nSite maintenance\nSkills\nGohan\nCommunity\nHelp\nGoku\nView source\nView history\nTalk (0)\nGoku in his prime in Dragon Ball GT. In Dragon Ball GT at the age of 47 (before the wish by Shenron turning him to a little kid), Goku has finished training Uub, and they have just finished testing their abilities against one another in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber. Soon after, an accidental wish by Emperor Pilaf transforms Goku back into a child. The wish was made on the Black Star Dragon Balls. As a result, Goku must travel the galaxy and return them to Earth to prevent the planet from Goku in child form during Dragon Ball GT exploding from the negative energy created by the wish.\nAfter leaving Earth in the space ship designed by Bulma a piece of the ship falls off and Goku, Trunks, and Pan are forced to crash land on the planet Imecka to get the parts needed to repair the ship. Groups of merchants swarm Goku and the others and they have to go to the gold star hotel to hide from the swarms of sellers. They then realize they are being charged every second for everything in the hotel including the lights. They escape without paying and stumble upon the house of an old couple and their children. They talk about Don Kee the ruler of the planet and how he mistreats his rule, just then Don Kee's men come and repossess the old couple's house saying they where behind payment. Goku suggests that they go and fight Don Kee but the couple says that is impossible because of his grand army. On their way back to the ship Trunks drops the Dragon Radar and it is swallowed by the small robot T-2006 nicknamed Giru who says that he can't give the radar back to them because it is already integrated into his system.\nGoku, Pan and Trunks search for the Dragon Ball around the Universe.\nGoku, Pan and Trunks search for the Dragon Ball around the universe. Meanwhile Goku notices the ship being dragged away by Don Kee's men. He tries to use Instant Transmission to teleport them to the ship but after two failed attempts realizes that he can't use it in his small body. They are forced to travel to Don Kee's palace on foot to recover their ship. Pan decides that they will use a stealth operation to recover the ship and would only result to fighting as a last resort. After briefly sneaking around a large rock falls on Trunks' head and Giru starts making noises that alarm the guards. The guards open fire on Goku and the others and Pan says that they must fight now so Goku agrees. Pan jumps in the carrying car while Goku moves the ship onto the car and Pan drives the ship out of the palace with Goku and Trunks. But while escaping, Don Kee's henchmen Gale and Sheila fire a ki blast at Goku who reflects it back with ease towards Ledgic Don Kee's right hand man who recognizes them as Saiyans. Goku and the others escape but Trunks says they have to go back into town for more more parts due to Pan's \"reckless driving\".\nOnce they reach the town everyone hides and Trunks finds the three of them on Immecka's most wanted list. While running from Don Kee's men they fall into the house of a nice old couple who offer them food after realizing Goku and company mean no harm. They say that Don Kee made it a law that no one is allowed to own a ship so that no one would escape the planet including the old couple. Pan gets fed up and convinces Goku and Trunks to go face Don Kee head on. They turn themselves in to the police and get brought to the palace. Once there Goku and Trunks and Pan incapacitate Gale, Sheila, and all of Don Kee's guards. Then Goku blasts his way into Don Kee's throne-room. Don Kee sicks Ledgic on the fighters after capturing Pan in an energy chamber. Ledgic says that he will fight Goku but for his own satisfaction. After a short fight Goku defeats Ledgic and they take down Don Kee and make him give everyone free rent and give them back their ships free of charge. Plus Don Kee gives them the parts they need for free and They leave Immecka. They then land on an unnamed planet where everything is larger than life. Goku finds the Four Star Ball in the tooth of a giant and they go to the next planet.\nOn planet Kelbo they find the Six Star Ball in the hair of the princess of the village, Leing. Trunks asks for the ball but her fiance' Doma said that they were in a large problem already. The amphibian creature Zoonama was threatening the village with earthquakes and volcanoes if they didn't give him Leing. Goku decides that he would help them out in exchange for the Dragon Ball and they agree. Pan comes up with the idea to disguise Goku as Leing but it doesn't work out and Trunks poses as Leing instead. Zoonama coms and takes Trunks to his layer. Trunks gets Zoonama tipsy and Goku arrives with Pan and Doma. Doma slices off Zoonama's left whisker with a huge pair of scissors and as he cuts off the left one Zoonama awakens in a drunken rage. He begins to wiggle his whiskers and an earthquake begins to come but stops soon after while Zoonama continues to wiggle his whisker. Pan realizes that he can't cause earthquakes only predict them but now he is so tipsy that he didn't realize that the quake was over. Suddenly a really big earthquake erupts and Goku and the others leave the cavern with Zoonama. Goku then stops the huge volcano with a Kamehameha wave saving the city and winning the Dragon Ball. Just as he goes to get the ball the mysterious Para brothers arrive and take it.\nGoku then jumps in the ship with Pan and Trunks and they chase after the Para brothers. The brothers trick them onto the asteroid, Beehay, inhabited by huge bloodthirsty worm-like creatures called Mouma. The Para brothers escape and fly to the planet Luud. They go to Cardinal Mutchy Mutchy, who tells them that they have failed and that Goku has another Dragon Ball on his ship that they failed to get and they must go retrieve it. They travel back to find Goku and the others and they get hypnotized by the Para brothers until they are saved by the hungry Mouma. Pan goes aboard the Para brother's ship to find the Dragon Ball that they stole. She accidentally activates the auto-pilot and is brought to Luud. There she is captured and turned into a doll for the evil lord Dolltaki. Goku shows up with Trunks and kills Cardinal Mutchy Mutchy, who reveals that he is actually two parts the body and the whip which transforms into Mutchie and fights Goku. Trunks finishes Mutchie off with Flash Bang and saves Goku from his whip arms. Then Dolltaki turns everyone except for Goku, himself, Trunks, and Pan into dolls and feeds them to the machine deity Luud. Dolltaki then awakens Luud who takes him and Pan inside of Luud's body to gain their energy. While Luud fights Goku and Trunks Pan forces Dolltaki to tell her the weakness of the seemingly invincible Luud. Dolltaki reveals that Goku must strike the outside of Luud's mechanical heart while Pan strikes the inside at the exact same time. After multiple tries Goku finally succeeds and destroyed Luud freeing all of the people including Pan who is turned back to normal. Goku then takes back his Dragon Ball and they leave the planet.\nContents\n1 Battling Baby, the evil parasite\n2 Super 17, the ultimate android\n3 ==\n4 ==\n5 ==\n5.1 The evil Shadow Dragons\n5.2 Guiding A New Generation\n5.3 The evil Shadow Dragons\n5.4 Guiding A New Generation\nBattling Baby, the evil parasite\nMain article: Baby Saga\nGoku engages Baby Vegeta. As our heroes arrive on the supposedly deserted planet M2 as they continue on their quest for the Black Star Dragon Balls. They find themselves Goku engages Baby Vegeta. caught in a trap by the planet's inhabitants, mutant robots, and that Giru was deceiving them all along. Pan manages to escape and later rescues Goku who does battle with the robotic group of commandos known as the Mega Canon Sigma Force and their leader General Rilldo. However, both he and Pan are captured again and taken to Dr. Myuu for studying. Giru has a change of heart though and manages to rescue the trio thanks to a clever plan by Trunks. It is then that we see Myuu's true creation, Baby, who breaks free from his containment after being revived but stopped by the Goku and the others. However, as a defeated and injured Dr. Myuu escapes, a piece of Baby's scattered remains jumps onto his skin, later busting out of Dr. Myuu and reforming into his original state. Baby, is in fact the last surviving Tuffle, the original inhabitants of Planet Vegeta. Baby is a machine mutant who was created by Dr. Myuu; however, Baby states that he is Dr. Myuu's master, and that Dr. Myuu was designed to revive him.\nSuper Saiyan 3 Goku is overtaken by the power of Super Baby Vegeta. Goku, Trunks, and Pan arrive on Earth to return the Black Star Dragon Balls, but soon discover that Baby h Super Saiyan 3 Goku is overtaken by the power of Super Baby Vegeta. as infected the population with mind-controlling eggs and chosen Vegeta as his new host. After a short fight with Baby, Goku discovers that he can not sustain Super Saiyan 3 while still being a child. After being pummeled by Baby Vegeta, Goku is weak and defenseless. During this fight, however, Goku learns of Baby's one weakness; he is sensitive to taunts, and easily angered. Meanwhile, Baby uses the Revenge Death Ball to finish off Goku, but Kibito Kai arrives just as the bomb strikes to save Goku and bring him to the Sacred World of the Kais.\nSuper Saiyan 4 Goku dominates Super Baby Vegeta.\nSuper Saiyan 4 Goku dominates Super Baby Vegeta. There, Elder Kai hatches a plan to \"solve Goku's energy problem\" by re-growing Goku's tail. Progress is slow at first, but Goku has an idea about how to accelerate the process. After a very painful procedure where the tail is pulled out by a pair of pliers, Goku returns to the Tuffle planet (where most of Earth's residents had migrated to) to confront Baby.\nDuring the battle with Baby Vegeta, Goku is able to sustain his Super Saiyan 3 form but is still no match for his opponent. As he lies on the ground, defenseless, he gazes at Earth and realizes he has failed it. But instead of dying, looking at the Earth causes Goku to transform into the form of a Golden Great Ape. With Pan's help, Goku is able to regain control of himself and become a Super Saiyan 4.\nGoku fires a 10x Kamehameha to destroy Baby.Baby is no match against a Super Saiyan 4. In desperation, Bulma (who's under Baby's control) uses a Blutz Wave Generator that causes Baby Vegeta to transform into a Golden Great Ape. Goku's situation becomes bad, but after a lengthy battle, Goku succeeds in defeating Baby Vegeta and leaving Baby defenseless. In desperation, Baby leaves Vegeta's body and tries to escape from Planet Tuffle but Goku uses his Kamehameha attack to destroy Baby and blast his remains into the sun.\nSuper 17, the ultimate android\nMain article: Super 17 Saga Goku is still a kid and fights in the world martial arts tournament, having to fight in the junior division with Hercule saying there is a height requirement. His opponent apparently wins by tickling Goku while he is talking to Vegeta, resulting in Goku falling out of the ring. Goku and friends are at home eating until a badly beaten up Trunks arrives, saying he was beaten up by Android 17, who told him to tell Goku to go to Hell to set things straight.\nGoku faces off against Cell and Frieza in Hell.\nGoku faces off against Cell and Frieza in Hell. Goku leaves for Hell, where he meets Dr. Myu, and Dr. Gero, who leave, making Goku very frustrated with no way out, until two of his most fierce enemies of the past drop by, Cell and Frieza. Goku manages to out duel both of them in his normal state. Realizing Goku's power, Cell uses a technique not seen in Dragon Ball Z. He forces out his tail even in his perfect state and absorbs Goku. Once absorbed, Super Perfect Cell powers up with extreme, radical lightning and he states that he has gained all of Goku's power and has become the strongest fighter in the universe which may be true. But this only lasts for about ten seconds since Goku finds his way out of Cell's body. After a fight between Goku, Cell and Frieza, they show Goku a new technique that they learned in Hell: creating a tornado type spin throwing Goku down to the deepest part of Hell. While there, a strange, old lady demonstrates various tortures which evidently ends by freezing Goku in a block of ice.\nMeanwhile, Cell and Frieza wait to use a finishing move on Goku. Goku's end seems to have arrived until everyone realizes that the finishing move does not work on the living. Despite being frozen, Goku manages to hear their conversation. In his retaliation, he breaks free, attempts the freezing technique on Cell and Frieza, and successfully freezes them, but accidentally shatters them.\nGoku destroying Super Android 17 with a Dragon Fist.\nStill trapped in hell, Goku tries to find a way to get out. He asks King Yemma to aid him, with King Yemma responding that he does not know how to get Goku out. Piccolo contacts King Y Goku destroying Super Android 17 with a Dragon Fist emma and asks him to transport him to Goku. Believing the plan is ludicrous, King Yemma refuses, leaving Piccolo to destroy significant portions of Heaven as a means to convince him. King Yemma, eventually, follows through with Piccolo's idea and transports him directly to Goku where he, with Dende's help, transfer their energy to Goku so as to allow him to escape. Successfully escaping, Goku immediately leaves for the battlefield.\nGoku and Android 18 talking to each other after the defeat of Super 17.\nGoku fights the newly-fused Super 17 after reaching the battlefield. With the help of Android 18, v Goku and Android 18 talking to each other after the defeat of Super 17. engeful towards Android 17 for Krillin's death, Goku is able to defeat Super 17 with the use of the Super Dragon Fist through the android's stomach and chest. This attack presumably destroys Android 17's energy absorption devices. Goku then finishes off the android with a Kamehameha through the wounded Super 17's stomach, causing him to explode.\n==\n==\n==\nThe evil Shadow Dragons\nMain article: Shadow Dragon Saga\nGoku charges up his Universal Spirit Bomb to destroy Omega Shenron.\nWhen the dragon, Shenron, is summoned to revive those killed by Super 17, the Dragon Balls crack, and a different, cigar-smoking dragon appears in his place. This Black Smoke Shenron promptly splits into seven Shadow Dragons, each with a cracked Dragon Ball in its body. Goku and his companions fight valiantly to defeat these new dragons. However, after six of the seven are defeated, the One-Star Dragon, Syn Shenron, absorbs the other Dragon Balls into himself, forming Omega Shenron. Goku defeats him after the most difficult battle of his life, including a fusion with Vegeta to form the strongest fighter ever, Super Saiyan 4 Gogeta, that does not succeed in putting the One-Star Dragon down permanently. After being presumably killed by Omega's Minus Energy Power Ball, Goku asks the people of the planet Earth and from all over the Universe to send him their energy to create a Universal Spirit Bomb which is successful in finally destroying the Shadow Dragon.\nGoku leaves with Shenron.Goku, a hundred years later, in the very last scene of the Dragon Ball GT series.The people of Earth witness this and finally realize Goku is a hero. Afterwards, the real Shenron appears once again, saying that no more wishes will be granted for a long time. After convincing Shenron to grant one last wish (repairing the damage done during the Super 17 and Shadow Dragon sagas), Goku decides to accompany the dragon and train with him. Before leaving, Goku tells Vegeta that the lives of everyone are now in his hands, passing the role of protector of the Earth and anyone in need of help, to Vegeta.\nA century later, as an aged Pan watches the World Martial Arts Tournament, she catches a glimpse of a familiar face in the stands: her grandfather, Goku (now grown up once again, without his tail). When she tries to follow him, however, he disappears. Goku is then seen flying into the air, grabbing onto his Power Pole, calling for the Flying Nimbus and finally flies off into the distance while yelling, \"Till we meet again guys!\"\nA statue of Goku which stands around the World Martial Arts Tournament\nGuiding A New Generation\nMain article: A Hero's Legacy\nGoku meets his descendant, Goku Jr.In this special Goku Jr. wants to cure his grandmother Pan with a Dragonball but when he found the Dragonball nothing happens and he gets angry and upset, then Goku appears and explains how to use the Dragonball, that you need seven Dragonballs to get your wish and then a helicopter with Pan and Puck appears and Goku disappears again. When Goku disappears he tells Goku Jr. that it was his courage and bravery that caused his grandmother Pan and his friend Puck to be alive and safe. After that Goku tells Goku Jr. to keep and treasure the 4 star dragonball as a memory of him and tells him that he is proud of him and wishes him good luck for his future and a farewell to his great-great-grandson.\nThe evil Shadow Dragons\nMain article: Shadow Dragon Saga\nGoku charges up his Universal Spirit Bomb to destroy Omega Shenron.When the dragon, Shenron, is summoned to revive those killed by Super 17, the Dragon Balls crack, and a different, cigar-smoking dragon appears in his place. This Black Smoke Shenron promptly splits into seven Shadow Dragons, each with a cracked Dragon Ball in its body. Goku and his companions fight valiantly to defeat these new dragons. However, after six of the seven are defeated, the One-Star Dragon, Syn Shenron, absorbs the other Dragon Balls into himself, forming Omega Shenron. Goku defeats him after the most difficult battle of his life, including a fusion with Vegeta to form the strongest fighter ever, Super Saiyan 4 Gogeta, that does not succeed in putting the One-Star Dragon down permanently. After being presumably killed by Omega's Minus Energy Power Ball, Goku asks the people of the planet Earth and from all over the Universe to send him their energy to create a Universal Spirit Bomb which is successful in finally destroying the Shadow Dragon.\nGoku leaves with Shenron.Goku, a hundred years later, in the very last scene of the Dragon Ball GT series.The people of Earth witness this and finally realize Goku is a hero. Afterwards, the real Shenron appears once again, saying that no more wishes will be granted for a long time. After convincing Shenron to grant one last wish (repairing the damage done during the Super 17 and Shadow Dragon sagas), Goku decides to accompany the dragon and train with him. Before leaving, Goku tells Vegeta that the lives of everyone are now in his hands, passing the role of protector of the Earth and anyone in need of help, to Vegeta.\nA century later, as an aged Pan watches the World Martial Arts Tournament, she catches a glimpse of a familiar face in the stands: her grandfather, Goku (now grown up once again, without his tail). When she tries to follow him, however, he disappears. Goku is then seen flying into the air, grabbing onto his Power Pole, calling for the Flying Nimbus and finally flies off into the distance while yelling, \"Till we meet again guys!\"\nA statue of Goku which stands around the World Martial Arts Tournament\nGuiding A New Generation\nMain article: A Hero's Legacy\nGoku meets his descendant, Goku Jr.In this special Goku Jr. wants to cure his grandmother Pan with a Dragonball but when he found the Dragonball nothing happens and he gets angry and upset, then Goku appears and explains how to use the Dragonball, that you need seven Dragonballs to get your wish and then a helicopter with Pan and Puck appears and Goku disappears again. When Goku disappears he tells Goku Jr. that it was his courage and bravery that caused his grandmother Pan and his friend Puck to be alive and safe. After that Goku tells Goku Jr. to keep and treasure the 4 star dragonball as a memory of him and tells him that he is proud of him and wishes him good luck for his future and a farewell to his great-great-grandson.\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Dragon Ball GT Wiki\n1\nGoku\n2\nPiccolo\n3\nGogeta\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nDragon Ball GT Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.\nView Mobile Site", "url": "https://dragonballgtinfo.fandom.com/wiki/Goku" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "So I've been rewatching Dragon Ball GT and I noticed that the BLACK STAR Dragon Balls are blue due to the negative energy, I get that, that's OK. Why do they then turn into the Dragon Balls we've seen since the beginning of Dragon Ball? - Quora\nSomething went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InSo I've been rewatching Dragon Ball GT and I noticed that the BLACK STAR Dragon Balls are blue due to the negative energy, I get that, that's OK. Why do they then turn into the Dragon Balls we've seen since the beginning of Dragon Ball?All related (34)SortRecommendedLeeVon GregoryWatch a lot of anime Author has 183 answers and 222K answer views10moThey are not blue in any way shape or form.The only blue dragon balls are on the Shadow Dragons who came from the regular Dragon Balls, made by Dende, since at the end of the Baby saga Piccolo decided to die so that the BLACK STAR Dragon Balls who cease to exist.Continue ReadingThey are not blue in any way shape or form.The only blue dragon balls are on the Shadow Dragons who came from the regular Dragon Balls, made by Dende, since at the end of the Baby saga Piccolo decided to die so that the BLACK STAR Dragon Balls who cease to exist.Upvote 93Promoted by ottonovaAnna SchleicherB.Sc. in Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich (Graduated 2019)7moWhat are the pros and cons of private health insurance and public healthcare in Germany? Which is cheaper?Everyone in Germany must have health insurance - either statutory or private health insurance. These are the advantages and disadvantages of the different insurance systems: Statutory health insurance Pros:Advantages for families: contribution-free family insuranceCheaper contributions for low-income earnersNo medical evaluation: everyone has to be acceptedCons:Health coverage is limited by statutory regulations: scope of benefits can't be chosen by the customerHigh costs for high-income earners: premiums are based on incomeLimited protection when abroadPrivate health insurance Pros:Larger scope Continue ReadingEveryone in Germany must have health insurance - either statutory or private health insurance. These are the advantages and disadvantages of the different insurance systems: Statutory health insurance Pros:Advantages for families: contribution-free family insuranceCheaper contributions for low-income earnersNo medical evaluation: everyone has to be acceptedCons:Health coverage is limited by statutory regulations: scope of benefits can't be chosen by the customerHigh costs for high-income earners: premiums are based on incomeLimited protection when abroadPrivate health insurance Pros:Larger scope of benefits: benefits can be selected according to individual wishes and needsLower premiums: especially high earners can save with private health insurance, because premiums are not based on incomeFaster appointments with doctors (specialists) and no additional payment for medicationsProtection when traveling/abroadCons:Admission restrictions: only employees with a 66,600 annual salary, self-employed, civil servants and students can take out private health insuranceMedical examination: difficulty being admitted with pre-existing diseasesEach family member must be insured separately: no free family insurancePrepayment for outpatient treatment: you submit your medical bills to the insurance companyInterested in private health insurance? Here you can find more information about the digital private health insurance ottonova and their advantages. If you have any specific questions, you can arrange a free and non-binding consultation with one of their english-speaking insurance experts. They will help you find the right choice for you and your life situation - the consultation is completely free and non-binding.Upvote 999194992194Related questionsMore answers belowHow does Dragon Ball GT end?Does Dragon Ball GT get good?How strong is Omega Shenron from Dragon Ball GT?Why was Pan weak in Dragon Ball GT?What would happen if Dragon Ball GT continued?Trey HallWatched every episode and read majority of manga Author has 1.2K answers and 24.4M answer views2yRelatedWhy did Goku and Vegeta turn SSJ Blue in the tournament of power against the trio of danger when they were beating them with just Super Saiyan?Simply put, to finish them as quickly as possible.The scaling for The Trio De Dangers is a bit tricky however You have full powered Bergamo momentarily pushing back super saiyan blue kaiokens beamBut then you have Super Saiyan 1 Goku and Vegeta comfortably handling the TrioSo things are a bit wacky, but I can confidently say that Goku and Vegeta didnt want to waste much more time fighting. According to Vegeta, Goku was sort of horsing around anyways Super Saiyan Blue has the best ki control of any of their forms, and the power output can be tweaked greatlyIts sort of like a safety net. They cContinue ReadingSimply put, to finish them as quickly as possible.The scaling for The Trio De Dangers is a bit tricky however You have full powered Bergamo momentarily pushing back super saiyan blue kaiokens beamBut then you have Super Saiyan 1 Goku and Vegeta comfortably handling the TrioSo things are a bit wacky, but I can confidently say that Goku and Vegeta didnt want to waste much more time fighting. According to Vegeta, Goku was sort of horsing around anyways Super Saiyan Blue has the best ki control of any of their forms, and the power output can be tweaked greatlyIts sort of like a safety net. They can fight people at lower levels to preserve power/staminabut then amp that same power to contend with higher levels of power.So Goku and Vegeta went blue for the quickest KO possible.Your response is privateWas this worth your time?This helps us sort answers on the page.Absolutely notDefinitely yesUpvote 99929392JohnI've watched Dragon Ball Z more times than I can count. Author has 87 answers and 1.1M answer viewsUpdated Apr 13RelatedIn Dragon Ball we see Super Saiyan Full Power, that is when a Super Saiyan gets total control over the form, resulting on wasting zero energy. Why doesn't they do it with Super Saiyan Blue, a form that kinda wastes a lot of energy?The main objective of Super Saiyan Full Power was not to conserve Ki (energy), but to reduce the physical toll it takes to use the full power of a Super Saiyan. This is basically explained by Vegeta after Goku and Gohan exit the Hyperbolic Time Chamber. Of course, with less strain on your body you can fight more focused and be more efficient with your Ki, so conserving some energy would be a consequence of having less strain on the body. With Super Saiyan Blue is different, fighting at full power actually expends too much Ki (energy) very quickly, so you cant last long fighting at full power eContinue ReadingThe main objective of Super Saiyan Full Power was not to conserve Ki (energy), but to reduce the physical toll it takes to use the full power of a Super Saiyan. This is basically explained by Vegeta after Goku and Gohan exit the Hyperbolic Time Chamber. Of course, with less strain on your body you can fight more focused and be more efficient with your Ki, so conserving some energy would be a consequence of having less strain on the body. With Super Saiyan Blue is different, fighting at full power actually expends too much Ki (energy) very quickly, so you cant last long fighting at full power even if your body can take it. Vegeta explained this when Goku achieved this form. So they basically did what you were asking about with Super Saiyan Blue, but it was never actually done with regular Super Saiyan because what was done there was different.Upvote 99589393AtticusI dabble a bit in the pixel shows hehe Author has 477 answers and 130.4K answer views10moFrom what I remember the original dragon balls were the ones that turned blue due to the negative energy accumulated over their uses. The black star dragon balls were destroyed when piccolo sacrificed himself so they wouldnt be a threat anymore since I believe it was Kami who created them before they fused so now that they did fuse piccolo chose to die and if he died Kami inside him died too and when the creator of a set of dragon balls die the dragon balls turn to stone and can not be used (unless of course another namekian restores them but those plot holes are scatter across gt lol) So by thContinue ReadingFrom what I remember the original dragon balls were the ones that turned blue due to the negative energy accumulated over their uses. The black star dragon balls were destroyed when piccolo sacrificed himself so they wouldnt be a threat anymore since I believe it was Kami who created them before they fused so now that they did fuse piccolo chose to die and if he died Kami inside him died too and when the creator of a set of dragon balls die the dragon balls turn to stone and can not be used (unless of course another namekian restores them but those plot holes are scatter across gt lol) So by the time of the shadow dragon arc comes around the black star dragon balls are gone and when they go to use the original set to I think it was bring back earth or something (its been a while ) thats when the original set crack evil shadow dragons appear they turn blue once defeated they are back to being the original set.Upvote Sponsored by Kick StreamingLooking to make more money when streaming?With a 95:5 revenue split, no ads, and 24/7 support, Kick Streaming is a no-brainer.Learn More9918Related questionsHow does Dragon Ball GT end?Does Dragon Ball GT get good?How strong is Omega Shenron from Dragon Ball GT?Why was Pan weak in Dragon Ball GT?What would happen if Dragon Ball GT continued?Is there a Dragon Ball season after Dragon Ball GT?Could Mamoru Chiba one-shot Omega Shenron and Freezer Dragon Ball GT?How did Pan become so strong in Dragon Ball GT?What happens after Dragon Ball GT?Which Dragon Ball GT arc is the worst?Did Goku use Dragon Balls in Dragon Ball GT?Who would win, Misokatsum (Dragon Ball) vs Kishime (Dragon Ball)?What happened between Dragon Ball GT and Dragon Ball Super?Is Dragon Ball GT excluded from the Dragon Ball series?How did Baby get so big in Dragon Ball GT?Related questionsHow does Dragon Ball GT end?Does Dragon Ball GT get good?How strong is Omega Shenron from Dragon Ball GT?Why was Pan weak in Dragon Ball GT?What would happen if Dragon Ball GT continued?Is there a Dragon Ball season after Dragon Ball GT?AdvertisementAbout Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://www.quora.com/So-Ive-been-rewatching-Dragon-Ball-GT-and-I-noticed-that-the-BLACK-STAR-Dragon-Balls-are-blue-due-to-the-negative-energy-I-get-that-thats-OK-Why-do-they-then-turn-into-the-Dragon-Balls-weve-seen-since-the-beginning" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Elliot Aronson - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life and education\n2Professional history\n3Research topics\nToggle Research topics subsection\n3.1Cognitive dissonance\n3.2Jigsaw Classroom\n3.3Gainloss theory of attraction\n3.4Pratfall effect\n4Awards and professional recognition\n5Personal life\n6Bibliography\nToggle Bibliography subsection\n6.1Academic books\n6.2Autobiography\n6.3Fiction\n7See also\n8Notes\n9Further reading\n10External links\nToggle the table of contents\nElliot Aronson\n9 languages\nDeutschFranaisPolski\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAmerican psychologist (born 1932)\nElliot AronsonAronson in 1972Born (1932-01-09) January 9, 1932 (age92)Chelsea, Massachusetts, U.S.[2]AlmamaterBrandeis UniversityWesleyan UniversityStanford University[1]Knownforresearch on cognitive dissonance, high-impact experimentation, Jigsaw Classroom, gainloss theory of attractionAwardsAAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research,APS William James AwardScientific careerFieldsSocial psychology, applied social psychology, media psychology[1]InstitutionsHarvard UniversityUniversity of MinnesotaUniversity of TexasUniversity of California, Santa CruzDoctoral advisorLeon FestingerDoctoral studentsMerrill Carlsmith, John Darley, Anthony Greenwald, Alexander Gonzalez\nElliot Aronson (born January 9, 1932) is an American psychologist who has carried out experiments on the theory of cognitive dissonance and invented the Jigsaw Classroom, a cooperative teaching technique that facilitates learning while reducing interethnic hostility and prejudice. In his 1972 social psychology textbook, The Social Animal, he stated Aronson's First Law: \"People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy\", thus asserting the importance of situational factors in bizarre behavior. He is the only person in the 120-year history of the American Psychological Association to have won all three of its major awards: for writing, for teaching, and for research.[3] In 2007, he received the William James Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Association for Psychological Science, in which he was cited as the scientist who \"fundamentally changed the way we look at everyday life\".[4] A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Aronson as the 78th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.[5] He officially retired in 1994 but continues to teach and write.[6]\nEarly life and education[edit]\nAronson grew up in extreme poverty in Revere, Massachusetts, during the Great Depression. His was the only Jewish family in the neighborhood, and it was not rare for Aronson to be bullied on the way home from Hebrew school by anti-Semitic gangs. He believes that every life's progress is based on a combination of luck, opportunity, talent, and intuition.[7] Although his high school grades were mediocre, his SAT scores were high enough to earn him a work-study scholarship at Brandeis University.[2]\nInfluenced by his father, he began his college career majoring in economics. However, he promptly changed his major to psychology after accidentally wandering into an Introductory Psychology lecture taught by Abraham Maslow.[8] After attending this lecture, he realized that there was an entire science devoted to exploring the kinds of questions that had intrigued him as a child.[8] His undergraduate years at Brandeis brought him closer to a number of respected psychologists, but Maslow was his primary mentor and had the biggest impact on his early academic career.[8]\nAronson earned his bachelor's degree from Brandeis in 1954. He went on to earn a master's degree from Wesleyan University in 1956, where he worked with David McClelland, and a Ph.D. in psychology from Stanford University in 1959, where his doctoral advisor and mentor was the experimental social psychologist Leon Festinger.[2][1]\nProfessional history[edit]\nAronson has taught at Harvard University, the University of Minnesota, the University of Texas, and the University of California, Santa Cruz. He also served as distinguished visiting professor at Stanford University.[9] He was included in a list of the 100 most influential psychologists of the 20th century published by the Review of General Psychology.[10] He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and won the William James Award from the Association for Psychological Science for his lifetime achievements.[11] His honors include distinguished research awards from the American Psychological Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. He also won the Gordon Allport Prize for his work on reducing prejudice.[12] In 1981 he was one of five academics awarded \"Professor of the Year\" by the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education.[13]\nResearch topics[edit]\nCognitive dissonance[edit]\nAronson's interests and research have paid particular attention to the theory of cognitive dissonance.[14] Aronson refined the theory, which posits that when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent (dissonant), psychological discomfort results. This discomfort motivates the person experiencing it to either change the behavior or the attitude so that consonance is restored. In a classic experiment, Aronson demonstrated that people who undergo an embarrassing initiation to gain admission to a group develop more favorable evaluations of the group than people who are admitted after a mild or easy initiation.[15] In Aronson's Theories of Cognitive Consistency (1973), he states: \"Dissonance theory does not rest upon the assumption that man is a rational animal; rather, it suggests that man is a rationalizing animal that he attempts to appear rational, both to others and to himself.\"[16]\nJigsaw Classroom[edit]\nAronson in 2001, shortly after he began to lose his eyesight to macular degeneration\nAronson led the development of a classroom technique for defusing inter-group tension and promoting self-esteem. It was discovered that it is rare for classrooms of students to cooperate towards a common goal.\nIn 1971 the newly desegregated schools of Austin, Texas faced a crisis of violence between ethnic groups.[17]\nAronson, then at the University of Texas, was called in as a consultant by a school administrator who was also a former student.[1][17]\nAronson noticed that the schools' highly competitive atmosphere was exacerbating the already tense ethnic rivalry.[1]\nTogether with his graduate students, he developed a model of teaching practice to encourage a culture of shared goals and mutual support.[1]\nIn the jigsaw classroom approach, pupils are divided into small groups, mixed by race and by ability, to work co-operatively on a task.[18]\nThe classroom materialfor example a biography of a historical figureis broken into sections, and one member of each group is responsible for reading each section.[18] Members with the same role from each group gather in \"expert groups\" to discuss their sections. They then return to their own groups and take turns to present what they have learned. They are then assessed individually on all sections of the material.[18][19][20] This division of responsibilities means that students are motivated to listen to each other and each of them experiences a role in which they are valuable to others.[18]\nComparisons with traditional classroom environments showed that the jigsaw classroom has positive effects on academic performance, self-esteem and attitudes towards other ethnic groups.[21]\nThe technique has since been applied in hundreds of schools across North America.[1] From its initial application at third- to fifth-grade school level, it has been expanded to other educational levels. This success encouraged Aronson to apply his research to other policy issues including energy conservation and the treatment of the elderly.[1]\nIn the aftermath of the Columbine High School massacre, Aronson advocated for jigsaw classrooms as part of an approach to defusing the social divisions underlying school violence.[17]\nGainloss theory of attraction[edit]\nIn 1965, Aronson proposed that interpersonal attraction and liking could be understood in terms of the balance of reward and cost. This implied that contrasta gain or loss of positive feedback from the other personhas more effect on liking than the absolute level of feedback. An example is how compliments are more meaningful when they come from someone who is usually critical, rather than from a reliable supporter. Another example is that a couple may feel more dedicated to their relationship if they initially disliked each other.[22]\nPratfall effect[edit]\nAronson published a paper in 1966,[23] where he described an experiment testing the effects of a simple blunder on perceived attraction. The so-called pratfall effect is the tendency for attractiveness to increase or decrease after an individual makes a mistake, depending on the individual's perceived competence, or ability to perform well in a general sense.\nAwards and professional recognition[edit]\nAward\nAwarding body\nYear\nSource\nAward for Distinguished Research in Social Psychology\nAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science\n1970\n[1]\nFellowship\nCenter for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences\n19701971, 19771978\n[1]\nNational Media Award\nAmerican Psychological Association\n1973\n[1]\nTeaching Award\nUniversity of Texas\n1973\n[1]\nTeaching Award in Psychology\nAmerican Psychological Association\n1980\n[1]\nDonald T. Campbell Award for distinguished contributions in social psychology\nAmerican Psychological Association\n1980\n[24]\nProfessor of the Year\nCouncil for the Advancement and Support of Education\n1981\n[13]\nGordon Allport Prize for Inter-Group Relations\nSociety for the Psychological Study of Social Issues\n1981\n[12]\nGuggenheim Fellowship\nJohn Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation\n19811982\n[1]\nFellowship\nAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences\n1992\n[1][25]\nAward for Distinguished Research in the Social Sciences\nUniversity of California, Santa Cruz\n1992\n[12]\nDistinguished Scientific Career Award\nSociety of Experimental Social Psychology\n1994\n[1]\nDistinguished Scientific Contribution Award\nAmerican Psychological Association\n1999\n[12]\nMaster Lecturer\nAmerican Psychological Association\n2001\n[26]\nWilliam James Fellow Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Scientific Psychology\nAssociation for Psychological Science\n2007\n[12]\nPersonal life[edit]\nAronson with his Labrador Retriever guide dog Desi-Lu in 2011\nElliot is married to Vera Aronson, whom he met while they were both undergraduate research assistants under Abraham Maslow.[3] Together they have had four children: Hal, Neal, Julie and Joshua, who is himself a social psychologist.[3][27] In 2000, Aronson was diagnosed with macular degeneration and, by 2003, had lost all of his central vision.[11] To cope with his blindness, Aronson decided to get a guide dog, and applied at Guide Dogs for the Blind in 2010. In January 2011 he began a three-week training session with his new guide dog, Desilu, nicknamed Desi. He graduated from the program on February 12, 2011. He said, \"They worked us 14 hours a day, until we were almost as smart as our dogs.\"[28]\nBibliography[edit]\nAronson has written more than twenty books, including textbooks, popularizations and one book of children's fiction with his granddaughter Ruth Aronson. In 2010, Psychology Press published a book of essays and scholarly articles by his friends, colleagues, and former students celebrating his influence on their work: The Scientist and the Humanist: A Festschrift in Honor of Elliot Aronson.\nAcademic books[edit]\nLindzey, G., & Aronson, E. (1968 & 1985). The handbook of social psychology (2nd & 3rd eds.). New York: Random House.\nStern, P. C., & Aronson, E. (1984). Energy use: The human dimension. New York: W. H. Freeman.\nPines, A. & Aronson, E. (1988). Career burnout. New York: Free Press.\nAronson, E., Ellsworth, P., Carlsmith, J. M., & Gonzales, M. (1990). Methods of research in social psychology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.\nAronson, E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1993). Social psychology: The most outstanding research (Vol. 1, 2, & 3). London: Elgar Ltd.\nAronson, E. (2000). Nobody left to hate: Teaching compassion after Columbine. New York: Henry Holt.\nPratkanis, A. R., & Aronson, E. (2001). Age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion. New York: Henry Holt.\nTavris, C., & Aronson, E. (2015). Mistakes were made (but not by Me): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts (Rev. ed) New York: Harcourt. ISBN978-0-54-457478-6\nAronson, E., & Patnoe, S. (2011). Cooperation in the Classroom: The Jigsaw Method (3rd ed.). New York: Pinter & Martin Ltd. ISBN1-9051-7722-4\nAronson, E. (2011). The Social Animal (11th ed.). New York: Worth/Freeman. ISBN1-4292-3341-9\nAronson, J., & Aronson, E. (Ed.). (2011). Readings about the social animal (11th ed.). New York: Worth/Freeman. ISBN1-4292-3342-7\nAronson, E., Wilson, T. D., Akert, R. M., & Sommers S. R. (2015). Social psychology (9th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. ISBN0-1339-3654-6\nAutobiography[edit]\nAronson, E. (2002). \"Drifting my own way: Following my nose and my heart.\" In R. Sternberg (Ed.) (2003) Psychologists defying the crowd: Stories of those who battled the establishment and won. Washington, DC: APA Books. ISBN978-1-55798-919-2\nAronson, Elliot (2007), \"Elliot Aronson\", in Lindzey, Gardner; McKinley Runyan, William (eds.), A History of psychology in autobiography, volume 9, American Psychological Association, pp.342, ISBN978-1-59147-796-9\nAronson, E. (2010). Not by chance alone: My life as a social psychologist. New York: Basic Books. ISBN978-0-465-01833-8\nFiction[edit]\nAronson, E., & Aronson, R. (2005). The Adventures of Ruthie and a Little Boy Named Grandpa (a children's book). iUniverse.\nSee also[edit]\nInsufficient justification The forbidden toy experiment\nList of social psychologists\nNotes[edit]\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Sheehy, Noel; Chapman, Antony J.; Conroy, Wendy A. (1997), \"Aronson, Elliot\", Biographical dictionary of psychology, Taylor & Francis, pp.2324, ISBN978-0-415-09997-4\n^ a b c Aronson, E. (2010). Not by chance alone: My life as a social psychologist. New York: Basic Books. ISBN978-0-465-01833-8\n^ a b c Gonzales, Marti Hope; Tavris, Carol; Aronson, Joshua (2010), \"Editor's Introduction\", in Gonzales, Marti Hope; Tavris, Carol; Aronson, Joshua (eds.), The scientist and the humanist: A Festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson, New York: Psychology Press, pp.78, ISBN978-1-84872-867-7\n^ William James Fellow Award Elliot Aronson Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (Association for Psychological Science) Accessed 2009-07-19\n^ Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; etal. (2002). \"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century\". Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139152. CiteSeerX10.1.1.586.1913. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. S2CID145668721.\n^ Zimbardo, Philip (2010), \"Honoring Elliot Aronson\", in Gonzales, Marti Hope; Tavris, Carol; Aronson, Joshua (eds.), The scientist and the humanist: A Festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson, New York: Psychology Press, pp.1518, ISBN978-1-84872-867-7\n^ Chibnall, John T., \"Elliot Aronson and the life of becoming.\", American Psychological Association, date\n^ a b c American Psychologist (November 1999), 54 (11), pg. 873-875\n^ Aronson, Joshua Michael (15 April 2002), Improving academic achievement: impact of psychological factors on education, Emerald Group Publishing, p.15, ISBN978-0-12-064455-1, retrieved 11 July 2010\n^ Haggbloom, Steven J.; etal. (2002). \"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century\". Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139152. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. S2CID145668721.\n^ a b McNulty, Jennifer. \"UCSC Professor Emeritus Elliot Aronson receives lifetime achievement award from the Association for Psychological Science\". UC Santa Cruz. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.\n^ a b c d e Gonzales, Marti Hope; Tavris, Carol; Aronson, Joshua (2010), \"Elliot Aronson's Awards, Books, and Publications\", in Gonzales, Marti Hope; Tavris, Carol; Aronson, Joshua (eds.), The scientist and the humanist: A Festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson, New York: Psychology Press, pp.345346, ISBN978-1-84872-867-7\n^ a b \"KU's Bricker recognised for outstanding teaching\". Lawrence Journal-World. 28 May 1981. p.6. Retrieved 11 July 2010.\n^ Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson. Aronson advanced Festinger's theory by showing that it is most powerful when the self-concept is involved; see Tavris, C., & Aronson, E. (2007), Mistakes were made (but not by ME): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.\n^ Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 177181.\n^\n\"Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Research Examples\". 2012-04-22. Retrieved 5 Mar 2014.[dead link] The core statement from this quote is often mis-attributed to Leon Festinger. The earliest known expression of this concept appears in Robert A. Heinlein's 1953 book Assignment in Eternity, which collected Heinlein stories from the 1930s and 1940s: \"Man is not a rational animal, he is a rationalizing animal.\"\n^ a b c Gilbert, Susan (March 27, 2001). \"No One Left to Hate: Averting Columbines\". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2010.\n^ a b c d Levinson, David; Cookson, Peter W.; Sadovnik, Alan R. (2002), Education and sociology: an encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, p.117, ISBN978-0-8153-1615-2, retrieved 11 July 2010\n^ Brophy, Jere (2004), Motivating Students to Learn, Routledge, pp.203204, ISBN978-1-4106-1021-8, retrieved 11 July 2010\n^ \"OVERVIEW.\" The Jigsaw Classroom. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 June 2016.\n^ Aronson, Elliot; Bridgeman, Diane (1979), \"Jigsaw Groups and the Desegregated Classroom: In Pursuit of Common Goals\", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5 (4): 438446, doi:10.1177/014616727900500405, ISSN0146-1672, S2CID143393196\n^ Reisman, John M. (September 1979). Anatomy of friendship. Ardent Media. pp.7980. ISBN978-0-89197-646-2. Retrieved 2 January 2011.\n^ Aronson, E., Willerman, B., & Floyd, J. (1966). The effect of a pratfall on increasing interpersonal attractiveness. Psychonomic Science.\n^ \"The Donald T. Campbell Award\". APA.org. American Psychological Association. Retrieved 11 July 2010.\n^ \"Book of Members, 1780-2010, chapter A\" (PDF). amacad.org. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 12 February 2011.\n^ \"Master Lecturers Program\". APA.org. American Psychological Association. Retrieved 11 July 2010.\n^ Stambor, Zak (2006), \"Lowered expectations\", Monitor on Psychology, vol.30, no.6, American Psychological Association, retrieved 11 July 2010\n^ Lasiner, Guy (March 30, 2011). \"Elliot Aronson nominated for book, emeriti awards\". news.ucsc.edu. Retrieved January 31, 2022.\nFurther reading[edit]\nVils, Ursula (August 10, 1978). \"'Jigsaw Method' Cuts Desegregation Strife\". Los Angeles Times.\nGilbert, Susan (April 1, 2001). \"School violence target of method\". San Diego Union - Tribune.\nCarey, Benedict (September 4, 2005). \"Storm and Crisis: Coping; Storm Will Have a Long-Term Emotional Effect on Some, Experts Say\". New York Times. Retrieved 7 July 2010.\n\"Page May Have Falsely Confessed, Psychologist Says\". San Jose Mercury News. March 31, 1988.\nVedantam, Shankar (July 9, 2007). \"Bush: Naturally, Never Wrong\". Washington Post. Retrieved 7 July 2010.\nFoote, Carol (August 21, 1980). \"Motivating People To Save Energy\". New York Times.\nGilbert, Susan (March 29, 2001). \"Jigsaw Classrooms to Avert Future Columbines\". New Straits Times. Retrieved 7 July 2010.\nAronson, Elliot (2007), \"Elliot Aronson\", in Lindzey, Gardner; McKinley Runyan, William (eds.), A History of psychology in autobiography, volume 9, American Psychological Association, pp.342, ISBN978-1-59147-796-9\nLasnier, Guy (March 30, 2011). \"Elliot Aronson nominated for book, emeriti awards\". University of California Santa Cruz. Retrieved 30 March 2011.\nExternal links[edit]\nAronson's home page\nProfile of Aronson on Social Psychology Network\nThe Jigsaw Classroom: site created by Elliot Aronson and hosted by the Social Psychology Network\nAronson interviewed by CNN's Newsroom about the Jigsaw Classroom, August 14, 2001 (transcript)\nWhy It's Hard to Admit to Being Wrong: Interview with Aronson on National Public Radio, 20 July 2007 (audio and transcript)\nThe Scientist and The Humanist: Elliot Aronson in conversation with Carol Tavris and Joshua Aronson, 2008 (video)\nvtePsychology\nHistory\nPhilosophy\nPortal\nPsychologist\nBasic psychology\nAbnormal\nAffective neuroscience\nAffective science\nBehavioral genetics\nBehavioral neuroscience\nBehaviorism\nCognitive/Cognitivism\nCognitive neuroscience\nSocial\nComparative\nCross-cultural\nCultural\nDevelopmental\nDifferential\nEcological\nEvolutionary\nExperimental\nGestalt\nIntelligence\nMathematical\nMoral\nNeuropsychology\nPerception\nPersonality\nPsycholinguistics\nPsychophysiology\nQuantitative\nSocial\nTheoretical\nApplied psychology\nAnomalistic\nApplied behavior analysis\nAssessment\nClinical\nCoaching\nCommunity\nConsumer\nCounseling\nCritical\nEducational\nErgonomics\nFeminist\nForensic\nHealth\nHumanistic\nIndustrial and organizational\nLegal\nMedia\nMedical\nMilitary\nMusic\nOccupational health\nPastoral\nPolitical\nPositive\nPsychometrics\nPsychotherapy\nReligion\nSchool\nSport and exercise\nSuicidology\nSystems\nTraffic\nMethodologies\nAnimal testing\nArchival research\nBehavior epigenetics\nCase study\nContent analysis\nExperiments\nHuman subject research\nInterviews\nNeuroimaging\nObservation\nPsychophysics\nQualitative research\nQuantitative research\nSelf-report inventory\nStatistical surveys\nConcepts\nBehavior\nBehavioral engineering\nBehavioral genetics\nBehavioral neuroscience\nCognition\nCompetence\nConsciousness\nConsumer behavior\nEmotions\nFeelings\nHuman factors and ergonomics\nIntelligence\nMind\nPsychology of religion\nPsychometricsPsychologists\nWilhelm Wundt\nWilliam James\nIvan Pavlov\nSigmund Freud\nEdward Thorndike\nCarl Jung\nJohn B. 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By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Elliot Aronson\nSocial Psychology Network\nMaintained by Scott Plous, Wesleyan University\nMaps\nProfiled Experts\nGraduate Programs\nResearch Groups\nForums\nOverview of Forums\nSPN on Facebook\nListserv Message Center\nJob Posting Forum\nAdd-a-Link Page\nDirectories\nProfessional Profiles\nSocial Media Directory\nMembership Directory\nPartner Sites\nUnderstanding Prejudice\neInterview\nAction Teaching\nResearch Randomizer\nStanford Prison Experiment\nThe Jigsaw Classroom\nPsychology News Center\nSocial Psychology Pages\nSocial Psychology Topics\nProfessional Journals\nTeaching Resources\nPsychology Textbooks\nOnline Psychology Studies\nOther Psychology Pages\nLinks by Psychology Area\nOrganizations & Conferences\nPsychology Career Center\nPh.D. Program Rankings\nClinical Psychology Programs\nDistance Learning and MOOCs\nBlogs, Podcasts, and RSS\nAbout the Network\nHistory and Mission\nJoin or Donate to SPN\nInstitutional Contributors\nIndividual SPN Members\nEndorsements of the Network\nSite Usage Statistics\nSPN User Policy\nElliot Aronson\nOverview\nResearch\nPublications\nTeaching\nFiles\nContact\nHome Page\nWikipedia Biography\nInstitution\nUniversity of California, Santa Cruz\nCurrent Position\nDistinguished Professor Emeritus\nHighest Degree\nPh.D. in Psychology from Stanford University, 1959\nOnline Media\nGoogle ScholarResearchGate Profile\nElliot Aronson's primary research is in the area of social influence. Throughout his career he has sought to do experiments that would integrate his passion about basic science with his desire to apply those research findings toward improving the human condition (e.g., to reduce prejudice, deter bullying, and convince people to conserve energy and other natural resources).\nElliot Aronson's classic introductory textbook, The Social Animal, first published in 1972, is now out in its 12th edition (2018), in collaboration with Elliot's son, NYU professor Joshua Aronson. Elliot is the only psychologist to have won APA's highest awards in all three major academic categories: For distinguished writing (1973), for distinguished teaching (1980), and for distinguished research (1999). In 2002, he was listed among the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th Century (APA Monitor, July/August, 2002). In 2007, he received the William James Award for Distinguished Research from the Association for Psychological Science.\nIn 2015, Elliot and his coauthor Carol Tavris published an updated edition of \"Mistakes were made (but not by ME): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts,\" a book for general audiences that brings cognitive dissonance theory and the workings of self-justification to bear on many aspects of life, from the political to the personal.\nElliot has taught at Harvard University, the University of Minnesota, the University of Texas, the University of California at Santa Cruz, and Stanford University. He lives in Santa Cruz, California, with Vera, his wife of more than 60 years.\nFor further information, please see his Wikipedia page, publications list, and these links:\nAPS Science Award:\nhttp://news.ucsc.edu/2006/11/973.html\nNew York Times Interview with Aronson:\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/27/health/a-conversation-with-elliot-aronson-no-one-left-to-hate-averting-columbines.html\nPrimary Interests:\nApplied Social Psychology\nAttitudes and Beliefs\nCommunication, Language\nGroup Processes\nHelping, Prosocial Behavior\nInterpersonal Processes\nPerson Perception\nPersuasion, Social Influence\nPrejudice and Stereotyping\nResearch Methods, Assessment\nSocial Cognition\nNote from the Network: The holder of this profile has certified having all necessary rights, licenses, and authorization to post the files listed below. Visitors are welcome to copy or use any files for noncommercial or journalistic purposes provided they credit the profile holder and cite this page as the source.\nImage Gallery\nElliot 2017\n2.4MB\nElliot and Joshua\n6.9MB\nElliot and Desi\n4.0MB\nElliot Aronson\n71.4KB\n1 of 11\n(1134 Goodreads ratings)\n(3278 Goodreads ratings)\n(126 Goodreads ratings)\n(20 Goodreads ratings)\n(180 Goodreads ratings)\n(2 Goodreads ratings)\n(742 Goodreads ratings)\n(14 Goodreads ratings)\nBooks:\nAronson, E. (2010). Not by chance alone: My life as a social psychologist. New York: Basic Books.\nAronson, E. (2000). Nobody left to hate: Teaching compassion after Columbine. New York: Henry Holt.\nAronson, E., & Aronson, R. (2005). The adventures of Ruthie and a little boy named Grandpa--A children's book. iUniverse.\nAronson, E., Ellsworth, P., Carslmith, J. M., & Gonzales, M. (1990). Methods of research in social psychology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.\nAronson, E., & Patnoe, S. (2011). Cooperation in the classroom: The jigsaw method (3rd ed.). London: Pinter & Martin, Ltd.\nAronson, E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1993). Social psychology: The most outstanding research (Vol. 1, 2, & 3). London: Elgar Ltd.\nAronson, E., Wilson, T. D., Sommers, S. R., Gould, E. P., & Lewis, N., Jr. (2023). Social psychology (11th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson.\nAronson, E., with Aronson, J. (2018). The social animal (12th ed.). New York: Worth. [Translated into 14 foreign languages]\nAronson, J., & Aronson, E. (Eds.). (2018). Readings about the social animal (12th ed.). New York: Worth.\nGonzales, M., Tavris, C., & Aronson, J. (Eds.). (2010). The scientist and the humanist: A Festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson. New York: Psychology Press.\nLindzey, G., & Aronson, E. (1968 & 1985). The handbook of social psychology (2nd & 3rd ed.). New York: Random House.\nPratkanis, A. R., & Aronson, E. (2001). Age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion. New York: Henry Holt.\nTavris, C., & Aronson, E. (2020). Mistakes were made (but not by me): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts (3rd ed.). New York: Mariner Books.\nOther Publications:\nAronson, E. (2002). Drifting my own way: Following my nose and my heart. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), Psychologists defying the crowd: Stories of those who battled the establishment and won. Washington, DC: APA Books.\nCourses Taught:\nExperimental Methods in Social Psychology\nIntroduction to Social Psychology\nSocial Influence and Persuasion\nThe Life Cycle: Psychology & Philosophy of Meaning\nDriving Directions\nElliot Aronson136 Tree Frog Lane\nSanta Cruz, California 95060\nUnited States of America\nHome: (831) 429-1432\nSend a message to Elliot Aronson\nYour full name:\nYour email address:\nSubject of message:\nSend Message\nNote: You will be emailed a copy of your message.\nLast edited by user: November 7, 2017\nVisits since June 9, 2001: 268,180\n 1996-2024, S. Plous\nPsychology Headlines\nFrom Around the World\nVatican Apologizes for Pope Francis' Use of Homophobic Slur\nArmenians, Hmong, and Others Object to U.S. Race and Ethnicity Categories\nLGBTQ Indians Are More Accepted Than Ever, But Not in Politics\nFirst Pill for Postpartum Depression Finally Reaching Patients\nAI-Powered Hate Content on the Rise, Experts Warn\nWant to Keep Your Brain Sharp? Here Are 5 Things You Can Do\nChina's New AI Chatbot Is Trained on President Xi Jinping's Political Ideology\nSpanish Defence Minister Says Gaza War Is \"Real Genocide\"\nNews on Twitter (384,479 followers)\nNews Feed (35,797 subscribers)\nVisit us on Facebook (256,017 likes)\n\nElliot 2017\nView/Download\nFile title:\nElliot 2017\nFile name:\nIMG_1734.jpg (2.4MB)\nFile permalink:\nhttp://file-id.org/171106/19191\nDate uploaded:\nNovember 6, 2017 (11:58 pm EST)\n\nElliot and Joshua\nView/Download\nFile title:\nElliot and Joshua\nFile name:\nEl.Josh.Socan.Laugh.jpg (6.9MB)\nFile permalink:\nhttp://file-id.org/171107/19192\nDate uploaded:\nNovember 7, 2017 (12:00 am EST)\nFile description:Elliot and Joshua, photo for cover of The Social Animal, 12th edition, 2018\n\nElliot and Desi\nView/Download\nFile title:\nElliot and Desi\nFile name:\nDesi.Ellie.3.JPG (4.0MB)\nFile permalink:\nhttp://file-id.org/171107/19194\nDate uploaded:\nNovember 7, 2017 (12:02 am EST)\nFile description:Elliot with his guide dog Desi, 2017\n\nElliot Aronson\nView/Download\nFile title:\nElliot Aronson\nFile name:\nAronson-BW.jpg (71.4KB)\nFile permalink:\nhttp://file-id.org/120731/631\nDate uploaded:\nJuly 31, 2012 (1:58 pm EST)\n\nThe Scientist and the Humanist (APS interview)\nView/Download\nFile title:\nThe Scientist and the Humanist (APS interview)\nFile name:\n\nThe Social Animal\nView/Download\nFile title:\nThe Social Animal\nFile name:\n\nThe Power of Self-Persuasion\nView/Download\nFile title:\nThe Power of Self-Persuasion\nFile name:\n\nReflection on Life and Career Interview\nView/Download\nFile title:\nReflection on Life and Career Interview\nFile name:\n\nThe Psychology of Self-Persuasion: 50 Years of Research\nView/Download\nFile title:\nThe Psychology of Self-Persuasion: 50 Years of Research\nFile name:", "url": "https://aronson.socialpsychology.org/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Psychology Faculty\nSkip to main content\nSkip to main navigation\nUC Santa Cruz\nMyUCSC\nPeople\nCalendars\nMaps\nA-Z Index\nSearch\nPsychology\nAbout\nUndergraduate\nGraduate\nFaculty\nCourses\nSupport Us\nHome / About / People / Faculty\nElliot Aronson\nTitle Professor EmeritusDivision Social Sciences DivisionDepartment Psychology DepartmentPhone 831-459-5084Email elliot@ucsc.eduWebsite http://www.jigsaw.org/http://aronson.socialpsychology.org/Office Location Social Sciences 2 Office Hours By appointmentMail Stop Psychology Faculty ServicesMailing Address Social Science 2\nSummary of ExpertiseSocial influence, conformity, prejudice reduction, energy conservation, experimental methodology.\nBiography, Education and TrainingAronson grew up during the great depression, in an impoverished family living in the slums of Revere Massachusetts. Although he was an indifferent high school student, his astronomical SAT scores (a surprise to his teachers and himself) earned him a scholarship to Brandeis University. At Brandeis he became a protg of the humanistic psychologist, Abraham Maslow, who encouraged him to go to graduate school. After graduating in 1954, he married Vera Aronson. Together they raised four children. In 1959 he received his Ph.D. in psychology from Stanford under the mentorship of Leon Festinger. Before joining the UCSC faculty, he taught at Harvard, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Texas. After retiring in 1994, he taught, occasionally, for several years at Stanford as a Distinguished Visiting Professor, until, in 2001, his encroaching blindness made that impossible. In spite of being blind, he continues to write, having published three books in the past ten years.\nIn his career, he has written or edited 22 books, has served as president of the Western Psychological Association and President of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. He is the only person in the 120 year history of the American Psychological Association to have won all three of its major academic awards: For Distinguished Research, Distinguished Teaching, and Distinguished Writing. He lives with his wife, Vera, near downtown Santa Cruz.\nHonors, Awards and GrantsTeaching awards from UCSC, University of Texas, APA, CASE.\nResearch Awards from APA, AAAS, SESP, SPSP.\nWilliam James Lifetime Achievement Award from APS.\nGuggenheim fellowship.\nFellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences\nSelected Publications\nThe Social Animal\nThe jigsaw Classroom\nMistakes Were Made (But Not By Me)\nNobody Left to Hate\nHandbook of Social Psychology\nNot By Chance Alone\nAboutHistory of the DepartmentResearchDiversity, Equity, and Inclusion CommitteePeopleFacultyGraduate StudentsStaffEmergency Action PlanContact Us\nUC Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, Ca 95064\n2024 Regents of the University of California. All Rights Reserved.\nNews & Events\nContact Us\nFeedback\nReport an accessibility barrier\nLand Acknowledgment\nEmployment\nPrivacy\nAccreditation\nLast modified: January 21, 2022 128.114.113.82", "url": "https://psychology.ucsc.edu/about/people/faculty.php?uid=elliot" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "TED: Ideas change everythingSkip to main contentSkip to searchIdeas change everythingWATCHTED TalksBrowse the library of TED talks and speakersPlaylists100+ collections of TED Talks, for curious mindsTED SeriesGo deeper into fascinating topics with original video series from TEDTED-Ed videosWatch, share and create lessons with TED-EdTEDx TalksTalks from independently organized local eventsDISCOVERTopicsExplore TED offerings by topicPodcastsExplore the TED Audio CollectiveIdeas BlogOur daily coverage of the world of ideasNewslettersInspiration delivered straight to your inboxATTENDConferencesTake part in our events: TED, TEDGlobal and moreTEDx EventsFind and attend local, independently organized eventsTED on ScreenExperience TED from homeTED CoursesLearn from TED speakers who expand on their world-changing ideasPARTICIPATENominateRecommend speakers, TED Prize recipients, Fellows and moreOrganize a local TEDx EventRules and resources to help you plan a local TEDx eventTranslateBring TED to the non-English speaking worldTED FellowsJoin or support innovators from around the globeABOUTOur OrganizationOur mission, history, team, and moreConferencesTED Conferences, past, present, and futurePrograms & InitiativesDetails about TED's world-changing initiativesPartner with TEDLearn how you can partner with usTED BlogUpdates from TED and highlights from our global communitySIGN INJOIN TEDJOIN TEDType to searchPodcastsReThinking with Adam GrantThe psychology of self-persuasion with Elliot Aronson (Transcript)Listen alongReThinking with Adam GrantThe psychology of self-persuasion with Elliot AronsonDecember 5, 2023[00:00:00] Adam Grant: Hey everyone, it's Adam Grant. Welcome back to ReThinking, my podcast on the science of what makes us tick. I'm an organizational psychologist, and I'm taking you inside the minds of fascinating people to explore new thoughts and new ways of thinking.My guest today is the legendary social psychologist Elliot Aronson. He's a pioneer of the study of cognitive dissonance, the uncomfortable tension we feel when our attitudes and actions conflict. He co-authored a book on dissonance that I think should be required reading for all humans: Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me).He also wrote The Social Animal, an award-winning textbook, beloved by generations of psychology students. Now in its 12th edition. Elliot is the only person ever to win the triple crown of awards from the American Psychological Association for research, teaching and writing, and he won the William James Award for Lifetime Achievement. He's 91 and I'd love to be as sharp any day as he is today.There's so much I'm excited to talk about today. Uh, Elliot, you're a legendary teacher. I know that generations of students have admired your wisdom and also your kindness. And one of the things that you're famous for doing is inviting or maybe challenging your TAs to give a guest lecture. Why?[00:01:25] Elliot Aronson: I love teaching the introductory social psychology course, and it's always been a huge course. Like at the University of Texas, we would have about 600 students in there, and even at University of California Santa Cruz, we would get 300, 350 students. And I've always thought it would be a nice introduction for my TAs. They were leading sections, and I thought if they could get a chance to address a huge audience, it would sort of defang the entire process.The undergraduates are very empathic of the graduate students who may be a little bit nervous at the beginning, and that shows, and the students are with them, you know, uh, it's a very nice experience.[00:02:19] Adam Grant: Well, it's something I started doing after, after seeing that you had role modeled it, and our PhD students just raved about it as a very meaningful challenge and also a, a chance for them to, to connect with the students on a different level. Now, I was reading a little bit about some of the students who had gone through this TA experience with you, and I came across a hilarious story from a former TA Larry White.[00:02:44] Elliot Aronson: Yeah, it was a rainy day and uh, there I am in the auditorium waiting for Larry, and he shows up, and he shows me his backside where he slipped in the mud and landed right on his ass.And he is covered with mud and he said, I, I don't, I don't know what to do. You know, if the students ever saw my backside, they would, would be laughing at me, and, and I said, No, no, no. What you have to do is show them your backside and tell them exactly what happened, and explain to them that you were nervous about the lecture. And, and that's one of the reasons why you were distracted and you slipped and fell. And then you turn around and show them your backside and they will love you for it. And, uh, he did that and it worked exactly that way. The students gave him a standing ovation, and I think it was partly because of that pratfall.[00:03:44] Adam Grant: There's a great, um, coda to the story, which is he said a student came up to thank him afterward, and that's how he met his wife, Hester.[00:03:55] Elliot Aronson: Ah, ah. I did know that and I had forgotten. But it's a, it is a, a wonderful coda and it, I happen to know that it's a marriage that has lasted for quite a while.[00:04:06] Adam Grant: You know, I think about you, Elliot. Every time I make a mistake. I, I think your brilliant paper on the pratfall effect really changed the way that I think about mistakes. And I guess a, a personal example was, I remember, uh, right when I was getting ready to interview for a job at Wharton. Uh, I was invited to speak at a conference here about a month beforehand, and I arrived in Philadelphia and realized I had forgotten to pack pants.Like, all I had was pajama pants and sweatpants, and it was, I think it was 10:00 PM and my talk was at 8:00 AM the next morning, and there was nothing I could do except I had a cousin who was in school here. He was bigger than me, but I borrowed his pants. And then I walked in to give the talk and I opened thinking of you with the story of how I forgot my pants.And I really wanted to apologize for how ridiculous I looked. I felt like a clown. And it was the warmest audience reception I had ever gotten at an academic conference. So unpack this for me. What did, what did your research show about why this is effective?[00:05:08] Elliot Aronson: Well, what we think it showed is that if a person seems really terrific to begin with, he may be a little intimidating. He may make the people who are evaluating him feel not so good by comparison, but when he makes a pratfall, when he falls down or forgets his pants or something like that, it makes people feel closer to him. Now, the important thing to notice is if a mediocre person who has a pratfall simply seems that much more mediocre for having the pratfall.[00:05:52] Adam Grant: One, one of the things that I, I took away from this research was that although we're, we're often encouraged to, to humanize ourselves and to show vulnerability, we shouldn't forget to, to establish our competence, and it's a lot easier to get away with showing vulnerability if you're successful or if you have high status or if you have a track record of achievement.It also reminds me of a, a recent paper led by Alison Wood Brooks, where a whole series of experiments showed that if you're successful revealing your failures on the path to success and even some of your current failures, uh, reduces malicious envy, so people are more likely to admire you as opposed to maybe, maybe being out to get you.[00:06:32] Elliot Aronson: I think that's, that's probably true. Yeah.[00:06:37] Adam Grant: I'm curious about how you think about the pratfall effect today in a world that seems to place conflicting pressures on people. On the one hand, we're supposed to be perfect and flawless. On the other hand, I think a lot of people prize authenticity and vulnerability. Uh, do you have other thoughts on the differences between a good pratfall and a bad pratfall?[00:06:58] Elliot Aronson: My main feeling is one should never fake a pratfall. You know, if you forgot your pants on purpose, and they, and for some reason the audience had a clue that that might have happened, I think that would be a disaster. You don't wanna fake it. Chances are we all have our vulnerabilities and it's good to reveal them in the normal course of events without the motivation to appear human.[00:07:30] Adam Grant: I know so many people who take pride in being rational, but what you taught me is we're actually much better at rationalizing.[00:07:38] Elliot Aronson: Yeah.[00:07:38] Adam Grant: Id love to hear. How did you realize that? When did you first come to that discovery?[00:07:43] Elliot Aronson: I think we are rational beings. We are capable of rational behavior, but much more powerful is our desire to rationalize, our need to rationalize. Cognitive dissonance reduction is neutral. It's a tool. And it's, it has some uses.It helps us sleep at night. You make an important decision, like a financial decision, like what kind of car to buy or what kind of house to buy or anything like that. And it's a big decision. It's an important decision. And if it's not perfect, then you're, Oh gee, should I have bought the other one? And dissonance reduction plugs in. You convince yourself it is the best house or the best car, or the best, whatever, the best woman that you married. Once you, you start reducing dissonance, you can sleep at night and that makes you a healthier person. It can also be l-used for self-deception. It can be used, um, to justify a war and to justify at sending more troops and more troops and more troops as you surge the war, which is gonna end up very badly anyway, and people get killed.So when a person makes a mistake, uh, a bad mistake, a, a cognitive blunder, or causes pain to an innocent bystander for no good reason. I think that we try to justify that because the most powerful dissonance occurs when I do something that goes against my own self-concept, that belies my own self-concept, and that's the, the irony of it, that in order to make myself feel better, I then set that person up for even greater harm because I've now convinced myself that he deserved all the nasty things I had done to him in the past.[00:09:48] Adam Grant: That, thats one of the dynamics I wanna talk more about. Um, I remember in, in Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me), uh, you wrote about some chilling examples of self, self-justification to reduce dissonance. I was particularly struck by prosecutors who refused to recognize DNA evidence that exonerated people they had, they had put in prison. I mean, that's, that's unfathomable.[00:10:09] Elliot Aronson: That's the exquisite irony is that the prosecutor who refuses to reopen the case, he's not refusing to reopen the case because hes a terrible person. He's refusing to reopen the case, be-because he thinks of himself as a good person and a competent person who would never, ever send the wrong man to prison. So if he sent somebody to prison for 10 years and then DNA evidence shows up that could exonerate that person, he refuses to look at it because he sees himself as a good and competent person who would never send the wrong man to prison for 10 years.[00:10:59] Adam Grant: Every time hear stories like this, I want to sit people down and say, Listen, just because you're a good person doesn't mean you're not capable of doing a bad thing.[00:11:09] Elliot Aronson: The mind is a terrific thing. That's part of what makes it so exciting to be a social psychologist, to be able to study these things and figure out the underlying reasons why people do things that would seem bizarre without a good theory that, that helps explain how that works.[00:11:29] Adam Grant: You're reminding me of when I was early in grad school, Phoebe Ellsworth said her definition of social psychology was all the forces that ruin your life every day.[00:11:40] Elliot Aronson: Hahaha. Thats very good. That's very good. Or, or enhance our lives every day. What we've been talking about is something that we could call a vicious circle and it can work in the other direction also. You do somebody a favor. One of my students, David Landy, did this as an experiment. You do something[00:12:03] Adam Grant: Oh, this is Jecker and Landy. I love that paper.[00:12:03] Elliot Aronson: Its, its a great paper and it shows that what's important is the giving. If you do a favor for someone and you don't particularly like that person or dislike that person to begin with, you, in effect, you're asking yourself, Well, how come I did this great favor for that person? He must be a terrific guy. I think I see some really nice things about him. He really deserves the favor I gave him, really deserves all the things I did for him, and therefore it increases the probability that you'll do nice things for him in the future, and that is one of the underlying dynamics of the Jigsaw classroom, which is a series of experiments I once did several years ago.[00:12:58] Adam Grant: Which I hope we're gonna get to. The, the idea that you, you don't have to like someone to do them a favor, but after you've done a favor for them, you're likely to convince yourself that they're worth liking.[00:13:08] Elliot Aronson: Yeah.[00:13:08] Adam Grant: Is, is such a, it's such a fun example of how sometimes dissonance can actually lead to good things, not just bad things, which[00:13:17] Elliot Aronson: Yeah.[00:13:17] Adam Grant: I wanna ask you more about, but bef-before we go to the bright side, the dynamic that you raised around victim blaming, um, and the vicious cycle that ensues. It feels very timely. I think outgroup dehumanization seems to be on the rise lately. We've seen it with political polarization.[00:13:33] Elliot Aronson: Yeah.[00:13:33] Adam Grant: And you know, people on opposite sides of the political, well, uh, of the liberal-conservative divide, failing to see the humanity in each other. How does dissonance reduction help us understand this?[00:13:44] Elliot Aronson: I always think of Stanley Milgram's obedience experiment as a, a perfect instantiation of that process of one step at a time, because I think most of your listeners probably know about that obedience experiment where a person, one person was giving another person a series of electric shocks as part of an experiment, allegedly on learning.And these were not real electric shocks, but the shock giver thought they were real. And every time the person who was supposed to be learning something made a mistake, he raised it by 15 or 20 volts and, and it got higher and higher. And the way I view that experiment is that each step was justified.And if you give the guy 80 volts or 90 volts, or 120 volts, whats to prevent you from giving him 135 volts? Because that's not much different from 120, and so one step at a time, you can be giving that person a shock level that you think might be lethal, and people are capable of doing that. As you know, in Milgram's experiments, we replicated many, many times. About two out of three people went all the way to the end, which was over 400 volts, which that they thought they were giving to a person who was complaining that he had a bad heart. Quite a powerful demonstration.[00:15:26] Adam Grant: If you had started the experiment at 400 volts, people say, no way, absolutely not.[00:15:30] Elliot Aronson: Yeah. Exactly, exactly. Imagine going, going up to someone and saying, I'd like you to give that innocent person 400 volts of electricity. You're looking at 'em as if you were crazy. But two out of three people, one step at a time, justifying each improvement. Each improvement. That's a strange use of the word improvement.Each increase in voltage because it's not that different from the previous one. And you look at that, and you can see that that is a model for what seems to us as bizarre behavior and how it can come about. Um, it's a replication of the outgroup can always be vilified and we can always justify harming them in really important ways.Whether the outgroup happens to be Israelis or happens to be Palestinians. It happens, and it's still happening, and it is part of human nature, but it, it's human nature that can be overcome by tuning into the possibilities of the virtuous circle, which could reverse some of the thinking, some of the, the rationalizing and justification that goes into the vicious circle, which produces all this negative stereotyping and negative behavior, and we're, we're doing it in this country.[00:17:02] Adam Grant: Thinking about the virtuous cycles, what does the psychology of cognitive dissonance teach us about how to, how to fight this kind of victim blaming and dehumanization and, and are there insights about how we can solve it?[00:17:16] Elliot Aronson: I go back to some of the research I did when we developed the notion of the jigsaw classroom. I was living in Austin, Texas at the time. I was teaching at the University of Texas. When the Texas schools were desegregated finally in 1971, most of us thought, gee, that will lead to great outcomes, a reduction in prejudice, because if people are segregated in schools and residentially, Black kids, white kids, Mexican American kids don't get to see much of each other, and therefore they can build up the stereotypes. But if you bring them together, it should result in good things. But we should have known better because it depends on how you bring them together. And when the Austin schools were desegregated, the kids from minority residential areas were simply bused into the schools, the, of the white middle class.And they had prior, their prior preparation was not very good. And the classroom is a highly competitive kid situation where the minority kids were guaranteed to lose. They didn't know the answer when the teacher would stand in front of the room and ask a question. They tended not to participate after a while, which tended to exacerbate whatever existing stereotypes were there, and we were called in by the school superintendent.I was asked if I had any ideas as to how we could change things 'cause there were fist fights breaking out. There was a lot of aggression. Far from being a good thing. It looked like desegregating the schools only brought people together who were gonna fight with each other. And what we did was on the spot, my graduate students and I invented a situation which forced kids to cooperate with each other, and we called it the jigsaw classroom because the way it was set up, we would have, uh, small groups of five or six people, different races and, and genders as diverse as we could possibly make each group. And they each had one piece of a puzzle.Like if it was the biography of Eleanor Roosevelt, they each had a separate section of her life from childhood all the way to old age, and the only access you would have to the entire thing would be to listen to each kid report on his section. To make a long story very short, it forced kids to listen to each other. It forced kids to pay attention to each other, and within six weeks, that group was functioning like a really good basketball team where it didn't matter who put the ball in the hoop, you pass the ball around until you find the open man.The results were spectacular. On the initial experiments, and every time we've tried to replicate it, it's come out in a very much the same way. Prejudice went down, liking for school went up, absenteeism decreased and general empathy increased because the individual kids, their individual differences became important.[00:21:01] Adam Grant: Ive always thought that part of what's clever about your jigsaw classroom design is that there's not just a common goal. You actually have to rely on each other and help each other to achieve it.[00:21:09] Elliot Aronson: I like that too. In a jigsaw group, each kid had one assignment, like Eleanor Roosevelts early years. We had took time and everybody with Eleanor Roosevelt's early years met together outside of their jigsaw group, but in what was called an expert group, and they went over the material together. They shared it with each other. They talked about ways they would have of presenting it so that kids who might've been, had a little more difficulty with the presentation, were learning from the, the other people who had the same paragraph to report. And therefore when they went back into their jigsaw group they were armed, that would make it less likely that they would drop that fly ball.[00:22:01] Adam Grant: I was thinking about the jigsaw classroom recently when I was reading a paper by Shannon White, Juliana Schroeder and Jane Risen, where they studied, uh, Israeli-Palestinian teenagers at Seeds of Peace Camp, uh, which I'm sure you've been familiar with for a long time, and I was, I was stunned to read that just sharing a dialogue group, having that common activity, made participants 15 times more likely to develop a close friendship. And it seems like you anticipated that finding.[00:22:31] Elliot Aronson: It was always the hope. I wouldn't even call it the anticipation. It was the hope and it, it does work that way, especially with kids. The younger the kids, the easier it is to achieve that before the prejudices have hardened.[00:22:49] Adam Grant: Right. Uh, I, I was riveted by your finding that the people we like most are not necessarily the people we liked all along. But the people we started out disliking and then grew to like, is that part of what's going on in the jigsaw case?[00:23:04] Elliot Aronson: The mind is an interesting thing, and there are various theoretical ways to get at what's happening, but there's a consistency to all of that stuff, that these things are all interrelated in interesting ways that come to light afterwards. After a talk I gave at an APA convention, and a young woman came up to me afterwards and said, Have you ever read Benjamin Franklin's autobiography? And I said, Yeah, a long time ago, 30 years ago or something. And she said, You ought to read it again. He anticipated that experiment. The Jecker-Landy experiment.[00:23:50] Adam Grant: The rare book. The loan. Yes.[00:23:51] Elliot Aronson: Sure enough, it's right in there. He was in the Pennsylvania State Legislature. There was an older guy who seemed to have taken a disliking to him and was gainsaying any idea that Franklin had. And he wanted to win 'em over. And he heard that the guy had a rare book that Franklin might be interested in, and he asked him if he could borrow the book, and the guy lent it to him, and Franklin read the book, loved it, returned it to him in a week.And after that, the guy became a lot friendlier and Franklin concluded if you can get someone to do you a favor, theyre gonna be your friend. I hadn't thought about that, certainly not consciously, when Jecker and Landy and I were, were designing that experiment.[00:24:48] Adam Grant: I, I always think about that and, and think, Okay, but what, what happens if the person says no? Uh, has that damaged the relationship?[00:24:54] Elliot Aronson: I would think so. You really wanna make sure they don't say no.[00:25:00] Adam Grant: So the key was the right ask.[00:25:02] Elliot Aronson: Yeah.[00:25:02] Adam Grant: I wanna, Elliot, I wanna come back to your point that it's much easier to overcome prejudice with kids than adults. This is obviously a major challenge right now. I, I've watched a lot of people on social media bullying and shaming other people for how they're using their platforms.I've been thinking a lot about your work on the psychology of self persuasion. I wondered if you could talk a little bit about, you know, particularly with adults, how you would activate self persuasion so that people were likely to open their own minds as opposed to maybe shutting them down the way that, that most are, are trying to persuade right now.[00:25:37] Elliot Aronson: Everything we've been talking about so far is self persuasion. We can put people in a situation where they're motivated to persuade themselves of a, that a particular thing is true and that, and that, that results in a much more powerful persuasion than if I'm trying to sell you something, and we know we get that all the time on our email.Ha. Look here, we've got this new thing for you from Amazon, or from God knows what publication wants us to subscribe to, and we just learn to ignore that attempt to persuade us. But to make a person, to put a person in a situation which is usually a dissonance situation where the motivation is to persuade yourself that a particular thing is true because that's helpful to you. That really works.And in some of the work that we've done, for example, when during the height of the AIDS epidemic, when there was no cure for AIDs, they didn't even know what was causing it, and public health people realized that condoms Using condoms if you're sexually active, using condoms is the best way to protect yourself and to protect your partner.But people weren't using them. How do you get people to use condoms? Well, one of the things that I thought about doing was using self persuasion via cognitive dissonance and the way to do that, we developed a paradigm that we called the hypocrisy paradigm, but I could just as well have named it the Integrity Paradigm because what we did was we got sexually active college students to create and deliver a short lecture that was gonna be played to high school students in a sex education class. Okay. That was the cover story, and they talked about how important it was to use condoms. And the interesting thing is college students believed that condoms were important to use. They understood that. It's just that they weren't using them.Only about 17% of sexually active college students were using condoms. We got them to deliver that, to make that videotape advocating the use of condoms every single time you have sex. And then afterwards, and we interviewed all of the students, but for half of them, we got them to think about whether they themselves were using condoms.So we made salient the fact that for many of 'em, for most of them, almost all of them, in that condition, they had just gotten through preaching something which we then rubbed their nose in the fact that they themselves were not practicing, okay? Made them aware of their own hypocrisy. And people have a great desire to see themselves as people of integrity.That's one of the things people think. We all think that we're smarter, that we're smarter than the average person, that we're more competent than the average person, that we're more moral than the a-average person, and that we have more integrity than the average person. Now you're confronting some people with the fact they're behaving hypocritically and they want to get back to, to behaving with integrity.And how do you get back to behaving with integrity? You start using condoms, and that's what we found, that we found a sharp increase in the use of condoms. And six months later when a poll was conducted by us, but it seemed to be coming from someone else, six months later, the people in the hypocrisy condition were still using condoms. That was self persuasion rather than the persuasion that was being used by the public health center at my university, for example, giving lectures, showing videos about using condoms, giving out pamphlets, all of that stuff increased the use of condoms by about 2%, from 17% to 19%. Where was we were getting more than 60% using condoms six months later.[00:30:33] Adam Grant: Wow.[00:30:33] Elliot Aronson: That was powerful data.[00:30:35] Adam Grant: I took two things away from that research. The fithe first lesson was that if you want to convince somebody, you should get them involved in making the argument that you want them to believe.[00:30:46] Elliot Aronson: Right.[00:30:46] Adam Grant: Not just telling them the argument you want them to believe.[00:30:49] Elliot Aronson: Right. Right.[00:30:51] Adam Grant: And then the, the second was that we should be careful about the arguments we make because when you're persuading someone else, the person you're most likely to convince is yourself.[00:31:01] Elliot Aronson: Thats absolutely right.[00:31:06] Adam Grant: Are you up for a lightning round with some short questions?[00:31:09] Elliot Aronson: Im up for it.[00:31:10] Adam Grant: What is the worst piece of advice you've ever gotten?[00:31:15] Elliot Aronson: Haha. The worst piece of advice I've ever gotten was don't go to college. Go to work.[00:31:20] Adam Grant: Wow. I'm glad you ignored that one.[00:31:22] Elliot Aronson: Support your mother. Yeah. It was right after my father died. I was a junior in high school. My brother was already in college, so my aunts and uncles were saying, Well, Elliot, when he graduates from high school, can go work at, for the Ford Motor Company on the assembly line. And the pay is really good. You can support his mother that way, et cetera. And I looked at it and I thought, hey, that was a pretty good idea that I'd be making a couple of hundred dollars a week.And my brother said, Screw that. Elliot's going to college and uh, we can handle it. And that was the end of it. My brother, he really did save me from a life working for the Ford Motor Company.[00:32:08] Adam Grant: Is there a favorite psychology book that you'd like to recommend?[00:32:11] Elliot Aronson: Either of the Nisbett-Ross books. I like them a lot.[00:32:16] Adam Grant: What is something you've rethought lately?[00:32:20] Elliot Aronson: Hahaha. I have to admit I haven't rethought very much lately. I guess when you get to be an old guy, you, yeah, youre busy collecting the thoughts you do have rather than changing much. I don't think I've rethought very much. [00:32:35] Adam Grant: Elliot, is there a question you have for me?[00:32:38] Elliot Aronson: How does it feel to be at a, a psychologist in a business school rather than in the liberal arts department? What are the advantages? What are the disadvantages?[00:32:51] Adam Grant: Oh, I don't think anyone's asked me that before. When I got to Michigan for, for my doctorate in psychology, I wanted to be an organizational psychologist, and I, I felt like the more basic scholars were sort of looking down their nose at me like, Why aren't you doing neuroscience or physiology work? Why do you care about people's jobs and, and doing applied research? And coming to a business school has obviously changed that. I think there's an expectation that we're gonna do practical work. Uh, that was one of the big points of inspiration that I took from your work, was seeing how you went into the real world and said, I wanna see if I can improve people's lives using the tools of psychology.[00:33:28] Elliot Aronson: Interesting. Yeah.[00:33:30] Adam Grant: If you were to make your Mount Rushmore of psychology, who would be on it?[00:33:34] Elliot Aronson: It'd be Kurt Lewin and uh, Leon Festinger for sure. I would put in B.F. Skinner and, uh, just for diversity, maybe Carl Rogers. Um, Paul Neal.[00:33:53] Adam Grant: What's the idea from psychology that has most been useful in your life outside of dissonance?[00:34:00] Elliot Aronson: Haha. What Gordon Allport wrote in Nature of Prejudice about what needs to happen in order for prejudice to be reduced. He actually listed all of the things that went into the jigsaw classroom. It wasn't just bringing kids together in the same school. It was sanctioned by authority. Working together toward a common, to achieve a common goal.All of that stuff, I think was really an important, um, position that he took way back in 1954. And people ignored it because desegregation really didn't work the way it was supposed to.[00:34:48] Adam Grant: I guess one thing I'm curious about is how do you deal with cognitive dissonance personally?[00:34:53] Elliot Aronson: Me, if I'm making an important decision, especially one that involves other people, uh, and could cause pain to other people, I really have to ask myself, is this something I really believe in, or am I simply acting in a way that justifies a previous decision and helps me feel better about myself?I think knowing about dissonance and knowing how susceptible I am to reducing dissonance and then finding out later that I was doing that In some cases it's harmless. But in, in some cases it could be very hurtful, uh, to others. In the cases where, where other people's happiness is involved. Like when I was actively teaching, uh, I, I would make a decision, do I wanna work with this person or not?And it was somebody who started to work with me and they were really, weren't panning out. And uh, I had to be sure that my decisions were based on specific instances that I could document if I had to, rather than I just didn't like the guy very much, or something like that. I would do a lot of questioning in advance of a decision, sort of trying out the decision one way and the other way, and seeing how that made me feel.What are all the possible dissonance reduction, self-justification aspects that I really need to take into account? I would do a lot of that. When we first moved to Minneapolis and we bought a house, the first house we ever bought, and we didn't have any money, and so there were only two houses that we liked and that we could afford, and they couldn't have been more different. One was close to the university. It was my dream to live walking distance from campus so that my graduate students could come over at four o'clock in the afternoon. We could drink some scotch or coffee and, and talk research, but it didn't have much of a yard. The other one was out in the suburbs, but it had a big backyard and it was pleasant and okay, and it was near a lake.We ended up buying the house in the suburbs, and I had a lot of dissonance about that because if I was living alone, I would've bought the one close to school. But given the fact that we had four kids, it was the best decision to make. But I still had a lot of dissonance about it.This was in early December. I was in my office and I saw an ad in the newspaper about an old town canoe used, for sale, that somebody was selling, and I bought the canoe. I put it on top of my car on the luggage rack, drove home in December, and Vera, my wife was looking out the window of the kitchen as I drove into the driveway with the canoe on top of the car, and she burst out laughing.One might say that the canoe sat in our garage doing nothing but taking up space for six months until I could use it. But I would say it did a lot more than take up space. It helped me feel better and therefore sleep better at night about having chosen the house in the suburbs 'cause we had this canoe.[00:38:37] Adam Grant: Thats a great story.[00:38:38] Elliot Aronson: Its a simple thing, and yet it's really important and we do that all the time and we can ignore it. It doesn't matter. But there's so many dissonance reduction things that do matter, and those are the things we really have to scrutinize. And the more you know about dissonance, the less confident I am that my decisions are made for exactly the right reasons.[00:39:06] Adam Grant: That seems like the kind of intellectual humility we could all use more of. Okay. Finally, on the personal front, I loved this note from your son, Joshua. I'm just gonna read it to you and let you react. He said that you and your wife, Vera, have been really happy together for over 70 years. He says, Really. Theyre still completely in love. When COVID hit and they had to be quarantined together, just the two of them, it was as if they were given a second honeymoon at the age of 90. So what advice do you have in this day and age about choosing a life partner, building a life together, and making love last.[00:39:43] Elliot Aronson: Hm. I don't give advice. If I were giving advice, I would say, You wanna have a happy marriage that lasts, marry Vera! Aha. Vera is magnificent and it was the happiest day of my life when I met her and we became friends and Maslow hired the two of us. We were his two favorite students, mostly Vera, little bit me. And we worked together and we fell in love and it was, she is beautiful. She is smart, she's has serenity.I've never met anyone like her. The interesting thing to me is that when I was 20 years old, I was convinced that I would never get married. And whenever I was dating a woman and we started to get a little bit serious with each other, I would make that announcement: Hope you realize that I'm never gonna get married!Because my parents were very unhappily married. I, I always thought of marriage as an unnatural state of affairs to be spending your whole life with one other person and, you know, trying to keep out of each other's way and making mistakes and getting on each other's nerves and embarrassing each other.Yknow, it, it didn't seem right to me. And then when I was 21, I met Vera. When I was 22, we got married. If I were giving advice, I would say learn how to communicate, learn about interpersonal communication. Learn not to judge or criticize when there are disagreements, and there will always be disagreements, you know.A lot of people will say, will think that a good marriage is one where you never argue or never disagree. Of course, you're gonna argue and disagree. How can two people live together without disagreeing about things? But the idea is to do it civilly and with care, and it's how you argue and how you discuss things. That's really important. How you disagree. Yeah, and she's my best friend. She has always been my best friend. Josh was wrong by the way. It's only been 69 years, not 70. I've been very lucky. Lucky with the choice. Lucky that she loved me as much as I love her, which astonishes me. And lucky that we're, we're both relatively, um, healthy in our nineties, so that it's lasted a long time and will continue, I hope.[00:42:27] Adam Grant: That's beautifully put. And, uh, it sounds like, uh, she forced you to overcome some dissonance in order to get married.[00:42:34] Elliot Aronson: She didn't do anything. You know, when I made that pronouncement to her, she just sort of smiled. She knew it wouldn't last, I think.[00:42:46] Adam Grant: Well, Elliot, I can't thank you enough for taking the time to share your wisdom today. I've long looked up to the way you do your work as a psychologist, a teacher, a mentor, but I think I have even greater admiration for how you live your life.[00:43:02] Elliot Aronson: Well, thank you. It was a pleasure talking to you. I really enjoyed it.[00:43:07] Adam Grant: I assure you the pleasure was all mine and I can't wait to share it with our listeners.[00:43:13] Elliot Aronson: I can't wait to hear, hear what I had to say.[00:43:23] Adam Grant: I think the major lesson of Elliot's work is that the world needs more rationality and less rationalizing. Rationalizing is searching for justifications after you've reached an opinion or decision. Rationality is seeking the best logic and data before you commit and staying open to changing your mind.ReThinking is hosted by me, Adam Grant, and produced by TED with Cosmic Standard. Our team includes Colin Helms, Eliza Smith, Jacob Winik, Aja Simpson, Samiah Adams, Michelle Quint, Banban Cheng, Hannah Kingsley-Ma, Julia Dickerson, and Whitney Pennington Rodgers. This episode was produced and mixed by Cosmic Standard. Our fact checker is Paul Durbin, original music by Hansdale Hsu and Allison Leyton-Brown.I, I remember reading it, not by chance alone, that Festinger had quite a line about Maslow.[00:44:19] Elliot Aronson: We were in a bar having a drink, and he said, By the way, Elliot, how'd you ever get interested in psychology? And I said, Well, I, you know, I happened to wander into this class being taught by this guy, Abraham Maslow, and he goes, Maslow. Maslow was the guy who got you interested in psychology? That guy's ideas are so bad, they're not even wrong. But of course what he meant was you couldn't test them, and he was absolutely right.[00:44:49] Adam Grant: Did, did Maslow have an equally devastating comment on Festinger?[00:44:52] Elliot Aronson: Well, it was devastating. It wasn't quite as clever. He said, Well, uh, who are you working with out there at Stanford? And I said, Oh, this guy, Leon Festinger. He said, Festinger? Fat bastard. 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All rights reserved.", "url": "https://www.ted.com/podcasts/rethinking-with-adam-grant/the-psychology-of-self-persuasion-with-elliot-aronson-transcript" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "APA PsycNet\nLoading...", "url": "https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1966-05356-001" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Elliot Aronson | SPSP\nSkip to main content\nAlert Message\nThe 2025 SPSP Annual Convention will come to Denver from February 20-22, 2025! Visit our Annual Convention page to save the date. Stay tuned for updates on the Call for Submissions!\nClose\nSPSP Community\nCareer Center\nSign in\nOpen site search\nSearch\nAbout\nOpen submenu for About\nWhat is Social & Personality Psychology?\nLeadership\nDiversity & Inclusion\nInternational Resources\nFinancials\nAdvocacy & Policy\nDonate\nMembership\nOpen submenu for Membership\nMember Directory\nAwards\nCommittees\nCommunities\nFellows\nProfessional Development\nOpen submenu for Professional Development\nNetworking Opportunities\nCareer Center\nGraduate School\nTeaching Resources\nTraining Programs\nLearning Online\nJournals\nPublishing Resources\nEvents\nOpen submenu for Events\nAnnual Convention\nPast & Future Conventions\nSociety of Southeastern Social Psychologists\nAPA Convention (Division 8)\nNews\nOpen submenu for News\nCharacter & Context Blog\nSPSP News\nPress Releases\nNewsletter Articles\nMember Spotlight\nJoin\nOpen site search\nOpen site header\nAbout\nOpen submenu for About\nWhat is Social & Personality Psychology?\nLeadership\nDiversity & Inclusion\nInternational Resources\nFinancials\nAdvocacy & Policy\nDonate\nMembership\nOpen submenu for Membership\nMember Directory\nAwards\nCommittees\nCommunities\nFellows\nProfessional Development\nOpen submenu for Professional Development\nNetworking Opportunities\nCareer Center\nGraduate School\nTeaching Resources\nTraining Programs\nLearning Online\nJournals\nPublishing Resources\nEvents\nOpen submenu for Events\nAnnual Convention\nPast & Future Conventions\nSociety of Southeastern Social Psychologists\nAPA Convention (Division 8)\nNews\nOpen submenu for News\nCharacter & Context Blog\nSPSP News\nPress Releases\nNewsletter Articles\nMember Spotlight\nJoin\nSPSP Community\nCareer Center\nSign in\nBreadcrumb\nHome\nMembership\nAwards\nHeritage Wall\nElliot Aronson\nTributes\nFrom Emerson Hall in Harvard Yard to Stevenson College, Kerr Hall, and finally College 10 at UCSC, we have kicked around together (and been kicked around!). Tennis in the early mornings (for me, VERY early!) to that unwritten great paper we designed back at Harvard (using dissonance to help explain some of the desegregation phenomena -- still a Zeigarnik unfinished task for me) and the fun energy conservation project with Dane Archer and all the great grad students in the 1980s. These are the memories I have of the past with you. Here's to some more!\n-Tom Pettigrew, University of California Santa Cruz\nThe trouble with my writing an appreciation of Elliot is that if I read it to him, hell immediately want to edit it. Hed improve it, that goes without saying. Id just make this little little change for accuracy, hed say. Then he might add, What were you thinking here? How could you have created that clunky paragraph? Nevertheless, I realize how fortunate I am: His former undergraduate and graduate students still treasure their stories of his classes, lectures, and mentoringrecently he received a thank-you email from a student he had 40 years ago, in a lecture class of more than 500 studentsbut although I was deprived of that experience, our friendship and working collaboration have repeatedly demonstrated his brilliance as a teacher. Elliots scientific contributions to social psychology are legendary and eternal, as others will describe. But the reason he is so admired and beloved go beyond those contributions, and may be found in one of his favorite songs: Crosby, Stills, Nash and Youngs Teach your children well. I consider it his theme song, and his friends and students will understand why: The lesson is to take responsibility for our childrensand studentsmoral development as well as their intellectual development. And then to be able to accept the lessons they teach us.\nThat has always been Elliots guiding philosophy. It is why his teaching, on stage and off, is deeply embedded in the human condition, with its foibles, sorrows, and triumphs. In the past decade, confronting blindness, he has reacted as the consummate social psychologist-humanist he is: by getting the data on macular degeneration, learning new skills that allow him to continue writing and lecturing, and following his own philosophy of pull up your socks and get on with it. This ability to face whatever life serves up with reality and perspective is what makes him a master social psychologist who practices what he teaches. His ability to do it with grace, humor, and wisdom is what makes him a mensch who lives by what he has learned.\n-Carol Tavris\nAt UC Santa Cruz, Elliot invited graduate students into his home on a weekly basis. Wed take our shoes off before walking across the white carpet. We drank tea (sometimes beer) and critiqued published research reports. Elliot had this amazing ability to identify threats to internal validity. I learned almost everything I know about social psychological research while sitting on the floor in his living room.\nElliot taught a course in social psychology that was THE most popular course on campus. He required each of his teaching assistants to give a guest lecture at some point during the semester. As you can imagine, we felt intimidated because Elliot is a REALLY hard act to follow. When it was my turn, I devoted hours to preparing my lecture and then donned my nicest clothes for the big occasion. While walking along a trail to the lecture hall, I slipped and fell in some mud. My entire backside was covered. I showed Elliot what happened. He said, Just show them your backside and take advantage of the pratfall effect. Then he gave me the nicest introduction Ive ever received. Thanks to Elliots generosity, the lecture was a hit and the students applauded. One of those students came up afterwards to thank me. And thats how I met Hester, my wife.\n-Larry White, Beloit College\nAs an undergraduate, I took a social psychology course using the first edition ofThe Social Animal. Upon reading it, I knew I wanted to become a social psychologist and earn my Ph.D. as Elliots student. My experience is not unique.The Social Animalnot only instructs, it inspires and continues to lead countless students to the field. As a researching pioneer who lead the way in applied social psychology, and as master teacher who changed countless lives, Elliot is the embodiment of Lewins legacy.\n-Suzanne Yates, Lehman College\nEver since my graduate school years, Elliot Aronson has been an inspiration both in terms of research and teaching. His many classic studies and methods chapter in theHandbook of Social Psychologytaught me about the logic and, more importantly, the art of social psychology -- and inspired me to try, as best I could, to do research like Elliot. Like many young faculty in social psychology, I started out teaching a course in the methods of social psychology as well as an introductory course in social psychology. For the methods course I always used Elliots methods text (first with Carlsmith & Ellsworth and then with Ellsworth, Carlsmith, & Gonzales); for the intro social psych course I always used (for over 25 years)The Social Animal and Readings About the Social Animal. By using these texts I was inspired to try, again as best I could, to teach like Elliot.\nIn thinking about where Social Psychology is today -- and, importantly, where it ought, perhaps even needs, to be -- I also think (and continue to be inspired) by Elliots ground-breaking intervention studies. Put simply, if Social Psychology is going to thrive in the future, the discipline needs to go back to the future with Elliot Aronson and use our basic research to create and test interventions designed to make the world a better place.\n-Mark Zanna, University of Waterloo\nStay InThe Know\nFirst Name\nLast Name\nEmail\nWITH OURNEWS &CONVENTIONUPDATES\nJoin\nSign In\nDonate\nAnnual Convention\nJournals\nContact Us\nSociety for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.\n2021 L St NW STE 101PMB# 280\nWashington, DC 20036-4914\n202.869.3240\ninfo@spsp.org\nFacebook\nYoutube\nLinkedin\nTwitter\n 2024. Society for Personality and Social Psychology. All rights reserved.\nCode of Conduct & Ethics\nPolicies & Terms of Use\nCookies Notice\nThis site uses cookies. To find out more, read our Privacy Policy\nAccept\nOpt Out", "url": "https://spsp.org/membership/awards/heritage-wall/elliot-aronson" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "My Work is My Hobby: An Interview with Elliot Aronson | My Retirement Works\nSkip to primary content\nMy Retirement Works\nFrom Retiring To Rewiring\nSearch\nMain menu\nHome\nAbout\nBasic Overview\nThe Research\nHelpful Resources\nContact Us\nSubmit Your Story\nPost navigation\n Previous\nNext \nMy Work is My Hobby: An Interview with Elliot Aronson\nPosted on May 13, 2013 by Jill\nElliot Aronson, Ph.D., is best known for his research on cognitive dissonance and the jigsaw classroom. From his widely-used textbook, The Social Animal: Elliot Aronsons standing as one of the worlds most distinguished and versatile social psychologists is reflected in the wide variety of national and international awards he has received for his teaching, for his scientific research, for his writing, and for his contribution to society.\nQuestions asked during the interview:\nTell me about your retirement/previous work. Why did you retire? Was the decision to retire made/planned by you? Do you consider your retirement successful? Happiness? Whats better/gains? Worse/losses? How has retirement affected your relationships? What is your relationship to OLLI? What are your recommendations for others?\nElliot Aronson:\nThe notion of retirement is both interesting and elusive. When I was about 50 years old, I did not even consider the possibility of retirement. My fantasy was that, at age 93, while delivering a passionate lecture on cognitive dissonance to a roomful of students sitting on the edge of their chairs, I would collapse and die. I figured that, if I was going to have to die, I would prefer to die with my boots on. A charming and romantic notion.\nEllie & Desi\nThere is an old saying: If you want to hear the sound of Gods laughter, just tell him your plans. In 1994, when I was still a youngish old man of 62, the University of California system was in terrible financial trouble and needed to slash its operating budget. Because the retirement coffers were flush, they offered some of us older, more highly paid professors an extra financial incentive if we agreed to take early retirement. (The plan was called VERIP). I was at the top of my game as a teacher, researcher, and writer. Although the financial incentive was tempting, I wasnt going to take it. My boots were still on, as it were. Why quit now?\nBut, as it happened, that very week, on two successive evenings, Vera and I had been invited to dinner at the home of two of our academic friendsMike & Josette Nauenberg and Dick & Phyllis Wasserstrom. Mike is a distinguished physicist; Dick, a distinguished philosopher and Chair of the philosophy department. In the course of dinner, I said to each of these guys, separately, You arent going to take this VERIP thing, are you? And each, in he turn, looked at me as if I were crazy and said. Of course I am, you would be silly not to. As each extolled the benefits of VERIP, I began to question my own judgment. So, the next week I went to my Dean, and asked him if he thought it was a good idea? He told me that he, himself, intended to take VERIP. It was too good to pass up. He added, Well, of course, its up to you. What do you have against it? I told him how much I would miss teaching. He reminded me that the VERIP plan allowed retirees to keep teaching (one course a year for $8000) for an additional five yearsguaranteedand, in the case of gifted teachers, like yourself, that arrangement would certainly be extended indefinitely. That statement made me take a closer look. I loved teaching, doing research, and writing. The only things I disliked about being a professor were serving on committees, the endless, boring departmental meetings, and all the political crap of academia. If I took early retirement, I could ditch those things. What a great idea! So I took early retirement. Because the dean assured me that my teaching ability was valued by the University, I fully intended to keep going until I collapsed with my boots on at age 92as I had originally planned!\nThings didnt work out exactly the way I had anticipated. For the first six years, it was pure bliss; I was teaching one course a year, I continued to do a little research, and I had some leisure time to write a couple of books. It was paradise. But then, a new Psychology Department Chair came on the scenea Chair who apparently decided that he didnt want us older, retired professors hanging around any more (there were four of us in psychology) and he announced that we would no longer be allowed to teach our coursesbecause, he claimed, he simply lacked the funds. I should say that, both before and after retirement, I had been teaching a course on Introductory Social Psychology to a full auditorium of 300 students. My salary was $8000. Upon learning of this, my friend, Gardner Lindzey (who had been Professor and Chair at Harvard) quipped, That comes out to a cost of $30 per studentarguably, one of the best bargains in academic historysince Socrates taught the youth of Athens free of charge!\nAt that moment, I felt both angry and helpless. For the first time in my academic life, I realized that I was totally powerlessbecause I was retired. Even when I was a beginning Assistant Professor, I had more autonomy to determine my own fate than I had at age 68. I presented my case to Chancellor Greenwood. She expressed surprise at the Chairs decision and seemed sympathetic. She exclaimed: Werent you the first winner of the Alumni Associations distinguished teaching award? I nodded (modestly, of course!). She took a deep breath, looked at her watch and went on to inform me that there was nothing she could do about it because it his her policy never to over rule a Department Chair. I found that statement astonishing and told her that I thought that was precisely what they paid her to do. She laughed. She then said that she would find a way to do something about itand that, it might take a little time. She urged me to be patient. That was fourteen years ago! Actually, my patience ran out after only one year. I felt that the University had treated me shabbily and, for the next several years, I turned my back on the campus and refused all invitations to give lectures, commencement addresses and the like. In retrospect, I must confess that my response was more than a little bit petulantand I regret it.\nAbout a year after my final class at UCSC, the Psychology Department at Stanford got wind of my retirement and they quickly proceeded to pick up the slack. They offered to make me a visiting professor in perpetuity. They told me that, if I didnt mind the drive, I could come to Stanford once a week and teach a courseany course I wanted to. They said what would please them most would be to make the course available to the entire campus. I chose to teach a class called Social Influence. The class attracted over 100 students from all over the campus. In sophistication, the students ranged from college sophomores, taking only their second course in psychology to third year graduate students in psychology. In terms of breadth, the class attracted students from sociology, political science, and the graduate schools of both business and journalism. It was a great challenge to teach a course that would satisfy such a wide ranging group it was great fun. I loved it.\nI taught that class for four consecutive years. After the first year, I was diagnosed with Macular Degenerationa progressive disease that gradually took away all my central vision. I could no longer drive. But Anthony Pratkanis, one of my colleagues in the UCSC psychology department, stepped up; he graciously volunteered to drive me to and from Stanford every week. As the disease continued to progress, it got to the point where I could no longer readeven large print. So, how could I lecture without being able to read my notes? I resigned my position at Stanford because I didnt feel I would be able to continue to teach at a level that satisfied me. The Chair at Stanford said, hey, why dont you just come and teach a small seminar on Elliot Aronson, just sit around and talk. It was a kind offer but, at the time, it didnt feel right to me. Moreover, in spite of Anthonys insistence to the contrary, I felt it was an imposition to keep prevailing on him to drive me to Stanford. It was those two things together, that made me decide to stop teaching.\nThis was around 2005. As I look back on it, I believe I made a mistake. I wish I had continued for another five years or so. I do miss teachingand, in spite of my visual and transportation problems, in retrospect, I am pretty sure that I could have pulled it off.\nSo, because of VERIP my retirement came on suddenly without much preparation. In a sense, it was a surprise. Although, as I said, I miss teaching, I still lecture from time to timeat psychology conventions and as an invited speaker at universities. And I am able to write. I have published four books since going blind, and revised my two textbooks several times. Fortunately, Vera and I do not have any financial problems. Although I did not plan on retiring so early, in a sense, we have been setting ourselves up for it for decades. For one thing, I had always put maximum savings in IRA accounts. In addition, the university retirement package is very generous. Finally, Vera and I have always lived modestly; from my childhood in the great depression (when my father was unemployed and our family was on welfare) to the early days of our marriage as impecunious graduate students, Vera and I learned to live frugallyand frugality is a difficult habit to break!\nIm happy with my retirement. As I said, my major regrets are that I could not keep teaching longer at UCSC and that I wish I had continued teaching for a few more years at Stanford even though there were a couple of major obstacles that would have made it difficult.\nThere is one other occupation/hobby that I eventually was forced to give up because of my blindness. I used to love to lead encounter groups at Esalen Institute but stopped doing it a short time ago. The major problem is that I can no longer see faces at a distance greater than three feet. Actually, it was one incident at Esalen that made me decide to end my career as an encounter group leader. I was working with a woman regarding some problems she was having with her grown children. We were doing some good, but difficult, work together when (as I learned later), she had begun to cry softly. I hadnt realized it. It dawned on me that, if my blindness made it difficult for me to see her tears, I should not be doing this work. So I have not gone back to work at Esalen.\nSo, its true. My lack of eyesight, which I mostly refer to as a nuisance is more than a mere nuisance. It has kept me from doing some of the things that I normally would be doing. At the same time, it hasnt kept me from writing, hasnt kept me from lecturing occasionally. I spend a lot of time on the computer, on the internet, mostly writing, and often just communicating, sending emails to friends, doing skype with friends and, although it takes me a bit longer to get set up (than it did when I could see), it doesnt stop me and it is a lot of fun.\nI spend a lot more time with Vera since retirement and thats always good. I am very fortunate in that my wife is my very best friend. My kids are also close friends of mine. My colleague and co-author, Carol Tavris is also a friend of the family. Carol and I wrote Mistakes are Made and she helped me write my autobiography, Not by Chance Alone, She is a great editor. Carol lives in Los Angeles so we dont get to see her often.\nI also belong to a terrific mens group that meets every Saturday morning for about four hours. There are 9 of us. They are smart, warm, sophisticated, caring guys, and we talk about anything and everything. We can talk about mundane things like politics, the stock market and basketball. We can also talk about profound things like issues of marriage, the problems of aging, and issues of death and dying. Almost all of us are in our 70s and 80s so the talk often goes to the meaning of our lives and to what it means to be essentially in the last decade of our lives and how we want to handle that. I think every one of us is facing it without a lot of denial. For example, we talk about when will we make the decision to pull the plug for ourselves, if we can. One of the guys is a retired trauma surgeon and he says Dont worry fellahs, Ive got a stash of good drugs and there is enough here for all of us. Its a great group. And I dont want to leave you with the impression that our discussions are morbid. We also have a lot of laughter and a lot of good food.\nI consider my retirement successful as I have a lot of leisure time that I think I am using well. I am listening to music, interacting with my friends both on the internet and face-to-face. But most of all, retirement has been easy because my work has always been my hobby. I still consider myself a Professional Psychologist. As I said before, I still write, even though I cannot readwith the aid of some amazing computer technology which can convert the written word to the spoken word so I can play my writing back to myself in order to make editorial changes. Although I have not taught an actual course in almost a decade, I still give lectures at psychology conventions, at universities around the countryand even in far off places like Budapest and Warsaw. I also like to give lectures to groups like Lifelong Learners, Donors to Guide Dogs for the Blind, and so on.\nThe only activities I miss are due to blindness not retirement. I already mentioned how I miss leading groups at Esalen. In addition, if I had my eyesight, we would do more traveling. I miss traveling now that I have the leisure. I would love to spend more time, in my favorite cities like Venice, Florence, Paris and London. But, unless I have a specific thing to do, with people assigned to keep tabs on me (like when I am invited to give lectures abroad), travel is a drag for me and being in a strange city is difficult and stressful. My coping strategy is that I push the envelope about the blindness but I dont want to push it too far out of my comfort zone. It does make me anxious to be in a strange city and not be able to see more than three or four feet in front of me. I miss out on whats really exciting about the city. Whats the point of going to the Louvre if I cant see the paintings? Whats the point of being in a beautiful city like Florence or Venice if I cant really enjoy it to the fullest? I cant enjoy going to the opera anymore because I cannot see the stage. Id much rather sit at home in an easy chair listening to opera on my stereo. Those are the things I miss. My way of being is to live in that space somewhere between denial, at one extreme, and self-pity on the other. What I mean is this: I avoid dwelling on the things I miss. But when someone asks me about them, (like you are doing now), I want to be totally honest in my response. Yes, I miss those things but I try to see the humor in it as well. For example, in my autobiography, I wrote that, because of my blindness, I can no longer read scientific journal articles and can no longer enjoy cocktail partiesbut, hey, who likes reading journal articles anyway (they are boring), who needs to go to cocktail parties anyway. I dont go to as many scientific meetings as I used to because a lot of the joy of going to conventions is gone due to the simple fact that I cant see people. I can no longer enter a room and look across a crowd of people and see an old student or a former colleague whom I havent seen in ten years. That is a real negative for me so I dont go to as many conventions as I used to. I miss these things but I am not feeling sorry for myselfI am simply reporting the way it is. Again, I try to focus on the things I CAN do, and not waste a lot of time fretting about the things that are no longer fun for me because of my blindness.\nIt seems that the blindness has sort of forced me to consolidate my life but the consolidation has some obvious advantages. I have more time with Vera, my kids, my grand kids and my closest friends. I love that aspect of consolidation. Three of my children live in the Bay area. (The other is a professor at NYU). One of my sons, Neal is a retired Santa Cruz firefighter. We hang out together a lot. We have designated at least one afternoon a week to smoke a cigar and drink scotch. Neal and I sit in my beautiful patio for 3 or 4 hours and talk about anything and everything. Its a joy for me, and Neal says that his friends are envious that he gets to spend one or two afternoons a week with his dadwith no agenda. He makes it clear that he comes around because he loves being with meand I with him. I think back about, when I was in my 40s, I would call my mother maybe once a week. It would be the usual Jewish phone call where the first five minutes shed say, How come you never call? and Id say, Im calling you now! Ive got an idea: lets try to talk about something other than the fact that I never call. But, no matter how hard we tried, it was almost always 90% obligation and 10% joy. With our kids, I feel like it is 100% joy for them and for us and thats great. In retirement, I have more fun, more time for that. And, Im a pretty happy and present grandfather too. I get to spend a lot of time with the grandchildren and thats pure joy. Being a grandfather is a great racket: All pleasure and almost no responsibility.\n[I brought the interview back to what Elliot hadsaid about not teaching.]\nYes, I was annoyed at UCSC for about five or six years. But I eventually got over it. Moreover, in 2006, George Blumenthal became Chancellor. I have always been fond of Georgeand so, when he took over, I made myself available to him and have participated in alumni reunions, given lectures to University donor groups and so on. It was interesting lecturing to OLLI last month because it gave me the idea that I might want to lead an interest group or teach an informal course for OLLI. I am thinking about teaching a course to a group of around a dozen people in my living room where we could meet once a week and talk psychology and actually do the kind of thing Stanford invited me to do. We could talk about an extension of what I talked about in the lecture and that could be fun.\n[Has retirement affected your relationships?]\nMy important relationships have always been good. There is a kind of myth or a joke or maybe its true, that when people retire, their spouses dont like having them around the house (underfoot!) so much or the time. It was different for Vera and me. I like being home and I think Vera likes having me around. Vera and I do a pretty good job of being together and being alone together. For example, she can be in her study reading or drawing and I can be in my study writing or playing on the Internet and it just feels good to know the other person is in the house. In the evenings we often sit in the living room togethersometimes we listen to music, other times we just chat, and other times we are simply together doing different thingI might be listening to an audio book, with ear phones, while she is reading the old fashioned way.\nHaving retired, I do miss doing research with first-rate graduate students. But, of course, even when I was working full time, there is no guarantee that all of my graduate students would have been first rate. Often, out of a sense of duty, I felt the need to work with grad students who were mediocre, in ability or motivationas a serviceto provide them with research training and help them get their doctorate. Working with a first rate student is exciting and energizing; working with a mediocre student is energy depleting. I dont miss that part of graduate education.\n[What recommendations do you have for others retiring?]\nAll I can say is, I loved working and love being retired. I dont know what I would recommend to others, but I will try. Some folks, when they retire, take up golf, or bridge, or bird-watching. Thats fine. But for me, being a social psychologist, thinking about it, writing about it, talking about it, looking at current events through the magnificent lens that social psychology providesthis is my hobby. Someone once said, Find something you love to do and you will never have to work a day in your life. I agree. And, for me, that something is social psychology. It goes without saying that I have done a great many other things as well. When I was young, I played a lot of baseball and was pretty good at it. I have always loved playing tennis, hiking in the mountains, swimming in the ocean, playing poker, and so on. But the one sustaining thing, the one thing I cannot get enough of is thinking, talking, and writing about social psychology. When you ask if I would recommend this for others, no I dont think I could make that recommendation for others. Only for those who are in love with their discipline the way that I love mine. In this regard, I feel incredibly blessed. I also feel incredibly blessed to have found the person I wanted to spend the rest of my life with when I was 22 years old. How could I have been so lucky? Vera and I have now been married for 58 years. Would I recommend that to others? Well, of course, if you are in love as we are, and if you enjoy the hell out of all the time you spend together like we do? Of course.\nWriting Mistakes Were Made, was one of the great adventures of my life and I wrote it while I was blind. While I was blind, I also wrote a childrens book (in collaboration with my then 7-year old granddaughter, Ruth Aronson). Last year, writing my autobiography, Not By Chance Alone was great fun, revising The Social Animal (now in its eleventh edition) is a joy. Writing an analysis of the Columbine shootings (Nobody Left to Hate) was an important project. This is all social psychology (even the childrens book). I guess what Im saying is that retiring wasnt a major step for me, because I am still a professional. Im just not teaching as much as I used to and or going to as many meetings as I used tohardly any! I miss teaching but certainly dont miss going to meetings!\nAnother word about my distaste for meetings: Not only do I dislike meetings, but I also am not very good at participating. Several years ago, I was invited to join the Board of Directors of the Vista Center for the Blind. Its a wonderful organization run by several giving, generous people. I was honored to join. I served on the Board for two years. I gradually realized that, in my retirement, I had mindlessly volunteered to do the main thing I disliked about my jobgoing to committee meetings. After a while, it dawned on me that I needed to resignfor the good of the group as well as for my own good. Even though I appreciated what the organization was doing, I just hated sitting around. So when I said I think I am going to have to resign, I am convinced that they were happy to hear it because they were probably trying to find a graceful way to kick me off the Board. I was the only blind person on the Board. When we did have meetings I occasionally found myself cast in the role of teacher. For example, on one occasion, the Chairman was saying something, when he finished, there was a long silence. After a while, it dawned on me that he was addressing his question to me. I said, Im sorry; were you talking to me? And he said that he was. I said, Well, you know, it would help me if you would say my name when you are asking me a direct question because there are eight of us sitting around this table and I am incapable of seeing that you are looking at me. It is, of course, an important lessonespecially for those wonderful people who are giving their time freely in an effort to help the blind. Im embarrassed to confess that I believe that, during my two years on the Board, this was probably my major contribution.\nIt was maybe a month after I was diagnosed that I first went to the Vista Center. I walked in and said to the receptionist, Ive just been diagnosed with macular degeneration and I want to make a connection with this place, can you tell me what you do for people who are going blind? She said, One thing we do is offer mobility training with white canes and I thought, oh I could use that. David, the terrific mobility instructor, who trained me said exactly that. You know, it is so much better to get training while you still have some eyesight left because then you can see what you are doing and then when you do eventually lose most of your eyesight, you will have the skill. He was absolutely right. In a very short time, I became adept at walking with the white cane. As I gradually lost more and more of my vision, I was grateful to David and the training. The white cane was my ticket to mobility and relative independence.\nTruth be told, I walk faster with the white cane than I do with my guide dog. But, I love my dog so much that I would never revert back to the cane on a permanent basis. I now use both, depending on the situation. The guide dog has certain advantages over the cane. When I started to use the white cane, I still had some eyesight left and I could see that, when people saw me coming, they gave me a fairly wide latitude. My feeling is (and I may be wrong), the white cane is a scary thing to most people. It is not a warm fuzzy. Most people with visual impairments are aware of this and it makes them reluctant to use a white cane. They dont want strangers to treat them as that poor old blind person. When I realized this, I was able to be helpful to other blind people. One of the things I did while I was at Vista, was to convince people to overcome their reluctance to use a white cane. I simply reported that, with or without the white cane, I am not simply that old blind guy. This is me, this is who I am, Yes, Im blind and Im coping with it.\nI think that my insight stems from being a social psychologist. Im forever thinking about, whats the impact of this thing and whats the impact on me? I am not going to let it be a stigma even though strangers might see it that way. For me, in my own mind, the white cane became a badge of courage, a symbol of my independence, of the fact that I can go anywhere with the aid of this little implement. I categorically refuse to stay home and curse the darkness. And ten years ago, after I mastered the white cane and came to terms with whatever stigma was attached to it, I wanted to teach other people to do that.\nAt the same time, I can well understand the reluctance visually impaired people had to using the cane. I saw it most clearly, two years ago, when I learned to work with a guide dog. Although I still use the white cane a lot, I now mostly depend on my dog. When I learned to work with a guide dog, I could detect a major change in the way sighted people reacted to me. Many people approached, hey what a cute dog, It made a huge difference socially. But, although the guide dog is a wonderful companion and a helpful friend, I continue to view the white cane as a useful tool. I use it a lotespecially when I go to places like scientific conventions, or other places where my guide dog might be uncomfortable.\n[It seems like how you approach blindness is a metaphor for life. Its better to do things while you can, and while you have abilities deal with things while you can, think them through before they are upon you.]\nYes, that is an excellent insight. And I think early planning is also a valuable tool for retirement. When asked, the major thing I tell people about retirement is not to be afraid of it. Look, it can be an if, then. If you loved your job, then find a way to stay connected to that work in your retirement. I have a close friend who is an excellent physician. He is beginning to think about retirement. An avid golfer and is actually looking forward to retirement so that he can spend more time on the golf course. There is nothing wrong with that. But, for a guy who has spent 45 years serving others, retiring onto the golf course could become a bit boring after a while. So I have said to him (probably much too often, Im afraid!), You might want to see if you can find a way to use your incredible skills in retirement. Maybe volunteer one day a week at a free clinic, for example. I think retirement should not be the end of your career. If you like what you have spent your life doing, and you are retiring because you are getting too old or weak to do it full time, find a way to do it part time or in a more exciting way than you did while working full time. Find a way to use your skill that can be helpful to people and can enrich your own life.\nThis entry was posted in Retirement Stories and tagged aronson, blind, brandeis university, cognitive dissonance, elliot aronson, jigsaw classroom, social psychologist, social psychology, stanford university, ucsc by Jill. Bookmark the permalink.\n8 thoughts on My Work is My Hobby: An Interview with Elliot Aronson\nSandra Cohen on May 16, 2013 at 12:16 pm said:\nI was fortunate to be able to attend Professor Aronsons talk to the Osher Lifelong Learners group. He was a compelling, warm and engaging speaker. Couldve listened to him longer. I had heard of him in the past, but never had an opportunity to see/hear him. Afterwards, I approached him to ask a personal question and he took my hand, or I hisdont remember, and he did his best to answer my question.\nReply \nSuzanne Berne on May 16, 2013 at 4:39 pm said:\nWhat a MENSCH! A true human being. Lovable. Inspiring. Generous. I will share his message, especially with a very close friend (lover) who is dealing with Macular Degeneration. Thank you\nReply \nLarry Gale on May 18, 2013 at 5:20 am said:\nThanks Jill for making this interview available. He has great attitude toward life and was impresses with him at the talk. Like your site and like your work as well.\nReply \nCharles Rolander on September 11, 2013 at 8:30 am said:\nProfessor Aronson,\nI registered for your upcoming OLLI Social Influence course. Psychology classes were alway my favorites in high school and university. One of my professors at Arizona State University urged me very strongly to change my major to psychology. I should have listened to him! Instead, I continued my major in engineering/chemistry because I could get a higher paying job sooner with my BS degree. I still love psychology and hope to be included in your course.\nReply \nRobson Goulart on November 11, 2013 at 8:26 am said:\nThank you for sharing your great insights about living with blindness. It gave me perspective on my life. Take care.\nReply \nAnalydia M. Scoggin on March 15, 2015 at 5:24 pm said:\nI enjoyed reading this pages and I thank you and Jill to lend her website. I hope i get to attend to your next talk at OLLI. I am going to write about my retirement and I hope it will be readable and enjoyed by some of the readers.\nYour writing about your love for your wife and her love for you is very touching.\nMy own retirement had a lot to do with my late husbands early retirement. At that time I thought he was hurrying too much. Now, I know he did the right thing. I am sorry about his having enjoyed retirement for only two years because a fast growing lung cancer took him away.\nI am glad about your enjoying so many things and so many people during your retirement. Thank you.\nReply \nArnold Sykes on July 5, 2015 at 1:38 pm said:\nThank you Jill, for great stories on living life to the fullest in our later yearsand to Professor Aronson, for his terrific example in doing so. Dr. Aronsons comments bring so many thoughts to mind, including the many men I work with who seemingly (even in their mid-60s), give little thought to preparation for retirement, who worse still, appear to have few real interests outside their vocational endeavors. Professor Aronsons genuine acceptance of and good counsel for dealing with a disability like loss of sight, gives me great hope in that, while Im still gainfully employed (at age 70, with intentions to remain so for two more years), two avocational pursuits Ive been working to learn/improve on for years include writing and painting. And for some reason I harbor fears that loss of sight could cut short my goals to be productive in those arenas. His comments are most encouraging, that should my greatest fear become reality, there are ways to overcome these inconveniences. Thank you Professor!\nReply \nDr. James Alan (Jim) Temple on February 14, 2020 at 4:53 pm said:\nI was a graduate student working with Elliot Aronson at the University of California at Santa Cruz(class of 1985). As such, I have had the good fortune to be exposed to the great gifts of his teaching, research and writing styles.\nAs with all of the other sources that Professor Aronson has mentioned in the body of this article I have found great warmth, honesty, insight and wisdom in his article on retirement. As one of the legion of students that he has touched both personally and professionally over the years, I find it both inspirational and intensely satisfying to see him continue his calling as a remarkable teacher and scholar.\nMy reaction to this article is much the same as it has been to almost all of his most recent works its like coming across one of your favorite authors newest works. You know, that author that never fails to surprise and delight you with their intellect, insight, clarity, caring and compassion.\nI pretty much owe my entire (45 + year) career as a Professor of Psychology to the qualities that Professor Aronson imbues in all of the things that he does. I fell in love with the field of Social Psychology in 1972 when I read the 1st edition of The Social Animal, I went to study with him at UCSC, and I have been following his work ever since. I feel as though I keep receiving the most marvelous gifts from him whenever he shares a new book, or article, or talk.\nTHIS is just a continuation of that string of gifts as I now (at 67) start to plan my own retirement I am gifted with yet another wonderful introspective analysis and exploration of a part of life that I am just beginning to think about. I think that this article, like so many of his previous works, will serve me well as a starting place for my own second act.\nThank you, Elliot and thanks to all of you that made this article possible. It is just another example of the general quality and intensity of his calling to teach. Thank you for continuing to explore and share your discoveries and insights with those of us who are fortunate enough to be your students in whatever venues in which you choose to teach. We are legion and we are grateful!\nReply \nLeave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment * Name *\nEmail *\nWebsite\nSave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.\n\nProudly powered by WordPress", "url": "https://myretirementworks.com/my-work-is-my-hobby-an-interview-with-elliot-aronson/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Jigsaw Classroom\nGoogle Tag Manager\nToggle navigation\nOVERVIEW\n10 STEPS\nTIPS\nELLIOT ARONSON\nHISTORY\nMORE INFORMATION\nTHE JIGSAW CLASSROOM\nTHE JIGSAW CLASSROOM\nThe Jigsaw Classroom is a cooperative learning technique that reduces racial conflict among school children, promotes better learning, improves student motivation, and increases enjoyment of the learning experience.\nOVERVIEW\nOVERVIEW\nThe jigsaw classroom is a research-based cooperative learning technique invented and developed in the early 1970s by Elliot Aronson and his students at the University of Texas and the University of California. Since 1971, thousands of classrooms have used jigsaw with great success.\nThe jigsaw classroom has a four-decade track record of successfully reducing racial conflict and increasing positive educational outcomes such as improved test performance, reduced absenteeism, and greater liking for school.\nJust as in a jigsaw puzzle, each piece each student's part is essential for the completion and full understanding of the final product.\nIf each student's part is essential, then each student is essential; and that is precisely what makes this strategy so effective.\nLEARN MORE\nJIGSAW IN 10 EASY STEPS\nJIGSAW IN 10 EASY STEPS\nThe jigsaw classroom is very simple to use.\nIf youre a teacher, just follow these steps:\nSTEP ONE\nDivide students into 5- or 6-person jigsaw groups.\nThe groups should be diverse in terms of gender, ethnicity, race, and ability.\nSTEP TWO\nAppoint one student from each group as the leader.\nInitially, this person should be the most mature student in the group.\nSTEP ONE\nDivide students into 5- or 6-person jigsaw groups.\nThe groups should be diverse in terms of gender, ethnicity, race, and ability.\nSTEP TWO\nAppoint one student from each group as the leader.\nInitially, this person should be the most mature student in the group.\nSTEP THREE\nDivide the days lesson into 5-6 segments.\nFor example, if you want history students to learn about Eleanor Roosevelt, you might divide a short biography of her into stand-alone segments on: (1) Her childhood, (2) Her family life with Franklin and their children, (3) Her life after Franklin contracted polio, (4) Her work in the White House as First Lady, and (5) Her life and work after Franklin's death.\nSTEP FOUR\nAssign each student to learn one segment.\nMake sure students have direct access only to their own segment.\nSTEP THREE\nDivide the days lesson into 5-6 segments.\nFor example, if you want history students to learn about Eleanor Roosevelt, you might divide a short biography of her into stand-alone segments on: (1) Her childhood, (2) Her family life with Franklin and their children, (3) Her life after Franklin contracted polio, (4) Her work in the White House as First Lady, and (5) Her life and work after Franklin's death.\nSTEP FOUR\nAssign each student to learn one segment.\nMake sure students have direct access only to their own segment.\nSTEP FIVE\nGive students time to read over their segment at least twice and become familiar with it.\nThere is no need for them to memorize it.\nSTEP SIX\nForm temporary expert groups by having one student from each jigsaw group join other students assigned to the same segment.\nGive students in these expert groups time to discuss the main points of their segment and to rehearse the presentations they will make to their jigsaw group.\nSTEP FIVE\nGive students time to read over their segment at least twice and become familiar with it.\nThere is no need for them to memorize it.\nSTEP SIX\nForm temporary expert groups by having one student from each jigsaw group join other students assigned to the same segment.\nGive students in these expert groups time to discuss the main points of their segment and to rehearse the presentations they will make to their jigsaw group.\nSTEP SEVEN\nBring the students back into their jigsaw groups.\nSTEP EIGHT\nAsk each student to present her or his segment to the group.\nEncourage others in the group to ask questions for clarification.\nSTEP SEVEN\nBring the students back into their jigsaw groups.\nSTEP EIGHT\nAsk each student to present her or his segment to the group.\nEncourage others in the group to ask questions for clarification.\nSTEP NINE\nFloat from group to group, observing the process.\nIf any group is having trouble (e.g., a member is dominating or disruptive), make an appropriate intervention. Eventually, it's best for the group leader to handle this task. Leaders can be trained by whispering an instruction on how to intervene, until the leader gets the hang of it.\nSTEP TEN\nAt the end of the session, give a quiz on the material.\nStudents quickly come to realize that these sessions are not just fun and games but really count.\nSTEP NINE\nFloat from group to group, observing the process.\nIf any group is having trouble (e.g., a member is dominating or disruptive), make an appropriate intervention. Eventually, it's best for the group leader to handle this task. Leaders can be trained by whispering an instruction on how to intervene, until the leader gets the hang of it.\nSTEP TEN\nAt the end of the session, give a quiz on the material.\nStudents quickly come to realize that these sessions are not just fun and games but really count.\nTIPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION\nIMPLEMENTATION\nCompared with traditional teaching methods, The jigsaw classroom has several advantages:\n Most teachers find jigsaw easy to learn\n Most teachers enjoy working with it\n It can be used with other teaching strategies\n It works even if only used for an hour per day\n It is free for the taking\nMORE ABOUT\nIMPLEMENTATION\nABOUT ELLIOT ARONSON\nABOUT ELLIOT ARONSON\nElliot Aronson is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of California in Santa Cruz. He has long-standing research interests in social influence and attitude change, cognitive dissonance, research methodology, and interpersonal attraction. Professor Aronson's experiments are aimed both at testing theory and at improving the human condition by influencing people to change dysfunctional attitudes and behaviors.\nProfessor Aronson received his B.A. from Brandeis University in 1954, his M.A. from Wesleyan University in 1956, and his Ph.D. in psychology from Stanford University in 1959. He has taught at Harvard University, the University of Minnesota, the University of Texas, and the University of California. In 1999, he won the American Psychological Association's Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, making him the only psychologist to have won APA's highest awards in all three major academic categories: distinguished writing (1973), distinguished teaching (1980), and distinguished research (1999).\nMORE ABOUT\nELLIOT ARONSON\nHISTORY OF THE JIGSAW\nHISTORY\nAn Account from Professor Aronson:\nThe jigsaw classroom was first used in 1971 in Austin, Texas. My graduate students and I had invented the jigsaw strategy that year, as a matter of absolute necessity to help defuse an explosive situation. The city's schools had recently been desegregated, and because Austin had always been racially segregated, white youngsters, African-American youngsters, and Hispanic youngsters found themselves in the same classrooms for the first time.\nWithin a few weeks, long-standing suspicion, fear, and distrust between groups produced an atmosphere of turmoil and hostility. Fist-fights erupted in corridors and schoolyards across the city. The school superintendent called me in to see if we could do anything to help students get along with one another. After observing what was going on in classrooms for a few days, my students and I concluded that inter-group hostility was being fueled by the competitive environment of the classroom.\nMORE OF PROFESSORARONSON'S ACCOUNT\n 2000-, Social Psychology Network, all rights reserved.", "url": "https://www.jigsaw.org/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Eminent social psychologist Elliot Aronson publishes memoir\nSkip to main content\nSkip to main navigation\nUC Santa Cruz\nMyUCSC\nPeople\nCalendars\nMaps\nA-Z Index\nSearch\nNewscenter\nAwards & Honors\nEvents\nVideos\nSubscribe\nContact Us\nHelpful Links\nNews by topic\nNews archives\nE-Newsletter\nTuesday Newsday\nRSS feeds\nUCSC Magazine\nAdministrative Messages\nHome / 2010 / September / Aronson memoir\nEminent social psychologist Elliot Aronson publishes memoirLucky breaks and the foresight to make the most of them set Aronson on his journeySeptember 20, 2010\nBy\nGuy LasnierShare this story:TwitterFacebookLinkedInRedditIn his new memoir, UC Santa Cruz emeritus professor of psychology Elliot Aronson writes of the influences during his career as one of the most eminent social psychologists of our time. (Photo by Guy Lasnier)Boardwalks figure in both his home town Revere, Mass. and his current town Santa Cruz.\nElliot Aronson will talk about his book at 7:30 p.m. Thursday, September 30 at the Capitola Book Caf.\nElliot Aronson is telling a story. One of the preeminent social psychologists of our times, Aronson loves telling stories. He's good at it and has an abundant collection to choose from.\nHis favorite in a candid and engaging new memoir Not by Chance Alone, My Life as a Social Psychologist (Basic Books) concerns Leon Festinger, a prickly professor at Stanford University in the 1950s when Aronson was a graduate student.\nAronson is walking down the hall when Festinger barks out his name. Pulling a paper from a pile of hundreds on his desk, Festinger holds it between his thumb and forefinger as if it were a piece of trash. \"I believe this is yours,\" he says with a mix of pity and contempt, Aronson remembers.\nAronson dreaded the red marks he expected to find. Instead there was nothing. He steeled himself to inquire why. With that same mix of pity and contempt, Festinger told him that if he didnt care enough about his work to give it his best effort the result was not worth his comment.\nGetting that paper was a critical moment in Aronson's life. He had a choice. He could drop the class and accept defeat.\nInstead, he spent the next 72 hours reworking the paper and handed it to his mentor. Fifteen minutes later Festinger walked into his office, sat on the edge of his desk, put his hand on his students shoulder and said: Now this is worth criticizing.\nAt that moment we became colleagues, he says. It was an incredible gift.\nImpoverished upbringing\nHis impoverished upbringing in Revere, Mass. during the depression shaped his story. His background helped determine who he was and who he became.\nAs a boy, Aronson was painfully shy, a mediocre student at best, with uneducated parents, including an angry and often unemployed father. There were no books in the house but plenty of anti-Semitic toughs in his neighborhood who often jumped him. The sting of anti-Semitism would guide his later work in combating prejudice.\nSo how did he become the man whom his colleagues listed among the 100 most influential social psychologists of the 20th century -- and the only person in the 120-year history of the American Psychological Association to win all three of its major awards for distinguished research, distinguished teaching, and distinguished writing?\nAs he'll tell you, he got some good breaks and made the most of them, thus the title. Along the way, he encountered some inspired mentors.\nOlder brother Jason\nLet's begin with the first, his brother Jason, 2 years older.\n\"My brother was an incredible influence in every respect,\" Aronson said during an interview at his Santa Cruz home. \"For one thing, he was the first person who thought I was really smart.\n\"He was very clear on what he wanted to do and what he wanted me to do,\" Aronson said. Jason was determined both brothers would attend college. When their father died, the extended family decided Elliot should drop out of high school and work. Jason, however, persuaded him he was smart enough to apply to college, and that he could work his way through.\nIt's a good thing the admission officer at the newly opened Brandeis University didn't see his grades before they saw his SAT scores, Aronson says. The university didnt just admit him. They gave him a scholarship, too. However, it wasn't renewed after the first year. Aronson slept in the woods or unlocked parked cars and occasionally boosted food and books to get by.\nAt Brandeis, he reluctantly chose economics -- a \"practical\" major. But after accompanying an attractive young woman into an introductory psychology class he was inspired by a new professor, Abraham Maslow, founder of humanistic psychology. Maslow became a second key mentor in Aronsons life. Maslow's work on the hierarchy of needs influenced Aronson's \"soft\" side.\nIf Maslow was the yin, the yang was Festinger at Stanford where Aronson obtained his Ph.D. It was Festinger who introduced him to cognitive dissonance, which Aronson regards as an exciting and provocative theory that still figures prominently in his research and writing. Festinger, whom Aronson calls the single most influential social psychologist who ever lived, taught him forced him, really to set the bar high and not settle for anything the least bit sloppy.\n\"Heart of Maslow, tough-mindedness of Festinger\"\nAronson \"combined the heart of Abraham Maslow with the tough-mindedness of Leon Festinger, a colleague observes in another new book, The Scientist and the Humanist: A Festschrift in Honor of Elliot Aronson, (Psychology Press 2010).\nMaslow hired Aronson and another student his \"absolute favorite\" Aronson remembers, as assistants. The other student was Vera Rabinek, a Holocaust survivor from Hungary, who was \"brilliant, gorgeous, and fairly glowed with a quality that I would call serenity,\" he writes. They've been married for 56 years and have raised four children -- all of whom graduated from UC Santa Cruz.\n\"I see it as one lucky break after another,'' he said.\nFrom Brandeis the couple went to Wesleyan for a master's degree and then Stanford, lured by a Wesleyan colleague Richard Alpert, later and better known at Baba Ram Dass. Alpert taunted Aronson into taking Festingers graduate seminar.\nAronson weaves his stories of the people he has met with the major trends in social psychology over the past 60 years including encounter groups and sensitivity training in the '60s, movements in which he played a major part. He describes his work developing the \"jigsaw classroom,\" his experiment in cooperative learning to counter the stresses of school desegregation, and experiments to encourage condom use among sexually active college students.\nAronson taught at Harvard and the University of Texas, Austin before arriving at UC Santa Cruz in 1974, attracted by the location and the unique experimental (at the time) focus on undergraduate education.\nMacular degeneration\nSince 2000, Aronson has suffered progressively worsening macular degeneration that has rendered him legally blind. He can see shapes but not faces, especially painful for a grandfather with four young granddaughters.\nAronson said hes been reading more than ever these days but now its audio books. His blindness led to the memoir. He cannot do book research anymore, cannot skim five pages in 30 seconds, but writing an autobiography doesnt require library research, he said.\nA few years ago, Aronson was invited to write a chapter on his life for an American Psychological Association history of psychology. His agent for his previous book - Mistakes were Made (but not by me) (Harcourt, 2007) - wanted to read anything he wrote and read the chapter. The agent insisted it should be a book.\nAronson said he figured it would sell 11 copies, nine to people named Aronson. But, he thought, if nothing else the stories would be a nice present for his grandchildren.\nTurns out, Its the most fun Ive had writing anything.\nA storyteller thrives in his element telling stories.Share this story:TwitterFacebookLinkedInReddit\nUniversity News\nUniversity News Home\nMonthly Newsletter\nOther News & Events\nCampus Calendars\nUC News\nFeatures\nUC Santa Cruz Magazine\nResources\nAdministrative Messages\nUCSC Chancellor\nPress Releases\nContacts for Reporters\nSend us an email\nUC Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, Ca 95064\n2024 Regents of the University of California. All Rights Reserved.\nFeedback\nReport an accessibility barrier\nLand Acknowledgment\nEmployment\nPrivacy\nAccreditation\nLast modified: October 1, 2010 128.114.113.87", "url": "https://news.ucsc.edu/2010/09/aronson-memoir.html" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fedora Linux | The Fedora Project\nSkip to main content Fedora LogoGetFedoraGetFedoraEditionsEditionsOur flagship Fedora Linux variants for different uses. WorkstationThe flagship Fedora edition featuring the latest GNOME desktop. The Linux desktop you've been waiting for. ServerRun applications on bare metal or the cloud with a Linux server OS packed with the latest open source technology. CoreOSAn automatically-updating, minimal operating system for running containerized workloads securely and at scale. IoTA foundation for Internet of Things and Device Edge ecosystem. CloudImages optimized to run on cloud infrastructures.Atomic DesktopsAtomic DesktopsThese editions are supported but not yet a part of the official Fedora editions. SilverblueFedora Silverblue is an atomic desktop operating system aimed at good support for container-focused workflows. KinoiteFedora Kinoite is an atomic KDE Plasma-based desktop. Sway AtomicFedora Sway Atomic is an atomic Sway-based desktop. Budgie AtomicFedora Budgie Atomic ships the popular Budgie desktop environment in an atomic fashion.SpinsSpinsThe Desktop spins feature specific Linux Desktop Environments. Our official Workstation Edition uses the GNOME Desktop, but you can install Fedora preconfigured with any of the listed Desktop Environments. KDE DesktopA complete, modern desktop built using the KDE Plasma Desktop Environment. Xfce DesktopA complete and well integrated desktop. Cinnamon DesktopA modern desktop featuring a traditional GNOME user experience. MATE+Compiz DesktopA classic Fedora desktop with an additional 3D window manager. i3 Tiling WMFedora Linux with the i3 Tiling Window Manager. LXQt DesktopA lightweight and well integrated LXQt desktop environment. LXDE DesktopA light, fast, and less resource hungry desktop environment SOAS DesktopDiscover. Reflect. Share. Learn. Sway Tiling WMFedora Linux with the Sway Tiling Window Manager Budgie DesktopFedora Linux with the Budgie DesktopLabsLabsThe Labs are Fedora Linux set up with software bundles based on particular topics. AstronomyPowerful, completely open-source and free tools for amateur and professional astronomers. Comp NeuroA plethora of Free/Open source computational modelling tools for Neuroscience. Design SuiteVisual design, multimedia production, and publishing suite of free and open source creative tools. GamesA collection and perfect showcase of the best games available in Fedora. JamFor audio enthusiasts and musicians who want to create, edit, and produce audio and music on Linux. Python ClassroomA classroom lab for teaching the Python programming language to students. ScientificA bundle of open source scientific and numerical tools used in research. Security LabA safe test environment to work on security auditing, forensics, system rescue and teaching security testing methodologies.ContributorsContributorsAccounts & AppsAccounts & AppsThese are some of the tools that you will use when contributing to the Fedora Project. Fedora AccountsTo be granted access and be credited for your contributions, you will need a Fedora account. Do this first! MoteMost subprojects hold weekly meetings in chatrooms. Fedora's Zodbot listens in on these meetings and keeps the logs here. BadgesThis is where contributors are awarded tokens of recognition for their contributions. How many can you get! ElectionsTalented leaders are elected to oversee the Fedora Project and Fedora's subprojects. FedocalIt's Fedora's calendar! Mailing ListsYes, they still exist. Infrastructure StatusThis page lists known and scheduled outages of Fedora Project services. Edit this websiteEdit fedoraproject.org using the content management system! Tip: Use the GitLab SSO link to open a session first.Packaging & DevelopmentPackaging & DevelopmentThese are the tools and Git forges that Fedora packagers and developers use to build the Fedora systems. BugzillaFedora Linux bugs are reported to Red Hat's bugzilla. BodhiThis is Fedora's official build system. It is used to create, test, and publish packages. KojiThis is the software that builds Fedora's RPM packages. CoprThis is an easy-to-use build system for the Fedora community. GitLabGitLab is the newest of Fedora's official version control systems. It supports single-sign-on with Fedora accounts. GitHubMany of Fedora's groups use this version control system. PagureThis is an open-source git forge that the Fedora Project uses. Package SourcesThis is an open-source git forge that hosts most of Fedora's source RPM packages. SourcegraphYou can use this to search for things in Fedora's code repositores. See the Fedora Magazine article for more info.Contributor GuidesContributor GuidesThese documentation pages are contributor-focused. They include Fedora's guidelines, teams, organizational structure, and legal docs. If you are looking for user guides (installation, getting started, etc.) check under the Help menu. Packaging GuidelinesLearn about packaging for Fedora Linux from both a policy and a technical perspective. Engineering TeamsLearn about FESCo and Engineering subprojects, SIGs, Work Groups, and teams. Mindshare TeamsActivities beyond engineering: Learn about the teams focused on Fedora's outreach, brand, & more. Fedora CouncilLearn about the Fedora Project governance. Program ManagementRelease planning, scheduling, and status tracking. Diversity & InclusionThe goal of this initiative is to help foster diversity and inclusion in Fedora community. LegalPolicies for licensing, trademarks, and other legal issues. Edit these docsDid you notice a glaring typo or a broken link in these docs? Click here to find out how you can help make it right!New ContributorsNew ContributorsWe are always excited to work with new contributors. If you're new to the project, check out these sites. Join SIGThis is a special interest group that has formed for the sole purpose of helping new contributors get involved. Fedora is big and complex and it needs your help! Easy FixThese are some low-priority items that are thought to be good entry-level tasks for a new contributor to start with.ConnectionsConnectionsNews & PublicationsNews & PublicationsThese are sites where updates about new and upcomming events, releases, packages, and projects are likely to be posted. You might want to subscribe to some of these to get the notices in your inbox. News & AnnouncementsThe Fedora Project Leader likes to post things here. This forum also receives weekly updates from The Fedora Project Manager and the Community Platform Engineering team. Fedora MagazineFedora new release and beta release announcements show up here first. Test Day announcements are also posted here. This blog also hosts articles contributed from users like you! Fedora Community BlogAnnouncements that are pertinent to Fedora developers and the Fedora infrastructure team tend to be posted here. Fedora PodcastThe Fedora Podcast features interviews and talks with the people who make the Fedora community awesome! Fedora MastodonFollow us on Mastodon! This is a great place to stay up to date on the latest in the Fedora community. Fedora TwitterFollow us on twitter! This is a great place to stay up to date on the latest in the Fedora community.Ask FedoraAsk FedoraThis is Fedora's main forum for all project collaboration and user support. Also, if you have encountered a problem that might be a software bug, this is a good place to triage it with other users before escalating it to Red Hat's bugzilla reporting system. General Q&AIf you need help installing, using, or customizing Fedora Linux, or have any other questions about the operating system or the Fedora Project, this is the place to ask! WorkstationUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Workstation. ServerUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Server. CloudUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Cloud. IoTUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora IoT (Internet of Things). CoreOSUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora CoreOS. GNOMEUse this link to focus on questions and answers about the GNOME desktop environment. KDEUse this link to focus on questions and answers about the KDE desktop environment. InstallationUse this link to focus on questions and answers about installing Fedora Linux.Project DiscussionProject DiscussionThese are some convenient links to the discussion threads for several of Fedora's larger subprojects and special interest groups. WorkstationUse this link to connect with other workstation contributors. ServerThe Fedora Server edition working group CloudThe Fedora Cloud edition working group IoTThe Fedora IoT (Internet of Things) edition working group CoreOSThe Fedora CoreOS working group SilverblueThe Fedora Silverblue team KinoiteThe Fedora Kinoite team EPELThe Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux special interest group All Teams & TagsFedora has lots of teams! Click here to see a more complete list.Social & EventsSocial & EventsThese are a few free-form communication channels and some links to information about Fedora's release parties and annual conferences. Fedorans regularly come together to celebrate our community and the hard work that we put into it! The Water CoolerThis is the proverbial office water cooler, where people gather for break from work conversation. Introduce yourself, have (friendly!) off-topic discussions, and socialize! Fedora SocialThe Fedora Social chat room is a place for Fedora community members to relax and talk about most any topics they wish. Extended Social ChannelsBeyond the official channels for Fedorans to communicate, community members are involved on other popular platforms as well! Check out IRC, Discord, Telegram, Reddit, and more! Week of DiversityThis is a week in September where we highlight the contributions and experiences of women, lgbtq+, and bipoc in Fedora. Flock To FedoraThe annual contributor conference for Fedora Linux. Flock takes place at the beginning of August. Release PartiesFedora releases two major versions every year. We celebrate the hard work of our contributors virtually at each release.HelpHelpAsk FedoraAsk FedoraThis is Fedora's main forum for all project collaboration and user support. Also, if you have encountered a problem that might be a software bug, this is a good place to triage it with other users before escalating it to Red Hat's bugzilla reporting system. General Q&AIf you need help installing, using, or customizing Fedora Linux, or have any other questions about the operating system or the Fedora Project, this is the place to ask! WorkstationUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Workstation. ServerUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Server. CloudUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Cloud. IoTUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora IoT (Internet of Things). CoreOSUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora CoreOS. GNOMEUse this link to focus on questions and answers about the GNOME desktop environment. KDEUse this link to focus on questions and answers about the KDE desktop environment. InstallationUse this link to focus on questions and answers about installing Fedora Linux.User GuidesUser GuidesThese are some introductory guides to help users get started with Fedora Linux. Downloading Fedora LinuxHow to select the appropriate download. Getting StartedAn in-depth guide to installing Fedora Linux. Upgrading Fedora LinuxHow to upgrade an existing Fedora Linux installation.DocumentationDocumentationOver the years, Fedorans have created many sources of information about Fedora Linux and the Fedora Project. Fedora DocsThis is the main index page for all of Fedora's Documentation. If you weren't able to find a direct link to what you were looking for in this site's menus, you can try searching from here. Fedora Quick DocsThis is a collection of short HOWTO and FAQ-style documentation for Fedora users. Fedora WikiThis is primarily a collaboration tool for the community. Content that has been submitted here might be out of date and/or it might not have undergone the same level of scrutiny as the information on Fedora Docs. Fedora MagazineFedora Magazine is a website that hosts promotional articles and short guides contributed from the community about free/libre and open-source software that runs on or works with the Fedora Linux operating system. Fedora DeveloperFrom mobile apps to web; from desktop to GUIs to CLI tools; create it all easily with Fedora.AboutAboutThe Fedora Project is a community of people working together to build a free and open source software platform and to collaborate on and share user-focused solutions built on that platform. Or, in plain English, we make an operating system and we make it easy for you to do useful stuff with it. 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Add translation How to use WeblateFedora LogoGetFedoraEditions Workstation Server CoreOS IoT CloudAtomic Desktops Silverblue Kinoite Sway Atomic Budgie AtomicSpins KDE Desktop Xfce Desktop Cinnamon Desktop MATE+Compiz Desktop i3 Tiling WM LXQt Desktop LXDE Desktop SOAS Desktop Sway Tiling WM Budgie DesktopLabs Astronomy Comp Neuro Design Suite Games Jam Python Classroom Scientific Security LabContributorsAccounts & Apps Fedora Accounts Mote Badges Elections Fedocal Mailing Lists Infrastructure Status Edit this websitePackaging & Development Bugzilla Bodhi Koji Copr GitLab GitHub Pagure Package Sources SourcegraphContributor Guides Packaging Guidelines Engineering Teams Mindshare Teams Fedora Council Program Management Diversity & Inclusion Legal Edit these docsNew Contributors Join SIG Easy FixConnectionsNews & Publications News & Announcements Fedora Magazine Fedora Community Blog Fedora Podcast Fedora Mastodon Fedora TwitterAsk Fedora General Q&A Workstation Server Cloud IoT CoreOS GNOME KDE InstallationProject Discussion Workstation Server Cloud IoT CoreOS Silverblue Kinoite EPEL All Teams & TagsSocial & Events The Water Cooler Fedora Social Extended Social Channels Week of Diversity Flock To Fedora Release PartiesHelpAsk Fedora General Q&A Workstation Server Cloud IoT CoreOS GNOME KDE InstallationUser Guides Downloading Fedora Linux Getting Started Upgrading Fedora LinuxDocumentation Fedora Docs Fedora Quick Docs Fedora Wiki Fedora Magazine Fedora DeveloperAbout Fedoras Mission and FoundationsStart of main contentIt's your Operating System.An innovative platform for hardware, clouds, and containers, built with love by you.100% Free & Open SourceLatest release40 Fedora Linux 40 released!A Registered Digital Public GoodEditionsThe leading Linux desktopFedora Workstation is a polished, easy to use operating system for laptop and desktop computers, with a complete set of tools for developers and makers of all kinds.Download NowLearn MoreA Community Server OSFedora Server is a powerful, flexible operating system that includes the best and latest datacenter technologies.Download NowLearn MoreThe solid edge foundationFedora IoT provides a trusted open source platform as a strong foundation for IoT ecosystems.Download NowLearn MoreThe lightweight VM environmentFedora Cloud edition is a powerful and minimal base operating system image with tailored images available for both public and many private cloud uses.Download NowLearn MoreThe container optimized OSFedora CoreOS is an automatically updating, minimal, container-focused operating system.Download NowLearn MoreWant more Fedora options?Atomic DesktopsThe Fedora desktop experiences you know with an additional layer of security and reliability.Learn MoreFedora SpinsIf you prefer an alternative desktop environment such as KDE Plasma Desktop or Xfce, you can download a Fedora Spin for your preferred desktop environment and use that to install Fedora, pre-configured for the desktop environment of your choice.Learn moreFedora LabsFedora Labs is a selection of curated bundles of purpose-driven software and content as curated and maintained by members of the Fedora Community. These may be installed as standalone full versions of Fedora or as add-ons to existing Fedora installations.Learn moreFedora ALT DownloadsThe Fedora Alternative Downloads are either special-purpose - for testing, for specific architectures - or are more standard versions of Fedora in alternative formats such as network installer format or formatted for BitTorrent download.Learn moreSupport ResourcesDocumentationExtensive documentation is available at the Fedora documentation page.Fedora DocsSupportGet support from our community on the Fedora Discussion Forum.Fedora DiscussionChatUsers and developers are available in the #fedora channel on Fedora Chat.Fedora ChatEditionsWorkstationServerCoreOSIoTCloudAtomic DesktopsSilverblueKinoiteSway AtomicBudgie AtomicSpinsKDE DesktopXfce DesktopCinnamon DesktopMATE+Compiz Desktopi3 Tiling WMLXQt DesktopLXDE DesktopSOAS DesktopSway Tiling WMBudgie DesktopLabsAstronomyComp NeuroDesign SuiteGamesJamPython ClassroomScientificSecurity LabLanguagesBulgarianCzechDeutschEnglishEspaolPersianSuomiFranaisFriulianHebrewMagyarIndonesianItalianoNederlandsPolskiPortugus do BrasilPortugusSloveninaSvenskaTrkePrivacy StatementLegalCode of ConductSponsorsHelp improve this website on the CMS or the GitLab repoFedora is sponsored by Red Hat. Learn more about the relationship between Red Hat and Fedora.", "url": "https://fedoraproject.org/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fedora Linux - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Features\nToggle Features subsection\n1.1Package management\n1.2Security\n1.3Software\n1.4System installer\n2Editions\nToggle Editions subsection\n2.1Workstation\n2.1.1Silverblue\n2.2Server\n2.3IoT\n2.4CoreOS\n2.5Labs\n2.6Spins and Remixes\n2.7Architectures\n2.8Alternatives\n3History\n4Development and community\n5Releases\nToggle Releases subsection\n5.1Rawhide\n6See also\n7References\n8External links\nToggle the table of contents\nFedora Linux\n71 languages\nAfrikaansAsturianuAzrbaycancaBoarischBosanskiBrezhonegCataletinaDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFranaisGalegoHrvatskiIlokanoBahasa IndonesiaItalianoLatvieuLietuviLa .lojban.MagyarBahasa MelayuNederlandsNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskOzbekcha / PolskiPortugusRomnRuna Simi ShqipSimple EnglishSloveninaSlovenina / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTrkeTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nLinux distribution by Fedora Project\nLinux distribution\nFedora LinuxFedora Workstation 40DeveloperFedora ProjectOS familyLinux (Unix-like)Working stateCurrentSource modelOpen sourceInitial releaseNovember4, 2003; 20 years ago(2003-11-04)[1]Latest release40[2] / 23 April 2024; 35 days ago(23 April 2024)[2]Latest preview41 / ()Repositorysrc.fedoraproject.orgMarketing targetDesktop computers, servers, supercomputersPackage managerRPM (DNF), Flatpak, OSTreePlatforms\nPrimary: x86-64, armhf, aarch64[3]\nAlternative: mips64el, mipsel, ppc64le, RISC-V, s390x[4][5]\nKernel typeMonolithic (Linux kernel)UserlandGNUDefaultuser interfaceGNOME Shell, BashLicenseGPL and various free software licenses, plus proprietary firmware files[6]Official websitefedoraproject.org\nFedora Linux[7] is a Linux distribution developed by the Fedora Project. It was originally developed in 2003 as a continuation of the Red Hat Linux project. It contains software distributed under various free and open-source licenses and aims to be on the leading edge of open-source technologies.[8][9][10] It is now the upstream source for CentOS Stream and Red Hat Enterprise Linux.[11][12]\nSince the release of Fedora 21 in December 2014, three editions have been made available: personal computer, server and cloud computing. This was expanded to five editions for containerization and Internet of Things (IoT) as of the release of Fedora 37 in November 2022.[13][14] A new version of Fedora Linux is released every six months.[15]\nAs of February2016[update], Fedora Linux has an estimated 1.2 million users,[16] and is also the distribution used by Linus Torvalds, creator of the Linux kernel (as of May2020[update]).[17][18][19]\nFeatures[edit]\nFedora has a reputation for focusing on innovation, integrating new technologies early on and working closely with upstream Linux communities.[10][20] Making changes upstream instead of specifically for Fedora Linux ensures that the changes are available to all Linux distributions.\nFedora Linux has a relatively short life cycle: Each version is usually supported for at least 13 months, where version X is supported only until 1 month after version X+2 is released and with approximately 6 months between most versions.[21] Fedora users can upgrade from version to version without reinstalling.[22][23]\nThe default desktop environment is GNOME, and the default user interface is the GNOME Shell. Other desktop environments are available, including KDE Plasma, Xfce, LXQt, LXDE, MATE, Cinnamon, i3, Budgie, and Sway.[24][25]\nA live media drive can be created using Fedora Media Writer or the dd command,[26] allowing users to try Fedora Linux without writing any changes to their hard drives.\nPackage management[edit]\nMost Fedora Linux editions use the RPM package management system, using DNF as a tool to manage the RPM packages.[27] DNF uses libsolv, an external dependency resolver.[27] Flatpak is also included by default, and support for Snap packages can be added.\nThe Fedora CoreOS and Silverblue editions use rpm-ostree,[28] a hybrid transactional image/package system to manage the host. Traditional DNF (or other systems) should be used in containers.\nSecurity[edit]\nFedora Linux uses Security-Enhanced Linux by default, which implements a variety of security policies, including mandatory access controls, which Fedora adopted early on.[29] Fedora provides a hardening wrapper, and does hardening for all of its packages by using compiler features such as position-independent executable (PIE).[30] Fedora also ships with firewalld as a default firewall.\nSoftware[edit]\nFedora Workstation comes preinstalled with a wide range of software such as LibreOffice and Firefox. Additional software is available from the software repositories and can be installed using the DNF package manager or GNOME Software.\nAdditionally, extra repositories can be added to the system, so that software not available in Fedora Linux can be installed easily.[31] Software that is not available via official Fedora repositories, either because it does not meet Fedora's definition of free software or because its distribution may violate US law, can be installed using third-party repositories. Popular third-party repositories include RPM Fusion free and non-free repositories. Fedora also provides users with an easy-to-use build system for creating their own repositories called Copr.[32]\nSince the release of Fedora 25, the operating system defaults to the Wayland display server protocol, which replaced the X Window System.[33]\nSystem installer[edit]\nFedora Workstation 35 installation summary\nMain article: Anaconda (installer)\nFedora Linux uses Anaconda as the system installer.\nEditions[edit]\nBeginning with Fedora 21, it is available in three editions,[13] expanded to five editions as of version 37.[14][34]\nWorkstation[edit]\nFedora Workstation 37 with its default applications\nIt targets users who want a reliable, user-friendly, and powerful operating system for their laptop or desktop computer. It comes with GNOME by default but other desktops can be installed or can be directly installed as Spins.\nSilverblue[edit]\nSilverblue is a variant of Fedora Workstation.[35][36] It is an atomic desktop operating system. Every Silverblue installation is identical to every other installation of the same version, and it never changes as it is used. The immutable design is intended to make the operating system more stable, less prone to bugs, easier to test and develop, and create a platform for containerized applications as well as container-based software development. Applications and containers are kept separate from the host system. OS updates are fast and there is no installation stage. With Silverblue, it is also possible to roll back to the previous version of the operating system, if something goes wrong.[37]\nFedora Silverblue was previously known as Fedora Atomic Workstation. The descriptive name for this product is image-mode container-based Fedora Workstation based on rpm-ostree, which is clear but unsuitable for branding. The team preferred the project name Silverleaf, but could not secure that name for various reasons. Therefore, it was named Silverblue, though the logo still retains the impression of a leaf.[38]\nThe long-term goal for this effort is to transform Fedora Workstation into an image-based system where applications are separate from the OS, and updates are atomic. Red Hat engineers, along with independent free software contributors have built most of the pieces for this new desktop over the last few years: OSTree, Flatpak, Flathub, rpm-ostree, and GNOME Software.\nThe ultimate goal of this effort always was to create an image-based variant of the Workstation that is at feature-parity and better suited for certain use cases than the traditional variant. Until the end of 2017, the Silverblue team slowly completed the necessary pieces for the vision of an immutable image-based OS with independent applications: Wayland, flatpak, and rpm-ostree support in GNOME Software, etc. During the same time, Project Atomic has added new features like package layering to rpm-ostree and added rpm-ostree support to Anaconda.[39] Fedora also supports more immutable editions, including Sway Atomic, Budgie Atomic, and Kinoite for KDE Plasma.\nA fresh install of Silverblue 35 with automatic partitioning for storage configurationDefault applications of Silverblue 35\nServer[edit]\nIts target usage is for servers. It includes the latest data center technologies. This edition does not come with a desktop environment, but one can be installed. From Fedora 28, Server Edition will deliver Fedora Modularity,[40] adding support for alternative update streams for popular software such as Node.js and Go.\nIoT[edit]\nImages of Fedora Linux tailored to running on Internet of Things devices. It supports x86_64, aarch64 and armhfp processors.[41]\nCoreOS[edit]\nThe successor of Fedora Atomic Host (Project Atomic) and Container Linux after Fedora 29,[42] it provides a minimal image of Fedora Linux which includes just the bare essentials. This is not to be confused with Fedora Core. It is meant for deployment in cloud computing. It provides Fedora CoreOS images which are optimized minimal images for deploying containers.[43] CoreOS replaced the established Container Linux when it was merged with Project Atomic[44] after its acquisition by Red Hat in January 2018.[45]\nLabs[edit]\nSimilar to Debian blends, the Fedora Project also distributes custom variations of Fedora Linux called Fedora Labs.[46] These are built with specific sets of software packages, targeting specific interests such as gaming, security, design,[47] robotics,[48][49] and scientific computing[50] (that includes SciPy, Octave, Kile, Xfig and Inkscape).\nThe Fedora AOS (Appliance Operating System) was a specialized spin of Fedora Linux with reduced memory footprint for use in software appliances. Appliances are pre-installed, pre-configured, system images. This spin was intended to make it easier for anyone (developers, independent software vendors (ISV), original equipment manufacturers (OEM), etc.) to create and deploy virtual appliances.\nSpins and Remixes[edit]\nFedora KDE Plasma Desktop, one of the several official Fedora Spins\nThe Fedora project officially distributes different variations called \"Fedora Spins\"[51] which are Fedora Linux with different desktop environments (GNOME is the default desktop environment). The current official spins, as of Fedora 40, are KDE Plasma,[52] Xfce,[53] LXQt,[54] MATE (with Compiz),[55] Cinnamon,[56] LXDE,[57] SoaS,[58] i3,[59] Phosh (for use on PinePhone),[60] Budgie,[61] and Sway.[62] In addition, the KDE, Sway, and Budgie spins are provided as OSTree-backed immutable spins named Kinoite,[63] Sway Atomic,[64] and Budgie Atomic[65] respectively.\nIn addition to Spins, which are official variants of the Fedora system, the project allows unofficial variants to use the term \"Fedora Remix\" without asking for further permission, although a different logo (provided) is required.[66]\nArchitectures[edit]\nx86-64 and ARM AArch64 are the primary architectures supported by Fedora.[4] As of release 38, Fedora also supports IBM Power64le, IBM Z (\"s390x\"), MIPS-64el, MIPS-el and RISC-V as secondary architectures.\nFedora 28 was the last release that supported ppc64 and users are advised to move to the little endian ppc64le variant.[67] Fedora 36 was the last release with support for ARM-hfp.[68]\nAlternatives[edit]\nThe Fedora Project also distributes several other versions[69] with less use cases than mentioned above, like network installers and minimal installation images. They are intended for special cases or expert users that want to have custom installations or configuring Fedora from scratch.\nIn addition, all acceptable licenses for Fedora Linux (including copyright, trademark, and patent licenses) must be applicable not only to Red Hat or Fedora, but also to all recipients downstream. This means that any \"Fedora-only\" licenses, or licenses with specific terms that Red Hat or Fedora meets but that other recipients would not are not acceptable (and almost certainly non-free, as a result).\nHistory[edit]\nThe name of Fedora derives from the original \"Fedora Linux\", a volunteer project that provided extra software for the Red Hat Linux distribution, and from the characteristic fedora hat used in Red Hat's \"Shadowman\" logo. Warren Togami began Fedora Linux in 2002 as an undergraduate project at the University of Hawaii,[70] intended to provide a single repository for well-tested third-party software packages so that non-Red Hat software would be easier to find, develop, and use. The key difference between Fedora Linux and Red Hat Linux was that Fedora's repository development would be collaborative with the global volunteer community.[71] The original Fedora Linux was eventually absorbed into the Fedora Project, carrying with it this collaborative approach.[72] The Fedora Project is sponsored primarily by Red Hat with additional support and sponsors from other companies and organizations.[73]\nFedora Linux, then known as \"Fedora Core\", was a fork of Red Hat Linux launched in 2003, when Red Hat Linux was discontinued so the team can focus on their paid version for servers Red Hat Enterprise Linux.[74] Red Hat Enterprise Linux was to be Red Hat's only officially supported Linux distribution, while Fedora was to be a community distribution.[74] Red Hat Enterprise Linux branches its releases from versions of Fedora.[75]\nBefore Fedora 7, Fedora was called Fedora Core after the name of one of the two main software repositories - Core and Extras. Fedora Core contained all the base packages that were required by the operating system, as well as other packages that were distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs, and was maintained only by Red Hat developers. Fedora Extras, the secondary repository that had been included since Fedora Core 3, was community-maintained and not distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs. Upon the release of Fedora 7, the distinction between Fedora Core and Fedora Extras was eliminated.[76]\nSince the release of Fedora 21, as an effort to bring modularization to the Fedora distribution and make development more agile,[77][78] three different versions are available: Workstation, focused on the personal computer, Server and Atomic for servers, Atomic being the version meant for cloud computing.[13]\nFedora is a trademark of Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat's application for trademark status for the name \"Fedora\" was disputed by Cornell University and the University of Virginia Library, creators of the unrelated Fedora Commons digital repository management software.[79] The issue was resolved and the parties settled on a co-existence agreement that stated that the Cornell-UVA project could use the name when clearly associated with open source software for digital object repository systems and that Red Hat could use the name when it was clearly associated with open source computer operating systems.[80]\nIn April 2020, project leader Matthew Miller announced that Fedora Workstation would be shipping on select new ThinkPad laptops, thanks to a new partnership with Lenovo.[81]\nDevelopment and community[edit]\nThe core values of the Fedora community\nSee also: Fedora Project\nDevelopment of the operating system and supporting programs is headed by the Fedora Project, which is composed of a community of developers and volunteers, and also Red Hat employees.[82] The Council is the top-level community leadership and governance body. Other bodies include the Fedora Engineering Steering Committee, responsible for the technical decisions behind the development of Fedora, and Fedora Mindshare Committee which coordinates outreach and non-technical activities, including representation of Fedora Worldwide e.g.: Ambassadors Program, CommOps team and Marketing, Design and Websites Team.[83]\nReleases[edit]\nMain article: Fedora Linux release history\nRed Hat Linux 9 to Fedora Core 1.\nFedora Core 1.0, a continuation of Red Hat Linux with GNOME 2.4 (2003-11)\nFedora 15 (Lovelock), the first release with GNOME 3 and GNOME Shell. (2011-05)\nFedora 21, a version that brought experimental Wayland and HiDPI support (2014-12)\nFedora has a relatively short life cycle: version X is supported only until 1 month after version X+2 is released and with approximately 6 months between most versions, meaning a version of Fedora is usually supported for at least 13 months, possibly longer.[21] Fedora users can upgrade from version to version without reinstalling.[22][23]\nThe current release is Fedora 40, which was released on 23 April 2024.[84]\nvte\nReleases of Fedora Linux\nVersion[85]\nRelease[85]\nEnd-of-life[86]\nKernel[87][a]\nGNOME[87]\nOld version, no longer maintained: 1 (Yarrow)\n2003-11-06\n2004-09-20\n2.4.22\n2.4\nOld version, no longer maintained: 2 (Tettnang)\n2004-05-18\n2005-04-11\n2.6.5\n2.6\nOld version, no longer maintained: 3 (Heidelberg)\n2004-11-08\n2006-01-16\n2.6.9\n2.8\nOld version, no longer maintained: 4 (Stentz)\n2005-06-13\n2006-08-07\n2.6.11\n2.10\nOld version, no longer maintained: 5 (Bordeaux)\n2006-03-20\n2007-07-02\n2.6.15\n2.14\nOld version, no longer maintained: 6 (Zod)\n2006-10-24\n2007-12-07\n2.6.18\n2.16\nOld version, no longer maintained: 7 (Moonshine)\n2007-05-31\n2008-06-13\n2.6.21\n2.18\nOld version, no longer maintained: 8 (Werewolf)\n2007-11-08\n2009-01-07\n2.6.23\n2.20\nOld version, no longer maintained: 9 (Sulphur)\n2008-05-24\n2009-07-10\n2.6.25\n2.22\nOld version, no longer maintained: 10 (Cambridge)\n2008-11-25\n2009-12-18\n2.6.27\n2.24\nOld version, no longer maintained: 11 (Leonidas)\n2009-06-09\n2010-06-25\n2.6.29\n2.26\nOld version, no longer maintained: 12 (Constantine)\n2009-11-17\n2010-12-02\n2.6.31\n2.28\nOld version, no longer maintained: 13 (Goddard)\n2010-05-25\n2011-06-24\n2.6.33\n2.30\nOld version, no longer maintained: 14 (Laughlin)\n2010-10-29\n2011-12-08\n2.6.35\n2.32\nOld version, no longer maintained: 15 (Lovelock)\n2011-05-24\n2012-06-26\n2.6.38\n3.0\nOld version, no longer maintained: 16 (Verne)\n2011-11-08\n2013-02-12\n3.1\n3.2\nOld version, no longer maintained: 17 (Beefy Miracle)\n2012-05-29\n2013-07-30\n3.3\n3.4\nOld version, no longer maintained: 18 (Spherical Cow)\n2013-01-15\n2014-01-14\n3.6\n3.6\nOld version, no longer maintained: 19 (Schrdinger's Cat)\n2013-07-02\n2015-01-06\n3.9\n3.8\nOld version, no longer maintained: 20 (Heisenbug)\n2013-12-17\n2015-06-23\n3.11\n3.10\nOld version, no longer maintained: 21[89]\n2014-12-09\n2015-12-01\n3.17\n3.14\nOld version, no longer maintained: 22\n2015-05-26\n2016-07-19\n4.0\n3.16\nOld version, no longer maintained: 23\n2015-11-03\n2016-12-20\n4.2\n3.18\nOld version, no longer maintained: 24\n2016-06-21\n2017-08-08\n4.5\n3.20\nOld version, no longer maintained: 25\n2016-11-22\n2017-12-12\n4.8\n3.22\nOld version, no longer maintained: 26\n2017-07-11\n2018-05-29\n4.11\n3.24\nOld version, no longer maintained: 27\n2017-11-14\n2018-11-30\n4.13\n3.26\nOld version, no longer maintained: 28\n2018-05-01\n2019-05-28\n4.16\n3.28\nOld version, no longer maintained: 29\n2018-10-30\n2019-11-26\n4.18\n3.30\nOld version, no longer maintained: 30\n2019-05-07\n2020-05-26\n5.0\n3.32\nOld version, no longer maintained: 31\n2019-10-29\n2020-11-24\n5.3\n3.34\nOld version, no longer maintained: 32\n2020-04-28\n2021-05-25\n5.6\n3.36\nOld version, no longer maintained: 33\n2020-10-27\n2021-11-30\n5.8\n3.38\nOld version, no longer maintained: 34\n2021-04-27\n2022-06-07\n5.11\n40\nOld version, no longer maintained: 35\n2021-11-02\n2022-12-13\n5.14\n41\nOld version, no longer maintained: 36\n2022-05-10\n2023-05-16\n5.17\n42\nOld version, no longer maintained: 37\n2022-11-15[90]\n2023-12-05[91]\n6.0\n43\nOld version, no longer maintained: 38\n2023-04-18[92]\n2024-05-21[92]\n6.2\n44\nOlder version, yet still maintained: 39\n2023-11-07[91]\n2024-11-12[91]\n6.5\n45\nCurrent stable version: 40\n2024-04-23[93]\n2025-05-13[93]\n6.8\n46\nFuture release: 41\n2024-10-15[94]\n[to be determined]\n[to be determined]\n[to be determined]\nLegend:Old versionOlder version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release\n^ At the time of release. Supported releases are often updated to the latest stable version of the Linux kernel.[88]\nviewtalkedit\nRawhide[edit]\nRawhide is the development tree for Fedora.[95] This is a copy of a complete Fedora distribution where new software is added and tested, before inclusion in a later stable release. As such, Rawhide is often more feature rich than the current stable release. In many cases, the software is made of CVS, Subversion or Git source code snapshots which are often actively developed by programmers. Although Rawhide is targeted at advanced users, testers, and package maintainers, it is capable of being a primary operating system. Users interested in the Rawhide branch often update on a daily basis and help troubleshoot problems.[95] Rawhide users do not have to upgrade between different versions as it follows a rolling release update model.\nSee also[edit]\nLinux portalFOSS portal\nFedora Media Writer\nAlmaLinux\nRocky Linux\nABRT\nReferences[edit]\n^ \"Archived Fedora Core 1 ISO first release\" (Mailing list). 4 November 2003.\n^ a b \"Fedora Linux 39 is officially here!\". Fedora Magazine. 7 November 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.\n^ \"Announcing the release of Fedora 28\". Fedora Magazine. 1 May 2018. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.\n^ a b \"Architectures\". Fedora Project. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2018.\n^ \"alt architectures\". Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.\n^ \"Frequently Asked Questions about Fedora Licensing\". Fedora Project. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. 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Fedora Project.\n^ a b c \"Fedora Linux 39 Schedule\". Fedora Project.\n^ a b \"Fedora Linux 38 Schedule\". Fedora Project.\n^ a b \"Fedora Linux 40 Schedule\". Fedora Project.\n^ \"Fedora Linux 41 Schedule\". Fedora Project.\n^ a b \"Releases/Rawhide\". Fedora Project. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. 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By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fedora Workstation | The Fedora Project\nSkip to main content Fedora LogoWORKSTATION-DOWNLOADGetFedoraGetFedoraEditionsEditionsOur flagship Fedora Linux variants for different uses. WorkstationThe flagship Fedora edition featuring the latest GNOME desktop. The Linux desktop you've been waiting for. ServerRun applications on bare metal or the cloud with a Linux server OS packed with the latest open source technology. CoreOSAn automatically-updating, minimal operating system for running containerized workloads securely and at scale. IoTA foundation for Internet of Things and Device Edge ecosystem. CloudImages optimized to run on cloud infrastructures.Atomic DesktopsAtomic DesktopsThese editions are supported but not yet a part of the official Fedora editions. SilverblueFedora Silverblue is an atomic desktop operating system aimed at good support for container-focused workflows. KinoiteFedora Kinoite is an atomic KDE Plasma-based desktop. Sway AtomicFedora Sway Atomic is an atomic Sway-based desktop. Budgie AtomicFedora Budgie Atomic ships the popular Budgie desktop environment in an atomic fashion.SpinsSpinsThe Desktop spins feature specific Linux Desktop Environments. Our official Workstation Edition uses the GNOME Desktop, but you can install Fedora preconfigured with any of the listed Desktop Environments. KDE DesktopA complete, modern desktop built using the KDE Plasma Desktop Environment. Xfce DesktopA complete and well integrated desktop. Cinnamon DesktopA modern desktop featuring a traditional GNOME user experience. MATE+Compiz DesktopA classic Fedora desktop with an additional 3D window manager. i3 Tiling WMFedora Linux with the i3 Tiling Window Manager. LXQt DesktopA lightweight and well integrated LXQt desktop environment. LXDE DesktopA light, fast, and less resource hungry desktop environment SOAS DesktopDiscover. Reflect. Share. Learn. Sway Tiling WMFedora Linux with the Sway Tiling Window Manager Budgie DesktopFedora Linux with the Budgie DesktopLabsLabsThe Labs are Fedora Linux set up with software bundles based on particular topics. AstronomyPowerful, completely open-source and free tools for amateur and professional astronomers. Comp NeuroA plethora of Free/Open source computational modelling tools for Neuroscience. Design SuiteVisual design, multimedia production, and publishing suite of free and open source creative tools. GamesA collection and perfect showcase of the best games available in Fedora. JamFor audio enthusiasts and musicians who want to create, edit, and produce audio and music on Linux. Python ClassroomA classroom lab for teaching the Python programming language to students. ScientificA bundle of open source scientific and numerical tools used in research. Security LabA safe test environment to work on security auditing, forensics, system rescue and teaching security testing methodologies.ContributorsContributorsAccounts & AppsAccounts & AppsThese are some of the tools that you will use when contributing to the Fedora Project. Fedora AccountsTo be granted access and be credited for your contributions, you will need a Fedora account. Do this first! MoteMost subprojects hold weekly meetings in chatrooms. Fedora's Zodbot listens in on these meetings and keeps the logs here. BadgesThis is where contributors are awarded tokens of recognition for their contributions. How many can you get! ElectionsTalented leaders are elected to oversee the Fedora Project and Fedora's subprojects. FedocalIt's Fedora's calendar! Mailing ListsYes, they still exist. Infrastructure StatusThis page lists known and scheduled outages of Fedora Project services. Edit this websiteEdit fedoraproject.org using the content management system! Tip: Use the GitLab SSO link to open a session first.Packaging & DevelopmentPackaging & DevelopmentThese are the tools and Git forges that Fedora packagers and developers use to build the Fedora systems. BugzillaFedora Linux bugs are reported to Red Hat's bugzilla. BodhiThis is Fedora's official build system. It is used to create, test, and publish packages. KojiThis is the software that builds Fedora's RPM packages. CoprThis is an easy-to-use build system for the Fedora community. GitLabGitLab is the newest of Fedora's official version control systems. It supports single-sign-on with Fedora accounts. GitHubMany of Fedora's groups use this version control system. PagureThis is an open-source git forge that the Fedora Project uses. Package SourcesThis is an open-source git forge that hosts most of Fedora's source RPM packages. SourcegraphYou can use this to search for things in Fedora's code repositores. See the Fedora Magazine article for more info.Contributor GuidesContributor GuidesThese documentation pages are contributor-focused. They include Fedora's guidelines, teams, organizational structure, and legal docs. If you are looking for user guides (installation, getting started, etc.) check under the Help menu. Packaging GuidelinesLearn about packaging for Fedora Linux from both a policy and a technical perspective. Engineering TeamsLearn about FESCo and Engineering subprojects, SIGs, Work Groups, and teams. Mindshare TeamsActivities beyond engineering: Learn about the teams focused on Fedora's outreach, brand, & more. Fedora CouncilLearn about the Fedora Project governance. Program ManagementRelease planning, scheduling, and status tracking. Diversity & InclusionThe goal of this initiative is to help foster diversity and inclusion in Fedora community. LegalPolicies for licensing, trademarks, and other legal issues. Edit these docsDid you notice a glaring typo or a broken link in these docs? Click here to find out how you can help make it right!New ContributorsNew ContributorsWe are always excited to work with new contributors. If you're new to the project, check out these sites. Join SIGThis is a special interest group that has formed for the sole purpose of helping new contributors get involved. Fedora is big and complex and it needs your help! Easy FixThese are some low-priority items that are thought to be good entry-level tasks for a new contributor to start with.ConnectionsConnectionsNews & PublicationsNews & PublicationsThese are sites where updates about new and upcomming events, releases, packages, and projects are likely to be posted. You might want to subscribe to some of these to get the notices in your inbox. News & AnnouncementsThe Fedora Project Leader likes to post things here. This forum also receives weekly updates from The Fedora Project Manager and the Community Platform Engineering team. Fedora MagazineFedora new release and beta release announcements show up here first. Test Day announcements are also posted here. This blog also hosts articles contributed from users like you! Fedora Community BlogAnnouncements that are pertinent to Fedora developers and the Fedora infrastructure team tend to be posted here. Fedora PodcastThe Fedora Podcast features interviews and talks with the people who make the Fedora community awesome! Fedora MastodonFollow us on Mastodon! This is a great place to stay up to date on the latest in the Fedora community. Fedora TwitterFollow us on twitter! This is a great place to stay up to date on the latest in the Fedora community.Ask FedoraAsk FedoraThis is Fedora's main forum for all project collaboration and user support. Also, if you have encountered a problem that might be a software bug, this is a good place to triage it with other users before escalating it to Red Hat's bugzilla reporting system. General Q&AIf you need help installing, using, or customizing Fedora Linux, or have any other questions about the operating system or the Fedora Project, this is the place to ask! WorkstationUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Workstation. ServerUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Server. CloudUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Cloud. IoTUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora IoT (Internet of Things). CoreOSUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora CoreOS. GNOMEUse this link to focus on questions and answers about the GNOME desktop environment. KDEUse this link to focus on questions and answers about the KDE desktop environment. InstallationUse this link to focus on questions and answers about installing Fedora Linux.Project DiscussionProject DiscussionThese are some convenient links to the discussion threads for several of Fedora's larger subprojects and special interest groups. WorkstationUse this link to connect with other workstation contributors. ServerThe Fedora Server edition working group CloudThe Fedora Cloud edition working group IoTThe Fedora IoT (Internet of Things) edition working group CoreOSThe Fedora CoreOS working group SilverblueThe Fedora Silverblue team KinoiteThe Fedora Kinoite team EPELThe Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux special interest group All Teams & TagsFedora has lots of teams! Click here to see a more complete list.Social & EventsSocial & EventsThese are a few free-form communication channels and some links to information about Fedora's release parties and annual conferences. Fedorans regularly come together to celebrate our community and the hard work that we put into it! The Water CoolerThis is the proverbial office water cooler, where people gather for break from work conversation. Introduce yourself, have (friendly!) off-topic discussions, and socialize! Fedora SocialThe Fedora Social chat room is a place for Fedora community members to relax and talk about most any topics they wish. Extended Social ChannelsBeyond the official channels for Fedorans to communicate, community members are involved on other popular platforms as well! Check out IRC, Discord, Telegram, Reddit, and more! Week of DiversityThis is a week in September where we highlight the contributions and experiences of women, lgbtq+, and bipoc in Fedora. Flock To FedoraThe annual contributor conference for Fedora Linux. Flock takes place at the beginning of August. Release PartiesFedora releases two major versions every year. We celebrate the hard work of our contributors virtually at each release.HelpHelpAsk FedoraAsk FedoraThis is Fedora's main forum for all project collaboration and user support. Also, if you have encountered a problem that might be a software bug, this is a good place to triage it with other users before escalating it to Red Hat's bugzilla reporting system. General Q&AIf you need help installing, using, or customizing Fedora Linux, or have any other questions about the operating system or the Fedora Project, this is the place to ask! WorkstationUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Workstation. ServerUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Server. CloudUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora Cloud. IoTUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora IoT (Internet of Things). CoreOSUse this link to focus on questions and answers about Fedora CoreOS. GNOMEUse this link to focus on questions and answers about the GNOME desktop environment. KDEUse this link to focus on questions and answers about the KDE desktop environment. InstallationUse this link to focus on questions and answers about installing Fedora Linux.User GuidesUser GuidesThese are some introductory guides to help users get started with Fedora Linux. Downloading Fedora LinuxHow to select the appropriate download. Getting StartedAn in-depth guide to installing Fedora Linux. Upgrading Fedora LinuxHow to upgrade an existing Fedora Linux installation.DocumentationDocumentationOver the years, Fedorans have created many sources of information about Fedora Linux and the Fedora Project. Fedora DocsThis is the main index page for all of Fedora's Documentation. If you weren't able to find a direct link to what you were looking for in this site's menus, you can try searching from here. Fedora Quick DocsThis is a collection of short HOWTO and FAQ-style documentation for Fedora users. Fedora WikiThis is primarily a collaboration tool for the community. Content that has been submitted here might be out of date and/or it might not have undergone the same level of scrutiny as the information on Fedora Docs. Fedora MagazineFedora Magazine is a website that hosts promotional articles and short guides contributed from the community about free/libre and open-source software that runs on or works with the Fedora Linux operating system. Fedora DeveloperFrom mobile apps to web; from desktop to GUIs to CLI tools; create it all easily with Fedora.AboutAboutThe Fedora Project is a community of people working together to build a free and open source software platform and to collaborate on and share user-focused solutions built on that platform. Or, in plain English, we make an operating system and we make it easy for you to do useful stuff with it. Fedoras Mission and FoundationsLanguagesLanguagesTranslationsTranslationsPick a language to view this page in your language Bulgarian Czech Deutsch English Espaol Persian Suomi Franais Friulian Hebrew Magyar Indonesian Italiano Nederlands Polski Portugus do Brasil Portugus Slovenina Svenska Trke Add a translationAdd a translationWe use weblate to translate our site. Please find relevant links below. Add translation How to use WeblateFedora LogoWORKSTATION-DOWNLOADGetFedoraEditions Workstation Server CoreOS IoT CloudAtomic Desktops Silverblue Kinoite Sway Atomic Budgie AtomicSpins KDE Desktop Xfce Desktop Cinnamon Desktop MATE+Compiz Desktop i3 Tiling WM LXQt Desktop LXDE Desktop SOAS Desktop Sway Tiling WM Budgie DesktopLabs Astronomy Comp Neuro Design Suite Games Jam Python Classroom Scientific Security LabContributorsAccounts & Apps Fedora Accounts Mote Badges Elections Fedocal Mailing Lists Infrastructure Status Edit this websitePackaging & Development Bugzilla Bodhi Koji Copr GitLab GitHub Pagure Package Sources SourcegraphContributor Guides Packaging Guidelines Engineering Teams Mindshare Teams Fedora Council Program Management Diversity & Inclusion Legal Edit these docsNew Contributors Join SIG Easy FixConnectionsNews & Publications News & Announcements Fedora Magazine Fedora Community Blog Fedora Podcast Fedora Mastodon Fedora TwitterAsk Fedora General Q&A Workstation Server Cloud IoT CoreOS GNOME KDE InstallationProject Discussion Workstation Server Cloud IoT CoreOS Silverblue Kinoite EPEL All Teams & TagsSocial & Events The Water Cooler Fedora Social Extended Social Channels Week of Diversity Flock To Fedora Release PartiesHelpAsk Fedora General Q&A Workstation Server Cloud IoT CoreOS GNOME KDE InstallationUser Guides Downloading Fedora Linux Getting Started Upgrading Fedora LinuxDocumentation Fedora Docs Fedora Quick Docs Fedora Wiki Fedora Magazine Fedora DeveloperAbout Fedoras Mission and FoundationsStart of main contentDownloadCommunityDownload Fedora Workstation 40We're so glad you've decided to give Fedora Workstation a try. We know you'll love it.RELEASE DATE: Tuesday, April 23, 2024 Documentation Release Notes Community SupportFedora Media WriterGet started by using Fedora Media Writer, which makes it super easy to give Fedora a try. Learn MoreFedora Media WriterWindowsBETAFedora Media WriterMacBETAFedora Media WriterLinuxBETAJust want an ISO file?Not sure how to use these files? Learn hereFor Intel and AMD x86_64 systemsFedora Workstation 40Live ISOisoBETAFor ARM aarch64 systemsFedora Workstation 40Rawraw.xzBETAFor Power ppc64le systemsFedora Workstation 40Live ISOisoBETABut wait! There's more.Need something a bit different? Check out our other downloads below, featuring alternative architectures, torrents and network-based installation images.Other DownloadsWe take security seriouslyOnce you have downloaded an image, be sure to verify it for both security and integrity.By calculating the images checksum on your own computer and comparing it to the original checksum, you can verify the image has not been tampered with or corrupted. Images are also gpg signed with Fedora keys to demonstrate their integrity.Click the verify button to get instructions tailored for your download.Laptops pre-loaded with FedoraWe've partnered with companies like Lenovo to bring you laptops pre-loaded with Fedora that include fully-supported hardware components. Explore Fedora LaptopsLearn more about Fedora Media WriterGetting going with Fedora is easier than ever. All you need is a 2GB USB flash drive, and Fedora Media Writer.\nOnce Fedora Media Writer is installed, it will set up your flash drive to run a \"Live\" version of Fedora Workstation, meaning that you can boot it from your flash drive and try it out right away without making any permanent changes to your computer. Once you are hooked, installing it to your hard drive is a matter of clicking a few buttons*. * Fedora requires a minimum of 20GB disk, 2GB RAM, to install and run successfully. Double those amounts is recommended. Become a Fedora contributorOnce you've got Fedora installed and running, why not join and contribute to one of our online communities?Officially-supported Fedora community spacesCommunity-maintained spaces/r/fedoraFedora DiscordTelegramBy clicking on and downloading Fedora, you agree to comply with the Fedora Export Control Policy.EditionsWorkstationServerCoreOSIoTCloudAtomic DesktopsSilverblueKinoiteSway AtomicBudgie AtomicSpinsKDE DesktopXfce DesktopCinnamon DesktopMATE+Compiz Desktopi3 Tiling WMLXQt DesktopLXDE DesktopSOAS DesktopSway Tiling WMBudgie DesktopLabsAstronomyComp NeuroDesign SuiteGamesJamPython ClassroomScientificSecurity LabLanguagesBulgarianCzechDeutschEnglishEspaolPersianSuomiFranaisFriulianHebrewMagyarIndonesianItalianoNederlandsPolskiPortugus do BrasilPortugusSloveninaSvenskaTrkePrivacy StatementLegalCode of ConductSponsorsHelp improve this website on the CMS or the GitLab repoFedora is sponsored by Red Hat. Learn more about the relationship between Red Hat and Fedora.", "url": "https://fedoraproject.org/workstation/download/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The leading Linux desktop | The Fedora Project\nSkip to main content Fedora LogoWORKSTATIONGetFedoraGetFedoraEditionsEditionsOur flagship Fedora Linux variants for different uses. WorkstationThe flagship Fedora edition featuring the latest GNOME desktop. The Linux desktop you've been waiting for. ServerRun applications on bare metal or the cloud with a Linux server OS packed with the latest open source technology. CoreOSAn automatically-updating, minimal operating system for running containerized workloads securely and at scale. IoTA foundation for Internet of Things and Device Edge ecosystem. CloudImages optimized to run on cloud infrastructures.Atomic DesktopsAtomic DesktopsThese editions are supported but not yet a part of the official Fedora editions. SilverblueFedora Silverblue is an atomic desktop operating system aimed at good support for container-focused workflows. KinoiteFedora Kinoite is an atomic KDE Plasma-based desktop. Sway AtomicFedora Sway Atomic is an atomic Sway-based desktop. Budgie AtomicFedora Budgie Atomic ships the popular Budgie desktop environment in an atomic fashion.SpinsSpinsThe Desktop spins feature specific Linux Desktop Environments. Our official Workstation Edition uses the GNOME Desktop, but you can install Fedora preconfigured with any of the listed Desktop Environments. KDE DesktopA complete, modern desktop built using the KDE Plasma Desktop Environment. Xfce DesktopA complete and well integrated desktop. Cinnamon DesktopA modern desktop featuring a traditional GNOME user experience. MATE+Compiz DesktopA classic Fedora desktop with an additional 3D window manager. i3 Tiling WMFedora Linux with the i3 Tiling Window Manager. LXQt DesktopA lightweight and well integrated LXQt desktop environment. LXDE DesktopA light, fast, and less resource hungry desktop environment SOAS DesktopDiscover. Reflect. Share. Learn. Sway Tiling WMFedora Linux with the Sway Tiling Window Manager Budgie DesktopFedora Linux with the Budgie DesktopLabsLabsThe Labs are Fedora Linux set up with software bundles based on particular topics. AstronomyPowerful, completely open-source and free tools for amateur and professional astronomers. Comp NeuroA plethora of Free/Open source computational modelling tools for Neuroscience. Design SuiteVisual design, multimedia production, and publishing suite of free and open source creative tools. GamesA collection and perfect showcase of the best games available in Fedora. JamFor audio enthusiasts and musicians who want to create, edit, and produce audio and music on Linux. Python ClassroomA classroom lab for teaching the Python programming language to students. ScientificA bundle of open source scientific and numerical tools used in research. Security LabA safe test environment to work on security auditing, forensics, system rescue and teaching security testing methodologies.ContributorsContributorsAccounts & AppsAccounts & AppsThese are some of the tools that you will use when contributing to the Fedora Project. Fedora AccountsTo be granted access and be credited for your contributions, you will need a Fedora account. Do this first! MoteMost subprojects hold weekly meetings in chatrooms. Fedora's Zodbot listens in on these meetings and keeps the logs here. BadgesThis is where contributors are awarded tokens of recognition for their contributions. How many can you get! ElectionsTalented leaders are elected to oversee the Fedora Project and Fedora's subprojects. FedocalIt's Fedora's calendar! Mailing ListsYes, they still exist. Infrastructure StatusThis page lists known and scheduled outages of Fedora Project services. Edit this websiteEdit fedoraproject.org using the content management system! Tip: Use the GitLab SSO link to open a session first.Packaging & DevelopmentPackaging & DevelopmentThese are the tools and Git forges that Fedora packagers and developers use to build the Fedora systems. BugzillaFedora Linux bugs are reported to Red Hat's bugzilla. BodhiThis is Fedora's official build system. It is used to create, test, and publish packages. KojiThis is the software that builds Fedora's RPM packages. CoprThis is an easy-to-use build system for the Fedora community. GitLabGitLab is the newest of Fedora's official version control systems. It supports single-sign-on with Fedora accounts. GitHubMany of Fedora's groups use this version control system. PagureThis is an open-source git forge that the Fedora Project uses. Package SourcesThis is an open-source git forge that hosts most of Fedora's source RPM packages. SourcegraphYou can use this to search for things in Fedora's code repositores. 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Learn more about the relationship between Red Hat and Fedora.", "url": "https://www.fedoraproject.org/workstation/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How to install fedora in WSL for windows? - Fedora Discussion\n This website uses cookies to function. The compliance people asked us to tell you. More information.Fine.\nSkip to main content\nSign Up\nLog In\n\n\n\nWelcome to Fedora Discussion!\nCheck out the our guide to navigation: tags, categories, and concepts, or add to our tips and tricks.\nHow to install fedora in WSL for windows?\nAsk Fedora\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nFeb 2022\n2 / 7\nFeb 2022\nDec 2022\nRobert W Fairbrotherrobby1231Feb 2022hello all.\nI currently have WSL installed on my Windows 10 laptop computer witch features Ubuntu and I would like to install Fedora Linux as my WSL.\nI have no idea where to begin so any help would appreciate thanks.2\n\ncreated\nFeb 2022\nlast reply\nDec 2022\n6\nreplies\n36.6k\nviews\n7\nusers\n7\nlikes\n3\nlinks\nL.S.ilikelinuxScience (Kernel Tester I)Feb 2022How about this ?\nDEV Community\nInstall Fedora 37 or earlier on Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) 9.0k\nUsing Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL), we have a choice of Linux distributions available in the...\n2\nJeff VcomputersavvyFeb 2022Note that WSL is not linux native and to me seems similar to using a VM which means you will not ever have direct hardware control from the installed linux OS.1 Reply\nAnkur SinhaFeb 2022There was also a post on the magazine about this:\nFedora Magazine 11 Nov 20\nUsing Fedora 33 with Microsoft's WSL2 - Fedora Magazine 2.0k\nWant to use Fedora 33 in Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)? This post shows you how to install and configure it.\nEst. reading time: 3 minutes\nnote that this was for Fedora 33, so all the steps may not be exactly the same.2\nScott WilliamsvwbusguyTop 500 waterboxFeb 2022As of WSL2, it is running on an actual Linux kernel. The original WSL was essentially a reverse wine. Its more akin to running a Fedora container on a generic Linux kernel, so it is actual Linux, but wont be the full, regular Fedora user experience.1\n10 months later\nJonathan BowmanbowmanjdDec 2022Curious, @robby123 if you were successfully able to get Fedora working on WSL?\nHeliosstyxDec 2022Please read this one und you will learn more about WSL (Windows Linux runtime): https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install 982. Its possible to run a mini Linux under WSL. Look at the Microsoft software store where you can find and install the available Linux systems. I hope it helps to find out more. I recommend you to search always first on the manufacturer website of a product to find the most useful information for a specific software product.\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nWhat ever happened to the plan to have Fedora available in Windows 10 Windows Subsystem for Linux?\nProject Discussion\nworkstation-wg\n4\n973\nJan 2019\nWSL official release plan\nAsk Fedora\n3\n574\nFeb 2\nIs Fedora going to provide WSL images to MS store\nAsk Fedora\n13\n316\nMar 25\nUsing Fedore CoreOS in WSL-2\nProject Discussion\ncoreos-wg\n2\n1.3k\nJun 2022\nWhy is Fedora not in the WSL Repo List\nProject Discussion\ncoreos-wg\n3\n1.0k\nSep 2023\nIts your OS.\nGet Fedora Linux\nFedora Documentation\nAbout the Fedora Project\nCode of Conduct\nPrivacy Statement\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/how-to-install-fedora-in-wsl-for-windows/75753" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Cannot change settings in Dropbox for Linux (Fedor... - Dropbox Community\nDropbox\nHelp center\nCommunity\nDropbox learn\nContact support\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a user name or rankTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\ncancel\nTurn on suggestions\nShowing results for\nShowonly\n|\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nSign In\nRegister\n\nSign In\n\nHelp\nOpen / close menu\nCommunity\nAsk the Community\nView, download, and export\nDelete, edit, and organize\nCreate, upload, and share\nStorage Space\nApps and Installations\nIntegrations\nPlans and Subscriptions\nDo More with Dropbox\nDo more with Dropbox\nDeveloper & API\nDesktop client builds\nShare an idea\nDropbox ideas\nGroups\nDropbox for Beginners\nDropbox Dash Beta\nMusicians\nDropbox Replay\nPhotographers\nDropbox/Microsoft Co-Authoring Beta\nAbout the Community\nEnglish\nFranais\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nPortugus\n\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a user name or rankTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\ncancel\nTurn on suggestions\nShowing results for\nShowonly\n|\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nHelp center\nCommunity\nAsk the Community\nDo More with Dropbox\nShare an idea\nGroups\nAbout the Community\nDropbox learn\nContact support\nEnglish\nFranais\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nPortugus\n\nback\nAsk the Community\nView, download, and export\nDelete, edit, and organize\nCreate, upload, and share\nStorage Space\nApps and Installations\nIntegrations\nPlans and Subscriptions\nDo More with Dropbox\nDo more with Dropbox\nDeveloper & API\nDesktop client builds\nShare an idea\nDropbox ideas\nGroups\nDropbox for Beginners\nDropbox Dash Beta\nMusicians\nDropbox Replay\nPhotographers\nDropbox/Microsoft Co-Authoring Beta\nAbout the Community\nAnnouncements\nAre you interested in hearing how one of our Community members uses Dropbox for sailing trips? Read all about it\nhere.\nApps and Installations\nHave a question about a Dropbox app or installation? Reach out to the Dropbox Community and get solutions, help, and advice from members.\nDropbox Community\n:\nAsk the Community\n:\nApps and Installations\n:\nCannot change settings in Dropbox for Linux (Fedor...\nOptions\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nMark Topic as New\nMark Topic as Read\nFloat this Topic for Current User\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nPrinter Friendly Page\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a user name or rankTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\ncancel\nTurn on suggestions\nShowing results for\nShowonly\n|\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nCannot change settings in Dropbox for Linux (Fedora 36)\nLabels:\nLabels:\nDesktop\nDropbox Pro\nSetting up the apps\nCannot change settings in Dropbox for Linux (Fedora 36)\ncb m.\nHelpful | Level 7\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\n08-10-2022\n03:58 PM\nIt's very frustrating to pay the full price of Dropbox every year and get less than sub-par support for the Linux community.\nI am using Fedora 36, GNOME 42 and Dropbox seems to run OK.\nHowever, I had to enable \"legacy icon support\", etc. to get the icon to appear in my top bar. However, the icon does nothing. When I click on it, nothing happens. It used to open a menu where I could change settings. But nothing.\nI don't mind using the command line. However, I need to enable selective sync and I *REALLY* need to move the default location from my home drive to another drive.\nIt's beyond frustrating this basic feature is not available for Linux users.\nIs there a config or something I can change to move the folder?\nLabels:\nLabels:\nDesktop\nDropbox Pro\nSetting up the apps\nDesktop AppDropbox folder\n0 Likes\n6 Replies\n2,056 Views\ncb m.\n/t5/Apps-and-Installations/Cannot-change-settings-in-Dropbox-for-Linux-Fedora-36/td-p/615231\n0\nLikes\nReply\nAll forum topics\nPrevious Topic\nNext Topic\n6 Replies 6\nJay\nDropbox Staff\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\n08-10-2022\n10:46 PM\nHi @cb m., thanks for bringing this to our attention.\nCould you attach a screenshot showing the exact options you're getting when trying to view the desktop preferences?\nThis will help me to assist further!\nJayCommunity Moderator @ Dropboxdropbox.com/support Did this post help you? If so, give it a Like below to let us know. Need help with something else? Ask me a question! Find Tips & Tricks Discover more ways to use Dropbox here! Interested in Community Groups? Click here to join!\n0\nLikes\nReply\ncb m.\nHelpful | Level 7\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\n08-11-2022\n05:13 AM\nThat's my point. There are zero options. I click that icon over and over and nothing happens. No popup menu, nothing.UPDATE:OK, this seems to work and makes the icon \"clickable\".dropbox stop && dbus-launch dropbox startHowever, I'm not exactly sure why/how that works.\n1\nLike\nReply\nJay\nDropbox Staff\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\n08-11-2022\n06:01 AM\nThe desktop app should load the options. Could you try reinstalling the app to see if this helps show the preferences in the future?\nJayCommunity Moderator @ Dropboxdropbox.com/support Did this post help you? If so, give it a Like below to let us know. Need help with something else? Ask me a question! Find Tips & Tricks Discover more ways to use Dropbox here! Interested in Community Groups? Click here to join!\n0\nLikes\nReply\ncb m.\nHelpful | Level 7\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\n08-11-2022\n08:50 AM\nYes, I've re-installed and it doesn't work.However, I got it to work with the command I mentioned.But now, there is a different issue. I moved the folder location to a larger drive and it appears to be moving the files over. But at the rate it's going, it's going to take weeks to finish.It's been running all morning and it's only up to 680 files out of 300K.This never happened in Fedora 35. In fact, I used to have Fedora 35 with GNOME 41. Then, I did an upgrade of the OS to 36 and 42. Everything was fine.Well, that drive failed so I did a clean install of Fedora 36/GNOME 42 and now I get all of this.\n0\nLikes\nReply\ncb m.\nHelpful | Level 7\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\n08-11-2022\n10:31 AM\nUpdate.I found a resolution for anyone who might be struggling with this.First, I had to do a selective sync and UN-CHECK everything except a small folder so the number of files to sync were minimal.This took a while. But once it was up-to-date, I then did the move.So instead of moving over 300K files, I only moved over a few dozen.Once that finished, I then can go back into selective sync and start pulling down the rest of the files.I just want to say that I appreciate the fact that, for DropBox, the Linux community is a small minority. However, DropBox *does* offer official binaries for Fedora and Ubuntu. I just feel that if you are going to charge us the same price, release \"supported\" versions of your software, you should put the same level of quality in it as you do with the Mac and Windows versions.I also understand Linux can be hard. There are Qt, GTK, etc. Lots of different variations. But I download other software (such as KiCad) that work flawlessly on Fedora and Ubuntu and it's open source. Not driven by a big company like DropBox.Having said all of that, I'm still a loyal DropBox user. I just hate that it's so hard to use some software that I greatly depend on.\n0\nLikes\nReply\ntpsvca\nNew member | Level 2\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nReport Inappropriate Content\n08-28-2022\n03:17 AM\nteminal can't even find the command dropbox...\n0\nLikes\nReply\nNeed more support?\nHi there! If you need more help you can view your support options (expected response time for a ticket is 24 hours), or contact us on X or Facebook.For more info on available support options for your Dropbox plan, see this article.If you found the answer to your question in this Community thread, please 'like' the post to say thanks and to let us know it was useful!\nFeatured Threads\nAre you new to Dropbox? Come join our Dropbox for Beginners group\nStay organized and save time with new folder automation updates\nHave your say on the Community!\nIntroducing Dropbox Dash: The AI-powered universal search tool\nWho's talking\nTop contributors to this post\ntpsvca\nNew member | Level 2\ncb m.\nHelpful | Level 7\nJay\nDropbox Staff\nWhat do Dropbox user levels mean?\nShare your idea\nGot an idea for Dropbox? We want to hear it. Our team will review the top voted ideas so get voting!\nDropbox\nDesktop app\nMobile apps\nPlans\nSecurity\nFeatures\nTemplates\nProducts\nPlus\nProfessional\nBusiness\nEnterprise\nCompany\nAbout us\nJobs\nPress\nInvestor relations\nBlog\nSupport\nHelp center\nContact us\nCookie policy\nManage cookies\nPrivacy & terms\nSitemap\nCommunity\nDevelopers\nReferrals\nForum\nAuto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type.Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type.Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type.", "url": "https://www.dropboxforum.com/t5/Apps-and-Installations/Cannot-change-settings-in-Dropbox-for-Linux-Fedora-36/td-p/615231" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Quickest, most efficient method to uninstall NVIDIA drivers including CUDA - Fedora Discussion\n This website uses cookies to function. The compliance people asked us to tell you. More information.Fine.\nSkip to main content\nSign Up\nLog In\n\n\n\nWelcome to Fedora Discussion!\nCheck out the our guide to navigation: tags, categories, and concepts, or add to our tips and tricks.\nQuickest, most efficient method to uninstall NVIDIA drivers including CUDA\nAsk Fedora\nnvidiaf34drivercuda\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nOct 2021\n2 / 22\nOct 2021\nMar 10\niusefedorabtw1Oct 2021Hi,\nWhat is the most to the point and easy way to remove NVIDIA drivers (including CUDA) for reinstallation?\nThanks\nSolved by Jeff V in post #9\nAs regards the error with the nvidia-report.log.gz, you need to escape the nvidia* with something like nvidia\\* or nvidia* so the shell does not glob it with a file name that already exists in the directory where you are located.\n\ncreated\nOct 2021\nlast reply\nMar 10\n21\nreplies\n34.9k\nviews\n6\nusers\n9\nlikes\n8\nlinks\n10\n5\n2\nAnkur SinhaOct 2021it really depends on how you installed themhow did you?\nIf you installed them using RPM Fusion, you just uninstall the packages:\nhttps://rpmfusion.org/Howto/NVIDIA#Uninstall_the_NVIDIA_driver 4.0k1 Reply1\niusefedorabtw SanjaOct 2021sudo dnf install nvidia* akmod-nvidia xorg-x11-drv-nvidia*\n(Via the terminal, of course)1 Reply1\nJeff Vcomputersavvy iusefedorabtwOct 2021Change the install to erase and you are done.\nI, though, would use\ndnf erase *nvidia*\nas would erase everything nvidia related regardless of where it appears in the package name.1 Reply3\nIssues with nvidia driver kernel and secure boot keys4iusefedorabtw waterboxOct 2021computersavvy saves the day again . Dependencies resolved, Nothing to do, Complete!\nThanks 1 Reply\niusefedorabtw iusefedorabtwOct 2021I had my hopes up that the problem had been solved, but no Following a reboot the resoloution and aspect ratio have been locked.\n[(User)@fedora ~]$ sudo dnf install nvidia* akmod-nvidia xorg-x11-drv-nvidia*\n[sudo] password for (User):\nLast metadata expiration check: 2:07:41 ago on Mon 25 Oct 2021 15:43:17.\nNo match for argument: nvidia-bug-report.log.gz\nPackage xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-kmodsrc-3:470.74-1.fc34.x86_64 is already installed.\nError: Unable to find a match: nvidia-bug-report.log.gz\nI really hope this does not end up getting too complex as it usually does.1 Reply\nstraycatOct 2021To install the latest nvidia drivers with rpmfusion this is all you need\ndnf upgrade to make sure you have the latest kernel then\ndnf install akmod-nvidia2 Replies\nAnkur Sinha iusefedorabtwOct 2021\niusefedorabtw:\nI really hope this does not end up getting too complex as it usually does.\nSo, we dont know what problem youre trying to solve currently. You asked how the packages are to be installed, so thats what folks are helping with.\nWhat is the issue? Why the reinstallation? What is the current state of the system please?\nRPM Fusion provides Nvidia drivers, so you follow the steps here:\nhttps://rpmfusion.org/Howto/NVIDIA 470\nand for CUDA, RPM Fusion notes these steps here:\nhttps://rpmfusion.org/Howto/CUDA 1841 Reply1\nJeff VcomputersavvyOct 2021As regards the error with the nvidia-report.log.gz, you need to escape the nvidia* with something like nvidia\\* or nvidia* so the shell does not glob it with a file name that already exists in the directory where you are located.2 RepliesSolution1\niusefedorabtw1 SanjaOct 2021The issue is and the re-installation is due to compatibility problems with certain games that could be driver related. The current state of the system is fine other than the unusal aspect ratio and resolution that can not be changed.\nNone of the fixes you suggested worked, regretably. Thanks for trying anyhow.\niusefedorabtw waterboxOct 2021I just want to clarify, what do you mean by escape? It doesnt have a dedicated manual entry. Is this the same command as before?1 Reply\niusefedorabtw systemOct 2021Claims to have worked but no difference was made.\nstraycatOct 2021nvidia settings should be installed so you can click on it and if it opens then it should be working1 Reply\nJeff Vcomputersavvy iusefedorabtwOct 2021Some characters have special meaning to the shell.\n* zero or more characters\n? exactly one character\n[ ] exactly one of the characters enclosed in the brackets\n\\ escape the special meaning of the next character.\n' ' surrounding a word or phrase prevents the shell from interpreting (escapes) the special characters enclosed.\nare some of them.\nThus\nnvidia* is seen to represent any and all names that start with nvidia, which is why your dnf install command had a problem with nvidia-bug-report.log.gz. Apparently there was a file with that name in the directory where you issued the dnf command.\nThere are many references that can be used to learn use of the bash shell and linux commands.\n[\nLinux Command Line Books by William Shotts\n](Linux Command Line Books by William Shotts 4)\nis one of those as is\nAdvanced Bash-Scripting Guide 6\nThere are many others found with a quick search for bash tutorials or bash scripting.\niusefedorabtw systemOct 2021Tried that. The one that I would like to use is not compatible. The server edition of the same software installs, but an error pops up.1\niusefedorabtw waterboxOct 2021dnf erase nvidia*\nWorked instantly!\nbtw,\nI have been wanting to read up on Linux terminal info to progress from my current noob status. It is good that there are books on such things. Are there any Fedora-specific books you might recommend, or should I just look at general Linux books like the ones you suggested?1 Reply\nJeff Vcomputersavvy1 iusefedorabtwOct 2021To learn using bash and the linux command line those books and many more are available. For fedora specific details the Fedora Docs 31 are the best.\nIn general, almost everything that works from the command line for linux in any distro is the same on Fedora. The Fedora Docs are specialized for those things that have been changed or are fedora specific. The fedora docs start from the very beginning of fedora and each new release documents the changes and new features.\nEDIT:\nThe fedora docs are system specific. The other books are system agnostic and bash works in all versions of linux when using the bash shell.1 Reply1\niusefedorabtw waterboxOct 2021Right, Ill probably get the book you recommended then.\n9 months later\nSeph Reed systemJul 2022This worked for me!\n2 years later\nuser useruserrMar 8My apologies, it seems that there is some dislike about replying to older threads on this forum but as long as people continue to come to the thread for information (like I did) it seems important to me that any user aware of new information should try to update the thread with that information as to not have users like myself following commands that are not optimal.\nI have seen multiple reddit comments that seem to use the dnf remove *nvidia*(I saw one that used dnf erase *nvidia*) which they might have gotten from this forum. According to what I understood from Nvidia drivers with secure boot no longer working - #2 by computersavvy 10 , it seems that dnf remove *nvidia* and I guess also dnf erase *nvidia* is not recommended.\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/quickest-most-efficient-method-to-uninstall-nvidia-drivers-including-cuda/76603" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Linux install instructions - fedora quarto-dev/quarto-cli Discussion #3043 GitHub\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\nquarto-dev\n/\nquarto-cli\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n284\nStar\n3.4k\nCode\nIssues\n1.1k\nPull requests\n32\nDiscussions\nActions\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nDiscussions\nActions\nSecurity\nInsights\nLinux install instructions - fedora\n#3043\nAnswered\nby\ndragonstyle\njpmorr\nasked this question in\nQ&A\nLinux install instructions - fedora\n#3043\njpmorr\nOct 26, 2022\n\n3 comments\n\n6 replies\nAnswered\nby\ndragonstyle\nReturn to top\nDiscussion options\nQuote reply\njpmorr\nOct 26, 2022\n-\nHi,\nI'm just wondering what the instructions for installation on Linux, specifically Fedora are. I've downloaded the latest tarball from the website and extracted it's contents to ~/quarto. I didn't see anything on the site regarding installation.\nI've installed the quarto VS Code extension and tries to verify the installation but nothing happens. I assume it's checking a specific path and that I've extracted quarto-cli to the wrong directory. I didn't see and setup or config file that I should run in the extracted folder.\nAny help would be appreciated.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n1\nYou must be logged in to vote\nAll reactions\nAnswered by\ndragonstyle\nOct 26, 2022\nHi,\nSorry we don't have better instructions for this yet. I just put together some instructions for installation of the Debian based Linux tarball which I believe should mostly be accurate for Fedora (definitely the concepts of each step should be). I'd very much like to put together a similar set of instructions for the Fedora version - if you find that these are successful or you have suggestions / improvements specifically for Fedora, I would really appreciate it (I don't yet have a Fedora system to test on so I didn't write the docs for that just yet)...\nhttps://quarto.org/docs/download/tarball.html?version=1.2.242&idPrefix=download-pre\nCharles\nView full answer\nReplies:\n3 comments\n\n6 replies\nOldest\nNewest\nTop\nComment options\nQuote reply\ndragonstyle\nOct 26, 2022\nMaintainer\n-\nHi,\nSorry we don't have better instructions for this yet. I just put together some instructions for installation of the Debian based Linux tarball which I believe should mostly be accurate for Fedora (definitely the concepts of each step should be). I'd very much like to put together a similar set of instructions for the Fedora version - if you find that these are successful or you have suggestions / improvements specifically for Fedora, I would really appreciate it (I don't yet have a Fedora system to test on so I didn't write the docs for that just yet)...\nhttps://quarto.org/docs/download/tarball.html?version=1.2.242&idPrefix=download-pre\nCharles\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nMarked as answer\n1\nYou must be logged in to vote\nAll reactions\n4 replies\nComment options\nQuote reply\njpmorr\nOct 26, 2022\nAuthor\n-\n@dragonstyle Thanks for this, really helpful. I mostly followed the instructions, but changed the paths you had used as they were all in the home directory, so I'm using /bin/... and /opt on my machine as these are already on my path.\nThis mostly worked and I was able to run quarto check. But...\n[] Checking Quarto installation......OK\nVersion: 1.2.242\nPath: /opt/quarto-1.2.242/bin\ntcc: error: mprotect failed: did you mean to configure --with-selinux?\nI'm not sure about the error and whether it relates to this being outside the home directory?\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nComment options\nQuote reply\nedited\ncscheid\nOct 26, 2022\nMaintainer\n-\nThe issue is that @dragonstyle linked to a slightly older version of the release candidate. We just fixed an issue (actually a bug on upstream deno and Fedora). Can you try the very latest v1.2?\nEDIT: I'm wrong. There's something funky happening with our auto-release building. Let me fix that and I'll get back to you.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nComment options\nQuote reply\ncscheid\nOct 26, 2022\nMaintainer\n-\nThere should be a new quarto release (1.2.243) coming up in half an hour or so.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n1\nAll reactions\n1\nComment options\nQuote reply\njpmorr\nOct 26, 2022\nAuthor\n-\n@dragonstyle @cscheid, just tried 1.2.245 and that seems to be working fine:\n$ quarto check\n[] Checking Quarto installation......OK\nVersion: 1.2.245\nPath: /opt/quarto-1.2.245/bin\n[] Checking basic markdown render....OK\n[] Checking Python 3 installation....OK\nVersion: 3.9.13 (Conda)\nPath: /home/jmorrise/anaconda3/bin/python\nJupyter: 4.11.1\nKernels: python3\n[] Checking Jupyter engine render....OK\n[] Checking R installation...........(None)\nUnable to locate an installed version of R.\nInstall R from https://cloud.r-project.org/\nMy RStudio install seems to have stopped working for some other unrelated reason which is why it's not getting found.\nThanks!\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n1\nAll reactions\n1\nAnswer selected by\njpmorr\nComment options\nQuote reply\nromunov\nNov 2, 2022\n-\nI mapped quarto to ~/.local/bin/quarto to expose it system wide.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n2\nYou must be logged in to vote\nAll reactions\n0 replies\nComment options\nQuote reply\nedited\nstatick88\nDec 3, 2023\n-\nStrange, I could not follow all the steps, I have an error in this section:\n~/bin/quarto check\n[] Checking Quarto installation......OK\nVersion: 1.2.242\nPath: /home/statick/opt/quarto-1.2.242/bin\ntcc: error: mprotect failed: did you mean to configure --with-selinux?\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n1\nYou must be logged in to vote\nAll reactions\n2 replies\nComment options\nQuote reply\nmcanouil\nDec 4, 2023\nCollaborator\n-\nThe method is one year old, there is no guarantee your system is the same a the one used at that time.\nAlso, you are not even using the version which worked as mentioned in #3043 (reply in thread), i.e., 1.2.245.\nNote that current stable version is 1.3.450.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nComment options\nQuote reply\nedited\nstatick88\nDec 5, 2023\n-\nI'm create a gist with this solution to my problem\nInstalacin de Quarto en Linux desde un archivo tarball\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nSign up for free\nto join this conversation on GitHub.\nAlready have an account?\nSign in to comment\nCategory\nQ&A\nLabels\nbuilds\n6 participants\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-cli/discussions/3043" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How-To uninstall \"Fedora Asahi Remix\"? - Fedora Discussion\n This website uses cookies to function. The compliance people asked us to tell you. More information.Fine.\nSkip to main content\nSign Up\nLog In\n\n\n\nWelcome to Fedora Discussion!\nCheck out the our guide to navigation: tags, categories, and concepts, or add to our tips and tricks.\nHow-To uninstall Fedora Asahi Remix?\nOur NeighborsAsahi LinuxAsk Asahi\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nDec 2023\n2 / 4\nDec 2023\nDec 2023\nAngel Eckertangel961Dec 2023Hi\nHow-To uninstall Fedora Asahi Remix?\nThank you\nSolved by Angel Eckert in post #3\ncurl -L https://alx.sh/wipe-linux | sh\nworked for me fine. Thanks\n\ncreated\nDec 2023\nlast reply\nDec 2023\n3\nreplies\n6.6k\nviews\n3\nusers\n1\nlike\n2\nlinks\n2\nSamut Padasamutpada191Dec 2023Boot up macOS and remove all the partitions of your Linux installation. See Partitioning cheatsheet AsahiLinux/docs Wiki GitHub 1.1k for some help with that. There is (at least currently) no proper automated uninstaller. But it doesnt hurt to learn the basics of diskutil anyway 1\nAngel Eckertangel96Dec 2023curl -L https://alx.sh/wipe-linux | sh\nworked for me fine. ThanksSolution\nJason Eckert2Dec 2023Given the warnings at the top of the wipe-linux script 616, Id caution against using it and instead refer to the Partitioning Cheatsheet 968 that Samut shared earlier to ensure you know exactly what you are deleting.1\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nPartitioning - Rollback procedure\nAsk Asahi\n1\n366\nNov 2023\nRemove MacOS\nAsk Asahi\n2\n249\n13d\nMigration fedora official to asahi remix\nAsk Asahi\nf39\n1\n271\nMar 25\nInstall Fedora Asahi Remix from previous Asahi Arch installation\nAsk Asahi\ninstallation\n2\n998\nOct 2023\nLikelihood of irrecoverable breakage?\nAsk Asahi\n4\n389\nSep 2023\nIts your OS.\nGet Fedora Linux\nFedora Documentation\nAbout the Fedora Project\nCode of Conduct\nPrivacy Statement\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/how-to-uninstall-fedora-asahi-remix/100149" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Citibank Online\nSkip to ContentATM / BRANCHESPAOLClose Important Information Por favor, tenga en cuenta que es posible que las comunicaciones futuras del banco, ya sean verbales o escritas, sean nicamente en ingls. Estas comunicaciones podran incluir, entre otras, contratos de cuentas, estados de cuenta y divulgaciones, as como cambios en trminos o cargos o cualquier tipo de servicio para su cuenta. Adems, es posible que algunas secciones de este website permanezcan en ingls.Please be advised that future verbal and written communications from the bank may be in English only. These communications may include, but are not limited to, account agreements, statements and disclosures, changes in terms or fees; or any servicing of your account. Additionally, some sections of this site may remain in English. 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Estas comunicaciones podran incluir, entre otras, contratos de cuentas, estados de cuenta y divulgaciones, as como cambios en trminos o cargos o cualquier tipo de servicio para su cuenta. Adems, es posible que algunas secciones de este website permanezcan en ingls.Please be advised that future verbal and written communications from the bank may be in English only. These communications may include, but are not limited to, account agreements, statements and disclosures, changes in terms or fees; or any servicing of your account. Additionally, some sections of this site may remain in English. ContinuarOpen an AccountHow can we help? Sign On How can we help?", "url": "https://www.citi.com/mortgage/home-mortgage" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "CitiMortgage, Inc. | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau\nSkip to main content\nAn official website of the\nUnited States government\nEspaol\n\nTing Vit\n\nTagalog\nP\n\nKreyl Ayisyen\n(855) 411-2372\nSubmit a Complaint\nSearch\nSearch\nClose\nSearch\nOpen the main menu\nClose the main menu\nSubmit a Complaint\nConsumer Education\nBack\nResources for Yourself\nResources for Helping Others\nConsumer Complaint Database\nMoney Topics\nAuto Loans\nBank Accounts & Services\nCredit Cards\nCredit Reports & Scores\nDebt Collection\nFraud & Scams\nMoney Topics\nMoney Transfers\nMortgages\nPayday Loans\nPrepaid Cards\nReverse Mortgages\nStudent Loans\nFeatured\nExplore guides to help you plan for big financial goals\nAdditional Resources\nSubmit a Complaint\nTell Your Story\nOrder free brochures\nBrowse Ask CFPB\nRules & Policy\nBack\nRules & Policy Overview\nFinal Rules\nInteractive Regulations\nRules Under Development\nNotices and Opportunities to Comment\nRegulatory Agenda\nPetitions for Rulemaking\nCompetition and Innovation\nAdvisory Committees\nEnforcement\nBack\nEnforcement Overview\nEnforcement Actions\nEnforcement by the Numbers\nInvestigatory Authority\nWarning Letters\nPayments to Harmed Consumers\nIndustry Whistleblowers\nCompliance\nBack\nCompliance Overview\nCompliance Resources\nAdvisory Opinion Program\nConsumer Financial Protection Circulars\nSupervision and Examinations\nSupervisory Highlights\nSupervisory Guidance\nRegistration & Submission Programs\nAmicus Program\nConsumer Complaint Program\nData & Research\nBack\nData & Research Overview\nReports\nResearch Hub\nConsumer Complaint Database\nMortgage Database (HMDA)\nSmall Business Lending Database\nPublic Data Inventory\nConsumer Credit Trends\nMortgage Performance Trends\nFinancial Well-Being Survey\nCredit Card Surveys & Agreements\nPrepaid Account Agreements\nFeatured\nHelp advance financial well-being\nNews\nBack\nPress Releases\nSpeeches & Op-eds\nTestimony\nStatements\nBlog\nDirectors Notebook\nRecent Updates\nConsumer Advisories\nEspaol\n\nTing Vit\n\nTagalog\nP\n\nKreyl Ayisyen\n(855) 411-2372\n/\nEnforcement Actions\nCitiMortgage, Inc.\nThe Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) took separate actions\nagainst CitiFinancial Servicing and CitiMortgage, Inc. for giving the runaround\nto struggling homeowners seeking options to save their homes. The mortgage\nservicers kept borrowers in the dark about options to avoid foreclosure or\nburdened them with excessive paperwork demands in applying for foreclosure\nrelief. The CFPB is requiring CitiMortgage to pay an estimated $17 million to\ncompensate wronged consumers, and pay a civil penalty of $3 million; and\nrequiring CitiFinancial Services to refund approximately $4.4 million to\nconsumers, and pay a civil penalty of $4.4 million.Related documentsConsent order Stipulation Press releaseCFPB Orders Citi Subsidiaries to Pay $28.8 Million for Giving the Runaround to Borrowers Trying to Save Their Homes\nAction Details\nForum\nAdministrative Proceeding\nCourt\nCFPB Office of Administrative Adjudication\nDocket number\n2017-CFPB-0005\nInitial filing date\nJAN 23, 2017\nStatus\nPost Order/Post Judgment\nSee status definitions\nProducts\nMortgage Servicing\nFurther reading\nBlog\nThe CFPB intends to identify ways to simplify and streamline the existing mortgage servicing rules\nJUN 15, 2023\nNewsroom\nCFPB Takes Action Against Western Benefits for Swindling Student Loan Borrowers\nMAY 20, 2024\nView more\nBack to top\nAbout Us\nContact Us\nCareers\nEvents\nIndustry Whistleblowers\nCFPB Ombudsman\nFOIA\nPrivacy\nWebsite Privacy Policy & Legal Notices\nData\nOpen Government\nInformation Quality Guidelines\nDiversity & Inclusion\nAdministrative Adjudication\nPlain Writing\nAccessibility\nOffice of Civil Rights\nNo FEAR Act & Cummings Act\nTribal\nUSA.gov\nOffice of Inspector General\nAn official website of the\nUnited States government", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/enforcement/actions/citimortgage-inc/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "%PDF-1.6\r%\n203 0 obj\r<>\rendobj\n214 0 obj\r<>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<286EAFF7257360468CCCAF606F466AE4><3E28F9068D01944BAA4314816952BC08>]/Index[203 19]/Info 202 0 R/Length 74/Prev 174845/Root 204 0 R/Size 222/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream\nhbbd```b``\f+@$5lLA$/0[D^$\fL@s&00$30\n0P\nendstream\rendobj\rstartxref\n0\n%%EOF\n221 0 obj\r<>stream\nhb```Nf\f\f O>me|` B9v<Q``(-/oaT.dV$,*LU3Y;j``h`s-F>@GHs1XG^eUq64W320.H10cK8 rDc@h@r\nendstream\rendobj\r204 0 obj\r<>/Metadata 32 0 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of California\nReset\nHigh contrast\nIncrease font size\nFont\nincrease\nDecrease font size\nFont decrease\nDyslexic font\nMenu\nCustom Google Search\nSubmit\nClose Search\nAbout\nAbout\nCareers\nLocations\nNewsroom\nOrganization\nSubmit a Complaint\nSubmit a Complaint\nLicensees\nLicensees\nDivision of Consumer Financial Protection\nDivision of Corporations and Financial Institutions\nLaws and Regulations\nForms\nReports\nConsumers\nFor Consumers\nEducation and Outreach\nPublications\nConsumer Connection Newsletter\nSearch\nSearch the Site\nLicensee & Financial Service Provider Search\nActions, Order and Administrative Hearing Decisions\nCentral Locations for Service of Legal Process\nLegal Precedent System\nContact Us\nContact Us\nOffice of Financial Technology Innovation\nOffice of Ombuds\nReport a problem\nCitiMortgage, Inc.\nLicense or Case Number:FSD # 4131200\nDate of Initial Action:06/18/19\nDefendants/Respondents:CitiMortgage, Inc.\nDocuments:\n06/18/19 Stipulation\nAbout the 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@m4^MHW\riN]J\f-mk8[|G|[\u000bZiUyK~QYuil_J88LI81n:0SP`(qJ&N\t\u000bgbnPj[U*'>jCM5[h\nsY!65|\"~\t3_5B?L._|O*eHD%=.BL|8[]'\t|]~zuu-|j&u@iw\t~%P>>80\r/1M\u000b#>0\"Y4L:&yro#Dmvg_0\\\"87U8xqiJNjV\u000bftD|yI,C>stream\nh,; D7@P\t-:ca[x|!{3/3a`c:#^\tjVG:bI{.@[`[Qb'icfZZ\fH#=\nendstream\rendobj\r49 0 obj\r<>stream\nh27P0P07T0T+-\rbB.vv\nendstream\rendobj\r50 0 obj\r<>stream\n2016-09-27T15:28:16-04:00\nPScript5.dll Version 5.2.2\n2016-09-27T15:28:16-04:00\nAcrobat Distiller 15.0 (Windows)\napplication/pdf\nCitiMortgage, Inc. v. Wiley\nKellgrenS\nuuid:5ec1277c-8d7d-4909-ba14-efe307fe1fbf\nuuid:ceb7bf48-9ab6-45ae-986b-b04cff25b94a\nendstream\rendobj\r51 0 obj\r<>stream\nh27R0P07V01Q07Q045Uw/+Q04L)(T~HeA~@bzjBTX!4@(YfLA(SE@#b1:c}\u000bM @,41#d6@@\nendstream\rendobj\r52 0 obj\r<>stream\nh|=\u000b0r\th v\n]upvwB%\"3NvPFPg]e*]|bW}aYLw\u000bW78cRr-@APzcVkI@#cdZO\ny`B@\nendstream\rendobj\r53 0 obj\r<>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<46183746B4E0E01D316029DF204C7625>]/Info 75 0 R/Length 161/Root 77 0 R/Size 76/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream\nhbb&F,& D\n$D$>P9iB\"W\"B``,\",{!\"+]\"]`Hj\"0L tDW#n2O\rqs\u000b`zu1d\f ?\r!'\nendstream\rendobj\rstartxref\n116\n%%EOF", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/10/2016/2016-Ohio-5902.pdf" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "CitiMortgage, Inc. v. Espinal, 134 A.D.3d 876 | Casetext Search + CitatorAll State & Fed.JXSign InOpinionCase detailsCitiMortgage, Inc. v. EspinalCiting CasesChase Home Fin., LLC v. Dangelo The obligation of a foreclosing plaintiff to prove compliance with RPAPL 1304 in the first instance on aWilmington Sav. Fund Soc'y FSB v. ArtolaIn addition, the Court notes that although the defendant's opposition challenges plaintiff's proof of mailing168 Citing CasesCase DetailsFull title:CITIMORTGAGE, INC., etc., respondent, v. Betty M. ESPINAL, appellant, etCourt:Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department, New York.Date published: Dec 16, 2015CitationsCopy Citations134 A.D.3d 876 (N.Y. App. Div. 2015)2015 N.Y. Slip Op. 924223 N.Y.S.3d 251Citing CasesChase Home Fin., LLC v. Dangelo The obligation of a foreclosing plaintiff to prove compliance with RPAPL 1304 in the first instance on aWilmington Sav. Fund Soc'y FSB v. ArtolaIn addition, the Court notes that although the defendant's opposition challenges plaintiff's proof of mailing168 Citing CasesFrom Casetext: Smarter Legal ResearchCitiMortgage, Inc. v. EspinalSupreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department, New York.Dec 16, 2015134 A.D.3d 876 (N.Y. App. Div. 2015)Copy CitationsDownload PDFCheck TreatmentMeet CoCounsel, pioneering AI thats secure, reliable, and trained for the law.Try CoCounsel freeOpinion 2014-09351 Index No. 16840/10. 12-16-2015 CITIMORTGAGE, INC., etc., respondent, v. Betty M. ESPINAL, appellant, et al., defendants. Petroff Law Firm, P.C., Brooklyn, N.Y. (Serge F. Petroff and James Tierney of counsel), for appellant. Akerman LLP, New York, N.Y. (Jordan M. Smith of counsel), for respondent. Petroff Law Firm, P.C., Brooklyn, N.Y. (Serge F. Petroff and James Tierney of counsel), for appellant. Akerman LLP, New York, N.Y. (Jordan M. Smith of counsel), for respondent. Opinion In an action to foreclose a mortgage, the defendant Betty M. Espinal appeals from an order of the Supreme Court, Kings County (Dear, J.), dated July 1, 2014, which granted the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on the complaint insofar as asserted against her and for an order of reference against her. ORDERED that the order is affirmed, with costs. This is an action to foreclose a mortgage on the residence of the defendant Betty M. Espinal (hereinafter the appellant). The mortgage and note were issued on September 20, 2007. The original mortgage creditor was ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc. (hereinafter ABN), which had merged with the plaintiff, Citimortgage, Inc. (hereinafter Citimortgage), on September 1, 2007. The action was commenced in July 2010. In her answer, the appellant alleged the affirmative defenses of lack of standing and partial payment of past-due balances. Citimortgage moved for summary judgment, submitting the affidavit of its employee Heather Polly, a Vice PresidentDocument Control, and copies of the note, mortgage, and notices of default dated October 9, 2009, and February 9, 2010, respectively. Polly stated that she had reviewed the loan records maintained by Citimortage in the course of its regularly conducted business activities and that she had personal knowledge as to how those records were maintained. She asserted that Citimortgage was the successor by merger of ABN, the original mortgage creditor. She further asserted that the appellant defaulted by failing to make the monthly installment payment due December 1, 2009, leaving an unpaid principal balance of $495,026.76. With respect to the notice of the default, she stated that [a] demand for payment of the mortgage arrears was made by correspondence dated February 9, 2010, which complied with the default procedures both as to form and timing as set forth in Paragraph 22(b) of the Mortgage and was mailed to the appellant by first class mail at her last known address. Further, Polly averred that a ninety (90) day pre-foreclosure notice ('90 Day Notice') (see RPAPL 1304) was sent to [the appellant] on October 9, 2009 ... to the address of the property ... and to [the appellant's] last known address ... by registered or certified and first class mail. In opposition, the appellant's attorney contended that the default date of December 1, 2009, was in direct contradiction to the notices of default, which set forth earlier default dates. The appellant's attorney further stated that Polly's affidavit failed to prove that the notices of default, including the notice pursuant to RPAPL 1304, were mailed to the appellant. With respect to standing, the appellant's attorney contended that the mortgage and note were ostensibly invalid because the merger between ABN and Citimortgage occurred before the mortgage and note to ABN was executed. The appellant's attorney further noted that, on November 26, 2007, Citimortgage sold the mortgage to Hudson City Savings Bank in an agreement whereby Citimortgage kept possession of the note and acted as servicer of the mortgage loan. The appellant's attorney argued that Citimortgage did not have standing in this action since the mortgage and note were held by two different entities. In reply, Citimortgage submitted an affidavit from Lesa Duddey, another Vice PresidentDocument Control, explaining that the appellant made some payments throughout 2009 and early 2010, which were applied to sums due September 1, October 1, and November 1, 2009, but no further payments were made. Therefore, the appellant was in default of the payment due December 1, 2009. Citimortgage noted that the appellant did not deny receipt of the RPAPL 1304 notice in her opposition papers. Duddey produced the United States Postal Service tracking number for the notice and a copy of Citimortgage's correspondence log, and stated that Citimortgage's standard business procedure regarding all notices to the borrower(s) is to enter mailing information in the correspondence log. The Supreme Court, in the order appealed from, granted Citimortgage's motion for summary judgment. The court found that Polly's affidavit did not provide sufficient evidence of mailing of the notices of default dated October 9, 2009, and February 9, 2010, to the appellant. The court relied on HSBC Mtge. Corp. (USA) v. Gerber (100 A.D.3d 966, 967, 955 N.Y.S.2d 131), which stated that the unsubstantiated and conclusory statements in the affidavits of the plaintiff's employees that a required notice was sent to the borrower were insufficient to prove that the notice was mailed by first-class mail, even if accompanied by a copy of the notice. However, the Supreme Court found that Duddey's affidavit was sufficient to prove mailing. The court further found that it was authorized to consider evidence submitted for the first time in reply papers because the issue of whether Citimortgage had given notice pursuant to RPAPL 1304 was raised for the first time in the appellant's opposition papers and the court gave the appellant an opportunity to submit a surreply, which the appellant declined to do. Finally, the court found that Citimortgage had standing to foreclose the mortgage as holder of the note, and servicer of the mortgage loan. Citimortgage established its prima facie entitlement to summary judgment. Polly's assertions constituted competent evidence, based upon the business records exception to the hearsay rule (see CPLR 4518[a]; Brighton BK, LLC v. Kurbatsky, 131 A.D.3d 1000, 17 N.Y.S.3d 137). The fact that the complaint and Polly's affidavit asserted that the default date was December 1, 2009, while notices of the default asserted earlier default dates, was explained by the fact, asserted in the appellant's answer, that partial payments were made. Thus, Citimortgage submitted sufficient evidence of default (see HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v. Spitzer, 131 A.D.3d 1206, 1207, 18 N.Y.S.3d 67; Emigrant Mtge. Co. v. Beckerman, 105 A.D.3d 895, 895, 964 N.Y.S.2d 548). Since the mortgage is a home loan as defined in RPAPL 1304, that provision required that at least 90 days before the commencement of an action to foreclose the mortgage, the borrower must be provided with notice of the default, on a specified form, by registered or certified mail and also by first-class mail (see RPAPL 13042 ). However, RPAPL 1302 only requires pleading compliance with RPAPL 1304 where the mortgage is a high-cost home loan or subprime home loan, and there is no allegation that that was the case here. Therefore, the complaint in this case did not plead compliance with RPAPL 1304, and the appellant's answer did not mention compliance. Nevertheless, failure to comply with RPAPL 1304 constituted a defense to the mortgage foreclosure action (see Pritchard v. Curtis, 101 A.D.3d 1502, 1504, 957 N.Y.S.2d 440), which could be raised at any time (see Aurora Loan Servs. LLC v. Weisblum, 85 A.D.3d 95, 107, 923 N.Y.S.2d 609; First Natl. Bank of Chicago v. Silver, 73 A.D.3d 162, 163, 899 N.Y.S.2d 256). The Supreme Court properly concluded that, although Polly's affidavit was too conclusory to establish proper service of notices of the default (see HSBC Mtge. Corp. [USA] v. Gerber, 100 A.D.3d 966, 955 N.Y.S.2d 131), Duddey's affidavit was sufficient to establish proper service (see Bossuk v. Steinberg, 58 N.Y.2d 916, 919, 460 N.Y.S.2d 509, 447 N.E.2d 56; Nassau Ins. Co. v. Murray, 46 N.Y.2d 828, 829, 414 N.Y.S.2d 117, 386 N.E.2d 1085; Onewest Bank NA v. Rubio, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 113306). Under the circumstances of this case, the Supreme Court providently considered Duddey's affidavit, submitted by Citimortgage in its reply papers. Although a party moving for summary judgement cannot meet its prima facie burden by submitting evidence for the first time in reply (see Arriola v. City of New York, 128 A.D.3d 747, 749, 9 N.Y.S.3d 344; Poole v. MCPJF, 127 A.D.3d 949, 950, 7 N.Y.S.3d 399; Tingling v. C.I.N.H.R. Inc., 74 A.D.3d 954, 903 N.Y.S.2d 89), and generally, evidence submitted for the first time in reply papers should be disregarded by the court (see e.g. Adler v. Suffolk County Water Auth., 306 A.D.2d 229, 230, 760 N.Y.S.2d 523), exceptions to the rule arise when the evidence submitted is in response to allegations raised for the first time in the opposition papers (see David v. Chong Sun Lee, 106 A.D.3d 1044, 1045, 967 N.Y.S.2d 80; Conte v. Frelen Assoc., LLC, 51 A.D.3d 620, 621, 858 N.Y.S.2d 258; Ryan Mgt. Corp. v. Cataffo, 262 A.D.2d 628, 692 N.Y.S.2d 671), and/or when the other party is given an opportunity to respond to the reply papers (see Pennachio v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 119 A.D.3d 662, 990 N.Y.S.2d 54; Zernitsky v. Shurka, 94 A.D.3d 875, 876, 941 N.Y.S.2d 848). Here, the appellant raised the issue of proper service of the RPAPL 1304 notice for the first time in her opposition papers, and the Supreme Court gave the appellant an opportunity to respond to Duddey's affidavit. Contrary to the appellant's contention, the mortgage was not invalid merely because it was issued in the name of a corporation which no longer existed in its own right, since a dissolved corporation has the authority to discharge all its contracts, and collect all its assets (see Business Corporation Law 1005[a]2 ). Upon the merger, the merged corporation acquired all the assets of the constituent corporations (see Business Corporation Law 906[b]1 ). Moreover, the subsequent sale of the mortgage to Hudson City Savings Bank did not divest Citimortgage of standing, since, pursuant to the sale agreement, Citimortgage acted as servicer of the mortgage loans. As servicer, Citimortgage had standing to foreclose the mortgage (see CW Capital Asset Mgt., LLC, v. Great Neck Towers, LLC, 99 A.D.3d 850, 953 N.Y.S.2d 89). In any case, Citimortgage retained possession of the note, and therefore retained standing to foreclose, since the note was the dispositive document (see Aurora Loan Servs., LLC, v. Taylor, 25 N.Y.3d 355, 361, 12 N.Y.S.3d 612, 34 N.E.3d 363). Accordingly, the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment was properly granted. DILLON, J.P., CHAMBERS, COHEN and HINDSRADIX, JJ., concur. Summaries ofCitiMortgage, Inc. v. EspinalSupreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department, New York.Dec 16, 2015134 A.D.3d 876 (N.Y. App. Div. 2015)Case details forCitiMortgage, Inc. v. EspinalCase DetailsFull title:CITIMORTGAGE, INC., etc., respondent, v. Betty M. ESPINAL, appellant, etCourt:Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department, New York.Date published: Dec 16, 2015CitationsCopy Citations134 A.D.3d 876 (N.Y. App. Div. 2015)2015 N.Y. Slip Op. 924223 N.Y.S.3d 251Citing CasesChase Home Fin., LLC v. Dangelo The obligation of a foreclosing plaintiff to prove compliance with RPAPL 1304 in the first instance on aWilmington Sav. Fund Soc'y FSB v. ArtolaIn addition, the Court notes that although the defendant's opposition challenges plaintiff's proof of mailing168 Citing CasesAbout usJobsNewsTwitterFacebookLinkedInInstagramHelp articlesCustomer supportContact salesCookie SettingsDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information/Limit the Use of My Sensitive Personal InformationPrivacyTerms 2024 Casetext Inc.Casetext, Inc. and Casetext are not a law firm and do not provide legal advice.Copy with citationCopy as parenthetical citation", "url": "https://casetext.com/case/citimortgage-inc-v-espinal-2" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "CitiMortgage Inc - Company Profile and News - Bloomberg Markets\nSkip To Content\nSkip to content\nBloomberg the Company & Its ProductsThe Company & its ProductsBloomberg Terminal Demo RequestBloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginBloomberg Anywhere LoginBloomberg Customer SupportCustomer Support\nBloombergConnecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world\nFor CustomersBloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginSoftware UpdatesManage Products and Account Information\nSupportAmericas+1 212 318 2000EMEA+44 20 7330 7500Asia Pacific+65 6212 1000\nCompanyAboutCareersDiversity and InclusionTech At BloombergPhilanthropySustainabilityBloomberg LondonBloomberg BetaGender-Equality Index\nCommunicationsPress AnnouncementsPress Contacts\nFollowFacebookInstagramLinkedInTwitterYouTube\nProductsBloomberg TerminalDataTradingRiskComplianceIndices\nIndustry ProductsBloomberg LawBloomberg TaxBloomberg GovernmentBloombergNEF\nMediaBloomberg MarketsBloomberg TechnologyBloomberg PursuitsBloomberg PoliticsBloomberg OpinionBloomberg BusinessweekBloomberg Live ConferencesBloomberg RadioBloomberg TelevisionNews Bureaus\nMedia ServicesBloomberg Media DistributionAdvertising\nCompanyAboutCareersDiversity and InclusionTech At BloombergPhilanthropySustainabilityBloomberg LondonBloomberg BetaGender-Equality Index\nCommunicationsPress AnnouncementsPress Contacts\nFollowFacebookInstagramLinkedInTwitterYouTube\nProductsBloomberg TerminalDataTradingRiskComplianceIndices\nIndustry ProductsBloomberg LawBloomberg TaxBloomberg GovernmentBloomberg EnvironmentBloombergNEF\nMediaBloomberg MarketsBloomberg TechnologyBloomberg PursuitsBloomberg PoliticsBloomberg OpinionBloomberg BusinessweekBloomberg Live ConferencesBloomberg RadioBloomberg TelevisionNews Bureaus\nMedia ServicesBloomberg Media DistributionAdvertising\nBloombergConnecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world\nFor CustomersBloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginSoftware UpdatesManage Contracts and Orders\nSupportAmericas+1 212 318 2000EMEA+44 20 7330 7500Asia Pacific+65 6212 1000\nSign InSubscribeSearchLive TVMarketsChevron DownEconomicsIndustriesTechPoliticsBusinessweekOpinionMoreChevron DownUS EditionChevron DownMenuSubscribe\nQuick LinksStocksCurrenciesCommoditiesRates & BondsSectorsWatchlistRecently Viewed CompaniesCitiMortgage IncCitiMortgage, Inc. of Missouri provides refinancing and investment products. The Company sells mortgage through retail, online, and correspondent channels and offers home mortgage refinance loan, bad credit debt consolidation loans, and online mortgage information. CitiMortgage serves customers worldwide.\nTerms of ServiceDo Not Sell or Share My Personal InformationTrademarksPrivacy PolicyCareersMade in NYCAdvertiseAd ChoicesHelp2024 Bloomberg L.P. All Rights Reserved.", "url": "https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/341642Z:US" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Cameroon\nShare price at\nCountries\nBrazil\nBrasil - Portugus\nCameroon\nColombia\nColombia Espaol\nCote d'Ivoire\nKuwait\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSouth Africa\nZambia\nGlobal Site\nContact us\nSearch Icon\nCameroon\nAbout IHS\nIHS Towers at a glance\nOur strategy\nWhere we operate\nLeadership\nOur history\nOur Solutions\nSustainability\nOur approach\nSustainability governance\nStakeholder engagement\nOur reports\nFour pillars\nEthics and governance\nEnvironment and climate change\nOur people and communities\nEducation and economic growth\nCase studies\nInvestors\nOverview\nIHS Towers in numbers\nPress releases\nEmail alerts\nInvestor presentations and events\nEarnings materials\nSEC filings\nStock information\nDebt securities\nCorporate governance\nBoard committees\nLeadership\nAnalyst information\nClose Icon\nShare price at\nMobile\nSearch\nAbout IHS\nBack\nIHS Towers at a glance\nOur strategy\nWhere we operate\nLeadership\nOur history\nOpen the About IHS sub menu.\nOur solutions\nSustainability\nBack\nOur approach\nBack\nSustainability governance\nOpen the Our approach sub menu.\nStakeholder engagement\nOur reports\nFour pillars\nBack\nEthics and governance\nEnvironment and climate change\nOur people and communities\nEducation and economic growth\nOpen the Four pillars sub menu.\nCase studies\nOpen the Sustainability sub menu.\nInvestors\nBack\nOverview\nIHS Towers in numbers\nPress releases\nEmail alerts\nInvestor presentations and events\nEarnings materials\nSEC filings\nStock information\nDebt securities\nCorporate governance\nBack\nBoard committees\nLeadership\nOpen the Corporate governance sub menu.\nAnalyst information\nOpen the Investors sub menu.\nJoin us\nBack\nWhy join us?\nBack\nDiversity, equity, equality and inclusion\nTalent development\nOpen the Why join us? sub menu.\nLife at IHS Towers\nBack\nExperienced professionals\nEarly careers\nOpen the Life at IHS Towers sub menu.\nCareers FAQs\nVacancies\nOpen the Join us sub menu.\nShare price at\nCountriesOpen the Countries sub menu.\nBack\nBrazil\nBrasil - Portugus\nCameroon\nColombia\nColombia Espaol\nCote d'Ivoire\nKuwait\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSouth Africa\nZambia\nAbout IHS\nOpen the About IHS sub menu.\nOur solutions\nSustainability\nOpen the Sustainability sub menu.\nInvestors\nOpen the Investors sub menu.\nJoin us\nOpen the Join us sub menu.\nSearch Icon\nCameroon\nIHS Cameroon was launched at the end of 2012. In 2013, we acquired MTN Cameroon Towers, and signed a Management with License to Lease contract with Orange Cameroon. We have provided robust network availability in record time. We did this through an investment in a power system upgrade, strategic team expansion, and a consistent and proactive approach to site maintenance.\nHeadquartered in Douala, the economic capital of the country, IHS Cameroon has regional offices in Yaounde, Buea, Bertoua, Baffousam and Garoua to run its nationwide operations.\nIHS Cameroon continues to roll out green energy solutions, which select the most efficient source of power, according to diesel supply, weather and availability of electricity.\nPress releases\nYear\nAll\nLoad More\nContact our team\nManaging Director\nOlufemi Arosanyin\nOffice Address\nIHS Cameroon S.A.\n1602/1606 Boulevard de La Libert\nP.O. Box 15115 Akwa\nDouala, Cameroon\nTel:+237 2 42738708\nSolutions available\nColocation and lease amendments\nNew sites\nInbuilding solutions and DAS\nSmall cell\nServices Catalog\nNumber of sites:\n2,388\nPopulation:\n28 million\nNominal GDP:\nUS$45 billion\nMobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people):\n87%\nYou may also be interested in\nWhere we operate\nDiscover the countries in which we operate\nLearn more\nOur sustainable approach\nWe aim to make a positive impact in the communities where we operate\nLearn more\nCUSTOMERS\nOur solutions\nWhere we operate\nContact us\nSUPPLIERS\nSolutions approach\nSustainability\nINVESTORS\nOverview\nCorporate Governance\nDebt securities\nCAREERS\nWhy join us\nCulture and values\nVacancies\nGET IN TOUCH\nContact us\nWhistleblowing hotline\nPrivacy notice\nSitemap\nCookie policy\n2024 IHS Holding Limited. All rights reserved.\nOur use of cookies\nWe use necessary cookies to make our site work. Wed also\nlike to set optional analytics cookies to help us improve it. We\nwont set optional cookies unless you enable them. Using this\ntool will set a cookie on your device to remember your preferences.\nFor more detailed information about the cookies we use, see our\nCookie policy\nAnalytics cookies\nWed like to set Google Analytics cookies to help us to\nimprove our website by collecting and reporting information on how\nyou use it. The cookies collect information in a way that does not\ndirectly identify anyone.\nEnable analytics cookies:\nSave\nManage Cookies\nAccept All", "url": "https://www.ihstowers.com/cm-en" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Cameroon - IHS Towers\nShare price at\nCountries\nBrazil\nBrasil - Portugus\nCameroon\nColombia\nColombia Espaol\nCote d'Ivoire\nKuwait\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSouth Africa\nZambia\nMedia\nPress releases\nMedia contacts\nSuppliers\nLandlords\nEnglish\nEspaol\nPortugus\nContact us\nSearch Icon\nAbout IHS\nIHS Towers at a glance\nOur strategy\nWhere we operate\nLeadership\nOur history\nOur solutions\nSustainability\nOur approach\nSustainability governance\nStakeholder engagement\nOur reports\nFour pillars\nEthics and governance\nEnvironment and climate change\nOur people and communities\nEducation and economic growth\nCase studies\nInvestors\nOverview\nIHS Towers in numbers\nPress releases\nEmail alerts\nInvestor presentations and events\nEarnings materials\nSEC filings\nStock information\nDebt securities\nCorporate governance\nBoard committees\nLeadership\nAnalyst information\nJoin us\nWhy join us?\nDiversity, equity, equality and inclusion\nTalent development\nLife at IHS Towers\nExperienced professionals\nEarly careers\nCareers FAQs\nVacancies\nAbout IHS\nIHS Towers at a glance\nOur strategy\nWhere we operate\nLeadership\nOur history\nSustainability\nOur approach\nSustainability governance\nStakeholder engagement\nOur reports\nFour pillars\nEthics and governance\nEnvironment and climate change\nOur people and communities\nEducation and economic growth\nCase studies\nInvestors\nOverview\nIHS Towers in numbers\nPress releases\nEmail alerts\nInvestor presentations and events\nEarnings materials\nSEC filings\nStock information\nDebt securities\nCorporate governance\nBoard committees\nLeadership\nAnalyst information\nJoin Us\nWhy join us?\nDiversity, equity, equality and inclusion\nTalent development\nLife at IHS Towers\nExperienced professionals\nEarly careers\nCareers FAQs\nVacancies\nClose Icon\nShare price at\nMobile\nSearch\nAbout IHS\nIHS Towers at a glance\nOur strategy\nWhere we operate\nLeadership\nOur history\nOur solutions\nSustainability\nOur approach\nSustainability governance\nStakeholder engagement\nOur reports\nFour pillars\nEthics and governance\nEnvironment and climate change\nOur people and communities\nEducation and economic growth\nCase studies\nInvestors\nOverview\nIHS Towers in numbers\nPress releases\nEmail alerts\nInvestor presentations and events\nEarnings materials\nSEC filings\nStock information\nDebt securities\nCorporate governance\nBoard committees\nLeadership\nAnalyst information\nJoin us\nWhy join us?\nDiversity, equity, equality and inclusion\nTalent development\nLife at IHS Towers\nExperienced professionals\nEarly careers\nCareers FAQs\nVacancies\nShare price at\nCountries\nBrazil\nBrasil - Portugus\nCameroon\nColombia\nColombia Espaol\nCote d'Ivoire\nKuwait\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSouth Africa\nZambia\nMedia\nPress releases\nMedia contacts\nSuppliers\nLandlords\nEnglish\nEspaol\nPortugus\nContact us\nSearch Icon\nCameroon\nEnquiry: Customer\nContact Info: IHS Cameroon SA\n1602/1606 Boulevard de la Libert\nB.P. 15115 Akwa\nDouala\nCameroon\ninfocameroon@ihstowers.com\nEnquiry: Investor\nContact Info: IHS Cameroon SA\n1602/1606 Boulevard de la Libert\nB.P. 15115 Akwa\nDouala\nCameroon\ninvestorrelations@ihstowers.com\nEnquiry: Journalist\nContact Info: IHS Cameroon SA\n1602/1606 Boulevard de la Libert\nB.P. 15115 Akwa\nDouala\nCameroon\nGiles.Bethule@fgsglobal.com / Akash.Lodh@fgsglobal.com\nEnquiry: Other\nContact Info: IHS Cameroon SA\n1602/1606 Boulevard de la Libert\nB.P. 15115 Akwa\nDouala\nCameroon\n+237 2 42738708\ninfocameroon@ihstowers.com\nCUSTOMERS\nIHS Towers at a glance\nWhere we operate\nSolutions\nSUPPLIERS\nSolutions approach\nSustainability\nINVESTORS\nPress releases\nInvestor presentations and webcasts\nEarnings materials\nCAREERS\nWhy join us\nCulture and values\nVacancies\nGET IN TOUCH\nContact us\nEmail alerts\nWhistleblowing hotline\nPrivacy notice\nSitemap\nCookie policy\n${year} IHS Holding Limited. All rights reserved.\nOur use of cookies\nWe use necessary cookies to make our site work. Wed also\nlike to set optional analytics cookies to help us improve it. We\nwont set optional cookies unless you enable them. Using this\ntool will set a cookie on your device to remember your preferences.\nFor more detailed information about the cookies we use, see our\nCookie policy\nAnalytics cookies\nWed like to set Google Analytics cookies to help us to\nimprove our website by collecting and reporting information on how\nyou use it. The cookies collect information in a way that does not\ndirectly identify anyone.\nEnable analytics cookies:\nSave\nManage Cookies\nAccept All", "url": "https://www.ihstowers.com/support-and-info/contact-us/cameroon" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "IHS Cameroon launches tower kiosks to offer free Internet access in rural areas\nCookie SettingsSave and ExitOur website uses cookies to give you the best and most relevant experience. By clicking on accept, you give your consent to the use of cookies as per our privacy policy.Accept\nFR EN EventsGet FeaturedAdvertiseAbout Us FR EN\nSearch for:\nEventsGet FeaturedAdvertiseAbout UsSubscribe To Techpoint Digest\nDigest Subscription\nEmailFirst NameJOIN FREE\nMode\nTechpoint Digest\nFintech\nGovernance & Policy\nAttend Pitch Friday\nBrand Press\nTelecomsIHS Cameroon launches tower kiosks to offer free Internet access in rural areas\nIfeoma Joy Okorie February 14, 20242 min read\nIHS Cameroon has launched the 'Tower Kiosk by IHS Cameroon' initiative to provide connectivity and digital services to rural communities in Cameroon's northwest and southwest regions.\nThe kiosks opened in three communities Idenau, Santa, and Tombel and will provide free Internet access while supporting local businesses and entrepreneurs.\nIt would also serve as a digital infrastructure for eCommerce, e-education, e-health, and e-governance operations. The kiosks will collect health-related data from the community.\nCameroon's Prime Minister, Dr Joseph Dion Ngute, was present at the unveiling, as were dignitaries from the two regions where it was launched.\nFurthermore, by 2025, IHS hopes to have ten kiosks in total, five in each of the two regions. The 20-foot kiosks powered by nearby towers include computers, printers, and charging ports.\nThe telecom infrastructure provider collaborates with local and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to advance the tower kiosk initiative and manages the kiosk's daily operations.\nAirtel Nigeria and IHS Nigeria deepen partnership for tower expansion\nIHS Cameroon CEO Olufemi Arosanyin stated that this would help increase community participation because it intends to reach out to at least 5,000 community members.\nArosanyin also stated that the tower kiosk initiative will improve people's access to online resources and engagement with public life.\nThe Prime Minister affirmed, Significant progress has been made in these regions to restore public life, and we are excited to see the Tower Kiosk by IHS Cameroon initiative begin. This initiative comes at the right time, as we continue to work to resolve this conflict and return to peace.\nIHS Towers settles dispute with Wendel\nThis news comes after the telecom infrastructure provider announced plans to open ICT centres at the Government Bilingual High School (GBHS) Sodiko in Bonaberi, Douala, in October 2023. GBHS Sodiko is a school for internally displaced people from the Northwest and Southwest conflict zones in Cameroon, with over 2,000 students.\nThe plan was to enhance educational accessibility via mobile connectivity and digital literacy. As a component of this initiative, IHS Cameroon constructed a new facility outfitted with 30 computers, video conferencing capabilities, and internet connectivity.\nThe IHS Towers Group manages and provides shared communication infrastructure services. According to IHS, it spans three regions, operates in 11 countries, and oversees a portfolio exceeding 30,000 towers.\nBe the smartest in the roomJoin 30,000 subscribers who receive Techpoint Digest, a fun week-daily 5-minute roundup of happenings in African and global tech, directly in your inbox, hours before everyone else.\nDigest Subscription\nEmailFirst NameJOIN FREE\nGive it a try, you can unsubscribe anytime.Privacy Policy.\nMobile telecommunications infrastructure provider IHS acquires Helios Towers Nigeria\nGot a tip? Our journalists are ready to dig deeper. Please share your insights and information and help us uncover the stories that matter.Ifeoma Joy OkorieAuthorIfeoma Joy OkorieAuthorSubscribe To Techpoint DigestJoin thousands of subscribers to receive our fun week-daily 5-minute roundup of happenings in African and global tech, directly in your inbox, hours before everyone else.This is A daily 5-minute roundup of happenings in African and global tech, sent directly to your email inbox, between 5 a.m. and 7 a.m (WAT) every week day!\nDigest Subscription\nEmailFirst NameJOIN FREE\nGive it a try, you can unsubscribe anytime.Privacy Policy.\nIfeoma Joy OkorieAuthor\nTips Form\nWhat tips, insights or other information would you like to share?Can we contact you for clarity? 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Register Now\n43b, Emina Cres, Allen, Ikeja.2024Techpremier Media Limited. All rights reserved\ntwitter-squarefacebook-squarelinkedin-squarelocation-arrowyoutube-squareinstagrammagnifierCode Snippet ma-customfonts 3.4.1\nAirtel Nigeria and IHS Nigeria deepen partnership for tower expansion\nAirtel Nigeria expands its existing partnership with IHS Nigeria and related entities to increase tower tenancies and sustainable initiatives in the country.\nTechpoint Africa\nSearch\nSearch for:\nXLagos Startup Expo 2023Join us at the Lagos Startup Expo and connect with startups, investors, and industry leaders. Don't miss out! Register Now\nCode Snippet ma-customfonts 3.4.1\nIHS Towers settles dispute with Wendel\nToday on TechpointDigest, we discuss IHS Tower settling its dispute with Wendel, Microsoft and Vodafones $1.5 billion investment, and General Atlantic acquiring Actis.\nTechpoint Africa\nSearch\nSearch for:\nXLagos Startup Expo 2023Join us at the Lagos Startup Expo and connect with startups, investors, and industry leaders. Don't miss out! Register Now\nCode Snippet ma-customfonts 3.4.1\nMobile telecommunications infrastructure provider IHS acquires Helios Towers Nigeria\nIHS Holding Limited, a major mobile telecommunications infrastructure provider in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East, has completed the acquisition of Helios Towers Nigeria Limiteds (HTN) 1,211 diversified tower sites throughout Nigeria. HTN and IHS established the mobile telecommunications infrastructure industry in Nigeria in the early 2000s. Under the terms of the transaction, IHS acquired Continue reading Mobile telecommunications infrastructure provider IHS acquires Helios Towers Nigeria\nTechpoint Africa\nSearch\nSearch for:\nXLagos Startup Expo 2023Join us at the Lagos Startup Expo and connect with startups, investors, and industry leaders. Don't miss out! Register Now\nCode Snippet ma-customfonts 3.4.1", "url": "https://techpoint.africa/2024/02/14/ihs-cameroon-launches-tower-kiosks/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "IHS Cameroon Constructs Three Tower Kiosks in the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon - IHS Towers\nShare price at\nCountries\nBrazil\nBrasil - Portugus\nCameroon\nColombia\nColombia Espaol\nCote d'Ivoire\nKuwait\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSouth Africa\nZambia\nMedia\nPress releases\nMedia contacts\nSuppliers\nLandlords\nEnglish\nEspaol\nPortugus\nContact us\nSearch Icon\nAbout IHS\nIHS Towers at a glance\nOur strategy\nWhere we operate\nLeadership\nOur history\nOur solutions\nSustainability\nOur approach\nSustainability governance\nStakeholder engagement\nOur reports\nFour pillars\nEthics and governance\nEnvironment and climate change\nOur people and communities\nEducation and economic growth\nCase studies\nInvestors\nOverview\nIHS Towers in numbers\nPress releases\nEmail alerts\nInvestor presentations and events\nEarnings materials\nSEC filings\nStock information\nDebt securities\nCorporate governance\nBoard committees\nLeadership\nAnalyst information\nJoin us\nWhy join us?\nDiversity, equity, equality and inclusion\nTalent development\nLife at IHS Towers\nExperienced professionals\nEarly careers\nCareers FAQs\nVacancies\nAbout IHS\nIHS Towers at a glance\nOur strategy\nWhere we operate\nLeadership\nOur history\nSustainability\nOur approach\nSustainability governance\nStakeholder engagement\nOur reports\nFour pillars\nEthics and governance\nEnvironment and climate change\nOur people and communities\nEducation and economic growth\nCase studies\nInvestors\nOverview\nIHS Towers in numbers\nPress releases\nEmail alerts\nInvestor presentations and events\nEarnings materials\nSEC filings\nStock information\nDebt securities\nCorporate governance\nBoard committees\nLeadership\nAnalyst information\nJoin Us\nWhy join us?\nDiversity, equity, equality and inclusion\nTalent development\nLife at IHS Towers\nExperienced professionals\nEarly careers\nCareers FAQs\nVacancies\nClose Icon\nShare price at\nMobile\nSearch\nAbout IHS\nIHS Towers at a glance\nOur strategy\nWhere we operate\nLeadership\nOur history\nOur solutions\nSustainability\nOur approach\nSustainability governance\nStakeholder engagement\nOur reports\nFour pillars\nEthics and governance\nEnvironment and climate change\nOur people and communities\nEducation and economic growth\nCase studies\nInvestors\nOverview\nIHS Towers in numbers\nPress releases\nEmail alerts\nInvestor presentations and events\nEarnings materials\nSEC filings\nStock information\nDebt securities\nCorporate governance\nBoard committees\nLeadership\nAnalyst information\nJoin us\nWhy join us?\nDiversity, equity, equality and inclusion\nTalent development\nLife at IHS Towers\nExperienced professionals\nEarly careers\nCareers FAQs\nVacancies\nShare price at\nCountries\nBrazil\nBrasil - Portugus\nCameroon\nColombia\nColombia Espaol\nCote d'Ivoire\nKuwait\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSouth Africa\nZambia\nMedia\nPress releases\nMedia contacts\nSuppliers\nLandlords\nEnglish\nEspaol\nPortugus\nContact us\nSearch Icon\nHome\nMedia\nPress releases\nIHS Cameroon Constructs Three Tower Kiosks in the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon\nShare\nIHS Cameroon Constructs Three Tower Kiosks in the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon\nFebruary 08, 2024\nFebruary 8, 2024, Douala: IHS Cameroon, part of the IHS Holding Limited (NYSE: IHS) (IHS Towers) group, one of the largest independent owners, operators, and developers of shared communications infrastructure in the world by tower count, has today launched the Tower Kiosk by IHS Cameroon initiative in the Northwest and Southwest of Cameroon. In the presence of the Prime Minister of Cameroon, His Excellency Chief Dr Joseph Dion Ngute, and other dignitaries from the two regions, the first three kiosks were opened in the rural communities of Idenau, Santa and Tombel.\nEach kiosk, powered by the adjacent towers hybrid solutions, contains four charging points, and will provide free internet access to the local community. Through these services, the kiosks will help support local businesses and entrepreneurs, and provide the digital infrastructure to facilitate e-commerce, e-education, e-health, and e-governance activities. They will also serve as collection points for health-related community data.\nUnder the initiative, IHS Cameroon has committed to construct a total of 10 kiosks, five in each region, by 2025. By partnering with local NGOs, the initiative will help provide new economic opportunities and contribute positively towards the long-term stability of these communities that have been experiencing security challenges.\nOlufemi Arosanyin, IHS Cameroon CEO, said, Through this initiative and the power of connectivity, we want to help bring new opportunities to communities in the Northwest and Southwest regions. We hope the Tower Kiosk by IHS Cameroon initiative will provide the infrastructure for people to access online resources and better engage in public life. With the support of local and international NGOs, who will oversee the day-to-day running of each kiosk, we aim to increase community confidence and participation.\nHis Excellency Chief Dr Joseph Dion Ngute, Prime Minister of The Republic of Cameroon, said Significant progress has been made in these regions to restore public life, and we are excited to see the Tower Kisok by IHS Cameroon initiative begin. This initiative comes at the right time, as we continue to work to resolve this conflict and return to peace. We encourage all public and private partners to follow the example set by IHS Cameroon.\n---ENDS---\nAbout IHS Towers:IHS Towers is one of the largest independent owners, operators, and developers of shared communications infrastructure in the world by tower count and is one of the largest independent multinational towercos solely focused on emerging markets. The Company has nearly 40,000 towers across its 11 markets, including Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Cte dIvoire, Egypt, Kuwait, Nigeria, Peru, Rwanda, South Africa and Zambia. For more information, please email:communications@ihstowers.comor visit:www.ihstowers.com\nYou may also be\ninterested in\nLorem Ipsum\nLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec risus orci, finibus tristique mauris in, vulputate rhoncus purus. Class aptent.\nPageLink\nLorem Ipsum\nLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec risus orci, finibus tristique mauris in, vulputate rhoncus purus. Class aptent.\nPage Link\nCUSTOMERS\nIHS Towers at a glance\nWhere we operate\nSolutions\nSUPPLIERS\nSolutions approach\nSustainability\nINVESTORS\nPress releases\nInvestor presentations and webcasts\nEarnings materials\nCAREERS\nWhy join us\nCulture and values\nVacancies\nGET IN TOUCH\nContact us\nEmail alerts\nWhistleblowing hotline\nPrivacy notice\nSitemap\nCookie policy\n${year} IHS Holding Limited. All rights reserved.\nOur use of cookies\nWe use necessary cookies to make our site work. Wed also\nlike to set optional analytics cookies to help us improve it. We\nwont set optional cookies unless you enable them. 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The cookies collect information in a way that does not\ndirectly identify anyone.\nEnable analytics cookies:\nSave\nManage Cookies\nAccept All", "url": "https://www.ihstowers.com/support-and-info/media/press-releases/2024/ihs-cameroon-constructs-three-tower-kiosks-in-the-northwest-and-southwest-regions-of-cameroon" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "IHS supports Cameroon with digital kiosks\nsearch Search menu bookmark\nICT and Governance\nbookmark sectors keyboard_arrow_down flag Locations keyboard_arrow_down business Companies keyboard_arrow_down search Search person keyboard_arrow_left South Africa keyboard_arrow_right Home\n>Cameroon\n>ICT and Governance\n>IHS supports Cameroon with digital kiosks Read time: 3 minutes IHS supports Cameroon with digital kiosks\nBy\nAmindeh Blaise Atabong\n, Freelance Investigative Journalist Cameroon\n,\n13 Feb 2024\nIn addition to free internet access, the kiosks will offer e-commerce, e-education, e-health, and e-governance services to assist local businesses and entrepreneurs.\nIHS Cameroon has committed to build 10 digital kiosks in the restive English-speaking North West and South West regions of Cameroon by 2025, with five in each region.The initiative dubbed Tower Kiosk by IHS Cameroon was launched recently with the deployment of three of the 10 kiosks in the localities of Idenau, Santa and Tombel.The kiosks are 20-foot specialised containers powered by the nearby towers' hybrid systems, and they include charging stations, computers with internet access, printers, and other digital devices. In addition to free internet access, the kiosks will offer e-commerce, e-education, e-health, and e-governance services to assist local businesses and entrepreneurs.The 'Tower Kiosk by IHS Cameroon' will be run in collaboration with local non-governmental organisations, with each intended to reach out to at least 5,000 community people.According to Olufemi Arosanyin, CEO of IHS Cameroon, the initiative and the potential of connectivity will be used to create new opportunities for communities in the affected regions.We hope the Tower Kiosk by IHS Cameroon initiative will provide the infrastructure for people to access online resources and better engage in public life,Arosanyin said.Joseph Dion Ngute, prime minister of Cameroon, said: Significant progress has been made in these regions to restore public life, and we are excited to see the Tower Kisok by IHS Cameroon initiative begin. This initiative comes at the right time, as we continue to work to resolve this conflict and return to peace. ICT and GovernanceIHS TowersInfrastructureDigitalConnectivityCameroonInternet input Daily newsletter Email Subscribe\nITWeb Africa Brainstorm Career Web ITWeb Facebook icon Linkedin icon Youtube play icon RSS icon\nITWeb proudly displays the FAIR stamp of the Press Council of\nSouth Africa, indicating our commitment to adhere\nto the Code of Ethics for Print and online media which prescribes that our reportage is truthful,\naccurate\nand fair. Should you wish to lodge a complaint about our news coverage, please lodge a complaint on the\nPress Councils website, www.presscouncil.org.za\nor email the complaint to enquiries@ombudsman.org.za.\nContact the Press Council on 011 4843612. Copyright 1996 - 2024 ITWeb Limited. All rights reserved.", "url": "https://itweb.africa/content/DZQ58vV82GjMzXy2" } ]

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To improve your experience on our site, please update your browser or system.", "url": "https://www.home.saxo/platforms/saxotradergo" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "SaxoTraderGO on the AppStore\nAppleStoreMaciPadiPhoneWatchAirPodsTV & HomeEntertainmentAccessoriesSupport\n0+\nAppStore Preview\nOpen the Mac App Store to buy and download apps.\nSaxoTraderGO\n4+\nSaxo Bank A/S\nDesigned for iPad\n4.6 1.4K Ratings\nFree\nScreenshots\niPad\niPhone\nDescription\nDiscover SaxoTraderGO, the all-in-one trading platform for global markets.\nDon't miss out on trading opportunities with SaxoTraderGO, the all-in-one trading platform for global markets. With over 70,000+ instruments, advanced trading tools, real-time market data, extended trading hours, in-depth research, and ultra competitive prices, we give you that trading edge in the market. Tap into +30 years of trading expertise and customer support available 24/5.\nKey Features:\n\tGlobal access to 70,000+ Instruments: Whatever you hear or read, weve got it covered, from stocks and options to forex and more, all from a single account.\n\tUser-friendly interface: Act fast with easy screeners covering all asset classes and enhanced trade tickets for quick and efficient order placement, wherever you are.\n\tAdvanced trading tools: Harness the power of our sophisticated trading tools, including technical analysis, charts and risk management features, to identify opportunities easily.\n\tReal-Time market data: Hold the advantage with real-time market data, advanced watchlists with Trade Signals, analyst ratings and target prices, enabling you to react quickly to market movements.\n\tIn-depth research: Stay ahead of trends with comprehensive research and analysis, including expert insights and trading ideas, to make well-informed trading decisions.\n\tStable and reliable: Trust in our robust security measures and uptime reliability, ensuring your investments are safe and your trades execute smoothly.\n\tCustomer support: Benefit from our team of trading experts, available 24/5, to support you with any questions or concerns, in your local language.\nJoin 1+ million clients worldwide today. Whether you're a seasoned pro or just starting your investment journey, our platform caters to traders of all levels. Elevate your trading experience with SaxoTraderGO your gateway to the global financial markets.\nUnlock unlimited worldwide opportunities. Download SaxoTraderGO now and trade smarter, bolder and with confidence.\n[Disclaimer: Trading carries risks. Ensure you fully understand the risks involved and seek professional advice if necessary. Saxo is a licensed and regulated broker.]\nWhats New\nVersion History\n29 Apr 2024\nVersion 3.4.11323\nSeveral bug fixes and updates to existing features\nRatings and Reviews\nSee All\n4.6 out of 5\n1.4K Ratings\n1.4K Ratings\nMurad Rzv\n,\n27/01/2022\nWorst customer experience I ever had\n6 months I was struggling to log in to my account because of some technical bag and was receiving inactivity charges despite constant request to put them on hold or refund\nAminSolar\n,\n26/01/2021\nGood App\nThe App is a well designed and quite functional. It has all the features that youd need to keep track of your funds. Also, execution of orders have been very smooth and efficient. I just want to seem more information about the product related to its fundamentals. Also, cryptocurrency is not available on the platform, though you can buy ETFs that follow crypto.\nVikramkrishna\n,\n24/11/2020\nNeeds improvement\nThe app needs improvement. Its gets stuck frequently and I have to then delete and reload the app. Request immediate improvement\nDeveloper Response\n,\nHello Vikramkrishna, thank you for leaving the review and please excuse us for the inconvenience caused. We have tried to address this issue, which hopefully is now fixed with the latest release of the app (3.3.4548). Please let us know if you are still experiencing any problems at AppsSupport@saxobank.com\nApp Privacy\nSee Details\nThe developer, Saxo Bank A/S, indicated that the apps privacy practices may include handling of data as described below. For more information, see the developers privacy policy.\nData Used to Track You\nThe following data may be used to track you across apps and websites owned by other companies:\nUsage Data\nData Linked to You\nThe following data may be collected and linked to your identity:\nUsage Data\nDiagnostics\nPrivacy practices may vary based on, for example, the features you use or your age. LearnMore\nInformation\nProvider\nSaxo Bank A/S\nSize\n25.3 MB\nCategory\nFinance\nCompatibility\niPhone\nRequires iOS 13.4 or later.\niPad\nRequires iPadOS 13.4 or later.\niPodtouch\nRequires iOS 13.4 or later.\nMac\nRequires macOS 11.0 or later and a Mac with AppleM1chip or later.\nApple Vision\nRequires visionOS 1.0 or later.\nLanguages\nEnglish, Arabic, Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian Bokml, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Slovak, Spanish, Traditional Chinese, Turkish\nAge Rating\n4+\nCopyright\n 2010-2024 Saxo Bank\nPrice\nFree\nDeveloper Website\nApp Support\nPrivacy Policy\nDeveloper Website\nApp Support\nPrivacy Policy\nMore By This Developer\nSaxoInvestor\nFinance\nYou Might Also Like\nSee All\nNordnet: Stocks & Funds\nFinance\nBetalingsservice\nFinance\nMit PFA\nFinance\nDivvy - Share expenses easily\nFinance\nLunar\nFinance\nTotalkredit\nFinance\nMore ways to shop: Find an Apple Store or other retailer near you. Or call 8000 444 0396.\nUnited Arab Emirates\n\nCopyright 2024 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nSales and Refunds\nLegal\nSite Map", "url": "https://apps.apple.com/ae/app/saxotradergo/id406970077" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "SaxoTraderGO", "url": "https://www.saxotrader.fr/login/fr" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "%PDF-1.4\r%\n468 0 obj\r<>\rendobj\nxref\n468 34\n0000000016 00000 n\n0000001744 00000 n\n0000001925 00000 n\n0000002886 00000 n\n0000003000 00000 n\n0000003421 00000 n\n0000003929 00000 n\n0000004195 00000 n\n0000004703 00000 n\n0000007457 00000 n\n0000017076 00000 n\n0000017139 00000 n\n0000017217 00000 n\n0000017292 00000 n\n0000017512 00000 n\n0000017661 00000 n\n0000017974 00000 n\n0000018029 00000 n\n0000018146 00000 n\n0000018256 00000 n\n0000018367 00000 n\n0000018488 00000 n\n0000018610 00000 n\n0000018733 00000 n\n0000018856 00000 n\n0000018980 00000 n\n0000019200 00000 n\n0000019348 00000 n\n0000020987 00000 n\n0000022626 00000 n\n0000053927 00000 n\n0000698448 00000 n\n0000001559 00000 n\n0000000997 00000 n\ntrailer\n<]/Prev 2719258/XRefStm 1559>>\nstartxref\n0\n%%EOF\n501 0 obj\r<>stream\nhb```b``\rf`e`ga@\u000bRYnS?VN``qi7V*;CVM/8?a:g3~0F_&? 2q}+d\\U\"bMKmnOV7M!G7? |yfJ}]dX}UDy,Z*\"\td>IYe\fRVUQmpQdr`#P{G`Q&d$(fG \"v:4Y\r[mUC8\f|\n&cf\f\u000b0D10>`\f66UZs#0(1'008Afkc3S\ra}d?023010&Y,XY6@s4c |,\fi4[\fk\nendstream\rendobj\r500 0 obj\r<>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[168 300]/Length 33/Size 468/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream\nhbb8\u000bf;1c]\nendstream\rendobj\r469 0 obj\r<>/Metadata 166 0 R/PageLabels 160 0 R/Pages 163 0 R/StructTreeRoot 168 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>>\rendobj\r470 0 obj\r</LastModified/NumberofPages 1/OriginalDocumentID/PageUIDList<>/PageWidthList<>>>>>/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>>\rendobj\r471 0 obj\r<>\rendobj\r472 0 obj\r<>stream\nHOO#1\f>cGB\nG0O+T\u000bD~=ze`]\\!C/E3h5A(L@E|\"\u000b$B_RRD!%)x!`\"`s:hngs#\\^N3p,a8F`,4z;!'++||`.IDK'i*\"aa2e2YXuDsfG7n?:?iuZ{\\g1E}{C[hEz_n7~`=6\nendstream\rendobj\r473 0 obj\r<>\rendobj\r474 0 obj\r<>\rendobj\r475 0 obj\r<>stream\nH\\n@E^$\u000biDb1 Bj(#i{\\*nt2wA-jz}K3&i,>^4$umy<.w4ln\u000bnzm:=l_EM:-]2>)uNv:65xMu/eS.psKdGv|dM2'\\Kr\t-W\"\f^WY,a K%f\tY,a K%f\tY2gm;0{$?X?nnnn}*TP[C<@I(7_sB#:lb*{__8&VL\t0q\nendstream\rendobj\r476 0 obj\r<>/Shading<>>>/Subtype/Form>>stream\nHlW$7WPiBu/f*m09!eahGLo?:jW\\c%JI/NpNY)pcf)aSO3XNN@vu]hnDvuF(\fAJ}iNRb+}^]\u000b-c8U)\fCn)CKdVZ\\Ad\f0.W_CF0i};at;K\"\f/UF88@j0&P&8&2j]erkZTkd8,b7^m:{tIOeSTX|\\{u7a{]jx[:EP1\tWMw@LcmbVN<O[3Bg$!WcuQ+kab[MdzVD^qtE83*V\"*@k wh}:K)b%Bd~Eci5X0a-V#RW<2ZAy{IsK?^ymkZ>lA,Mnk%Wp0-ea(XZ9m8P&zC/w|tI\n)P\rAI~`\"c=h0.w\\#c\rILW0w\u000bS;f0tq2).QQ|'Jb_}>0p\\7@dVC'(/$\fF|RR):\"743*o$9KvUg\u000b~z Sc.]\u000b\r0%|OM'7/\\\fG\u000b4}yX]Xr5Z$%Nkg0R\u000bJK e{\fX,ia}mWm\rI3p2(B\"Gxw@9;\nd5|w3n k_74\rJ_:t96K(ua{kG\"_w` s!x5-C%0B%\\3m#$9vM\n-O3JfY!H=n9#;3=P1fXdW#mx'~-F-t\u000bG\r&;pk#.WoE[RV4X$BG4\f:\t~ASv=J6+3?^4p#NW9;\rp0Avtu}1yvCe.|S^SX\u000b,./t_C W60v9:d=(*Y|E5}0\f\"l756*(zNpx%,y|N!ss|:YEkbt#}p4y\rBl\"AU;bC(E>6m+BUG\\D}6\n)n%]\u000bs]LT\rB yzecqM).v%2\rT1tkW@Tg-fk?w:mbS\t\"\\O{(u]5X\nendstream\rendobj\r477 0 obj\r<>stream\nHV\u000bTy.} pQ.X\rE#>M+FS4E4V#(R|\"FM56*xl=&>0Xmb6cj='=0BH\"w6M@(a\"-.*\t&ODF-\u000b_[af+^+J,Fm[7Sw!\\3Bh):C*jmu!e%o7V,\f>{D`,_-\\<p<\n\fV4ATP$Q'\u000b8=3dfJ.xUIBE+ndG.CIfhbC(\f*JU`G8X2\\ta7ORh`X]MGg_(glgm_uo\n)fe31/_W07}\r|/0a+IDS@+L OskcR*b<\tR=nSZZ*G\"D4I\t\"$!JaDsXP(\nQ 5 Ei\fJDDw\\[o>|;_=ymDDZpP\t3X'HQ!_T Q[(%2< ~${Dv8T\tCuvZ:^WH%5nEd>^REdAn,JNu,6}^cAGM&DlE*e;umUv\nm[{?vF%E\"|H:UaIb\f:\u000b\"-U||l@gU\\@TY(,@#o0Xhh#.!dv=v<\rGKxe{pmU{p/p*ZicL[?+(Kvq{7Z}PG@~#JRX`HJRi! 4KZ:+K&Gj6vN|N(U(uP\\\"kp3=tK(Vf'h?#HJ\rAc6rD3h\",b7Ao(w~5Ug7?GC;o'?G\n\t\t`p9,(EjhLLp&.6WqK8BEr\"RC!>#,B3LM8W&lU+Zjw\fKJ_5usNuB`\niDM@?I=1d9s8&Gu\f\fA#dJ2L4ZuRgKfRaqJYMI+VP@&Qr4O' Ad+y\f9Isic[;#:BsWvJ;XnPC/Cp9SQI\r84m H\n\u000bn1Q\rl{#l._Bp;1;rb kf>_=tB{aw\n\"\u000b\u000bi .`T84{3j!VJkJ:['|?+v9ohizMU%x{jwks~0}=-U^^B8]JTU+O3[gJE0~Hu=BiM!d(x97h\f>S^F\u000bRz<7U. 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468/ID[<AF17E41B84C44F45952F1D5D213A2A7E><F769B574E00A7C4FB7438915E33FE19D>]>>\nstartxref\n116\n%%EOF", "url": "https://www.aesinternational.com/hubfs/Independent%20Reviews/Saxo%20Bank/SaxoTraderGO%20Guide.pdf" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Navigating charts on SaxoTraderGO mobile App Saxo Switzerland Support\nSelect country\nEnglish (CH)\nInternational\nAustralia\n\nBelgi\nBelgique\nesk republika\nItalia\nDanmark\nFrance\n\nHong Kong\nNederland\nPolska\n-\nSingapore\nSchweiz\nSuisse\nSwitzerland\nUnited Kingdom\n\nSaxo Switzerland Support\nUsing our platforms\nSaxoTraderGO\nNot a client yet? Visit our\nhome.saxo\nNavigating charts on SaxoTraderGO mobile App\nUpdated\n2 months ago\nWatch this short video on navigating charts on the SaxoTraderGO mobile app covering the following topics:\nHow to find and adjust an instrument\nHow to add additional instruments\nHow to use the period time range selector\nHow to use annotations\nViewing chart configurations\nOpening a trade ticket from the chart\nFacebook\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nWas this article helpful?\nReturn to top\nNot a client yet?\nLearn more about our investing platforms, products, and leading prices\nhere\n.\nRelated articles\nGetting started FAQs\nI can't find the SaxoTraderGO in the Apple store\nDrawing charts annotations on SaxoTraderGO mobile app\nCan I access my account when I travel abroad?\nAre stocks on the London Stock Exchange traded in pence or pound sterling?\nBrowse all topics\nCan't find what you are looking for?\nWe'll show you how to contact us.\nGet help\nSaxo Services & Products\nHOME.SAXO\nLosses can exceed deposits on margin products. Please ensure you consult our Risk Warning before you start trading and you understand the risks.\nAll trading carries risk. Losses can exceed deposits on margin products.\nYou should consider whether you understand how our products work and whether\nyou can afford to take the high risk of losing your money. To help you understand\nthe risks involved we have put together a generalRisk Warningseries\nof Key Information Documents (KIDs) highlighting the risks and rewards related\nto each product. The KIDs can be accessed within the trading platform. Please\nnote that the full prospectus can be obtained free of charge from Saxo Bank\n(Switzerland) ltd. or the issuer.\nThis website can be accessed worldwide however the information on the website\nis related to Saxo Bank (Switzerland) Ltd. 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This allows the website to determine the number of specific user-visits for analysis and statistics. 0 day HTTP Cookie kndctr_#_AdobeOrg_identity [x3] bgsaxo.itsaxobank.comhome.saxo Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator. 1 year HTTP Cookie privatesaxo#lang www.home.saxo Pending Session HTTP Cookie shell#lang [x3] cn.saxobank.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo This cookie is used to determine the preferred language of the visitor and sets the language accordingly on the website, if possible. Session HTTP Cookie YK_PSL_SETTINGS player.youku.com Used to save information about the visitor's video settings. Persistent HTML Local Storage yt/youkuplayer.fdl.playerckey gm.mmstat.com This cookie is used in conjunction with the video player. The cookie remembers if the user has muted the volume and keeps this setting on other video content watched by the visitor. Session Pixel Tracker yt/youkuplayer.fdl.ykplayer_process gm.mmstat.com This cookie is used in conjunction with the video player. The cookie remembers if the user has muted the volume and keeps this setting on other video content watched by the visitor. Session Pixel Tracker Statistical (93) Statistical cookies collect and report information to help us understand how you and other visitors interact with our website. We use cookies to store unique IDs that help us recognise you on return visits, so we can enhance your visit by personalising content and optimising campaigns and our websites in general. Name Provider Purpose Expiry Type #_p [x6] 23video.com23video.com23video.com23video.comvideo.home.saxovideo.saxobank.com Implements audio-files on the website, and determines how many and who have listened to these files. Persistent HTML Local Storage _ga [x4] help.saxosaxobank.combgsaxo.ithome.saxo Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website. 2 years HTTP Cookie _ga_# [x3] bgsaxo.ithelp.saxohome.saxo Used by Google Analytics to collect data on the number of times a user has visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit. 2 years HTTP Cookie _gat [x2] help.saxosaxobank.com Used by Google Analytics to throttle request rate 0 day HTTP Cookie _gid [x2] help.saxosaxobank.com Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website. 0 day HTTP Cookie ak_a widget.deezer.com Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator. Persistent HTML Local Storage ak_ax widget.deezer.com Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator. Persistent HTML Local Storage AMCV_# [x2] help.saxosaxobank.com Unique user ID that recognizes the user on returning visits 2 years HTTP Cookie AMCVS_#AdobeOrg [x2] help.saxosaxobank.com Pending Session HTTP Cookie APLUS_CNA www.help.saxo Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator. Persistent HTML Local Storage APLUS_LS_KEY g.alicdn.com Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator. Persistent HTML Local Storage bounce adnxs.com Determines if a user leaves the website straight away. This information is used for internal statistics and analytics by the website operator. Session Pixel Tracker com.adobe.alloy.getTld [x3] bgsaxo.ithome.saxosaxobank.com Registers data on visitors' website-behaviour. This is used for internal analysis and website optimization. Session HTTP Cookie da_cmp [x2] www.help.saxowww.home.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage da_current_ses [x3] cn.saxobank.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending 0 day HTTP Cookie da_fbp [x3] cn.saxobank.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending 3 months HTTP Cookie da_tID [x2] www.home.saxowww.help.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage da_visNum home.saxo Pending Session HTTP Cookie dextp demdex.net This cookie is set by the audience manager of the website to determine the time and frequencies of visitor data synchronization - cookie data synchronization is used to synchronize and gather visitor data from several websites. 179 days HTTP Cookie dtCookie home.saxo Pending Session HTTP Cookie dtCookie www.home.saxo Pending Session HTML Local Storage dtPC home.saxo Pending Session HTTP Cookie dtSa home.saxo Pending Session HTTP Cookie Evars [x3] cn.saxobank.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage Events [x3] cn.saxobank.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage hc:#:recently_visited_articles static.zdassets.com Registers which articles the user has visited in a Zendesk knowledge base. Persistent HTML Local Storage iit_seg_aam home.saxo Pending 1 year HTTP Cookie iit_seg_aam_wp home.saxo Pending 0 day HTTP Cookie isScrolled [x3] www.home.saxocn.saxobank.comwww.bgsaxo.it Pending Session HTML Local Storage kndctr_173338B35278510F0A490D4C_AdobeOrg_consent [x3] cn.saxobank.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Session HTTP Cookie leadStartTime [x2] www.help.saxowww.home.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage mf_# [x3] home.saxobgsaxo.itsaxobank.com Collects data of the user's navigation and interaction on the website in order to personalise the purchasing experience. 3 months HTTP Cookie mf_initialDomQueue cdn.mouseflow.com Registers data on visitors' website-behaviour. This is used for internal analysis and website optimization. Session HTML Local Storage mf_transmitQueue cdn.mouseflow.com Collects data on the users navigation and behavior on the website. This is used to compile statistical reports and heatmaps for the website owner. Session HTML Local Storage Products [x3] cn.saxobank.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Contains data on the latest products viewed by the visitor. Used for internal statistics by the website operator. Persistent HTML Local Storage rxvisitid www.home.saxo Sets a unique ID for the session. This allows the website to obtain data on visitor behaviour for statistical purposes. Session HTML Local Storage rxVisitor home.saxo Pending Session HTTP Cookie rxVisitor www.home.saxo Pending Session HTML Local Storage rxvt home.saxo Sets a timestamp for when the visitor entered the website. This is used for analytical purposes on the website. Session HTTP Cookie rxvt www.home.saxo Determines when the visitor last visited the different subpages on the website, as well as sets a timestamp for when the session started. Session HTML Local Storage s_cc [x2] help.saxosaxobank.com Used to check if the user's browser supports cookies. Session HTTP Cookie s_dur [x2] help.saxosaxobank.com Pending 0 day HTTP Cookie SC_ANALYTICS_GLOBAL_COOKIE [x3] cn.saxobank.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Used by Sitecore Engagement Analytics to identify the visitor on repeat visits to the website. 10 years HTTP Cookie sca mmstat.com Used to track users interaction with embedded content. Session HTTP Cookie StitcherID www.home.saxo Pending 1 year HTTP Cookie td www.googletagmanager.com Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator. Session Pixel Tracker TransactionId [x3] cn.saxobank.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage uuid [x3] 23video.comvideo.home.saxovideo.saxobank.com Used to make live streaming of video content more efficient. 119 days HTTP Cookie x5secdata taobao.com Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator. 0 day HTTP Cookie xlly_s youku.com Collects data on visitor interaction with the website's video-content. This data is used to make the website's video-content more relevant towards the visitor. 2 days HTTP Cookie Marketing (360) Marketing cookies track visitors across websites. We store a unique ID, which is shared with and used by third parties, to recognise your return visits and track activity. This allows us to show you ads that are relevant and engaging, providing a tailored experience for you, and therefore offering more value to publishers and third-party advertisers. Name Provider Purpose Expiry Type #-# youtube.com Pending Session HTML Local Storage #:session-data taboola.com Tracks the individual sessions on the website, allowing the website to compile statistical data from multiple visits. This data can also be used to create leads for marketing purposes. Persistent HTML Local Storage (unnamed) ad-stir.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker __arpvid [x2] player.youku.comyouku.com Used to track users interaction with embedded content. Session HTTP Cookie __ayft [x2] player.youku.comyouku.com Used to track users interaction with embedded content. Session HTTP Cookie __aypstp [x2] player.youku.comyouku.com Used to track users interaction with embedded content. Session HTTP Cookie __ayscnt [x2] player.youku.comyouku.com Used to track users interaction with embedded content. Session HTTP Cookie __aysid [x2] player.youku.comyouku.com Used to track users interaction with embedded content. 1 day HTTP Cookie __ayspstp [x2] player.youku.comyouku.com Used to track users interaction with embedded content. 1 day HTTP Cookie __aysvstp [x2] player.youku.comyouku.com Used to track users interaction with embedded content. 1 day HTTP Cookie __ayvstp [x2] player.youku.comyouku.com Used to track users interaction with embedded content. Session HTTP Cookie __lt__cid d.line-scdn.net Collects data about the user's visit to the site, such as the number of returning visits and which pages are read. The purpose is to deliver targeted ads. Persistent HTML Local Storage __lt__cid www.home.saxo Collects data about the user's visit to the site, such as the number of returning visits and which pages are read. The purpose is to deliver targeted ads. 2 years HTTP Cookie __lt__sid www.home.saxo Collects data about the user's visit to the site, such as the number of returning visits and which pages are read. The purpose is to deliver targeted ads. 0 day HTTP Cookie __ysuid [x2] player.youku.comyouku.com Used to track users interaction with embedded content. 1 year HTTP Cookie _dp demdex.net This cookie is set by the audience manager of a website in order to determine if any additional third-party cookies can be set in the visitors browser third-party cookies are used to gather information or track visitor behavior on multiple websites. Third-party cookies are set by a third-party website or company. Session HTTP Cookie _gcl_au [x2] bgsaxo.ithome.saxo Used by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency across websites using their services. 3 months HTTP Cookie _ldbrbid line.me Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers. 399 days HTTP Cookie _uetsid [x3] bgsaxo.ithome.saxosaxobank.com Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement. 0 day HTTP Cookie _uetsid bing.com Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences. Persistent HTML Local Storage _uetsid_exp bing.com Contains the expiry-date for the cookie with corresponding name. Persistent HTML Local Storage _uetvid [x3] bgsaxo.ithome.saxosaxobank.com Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences. 1 year HTTP Cookie _uetvid bing.com Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences. Persistent HTML Local Storage _uetvid_exp bing.com Contains the expiry-date for the cookie with corresponding name. Persistent HTML Local Storage ads/ga-audiences google.com Used by Google AdWords to re-engage visitors that are likely to convert to customers based on the visitor's online behaviour across websites. Session Pixel Tracker anj adnxs.com Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads. 3 months HTTP Cookie atpsida mmstat.com Registers a unique ID that identifies the user's device during return visits. Used for conversion tracking and to measure the efficacy of online ads. Session HTTP Cookie auyst g.alicdn.com Necessary for the implementation of video-content on the website. Persistent HTML Local Storage cna [x2] mmstat.comyouku.com Presents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate real-time bidding for advertisers. 1 year HTTP Cookie com.adobe.reactor.core.visitorTracking.landingPage [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Stores visitors' navigation by registering landing pages - This allows the website to present relevant products and/or measure their advertisement efficiency on other websites. Session HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.core.visitorTracking.landingTime [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Sets a timestamp for when the visitor entered the website. This is used for analytical purposes on the website. Session HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.core.visitorTracking.pagesViewed [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Contains data on user navigation, interaction and time spent on the website and its sub-pages. This data is used to optimise the relevance of advertisements and for statistical purposes. Persistent HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.core.visitorTracking.sessionCount [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Contains data on user navigation, interaction and time spent on the website and its sub-pages. This data is used to optimise the relevance of advertisements and for statistical purposes. Persistent HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.core.visitorTracking.trafficSource [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Used by the website's owners to identify how the visitor accessed the website. This is used for statistical purposes. Session HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.accountType [x2] adobedtm.comwww.home.saxo Pending Session HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.cookieConsentRequired [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.dtmPublish [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Session HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.environment [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Session HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.geoCookie [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Session HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.IdentityMap: StitcherId - Authenticated [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.inSessionRecordingSessionId [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Session HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.timeOnSite [x3] adobedtm.comwww.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Session HTML Local Storage cr ladsp.com Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences. 0 day HTTP Cookie ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=CI321OurkYYDFVrLOwIdEGQFXg;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=7243406622372;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.home.saxo%2Far-mena%2Finsights%2Fnews-and-research%2Fpodcast;u11=undefined;u4=ar-mena%3Ainsights%3Anews-and-research%3Apodcast;ps googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=CIbGtPqrkYYDFfteHgIdIE4KiQ;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=9398734445441;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.home.saxo%2Fdemo-login;u11=undefined;u4=en%3Ademo-login;uaa=x86;uab=64;uafvl=Not%2520A(Brand%3B99.0.0.0%7CHeadlessChrome%3B121.0. googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker 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ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=CKma_eGrkYYDFepnkQUdY1AGFQ;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=8957947118441;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.home.saxo%2Fen-hk%2Fcampaigns%2Frisk-management%2Fexecution;u11=undefined;u4=en-hk%3Acampaigns%3Arisk-management%3Aexecution;pscd googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=CKmh5rWrkYYDFdtRHgIdBcAO2g;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=9703098716195;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.home.saxo%2Fnl-nl%2Fcampaigns%2Finterest-rates-cal%3Fsid%3D13767530le%3D9795639la%3DDUct%3D3cta%3D118cat%3D212ti%3D302t%3DCcmpid% googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=CKWP24i8kYYDFWhYkQUdJywCAg;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=2467939510315;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.home.saxo%2Fpl-pl%2Flegal%2Fsaxo-bank-licenses%2Fsaxo-bank-license-details;u11=undefined;u4=pl-pl%3Alegal%3Asaxo-bank-licenses%3A googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker 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ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=CNK65v7BioYDFWjTOwIdHkEHKw;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=9718232762380;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgsaxo.it%2Faccounts%2Fsignupfordemo;u11=undefined;u4=it-it%3Aaccounts%3Asignupfordemo;pscdl=denied;frm=0;gtm=45fe4580v9135070378 googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=CNq1vuurkYYDFcNhkQUd83YEfA;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=7429560221811;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.home.saxo%2Fen-gb%2Finsights%2Fnews-and-research%2Fpodcast;u11=undefined;u4=en-gb%3Ainsights%3Anews-and-research%3Apodcast;uaa=x8 googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=COb8yIXCioYDFfhMkQUdjWQM9w;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=2591195317994;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgsaxo.it%2Faccounts%2Fportfolio-based-margin;u11=undefined;u4=it-it%3Aaccounts%3Aportfolio-based-margin;pscdl=denied;frm=0;gtm=4 googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=COOcjcbBioYDFTpDHgIdGb8Fxw;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=7690360940564;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgsaxo.it%2Fcontact-us;u11=undefined;u4=it-it%3Acontact-us;pscdl=denied;frm=0;gtm=45fe4580v9135070378za200;gcs=G100;gcd=13p3pPp2p googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=COTtmfKBkoYDFdn0OwIdkeEDlg;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=7128640856944;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.home.saxo%2Fen-au%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Fmacro%2Fglobal-market-quick-take-europe-november-10-2023-10112023;u11=undefined;u4=en-au googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=COW6-_DBioYDFbtGHgIdEcYOHA;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=2490449313289;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgsaxo.it%2F;u11=undefined;u4=it-it;pscdl=denied;frm=0;gtm=45fe4580v9135070378za200;gcs=G100;gcd=13p3pPp2p5;dma_cps=-;dma=1;epver googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=CPiXpdyrkYYDFWPMOwId_lIMiA;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=2070913962515;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.home.saxo%2Fja-jp%2Fproducts%2Fforex;u11=undefined;u4=ja-jp%3Aproducts%3Aforex;pscdl=denied;frm=0;gtm=45fe45f0v9135070378za200;gc googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker ddm/activity/src=8240968;dc_pre=CPS7iYLCioYDFdTMOwIdyVQEVw;type=ros;cat=rosck0;ord=9603578307857;npa=1;u10=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgsaxo.it%2Faccounts%2Fpassword-reset;u11=undefined;u4=it-it%3Aaccounts%3Apassword-reset;pscdl=denied;frm=0;gtm=45fe4580v91350703 googlesyndication.com Pending Session Pixel Tracker demdex demdex.net Via a unique ID that is used for semantic content analysis, the user's navigation on the website is registered and linked to offline data from surveys and similar registrations to display targeted ads. 179 days HTTP Cookie dev_uuid vod-tool.vod-qcloud.com Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage dicbo_id www.home.saxo Collects statistics concerning the visitors' use of the website and its general functionality. This is used to optimize and compile reports on the website for comparison through a third party analysis service. 0 day HTTP Cookie dpm demdex.net Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers. 179 days HTTP Cookie dtSa www.home.saxo Collects data on the users navigation and behavior on the website. This is used to compile statistical reports and heatmaps for the website owner. Session HTML Local Storage eng_mt taboola.com Tracks the conversion rate between the user and the advertisement banners on the website - This serves to optimise the relevance of the advertisements on the website. Persistent HTML Local Storage ETLCD g.alicdn.com Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage faSID [x2] www.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Registers how the user has reached the website to enable pay-out of referral commission fees to partners. 29 days HTTP Cookie Hm_lpvt_# cn.saxobank.com Used to send data to Baidu about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels. Session HTTP Cookie Hm_lpvt_# hm.baidu.com Used to send data to Baidu about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels. Session HTML Local Storage Hm_lvt_# cn.saxobank.com Used to send data to Baidu about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels. 1 year HTTP Cookie Hm_lvt_# hm.baidu.com Used to send data to Baidu about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels. Persistent HTML Local Storage Hm_unsent_# hm.baidu.com Used to send data to Baidu about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels. Session HTML Local Storage HMACCOUNT hm.baidu.com Used to send data to Baidu about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels. 5010 days HTTP Cookie HMACCOUNT_BFESS hm.baidu.com Used to send data to Baidu about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels. 399 days HTTP Cookie i/jot twitter.com Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers. Session Pixel Tracker i/jot/embeds twitter.com Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers. Session Pixel Tracker ibs:dpid demdex.net This cookie is set by the audience manager of the website to determine the time and frequencies of visitor data synchronization - cookie data synchronization is used to synchronize and gather visitor data from several websites. 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Persistent IndexedDB yt-remote-cast-available [x2] www.youtube-nocookie.comyoutube.com Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video Session HTML Local Storage yt-remote-cast-installed [x2] www.youtube-nocookie.comyoutube.com Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video Session HTML Local Storage yt-remote-connected-devices [x2] www.youtube-nocookie.comyoutube.com Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video Persistent HTML Local Storage yt-remote-device-id [x2] www.youtube-nocookie.comyoutube.com Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video Persistent HTML Local Storage yt-remote-fast-check-period [x2] www.youtube-nocookie.comyoutube.com Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video Session HTML Local Storage yt-remote-session-app [x2] www.youtube-nocookie.comyoutube.com Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video Session HTML Local Storage yt-remote-session-name [x2] www.youtube-nocookie.comyoutube.com Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video Session HTML Local Storage Unclassified (9) Unclassified cookies are cookies that we are in the process of classifying together with the providers of individual cookies. Name Provider Purpose Expiry Type com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.cookieConsentAccepted [x2] www.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.cookieConsentChanged [x2] www.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.cookieConsentDeclined [x2] www.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.stitcherId www.home.saxo Pending Persistent HTML Local Storage com.adobe.reactor.dataElements.transactionId [x2] www.bgsaxo.itwww.home.saxo Pending Session HTML Local Storage\nTurn on sound\nrewind\nforward\nvideo.home.saxo\nShare video\nShare \"\"\nShare from current time\nShare on Facebook\nTweet this video\nShare on LinkedIn\nMore sharing options\nThe video is paused. Press enter or space to play the video\n00:00 / 00:00\nYou must enable JavaScript to view this content.", "url": "https://www.help.saxo/hc/en-ch/articles/360033893611-Navigating-charts-on-SaxoTraderGO-mobile-App" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Can't go short on SaxoTraderGO | Aussie Stock Forums\nAustralian (ASX) Stock Market Forum\nWelcome, Visitor.\nLog in\nRegister\nMenu\nHome\nLatest Activity\nRegister\nForums\nNew posts\nStocks\nCompetition\nTradingView Signup\nWhat's new\nNew posts\nLatest activity\nLog in\nRegister\nWhat's new\nNew posts\nMenu\nLog in\nRegister\nNavigation\nInstall the app\nInstall\nMore options\nContact us\nClose Menu\nForums\nMarket Related Forums\nBeginner's Lounge\nCan't go short on SaxoTraderGO\nThread starter\nalexx1202\nStart date\n11 March 2020\nTags\ngoing short\nsaxo\nsaxotrader\nshort\nJump to new\n11 March 2020\n#1\nA\nalexx1202\nJoined\n1 April 2018\nPosts\n5\nReactions\n2\nHi\nI just started using Saxo Trader but can't figure out how to place a short order on the platform.\nIt's not like MT4 trading forex since on there you only have to place the sell limit order as you would a buy and the order just gets placed no problem if you have the margin etc.\nBut Saxo gives me this message when I try the same thing:\n\"You are selling contracts not owned, or trying to close more than currently held\".\nI've checked with Saxo and the stock I attempted shorting today (WOW) is allowed to be shorted so I have no clue what to do.\nI'm on demo with a $100,000 balance and tried shorting 2000 shares @ 36.27.\nDoes anyone here use Saxo for share trading and if so can help me out with this?\nCheers,\nAlex\nReply\n11 March 2020\n#2\nmyrtie100\nJoined\n23 October 2014\nPosts\n225\nReactions\n214\nHi Alex\nIt's been awhile since I have used that platform, but I believe you need to use CFDs to short not stocks.\nReply\nReactions:\nfrugal.rock and peter2\n13 March 2020\n#3\nR\nronyfayyad\nJoined\n24 October 2019\nPosts\n2\nReactions\n9\nYes, you need to enable CFDs. I recently signed up with Saxo for shorting stocks. You need to contact them and complete a suitability form before they enable CFDs for you.\nReply\nReactions:\nfrugal.rock\nRemove formattingBoldItalicFont size9101215182226Text colorMore options...ListOrdered listUnordered listIndentOutdentAlignment\nAlign left\nAlign center\nAlign right\nJustify textParagraph formatNormalHeading 1Heading 2Heading 3Insert linkInsert imageSmiliesInsert GIFMediaQuoteMore options...UndoRedoToggle BB codeDraftsSave draftDelete draftPreviewFont familyArialBook AntiquaCourier NewGeorgiaTahomaTimes New RomanTrebuchet MSVerdanaStrike-throughUnderlineInline codeInline spoilerInsert tableInsert horizontal lineSpoilerCodeWrite your reply...\nPost reply\nInsert quotes...\nSimilar threads\nBest demo account?\nLone Wolf\n6 May 2009\nBeginner's Lounge\nReplies\n18\nViews\n15K\n17 May 2018\nmichaelananya\nThe best I've seen on ANY Forum!\ntech/a\n22 January 2005\nTrading Strategies/Systems\n2\n3\nReplies\n50\nViews\n21K\n23 April 2022\nfrugal.rock\nShare:\nFacebook\nX (Twitter)\nReddit\nPinterest\nTumblr\nWhatsApp\nEmail\nShare\nLink\nForums\nMarket Related Forums\nBeginner's Lounge\nChange width\nContact us\nTerms and rules\nPrivacy policy\nHelp\nHome\nRSS\nAbout Us\nEstablished in 2004, Aussie Stock Forums is an online community with a focus on the Australian stock market (ASX) and all aspects of trading and investing.\nConnect with us\nFacebook\nTwitter\nContact us\nRSS\nUseful Links\nCode of Conduct Posting Guidelines Privacy Policy Disclaimer\nQuick Links\nCompetition Recent Activity Articles Members\nNone of the content posted on Aussie Stock Forums should be considered financial advice. Opinions expressed are those of the respective authors and do not represent the views of Aussie Stock Forums management.\nCommunity platform by XenForo 2010-2024 XenForo Ltd.Ignore/Block Essentials by AddonFlare - Premium XF2 Addons Copyright 2004-2021 Aussie Networks Pty. Ltd. | Design by: Pixel Exit\n| Media embeds via s9e/MediaSites\nHello and welcome to Aussie Stock Forums!\nTo gain full access you must register. Registration is free and takes only a few seconds to complete.\nAlready a member? Log in here.\nThis site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register.\nBy continuing to use this site, you are consenting to our use of cookies.\nAccept\nLearn more...\nTop", "url": "https://www.aussiestockforums.com/threads/cant-go-short-on-saxotradergo.35258/" } ]

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Remember, if the time should come, when you have to make a choice between what is right and what is easy, remember what happened to a boy who was good, and kind, and brave, because he strayed across the path of Lord Voldemort. Remember Cedric Diggory.\"\n Albus Dumbledore's eulogy to Cedric[src]\nCedric Diggory (September/October 1977 24 June 1995) was a British wizard who was the son of Amos Diggory and his unnamed wife. He started attending Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in 1989, and was sorted into the Hufflepuff House. During his time at school, he was a prefect and captained the Hufflepuff Quidditch team, playing as Seeker. In his sixth year Cedric put his name forward to compete in the Triwizard Tournament.\nHe was selected as the Hogwarts Triwizard Champion and, although overshadowed in the press by the entry of Harry Potter, Cedric enjoyed almost overwhelming support from the student body, and after the first two tasks, tied with Harry for first place. Cedric and Harry completed the Third Task together. Both took hold of the Triwizard Cup, which transported them to the Little Hangleton graveyard, where Cedric was murdered by Peter Pettigrew with the Killing Curse, on the orders of Lord Voldemort.\nDuring the following duel between Harry and Voldemort, Cedric's echo reappeared during Priori Incantatem, and helped the echoes of Harry's parents, Bertha Jorkins, and Frank Bryce hold off Voldemort long enough for him to escape. His only request was for Harry to take his body back to his parents, which Harry honoured.\nIn 2020, Diggory's participation in the Triwizard Tournament and subsequent death was the subject of Albus Potter and Scorpius Malfoy's time-travel antics at the request of Amos. They sought to save Cedric and created an alternate timeline where Cedric survived and became part of the Death Eaters, because of the humiliation they caused him when they tried to save his life. Cedric's original and heroic life and death was later restored.\nContents\n1 Biography\n1.1 Early life (19771989)\n1.2 Hogwarts years (19891995)\n1.2.1 First year\n1.2.2 Fifth year\n1.2.3 Sixth year\n1.2.3.1 Triwizard Champion\n1.2.3.2 First Task\n1.2.3.3 Yule Ball and Second Task\n1.2.3.4 Third Task\n1.2.3.5 Death\n1.3 Post-mortem (19952021)\n1.3.1 Assisting Harry Potter\n1.4 Legacy\n1.4.1 Ministry denial and Student inspiration\n1.5 Alternate timelines\n2 Physical description\n3 Personality and traits\n4 Magical abilities and skills\n5 Possessions\n6 Relationships\n6.1 Amos Diggory\n6.2 Cho Chang\n6.3 Harry Potter\n6.4 Pomona Sprout\n7 Etymology\n8 Behind the scenes\n9 Appearances\n10 Notes and references\nQuick Answers\nWhat house was Cedric Diggory sorted into when he started attending Hogwarts?\nCedric Diggory was sorted into Hufflepuff House when he started attending Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in 1989.\nProvided by: Community\nWhat position did Cedric Diggory play on the Hufflepuff Quidditch team?\nCedric Diggory played the position of Seeker on the Hufflepuff Quidditch team. He was also the Captain, leading his team in various matches.\nProvided by: Community\nWho were Cedric Diggory's parents?\nCedric Diggory's father was Amos Diggory, a British wizard who worked for the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures in the British Ministry of Magic. His mother's name is not mentioned.\nProvided by: Community\nHow did Cedric Diggory die?\nCedric Diggory was murdered by Peter Pettigrew on the orders of Lord Voldemort. This happened in Little Hangleton graveyard, where Harry Potter was forced to witness the event. Despite the Ministry of Magic's attempts to label it as an accident, Harry Potter insisted that it was murder.\nProvided by: Community\nBiography\nEarly life (19771989)\nCedric was born in either September or October of 1977, to Amos Diggory and his wife. He grew up near Ottery St Catchpole,[2] a small town located in Devon, England. When he was seven years old, his father enjoyed bragging about him to the family friends, as well as anyone who would listen.[13]\nPrior to beginning his education, Cedric visited Ollivanders in Diagon Alley to purchase his wand; the specimen he selected was made of ash with a unicorn hair core, twelve and a quarter inches in length and described as \"pleasantly springy\" in terms of characteristics.[2]\nHogwarts years (19891995)\n\"I said to him, I said Ced, that'll be something to tell your grandchildren, that will... you beat Harry Potter!\"\n Amos Diggory bragging about Cedric[src]\nFirst year\nCedric Diggory in his early school years\nCedric started attending Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry on 1 September 1989 and was Sorted into Hufflepuff House. Soon after starting Hogwarts, Cedric became a popular student at the school, and people talked about him constantly.[14]\nCedric was known as a fair and kind Hufflepuff, and had started his first year by stopping a Gryffindor from teasing a Ravenclaw; he was popular from the start of his years in the school, as most of Jacob's sibling's friends preferred to spend their time with him rather than helping Jacob's sibling search for Jacob.[14]\nCedric and Penny Haywood witnessing a petrified Madam Pomfrey\nHe was present when Madam Pomfrey was petrified, and later recounted the event to Albus Dumbledore, Severus Snape, Jacob's sibling, and Penny Haywood.[15]\nAfter the Circle of Khanna was founded, Cedric's friend Ben Copper, one of the founders of the group, invited him to join. Cedric spent much of his time in the group training duelling with Ben and Diego Caplan.[12] One time during training, his arm was broken as a result of Ben casting a spell Cedric was not expecting, and he had to be sent to the Hospital Wing. He was soon healed by Chiara Lobosca.[16]\nHe distinguished himself as both an academic and athletic student. At some point, he became Seeker of his house's Quidditch team.[6]\nFifth year\n\"Harry looked wildly around. Cedric Diggory was pelting up the field, and a tiny speck of gold was shimmering in the rain filled air between them...\"\n Cedric Diggory playing Quidditch in his fifth year[src]\nCedric playing as Seeker for the Hufflepuff Quidditch team\nIn 1993, Cedric became a Prefect and Captain of the Hufflepuff Quidditch team. On 7 November, he led his team against Gryffindor in the first match of the school year.[17] Originally, the match should have taken place between Gryffindor and Slytherin, but Draco Malfoy played on the fact that his arm had been injured by the hippogriff Buckbeak to get out of playing in stormy conditions.\nDuring the match, Cedric and Harry Potter contested the Golden Snitch. However, Harry was overcome by the presence of Dementors and fell from his broom. Cedric caught the Snitch, but as soon as he realised what had happened to Harry, he immediately offered to replay the match. Oliver Wood was said to have declined the offer, feeling that Cedric had won the match fair and square.[6]\nWhen Harry got back his Firebolt broomstick, Cedric was among those who congratulated Harry on his ownership of the broomstick.[6]\nSixth year\n\"The Hogwarts Champion, is Cedric Diggory!\"\n Albus Dumbledore announcing Cedric as a the Hogwarts Champion[src]\nIn the summer of 1994, Cedric attended the Quidditch World Cup with his father, travelling to the game with the Weasleys, Harry Potter, and Hermione Granger as he and his father lived close to the Burrow.[2]\nCedric enters the Triwizard Tournament\nCedric started his sixth year in September 1994, the same year that the Triwizard Tournament was reinstated. Being of age, Cedric submitted his name to the Goblet of Fire for the chance to become the Hogwarts Champion. On 31 October, the Goblet chose the champions to represent the three schools; Fleur Delacour for Beauxbatons, Viktor Krum for Durmstrang, and Cedric himself for Hogwarts.\nCedric is selected as a champion by the Goblet of Fire\nCedric joined the other champions in a small room off the Great Hall, and was surprised to learn that after he had left the Hall, the Goblet had produced a fourth name Harry Potter. Harry claimed that he did not cheat and put his name in, and while no-one thought he was telling the truth, Cedric was kind to Harry. Cedric later asked Harry how he managed to cheat, and Harry again told him that he never cheated. Though Harry felt Cedric did not believe him, he remained kind and appeared to be okay with what Harry was telling him.[2]\nTriwizard Champion\nOllivander: \"Ah, now, this is one of mine, isn't it? Yes, I remember it well. Containing a single hair from the tail of a particularly fine male unicorn... must have been seventeen hands; nearly gored me with his horn after I plucked his tail. Twelve and a quarter inches... ash.. pleasantly springy. It's in fine condition.... You treat it regularly?\"\nCedric Diggory: \"Polished it last night.\"\n Cedric having Mr Ollivander examine his wand[src]\nThe champions shortly after they had been chosen to enter the Triwizard Tournament\nIn the weeks that followed his selection, Cedric was supported by the majority of the school, even the Slytherins. Enchanted badges became popular around the school that read Support CEDRIC DIGGORY the REAL Hogwarts Champion!, then changed to read POTTER STINKS. Cedric, however, was not fond of the badges and asked his friends not to wear them.\nAs part of the Tournament, Cedric took part in the Wand weighing ceremony conducted by Garrick Ollivander, who deemed his wand 'pleasantly springy', and posed for photos for the Daily Prophet. However, his entry into the Tournament was completely overlooked by Rita Skeeter's article on the event in favour of Harry, a situation about which his father was most displeased.[2]\nFirst Task\nHarry Potter: \"Cedric, the first task is Dragons.\"\nCedric Diggory: \"What?\"\nHarry Potter: \"Dragons. They've got four, one for each of us, and we've got to get past them.\"\nCedric Diggory: \"Are you sure?\"\nHarry Potter: \"Dead sure. I've seen them.\"\nCedric Diggory: \"But how did you find out? We're not supposed to know...\"\n Harry informing Cedric about the first task[src]\nIn the months before to the First Task, Cedric was informed by Harry that the first task was to get past a dragon. Cedric was the only Champion not to be aware of them, and Harry felt it was only fair to tell him so everyone would be on an even footing.[2]\nDragons, the first task of the tournament\nOn 24 November, the Champions gathered and randomly selected miniature versions of a dragon with a number on them to indicate the order in which they would face them. Cedric drew the Swedish Short-Snout and the number one slot, so entered the arena first to attempt to retrieve the golden egg it was guarding.\nFacing the dragon, Cedric transfigured a rock into a Labrador to distract the creature. While the dragon turned to chase the dog, Cedric went for the Golden egg. Although he retrieved it, the dragon lost interest in the dog, preferring to go after Cedric. The dragon burned Cedric on the side of his face, and he barely managed to get away from it. He was tended to by Madam Pomfrey, who applied an orange paste to his face to heal the wound.[2]\nYule Ball and Second Task\nCedric Diggory: \"Listen... I owe you one for telling me about the dragons. You know that golden egg? Does yours wail when you open it?\"\nHarry Potter: \"Yeah.\"\nCedric Diggory: \"Well... take a bath, okay?\"\nHarry Potter: \"What?\"\nCedric Diggory: \"Take a bath, and er take the egg with you, and er just mull things over in the hot water. It'll help you think.... Trust me. Tell you what, use the prefects' bathroom. Fourth door to the left of that statue of Boris the Bewildered on the fifth floor. Password's 'pine fresh'. Gotta go... want to say good night \"\n Cedric returning Harry's previous favour[src]\nCedric attends the Yule Ball with Cho Chang\nLike all the Champions, Cedric had to work out the clue hidden in the golden egg to prepare for the Second Task. He was aided by Barty Crouch Jnr, disguised as the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor Alastor 'Mad-Eye' Moody, who told him to take it into the bath and listen to it underwater. He took it into the prefects' bathroom on the fifth floor, and opened the egg underwater. He heard the clue, but it took him a while to figure out that it referred to the merpeople in the lake.[2]\nAt Christmas, Cedric was required to attend the Yule Ball, a traditional part of the Triwizard Tournament. He asked Cho Chang (whom he either was already dating or subsequently began to) to attend the ball with him, and she accepted. Towards the end of the ball, Cedric found Harry and told him to take the egg into the bath and 'mull things over in the hot water' as he had done. As repayment for warning him about the dragons, he gave Harry access to the Prefect's Bathroom to work out the clue.[2]\nThe Four Champions\nOn 24 February, the Second Task took place. Having deciphered the clue in the golden egg, Cedric knew he had to breathe underwater for at least an hour and retrieve something that had been stolen from him. He effectively employed the Bubble-Head Charm, and reached the merpeople village shortly after Harry. He found that his something that he would 'sorely miss' was Cho, and rescued her. He warned Harry who was worried about the other 'hostages' to hurry up, then swam to the surface. He arrived one minute outside the hour time limit, and received forty-seven points. After two tasks, he was tied for first place with Harry.[2]\nThird Task\nCedric Diggory: \"You take it. You should win. That's twice you've saved my neck in here.\"\nHarry Potter: \"That's not how it's supposed to work. The one who reaches the cup first gets the points. That's you. I'm telling you, I'm not going to win any races on this leg.\"\nCedric Diggory: \"No.\"\nHarry Potter: \"Stop being noble. Just take it, then we can get out of here.\"\nCedric Diggory: \"You told me about the dragons. I would've gone down in the first task if you hadn't told me what was coming.\"\n Cedric offering Harry Potter victory in the maze[src]\nPrior to the Third Task, Cedric, along with the other Champions, joined Ludo Bagman to view the maze that was being grown on the Hogwarts Quidditch pitch. Along with Harry, Cedric was dismayed to see the Quidditch pitch overgrown, but was assured by Bagman that the pitch would be returned to normal following the conclusion of the Tournament.[2]\nThe third task, the hedge maze\nOn 24 June, Cedric was joined by his parents, who had been invited to watch the Third Task. During the meeting, his father confronted Harry over the coverage he had been receiving in the press at the expense of his son. Cedric tried to calm him down and explain that it was not Harry's fault, then apologised to Harry.[2]\nCedric after just entering the hedge maze\nBecause they were tied for first place, Cedric entered the maze with Harry. They split up, each hoping to be the first to get to the Triwizard Cup placed in the centre of the maze. Soon after, Cedric encountered one of Rubeus Hagrid's now gigantic Blast-Ended Skrewts, and narrowly escaped being burned by it. After the Skrewt, Cedric came across Viktor Krum. Krum who was under the Imperius Curse at the time attacked Cedric with the Cruciatus Curse. He was saved by Harry, who stunned Krum, and reluctantly shot red sparks into the air to mark Krum's position, so that the Durmstrang champion could be retrieved from the maze. Despite being briefly united, he and Harry split apart again to seek the cup.[2]\nCedric and Harry inside the maze after the latter rescued him\nCedric spotted the cup, and sprinted towards it as fast as he could. From his left, an Acromantula burst onto the path and attacked him. His wand was knocked out of his hand, but the timely arrival of Harry distracted it enough for Cedric to recover his own wand. Although the giant spider was too powerful to be brought down by a single spell, Harry and Cedric both stunned it at the same time. Recovering, the two of them found themselves next to the Triwizard Cup.\nHaving been saved by Harry twice in the maze, Cedric urged him to take the Cup. The two argued about who should take it and win the Tournament, each pointing out that they had been helped by the other. Eventually, Harry suggested that they both take it for a Hogwarts victory. Pleased, Cedric helped the injured Harry towards the Cup, and they both took hold of it. Their touch activated the Cup, which had been turned into a Portkey, and the two of them were transported away.[2]\nDeath\n\"From high above his head, he heard a high, cold voice say, 'kill the spare.' A swishing noise and a second voice, which screeched the words to the night: 'Avada Kedavra!' A blast of green light blazed through Harry's eyelids, and he heard something heavy fall to ground beside him. Cedric was lying spread-eagled on the ground beside him. He was dead.\"\n Harry witnessing Peter Pettigrew murdering Cedric[src]\nCedric's murder at the hands of Peter Pettigrew and Lord Voldemort\nThe Portkey deposited both Cedric and Harry in an unknown graveyard. Confused, Cedric recommended proceeding with wands out until they knew what was going on. Soon after their arrival, Peter Pettigrew emerged from the darkness carrying the small form of Lord Voldemort. At this point Harry's scar hurt with intense pain, upon him being in close proximity to Voldemort. Voldemort ordered Pettigrew to 'Kill the spare', and he used Voldemort's own wand to murder Cedric with the Killing Curse. Harry heard Cedric's body hit the ground.[2]\nPost-mortem (19952021)\nAssisting Harry Potter\nAlthough dead, Cedric still had a role to play in the night's events. After Voldemort was reborn, he and Harry engaged in a duel, during which their wands which shared a wand core from the same phoenix connected, creating the effect known as Priori Incantatem, the backward spell effect. Voldemort's wand began regurgitating the last spells it had cast in reverse.\nCedric's echo asks Harry to take his body back to his parents\nCedric's shadow emerged from Voldemort's wand, along with the shadows of Frank Bryce, Bertha Jorkins, and James and Lily Potter. Cedric's 'echo' asked Harry to take his body back to his parents while he helped the others. Harry agreed, and when he broke the wand connection, the shadows advanced on Voldemort, shielding Harry. Harry used the opportunity to take hold of Cedric's body, then summon the Cup to himself and transport them both back to Hogwarts.[2]\nLegacy\n\"The Ministry of Magic, does not wish me to tell you this. It is possible that some of your parents will be horrified that I have done so either because they will not believe that Lord Voldemort has returned, or because they think I should not tell you so, young as you are. It is my belief, however, that the truth is generally preferable to lies, and that any attempt to pretend that Cedric died as the result of an accident, or some sort of blunder of his own, is an insult to his memory.\"\n Albus Dumbledore speaking highly of the late Cedric Diggory[src]\nHarry weeping over Cedric's dead body after transporting them back to Hogwarts\nCedric's body was returned to the grounds, and Harry clung to it, refusing to let it go until Albus Dumbledore pulled him away. The crowd that had gathered for the Third Task erupted into screams when they realised what had happened.\nCedric's parents were grief-stricken by the fate that had befallen their son (although his mother attempted to console herself by reflecting that Cedric had not suffered in death, and that he had died after winning the Tournament, believing that the victory would have made him happy).[2]\nMinistry denial and Student inspiration\nMain article: Memorial feast to Cedric Diggory\nHarry Potter: \"So, according to you, Cedric Diggory dropped dead of his own accord, did he?\"\nDolores Umbridge: \"Cedric Diggory's death was a tragic accident.\"\nHarry Potter: \"It was murder. Voldemort killed him, and you know it.\"\n Harry arguing with Dolores Umbridge over Cedric's death[src]\nGreat Hall mourning Cedric's death\nCedric's death was widely felt throughout the school, and on 26 June the Leaving Feast was turned into a memorial for him, with black banners replacing the house colours. Dumbledore delivered a tribute to Cedric, and relayed the events that had led to his death to the student body, telling them, against the explicit wishes of the Ministry of Magic, that the young Hufflepuff had been murdered by Lord Voldemort himself.[2]\nThe Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge refused to accept Harry Potter's claims that Lord Voldemort had returned, and tried to hush up Cedric's death, claiming that it was a freak accident during the Tournament that killed him. He also slandered Harry Potter as a liar and questioned Albus Dumbledore's sanity.[18]\nIn death, Cedric proved to be an inspiration to many students at Hogwarts. His death was heartfelt and was tragic enough to cause even those who disliked Harry to believe his claims of Voldemort's return. During the school year after Cedric's death, Hogwarts was under the watchful eyes of the British Ministry of Magic with Dolores Umbridge, a high-ranking Ministry official being employed as Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. She constantly told students that Harry lied about Cedric's death and refused to teach any practical magic.[18]\nCedric's photo, along with the original Order of the Phoenix's, was stuck on the D.A.'s mirror as something to look at for inspiration\nThis started a rebellion amongst the students, and they formed Dumbledore's Army, an alliance against Umbridge that taught students how to prepare themselves for the day that Lord Voldemort announced his return. During the D.A's meetings, Cedric was a key point of interest, with students wanting accounts of how he died, and his former girlfriend, Cho, seeking comfort from Harry, by asking whether Cedric would have survived if he had known what they were being taught.\nHarry in turn, assured her that Cedric had known what he (Harry) was teaching the other students, but Cedric was simply unable to match Voldemort's experience and evil, and that Harry himself had made it back through good luck, rather than greater talent.[19] Later on that year, only when incontrovertible proof of the Dark Lord's return was presented, did Fudge believe Voldemort had indeed returned and that Cedric was actually murdered.[18]\nCedric was thereafter remembered as someone who had not strayed across the dark path and whom had stood up to Voldemort. Harry continued to honour him by keeping a badge that read \"Support Cedric Diggory\".[20]\nAlternate timelines\nBy 2020, Cedric's father, Amos, was still greatly grieving for his son's death. When he found out that Harry Potter had retrieved a Time-Turner, he begged Harry to use it to save Cedric. Harry stated that it was dangerous to meddle with time, but his own son, Albus Potter, secretly agreed to it along with his friend, Scorpius Malfoy. Although they managed to create alternate realities (including one where Cedric lived), it changed time too much and they had to restore the original timeline.\nIndeed, the one timeline where Albus and Scorpius succeeded their goal of saving Cedric actually humiliated him in public, causing him to join the Death Eaters in bitter hatred for society; he ended up killing Neville Longbottom, thus preventing Nagini's death, which in turn prevented Voldemort from being killed, and Harry was killed in turn, thus leading to an age of darkness where Voldemort ruled. Albus and Scorpius prevented an attempt at changing time a third time by Delphi during the third task with the help of Cedric himself who rescued the two from the Dark witch, thinking that it was part of the task.\nIn 2021, Harry visited Cedric Diggory's grave, which was placed on a beautiful hill. He shared this experience with his son, Albus Potter, explaining that he came to say sorry for a life that was stolen and that he visits every year on the anniversary of Cedric's death. He tells Albus that Cedric was a great wizard and that he did not deserve his fate.[21]\nPhysical description\nAngelina Johnson: \"He's that tall, good-looking one, isn't he?\"\nKatie Bell: \"Strong and silent.\"\n A discussion regarding Cedric's physical appearance[src]\nCedric in his sixth year\nCedric was a tall and extremely handsome young man with chiselled features, dark hair, and bright grey eyes. Although he was a Seeker (a position usually taken by small and light players), he was well-built and burly.[6]\nBecause of his handsomeness, Cedric caught attention from numerous girls - Angelina Johnson commented that he was 'tall and good-looking', while Katie Bell agreed that he was 'strong and silent'. Even Pansy Parkinson, who usually had something negative to say about everyone's appearance, acknowledged his good looks. The fact that Fleur Delacour tried to use her Veela allure on him to charm him into becoming her date for the Yule Ball was further proof of how attractive he was.\nPersonality and traits\nAmos Diggory: \"Ced's talked about you, of course. Told us all about playing against you last year.... I said to him, I said Ced, that'll be something to tell your grandchildren, that will.... You beat Harry Potter!\"\nCedric Diggory: \"Harry fell off his broom, Dad. I told you... it was an accident....\"\nAmos Diggory: \"Yes, but you didn't fall off, did you? Always modest, our Ced, always the gentleman... but the best man won, I'm sure Harry'd say the same, wouldn't you, eh? One falls off his broom, one stays on, you don't need to be a genius to tell which one's the better flier!\"\n Cedric's modesty regarding his achievements[src]\nCedric laughing at Draco Malfoy's expense\nCedric was said to be an embodiment of the qualities of Hufflepuff House. He had a sense of fair play: during the 1993 Gryffindor/Hufflepuff match, despite his capture of the Golden Snitch (which ensured his team's victory), Cedric immediately offered to replay the match once he found out that his opponent, Harry Potter, had fallen from his broom due to the influence of the Dementors.[6]\nLater on, he provided Harry with information as to how to decipher the golden egg clue for the Second Task. After Harry saved him in the maze, Cedric realised that Harry was the one who truly deserved to take the Triwizard Cup, and had no qualms with openly acknowledging it, which actually resulted in an argument of sorts between them. This sense of fair play and his ability to accept there were those who were better than him is a definite testament to his nobility and his grace.\nHe also appeared to possess a strength of character that was not unlike Harry's. This came into play when Fleur's turning the force of her Veela charm on him while asking him to be her date for the Yule Ball. He refused, for he already had a date. Hence, it could be said that Cedric was a man of his word with remarkable inner strength, especially given how he was able to successfully resist the allure of Veela charm (which could be overwhelming) and keep his previously made promise.\nBesides all this, Cedric was genuinely modest, telling his father that his victory in the Gryffindor/Hufflepuff Quidditch match had not been a truly fair one. All the female Gryffindor Chasers described him as being 'strong and silent', suggesting that he was sensible enough to speak only when it was absolutely necessary. He was also courteously polite to foreigners: though he supported Ireland during the 1994 Quidditch World Cup final, he was still civil to Viktor Krum (who was from Bulgaria). The fact that his spirit's last request to Harry had only been to take his body back to his parents also proved that he loved his parents dearly.\nWhile this side of him was never seen in the original timeline, he appeared to have a sense of honour and importance for his title at the school. This was proven by the fact that in one of the alternate timelines, in which he was humiliated during the Triwizard Tournament, this feeling of embarrassment eventually led him to join the Death Eaters. This means that if his pride or status had ever been shot down enough, this feeling of anger would have turned him over to the Death Eaters. Furthermore, this descent into darkness led him to become ruthless, as he murdered Neville Longbottom in his services of Lord Voldemort.\nMagical abilities and skills\n\"Cedric Diggory, who also used the Bubble-Head Charm, was first to return with his hostage, though he returned one minute outside the time limit of an hour. We therefore award him forty-seven points.\"\n Ludovic Bagman praising Cedric's impressive use of the Bubble-Head Charm[src]\nGiven Cedric's relatively smooth and successful participation in the Triwizard Tournament, he was a skilful and competent wizard in his own right.[2] He was also an accomplished Quidditch player.[6]\nFlying: As the Captain and Seeker of the Hufflepuff Quidditch team, Cedric was a skilful and accomplished flyer and Quidditch player, especially since the position of Seeker was generally considered to be the hardest position to play. In particular, he was noted to have a very fast swerve.[6] He even defeated Harry Potter once in a match, although this had been due to the presence of Dementors causing Harry to fall off his broom,[6] but many still considered it an impressive display of his flying abilities.[2]\n\"You were the best, you know, no competition. Cedric did this weird thing where he Transfigured a rock on the ground... turned it into a dog... he was trying to make the dragon go for the dog instead of him. Well, it was a pretty cool bit of Transfiguration...\"\n Ron Weasley regarding Cedric's talent for transfiguration[src]\nTransfiguration: Cedric was shown to be proficient in Transfiguration, given how he transformed a rock into a dog during the first task of the Tournament, and took the subject at N.E.W.T.-level, meaning he must have achieved either an 'Exceeds Expectations' or 'Outstanding' at O.W.L..[2]\nCedric rescuing Cho Chang in the Great Lake using a Bubble-Head Charm\nCharms: Cedric was shown to be proficient in charm-work, using a successful Bubble-Head Charm during the second task of the Tournament, and took the subject at N.E.W.T.-level, meaning he must have achieved either an 'Exceeds Expectations' or 'Outstanding' at O.W.L. level. He also used the Wand-Lighting Charm to illuminate his dark surroundings whilst navigating the maze of the Third Task, along with casting the Red Sparks to alert the defeat of Viktor Krum.[2] He was talented in the casting of defensive charms,[19] as demonstrated with the Disarming Charm and Stunning Spell;[2] he used the latter to stun an Acromantula, a highly dangerous beast, in the maze during the Third Task with Harry Potter's help.[2]\nIndomitable willpower: Cedric was shown to possess an exceptionally strong willpower that could potentially rival that of Harry's. For instance, he was able to successfully resist Fleur's Veela charm and honour his previous arrangement with Cho. This was no easy feat, as Veela charm could be particularly powerful and Fleur seemed to be turning on the full force of it upon him.[2]\nPossessions\nCedric's wand\nWand: Cedric owned a wand, which 12 inches long, made of Ash wood with a Unicorn hair core. It was manufactured by the Wandmaker Garrick Ollivander and purchased from his wand shop Ollivanders in Diagon Alley, prior to 1988. It was described as being 'pleasantly springy' by Ollivander during the Wand weighing ceremony in 1994.\nDress robes: He owned formal black Dress robes that he wore to the Yule Ball with his date Cho Chang.\nPrefect badge: Having been made a Prefect in his fifth year at Hogwarts, Cedric owned a Hufflepuff Prefect badge, which he would have worn during his formal Prefect duties.\nA Guide to Advanced Transfiguration: Being a N.E.W.T. level student of Transfiguration class, Cedric owned a copy of this advanced textbook which he kept in his school bag among his other books.\nBroomstick: Being a successful and accomplished Quidditch of the Hufflepuff Quidditch team, Cedric would have owned his own broomstick which he would have flown with.\nRelationships\nAmos Diggory\n\"A memorial? I am not interested in a memorial not anymore. I am an old man an old dying man and I am here to ask you beg you to help me get him back.\"\n An elderly Amos Diggory expressing his desire to see Cedric again to Harry Potter[src]\nAmos Diggory, his father\nAmos Diggory was immensely proud of his son and his achievements, especially when he beat Harry Potter during a Quidditch match in 1993, dismissing Cedric's insistence that Harry had fallen off his broom because of Dementors just before Cedric caught the Snitch. During the Triwizard Tournament, Amos was outraged that the Daily Prophet completely overlooked the fact that Cedric was also a Hogwarts champion in favour of Harry Potter, and made no mention of him at all. Despite his son trying to point out that it wasn't Harry's fault, Amos countered by remarking that Harry hadn't done anything to correct them.[2]\nAfter Cedric's death, Amos was overcome with grief. Along with his wife, he visited Harry in the hospital wing, and thanked him for bringing his son's body back, and assured Harry that he wasn't to blame for his son's death.[2]\nCho Chang\n\"Well, obviously, she's feeling very sad, because of Cedric dying. Then I expect she's feeling confused because she liked Cedric and now she likes Harry, and she can't work out who she likes best. Then she'll be feeling guilty, thinking it's an insult to Cedric's memory to be kissing Harry at all, and she'll be worrying about what everyone else might say about her if she starts going out with Harry. And she probably can't work out what her feelings toward Harry are anyway, because he was the one who was with Cedric when Cedric died, so that's all very mixed up and painful.\"\n Hermione Granger talking about Cho's sadness over Cedric's death[src]\nCho Chang, his Yule Ball date and girlfriend\nCho Chang began dating Cedric as late as when he asked her to be his partner for the Yule Ball, and they, along with the other Champions and partners, opened the dancing at the Ball. During the Second Task, Cho was the 'something' that Cedric would \"sorely miss\", and was placed into a bewitched sleep. Taken beneath the waves of the lake to the Merpeople's village, Cedric rescued her. During the awarding of points for the Task, she gave him a glowing look. Cedric and Cho also went on a date at Madam Puddifoot's Tea Shop during the year.[2]\nHarry Potter: \"Who are you going with?\"\nCho Chang: \"Oh, Cedric. Cedric Diggory.\"\n Cho Chang telling Harry Potter that she is going to the Yule Ball with Cedric[src]\nCedric's death hit her hard, and she cried a lot over him.[2] In the following year, she grew closer to Harry, and was confused by her feelings for him, and felt guilty over them. However, their relationship was not to last, as she soon began using their relationship to talk about Cedric and try to get some closure over his death, which ultimately failed as Harry disliked talking about it, and refused to, leading Cho to cry.[18]\nHarry Potter\nCedric Diggory: \"So. We're playing against each other again!\"\nHarry Potter: \"I s'pose.\"\nCedric Diggory: \"So... tell me... How did you get your name in?\"\nHarry Potter: \"I didn't. I didn't put it in. I was telling the truth.\"\nCedric Diggory: \"Ah... okay. Well... see you, then.\"\n Cedric being friendly towards Harry Potter[src]\nHarry Potter, his friend and fellow champion\nCedric and Harry had a relationship of mutual respect and friendliness, though they were not too close. In 1993, when Gryffindor and Hufflepuff played against each other in Quidditch, Cedric offered to replay the match after Harry was incapacitated by Dementors, though the Gryffindors refused, believing that Cedric caught the Golden Snitch fair and square.[6] The following year, when Harry was selected as Hogwarts' champion along with Cedric, Harry felt Cedric was sceptical of Harry's claims that he was not to blame, but he still disapproved of students wearing Support Cedric Diggory/Potter Stinks badges and discouraged it.\nThey assisted each other multiple times during the Tournament out of good sportsmanship, agreeing in the end that they were equally winners. Both of them touching the Triwizard Cup led to Cedric's murder, an event which haunted Harry for years. During Harry's duel with Voldemort, his spirit appeared to assist Harry when the two wands connected. He asked Harry to bring his body back to his parents. When the connection was broken, he and the other spirits that appeared distracted Voldemort to buy Harry enough time to escape to safety with his body.\n\"Harry... take my body back, will you? Take my body back to my parents....\"\n Cedric's echo to Harry Potter[src]\nHarry risked his own life to fulfil Cedric's request and retrieve his remains. He nearly died as the Portkey was too far away to reach, forcing him to use a Summoning Charm. Harry would later use the death of Cedric (along with the deaths of his mother and father) as added motivation when fighting Lord Voldemort.[2] Cedric's death allowed Harry to see thestrals at the beginning of his fifth year. Harry avenged Cedric when he killed Voldemort at the end of the Battle of Hogwarts.\nPomona Sprout\nPomona Sprout, his Head of House and Professor\n\"They are with Professor Sprout. She was Head of Cedric's house, and knew him best.\"\n Albus Dumbledore in 1995, after Cedric Diggory's death[src]\nBecause Cedric Diggory was a Hufflepuff student, Pomona Sprout respected him. When Harry Potter became the second Hogwarts champion in 1994, he felt that she had become distant with him as she was partial to Cedric because he was in Hufflepuff.[2] When Cedric Diggory was killed, she spoke to his parents, as she knew him very well.[2]\nEtymology\nThe name Cedric was unintentionally created by Sir Walter Scott in his Ivanhoe character Cedric the Saxon when he misspelt the name Cerdic. Cerdic was a sixth-century Saxon leader and the first king of Wessex.\nIt is commonly believed that J. K. Rowling borrowed Cedric's last name from Digory Kirke in C.S. Lewis's Narnia series, as he is said to be one of her favourite authors.\nBehind the scenes\nCedric as he appears on Pottermore\nCedric as he appears on Pottermore\nCedric Diggory as a LEGO mini-figure\nCedric Diggory as a LEGO mini-figure\nCedric was portrayed by Robert Pattinson in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Joe Livermore portrayed Cedric in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.\nTom Milligan portrays Cedric in the original West End Palace Theatre production of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child.[22]\nCedric's death is the first death Harry witnesses in the book series. Harry was in his cot when his mother died, but he would not remember this due to his age at the time, and he passed out before he sees Quirrell die. Yet, Harry is unable to see the Thestrals until Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, because the reality of Cedric's death has not fully sunk in. Technically, however, Harry did not witness the event at all in the books, as he was described to have his eyes closed with agony during Cedric's actual death.\nIn the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Cedric, the Hufflepuff Seeker is struck by lightning during the Gryffindor-Hufflepuff match just as he is about to catch the Snitch, causing him to fall back. The player is not named in the film's dialogue, but 'Diggory' is embroidered above the Hufflepuff logo on his Quidditch robes, and the costume is identified as 'Cedric Diggory's Quidditch robes' in Harry Potter: The Exhibition.[23] However, it may have not been intended to be Cedric at the time, since in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Harry, along with Fred and George Weasley, do not show signs of knowing Cedric previously, as the film implies that they are first introduced to him on the way to the Quidditch World Cup; while in the novel they only knew him from the aforementioned Quidditch match against Hufflepuff in the previous school year.\nWhen Harry is cleaning out his school trunk in 1997, he finds a 'Support Cedric Diggory!' badge in there. Considering the badges were only created by Draco Malfoy to get a rise out of Harry in 1994, it seems out of place that Harry has it, although he may have it by accident, or out of respect for Cedric. He could also have kept one as a memento from the Tournament.\nCedric once borrowed Quidditch Through the Ages from the Hogwarts Library, and was due to return the book on 3 July.\nAlthough Harry and Dumbledore say it was Voldemort who killed Cedric, it was actually Peter Pettigrew, under Voldemort's orders, who killed him. It could be that they meant that Voldemort ordered Pettigrew to kill Cedric, which makes him equally responsible. It also should be noted that the wand Peter used to kill Cedric with was Voldemort's. In addition, they were likely simplifying the facts to address the relatively greater issue of Voldemort's return, and not to waste time explaining Pettigrew's defection and faking his own death.\nIn LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4, Cedric is not killed right away like in the novel and film. He is stuck to the statue with Harry, and participates in the ensuing battle. Rather, he is killed when Voldemort shoots a Killing Curse just as they grab the cup, which strikes Cedric and kills him. Despite Cedric's death in the graveyard, his father gets instructions on how to rebuild him from Dumbledore. However, in the sequel, it is implied that Cedric is still dead, most likely to avoid creating a plot hole surrounding the aftermath of his death and the Ministry's denial of Voldemort's return.\nRobert Pattinson has openly stated that he would rather want to play Cedric Diggory than playing Edward Cullen from the Twilight series.\nDespite being dead at the time, Cedric Diggory is an opponent in the Duelling Club minigame in the Nintendo DS version of LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7.\nMan of Steel star Henry Cavill auditioned to play Cedric, but lost out to Robert Pattinson. He later lost out to Pattinson on playing Edward Cullen in Twilight, despite being author Stephanie Meyer's first choice for the role.[24]\nHufflepuff is a house that is said to have produced the fewest Dark wizards. In an alternative timeline Cedric joined the Death Eaters and murdered Neville Longbottom. It's possible that due to the unique circumstances of Cedric's humiliation during the Triwizard Tournament and the overwhelming presence of the Death Eaters within the British Wizarding community created a situation where Cedric was easily influenced by the Dark Arts and the benefits that joining Lord Voldemort's elite could bring.\nCedric is voiced by Dominic Leeder in Harry Potter: Magic Awakened.[25]\nAppearances\nThe Harry Potter Wiki has 213 images related to Cedric Diggory.\nHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (First appearance)\nHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)\nHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (video game) (Mentioned only)\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game)\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Mentioned only) (Appears in vision(s))\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) (Appears in flashback(s)) (Appears in photographs)\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game) (Appears in photographs)\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Mentioned only)\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Mentioned only)\nHarry Potter and the Cursed Child\nHarry Potter and the Cursed Child (play)\nQuidditch Through the Ages (Mentioned only)\nPottermore\nWizarding World\nLEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4\nLEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7 (Appears in flashback(s))\nLEGO Harry Potter\nHarry Potter for Kinect\nHarry Potter: Quidditch World Cup\nHarry Potter: The Character Vault\nHarry Potter: The Creature Vault (Mentioned only)\nHarry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery\nHarry Potter: Wizards Unite\nHarry Potter: Magic Awakened (Mentioned in History of Magic classes)\nThe Harry Potter Wizarding Almanac\nNotes and references\n Cedric is described as a fifth year in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, which means he was in his sixth year at Hogwarts during the 19941995 school year and had to have started in the 19891990 school year. As students have to be 11 when they start, Cedric had to be born after 1 September 1977 but before 31 October 1977, as Cedric had to be 17 to put his name in the Goblet of Fire.\n 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Chapter 24 (Rita Skeeter's Scoop), Hagrid tells Harry that he hopes he wins the Triwizard Tournament as 'It'd show 'em all ... yeh don' have ter be pureblood ter do it.' implying that Cedric is a pure-blood. Since Cedric's parents were both wizards, he could not have been a Muggle-born anyway.\n \"World Exclusive Interview with J K Rowling,\" South West News Service, 8 July 2000 - \"Hogwarts just serves Britain and Ireland.\"\n 5.0 5.1 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Chapter 6 (The Portkey)\n 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\n Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Chapter 15 (Beauxbatons and Durmstrang)\n 8.0 8.1 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Chapter 18 (The Weighing of the Wands) - 'Exceptionally handsome, with his straight nose, dark hair, and grey eyes, it was hard to say who was receiving more admiration these days, Cedric or Viktor Krum.'\n Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Chapter 20 (The First Task) - 'Cedric stared at him. Harry saw some of the panic he'd been feeling since Saturday night flickering in Cedric's grey eyes.'\n LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4\n Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery, Year 5, \"THE TOURNAMENT OF CLUBS\" Achievement\n 12.0 12.1 Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery, Year 6, Chapter 20 (A Circle of Friends)\n Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery, Year 1, \"Party Planner\" Achievement\n 14.0 14.1 Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery, Year 6, Chapter 6 (On Jacob's Trail)\n Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery, Year 6, Chapter 14 (A New Friend of a Friend)\n Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery, Year 6, Chapter 21 (Moving Forward)\n Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Chapter 9 (Grim Defeat) - 'They've got a new Captain and Seeker, Cedric Diggory'\n 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n 19.0 19.1 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)\n Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Chapter 2 (In Memoriam)\n Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, Act Four, Scene Fifteen\n Tom Milligan on the official Harry Potter and the Cursed Child website\n Harry Potter: The Exhibition photo on SnitchSeeker.com\n 'Henry Cavill Reveals the Roles He Didn't Get'\n Dominic Leeder on Instagram: \"Had the absolute joy playing Cedric Diggory in #harrypottermagicawakened\"\nPreceded by:Unknown\nCaptain of the Hufflepuff Quidditch team?1994\nSucceeded by:Zacharias Smith\nPreceded by:Unknown\nSeeker of the Hufflepuff Quidditch team?1994\nSucceeded by:Summerby\nHogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry\nHead Boys and Girls\nDinah Hecat Albus Dumbledore Minerva McGonagall Tom Riddle Peregrine James Potter Lily Evans Unidentified Head Boy Unidentified Head Girl William Weasley Jacob's sibling Corey Hayden Percy Weasley Edward Lupin\nPrefects\nAlbus Dumbledore Minerva McGonagall Tom Riddle Lucius Malfoy Remus Lupin Hannah Abbott Penelope Clearwater Angelica Cole Chester Davies Felix Rosier Jane Court William Weasley Charles Weasley Cedric Diggory Gemma Farley Jake Flinton Anthony Goldstein Hermione Granger Nicolas Grimmett Robert Hawking Robert Hilliard Ernie Macmillan Draco Malfoy Cyril Meakin Eric Murley Annalena Murk Pansy Parkinson Padma Patil Damian Perriss Edmund Spiers Jonathan Spratt Kevin Sterndale Terry Strickland Marcus Turner Gabriel Truman Percy Weasley Ron Weasley Ryan Westrup Mervyn Wynch Unidentified Gryffindor Prefect (I) Unidentified Gryffindor Prefect (II) Unidentified Ravenclaw Prefect (I) Unidentified Ravenclaw Prefect (II) Unidentified Slytherin Prefect (I) Unidentified Slytherin Prefect (II) Unidentified Slytherin Prefect (III)\nQuidditch positions at Hogwarts\nCaptains\nFilemina Alchin Astrix Alixan Orion Amari Angelina Appleby Oona Ballington Concepta Battista Hugh Biggs Vicky Bishopper Richard Carter Angelica Cole Stuart Craggy Winky Crockett Dan Darker Roger Davies Cedric Diggory Marcus Flint Hamish Frater Stephen Gould David Hamblin Robin Higgy Natalie Holkham Jody Jacknife Angelina Johnson Jo King Kris Kolumbiko Jess Lafington Neil Lament Steve Laughalot Russell Lucky David Makehay Graham Montague Mark Overcliff Erika Rath Andrew Snowy Owl Harry Potter Katie Rayknolls Imelda Reyes Isobel Ross Ashley Sanders Mark Sommertime Lucinda Talkalot Urquhart Emma Vanity Charles Weasley Rufus Winickus Oliver Wood Jacob's sibling Unidentified Quidditch Captain (I) Unidentified Quidditch Captain (II)\nKeepers\nKevin Bletchley Miles Bletchley Brennan Doyle Andre Egwu Herbert Fleet Geoffrey Hooper Cormac McLaggen Grant Page Ronald Weasley Oliver Wood Jacob's sibling Unidentified Gryffindor Keeper Unidentified Slytherin Keeper Unidentified Keeper (I) Unidentified Keeper (II) Unidentified Keeper (III)\nChasers\nOrion Amari Tamsin Applebee Katie Bell Bradley Randolph Burrow Cadwallader Chambers Roger Davies Eekins Marcus Flint Rose Granger-Weasley Jarrett Angelina Johnson Heidi Macavoy Graham Montague Ethan Parkin Skye Parkin James Potter Malcolm Preece Adrian Pucey Imelda Reyes Imelda Reyes's father Demelza Robins Zacharias Smith Alicia Spinnet Jeremy Stretton Dean Thomas Urquhart Vaisey Cassius Warrington Ginevra Weasley Blaise Zabini Jacob's sibling Unidentified Chaser (I) Unidentified Chaser (II) Unidentified fourth-year Chaser Unidentified Gryffindor Chaser (I) Unidentified Gryffindor Chaser (II) Unidentified Gryffindor Chaser (III) Unidentified Gryffindor Chaser (IV) Erika Rath's friend (I) Erika Rath's friend (II) Unidentified Quidditch Captain (I)\nBeaters\nBean Lucian Bole Ritchie Coote Vincent Crabbe Peregrine Derrick Dobbin Gregory Goyle Duncan Inglebee Andrew Kirke Michael McManus Maxine O'Flaherty Jimmy Peakes Erika Rath Anthony Rickett Jason Samuels Jack Sloper Fred Weasley George Weasley Baglan Wellnelly Jacob's sibling Unidentified Beater Unidentified Gryffindor Beater Unidentified Gryffindor Beater (II) Unidentified Slytherin Beater (I) Unidentified Slytherin Beater (II) Unidentified Quidditch Captain (II)\nSeekers\nRegulus Black Cho Chang Cedric Diggory Andre Egwu Harper Terence Higgs Gilderoy Lockhart Draco Malfoy Harry Potter Sirona Ryan Summerby Charles Weasley Ginevra Weasley Willa Weholt Gruffyd Wellnelly Jacob's sibling Unidentified Gryffindor Seeker Unidentified Hufflepuff Seeker Unidentified Ravenclaw Seeker Unidentified Ravenclaw Seeker's substitute Unidentified Seeker (I) Unidentified Seeker (II)\nUnknown positions\nVicky Bishopper Stuart Craggy Winky Crockett Dan Darker Robin Higgy Jody Jacknife Jo King R. 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Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nHarry Potter\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Harry Potter Wiki\n1\nTom Riddle\n2\nHarry Potter\n3\nList of spells\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nHarry Potter Wiki is a FANDOM Movies Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://harrypotter.fandom.com/wiki/Cedric_Diggory" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Cedric Diggory - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Fictional character biography\nToggle Fictional character biography subsection\n1.1Prisoner of Azkaban\n1.2Goblet of Fire\n2Appearances in other material\n3Production\n4Reception\n5References\nToggle the table of contents\nCedric Diggory\n37 languages\nBosanskiCataletinaDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEuskaraFranaisHrvatskiBahasa IndonesiaItalianoLietuviBahasa MelayuNederlandsNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskPolskiRomnSloveninaSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTrkeTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadView sourceView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadView sourceView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nFictional character from Harry Potter\nFictional character\nCedric DiggoryHarry Potter characterRobert Pattinson as Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter and the Goblet of FireFirst appearanceHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)Last appearanceHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000)Created byJ. K. RowlingPortrayed byRobert Pattinson (Goblet of Fire)Joe Livermore (Prisoner of Azkaban)Blake Ritson (voice) (Goblet of Fire video game)In-universe informationFamilyAmos Diggory (father)Significant otherCho Chang (girlfriend)HouseHufflepuffBorn1977Died24 June 1995\nCedric Diggory is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. He is one of the main characters in the fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, as he represents Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in the Triwizard Tournament, alongside Harry Potter. Cedric is murdered by Peter Pettigrew on Lord Voldemort's orders during Voldemort's resurrection in Little Hangleton.[1]\nCedric's death becomes a point of trauma and guilt for Harry and continues to haunt him, which leads him to form Dumbledore's Army as a way to help teach his fellow students to protect themselves in battle. His death is also a focal point of the stage play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child.\nCedric was portrayed by Robert Pattinson in the film adaptation of Goblet of Fire and was briefly portrayed by Joe Livermore in Prisoner of Azkaban.[2] His voice is acted by Blake Ritson in the Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire video game.[3]\nFictional character biography\nCedric Diggory first begins attending Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in 1989 and is sorted into Hufflepuff. It is presumed that Cedric was familiar with Fred and George Weasley as they were in the same year level. Cedric is also close with Cho Chang and the two are romantically involved. Eventually Cedric becomes a popular student and is elected as Seeker for the Hufflepuff Quidditch team, with him then becoming the team captain and a prefect in the same year.\nPrisoner of Azkaban\nCedric first faces Harry Potter during the Quidditch tournament in Prisoner of Azkaban, and ends up catching the Golden Snitch after Harry faints in the presence of Dementors. Cedric offers to replay the match but the offer is declined by Gryffindor captain Oliver Wood, who feels that Diggory had won the game.\nGoblet of Fire\nThe next year, Cedric and his father, Amos, attend the Quidditch World Cup alongside Harry, Hermione Granger and the Weasley family. Upon arriving at Hogwarts for his sixth year, Cedric puts his name forth in the Goblet of Fire and is selected as the Hogwarts champion alongside Fleur Delacour from Beauxbatons and Victor Krum from Durmstrang. Despite all three champions being chosen, the Goblet of Fire nominates Harry to become the fourth Triwizard Champion. Cedric remains kind to Harry whilst everyone else assumes Harry is lying when he asserts that he did not put his name in the Goblet of Fire.\nDespite having two champions from the school, the majority of Hogwarts students support Cedric, with students even creating enchanted badges that say \"Support Cedric Diggory, the Real Hogwarts Champion\". Cedric is opposed to the badges and tries to get his classmates not to wear them. In the first task, Harry gives Cedric a hand by informing him in advance that the task involves dragons. Cedric's dragon is a Swedish Short-Snout, from which he has to retrieve the Golden Egg it is guarding. Cedric achieves this by transfiguring a rock into a Labrador to distract the dragon whilst he retrieves the egg. The dragon is distracted by Cedric, but burns half of his face. After completing the task, Cedric is informed by Barty Crouch, Jr. (disguised as Alastor Moody via Polyjuice Potion) to place the egg underwater and listen to it.[citation needed] Cedric takes the egg to the Prefect's bathroom and figures out that the second task will involve the merpeople.\nAt the Yule Ball, Cedric attends with Ravenclaw's Seeker, Cho Chang, as his date. Towards the end of the night, Cedric informs Harry about placing the egg underwater as repayment for Harry warning him about the First Task. Knowing he will have to breathe underwater for one hour during the Second Task, Cedric applies the Bubble-Head Charm and retrieves Cho, his hostage, from the Black Lake. He quickly warns Harry about the time limit before finishing, as Harry is worried about Fleur's hostage as she has been eliminated. After both tasks are completed, Cedric and Harry are tied for first place in the Tournament standings.\nCedric's father travels to Hogwarts to be with his son for the third and final task in the tournament. Amos is displeased with Harry due to the media storm that has been covering him during the tournament, for which Cedric apologises for and defends Harry. Due to being tied at first place, Cedric and Harry enter the maze together, but eventually split up. After escaping a Blast-Ended Skrewt, Cedric is attacked by a bewitched Viktor Krum, who tries to use the Cruciatus Curse on Cedric per the direction of Crouch Jr., before being rescued by Harry before splitting up again. Cedric spots the Triwizard Cup and races towards it before being attacked by an acromantula. Harry and Cedric reunite again and defeat the Acromantula together, finding themselves at the Triwizard Cup. Cedric urges Harry to take the Cup as a favour for saving his life twice that evening; after realising that they've both helped each other, they agree to both take the Cup. The Cup turns out to have been enchanted by Crouch Jr. to act as a Portkey, which takes them to a graveyard in Little Hangleton.\nUpon their arrival in the graveyard, Cedric draws his wand, suspicious about their surroundings. Moments later, Peter Pettigrew emerges carrying a small being, which turns out to be Lord Voldemort. While Harry is suffering through searing pain through his scar due to the Horcrux in his body responding to Voldemort's presence, Voldemort orders Pettigrew to \"kill the spare\", prompting Pettigrew to use the Killing Curse on Cedric. During Harry's subsequent duel with Voldemort, their wands connect, and Cedric's ghost emerges from the wand along with the ghosts of Harry's parents. Before distracting Voldemort, Cedric asks Harry to take his body back to his parents. Harry breaks the connection and sprints over to Cedric's body, summoning the Cup to transport him and the body back to Hogwarts.\nDue to Cedric's death, the Leaving Feast on the last day of the school year is instead turned into a memorial service for him. Albus Dumbledore informs the students, against the wishes of the Ministry of Magic, that Cedric was murdered by Voldemort. In the following months, the Ministry of Magic, under the direction of Cornelius Fudge, orchestrate a smear campaign on Harry and Dumbledore in an attempt to silence panic at Voldemort's return and hush up Cedric's death. Cedric's death proves to be an inspiration for the students of Hogwarts, and eventually rebellion against the iron fist Dolores Umbridge imposes onto the school. This leads Harry, Ron and Hermione to form Dumbledore's Army for the students of Hogwarts, considering Umbridge is refusing to allow students to learn Defence Against the Dark Arts. Harry believes that students need to know how to defend themselves, due in large part to the return of Voldemort and the re-forming of the Death Eaters, so that no other student meets the same fate as Cedric. Harry continues to honour Cedric's memory through Dumbledore's Army and by keeping one of the \"Support Cedric Diggory\" badges.\nAppearances in other material\nCedric's death is a major plot point in the stage play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, in which Harry and Ginny Weasley's son Albus uses a Time-Turner and prevents Cedric's death. Due to his humiliation in the Triwizard Tournament, Cedric eventually becomes a Death Eater and kills Neville Longbottom. Due to Neville's death, the final Horcrux Nagini was never destroyed, and as a result Voldemort is never defeated, kills Harry and takes over the Wizarding World.[4][5][6][7][8]\nProduction\nHenry Cavill auditioned for the part of Cedric Diggory but lost out to Pattinson. Ironically, Cavill was also Stephenie Meyer's first choice for the role of Edward Cullen in Twilight, a role which also went to Pattinson.[9][10] Pattinson has stated that he would prefer to reprise his role as Cedric Diggory over portraying Edward Cullen in the Twilight films again. Pattinson credits his experience during the production of Goblet of Fire for keeping him in acting.[11][12]\nReception\nCedric's death was listed by Insider.com as the most devastating death in the Harry Potter films, particularly noting the mourning of Cedric's father and Harry's refusal to leave Cedric's body.[13][14][15]\nThe character's fate in the alternate reality of The Cursed Child was controversial for fans of the series, especially considering that Cedric was an embodiment of good-natured and kind-heartedness. While the play and novelisation were controversial enough with fans of the series, the idea that Cedric's \"heart of gold\" would turn evil was a difficult idea to stomach for some readers, especially with the idea of him murdering another beloved character such as Neville Longbottom.[4][6][7][8]\nReferences\n^ Leishmann, Rachel (26 January 2020). \"Cedric Diggory and his part in the Potter series as a whole\". Wizards And What Not. Retrieved 27 July 2020.\n^ \"Unsung heroes: Cedric Diggory\". Wizarding World. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2020.\n^ \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\" (Action, Adventure, Fantasy). Electronic Arts, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. 8 November 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2022.\n^ a b Trombetta, Sadie (30 July 2016). \"What Would Cedric Be Like If He Had Lived?\". Bustle. Retrieved 16 July 2020.\n^ \"Harry Potter & The Cursed Child: 18 Biggest WTF Moments\". 3 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2020.\n^ a b \"6 Major Plot Holes In 'Harry Potter and the Cursed Child'\". Odyssey. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2020.\n^ a b West, Kelly (2 August 2016). \"The Harry Potter Character Who Takes A Very Dark Turn In Cursed Child\". CinemaBlend. Retrieved 27 July 2020.\n^ a b Kint, Priscilla (9 March 2018). \"Why Cedric Diggory Deserves Better Than \"Cursed Child\"\". MuggleNet. Retrieved 27 July 2020.\n^ Messer, Lesley (23 June 2013). \"Henry Cavill Reveals the Roles He Didn't Get\". ABC News. Retrieved 7 July 2020.\n^ Sherlock, Ben (28 April 2020). \"10 Actors Who Were Almost Cast In Harry Potter Movies\". ScreenRant. Retrieved 16 July 2020.\n^ El-Mahmoud, Sarah (22 November 2019). \"Robert Pattinson's 'Amazing' Harry Potter Experience Is Why He's Still Acting\". CinemaBlend. Retrieved 7 July 2020.\n^ Walsh, Lara (25 November 2019). \"Robert Pattinson's Quote About 'Harry Potter' Reveals How Much It Meant To Him\". Elite Daily. Retrieved 16 July 2020.\n^ Larkin, Michelle (2 July 2020). \"28 major 'Harry Potter' movie deaths, ranked from least to most heartbreaking\". Insider. Retrieved 16 July 2020.\n^ El Mahmoud, Sarah (13 July 2020). \"8 Underrated Harry Potter Characters Who Just Don't Get Enough Credit\". CinemaBlend. Retrieved 16 July 2020.\n^ Leishmann, Rachel (21 May 2019). \"Cedric Diggory and his overall importance to Harry Potter\". Wizards And What Not. Retrieved 27 July 2020.\nvteHarry Potter by J. K. 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By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Diggory" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Why Cedric Diggory Deserves Better Than \"Cursed Child\"\nPriscilla\" />\nSkip to content\nSearch for:\nSite\nAmazon Shop\nBookshop Shop\nContact Us & FAQ\nHistory\nMeet the Team\nMuggleNet Live!\nPress\nPublications\nSpecial Projects\nVolunteer with Us!\nYear in Review\nMuggleNet Family\nAccio Politics\nAlohomora!\nBehind the Wand\nBook Trolley\nLITHAPPENS\nPotterversity\nPromptly Potter\nSpeakBeasty\nHarry Potter\nBook Quotes\nBook Series\nColoring Books\nFilm Companions\nFilm Series\nHogwarts Library\nLittle Things\nMusic\nVideo Games\nFantastic Beasts\nBook\nColoring Books\nFilm Companions\nFantastic Beasts Film Quotes\nFilm Series\nLittle Things\nMusic\nVideo Games\nThe Quibbler\nOwl Post\nBathildas Notebook\nThe Department of MYTHteries\nThe Dirigible Plum\nInto the Floo\nMuggle Studies\nThe Pensieve Papers\nThe Three Broomsticks\nApril Fools\nThe Quibbler Vault\nThe Daily Prophet\nEditorials\nEvent Reports\nExclusive Interviews\nFeatures\nGiveaways\nListicles\nMerchandise Reviews\nMovie Reviews\nTelevision Reviews\nTheater Reviews\nWizolympics\nMuggle World\nCharity\nExhibitions\nJ.K. 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Rowling\nMinaLima\nQuadball\nStudio Tours\nTheatrical Play\nTheme Parks\nWizarding World Digital\nFans & Fun\nCrazy Caption Contest\nFan Focus\nFandom\nFandom Sortings\nFun Lists\nGames and Trivia\nGNOMEs\nPotter DIY\nPotter Weddings\n#PotterItForward\nRosmertas Recipes\nSong Parodies\nWizard Rock\nWizarding Wordle\nFeatures / The Daily Prophet\nWhy Cedric Diggory Deserves Better Than Cursed Child\nby\nPriscilla\n\nPublished March 9, 2018\n Updated July 7, 2021\nEver since its release, fans have been discussingHarry Potter and the Cursed Childpretty much endlessly.Whether it concerns plot, form, or consistency, most of us have an opinion and often, its either love or hate.\nPersonally, Im still feeling rather torn. Several aspects of the story were fun to read, fun to imagine, and after traveling to London for the actual play onstage, fun to see. However, there is one thing about Cursed Child that has always frustrated me endlessly and that is the portrayal of Cedric Diggory.\nSource\nOf course, we all know this beautiful Hufflepuff as one of the two champions from Hogwarts during the Triwizard Tournament. He was supported by a big part of the school, took the popular Cho Chang to the Yule Ball, and seemed to be just an all-around pretty cool dude. More importantly, Cedric was a kind and loyal person.\nAfter catching the Snitch in a match against Gryffindor in Harrys third year, he offered to replay the game since Harry was unwell. He never got angry at Harry for becoming the second Hogwarts champion and remained friendly even when most of the school didnt. He helped Harry during the second task, tipping him off about the riddle in the golden egg.\nAnd then, finally, after offering Harry the chance at winning the Triwizard Cup by himself Well, we all know what happened. The last words that Cedric Diggory heard while he was alive came from a Dark wizard, calling him nothing but a spare (GoF 638).\nCedric Diggorys story is a tragic one, and it signified an important turning point in Harrys story. To have someone so selfless and righteous meet their end in such a horrific way shows how incredibly high the stakes are and how no one is safe.\nSource\nYou can imagine my surprise when I read Cursed Child and realized that theyd turned Cedric into a plot device leading to the downfall of the wizarding world in an alternate universe. I was outraged. Disgusted. There was no way I would ever believe that that boy would turn into a Death Eater and kill one of his fellow students simply because he felt embarrassed.\nIn my opinion, it wouldve been better to leave Cedric be. His character arc was finished. It was a solid, heartfelt story that made sense and motivated Harry and his friends to fight back against Voldemort. Having Cedric come back as a villain not even on the actual stage, but just as part of a backstory contradicts everything we know about him and disgraces his character.\nOf course, since the main story is built on Albus and Scorpius trying to save Cedric, it would make sense for Cedrics survival to create complete disorder in an alternate universe. But even so, couldnt it have been a different character who was the direct cause? Karkaroff? Wormtail? Perhaps even Amos Diggory? All of those options would be more believable than Cedric turning to the dark side.\nDont get me wrong I agree with J.K. Rowling that it is up to herwhat to do with the world she created, but I also believe that that world should be consistent and remain believable. Its real for us, after all. And for that reason, Id like to point out the following words by Albus Dumbledore:\nRemember, if the time should come, when you have to make a choice between what is right and what is easy, remember what happened to a boy who was good, and kind, and brave, because he strayed across the path of Lord Voldemort. Remember Cedric Diggory (GoF 724).\nIt seems to me that theCursed Childwriters chose what is easy instead of what is right. They took a character who, at 17 years old, at the height of his teenage years, proved time and time again that he is kind and loyal and willing to fight for whats right even if that was to his own disadvantage. And they changed him until he became unrecognizable.\nWhat do you think? Is Cedrics fate in Cursed Child excusable somehow? Or does this part of the story annoy you as much as it does me?\nWant more posts like this one? MuggleNet is 99% volunteer-run, and we need your help. 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yearly\nTue, Jun 4\nHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban movie (US)2004Recurs yearly\nTrio goes through the trapdoor1992Recurs yearly\nDid You Know\nThe Grangers and Potters were originally supposed to be neighbors in Godrics Hollow.\nPotter History\nNovember 29, 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire film breaks $400 million worldwide in ticket sales.\nPotter Quote\nDraco, Draco, you are not a killer.\nMuggleNet is an unofficial Harry Potter fansite.Please email us if you have any questions or concerns. 19992024 MuggleNet.com. All rights reserved. Privacy Policy | COPPA Policy | Terms of Use | FeedbackMuggleNet is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program and Bookshop.org's affiliate program, affiliate advertising programs designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com and bookshop.org.", "url": "https://www.mugglenet.com/2018/03/why-cedric-diggory-deserves-better-than-cursed-child/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "A Dozen Fallen Roses // Cedric Diggory - mrs. ava diggory-blythe - Wattpad\nBrowse\nBrowse\nWattpad Originals\nEditor's Picks\nThe Wattys\nAdventure\nContemporary Lit\nDiverse Lit\nFanfiction\nFantasy\nHistorical Fiction\nHorror\nHumor\nLGBTQ+\nMystery\nNew Adult\nNon-Fiction\nParanormal\nPoetry\nRomance\nScience Fiction\nShort Story\nTeen Fiction\nThriller\nWerewolf\nWattpad Picks\nAmplifying AAPI Storytelling\nReading Radar\nIrresistible Baddies \nBound by fate \nWattpad Studios Hits\nPremium Picks\nCommunity\nThe Watty Awards\nCommunity Happenings\nWattpad Ambassadors\nWrite\nCreate a new story\nMy Stories\nHelpful writer resources\nWattpad programs & opportunities\nWriting contests\nTry Premium\nLog in\nSign Up\nA Dozen Fallen Roses // Cedric DiggoryA Dozen Fallen Roses // Cedric Digg...msavamalfoyReadsReads 243,079243,079243KVotesVotes 5,5365,5365.5KPartsParts 616161TimeTime 8h 40m8 hours, 40 minutes8h 40mStart readingReadsReads 243,079243,079243KVotesVotes 5,5365,5365.5KPartsParts 616161TimeTime 8h 40m8 hours, 40 minutes8h 40mmsavamalfoyCompleteComplete, First published Sep 27, 2020Maturethis is basically a girl named ava at hogwarts during her fourth year. i orignially planned for this to be a draco fanfic, but accidentally got her involved with someone else. stick around, though.... you never know what might happen ;)\nit may not seem like it but it's def a slowburn \ni promise, the chapters get longer and the writing gets better. i kind of started this out as a joke/hobby but now i'm super invested lol. i'll definitely be going back to edit old chapters when I finish this book.\nall rights of characters and stuff to jk rowling even though she sucksAll Rights ReservedcedriccedricdiggorychamberofsecretsdeardracodracodracomalfoydumbledoredumbledoresarmyginnyharryharrypotterhermionehogwartshogwartsschoolofwitchcraftandwizardrylunamalfoypotterprisonerofazkabanremuslupinronsiriusblacksnapesorcerersstoneweasleyyuleballcedriccedricdiggorychamberofsecretsdeardracodracodracomalfoydumbledoredumbledoresarmyginnyharryharrypotterhermionehogwartshogwartsschoolofwitchcraftandwizardrylunamalfoypotterprisonerofazkabanremuslupinronsiriusblacksnapesorcerersstoneweasleyyuleballTable of contentschapter one. the train.Sun, Sep 27, 2020chapter two. the feast.Tue, Sep 29, 2020chapter three. the stars.Tue, Sep 29, 2020chapter four. the auror.Sat, Oct 3, 2020chapter five. the goblet.Wed, Oct 7, 2020chapter six. the mudblood.Wed, Oct 14, 2020chapter seven. the boy who loved.Sat, Oct 17, 2020chapter eight. the sweater.Sun, Oct 18, 2020chapter nine. the night out.Mon, Oct 19, 2020chapter ten. the bloody bludger.Tue, Oct 20, 2020chapter eleven. the kitchens.Wed, Oct 21, 2020chapter twelve. the first task.Fri, Oct 23, 2020chapter thirteen. the horntail.Sat, Oct 24, 2020chapter fourteen. the egg.Sat, Oct 24, 2020chapter fifteen. the dungeons.Sun, Oct 25, 2020chapter sixteen. the owlery.Sun, Oct 25, 2020chapter seventeen. the library.Mon, Oct 26, 2020chapter eighteen. the astronomy tower.Tue, Oct 27, 2020chapter nineteen. the day after.Thu, Oct 29, 2020chapter twenty. the project.Sun, Nov 1, 2020chapter twenty-one. the match.Sun, Nov 8, 2020chapter twenty-two. the empty classroom.Wed, Nov 11, 2020chapter twenty-three. the assembly.Thu, Nov 12, 2020chapter twenty-four. the amortentia.Fri, Nov 13, 2020chapter twenty-five. the birthday party.Sat, Nov 14, 2020chapter twenty-six. the dress.Sun, Nov 15, 2020chapter twenty-seven. the yule ball.Tue, Nov 17, 2020chapter twenty-eight. the truth spills out.Tue, Nov 17, 2020chapter twenty-nine. the homewrecker.Wed, Nov 18, 2020chapter thirty. the confrontation.Wed, Nov 18, 2020chapter thirty-one. the picnic.Thu, Nov 19, 2020chapter thirty-two. the firewhiskey.Fri, Nov 20, 2020chapter thirty-three. the sleepless night.Sun, Nov 22, 2020chapter thirty-four. the second task.Sun, Nov 22, 2020chapter thirty-five. the reporter.Mon, Nov 23, 2020chapter thirty-six. the burrow.Sat, Nov 28, 2020chapter thirty-seven. the drinking game.Sun, Nov 29, 2020chapter thirty-eight. the mistake.Sun, Nov 29, 2020chapter thirty-nine. the apology.Mon, Nov 30, 2020chapter forty. the tree.Tue, Dec 1, 2020chapter forty-one. the universe.Tue, Dec 1, 2020chapter forty-two. the shower.Wed, Dec 2, 2020chapter forty-three. the swings.Thu, Dec 3, 2020chapter forty-four. the breakfast.Sat, Dec 5, 2020chapter forty-five. the board game.Sun, Dec 6, 2020chapter forty-six. the city.Sun, Dec 6, 2020chapter forty-seven. the eiffel tower.Mon, Dec 7, 2020chapter forty-eight. the eggs.Tue, Dec 8, 2020chapter forty-nine. the new year.Thu, Dec 10, 2020chapter fifty. the reunion.Thu, Dec 10, 2020chapter fifty-one. the parents.Sat, Dec 12, 2020chapter fifty-two. the birthday girl.Sun, Dec 13, 2020chapter fifty-three. the whomping willow.Tue, Dec 15, 2020chapter fifty-four. the seeker.Sun, Dec 20, 2020chapter fifty-five. the valentine.Sat, Dec 26, 2020chapter fifty-six. the dance.Fri, Jan 1, 2021chapter fifty-seven. the bottle.Mon, Jan 4, 2021chapter fifty-eight. the third task.Wed, Jan 13, 2021chapter fifty-nine. the recovery.Fri, Jan 22, 2021chapter sixty. the end.Mon, Jan 25, 2021HEAD BOYThu, Jun 23, 2022Get notified when A Dozen Fallen Roses // Cedric Diggory is updatedSign up with FacebookSign up with Google OR Sign up with EmailIf you already have an account, Log in.By continuing, you agree to Wattpad's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.this is basically a girl named ava at hogwarts during her fourth year. i orignially planned for this to be a draco fanfic, but accidentally got her involved with someone else. stick around, though.... you never know what might happen ;)\nit may not seem like it but it's def a slowburn \ni promise, the chapters get longer and the writing gets better. i kind of started this out as a joke/hobby but now i'm super invested lol. i'll definitely be going back to edit old chapters when I finish this book.\nall rights of characters and stuff to jk rowling even though she sucksRead more61 partsSee allchapter fifty-nine. the recovery.Fri, Jan 22, 2021chapter sixty. the end.Mon, Jan 25, 2021HEAD BOYThu, Jun 23, 2022Content GuidelinesReport this storyYou may also likeInvisible 16 parts Complete Mature16 partsCompleteMatureLily's life with her twin brother has been boring but calm. 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While battli...More detailsStart reading\nWattpad Originals\nTry Premium\nGet the App\nLanguage\nWriters\n|\nBrand Partnerships\nJobs\nPress\nTerms\nPrivacy\nPayment Policy\nAccessibility\nHelp\n 2024 Wattpad", "url": "https://www.wattpad.com/story/242466700-a-dozen-fallen-roses-cedric-diggory" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Unsung heroes: Cedric Diggory | Wizarding WorldWizarding World LogoTRENDING SEARCHESNews & FeaturesNewsFeaturesQuizzes & PuzzlesQuizzesPuzzlesJ.K. Rowling ArchiveDiscoverBooksFilmsPortkey GamesOn StageExperiencesHogwarts SortingFor KidsPatronus ExperiencePortrait MakerShopfeatureUnsung heroes: Cedric DiggoryPublished onJan 31st 2018HarryHarry knew it, Albus Dumbledore knew it, pretty much everyone knew it. Cedric Diggory could have been so much more.As you probably noticed, there were a lot of cruel deaths across Harrys adventures, but Cedric Diggorys fate may just be one of the series biggest tragedies.\nCedric was introduced in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, so we really only had two books to get to know this dashing Hufflepuff student before he was killed by Wormtail and Lord Voldemort. But it would be unfair to only remember Cedric for his shocking death scene, when he made so much more impact than that.\nNot just a pretty face\nAt first this perfect, handsome character seemed like he had been invented as a symbol of Harrys teenage insecurities. After all, he was older, popular, good at Quidditch and, most importantly, the object of affection for Harrys first crush, Cho Chang. And indeed, for a time, Cedric did represent this unattainable figure for Harry, particularly when they were both picked for the Hogwarts Triwizard Tournament in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.\nHarry, illegitimately chosen to represent Hogwarts way before he was ready, found himself unfairly compared to the much more accomplished Cedric who was Hufflepuffs Quidditch team captain, a prefect and a more experienced wizard. For an awkward teenage boy still finding his feet, going up against the likes of Cedric Diggory would be an absolute nightmare.\nRemember that scene in Goblet of Fire where Cedric even gave Harry 'wand envy'?\nAh, now, this is one of mine, isnt it? said Mr Ollivander, with much more enthusiasm, as Cedric handed over his wand. Yes, I remember it well. Containing a single hair from the tail of a particularly fine male unicorn ... must have been seventeen hands; nearly gored me with his horn after I plucked his tail. Twelve and a quarter inches ... ash ... pleasantly springy. Its in fine condition ... you treat it regularly?\nPolished it last night, said Cedric, grinning.\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\nBut that was just school rivalry. Before long, perfect Cedric transformed from a Hogwarts pretty boy to a much more nuanced character with huge potential. Even if he was Cho Changs boyfriend.\nChampions together\nImagine being gifted with the huge honour of representing Hogwarts in the incredibly prestigious Triwizard Tournament that happens almost never, and then having that famous fourth-year kid who evaded Lord Voldemort nick your thunder. Cedric could have taken a completely different stance when Harry was picked as the second Hogwarts champion, regardless of the fact the situation wasnt Harrys fault. But he was graceful about it.\nWhen Harry started garnering unwanted press attention from Rita Skeeter, who pretty much disregarded Cedrics involvement in the Tournament, it couldve been so easy for Cedric to join the anti-Harry brigade that quickly formed across Hogwarts. He couldve even adorned himself in Support Cedric Diggory/Potter Stinks badges. Even Cedrics dad, Amos Diggory, stirred rivalry between the pair from the moment he first met Harry, ribbing him on his son beating him at a Quidditch match. Cedrics embarrassed reaction, however, made us realise that the lad had humility.\nDespite everyone else going against Harry, Cedric chose to be his ally, and the two tackled the tournament together. Despite snide remarks from Amos Diggory, or the Cho Chang-shaped cloud hanging over them, Cedric and Harry formed a kind of kinship.\nBy the time the boys made it to the third and final task, the pair had helped each other out in different ways on the first two with Harry warning Cedric about dragons and Cedrics cryptic clue on how to work out Harrys egg. When the third task loomed, the pair had each others backs, which was helpful considering they were stepping into a giant, lonely maze, stuffed with obstacles, magical creatures and deadly traps.\nA boy who was good, and kind, and brave\nBoth of us, Harry said.\nWhat?\nWell take it at the same time. Its still a Hogwarts victory. Well tie for it.\nCedric stared at Harry. He unfolded his arms. You you sure?\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\nIt was a twist of extremely cruel fate that for befriending Harry rather than going against him, Cedric lost his life. Even worse, it was through a combination of Cedrics nobility and Harrys fairness that led the pair to the trap where he died.\nThroughout their short time knowing each other, Harry and Cedric just seemed to keep getting mixed up in each others lives. Whether it was on the Quidditch pitch, liking the same girl or being Hogwarts champions together, it must have felt to Harry like Cedric Diggory was around every corner. In the case of their final task inside the maze, he quite literally was.\nAfter the revelation that the Triwizard Cup was a Portkey, the bewildered pair found themselves in a graveyard. Thinking this was part of the task, Cedric didnt even have time to work out what was happening before a voice muttered, Kill the spare, and a flash of green light wiped him out forever. Everything about the moment cuts deep, from the horrendous randomness of it to the language of calling Cedric a spare.\nCedrics death had a profound effect on Harry. Despite losing his parents as a baby, this was the first proper time someone he truly knew died in front of him, as an indirect result of a decision he made. This was the death that gave Harry the ability to see Thestrals, and the death that haunted his dreams for a time afterwards. The fact it happened to such a noble and just person who wouldnt take that cup, thus ensuring he would get caught in the crossfire through his own decency, made it even worse.\nDumbledore articulated the injustice of it all the best. In his speech at Cedrics memorial he chose to tell Hogwarts the truth about Cedrics murder, rather than letting people assume any other reason for his death, which would have been an insult to his memory. But it was the closing part that really, really hurt, and perfectly described just what a decent person Cedric was not better than Harry, but more like an equal.\nRemember Cedric. Remember, if the time should come when you have to make a choice between what is right, and what is easy, remember what happened to a boy who was good, and kind, and brave, because he strayed across the path of Lord Voldemort. Remember Cedric Diggory.\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\nWe certainly do.\nOriginally published onPottermoreHarry Potter to Fantastic BeastsDiscover the filmsAbout UsPressFAQsTerms & ConditionsAd ChoicesPrivacy & CookiesChildren's Privacy PolicyLegalsWizarding World Logo Wizarding World Digital 2024Looking for Pottermore? Wizarding World is the new official home of Harry Potter & Fantastic Beasts. Join the Fan Club and bring your traits with you.Brought to you by Wizarding World Digital, a partnership between Warner Bros. and Pottermore. Delivering the latest news and official products from the Wizarding World and our partners.TM & WBEI. WIZARDING WORLD Publishing and Theatrical Stage Rights J.K. Rowling.", "url": "https://www.wizardingworld.com/features/unsung-heroes-of-harry-potter-stories-cedric-diggory" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "her // cedric diggory reader - cedric digGORY- - Wattpad\nBrowse\nBrowse\nWattpad Originals\nEditor's Picks\nThe Wattys\nAdventure\nContemporary Lit\nDiverse Lit\nFanfiction\nFantasy\nHistorical Fiction\nHorror\nHumor\nLGBTQ+\nMystery\nNew Adult\nNon-Fiction\nParanormal\nPoetry\nRomance\nScience Fiction\nShort Story\nTeen Fiction\nThriller\nWerewolf\nWattpad Picks\nAmplifying AAPI Storytelling\nReading Radar\nIrresistible Baddies \nBound by fate \nWattpad Studios Hits\nPremium Picks\nCommunity\nThe Watty Awards\nCommunity Happenings\nWattpad Ambassadors\nWrite\nCreate a new story\nMy Stories\nHelpful writer resources\nWattpad programs & opportunities\nWriting contests\nTry Premium\nLog in\nSign Up\nher // cedric diggory readerher // cedric diggory readervery_vanillaReadsReads 428,323428,323428KVotesVotes 10,59010,59010.5KPartsParts 181818TimeTime 1h 39m1 hours, 39 minutes1h 39mStart readingReadsReads 428,323428,323428KVotesVotes 10,59010,59010.5KPartsParts 181818TimeTime 1h 39m1 hours, 39 minutes1h 39mvery_vanillaCompleteComplete, First published Nov 10, 2020\"So much for summer love,\nand saying 'us'\"\n- August (Taylor Swift)\n\"She always took note of the way he gazed at Cho Chang. She saw the way his eyes completely melted into . dark pools of chocolate as she laughed at his joke. It was visible that voice was like a magical, soft tune to his ears. Oh how she wished she were . To be the girl Cedric Diggory admired and cared for the most. Cho Chang.\"\n!All characters belong to J.K.Rowling\n(except for Y/N and other characters made by me)\nThe plot will follow around most parts of the general original plot of the Harry Potter series (with the exception of a few parts) and is told from Y/N with the exception of some POV changes to other characters'.\nCover by me (@very_vanilla)\n!!!!! disclaimer: I wrote this when I was in middle school, so a LOT of content in this story is insufferably cringey (you can laugh at what I wrote). I am also not planning on making any revisions or editing this story either so all of this is remaining just as it was when I first published it. (Sorry!)\n*** P.S. Thank you so much to all of you who left kind comments and support! Although I don't quite understand it now, it still feels very heartwarming coming back to all of these comments. So sorry I haven't responded to any comments, messages, or conversations!!! (Probably won't be doing it though! Have a wonderful life &lt;3)All Rights ReservedbutterfliescedriccedricdiggoryfanfictiongobletoffirehogwartshogwartsschoolofwitchcraftandwizardryhufflepuffvanillabutterfliescedriccedricdiggoryfanfictiongobletoffirehogwartshogwartsschoolofwitchcraftandwizardryhufflepuffvanillaTable of contents-chapter one-Tue, Nov 10, 2020-two-Tue, Nov 10, 2020-three-Tue, Nov 10, 2020-four-Wed, Nov 11, 2020-five-Thu, Nov 12, 2020-six-Sat, Nov 14, 2020-seven-Sat, Nov 28, 2020-eight-Thu, Dec 3, 2020-nine-Sun, Dec 6, 2020-chapter ten-Wed, Dec 9, 2020-eleven-Sat, Dec 12, 2020-twelve-Sat, Dec 12, 2020-thirteen-Thu, Dec 17, 2020-fourteen-Thu, Dec 24, 2020-fifteen- 1Thu, Dec 24, 2020-fifteen- 2Thu, Dec 24, 2020-epilogue-Thu, Dec 24, 2020author's noteThu, Dec 24, 2020Get notified when her // cedric diggory reader is updatedSign up with FacebookSign up with Google OR Sign up with EmailIf you already have an account, Log in.By continuing, you agree to Wattpad's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.\"So much for summer love,\nand saying 'us'\"\n- August (Taylor Swift)\n\"She always took note of the way he gazed at Cho Chang. She saw the way his eyes completely melted into . dark pools of chocolate as she laughed at his joke. It was visible that voice was like a magical, soft tune to his ears. Oh how she wished she were . To be the girl Cedric Diggory admired and cared for the most. Cho Chang.\"\n!All characters belong to J.K.Rowling\n(except for Y/N and other characters made by me)\nThe plot will follow around most parts of the general original plot of the Harry Potter series (with the exception of a few parts) and is told from Y/N with the exception of some POV changes to other characters'.\nCover by me (@very_vanilla)\n!!!!! disclaimer: I wrote this when I was in middle school, so a LOT of content in this story is insufferably cringey (you can laugh at what I wrote). I am also not planning on making any revisions or editing this story either so all of this is remaining just as it was when I first published it. (Sorry!)\n*** P.S. Thank you so much to all of you who left kind comments and support! Although I don't quite understand it now, it still feels very heartwarming coming back to all of these comments. So sorry I haven't responded to any comments, messages, or conversations!!! (Probably won't be doing it though! Have a wonderful life &lt;3)Read more18 partsSee all-fifteen- 2Thu, Dec 24, 2020-epilogue-Thu, Dec 24, 2020author's noteThu, Dec 24, 2020#11butterfliesContent GuidelinesReport this storyYou may also likeintoxicating. / / fred weasley / / under rev... 110 parts Complete 110 partsCompleteMaeve, was a quite unique girl. Whoever witnessed her smile or laugh was instantly intoxicated by h...Harry x Reader ~ Stop Being Cute 23 parts Complete Mature23 partsCompleteMaturefinished story\nThis is a story about Harry Potter and the beautiful person who is reading this a.k...George Weasley x Reader ~ Jaffa Cake 35 parts Complete Mature35 partsCompleteMature'I wouldn't mind being with you, you topless Jaffa Cake..'\nYou {Y/N} are currently attending Hogwar... (. ) 56 parts Complete 56 partsComplete\"Are you playing hard to get?\"\n\"Oh please, you think I'd play anything for you? I'm just simply har...Lessons In Life || Fred Weasley 21 parts Complete Mature21 partsCompleteMatureShe retracted her hand from my grasp, and placed it against my cheek delicately instead. \"I'm sure...Firecracker | George Weasley 19 parts Ongoing Mature19 partsOngoingMatureScarlett Diggory was an ordinary Hogwarts student, well, as ordinary as you can be with the Golden...Slytherins Heir [Draco X Reader] - Year Four 47 parts Complete Mature47 partsCompleteMature~ Year four ~\nWarning: This is the fourth book in a series!!! This also will journey through all o...In your Dreams (G.W.) 72 parts Complete Mature72 partsCompleteMatureY/N is a gifted Hufflepuff witch, the best in her year. She was a hatstall . She is a muggleborn. C...1] For Island Fires and Family |Harry Potter... 1 part Complete 1 partCompleteWhen Lily realised she was falling for James Potter; and not as a friend.\n-----\nJames's undying f...Say my name |Cedric Diggory x reader (under... 42 parts Complete 42 partsComplete(Y/N) (L/N) is a half - Veela , so when she got a Hogwarts letter she wasn't exactly surprised . Wh...You may also likecedricfanfictioncedricamoracedricdiggorycedriccedriccedricbackfromthedeadcedricdiggoryintoxicating. / / fred weasley / / under revision 110 parts Complete 110 partsCompleteMaeve, was a quite unique girl. Whoever witnessed her smile or laugh was instantly intoxicated by her presence, and thats what happened to a particular twin who's eyes had been roaming the Great Hall...More detailsStart reading\nWattpad Originals\nTry Premium\nGet the App\nLanguage\nWriters\n|\nBrand Partnerships\nJobs\nPress\nTerms\nPrivacy\nPayment Policy\nAccessibility\nHelp\n 2024 Wattpad\nssum.casalemedia.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://www.wattpad.com/story/247304360-her-cedric-diggory-%C3%97-reader" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "What do you think about Cedric Diggory? - Quora\nSomething went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InWhat do you think about Cedric Diggory?All related (37)SortRecommendedJoanna L. GamezBookworm, Hufflepuff Author has 675 answers and 2.6M answer views6yI like Cedric Diggory. We know that hes a nice boy. Hes a prefect. Hes plays Seeker and is also Quidditch Captain. Hes chosen as the Hogwarts Champion. Hes quite good-looking too. Hes got virtues a mile long and is basically the perfect Hufflepuff. Bor-ing. In fact, Cedrics clue to help Harry was pretty underwhelming. Couldnt he have just said things plainly? The boy just faced a dragon and was concerned about cheating. Im torn between finding it adorable or just exasperating. Theres hardly any time to truly appreciate Cedric Diggory as a real character. He barely exists except to be aContinue ReadingI like Cedric Diggory. We know that hes a nice boy. Hes a prefect. Hes plays Seeker and is also Quidditch Captain. Hes chosen as the Hogwarts Champion. Hes quite good-looking too. Hes got virtues a mile long and is basically the perfect Hufflepuff. Bor-ing. In fact, Cedrics clue to help Harry was pretty underwhelming. Couldnt he have just said things plainly? The boy just faced a dragon and was concerned about cheating. Im torn between finding it adorable or just exasperating. Theres hardly any time to truly appreciate Cedric Diggory as a real character. He barely exists except to be a romantic rival for Harry Potter. What truly makes Cedric special isnt his own good qualities its his death.Cedrics body was lying some twenty feet away. Some way beyond him, glinting in the starlight, lay the Triwizard Cup. GoF: 32 Flesh, Blood, and BoneHogwarts Champion Cedric Diggory boy with the promising future is killed as the spare. Ouch. His death was shocking. It didnt serve any purpose for Voldemort. He was simply a boy competing in a tournament. The next scene is what really sold the character to me. Cedric Diggory is already dead, and his shade is the first one to appear. He encourages Harry to hold on, and we learn why when the shades of his parents eventually come out. It was just two words, but newly dead Cedric is encouraging Harry. Then he makes a sad request.Harry . . . whispered the figure of Cedric, take my body back, will you? Take my body back to my parents. . . . GoF: 34 Priori IncantatemThat made me cry. So yeah, I think Cedric Diggory is a pretty cool guy.Upvote 9943Promoted by MasterworksLila FisherArt Education | @Masterworks1yDid Harry inherit more than William?Yes and no. When the Queen mother died back in 2002 she left more money to Harry, knowing that William would eventually become Prince and inherit the Duchy of Cornwall, a private estate valued at over $1 billion. Which is exactly what happened when Queen Elizabeth passed away in 2022. So overall, Willian inherited quite a bit more than Harry. But this $1 billion estate is nothing compared to the $10 billion that King Charles received tax free, thanks to a clever investment by the Queen into one of the worlds most exclusive asset classes fine art. The Royal family has been investing a portion oContinue ReadingYes and no. When the Queen mother died back in 2002 she left more money to Harry, knowing that William would eventually become Prince and inherit the Duchy of Cornwall, a private estate valued at over $1 billion. Which is exactly what happened when Queen Elizabeth passed away in 2022. So overall, Willian inherited quite a bit more than Harry. But this $1 billion estate is nothing compared to the $10 billion that King Charles received tax free, thanks to a clever investment by the Queen into one of the worlds most exclusive asset classes fine art. The Royal family has been investing a portion of their fortune into art for centuries But the Royals are far from the only billionaires who have invested a significant chunk of their fortunes in this emerging asset class. Billionaires like David Geffen, Jeff Bezos, and Bill Gates are all avid art collectors. The recently-named richest man in the world, Berard Arnault, who is the CEO of luxury-goods conglomerate LVMH, has an extensive collection of art. Plus, theres a long list of celebrities like Jay-Z, Oprah Winfrey, Steven Spielberg, Jack Nicholson, Madonna, and Ellen Degeneres who have invested millions into art. The only problem is, regular investors have always been locked out of this asset class because it usually takes millions of dollars to purchase just one iconic piece. Until now. Investing in art just got easier, thanks to a revolutionary new investment platform called Masterworks. Masterworks provides a simple, secure way for anyone to invest in shares of paintings from famous artists like Picasso, Banksy and Basquiat. Which is great, because contemporary art prices have outpaced the S&P 500 by 131% since 1995 and real estate and gold by more than three to one over the same period. Even better, art acts as a great hedge during periods of high inflation and market volatility. Which is why Blackrock CEO, Larry Fink, who manages nearly $10 trillion in assets, recently called art the new gold because of its remarkable ability to preserve wealth These are just a few reasons why billionaires like Larry Fink, Jeff Bezos, and Oprah Winfrey are pouring hundreds of millions into this asset class. Thanks to Masterworks, you can join them. All you need to do is go to this link to sign up for a free membership. See important disclosures: MasterworksUpvote 12.8K12.8K1.5K1.5K999486Related questionsMore answers belowIn Harry Potter, why was Cedric Diggory sorted into Hufflepuff?Why is Cedric Diggory a fan-favourite among many Potterheads?What if Cedric Diggory survived?In Harry Potter, who did Cho Chang love, Cedric Diggory or Harry Potter?Do the Slytherins actually like Cedric Diggory or just detest Harry Potter?Mel HISFJ | 9w1 | Taurus | Ravenclaw Author has 224 answers and 838.5K answer views4yOriginally Answered: What do Harry Potter fans think of Cedric Diggory? I think hes a good, regular guy. I dont remember him from the books, and its been a bit since I saw the film adaptation of GoF, but from vague impression, he was a nice guy. We really didnt see him enough in the movie to get intimately acquainted with him as the audience. He was polite to Mr. Weasley and his sons when they met. I like that he was brave enough to enter the tournament. He didnt insult Harry (he even requested the Potter Sucks badges be removed) when the others bullied him. He returned the favor, if vaguely, to Harry for the second test. He offered the prize to a Harry becausContinue ReadingI think hes a good, regular guy. I dont remember him from the books, and its been a bit since I saw the film adaptation of GoF, but from vague impression, he was a nice guy. We really didnt see him enough in the movie to get intimately acquainted with him as the audience. He was polite to Mr. Weasley and his sons when they met. I like that he was brave enough to enter the tournament. He didnt insult Harry (he even requested the Potter Sucks badges be removed) when the others bullied him. He returned the favor, if vaguely, to Harry for the second test. He offered the prize to a Harry because the latter spared the former. He was ready to defend himself and probably Harry in the graveyard. He asked Harry to return his body, not for himself, but for his parents comfort. He was among the figures(?) produced from Harrys wand and helped distract Voldemort so Harry could escape. So, I think he has made a good impression: showing that just because hes a Huffleouff doesnt mean he isnt courageous or intelligent or resourcefulall characteristics he embodied in the tournament.Upvote 9691Kyra LeeHarry Potter fan4yOriginally Answered: What do Harry Potter fans think of Cedric Diggory? As a fan I have almost nothing against Cedric Diggory. In his only appearance (and as a pretty big character) in Goblet of Fire, he was a sweet and kind Hufflepuff, a prefect, was never rude to anyone and was good looking too. There really isnt much to not adore about him. His death at the end of Goblet of Fire also made fans like him more, because it really wasnt his fault (not that its Harrys fault that Voldemort was chasing him for years). It was simply wrong place wrong time. If he hadnt won and touched the portkey with Harry, he wouldnt have gotten himself in front of Peter Pettigrew Continue ReadingAs a fan I have almost nothing against Cedric Diggory. In his only appearance (and as a pretty big character) in Goblet of Fire, he was a sweet and kind Hufflepuff, a prefect, was never rude to anyone and was good looking too. There really isnt much to not adore about him. His death at the end of Goblet of Fire also made fans like him more, because it really wasnt his fault (not that its Harrys fault that Voldemort was chasing him for years). It was simply wrong place wrong time. If he hadnt won and touched the portkey with Harry, he wouldnt have gotten himself in front of Peter Pettigrew in the first place. His innocent death definitely made people like him more as a character. In Cursed Child, however, Cedric was mentioned again. Im not going to go into too much details because I honestly cant remember the story that well (Ive only read Cursed Child once when it came out because I didnt find it that interesting) but what I do remember is that he was portrayed as a villain who turned into a death eater and killed a student. Like, really? Seeing a such a pure and kind hearted Hufflepuff turn to the dark side so suddenly just doesnt feel right. Dont get me wrong, JK Rowling has all the rights to write whatever she wants and this is not really disliking the character but disliking the portrayal of the character. I think most (if not all) Harry Potter fans do love and adore Cedric Diggory. Or at least the Cedric Diggory we knew from the original Harry Potter series.Upvote 9691Ultra3yRelatedWhat if Cedric Diggory survived?19941995 So, lets say that Cedric is hit with stupefy by Wormtail instead of Avada Kedavra, and is stunned and collapses. Voldemort still returns, and Harry and Voldemort still have their duel, Harry returns with stunned Cedric to Hogwarts. They get back, and Cedric reawakes. Moody is still revealed as Barty Crouch Jr, and the end of the school year remains the same. Cornelius Fudge ends up taking Voldemorts return more seriously, as Cedric had been stunned by Wormtail on Voldemorts orders, something both Cedric and Harry can say. Fudge still does not fully believe that Voldemort is back, buContinue Reading19941995 So, lets say that Cedric is hit with stupefy by Wormtail instead of Avada Kedavra, and is stunned and collapses. Voldemort still returns, and Harry and Voldemort still have their duel, Harry returns with stunned Cedric to Hogwarts. They get back, and Cedric reawakes. Moody is still revealed as Barty Crouch Jr, and the end of the school year remains the same. Cornelius Fudge ends up taking Voldemorts return more seriously, as Cedric had been stunned by Wormtail on Voldemorts orders, something both Cedric and Harry can say. Fudge still does not fully believe that Voldemort is back, but with 6th year prefect and son of respected ministry official Amos Diggory saying this, the matter is taken seriously. The ministry also learn about Peter still being alive and Sirius actually being innocent, after Harry explains to Cedric what he had known for over a year. 19951996 Harry and Cedric develop a very deep friendship, with Harry saving Cedric from the spider and from Krum in the maze, and both being transported to the graveyard in Little Hangleton. Out of respect for his friend, Harry gives up on Cho Chang and moves onto Ginny a year early. Cedric is made head boy of Hufflepuff in his 7th year, and is also made a member of the Order of the Phoenix, being of age and much more responsible than his peers in the same year (Fred (RIP) and George). Umbridge is still hired as DADA teacher, as Fudge is still not fully sure that Voldemort has returned. Thus, Dumbledores army is still formed. Cedric is one of the first to join, and when Zacharias Smith questions Harrys abilites, Cedric defends Harry, saying that he had performed admirably in all 3 tasks at the Triwizard tournament. Cedric performs the best of anyone outside of Hermoine during the DA lessons, proving himself as a worthy member of the order and very skilled wizard. After Chos friend Marietta Edgecomb tells about the DA and Cho defends her, Cedric is deeply hurt and annoyed with Cho for weeks. However, being the type of guy we know him to be, he ends up forgiving Cho. Now being a member of the Order, Cedric leaves Hogwarts to fight in the battle of the deparment of mysteries, helping save Harry and the others and holding his own against very powerful death eaters, damaging several of them, he leaves very injured himself however. Cedric is sad to see fellow order member Sirius die, and is also sad for Harry that he lost his godfather. Cedric graduates hogwarts with top grades, and as one of the best students hufflepuff house had ever seen. He now focuses on work for the order, as they are busy with the war. 19961997 We dont see much of Cedric this year, but we do see him at Dumbledores funeral. Cedric is very sad to see Dumbledore dead, and is annoyed with himself that he did not come and help before it was too late. After Cho graduates Hogwarts, the two begin to date. 19971998 Cedric travels with the order to Privet Drive, and Cedric does not become one of the 7 Potters. He instead rides alone on a broom, and being both a skilled flyer and wizard, everyone trusts him to do this and get to safety, safely. He does this, but is very sad to hear that Moody died. Cedric attends Bill and Fleurs wedding, with Cho. After this, Cedric is forced into hiding, as he was a known aid to Harry Potter, a major nono in the eyes of the infiltrated ministry. Cedric returns to Hogwarts to fight in the battle of hogwarts, where he gets very injured, but also causes injury. Cedric defeats Augustus Rookwood in the battle of hogwarts, a very powerful death eater. When he thinks Harry is dead he is very sad, but is overcome with joy when he ends up being alive. Neville kills Nagini, and Harry shortly thereafter defeats Voldemort, and the Wizarding World is saved. Cedric joins the trio after the war ends, and tells them how brave each of them were, and how they had all grown into brilliant wizards. He later individually tells Harry that he owes him everything for what Harry done for him, from telling him about dragons in the first task of the triwizard tournmanent, to saving him in the maze, to defeating Voldemort. Harry says not to mention it, as it wouldve been impossible without Cedrics help in the 2nd task of the triwizard tournament, or saving him in the department of mysteries, or his work in the battle of Hogwarts. Legacy Cedric ends up marrying Cho Chang a few months after the Battle of Hogwarts, and they go on to live a very happy life together. Cedric spends time as an auror, as well as a seeker for England, but his legacy. Cedric Diggory was one of the greatest ever students Hufflepuff had ever seen, a triwizard champion, and brave hero that helped save the wizarding world. Why could this not have happened, Rowling?Upvote 996898Sponsored by Online Shopping ToolsAmazon Hates When Prime Members Do This, But They Can't Stop You.This simple trick can save tons of money on Amazon, but most Prime members are ignoring it.Learn More1.1K1.1KRelated questionsWhy does nobody talk about the fact that Harry had to be pried away from Cedric's body after returning from the graveyard in GoF?Why was Cedric Diggory the best?Would Cedric Diggory be better off if Harry had left him to be taken by the vines in the maze?Did Cedric Diggory like Cho Chang?Why are people saying Cedric Diggory became a Death Eater when he died?What is the best way to describe Cedric Diggory?Was Cedric Diggory a pure-blood wizard (in Harry Potter)?Did anything happen between Cho Chang and Cedric Diggory?Why does Harry keep saying Voldemort killed Cedric Diggory when it was really Peter Pettigrew?How did Draco Malfoy feel about Cedric Diggory?Did Cedric Diggory get hate from fans? If so, why?Why is the killing of Cedric Diggory in the Harry Potter story such a big deal?Did Cedric Diggory know that Peter Pettigrew was alive when he saw him?Did J.K. Rowling make Cedric Diggory popular among girls?Why is Cedric Diggory important?Related questionsIs Cedric Diggory flawed?Is Cho Chang worth of Cedric Diggory?Why did Cedric Diggory have to die in Goblet of Fire?Why wasn't Cedric Diggory's death investigated?Why didnt Fred Weasley like Cedric Diggory?Did Cho Chang from Harry Potter ever get over Cedric Diggory's death?AdvertisementAbout Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://www.quora.com/What-do-you-think-about-Cedric-Diggory" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "/ARDUINO.CC Go BackLegacy DocumentationBoardsArduino 101Arduino BT (Bluetooth)Arduino BT v1Arduino DiecimilaArduino DuemilanoveArduino EsploraArduino Ethernet Rev3 with PoEArduino Ethernet Rev3 without PoEArduino FioArduino GemmaArduino Industrial 101Arduino ISPArduino Leonardo ETHArduino Leonardo ETH 2 with PoEArduino M0Arduino M0 ProArduino Mega ADK Rev3Arduino Mini 05Arduino Mini 05 without headerArduino NGArduino PrimoArduino Primo CoreArduino ProArduino Pro MiniArduino Board SerialArduino Board Serial Single SidedArduino Board Serial Single Sided v3Arduino TianArduino TreArduino UNO Rev3 with Long PinsArduino Uno WiFiArduino USBArduino USB 2 Serial MicroArduino YnArduino Yn MiniArduino Yn with PoELilyPad Arduino Main BoardLilyPad Arduino SimpleLilyPad Arduino SimpleSnapLilyPad Arduino USBShieldsKitsOtherArchived LibrariesGuides to Retired ProductsLibrary ExampleHackingHome / Hardware / Legacy Documentation / Arduino Pro Mini Note: this page refers to a product that is retired.Arduino Pro MiniThis board was developed for applications and installations where space is premium and projects are made as permanent set ups. Small, available in 3.3 V and 5 V versions, powered by ATmega328P.Last revision 03/14/2024\nThe Arduino Pro Mini board\nThe Arduino Pro Mini is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P.It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, an on-board resonator, a reset button, and holes for mounting pin headers. A six pin header can be connected to an FTDI cable or Sparkfun breakout board to provide USB power and communication to the board.\nThe Arduino Pro Mini is intended for semi-permanent installation in objects or exhibitions. The board comes without pre-mounted headers, allowing the use of various types of connectors or direct soldering of wires. The pin layout is compatible with the Arduino Mini.There are two version of the Pro Mini. One runs at 3.3V and 8 MHz, the other at 5V and 16 MHz.The Arduino Pro Mini was designed and is manufactured by SparkFun Electronics.You can find here your board warranty information.Getting StartedYou can find in the Getting Started section all the information you need to configure your board, use the Arduino Software (IDE), and start tinker with coding and electronics.Need Help?On the Software on the Arduino ForumOn Projects on the Arduino ForumOn the Product itself through our Customer SupportDocumentationOSH: SchematicsArduino Pro Mini is open-source hardware! You can build your own board using the following files:EAGLE FILES IN .ZIPSCHEMATICS IN .PDFPowerThe Arduino Pro Mini can be powered with an FTDI cable or breakout board connected to its six pin header, or with a regulated 3.3V or 5V supply (depending on the model) on the Vcc pin. There is a voltage regulator on board so it can accept voltage up to 12VDC. If you're supplying unregulated power to the board, be sure to connect to the \"RAW\" pin on not VCC.\nThe power pins are as follows:RAW For supplying a raw voltage to the board.\nVCC The regulated 3.3 or 5 volt supply.\nGND Ground pins.MemoryThe ATmega328P has 32 kB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0.5kB is used for the bootloader). It has 2 kB of SRAM and 1kBs of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library.Input and OutputEach of the 14 digital pins on the Pro Mini can be used as an input or output, using pinMode,digitalWrite, and digitalRead functions. They operate at 3.3 or 5 volts (depending on the model). Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the TX-0 and RX-1 pins of the six pin header.External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt function for details.PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite function.SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language.LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.The Pro Mini has 8 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). Four of them are on the headers on the edge of the board; two (inputs 4 and 5) on holes in the interior of the board. The analog inputs measure from ground to VCC. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:I2C: A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library.There is another pin on the board:Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.CommunicationThe Arduino Pro Mini has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328P provides UART TTL serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board via a USB connection.A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Pro Mini's digital pins.The ATmega328P also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the reference for details. To use the SPI communication, please see the ATmega328P datasheet.ProgrammingThe Arduino Pro Mini can be programmed with the Arduino software download. For details, see the reference and tutorials.The ATmega328P on the Arduino Pro Mini comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol reference , C header files.You can also bypass the bootloader and program the ATmega328P with an external programmer; see these instructions for details.Automatic (Software) ResetRather then requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Pro Mini is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the pins on the six-pin header is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328P via a 100 nF capacitor. This pin connects to one of the hardware flow control lines of the USB-to-serial converter connected to the header: RTS when using an FTDI cable, DTR when using the Sparkfun breakout board. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of the reset line can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.This setup has other implications. When the Pro Mini is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Pro. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.Physical CharacteristicsThe dimensions of the Pro Mini PCB are approximately 0.7\" x 1.3\".Tech SpecsMicrocontrollerATmega328P *Board Power Supply3.35 -12 V (3.3V model) or 5 - 12 V (5V model)Circuit Operating Voltage3.3V or 5V (depending on model)Digital I/O Pins14PWM Pins6UART1SPI1I2C1Analog Input Pins6External Interrupts2DC Current per I/O Pin40 mAFlash Memory32KB of which 2 KB used by bootloader *SRAM2 KB *EEPROM1 KB *Clock Speed8 MHz (3.3V versions) or 16 MHz (5V versions)Older boards were equipped with ATmega 168 with this specs:Flash memory: 16 KBSRAM: 1 KBEEPROM: 512 bytesSuggest changesThe content on docs.arduino.cc is facilitated through a public GitHub repository. If you see anything wrong, you can edit this page here.Need support?Help CenterAsk the Arduino ForumDiscover Arduino DiscordLicenseThe Arduino documentation is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 license.ON THIS PAGEGetting StartedDocumentationTech Specs 2024 ArduinoTerms Of ServicePrivacy PolicySecurityCookie Settings", "url": "https://docs.arduino.cc/retired/boards/arduino-pro-mini/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arduino Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16MHz - DEV-11113 - SparkFun Electronics\nFind a Retailer\nNeed Help?\nCustomer Service\nTrack My Order\nFrequently Asked Questions\nInternational Shipping Info\nSend Email\nsparkfun.com\nShop\nLearn\nBlog\nCustom Kits\nShopping Cart\n0\nitems\nlog in\nregister\nShop\nLearn\nBlog\nCustom Kits\nProduct Menu\nToday's Deals\nForum\nToday's Deals Forum\nDesktop Site\nAll Categories\nFeatured\nNew Products\nTop Sellers\nSale\nGift Certificates\nBrands\nSparkFun\nArduino\nRaspberry Pi\nQwiic\nMicroMod\nall brands\nDevelopment\nSingle Board Comp.\nMicrocontrollers\nMachine Learning\nFPGA\nPrototyping Boards\nall development\nSensors\nMovement\nBiometrics\nImaging\nEnvironment\nCapacitive\nall sensors\nTools\n3D Printing\nCNC\nSoldering\nHand Tools\nInstruments\nall tools\nMiscellaneous\nAll Kits\nBooks\nArts/Crafts Supplies\nSD Cards\nSwag\nall misc\nComponents\nLED & Illumination\nButtons & Switches\nLCDs & OLEDs\nPower\nCables & Wire\nall components\nE-Textiles\nLilyPad\nSewable Electronics\nMaterials\nE-Textile Power\nE-Textile Kits\nall e-textiles\nRobotics\nActobotics\nMotors & Drivers\nParts\nHardware\nRobotics Kits\nall robotics\nWireless & IoT\nBluetooth\nWiFi\nSatellite\nGPS & GNSS\nWireless Kits\nall wireless/IoT\nAudio\nAudio Boards\nAudio Cables\nSpeakers\nAudio Chips\nall audio\n\nShipping Restrictions\nThis product has shipping restrictions, so it might have limited shipping options or cannot be shipped to the following countries:\nClose\nHome\nProduct Categories\nArduino Boards\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16MHz\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16MHz\nIn stock\nDEV-11113\nRoHS\nOpen Source Hardware\nHas 3D Model\n140\n$10.95\nVolume sales pricing\nQuantity discounts available\nAdded to your\nshopping cart\n\nCreative Commons\nimages are CC BY 2.0\nShare\nUse this URL to share:\nShare on Tumblr\nSubmit to reddi\nShare on Twitter\nShare on Facebook\nPin It\nFavorited\nFavorite\n174\nWish List\n3D Download: Sketchup, STL, Blender\nPrevious Versions\nDEV-09218 - Retired\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16MHz\nIn stock\nDEV-11113\nRoHS\nOpen Source Hardware\nHas 3D Model\n140\n$10.95\nVolume sales pricing\nQuantity discounts available\nAdded to your\nshopping cart\n$10.95\nVolume sales pricing\nQuantity discounts available\nAdded to your\nshopping cart\nIn stock\n250+ items in stock.\n$10.95\n$10.40\n$9.86\n$9.31\n1+ items\n10+ items\n25+ items\n100+ items\nDescription\nFeatures\nDocuments\nIt's blue! It's thin! It's the Arduino Pro Mini! SparkFun's minimal design approach to Arduino. This is a 5V Arduino running the 16MHz bootloader. Arduino Pro Mini does not come with connectors populated so that you can solder in any connector or wire with any orientation you need. We recommend first time Arduino users start with the Uno R3. It's a great board that will get you up and running quickly. The Arduino Pro series is meant for users that understand the limitations of system voltage (5V), lack of connectors, and USB off board.\nWe really wanted to minimize the cost of an Arduino. In order to accomplish this we used all SMD components, made it two layer, etc. This board connects directly to the FTDI Basic Breakout board and supports auto-reset. The Arduino Pro Mini also works with the FTDI cable but the FTDI cable does not bring out the DTR pin so the auto-reset feature will not work. There is a voltage regulator on board so it can accept voltage up to 12VDC. If you're supplying unregulated power to the board, be sure to connect to the \"RAW\" pin and not VCC.\nThe latest and greatest version of this board breaks out the ADC6 and ADC7 pins as well as adds footprints for optional I2C pull-up resistors! We also took the opportunity to slap it with the OSHW logo.\nCan't decide which Arduino is right for you? Arduino buying guide!\nNote: A portion of this sale is given back to Arduino LLC to help fund continued development of new tools and new IDE features.\nATmega328 running at 16MHz with external resonator (0.5% tolerance)\n0.8mm Thin PCB\nUSB connection off board\nSupports auto-reset\n5V regulator\nMax 150mA output\nOver current protected\nWeighs less than 2 grams!\nDC input 5V up to 12V\nOn board Power and Status LEDs\nAnalog Pins: 8\nDigital I/Os: 14\n0.7x1.3\" (18x33mm)\nSchematic\nEagle Files\nGetting Started Tutorial\nGraphical Datasheet\nGitHub\nTags\n5V\nArduino\nATMega328\nDevelopment\nPro Mini\nSparkFun Original\nStart a Project\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16MHz Product Help and Resources\nTutorials\nSupport Tips\nSkills Needed\nInteractive Hanging LED Array\nApril 10, 2014\nLearn how we converted 72 lightbulbs into an interactive LED array for our conference room.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n16\nLED Cloud-Connected Cloud\nFebruary 22, 2016\nMake an RGB colored cloud light! You can also control it from your phone, or hook up to the weather!\nFavorited\nFavorite\n31\nChoosing an Arduino for Your Project\nDecember 11, 2017\nExamining the diverse world of Arduino boards and understanding the differences between them before choosing one for a project.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n19\nAdding a Timed Button to a Project\nJuly 29, 2015\nThis tutorial will walk you through making a timed power controller for interactive projects. You will learn how to add an on button that will provide power to your project for an amount of time and then turn off again.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n6\nReducing Arduino Power Consumption\nNovember 10, 2016\nA tutorial about different ways to reduce the current draw for your next Arduino project the easy way.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n18\nMini GPS Shield Hookup Guide\nDecember 15, 2016\nA hookup guide for the SparkFun Mini GPS Shield.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n5\nLED PomPom Headbands\nJune 14, 2017\nFollow this tutorial to make your own light up PomPom headband! Try the beginner version if you are new to electronics or the advanced version if you have some more experience!\nFavorited\nFavorite\n5\nTB6612FNG Hookup Guide\nSeptember 29, 2016\nBasic hookup guide for the TB6612FNG H-bridge motor driver to get your robot to start moving!\nFavorited\nFavorite\n10\nUsing the Arduino Pro Mini 3.3V\nSeptember 5, 2013\nThis tutorial is your guide to all things Arduino Pro Mini. It explains what it is, what it's not, and how to get started using it.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n16\nThe Uncertain 7-Cube\nMarch 8, 2013\nThe Uncertain 7-Cube is a non-committal, less-than-helpful, but also entirely honest fortune teller. Simply ask it a yes or no question, give it a nudge, and the 7-Cube will dutifully inform you that it doesnt have all the facts and doesnt feel comfortable making a guess.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n3\nFlashing the Bootloader\nlast updated\nabout 6 years ago\nThis should only be done as a last resort\nMost likely your board isn't bricked, unless you have done something drastic like modified the fuses. In which case, reflashing the board probably won't help you.\nHowever, if you have no options left and want to try to reflash the bootloader with an Uno or RedBoard. Here are links to some tutorial to get you started:\nhttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/installing-an-arduino-bootloader\nhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ArduinoISP\nhttp://www.instructables.com/id/Burn-a-New-Bootloader-Arduino-Pro-Mini/\n(*Make sure to upload the ISP sketch to the programming board. Also, tie the VCC pin to the 5V pin of the RedBoard or Uno. This will set the chip on the Pro Mini to 5V without having to worry about any logic level conversion. Lastly, be sure to double check the board options you are selecting so that the Arduino IDE uses the correct bootloader hex file.)\nCore Skill: Soldering\nThis skill defines how difficult the soldering is on a particular product. It might be a couple simple solder joints, or require special reflow tools.\n2\nSoldering\nSkill Level: Rookie - The number of pins increases, and you will have to determine polarity of components and some of the components might be a bit trickier or close together. You might need solder wick or flux.\nSee all skill levels\nCore Skill: Programming\nIf a board needs code or communicates somehow, you're going to need to know how to program or interface with it. The programming skill is all about communication and code.\n2\nProgramming\nSkill Level: Rookie - You will need a better fundamental understand of what code is, and how it works. You will be using beginner-level software and development tools like Arduino. You will be dealing directly with code, but numerous examples and libraries are available. Sensors or shields will communicate with serial or TTL.\nSee all skill levels\nCore Skill: Electrical Prototyping\nIf it requires power, you need to know how much, what all the pins do, and how to hook it up. You may need to reference datasheets, schematics, and know the ins and outs of electronics.\n3\nElectrical Prototyping\nSkill Level: Competent - You will be required to reference a datasheet or schematic to know how to use a component. Your knowledge of a datasheet will only require basic features like power requirements, pinouts, or communications type. Also, you may need a power supply that?s greater than 12V or more than 1A worth of current.\nSee all skill levels\nComments\n192\nReviews\n140\n140\nComments\nLooking for answers to technical questions?\nWe welcome your comments and suggestions below. However, if you are looking for solutions to technical questions please see our Technical Assistance page.\nLog in or\nregister to post comments.\nLog in or\nregister to post comments.\nLog in to post comments.\nMember #151132\n/\nabout 4 months ago\n/\n1\n/\nIf this board was just a tiny bit longer on the programming header end, it would be possible to install all of the headers pointing down and plug the board into socket strips without interference between the socket strips and the programming header. <sigh>\nMember #1505842\n/\nabout 5 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI usually supply unregulated power to the boards, but I connected it to the raw pin.\nMember #194186\n/\nabout 5 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAs I understand it the D11 to D13 pins also serve as MOSI, MISO, and SCK for SPI, unlike say the Uno or RedBoard which have a dedicated SPI header. Is any hardware or software reconfiguration required for SPI on the Pro Mini or do the SPI functions \"just work\"?\nM-Short\n/\nabout 5 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nSince both the Pro Mini and the Uno/Redboard use the ATMega328 the pin usage is the same. While the Redboard does bring out the ISP header those pins just go to D11-D13 (but on a Lenardo for example they would go to different pins, making that port consistent). In other words since D11-D13 are the SPI pins on the ATMega328, those are the correct pins for the Uno/Redboard as well as the Pro Mini, and so should \"just work\".\nrickburgen\n/\nabout 7 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nAny chance this has any PWM pins?Edit: found the answer at https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardProMini\nM-Short\n/\nabout 7 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nYep, it is an ATMega328 so it has all the same pin functions as an Uno (with the addition of A6 and A7). The 6 PWM pins are circled on the board (thin white line around the pin hole).\nMember #892898\n/\nabout 7 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nNot sure if anyone has brought this up already.....is there an Ultiboard/Multisim footprint for this somewhere?\nJPmAn\n/\nabout 8 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nJust to ask, how do I connect an external power source (Barrel Jack) to this board?\nCF\n/\nabout 8 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThere are no pads to solder a barrel jack directly to on this board, but you could connect one with wire to the RAW and GND pins. Check the hookup guide for more details.\nentomophile\n/\nabout 8 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nCan I program the 5V Pro Mini with a 3.3V FTDI cable?\nM-Short\n/\nabout 8 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nThat should work fine. The Pro Mini will only be running at 3.3V which for 16MHz is technically out of spec, but does tend to work.\nMember #139243\n/\nabout 8 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI commend your use of a proof quarter for the scale reference photo.\nNinjared\n/\nabout 8 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI'm wondering if someone has an answer for this:\nMy sketches run a little slower on the Pro Mini than they do on the UNO, and I'm not sure why. Normally it wouldn't be a significant drop, but I'm sending and receiving A LOT of signals per second between multiple Arduinos via serial and infrared light, so even a tiny reduction in speed makes a big difference. Where the UNO performs flawlessly, I'm getting some missed signals here and there with the Pro Mini. Shouldn't the Pro Mini perform exactly the same as the UNO? Maybe it has to do with how much constant power it supplies to the ATMega? I've noticed that the 5V regulator gets VERY hot on the Pro Mini if you give it more than 8.4V, which makes sense because it's so small. Any ideas?\nMember #115576\n/\nabout 8 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nand yet you can get arduino nano with usb onboard for around five bucks shipped on ebay.\nMember #743630\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHow can I hook up a transmitter or receiver to this? Im looking for the receiver to then control one DC motor and a servo motor (making a RC car). Does anyone know a helpful thread, page or comment that I can use to educate myself on this type of stuff?\ntim7\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n10\n/\nI know you've only just updated these boards, but may I make a suggestion for the next version?For my battery-powered projects I've been modifying my ProMini boards by cutting the trace from the voltage regulator. See this picture. This reduces the minimum current draw from ~1mA to ~1uA in power-saving modes.It would be really nice if the next PCB revision had this connection on solder-pads. That would make the low-power modification easier to do (and undo).\ntim7\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n4\n/\nI just received my Arduino Day order, and noticed that you've made exactly this modification (except that the 10uF smoothing capacitor is retained when the regulator is disconnected).So, thanks Sparkfun! You're great.\nQCPete\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nThanks for the kind words Tim. We were planning to revise this design to include proper 0603 footprints for a while. When I read your comment I thought, \"hmmm... There might not be space, but I'll give it a try.\" I'm always up for a challenging layout :) Hope your low-power projects are going well!\nJRiggles\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n4\n/\nThat's awesome - I second this.\nMember #407608\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nwhat is the voltage of your battery,3.7v?\nAre you connecting the battery to Vcc or VRAW?\nAre you also cutting off the status led?\nAfter cutting the trace, are you driving the Pro mini with 3.7v? is everything working fine under this voltage without regulation?\ntim7\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nIn various projects I use a 1.5V battery boosted to either 3.3V or 5V, depending on whether I'm using an 8MHz or 16MHz Arduino and what voltage the other parts of the project require. The trace-cut disconnects the regulator and the power LED, so you need to provide power to Vcc.\nMember #9324\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nCan you let us know what connection you're severing on the schematic when you do this mod? We've been using a lot of these boards for a project, and would love to reduce the standby current.\nMember #211106\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\ncurrent\nAre there any other power saving modifications you have added? What current were you seeing drawn by unmodified boards? Thanks!\ntim7\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWith the regulator and LED disconnected the only component drawing power is the ATmega328. The datasheet claims it draws less than 1uA in the power-save and power-down modes, though my multimeter can't accurately measure such a tiny current. With the CPU running you can save power by setting the fuse bit CKDIV8 which reduces the clock speed. But usually it is better to leave the clock at full speed, which allows you carry out your task more quickly and spend less time outside the power-saving mode.With the regulator and power LED connected I see a minimum current draw of 1mA (that's with the ATmega328 in it's power-down mode, drawing about 0.1uA).BTW I just noticed that the pictures and schematics above have been updated to show the new design.\nTechnobly\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThat trace disconnects the 5V regulator, and it's output 10uF cap, the VCC pin of the FTDI header and the power status LED. from the rest of the circuit. You will not be able to reprogram your circuit without powering the unit from batteries directly on the Arduino's VCC header pin. You've also lost some of your 5V stiffening/decoupling... not too bad if you are not doing anything noisy with the circuit, especially since you are running on batteries. However, I think just providing a solder jumper for the power status LED is the thing that will really matter for current draw. (5V - 2V) / 10k = 0.3mA assuming it's a red led. I can't imagine there is much current back-feeding into the 5V regulator, but you'd have to check.\ntim7\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe reg pulls about 0.7mA. Otherwise I'd have just cut the LED, for the reasons you list. The cut can be undone by connecting the two Vcc pins together.\nBpaton\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n3\n/\nNot sure if it is the 5V or the 3V version but the Arduino Pro appears in a recent Ethan Hawke movie, Predestination (about time travel) at around the 1 hour 18 minute mark as the \"timer\" parts on a bomb.\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nWell spotted! They have it hooked up on RAW and GND, so I guess it ~~doesn't~~ might matter which version (design consistency threw me)\nMember #438162\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n3\n/\nI have this hooked up to an ID-20 for an RFID project but it doesn't seem to be receiving data correctly. The sketch uploads correctly and everything looks fine until I scan a card and then nothing happens. I prototyped everything out on a breadboard UNO and it works fine if I plug everything up to it but not when I use the mini.I am following this build: http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RFID-Door-Lock/Is there anyway to test the serial pin (RX) ?\nPatrick113\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe best way to make sure the serial port is still working is to write a program where the Arduino echoes all serial commands it receives. Then, you can hook it up to a computer, send random characters to it, and watch them appear in the serial monitor.\nMember #110694\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nThis board is in the movie Predestination. I couldn't believe it when i saw it.\nMember #475978\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nIt was in stock for 30 seconds! What the heck???\nw1tgf\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nDo you know when you are going to have more of these available?\nmrwillcreates\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nI recently bought several of these, and they work really well. I don't use my Arduino Uno any more because this is less expensive, and is smaller. The only thing I didn't like is that it needs an FTDI board/cable.\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHave you considered the Pro Micro - 5V/16MHz? It's pretty close to the Mini, except that it uses an atmega with USB support on-board - so you don't need the separate FTDI. Of course if you manage a bunch of Minis with a single FTDI, then that is more economical.\ndavebarratt\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nfyi - the the bootloader on the Miro takes almost 5 sec to bootup due to usb device (keyboard/mouse) emulation. pain in the butt when u are trouble shooting code and need to reset the board often.\nChief Buffoon\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nDoes the Mini Pro have power management features that allow me to hard-wire 5V power to the board, and then still plug in an FTDI board that is powered via USB? Or do I need to disconnect the board power before plugging in the FTDI?\ndavebarratt\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nit works with power supply connected though you risk damaging your usb port if your power supply spikes above 5vdc..\nTechnobly\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThere is no power management. If you are powering the board directly from the arduino's VCC pin, you should probably disconnect that power source when plugging in your FTDI cable.\nnixpulvis\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAlso wondering this.\nDemolishun\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nHoly crap SF! You helped me solve another engineering problem. I needed a small Arduino/Micro powered off of 12VDC prepacked. This fits the bill. Thanks!\nstreuzucker\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nI plugged my regulated 5v power supply into a jack, then ran the +/ to my 5v Pro Minis VCC and GND. I really should have checked the polarity of the jack, but I didnt and it was opposite of what I assumed. I plugged it in and the thing literally burst into flame. Does Reverse Polarity Protected not mean what I think it means?\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nSorry about that (it happens to the best of us), but from the description and schematic I don't believe these are reverse-polarity protected - if you let us know where you see that stated I'll be sure to have it removed.EDIT: I'll add that there's no practical way I know of to reverse-polarity protect the VCC line, since people will use it for both a power input and a power output. A diode would necessarily be one or the other.\nDave Mueller\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nPut a diode from Vcc to ground, instead of inline. Although, that only works if the Vcc feed has a fuse, or the diode can handle more current than the supply can source. Perhaps a small resettable fuse between the connector and the diode.\nbboyho\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nJust did a stress test with the 5V Pro Mini for a customer using a blink sketch, the current draw from a 5V FTDI looks to be about 22.5mA when the LED is turned on and about 13.7mA when the LED is turned off.Keep in mind that the current draw depends on what code the AVR microcontroller is running , how much power your system is pulling, and the settings for the microcontroller.\nMember #475033\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHow do I get the pro mini bootloader hex file that is used to program a 328p to act as a pro mini? Can't find this file anywhere.\nM-Short\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe file is actually part of the IDE. You should be able to select the board and then select Burn Bootloader to burn the bootloader onto a chip (with an AVR programmer). You can also check the boards.txt file to find the exact name of the bootloader or just browse around the bootloader folder. If you have any other questions please email techsupport@sparkfun.com and they should be able to help you.\ntankgrrl\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe choice of Fizzle Bombers in 1974. :) In the film Predestination, the 'timer' that the Fizzle Bomber uses is an Arduino Pro Mini (it's optically reversed in the photo attached to the purchase order).\nMember #625649\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHi, where is the green led connected(power indicator) to on the atmega328?\nThanks!\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHave a look at the schematic - PDF link in the description :)\njriley\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI buy everything from Sparkfun. But I do wish you guys came up with this: http://www.adafruit.com/products/2000. Was hoping you'd have it here too, don't want to buy somewhere else!\nMember #617989\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nDoesn't the ATmega32u have on board USB 2.0? or is this a different chip? Just wondering if FTDI is really necessary; I'm looking for a good, cheap, small board that can do HID (if my understanding of the Serial/USB universe is correct)\nM-Short\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe ATMega32U4 does indeed have USB build in. But the Arduino Pro Mini uses the ATMega328. If you are looking for a similar boards with the ATMega32U4 then try the Pro Micro.\ns8\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\ntrying to use it with the FTDI basic board, but the auto reset doesn't work. Here's the solution I've found:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19765037/arduino-sketch-upload-issue-avrdude-stk500-recv-programmer-is-not-respondi\nM-Short\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nSorry about the delay in responding. The auto reset should definitely work, it is possibly there is something wrong with the board or the FTDI basic board. If you are still having problems feel free to email techsupport@sparkfun.com\nMember #593777\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nDoes this board support programming over ICSP? I setup a 6-pin ICSP header, and avrdude (in the Arduino IDE) is complaining with \"avrdude: initialization failed, rc=-1\" when I try to program with a usbtiny. I also tried the Arduino IDE's \"burn bootloader\" function in hopes of setting fuses for ICSP programming, but it returns the same avrdude error.\nM-Short\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nSorry about the delay. Yes this does support programming over ICSP. In fact we actually don't burn the bootloaders on these until they are assembled and do so over ICSP. If you are still having problems feel free to email techsupport@sparkfun.com\nSkerpy_D\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\ndo you guys think that I could code this with a mini-B breakout board, your feedback would be greatly appreciated.\nM-Short\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nNo, The Pro Mini can be programmed one of 2 ways. The first is over SPI, this is how we get the bootloader on the board, the board is designed to be programmed through the bootloader, but this is always an option. The second and most common way is using the bootloader and programming over the serial line (TX,RX). In order to do this you need a board that will output serial data. The FTDI board works well for this as its a USB to serial converter. But you can't use straight USB.\nMember #382808\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI found some dirt cheap clones on eBay for <$2.50 each. This makes it reasonable to embed the full device into my projects. However I do not have an eagle component I can use out of the box.Does anyone if an Eagle component has been made for this device?\nIf not does anyone have any advice on converting the schematic and board into component?Thanks,\nJason\nJaredWith1R\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI would like stackable headers for this board so I could use it on a solderless breadboard, with female headers on a perf board, or standalone with male-male jumpers. Does this make sense? I am still new at this...\nMember #340999\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nHi Jared,\nYou can solder headers onto this board to provide the functionality you need. For example, I soldered male headers onto the long sides for breadboard prototyping but because the VCC-Rx-Tx end is perpendicular it won't do for breadboarding. I just turned the breakaway male headers over and so they stick up and I use female-male jumpers.\nSparkfun has a variety of headers available, including stackable. I find the breakaway variety generally provide the most flexibility for any given project.\n*edit: a link to headers! https://www.sparkfun.com/search/results?term=stackable+headers\nJaredWith1R\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThanks for the reply! Specifically, I was hoping I could 2x 12-pin stack headers for the long sides of the board, then I would have to use breakaways for the I2C and short side of the board.In the long run, I want to be able to solder 2 rows of female headers onto my project boards, and pop the Pro Mini in and out with ease. Almost like I want it to function like a shield atop my more permanent board. Thanks again! Looks like I may have to go with standard headers.\ngtMultirotores\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIs it posible to program this with FTDI programmer and the native C of the microcontroller?, if so can anyone help me with it?\nM-Short\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe Arduino has 3 main parts. 1)The board, which is basically an ATMega328 development board, or a board with all the components you need to get it up and running. 2)The bootloader which is what lets you upload code over serial (using something like an FTDI board) instead of using an AVR programmer over SPI. 3)The IDE environment, which is where you write, compile and upload the code. Basically the IDE is a text editor on top of AVRdude with a few extra libraries. You can write code without using the Arduino specific libraries and upload the code to the Arduino using the IDE, you can also write and compile the code using something else and use AVRdude to upload the code to the board using the Arduino bootloader. If you don't want to use the Arduino IDE, check out avrdude and the -arduino flag which tells it to talk to the Arduino bootloader.\nMember #211106\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nDoes anyone have any data on how much current these boards draw?\nIRB\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHas anybody, used the 10-bit ADC channel?\nI have a Freescale MPX5700DP/ Pressure Sensor, 5V, 0/700kPa, on order.\nI wanted to make sure the Arduino Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16MHz will take a +5Vin.\nWhat is the voltage range of the A/D input?\nwikkit\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe voltage range on the A/D is the same as the input voltage of the board, so 0-5V for 5V boards and 0-3.3V for 3.3V boards. If you want to get advanced about it I think you could lower that range by feeding the AREF pin a different voltage, but if you need to do high end A/D then you'd be better off just hooking up an SPI A/D chip with better range or resolution.That sensor should work fine as long as 10 bits (minus noise) is good enough. 700/1024=0.68, so the best resolution you will get is 0.68 kPa. Without oversampling and averaging the best you can really expect is 8-9 bits.\nMember #271456\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThis is a great product. I ordered four boards, two FTDI Basic Breakout boards and some headers. Within ten minutes of opening the package, I had headers soldered in, the software for the FTDI board downloaded to my MAC and the \"Blink\" program running. It was a piece of cake.After building dozens of custom ATMega328 projects and using an Arduino Uno to program those chips, this was easier, and the cost, counting the time that it takes to hand solder all the discrete components into a custom board, is probably equal to or less than the cost of these boards.I will definitely design a few new projects using these boards.\nMember #211106\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAny suggestions for an alternative regulator that would allow using a higher input voltage (24 VDC)?\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWhat you want is a DCDC converter, which can regulate large voltage differences much more efficiently than the linear converters built into the boards. We're working on some new breakout boards for that purpose, but in the meantime, this product from our friends at Adafruit is a bit overkill, but will do what you need.\nSembazuru\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAnother option would be something from Pololu. They have a range of step down converters as well as step-up and step up/step down regulators. I haven't used any of them myself, but their specs look good and I've heard others recommending them.Good luck with your project.\nlucashaley\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI just got one of these, and I can't upload anything. I get \"programmer not responding\". I've installed the latest FTDI USB drivers, and uploading works with another Pro Mini (from a Protosnap). Could the bootloader be corrupted?\nM-Short\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nNot likely. The error is Programmer not responding meaning the computer can't talk to the FTDI board for some reason. This is completely independent of the Pro Mini. Double check that the drivers are installed and the FTDI board is showing up correctly in Device Manager. If you still have problems email techsupport@sparkfun.com\nWemblyTinkerer\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI have grown to appreciate this little board for its size and capacity. The ability to strap on sensors and then I2C them back for post processing or data collection is making my current and planned projects more economical and tractable. Nice one Sparkfun!\nMember #537316\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nShould the board come with the pins?\ngeoganoe\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nSince many people just solder wires to the connections, they don't need to get pins. Adding pins to the package would add to the cost. If you need pins, you could use these.\nMember #205907\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nDo the pins supply 5v in output mode?\ngeoganoe\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIf your supply at the RAW pin can handle it, you can use up to about 250 milliamps of current at 5 volts from the VCC pins. The actual current available is dependent on the currents that must be sourced from the other outputs on the Pro Mini module. For instance, if you use six of the digital outputs, and each of them must source 20 milliamps of current for your project, then there will only be (250 - 6*20) or 130 milliamps available at the VCC connection.\ndsffasdfdsafadsfasdfadsf\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nGot this on sale for $3. O YAH!!!!\nSembazuru\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI missed that sale. I had just finished my state-funded unemployment and became eligible for EUC (which has still yet to be passed), so I didn't have any income (disposable or otherwise). I just landed a job and will be watching for another sale...\nMember #536676\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIs it possible to program one of these with a prop-plug? I just don't want to buy a breakout board if I already have the hardware...\nMember #508409\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nDoes this board need anything done to it so it doesn't reset randomly? I don't have one, I might get one, but I don't want to have this problem.This is what I found:http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/ArduinoMini\"-Reset. Whenever this pin is connected to ground, the Arduino Mini resets. You can wire it to a pushbutton, or connect it to +5V to prevent the Arduino Mini from resetting (except when it loses power). If you leave the reset pin unconnected, the Arduino Mini will reset randomly. \"\ngeoganoe\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nThe Arduino Mini that you have referenced, and the Arduino Pro Mini sold here are two different devices. The Pro Mini has a 10K ohm pull-up resistor to VCC internally on the RESET line, so it must be actively driven to ground to cause a reset to occur.\nMember #533364\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nCan this board be used to program an ATtiny85 ?\nAltoonaBound\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHi, I'm a software guy, so please go easy on me! I need to drive 4 9v devices (in current sinking mode) that draw close to 20ma each with a Pro Mini. I know this is very close to the limit on the outputs. I need a simple circuit that will get this done.\ngeoganoe\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nA good way to do this is using a 2n2222 transistor and a 3300 ohm resistor for each driver. Connect one side of the resistor to the digital output pin, and the other side to the base of the 2n2222. connect the emitter of the 2n2222 to ground, and the collector to the low side of your device. Connect the high side of the device to 9 volts. When you send a high to the digital output pin, the device will turn on, and when you send a low, it will turn off.\nYou can pick up the transistors and resistors at Radio Shack, or order them on-line from Sparkfun, Digi-key or a number of other places. Sparkfun doesn't sell the 3300 ohm resistor by itself, but that value (3.3K ohm) is in their resistor kit.\nMember #340999\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI have one of these running when powered via FTDI Basic but when I try to power it from a 6V, 9V, or 12V wall wart my sketch won't run; I only have a red LED on the header side of the microprocessor. That LED is lit when powered by FTDI Basic but it is much brighter with a DC adapter to VCC. Any thoughts?\nMember #340999\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nSolved by Arduino forum user: tap power to RAW and the sketch runs correctly. VCC on the side of the Pro Mini is the output side of the voltage regulator.\ndavebarratt\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nSystem resets resulting from a Watchdog timer (wdt.h) are not supported by the bootloader. when the watchdog timer triggers a reset, it will reset the chip but will not reset the timer therefore it will continuously reset every time the chip boots up. This essentially bricks the arduino unless you catch the the chip during the bootloader sequence with a sketch upload.\nMember #151132\n/\nabout 2 months ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nWatchdog\nI thought I'd bricked one of my Pro Mini 5V/16MHz boards after I did a watchdog timer (wdt) test. As davebarreatt said, the Pro Mini bootloader doesn't handle the wdt correctly. See the Arduino forum post at https://forum.arduino.cc/t/atmega328-locks-up-on-watchdog-reset/921269.Some people say you can fix this by putting an Arduino Uno bootloader on the Pro Mini, and thereafter treating the board as a Uno. To do this, in the Third Step of the Instructable at https://www.instructables.com/Burn-a-New-Bootloader-Arduino-Pro-Mini/, do NOT change the board type to Pro or Pro Mini, leave it as Uno. I tried it, and it seems to work (at least my code, including the wdt seems to work), but there may be side effects that remain to be discovered.Some question the need for using the wdt. My reason is that I will be running the Pro Mini in an environment that may have glitchy power, and I'd like it to be able to recover from a power glitch. Think about what happens to the 12 VDC power in a car when you energize the starter, for example.\nNate\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHi Dave - sounds like you are fighting the good fight against I2C! It's a tricky one. You are correct that a soft reset may not reset a watch dog timer but I don't believe it to be true for a power cycle reset. WDT is reset with a power up so you should be able to reflash your board with a power cycle.I've never bricked an Arduino after bootloading. It's usually when I fiddle with fuse bits, with an external programmer and no external osc that I get into interesting brick-possible situations.\nrileyh\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI fried one of the c106 caps on the board, is my board shot? or is it usable and what will the absence of this cap cause?\ndarrylh\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThese are great, but I hate having to solder on the row of pins to get a reliable connection to the FTDI breakout, for the very temporary task of programming. To get around this, I glued together a bunch of pogo pins and made a little adapter which makes it really easy to get a nice solid connection for programming a bare Pro Mini.I'm sure SparkFun could come up with a much more professional-looking spring-loaded adapter, though. Maybe even with a clip or something to hold things together?\nMember #268363\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI am planning to switch out a couple of Uno boards with these Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16MHz.\nJust want to make sure that the I2C can communicate between Uno and Pro Mini-5V without a level shifter ?\ndavebarratt\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nwatch out for the Wire library... its full of bugs\nBrent Wilkins\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nFor those of us stuck on Eagle 5.x, does anyone have an engineering drawing or something equivalent for this board? It seems to use 0.1\" pitch headers. How far from the center of these pins to the board edges? Is the programming header centered on the short dimension, and how from from the edge? The coordinates of A4 - A7 would be great too. Thanks.\n- Brent\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nTry the Eagle files from the previous version. Note that this board does add 2 more pads (A6 and A7) in the middle of the board, similar to A4 and A5 which were also present on the older board. Just to answer your specific questions: Yes, 0.1\" pitch headers. Distance from center of pads to edge of board is approximately 0.05\" (approximate because there's always a chance of a tiny bit difference in board cutting). The programming header is indeed centered on the short side, from the center of its pins is also 0.05\" away from the board edge.\nMember #486756\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nSo I take it that digital pins 0 and 1 are available under TX and RX pins, just not labeled? I know you're not supposed to use 1 or 0 as a GPIO but still I need them... BTW GREAT board.\ngeoganoe\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nYou can use those pins as GPIO when your sketch is running so long as you recognize that they will be set up as serial I/O during the initial bootloader period after reset. That means the TXO pin will be set up as an output with a high value by default, and the RXI pin will be in input mode with the internal 20-50K ohm pull-up resistor connected. If your projects use of the RXI pin causes it to change from the high state during the bootloader period, the bootloader will likely interpret that as a command from a programmer and attempt to interpret it. An unfortunate sequence of state changes on the RXI pin could keep the Pro-Mini in bootloader mode and your sketch would not run.\nMember #447246\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHello, I was wondering what values will have the I2c pull-up resistors for this model?\ngeoganoe\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe internal pull-up 20-50K ohm resistors in the Atmega 328 microprocessor can be used if you have very short lines with very low capacitance and use a low bit rate. However, typically you will need a smaller resistance value to get good operability. I typically use 3.3K ohms, and if you use the 0603 size surface mount resistors, they can be soldered to the available pads on the back of the Pro-Mini. The Pro-Mini doesn't come with those resistors by default because the pins can also be used for analog input and in that case, you wouldn't want to have the pull-up resistors.\ndavebarratt\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\n\"... has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms\" - http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardProMini\nDrew Folta\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWhich bootloader is this running? Looking in hardware/arduino/boards.txt in my Arduino 1.0.5 app I see pro5v328.bootloader.file=ATmegaBOOT_168_atmega328.hex. Is that correct? Could I use optiboot on this instead?\nNate\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nIt's a bit confusing but the Pro and Pro Mini boards have been running an Optiboot equivalent (Arduino used Optiboot and modified it a bit) for a number of years. If you need the exact date we started shipping with Optiboot-esk bootloaders I may be able to dig it up.\nDrew Folta\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHmmm... something fishy is going on. wc -c hardware/arduino/bootloaders/atmega/ATmegaBOOT_168_atmega328.hex gives me 5533. However wc -c hardware/arduino/bootloaders/optiboot/optiboot_atmega328.hex gives me 1467, which is 3.7 times smaller. (Yeah I know that's not really the way to measure the bootloader size on device.)\nDrew Folta\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nNo worries. I was just wondering what the Pro Mini I got for Christmas had running, and whether I could squeeze out some more RAM or boot time by going to optiboot.\nMember #263393\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWhat voltage regulator is used on this board? Based on the specifications the on-board voltage regulator looks like it is a linear regulator, not a switching regulator. Is this correct?\ndavebarratt\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nyes\nMember #255632\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI seem to be having a problem with my board resting every couple of seconds. I have tried soldering 120 Ohm equivalent resistance between vcc and the RST as well as a 10 micro-farad capacitor between RST and GND. Aside from removing R2 and C2 I don't know where to go. Is that a good option? Will the Sparkfun FTDI programmer be able auto-reset? It's not a super big deal if I can't auto reset because where this is going it will not be removed for a long, long time.\ngeoganoe\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe board already has a pull-up resistor that is sufficient to keep it from externally resetting unless the reset pin is actively grounded. Some things to look for: Is anything connected to the reset pin that can pull it to a low level? Does your sketch do anything that might activate the watch-dog timer and then let it time out after a couple of seconds? Does your sketch contain any recursive function calls that may get into an infinite recursion state?\nMember #255632\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThanks for the reply, I figured it out. The LED strip I was running was being powered from the board, so it was drawing way too much current, causing the board to overload and shut down.\nElectroman!\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nwhat pin do you use for I2C on the pro mini?\ndavebarratt\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nA4 & A5\nElectroman!\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWhat pins are used for I2C communication? There are 2 extra analog pins, do you still use A4 and A5?\ndavebarratt\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nJust a heads up, I've been fighting with the Wire.h library for the past month. To be quite honest, there are a lot of bugs in the official version of the Wire library and in the end I've had to use 2 different modified versions of the TWI.c that steamed from this forum:http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=66353.0I managed to get a working version of the library with a modified the twi.c file for the master devices only with timeouts and a bus reinitialize inserted into the \"never ending\" while loops.The original version of the file with timeouts works best for slave devices.High data traffic is also a major problem. the communications i was using was fairly simple. i used one byte of data to one device per scan cycle of the arduino. If you try to communicate with multiple devices within a single scan cycle the system will freeze.also with any noise on the vcc line the reliability drops significantly.I would love to see someone fix this issue. Sadly the problem is outside of my skill level. Its quite frustrating.\nNate\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nA4 and A5 are SDA and SCL respectively. On the Pro Mini these are the two inner pins (look at the bottom of the board).\nMember #338203\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nJust a note to those that need to use RX1 and TX0 as digital outputs or inputs. This may be common knowledge, but i just discovered that if use TX0 you must call it digital pin 1 (one) in your program, and if you use RX1 as a digital output, you must call it digital pin 0 (zero) in your program. You also need to remove any serial commands from your program, as you can not use these as digital out puts and for Rx and TX also. the pins on the broad are like this:\n9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Gnd Rst 0 1BTW, this a great product.\nCkShipman\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHow many Pro Mini 328s are sold annually?\nToni_K\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nWe sell these in the tens of thousands when you include both this and the 3.3V versions. They are pretty popular. :)\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nA lot. For this particular model - since I don't think sales numbers would be officially reported - I'd have to guess by Archive.org snapshots of inventory that this year, so far, at least 3,000 were sold - possibly 4,000 - and that's not counting all the ones they'll sell this month (you can see they're planning on producing another 720 as it is). Note that there's a huge margin of error in these numbers as Archive.org doesn't have a day-by-day snapshot :)\nRobertC.\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n3\n/\nyou are off by quite a bit :-)our current run rate on these is ~600 a week. That puts the 5V alone at around 30k a year. The 3.3v is roughly half that.\nCkShipman\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nAmazing. The pro mini is my goto uC at the moment.\nI was just curious. Thanks for the information.\nRobertC.\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nsure thing. it's pretty amazing how many we sell. and the pros sell similarly.\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nOnly a single order of magnitude off? Not bad ;)\nMember #451340\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI have just purchased a Pro Min 5V/16Mhz and an FTDI 5V cable from Sparkfun. I have updated the FTDI driver on my Windows 7 computer and loaded the latest V1.0.5 Arduino software. I load the blink program, sent the com port and the board appropriately and download. The green LED on the Pro Min flashs about 4 times, then waits about 4-5 seconds and flashes 1 more time. I then get an error \"avrdude: stk500_getsync(): not in sync: resp0x00\" in the programmer.This is the first time that I have purchased something from Sparkfun. I would have thought purchasing Sparkfun products that they would work.Can anyone advise how I can fix this problem.\nDavid_Wieting\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nIf you use the FTDI breakout board instead you can get it to work by NOT setting the processor to the 5V Pro Mini 16MHZ mega328 option. Use the 3.3 V Pro Mini 8 MHz mega328 option, as the FTDI breakout board runs on 3.3V. I had your problem exactly until I realized the processor needed it to be seen as 3.3 V. Further experimentation revealed trouble with loading large files. I'm using Windows 7, so I also checked for serial port settings. In my case it was COM12. I set the baud rate to 57600, enabled hardware handshaking. Finally I changed the programmer setting to 'use Arduino as ISP' and then it didn't have problems with loading files bigger than the blink sketch. So far so good, I think that will make it work properly, good luck.\ntash\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\ndid you try selecting the appropriate board from \"Tools>Board\" option in Arduino software?\nGaver\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWhat is the tolerance on the ftdi vcc pin?\nIm using a 5v wall wart (SFE) to power the project & it appears to be outputting around 5.5 v\nWould prefer not to use the raw pin if possible...\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAccording to the datasheet, the VCC pin of the FT232R used on the ftdi breakout can take up to 6V (absolute max rating). However, VCCio is listed as max 5.25V - and if you connect the breakout board to the pro mini, VCCio is tied to VCC.That said.. I suspect the max 5.25V is listed due to USB compatibility, and your 5V wall wart's voltage may well drop when under load bringing that 5.5V down anyway.That said... it's probably still a good idea to go through the on-board regulator. Any particular reason why you would prefer not to?\nGaver\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\n@Kamaqasi - thanks for the quick reply...\nI'm trying to re-utilize the FTDI headers to power the pro-mini due to circuit board real-estate issues.I'm unable to locate a schematic that specify's the tolerance level for the VCC pin(s) on the pro-mini - or that illustrates the relationship (if any) between the FTDI header RX0 and TX1 connections and the RX and TX connections on the port side of the circuit board.I only need VCC; GND;RX and Pin 12 for my project - was hoping I could use the same FTDI connections that are used to program the board - with the regulated 5.0v Wall Wart connected to the FTDI Header VCC / GND pins.Would you know if the RX/TX connections in the FTDI header are connected to the RX/TX connections on the side of the pro-mini?Thanks again for your help...\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe schematic uses a [split net design](http://www.baldengineer.com/blog/2012/12/26/creating-split-net-names-for-eagle/ - basically just giving the nets a name and letting Eagle take care of realizing that they're all connected when it comes to the board phase. It's generally safe to assume that the labels used in the schematic are consistent with the net names, but you can always check out the Eagle files directly to make absolutely sure. If you do so (either schematic or the eagle files), you'll find that VCC on the FTDI basic header is the same VCC as on the voltage regulator, on the ATMEGA328, and on the 4th pin of JP6;\nimage highlighting the VCC net of the Arduino Pro Mini 328.You can similarly determine how the RX/TX lines on the headers are connected (they are, all TXO's with each other, and all RXI's with each other).The VCC being hooked directly to the ATMEGA328 means you'd have to check the datasheet for ATmega328 and find that its generally noted max rating is 5.5V.\nMember #481965\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWhat would I need if I wanted to attach a battery and the ability to charge that battery over the same usb connection that i use for programming it?Would this component work?https://www.sparkfun.com/products/11231\nafulki\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI have one of the 5V boards, when I supply 9V (from battery) on RAW, I see 9v on the VCC connection, I thought this was supposed to be regulated to 5V?\nSleepwalker3\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nSounds like you have a short across the Reg. Check for any soldering shorts - more likely you have shorted something or done something wrong, rather than SF not testing it correctly. If you really have 9V on Vcc, I don't think the Micro is going to be too healthy now! If you've checked and you're sure it's not you, then contact customer service.\nMember #434698\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWhat's the crystal on these? Anyone have a part # for it?\nMember #338627\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nokay now for the $64,000 question......WHY wasn't this NOT put on a 28 pin DIP format instead of the 24 pin DIP format?\nThis should be considered on the following batches so that those 4 extra pads that are in the WIERD places can be properly addressed.... THU!!\nSleepwalker3\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe answer is probably the same answer to the question \"Why don't they fix the Arduino pinout up?\" - For whatever reason, they tend to stick with a dud format to keep compatibility, even though the design could be made much better, hence future generations will be stuck with that until somebody brings out something in a decent footprint that becomes more popular than whatever came before it.\nrmeyer\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nMy guess is that they wanted to follow the now somewhat conventional footprint/pinout that the 24-pin Basic Stamp2's use. Particularly, pins 21 through 24 have the same functions, providing the same necessary power supply, ground, Vout, and reset lines the Basic Stamp2 uses. I also noticed the new 24-Pin version of Parallax's Propeller microcontroller uses the same pinout.The programming connections are different, but that is to be expected in this case.I have several older BS2-based projects that I am considering reworking and \"supercharging\" with this new Arduino board. The hardware compatibility will allow me to resurrect some of those older projects and try some things that the BS2 is simply to slow to handle.Rob\nPatrickSK\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\ncould anyone tell me the operating temperature range for this board?\ndavebarratt\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nhttp://www.atmel.com/Images/doc2545.pdf\nRobomaniac\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nit weighs 1,53g no-headers and with 3.67g with headers\nMember #408752\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe FTDI cable does not bring out DTR but does bring out RTS. I read a lot of stuff about this, some claiming that DTR is necessary for reset and other claiming that RTS will also achieve reset. I breadboarded a programmer using RTS and successfully downloaded my sketch into an Uno preloaded with the bootloader.\nnixpulvis\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI highly recommend buying a 3.3 volt regulator with these guys, just in case. https://www.sparkfun.com/products/526\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\n?\nnixpulvis\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI guess that wasn't a very well articulated comment. People buying this board who are used to the Arduino having a 3.3v out might be surprised to find this board without one, if they don't read the description thoroughly.\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nFair enough. Note that we also carry a 3.3V version, which I find very useful (it will happily run off a 3.7V Lipo, and will talk to 3.3V sensors with no voltage-translation circuitry required).\nMember #434589\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI noticed there is a green LED on the Pro Mini connected to the SCK line (digital pin D13). I'm using SPI to talk to a digital pot, which uses SCK. I'd like to move my project from a bare 328 to the Pro Mini. Will the Pro Mini's LED interfere with SPI?\nThank you in advance!\nThe Doctor Doge\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nOn most arduinos, like the UNO, there is an led there that doesn't seem to interfere with any SPI devices I've used.\nMember #440749\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWhat type of \"Over current protected\" is there on this board?\ndavebarratt\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nnone\nwsanders\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nHow much power does the CPU use? The arduino.cc page says each pin can sink 40ma. Looks like the regulator can deliver 150 ma.\nMember #434698\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAnyone have the correct timer and pin settings for AltSoftSerial for the 5V board?http://www.pjrc.com/teensy/td_libs_AltSoftSerial.html\nzouze\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nis this compatible with voltage divider shield found here: http://www.ebay.com/itm/150993542084 ?\nMember #48109\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI inadvertantly purchased some of these boards for my sensor project instead of the 3.3v version. Does anyone know if its possible to burn a custom bootloader which changes the CPU pre scaler, or to use the internal oscillator to get the clock speed down to 8mhz or lower. Also if we bypass the voltage regulator would that be enough to run this off of 3.3v? What other changes would be necessary? changing the fuses, etc?\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe only differences between the two boards are the voltage regulator and the external oscillator (sorry, and the bootloader). The ATmega itself will happily run at either 5V or 3.3V.If you have a 3.3V supply, you can certainly feed that into VCC and run the board at 3.3V. Which leaves the 16MHz oscillator. One option at this point is to keep running it at 16MHz (and choose \"5V/16MHz\" in your IDE so the timing is right). Although this is technically outside the guaranteed safe envelope, these chips tend to have a bit of margin built into them to tolerate manufacturing variations. It may work perfectly fine.You're correct about the rest of your options; if you must run at 8MHz, you can use the internal 8MHz source (requires new fuse bits) or divide the external source using the prescaler (requires changing a register). You -might- be able to get around this without making bootloader changes, but it would be hacky - you'd have to compile your code for 8MHz (including changing the prescaler register early on), but the bootloader would be running at 16MHz. Let us know what you end up doing.(And it should be said - if you haven't used the boards yet, you can always contact our customer service department for an exchange). Good luck!\nMember #48109\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThanks! Yes, I did in fact burn new fuse values and then a new bootloader to run at 8MHz and fed in 3.3V on VCC, everything runs like a charm. It still seems to draw a bit more power than I'd like in sleep mode and probably going to try to cut the trace to the voltage regulator.\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nExcellent! Yes, do disable the vreg and you should have greatly improved power numbers. Also check out Nate's micropower tutorial if you haven't yet. Good luck!\nMember #416108\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI have Pro Mini. On the back side it have checked 3.3V and 16Mhz by black pen.What type Pro Mini have I got ( 3.3 or 5V)? How can I check it?BR,Vitaly\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThat's definitely strange, since that isn't a combination we manufacture! Very sorry about that. If you put 6V onto the VIN pin, either 3.3V or 5V will appear on the VCC pins. If the part wasn't what you were expecting, or you have any trouble with it, please contact our Customer Support department and we'll make sure you get a new one (with the correct labels!)\ntruehybridx\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nis there already an eagle library with a footprint of this? i want to make a schematic that integrates this board but would want to reinvent the wheel if someone else already did it\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIt's in the Sparkfun Eagle Libraries, in \"SparkFun-Boards.lbr\" as \"ARDUINO_MINI\"\nR0unin\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nUnfortunately it looks like the Sparkfun Eagle Libraries' SparkFun-Boards.lbr is for the older version, ie without A4, A5, A6, and A7. So if you want to use those pins, or if you want to use i2c, you need to put in your own off grid headers. It would be nice if Sparkfun can update the library. one entry for the vanilla mini and another for the Pro mini\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThat's a fair request; I'll get an updated version in there. Thanks for the feedback!\nautomaton\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHas this been updated? I think I have the newest version of the library but it doesn't look like they've been added.\nToni_K\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWe just added in the Pro Minis about a week ago. Try updating your library from the GitHub repo.\nautomaton\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThanks!! So if I have some previous boards designed with the old Pro Mini part will they get messed up if I replace the library with the new one since the new Pro Mini part has additional pins?\nToni_K\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThis is a possibility. If you have a lot of boards based around the old design, I'd recommend copying the old part into the new library once you have it downloaded. Or just keep the old version of the library and change the name on one of them. At that point, it just comes down to what organization method works for you.\nmusiq021\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI'm having a straaaange issue with this board. Strange indeed, yes.I moved to this board from an Uno. The circuit it's interfacing with remains essentially unchained.Part of said circuit is a little Piezo Buzzer. It produces the occasional beep. Which with the uno always sounded fine.The buzzer now sounds like it has a sore throat when powered from my 9 or 12 volt wall warts. (through the raw input). Strangely enough, it sounds just fine when powered over USB or directly by my benchtop variable power supply (spanning the 5-12v range).Any thoughts as to why? I probed the buzzed with a little oscilloscope and couldn't detect a marked difference in the readings.\nDavid38\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI had a similar problem with something that worked fine when powered from my benchtop power supply, but sounded weird when powered from a wall wart. Apparently my wall wart was too wimpy to keep up with sudden changes in current. I fixed it by adding a big capacitor -- 1000 uF -- across V_RAW and GND.\nMember #371813\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nDoes anyone know how many timers these have?\ndavebarratt\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nhttp://www.atmel.com/Images/doc2545.pdf\nchartle\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHas anyone found like a proto shield for this form factor. Yes I know about the one here but it really doesn't fit my needs. Personally I don't see it fitting anyone's needs but thats another thread. :-)My plan is to make a LED Controller board that uses a Darlington Driver 8-Channel ULN2803 that would control the LEDs, either singles or strands, through JST 2 connectors.I would have a few inputs as well also using JST connectors.So the 2803, some JST's and probably LEDs on the board for status of the strings for trouble shooting. I got some really tiny 1.8 mm LEDs from Evil Mad Scientist for that.I want it to be very generic/flexible so it could be used for a number of control projects but it mostly for costumes hence the use of a pro mini.\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAny meaningful reply would have to be based on why you believe the ProtoShield for Arduino Pro Mini does not fit your needs. You're correct that this would be another thread, so perhaps you can explain in that product's comments?But here's a less meaningful reply in the mean time: Why not pick up a generic protoboard? Unlike the main Arduinos with their spacing issues (solved by a product that should never have had to exist, the Arduino Offset Header, all of the pins on the Pro Mini are on a standard 0.1\" grid. Just cut the board down to the size you want/need.\nchartle\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nI just don't see what you could use the protoshield for since it doesn't bring up the I/O pins. If you read the comments its already been requested to add all the pins so no need for me to add a 'me too'. I brought it up since I figured someone would point me there.But anyway, forget the second part because I don't know how I never found this. Mini FET ShieldIts pretty much EXACTLY what I need. Oddly I never found it here. I found it by searching for mini shields at arduino.cc.\nMember #13177\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nIs anyone having issues with programming these using the ftdi basic usb to rs232? I seem to be having a timing issue where it seems to reset as it is supposed to and all the right lights flash like the board is OK but... I get 'stk500_recv() programmer is not responding' errors. I have soldered and resoldered. I looped the ftdi basic and verified that it works. I re-checked everything twice. I've tried every conceivable combination of baud rate. I even removed the DTR and tried to manually time the reset like a crazed lunatic hitting the button and trying to \"catch\" the timing by hand.I came across this: https://forum.sparkfun.com/viewtopic.php?f=32&t=27960 from over a year ago and am wondering if replacing the bootloader is my huckleberry or if this is from a previous revision only?\nTatankaWilly\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nDoes this thing have the Analog reference pin out? Or am I missing it somewhere?\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nNot missing it - ARef (pin20) connects to C1 connects to GND. Analog pins should thus be relative to the 5V Vcc. You could wire something to it if you need a separate ARef - if you're adventurous enough.\nIcosanol\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIt would still be nice to have it broken out. Maybe in the next revision?\nbleudeciel16\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI protyped a project on an uno, then bought a pro mini from sparkfun (the 5v/16mhz version), then flashed the same project onto it, and it runs very slow. Like half as fast at least. Is there any reason a project that runs quickly on an uno would run slower on this, even though it's supposedly the same clock speed as the uno? (or is mine broken and running at 8mhz?)\nC Poff\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI've run across some unusual quirks when using this board. I've used this board as a controller for an EM-38A (the latter set to Binary trigger mode) so that I could read 13 digital inputs and put out what is essentially a byte address via the analog pins.Is there any reason why A6 and A7 can't seem to write a digital HIGH or LOW? Does that have to do with the board, or is that a limitation in the ATmega328? Turns out I could wire around that problem, but still I was surprised to encounter it.I also had issues with Pin 1. I set it as input and pulled it up with a HIGH write, but it never reads LOW even when it's closed to ground. I thought that one could use pins 0 and 1 as normal pins long as one isn't worried about serial communications during normal operation -- am I wrong about that?I knew I was running up against the upper limits of pins. (I'd forgotten that on most standard boards pin 13 is loaded down with an LED). I'm starting to wish I preemptively bought a multiplexer for this project, just to be on the safe side.\n48X24X48X\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nPin A6 & A7 are pure analog input pins.\nSleepwalker3\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWould be good if they specifically noted this on the circuit diagram, though they don't show it as PC6/PC7, so I guess it 'implies' that.\n@C Poff, did you ever get Pin 1 sorted?\nMember #316435\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHow hard is it to interface this board with the WiFly module(http://www.sparkfun.com/products/11049)?\nI don't see any SCK MISO MOSI pins so I'm confused how the SPI would work. (I'm new to all this. Please do explain more if my question does not make any sense)\nMadone\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nTake a look at the hardware page on the Arduino.cc website, http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardProMiniSPI communications are done on pins 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK).Also, look at the SPI library page,\nhttp://arduino.cc/en/Reference/SPI\njchalo99\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nok how would i go about programing this, i dont have much time to order the FTDI breakout. I have an arduino mega 1280. is there code out there that i can upload onto my arduino mega, that would allow it to be the FTDI?i know all i need is Tx,Rx,5v,gnd, CTS,RTS. but how can i get thoes out of the arduino mega 1280?\nMember #202232\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n4\n/\nhttp://lmgtfy.com/?q=How+to+program+an+arduino+from+an+arduino=)\nskumdog\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nLove that link.\nMember #408752\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe link didn't work, but I found a good, simple Instructable at http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Examples-2-Use-an-Arduino-as-a-FTDI-Progr/\nMember #202232\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI am a relatively new Arduino user - have been playing for about a year now, but have only done a handful of small projects. I've recently purchased this 5v pro mini and a triple access accelerometer (http://www.sparkfun.com/products/10955) The accelerometer is a 3.3v piece, and this pro mini is a 5v. If I want to use the two together do I need to get a 3.3->5v logic controller (for example http://www.sparkfun.com/products/8745) or can I simply build myself a circuit that has a 3.3v power source? I was planning to design this into a project that would have a custom PCB, and if I can simply plan in a 3.3v regulator, I may do that.Happy to supply more details if more info is needed.\nPurple People Eater\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nI'm pretty new as well but i would suggest the 3.3v variant of this board:https://www.sparkfun.com/products/11114Hope that helps!\nMember #148444\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAfter laying out a board for the previous revision of the Pro Mini I thought it would be nice to get all those other pins beyond the dip pattern into the Eagle footprint. I used flying leads for DTS, SDA and SCL to connect onto the PC board. Nobody would be forced to put header pins into the non standard locations, but it wouldn't really be difficult either.\nCustomer Reviews\n4.6 out of 5\nBased on 140 ratings:\n5 star\n96\n4 star\n40\n3 star\n2\n2 star\n1\n1 star\n1\nCurrently viewing all customer reviews.\nShowing results with star rating. Show All\n4 of 4 found this helpful:\nMore that just an atmega328 breakout board\nabout 9 years ago\nby scharkalvin\nverified purchaser\nThis board will end up as the controller in the front panel of a little QRP transceiver I'm building for the 40 and 20 meter bands. It will control an AD9835 DDS VFO among other things (should be enough space in the flash to code a CW keyer as well). I would have normally used an ATmega384 but this board is smaller than the 40 pin package of the '384 and is 'ready to go'. I'll add an 18pin i2c i/o expander chip if needed. Great little board when you need a micro controller for a project, and it's smaller than using a DIP package IC, but as easy to wire up. (only gripe was having to solder the i2c pullup resistors on the bottom).Well after all this time, I just discovered that the jumper for the regulator was actually the solder blob near the regulator, not the trace under the I2C pull up resistors. Wish you guys would have identified that. So I removed my comment about that, and added a star to the review.BTW, If you want to run the 5v part at 3.3 volts, you can, unsolder that blob, and provide 3.3 volts to the VCC pin. Then reflash the bootstrap and the fuses so that the divide by two clock pre-scaler is enabled to run the board at 8mhz. This way you don't have to replace the crystal or the voltage regulator. You'll have to modify the bootstrap, recompiling it with the CPU set for 8mhz, and adding the logic to set the clock divider. Also need to set the divide by 8 fuse so that you don't overspeed the cpu clock before you can execute the code to change the divider to 2.\n3 of 3 found this helpful:\nExtremely useful Arduino board\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #145899\nverified purchaser\nI've used it a couple of times and the low price, small size and thinness of the board makes it extremely useful.\nI would however have liked a beefier voltage regulator. 150 mA is too low for many of my projects which means I have to stuff in an additional voltage regulator somewhere in my otherwise tiny project.\n1 of 1 found this helpful:\nEasy to use and works well\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #476405\nverified purchaser\nUnlike my understanding of Sparkfun's write-up for the Pro Mini, it works fine to upload programs with just an FTDI cable, don't need the special FTDI adaptor. It would also be helpful to explain how to install the pull-up resistors onto the solder pads provided for SDA and SCL. Can we buy the tiny resistors that are needed, and just how are they installed onto the solder pads?\nKansukee\nreplied on September 22, 2017:\nHello!\nThose type of tiny pads are typically soldered to through surface mount soldering. We've got some guides available here:\nhttps://www.sparkfun.com/tutorials/category/2\nthat go over it, though you can do it with a wand too if you're patient and have a steady hand.\nIn regards to what type you would want, you would wanna go with a 0603 form factor SMD chip resistor - there are many around that you can choose from if you google 0603 resistors - I would say you probably want to check what device you're using to double check what value of pullup they want, but 10k is not that uncommon.\n4 of 4 found this helpful:\nGreat simple embedded processor\nabout 9 years ago\nby Skye\nverified purchaser\nI must have a dozen of these. They are my go-to processor for simple projects. (For more serious applications I use ARM processors.) I have used them for a health monitor, sun tracker, gyro calibration table, motorized rotation stage, furnace monitor, and other projects. My only wish would be to have an optional true RS-232 output, but I make due with an external converter.\n6 of 6 found this helpful:\nA great product for small spaces\nabout 10 years ago\nby Madbodger\nverified purchaser\nI've built a lot of projects with various versions of Arduino. This one takes the cake for small size, however, and still has all the I/O leads. Works just like any other '328 based Arduino, just tiny (and thin the circuit board is thinner than the usual 1.6mm ones). Pins on the end let you power/program it with an FTDI cable or FTDI Basic, or power it. I just solder a 6-pin header on there, and wires on the I/O pins for whatever I want.\n2 of 2 found this helpful:\nSecond item on my \"Things I need infinite of\" list.\nabout 9 years ago\nby Andon\nverified purchaser\nFirst item is, of course, breakaway headers.These things are fantastic, and I've integrated them into so many projects. They've got everything you could need (Except a USB port... but there's a FTDI adapter for that). Plenty of pins to utilize. Low-profile. Built-in power regulator. And it's $10.\n1 of 1 found this helpful:\nGreat little powerhouse\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #648893\nverified purchaser\nI've used a knock-off of this true Arduino and have found that the components and manufacturing quality of the knock-off were sub-par to this little gem.\nMy ONLY complaint is the difficulty in un-soldering the jumper to isolate the on-board regulator. If this were on the backside of the board (wasn't it at one time?) it would be so much easier to un-solder with less chance of disturbing other components.\n6 of 6 found this helpful:\nPower in Small Packages\nabout 10 years ago\nby Member #548477\nverified purchaser\nThis is my go-to board for pretty much any electronics project. Working with it is almost an unnoticeable difference from the UNO or RedBoard (minus size, of course). My only grievance is that you have to solder and desolder wires to test with it instead of being able to use jumpers like on a bigger board, but that's my lazy side talking. Soldering makes for a more permanent connection than the female headers on the RedBoard or UNO (non-permanent connections are a pet peeve of mine), and honestly, they're so cheap, I just got another one and tossed on female headers so I could test with it before I soldered my final product together. Without a doubt, this is my favorite product Sparkfun sells.\n4 of 4 found this helpful:\nThis fits the bill\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #326864\nverified purchaser\nI love this board. It's tiny, it's powerful, it's inexpensive, and I can design a PCB using this part as it is in the sparkfun EAGLE library. Right now I am in the process of designing a Tachometer around this board, and a serial 2x16 LCD. The tachometer is for a Honda XR650L dual sport bike. I have the board layout complete and am about ready to send it out to be made. When the tach is completed, I will post a video of it.\n5 of 5 found this helpful:\nGreat buy\nabout 9 years ago\nby Mindbender\nverified purchaser\nGreat for the breadboard, and semi permanent/permanent projects.Need to solder on headers, but that's expected and keeps the form factor flexible.But - my only gripe is that A4 and A5 (SDA & SCL for I2C )are not broken out to the edge. When I have it on a breadboard, I have to solder on headers to the top. It's a tight space, and extra wires coming out of the top is messy. A lot of my projects are using these pins, and the slight increase in board length to accommodate these two pins would be well worth it in my opinion.\n4 of 4 found this helpful:\nMy favorite and most useful Arduino\nabout 9 years ago\nby Trea\nverified purchaser\nYou get everything a larger UNO has but it is a super small form factor. Using this in projects where space is a factor is a must. I bought the SF pro mini kit that comes with the FTDI board and some other things like lights, buzzer, etc then I bought 3 separate Pro mini.One bad thing about them is the pads are very sensitive so if you solder to them and you mess up it can be very hard to remove the solder without damaging the pad. I lost my left TX0 pin on one board.\n1 of 2 found this helpful:\nMy favorite Arduino board\nabout 10 years ago\nby vvvjv\nverified purchaser\nIt's small, it's inexpensive, and it does everything you would expect from an Arduino.\nGreat\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #631797\nverified purchaser\nWell made.\nSmall Power\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #504863\nverified purchaser\nI've grabbed a few of these, and a few osepp ones as well (older version)They are nice to add simple controllers to just about anything. The concepts can be tested on a uno and loaded on the Pro Mini seamless and easily soldered to a solderable breadboard. This takes a project that spans a testing table to pocket size in minutes... well ok... maybe an hour.\nEasy Setup with Eclipse\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #607240\nverified purchaser\nI prefer to use Eclipse IDE for most of my programming (HTML, PHP, CSS, JS, C, C++, Java...etc). The AVR plugin for eclipse works really well for the Atmega 328(P) boards. Easy to set up Static Library for the chipset, then focus on the int main(void) part of the application and quickly deploy the application to the Mini or Uno.I HIGHLY recommend getting the FTDI Basic Breakout (DEV-09716) and/or the FTDI cable (DEV-09718). Both work wonderfully with this board. Some soldering may be required so pick up a few Breakaway Headers (PRT-00116).\nSolid little workhorse\nabout 9 years ago\nby Talobab\nverified purchaser\nThese are a great little board. Plenty of power and really small size. They just work!\nExcellent product\nabout 9 years ago\nby Mulvane\nverified purchaser\nThis tiny thing really helped out when I needed it most. I'd like to see it sold without arduino bootloader pre-loaded if it meant it could come in just a bit cheaper though. All in all, happy.\nInexpensive and works great!\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #77792\nverified purchaser\nBought two of these along with the FTDI Basic Breakout. Installed sockets on one to allow me to make quick connections with 24 gauge solid wire for general experiments. Used the other one to build an Iambic CW Keyer. Going to order a few more to keep on hand for future projects!\nEasy!\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #634456\nverified purchaser\nVery simple to set up, had wiring and code up and going within an hour of opening the package.\nExactly what I needed\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #637197\nverified purchaser\nSmall and easy to integrate into projects where I need a micro controller. Saves me from soldering more smd stuff. Just all around simple to use.\nTiny, Useful, Economonical Uno on a diet.\nabout 9 years ago\nby WemblyTinkerer\nverified purchaser\nI like this little board because it is very similar to the Uno with some extra analog inputs and a little less power supply. It counts pulses, watches sensors, directs NeoPixels, and does a lot of other stuff. I program then as little I2C slaves to gather and average readings for my gravity sensor experiments. It's small enough to fit into my pirate chip plush project, watch and post process GPS data, and is quite small. It's already in the Arduino UI and just works. Aside from a few K more RAM, what more could one ask of an economical, cool looking, well maid board?\nGreat as\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #57306\nverified purchaser\nGreat product. Compact. Inexpensive (due to MINOR hassle of \"having\" to do USB off-board. Do I want idle USB ciruits on deployed Arduinos? No!)I've done KiCad .lib and .mod files for those who want to put an Arduino Pro Mini on a PCB of their own design. Free.http://kicadhowto.org/LibLib.htmThe small size of the Arduino Pro Mini reduces the expense of the PBB you are making, as there is little board area under the Arduino.\nExcellent\nabout 9 years ago\nby fboesche\nverified purchaser\nGreat option for my embeded arduino projects. I have used it on several wireless and control applications.\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #510332\nverified purchaser\nThe same performance and capabilities of an Arduino UNO in a much more compact package. So far everything is great\nExtremely useful Arduino board\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #145899\nverified purchaser\nI've used it a couple of times and the low price, small size and thinness of the board makes it extremely useful.\nI would however have liked a beefier voltage regulator. 150 mA is too low for many of my projects which means I have to stuff in an additional voltage regulator somewhere in my otherwise tiny project.\nGreat little arduino board\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #637512\nverified purchaser\nCompact and efficient, uploads easily with FTDI breakout. Great way to save space in your project.\nPerfect for permanent hacks\nabout 9 years ago\nby Pokey\nverified purchaser\nI had an Arduino Nano tied up on a breadboard for the better part of a year as part of an FSR endstop detector on my 3D printer. I wanted to get the mess of wires and proto parts off my desk, so I flashed one of these with the project, soldered on some headers and pullups, cleaned up the wiring, and hid it neatly under the printer.My only complaint is that it's fiddly to temporarily connect to the UART for programming without soldering down a header. It would be really nice if staggered holes were used here instead. In my case, where I'd already proven the code out elsewhere, test clips were sufficient to get the job done.\nGreat\nabout 9 years ago\nby floris\nverified purchaser\nSmall,\nLots of i/o.\nGreat device for building a compact project!\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #656653\nverified purchaser\nMinimal design approach in a small package, which fits my needs perfectly. The large, positive action reset button is a nice feature too. Plus you know when you purchase from Spark Fun that there are no counterfeit components on the board.\n0 of 1 found this helpful:\nAre you kidding, don't event think about it\nabout 9 years ago\nby bluerock2\nverified purchaser\nOK, don't get me wrong here but I don't event think about this part. It is what it is. It works, its cheap, (have a few hanging around). I am working on a project that took a lot of RAM and Flash. Hey, make it dual processor, because I have A FEW LAYING AROUND that costs $10 EACH!\nPerfect for so many project at the right price!\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #349652\nverified purchaser\nI have so darn many of these in use right now. The one time purchase of an ftdi board and off you go!\nWhy use anything else?\nabout 9 years ago\nby Permie\nverified purchaser\nThis is a great little machine. It's cheap, small, and powerful. You could attach headers to it for prototyping, but I usually develop using an Uno and then replicate the circuit over to the Pro Mini. It's that compatible.\ngreat board\nabout 9 years ago\nby 71784\nverified purchaser\nThis is a great board, and at a suspiciously low price.\n0 of 1 found this helpful:\nGood Stuff\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #399399\nverified purchaser\nIt works! It does what it should.I make a 'spot' for it on my pc board and it saves space and time.\nThings are good these days. If I had these years ago, Just imagine.Thanks. Sparkfun is good too. I always look at you for my first bom.\nThanks.W R\nBest ardunino for inbeded projects.\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #338203\nverified purchaser\nSo you have gotten your feet wet and learn the basics, and now your ready to make a useful project using the Arduino, this is your guy. Low cost, small package makes it great for those projects where you want to mount the Ardunio permanently. Only thing I would change is ditch the reset button and charge 50 cents less,.\nGreat for smaller projects\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #657497\nverified purchaser\nIf size is an issue, this is a great product to use. Only thing I wish it had was a 5V output since the sensors I used required a 5V regulated output. This can be fixed by using voltage regulators, but it was a slight nuisance. So, 4 stars instead of 5.\nSingle T\nreplied on May 27, 2015:\nHi! The VCC pin on the board is a regulated output pin. On this board it's a 5V regulated line. The regulator is rated for 150mA.\nAn ideal size for an Arduino compatible micro!\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #153411\nverified purchaser\nlittle larger than a large postage stamp with 14 digital and 8 analog ports, this micro can fit almost anywhere.\nEasily my favorite SFE product.\nabout 9 years ago\nby William31415\nverified purchaser\nThe Arduino Pro Mini is cheap, tiny, and easy to implement. I consider this the best option for Arduino-based projects (as long as you know what you're doing). Onboard voltage regulation is a huge plus.\nLove it.\nabout 9 years ago\nby MarkBell\nverified purchaser\nI embed these in all kinds of models I build, it really simplifies the lighting. Instead of running dozens of wires to lights in the model, I just have to run power to it instead.\nGreat Arduino\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #121312\nverified purchaser\nPerfect for my applications and very compact.\nGreat For Prototyping\nabout 9 years ago\nby ZedLep\nverified purchaser\nI use the ATmega328P on many of my own PCBs, and this board is perfect for prototyping before committing to a board design. I'm able to program it with either the FTDI Basic (DTR) or a 5v FTDI cable (RTS) using the Arduino IDE. The note in the description on auto reset not working is somewhat misleading; might be helpful if there was a little more info on this. My only complaint is the A4 & A5 pins aren't brought out to the edge, and they're not even on the same .1\" grid pattern as the edge pins. Wouldn't mind the extra 0.1\" board length to bring these out. I do like having the solder pads for I2C pull-ups on these pins right on the board.\nExcellent product\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #698310\nverified purchaser\nAllows full automation of systems while remaining extremely space efficient. Perfect for mounting onto a small protoboard\nAn excellent product at an excellent price\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #653742\nverified purchaser\nThe Pro Mini 328 has all the IO pins of the full size Arduino Uno board, and the tiny form factor makes it perfect for projects with cases that are too small for the full size board, plus it's only a fraction of the price. You'll need to solder wires or pins to the board and use a separate FTDI board to program it, but that's not a problem for experienced experimenters. Also, you'll lose the ability to stack standard shield boards on it. But, If you're using this board as a controller in a project that will only be programmed once, and has to fit in a very small space, then you don't want to pay for a FTDI circuit on every board. Unless you're a total novice, or need to add shield boards, then this board is a great alternative to the full-size Arduino Uno board.\nabout 9 years ago\nby techiebot\nverified purchaser\nI love the small footprint and slimness, which make it so easy to incorporate in a variety of projects.\nPerfect. Easy Microcontroller in a small package\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #709920\nverified purchaser\nI used to program PIC microcontrollers, but have become irritated by the poor compiler. It actually inserts junk code in unless you buy the high end version.\nThis is nothing like a PIC. Its faster. Has plenty of memory. its just awesome and I couldnt ask for more. I put a header on it, plugged it into the USB->Serial converter and started programming.And its small! And its cheap! This is now my #1 go-to microcontroller.\nGreat little device\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #629756\nverified purchaser\nAnd I make sure I have a few on-hand. I've used these in various projects now and they just make it easy - do a quick HW design, hook things up, and then add a few features purely via SW as enhancements become apparent. The ability to source, as well as sink, enough current directly to drive LEDs is really handy.\nEasy to connect to, inexpensive, and has the functions I need\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #323950\nverified purchaser\nThis is much smaller and less expensive than an Uno, so can fit in a hand-held enclosure, yet has all the functionality I need. I can read external sensors and display the results on an LCD display via the I2C bus. Plenty of inputs to connect a keypad or pushbuttons. And using an FTDI friend with a USB cable I'm able to program it without any problems at all. I now use an Uno for prototyping, then port the program over to a Pro Mini to build into my enclosures. Thanks, whoever came up with these... Keep up the good work!\ngood condition, a bit confused\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #712961\nverified purchaser\nAfter a while i figured it out, but id didn't realize i had to solder the pins on myself, but that was justfrom my lack of experience.\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #395694\nverified purchaser\nThis is a great product for completing a project created on a full sized arduino on a protoboard. I don't care for \"shields\" as it seems to cause a lot of extra physical connectors and such... I'd rather take a solder-proto board, a Pro Mini and whaterver else is needed and build it up. Make for lower cost and more compact projects - but does take more time. If you can live without headers - this is THE Go-to Arduino board - and I think there is a similar \"Leo\" version. Also - the new pinout-PDF for the Pro Mini makes it even easier to use. BUY TIME! :-)\nWorks great\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #717413\nverified purchaser\nI made the mistake of trying some knockoff version of this first that fried itself when I hooked it up to 12V. The genuine article works great and is perfect for permanent embedding in small projects.\nMy new favorite Arduino\nabout 9 years ago\nby Ninjared\nverified purchaser\nI had no idea that so much awesomeness could fit into something so small. This thing rocks. I've had no issues with them at all.-Edit: The only major issue I've come across is that it does not do so well being powered by a battery pack any larger than 8.4V. Anything over that, and the teeny-tiny 5V regulator on the board starts getting VERY hot. Be careful for this!\nBest for small projects!\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #104401\nverified purchaser\nI'm still fairly new to the Arduino, but I had a few projects I wanted to make more permanent without dedicating an Uno to each one. This was exactly what I needed. It's small, powerful, and easy to program with the SparkFun FTDI basic breakout.\nGreat little board\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #736947\nverified purchaser\nWorks perfectly\nThe Arduino Pro Mini is a Fantastic Option\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #633342\nverified purchaser\nFantastic option when space is tight and you want a lightweight microcontroller. I used mine for a model rocket flight controller that ensures electronic staging only occurs if the upward trajectory is near vertical and the rocket is stable. I also built a remote controller for shop vacuum system around the Pro Mini. What a great product! Thanks SparFun!\nExcellent Board. You need to buy 10.\nabout 8 years ago\nby algorhythm\nverified purchaser\nLove this board and use it all the time in projects. Right now I've got one on a breadboard with an ftdi basic hooked up. It's so fresh and so clean. A+++ would buy again.\nEmbedded Prototype for Inclined Plane Rectilinear Motion\nabout 8 years ago\nby Castaeda Alejandro, PhD\nverified purchaser\nThis microcontroller is using its size and simplicity to implementation and development of a didactic prototype for measuring acceleration, speed and time in experiments to demonstrate Newton's three laws of motion using rectilinear experiment. This work was presented in Mexico as an educational prototype, but was not well appreciated by the entity, who severely critical as the normal force is measured, nevertheless, the idea yet been implemented in the laboratory to demonstrate that the normal force is a conservative force.: http://somi.ccadet.unam.mx/somi30/programa.php?id=3\nCompatible, flexible, and tiny\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #537437\nverified purchaser\nCompatible: I use these boards after I have done my prototyping with an Uno or RedBoard and I'm ready to build my project in a more permanent fashion.\nFlexible: No, you can't bend it, but you can solder (flexible) wires, or male or female header connectors. I use male header connectors on the bottom side because then I can simply \"plug\" the ProMini into the board it's interfacing with, which is frequently just a perfboard. Plug and play. Well, plug and solder, then play. Plus I install a 6-pin male header connector on the top side for interfacing with the FTDI Basic Board (DEV-09716) for programming. I can upload the initial code during construction, but easy enough to plug in the FTDI Basic if I wish to upload new code later. If it needs to be low profile I install a right-angle header connector and I can plug the FTDI Basic in from the side.\nTiny: Well, that pretty much speaks for itself.\nLove the Pro Mini\nabout 8 years ago\nby wrenoud\nverified purchaser\nFor me the best thing about the pro mini is it fits on the bread board. I can easily prototype and then fit the little board into a project.My only complaint is that A4 and A5 are not on the outside. They are the I2C pins, and it would be nice if those came out to the side in preference over 2 of the other analog pins, as they can also double as analog pins.\nIt'll always be my first\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #743944\nverified purchaser\nExactly what you'd expect it to be. This little thing is what I used for my first permanent arduino project. Failed to order the FTDI breakout cable, but I found instructions online to program it using my Uno.\nSmall yet powerful\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #757904\nverified purchaser\nPerfect compliment to Raspberry PI for data acquisition\ngreat job with the shrink-a-nator\nabout 8 years ago\nby dezldog\nverified purchaser\nWhen your project (or skills) are wanting a very small board, this is the way to go! I also like not having to have USB on board; the programming cables are just as convenient and that leaves fewer components to fail in the project.\nArduino Pro Minis are Pro!\nabout 8 years ago\nby FangedScorpion\nverified purchaser\nVery easy to use Arduino platform with a small form factor. Cheaper than an Arduino Uno and easily fit into a breadboard with headers. Great breakout!\nPerfect form factor\nabout 8 years ago\nby IceDogSeven\nverified purchaser\nI recently purchased one for a project at work that was very space constrained. Then I immediately bought 2 more. So inexpensive that I don't feel bad about soldering only the headers I need on it (soldered the programming header on at 45 degrees which was just right for my application). So now I have 3 in 3 completely different configurations. Love this thing.\nI use it for all my projects.\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #505608\nverified purchaser\nInexpensive, easy to program. Small footprint. 16 mhz. Use it for everything except when I want a full arduino footprint.\nThese are an inexpensive powerful solution.\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #695033\nverified purchaser\nI have used several of these in projects and they work great. I even made a footprint for my own PCB to install this board rather than lay my board out for the processor only. I have one installed in my golf cart to monitor the batteries and display date, time, battery volts, state of charge, and MPH.\nImpressive\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #440852\nverified purchaser\nI pretty much only use this version of the Arduino now (for everything new). Unless you need the gazillion pins of the Mega, this little board can either plug into a protoboard, or another board designed to receive it, or can be used standalone, giving me flexibility beyond what an Uno offers.With the USB converter board that sparkfun offers, it's absolutely as easy to use as any other Arduino and way more flexible. And it's ten bucks. What's not to like?\nJust what we needed\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #791156\nverified purchaser\nFast efficient service, works great.\nEasy to use and small enough to fit almost anywhere.\nabout 8 years ago\nby Deadbot1\nverified purchaser\nI have used a few of these now. Cheap enough to use for almost anything. Small enough to fit almost anywhere.My last project used one as the heart of a controller to run all of my Halloween animatronics. The next one is destined to display Christmas cheer for all to enjoy. Once populated with a few headers they are easy to program with the SparkFun FTDI Basic Breakout - 5V\nPro Mini is just about the ultimate arduino\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #330106\nverified purchaser\nI really like the Pro Mini 5v/16MHz.. That is why I now own about 20 of them.I do not ever want to see them on your obsoleted list!!!!!\nOne of the most important aspects of any electronic component is consistency in availability. If you ever quit making the Pro Mini, especially the 5v ones, I will really be pissed!!!!!There is only one thing that could improve the Pro Mini and that is the physical footprint. The ultimate arduino would be to make a pro Mini with the exact same electrical schematic minus the serial chip etc. but have the same footprint as the Arduino Nano with two rows of 15 pins.Nyle Steiner\nA little Workhorse\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #215956\nverified purchaser\nI have used the Pro Mini for a number of projects, both at home and at work. It has worked well and kept the size of the enclosures very small. My bosses love the price, as well! It's made me a hero.\nSmall and inexpensive\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #365325\nverified purchaser\nIf you need an Arduino in a compact package, this fits the bill.Like someone else mentioned, getting the I2C lines out to board edge would be very useful.\nPlant Moisture Sensor\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #796006\nverified purchaser\nThe low power draw and small footprint should make this board well-suited for my application as a plant moisture sensor.I'm still reading up on methods of operating the Pro Mini with minimal current draw. One suggestion is disconnecting the LEDs and regulator. The addition of removable jumpers on the PCB would be helpful.I tried powering the unit using the RAW power connection. Unfortunately, my unregulated 9V supply whose no-load output was about 14V, enough to damage the Pro Mini. Having learned my lesson, I bought one of Sparkfun's regulated supplies which solved the problem.I also had occasion to talk with Sparkfun's Tech Support which was very knowledgeable and helpful.\nIt works as expected\nabout 8 years ago\nby joopp\nverified purchaser\nNice small size, easy to work with.\nBig surprise, small package\nabout 8 years ago\nby walkercreations\nverified purchaser\nI own a couple Arduino Uno's and was never sold on the Mini's. I bought this one for a robot project and what a big surprise. This thing is as capable as its bigger counterparts. I will definitely be getting more of these for future projects. I'm very happy with the performance and ease of use. I highly recommend giving these a try.\nVersatile\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #134717\nverified purchaser\nWe're a radio station still playing classical music from CD's. Transferring the audio to HD is easy - it's the metadata from the liner notes that is a problem. Broadcast CD players are almost extinct and standard CD/DVD players have no front-panel controls. We've compensated by buying inexpensive DJ-type CD players and modifying their functions to do what we want using an Arduino. We've added external start-stop inputs and defeated the \"snooze\" function that put the machine in standby if it was left in cue for too long. Great product!\nGreat for small board packaging\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #831498\nverified purchaser\nI am utilizing a Pro Mini to control a cooling system I have designed for my Senior Design Project at California Polytechnic State University: San Luis Obispo. There I study Mechanical Engineering with a Concentration in Mechatronics. My project is a Prosthetic Socket Cooling System for an Afghanistan war veteran who suffers from overheating due to wearing four prosthetics. I am also in the works in designing my own printed circuit board to house all of the components in a small package to be worn on the prosthetic. Sparkfun has been a fantastic avenue of information and products to facilitate project progress and completion.\nnice and small form factor\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #527126\nverified purchaser\nI use an Arduino UNO with the 328 removed as the serial usb interface. So I can bread board with the UNO then do final with the Pro Mini\nNot too bad\nabout 8 years ago\nby msorola\nverified purchaser\nBought this to make the Hatermatic project. It worked for about a year, but I tried updating the code and something went wrong with the bootloader and it would no longer accept code. Rather than buy the stuff to fix it, I just bought a new one of these. Works good.\nGreat for small scale\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #420203\nverified purchaser\nI used this board in a project that was outdoors. I loved that it free'd up space to use for other items. I mounted it to a breadboard with female headers. Whenever I want to update a small piece of code I just pop it out. It always me to program inside the warmth of my house.\nThis is a great board\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #767669\nverified purchaser\nThe is a great little board. When you don't need the functionality of a full Arduino, this is perfect. It's small, is available in 3.3 and 5 volt versions and is very inexpensive.\nGreat board\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #866957\nverified purchaser\nThis Arduino Pro mini is working fine\nGreat! But don't break it\nabout 7 years ago\nby Sstone86\nverified purchaser\nWorks great! I buy them for the price.\nperfect for neopixel luxo lamps for christmas\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #668686\nverified purchaser\nthe right amount of IO. easy to program. and cheap!\nMini Mighty\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #220753\nverified purchaser\nPicked a bunch of these up during a discount - they can't be beat for size, and processing power in that space.\nNo more LLCs\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #842747\nverified purchaser\nI do a variety of projects and each have their purposes. I tend to want to standardize on hardware wherever possible; sometimes this means including some LLCs to go between 3.3v and 5v which expands my payload (not a good thing when adding electronics to toys).Having a 5v option for the Pro Mini helps alleviate having to add LLCs for certain peripherals; this allows me to choose which version of the Pro Mini. Which is nice for me.\nGreat little arduino!\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #792537\nverified purchaser\nOnce you've mastered the UNO go ahead and get the Pro Mini! Make your projects smaller and neater by using wires soldered to this.\nI got mine on Arduino day, I've been using Pro mini from another source and this definitely has better quality!\nWhere's the pin headers?\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #500057\nverified purchaser\nProduct was fine and at a good price on Arduino sale. I like Sparkfun stuff. But, I've got these from other companies and they included pin headers? Maybe THAT was fluke? Throw a couple rows of headers in the plastic bag next time......please.\nuse it for low-power applications\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #567114\nverified purchaser\nI'm using this for a simple weather station with DHT22 and BME280 sensors and a Sunny Buddy solar/lipo supply. It also needs a buck-up controller to power a 5-V board. It requires more work to set up because it is not compatible with standard Arduino shields. But, it is not hard to do on a breadboard -- just solder headers along the edge. The SCL/SDA pins require separate wires to the breadboard. It requires less current than an Arduino Uno or RedBoard. I use the Narcoleptic library in my code to reduce the power requirements even farther. You need an FTDI module to communicate with a computer's USB port.\nabout 7 years ago\nby CBeener\nverified purchaser\nThe only problem we had was that the display we was driving was a 3.3 volt device.\nIt took out three of the pins driving it. We added a 680 ohm resistor in series. Now all is good.\nThe original Pro-Mini!\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #370201\nverified purchaser\nSmall foot print, 8 analog inputs, low cost! What's not to like? It's not the most convenient development system as you need to isolate d0/d1 while programming but if you want to stamp out a lot of inexpensive nodes or do something that doesn't need to communicate, the package is powerful and the price is right. Just plug it into your circuit board design and save a bunch of dedicated logic.\nGreat product at a great price\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #528960\nverified purchaser\nWas the right size at the right price with all the functionality I needed.\nGreat product, awful shipping\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #1133201\nverified purchaser\nI bought this to use in a project that I had prototyped with an Arduino Uno. I had questions about the optional pull up resistors, which their support team answered quickly and accurately. The helpful and informative web site pointed me to everything I would need to successfully use this remarkable little gem. My project was a success. This is the product I will reach for next time I need an Uno class microcontroller.But the shipping was awful! I was initially thrilled to find an innovative electronic supplier just one state away, as my previous favorite was on the east coast, charged too much for shipping (often as much as the product), and took a week to get here. I was excited to be able to get stuff quickly. Imagine my disappointment to discover that SparkFun's shipping was even worse. They didn't get the order out the door for three days, which their web site says is normal. Their most reasonable option was FedEx smart post. So, after several days, I moved on to my next project, which I ordered from a company in the Midwest. I ordered on Saturday, received an email on Sunday saying it shipped. They charged me $3 to ship it via USPS. Both orders arrived the same day.\nI2C bus capacitance out of spec, causing I2C to not work\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #606722\nverified purchaser\nThe I2C bus capacitance on SDA and SCL is around 4 uF (4000000 pF). Spec is <10 pF, and the total allowable on the bus is 400 pF. Accordingly, it is impossible to pull up the lines fast enough for even low speed I2C (100 kHz) communication. I tested 3 samples, all had this problem.\nKansukee\nreplied on October 16, 2017:\nSorry to hear about the issues with the pro mini's. Have you contacted our technical support department at Techsupport@sparkfun.com - they're usually pretty good about helping figure out issues like this.\nperfect\nabout 7 years ago\nby The Best\nverified purchaser\nits better than the old design because there is good description on the board\nArduino mini\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #757063\nverified purchaser\nI ordered 5 of these. One did not work. Had to order 2 more just incase it malfunctions.I've had to update my rating, customer service reached out to me and was very helpful and refunded me the malfunctioning board. They are very interactive and easy to reach. I appreciate the great service over there.\nCF\nreplied on December 14, 2017:\nI'm sorry to hear that!\nWe try to make sure no bad boards go out in orders but sometimes one gets by us. Please contact our tech support team at techsupport (at) sparkfun (dot) com and we can help you with this.\nDisappointed / Labeling Issues\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #1223652\nverified purchaser\nI know what I ordered but the boards are not marked. There is clearly a place to indicate on the board what they are, but no-one bothered to mark them. It makes me question whether they are 5V or 3.3V, 8MHz or 10 MHz or 16 MHz. There are enough variables to evaluate without having a clearly marked product that I can depend on.\nAlways reliable, great design\nabout 6 years ago\nby thuston88\nverified purchaser\nThese little guys are just great for remote nodes tested on a breadboard.\nA handy little gadget!\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #1259177\nverified purchaser\nEasy to solder pads.\nEasy to program via FTDI by Atmel Studio(V7.0) and Arduino IDE.A very flexible little module - I've soldered pins to 3 of the 5 that I've bought and left a couple in their little packets for some as yet unknown future project.\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #320079\nverified purchaser\nWork great for my projects very happy with them.\nTinVu\nThis is my favorite the Pro mini\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #511005\nverified purchaser\nIt's compact and works every time It's also a great field swap board you can touch\nup your program at the shop and then install quick in the field .Dave\nGreat little chip.\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #208764\nverified purchaser\nVery durable with lots of digital pins. Don't understand having 3 grounds though. Could have put SDA and SCL on two of the ground pins. Otherwise, it's a great chip with lots of room for code.\nWorked as expected. Good quality\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #1273266\nverified purchaser\nUsed these in an wearable application driving 16 APA102C LEDs (Lumenati boards). All 6 units worked perfectly. Build quality was good with no noticable solder flux anywhere.\nWorks great even after sitting in water\nabout 6 years ago\nby Mad Tinker\nverified purchaser\nI'm using my pro-mini as part of a water quality data logger/sensor (electrical conductivity and temperature) at a mining waste reclamation area. The entire package (sensor, data logger, and enclosure) sat in a mountain stream for over a week. The enclosure didn't hold up as well as planned; it leaked and the data logger sat in stream water for the last 4 days. Still works after a bit of freshening up with a hair dryer.\nMy Favorite Little Controller\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #596460\nverified purchaser\nThese things have become my \"go-to\" for projects; I prototype on my Uno, and then move things over to this tiny little $10 board. I've used 5 or 10 of thiem, over the last few months, so far their record is flawless! Highly recommended.\nI love these little things\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #166004\nverified purchaser\nThe Uno is great for learning, but not so great for doing, due to its awkward footprint. The Pro Mini is perfect for embedding in projects. I use it for about everything.\nHandy little gadget\nabout 6 years ago\nby JPerch\nverified purchaser\nI pick up a few of these things every time they go on sale. I like to keep a few on hand in case any little Arduino project comes up. I have used these to build a large format count down clock for a FIRST Robotics Competition team and a miniature replica of the Enterprise's warp core.It is really handy to prototype on an Uno and then just move everything to one of these to fit in small places. The on board regulator can't handle much beyond the board itself. But that is not a big deal to me.\nToo easy\nabout 6 years ago\nby mcavoy0x61\nverified purchaser\nto try anything else. For small projects, I always think of this board first.\nStable ProMini\nabout 4 years ago\nby Member #144445\nverified purchaser\nProMini worked right off the bat. One issue is in the board design... the SCL solder pad is dangerously close the micro chip soldering pads. Otherwise seems to be performing well (acting as an I2C slave).\nMy favorite arduino for breadboarding\nabout 4 years ago\nby sgtell\nverified purchaser\nThis is a great Atmega328 board. I have several, and am ordering more. With headers added, it plugs into a breadboard, and having the IO out on a breadboard makes it much easier to prototype with thn say an Uno. Only one minor complaint: I wish it was 0.1 or 0.2 inches longer, with additional in-line pads for SCL and SDA. My workaround for that:\nI cut the headers two pins longer, with the extra pins hanging off the end past the reset button. Then wire those to the additional pads to bring SDA and SCL (and A6 and A7) down to the breadboard.\nSimple but powerful\nabout 3 years ago\nby chip\nverified purchaser\nI'm a big fan of the Mini. It's simple to use, plenty of processing power for most tasks and the form factor is great.\nGo-to little AVR brain\nabout 3 years ago\nby Sciguy\nverified purchaser\nif you're too stubborn to use anything but AVR, and don't need shield compatibility, no reason to use any board other than this.(no sarcasm; this is genuinely my go-to)\nAlways one in my stash\nabout 2 years ago\nby Member #892000\nverified purchaser\nThis is my go-to unit. Lately i've made two gear door sequencers for radio controlled aircraft. I always keep a spare ready for the next project.\nPerfect format for my projects\nabout 2 years ago\nby Member #956043\nverified purchaser\nI use these boards for nearly all my projects - small form factor and enough I/O to get the tasks done. Typically used on my own custom PCB that readily wires the Pro Mini, a RTC board and up to 4 stepper motor controllers along with headers for 4 Hall effect sensors, 4 switches and a couple of LED indicators.\nSelecting board\nabout a year ago\nby Member #1396497\nverified purchaser\nHi, I didn't find it anywhere in the documentation on sparkfun, but I wasn't successfully uploading \"Blink\" to the 5V/16MHz board with the IDE \"board\" option set to Uno or Uno Mini; apparently buried somewhere in the official Arduino docs (OK, not THAT deeply) it says to select Duemilanove, and once I set it to that it uploads just fine and I am the proud and happy owner of a blinking green light. Did I miss something in your docs?\nGood but not great\nlast year\nby Member #1833057\nverified purchaser\nThis is a great board if you only have one thing to do. It just does not have enough speed to do more than one thing. I like the size and the easy programming with the Arduino IDE. The only really bad thing is the onboard 5 volt regulator which is pretty close to useless. If you have any extra load on the 5 volts and you put 12 volts into the board it will just blow up and smoke.\nLove this board\nabout 4 months ago\nby Member #305927\nverified purchaser\nSmall and economical. Well designed and powerful.\nAbsolutely fantastic product.\nabout 10 years ago\nby CkShipman\nverified purchaser\nThe pro mini is my \"goto\" microcontroller. I usually solder header pins then use in wire wrap perf boards.\nArduino Pro Mini is great\nabout 9 years ago\nby robust48\nverified purchaser\nHe helped me in my projects, it is small, compact, just great\nToo stinking kool!\nabout 9 years ago\nby 2BitBot\nverified purchaser\nGreat little board with big dreams. Lots of power in a very small package. Love working with this board. Whatever will I build next?\n0 of 1 found this helpful:\nit is an arduino\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #335979\nverified purchaser\nA built-in level shifter would be awesome\nPerfect for small projects!!\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #623189\nverified purchaser\nJust ordered 3 more. The size is perfect for small projects including home automation. Screwed up meant to give 5 stars!!\nGreat Arduino, Great Price\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #446294\nverified purchaser\nIt does exactly what it should. Makes it easier to put an Arduino in a permanent project.\n0 of 1 found this helpful:\nMy computer wont recognize it.\nabout 9 years ago\nby Skerpy_D\nverified purchaser\nI downloaded all of the necessary drivers except it wouldn't recognize the Arduino. I tried switching the board in the tools section and I tried changing the COM port but nothing worked. It seems like a great board that would be great for low-profile projects but I just can't get mine to work.\nnot bad\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #432464\nverified purchaser\ndecent price, compact size. but the arduino settings for this board didn't work at all, had to use the 328p settings included with the arduino ide.\nSingle T\nreplied on March 11, 2015:\nSorry to hear that. It's an odd issue, possibly your board was booted with the wrong version of the bootloader. Let us know if this is an issue and we can help you out.\nNeat device\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #611204\nverified purchaser\nI bought these to use in an RC transmitter design obtained elsewhere. I was not aware of them or their capability at the time.It worked out great and really got me interested in the microprocessor and the programming of it.Easy to learn and works as advertised. There is lots of similar projects and help available.Highly recommend them.\nGreat for teaching labs!\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #488168\nverified purchaser\nThese little guys are great for teaching how to program in arduino and build sensor and control systems.\nWeekly product releases, special offers, and more.\nYouTube\nInstagram\nGitHub\nFacebook\nTwitter\nRSS\nABOUT SPARKFUN\nRead Our Story\nPress & Media\nSuccess with SparkFun\nSparkFun Education\nJob Openings\nPARTNER WITH US\nSee Our Partners\nBecome a Distributor/Reseller\nReceive Volume Discounts\nExplore Custom Kits\nApply for a Hardware Donation\nSUPPORT\nCustomer Support Purchase Orders & Payment Terms\nTechnical Assistance\nFAQs\nContact Us\nSITE INFORMATION\nTerms of Service\nPrivacy Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nCompliance\nSite Map\nSparkFun Electronics \n6333 Dry Creek Parkway, Niwot, Colorado 80503\nDesktop Site\nYour Account\nLog In\nRegister\nClose\nLog In", "url": "https://www.sparkfun.com/products/11113" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Getting Started with the Arduino Pro Mini | Arduino Documentation/ARDUINO.CC Go BackLegacy DocumentationBoardsShieldsKitsOtherArchived LibrariesGuides to Retired ProductsGetting Started with the Arduino 101Getting Started with the Arduino ADKGetting Started with the Arduino BTGetting Started with the Arduino EsploraArduino Esplora ExamplesGetting Started with the Arduino Ethernet Shield.Getting Started with the Arduino FioGetting Started with the Arduino GSM ShieldGetting Started with the Arduino GSM Shield 2Getting Started with the Arduino GemmaGetting Started with the Arduino ISPGetting Started with the Arduino Industrial 101Getting Started with the Arduino Leonardo, Leonardo ETH and MicroGetting Started with the Arduino LilyPad, LilyPad Simple and LilyPad Simple SnapGetting Started with the LilyPad Arduino USBGetting Started with the Arduino M0Getting Started with the Arduino M0 ProAdvanced features of Arduino M0 ProGetting Started with the Arduino MiniGetting Started with the Arduino PrimoGetting Started with the Arduino Primo CoreGetting Started with the Arduino ProGetting Started with the Arduino Pro MiniGetting Started with the Arduino TianGetting Started with the Arduino Uno WiFiArduino UNO WiFi FW ChangeArduino UNO WiFi Firmware UpdaterGetting Started with the Arduino WiFi ShieldGetting Started with Arduino WiFi Shield 101Getting Started with the Arduino Wireless SD Shield and Series 1 XBee modulesArduino Wireless Shield with XBee Series 2 RadiosGetting Started with the Arduino YnGetting Started with the Arduino Yn and Yn Mini LininoOSGetting Started with the Arduino Yn ShieldGetting Started with the TinkerKit Braccio RobotGetting Started with Intel Edison Getting Started with Intel Galileo Gen2IoT Prime - Experiment 01IoT Prime - Experiment 02IoT Prime - Experiment 03IoT Prime - Experiment 04Getting Started with the Arduino RobotGetting Started with the Arduino TFT ScreenLibrary ExampleHackingHome / Hardware / Legacy Documentation / Getting Started with the Arduino Pro Mini Getting Started with the Arduino Pro MiniThe first steps to setting up the Arduino Pro MiniLast revision 06/21/2023The Arduino Pro Mini is intended for advanced users who require flexibility, low-cost, and small size. It comes with the minimum of components (no on-board USB or pin headers) to keep the cost down. It's a good choice for a board you want to leave embedded in a project. Please note that there are two versions of the board: one that operates at 5V (like most Arduino boards), and one that operates at 3.3V. Be sure to provide the correct power and use components whose operating voltage matches that of the board.The Arduino Pro Mini is programmed using the Arduino Software (IDE), our Integrated Development Environment common to all our boards and running both online and offline. For more information on how to get started with the Arduino Software visit the Getting Started page.Use your Arduino Pro Mini on the Arduino Web IDEAll Arduino boards, including this one, work out-of-the-box on the Arduino Web Editor, you only need to install Arduino Create Agent to get started.The Arduino Web Editor is hosted online, therefore it will always be up-to-date with the latest features and support for all boards. Follow this simple guide to start coding on the browser and upload your sketches onto your board.Use your Arduino Pro Mini on the Arduino Desktop IDEIf you want to program your Arduino Pro Mini while offline you need to install the Arduino Desktop IDEThe board comes without built-in USB circuitry, so an off-board USB-to-TTL serial converter must be used to upload sketches. For the 3.3V Arduino Pro boards, this can be a FTDI TTL-232R-3V3 USB - TTL Level Serial Converter Cable or the SparkFunFTDI Basic Breakout Board (3.3V). For the 5V Arduino Pro boards, use a TTL-232R USB - TTL Level Serial Converter or the SparkFunFTDI Basic Breakout Board (5V). (You can probably also get away with using a 5V USB-to-serial converter with a 3.3V board and vice-versa, but it's not recommended.)If using the FTDI cable on Windows, you'll need to make one configuration change to enable the auto-reset. With the board connected, open the Device Manager (in Control Panels > System > Hardware), and find the USB Serial Port under Ports. Right-click and select properties, then go to Port Settings > Advanced and check Set RTS on Close under Miscellaneous Options.Open your first sketchOpen the LED blink example sketch: File > Examples >01.Basics > Blink.Select your board type and portFor the 3.3V versions of the Arduino Pro Mini, select Arduino Pro or Pro Mini (3.3V, 8 MHz) w/ ATmega328P or Arduino Pro or Pro Mini (3.3V, 8 MHz) w/ ATmega168 from the Tools > Board menu (depending on the microcontroller on your board). For the 5V versions of the Arduino Pro Mini, select Arduino Duemilanove or Nano w/ ATmega328P or Arduino Diecimila, Duemilanove, or Nano w/ ATmega168.\nThe Arduino Pro Mini connected to (and powered by) an FTDI TTL-232R-3V3 USB - TTL Level Serial Converter Cable. The green and black wires align with the labels \"GRN\" and \"BLK\" written next to the holes.\nThe Arduino Pro Mini connected to (and powered by) a SparkFun FTDI Basic Breakout Board and USB Mini-B cable. Note that on earlier Pro Mini boards the orientation of the 6-pin header may be reversed; check that the words GRN and BLK align on the Pro Mini and FTDI Basic Breakout.Upload and Run your first SketchTo upload the sketch to the Arduino Pro Mini, you need to press the upload button in the Arduino environment.Click the Upload button in the upper left to load and run the sketch on your board:\nWait a few seconds - you should see the RX and TX LEDs on the board flashing. If the upload is successful, the message \"Done uploading.\" will appear in the status bar.Learn more on the Desktop IDESee this tutorial for a generic guide on the Arduino IDE with a bit more info on the Preferences, the Board Manager, and the Library Manager.TutorialsNow that you have set up and programmed your Arduino Pro Mini board, you may find inspiration in our Project Hub tutorial platform.!!!Please Read...PowerThe board can be powered through USB via the six-pin programming header or from a regulated 5V or 3.3V (depending on the model) supply applied to the VCC pin or an unregulated supply on the RAW pin.ConnectorsAny standard 0.1\" spaced header can be soldered to the holes on the Arduino Pro Mini. To use every pin requires two 12-pin headers, plus a six-pin header for programming if desired. Bare wire can also be soldered directly to the holes.The text of the Arduino getting started guide is licensed under a\nCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Code samples in the guide are released into the public domain.Suggest changesThe content on docs.arduino.cc is facilitated through a public GitHub repository. If you see anything wrong, you can edit this page here.Need support?Help CenterAsk the Arduino ForumDiscover Arduino DiscordLicenseThe Arduino documentation is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 license.ON THIS PAGEUse your Arduino Pro Mini on the Arduino Web IDEUse your Arduino Pro Mini on the Arduino Desktop IDETutorials 2024 ArduinoTerms Of ServicePrivacy PolicySecurityCookie Settings\nWe use cookies Our websites use cookies (also from third parties) for functional and analytical purposes. You can adjust this in Cookie Settings or learn more by reading our cookie policy.Press again to continue 0/2Learn more and customizeONLY REQUIREDACCEPT ALLThe next step in your Arduino journey DISCOVER NOWThe next step in your Arduino journey DISCOVER NOWThe next step in your Arduino journey DISCOVER NOWFILTERS5,404 projectsHow To Do Automatic Song classificationmad_mcu14905Soil Moisture Sensor with ArduinoAswinth16k+7Add Connectivity to a Doorbellmad_mcu19466Big Brother is watching youfrenchy2238046jumpman lcd gamecrepeguy39k+28SmartPhone Controlled Arduino Based Bluetooth CarAswinth15k+4Automated plants watering systemhibit10k+5Build Your Own Object Tracking 4-DOF Robotics Arm With Arduinoroboattic_lab16611Open source ESP32-based quadcopter made from scratchokalachev23k+16Temperature and Humidity on OLED Easyn1ckw1ck83742Cardboard Gesture Recognition with Embedded AImad_mcu86988Arduino FFT Audio Spectrum analyzer on 8x32 color matrix WS2812Bmircemk9921Open Source High-Resolution POV Display using ESP32jobitjoseph48261Create a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) with Arduinosabas108074415Arduino UNO game engine with composite video outputsmashcat10290Implementing Web Server on ESP32cetech1157010Temperature Monitoring with Arduino IoT Cloud using DHT22attari13k+4SMART PAPER BIN 2.0cristiancambroneromar31621MIDI Piano Keyboardpitpietro52693Understanding how an Ultrasonic Sensor works - Behind the Arduino LibraryAswinth8321Remote control car running on Arduinohibit24860Traffic Light using Arduino - A Beginner Projectkrishna_agarwal172k+21Playing popular songs with Arduino and a buzzertmekinyan88k+5PID Temperature Control of a Small Thermal Chamberlenfromtoronto65101Arduino Door Lock with Smartphone Flashlight Login (Li-Fi project)mircemk13k+3Multithreading for Begginers with Raspberry Pi Picoadrianos_botis13790Arduino Space Invadersvoske6546671DIY Laser Shooting Range: Building a Dry Target System with Arduino and Buzzer Feedbackballieducation9200I2C Liquid Crystal Displaysarduino_uno_guy241k+16Decode IR Remote Control Signals of any Remote Using Arduinokrishna_agarwal65k+7L298n Motor driver Arduino | Motors | Motor Driver | L298nlakshyajhalani5697k+4Ultrasonic Radar with Arduinonimishac104k+25Bluetooth Controlled Carsamanfern1185k+440Kinetic sand Drawing machinelirven357987494Interfacing RGB Led with Arduinosemsemharaz35k+4Security Access System with LCD Displayadmin25398381DIY extremly Sensitive and cheap Arduino Seismometermircemk25410Unusual Led Ring Arduino Clock, Temperature, and Humidity metermircemk2380Getting Started with the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensorIsaac100382k+106Mini RADAR station with position indicator and real-time range variationharshdeepsingh18840Full-sized photovoltaic systemarduinojacky85136Precise and programmable wireless thermostatfrenchy2236372Automatic School Bell Prototypeballieducation28521Control the speed of a PC fan by PWMvirtualblack37751One Digit 7-Segment LED Displaystannano80k+11Jam Waktu Shalat - JWS LCD 16x2 with ALTITUDEchatgapenting11630Classic Style Arduino Weather Station with three Oled Displaysmircemk59182Smart Cooling System for Desktop Computers and Arduino!milespeterson10141554Obstacle avoiding robotaakash1114k+0Building a Customizable Countdown Timer with Arduino and 3D-Printed Frameballieducation39070Large 2.3\" 7 segment display module with SPI interfaceadrian-smith31970Arduino Tachometer (RPM meter) with IR sensor modulemircemk14k+2Parking sensorjackaless18k+5Using DHT11arcaegecengiz405k+62DIY - Universal RC Joystickhibit19360Control your Raspberry Pi GPIOs from Arduino Cloud using Pythondbeamonte_arduino34500Snake Gamejoeljojop66630Arduino DIY LED Control with LDR Sensor (Photoresistor)krishna_agarwal43k+1DIY minimalistic programmable Arduino wristwatchasbro1018054How to make Smart Dustbin for your homemohammadsohail000839k+1Page 1of 91The next step in your Arduino journey DISCOVER NOWThe next step in your Arduino journey DISCOVER NOWThe next step in your Arduino journey DISCOVER NOWFILTERS5,404 projectsHow To Do Automatic Song classificationmad_mcu14905Soil Moisture Sensor with ArduinoAswinth16k+7Add Connectivity to a Doorbellmad_mcu19466Big Brother is watching youfrenchy2238046jumpman lcd gamecrepeguy39k+28SmartPhone Controlled Arduino Based Bluetooth CarAswinth15k+4Automated plants watering systemhibit10k+5Build Your Own Object Tracking 4-DOF Robotics Arm With Arduinoroboattic_lab16611Open source ESP32-based quadcopter made from scratchokalachev23k+16Temperature and Humidity on OLED Easyn1ckw1ck83742Cardboard Gesture Recognition with Embedded AImad_mcu86988Arduino FFT Audio Spectrum analyzer on 8x32 color matrix WS2812Bmircemk9921Open Source High-Resolution POV Display using ESP32jobitjoseph48261Create a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) with Arduinosabas108074415Arduino UNO game engine with composite video outputsmashcat10290Implementing Web Server on ESP32cetech1157010Temperature Monitoring with Arduino IoT Cloud using DHT22attari13k+4SMART PAPER BIN 2.0cristiancambroneromar31621MIDI Piano Keyboardpitpietro52693Understanding how an Ultrasonic Sensor works - Behind the Arduino LibraryAswinth8321Remote control car running on Arduinohibit24860Traffic Light using Arduino - A Beginner Projectkrishna_agarwal172k+21Playing popular songs with Arduino and a buzzertmekinyan88k+5PID Temperature Control of a Small Thermal Chamberlenfromtoronto65101Arduino Door Lock with Smartphone Flashlight Login (Li-Fi project)mircemk13k+3Multithreading for Begginers with Raspberry Pi Picoadrianos_botis13790Arduino Space Invadersvoske6546671DIY Laser Shooting Range: Building a Dry Target System with Arduino and Buzzer Feedbackballieducation9200I2C Liquid Crystal Displaysarduino_uno_guy241k+16Decode IR Remote Control Signals of any Remote Using Arduinokrishna_agarwal65k+7L298n Motor driver Arduino | Motors | Motor Driver | L298nlakshyajhalani5697k+4Ultrasonic Radar with Arduinonimishac104k+25Bluetooth Controlled Carsamanfern1185k+440Kinetic sand Drawing machinelirven357987494Interfacing RGB Led with Arduinosemsemharaz35k+4Security Access System with LCD Displayadmin25398381DIY extremly Sensitive and cheap Arduino Seismometermircemk25410Unusual Led Ring Arduino Clock, Temperature, and Humidity metermircemk2380Getting Started with the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensorIsaac100382k+106Mini RADAR station with position indicator and real-time range variationharshdeepsingh18840Full-sized photovoltaic systemarduinojacky85136Precise and programmable wireless thermostatfrenchy2236372Automatic School Bell Prototypeballieducation28521Control the speed of a PC fan by PWMvirtualblack37751One Digit 7-Segment LED Displaystannano80k+11Jam Waktu Shalat - JWS LCD 16x2 with ALTITUDEchatgapenting11630Classic Style Arduino Weather Station with three Oled Displaysmircemk59182Smart Cooling System for Desktop Computers and Arduino!milespeterson10141554Obstacle avoiding robotaakash1114k+0Building a Customizable Countdown Timer with Arduino and 3D-Printed Frameballieducation39070Large 2.3\" 7 segment display module with SPI interfaceadrian-smith31970Arduino Tachometer (RPM meter) with IR sensor modulemircemk14k+2Parking sensorjackaless18k+5Using DHT11arcaegecengiz405k+62DIY - Universal RC Joystickhibit19360Control your Raspberry Pi GPIOs from Arduino Cloud using Pythondbeamonte_arduino34500Snake Gamejoeljojop66630Arduino DIY LED Control with LDR Sensor (Photoresistor)krishna_agarwal43k+1DIY minimalistic programmable Arduino wristwatchasbro1018054How to make Smart Dustbin for your homemohammadsohail000839k+1Page 1of 91Help", "url": "https://docs.arduino.cc/retired/getting-started-guides/ArduinoProMini" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arduino Pro Mini 328 - 3.3V/8MHz - DEV-11114 - SparkFun Electronics\nFind a Retailer\nNeed Help?\nCustomer Service\nTrack My Order\nFrequently Asked Questions\nInternational Shipping Info\nSend Email\nsparkfun.com\nShop\nLearn\nBlog\nCustom Kits\nShopping Cart\n0\nitems\nlog in\nregister\nShop\nLearn\nBlog\nCustom Kits\nProduct Menu\nToday's Deals\nForum\nToday's Deals Forum\nDesktop Site\nAll Categories\nFeatured\nNew Products\nTop Sellers\nSale\nGift Certificates\nBrands\nSparkFun\nArduino\nRaspberry Pi\nQwiic\nMicroMod\nall brands\nDevelopment\nSingle Board Comp.\nMicrocontrollers\nMachine Learning\nFPGA\nPrototyping Boards\nall development\nSensors\nMovement\nBiometrics\nImaging\nEnvironment\nCapacitive\nall sensors\nTools\n3D Printing\nCNC\nSoldering\nHand Tools\nInstruments\nall tools\nMiscellaneous\nAll Kits\nBooks\nArts/Crafts Supplies\nSD Cards\nSwag\nall misc\nComponents\nLED & Illumination\nButtons & Switches\nLCDs & OLEDs\nPower\nCables & Wire\nall components\nE-Textiles\nLilyPad\nSewable Electronics\nMaterials\nE-Textile Power\nE-Textile Kits\nall e-textiles\nRobotics\nActobotics\nMotors & Drivers\nParts\nHardware\nRobotics Kits\nall robotics\nWireless & IoT\nBluetooth\nWiFi\nSatellite\nGPS & GNSS\nWireless Kits\nall wireless/IoT\nAudio\nAudio Boards\nAudio Cables\nSpeakers\nAudio Chips\nall audio\n\nShipping Restrictions\nThis product has shipping restrictions, so it might have limited shipping options or cannot be shipped to the following countries:\nClose\nHome\nProduct Categories\nArduino Boards\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 3.3V/8MHz\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 3.3V/8MHz\nIn stock\nDEV-11114\nRoHS\nOpen Source Hardware\nIn Fritzing Library\n54\n$10.95\nVolume sales pricing\nQuantity discounts available\nAdded to your\nshopping cart\n\nCreative Commons\nimages are CC BY 2.0\nShare\nUse this URL to share:\nShare on Tumblr\nSubmit to reddi\nShare on Twitter\nShare on Facebook\nPin It\nFavorited\nFavorite\n93\nWish List\n3D Download: Sketchup, STL, Blender\nPrevious Versions\nDEV-09220 - Retired\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 3.3V/8MHz\nIn stock\nDEV-11114\nRoHS\nOpen Source Hardware\nIn Fritzing Library\n54\n$10.95\nVolume sales pricing\nQuantity discounts available\nAdded to your\nshopping cart\n$10.95\nVolume sales pricing\nQuantity discounts available\nAdded to your\nshopping cart\nIn stock\n250+ items in stock.\n$10.95\n$10.40\n$9.86\n$9.31\n1+ items\n10+ items\n25+ items\n100+ items\nDescription\nFeatures\nDocuments\nIt's blue! It's thin! It's the Arduino Pro Mini! SparkFun's minimal design approach to Arduino. This is a 3.3V Arduino running the 8MHz bootloader. Arduino Pro Mini does not come with connectors populated so that you can solder in any connector or wire with any orientation you need. We recommend first time Arduino users start with the Uno R3. It's a great board that will get you up and running quickly. The Arduino Pro series is meant for users that understand the limitations of system voltage (3.3V), lack of connectors, and USB off board.\nWe really wanted to minimize the cost of an Arduino. In order to accomplish this we used all SMD components, made it two layer, etc. This board connects directly to the FTDI Basic Breakout board and supports auto-reset. The Arduino Pro Mini also works with the FTDI cable but the FTDI cable does not bring out the DTR pin so the auto-reset feature will not work. There is a voltage regulator on board so it can accept voltage up to 12VDC. If you're supplying unregulated power to the board, be sure to connect to the \"RAW\" pin on not VCC.\nThe latest and greatest version of this board breaks out the ADC6 and ADC7 pins as well as adds footprints for optional I2C pull-up resistors! We also took the opportunity to slap it with the OSHW logo.\nCan't decide which Arduino is right for you? Arduino buying guide!\nNote: A portion of this sale is given back to Arduino LLC to help fund continued development of new tools and new IDE features.\nATmega328 running at 8MHz with external resonator (0.5% tolerance)\nLow-voltage board needs no interfacing circuitry to popular 3.3V devices and modules (GPS, accelerometers, sensors, etc)\n0.8mm Thin PCB\nUSB connection off board\nWeighs less than 2 grams!\nSupports auto-reset\n3.3V regulator\nMax 150mA output\nOver current protected\nDC input 3.3V up to 12V\nOn board Power and Status LEDs\nAnalog Pins: 8\nDigital I/Os: 14\n0.7x1.3\" (18x33mm)\nSchematic\nEagle Files\nGetting Started Tutorial\nGraphical Datasheet\nGitHub\nTags\n3.3V\nArduino\nATMega328\nDevelopment\nPro Mini\nSparkFun Original\nStart a Project\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 3.3V/8MHz Product Help and Resources\nTutorials\nSupport Tips\nSkills Needed\nDas Blinken Top Hat\nJanuary 22, 2014\nA top hat decked out with LED strips makes for a heck of a wedding gift.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n1\nMiniGen Hookup Guide\nMay 22, 2014\nUsing the MiniGen, SparkFun's Arduino Pro Mini signal generator shield\nFavorited\nFavorite\n2\nInteractive Hanging LED Array\nApril 10, 2014\nLearn how we converted 72 lightbulbs into an interactive LED array for our conference room.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n16\nLED Cloud-Connected Cloud\nFebruary 22, 2016\nMake an RGB colored cloud light! You can also control it from your phone, or hook up to the weather!\nFavorited\nFavorite\n31\nChoosing an Arduino for Your Project\nDecember 11, 2017\nExamining the diverse world of Arduino boards and understanding the differences between them before choosing one for a project.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n19\nReducing Arduino Power Consumption\nNovember 10, 2016\nA tutorial about different ways to reduce the current draw for your next Arduino project the easy way.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n18\nWake-on-Shake Hookup Guide\nMarch 13, 2015\nA basic hookup guide for getting started with the SparkFun Wake-on-Shake. The board gives you the ability to put your project into hibernation until bumped or shaken awake using the ADXL362 accelerometer. This means you can design projects meant to stay inert for long periods of time, possibly even several years, depending on the battery type used to power the project.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n7\nMotion Controlled Wearable LED Dance Harness\nJanuary 30, 2019\nControl LEDs based on your movement using an accelerometer! Make your LEDs breathe by fading in and out when laying on the floor, turn off the LEDs when moving to your side, or make the LEDs blink in a headstand!\nFavorited\nFavorite\n3\nSingle Supply Logic Level Converter Hookup Guide\nAugust 9, 2018\nThe Single Supply Logic Converter allows you to bi-directionally translate signals from a 5V or 3.3V microcontroller without the need for a second power supply! The board provides an output for both 5V and 3.3V to power your sensors. It is equipped with a PTH resistor footprint for the option to adjust the voltage regulator on the low side of the TXB0104 for 2.5V or 1.8V devices.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n0\nUsing the Arduino Pro Mini 3.3V\nSeptember 5, 2013\nThis tutorial is your guide to all things Arduino Pro Mini. It explains what it is, what it's not, and how to get started using it.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n16\nLiPo Fuel Gauge (MAX1704X) Hookup Guide\nFebruary 23, 2023\nMonitor your LiPo battery with the LiPo fuel gauge! In this tutorial, we will be using the MAX17043 and MAX17048 to monitor a single cell, LiPo battery over the Arduino Serial Monitor. We will also connect a display to view the output without the need to connect the microcontroller to a computer.\nFavorited\nFavorite\n0\nFlashing the Bootloader\nlast updated\nabout 6 years ago\nThis should only be done as a last resort\nMost likely your board isn't bricked, unless you have done something drastic like modified the fuses. In which case, reflashing the board probably won't help you.\nHowever, if you have no options left and want to try to reflash the bootloader with an Uno or RedBoard. Here are links to some tutorial to get you started:\nhttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/installing-an-arduino-bootloader\nhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ArduinoISP\nhttp://www.instructables.com/id/Burn-a-New-Bootloader-Arduino-Pro-Mini/\n(*Make sure to upload the ISP sketch to the programming board. Also, tie the VCC pin to the 5V pin of the RedBoard or Uno. This will set the chip on the Pro Mini to 5V without having to worry about any logic level conversion. Lastly, be sure to double check the board options you are selecting so that the Arduino IDE uses the correct bootloader hex file.)\nCore Skill: Soldering\nThis skill defines how difficult the soldering is on a particular product. It might be a couple simple solder joints, or require special reflow tools.\n2\nSoldering\nSkill Level: Rookie - The number of pins increases, and you will have to determine polarity of components and some of the components might be a bit trickier or close together. You might need solder wick or flux.\nSee all skill levels\nCore Skill: Programming\nIf a board needs code or communicates somehow, you're going to need to know how to program or interface with it. The programming skill is all about communication and code.\n2\nProgramming\nSkill Level: Rookie - You will need a better fundamental understand of what code is, and how it works. You will be using beginner-level software and development tools like Arduino. You will be dealing directly with code, but numerous examples and libraries are available. Sensors or shields will communicate with serial or TTL.\nSee all skill levels\nCore Skill: Electrical Prototyping\nIf it requires power, you need to know how much, what all the pins do, and how to hook it up. You may need to reference datasheets, schematics, and know the ins and outs of electronics.\n3\nElectrical Prototyping\nSkill Level: Competent - You will be required to reference a datasheet or schematic to know how to use a component. Your knowledge of a datasheet will only require basic features like power requirements, pinouts, or communications type. Also, you may need a power supply that?s greater than 12V or more than 1A worth of current.\nSee all skill levels\nComments\n133\nReviews\n54\n54\nComments\nLooking for answers to technical questions?\nWe welcome your comments and suggestions below. However, if you are looking for solutions to technical questions please see our Technical Assistance page.\nLog in or\nregister to post comments.\nLog in or\nregister to post comments.\nLog in to post comments.\nNinjared\n/\nabout 4 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI have a project that currently runs on two AA alkaline batteries (3.0-3.1V). Is that enough voltage to power this 3.3V Arduino?\nsantaimpersonator\n/\nabout 4 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHi there, it sounds like you are looking for technical assistance. Please use the link in the banner above, to get started with posting a topic in our forums. Our technical support team will do their best to assist you.That being said, the graphical datasheet specifies a minimum recommended voltage of 4V. Otherwise, you will need to dig into the schematic for the voltage regulator, reference its datasheet, the AtMega328 datasheet, and the firmware fuse settings... or just try it out yourself.\nzarpli\n/\nabout 4 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nhttps://hackaday.com/2020/04/06/subwoofer-gets-arduino-brain-transplant/\nNate\n/\nabout 4 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nNice work! Thanks for posting link!\nMember #909546\n/\nabout 7 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI wanted to try to work directly with the posted Eagle schematic and layout. But when I downloaded them, there were libraries that they reference that seem to be missing, and are not in the regular set of Sparkfun libraries that I already have long since downloaded from GitHub. I am wondering if they are older out-of-date libraries? The two libraries are called \"Sparkfun.lbr\" and \"Testing.lbr\". Does anyone know where I might find these Eagle libraries?Thanks in advance to anyone who might be able to help! :)\nKevinGreenBMX\n/\nabout 7 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI am using one of these in a project to control one of the RN-52 Bluetooth audio modules (sparkfun breakout). The project has its own 3.3v power supply for the Arduino and the RN-52, which leads me to my question:Is it safe for me to allow the project power supply 3.3v regulator to provide 3.3v to VCC with a 3.3v SparkFun FTDI Basic Breakout hooked up to the programming header? I noticed the first time I hooked up the FTDI with the power supply off that it fed 3.3v through and lit up the on LED on the project power supply.I considered placing a diode on the VCC connection that feeds the Arduino when on project power, but at 3.3v I really dont want the forward voltage drop, and I have worries about overpowering something like a 1N6263 schottky diode.\nM-Short\n/\nabout 7 years ago\n*\n/\n2\n/\nYou should only have one power supply on the VCC/3.3V line at any given time. I would see about cutting the trace on the back of the FTDI. There is a solder jumper that that lets you select 3.3V or 5V. It is basically 3 pads with VCC in the center and 3.3V on one side and 5V on the other. Usually you connect one of the sides to the center. If you just isolate the center though you should end up with no power on VCC.Note: I haven't checked the schematic to double check this will work so proceed with some caution.\nKevinGreenBMX\n/\nabout 7 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThank you for confirming what I suspected!I looked at the schematic for the FTDI, and it looks like clipping that trace would leave the FTDI's VCCIO pin floating, which I imagine would cause some problems.I think what I will need to do instead is just desolder/clip the power pin of the header (JP1, Pin 3). This will leave the FTDI unable to power other projects, but that is ok.Thanks for your help!\nM-Short\n/\nabout 7 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nDon't forget if the Arduino is powered, the VCC line will end up powering the FTDI which should power VCCIO. It might act weird between the time you plug it in to your computer and the time you power the Arduino though.\nKevinGreenBMX\n/\nabout 7 years ago\n/\n1\n/\ngood point, Thanks\nUMBC-CheEng\n/\nabout 7 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nA thought that might help some others if they run into the same situation as I did on this board. This board lacks the 1K resistors on the RX and TX lines. This seems to cause some programming issues when something else is attached to the broken out RX and TX lines. I noticed that programming was hit or miss without them, and for now, it seems that adding in the 1K resistors on the RX and TX lines between the board and the secondary UART device helps greatly. Anyone else had that issue? Those resistors are pretty standard in most of the other \"Arduino\" designs.\nMember #812963\n/\nabout 8 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nI got Arduino Pro Mini 328 3.3V/8MHz with S20G label on voltage regulator. I can't find any datasheet or vendor, but I measured that it consumes 1.6mA in sleep with power LED on (and 230uA with LED removed) and less than 7mA awake. Surprisingly good result. I would just like to know maximum current rating and quiescent current.\nNate\n/\nabout 8 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIt's the MIC5205. This datasheet link should work for a few days :)\nben_r\n/\nabout 8 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIs a 3.3V FTDI Basic required, or will a 5V connection safely drive the 3.3V Mini over the programming headers without risking damage to the board or any 3.3V devices connected to its I/O?\nM-Short\n/\nabout 8 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe power pin on the FTDI connection is VCC and not RAW so it will not go through the voltage regulator. 5V is safe for the Pro Mini, but you will also have 5V on anything connected to VCC (possibly including 3.3V sensors). This will also cause the Pro Mini to operate at 5V meaning its I/O will also be running at 5V. Whether that will risk damaging another board depends on the specs of the sensor.\nSVFeingold\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n3\n/\nAny chance of getting the board into the Sparkfun Library with the off-grid headers? I'm designing a PCB to mate with the arduino and it would be nice to have those available from the get-go.\nmdb486\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nagreed! Would be nice to have in the Sparkfun Library.\nSVFeingold\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIf anyone is interested I made an updated footprint to put in my library that includes all holes. It has NOT yet been tested as I'm waiting on the PCBs but the dimensions are taken directly from the eagle file given on this page.\nMember #367049\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHi, I am looking for something similar. I am looking for a part which might consist of correctly spaced out female headers, to mate with the Arduino Pro Mini. If you could give me a link, that would be awesome.\nMember #484164\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nCan I upload to the 3.3v mini using an uno R3 board? Would this work - take out the ATmega328 chip on the uno and connect BLK, GND, VCC, RXI, TXO, GRN (on Mini) to Ground, Ground, 3.3V, RX, TX, reset (on the uno) and then upload a sketch selecting the 3.3v mini board from tools in the Arduino IDE?\nMember #484164\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI meant to say when you plug in all those things respectively. Anyway, I tried it with the blink sketch and it seems to work.\nSkaterdude\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWhat did you select as the board / processor in the Arduino Dev Env?\nSkaterdude\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI found out from an Instructable and from trying it that you pick the board you're trying to program, not the board (i.e., UNO) that you are programming with. Just FYI for anyone reading this.\nMember #38615\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nHas anyone ever used an Arduino Pro Mini as a SMD on another board? Any advice?\nMember #327843\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nMy mistake ... didn't account for it being 8mhz instead of 16 mhz as I usually use!\nxtream1101\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nCould one hook up one of SF's small lipo batteries directly to this? Or would something else be needed or recommended?Thanks\nRichardBronosky\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nA bit late, but for the record, I run mine this way. LiPo to RAW (I've even done VCC) works fine.\nMember #723220\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nCan I run this \"Arduino Pro Mini 328 - 3.3V/8MHz\" with CR2032 coin cell battery ?\nSince nominal voltage of this battery is 3v , and this will be reduced with time , this arduino pro mini will work till which minimum voltage ?\nSkaterdude\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI just got one of these to work with a 3.3v interface chip. However, I cannot get it to program with any of the USB-TTL breakouts I have. i don't have FTDI - only the PL2303HX-based versions. I can do loopbacks on these boards but they will not program the pro mini. Is there something else that I have to do when using one of these alternatives? They don't bring the DTR out - just RX, TX, GND, and VCC (which I don't connect because it's powered off the breadboard).\nM-Short\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe DTR pin on the FTDI boards is used to do a reset of the board to put it into bootloader mode. If you don't have DTR broken out you will need to manually reset the board. Basically when the code is finished compiling and you see the white text giving you the file size etc., hit the reset button and it should work.\nSkaterdude\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nTried that a few times, but maybe didn't hit the right time slot. I WAS able to use an UNO board with the processor removed, jumpered over to it. Just picked Pro Mini with the correct processor and speed and it worked first time! At least I know it's not a bad board!\nEraticus\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIn the description of this product, it says that the ADC6 and ADC7 pins are broken out. Does the Arduino software natively support A6 and A7?\nM-Short\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nYes. The Pro Mini is actually an official Arduino board so everything is fully supported in the IDE. I believe this is the only official Arduino board to use these pins and the ATMega328 PTH version does not have them, so very old versions of the IDE might not support these pins, but any IDE from the past 3 years (since this board was released) definitely will.\nMember #449635\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nJust to clarify: If we connect the 3.3 Pro Mini to the FTDI Basic Breakout via the broken out pins, it will fry the board? ie) USB is 5V and the ProMini is 3.3V?So we would want to leave VCC disconnected from the broken out pins and instead connect the FTDI power to RAW on the Pro Mini?\nM-Short\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIf you use a 5V FTDI it will put 5V on the VCC line. If you use a 3.3V FTDI than 3.3V will be on the VCC line. I believe the maximum voltage the ATMega328 can handle is 6V (absolute max, not recommended) so the IC is fine. Basically the 3.3V designation of the board is the value of the voltage regulator and when the board is powered through the regulator the I/O voltage of the controller. In other words if you put 5V on VCC than you will just have a Pro Mini running at 5V. As long as you don't have components that will fry at 5V connected to the board everything should be fine.\nMember #57306\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI like the 5v version of this enough that I wrote KiCad .lib and .mod files for those who want to put an Arduino Pro Mini on a PCB of their own design.Free.. Should work just as well with 3v3 version?http://kicadhowto.org/LibLib.htmThe small size of the Arduino Pro Mini reduces the expense of the PBB you are making, as there is little board area under the Arduino.\nMember #243906\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHello,\nIf I want to connect a 1 cell Lipo Battery (3,7->4v) can I connect it directly to VCC or do I have to use the RAW pin ?\nThanks.\nM-Short\n/\nabout 9 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe ATMega328 typically runs at 5V and its rated maximum is about 6V, so you should be able to put anything up to 6V on the VCC pin. The RAW pin will run the voltage through a 3.3V regulator meaning that VCC will now be 3.3V. Either of these will work, one may be preferable over the other based on the peripherals you are using and their voltage requirements.\nRichardBronosky\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI originally bought this for my project because of the cost. I found the location of the I2C SDA & SCL pins (A4 & A5) to be so annoying that I just bought a Pro Micro https://www.sparkfun.com/products/12587 instead. I am much happier with it and I don't have to worry about keeping up with [the now rare] USB Mini cable for my FTDI Basic.I find it pretty ridiculous that this thing has 2 on-grid GND pins and 2 on-grid RST pins, yet the I2C is off-grid. Could have been a nice little board otherwise.\nM-Short\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe off-grid decision is actually very intentional. Enough people solder headers to the board and stick them in a breadboard that we didn't want to run the risk of you shorting those pins to something else. The original was based off of the Arduino Mini and uses the same footprint, I believe the I2C was actually added later on. In general its a great little board, but so is the Pro micro. Thanks for the feedback.\nRichardBronosky\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nOh, by off-grid, I meant \"not on the edge with the other pins.\" I agree that if you are going to put pins internal to the board, they shouldn't be in line with the edge pins. Otherwise a beginner like me would make that mistake.However, this is a compromise that I think you should consider\nMember #517027\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHow would this best be connected to a raspberry pi? i2c, SPI, UART of some sort?i do not want to apply a full FTDI and USB connection between the two.\nMember #394252\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nSo...I was told if I had an LED set up requiring 12V, and an XBee that I was controlling off this version of the pro-mini, I would need a step down regulator in order to only use one power source for all three things. Is this not correct since it has an on-board voltage regulator? Couldn't I hook the 12V battery to the pro-mini's raw pin, hook the LEDs directly to the battery, and the XBee to the VCC? I'm still learning all this electronics stuff so I want to be sure I don't fry my Arduino.\nRichardBronosky\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe Arduino buying guide suggests that this has:\n14 Digital I/O\n6 Analog\n6 PWM\n1 UARTHere it says 8 analog and no mention of PWM.Here is what I want to know:\nDoes this thing offer PWM? On what pins?\nAre the analog pins pulling double duty?\nM-Short\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nThe ATMega328 has 14 digital I/Os, 6 of which do PWM, and 2 of which are the UART port. It also has 6/8 analog pins. The original Arduinos use DIP chips and those have 6 analog pins which were all broken out. The SMD chips have the 2 extra pins which were never really broken out partly because no one wanted to change the footprint. We did add those extra two pins on the current version of the Pro Mini. Otherwise it has the exact same pins as any other ATMega328 based Arduino including PWM. If you take a close look at the picture of the Pro Mini you will see an extra ring around pins 3,5,6,9,10, and 11, these are the PWM pins.\nLutorm\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHard as I look, I can't find that \"power isolation jumper\" that's on the schematic, nor the footprints for the I2C resistors (I just see the I2C pins broken out to the off-grid headers.) Am I missing something here?\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe \"power isolation jumper\" is bridged - it's the blob of solder by GND and RST.\nThe two resistors are optional, and you can find the footprints on the bottom of the board by the A4 and A5 off-grid pads.\nLutorm\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAh, I see the resistor pads, and the jumper in the pictures above. However, my board is different -- there is no space between the crystal and the 10uF cap on mine! Out of 6 Pro Minis that I have, 2 of them have the jumper and 4 don't (but all have the resistor pads). I guess the jumper was added after the resistor pads.\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nYep - looks like the resistors were added in v1.3, while the solder jumper was added in v1.4. As the 'previous versions' list only points to a product matching the v1.2 iteration: should you need the schematics/board for v1.3, just change the 'v14' in the links to 'v13' :)\nLutorm\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAha, thanks. I'd never seen the \"previous versions\" link before... :-)So the question then becomes: will the voltage regulator get unhappy if I connect my board to the FTDI breakout and \"back-power\" it with 5V? I looked at the datasheet but couldn't find any info about what happen if Vout is higher than Vin.\nArduinoPerson1243\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nCan I use this just to drive things? Like interchangeable tools sort of.\nArduinoPerson1243\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nCould I use this just to drive a servo motor?\nLED addict\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nDoes this support I2C? I'm not really familiar with I2C yet, but I want to learn and I am wondering if I can use this with an accelerometer to build a self-balancing robot. I've got a few months experience with an UNO, so don't spare me the technical details.\nM-Short\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nYes, A4 and A5 are the I2C lines or the Arduino. Basically the Pro Mini is the same circuit as the Uno just a lot smaller and without a USB port, bu the actual microcontroller is the same, so anything the Uno can do the Pro Mini can do. This Pro Mini also only runs at 3.3V/8MHz.\nLED addict\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nCool thanks!\nBozi\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAre the rx/tx lines 5V tolerant? I want to know if it is possible to program this with a 5V FTDI board, without needing to get an additional 3.3V FTDI just for this board.\nM-Short\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nYes, the only difference in the 3.3V and 5V Pro Minis is the crystal and the voltage regulator. Since the FTDI bypasses the regulator the only difference is the speed the run at. The ATMega328 is fine at 5V. Keep in mind if you have 3.3V on VCC and 5V on the I/O pins that is technically out of spec (you shouldn't put more than VCC on the I/O pins), but will probably work as well. Keep in mind that the 5V FTDI will put 5V on the VCC line, so make sure you don't have any 3.3V only devices connected when you do this.\nprocsynth\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nDoes the VCC pin output 3v3 when I put 12V to RAW pin ?[self-answer : yes it does.]\nt-storm\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHas there been any talk of an Arduino Mega like this? A megamicro? I love the pro mini but my project uses a relay shield and an sd shield and a few buttons and switches so now I am out of pins for a LCD. 1st world problems.\nRobertC.\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWe do have a version of it here but because of the number of pins, the layout is a bit bigger.\nt-storm\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nOh! I saw that and it didn't click in my tiny duke head. Layout size isn't a problem, I just ran out of pins.\nThanks!\nMember #515080\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHello!\nI it possible to run 3.3V version with 1.8V on 1MHz ?\ntetsujin\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI was thinking: what if a board like the Pro Mini had a pinout that was compatible with one of the four headers of the Arduino shield form factor? For instance if one side of the board had digital I/O 8-13, GND, AREF, and SDA/SCL, in that order? Then if you were building a project around a standard Arduino shield (but didn't want to use a standard Arduino) you could put a socket header on those 10 pins and plug the Arduino right into one corner of the shield (or just solder it to the shield, pin-to-pin), and then wire up the remaining pins by hand, or something...\nSomething like that could be nice as a way to make Arduino projects more compact, while still using the same shield design.\nRob Hedges\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI'm having trouble with floating inputs. No matter what I do I can't get the analog inputs to stop floating. I've tried pull up/down resistors, that just resulted in 0 or 3.3v readings. I have 2 of these and they are both doing the same thing. I've tried battery, USB, and regulated wall worth power.\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThis is the sort of thing you see if nothing is connected to an input. What are you connecting, and is the connection solid?\nMember #44639\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI am wanting to use this to drive 14 LEDs. If I use an external 3.3v supply (COM-00526) could I do this? I know in the Arduino website it says max 40ma per I/O, this is fine, but I need to supply about 300ma in total. If i use the external supply connected to VCC would I fry the chip by pulling 20ma through 14 of the I/O pins? This is going inside an r/c car so I would prefer to not have an external transistor board. Also, all 14 LEDs need separate control.\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nwould I fry the chip by pulling 20ma through 14 of the I/O pins\nThat slightly depends. If you're trying to source the current, yes. If you're trying to sink it, then your pin selection matters. See pages 303 and 304 (the notes on page 304 detail how to calculate the maximum ratings based on pin selections) of the datasheet for ATmega328 for details.Your safest bet without a driver board would be to simply limit the current below 20mA. This does mean your LEDs will light up less brightly (source nice, bright LEDs if this is a concern). Another option is to only have a few LEDs on at the same time, turning them on/off as quickly as you can to make them appear to be on all the time, while reducing the current required. In this case you could also source the current. Note that if your program has an error and turns all LEDs on, you would have a problem :)Note that a driver board doesn't have to take much extra space. Two Shift Register 8-Bit - 74HC595 will decrease current requirements from the Arduino as less pins are used, two Shift Register 8-Bit High-Power - TPIC6B595s could easily drive all 14 at the same time, and a single STP16C596 (suggested at the arduino site) would be practically an all-in-1 solution. There's many other options, try googling for '16 channel led driver'. But, it's not required as long as you can work within the confines mentioned above.\nMember #44639\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThanks for the reply! I'm very much a noob with these, and the part about the shift registers has gone right over my head. Is there a way you could explain that a little more? My plan is to have the Arduino turn LEDs on/off based on the signals it gets from the cars RX. I guess I'm failing to see how this works with the shift registers? The applications I am seeing with them is to turn a bank of lights on/off or cause them to blink. Not to have individual control of each LED.Also, looking at the ATmega328 data sheet I'm failing to see anything other than the already stated limit of 150ma. Perhaps this is my ignorance showing through..\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nMy plan is to have the Arduino turn LEDs on/off based on the signals it gets from the cars RX\nLet's say your signals dictate that you need LEDs 5, 6, 7 and 10 to be on. You would then push essentially serial data into the shift register to match that pattern (00001110010000: LEDs 1, 2, 3, 4 off, 5, 6, 7 on, 8, 9 off, 10 on, 11, 12, 13, 14 off).Now let's say that, theoretically, you, can only have 2 LEDs on at the same time due to current restrictions in the shift register itself. No problem, you would create two patterns, and switch between them really fast so that it still appears as the desired pattern:\n00001100000000\n00000010010000Shift registers can generally, thankfully, handle more than just 2 LEDs,but either way your Arduino would only have to deal with a minute amount of current required to drive the shift register, rather than 2, 4 or even the full 14 LEDs.=====As far as the ATmega goes, check e.g. page 303 the first table (absolute maximum ratings): \"DC Current VCC and GND Pins................................. 200.0mA\" Let's say you wanted all 14 LEDs on at 20mA at the same time, giving a total of 280mA. That's more than the VCC pin is supposed to handle (in fact, while the maximum per pin current is 40mA, you'll find further down that they prefer 10mA when VCC is 3.0V), so you can't source that much current. But it's less than the combined 400mA of the GND pins, so you could sink it. Page 304 then explains in the notes the specific calculations you should perform to see if you exceed the maximum current you can sink per section (e.g. \"1] The sum of all IOL, for ports C0 - C5, ADC7, ADC6 should not exceed 100mA\" - note that this is different from the 150mA for sourcing).=====But, again, as long as you're okay with trusting the programming / the components not to fail, then you could easily drive the LEDs directly from this board by just keeping 1 or 2 on at a time :)\nMember #481965\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe getting started tutorial link is broken.\nToni_K\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIt should be fixed now!\nMember #470433\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nfigured out my own problem.. it was that I used a cheap china made PCB.. i guess for me to make a real prototype i will have to spend some more money :(\nMagruder13\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWhy exactly is this running at 8MHz instead of 16MHz? I would like to use this at 3.3V but want the extra speed. Is it because you're worried about turning on too much I/O and dropping voltage too fast and throwing errors? I'm using this as a prototype, and am planning on building my own board, but wondering why you went with a 8MHz resonator. Thanks!\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThis is a limitation of the processor itself. If you read the very large datasheet for the ATmega 328, you'll find an interesting graph in the back that shows the maximum safe clock speeds for various VCC voltages. At 5V, you can reliably run it at up to 20MHz. But at 3.3V, you can only reliably run it at up to ~10MHz. This is why we use different resonators for the different voltages. (And note that the slower you run a chip, the less power it uses, which is better for battery-powered circuits. You can even clock these chips down to 32KHz, which runs programs very very slowly, but uses miniscule amounts of power).\nArkestra\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIt's not as bad as that I think, you should be able to get 12MHz comfortably.Section 29.3 (\"Speed Grades\") of the ATmel datasheet \"Atmel 8-bit Microcontroller with 4/8/16/32KBytes\nIn-System Programmable Flash\" states that the Maximum Frequency is linear across 2 intervals: between (1.8v=4MHz, 2.7v=10MHz) and between (2.7v=10MHz, 4.5v=20MHz).This means that 3.3v implies a Maximum Frequency of 13.33MHz.So I don't see why we are not running at (say) 12MHz instead of 16MHz - apart from one having to do a relatively-straightforward patch to the NewSoftSerial library, as detailed here: http://wiblocks.luciani.org/docs/app-notes/software-serial.html. I run at 3.3v and 12MHz, using optiboot recompiled for that speed as the bootloader and everything works very well.Food for thought if you are looking for a new version? I know intrinsic support in Arduino IDE is a little smoother for 8MHz but getting 50% more cycles is not to be sniffed at.\nMember #261005\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI've seen it stated a bunch of places that using the wire library for Arduino enables internal pull-ups to 5V, and that you therefore shouldn't use it with 3.3V components. See, e.g.:\nhttp://playground.arduino.cc/Main/I2CBi-directionalLevelShifter\nand\nhttp://macdonaldm.blogspot.com/But if I'm using a 3.3V arduino pro mini, I would imagine that the internal pull ups would connect to 3.3V, and this should be a problem. I can't find specifics about this anywhere though. Is this correct?\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nCorrect - the internal pull-ups just pull the pin up to whatever is on the ATmega328's power input line. If it pulled them up to 5V, that'd be quite interesting as it would mean it would have an internal boost circuit ;)\nctdahle\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI'm not OPPOSED to buying an FTDI breakout board, but I am trying to figure out whether I can program this puppy with the usbtinyisp I already have.I'm able to use the usbtinyisp it to program my UNOs and Duemilanoves, but they both have headers that are clearly marked ICSP. This doesn't, but I am hoping that I can rig up a simple cable or jumper set. I'm sure the schematics would tell me, but I'm not sure what I am looking for.Thoughts Anyone?\nToni_K\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nCheck the schematic for the SPI pins. You'll need to connect to those and will require some jumper wires, but you should be able to.\nctdahle\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThanks. Sounds like a relatively trivial problem to solve, so these boards will be ideal.\nMember #367530\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nAccording to the schematic, there is an LED on pin 17. Yet in the example blinky, it uses pin 13, and yes the LED blinks.\nSo is there a mapping or translation, or is the interpretation of 13 different/unclear/wrong/strange ?\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe interpretation of 13 is different/unclear/strange. Welcome to Arduino :)What is referred to on the Arduino as 'Pin 13' actually maps to 'Port B, Pin 5' on the AVR, regardless of the chip's pinout which can vary. For example, in the DIL/DIP version of the ATmega328 you can see that it maps to physical pin 19. On the TQFP version of the ATmega328, however, it maps to pin 17, which his what the schematic is referring to. ( And to yet another, pin 15, on the 28-pin MLF/QFN package. )\nMember #367530\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThanks very much for the response. I surmised there was a mapping, what I couldnt find and what you kindly provided was the TQFP diagram detailing it. Much appreciated.\nMember #472622\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nWith the different USB hardware on this board, I am wondering if it can use the Keyboard library like the Leonardo? It'd be perfect as a low power - low volt, low clockrate - board for an IR detector.\nrub0t\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI was looking at the schematic and wondering, why do we need both C3 and C10? Would C3 or C10 work? can anyone explain that to me?\nandyInAustin\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe larger cap takes a bit of time to let go of its electrons, the lower value cap lets them go more quickly.\nMore precisely: the capacitors have different resistance and inductance, the 0.1 uF is used to smooth out high frequency ripples, the 10 uF handles lower frequency ripples.\nOn board layouts you will find the 0.1 very close to the IC that is causing the ripples, the 10uF is more likely close to the incoming power.\nrub0t\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nC3 and C10 are both 0.1uF. C13 is the 10uF cap. However, I think I can apply what you explained to C3. It is there to smooth out the high frequency ripples caused by the ATMEGA and would be positioned physically close to that IC. Is that correct? If you were designing a circuit would you typically use one of these capacitors per IC?\nMember #40223\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nSo maybe I need some help, for someone with a bigger brain or more experience with these. I've built a clock using both a Arduino Pro Mini 328 5v/16 MHz & Arduino Pro Mini 328 3.3v/8MHz. I'm using the \"Time Library\" on the 328 5v/16 it is very consistent, I loos about 10 seconds a day and can compensate for this in code or eventually at a RTC. I bought 328 3.3v/8 thinking less power needed, lower speed, more energy efficient. This will eventually be a watch. I just hooked up the 328 3.3v Within 15 minutes it has lost 7 minutes. I'm running the same code on both processors. What did I miss? Please help if you know what is going on.\nMember #40223\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nSelf Edit - Helps to select the right board from the tools menu or you take 2 seconds to move the internal time clock 1 second froward. Divide by 2 - Kicks self and moves on - Doh!\nRobomaniac\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nit weighs 1,53g no-headers and with 3.67g with headers\nCathy2\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\ni got one of these today, very nice. ya know if you reverse the raw and gnd pads you wouldnt have to solder the jst connector on the bottom of the board upside down :)\nCathy2\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nalso you can program these using an UNO if you dont have an FTDi like me..\nberiberikix\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nDoes the RX/tx operate at 3.3v? I.E. I wouldn't need a logic level to connect to something like a raspberry pi.http://blog.oscarliang.net/raspberry-pi-and-arduino-connected-serial-gpio/\nM-Short\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nYes, if you power the board through the RAW pin it goes through a 3.3V regulator and so the board runs at 3.3V with 3.3V I/Os. If you power the board through a VCC pin though the board will run at whatever you put into that pin, so be careful not to put 5V on that pin.\nberiberikix\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIf I put 5v in RAW, the TX/RX lines aren't voltage regulated? I want to avoid buying more boards (ie logic levels) or having a separate 3v battery source.\nM-Short\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nIf you put 5V on the RAW pin the entire board runs on the regulated voltage. The ATMega328 is running at 3.3V, so all its I/Os (including TX/RX) run at 3.3V. The only place you will see 5V is on the RAW pin.\nsamdlg\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI'm not sure what I'm doing wrong. (n00b warning).I've got the following project working with my uno (http://blog.makezine.com/projects/make-34/the-dryer-messenger/) but when connecting the wall wart dc jack to the pro mini I keep blowing it up. I connect the positive from the jack to \"raw\", then the negative to the ground on the mini board. I get a red light on the pro mini blinking fast and also the wall wart has a red light that begins to blink.I'm not sure what I\"m doing wrong. but the board powers up fine with a FTDI friend.Thoughts?\neinro\n/\nabout 10 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nwild guess, is the wall wart unfiltered dc? a single diode turns the power output off 60 times a second. if your volt meter reads less dc than the wall wart label and or your volt meter displays a significant voltage on the ac scale, that maybe the problem. try a capacitor on the wall wart output.\nMember #447436\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\ni am totally new to arduino, i need to connect a rf receiver and a transmitter to one of this boards, in the tutorial i got they use a duemilanova and on that board there is a 5v pin identified but i can't find it in nano, any help?\nMember #421025\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHello! Could anybody tell me what brown out level this board has? I was expecting 2.7V (extended_fuses=0x05 in boards.txt).\nBut it seems something like 2 Volts (which could be 1.8V=>0x06 ...) The pro mini 5v 16Mhz I got at the same time also fades out at 2 volts!\nThanks\nMKH\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nCan you power this with a usb connection?\nKamiquasi\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nYes, but keep i mind that you'll want to connect to the RAW pad, not VCC. If you'd like to just plug in a USB cable and also communicate with it, check out the Pro Micro - 3.3V/8MHz\nMikeMoretti\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nOne of my problems with this board is that the FTDI header is VCC instead of VRAW. Since VCC is 3.3v and FTDI is usually 5v, it leaves me always having to stick a wire in my FTDI cable's VCC to connect it to VRAW instead of the ftdi header vcc on the board.Also, for some odd reason, twice my board has gone into infinite blink mode. I got it out once by following some instructions I found elsewhere that say to unplug the usb (ftdi cable), hold reset, and plug it back in, then upload and let go of reset when the TX starts. This worked once. Now a couple days later, my board is stuck in blink mode again and even this doesn't work. Not only that but shortly after this happened, the ftdi cable I was using with it now no longer works. Anyone have any ideas how I can reset this thing?\nMember #374870\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nDoes this board have a resonator or crystal? The schematics suggest a crystal, but some sources say it has a ceramic resonator (but the original mini's had a crystal resonator). There is a part on the board that looks like a very small crystal (probably a ceramic resonator), but is only marked \"A4\". Many sources seem out of date.\nrub0t\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nit uses an smd crystal. \"A4\" is an analog input. Q1 is the crystal and is located adjacent to input 2 and GND. The small silver rectangle with the 08 on it.I'm trying to find this part, any reason sparkfun doesn't carry it?\ngumush\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nBut it looks like 3 pin non standart layout. I couldn't find these type of 8mhz smd crystal on digi or mouser.I just found a resonator ( with build in capacitor ) http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/CSTCE8M00G55-R0/490-1195-2-ND/584403 in digikey. Could anyone confirm that.Or any link for these smd part ?\nrub0t\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nthis is the part: http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/CSTCE8M00G55-R0/490-1195-1-ND/584632\nMember #286247\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI tested SD file read/write with an UNO R3 and microSD. I want Final product to be this 3.3v mini and a standard SD card. The UNO is 5V/16Mhz and this is 3.3V/8MHz. Will the read/write times to the SD card be significantly slower at 8Mhz? (Is this the obvious answer: \"The 8Mhz board will take twice as long as the 16Mhz to write to the SD card.\")?\nMember #286247\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nJut a follow up. I got the pro mini 3.3V 8Mhz connected to a standard SD card and it is still lightning fast on the SD Fat read/write. I have to write a lot of bytes to a binary file and use Seek a lot. I do see some hiccups when I write several hundreds of bytes and the cpu resets. Am I overflowing some pointer? Should I limit my writes to so many byte, close and reopen the file??\nMikeGrusin\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI suggest looking through the source code for the sdcard library. There are a huge amount of useful comments in there, and you may find constants for buffer sizes that you can either change (as long as you have the RAM available) or use the knowledge of those limits in your own code. Another tip, from experience, is pay attention to return values, which may be trying to warn you about such errors. Good luck!\nMember #407608\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nCan i power this with a 3.7v battery connected on Vc directly,without regulator?\nJonGrimaldi\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nYou'd want to put it on the RAW pin. It takes up to 12VDC.\nJonGrimaldi\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThe description of the pro mini on the arduino website -- http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardProMini-- states that an ATmega168 is used for the 3.3v version. Is this information incorrect? The image shown above indicates an ATmega328 is used, which matches the description of the product, but my concern is, if I order this pro mini, can I be guarnteed to recieve them with the 328? The application I intend to use them for requires the SRAM capacity of the 328. Thank you.\nM-Short\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nYes you can. These boards are designed and built here at Sparkfun so our page is always going to be the most accurate. Arduino is just really bad at updating their page.\nMember #360117\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nGreat board!Can anyone confirm what the lowest current consumption should be on this board? The 328P datasheet suggests that I should be seeing under 1 uA with maximum power reduction in place, but the lowest I've been able to see is about 102 uA. And that's with the LED1 removed from the PCB.The datasheet for the MIC5205 regulator shows a typical ground pin current of 80 uA at a load of 100 uA. With the 328P in full shut-down, it should be presenting a load of < 1 uA. There is no data in the sheet for loads that low, but I imagine the ground current would be at or below 80 uA. The enable pin has a typical draw of 5 uA.That's a total of 85 uA typically for loads of 100 uA, so the total current for a < 1 uA load should be somewhat lower. Why am I seeing consistently 102 uA? Is this the best that I can expect?\nMember #407608\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nTry replacing the MIC5205 with TPS78233 that has the same specs but with 0.5uA quiescent current\nMember #407608\n/\nabout 11 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nare you using Vcc or Vraw? 3.3v or above?\nIvanDeft\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHello everyone!\nI have this chip, but i haven't UART TTL decoder.\nCan you answer: Can I use this UART TTL converter that comes with APC-220 (http://www.goodluckbuy.com/apc220-wireless-communication-module-for-arduinousb-converter.html) for download sketches in this Arduino??? And if it possible, how i must connect it???\nIvanDeft\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nOK! Problem is missing! ) But now i have problem with 3.3v & 5V, because this UART TTL get 5v on Arduino, but my MPU-6050 must have 3,3v on board. How i can repair that problem???\nN8ER\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\n@sparkfun can you attach a mini usb to this?\nThanks,\nNate\nToni_K\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nHi Nate- take a look at the Pro Micro-3.3v. I believe this is what you are looking for!\nMember #224979\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI saw a reverence elsewhere on your site that you have the programmed microcontroller available standalone I couldn't find it. Do you still sell it?\nToni_K\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI think you may be referring to the ATmega328 with Arduino Optibootloader(Uno).\nMember #327843\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nI can program this board via a 3.3v FTDI without problem. However, I can't get the serial monitor in the Arduino to work with this board! Don't know why ... just get junk like the serial rate, parity or something is incorrect. Tried multiple settings.\nTim G\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n*\n/\n1\n/\nIf this is used in an automotive setting where the voltage could potentially reach up to 14.5v, is this too far above tolerance levels? The Duemilanoves could handle up to 20v, but I'm hoping I can get away with the mini version, and I'm not seeing any data sheet for this design other than for the microcontroller itself, which is only tolerant of something like 5v.\n48X24X48X\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nTake a look at the thermal characteristic for that SOT23-5 package. You would need to drop from 14.5V to 3.3V and depending on your current, it is not advisable to do that.\nJai\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\na Ethernet shield for this would do me wonders. i mean i want to go small with the pro mini but then have to use the full sized shield to get internet use?two words: COME ON!\nbzerk\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nSweet! The extra ADC pins and I2C pull-up pads are both welcome improvements to my favorite prototyping board. Thanks guys!\nbzerk\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n2\n/\nAlso, here's a picture of a neat little single-sided Pro Mini derivative I knocked out recently :-D\nAvik De\n/\nabout 12 years ago\n/\n1\n/\nThat's awesome, and btw thanks for all your work that ultimately ended up on i2cdevlib in figuring out the DMP on the MPU6050! I actually want to make something similar (with some other stuff on it). Would you mind sharing a schematic/board? Also, is that PCB homemade?\nCustomer Reviews\n4.6 out of 5\nBased on 54 ratings:\n5 star\n37\n4 star\n15\n3 star\n1\n2 star\n0\n1 star\n1\nCurrently viewing all customer reviews.\nShowing results with star rating. Show All\n2 of 2 found this helpful:\nMy favorite Arduino board (maybe)\nabout 10 years ago\nby vvvjv\nverified purchaser\nWith the possible exception of it's 5V sibling, this is my favorite Arduino board. It's small, it's inexpensive, and it does everything one would expect of an Arduino.\n4 of 4 found this helpful:\nThe low voltage feature is awesome!\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #349652\nverified purchaser\nSo removing the solder blob allows you to run the board off a 3.7V lipo. from full charge(4.2V) to discharge (~3.2V) the microcontroller runs its 8MHz quite happily with no complaints. Does really well in deep sleep modes as well.\n1 of 1 found this helpful:\nI want AREF:\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #711607\nverified purchaser\nThe biggest problem with Sparkfun boards is, the AREF missing!!! So don't buy it if you want to scale the sensor readings or to improve the resolution of your measurement.\n3 of 3 found this helpful:\nGreat little Arduino\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #27466\nverified purchaser\nThis is perfect if you want to embed an Arduino into a small project. The 3.3v version is awesome as you can directly connect to things like the small WiFi and nRF24 radio boards that are native 3.3v chips - no need for the Sparkfun 5-3.3v converter board.Make sure you pick up a FTDI 3.3v logic board or cable. The 5v one you probably have lying around won't do you any good with this board.\n2 of 2 found this helpful:\nPro Mini\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #42148\nverified purchaser\nReally great product. Reasonable cost, documentation sufficient, and great compatibility with Arduino family. Low power consumption, too less than 10ma - that along with the small size and easy hook-up (flexible use of header pins if desired) makes this my go-to Arduino platform.\n2 of 2 found this helpful:\nSolid\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #573134\nverified purchaser\nI really like this and the 5V version. For many projects I prefer them to the UNO. My only beef and the reason for the loss of a star is the fact that pins A4 and A5 are not on the outside of the board and worse, they are offset. So for I2C you have to run wire or build your own board. Not the worst thing ever, but for a tiny bit bigger of a footprint, I personally would have preferred those pins on the outside.\n3 of 4 found this helpful:\nGood match for balloon project\nabout 9 years ago\nby KJ1K\nverified purchaser\nSome of our local amateur radio folks (aka Hams) are supporting a climate change class taught at Williams College. Last year the class launched a balloon that reached 30K feet and we received telemetry data from the balloon. This year we plan to design a more capable payload for the balloon. The light weight, low cost, low power requirements, and availability of software make this product a great choice for generating telemetry data.\n2 of 3 found this helpful:\nDoes the job but a 9V battery let the smoke out of the voltage regulator\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #162075\nverified purchaser\nI'm using this as an ADC to convert an analog pot into a digital value which is then input into a Raspberry Pi. I had a 9V battery in my project case, so I tried powering this board up using the 9V line on the RAW pin. The product description for this board says the max voltage on RAW is 12V (and the schematic says 16V), but as soon as I connected 9V to RAW, there was a loud \"POP\" and the bitter taste of disappointment (and melted plastic) in the air. Happily, it was only the regulator IC which blew, and I'm able to power and use the rest of the board using the 3.3V pin on the Raspberry Pi driving the Vcc line on the FTDI header.Another great SparkFun product, but I still wonder what happened with the voltage regulator. Anyone had a similar experience?\nPerfect size and Perfect price..\nabout 9 years ago\nby 2BitBot\nverified purchaser\nI built my wife a birthday card using this board and some red LEDs. The Pro Mini is the perfect size to hide in a piece of cardboard along with all the wiring and a coin battery. She loved the card.. I constantly look for opportunities to use one of these little guys..\nGreat product!\nReliable chip\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #488594\nverified purchaser\nThis low-voltage arduino can fit every tiny, cableless proyect you can imagine!\nThe perfect Arduino board for highly miniturized projects\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #654853\nverified purchaser\nI'm currently hacking a PS2 remote controller, in order to use it to drive a RC DIY quadcopter. I emptied the controller, because I found the electronic inside very ugly, and wanted to make all the logic of the controller on my own. I like using Atmel microcontrolers, but I don't have the skills to solder CMS ones: indeed, any DIP-24 package don't fit in the controller. Then, the Pro Mini was the perfect board: it's tiny enough to fit in, and there's no need to CMS solder.\nAlmost amazing\nabout 9 years ago\nby RobotCamera\nverified purchaser\nI seem to be collecting microcontroller boards and these are my newest acquisition.I've used one of these very successfully in a micro/macrophotography stacking rig.I power mine with 12V or 9V to the RAW pin. No smoke. If there is smoke, something is wrong with your unit or wiring. I always use these with external reverse polarity protection diodes (Schottky) or even MOSFETs. It's easier than you might think to wire things up backwards.I am a bit perplexed, however, by the location of those four analogue input pins. I guess it makes the board a bit shorter by putting them there, but I'd rather a board that's 5mm longer with those pins placed in-line with the others, two per side.Another thing to note is that the silk-screening for the TX and RX pins is quite confusing unless you consult the ATMega328 pinout. Arduino UNO, for example, labels their pins TX1 and RX0. Letting you know that TX (out) is pin 1, and RX (in) is pin 0. On this board, however, the pin numbers are missing - but to a casual observer, it may not appear that way. Instead, the letters I (in) and O (out) appear, which are easy to confuse with pin numbers. RXI is in fact pin 0, and TXO is in fact pin 1. So beware of that, if you plan to actually use those for something other than serial.\nNice but quirky\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #705048\nverified purchaser\nI bought 3/3V and 5 V versions of this and got an immediate download and run. Then they stopped taking downloads and it took 2 days to figure out what it was. In my circuit I was using one of the BT boards (Bluetooth) hooked up to the RX and TX pins. With that connected it will not program. Pull one of the two lines and it programs fine. It's a little irritating but it works and the mini pro is the exact right size and does a great job. The only other thing I can say is that you can't easily hook A4 and A5 to your breadboard if you want to use I2C. You have to solder wires in to A4 and A5 and plug the rest into your breadboard then plug the wires from A4 and A5 into your breadboard. A little irritating but if they were outside then the board would be bigger and it would not fit what I need. Overall I am happy with the mini pros I bought.\nSingle T\nreplied on August 24, 2015:\nHi,\nYou'll commonly want to disconnect any devices from your hardware serial when programming. The trick is to run software serial for your Bluetooth device. That will move the communication lines over to non hardware UART lines and will allow you to leave the BT hooked up when programming.\nLove these things\nabout 9 years ago\nby mattmunee\nverified purchaser\nI've basically abandoned all Arduino models except this and the Moteino (which is basically a Pro Mini with a radio). I haven't done a project that needed a larger processor or more IO, and for $10, you can make a lot of really cool stuff!\nNice solution\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #391234\nverified purchaser\nThis is a great way to get an MCU into a tiny project based on the easy-to-use Arduino platform. It's very powerful and has the same numnber of i/o pads as the big boards. Getting the program on is a bit tricky, but not too terrible once you have the right set-up.\nReally useful in prototyping\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #663336\nverified purchaser\nI really like it. It is the best Arduino board for the small size projects.\nI recommend this product.\n0 of 2 found this helpful:\nI didn't realize it has only one UART port.\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #208764\nverified purchaser\nI was spending a lot of time trying to figure out why I couldn't get the Serial1 port to work as it kept screwing up and hanging the Serial data also. I finally looked at the specs and noticed that it has only one UART which is the same as the FTDI port. Actually it doesn't make sense to me. Why would there be wasted RX and TX when they are the same as the RX and TX on the FTDI?\nGreat very little Arduino\nabout 8 years ago\nby Sherpa\nverified purchaser\nThe Pro Mini either in 3V or 5V is my goto Arduino when I don't need the traditional form factor for shields. They are just the thing for building into zombie costumes or tiny robots. These Sparkfun Pro Minis and well made and well supported.\nExcellent low power board\nabout 8 years ago\nby c16259\nverified purchaser\nI still could not believe the low current it takes in power down mode. (I hope I use the board correctly to measure the ultra low power down mode current) It is ~200 nA with out the power LED. I have seen others do many changes to the board to get 4.5uA, but just removing only the LED I was able to get it down to ~200NA. It is probably due to MIC5205 Vreg the board. Great Product, love it.\nLove this form factor\nabout 8 years ago\nby Danforth Hokenstein III\nverified purchaser\nYes, there's some additional educational overhead because it has less onboard, so this shouldn't be your first arduino. But! It's tiny and uses less power (good for batteries), and fits into wee little projects. This is my go-to device for my embedded systems projects, though I tend toward the simple, so I'm not driving huge light arrays or anything requiring a lot of computational horsepower. I mostly do small art projects or simple detectors. For those, this thing is way more than enough functionality.\nHomebrew drone made easy\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #836504\nverified purchaser\nThis is the perfect little device, great for miniaturizing your projects. It did take me a while to figure out how to program (if programming with an Uno, for instance, you have to remove the ATmega).\nExcellent little power house\nabout 8 years ago\nby Member #94921\nverified purchaser\nEasy to get up and running with these guys, sufficient memory, compatible with a ton of 3.3V devices without the need for level shifting...same reasons everyone else loves them...and they aren't expensive at all...\nAmazing capability at an incredible price point and small footprint\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #836901\nverified purchaser\nThe Pro Mini is a powerful tool in an incredibly small footprint. It took me a bit to get going with it but there really are no great mysteries to solve. Just carefully follow the \"Getting Started Tutorial\" and you'll be fine, even if you're a newbie like me. For the price this little device can't be beat!\nSmall, tiny and sips power\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #334150\nverified purchaser\nThe Arduino Pro Mini is a very powerful Arduino with lots of features and I/O in a very small package. If you need an Arduino that is physically small or has to run on batteries/low power this is a great choice. This comes in a 5v and 3.3v version, as well as an 8 or 16 MHz option.One typical usage might be a remote sensor that needs to report data (say temperature or weight) occasionally. The Pro Mini may wake occasionally from h/w powerdown, power up a radio, report the data and then powerdown again. Depending on the factors you might be able to run a year or more on AA batteries.The Pro Mini comes without headers (you need to add your own) and without a USB connector, so to program it you will need Sparkfun's serial adapter for that. Although it's small it does come with a voltage regulator that can feed peripherals as well as a handy reset button.Note for ultra low power applications there are many tricks you can find online such as removing the power LED as well as the voltage regulator (assuming you don't need these). Removing one or both of these can have substantial impact on battery life.Overall it's a great Arduino in a tiny package!\nTiny and power efficient\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #358569\nverified purchaser\nIf you need to reduce the size or power of your project, graduate from the Arduino Pro to this board. Possible to power the MCU directly bypassing the on-board regulator if low power is the goal. I wish the LED wasn't on an SPI pin, but that's the same with the larger board too.\nVersatile and Easy to Use Device\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #313598\nverified purchaser\nPerfect for my various embedded projects, and at amazingly low cost.i find that the \"Sketch\" programming approach used by the Arduino folks is great for most applications, but that the ability to embed lower-level code in the applications is also helpful for specialized applications, and, if necessary, to reduce application footprint and save flash space.The flash capacity of this device (32 KB) is pretty good and having purchased a few of these from Sparkfun, the quality is excellent. I have never received a DOA device.My current project is using this device and Sparkfun's microSD level-shifting breakout to add an insane amount of storage (like 64GB) to an early 1980s industrial control Z80-based system that has just 16K RAM on board. Weird but fun. I have the hardware working and am developing the communication protocol and device driver routines.I have also used this device with environmental sensors in a musical training application, where the device and sensors are embedded -within- a medieval instrument to provide wireless, real time feedback to the musician to help him/her improve their playing. Another \"weird but fun\" thing.\nGreat little computer\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #567653\nverified purchaser\nVersatile, I have used both the 3.3V and 5V versions for projects ranging from replacing a Dan Foss fan controller in diesel motorhomes to solar control to smart on/off switch functions in motorhomes.Easy to program and very reliable, and cheap, what more could anyone ask?\nMini and mighty\nabout 7 years ago\nby gtjnewell\nverified purchaser\nUsing it to miniaturize an Uno/ESP8266 design. Great partnership!\nIt is very aprpopiate for our project\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #556548\nverified purchaser\nWe apply it in academic experiment with Smart Sensors.\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #874397\nverified purchaser\nI'll give these a \"5\".\nWith 4 smallish projects planned, these were \"on sale\" so I snatched up 5 (but two were the 5 volt version).\nBeen using these for a few years, and they work better for my projects than an official size Arduino.\nEasy to use\nabout 7 years ago\nby Member #418584\nverified purchaser\nMinimal soldering easy programming multitude of great library's.\nAmazing product!\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #591085\nverified purchaser\nI use it for almost my project, I cannot imagine how I could do all I do without it.\nIts key-feature is the size. You can put it almost everywhere.What is in my dreams?\nTo have the Pro Mini with a larger built-in RAM. Sometimes 32K of flash memory can be a limit.\nPerfect for my sensor project\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #485283\nverified purchaser\nThis is a great, affordable breakout board for my home automation and sensor project. It's very easy to breadboard or place into a PCB of my own making or even stripboarding. It's very easy to program and has more power than I need, I particularly like the lower voltage requirements over the 5.0 volt board. The fact that I bought them on sale for half price makes them particularly attractive.\nGreat board, make sure you get FTDI to upload code\nabout 6 years ago\nby Member #409762\nverified purchaser\nI recently used the Arduino Pro Mini in a prototype because I needed the full power of the Arduino, but in a smaller form. The Mini has been great and did everything I needed. Specifically, I needed to use 10 digital pins and 1 analog pin.I highly recommend reading the awesome tutorial in the documents section. This was my first time using the board and I ran into the following gotchas.\nTo upload code, you need the FTDI Basic Breakout Board. See the tutorial in the documents section. It details how to upload code. You don't need the FTDI board once your code is uploaded (this saves on space).\nThe digital D0 and D1 pins connect with the FTDI header's TXO and RXI pins. Because of this, they do wierd things when your board is connected to your computer via the FTDI breakout board. When you aren't connected to a computer, they work normally. I did some testing while connected to the computer, so I decided to use different digital pins (I had extra digital pins I wasn't using).\nIt doesn't supply pins that give power for your components. Since I only needed 3.3v at a low amperage, I turned on an extra digital pin to supply power. If you need different voltages or more amps however, you'll need to add some external power to your components.\nThanks again to Sparkfun for this great component and tutorials!\nFor when you just need the ATMega328P & Arduino bootloader\nabout 5 years ago\nby Member #118811\nverified purchaser\nThe ATMega328P chip, crystal and bypass caps on an easy to use board. Already programmed with the Arduino bootloader.\nA decent board\nabout 5 years ago\nby Member #1408985\nverified purchaser\nOnly one issue: I would put A4 & A5 on the edge and put A2 & A3 in the middle, because I2C is very popular, and the middle thing makes it awkward to use.Otherwise, this is one of the best boards to use for low power - the leds and regulator are easy to remove, so the board draws the same current as a naked 328p. Perhaps I would also like to be able to solder a crystal to the board, rather than always use the internal 8 mhz oscillator.I have built about a dozen projects with this board.\nabout 4 years ago\nby Member #1373763\nverified purchaser\nExcellent product and fast shipping to europe .\nGreat support\nabout 4 years ago\nby Member #1571348\nverified purchaser\nThe support provided is amazing and enabled me to get up and running in minimal time.\nGood boards\nabout 3 years ago\nby Member #533067\nverified purchaser\nJust wish they would re-do two things: OK, you had to stick A4, 5, 6, 7 in the middle: we're grateful to have them! But why stagger them off the .1\" grid? Couldn't you put them on the .1\" grid with the other pins so you can still pin them down in a .1\" perf-board? Surely you could shuffle other components around by the .050\" needed to keep them aligned. And please bring back the .062\" thick PCB instead of the too-flimsy .032\" boards used now. The old .062\" thick ones were rigid enough to be sturdy when prying them back up out of a breadboard without deforming but when you try to pull the current Pro-Minis back out of a standard breadboard they flex badly, and that can't be good for the traces and solder pads. What do you gain by the thin boards? Other than that, (and please just view this as a constructive criticism) they are great, really handy when you need to throw a little smarts into a sensor or actuator project.\nStill my \"go to\" platform\nabout 2 years ago\nby Member #57306\nverified purchaser\nYes it's \"old\". Yes, it's \"limited\".So am I.And this little beauty does what it says on the tin, is easy to use, never lets me down, and is inexpensive.Yes, I have to use \"bigger\" Arduinos for some things. I have webservers running in the Dev Thing and a similar Huzzah. And smaller things are fun sometimes, too... I have the little Sparkfuns and some \"Trinkets\".But for day to day things... I use this, or in some legacy situtions, the ModernDevice RBBB.And if I need 3v3, there's the 3v3 version of this.\nGreat product - be sure to handle the magic smoke issue!\nabout 2 years ago\nby Member #427994\nverified purchaser\nJust like @Member #162075 I too faced the dreaded magic smoke issue with a 9v - but in my case, it was working fine, until it wasn't. I'm pretty sure I must have accidentally reversed polarity though! It is so easy to accidentally do that, and a mere touch is all it takes the fry the puppy. And it is only the voltage regulator - the rest of the board is fine when connected via VCC from the FTDI header. Also, I disconnected the wires as soon as I saw a little whiff of smoke, but the damage was done. Connecting anything to RAW at that point just exacerbated the problem and caused a slow but sure death.Just make sure to handle reverse polarity in the circuit connecting to RAW and GND. Even a simple diode (I used the IN4001) protecting the polarity, while not the best solution (you have to account for the voltage drop of about 0.5-0.7v across the diode), it is still infinitely better than directly hooking up the input source to RAW and GND. After that approach, a second Arduino Pro Mini is chugging along fine with the 9v battery, and you don't have to worry about accidentally touching the wrong 9v battery leads to the connector and shorting the whole thing!In all, a great little board for making a permanent/semipermanent board that is cost effective and small.\nNice affordable miniture Arduino but lacking Serial RX and AREF\nabout 2 years ago\nby Member #331125\nverified purchaser\nI'm using this in a solar charger project I have and wanted to share my suggestions.\n1) I cannot get the Serial RX to work or receive anything from Serial Monitor. I have confirmed with both a logic analyzer and oscilloscope that the RXI pin is being driven with proper 3.3V UART and the bytes and settings are correct. I can transmit (println()) just fine and see the output on the Serial Monitor. Not having serial RX is limiting my project to not being able to run a calibration routine (receive measurements from host and calibrate). I don't think it's possible that I damaged the RXI pin, because I can download code just fine. Serial.available is never > 0 no matter what I send, meaning that it never receives any serial, but testing shows it does have the proper signals.\n2) There is no AREF pinout, this would be nice to have and essential. It's especially useful for my application where it would be safer to have a stable Analog reference to not accidentally misread the battery and solar voltages and create a charging safety issue (overdrive the battery, throw off MPPT algorithm and create instability, ...).Overall it's a cool board and nice form factor!\nGreat board for hacking\nabout a year ago\nby Member #1375912\nverified purchaser\nI love these boards, getting the 8mhz version is an easy way to start a low power project!\nExcellent value\nabout 9 months ago\nby Member #1257687\nverified purchaser\nI needed an inexpensive and physically small 3.3V processor for my project and this Pro Mini fit the bill.beautifully. Having the on-board regulator allows the system to be powered from a 12V source which was needed elsewhere in the system was also an advantage. However, because my system is battery-powered I did need to eventually disable the regulator and provide an external source of 3.3V. Fortunately the board provides an easy means to disable the power-hungry regulator.\nsmall and perfect!\nabout 9 years ago\nby newlum\nverified purchaser\nis there anything better than this tiny, easy to use computer?\nWorks like it should\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #548339\nverified purchaser\nWorks exactly like it should so 5 stars.\nGreat board, great price\nabout 9 years ago\nby Member #638987\nverified purchaser\nthese are awesome little development boards. Highly recommend the FTDI breakout programmer, makes life very easy. This board is very thin, compact, and has plenty of IO options. Easy to solder.\nIt's from Sparkfun\nabout 9 years ago\nby RossRobotics //codlink\nverified purchaser\nOf course it's awesome, it's from Sparkfun.\nPro Mini 328\nabout 9 years ago\nby anhume\nverified purchaser\nUseful as low-cost and already-wired processor in testing data communication (RS232) programming with a PC serial port by assembly-language and by the Arduino IDE\nGreat for such a tiny thing\nabout 9 years ago\nby Chiel\nverified purchaser\nIf you need to integrate a small ready-to-use arduino/ATmega in your project this is a pretty great little board. this is made to be as small as portable as possible. Even the PCB itself is thinner then usual.\nWonderful little board for projects!\nabout 9 years ago\nby Honus\nverified purchaser\nI've been using the Pro Mini boards since they were first introduced and they're just the ticket if you need a super small Arduino board for your project. I like to keep a few of both 3.3V and 5V versions on my bench as they're my go to board for quickly prototyping circuits.\nWeekly product releases, special offers, and more.\nYouTube\nInstagram\nGitHub\nFacebook\nTwitter\nRSS\nABOUT SPARKFUN\nRead Our Story\nPress & Media\nSuccess with SparkFun\nSparkFun Education\nJob Openings\nPARTNER WITH US\nSee Our Partners\nBecome a Distributor/Reseller\nReceive Volume Discounts\nExplore Custom Kits\nApply for a Hardware Donation\nSUPPORT\nCustomer Support Purchase Orders & Payment Terms\nTechnical Assistance\nFAQs\nContact Us\nSITE INFORMATION\nTerms of Service\nPrivacy Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nCompliance\nSite Map\nSparkFun Electronics \n6333 Dry Creek Parkway, Niwot, Colorado 80503\nDesktop Site\nYour Account\nLog In\nRegister\nClose\nLog In", "url": "https://www.sparkfun.com/products/11114" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How to powered Pro Mini - Using Arduino / General Electronics - Arduino Forum\nSkip to main content\nArduino.ccProfessionalEducationStore\n\nIoT Cloud\nWeb Editor\nManager for Linux\nLog In\nCategoriesLatestAboutFAQSign UpLog In\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nUsing Arduino\nProjects Discussion and Showcase\nHardware\nSoftware\nCommunity\nDevelopment\nInternational\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\nAll categories\n\nCustom dashboards, smartphone remote control, data sharing between boards. Get them (for free) using your forum account!\nHow to powered Pro Mini\nUsing ArduinoGeneral Electronics\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nOct 2015\n2 / 14\nOct 2015\nMay 2021\nmpg5_66Oct 2015post #1Dear\ncan I use Vcc near A3 as input voltage (in order to connect directly to battery) ? and not by the VCC on FTDI side ???\nBest regards\n\ncreated\nOct 2015\nlast reply\nMay 2021\n13\nreplies\n38.0k\nviews\n6\nusers\n4\nlinks\n3\n3\n2\nanon57585045Oct 2015post #2Have you read the specifications?\nmpg5_661Oct 2015post #3Dear\nthanks for you response, I'm reading some documents, for example:\nhttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/using-the-arduino-pro-mini-33v 57\n1280905 230 KB\nBut Read doesn't mean \"understand\" for me.\nBest regards.\nCrossRoadsPCB Design using Eagle. Contact me!Oct 2015post #4I think if you measure between the two pins, you will find the VCC pins are connected to each other.\nSo, Yes to your question.\nmpg5_66Oct 2015post #5Dear CrossRoads,\nperfect, Thanks a lot for your response and your time.\nBest regards.\nsystemOct 2015post #6VCC is the output of the on-board Voltage regulator. You should only (ever) connect a regulated supply Voltage to VCC; 5V for a 5V board (3.3V for a 3.3V board).\nTo power a Pro Mini directly from a battery, you should connect the battery +V to the RAW pin. The RAW pin is the input to the on-board regulator. You can connect up to 12V to the RAW pin and VCC will remain at a constant voltage, until the input Voltage falls below VCC + the regulator drop out voltage.\nFor example, if you connected a 9V (PP3) battery to the RAW pin on a 5V Pro Mini. VCC would remain at 5V until the battery discharged to 5.7V. As the Voltage drops further, the Pro becomes increasingly erratic.\nseptillionOct 2015post #7If you have a high voltage battery then yes, connect it it raw.\nBut a Pro Mini will just work fine on a 4,8V LipPo or something and you want to connect it to Vcc (even a 3,3V Pro Mini, this will only still run @ 8Mhz). The 5V is no must.\nanon57585045Oct 2015post #8\nmpg5_66:\nDear\nthanks for you response, I'm reading some documents, for example:\nhttps://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/using-the-arduino-pro-mini-33v 18\nhttp://www.dominicdube.com/wp-content/uploads/ProMiniPinout.png 19\nBut Read doesn't mean \"understand\" for me.\nBest regards.\nCool. In time, it will.\nPaul_BOct 2015post #9\nCrossRoads:\nI think if you measure between the two pins, you will find the VCC pins are connected to each other.\nSo, Yes to your question.\nAs they should be - it would be very misleading otherwise.\nThe reason for the duplication is the function of the two rows of terminals. The (long) side rows are for interface to the application which the MCU is to control while the end row is for the programming and serial communications interface.\nBoth may be used together, but it is appropriate to replicate Vcc so that either can conveniently be used on its own. You will note that RXI and TXO are replicated for the same reason and it is always useful to have a number of ground terminations (four in this case).\nsystemOct 2015post #10\nseptillion:\nIf you have a high voltage battery then yes, connect it it raw.\nWhen is a high voltage battery not a high voltage battery? When it is fully discharged (!)\nA battery is a variable voltage, unregulated, power supply.\nBut a Pro Mini will just work fine on a 4,8V LipPo or something and you want to connect it to Vcc (even a 3,3V Pro Mini, this will only still run @ 8Mhz). The 5V is no must.\nThere is no such thing as a 4.8V LiPo. A single Lithium Polymer cell is considered safe to charge between 3.0V and 4.2V, with the nominal charge being 3.7V. The consequence of operating LiPo cells beyond their specifications being a significant risk of unpredictable combustion or explosion. I would think powering a digital circuit directly from a LiPo, without some form of regulation and conditioning, a very poor design.\nHowever, the documentation 13is very clear; see the paragraph titled power.\n\"\nThe power pins [of a Pro Mini] are as follows:\nRAW. For supplying a raw voltage to the board.\nVCC. The regulated 3.3 or 5 volt supply.\nGND. Ground pins.\n\"\nSo. Whilst you could hook a LiPo directly to VCC and it may work, apparently 'just fine.' It is not what you should do.\nCrossRoadsPCB Design using Eagle. Contact me!Oct 2015post #11Running a 3.3V Promini with LiPo to VCC pin will work just fine.\nYou may want to add a part like MAX1811 to provide for battery charge control from USB supply.\nhttp://www.mouser.com/ds/2/256/MAX1811-96760.pdf 19\nseptillionOct 2015post #12\nMattS-UK:\nWhen is a high voltage battery not a high voltage battery? When it is fully discharged (!)\nAlright, a \"high voltage battery\" is a battery that fully charged is higher then 5,5V\nMattS-UK:\nA battery is a variable voltage, unregulated, power supply.\nIt unregulated, yes. But it's very very clean Nothing wrong with connection it to a uC. Like every remote etc in your house will it this way.\nMattS-UK:\nThere is no such thing as a 4.8V LiPo.\nYeay yeay, it was just an example. But still, the 4,2V of a LiPo is perfectly fine to drive the Pro Mini direct to Vcc. The 8Mhz (also called 3,3V) version will run within spec to as low as 2,25V so the whol LiPo range. The 16Mhz (5V) version to 3,78V so roughly until have the capacity of a Lipo. You can find the specs in the ATmega328p datasheet, page 303 figure 29-1\nMattS-UK:\nI would think powering a digital circuit directly from a LiPo, without some form of regulation and conditioning, a very poor design.\nThen think again\nMattS-UK:\nHowever, the documentation 8is very clear; see the paragraph titled power.\nYep, but your interpretation is not They are talking about the the Vcc pin will supply (so output) 5V or 3,3V from the on-board regulator when a supply is connected to RAW. And yeay, they don't say anything about supplying the Pro Mini via this pin. But you can just look at the schematic, it goes straight to Vcc of the ATmega328p so that datasheet applies.\nMattS-UK:\nSo. Whilst you could hook a LiPo directly to VCC and it may work, apparently 'just fine.' It is not what you should do.\nYep you can, and you're totally in spec So it will work fine. So why not?\nsystemOct 2015post #13\nseptillion:\nIt [a battery, is] unregulated, yes. But it's very very clean Nothing wrong with connection it to a uC. Like every remote etc in your house will it this way.\nActually, no. Almost all the remotes in my house contain an ASIC, 1 drawing < 3mA at < 3V. I also have a so called \"smart\" remote, which contains an NXP micro controller, drawing 10s of mA from > 3.5V, with a discrete (3.3V) regulator on the PCB.\nYeay yeay, it was just an example.\nIt was an example of you getting significant details wrong. Don't worry, I get details wrong too. But what I do not do is try to diminish my mistakes. No. I apologise (to the readers) for my error and often thank the person who corrected me\nBut still, the 4,2V of a LiPo is perfectly fine to drive the Pro Mini direct to Vcc.\nBy connecting a fully charged LiPo to VCC in a 3.3V (LVTTL) circuit, you risk causing permanent damage to;\ni) Those 3.3V peripherals, which tolerate a maximum of 3.6V on their I/O pins.\nii) Those 3.3V devices which tolerate 3.6V max on their VCC pin.\niii) Those 3.3V devices which tolerate 5V TTL I/O, only when they are powered on.\nThe 8Mhz (also called 3,3V) version will run within spec to as low as 2,25V so the whol LiPo range.\nRegardless of being 8Mhz or 16Mhz, a ProMini continues to draw mAs of current down to and below 1.2V. A LiPo cell connected directly to RAW or VCC can become discharged well below the 3.0V regarded as safe to recharge.\nYep, but your interpretation is not\nEnglish is my first language and I do not need to interpret it. The words say exactly what they mean.\n\"VCC. The regulated 3.3 or 5 volt supply.\"\nVCC is a reference voltage. The implication of VCC being a reference voltage is, variable voltage sources connected to VCC, should be regulated. When the variable voltage source is a LiPo, you should also protect the cell/s from discharging below the safe limit (3.0V).\nI'm going to leave it there. If you don't think it is preferable to design your circuits such that they can not blow up peripherals and turn batteries into fire hazards, we will have to agree to differ.\n6 years later\nClosed on May 6, 2021\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nabout Pro mini RAW pin\nIDE 1.x\n3\n21.7k\nOct 2015\nArduino Pro-Mini Power Input\nIDE 1.x\n2\n2.0k\nAug 2013\nArduino PRO Mini 3.3 w/ 3.7 Battery\nGeneral Electronics\n39\n2.7k\nApr 2022\nPro mini on battery\nProject Guidance\n3\n203\nMar 2023\nArduino mini standalone\nMicrocontrollers\n5\n1.5k\nJun 2013\nBack to top\nHelp Center\nContact Us\nTrademark &\nCopyright\nBrand Guidelines\nDistributors\nCareers\nFollow us\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2024\nArduino\nCareers\nTerms of\nService\nPrivacy Policy\nSecurity\nCookie Settings\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://forum.arduino.cc/t/how-to-powered-pro-mini/341771" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Burn a New Bootloader - Arduino Pro Mini : 4 Steps - Instructables\nProjects\nContests\nTeachers\nBurn a New Bootloader - Arduino Pro Mini\nBy Legandir\nin CircuitsArduino60,7403628Save PDFFavoriteIntroduction: Burn a New Bootloader - Arduino Pro MiniI wanted to re-purpose an Arduino Pro Mini that I hadn't used for a while, so - as I do with all the Arduinos I re-use - I tried to upload the Blink sketch to return it to a sort of 'default' state and to prove to myself that it is still working.. This failed miserably, and led to a fair bit of wasted time checking connections, the voltage of the Pro Mini and using a couple of different programmers, and so on.So I thought it may be useful to someone if I briefly explained what I did to fix the issue I had, and return the Pro Mini to a working state. It may also be of use if your Pro Mini has arrived without a bootloader.Step 1: StuffObviously, an Arduino Pro Mini that you can't upload sketches toArduino Uno (can be done with other variants)6 male-to-male breadboard patch cablesSolderless breadboardFTDI programmer and cable (to check the fix has worked)Arduino IDEStep 2: Symptoms and InvestigationI normally upload sketches to to a Pro Mini using a USB-Serial FTDI programmer, and plug the Pro Mini opposite it on a breadboard. This way, the pins match up and it does away with any messy cabling. This arrangement has worked without issue numerous times in the past.This time, however, when I tried to upload the Blink sketch, the Arduino IDE started bleating on about the \"programmer not responding\" and giving an avrdude error:-avrdude:stk500_recv():programmer is not responding (sorry, I didn't screenshot it at the time)I also noticed that the LEDs on the FTDI programmer only flickered a couple of times, when they normally go berserk during a successful upload.So, I Checked the connections on the breadboard - looked fine.Tried another programmer (same model) - no change.Changed USB port on the pc - waste of timeUpdated and repaired the drives for the FTDI device - no differenceTried another Pro Mini in the same arrangement - worked like a dream.Aha. Must be the Pro Mini. I tried to think back to the last time I used this one but it was more than a day ago, so I had little chance. I was about to resort to the Internet when I did remember (it works sometimes) that I had an ESP8266 arrive with a corrupted bootloader and had similar issues. The more I though about it, the more it made sense and tied in with what i was seeing.Step 3: FixThere are a number of ways to burn a bootloader to an Arduino device, but the one I used (for convenience and speed) was to use an Arduino Uno as an ISP (In-System Programmer). This is well documented and I've used it a few times for different things.First step is to set up the Uno to be an ISP:-Connect the Uno to the PC (using USB)Open the Arduino IDE (I'm using v1.6.11)Check the board: Tools Menu -> Board ->Arduino UnoCheck the port: Tools Menu -> Serial Port -> [select the port for the Uno]Load the ISP sketch: File menu -> Examples -> ArduinoISP ->ArduinoISPUpload - once complete, the Uno is configured as ISPRemove connection from Uno (power off)Second Step is to connect the two devices for programming:-UnoPro Mini5V (vcc) ------------------- VCCGND ------------------------GNDPin 10 ---------------------- RSTPin 11 ---------------------- Pin 11Pin12 ---------------------- Pin 12Pin 13 ------------------- -- Pin 13The connections are straightforward and, as can be seen in the photograph, I used a breadboard. I was going to include a Fritzing diagram, but it was more confusing.Third step is to burn the bootloader:-Connect the Uno to the PC (Arduino IDE still open)Change the board: Tools Menu -> Board ->Arduino Pro or Pro MiniCheck the speed and processor: Tools Menu -> Processor -> ATmega328 (5V, 16MHz)Choose the programmer> Tools Menu -> Programmer -> Arduino as ISPBurn the bootloader: Tools Menu -> Burn BootloaderThe LEDs on the two Arduinos should now perform a synchronised dance while the bootloader is written - only takes a few seconds, and then the IDE shows a completed message.Fourth step, if you want, is to perform a test upload using your FTDI programmer. If the new bootloader is working, you should see the LEDs on the FTDI programmer and the Pro Mini showing activity.Step 4: Wrap UpI hope I've made it easy to see that, if you come across an Arduino or similar device whose bootloader is messed up, it isn't too arduous a task to burn a new one. As long as you have access to a Uno or similar, the IDE and some cables, you can be on the way to uploading the sketch for your next Evil Genius weapon or World Domination IoT thing in next to no time.This is my first Instructable. I've enjoyed putting it together, and I'd be happy to receive any constructive comments or criticism.RecommendationsThis Solar-Powered Bottle Cleans Water!\nby Aarav G\nin Electronics\n144\nArduino CNC Thermocol Cutter\nby Deepaksh123\nin Arduino\n13\n2.2K\nMake a Tiny Arduino Drone With FPV Camera\nby Max Imagination\nin Arduino\n600\n83K\nCyber Clock an IoT OLED Desk Clock With Hygro-Thermometer\nby gokux\nin Clocks\n38\n3.7K\nBuild-A-Tool ContestMade with AI - Autodesk Design & Make - Student ContestPuzzles and Games ContestCategoriesCircuits\nWorkshop\nCraft\nCooking\nLiving\nOutside\nTeachers\nAbout UsWho We AreWhy Publish?ResourcesSitemapHelpContactFind Us 2024 Autodesk, Inc.Terms of Service|Privacy Statement|Privacy settings|Legal Notices & Trademarks", "url": "https://www.instructables.com/Burn-a-New-Bootloader-Arduino-Pro-Mini/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "In the arduino pro mini, the Vcc is input or output ? - Using Arduino / General Electronics - Arduino Forum\nSkip to main content\nArduino.ccProfessionalEducationStore\n\nIoT Cloud\nWeb Editor\nManager for Linux\nLog In\nCategoriesLatestAboutFAQSign UpLog In\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nUsing Arduino\nProjects Discussion and Showcase\nHardware\nSoftware\nCommunity\nDevelopment\nInternational\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\nAll categories\n\nCustom dashboards, smartphone remote control, data sharing between boards. Get them (for free) using your forum account!\nIn the arduino pro mini, the Vcc is input or output ?\nUsing ArduinoGeneral Electronics\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nMay 2017\n2 / 10\nMay 2017\nMay 2021\ntautau123May 2017post #1Hi guys,\nI have the arduino pro mini, I'm supplying it through the raw pin with 9v volts.\nI want to power my sensor with 5v (the arduino is 5v).\nI don't understand if I can use the Vcc pin ?\nSome people say it's input if I want to bypass the voltage regulator, others say it is an output.\nWhat is it ?\n\ncreated\nMay 2017\nlast reply\nMay 2021\n9\nreplies\n17.5k\nviews\n7\nusers\n1\nlink\n2\n2\ncoukaMay 2017post #2It's both correct and you can use it as a 5V source (you can't draw much current from it, though)\narduino.cc\nArduino-Pro-Mini-schematic.pdf 311\n59.12 KB\nlg, couka\nWawaBrattainMay 2017post #3VCC is a power rail.\nYou can say it's both input and output.\nThe onboard 5volt regulator supplies power to that rail (you could also do that with an external 5volt supply).\nAnd you draw power from it (to power your sensors).\nLeo..\ntautau123May 2017post #4How sensitive is the arduino to voltage.\n4 Batteries of 1.5 volts will be too much ?\nWill bypassing the voltage regulator pull less current ?\nLarryDMay 2017post #5If this is a 5 volt pro mini.\n4 x 1.5 = 6v therefore if you use a series silicon diode .7 you can get down to 4.3v\nedit, 5.3v\nThis would work.\nAdd a schottky diode .2v then you will get to ~5.1v, even better.\nHowever, 3 batteries and a boost converter would be my recommendation.\n.\nseptillionMay 2017post #64 x 1,5V = 6V is to much for Vcc (and to little for the RAW). 5,5V absolute maximum. But a bit lower is fine. 4,5V, no problem even with a 16MHz crystal. From the top of my mind (but you can look it up in the datasheet of the ATmega328p) its stable at 16MHz up until a little under 4V.\nDrAzzyATtiny ObsesseeMay 2017post #7Max voltage is 5.5v per datasheet.\nCould probably drop 0.7v through a normal (non-schottky) diode to get 4 AA's into safe territory. I would not add a schottky diode after that; 5.3 is safe, and that'll give you more headroom as the batteries run down.\nBypassing the regulator (by supplying 5v directly) will not reduce the current (though since you don't need to give it an extra 2v for the dropout, the power (ie, volts times amps) is lower)\nRemoving the regulator from the board entirely will slightly reduce power consumption, but the quiescent current of the regulator isn't that high - it's only relevant when the chip is sleeping and you've already removed the power LED.\nSpec for 16mhz is ya, a little under 4v. In practice, under normal conditions, you can generally run a 16mhz '328p down to 3.6v no problem (which is relevant as that's the min output voltage for a LiPo battery)\nPaulRBKarma: 2000+May 2017post #8If the AAs are rechargeable (NiMH) then you can probably power directly without using anything to drop the voltage. Even when fully charged, I don't think 4 of them would exceed 5.5V when any appreciable current was drawn.\n28 days later\ncoukaJun 2017post #9Note that 1.5V is a nominal value, fresh alkaline cells deliver 1.6-1.65V. 4 x 1.65V = 6.6V which is too much, even with a Si-Diode in series.\nAs larryd suggested, 3 cells + boost converter are safer and more consistent.\nlg, couka\n4 years later\nClosed on May 6, 2021\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nabout Pro mini RAW pin\nIDE 1.x\n3\n21.7k\nOct 2015\nArduino Pro-Mini Power Input\nIDE 1.x\n2\n2.0k\nAug 2013\nArduino Mini confusion\nMicrocontrollers\n13\n725\nMay 2021\nConnecting 5V VCC to an Arduino Pro Mini (or to any Arduino)\nGeneral Electronics\n28\n11.7k\nOct 2015\nArduino pro mini power help\nTroubleshooting\n4\n2.0k\nMar 2010\nBack to top\nHelp Center\nContact Us\nTrademark &\nCopyright\nBrand Guidelines\nDistributors\nCareers\nFollow us\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2024\nArduino\nCareers\nTerms of\nService\nPrivacy Policy\nSecurity\nCookie Settings\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://forum.arduino.cc/t/in-the-arduino-pro-mini-the-vcc-is-input-or-output/457240" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arduino Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16 MHz : ID 2378 : Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits\nSkip Navigation\ntoggle menu\nSearch\nShopping cart, 0items.\nSign In | Create Account\nNew Products\nFeatured Products\nGift Ideas\nCircuit Playground\nFeather\nRaspberry Pi\nArduino\nLEDs\nAll Categories\nSupport\nShipping & Returns\nAbout Us\nShopLearnBlogForumsLIVE!AdaBoxIO\nSign In\nShopping cart, 0items.\nProducts\nShop Categoriesview all\nArduinoCircuitPythonCircuit PlaygroundFeatherSTEMMA / STEMMA QTLCDs & DisplaysRaspberry PiRP2040 / PicoAccessoriesBatteriesBooksBreakout BoardsCablesComponents & PartsDevelopment BoardsE-Ink / ThinkInkGift CertificatesKits & ProjectsLEDsMechanical KeyboardsNeopixelsPowerPrototypingRobotics & CNCSensorsToolsWearablesWirelessClearance Sale\nNew Productsview all\nOn/Off Round Key Lock - 12mm Diameter\n$2.50\nMomentary On/Off Round Key Lock Switch - 12mm Diameter\n$2.50\n5.5mm/2.1mm DC Barrel Polarity Reversing Cable\n$3.50\nPimoroni NVMe Base Duo for Raspberry Pi 5\n$34.95\nFeatured Productsview all\nAdafruit Proto Doubler PiCowbell for Pico and PicoW\n$7.50\nAdafruit ItsyBitsy ESP32 - wFL Antenna - 8 MB Flash / 2 MB PSRAM\n$14.95\nMEMENTO - Python Programmable DIY Camera - Bare Board\n$34.95\nAdafruit Qualia ESP32-S3 for TTL RGB-666 Displays\n$19.95\nGift Ideas\nWhat's New\nSearch\nArduino\n/\nBoards\n/\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16 MHz\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16 MHz\nProduct ID: 2378\n$11.95\nProduct Images and Video\nIn stock\nAdd to Cart\nAlso include 1 x FTDI Friend with Micro USB Port + extras ($14.75) Also include 1 x FTDI Serial TTL-232 USB Cable ($19.95)\nIn stock\nAdd to Wishlist\nDescription\nThe Arduino Pro Mini is SparkFun's minimal design approach to Arduino. It's essentially a 5v Arduino that runs an 16 MHz bootloader on a super small, super thin board. There are no connectors attached - allowing you to add whatever connectors or wire you want without too much trouble.The goal of the Pro Mini isn't to replace the Arduino so much as bring the cost down for more advanced users. TheArduino Unois still the inimitable board but if you're comfortable working within voltage limitations, don't mind off-board USB, and want to customize your connectors, the Arduino Pro Mini's a great budget purchase. You will need an FTDI friend or FTDI cable to program your Pro Mini, and we also recommend some plain header to solder it for breadboard useCheck out SparkFun's tutorial for more info on how to get started with the Arduino Pro Mini!If you would like an Arduino IDE compatible board with USB, also check out the Pro Trinket 5V!\nTechnical Details\nDimensions w/ Components: 33mm x 18mm x 2mm / 1.3\" x 0.7\" x 0.1\"5V regulatorMax 150mA outputDC input 3.3V up to 12V8 Analog Pins14 Digital I/OsSchematicEagle Files\nLearn\nDigital Circuits 7: MCUs... how do they work?\nInside the ATMega328: a guided tour of a classic Microcontroller\nMay We Also Suggest\nAdafruit Pro Trinket - 3V 12MHz\nAdafruit Pro Trinket - 5V 16MHz\nAdafruit Trinket - Mini Microcontroller - 3.3V Logic - MicroUSB\nAdafruit Trinket - Mini Microcontroller - 5V Logic\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 3.3V/8 MHz\nAdafruit METRO 328 Fully Assembled - Arduino IDE compatible - ATmega328\nFTDI Friend with Micro USB Port + extras - v3\nFTDI Serial TTL-232 USB Cable\nDistributors\nMouser Electronics\nUnited States\nSee our Distributors page for a complete list of distributors.\nArduino Pro Mini 328 - 5V/16 MHz\nProduct ID: 2378\n$11.95\nIn stock\nAdd to Cart\nAlso include 1 x FTDI Friend with Micro USB Port + extras ($14.75) Also include 1 x FTDI Serial TTL-232 USB Cable ($19.95)\nAdd to Wishlist\nDescription\nTechnical Details\nContact Us\nTech Support Forums\nFAQs\nShipping & Returns\nFreebies\nTerms of Service\nPrivacy & Legal\nWebsite Accessibility\nAbout Us\nPress\nEducators\nDistributors\nJobs\nGift Cards\nArtists are here to disturb the peace\nJames Baldwin\nA Minority and Woman-owned Business Enterprise (M/WBE)\n\nCreate New Wishlist\nName\nDescription\nCreate Wishlist\nOrdering full reels vs. cut reels\nAdafruit NeoPixel Digital RGB LED strips come to us in 4 or 5 meter reels with a 2 or 3-pin JST SM connector on each end and separated power/ground wires as shown in the picture below. If you order a full 4 or 5 meters, you get the full reel with both connectors installed.\nIf you buy less than a full reel, you'll get a single strip, but it will be a cut piece from a reel which may or may not have a connector on it. If the piece comes from the end of the reel, the connector may be on the output end of the strip!", "url": "https://www.adafruit.com/product/2378" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Beginner Arduino - How to connect arduino pro mini to PC? - Using Arduino / IDE 1.x - Arduino Forum\nSkip to main content\nArduino.ccProfessionalEducationStore\n\nIoT Cloud\nWeb Editor\nManager for Linux\nLog In\nCategoriesLatestAboutFAQSign UpLog In\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nUsing Arduino\nProjects Discussion and Showcase\nHardware\nSoftware\nCommunity\nDevelopment\nInternational\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\nAll categories\n\nCustom dashboards, smartphone remote control, data sharing between boards. Get them (for free) using your forum account!\nBeginner Arduino - How to connect arduino pro mini to PC?\nUsing ArduinoIDE 1.x\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nApr 2018\n2 / 8\nApr 2018\nMay 2021\nf0rtaApr 2018post #1Hello,\nI bought this kit so I could start learning arduino:\nOptimus Digital\nKit Ardunio Pro Mini 26\nKit Ardunio Pro Mini\nPrice: RON 74.99\nAfter that I learnt from a friend that I have to buy an USB-TTL converter to copy the code on the device. So I bought this:\nOptimus Digital\nConvertor USB la UART CH340G seriala TTL UART 3.3V sau 5V 26\nConvertor USB la UART CH340G\nPrice: RON 8.49\nHow can I connect it to the computer? I'm a total noob.\nThanks!\n29995615_1997144007202632_1487334842_o.jpg17872663 1.22 MB\n\ncreated\nApr 2018\nlast reply\nMay 2021\n7\nreplies\n7.3k\nviews\n2\nusers\n6\nlinks\n4\n3\npert2Apr 2018post #2Unfortunately that style of converter can not be plugged directly into the Pro Mini (as other options for a similar price can be). So you will need to use jumper wires to make the appropriate connections. That shop page does not show the pinout of the adapter (which is labeled on the back).\nHere we have the pinout of the Pro Mini 9:\n600600 110 KB\nThe connections you need to make are:\nConverter\nPro Mini\nGnd\nGnd\nRXD\nTXD\nTXD\nRXD\nYou also need to supply power to the Pro Mini. Typically you could do this via the USB cable but this converter is weird in that the voltage outputs need to be jumpered to the Vcc pin in order to select the power supply level for the CH340 chip on the converter. You would likely not want to run the CH340 at 3.3 V and the Pro Mini at 5 V. I suppose you just need to use some jumper wires to connect the 5 V pin on the converter to the VCC pin on the converter and also to the VCC pin on the Pro Mini.\nAnother unfortunate limitation of that converter is they didn't bother to break out the CTS or RTS pins. One of those pins are required for auto-reset of the Pro Mini during the upload process. Since you don't have the auto-reset feature you will need to press the reset button just when the upload starts (after the compilation finishes). You might find it easier to determine the correct time to reset your board by turning on verbose output during compilation in the Arduino IDE:\nSelect File > Preferences from the Arduino IDE menus.\nCheck the box next to \"Show verbose output during: compilation\".\nClick the OK button.\nReally I think you would be wise to order another converter which has the standard \"FTDI header\" pinout, which will allow you to plug it directly into the Pro Mini and have the auto-reset feature. They are very reasonably priced if you don't mind waiting for shipping from China. Here's one with the same CH340 chip from eBay:\neBay\nUSB Converter TTL 6 Pin CH340G Chip Adapter Module for Windows XP Win7 X7v6... 23\nFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for USB Converter TTL 6 Pin CH340G Chip Adapter Module for Windows XP Win7 X7v6 at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products!\nSince your Pro Mini shipped with only male headers in the kit maybe you prefer a converter with female header:\neBay\nWeMos Ch340g Breakout 5v 3.3v USB to Serial Module for sale online | eBay 14\nFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for WeMos Ch340g Breakout 5v 3.3v USB to Serial Module at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products!\nSince most of the cheap converters have male headers I prefer to put a female header on my Pro Mini and you can purchase those for a reasonable price from any of the usual places.\nI find it unfortunate those converters don't have an easy way to switch between 3.3V and 5V. They are set to 5 V, which is correct for your Pro Mini, but it makes them a bit less versatile of a tool for other uses. There is a solder jumper on the back to change to 3.3 V but I like the ones with a header jumper. I didn't see a CH340 like that in my quick search. Maybe there is one to be found with a bit more searching?\nMy personal preference is these FTDI FT232 converter boards, which have the FTDI header pinout and also the header jumper to select voltage:\nThe cheap ones you get from the Chinese sellers on eBay, Aliexpress, etc. have a counterfeit FTDI chip, which might cause problems when used with the official driver on Windows. There are some workarounds for that issue and I'm using it on Windows without any problems with an alternative driver.\npertApr 2018post #3I should say that, even though I recommend you to buy a better converter, of course you should use the one you have to get playing with your Pro Mini ASAP instead of waiting for the better one to arrive first.\nYou should also be aware that you may need to install the CH340 driver, which you can download from the manufacturer's website:\nwch\nCH341SER.ZIP - 4\nUSBWindowsDLLCH340CH341USBUART39SERIAL32/64Windows 11/10/8.1/8/7/VISTA/XPSERVER 2022/2019/2016/2012/2008/20032000/ME/98\nf0rtaApr 2018post #4Sorry for asking dumb questions but as I said I'm a total beginner lol.\nI did it like in the photo (that's the converter). Now how do I plug them in the Pro Mini?\nI'd like to buy another one but it would take a while to be shipped, I want to play with it rn if possible.\n29995506_1997162777200755_2091869877_o.jpg32641836 344 KB\nf0rtaApr 2018post #5In the end I connected it like in the photos below, but the LEDs are red (I read that they have to be green).\n29995506_1997162777200755_2091869877_o.jpg32641836 344 KB\n30125383_1997169317200101_1668308030_o.jpg18243264 319 KB\npertApr 2018post #6Don't worry about the color of the LEDs. Some companies use red, some use green. The color doesn't mean anything, just whether the light is on or off.\nEnjoy!\nf0rtaApr 2018post #7Thanks a lot.\n+karma\n3 years later\nClosed on May 5, 2021\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nUploading code to chinese arduino pro mini\nIDE 1.x\n2\n2.2k\nNov 2016\nPro Mini uploading\nIDE 1.x\n3\n553\nJan 2019\nMini Pro Connection trouble. Probably really easy to solve. SOLVED!\nIDE 1.x\n8\n1.9k\nAug 2013\nConnection Solution !!!\nIDE 1.x\n2\n633\nNov 2015\nArduino Pro Mini - PC Link UP\nIDE 1.x\n4\n463\nAug 2020\nBack to top\nHelp Center\nContact Us\nTrademark &\nCopyright\nBrand Guidelines\nDistributors\nCareers\nFollow us\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2024\nArduino\nCareers\nTerms of\nService\nPrivacy Policy\nSecurity\nCookie Settings\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://forum.arduino.cc/t/beginner-arduino-how-to-connect-arduino-pro-mini-to-pc/518037" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "ComfyUI narrow menubar - 21/10/2023, 11:01:24 UserStyles.world\nSkip to content\nUserStyles.world\nExplore\nMod Log\nRegister\nSign in\nComfyUI narrow menubar - 21/10/2023, 11:01:24\nby hortom\nhttps://userstyles.world/style/12629/comfyui-narrow-menubar-21102023-110124\nCopy\nWrite a review\nInstall\nGet Stylus\nDetails\nAuthorhortom\nLicenseNo License\nCategoryLocally run ComfyUI\nCreated7 months, 1 week ago\nUpdated5 hours, 40 minutes ago\nSize9.1 kB\nStatistics\nLearn how we calculate statistics in the FAQ.\nTotal views167\nTotal installs67\nWeekly installs4\nWeekly updates7\nDescription\nComfyUI is a node-based Stable Diffusion UI. This style iconifies the menu, narrows it and removes a few unused (by me) buttons. Credits to Knigitz for starting\nNotes\nIconify most of the buttons. Tooltip is included and it can be \"disabled\" via editing line 227.\nSource code\n/* ==UserStyle==\n@name 127.0.0.1 - 21/10/2023, 11:01:24\n@namespace github.com/openstyles/stylus\n@version 1.0.0\n@description A new userstyle\n@author Me\n==/UserStyle== */\n@-moz-document url-prefix(\"http://127.0.0.1:8188/\") {\n#comfy-load-default-button,\n#comfy-clipspace-button\n/*#comfy-refresh-button,*/\n/*#comfy-load-button*/ {\ndisplay: none !important;\n}\n/* Etra Options*/\n.comfy-menu div label {\nfont-size: 0 !important;\nwidth: 100% !important;\noverflow: hidden;\ndisplay: block;\ntext-wrap: nowrap;\n}\n.comfy-menu div label:before {\nfont-size: 14px;\ncontent: \"Extra\"\n}\n#extraOptions label:before {\nfont-size: 14px;\ncontent: \"Batch #\"\n}\n#extraOptions label[for=\"autoQueueCheckbox\"]:before {\nfont-size: 14px;\ncontent: \"AutoQ\";\n}\n#batchCountInputRange {\nwidth:100% !important;\n}\n#batchCountInputNumber {\nwidth:50px !important;\n}\n#extraOptions label[for=\"autoQueueCheckbox\"] {\nwidth: 40px !important;\nfloat: left;\n}\n/* Replace text with an icon */\n/**/\n.comfy-menu button.comfy-queue-btn,\n#queue-front-button,\n#comfy-view-queue-button,\n#comfy-view-history-button {\nvisibility: hidden;\nfont-size: 0 !important;\npadding: 0;\n}/**/\n.comfy-menu button.comfy-queue-btn::after,\n#mixlab_chatbot_by_llamacpp,\n#comfy-reset-view-button,\n#comfy-reset-view-button + button,\n#comfy-save-button,\n#comfy-refresh-button,\n#comfy-clear-button,\n#queue-front-button::after,\n#comfy-view-queue-button::after,\n#comfy-view-history-button::after,\n#comfy-load-button,\n#shareButton {\ncontent: \"\";\nwidth: 100%;\nfont-size: 12px;\nvisibility: visible;\ndisplay: block;\npadding: 1px 0;\nborder: 1px solid #fff4;\nborder-radius: 6px !important;\nbackground: linear-gradient(103deg, rgba(50,50,50,1) 0%, rgba(74,74,74,1) 27%, rgba(40,40,40,1) 85%);\n}\n#comfy-reset-view-button,\n#comfy-reset-view-button + button {\nfont-size:8px;\nheight: 18px;\n}\n#comfy-reset-view-button ~ div {\nmargin: 8px 0px !important;\n}\n.comfy-menu button.comfy-queue-btn::after {\ncontent: \"\";\nbackground: rgb(241,187,106);\nbackground: linear-gradient(103deg, rgba(241,187,106,1) 0%, rgba(252,214,119,1) 27%, rgba(210,143,66,1) 85%);\nborder-color: #888;\n}\n.pysssss-workflow-arrow {\nwidth: 13px;\nfont-size: 9px;\n}\n#comfy-view-queue-button::after {\ncontent: \"\";\nfont-weight: bold;\n}\n#queue-front-button::after {\ncontent: \"\";\nfont-weight: bold;\n}\n#comfy-view-history-button::after {\ncontent: \"\";\nfont-weight: bold;\n}\n.comfy-menu-btns {\nwidth: 100%;\ndisplay: flex;\nflex-wrap: wrap;\njustify-content: space-between;\n}\n.comfy-menu-btns button {\nwidth: 32% !important;\n}\n/* Comfy Queue list action buttons */\n.comfy-list-actions button {\nvisibility: hidden;\nfont-size: 0 !important;\npadding: 0;\n}\n.comfy-list-actions button::after {\nvisibility: visible;\nfont-size: 11px;\npadding: 4px;\nbackground: #666;\nborder-radius: 4px\n}\n.comfy-list-actions button:nth-child(1)::after {\ncontent: \"\";\n}\n.comfy-list-actions button:nth-child(2)::after {\ncontent: \"\";\n}\n.drag-handle span:nth-child(2) {\ndisplay: block;\noverflow: hidden;\nwidth: 45%;\ndirection: rtl;\ntext-overflow: ellipsis;\ntext-wrap: nowrap;\n}\n.drag-handle button {\ntop: 0;\n}\nhr {\n/*display: none !important;*/\nmargin: 6px !important;\n}\n.comfy-menu button {\nbackground-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, .75) !important;\nfont-size: 12px;\n}\n.comfy-list-items button {\nbackground-color: rgba(108, 91, 78, .75) !important;\nfont-size: 11px !important;\n}\n.comfy-menu button.comfy-queue-btn {\nbackground-color: rgba(108, 91, 78, .75) !important;\n}\n.comfy-menu {\nborder: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62, 1) !important;\nborder-radius: 0px 0px 0px 10px !important;\nbackdrop-filter: blur(2px);\nbackground-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);\ntransition: background-color .5s;\nright: 0px !important;\ntop: 0px !important;\nz-index: 999999 !important;\nwidth: 60px;\n}\n.comfy-menu:hover {\nbackground-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);\ntransition: background-color .3s;\n}\n.comfy-menu * {\n/* Global font: */\nfont-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;\nfont-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures;\n/* Disable tap highlight (for touchscreens): */\n-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\n-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;\n/* Disable text selection: */\n-webkit-user-select: none;\n/* Safari */\n-moz-user-select: none;\n/* Firefox */\n-ms-user-select: none;\n/* Internet Explorer/Edge */\nuser-select: none;\n/* Chrome and Opera */\n}\n/* Queue list */\n.comfy-list {\nwidth: 100%;\nborder-width: 2px !important;\nborder-radius: 6px;\n}\n.comfy-list h4 {\nmin-width: 100%;\nfont-size: 11px;\n}\n.comfy-list-items {\npadding: 2px;\nfont-size: 12px;\n}\n.comfy-list-items div {\noverflow: hidden;\nmax-height: 20px;\n}\n/* Load button - hide it */\n.comfy-list-items div button:nth-child(1) {\ndisplay: none;\n}\n/* Cancel button - text - hide it */\n.comfy-list-items div button:nth-child(2) {\nposition: relative;\ntop: -15px;\nvisibility: hidden;\nfont-size: 0;\npadding: 0;\nmargin: 0;\n}\n/* Cancel button - red X */\n.comfy-list-items div button:nth-child(2)::after {\nvisibility: visible;\nfont-size: 10px;\ncontent: \"\";\n}\n/* SCROLLBAR */\n.comfy-list-items::-webkit-scrollbar {\nwidth: 5px;\n}\n/* track */\n.comfy-list-items::-webkit-scrollbar-track {\nbackground: #000;\n}\n/* handler */\n.comfy-list-items::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {\nbackground: #aaa;\n}\n.comfy-list-items::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {\nbackground: #ccc;\n}\n#maskCanvas:hover {\ncursor: none !important;\n}\n/* TOOLTIPS */\n/* DELETE THIS ROW IF YOU NEED TOOLTIPS. */\n.comfy-list-actions button:nth-child(1)::before,\n.comfy-list-actions button:nth-child(2)::before,\n#comfy-view-history-button::before,\n#queue-front-button::before,\n#comfy-view-queue-button::before,\n#comfy-save-button::before,\n#comfy-refresh-button::before,\n#comfy-clear-button::before,\n.comfy-menu button.comfy-queue-btn::before {\nbackground-color: #444;\nborder: solid 2px #0008;\nfont-family: \"Arial\", sans-serif;\nfont-weight: normal;\ncolor: #ccc;\nfont-size: 12px;\npadding: 4px;\nheight: fit-content;\nwidth: fit-content;\nborder-radius: 6px;\nposition: absolute;\ntext-align: center;\ntop: 0px;\nright: 64px;\n}\n.comfy-list-actions button:nth-child(1):hover::before,\n.comfy-list-actions button:nth-child(2):hover::before,\n#comfy-view-history-button:hover::before,\n#queue-front-button:hover::before,\n#comfy-view-queue-button:hover::before,\n#comfy-save-button:hover::before,\n#comfy-refresh-button:hover::before,\n#comfy-clear-button:hover::before,\n.comfy-menu button.comfy-queue-btn:hover::before {\nvisibility: visible;\ndisplay: block;\n}\n#comfy-view-queue-button::before {\ncontent: \"View/Close Queue\";\nright: 40px;\n}\n#queue-front-button::before {\ncontent: \"Queue Front\";\nright:20px;\n}\n#comfy-view-history-button::before {\ncontent: \"View History\";\nright: 60px;\n}\n.comfy-list-actions button:nth-child(1)::before {\ncontent: \"Clear Queue\";\nright: 32px;\n}\n.comfy-list-actions button:nth-child(2)::before {\ncontent: \"Refresh\";\n}\n/**/\n#crystools-progress-bar-container div {\nmargin: 0 !important;\nfont-size: 12px !important;\nheight: 14px !important;\n}\n#crystools-monitor-container > div {\nmargin: 2px 0px !important;\nheight: 10px !important;\n}\n#crystools-monitor-container > div > div:nth-child(1) {\nwidth: 20px !important;\nfont-size: 8px !important;\ntext-align: left;\nline-height: 14px !important;\nmargin-right: 3px !important;\noverflow: hidden;\n}\n}\nReviews\nNo reviews yet.\nAbout\nA free and open-source, community-driven website for browsing and sharing UserCSS userstyles.\n 20202023 UserStyles.world\nv1.7.0-904-gfee59d7 (Fennec Fox)\nResources\nDocumentation\nFAQs\nChangelog\nContent guidelines\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nLicenses\nSupport and links\nSource code\nOpen an issue\nProject roadmap\nChat on Matrix\nChat on Discord\nSupport the project", "url": "https://userstyles.world/style/12629/comfyui-narrow-menubar-21102023-110124" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Generation gets stuck in an infinite loop Issue #633 comfyanonymous/ComfyUI GitHub\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\ncomfyanonymous\n/\nComfyUI\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n3.9k\nStar\n36.2k\nCode\nIssues\n1.5k\nPull requests\n154\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\n0\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\nNew issue\nHave a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community.\nSign up for GitHub\nBy clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and\nprivacy statement. Well occasionally send you account related emails.\nAlready on GitHub?\nSign in\nto your account\nJump to bottom\nGeneration gets stuck in an infinite loop\n#633\nOpen\nwwboynton opened this issue\nMay 8, 2023\n 6 comments\nOpen\nGeneration gets stuck in an infinite loop\n#633\nwwboynton opened this issue\nMay 8, 2023\n 6 comments\nComments\nCopy link\nwwboynton\ncommented\nMay 8, 2023\nAfter setting up and adding one lora into the chain, I hit the button to queue the prompt and it works, but immediately on finishing and without any additional input from me, it continues to say \"got prompt\" again on the console output and re-queues the same job over and over until I kill the process. I've been able to recreate this on both the precompiled Windows version and the Linux version running on Nvidia GPU hardware.\nThe text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:\nAll reactions\nCopy link\nOwner\ncomfyanonymous\ncommented\nMay 8, 2023\nComfyUI only executes nodes again when something changes so if you set a fixed seed this is expected.\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nWASasquatch\ncommented\nMay 8, 2023\n\nedited\nComfyUI only executes nodes again when something changes so if you set a fixed seed this is expected.\nComfyUI auto-sends prompts? Sounds like the issue is somehow the front-end is sending prompts without hitting Queue Prompt. I used fixed all the time and never see this behavior.\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nOwner\ncomfyanonymous\ncommented\nMay 8, 2023\nThere's an \"auto queue\" checkbox in the \"Extra options\" right beside the slider. It has a tooltip.\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nWASasquatch\ncommented\nMay 8, 2023\nThere's an \"auto queue\" checkbox in the \"Extra options\" right beside the slider. It has a tooltip.\nDo you mean the checkbox with no description/explanation?\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nOwner\ncomfyanonymous\ncommented\nMay 8, 2023\nyes that's the one.\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nWASasquatch\ncommented\nMay 8, 2023\nyes that's the one.\nOh, ok. I wasn't sure what that was, and thought it was an artifact. Didn't want to test it and ruin something. That should come in handy though.\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nSign up for free\nto join this conversation on GitHub.\nAlready have an account?\nSign in to comment\nAssignees\nNo one assigned\nLabels\nNone yet\nProjects\nNone yet\nMilestone\nNo milestone\nDevelopment\nNo branches or pull requests\n3 participants\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/comfyanonymous/ComfyUI/issues/633" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Generate for limited time | ComfyUI workflow - v1.0 | Stable Diffusion Workflows | CivitaiDo It/CreateCreateSign InCreatehomemodelsimagesvideospostsarticlesbountieseventsshopMoreGenerate for limited time | ComfyUI workflow99110Updated: Mar 10, 2024tooltimecomfyuicyclescyclisttimerv1.000Download (1.89 KB)Verified: 3 months agoOtherDetailsTypeWorkflows Stats91ReviewsPositive(9)PublishedMar 9, 2024Base ModelSD 1.5 HashAutoV2A208AB35351 FileArchive (1.89 KB)DownloadVerified: 3 months agoOtherAbout this versionInitial versionPostposFollow00This is a modified default workflow that lets you leave ComfyUI to generate images for certain time. Like, 30 seconds, or 30 minutes, or 30 hours. It will stop when the time is passed.InstallationInstall Cyclist custom nodes;Download and open this workflow.How to useSelect model and prompt;Set Max Time (seconds by default)Check Extra Options and Auto Queue checkboxes in ComfyUI floating menu;Press Queue Prompt;When you want to start a new series of images, press New Cycle button in ComfyUI floating menu and check Auto Queue checkbox again.NoteGeneration Timer does not output the same time intervals as ComfyUI does. It doesn't account for anything happening before Generation Timer node is checked at workflow execution and after the last \"Save/Memorize\" (or assigned Force Timer Stop node) is executed.Check out my other workflows.Show MoreDiscussionAdd CommentThere are no comments for this model yet.Be the first to let the people know about this model by leaving your comment.GalleryAdd PostAdd ReviewNewestFiltersNo results foundTry adjusting your search or filters to find what you're looking for Civitai 2024Join Us Advertise CreatorsTerms of ServicePrivacySafetyNewsroomAPIStatusWikiEducationResidency Support", "url": "https://civitai.com/models/342065/generate-for-limited-time-or-comfyui-workflow" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Cyclist - ComfyUI CloudComfy.ICUExploreDocsPricingComfyUI Extension: CyclistThis extension provides tools to iterate generation results between runs. In general, it's for cycles.Authored by Pos13GithubCustom NodesCompare AnythingFloat MathInt MathGeneration TimerForce Timer StopConvert toInterruptLoop ManagerMemorize ConditioningMemorize FloatMemorize IntMemorize StringSave Image (Override)Save Latent (Override)Save Model (Override)Recall ConditioningRecall FloatRecall IntRecall StringReload ImageReload LatentReload ModelREADMECyclist :bicyclist:\nComfyUI already has an option to infinitely repeat a workflow. This extension adds an ability to reuse generated results to cycle over them again and again. With this tool, you can automate whatever iterative loop action you have in mind: building grids, animating frame-by-frame, changing conditions every step, etc.\nGeneral Usage\nPut a loading node where you want to provide a result from previous run.\nOptionally, connect a fallback input in case nothing is there to load yet (usually, at first iteration).\nPut a saving node in the end of your workflow.\nPut an Interrupt node if you want to stop generation when certain conditions are met.\nDone! Press \"Queue Prompt\". And again. And again, maybe.\nOptionally, check \"Extra options\" and \"Auto Queue\" checkboxes to let ComfyUI infinitely repeat a workflow by itself.[^1]\nIf you want to start a loop from scratch, press the \"New Cycle\" button introduced in this workflow. It will increment all filenames and loop IDs, if it can.[^2]. Alternatively, use Loop Manager to do this automatically.\n[!WARNING]\nCheck Known Issues at the bottom of this page to learn about non-obvious behaviour.\nInstallation\nOption 1: Use ComfyUI Manager.\nOption 2:\nInstall git\nNavigate to your /ComfyUI/custom_nodes/ folder\nRun git clone https://github.com/Pos13/comfyui-cyclist/ console command in it\nNodes and example workflows\n<ins>Loop Manager</ins>: Simply provides a string. This string loop_id can be used as a name of a variable to put into memory, or as a filename. If the \"increment\" value is set on \"by_interrupt_node\", loop_id will automatically change when Interrupt node procs, to prevent overriding end result. If the \"increment\" value is set on \"on_any_interrupt\", loop_id will change in the same situation, plus when you manually cancel queue. Useful to skip failures.\n<ins>Memorize Int/Float/String</ins>: These simple nodes save something in memory. Information is lost if you restart ComfyUI. Variables are exclusive to provided loop ID. You can store exactly one Int, one Float, one String and one Conditioning for every loop ID. Change ID to save a new variable of this type.\n<ins>Recall Int/Float/String</ins>: These nodes are for loading information from memory. If nothing is there, fallback input is used instead. Fallback is optional. Example:\n<details>\n<summary>${\\color{blue}Workflow\\ to\\ generate\\ an\\ image\\ until\\ it\\ gets\\ a\\ high\\ score}$</summary>\nEvery time an image is generated, it gets a score made by Image Reward Score node. Score is saved by Memorize Float node. Next gen, it's loaded and compared to user-provided target score. If greater, process is stopped.\n</details><br/>\n<ins>Convert To</ins>: Takes any input and tries to output an int, float, boolean and string representation of it. Boolean and string can always be cast into, but incorrect int or float will raise an error.\n<ins>Compare Anything</ins>: Takes two inputs of any kinds and a compare operation. Outputs True or False boolean value.\nIntegers are compared as usual.\nFloats are compared with 1^-09 is precision.\nStrings are compared alphabetically.\nImages and latents are compared by total pixel amount across whole batch.\nEverything else is casted to string before comparison.\nIf types are different, it tries to cast inputs into the same type in this order: to boolean, to float, to string.\n<ins>Int/Float Math</ins>: Just a handfull of arithmetic operations betwen two numbers.\n<details>\n<summary>${\\color{blue}Workflow\\ to\\ generate\\ an\\ image\\ until\\ it\\ gets\\ a\\ high\\ score,\\ but\\ always\\ save\\ the\\ best\\ attempt}$</summary>\nThis is slightly modified version of the workflow above. Not a score is saved, but an image. Every new run it is compared with a new image to let WAS Node Suite to choose the best.\nConvert To node is used to cast boolean -> float -> number, as WAS only work with number representation of boolean.\nCompare Anything node compares float scores.\nFloat Math node is used to provide float constant, as Primitive node can't be connected to unspecified input. \"Adding zero\" just outputs upper value.\n</details><br/>\n<ins>Recall/Memorize Conditioning</ins>: Works the same way other Recall/Memorize nodes work. It stores conditioning to memory, not to disc.\n<details>\n<summary>${\\color{blue}Workflow\\ to\\ generate\\ ugly\\ animal\\ crossbreeds}$</summary>\nImpact Pack is used to generate random animal words. These words are used to add a new conditioning for an image.\nDon't use Auto Queue here! You'd probably want to click \"Queue Prompt\" manually, and press \"New Cycle\" whenever result is already good enough.\n</details><br/>\n<ins>Interrupt</ins>: Put this onto any link, output is unchanged \"any_in\" input.[^3] When this node is activated by workflow, it stops it if \"stop\" input is true. You can convert \"stop\" from widget to input with right-clicking the node.\nBe aware where you put Interrupt node! You want it to prevent some heavy computing, so place it in the way of any thing required for such computing. Also, you can only place it after the nodes used to provide \"any_in\" or \"stop\" inputs, because ComfyUI will not execute a workflow with a loop.\nThe best place for Interrupt node is right after important \"Reload/Recall\" node.\nMultiple Interrupt nodes are allowed, and sometimes wanted.[^4]\nTriggered Interrupt will show this message:\n<ins>Save Image (Override)</ins>: This node works similarly to default Save Image node, but filename remains the same, without counter. It saves image to your output folder![^5]\n<ins>Reload Image</ins>: Loads image by filename, from \"\\ComfyUI\\output\" folder. If file does not exists, fallback input is used instead. Fallback is optional. Image is loaded in RGBA, with transparency channel.[^6]\n<details>\n<summary>${\\color{blue}Workflow\\ to\\ generate\\ an\\ image\\ until\\ right\\ things\\ are\\ recognised}$</summary>\nBefore generating a new image, \"BLIP Interrogate\" node from WAS Node Suite tries to analyze previous result. If answers are right, generation stops.\nWorkflow page at civitai: https://civitai.com/models/342128\n</details><br/>\n<ins>Save Model (Override)</ins>: This node works similarly to default Save Model node, but filename remains the same, without counter. It saves model to your default models/checkpoints folder!\n<details>\n<summary>${\\color{blue}Workflow\\ to\\ apply\\ LoRAs\\ to\\ the\\ model\\ until\\ it\\ breaks}$</summary>\nThis workflow is for testing model's LoRA compatibility. Apply more and more random LoRAS. Applied LoRA's names are saved in images' filenames. WAS Node Suite is used.\nDon't use Auto Queue here! You'd probably want to click \"Queue Prompt\" manually, and press \"New Cycle\" whenever result is already ~~good~~ bad enough.\n</details><br/>\n<ins>Save Latent (Override)</ins>: This node works similarly to default Save Latent node, but filename remains the same, without counter. It saves latent file to your output/latent folder!\n<details>\n<summary>${\\color{blue}Workflow\\ to\\ gradually\\ upscale\\ image\\ until\\ megapixel\\ count\\ is\\ met}$</summary>\nThis workflow uses latent upscale by x1.375 times over and over, until image becomes big enough. You'd want to set megapixel count according to your VRAM and patience amount. WAS Node Suite is used to calculate latent size.\nNotice disabled nodes! Enable them only after the whole cycle is done to save time and not calculate intermediate results. Enabling them will not disrupt normal cycle flow in any way. No early interrupts, no extra iterations.\n</details><br/>\n<ins>Generation Timer</ins>: This node measures time spent on generation. Outputs floats.\nTimer starts right before every generation, when workflow is checked.\nTimer stops when the last \"Save/Memorize\" node in the workflow procs.\nMutiple Generation Timers can be used, but you better assign them to different loops.[^7][^8]\n<ins>Force Timer Stop</ins>: This node tells the timer to stop whenever any input is provided, no matter what. You can use it to measure time spent by certain blocks, not the whole workflow. But the start is always at generation start.\nForce Timer Stop node is not necessary to use Generation Timer, as long as you have any \"Save/Memorize\" node.\n<details>\n<summary>${\\color{blue}Workflow\\ that\\ works\\ for\\ certain\\ amount\\ of\\ time}$</summary>\nThis is almost a default ComfyUI workflow! Just set amount of time you want your PC to work generating images, check \"Extra options\" and \"Auto Queue\" checkboxes, and press \"Queue Prompt\" button.\nWorkflow page at civitai: https://civitai.com/models/342065\n</details><br/>\nOther workflows\n<details>\n<summary>${\\color{blue}Workflow\\ to\\ evenly\\ upscale\\ to\\ exact\\ resolution}$</summary>\nSet a width and height, and image will upscale to it. But not in one go: it calculates how many iterations should be made to not add too many pixels to width or height, and performs exactly that many iterations. You can gradually change denoise, CFG scale and steps count from first to last iterations. Uses pythongosssss' Custom Scripts for math and display.\nIt's a little wild :sweat_smile:.\n</details><br/>\n<details>\n<summary>${\\color{blue}Workflow\\ to\\ stack\\ cats}$</summary>\nSDXL Turbo is used to make the amount of very noisy cats fast. They pile on noisy background one-by-one, top to bottom. After the cycle is done, unmute the top group of node to generate final result.\nUse Everywhere nodes hide links. Version without is exists, but it's messy.\n</details><br/>\n[!NOTE]\nAll example workflows (and more) can be found in the workflows folder. But for possible updates, comments and questions about workflows you better navigate to my Civitai page.\nKnown Issues\n[^1]: For now, \"Auto Queue\" checkbox unchecks automatically on interrupt. This prevents accidental short-circuits. Yes, you have to check it back manually every time you start a new cycle.\n[^2]: Pressing \"New Cycle\" button will change a string in every \"filename\" and \"loop_id\" widget. It also will detect Primitives connected to them, and update them too. But nothing else. It will not update the string provided by any type of \"String Const\" or \"String Op\" or \"Recall String\" node.\n[^3]: Reroutes and Primitives don't work well with unspecified inputs. It is possible to juggle them to set different input and output types on Interrupt node. It's on you to not to.\n[^4]: Bypassing Interrupt node does not work. Just disconnect \"stop\" input instead.\n[^5]: Image batches are not supported yet. It's planned.\n[^6]: Some nodes don't support RGBA (Upscale Image (Using Model), for example). You can use Images to RGB node from WAS Node Suite to fix that.\n[^7]: Generation Timer does not output the same time intervals as ComfyUI does. It doesn't account for anything happening before Generation Timer node is checked and after the last \"Save/Memorize\" (or assigned Force Timer Stop node) is executed.\n[^8]: Generation Timer only works if \"loop_id\" is in widget form, not input. I can't get around this limitition.Comfy.ICURun ComfyUI workflows in the CloudComfyICU Pricing Serverless Support via Discord Github DocumentationComfyUI APIGetting startedPrompt EngineeringModelsParameters FAQ Resources ComfyUI Custom Nodes ComfyUI Custom Extensions Stable Diffusion ModelsLegalTermsPrivacy", "url": "https://comfy.icu/extension/Pos13__comfyui-cyclist" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fan Grid | ComfyUI workflow - v1.1 | Stable Diffusion Workflows | Civitai/CreateCreateSign InCreatehomemodelsimagesvideospostsarticlesbountieseventsshopMoreFan Grid | ComfyUI workflow1117950Updated: Apr 20, 2024toolcomfyuiworkflowcomparisongridsv1.1v1.00Images hidden due to mature content settingsDownload (7.79 KB)Verified: a month agoOtherDetailsTypeWorkflows Stats83ReviewsPositive(3)PublishedApr 20, 2024Base ModelSD 1.5 HashAutoV22C0CDBDE191 FileArchive (7.79 KB)DownloadVerified: a month agoOtherAbout this versionLoop Manager added.PostposFollow0Images hidden due to mature content settingsThis is a workflow to generate comparison grids shaped in fan-like half-circle.It was made by modifiyng Any Grid workflow. Check both if you want to make your own grid of unorthodox shape.Installation and dependenciesInstall Custom Scripts custom nodes;Install Allor custom nodes;Install Cyclist custom nodes;Install WAS Node Suite custom nodes;Install Masquerade custom nodes (can be replaced with \"Bounded Image Crop with Mask\" and \"Bounded Image Blend with Mask\" nodes from WAS, if you really want to minimize amount of extension installed);Download and open this workflow.How to useLook for green nodes. These contains primary parameters.Look for blue nodes. These contains parameters you may also want to change.(optional) Change \"Calculate Changes\" group to handle what rule your images are populated by. By default, the workflow iterates through keywords for epiCPhotoGasm model.Check Extra Options and Auto Queue checkboxes in ComfyUI floating menu, press Queue Prompt.It will fill your grid by images one-by-one, and automatically stops when done. Note that Auto Queue checkbox unchecks after the end.Known Issues\"DrawPieSlice\" node only accepts ingerer angles. If your image count is not a factor of 360, you'll see little lines of background between images.\"ImageTransformPaddingAbsolute\" node mistakes weight for height, and vise versa. It can be fixed at any moment, and the workflow will break (it can be easily fixed back).Check out my other workflows.Show MoreDiscussionAdd CommentThere are no comments for this model yet.Be the first to let the people know about this model by leaving your comment.GalleryAdd PostAdd ReviewNewestFiltersNo results foundTry adjusting your search or filters to find what you're looking for Civitai 2024Join Us Advertise CreatorsTerms of ServicePrivacySafetyNewsroomAPIStatusWikiEducationResidency Support", "url": "https://civitai.com/models/368466/fan-grid-or-comfyui-workflow" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Please wait...", "url": "https://juejin.cn/post/7358274599882539008" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Any Grid | ComfyUI workflow - v1.1 | Stable Diffusion Workflows | Civitai/CreateCreateSign InCreatehomemodelsimagesvideospostsarticlesbountieseventsshopMoreAny Grid | ComfyUI workflow2223080Updated: Apr 20, 2024toolcomfyuiworkflowtablecomparisongridsv1.1v1.000Remix00Download (12.8 KB)Verified: a month agoOtherDetailsTypeWorkflows Stats108ReviewsPositive(8)PublishedApr 20, 2024Base ModelSD 1.5 HashAutoV26DB1AEE9B61 FileArchive (12.8 KB)DownloadVerified: a month agoOtherAbout this versionLoop Manager added.PostposFollow00Remix00This is a template workflow to generate grids of images. It's designed to be tuned by youself, and it's very versatile:Any parameters in any place can be changing from image to image, by any ruleYou can switch between different prompts/models/setups/whatever from image to image (with WAS Node Suite)Images populate runtime, one-by-one. No need to wait for the whole grid.All images can be saved in a subfolderAny text labels, any font/size/color in any placeUse anything as a background, including transparencyThese are workflows I already made with it:Rectangle Table (in archive attached)Image FanPie DiagramHexagonal GridInstallation and dependenciesInstall Custom Scripts custom nodes;Install Allor custom nodes;Install Cyclist custom nodes;(optional) Install WAS Node Suite custom nodes;Download and open this workflow.How to useThere are two workflows in the archive: GridAny and GridTable.GridAny: easy-to-modify template workflow. Writes text labels on every image individually.GridTable: standard rectangle grid, with labeled columns and raws. By default, iterates through different keywords of DecorationsBundle LoRA. Uses WAS Node Suite.You can see both uses in example images.Look for green nodes. These contains primary parameters.Look for blue nodes. These contains parameters you may also want to change.(optional) Change \"Calculate Changes\" group to handle what rule your images are populated by.Check Extra Options and Auto Queue checkboxes in ComfyUI floating menu, press Queue Prompt.It will fill your grid by images one-by-one, and automatically stops when done. Note that Auto Queue checkbox unchecks after the end.How to modifyThe whole point of the GridAny workflow is being able to easily modify it to your purpose. Idea is that you can change any group to make your own grid design.Grid Setup: How current image number translates into X, Y or other coordinates in the grid.Calculate Changes: How parameters change every step.Calculate Location: Where every image is placed in a grid.Generate image: How to make every single image in a grid. You can use logic switches and selectors from WAS Node Suite to choose between whole setups.Individual Labels: Text sign on every image. Can be placed outside the grid, look at GridTable workflow.Save Intermediate Results: Creates a subfolder and saves every image there. You can change how filenames are made, or delete it entirely.Background: Grid's background created. Made once! You can generate a background image dynamically, but make sure to use fixed seed.Add Image to Grid: self explanatory.Check out my other workflows.Show MoreDiscussionAdd CommentThere are no comments for this model yet.Be the first to let the people know about this model by leaving your comment.GalleryAdd PostAdd ReviewNewestFiltersNo results foundTry adjusting your search or filters to find what you're looking for Civitai 2024Join Us Advertise CreatorsTerms of ServicePrivacySafetyNewsroomAPIStatusWikiEducationResidency Support", "url": "https://civitai.com/models/368453/any-grid-or-comfyui-workflow" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "ComfyUI AI AI\nAIGC\nAI\nAI\nAI\nBeta\nAI\nAI\n AIAI\n \n\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\n\n\nAI\nAI\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAI\nAI\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\n\nAI\n\n\n\nMIDI\n\nAI\nAI\nAI LOGO\nAI 3D\n\n\n\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nAI\nChatPDF\nChatPPT\nWord\nAI\nAI\n\n\n\n\n\nAI\nAI\n\n\n\n\n\nAI\nAI\n\n>>AI>ComfyUI AI\nComfyUI AI\nAI 2 Carey\n Aki ComfyUI AI ~\nBup@aaakiStable Diffusionv4Stable Diffusion AI~\nComfyUI \nComfyUI Github https://github.com/comfyanonymous/ComfyUI\nComfyUI WebUI Stable Diffusion AI ComfyUI AI Stable DiffusionWebUI ComfyUI\nComfyUI AI SVDInstantID ComfyUI WebUI ComfyUI workflow ComfyUI WebUI ComfyUI \nComfyUI\nhttp://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ew411776J V1.1 \n v1.1 A 4 custom nodes \n 3 \n ComfyUI \nComfyUI WebUI 20 ManagerConntrolnetIPAdapterWorkspace \n \n ComfyUI Git \nComfyUI\n ComfyUI 2 SD WebUI SD WebUI \n1\n ComfyUI models checkpoints loras lora embeddings embedding Civitai LiblibAI SD \n2 SD WebUI \n ComfyUI extra_model_paths.yaml.example .example \n extra_model_paths.yaml base_path: path/to/stable-diffusion-webui/ SD WebUI WebUI C:\\sd-webui-aki-v4.3 base_path: C:\\sd-webui-aki-v4.3\n Load Checkpionts Clip Text Decode Empty Latent Image KsamplerVAE Decode Save Image 6 \n Load Checkpionts Clip Text Decode Empty Latent Image KSampler CFG Queue Prompt ComfyUI \n1AI\n2\n3\n4AIAI\n \nAI\nStable Diffusion v4.6 - AI\n2024-3-4 1:26:42\nAI\nComflowySpace - ComfyUIMacOS~\n2024-3-6 17:23:51\n\nRunDiffusion - SDOpenAI Stable Diffusion~\n1 0950\nSDXL-Light - AIAI 10 \n2 04.3k\nStable Doodle - AIStability AI ~\n2 01.7k\nStable Diffusion v4.6 - AI\n2 01.5k\n!\n \n\n0 \t\t\t A M /0 \n Carey lv5 92 0 0 4 [] WinkStudio AIWindows/MacOS[] Captions AI AI[] IDM-VTON AI[] MotionShop AI3DWonder Studio Ta \n!\n \n\n\nTOP1\nChatGPT Academic ChatGPT~\n2 \nTOP2\nAI Comic Factory LLMAI\n2 \nTOP3\nAnyDoor \n3 \nSuno AI AI\n2 \nRope AI~\n2 \nSDXL-Light AIAI 10 \n2 \nAI\nAI\n 6 6 \n \n \n \n undefined \n ........ \n \nundefined\n\n\n0\n \n \n\n \n 6 \n QQ QQ \n AI \n\nAI\nAIGC\nAI\nAI\nMidjourney\nAI\nChatGPT4.0\nAI\nAI\nAI\nMJ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAI\nDALL-E\nChatGPT\nDiscord\nPika\nJasper\nStarry AI\nWritesonic\n\nDreamFace\nDiagram\n\n\n\nCopyright 2024AI\nICP19153887\n 20 0.3871 \n \n AI AI \nerror: ~", "url": "https://2sj.com/3075.html" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Tatsumi Fujinami - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Professional wrestling career\nToggle Professional wrestling career subsection\n1.1Japanese Wrestling Association (19711972)\n1.2New Japan Pro-Wrestling (19722006)\n1.3Late career (2006present)\n2Personal life\n3Video games\n4Championships and accomplishments\n5References\n6External links\nToggle the table of contents\nTatsumi Fujinami\n12 languages\nDeutschEspaolFranaisItalianoSimple EnglishTagalog\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nJapanese professional wrestler\nTatsumi FujinamiFujinami in 2020Born (1953-12-28) December 28, 1953 (age70)[1]Kunisaki, ita, JapanSpouse(s)Kaori FujinamiChildrenLeona Fujinami (son)Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)\nTatsumi Fujinami\nDr. Fujinami\nBilled height1.83m (6ft 0in)Billed weight103kg (227lb)Trained byKarl GotchAntonio Inoki[1]Roy WoodDebutMay 9, 1971Japanese nameKanji Hiragana TranscriptionsRomanizationFujinami Tatsumi\nTatsumi Fujinami ( , Fujinami Tatsumi, ring name: ) (born December 28, 1953)[2][3] is a Japanese professional wrestler currently signed to WWE on a legend's contract. Fujinami is most well known for his long tenure with New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he was a six-time IWGP Heavyweight Champion. He was famously nicknamed \"The Dragon\", and is credited for inventing the dragon sleeper and the dragon suplex.\nHe is also the owner and founder of the Dradition wrestling promotion. In 2015, Fujinami was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame, while also becoming an ambassador for the company. Bret Hart said of Fujinami: \"I always wanted to be the great wrestler that Tatsumi Fujinami was\".[4]\nHe is a nine time World Champion, winning world titles in NJPW, NWA, UWA and WCWA.\nProfessional wrestling career[edit]\nJapanese Wrestling Association (19711972)[edit]\nFujinami started in the Japanese Wrestling Association (JWA) under Antonio Inoki's wing at the age of 17. When Inoki was fired from JWA in 1971, Fujinami and a few others followed him in forming a new promotion, New Japan Pro-Wrestling. Inoki, Fujinami, Osamu Kido and Kotetsu Yamamoto are recognized as NJPW's founding fathers.\nNew Japan Pro-Wrestling (19722006)[edit]\nIn those early days, he served as opponent for debuting rookies, such as Mr. Pogo, Yoshiaki Fujiwara and Gran Hamada. Fujinami, Fujiwara, Hamada and three other rookies competed in the 1974 Karl Gotch Cup (a tournament for rookies, forerunner to the later Young Lions Cup).\nIn the late 1970s, Fujinami was sent abroad, to Mexico's Universal Wrestling Association and to Jim Crockett Promotions in the U.S. In the late 1970s he went to the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) where he first made a name for himself. He won his first title, the WWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship, on January 23, 1978, by defeating Jos Estrada in Madison Square Garden,[1][5] and brought it to Japan, establishing it as the premier junior heavyweight title in Japan. In 1981, he was moved to the heavyweight division to make room for Tiger Mask in the junior heavyweight division.[1] Fujinami would be the first wrestler to be successful in both the junior heavyweight and heavyweight divisions.\n1988 proved to be Fujinami's banner year. On May 8, he defeated Big Van Vader by disqualification, to win the title vacated by Antonio Inoki. However, within days, the title was held up after he fought Riki Choshu to a no contest; he would win the title back a month later in the rematch. In October, he won the NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship, and he ended the year by winning the WCWA World Heavyweight Championship in December.\n1989 proved to be a heartbreaking year for Fujinami. In April, he vacated the title to be determined in a tournament at New Japan's first Tokyo Dome show; he would lose to eventual winner Big Van Vader in the semi-finals. In June, during a match with Vader, Fujinami suffered a severe back injury and pulled a hernia. He wouldn't wrestle at all until he returned in September 1990, changing his kanji from \"\" to \"\" (both are pronounced Tatsumi).\nIn December 1990, he regained the title he never lost, the IWGP Heavyweight title from Choshu. His reign was short-lived, as he lost the title to Vader a month later. Fujinami rebounded by regaining the title two months later. Within days, Fujinami made history, as he defeated Ric Flair to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, making him the very first man to hold the IWGP and NWA World titles simultaneously.\nHis \"most remembered\" match in the U.S. was when he defended his NWA World Heavyweight title against Ric Flair in a title vs. title re-match at the first ever WCW SuperBrawl I in Florida after a controversial match in Japan that March. Flair retained his WCW Championship and regained Fujinami's NWA title by a school boy pin with a handful of tights.\nIn 1993, Fujinami won the G1 Climax tournament, defeating Yoshiaki Fujiwara, Osamu Kido, Keiji Mutoh, and Hiroshi Hase to win the tournament. In April 1994, he defeated Shinya Hashimoto to win his fifth IWGP Heavyweight title, but lost it back to Hashimoto three weeks later. In January 1997, he reunited with Kengo Kimura to win the IWGP Tag Team titles from Masahiro Chono and Hiroyoshi Tenzan. They would hold onto the belts for over three months before losing them to Riki Choshu and Kensuke Sasaki. In April 1998, Fujinami won his sixth and final IWGP Heavyweight title by defeating Sasaki. He would hold onto the belt for over four months, before losing the title to Chono.\nFujinami decreased his work load upon being named President of NJPW in 1999 (he was nevertheless ousted in 2004). His last title reign in NJPW was an IWGP Tag Team Championship with disciple Osamu Nishimura in October 2001, and his last title shot ever was a Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship bout against Keiji Mutoh in December of the same year (Mutoh had not affiliated himself exclusively with AJPW at the time).\nIn 2006, after nearly 35 years in the company, Fujinami left NJPW, after giving an ultimatum of either Riki Choshu leave or Fujinami leave. New Japan stuck with Choshu, causing Fujinami to leave. Another veteran and Fujinami's long-time tag team partner, Kengo Kimura, would follow suit.\nLate career (2006present)[edit]\nIn 2006, Fujinami and Nishimura began running their Muga promotion again, focusing on pure catch wrestling. In a tag team dream match, Fujinami, along with his close friend Nishimura beat Mitsuharu Misawa and Go Shiozaki in the main event of the first \"Muga World\" show. The name of Fujinami's new promotion was later changed to Dradition, after the departure of Nishimura.\nFujinami returned to NJPW in 2008 where he would teamed up with Riki Choshu, and Masahiro Chono in tag team matches. On June 27, 2008, he teamed with Takao Omori in the Yuke's Cup PREMIUM One Night Tag Tournament where in the first round they defeated Kohei Sato and Shiro Koshinaka, then in the second round they lost to Jushin Liger and Manabu Nakanishi.\nOn August 18, 2012, Fujinami won his first title in eleven years, when he took part in Budokan Peter Pan, during which he and Mikami defeated Kudo and Makoto Oishi for the KO-D Tag Team Championship.[6][7]\nOn March 19, 2015, it was announced that Fujinami would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2015.[8] Fujinami was inducted by Ric Flair at the ceremony, which took place on March 28 in San Jose, California.[9] On July 12, it was announced that Fujinami had signed a \"Legends\" deal with WWE. The contract effectively made him an ambassador for WWE, but did not restrict his Japanese bookings.[10][11]\nOn January 4, 2020, Fujinami was a part of Jushin Thunder Liger's team for the first of Liger's retirement matches at Wrestle Kingdom 14. On January 4, 2022, he was a part of Wrestle Kingdom 16 as a surprise entrant in the New Japan Ranbo battle royal.\nOn January 4, 2023, Fujinami was part of an Antonio Inoki memorial 6-man tag. He teamed with Minoru Suzuki and Tiger Mask in a losing effort against Togi Makabe , Satoshi Kojima , and Yuji Nagata. It was the last match of the Wrestle Kingdom 17 pre show.\nPersonal life[edit]\nFujinami is married to a woman named Kaori.[10] Fujinami's son Leona made his professional wrestling debut for Dradition on November 19, 2013.[12] He received a WWE tryout in July 2015.[11]\nVideo games[edit]\nFujinami appears as a gang member in the 2017 video game Yakuza Kiwami 2, alongside Riki Choshu, Masahiro Chono, Keiji Mutoh, and Genichiro Tenryu. He is a playable wrestler in WWE 2K16 as DLC and in WWE 2K17 and WWE 2K18 as unlockable content.[13]\nChampionships and accomplishments[edit]\nFujinami at the 2015 WWE Hall of Fame ceremony\nCatch Wrestling Association\nCWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nDDT Pro-Wrestling\nKO-D Tag Team Championship (1 time) with Mikami[6]\nInternational Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame\nClass of 2021[14]\nNew Japan Pro-Wrestling\nIWGP Heavyweight Championship (6 times)[1]\nIWGP Tag Team Championship (5 times) with Kengo Kimura (4)[15] and Osamu Nishimura (1)\nNWA International Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)\nNWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nWCWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nWWF International Heavyweight Championship (1 time, final)[16][17]\nWWF International Tag Team Championship (1 time, final) with Kengo Kimura\nWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nG1 Climax (1993)[18]\nSuper Grade Tag League (1991) with Big Van Vader[19]\nKarl Gotch Cup (1974)\nPacific Northwest Wrestling\nNWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nPro Wrestling Heat Up\nHeat Up Universal Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Kazuhiro Tamura[20]\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nPWI ranked him #31 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003\nRanked No. 12 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Antonio Inoki in 2003[citation needed]\nProfessional Wrestling Hall of Fame\nClass of 2017[1]\nTokyo Sports\nBest Tag Team (1981) with Antonio Inoki[21]\nDistinguished Service Award (1978)[22]\nFighting Spirit Award (1984)[21]\nMatch of the Year Award (1983) vs. Riki Choshu on April 3[21]\nMatch of the Year Award (1986) vs. Akira Maeda on June 12[21]\nMVP Award (1985)[21]\nOutstanding Performance Award (1980, 1982, 1987, 1988)\nRookie of the Year (1974)[22]\nTechnique Award (1979)[22]\nUniversal Wrestling Association\nUWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[1]\nWorld Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation/WWE\nWWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2015)[9][23]\nWWF International Heavyweight Championship (3 times)\nWWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)\nWrestling Observer Newsletter\nBest Technical Wrestler (1985, 1986, 1988)\nMost Outstanding Wrestler (1988)\nWrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c d e f g Oliver, Greg (2017-04-20). \"10 questions with Tatsumi Fujinami\". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-15.\n^ \"Tatsumi Fujinami profile\". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved 2014-10-12.\n^ \"Profile at Puroresu Central\". Puroresu Central. Retrieved 2014-10-12.\n^ Bret Hitman Hart The Dungeon Collection (Documentary film). U.S.A; Canada: WWE (2013).\n^ \"Untitled Document\". www.pwi-online.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2007-04-07.\n^ a b \"DDT154SP\". Dramatic Dream Team (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2012-08-18.\n^ 11. Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. 2012-08-19. Archived from the original on 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2012-08-19.\n^ Caldwell, James (2015-03-19). \"WWE HOF news: Japanese legend official for 2015 Hall of Fame (w/Video Announcement & Bruce Mitchell cameo)\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2015-03-20.\n^ a b Caldwell, James (2015-03-28). \"WWE Hall of Fame report 3/28: Complete \"virtual-time\" coverage of 2015 Ceremony - Randy Savage inducted, Nash, Zbyszko, Schwarzenegger, Flair, Michaels, more\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2015-03-28.\n^ a b \"\". Daily Sports Online (in Japanese). Kobe Shimbun. 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2015-07-12.\n^ a b \"\". Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). 2015-07-13. Archived from the original on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2015-07-13.\n^ \"Leona\". Battle News (in Japanese). 2013-11-19. Retrieved 2013-11-20.\n^ \" 2 VS !?TGS2017\". Famitsu (in Japanese). September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.\n^ \"Induction Weekend 2022 | Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame\".\n^ Hoops, Brian (January 18, 2019). \"Pro wrestling history (01/18): Ivan Koloff defeats Bruno Sammartino for WWWF title\". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved January 18, 2019.\n^ Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2000). \"(Dallas) Texas: WCWA World Heavyweight Title [Von Eric]\". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p.266. ISBN0-9698161-5-4.\n^ \"WCWA World Heavyweight Title\". Wrestling-Titles. Retrieved December 26, 2019.\n^ Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2000). \"Japan: New Japan G-1 (Grade-1) Climax Tournament Champions\". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p.375. ISBN0-9698161-5-4.\n^ Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2000). \"Japan: New Japan G-1 (Grade-1) Climax Tag Tournament Champions\". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p.374. ISBN0-9698161-5-4.\n^ \"HEAT UP Universal Tag Team Championship\". Cagematch.net (in German). Retrieved 2020-06-07.\n^ a b c d e . Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). Retrieved 2014-01-20.\n^ a b c . Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). Retrieved 2014-01-20.\n^ WWE Hall of Fame 2015, every inductee!, retrieved 2020-01-27[dead YouTube link]\nExternal links[edit]\nJapan portalBiography portal\nMedia related to Tatsumi Fujinami at Wikimedia Commons\nTatsumi Fujinami on WWE.com\nTatsumi Fujinami's profile at Cagematch.net , Wrestlingdata.com , Internet Wrestling Database\nLinks to related articles\nvteCWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Champions\nBull Power\nTatsumi Fujinami\nHeavy Metal Buffalo\nFit Finlay\nRobbie Brookside\nTony St. Clair\nvteIWGP Heavyweight Champions1980s\nAntonio Inoki\nTatsumi Fujinami\nBig Van Vader\nSalman Hashimikov\n1990s\nRiki Choshu\nThe Great Muta/Keiji Muto\nShinya Hashimoto\nNobuhiko Takada\nKensuke Sasaki/Power Warrior\nMasahiro Chono\nScott Norton\nGenichiro Tenryu\n2000s\nKazuyuki Fujita\nTadao Yasuda\nYuji Nagata\nYoshihiro Takayama\nHiroyoshi Tenzan\nShinsuke Nakamura\nBob Sapp\nSatoshi Kojima\nBrock Lesnar\nHiroshi Tanahashi\nManabu Nakanishi\n2010s\nTogi Makabe\nKazuchika Okada\nA.J. Styles\nTetsuya Naito\nKenny Omega\nJay White\n2020s\nEvil\nKota Ibushi\nOther recognized championsOriginal champions recognized byNew Japan Pro-Wrestling\nHulk Hogan\nAntonio Inoki\nChampions recognized byInoki Genome Federation\nBrock Lesnar\nKurt Angle\nShinsuke Nakamura\nvteIWGP Tag Team Champions1980s\nKengo Kimura and Tatsumi Fujinami\nAkira Maeda and Osamu Kido\nKeiji Muto and Shiro Koshinaka\nAkira Maeda and Nobuhiko Takada\nKazuo Yamazaki and Yoshiaki Fujiwara\nMasa Saito and Riki Choshu\nGeorge Takano and Super Strong Machine\nRiki Choshu and Takayuki Iizuka\nMasa Saito and Shinya Hashimoto\n1990s\nKeiji Muto and Masahiro Chono\nHiroshi Hase and Kensuke Sasaki\nHiro Saito and Super Strong Machine\nThe Steiner Brothers (Rick Steiner and Scott Steiner)\nHiroshi Hase and Keiji Muto\nBig, Bad, and Dangerous (Big Van Vader and Crusher Bam Bam Bigelow)\nScott Norton and Tony Halme\nHell Raisers (Hawk Warrior and Power Warrior)\nThe Jurassic Powers (Hercules Hernandez and Scott Norton)\nCho-Ten (Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Masahiro Chono)\nJunji Hirata and Shinya Hashimoto\nKazuo Yamazaki and Takashi Iizuka\nKensuke Sasaki and Riki Choshu\nThe Bull Powers (Manabu Nakanishi and Satoshi Kojima)\nKazuo Yamazaki and Kensuke Sasaki\nGenichiro Tenryu and Shiro Koshinaka\nTencozy (Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima)\nKensuke Sasaki and Shiro Koshinaka\nThe Mad Dogs (Michiyoshi Ohara and Tatsutoshi Goto)\nManabu Nakanishi and Yuji Nagata\n2000s\nOsamu Nishimura and Tatsumi Fujinami\nBATT (Keiji Muto and Taiy Kea)\nHiroshi Tanahashi and Yutaka Yoshie\nHiroyoshi Tenzan and Osamu Nishimura\nMinoru Suzuki and Yoshihiro Takayama\nHiroshi Tanahashi and Shinsuke Nakamura\nWild Child (Manabu Nakanishi and Takao Omori)\nRISE (Giant Bernard and Travis Tomko)\nThe Most Violent Players/Great Bash Heel (Togi Makabe and Toru Yano)\nTeam 3D (Brother Devon and Brother Ray)\nThe British Invasion (Brutus Magnus and Doug Williams)\n2010s\nNo Limit/Chaos (Tetsuya Naito and Yujiro Takahashi)\nSeigigun (Wataru Inoue and Yuji Nagata)\nBad Intentions (Giant Bernard and Karl Anderson)\nChaos (Takashi Iizuka and Toru Yano)\nKiller Elite Squad/Suzuki-gun (Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Lance Archer)\nBullet Club (Karl Anderson and Doc Gallows)\nMeiyu Tag (Hirooki Goto and Katsuyori Shibata)\nThe Kingdom (Matt Taven and Michael Bennett)\nGreat Bash Heel (Togi Makabe and Tomoaki Honma)\nGuerrillas of Destiny/Bullet Club (Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa)\nBriscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe)\nChaos (Tomohiro Ishii and Toru Yano)\nWar Machine (Hanson and Raymond Rowe)\nLos Ingobernables de Japn (Evil and Sanada)\nThe Young Bucks/Bullet Club (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson)\n2020s\nFinJuice (David Finlay and Juice Robinson)\nGoldenAce (Hiroshi Tanahashi and Kota Ibushi)\nDangerous Tekkers/Suzuki-gun (Taichi and Zack Sabre Jr.)\nLos Ingobernables de Japn (Tetsuya Naito and Sanada)\nBishamon (Hirooki Goto and Yoshi-Hashi)\nUnited Empire (Great-O-Khan and Jeff Cobb)\nGeneral's Jewel/Bullet Club (Bad Luck Fale and Chase Owens)\nFTR (Dax Harwood and Cash Wheeler)\nAussie Open (Kyle Fletcher and Mark Davis)\nGuerrillas of Destiny (El Phantasmo and Hikuleo)\nBullet Club (Kenta and Chase Owens) (current)\nvteKO-D Tag Team Champions2000s\nNosawa and Takashi Sasaki\nMikami and Super Uchuu Power\nGentaro and Yoshiya\nMikami and Takashi Sasaki\nSuicide Boyz (Mikami and Tanomusaku Toba)\nAka Rangers (Gentaro and Takashi Sasaki)\nTomohiko Hashimoto and Sanshiro Takagi\nShoichi Ichimiya and Seiya Morohashi\nTakashi Sasaki and Tanomusaku Toba\nTomohiko Hashimoto and Seiya Morohashi\nHero! and Kudo\nRyuji Ito and Sanshiro Takagi\nGay Machine Guns (Danshoku Dino and Glenn \"Q\" Spectre)\nSeiya Morohashi and Tanomusaku Toba\nFEC (Tomohiko Hashimoto and Nobutaka Moribe)\nDisaster Box (Darkside Hero!/Harashima and Toru Owashi)\nKota Ibushi and Daichi Kakimoto\nItalian Four Horsemen (Mori Bernard and Francesco Togo)\nSeiya Morohashi and Poco Takanashi\nNuru Nuru Brothers (Tomomitsu Matsunaga and Michael Nakazawa)\nAloha World Order (Antonio Honda and Prince Togo)\nGoldenLovers (Kota Ibushi and Kenny Omega)\nItalian Four Horsemen (Francesco Togo and Piza Michinoku)\nKudo and Yasu Urano\n2010s\nHentai Big Boss (Sanshiro Takagi and Munenori Sawa)\nButt Samurai (Shiro Koshinaka and Danshoku Dino)\nFrom the Northern Country (Antonio Honda and Daisuke Sasaki)\nGranma (Gentaro and Yasu Urano)\nMunenori Sawa and Shigehiro Irie\nKenny Omega and Michael Nakazawa\nHero! Gundam (Harashima and Hero! (II))\nDaisuke Sekimoto and Masa Takanashi\nHomoiro Clover Z (Danshoku Dino and Kota Ibushi)\nKeisuke Ishii and Shigehiro Irie\nCrying Wolf (Yasu Urano and Yuji Hino)\nnWJ (Sanshiro Takagi and Soma Takao)\nHomoiro Clover Z (Kudo and Makoto Oishi)\nMikami and Tatsumi Fujinami\nUraShima (Harashima and Yasu Urano)\nHikaru Sato and Yukio Sakaguchi\nYank Nichkenj (Isami Kodaka and Yuko Miyamoto)\nHappy Motel/New Generation Combination (Konosuke Takeshita and Tetsuya Endo)\nStrong BJ (Daisuke Sekimoto and Yuji Okabayashi)\nGoldenStorm Riders (Daisuke Sasaki and Kota Ibushi)\nDaisuke Sasaki and Shuji Ishikawa\nBad Comis (Kai and Ken Ohka)\nSmile Yank (Harashima and Yuko Miyamoto)\nDamnation (Daisuke Sasaki and Tetsuya Endo)\nKonosuke Takeshita and Mike Bailey\nMasakatsu Funaki and Yukio Sakaguchi\nNew No Fear (Danshoku Dino and Yoshihiro Takayama)\nYaroZ (Kazusada Higuchi and Shigehiro Irie)\nHarashiMarufuji (Harashima and Naomichi Marufuji)\nSekiGuchi (Daisuke Sekimoto and Kazusada Higuchi)\nDamnation (Mad Paulie and Tetsuya Endo)\nMoonlight Express (Mao and Mike Bailey)\nDamnation (Daisuke Sasaki and Soma Takao)\n2020s\nNautilus (Yuki Ueno and Naomi Yoshimura)\nEruption (Kazusada Higuchi and Yukio Sakaguchi)\nSmile Pissari (Harashima and Yuji Okabayashi)\nThe37Kamiina (Konosuke Takeshita and Shunma Katsumata)\nDisaster-Box (Harashima and Naomi Yoshimura)\nCalamari Drunken Kings (Chris Brookes and Masahiro Takanashi)\nMao and Asuka\nHarimao (Kazusada Higuchi and Naomi Yoshimura)\nShunMao (Mao and Shunma Katsumata)\nDamnation T.A (Daisuke Sasaki and MJ Paul)\nOmega (Makoto Oishi and Yuji Hino)\nDamnation T.A (Minoru Fujita and Kanon)\nRomance Dawn (Soma Takao and Shota)\nDamnation T.A (Daisuke Sasaki and Kanon)\nBurning (Tetsuya Endo and Yuki Iino) (current)\nvteMSG Tag/IWGP Tag Title/Japan Cup Tag/Super Grade Tag/G1 Tag/World Tag League winners1980s\nAntonio Inoki and Bob Backlund (1980)\nAndr the Giant and Rene Goulet (1981)\nAntonio Inoki and Hulk Hogan (1982, 1983)\nAntonio Inoki and Tatsumi Fujinami (1984)\nKengo Kimura and Tatsumi Fujinami (1985, 1987)\nAntonio Inoki and Yoshiaki Fujiwara (1986)\n1990s\nBig Van Vader and Tatsumi Fujinami (1991)\nRiki Choshu and Shinya Hashimoto (1992)\nHiroshi Hase and Keiji Muto (1993, 1994)\nCho-Ten (Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Masahiro Chono) (1995)\nScott Norton and Shinya Hashimoto (1996)\nKeiji Muto and Masahiro Chono (1997)\nKeiji Muto and Satoshi Kojima (1998)\nKeiji Muto and Scott Norton (1999)\n2000s\nTakashi Iizuka and Yuji Nagata (2000)\nTencozy (Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima) (2001, 2008)\nHiroyoshi Tenzan and Osamu Nishimura (2003)\nMasahiro Chono and Shinsuke Nakamura (2006)\nRISE (Giant Bernard and Travis Tomko) (2007)\nBad Intentions (Giant Bernard and Karl Anderson) (2009)\n2010s\nSeigigun (Wataru Inoue and Yuji Nagata) (2010)\nSuzuki-gun (Lance Archer and Minoru Suzuki) (2011)\nSword & Guns (Hirooki Goto and Karl Anderson) (2012)\nBullet Club (Karl Anderson and Doc Gallows) (2013)\nMeiyu Tag (Hirooki Goto and Katsuyori Shibata) (2014)\nGreat Bash Heel (Togi Makabe and Tomoaki Honma) (2015, 2016)\nLos Ingobernables de Japn (Evil and Sanada) (2017, 2018)\nFinJuice (David Finlay and Juice Robinson) (2019)\n2020s\nGuerrillas of Destiny (Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa) (2020)\nBishamon (Hirooki Goto and Yoshi-Hashi) (2021, 2022, 2023)\nvteNWA Worlds Heavyweight Champions1940s\nOrville Brown\nLou Thesz\n1950s\nBilly Watson\nDick Hutton\nPat O'Connor\n1960s\nBuddy Rogers\nGene Kiniski\nDory Funk Jr.\n1970s\nHarley Race\nJack Brisco\nGiant Baba\nTerry Funk\nDusty Rhodes\n1980s\nTommy Rich\nRic Flair\nKerry Von Erich\nRon Garvin\nRicky Steamboat\n1990s\nSting\nTatsumi Fujinami\nMasahiro Chono\nThe Great Muta\nBarry Windham\nShane Douglas\nChris Candido\nDan Severn\nNaoya Ogawa\nGary Steele\n2000s\nMike Rapada\nSabu\nSteve Corino\nShinya Hashimoto\nKen Shamrock\nRon Killings\nJeff Jarrett\nA.J. Styles\nRay Gonzlez\nRaven\nRhino\nChristian Cage\nAbyss\nAdam Pearce\nBrent Albright\nBlue Demon Jr.\n2010s\nColt Cabana\nThe Sheik\nKahagas\nRob Conway\nSatoshi Kojima\nHiroyoshi Tenzan\nJax Dane\nTim Storm\nNick Aldis\nCody\n2020s\nTrevor Murdoch\nMatt Cardona\nTyrus\nEC3 (current)\nvteUWA World Heavyweight Champions1970s\nLou Thesz\n1980s\nEl Canek\nTiger Jeet Singh\nAntonio Inoki\nRiki Choshu\nTatsumi Fujinami\nEnrique Vera\nDos Caras\nScorpio\nThe Killer\nPerro Aguayo\nLeon White / Bull Power\n1990s\nCanadian Vampire Casanova\nKim Duk\nCadaver de Ultratomba\n2000s\nCiberntico\nDr. Wagner Jr.\nvteWorld League/MSG League/International Wrestling Grand Prix/World Cup Tournament/G1 Climax winners\nAntonio Inoki (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988)\nSeiji Sakaguchi (1976, 1977)\nAndr the Giant (1982, 1985)\nHulk Hogan (1983)\nMasahiro Chono (1991, 1992, 1994, 2002, 2005)\nTatsumi Fujinami (1993)\nKeiji Muto (1995)\nRiki Choshu (1989, 1996)\nKensuke Sasaki (1997, 2000)\nShinya Hashimoto (1998)\nManabu Nakanishi (1999)\nYuji Nagata (2001)\nHiroyoshi Tenzan (2003, 2004, 2006)\nHiroshi Tanahashi (2007, 2015, 2018)\nHirooki Goto (2008)\nTogi Makabe (2009)\nSatoshi Kojima (2010)\nShinsuke Nakamura (2011)\nKazuchika Okada (2012, 2014, 2021, 2022)\nTetsuya Naito (2013, 2017, 2023)\nKenny Omega (2016)\nKota Ibushi (2019, 2020)\nvteWWE Hall of Fame inductees1990s1993\nAndr the Giant\n1994\nArnold Skaaland\nBobo Brazil\nBuddy Rogers\nChief Jay Strongbow\nFreddie Blassie\nGorilla Monsoon\nJames Dudley\n1995\nAntonino Rocca\nErnie Ladd\nThe Fabulous Moolah\nGeorge Steele\nErnie Roth\nIvan Putski\nPedro Morales\n1996\nJimmy Snuka\nJohnny Rodz\nKiller Kowalski\nLou Albano\nMikel Scicluna\nPat Patterson\nValiant Brothers\nJimmy Valiant\nJohnny Valiant\nVince McMahon Sr.\n2000s2004\nBig John Studd\n\"Superstar\" Billy Graham\nBobby Heenan\nDon Muraco\nGreg Valentine\nHarley Race\nJesse Ventura\nJunkyard Dog\nSgt. Slaughter\nTito Santana\nCelebrity\nPete Rose\n2005\nBob Orton Jr.\nHulk Hogan\nThe Iron Sheik\nJimmy Hart\nNikolai Volkoff\nPaul Orndorff\nRoddy Piper\n2006\nThe Blackjacks\nBlackjack Mulligan\nBlackjack Lanza\nBret Hart\nEddie Guerrero\nGene Okerlund\nSherri Martel\nTony Atlas\nVerne Gagne\nCelebrity\nWilliam Perry\n2007\nDusty Rhodes\nJerry Lawler\nJim Ross\nMr. Fuji\nCurt Hennig\nNick Bockwinkel\nThe Sheik\nWild Samoans\nAfa Anoa'i\nSika Anoa'i\n2008\nThe Brisco Brothers\nGerald Brisco\nJack Brisco\nEddie Graham\nGordon Solie\nMae Young\nPeter Maivia\nRic Flair\nSee also: 2012\nRocky Johnson\n2009\nBill Watts\nThe Funk Brothers\nTerry Funk\nDory Funk Jr.\nHoward Finkel\nKoko B. Ware\nRicky Steamboat\nStone Cold Steve Austin\nVon Erich family\nChris Von Erich\nDavid Von Erich\nFritz Von Erich\nKerry Von Erich\nKevin Von Erich\nMike Von Erich\n2010s2010\nAntonio Inoki\nGorgeous George\nMaurice Vachon\nStu Hart\nTed DiBiase\nWendi Richter\nCelebrity\nBob Uecker\n2011\nAbdullah the Butcher\nBob Armstrong\nJim Duggan\nRoad Warriors\nRoad Warrior Hawk\nRoad Warrior Animal\nPaul Ellering\nShawn Michaels\nSunny\nCelebrity\nDrew Carey\n2012\nEdge\nThe Four Horsemen\nArn Anderson\nBarry Windham\nJ. J. Dillon\nRic Flair\nTully Blanchard\nMil Mscaras\nRon Simmons\nYokozuna\nCelebrity\nMike Tyson\n2013\nBob Backlund\nBooker T\nBruno Sammartino\nMick Foley\nTrish Stratus\nCelebrity\nDonald Trump\n2014\nCarlos Coln\nJake Roberts\nLita\nPaul Bearer\nScott Hall\nThe Ultimate Warrior\nCelebrity\nMr. T\n2015\nAlundra Blayze\nThe Bushwhackers\nBushwhacker Butch\nBushwhacker Luke\nKevin Nash\nLarry Zbyszko\nRandy Savage\nRikishi\nTatsumi Fujinami\nCelebrity\nArnold Schwarzenegger\nWarrior\nConnor Michalek\n2016\nBig Boss Man\nFabulous Freebirds\nMichael Hayes\nBuddy Roberts\nJimmy Garvin\nTerry Gordy\nThe Godfather\nJacqueline\nStan Hansen\nSting\nCelebrity\nSnoop Dogg\nWarrior\nJoan Lunden\nLegacy\nEd Lewis\nFrank Gotch\nGeorge Hackenschmidt\nLou Thesz\nMildred Burke\nPat O'Connor\nSailor Art Thomas\n2017\nBeth Phoenix\nDiamond Dallas Page\nKurt Angle\nRick Rude\nRock 'n' Roll Express\nRicky Morton\nRobert Gibson\nTheodore Long\nWarrior\nEric LeGrand\nLegacy\nBearcat Wright\nDr. Jerry Graham\nHaystacks Calhoun\nJudy Grable\nJune Byers\nLuther Lindsay\nMartin Burns\nRikidzan\nToots Mondt\n2018\nDudley Boyz\nBubba Ray Dudley\nD-Von Dudley\nGoldberg\nHillbilly Jim\nIvory\nJeff Jarrett\nMark Henry\nCelebrity\nKid Rock\nWarrior\nJarrius \"JJ\" Robertson\nLegacy\nBoris Malenko\nCora Combs\nDara Singh\nHiro Matsuda\nJim Londos\nLord Alfred Hayes\nRufus R. Jones\nEl Santo\nSputnik Monroe\nStan Stasiak\n2019\nBrutus Beefcake\nD-Generation X\nShawn Michaels\nTriple H\nChyna\nRoad Dogg\nBilly Gunn\nSean Waltman\nHarlem Heat\nBooker T\nStevie Ray\nHart Foundation\nBret Hart\nJim Neidhart\nThe Honky Tonk Man\nTorrie Wilson\nWarrior\nSue Aitchison\nLegacy\nBruiser Brody\nBuddy Rose\nHisashi Shinma\nJim Barnett\nJoseph Cohen\nLuna Vachon\nPrimo Carnera\nProfessor Tanaka\nS. D. Jones\nWahoo McDaniel\n2020s2020\nThe Bella Twins\nNikki Bella\nBrie Bella\nDavey Boy Smith\nJohn Layfield\nJushin Liger\nNew World Order\nHulk Hogan\nKevin Nash\nScott Hall\nSean Waltman\nCelebrity\nWilliam Shatner\nWarrior\nTitus O'Neil\nLegacy\nBaron Michele Leone\nBrickhouse Brown\nGary Hart\nRay Stevens\nSteve Williams\n2021\nEric Bischoff\nThe Great Khali\nKane\nMolly Holly\nRob Van Dam\nCelebrity\nOzzy Osbourne\nWarrior\nRich Hering\nLegacy\nBuzz Sawyer\nDick the Bruiser\nEthel Johnson\nPaul Boesch\nPez Whatley\n2022\nSharmell\nSteiner Brothers\nRick Steiner\nScott Steiner\nThe Undertaker\nVader\nWarrior\nShad Gaspard\n2023\nThe Great Muta\nRey Mysterio\nStacy Keibler\nCelebrity\nAndy Kaufman\nWarrior\nTim White\n2024\nBull Nakano\nPaul Heyman\nThunderbolt Patterson\nLia Maivia\nU.S. Express\nBarry Windham\nMike Rotunda\nCelebrity\nMuhammad Ali\nCategory\nvteWWE personnelRawMen's division\nAkam\nAkira Tozawa\nBraun Strowman\nBron Breakker\nBronson Reed\nBrutus Creed\nCarlito\nChad Gable\nCM Punk\nCruz Del Toro\nDamian Priest\nDijak\nDominik Mysterio\nDragon Lee\nDrew McIntyre\nFinn Blor\nGunther\nIlja Dragunov\nIvar\nJD McDonagh\nJey Uso\nJoaquin Wilde\nJulius Creed\nKarrion Kross\nKofi Kingston\nLudwig Kaiser\nThe Miz\nOdyssey Jones\nOtis\nPete Dunne\nRey Mysterio\nRezar\nRicochet\nR-Truth\nSami Zayn\nSeth \"Freakin\" Rollins\nSheamus\nTyler Bate\nXavier Woods\nWomen's division\nAlba Fyre\nAsuka\nBecky Lynch\nDakota Kai\nIsla Dawn\nIvy Nile\nIyo Sky\nKairi Sane\nKatana Chance\nKayden Carter\nKiana James\nLiv Morgan\nLyra Valkyria\nMaxxine Dupri\nNatalya\nRhea Ripley\nScarlett\nShayna Baszler\nSonya Deville\nZelina Vega\nZoey Stark\nStables and tag teams\nAlpha Academy\nThe Awesome Truth\nDamage CTRL\nThe Kabuki Warriors\nDiamond Mine (Creed Brothers)\nThe Final Testament\nAuthors of Pain\nImperium\nLatino World Order\nThe Judgment Day\nNew Catch Republic\nThe New Day\nOther on-air talent\nAdam Pearce\nPaul Ellering\nReferees\nDan Engler\nJason Ayers\nJohn Cone\nSmackDownMen's division\nAJ Styles\nAndrade\nAngel\nAngelo Dawkins\nApollo Crews\nAshante \"Thee\" Adonis\nAustin Theory\nBaron Corbin\nBerto\nBobby Lashley\nCarmelo Hayes\nCedric Alexander\nCody Rhodes\nElton Prince\nGiovanni Vinci\nGrayson Waller\nJohnny Gargano\nKarl Anderson\nKevin Owens\nKit Wilson\nLA Knight\nLogan Paul\nLuke Gallows\nMontez Ford\nRandy Orton\nSantos Escobar\nShinsuke Nakamura\nSolo Sikoa\nTama Tonga\nTonga Loa\nTommaso Ciampa\nWomen's division\nB-Fab\nBayley\nBianca Belair\nBlair Davenport\nCandice LeRae\nChelsea Green\nElektra Lopez\nIndi Hartwell\nJade Cargill\nMichin\nNaomi\nNia Jax\nPiper Niven\nTegan Nox\nTiffany Stratton\nStables and tag teams\nA-Town Down Under\nThe Bloodline\nSons of Tonga\nDIY\nThe O.C.\nGood Brothers\nLegado Del Fantasma\nPretty Deadly\nThe Pride\nThe Street Profits\nOther on-air talent\nNick Aldis\nPaul Heyman\nReferees\nCharles Robinson\nJason Ayers\nJessika Carr\nNonexclusiveMen's division\nBig E\nBo Dallas\nBrock Lesnar\nDexter Lumis\nErick Rowan\nErik\nJacob Fatu\nJimmy Uso\nMVP\nOmos\nRoman Reigns\nWomen's division\nAlexa Bliss\nCarmella\nCharlotte Flair\nNikki Cross\nRaquel Rodriguez\nShotzi\nTamina\nValhalla\nNXTMen's division\nAndre Chase\nAxiom\nBrooks Jensen\nChanning \"Stacks\" Lorenzo\nDamon Kemp\nDante Chen\nDuke Hudson\nEddy Thorpe\nEthan Page\nJoe Coffey\nJoe Gacy\nJosh Briggs\nLexis King\nLuca Crusifino\nMark Coffey\nMr. Stone\nNathan Frazer\nNoam Dar\nOba Femi\nOro Mensah\nRidge Holland\nShawn Spears\nTony D'Angelo\nTrick Williams\nWes Lee\nWolfgang\nWomen's division\nAdriana Rizzo\nBrinley Reece\nCora Jade\nFallon Henley\nGigi Dolin\nIzzi Dame\nJacy Jayne\nJaida Parker\nJakara Jackson\nJazmyn Nyx\nKarmen Petrovic\nKelani Jordan\nLash Legend\nLola Vice\nMeiko Satomura\nNikkita Lyons\nRoxanne Perez\nSol Ruca\nStevie Turner\nTatum Paxley\nThea Hail\nWendy Choo\nWren Sinclair\nOther on-air talent\nAva\nStables and tag teams\nChase University\nGallus\nThe Meta-Four\nNo Quarter Catch Crew\nPerformanceCenterMen's trainees\nBrogan Finlay\nTavion Heights\nWomen's trainees\nTamyra Mensah-Stock\nTrainers and staff\nAlexander James\nFit Finlay\nMatt Bloom\nNorman Smiley\nOney Lorcan\nRobbie Brookside\nSantana Garrett\nSara Amato\nSteve Corino\nTerry Taylor\nTyler Breeze\nBroadcast team\nAlicia Taylor\nBooker T\nBrian James\nByron Saxton\nCathy Kelley\nCorey Graves\nFunaki\nJackie Redmond\nJimena Snchez\nKayla Braxton\nMarcelo Rodrguez\nMichael Cole\nMike Rome\nMoein Al Bastaki\nPat McAfee\nPeter Rosenberg\nSamantha Irvin\nSam Roberts\nScott Stanford\nVic Joseph\nWade Barrett\nAmbassadors\nBeth Phoenix\nBob Backlund\nThe Boogeyman\nEve Torres\nJerry \"The King\" Lawler\nJimmy Hart\nJohn \"Bradshaw\" Layfield\nHulk Hogan\nMaria Menounos\nMaryse\nMosh\nRick Steiner\nRicky Steamboat\nScott Steiner\nSean Waltman\nSgt. Slaughter\nTatanka\nTatsumi Fujinami\nTed DiBiase\nTitus O'Neil\nThe Undertaker\nThrasher\nProducers and writers\nBilly Kidman\nChris Parks\nDrake Maverick\nGabe Sapolsky\nJamie Noble\nJason Jordan\nJeremy Borash\nJim Smallman\nKenny Dykstra\nMichael Hayes\nMolly Holly\nPetey Williams\nRobert Roode\nRyan Katz\nShane Helms\nShawn Daivari\nTJ Wilson\nExecutive personnel\nAri Emanuel\nBruce Prichard\nDwayne Johnson\nNick Khan\nShawn Michaels\nTriple H\nWilliam Regal\nSee also\nWomen in WWE\nFormer personnel\nAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nJapan\nAcademics\nCiNii\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatsumi_Fujinami&oldid=1222525625\"\nCategories: 1953 birthsIWGP Heavyweight championsJapanese catch wrestlersJapanese male professional wrestlersLiving peopleNWA World Heavyweight ChampionsProfessional Wrestling Hall of Fame and MuseumProfessional wrestling trainersSportspeople from ita PrefectureWWE Hall of Fame inducteesStampede Wrestling alumni20th-century male professional wrestlers21st-century male professional wrestlersIWGP Heavyweight Tag Team ChampionsNWA International Junior Heavyweight ChampionsKO-D Tag Team ChampionsUWA World Heavyweight ChampionsNWA Americas Tag Team ChampionsWorld Tag League (NJPW) winnersWWF International Tag Team ChampionsG1 Climax winnersWCWA World Heavyweight ChampionsWWF Junior Heavyweight ChampionsHidden categories: CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)CS1 German-language sources (de)All articles with dead YouTube linksArticles with dead YouTube links from February 2022Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataArticles containing Japanese-language textAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from May 2019Commons category link is on WikidataArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with CINII identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 6 May 2024, at 13:14(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. 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Plus, get every WWE Premium Live Event and the worlds best TV and movies\nGET BINGE NNOW\nTatsumi Fujinami\nfacebook\ntwitter\nMore Share Options\nShare\nclose\nfacebook\ntwitter\ntumblr\npinterest\nemail\nsuperstar stats\nSuperstar Stats\nTatsumi Fujinami\nHeight\n60\nWeight\n238lbs\nHometown\nOita, Japan\nSignature Move\nDragon Suplex; Dragon Sleeper\nCareer Highlights\nWWE Junior Heavyweight Champion; WWE International Champion; IWGP Heavyweight Champion; NWA World Champion; 2015 WWE Hall of Fame Inductee\nclose\nTatsumi Fujinami: Bio\nA master of the mat and holder of many championships around the world, Tatsumi Fujinami is a true ring legend.\nTrained by fellow WWE Hall of Famer Antonio Inoki and nicknamed The Dragon, Fujinami was one of the most popular stars in the early days of New Japan Pro Wrestling in the early 1970s. Two holds he innovated, the Dragon Suplex and the Dragon Sleeper, are still used by grapplers to this day.\nBy the end of the decade, he was widely recognized as one of the best junior heavyweight wrestlers in the world. Fujinami soon began to travel outside of his homeland, making a name for himself in Mexico, Canada and the United States.\nIn America, Fujinamis mat prowess earned him the respect of the WWE Universe. After capturing the WWE Junior Heavyweight Championship in the hallowed Madison Square Garden in 1978, he defended it in the U.S. and Japan, making it one of the most prestigious titles for smaller wrestlers. The Dragon also held the WWE International Championship during his time in the states.\nFujinami soon moved up to heavyweight and found the same success. He defeated the monstrous Vader to capture the coveted IWGP Heavyweight Championship, his first of six reigns. Soon, foreign wrestlers traveled to Japan to face the revered champion. Ric Flair ventured there in March 1991 to put his NWA World Championship against Fujinamis IWGP Title. Fujinami shocked the world when he defeated Flair and kept the NWA Title in Japan.\nA decorated and respected competitor in Japan and abroad, Tatsumi Fujinami took his rightful place in history, as he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame on the night before WrestleMania 31.\nContinue Reading\nTatsumi Fujinami: Latest News\ntoggle menuHome\nShows\nSuperstars\nTickets & Events\nShop\nWWE Network\nSign in\nFollow WWE on Facebook\nFollow WWE on Twitter\nFollow WWE on Instagram\nFollow WWE on Reddit\nFollow WWE on YouTube\nWWE News\nWWE Photos\nWWE Videos\nCorporate\nCareers\nCommunity\nContact\nWorldwide\nWWE Music\nWWE Studios\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright\nTerms & Conditions\nCookie PreferencesFAQ\nRedeem Gift Card\nSecurity\nCorporate\nCorporate\nCareers\nImpact\nContact\nWWE.com\nWWE News\nWWE Videos\nWWE Photos\nWWE Worldwide\nPriority Pass\nAbout\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright\nTerms of Use\nCookie Preferences\nDo Not Sell or Share My Info\nHelp\nSecurity\nHelp Center\nRedeem Gift Card\nCookie Policy\nClosed Captions\nGlobal Sites\nArabic", "url": "http://www.wwe.com/superstars/tatsumi-fujinami" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Tatsumi Fujinami Wrestlers Database CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database\nNot logged in or registered. | Log In | Register | Password lost?\nAbout UsContactCAGEMATCH TeamYouTubePatreon\nWrestlersOverviewWrestlersGimmicksTop ListsCommentsChangesEventsOverviewResultsTV + PPVUpcoming ShowsTop ListsAdvanced SearchCommentsChangesMatchesOverviewMatchguideTop ListsAdvanced SearchStatisticsCommentsChangesPromotionsOverviewPromotionsPromotion NamesTop ListsCommentsChangesTitlesOverviewTitle NamesTitle ChangesTop ListsCommentsChangesDatabasesTag TeamsStablesPromosFeudsRivalriesTournamentsAwardsBooksDVDsWrestling GamesMoviesThemesOtherSOTWArticlesPodcastsDocumentariesNewsboardChanges TrackerRandom ItemRatings CenterRatings System RulesHelp\nCAGEMATCH\nWrestlers Database\nTatsumi Fujinami\nTatsumi FujinamiAlso known as Ox Fujinami, Dr. Fujinami, Ring FujinamiOverviewNews and RumorsArticlesCareerCareer highlightsTitlesMatchesMatch StatisticsMatchguideRivalsTournamentsTag Teams & StablesEntourageAwardsThemesWrestling GamesCommentary CareerRatingsComments\nGeneral DataCurrent gimmick:Tatsumi FujinamiAge:70 yearsPromotion:Dradition Pro-WrestlingActive Roles:Singles Wrestler, Tag Team Wrestler, PromoterPersonal DataBirthplace:Kunisaki, Oita, JapanGender:maleHeight:6' 0\" (183 cm)Weight:231 lbs (105 kg)Background in sports:LeichtathletikWWW:https://twitter.com/dragondraditionhttps://www.instagram.com/fujinami_tatsumi_officialhttps://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100011691724230https://www.tiktok.com/@tatsumifujinami_officialhttps://ameblo.jp/fujinami-tatsumi/Career DataAlter egos:Dr. FujinamiOx FujinamiRing FujinamiTatsumi FujinamiRoles:Singles Wrestler (1972 - today)Tag Team Wrestler (1973 - today)BookerPromoter (2006 - today)TrainerBeginning of in-ring career:09.05.1971In-ring experience:53 yearsWrestling style:Allrounder, TechnicianTrainer:Antonio Inoki, Karl Gotch & Kotetsu YamamotoNicknames:\"Dragon\"\"Honoo No Hiryu (Dragon of the Flame)\"Signature moves:Dragon SuplexDragon SleeperDragon ScrewDragon BackbreakerDragon Rocket (Tope Suicida)TidbitsThis text is hidden because it is only available in German language. Please click this line if you do not care and want to view it anyway.nahm vor seinem Debt Match an einer Battle Royal teilverlie im Juni 2006 New Japan Pro Wrestling, die Promotion welcher er seit der Grndung im Jahr 1972 angehrte, und grndete in der Folge Muga World Pro Wrestling\n9.04Current Total Rating (?)Valid votes: 121Number of comments: 2110.0 63x9.0 25x8.0 21x7.0 5x6.0 4x5.0 3x4.0 0x3.0 0x2.0 0x1.0 0x0.0 0xAverage rating: 9.07[121]Average rating in 2024: 8.67[9]Average rating in 2023: 9.50[12]Average rating in 2022: 9.57[21]Average rating in 2021: 9.54[13]Average rating in 2020: 9.36[14]Average rating in 2019: 10.00[3]Average rating in 2018: 9.20[5]Average rating in 2017: 10.00[1]Average rating in 2016: 9.55[11]Average rating in 2015: 9.17[6]Average rating in 2014: 8.67[3]Average rating in 2013: 10.00[1]Average rating in 2011: 8.67[3]Average rating in 2010: 7.50[4]Average rating in 2009: 8.00[1]Average rating in 2008: 6.60[5]Average rating in 2007: 7.78[9]Your Options:Read latest commentsRead all commentsOther:Details & HistoryRatings System RulesHelp and formula\nLoading ... 0\nwww.CAGEMATCH.net - 2001-2024 Philip Kreikenbohm - Site Notice", "url": "https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=90&name=Tatsumi+Fujinami" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Tatsumi Fujinami - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nGetting around\nMain pageSimple startSimple talkNew changesShow any pageHelpContact usGive to WikipediaAbout Wikipedia\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nBeginning\n1Championships\n2References\n3Other websites\nToggle the table of contents\nTatsumi Fujinami\n12 languages\nDeutschEnglishEspaolFranaisItalianoTagalog\nChange links\nPageTalk\nEnglish\nReadChangeChange sourceView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadChangeChange sourceView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nMake a bookDownload as PDFPage for printing\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nTatsumi FujinamiFujinami being inducted into the 2015 WWE Hall of FameBorn (1953-12-28) December 28, 1953 (age70)Kunisaki, ita PrefectureProfessional wrestling careerRing name(s)Tatsumi FujinamiDr. FujinamiBilled height1.83m (6ft 0in)Billed weight103kg (227lb)Trained byKarl GotchAntonio InokiDebutMay 9, 1971\n Japanese nameKanji Hiragana Katakana TranscriptionsRomanizationFujinami Tatsumi\nTatsumi Fujinami ( , Fujinami Tatsumi, born December 28, 1953) is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is best known for competing in New Japan Pro Wrestling from 1972 to 2006. He has been competing for Dradition since 2004.\nHe was the innovator of both the Dragon sleeper and Dragon suplex wrestling movies. He used them as his finishing moves.\nHe has a son named Leona who is also a professional wrestler and made his debut on November 19, 2013.[1]\nOn March 28, 2015, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Ric Flair.[2]\nChampionships[change | change source]\nCatch Wrestling Association\nCWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (one time)\nDramatic Dream Team\nKO-D Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Mikami)[3]\nNew Japan Pro Wrestling\nIWGP Heavyweight Championship (six times)\nIWGP Tag Team Championship (five times) (with Kengo Kimura (four) and Osamu Nishimura (one))\nNWA International Junior Heavyweight Championship (two times)\nNWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)\nWCWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)\nWWF International Heavyweight Championship (one time)\nWWF International Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Kengo Kimura)\nWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)\nG1 Climax (1993)[4]\nSuper Grade Tag League (1991) (with Big Van Vader)[5]\nKarl Gotch Cup (1974)\nPacific Northwest Wrestling\nNWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (one time)\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nHe was ranked #31 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the \"PWI Years\" in 2003.[6]\nTokyo Sports\nBest Bout Award (1983) (vs. Riki Chsh on April 3)\nBest Bout Award (1986) (vs. Akira Maeda on June 12)\nBest Tag Team (1981) (with Antonio Inoki)\nDistinguished Service Award (1978)\nFighting Spirit Award (1984)\nMVP Award (1985)\nOutstanding Performance Award (1980, 1982, 1987, 1988)\nRookie of the Year (1974)\nTechnique Award (1979)\nUniversal Wrestling Association\nUWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)\nWorld Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation\nWWF International Heavyweight Championship (one time)[7]\nWWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)[8]\nWWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2015)\nWrestling Observer Newsletter awards\nBest Technical Wrestler (1985, 1986, 1988)\nMost Outstanding Wrestler (1988)\nWrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)\nReferences[change | change source]\n \"Leona\". Battle News (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2013-12-06. Retrieved 2013-12-12.\n \"WWE Hall of Fame Report 3/28: Complete \"virtual-time\" coverage of 2015 Ceremony - Randy Savage inducted, Nash, Zbyszko, Schwarzenegger, Flair, Michaels, more\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Archived from the original on 2020-12-03. Retrieved 2015-04-03.\n \"DDT154SP\". Dramatic Dream Team (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2013-12-12.\n Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2000). \"Japan: New Japan G-1 (Grade-1) Climax Tournament Champions\". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p.375. ISBN0-9698161-5-4.\n Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2000). \"Japan: New Japan G-1 (Grade-1) Climax Tag Tournament Champions\". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p.374. ISBN0-9698161-5-4.\n \"Pro Wrestling Illustrated's Top 500 Wrestlers of the PWI Years\". Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on 2003-04-12. Retrieved 2013-12-12.\n \"Abandoned: The History of the WWF International Heavyweight Championship\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2013-12-12.\n \"10 championships you never knew existed in WWE: Junior Heavyweight Championship\". WWE. Archived from the original on 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2013-12-12.\nOther websites[change | change source]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Tatsumi Fujinami.\nTatsumi Fujinami's profile on WWE.com\nCAGEMATCH profile\nAuthority control International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat Identities\nNational\nJapan\nAcademics\nCiNii\nThis short article about a Japanesesports person can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it.\nRetrieved from \"https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatsumi_Fujinami&oldid=9505767\"\nCategories: 1953 birthsJapanese professional wrestlersFormer WWE wrestlersLiving peopleWWE Hall of FamePeople from ita PrefectureHidden categories: Articles containing Japanese-language textCommons category link is on WikidataArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersJapanese sportspeople stubs\nThis page was last changed on 25 April 2024, at 23:22.\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License and the GFDL; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsumi_Fujinami" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Yakuza Kiwami 2 :: Steam Community\nLogin\nStore\nHome\nDiscovery Queue\nWishlist\nPoints Shop\nNews\nStats\nCommunity\nHome\nDiscussions\nWorkshop\nMarket\nBroadcasts\nAbout\nSupport\nChange language\nGet the Steam Mobile App\nView desktop website\n Valve Corporation. All rights reserved. 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All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries.Some geospatial data on this website is provided by geonames.org.\nPrivacy Policy\n| Legal\n| Steam Subscriber Agreement\n| Cookies\nView mobile website", "url": "https://steamcommunity.com/app/927380/discussions/0/4120176169359531076/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Tatsumi Fujinami: Profile, Career Stats, Face/Heel Turns, Titles Won & Gimmicks | Pro Wrestlers Database\nSkip to content\nSkip to main navigation\nSkip to 1st column\nSkip to 2nd column\nMenu\nHomeNewsWWE 2K24OverviewNewsRosterGuidesArenasDLC2K ShowcaseGame EditionsControlsMatch TypesMyGM ModeScreenshotsCover ArtWWE 2K23OverviewNewsRosterGuidesArenasDLCMyFaction CardsGame EditionsControlsMatch Types2K ShowcaseMyGM ModeScreenshotsVideosArtworksCover ArtAEW FFOverviewNewsRosterGuidesArenasDLCRoad To EliteMatch TypesMinigamesControlsGame EditionsScreenshotsSuperCardOverviewNewsCards CatalogLegacy CardsRosterGuides & FAQScreenshotsVideosCover ArtDiscussioniOS DownloadAndroid DownloadGamesWWE 2K22OverviewNewsRosterGuidesArenasDLCMyFaction CardsGame EditionsControlsMatch Types2K ShowcaseMyGM ModeAchievementsScreenshotsVideosArtworksCover ArtWrestling CodeOverviewRosterBattlegroundsOverviewNews & GuidesRosterGame EditionsControlsClasses & CombosPower-UpsArenasMatch TypesOnline ModesAchievementsScreenshotsVideosCover ArtChampionsOverviewNewsRosterGuides & FAQScreenshotsVideosRendersWallpapersCover ArtiOS DownloadAndroid DownloadWWE 2K20OverviewNewsRosterScreenshotsVideosGuidesArenasAchievementsControlsDLCGame EditionsArtworksWallpapersCover ArtSoundtrackWWE 2K19OverviewNewsRosterScreenshotsVideosGuidesArenasAchievementsDLCGame EditionsArtworksWallpapersCover ArtSoundtrackWWE 2K ModsWWE 2K18OverviewNewsRosterScreenshotsVideosGuidesArenasAchievementsDLCGame EditionsArtworksWallpapersCover ArtSoundtrackDiscussionWWE 2K17OverviewNewsRosterScreenshotsVideosGuidesAchievementsArenasDLCNXT EditionArtworksWallpapersCover ArtSoundtrackCreationsDiscussionAll GamesRostersWrestlers DatabaseWWE RosterAEW RosterTNA RosterNJPW RosterROH RosterWCW AlumniECW AlumniHalls of FameEventsEvents DatabasePPV & Special EventsWWE PPV ScheduleWWE Shows ResultsAEW Shows ResultsTNA Shows ResultsNJPW Shows ResultsROH Shows ResultsWCW Shows ResultsECW Shows ResultsOther ResultsAttendance RecordsPPV Theme SongsTitlesChampionships DatabaseWWE TitlesAEW TitlesTNA TitlesNJPW TitlesROH TitlesWCW TitlesECW TitlesMoreImagesVideosWWE 2K ModsForumContact usWork With Us\nSearch Search\nWrestlers DatabaseWWE RosterAEW RosterTNA RosterNJPW RosterROH RosterWCW AlumniECW AlumniHalls of Fame\nTatsumi Fujinami\nKnown as: Tatsumi Fujinami, Ring Fujinami, Dr. Fujinami\nPro Wrestlers Database\nOn this page, you find the full wrestling profile of Tatsumi Fujinami, with his Career History, real name, age, height and weight, the Promotions he worked for, all the Face/Heel turns, the Championship Titles he won, his Finishers, Theme Songs, Tag Teams and Stables, his appearance changes through the years, and more.Tatsumi Fujinami () was born in Kunisaki, ita, Japan on December 28, 1953, and he is currently 70 years old. He is currently a Wrestler, Ambassador and Promoter, working for WWE and Independent promotions, under the ring name of Tatsumi Fujinami. He is the founder of Dradition Pro-Wrestling.Tatsumi Fujinami was inducted in the WWE Hall of Fame in 2015 as an individual and in the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame (PWHF) in 2017 as part of the International wing.\nProfile Info\nGender\nMale\nReal Name\nTatsumi Fujinami ()\nRing Names\nTatsumi Fujinami (\nApril 21, 1971 -\nPresent)\nRing Fujinami (\nMay 20, 1977 -\nJune 12, 1983)\nDr. Fujinami (\nMarch 9, 1976 -\nMarch 11, 1977)\nBorn\nDecember 28, 1953 (age 70)\nNationality\nJapan\nBirth Place\nKunisaki, ita, Japan\nBilled From\nita, Japan\nHeight\n6 ft 0 in (183 cm)\nWeight\n227 lbs (103 kg)\nNicknames\nThe Dragon; Honoo no Hiry\nNotes\nHe is the founder of Dradition Pro-Wrestling.\nCareer History\nRoles\nWrestler (\nApril 21, 1971 -\nPresent)\nAmbassador (\nJuly 12, 2015 -\nPresent)\nPromoter (\nAugust 2, 2006 -\nPresent)\nPromotions / Brands\nPromotionfromtoPromotion\nWWE\nJuly 12, 2015\nPresentPromotion\nINDY\nAugust 2, 2006\nPresentPromotion\nDDT\nJuly 22, 2012\nMarch 20, 2013Promotion\nNJPWBrand\nHeavyweight\nJanuary 4, 1981\nJanuary 4, 2006Promotion\nNJPWBrand\nJunior Heavyweight\nJanuary 13, 1972\nJanuary 3, 1981Promotion\nNWA\nDecember 19, 1975\nAugust 8, 1980Promotion\nJCP\nMarch 9, 1976\nMarch 11, 1977Promotion\nJWA\nApril 21, 1971\nDecember 12, 1971\nFace / Heel Turns\nAlignmentfromto\nFace\nApril 21, 1971\nPresent\nImages History\nMar 2015Jan 2006May 1991Feb 1980Dec 1975Apr 1971\nFinishers\nDragon Sleeper (\nApril 21, 1971 -\nPresent)\nDragon Backbreaker -\nBelly-to-back Suplex Backbreaker (\nApril 21, 1971 -\nPresent)\nDragon Suplex (\nApril 21, 1971 -\nDecember 31, 1978)\nTheme Songs\nTheme Song\n\"Dragon Suplex\" by Joe -\nSingle (\nJuly 1, 1998 -\nPresent)Theme Song\n\"Rising - Epilogue\" by Osamu Suzuki -\nSingle (\nJanuary 1, 1990 -\nPresent)Theme Song\n\"Super Dragon\" -\nSingle (\nJanuary 1, 1997 -\nJune 30, 1998)Theme Song\n\"Rising\" by Osamu Suzuki -\nSingle (\nJuly 1, 1988 -\nDecember 31, 1989)Theme Song\n\"Dragon Suplex\" by Joe -\nSingle (\nJuly 1, 1987 -\nJune 30, 1988)Theme Song\n\"Macho Dragon (Instrumental)\" by Tatsumi Fujinami -\nSingle (\nJuly 1, 1985 -\nJune 30, 1987)Theme Song\n\"Dragon Suplex\" by Joe -\nSingle (\nJuly 1, 1978 -\nJune 30, 1985)Theme Song\n\"Star Wars Theme\" by Meco -\nSingle (\nJuly 1, 1977 -\nJune 30, 1978)Theme Song\n\"Blue Eyed Soul\" by Carl Douglas -\nSingle (\nJanuary 1, 1974 -\nJune 30, 1977)\nTitles & Accomplishments\nHalls of Fame\nWWE Hall of Fame - Year\n2015,\nIndividual\nProfessional Wrestling Hall of Fame (PWHF) - Year\n2017,\nInternational\nNew Japan Pro Wrestling\n6 IWGP Heavyweight Championship\n5 IWGP Tag Team Championship (4 with Kengo Kimura, 1 with Osamu Nishimura)\n2 NWA International Junior Heavyweight Championship\n1 NWA World Heavyweight Championship\n1 WCWA World Heavyweight Championship\nWorld Wrestling Entertainment\n2 WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship\n3 WWF International Heavyweight Championship\n1 WWF International Tag Team Championship (with Kengo Kimura)\nCatch Wrestling Association\n1 CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship\nDramatic Dream Team\n1 KO-D Tag Team Championship (with MIKAMI)\nPacific Northwest Wrestling\n1 NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship\nPro Wrestling Heat Up\n1 Heat Up Universal Tag Team Championship (with Kazuhiro Tamura)\nUniversal Wrestling Association\n1 UWA World Heavyweight Championship\nOther Accomplishments\nNJPW G1 Climax Winner (1993)\nNJPW Super Grade Tag League Winner (1991 - with Big Van Vader)\nNJPW Karl Gotch Cup Winner (1974)\nWrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame induction (class of 1996)\nWON Most Outstanding Wrestler (1988)\nWON Best Technical Wrestler (1985, 1986, 1988)\nTokyo Sports Best Bout Award (1983 - vs. Riki Choshu, 03/04)\nTokyo Sports Best Bout Award (1986 - vs. Akira Maeda, 12/06)\nTokyo Sports Best Tag Team (1981 - with Antonio Inoki)\nTokyo Sports Distinguished Service Award (1978)\nTokyo Sports Fighting Spirit Award (1984)\nTokyo Sports MVP Award (1985)\nTokyo Sports Outstanding Performance Award (1980, 1982, 1987, 1988)\nTokyo Sports Rookie of the Year (1974)\nTokyo Sports Technique Award (1979)\n31 in PWI Top 500 Years (2003)\nRelations\nTag Teams & Stables\nTatsumi Fujinami & Osamu Nishimura -\nOsamu Nishimura (\nJuly 25, 1996 -\nSeptember 9, 2007)\nKengo Kimura & Tatsumi Fujinami -\nKengo Kimura (\nNovember 26, 1996 -\nDecember 8, 1997)\nDragon Bombers -\nBlack Cat, Jushin Thunder Liger, Shiro Koshinaka, Takashi Iizuka (\nOctober 14, 1990 -\nMarch 5, 1992)\nAntonio Inoki & Tatsumi Fujinami -\nAntonio Inoki (\nMay 10, 1978 -\nFebruary 10, 1989)\nKengo Kimura & Tatsumi Fujinami -\nKengo Kimura (\nJuly 4, 1987 -\nJune 28, 1989)\nKengo Kimura & Tatsumi Fujinami -\nKengo Kimura (\nJuly 31, 1979 -\nOctober 14, 1986)\nTatsumi Fujinami Games Appearances (7)WWE Main Series (3/24)WWE 2K18\nWWE 2K17\nWWE 2K16Other Games (4)Wrestle Kingdom 2\nWrestle Kingdom\nVirtual Pro Wrestling 2\nWcw Vs The World\nTatsuhito Takaiwa\nTatsutoshi Goto\nComment\nLogin\nThis site\nFacebook\nGoogle\nTwitter\nNewest\nBest\nPopular\nNewest\nOldest\nYou must login to post a comment.\ncharacters left.\nLog in with\nLoading comment...\nThe comment will be refreshed after 00:00.\nBe the first to comment.\nWork With Us - Join The Team!\nWe're looking for new staff members with passion for Wrestling and WWE games, and willingness to contribute in any of the website areas. If you're interested, feel free to contact us!\nJoin The Team\nMore Articles\nLA Knight / Eli Drake\nPrince Iaukea\nHarvey Wippleman / Downtown Bruno\nBobo Brazil\nMelina\nEl Hijo del Vikingo\nFollow Us on Social Media\nHomeRostersWrestlers ProfilesTatsumi Fujinami\nHomeNewsWWE 2K24WWE 2K23AEW FFSuperCardGamesRostersEventsTitlesMore\nNetwork\nGTABase.com\nGamesAtlas.com\nTheSmackDownHotel.com\nAboutContact UsPrivacy Policy & CookiesSearchWork With Us\nCopyright 2010-2024 TheSmackDownHotel.com. All Rights Reserved.\nTop\nLoading...", "url": "https://www.thesmackdownhotel.com/wrestlers/tatsumi-fujinami" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Tatsumi Fujinami - The Microscope - Pro Wrestling Only\nJump to content\nThe Microscope\nPro Wrestling Only\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign In\nRemember me\nNot recommended on shared computers\nSign In\nForgot your password?\nSign Up\nMore\nMore\nBrowse\nMore\nForums\nBlogs\nStaff\nOnline Users\nActivity\nMore\nAll Activity\nSearch\nSupport\nThis Topic\nEverywhere\nThis Forum\nThis Topic\nStatus Updates\nTopics\nBlog Entries\nMembers\nAll Activity\nHome\nPro Wrestling\nThe Microscope\nTatsumi Fujinami\nTatsumi Fujinami\nTatsumi Fujinami\nNJPW\nBy\nWilliam Bologna\nNovember 9, 2017 in The Microscope\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n0\nReply to this topic\nStart new topic\nPrev\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nNext\nPage 1 of 6\nRecommended Posts\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 9, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 9, 2017\nFujinami is a wrestler I've long thought I'd like without ever seeing much of his work. As a longtime All Japan mark and all-around wrestling philistine, I've never had much occasion to dive into the work of a man who is, according to the inarguable dictates of science, the 20th greatest wrestler of all time.\nOf all time!\nBut I have an NJPW World account and some time to kill between their last letdown of an event and upcoming, dog-ass awful tag team tournament, so why not watch every Fujinami match on the service?\nThey didn't make it easy (I hesitate to blame Gedo personally, but who else is there?). Normally a wrestler has two entries in the tag list; one in Japanese, and one in our Roman script. For some reason, there are four Fujinamis in the archive, and each one has a different number of matches. Dammit, Gedo!\nI choose the first of these, with the largest number of matches (44). It seems to be mostly in chronological order.\nWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship bout Carlos Estrada vs Tatsumi Fujinami\nI guess this is the title that wound up in the J-Crown before the WWF demanded it back.\nHere's what I like about Carlos/Jose Estrada (and kudos to the MSG ring announcer for that rolled R on his last name): The dude starts heeling immediately. He lofts the belt like a dick and then proceeds to bitch and moan the whole time the ref is checking him. Here is a man who will take a shortcut, you say to yourself. Meanwhile, Fujinami's in the other corner wearing the traditional young lion gear and looking all wholesome and full of fighting spirit.\nEstrada brings a lot of hip tosses and some pretty sweet full-body-windup punches, and Fujinami gets his fighting spirit comebacks here and there. In response to a couple totally rad dropkicks, Estrada puts on the full heel handshake act. The beg-off, the hands behind the back, the offered handshake, the full drop to the knees one hand behind the back offered handshake.\nWill this virtuous young man fall for the wiles of the crafty veteran? What if I told you there were no wiles, and Estrada just wanted to shake hands? And the fans boo him for just shaking hands and not cheating? Seriously, this guy's an amazing heel.\nEventually Estrada goes for and misses some kind off flip of the top rope. Fujinami hits him with what must be one of the first recorded dragon suplexes, and - making an argument that wrestling in 1978 is better than it is in 2017 - pins him with it.\nFujinami reacts with wild, hair-out-of-place enthusiasm - he can't believe he did it! His joy is infectious, as the American crowd seems to be just as excited as he is (at least the collection of sideburns and turtlenecks picked up by the camera is). Estrada sells like he's dead, because he's a pro and he just got nailed with a damn dragon suplex in 1978.\nAn in-ring in-Japanese interview follows, in which they seem to talk a lot about the suplex and about Fujinami doing his best. This must have been fascinating for the audience.\nThis was great. Early Fujinami was like Hirai Kawato, and that's pretty much the best thing you can be.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nReplies\n140\nCreated\n6 yr\nLast Reply\n3 yr\nTop Posters In This Topic\n120\n5\n2\n2\nPopular Days\nApr 25\n6\nJan 23\n3\nNov 10\n3\nJul 1\n3\nTop Posters In This Topic\nWilliam Bologna\n120 posts\nNintendoLogic\n5 posts\nChilds\n2 posts\nfxnj\n2 posts\nPopular Days\nApr 25 2020\n6 posts\nJan 23 2018\n3 posts\nNov 10 2017\n3 posts\nJul 1 2020\n3 posts\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 9, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 9, 2017\nWWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship bout Tatsumi Fujinami vs Ryoma Tsuyoshi 7/27/1978\nI had no idea who Ryoma is, and I feared that transliteration issues would keep his identity a secret forever. But then I smartened up, turned off Google translate, and searched for his name in Japanese.\nIt's goddamn Ryuma Go! Alien-fighin', baka-yellin', absurdist indy rasslin'-inventin' Ryuma Go! I'll be damned.\nJust as his later career would prefigure Survival Tobita, the late 70s Ryuma Go prefigured Genichiro Tenryu, with his puffy perm, yellow towel, and high-waisted trunks that look like a diaper.\nWhat I learned here is that when it comes to wasting time in pre-modern wrestling, I much MUCH prefer Puerto Rican heel work to good honest Japanese mat wrestling. These two roll around and procure headlocks and whatnot with no effect and no pretense of any effect until it's time to hit the highspots.\nThe finish is nifty. Go misses a dive - truly the Achilles' heel of Fujinami's first two opponents here - and Fujinami goes for the dragon suplex. Go blocks, goes behind, and is then gone behind himself, allowing Fujinami to hit the German suplex and - making an argument that wrestling in 1978 is better than it is in 2017 - pin Go with it.\nThen they shake hands and show respect and what have you. Neither of these guys is the other's best opponent. Thus far, Fujinami has done his best work against Jose Estrada, while Ryuma has his best work ahead of him against aliens.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 9, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 9, 2017\nWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship bout Tatsumi Fujinami vs El Canek 6/7/1979\nI don't watch much lucha, and I'd always just known El Canek as the other guy who bodyslammed Andre. So it's cool to get a look at him here.\nFujinami's rocking an amazing burgundy robe with the biggest lapels you ever saw. I bet that's still sitting in the back of his closet.\nWe have about two-thirds of a really great match here. They start off with action matwork broken up by rope-running hijinks, ending with Fujinami pulling off a flying headscissors. He looks just fantastic here, and none of this feels dated.\nEventually our antagonists each take a turn going outside the ring and taking a dive. It is at this point, I'm sorry to say, that the match falls apart. Fujinami starts trying to rip off El Canek's mask, which seems to come out of nowhere. They didn't seem any more pissed at each other than any other two opponents, but I don't know the conventions of mask-ripping in the late 70s. Canek gets blown up, and his exhaustion causes him to drop Fujinami in a couple dangerous-looking ways. Back in control, he seems to run out of ideas and things drag.\nWell, he had one idea. He takes off Fujinami's boot and then his sock. That'll show him!\nWhile this would seem to be a devastating setback, boot-and-sock-removal didn't help Tarzan Goto (or was it Mr. Pogo?) against Tenryu, and it can't save Canek this time. He hops onto the top rope to do a flying crossbody, but Fujinami hits a quick, one-boot dropkick and gets an abrupt pin.\nThis is hot stuff until Canek gets tired. I like that in the three matches so far, Fujinami has won with three different moves. I find the modern rigidity regarding finishers limiting.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 10, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 10, 2017\nWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship bout Tatsumi Fujinami vs Kengo Kimura 12/13/1979\nThe part I copy/pasted above says this is for the WWF junior title; elsewhere on the page it says \"Martial arts world finals.\" Dammit, Gedo!\nKimura comes in hot with two dropkicks and a backdrop suplex. He then presses his advantage by taking it to the mat. And keeping it there. For a while.\nThe crowd starts entertaining itself with chants while they wait for this bit to end. In the Canek match, they broke up the matwork with some running around. No such luck here.\nThat said, these guys are really over or this is just a good crowd, because they're clearly waiting for an occasion to start yelling. This comes when our combatants finally get up off the mat and commence to running the ropes, in which scenario Fujinami again looks amazing.\nBusiness continues to pick up as Kimura hits a backdrop outside the ring, and once back inside sloppily drops Fujinami on his neck a couple times. The opponents are not doing a great job taking care of the man, but he's still out here wrestling in his 60s so I guess the damage wasn't too bad.\nFinally Fujinami hits a German suplex hold, but too close to the ropes for the pin. He scoops Kimura back up and piledrives him for the win.\nFour matches, four different finishing moves.\nMy verdict on Fujinami so far is that he's completely awesome. His stuff looks great, and he's got great babyface charisma. All of these matches have been good, although the Estrada one is the only one I loved.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWingedEagle\nPosted November 10, 2017\nWingedEagle\nMembers\n6.8k\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 10, 2017\nReally enjoying your takes on these older matches. Will have to check some out on the site.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 11, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 11, 2017\nThanks! It's been a lot easier to watch than I figured it would be. And we got a humdinger with Dynamite Kid coming up.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 11, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 11, 2017\nWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship bout Tatsumi Fujinami vs Dynamite Kid 2/5/1980 I was about to say that Dynamite was the first opponent I was really familiar with, but that's not true. I remember the British Bulldogs from when I was a kid, but it's not like I remember anything about their work. If I'm being honest, I mostly remember Matilda. I'm happy to report that Dynamite Kid is amazing. The bulk of this match consists of Dynamite just beating the hell out of Fujinami. He's dealing out what appear to extremely hard strikes, and if anything I've ever heard about Dyanmite is true, they actually are extremely hard strikes - European uppercuts, kicks right to the face, and quick, short, vicious punches. DK has this sudden, terse body language. Little wasted motion, lots of pain. Fujinami has a bandaged cut over his eye, and I probably don't need to tell you that Dynamite goes right for it. The important thing when you're bleeding is to take a moment to stand up and slowly present your face to all four sides of the ring, and Fujinami takes a momentary trip by DK to the outside to do just that. Always gets a pop. Dynamite continues to attack the wound with his teeth and these brutal diving fistdrops. Fujinami comes back with some dropkicks. To the extent a shoot dropkick is a real thing, these are it. Fujinami finally gets a chance to dish out some receipts, and DK gets a boot right in the jaw on each one. The end comes on a fluke, as Fujinami pulls off some kind of fancy-ass rollup and gets the three count. (Five matches, five different winning moves.) Dynamite responds with the sportsmanship we expect from him, stomping the winner in the head a few times. This is just about perfect. I realized while watching this that my issue with the Go and Kimura matches was that in both cases Fujinami was wrestling a guy who was pretty much just like him but not as good. The Estrada match pitted a man of skill and virtue vs a dirty cheater, and that was great. DK is a different kind of heel - he's not really cheating, he's just mean. It's a perfect persona for Fujinami's natural babyfacedness to play off of. I even loved the fluke finish. Dynamite Kid had done absolutely everything to Fujinami. Him overpowering DK after that and hitting a real finish would have strained suspension of disbelief (this was my problem with Okada vs Shibata) (well, that and one of the participants almost killing himself). So this was great. I knew Dynamite was good, but he blew me away in this, and Fujinami is a perfect opponent for him. Five stars. Ten, maybe. More.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 12, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 12, 2017\nWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship bout Tatsumi Fujinami vs Ashura Hara 4/3/1980\nHara's another guy I've heard of without seeing his work or really knowing who he was. My guesses on Hara were \"Tenryu crony\" and \"gambler?\" and I was right! I also guessed this match was interpromotional, since Hara's corner guys are pointedly wearing yellow rather than the red NJPW windbreakers, and that was also correct. Hara was an IWE guy who jumped to All Japan with Rusher Kimura, was fired over his gambling debts, and wound up following Tenryu around during that man's peripatetic career.\nAlso that's not his real name (Hara is, Ashura's not), and I'm wondering about this. Typically a Japanese wrestler is announced family name first - Fujinami Tatsumi. This is also the case when it's not the man's real name but functions as a Japanese name rather than a nickname (cf. Tenryu). Here the ring announcer says \"Ashura Hara,\" putting Ashura in the nickname category along with Jumbo, Giant, Jaguar, Tarzan, W*ING, Dump, Survival, Animal, Bull, Plum, Antonio, and Abdullah Jr. I can't think of another example (which is not to say that there isn't one) of a non-foreign word being announced in this way.\nANYWAY, Hara looks like a sleazy Hiroshi Hase and responds to Fujinami's offer of a handshake with a slap in the face. Those IWE guys are a bunch of no-goodniks if you ask me. Even Gypsy Joe.\nFujinami wants to keep it on the mat (specifically a headscissors) because he's a sportsman, while Hara wants to brawl because he's a bastard. They're not always looking real cooperative, which who knows might even be a shoot, brother. Eventually Hara goads Fujinami into stomping him (Hara) while he's in the ropes, which just goes to show you how spicy things are getting.\nIt gets even spicier as Fujinami goes outside and once again returns to ring with his face all red and drippy. Make sure everyone gets a look!\nHara goes hits of one of those looping, full-body Estrada punches, but when he tries another, Fujinami ducks it, hits a German suplex, and sinks in a not great-looking submission for the win. The yellow boys are outraged, hitting the ring and shoving the ref out of the way because IWE guys got no respect. Post-match shenanigans are teased, but cooler heads prevail and they haul out the trophies.\nFujinami gets two trophies and a Lord Blears-style announcement every time he wins one of these, and lately he also gets a tourniquet to stop the bleeding.\nThis was pretty good. The pace was decent, the non-cooperativeness worked, and while Hara wasn't as vicious as Dynamite Kid, but he was ornery enough to keep things interesting.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nNintendoLogic\nPosted November 13, 2017\nNintendoLogic\nMembers\n7.1k\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 13, 2017\nAshura isn't a Japanese given name. It's a warrior demon in Buddhist cosmology. As for actual names, Masa Saito's name was announced in the Western order, at least from the 80s on.\nAnyway, really enjoying the writeups. Keep them coming.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 13, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 13, 2017\nInteresting, thanks. You know, it never even occurred to me that Ashura wasn't Japanese. Mostly I blame two things: Wikipedia for not telling me that, and Hara himself for acting more like if Hase were a drunk than a demon.\nWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship bout Tatsumi Fujinami vs Chavo Guerrero 5/9/1980\nWell here's a letdown. Meltzer told me Chavo Classic was really good, and here he is with the greatest wrestler in the history of 1980. All I can say about this is that it's unquestionably a wrestling match that occurred.\nI mostly forgot about this ten minutes after it ended, but I remember some Taguchi-style hip attacks from Guerrero, some lucha-style submissions that they couldn't quite hold together (a surfboard works only when both participants are fully invested), and Chavo just kind of doing his own thing.\nAt one point he does a backflip off the top rope for no reason at all. It kind of looked like he expected Fujinami to run into him afterwards so they could do something lucha-ish, but Fujinami was as surprised as I was. Chavo was just out there going into flip-business for himself like Teddy Hart.\nWe get a repeat of the finish from the Ryuma Go match (foiled dragon suplex into a German for the pin), and with this Fujinami breaks his six match streak of never repeating a finisher. The announcers seem to be talking a lot about the dragon suplex, but we haven't actually seen one since all the way back in the first match against Estrada (who might still be selling it - what a pro!).\nSo yeah, very little to say about this one. I will mention that the New Japan refs at this time are all really muscular and favor the tight t- or polo shirt with slacks pulled up half a foot above their navels. Hell, maybe it's the same guy with different haircuts putting himself out there like that.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 13, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 13, 2017\nTatsumi Fujinami & Tiger Mask vs El Soritario & El Solar 9/18/1981\nHere's a handy guide to keeping our competitors straight:\nFujinami: Our hero! A clean-cut, athletic young man with one hell of a head of hair.\nEl Solar: Has suns all over him, including on his knees. Makes it clear that he doesn't belong in a wrestling match the instant he does anything.\nEl Solitario: Looks like a raccoon. I looked this up, and \"Solitario\" is \"Lone,\" as in the Lone Ranger. Thus, the raccoon eyes refer to the Lone Ranger's mask. Just as George Washington had a wig for his wig and a brain for his heart, the dude has a mask on his mask.\nTiger Mask: Has a mask that looks like a tiger.\nI was hoping for something here. 15 minutes, four men, two of them straight out of Mexico - that's a recipe for action! But . . . not really. There's a lot of laying around in holds for such a short match, and about half the population of this match shouldn't be there.\nEl Solar is so bad it makes me think I missed something. Like, were they filming a Jerry Lewis vehicle where the wacky main character has to put on a mask and get in there with real wrestlers? Seriously, at one point he hits Tiger Mask to break up a hold and he (Solar) bounces backwards from the impact. He has the physique, body language, and ability of the Mighty Maccabee, but at least Maccabee bankrolled the show. Someone in an office in Tokyo actually bought Solar a plane ticket.\nI always found the Tiger Mask gimmick irritating, but the original one almost won me over here by kicking dudes pretty hard. I was jerked back to reality when he tried to do that silly spot where he gets the guy in the corner and flips off his chest, and he completely eats shit on it. He follows that up by whiffing on a dive I think he was supposed to hit. You don't win the hearts of the children by plancha-ing onto the floor, jackass.\nThen everyone else hits their dives, and then we're reminded it's the 80s as everyone brawls outside until they wave it off. I guess you have to keep Solitario and Solar strong - can't have them doing any jobs.\nSolitario grabs a mic and cuts a promo in what I guess is Spanish - the sound system isn't the best. Fujinami responds in . . . English, maybe? He says \"OK\" at the end, but that's a trans-languitational word.\nMaybe this lame match full of incompetents going to a non-finish was worth it to fans in 1981 if it led anywhere. We get nothing, though - there's no follow-up on NJPW World. I get the impression that these early matches are from a Fujinami retrospective commercial tape with after the fact commentary. So why include this?\nI'm happy at least to see that the Mexican tag teams NJPW is bringing over have gotten better. These guys ain't exactly Dragon Lee and Titan.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 14, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 14, 2017\nTatsumi Fujinami vs Animal Hamaguchi 11/5/1981\nI'm going to provide some speculative background on this match. Given that the commentators keep saying \"heavykyu,\" I'm guessing Fujinami's in the process of moving up to heavyweight.\nConsidering the heat during the intros and the fact that Fujinami jumps Hamaguchi, I'll posit that Hamaguchi is a midcard heavyweight who expressed skepticism that Fujinami could swim with the sharks (\"sharks\" defined as people who weigh ten pounds more than the guys he was wrestling a couple months ago).\nIt's the classic Beretta/Yujiro Takahashi narrative, as described by Aristotle.\nWe get a real fired up Fujinami here, and it almost totally works. He's angry enough to do commit some unsportsmanlike conduct, like when he holds on to a cross armbreaker after Hamaguchi makes the ropes. He lays in some stiff shots punctuated by yelling - this isn't another day at the office for him.\nBut they miss some opportunities. There's a lot of matwork, and it's pretty good except that they don't take the opportunity to do a lot of character work. There's one instance where Hamaguchi has Fujinami down in a leglock, and Fujinami slaps him in the face. Hamaguchi puts his fist right in front of Fujinami's nose, and . . . nothing. They go back to exchanging holds.\nI liked Hamaguchi. He had a sneer of cold command, and his stuff looked good. He hit Fujinami with an airplane spin into a Samoan drop that was just brutal and cool enough that I'm surprised it hasn't been stolen.\nJust between you and me, though, I'm not sure his hair was a shoot, if you get my drift. It doesn't look right on his neck.\nThe finish comes when Fujinami hits a vicious suicide dive to the outside (this was so good it made up for him whiffing on three out of four dropkicks - this is the sloppiest we've seen him). He puts Hamaguchi in a sleeper, they tumble over the guardrail, and then goddammit it's still the 80s and the ref calls for the bell.\nThere's some post-match fighting and both guys look like they're calling for five more minutes, but we get nothing. Once again, why did this match make the cut? This was a real nice piece of business if you're setting up something for down the road. If they had another singles match, I bet it was really awesome - more hate, and Animal gets his comeuppance. That'd put my butt in a seat.\nBut as it is, we just get the tease. I didn't care about seeing Tiger Mask and the Mexicans again, but I'm actually annoyed that I don't get any resolution here. Stop blueballing me, Gedo.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 15, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 15, 2017\nAntonio Inoki & Tatsumi Fujinami vs Stan Hansen & Laurent Bock 12/8/1981\n\"Laurent Bock\" is Roland Bock, and this caused me some confusion. When NJPW World tells me a match features Choshu Force or Big Bang Vader, I can figure it out. This is a more obscure figure, and a Google search taught me that \"Laurent Bock\" is a completely reasonable name for someone to have. Like this guy, who teaches about Belgian soil or something.\nAnyway, Bock is a tall German who had a couple of interminable and apparently non-cooperative singles matches with Inoki (the one in Germany clocks in at 53 minutes, and I have no intention of subjecting myself to that). He looks like a giant Holger Czukay, and he's just weird. He looks kind of under- or oddly-trained - his throws, his strikes, and his whips into the ropes look different. Not truly bad - he's not El Solar or anything - but distinctive.\nHe's clearly not a good professional wrestler, and here the comparison with Hansen is instructive. Hansen's presence fills the ring, and he really tries to carry Bock through this thing. He shouts instructions several times, and whenever he tags in Roland, he sets something up for him - holding up an arm for an elbow strike or whatever. When Bock tags out, he just kind leaves his opponent alone and shuffles across the ring.\nThere are also body language issues. It's clear from the moment this match starts that Bock would rather do be doing something else, and throughout he has this hangdog, Jay Cutler-esque look on his face. At one point Fujinami slaps him, and Bock dispiritedly heads back to his corner looking like Fujinami hurt his feelings. There are some emotions that are acceptable for a worker in his role to express - anger, fear, intensity, etc. Hurt feelings isn't one of them.\nHansen, meanwhile - and I'm sure I don't need to tell you this - is a perfect damn pro wrestler. The smallest things he does he does well. If he's stomping a guy, he's stomping the hell out of him. If he's dropping an elbow, then by God that elbow knows it's been dropped. He's always moving and yelling and throwing up the horns.\nThe natives are overshadowed by this weirdo foreigner pairing. Inoki does very little. Fujinami has a weird, giddy expression on his face. It's endearing - maybe he didn't know about Bock yet. Inoki sets him for a couple kneedrops off the top rope, and we almost get a hot sequence when he hits Hansen with a backdrop suplex (they fumble it from there, and I think I have to blame Stan).\nAfter fifteen minutes that felt longer, Bock hits a double-arm suplex on Fujinami (which, to everyone's credit, they did tease like a killer move) and pins Fujinami before Inoki can save him. There's some brawling after the finish, but it's downright eerie how quiet it is. The introductions are hot, with Hansen, Inoki, and Fujinami all getting big pops and streamers. But they completely lose the audience during the course of the contest, and that continues into the post-match festivities. But then Hansen throws up the horns again. They like that.\nWeird and bad.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 16, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 16, 2017\n2nd MSG Tag League championship Antonio Inoki & Tatsumi Fujinami vs Andre the Giant & Rene Goulet 12/10/81\nIt's always fun to see Andre when he can still kind of move, and man was this cool. He tosses our heroes around and shrugs off their offense, and they have to resort to some pretty tricky stuff to make any headway. For example, Inoki goes for a flying headscissors, and Andre just flings him off. When Inoki tries again, Fujinami comes charging in and dropkicks Andre in the back to knock him over. Andre doesn't take the bump perfectly, but what the hell? The man's a giant.\nGoulet tags and, and is he really good? He and Fujinami do some really fun matwork and both look great. Andre and Goulet make sense as a team - Andre can do his giant stuff in small doses, and then Rene can come in and work. Plus from the back if you squint he looks kind of like the Hulkster, and that makes us think about the greatest moment in sports entertainment history, brother.\nThis is our second Inoki match, and he's shown me absolutely nothing so far. He was a non-entity in the Bock/Hansen match (although Hansen still sold like hell for him because he's the boss), and here the match grinds to a halt when the Goulet/Fujinami pairing is replaced with Goulet/Inoki. Fujinami was actually working; Inoki puts Goulet in a hold and takes a rest. He's not even showing any personality, which - I thought that was the whole thing with this jackass?\nThe finish: Inoki gets Andre (who's been selling like hell for him because he's the boss) in a cross armbreaker; Goulet breaks it up, and Inoki is so angry that he just has to fight Goulet outside the ring, where anything goes and the ref - resplendent in his slacks and skintight polo shirt - can't do anything about it. He does make sure awkwardly to tag in Fujinami before he departs for the lawless trench that surrounds the field of battle.\nFujinami heads to top rope, whence he is flung by the Giant to the mat. Andre then proactively imitates two consecutive WWF champions by hitting a big boot and a splash for the win. Somehow this way better than when Hogan and Warrior used those moves.\nAndre really excels in the post-match. This being the finals of a tournament, they immediately haul out all the trophies and ringboys and announcements. Andre's stomping around, bellowing, demanding applause, and browbeating the audience. And it's really impressive because he's got that voice and he's, you know, a giant. I'm pretty sure they're chanting \"Andre\" at one point.\nMeanwhile, and I'd love to hear if anyone knows anything about this, there are a half dozen guys in windbreakers standing behind the losers, and one of them has his face digitally blurred. What could that possibly be about?\nThis was a really fun 8 minutes. Andre was great, Goulet and Fujinami kept things moving, and Inoki wasn't in all that much. If I were ranking these things, this would be #3 (behind Dynamite Kid and Estrada).\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 18, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 18, 2017\nWWF Heavyweight Championship bout Bob Backlund vs Tatsumi Fujinami 1/1/1982\nI can't bring myself to care about this. It's Bob Backlund rolling around on the mat and making weird noises (\"whoah whoah\" or sometimes \"whoah oh oh\") in a match whose conclusion is never in doubt.\nBacklund has got to be the weirdest main eventer in pro wrestling history. Nothing about him, from how he stands ass-out to how he blows into the microphone several times before yelling like an idiot, suggests \"wrestling champion.\" More like \"guy you don't make eye contact with at the bus stop.\"\nHe is really strong. Fujinami has him in an armlock, and Backlund just picks him. Doesn't do anything with him; just carries him around and deposits him on the turnbuckle.\nFujinami didn't look very good either. He hits a dropkick into a rollup, and both look bad enough that I wonder if he's tired. The dropkick only got up as far as a New Japan referee pulls his slacks.\nYou better believe this waste of my time wasn't redeemed by the finish. They exchange some rollup attempts when suddenly the bell rings. Turns out (as we see in the slow motion replay) on one of them Backlund accidentally got a three count. Good night, everyone!\nBacklund is weirdly outraged and stomps around in his uncanny way before he comes to terms with it, favors the audience with a yell and a lobotomized grin, and goes home.\nThis felt like work.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 20, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 20, 2017\nAntonio Inoki & Tatsumi Fujinami vs Rusher Kimura & Animal Hamaguchi 10/26/82\nPlenty of heat for the intros - we got streamers flying everywhere, the combatants throwing bouquets at one another, and Inoki brandishing a pair of scissors.\nIn this corner we have our New Japan heroes, and in that corner we have a couple of cheating IWE bastards. Boo! Rusher Kimura is dressed like Rikidozan and has a suspicious wrap on his forearm. The ref wants to check it, and that's apparently a problem that requires Rusher and his goons to slap the ref around. Those bastards. IWE is all bastards.\nAnimal is moving on up my personal list - he shows some good fire in this and does a nice job getting beaten up by Fujinami. His partner, meanwhile, is terrible. Kimura is stiff and awkward, and his offense consists mainly of throwing these unnatural-looking strikes with the wrapped-up part of his forearm. He also busts out a devastating move where his opponent is on the mat and he gently places a hand over the throat.\nInoki is worse. He's back to sitting in holds and doing nothing. Sometimes he'll punch a guy in the arm and then make a face.\nInoki and Fujinami get their opponents in submissions, and then the IWE's third man (no idea) comes in a stomps everyone. I figured (hoped) this would be the DQ finish, but everything just keeps going like it never happened. I should note that the crowd isn't much more interested in this than I am. After the hot intro, they're pretty checked out.\nFinally Inoki does a bunch of Inoki stuff to Hamaguchi and gets the pin. The crowd finally heats up when Inoki uses his scissors on that third IWE guy. I don't know who he is, but he must have done something to make the New Japan fans hate his hair.\nThis match was annoying. All the elements were there - interpromotional drama, dudes who hate one another, and dudes the fans hated. I didn't want workrate; I didn't want a bunch of moves. I just wanted some heat and quasi-legit punches to the face.\nThey wasted it. They could have done something great here, but Kimura and Inoki were too goddamn lazy to take advantage of the situation. Hamaguchi gets it, but there's only one Animal in this match.\nRegarding the protagonist of this series, Fujinami isn't there yet. His stuff looks good and he shows the necessary fighting spirit. But in situations like this, he can get lost in the mix - he's been an afterthought in all these matches with Inoki as partner (which wouldn't bother me so much if Inoki brought anything to the table). I hope that as he gets the heavyweight spotlight pointed at him he learns how to project his character.\nThe good news is no more Inoki for a while. The news that I'm not certain how to take is that up next we have four consecutive singles matches against Riki Choshu. Fujinami had better figure it out at some point, if only for me.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 21, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 21, 2017\nWWF International Heavyweight Championship bout Tatsumi Fujinami vs Riki Choshu 11/4/1982\nHalf the runtime on this one is taken up with a recap of Fujinami and Choshu having issues during and after a six man tag (those two and Inoki vs Bad News Allen, SD Jones, and Abdullah). I don't know what it is, but they just can't stop slapping the piss out of each other! So I was actually pretty excited for this because man they were hitting each other really hard.\nI don't know anything about the title at stake here, but it's got an off-brand eagle on it and is hideous.\nThe issues between these two gentlemen continue as Fujinami jumps Choshu while the ref checks his boot for guns or swords or whatever. Choshu takes the initiative with a backdrop suplex. We get dueling sleeper holds, and then they lay around on the mat for a while.\nThey can't spend too long down there, though, because it's a short match in the 80s and they have to get to the awful finish. Choshu hits a clothesline and then another to send Fujinami outside. Then because they hate each other so much, they keep fighting out there until the ref is forced to call it.\nThe end was bad even by the standards of 80s bad finishes for a few reasons:\nIt was just so damn obvious. As soon as Fujinami went out, we all knew what was going to happen.\nChoshu's clotheslines are terrible (which explains why Kensuke Sasaki's clotheslines are terrible). He just kind of swings his arm without moving the rest of his body.\nThey screw it up. The second clothesline was supposed to be so forceful that it would propel Fujinami clear out the ring. It does not, and Fujinami is forced to just duck under the top rope.\nThis did nothing for me, but I will admit that the crowd was enthusiastic throughout. So it wasn't as bad as one of those Inoki catastrophes at least.\nI figured that when Fujinami moved up to heavyweight the workrate would go down. But I was hopeful that the fast pace and cool suplexes would be replaced with stiffness and intensity. This has not been the case.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nJetlag\nPosted November 22, 2017\nJetlag\nDVDVR 80s Project\n2.3k\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 22, 2017\nRoland Bock was a former olympic-level amateur who quit the real fighting after he had a nervous breakdown and blundering his chance at the olympics. He got into pro wrestling for a quick buck and \"not wanting to be there\" pretty much sums him up. He used to run his own wrestling shows where he main evented against a bear and all that crap. Of course the japanese loved him for his uncooperative bullshit.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 23, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 23, 2017\nI bet Bock vs Bear was better than Bock vs Inoki.\nWWF International Heavyweight Championship bout Tatsumi Fujinami vs Riki Choshu 4/3/1983\nLast time on \"Fujinami vs Choshu for the WWF International Title\": It sucked and Fujinami kept the belt.\nHere we resume the series as the same two men face off for the same belt in the same building with, we hope, a different outcome.\nThey still hate each other, and we start with them lariating each other and then selling for a while. You can tell the announcers are really trying to get the move over as a killer because they keep mentioning Stan Hansen.\nThey fill the time with matwork, but it's a little more entertaining this time. They're upright more often, and we get a nice build to a couple scorpion deathlocks from Choshu.\nThe finish is hot as hell. Our combatants go outside and have a short but vicious brawl out there - Fujinami whips Choshu into the barricade and turns his back on him, only for Choshu to stalk him and hit a lariat among the spent streamers. Choshu gets in first and attempts to bring Fujinami back in with a vertical suplex from the apron. Fujinami flips out of it and pulls off a beautiful bridging German suplex for a two count. Because wrestling in 1983 is better than it is in 2017, people - including Choshu himself - can't believe that he kicked out. In our degenerate age, three of those things in a row is a transition move.\nFujinami ducks a lariat and rolls Choshu up. It doesn't work, and he runs into a full-body lariat from Choshu, who dickishly smooshes his hand over Fujinami's face to ensure that he gets a three count.\nThe post-match is wonderful. Choshu has a burly, bearded sidekick (I'm guessing Hiro Saito) who's super excited and keeps hugging the victor. Fujinami looks distraught to the point that I felt bad for him. Choshu hoists his trophy (you get a trophy, I guess) with what seems like real pride. The ring announcer in his droopy, overlapelled tuxedo looks like he's on his way to prom with Marge Bouvier and Artie Ziff. And there's another burly hug!\nIt's been a while since I liked one of these, so maybe I'm overrating this. But I dug it. They kept the hatred going throughout the match, which has been difficult for some of these guys. The finishing sequence was modern (in a good way), and they - the wrestlers, the cornermen, everyone - treated it like a legit athletic contest. This is exactly the kind of thing I was hoping to see after Fujinami joined the heavies.\nTwo more to go. Let's hope they can keep it up.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 26, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 26, 2017\nWWF International Heavyweight Championship bout Riki Choshu vs Tatsumi Fujinami 7/7/1983\nPart three of our four part series. Fujinami wants his title back, but will the rage that burns inside stop him from reaching his goals?\nChoshu taunts Fujinami with the (ugly) belt, and Fujinami throws a towel at him, so you know this is personal.\nIt's noticeably hot here in the Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium tonight. The fans are . . . fanning themselves, and our competitors are completely drenched in sweat pretty much immediately. Which, look, no judgment here - if you like the sweaty muscley man aspect of pro wrestling, this is the match for you. Fujinami is always in fantastic shape, and he's looking even swoller than usual in this match.\nThey trade cross armbreakers, which is a hold you can sit around in like a headlock since this is before MMA. It's no skin off my back, since they break up the matwork by getting up and doing some rope running and rasslin moves every so often before going back to the mat.\nThat's essential in this style. It's a given that you're going to spend ten minutes doing matwork. Two things have to happen to make it entertaining: 1. Actually work the holds, rather than putting on an armbar and sitting there until it's time to do something else. 2. Break it up. After a couple minutes of armbar, get up, run the ropes, and throw a dropkick. Then you can go back into the armbar without me losing interest.\nAs they trade holds, Choshu focuses on the head while Fujinami works on the legs. Fujinami gets in enough legwork that Choshu starts limping around, which I think is the first instance of actual selling we've seen in this series. I didn't even notice it was missing until someone started doing it.\nChoshu gets the advantage and heads to the top rope, which is a first. But Fujinami springs up and pulls off the second-and-a-half rope vertical suplex (Choshu is on the top rope, but Fujinami is on the second, so I split the difference). We're getting a real escalation of moves here.\nWe get some stiff slaps into a backdrop suplex and a scorpion deathlock from Choshu. Fujinami responds with a deathlock of his own and refuses to release it when Choshu gets to the ropes. The ref gives him five full counts of warning before the disqualification.\nAt this point all hell breaks loose - Choshu has one tall guy in his corner, and he runs in to try to peel Fujinami off. But Fujinami has a whole passel of dudes in 10th anniversary windbreakers, and their might makes right as they hold off Choshu's guy and allow Fujinami to keep that deathlock on for a downright heelish amount of time.\nAs far as non-finishes go, this is one of the better ones. It didn't feel as perfunctory as the DCORs we've seen before, and it built interest for a rematch. I'm on board with the idea that an otherwise reasonable man can get carried away by the violence of a pro wrestling match and allow the baser aspects of his nature to rob him of his chance at victory. I remember - and it's been years since I've seen this, so I hope I'm remembering it correctly - a Jumbo vs Tenryu triple crown match where the intensity built and built until Tenryu lost control and kicked Jumbo right in the dick for the DQ. It's my favorite non-finish ever, and this wasn't at that level. Fujinami throws away his chance to win back his title because he's overwhelmed by his own cruelty and anger, but he doesn't quite get that across. He's mad, but he's not mad enough.\nStill, this was good stuff, the crowd loved it, and we're all (i.e., me, the fans of 1983 Japan, and perhaps even you the reader) looking forward to the final installment.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nBoss Rock\nPosted November 27, 2017\nBoss Rock\nMembers\n2k\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 27, 2017\nOn 11/9/2017 at 1:44 AM, William Bologna said:\nFujinami is a wrestler I've long thought I'd like without ever seeing much of his work. As a longtime All Japan mark and all-around wrestling philistine, I've never had much occasion to dive into the work of a man who is, according to the inarguable dictates of science, the 20th greatest wrestler of all time.\nOf all time!\nBut I have an NJPW World account and some time to kill between their last letdown of an event and upcoming, dog-ass awful tag team tournament, so why not watch every Fujinami match on the service?\nThey didn't make it easy (I hesitate to blame Gedo personally, but who else is there?). Normally a wrestler has two entries in the tag list; one in Japanese, and one in our Roman script. For some reason, there are four Fujinamis in the archive, and each one has a different number of matches. Dammit, Gedo!\nI choose the first of these, with the largest number of matches (44). It seems to be mostly in chronological order.\nWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship bout Carlos Estrada vs Tatsumi Fujinami\nI guess this is the title that wound up in the J-Crown before the WWF demanded it back.\nHere's what I like about Carlos/Jose Estrada (and kudos to the MSG ring announcer for that rolled R on his last name): The dude starts heeling immediately. He lofts the belt like a dick and then proceeds to bitch and moan the whole time the ref is checking him. Here is a man who will take a shortcut, you say to yourself. Meanwhile, Fujinami's in the other corner wearing the traditional young lion gear and looking all wholesome and full of fighting spirit.\nEstrada brings a lot of hip tosses and some pretty sweet full-body-windup punches, and Fujinami gets his fighting spirit comebacks here and there. In response to a couple totally rad dropkicks, Estrada puts on the full heel handshake act. The beg-off, the hands behind the back, the offered handshake, the full drop to the knees one hand behind the back offered handshake.\nWill this virtuous young man fall for the wiles of the crafty veteran? What if I told you there were no wiles, and Estrada just wanted to shake hands? And the fans boo him for just shaking hands and not cheating? Seriously, this guy's an amazing heel.\nEventually Estrada goes for and misses some kind off flip of the top rope. Fujinami hits him with what must be one of the first recorded dragon suplexes, and - making an argument that wrestling in 1978 is better than it is in 2017 - pins him with it.\nFujinami reacts with wild, hair-out-of-place enthusiasm - he can't believe he did it! His joy is infectious, as the American crowd seems to be just as excited as he is (at least the collection of sideburns and turtlenecks picked up by the camera is). Estrada sells like he's dead, because he's a pro and he just got nailed with a damn dragon suplex in 1978.\nAn in-ring in-Japanese interview follows, in which they seem to talk a lot about the suplex and about Fujinami doing his best. This must have been fascinating for the audience.\nThis was great. Early Fujinami was like Hirai Kawato, and that's pretty much the best thing you can be.\nLack of older stuff on the World is disappointing, but I wanna say I heard a lot of that content is owned by different TV stations they can't get the rights from.\nAt any rate, Fujinami is definitely a guy I've been meaning to dive in to. Thank you for the write-ups!\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 27, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 27, 2017\nYeah, the spottiness is frustrating. And I think it's going to get worse as I go on - there's only one match from the 90s. WWF International Heavyweight Championship bout Riki Choshu vs Tatsumi Fujinami 8/4/1983 A month has passed, and these two eternal antagonists are ready to decide once and for all who deserves this made up-ass title that no one cares about.\nChoshu's valiant but outnumbered cornerman is back, wearing red trunks and a garish yellow t-shirt that says \"Hawaii 82\" on it. It's pretty intimidating, so maybe they'll play things straight this time.\nWe get lots of matwork with little to break it up. They cut it close on a spot where Fujinami has to bridge out of a pinning combination - he just barely makes it. You can tell the ref is relieved he didn't have to stall the count any more than he already did.\nFinally they get up and start running the ropes. Fujinami continues to jack Choshu's moves as he once again goes for the scorpion deathlock. Then we get a near-replay of the outside the ring exchange from two matches ago: Fujinami whips Choshu into the barricade and turns his back on him only to eat a lariat. Choshu tries to bring Fujinami back in with a vertical suplex, but this time it works.\nFujinami ducks a lariat, and the ref gets clotheslined damn near out of his skintight polo. Fujinami opens up with some slaps right to Choshu's face, but he turns it into a backdrop suplex and deathlock. Eventually he tries to lariat Fujinami off the apron, but Fujinami ducks. Choshu spills out of the ring, but Fujinami has his leg stuck in the ropes, which looked accidental.\nThey take the fight outside, with an enzuigiri and backdrop getting hit out there. Both head back into the ring, but while Fujinami just beats the count, Choshu does not and thus loses the title.\nIt's too bad about the finish. I was hoping for a tale of redemption here: Fujinami loses his title, struggles, and triumphs in the end. While he did wind up winning, it was in only the most technical sense. His redemption should have been completed with a dragon suplex or something rather than the referee following the letter of the countout law for basically the only time ever.\nWikipedia tells us that Fujinami refused the title under those circumstances, but since Choshu couldn't make it to Canada for a rematch, he decided to keep it. I'm guessing \"rematch in Canada\" is of a type with \"tournament in Rio de Janeiro,\" and Choshu didn't want to take a pinfall.\nWhich is really too bad, because it was a good series after the cruddy start. There was a good escalation of offense throughout, with Fujinami stealing Choshu's moves and Choshu busting out some new stuff along the way, like a running shoulderbreaker in this match. Choshu was pretty good - most of his moves looked lousy, but he brought intensity, and the crowd clearly bought into him.\nThey have another singles match early in 1984, but before then we get some tag contests featuring an old favorite, a new partner, and the second Fujinami opponent who's bodyslammed Andre. Brother.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nChilds\nPosted November 28, 2017\nChilds\nModerators\n5k\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 28, 2017\nSpeaking to the spottiness of NJ World, there were two other matches in their '83 series (another April one and one in September) that added richness to the whole thing, though the series still didn't come to a definitive conclusion. Then they hooked it up again in 1988.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted November 29, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted November 29, 2017\nMSG Tag League regular season Antonio Inoki & Hulk Hogan vs Tatsumi Fujinami & Akira Maeda 12/7/1983\nThis might be the first Maeda match I've ever seen. He's tall, but there's nothing much that stands out about him.\nYou can't say that about the Hulkster. I don't know what it is (I never have), but the people are in love.\nHere he does the holds he busts out whenever he's in Japan. We get some armdrags, the hammerlock, and so on. He looks a lot better dishing out the armdrags than he does taking them - there's a certain awkwardness to him, but he does move very well for such a big guy.\nInoki is as bad as always. There was a lively debate in his GWE thread over whether he was any good, and I just don't see any pros. I'll admit I came in biased against him, but he really hasn't done anything in any of these matches. I guess he was a little more lively in singles matches?\nHere he works holds, for certain very generous definitions of \"work.\" He refuses to give Fujinami anything. He'll hold Fujinami in a headlock or whatever, Fujinami escapes, and Inoki immediately locks him back into a headscissors. He's a bit more generous with Maeda.\nThe problem with a team like Inoki and Hogan (other than it being at least 50% terrible) is that one of these invincible headliners has to get beat on. Hogan takes the brunt here, and the crowd clearly doesn't buy into it. They're silent when Maeda does something to Hogan but perk right back up when the Hulkster goes on the offense. He hits a very nice kneedrop and a vertical suplex before going for the big legdrop and missing. Fujinami and Maeda pull off a double vertical suplex, and then Maeda hits Hogan with a legdrop while Fujinami has him in a leghold. Nifty.\nDecent finish: Hogan whips Maeda into the ropes, but Fujinami runs in and hits a dropkick to prevent the dreaded axe bomber. Maeda tries a dropkick of his own, but Hogan blocks and hits the bomber for the pin. And the crowd goes wild because they really do love Hulk.\nHaving typed all that, I realize that made the match sound better than it was. Other than the fun sequences I described, it was listless. I'm comfortable blaming most of this on Inoki, but not all.\nHogan was pretty decent. You don't want to go too far with that - this is a Japan that still has Stan Hansen in it - but he did some cool stuff, and he could really move. This might have been a hell of a match if we had Choshu or Hamaguchi in there instead of the boss.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWilliam Bologna\nPosted December 5, 2017\nWilliam Bologna\nMembers\n420\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted December 5, 2017\nFujinami Tatsumi Akira Maeda vs Choshu force Yoshiaki Yatsu 1/1/1984\nThese two ancient rivals ring in the new year by locking up again. They've brought allies with them this time. We've seen Maeda once, and I'm happy to report that he resists the urge to punt Choshu right in the orbital bone.\nFor now.\nMeanwhile, we see Yatsu for the first time. I don't have good memories of the man. I had a compilation of 1988/1989 All Japan that had about 20 Tsuruta/Yatsu vs Tenryu/Kawada matches. As I recall, Yatsu's main thing was artlessly to shrug off Kawada's offense and bring everything to a grinding halt. I've since seen him touted as a superworker, so we'll see.\nSince we last saw them, Choshu has grown his hair out, while Fujinami looks to have gotten a giant pile of steroids for Christmas.\nChoshu vs Fujinami remains a big ticket rivalry; when Maeda tags Fujinami, he demands that Choshu get in. They do a hot sequence, and the crowd goes crazy.\nYatsu is not an asset in this. He noticeably screws up on three separate occasions, and he's got \"Japan\" on the sides of his tights. Is it the most interesting thing you could think of? There are three other guys from Japan in this match. Four if you count the ref. Five if you count the ring announcer. Six if you count the guy in the classic t-shirt and trunks combo who helps Choshu blast Maeda with a lariat later. This isn't like Will Ospreay sporting a Union Jack.\nHe does have a cool way of throwing himself into the ropes when he's running. That's the only thing I like about him.\nEveryone except Choshu takes a turn getting beaten on for a while, and it's not bad. They attempt a bunch of double-team maneuvers, including variations on putting a guy in a hold and having your partner jump on him. Also popular is holding a guy up and having your partner come up off the top rope with a half-assed forearm. It's 1984, so while these highspots aren't mind-blowing, I appreciate the attempts.\nMaeda winds up getting his ass kicked pretty hard. Yatsu and Choshu hit him with a damn spike piledriver, and Choshu follows up with one of his bad lariats (this gets another \"Stan Hansen!\" from the announcer, which is just unfair to Choshu. Don't be reminding the people of what a good lariat looks like!).\nThey take Maeda outside, where Yatsu holds him for Choshu to deliver the coup de grace. Choshu winds up, gets a running start, and fucking trips on some streamers. Just completely eats it out there. This did not seem to be a planned spot. The t-shirted crony takes over the holding duties, Choshu hits Maeda, and Team Choshu wins by countout.\nDecent piece of business here. The work and pace were good, and there was enough heat to keep you invested in the characters. The finish was acceptable by the low standards of the 1980s.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nPrev\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\nNext\nPage 1 of 6\nJoin the conversation\nYou can post now and register later.\nIf you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.\nReply to this topic...\n\nPasted as rich text. Paste as plain text instead\nOnly 75 emoji are allowed.\n\nYour link has been automatically embedded. Display as a link instead\n\nYour previous content has been restored. Clear editor\n\nYou cannot paste images directly. 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Last match in their famous trilogy and this match shows me truely that fujinami is an all time great . He was a genius as early as even before this series. This match imo has better matwork than any match to take place in us soil. Has an utter fascanating realism to it alot urgency in end and is worked like a chess match between two guys who know each other well and wants to win cleanly in grappling. Features great usual wrestling too. And the aggresion and violence is as there as ever. Great character work as ryuma turns up the aggresion. Either this or bob valentine 79 is my 79 moty.\nmrjmml\nGME\nPosts: 520\nTatsumi Fujinami vs Ryuma Go (NJPW - 10/2/1979)\nJul 17, 2023 at 2:06pm\nQuote\nSelect PostDeselect PostLink to PostMemberGive GiftBack to Top\nPost by mrjmml on Jul 17, 2023 at 2:06pm\nIts the last match of the Fujinami vs Ryuma Go trilogy and its by far the best, the level of intensity shown in this one is incredible, Fujinamis fighting spirit is amazing, he always looks strong, he makes wrestling look easy, Ryuma Go had the performance of his career, his offense was as intense as it gets, he wanted to win at all costs and winning he did, Fujinamis aura makes this match special, Ryumas win wouldnt mean as much if Fujinami was another soulless jobber this match wouldnt be remember as much as its remembered, Tatsumi seemed unbeatable during this run and this match is proof of that, the crowd didnt even react to Ryumas win, they were in shock because they didnt believe that Fujinami actually lost a match and thats special. That was the logical ending to the trilogy, if Fujinami won that match the trilogy wouldnt have been as great, Ryumas victory is the perfect way to end it all, Ryumas reaction to winning the match is pure gold, his face is the face of someones whose dream came true, its a heartwarming moment that only professional wrestling can provide, its beyond wrestling, Ryumas joyful expression is very relatable, its a story about someone who has achieved his goal in life, recreating that feeling is something that almost no mediums can replicate, this match reminded me of why Im a wrestling fan, no movie or piece can do what Fujinami and Ryuma Go pulled off was an amazing example of what wrestling can do with just a ring and a good camera angle. The pace of the match is even faster than the last two matches between them were.I recommend to everyone the whole trilogy, every match is awesome and deserves a watch.\nelliott\nGME\nPosts: 4,683\nTatsumi Fujinami vs Ryuma Go (NJPW - 10/2/1979)\nSep 2, 2023 at 4:14am\nQuote\nSelect PostDeselect PostLink to PostMemberGive GiftBack to Top\nPost by elliott on Sep 2, 2023 at 4:14am\nGreat match. Fujinami was just unbelievable in this time period.\nReply\nQuick Reply\nGuest Name:\nClick here to remove banner ads from this forum.\nThis Forum Is Hosted For FREE By ProBoardsGet Your Own Free Forum!\nTerms of Service Privacy Cookies FTC Disclosure Report Abuse Your Privacy Choices\nSearch OptionscloseYour SearchAdd FiltersThread Created ByPost Created ByPost Creation DateThread Creation DateDonePlease prove you are human:close\nI agree to the ProBoards Terms of Service.\nSubmit", "url": "https://gweproject.freeforums.net/thread/859/tatsumi-fujinami-ryuma-njpw-1979" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "[1996-04-29-NJPW-Battle Formation] Genichiro Tenryu vs Tatsumi Fujinami - April 1996 - Pro Wrestling Only\nJump to content\nApril 1996\nPro Wrestling Only\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign In\nRemember me\nNot recommended on shared computers\nSign In\nForgot your password?\nSign Up\nMore\nMore\nBrowse\nMore\nForums\nBlogs\nStaff\nOnline Users\nActivity\nMore\nAll Activity\nSearch\nSupport\nThis Topic\nEverywhere\nThis Forum\nThis Topic\nStatus Updates\nTopics\nBlog Entries\nMembers\nAll Activity\nHome\nPWO Database Plus\nThe Matches\nEverything Else\n1990-1999\n1996\nApril 1996\n[1996-04-29-NJPW-Battle Formation] Genichiro Tenryu vs Tatsumi Fujinami\n[1996-04-29-NJPW-Battle Formation] Genichiro Tenryu vs Tatsumi Fujinami\nNJPW\nApril 29\n1996\nTokyo Dome\nGenichiro Tenryu\nTatsumi Fujinami\n3.25*\nBy\nLoss\nDecember 4, 2010 in April 1996\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n0\nReply to this topic\nStart new topic\nRecommended Posts\nLoss\nPosted December 4, 2010\nLoss\nAdmins\n46.4k\nReport\nShare\nPosted December 4, 2010\nTalk about it here.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n3 weeks later...\nLoss\nPosted December 23, 2010\nLoss\nAdmins\n46.4k\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted December 23, 2010\nPretty compelling match. Fujinami is a bloody mess, to a point where this match is hard to watch at times. Still, Tenryu's shots looked great, and his casual facial expressions, not at all phased by the incredible amount of blood loss, are great. Tenryu makes fairly easy work of him. Not competitive enough to be a truly great match, but worth seeing.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n3 weeks later...\nChilds\nPosted January 7, 2011\nChilds\nModerators\n5k\nReport\nShare\nPosted January 7, 2011\nI thought Fujinami got in plenty of stuff given the context of his shattered nose. I loved him calling back to his cruiswerweight days with the early topes and throwing desperate potato shots once Tenryu had him in trouble. Tenryu is probably the all-time-great dick. Can't beat his contemptuous little facials as he booted Fujinami in his busted nose. I liked the fact that he kept looking at the ref to stop it, because it made Fujinami's last rally all the more dramatic. Fujinami gushing blood on Tenryu's chest as he held him in the dragon sleeper was another tremendous visual. This, Muta-Shinzaki and Hash-Takada made for a perfect run of dome-show matches.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nDitch\nPosted January 7, 2011\nDitch\nMembers\n1.7k\nReport\nShare\nPosted January 7, 2011\nThis came in 3rd in my 'best Japanese matches under 10 minutes' tournament last spring, and did best for everything after 1990. The first time I watched it, way way back in my early puro watching days, I couldn't fully appreciate Tenryu's attitude and stuff like the little face punts. I just thought it was a squash that took too long to end. Now, it comes across as something really memorable. Was there any Tenryu/Fujinami interaction in '96 after this?\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n1 month later...\nTim Evans\nPosted February 13, 2011\nTim Evans\nMembers\n4.4k\nReport\nShare\nPosted February 13, 2011\nDid Fujinami break his nose or something? That was a ton of blood. This show almost looked like a FMW show or something. Good match and they beat the crap out of each other. Need to watch it again to fully appreciate it I think.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\njdw\nPosted February 13, 2011\njdw\nMembers\n7.9k\nReport\nShare\nPosted February 13, 2011\nHe broke the hell out of it, totally unplanned. For some reason, I found juicing like a faucet hardway out of the nose to be much more uncomfortable to watch than say Mutoh juicing out of the forehead all over the place in G1 1995.\nJohn\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n3 months later...\nGuest Ventura\nPosted June 2, 2011\nGuest Ventura\nGuests\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 2, 2011\nThis was awesome. After the broken nose there was a feel in the air that something was wrong, which made it very real in my eyes. Watching a calm Tenryu slowly destroying the bloody mess of Fujinami was just sick.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n3 years later...\nPeteF3\nPosted January 27, 2015\nPeteF3\nMembers\n10.2k\nReport\nShare\nPosted January 27, 2015\nNo fancy-ass shit here (except those two topes). Fujinami starts off hot, goes for the tope one too many times, gets his nose busted, and then this is just a flat-out war. This isn't as good as it would have been around 1988 but it's a hell of a match for two guys on the downside (even though Tenryu is timeless, both from a conditioning and a style standpoint).\nEdit: Oh God--Tenryu's \"hey, you gotta little somethin' on your nose\" to Fujinami after the match is one of the greatest moments of the year.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n1 month later...\nsoup23\nPosted March 16, 2015\nsoup23\nModerators\n11.2k\nReport\nShare\nPosted March 16, 2015\nThis was great. Tenryu was a complete dick and Fujinami dipped into the fountain of youth and may have turned in his best performance of the 1990's. Short match but really great why it lasted and full of fight. A vicious spectacle that adds to both GOAT cases. ****1/4\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n10 months later...\nMicrostatistics\nPosted January 23, 2016\nMicrostatistics\nMembers\n1.2k\nReport\nShare\nPosted January 23, 2016\nI had heard Tenryu broke Fujinami's nose in this match but after watching this, it actually looked like he smashed his fucking face in with Fujinami pouring blood everywhere. Tenryu was just the biggest prick here by ruthlessly targeting the nose and doing it so casually. Tremendous heel performance and Fujinami gave great fiery underdog performance.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n1 year later...\nSuperstar Sleeze\nPosted August 24, 2017\nSuperstar Sleeze\nDVDVR 80s Project\n5.2k\nReport\nShare\nPosted August 24, 2017\nGenichiro Tenryu vs Tatsumi Fujinami - NJPW 4/29/96\nFujinami's face looks like a murder scene about 3 minutes into this. Tenyru caved his face in when Fujinami was going for a suicide dive and blood was pouring like a faucet from his face. Damn sure made this match compelling as hell and pretty uncomfortable to watch. Fujinami was on a roll with dragon screw leg whip and two BADASS suicide dives that make all the modern WWE guys look like nancy boys. Then Tenryu crushed his nose and it all changed. Fujinami did get a figure-4, but then basically passed out in his own figure-4 from blood loss. tenryu was the ultimate dick looking to the crowd like why is this guy being such a chump and just waiting to chop the hell out of him. It is classic Tenryu the big punches to the side of the head of the injured Fujinami drawing boos. The powerbomb, lariats and reverse elbow. Fujinami gets a Dragon Sleeper as a hope spot before Tenryu puts him with a Mack Truck Lariat! Post-match, Tenryu is like you got something on your face and Fujinami slaps the shit out of him. Way better than I expected. Thought it be two legends doing a greatest hits package instead it was a bloody, heated affair. ****\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n2 months later...\ntim\nPosted October 25, 2017\ntim\nMembers\n1.6k\nReport\nShare\nPosted October 25, 2017\nI liked this a lot but not as much as others. Fujinami's topes at the beginning were awesome. Fujinami bleeds a bunch and some of his brief comeback teases are great, especially one where he's firing back with punches. But overall, I feel like this was largely just an exceptionally good competitive squash.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n5 yr\nGSR changed the title to [1996-04-29-NJPW-Battle Formation] Genichiro Tenryu vs Tatsumi Fujinami\n1 year later...\nJKWebb\nPosted June 3, 2020\nJKWebb\nMembers\n1.1k\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 3, 2020\nIncredible. This starts off super hot with the dives and then the violence creates the drama that leads to thegreat mannerisms and expressions from Tenryu. Fujinami, as noted, gives a great underdog fiery performance as it goes on. The slap at the end is pretty classic. Great match.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n3 years later...\nMakai Club #1\nPosted July 19, 2023\nMakai Club #1\nMembers\n823\nLocation:England\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 19, 2023\nOut of all Tenryu's Tokyo Dome dream matches, this may be my favourite. There isn't a lot of meat on the bones but it's a simple match, made simpler by the fact that Fujinami's nose explodes within minutes. Fujinami gets the better of Tenryu and starts launching topes that send Tenryu crashing into the barricade head first but he pushes his luck on the 3rd attempt as Tenryu is able to scout it out and blocks it with what I can only imagine is a wicked punch to the nose (photographer is in the way so we miss the punch but we do see the follow up punches that land right on the mark). This puts Fujinami into an immediate vulnerable position. It's fight or flight time and it's amazing. Tenryu works the nose the only way he can, brutal punches and kicks, while Fujinami desperately attacks Tenryu's leg to get the quick win before Tenryu inevitably punishes him for his earlier mistake. The drama is palpable with Fujinami struggling to see or breath fighting for his life. Fujinami is able to snag a Dragon Sleeper but that was his last chance before being put away with a running lariat to end this classic. ****1/2\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n1 month later...\nMr JMML\nPosted September 5, 2023\nMr JMML\nMembers\n355\nReport\nShare\nPosted September 5, 2023\nTatsumi Fujinami vs Genichiro Tenryu (NJPW - 4/29/1996)\nA match as packed as youll ever see, Fujinami and Tenryu go back and forth in an absolute classic with iconic images that will last in your brain forever, this match is spectacular in every sense of the word, its incredibly violent as well, I personally think its the most violent match Fujinami has had so far in his career, considering Ive covered almost 20 years thats quite a feat, Fujinami isnt known for being especially violent but the last five matches of his I covered have been pretty rough, not what I expected going into this, I came here for his technical skill but I wont complain because violent Fujinami is as good as technical Fujinami and he isnt young anymore so losing some of his quickness on the mat is perfectly understandable, the change from the late 70s to 1996 is very impressive he never fails to surprise me and this match is no exception, the WAR vs NJPW feud is over but theres still some resentment left in both Tatsumi and Tenryu, around this time Tenryu was involved in a feud with the ace of UWF-I Nobuhiko Takada, they had a legendary trilogy in 1996 spanning two promotions (WAR and UWF-I) but Id say this match is better than any Tenryu vs Takada, Tenryus specialty is beating people without showing any emotion whatsoever while Fujinamis is his facial expressions and they shine even brighter in brawls like this one, this match is famous for an especific moment, Tenryu busted Fujinamis nose for real in one of their heated exchanges which resulted in Fujinami having a bloodied nose for the rest of the match, absolutely worth watching, a masterpiece, two veterans beating each other up, it cant get better than this.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nJoin the conversation\nYou can post now and register later.\nIf you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.\nReply to this topic...\n\nPasted as rich text. Paste as plain text instead\nOnly 75 emoji are allowed.\n\nYour link has been automatically embedded. Display as a link instead\n\nYour previous content has been restored. Clear editor\n\nYou cannot paste images directly. Upload or insert images from URL.\nInsert image from URL\n\nDesktop\nTablet\nPhone\nSubmit Reply\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n0\nGo to topic listing\nAll Activity\nHome\nPWO Database Plus\nThe Matches\nEverything Else\n1990-1999\n1996\nApril 1996\n[1996-04-29-NJPW-Battle Formation] Genichiro Tenryu vs Tatsumi Fujinami\nContact Us\nPowered by Invision Community\n\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign Up\nBrowse\nBack\nForums\nBlogs\nStaff\nOnline Users\nActivity\nBack\nAll Activity\nSearch\nSupport\n\nCreate New...", "url": "https://forums.prowrestlingonly.com/topic/11248-1996-04-29-njpw-battle-formation-genichiro-tenryu-vs-tatsumi-fujinami/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Tatsumi Fujinami - IMDb\nMenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsCannes Film FestivalAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthStar WarsSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer?Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)Use appBiographyTriviaIMDbProAll topicsTatsumi FujinamiDirectorActorIMDbProStarmeterSee rankTatsumi Fujinami was born on 28 December 1953 in Oita, Japan. He is a director and actor, known for NJPW Adios Perro En Japon (2000), NJPW Summer Struggle (2000) and NJPW G1 Climax (2000).BornDecember 28, 1953More at IMDbProContact infoAgent infoResumeBornDecember 28, 1953IMDbProStarmeterSee rankAdd to listView contact info at IMDbProKnown forNJPW Adios Perro En JaponTV Mini SeriesDirector2000NJPW Summer StruggleTV Mini SeriesDirector2000NJPW G1 ClimaxTV Mini SeriesDirector2000NJPW AmazingTV Mini SeriesDirector2000CreditsEditDirector69Actor11Self9Archive Footage4IMDbProExpand belowDirectorPrevious69NJPW Wrestling WorldVideoco-director2004NJPW TV Asahi Burning Spirit in Roppongi HillsVideoco-director2003NJPW Dream WinVideoco-director2003NJPW Battle FinalTV Mini Seriesco-director2003NJPW Yokohama Dead OutVideoco-director2003NJPW G1 Tag LeagueTV Mini Seriesco-director2003NJPW Ultimate Crush IIVideoco-director2003NJPW Road to Ultimate CrushVideoco-director2003NJPW Bisshibishi Tradition! Makai WorldTV Mini Seriesco-director2003NJPW Hall CrushVideoco-director2003NJPW G1 ClimaxTV Mini Seriesco-director2003NJPW Summer StruggleTV Mini Seriesco-director2003NJPW CrushVideoco-director2003NJPW Best of the Super Junior XTV Mini Seriesco-director2003NJPW Ultimate CrushVideoco-director2003See allActorPrevious11Kono Subarashiki SekaiTV SeriesGidayu Higa20231 episodeYakuza Kiwami 28.6Video GameFujinami (voice)2017WWE NXT7.6TV SeriesTatsumi Fujinami20151 episodePrincess Go7.4TV SeriesMasayuki Sanada20111 episodeWorld Wrestling History Volume 012005New Japan Pro-Wrestling 30th Anniversary 1997-1999VideoTatsumi Fujinami2002SunflowerTV SeriesTiger Harada199619 episodesBest of the WWF Volume 16VideoTatsumi Fujinami1988Best of the WWF Volume 15VideoTatsumi Fujinami1988WWF on MSG Network6.0TV SeriesTatsumi Fujinami19791 episodeStampede Wrestling7.8TV Series(1957)19571989Personal detailsEditBornDecember 28, 1953Oita, JapanDid you knowEditTriviaIn the early 1980s he went to the WWF, where he won their junior\nheavyweight title and brought it back to Japan, establishing it as the\npremier junior heavyweight title in Japan.Related newsContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentLearn more about contributingEdit pageMore to explorePhotosHollywood Power CouplesSee the galleryPhotosThe Greatest Character Actors of All TimeSee the galleryAdd demo reel with IMDbProMake your IMDb page stand out by adding a demo reelUpload your demo reelAdd demo reel with IMDbProMake your IMDb page stand out by adding a demo reelUpload your demo reelHow much have you seen?Keep track of how much of Tatsumi Fujinamis work you have seen. Go to your list.Projects In DevelopmentGet more at IMDbProListTop 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars of the Last DecadeSee the listRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb appSign in for more accessSign in for more accessFollow IMDb on socialGet the IMDb appFor Android and iOSHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoLicense IMDb DataPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top", "url": "https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1727270/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Multicultural Student Council - Multicultural Student Services | Multicultural Student Services | Utah Valley University\nSkip to main contentYou have JavaScript Disabled! UVU's websites will not work properly without javascript.\nPlease enable JavaScript to continue using UVU's websites as intended.\nMulticultural Student Services\nApply to UVU\nWhy UVU\nmyUVU\nEnter search termsI'm looking for:\nAbout UsPartnersAppointmentsInitiativesGet InvolvedScholarshipsMake an Impact (UVU Giving) \nMulticultural Student Council (MSC)\nMulticultural Student Services: Get Involved / MSC\nMission\nShare similarities. Value differences. Live it.\nOur Mission\nMulticultural Student Councils mission is to advocate for the success of underrepresented\nstudents by creating a sense of belonging that validates marginalized identities,\nfacilitating spaces that increase awareness around cultural diversity and social inequality,\nand providing opportunities for educational equity.\nProgram Information\nWho Can Apply?\nMulticultural Student Services values interactions among individuals with varying\ntraditions, cultures, identities, genders, expressions, orientations, ages, abilities,\nreligious beliefs, economic backgrounds, and racial/ethnic origins. We encourage all\nto apply that are currently or will be a full-time student at Utah Valley University.\nApplications for the 2023-2024 year are currently closed.\nConnect with us below on our social media to see what we are up to and how you can\nbe involved!\nMSC Requirements\nPossess a 3.0 GPA at the time of application: Consideration may also be given to students\nwho have achieved a 3.0 GPA or higher within the previous two semesters of coursework\n(must have taken 12 credits or more each semester)\nAll council members must maintain a 2.50 GPA or higher each semester\nBe enrolled in and complete 12 credit hours each semester\nAttend all required retreats and trainings\nAttend all required meetings\nAttend all required events and activities\nCommitment to council success and event programming\nCommitment to working with and advocating for multicultural students\nProgram Benefits\nAll MSC students receive UVU tuition waiver for successful Multicultural Student Council\nparticipation and completion. Depending on position type, tuition waivers may cover\nup to the full cost of in-state tuition. Scholarship amounts can vary with each semester\nand depend upon fund availability.\nMSC scholarships cannot be deferred for future semesters and can only be appealed\nonce.\nMSC Programs & Events\nNov\n22\nDiversity Dialogues\nDate: November22\nTime: 10:47 am\nLocation:\nDescription: Diversity Dialogues are operated by the Engagement branch of the council and are held\nonce a month. The purpose of the dialogues is to bring unknown or unpopular topics\nto awareness for both faculty and staff on campus.\nNov\n22\nCultural Activities\nDate: November22\nTime: 10:47 am\nLocation:\nDescription: Cultural Activities are held throughout the semester in partnership with different\nclubs or initiatives to bring awareness to different cultures through food and activities.\nNov\n22\nService Opportunities\nDate: November22\nTime: 10:47 am\nLocation:\nDescription: Service opportunities are available multiple times each semester to provide support\non campus and in the community.\nMSC Positions\nMSC members will be able to plan and implement meaningful programs and events while\nalso enhancing their interpersonal and leadership skills, whether you are part of\nthe executive leadership team or contribute to a specific aspect of the councils\noperations.\nMSC President(s)\nThe MSC President(s) provide leadership and direction to the club organization. They\npreside at meetings and oversee activities of the executive committee. Additionally,\nthe President(s)s responsibilities include but are not limited to:\nCoordinate club activities through the executive management team\nEstablish objectives and goals in conjunction with Department Head(s)\nStructures the organization to ensure leadership continuity through mentoring new\nleaders\nSchedules performance evaluations for all council members each semester\nRegular contact and weekly budget reports from the Vice Presidents of Communications,\nEngagement, and Outreach\nVice President of Communications\nThe Vice President (VP) of Communications reports to the President(s) and Department\nHead(s) and serves as an integral member of the executive management team by coordinating\ncommittees and programs and developing the MSC communication strategy. Additionally,\nthe VP of Communications responsibilities include but are not limited to:\nPreside at meetings in the absence of the President(s)\nProvide and coordinate information for communications such as newsletters, social\nmedia, and print publications\nDevelop, integrate, and enhance the organizations brand reputation and public relations\nBuild relationships with external entities\nOversee Graphic Design and Marketing Leads and keeps team informed on the ongoings\nof the executive leadership team\nVice President of Engagement\nThe VP of Engagement reports to the President(s) and Department Head(s). They have\ngreat relationship-building skills, a knack for leading, and sales skills that help\nengage others in common goals. The VP of Engagement develops strategies for the councils\nengagement efforts, programs, and projects. Additionally, the VP of Engagements responsibilities\ninclude but are not limited to:\nPreside at meetings in the absence of the President(s)\nProvide and coordinate information on forthcoming events to the council for inclusion\nin meeting notices or communications\nBuild relationships with university leaders, departments, student clubs, and organizations\n Identify what is important to target audience and deliver on an organizational promise\nOversee Academic and Activities Leads and keep team informed on the ongoings of the\nexecutive leadership team\nVice President of Outreach\nThe VP of Outreach reports to the President(s) and Department Head(s) and develops\nactive partnerships with community leaders and service groups. They identify the needs\nof the community, minority groups, and underrepresented populations and determine\nhow the council can make a contribution or an impact. Additionally, the VP of Outreachs\nresponsibilities include but are not limited to:\nPreside at meetings in the absence of the President(s)\nProvide and coordinate information on community needs and upcoming projects to the\ncouncil for inclusion in meeting notices or communications\nIncrease impact efforts with leadership groups from other secondary education institutions\nWork with other like-minded community groups to identify and prioritize community\nissues\nOversee Service and Impact Leads and keep team informed on the ongoings of the executive\nleadership team\nDepartment Head(s)\nThe Department Head(s) oversee all aspects of the council and provide direction to\nthe executive leadership team. They develop best practices to achieve council goals\nand ensure that all members follow university and council policies and procedures.\nAdditionally, the Department Head(s)s responsibilities include but are not limited\nto:\nManage council memberships and distribute tuition waivers\nSupport new business development opportunities for the council\nOrganize regular council meetings and trainings\nAssist in performance evaluation, promotion, and retention\nAnalyze and address council-related issues and membership grievances\nAdditional Positions\nGraphic Design Lead: Create and design various materials for digital and print while collaborating with\nGraphic Design Associate(s) and establishing a creative direction for the council\nwithin brand and university guidelines. Reports to VP of Communications.\nGraphic Design Associate: Develop visuals and designs based on design briefs and requirements. Reports to Graphic\nDesign Lead.\nMarketing Lead: Develop and manage marketing programs to spread awareness of new events and activities.\nSet and enforce Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to track campaign effectiveness.\nReports to VP of Communications.\nMarketing Associate: Undertake daily tasks to ensure the functionality and coordination of the councils\nactivities, including conducting market research, gathering and analyzing engagement\ndata, and creating marketing materials. Reports to Marketing Lead.\nAcademic Lead: Has an internal focus of campus climate and needs and encourages UVU students to\nparticipate in current, relevant events and discussions. Identify topics for speaker\nseries and host events throughout the academic year. Reports to VP of Engagement.\nActivities Lead: Identify and coordinate activities for the council to participate in socially or\nmeaningfully as a group and on campus. Reports to VP of Engagement.\nService Lead: Develop leads at community groups and corporations where the council may get involved\nwith others who share similar initiatives and goals. Reports to VP of Outreach.\nImpact Lead: Focus on off-campus opportunities where the council can participate in community impact\nwork. Reports to VP of Outreach.\nMulticultural Student Services\n801.863.8357\nmulticultural@uvu.edu\nLA 114\nLA\nLiberal Arts Building\n800 West University Pkwy, Orem, UT 84058\nWant to keep up to date on whats happening in the Multicultural Student Council?\nWant to see what we are doing and how you can get involved? Like us on Facebook or\nfollow us on Instagram!\nMulticultural Student Servicesmulticultural@uvu.edu(801) 863-8357Room LA-114\nStudent\nAdmissions\nAcademics\nCampus Life\nLooking to attend UVU\nCurrent Student\nAccreditation\nEmployees\nCareer Opportunities\nEmployee Resources\nDirectory\nPeople & Culture\nCommunity\nAthletics\nVisitors & Community\nOffice of the President\nAbout UVU / History\nAlumni\nInclusion & Diversity\nEspaol\nGive to UVU\nContact Us\nUtility\nCOVID-19 Info\nMaps / Parking\nService Desk\nEmergency\nPolice\nGet Help\nSearch\nAccessibility\nTitle IX / Equal Opportunity\nNews\nEvents\nUtah Valley University\n800WestUniversityParkway,Orem,UT84058\n(801)863-8888\n Utah Valley University\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Statement\nCopyright Complaints\nNon-Discrimination\nLinkedin\nInstagram\nFacebook\nYouTube\nTwitter\nAthletics\nUtah Valley University\nEnter search terms\nApply to UVU\nWhy UVU\nmyUVU\nUVU\nMulticultural Student Services\nGet Involved - Multicultural Student Services\nAbout UsPartnersAppointmentsInitiativesGet InvolvedScholarshipsMake an Impact (UVU Giving) ", "url": "https://www.uvu.edu/multicultural/involved/msc.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Multicultural Student Council - Stetson University\nSkip to Content\nMENU\nApply\nVisit\nStetsonToday\nMyStetson\nAlumni\nGiving\nSearch\nAbout Menu\nHatter Pop Quiz\nWhat do Beyonc and Stetson University have in common?\nAnswer\nAbout Stetson University\nCampus Maps\nHistory of Stetson\nDiversity, Equity and Inclusion\nOffice of the President\nNews and Stories\nCalendar of Events\nPlan a Visit\nVirtual Tour\nExplore Central Florida\nAcademics Menu\nChoose the right undergraduate or graduate program for you, one that exceeds all expectations and sets up your journey to success.\nAcademics Overview\nUndergraduate Programs\nGraduate Programs\nPre-Professional Programs\nNon-Degree Programs\nAcademic Calendars\nColleges and Schools\nCenters and Institutes\nLibraries\nResearch\nAdmissions Menu\nOur admissions team is ready to help guide you through the application process, from visiting campus to applying and becoming a member of the Hatter family.\nAdmissions Overview\nGraduate Admissions\nLaw Admissions\nStudent Financial Aid\nTuition and Costs\nApply Now\nRequest Information\nDeposit and Enroll\nVisit Stetson\nFind Your Recruiter\nScholarships\nStudent Life Menu\nDeLand Campus\nThe DeLand campus is home to an inclusive and welcoming environment enriched with opportunities for everyone to have fun, learn, grow and find their place.\nStudent Life Overview\nLiving on Campus\nGetting Involved\nStudent Success\nStudent Wellness\nGulfport Campus\nThe Gulfport campus, home to Stetson Law, has opportunities and diverse organizations for students to develop and display their talents in a variety of places.\nCampus Life\nClinics and Externships\nAcademic Success\nStudy Abroad\nCareer Services\nAthletics Menu\nKnown as the Hatters, Stetson University has 18 NCAA Division I teams that compete in the Atlantic Sun Conference, Pioneer Football League and Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference.\nAthletics\nSports\nSchedules\nTickets\nDirections\nMerchandise\nSupporting Athletics\nWebpage Menu\nHome\nMulticultural Student Council\nAbout MSC\nMulticultural Student Organizations\nMSC Awards\nMSC Officers\nWISE Program\nAbout WISE\nWISE FAQs\nSummer Bridge Day\nWISE Cohort\nSafe Zone\nAbout Safe Zone\nAlly Training\nSafe Zone Resources\nEvents\nCultural Holidays & Heritage Celebrations\nMLK Week of Action\nLavender Banquet\nPride Month Resources\nJuneteenth\nTrainings\nStaff Directory\nResources\nReport Unequal Treatment\nMulticultural Student Support Fund\nStetson Green Book\nUndocumented Student Resources\nStetson University\nOffice of Diversity and Inclusion\nMulticultural Student Council\nThe MSC Executive Board is made up of 5 undergraduate students who collaboratively plan and facilitate events on campus that cater to the Stetson student body. The main goal is to create events that accurately represent and celebrate the many cultures represented by the student population.\nMulticultural Student Council Goals\nProvide cultural programming on campus\nProvidesupportfortheMulticultural Student Council organizations\nCreatepartnerships within the Stetson Community\nExpand/Collapse All\nMission Statement\nThe Multicultural Student Council is a leadership organization that fosters continual development through the facilitation of thought and intercultural programming. We aim to benefit those within the community by challenging and equipping them with resources to advocate for others and themselves. As advocates, we act as a resource that provides students with information and skills to take action and create partnerships within their community on campus.\nVision Statement\nThe Multicultural Student Council aims to provide resources and assist underrepresented students by creating dialogue and fostering change within the campus community.\nCross-Cultural Center\n421 N. Woodland Blvd.\nUnit 8413\nDeLand, Florida 32723\nEmail: tri-c@stetson.edu\nPhone: 386-822-7401\nFax: 386-822-8167\nA-Z Index\nEmployment\nPrivacy Policy\nNondiscrimination / Title IX\nWebsite Feedback\nContact Us\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nYouTube\nTikTok\n Stetson University", "url": "https://www.stetson.edu/administration/odi/multicultural-student-council/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Multicultural Student Services | Utah Valley University\nSkip to main contentYou have JavaScript Disabled! UVU's websites will not work properly without javascript.\nPlease enable JavaScript to continue using UVU's websites as intended.\nMulticultural Student Services\nApply to UVU\nWhy UVU\nmyUVU\nEnter search termsI'm looking for:\nAbout UsPartnersAppointmentsInitiativesGet InvolvedScholarshipsMake an Impact (UVU Giving) \nMulticultural Student Services Utah Valley University\nOur purpose is to serve students from ethnically diverse, as well as historically\nunderrepresented and marginalized backgrounds. Since its inception, Multicultural\nStudent Services has served thousands of students, staff, and faculty throughout the\nyears. We are committed to creating spaces of not only inclusion and diversity, but\nequity and justice and ensuring that our students, staff, and faculty know that UVU\nwelcomes and incorporates their voices and lived experiences into our campus community.\nInitiatives\nGet Involved\nMake an Appointment\nScholarships\nUVU by the Numbers\n27% students over 25\n38% first generation students\n20% students of color\n110% enrollment increase of students of color\n74 countries represented\n50 states represented\n$281,400 scholarship waivers awarded each year\nCampus Resources\nMulticultural Student Services is here to support you throughout your time at UVU.\nNo matter what your needs are, we can connect you to programs, groups, and scholarships\nto help you succeed.\nAdvising Appointments\nDid you know that in addition to your academic advisor within your major, you can\nalso meet with an academic advisor at Multicultural Student Services? Schedule an\nappointment today with mentors who understand your individual experiences at UVU.\nLearn More\nPartners\nMulticultural Student Services works closely with departments across campus to ensure\nthat UVU meets the needs of our diverse student body. These offices provide specialized\nservices and assist with individual aspects of college life.\nLearn More\nScholarships\nFinancial aid is available for students involved with Multicultural Student Services.\nLearn more about scholarship opportunities.\nLearn More\nInitiatives\nAfrican Diaspora\nOur mission at the African Diaspora Initiative (ADI) is to serve as a home away\nfrom home and oasis for students of diverse African/Black identities.\nLear More\nAsian Initiative\nThe Asian Initiative at UVU is dedicated to promoting and celebrating Asian and\nAsian American identity and culture through education, awareness, and appreciation,\nwhile also developing programming and interventions to improve college access and\ngraduation achievement for Asian and Asian American students from underserved communities.\nLearn More\nLatino Initiative\nThe Latino Initiative engages students, parents, K-12 educators, and community leaders\nin dialogue, programs, resources, and services to advance UVUs Latino student population.\nLearn More\nNative American Initiative\nNative American advisors assist with admissions, registration, scholarships, and\nfinancial aid. UVU has an inner network of Native American mentors and staff to help\nyou succeed.\nLearn More\nPacific Islander Initiative\nThe Pacific Islander Initiative strives to be a home away from home, for our Pacific\nIslander students, staff, faculty, and community.\nLearn More\nMulticultural Student Services\n801.863.8357\nmulticultural@uvu.edu\nLA 114\nLA\nLiberal Arts Building\n800 West University Pkwy, Orem, UT 84058\nMulticultural Student Servicesmulticultural@uvu.edu(801) 863-8357Room LA-114\nStudent\nAdmissions\nAcademics\nCampus Life\nLooking to attend UVU\nCurrent Student\nAccreditation\nEmployees\nCareer Opportunities\nEmployee Resources\nDirectory\nPeople & Culture\nCommunity\nAthletics\nVisitors & Community\nOffice of the President\nAbout UVU / History\nAlumni\nInclusion & Diversity\nEspaol\nGive to UVU\nContact Us\nUtility\nCOVID-19 Info\nMaps / Parking\nService Desk\nEmergency\nPolice\nGet Help\nSearch\nAccessibility\nTitle IX / Equal Opportunity\nNews\nEvents\nUtah Valley 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Service\n\nRegis Life\nStudent AffairsToggle menu\nUndergraduate Student Affairs\nOffice of Student Conduct\nStudent Affairs Team\nGraduate AffairsToggle menu\nGraduate Student Services and Engagement\nGraduate AssistantshipsToggle menu\nFrequently Asked Questions\nGraduate Ambassadors ProgramToggle menu\nThe Online Ambassador\nGraduate Student OrientationToggle menu\nGraduate On-Boarding Checklist\nStudent EngagementToggle menu\nClubs and Organizations\nStudent Government Association\nMulticultural Student Association\nLeadership\nThis Week at Regis\nTraditionsToggle menu\nRegis Fest\nMeet Our Team\nResidence LifeToggle menu\nResidence Halls\nMove In Information\nOpenings and Closings\nResidence Hall Policies\nLife in the Residence Halls\nWhat to Bring to Regis\nHousing Selection\nResidence Life Staff\nHealth and WellnessToggle menu\nCounseling ServicesToggle menu\nCounseling Services Staff\nHealth and Wellness EducationToggle menu\nMental Health Wellness Screening\nInsurance\nTests, 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Orientation\nFirst-Generation StudentsToggle menu\nGlossary of Terms\nPrograms and Resources\nStudent ServicesToggle menu\nStudent Accounts and BillingToggle menu\nFAQs\nRefund Policy\nCampus ID Cards\nCSS Staff\nThe Multicultural Student Council (MCS) was created as a support system to Regis cultural clubs and organizations and has become a voice for Regis students of color and underrepresented populations. MSC hosts multiple events a year, including food nights, affinity, and cultural months such as Black History Month, Women's History Month, Pride Month, and Latinx Heritage Month. The MCS Council also helps facilitate our Sankofa Ceremony. Council members are comprised of all cultural club presidents with one chair elected by the members. By hosting regular meetings with all club presidents, this entity fosters a strengthened community through cultural influence on campus. The Multicultural Student Lounge can be found in Room 112A in the Lower Student Center.Have any ideas or concerns that youd like to share?Contact Brian Williams, CSE's Commuter and Multicultural Coordinator\nRegis College\nFooter menu\nSPIKE - Student Portal\nSHARP - Faculty/Staff Portal\nWeather Emergencies\nWebsite Feedback\nFooter middle menu\nFaculty and Staff Directory\nWorking at Regis\nEmergency Information\nTitle IX Resources\nFooter last menu\nChildren's Center\nEvents and Facility Rentals\nFine Arts Center\nAdministrative Offices\n235 Wellesley Street, Weston MA 02493\n781.768.7000\n 2024\nPrivacy Policy\nFooter social menu\nTikTok\nInstagram\nLinkedIn\nFacebook\nTwitter\nVimeo\nYouTube", "url": "https://www.regiscollege.edu/regis-life/student-engagement/multicultural-student-council" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Multicultural Student Organiza - Stetson University\nSkip to Content\nMENU\nApply\nVisit\nStetsonToday\nMyStetson\nAlumni\nGiving\nSearch\nAbout Menu\nHatter Pop Quiz\nWhat do Beyonc and Stetson University have in common?\nAnswer\nAbout Stetson University\nCampus Maps\nHistory of Stetson\nDiversity, Equity and Inclusion\nOffice of the President\nNews and Stories\nCalendar of Events\nPlan a Visit\nVirtual Tour\nExplore Central Florida\nAcademics Menu\nChoose the right undergraduate or graduate program for you, one that exceeds all expectations and sets up your journey to success.\nAcademics Overview\nUndergraduate Programs\nGraduate Programs\nPre-Professional Programs\nNon-Degree Programs\nAcademic Calendars\nColleges and Schools\nCenters and Institutes\nLibraries\nResearch\nAdmissions Menu\nOur admissions team is ready to help guide you through the application process, from visiting campus to applying and becoming a member of the Hatter family.\nAdmissions Overview\nGraduate Admissions\nLaw Admissions\nStudent Financial Aid\nTuition and Costs\nApply Now\nRequest Information\nDeposit and Enroll\nVisit Stetson\nFind Your Recruiter\nScholarships\nStudent Life Menu\nDeLand Campus\nThe DeLand campus is home to an inclusive and welcoming environment enriched with opportunities for everyone to have fun, learn, grow and find their place.\nStudent Life Overview\nLiving on Campus\nGetting Involved\nStudent Success\nStudent Wellness\nGulfport Campus\nThe Gulfport campus, home to Stetson Law, has opportunities and diverse organizations for students to develop and display their talents in a variety of places.\nCampus Life\nClinics and Externships\nAcademic Success\nStudy Abroad\nCareer Services\nAthletics Menu\nKnown as the Hatters, Stetson University has 18 NCAA Division I teams that compete in the Atlantic Sun Conference, Pioneer Football League and Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference.\nAthletics\nSports\nSchedules\nTickets\nDirections\nMerchandise\nSupporting Athletics\nWebpage Menu\nHome\nMulticultural Student Council\nAbout MSC\nMulticultural Student Organizations\nMSC Awards\nMSC Officers\nWISE Program\nAbout WISE\nWISE FAQs\nSummer Bridge Day\nWISE Cohort\nSafe Zone\nAbout Safe Zone\nAlly Training\nSafe Zone Resources\nEvents\nCultural Holidays & Heritage Celebrations\nMLK Week of Action\nLavender Banquet\nPride Month Resources\nJuneteenth\nTrainings\nStaff Directory\nResources\nReport Unequal Treatment\nMulticultural Student Support Fund\nStetson Green Book\nUndocumented Student Resources\nStetson University\nOffice of Diversity and Inclusion\nMulticultural Student Organizations\nThe organizations listed on this page are recognized groups that fall under the Multicultural Student Council. If you don't see a group that looks interesting to you, Stetson University has over 100 recognized student organizations, and if you still don't find one that interests you, it's easy to start your own!\nExpand/Collapse All\nAfrican Student Union\nThe African Students' Union at Stetson is like a community of friends who have met after a long time apart. Coming from different backgrounds like Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Zambia, Ghana, South Africa, Uganda, Rwanda, and more, ASU has become more than just a group of people coming from a particular region in the world to a place where difference is celebrated and shared. Through our events and collaborations, we introduce a glimpse of our world to the Stetson community and beyond, addressing stereotypes and creating new understandings about the African continent. Join ASU today and share in that friendship, culture, and diversity.\nAsian Pacific American Coalition\nThe goal of the Asian Pacific American Coalition is to promote awareness about Asian Pacific culture and experience in America. This organization was established in December 2012 and is open to everyone, regardless of culture and heritage.\nBlack Student Association\nThe Black Student Association is one of the many cultural organizations dedicated to providing positive cultural, intellectual and social activities for all students at Stetson University. We are an association in which African-American students with similar interests and views can come together as a unified voice. As a result, we help to create a positive self-identity among our members and others through community involvement and campus interaction.\nCaribbean StudentAssociation\nThe Caribbean Student Association strives to educate the Stetson University community about Caribbean culture and diversity. We promote equality and provide various events to celebrate the many Caribbean countries. The CSA has established a network of support that fosters a Caribbean family with the goal of improving cultural diversity on campus by expanding our organization. Come join our home away from home!\nJewish Student Organization\nThe purpose of the Jewish Student Organization/Hillel is to provide Jewish cultural and religious experiences to the Stetson University community.\nKaleidoscope\nKaleidoscope, Stetson University's Gay/Straight Alliance, is a community-based organization that actively pursues opportunities to promote acceptance, friendship and partnership of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and straight communities. We work to create a supportive atmosphere for GLBTQ and allied students to discuss their feelings and thoughts about sexual orientation and gender identity. Through education and awareness initiatives, we hope to reduce anti-gay violence, harassment and discrimination by promoting a greater understanding between students, school administration and the local community.\nLatinx Student Union\nTheLatinx Student Union (LSU) is about being united, united within our Latinx community and with our allies. LSU fosters a family environment for students, as well as a safe space on campus, offering networking opportunities between Latinx students, faculty, and alumni. LSU strives to foster an environment where Latinx students feel welcomed and accepted to improve and enhance their overall success and experience as Hatters. LSU will strive to educate our Stetson community about Latinx culture and its diversity to advocate in areas of civic engagement, civil rights, immigration, education, health, and housing. Being united makes us stronger.Join LSU\nMiddle Eastern & North African Association\nThe Middle Eastern & North African Association is going to provide Stetson students an opportunity to discover Arab, Middle Eastern, and North African cultures through the exploration of food, language, music, dancing, costume, and other cultural traditions. MENAA will also serve as a platform to connect Arab students to each other and introduce all Hatters to different aspects of Arab culture, thus enriching their college experience.\nMuslim Student Association\nThe Muslim Student Association's purpose is to educate people about the Muslim culture and religion. It is open to all who want to know more about the religion of Islam.\nStetson Organization for Native American Revitalization\nSONAR is a student organization created to educate and involve the Stetson community with Native American culture, history and traditions.\nCross-Cultural Center\n421 N. Woodland Blvd.\nUnit 8413\nDeLand, Florida 32723\nEmail: tri-c@stetson.edu\nPhone: 386-822-7401\nFax: 386-822-8167\nA-Z Index\nEmployment\nPrivacy Policy\nNondiscrimination / Title IX\nWebsite Feedback\nContact Us\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nYouTube\nTikTok\n Stetson University", "url": "https://www.stetson.edu/administration/odi/multicultural-student-council/organizations.php" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Multicultural Student Council - Florida Southern College in Lakeland, FL\nSkip To Content\nCurrent Students\nFaculty/Staff\nParents/Family\nLibrary/Archives\nAlumni/Giving\nFrank Lloyd Wright\nPresidential Search\nGive\nRequest Info\nVisit\nApply\nAbout FSC\nLeadership\nFacts and Figures\nDirections to FSC\nFrank Lloyd Wright\nPolk Museum of Art\nFSC Values\nNews Center\nContact Us\nAcademic Life\nAcademic Programs\nAcademic Calendar\nEngaged Learning\nAcademic Centers\nCampus Life\nArts and Culture\nClubs and More\nCollege Housing\nDining Experience\nFSC Traditions\nGreek Life\nWellness\nAdmissions\nUndergraduate\nAdult and Graduate\nAthletics\nFSC Mocs\nGive to Athletics\nMarketing/PR\nSearch\nSubmit\nMulticultural Student Council\nThe mission of the Multicultural Student Council (MSC) is to plan and implement informative and entertaining cultural awareness programs, provide leadership opportunities, and provide a global learning environment to expand cultural knowledge and experiences.\nMSC Officers2021-2022 MSC OfficersPresidentJollice BoydVice PresidentSophia FranciscoSecretaryValentina MontoyaProgramming ChairNatasha GomezPublic Relations ChairRachel Williams\nQuestions? Contact\nEngage\nView on Engage\n111 Lake Hollingsworth Drive\nLakeland, FL 33801\n863.680.4111\nOffice Directory\nLibrary and Archives\nCompliance and Disclosures\nFaculty Directory\nCampus Map\nWeb Accessibility\nSchools and Divisions\nCampus Safety\nWeb Privacy Policy\nDirections to FSC\nEmployment\nSexual Respect and Title IX\nCopyright 2024 Florida Southern College\nFeedback", "url": "https://www.flsouthern.edu/my-fsc/student-clubs-and-organizations-directory/multicultural-student-council" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "CEI Initiatives and Support // Office of Inclusion and Belonging // Marquette University\nSkip to content\nmarquette.edu //\nSearch //\nA-Z Index //\nGive to Marquette\nMarquette UniversityCenter for Engagement and Inclusion\nCenter for Engagement and Inclusion\nAbout\nAligned with the missions of Marquette University and Division of Student Affairs, Engagement and Inclusion supports the moral, ethical, social and spiritual development of our students.\nAbout Us\nEvent and Programming Calendar\nStudent Employment\nCenters\nCenter for Engagement and Inclusion\nLGBTQ+ Resource Center\nRISE\nRISE, Ready to Inspire Success and Excellence, is a unique orientation for multicultural and underrepresented students.\nCenter for Engagement and Inclusion\nFirst-generation College Students\nInitiatives and Support\nRISE\nRISELGBTQ+Student Engagement\nCampus Activities\nCommuter Students\nSorority and Fraternity Life\nStudent Organizations\nContact Us\nMarquette.edu//Office of Inclusion and Belonging//Center for Engagement and Inclusion//CEI Initiatives and SupportThe Center for Engagement and Inclusion is staffed by full-time professionals, graduate assistants, and student program assistants. The Center offers a space for students to study, hang out, and socialize, and is open for reservation by student organizations.Our core initiatves include the following:\nCultural Month Celebrations\nCultural Programming\nCommunity Building\nResources and Advocacy\nMulticultural Student Council (MSC)\nSocial Justice Education and Programs\nReady to Inspire Success and Excellence (RISE)\nFirst Generation Student Success\nCultural Month Celebrationsand Cultural Programs\nExpand all | Collapse all\nCultural Month Celebrations\nOpportunities torecognize, appreciate, and uplift our cultural diversity\nSeptember:Latinx and Hispanic Heritage Month\nOctober: LGBTQ+ History Month and Filipino American Heritage Month\nNovember: Native American Heritage Month\nDecember: Universal Human Rights Month\nFebruary: Black History Month\nMarch: Women's History Month\nApril/May: Asian Pacific Islander and Desi American Heritage Month\nMulticultural Welcomes\nOpportunity during Orientation Weekend open to students of all classes whie connecting with organizations, faculty, and staff.\nAkwaaba: Black and African Student and Community Welcome\nMiddle Eastern and APIDA (Asian Pacific Islander and Desi American) Student and Community Welcome\nBienvenidos: Latinx and Hispanic Student and Community Welcome\nNative and Indigenous Multicultural Student and Community Welcome\nCultural Holidays\nCesar Chavez Day\nIdigenous Peoples Day\nDia De Los Muertos\nLunar New Year\nEnd of Year Celebrations\nBlockquette: Block party for our Multicultural Student Organizations and Students of Color\nUnity Graduation:Ceremony recognizing our Graduates Color\nCommunity Building\nExpand all | Collapse all\nCommunity Circles\nOpportunities to support students from historically underrepresented and marginalized commmunities to strengthen their connection with each other and to the Marquette community.\n7alaqa:Support for Muslim Women\nBlack Queens:Support for Black Women\nBrother to Brother:Support forMen of Color\nCaf Con Leche: Support for Spanish-Speaking Community\nDreamers Discussion Group: Support for DREAMers and Undocumented students\nContact CEI at CEI@Marquette.edufor more information\nThe Gathering: Support for Graduate Students of Color\nLatinas Unidas: Support for Latinx and Hispanic Women\nTalk Story: Support for Asian Pacific Islander Desi American Community\nKickbacks\nOpportunities for students to socialize and partake in fellowship among peers while playing games and more.\nFirst Friday: February 18, 4:00 p.m. at CEI - AMU 111\nNext Friday: March 25, 4:00 p.m. at CEI - AMU 111\nFriday After Next:April 22, 4:00 p.m. at CEI - AMU 111\nResources and Advocacy\nExpand all | Collapse all\nUndocumented Students\nAs a Catholic, Jesuit school, Marquette University stands with our undocumented students and is committed to providing accurate information and resources for current and prospective undocumented students, their families, and allies.\nIn alignment with these efforts, the Center for Engagement and Inclusion serves as a support to the DREAMer Support Committee and serves as a connection the the DREAMers group.\nSee additional information regardingUndocumented Student Resources.\nAdvocacy\nOpportunities to support and advocate for the needs and experiences of students to promote an inclusive campus climate.\nBias Incident Reporting Protocol: This initiative seeks to provide members of the Marquette Community with an online resource to report bias incidents and acts of intolerance.\nDSA Diversity Committee (Student Involvement Sub-Committee)\nMulticultural Student Council\nExpand all | Collapse all\nMulticultural Student Council Mission\nThe mission of the Multicultural Student Council (MSC) is to unite the multicultural student body by providing a space that encourages event collaborations across intersecting identities. This council aims to create a sense of belonging within multicultural students by providing them with the resources needed to effect change within their communities. MSC aims to accomplish the following:\nMSC aims to bridge the gap between faculty, staff, and students by creating a safe space for students to directly express their problems and concerns.\nMSC aims to facilitate action based social justice initiatives within the Marquette community.\nMSC aims to unite cultural student organizations through programming collaborations and community building.\nMSC aims to support the personal and professional development of student leaders.\nMSC aims to promote social awareness and the importance of understanding and embracing differences.\nMulticultural Student Organizations\nHispanic/Latinx Organizations\nHispanic Professionals of Greater Milwaukee\nLatin American Student Organization\nPaso A Paso\nBallet Folklorico\nAsian Pacific Islander Desi American Organizations\nBayanihan Student Organization\nChinese Culture and Charity Club\nChinese Student and Scholars Association\nIndian Student Association\nPakistan Student Association\nEast Asian Cultural Organization\nWe Are SAATH\nMU Bhangra Academy\nKultura\nBlack Diaspora\nAfrican Student Association\nBlack Student Council\nNational Association for the Advance of Colored People\nNational Society of Black Engineers\nCultural\nGender Sexuality Alliance\nNative American Student Association\nArabic Culture and Language Club\nMuslim Student Association\nSororities and Fraternities\nAlpha Kappa Alpha Sorority\nAlpha Phi Alpha Fraternity\nKappa Alpha Psi Fraternity\nSigma Gamma Rho Sorority\nSigma Lambda Beta Fraternity\nSigma Lambda Gamma Sorority\nDelta Xi Phi Sorority\nContact CEI@Marquette.edu if you are interested in any organization or believe one may be missing.\nSocial Justice Education and Programs\nExpand all | Collapse all\nSocial Justice Education Workshops\nOpportunities to raise awareness and educate organization leaders, peer educators, and students on topics of social justice. CEI offers the following workshops:\nIdentity 101\nIdentity 201\nDifficult Dialogues\nStereotypes and Biases\nAllyship\nDREAMZone\nJustice in Action Conference\nAn annual conference focused on advocacy skill development and education on social justice issues. Thisone-day conference will help you explore your role in affecting social change, especially in the context of a Jesuit institution.\nWho should attend?\nEveryone is welcome! If you have been involved in service, if you care about inequality, if you want Marquette to be an inclusive community, care about our Jesuit mission, if you are an experienced activist, or if you just want to learn more Join us! Students of all levels are welcome, including graduate students.\nWhat does the conference cost?\nThanks to MUSG and many other student orgs and several MU departments and offices, the conference is free and includes a gift bag and lunch for the first 100 participants. Your commitment and participation is payment!\nReady to Inspire Success and Excellence (RISE)\nExpand all | Collapse all\nRISE\nRISE is afreeand uniquemulticultural pre-orientation program for underrepresented first-year students.RISE is hosted by the Office of Engagement and Inclusion with tremendous support fromthe Office of Undergraduate Admissions, the Office of Diversity and Inclusion, and the Division of Student Affairs.\nOfferings\nA first opportunity establish connections and networks with faculty, staff, and peers.\nSessions to ask questions and learn more about how to survive and thrive during freshman year.\nAn atmosphere that promotes positive attitudes and stimulates a vibrant learning environment.\nAn exclusive cultural and historical tour through Milwaukees neighborhoods.\nSupportive relationships and constructive feedback to help students make well-informed decisions.\nFirst Generation Student Success\nExpand all | Collapse all\nFirst Generation College Students\nTo learn more about the events of the day and the ways in which the Division supports students who identify as first, please visitthe Division of Student Affairs First Generation Students website.\nFirst Generation Programs\nFirst Gen Day\nThe Center for Engagement and Inclusion celebrated its first National First Gen Day in 2019 on November 7.\nFirst Gen, First Fridays\nOpportunities to connect with fellow first generation college students for support, community building, resources, and more.\nQuick Links\nCenter for Engagement and Inclusion\nStaff\nRISE\nCEI Initiatives and Support\nSocial Justice Education\nCultural Month Celebrations\nUnity Graduation\nContact Us\nCenter for Engagement and InclusionAlumni Memorial Union, Suite 111(414) 288-7205cei@marquette.edu\nPROBLEM WITH THIS WEBPAGE?\nReport an accessibility problem\nTo report another problem, please contact cei@marquette.edu.\nLocation\nMarquette University\nAlumni Memorial Union, 121\nMilwaukee, WI 53233\nPhone: (414) 288-4274\nKey Resources\nCampus contacts\nCampus map\nContact us\nSearch marquette.edu\neMarq\nCheckMarq\nD2L\nMyJob\nMARQUETTE A to Z\nABCDEFGHIJKLM NOPQRSTUVWXYZ\nPrivacy Policy Legal Disclaimer Non-Discrimination Policy Accessible Technology\n 2024 Marquette University", "url": "https://www.marquette.edu/inclusion-belonging/center/cei-initiatives-and-support.php" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "First Multicultural Student Celebration Set for April 19 - Stetson Today\nAnnouncements\nEvents\nMagazine\nSocial\nFor Media\nQuick Links\nA-Z Index\nArts and Culture\nCalendar\nCanvas\nEmail (@stetson.edu)\nGreen Pages\nLibraries\nMyStetson\nStetson University\nToggle navigation\nAnnouncements\nEvents\nMagazine\nSocial\nFor Media\nQuick Links\nA-Z Index\nArts and Culture\nCalendar\nCanvas\nEmail (@stetson.edu)\nGreen Pages\nLibraries\nMyStetson\nStetson University\nSearch for:Search Button\nx\nSearch\nSearch Label\nSubmit\nFirst Multicultural Student Celebration Set for April 19\nAndrea Mujica\nApril 12, 2024\nThe Multicultural Student Celebration will combine two separate multicultural events, Sankofa and the MSC Awards, for the first time this year.\nThe Office of Diversity and Inclusion and the Multicultural Student Council will host the firstMulticultural Student Celebrationfrom 6 to 9:30 p.m. Friday, April 19, in the Stetson Room at the Carlton Union Building.\nErin Dogette, PhD\nThe event embodies Stetsons commitment to diversity and inclusion, showcasing the strength and resilience of its multicultural student body, said Erin Doggette, new Director of Diversity and Inclusion. Students can learn about the rich histories, cultures and contributions of their peers as the event inspires academic and personal growth by highlighting persistence, community and leadership.\nCarmen Johnson, JD\nThe event will begin with opening remarks by Doggette, followed by a speech from keynote speaker Carmen Johnson JD 12, executive officer for Institutional Inclusive Excellence. Then, members of the Stetson Community will distribute the stoles to graduating students prior to the passing of the Torch and Toast featuring Stetson alum Chase Brown 21, MBA 23.\nRev. Todd Campbell\nPrior to dinner,Rev.Todd Campbell, University Chaplain and Director of Religious and Spiritual Life, will lead the interfaithblessing. The MSC awards ceremony will take place after dinner followed by the new MSC Board introductions.\nThis event is vital for celebrating the hard work and dedication of historically marginalized and underrepresented students. It symbolizes the commitment to fostering an inclusive, empowering environment that values diversity, Doggette said. This years celebration will feature the integration of three new MSC organizations and offer stoles for first-generation WISE Peer MentoringProgram students for the first time.\nIn previous years, the new Multicultural StudentCelebrationevent was hosted as two separate events: Sankofa and MSC Awards.\nDavion Belk, MBA\nTo me, the most important thing is that the experience is enhanced, saidDavionBelk16 MBA 20,deputy chief of staff and student success advocate. I think having one event instead of spreading resourcesacrosstwo, it allows for that. It is important that the Multicultural StudentCelebrationstill holds some of the tradition of both events combined in a way that flows well. That was very important for us, having one event honoring two different things.\nDue to a number of attacks on different ethnic groups, Stetson implemented the inclusion of the celebration of Sankofa during the 2000s. Sankofa is a Twi word from the Akan Tribe of Ghana that loosely translates to Go back and get it. Its literal translation comes from an Akan proverb that reads, It is not taboo to go back for what you forgot or left behind.\nPatrick Coggins, PhD, JD, LLD\nThere were national attacks on African American and other ethnic groups by the increasing number of hate groups in Florida, said Senior Professor of Education Patrick Coggins, PhD, JD, LLD.The faculty and staff thought that one way to counteract this negative anti-African American trend was to focus on teaching and spreading the word about the rich history and contributions of African Americans to the United States and the world.\nThe MSC Awards offers multicultural student organizations and students a space to be recognized for their continuous work and efforts to integrate diversity through awareness and recruitment of new students, as well as the impact that work haswithin the university and its community.\nCayla Skeete\nAs the Multicultural Student Council Chair from 2022 to 2024, I had the privilege of spearheading various impactful events alongside the MSC executive board, revitalizing our campus with cultural diversity and engagement, senior student Cayla Skeete said. Through the awards ceremony, MSC organizations are honored for their dedication and hard work, with accolades like President of the Year, Organization of the Year, and Most Outstanding Program of the Year.\nAll members of the Stetson family are welcome to attend. If attending, pleaseRSVPto the event.\nThis campus event is a celebration of our students success with a particular focus on the seniors, Coggins said. This is critical for students to leave our university on a positive note with a sense of belonging and respect for each persons cultural background.\n Andrea Mujica\nPost navigation\nStetson Night at Orlando Pride Soccer Game toRecognize Coaches Bria and Hernandez, April 19Stetson Showcase of Undergraduate Research and Creativity, April 16\nAcceptance and Support: Two Keys to Celebrating AAPI Month\nAndrea Mujica\nMay 5, 2024\nStetsons Jewish Community Celebrates Heritage in Honor of Yom HaShoah\nAndrea Mujica\nMay 5, 2024\nFirst Multicultural Student Celebration a Success\nAndrea Mujica\nMay 3, 2024\nCongratulations, Class of 2024!\nVideo Playerhttps://youtu.be/eT7YhOOE9rk00:0000:0000:00Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume.Hatter Headliners, Class of '24Dominique Robinson, From Learning To TeachingRobert Isaac Choate, Everything Happens For a ReasonIsabel Barbato, From Stetson to YaleIsabella Thomsen, Onward to Vanderbilt UniversityAlonso Tang, The First One in His Family to Attend College in the United States AthleticsHatters are Headed to Tallahassee for NCAA RegionalStetson Baseball to Hold Watch Party for Selection ShowStetson Claim ASUN Title with 5-3 Victory over Kennesaw StateStatement From the Atlantic Sun ConferenceStetson Knocks Off Austin Peay in 5-3 Win\nSTORY IDEA?\nStetson Today is your news outlet at Stetson University. We provide you with the latest breaking news and videos straight from campus.\nContact us: news@stetson.edu\nSUBSCRIBE\nSubscribe to our weekly e-newsletter, Top Stories from Stetson Today.\n|\nDirectory\nMaps and Directions\nContact", "url": "https://www2.stetson.edu/today/2024/04/first-multicultural-student-celebration-set-for-april-19/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Student Organizations - Multicultural Student Council | Winthrop University\nSkip to main contentApply NowQuick LinksEmailWingspanBlackboardMapZoomEagle Engage SearchSite\nPeople\nGo! AdmissionsUndergraduateGraduateAdult LearnersTransferMilitary/VeteransInternationalDual EnrollmentVisitUndergraduate & Transfer StudentsAdult Undergraduate StudentsGraduate StudentsVirtual TourExplore Our AreaTuition & AidFinancial AidCurrent CostScholarshipsGraduate StudentsApplying for AidNet Price CalculatorStudent Financial ServicesAcademicsMajors & ProgramsAcademic Colleges & DepartmentsStudy AbroadDacus LibraryResources and Support ServicesRecords & RegistrationCampus LifeJust for Incoming StudentsDean of StudentsActivities & OrganizationsCenter for Career Development and InternshipsDiversity & Student EngagementFitness & RecreationFraternities & Sororities Center for Student WellnessCampus Safety & SecurityResidence LifeDining ServicesBookstoreAboutMy Winthrop ExperienceHistory & TraditionsOffice of the PresidentStrategic PlanInstitutional EffectivenessAthleticsArtsGivingMake a GiftUniversity AdvancementAlumni AssociationEagle ClubSite\nPeople\nGo!\nAdmissions\nUndergraduateGraduateAdult LearnersTransferMilitary/VeteransInternationalDual Enrollment\nVisit\nUndergraduate & Transfer StudentsAdult Undergraduate StudentsGraduate StudentsVirtual TourExplore Our Area\nTuition & Aid\nFinancial AidCurrent CostScholarshipsGraduate StudentsApplying for AidNet Price CalculatorStudent Financial Services\nAcademics\nMajors & ProgramsAcademic Colleges & DepartmentsStudy AbroadDacus LibraryResources and Support ServicesRecords & Registration\nCampus Life\nJust for Incoming StudentsDean of StudentsActivities & OrganizationsCenter for Career Development and InternshipsDiversity & Student EngagementFitness & RecreationFraternities & Sororities Center for Student WellnessCampus Safety & SecurityResidence LifeDining ServicesBookstore\nAbout\nMy Winthrop ExperienceHistory & TraditionsOffice of the PresidentStrategic PlanInstitutional EffectivenessAthleticsArts\nGiving\nMake a GiftUniversity AdvancementAlumni AssociationEagle Club\nChoose your path\nFuture StudentsParents & FamiliesVisitorsAlumniFaculty & StaffCurrent Students\nQuick Links\nEmailWingspanBlackboardMapZoomEagle EngageApply Now\nPreviousNext\nHome\nStudent Organizations\nMulticultural Student Council\nMulticultural Student Council\nActive for 2018-2019\nType of Organization: CulturalOrganization E-mail: mscouncil@winthrop.eduPurpose of Organization: To assist Multicultural Student Life with planning and coordinating programs to promote\nan inclusive community amongst Winthrop students. MSC will serve as a programming\nboard and assist MSL with monthly activities and events. There will be a program coordinator\nfor each event who will work with their specific committee to create a successful,\ninclusive celebration.Description of Organization: The Multicultural Student Council operates as a programming board, working to provide\nthe student community with programs and events that support a just and inclusive university.\nOur objective is to make available to the Winthrop University student body opportunities\nfor participation in activities and events that enhance their awareness of diversity,\nencouraging them to learn more about themselves and others.Planned Projects/Events: Kwanzaa Celebration; MLK Celebration; Asian Lunar New Year; Women's Achievement Celebration;\nInternational Peace Day; LGBT History Jeopardy\nRelated Links\nClub Sports\nCouncil of Student Leaders\nDiGiorgio Campus Center\nEmerging Leaders\nFraternity & Sorority Affairs\nStudent Engagement & Diversity\nStudent Affairs\nStudent Allocations\nStudent Catering Guide (pdf)\nTip 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Now\nOffice of Accessibility\nA-Z Index\nPrivacy Policy\nText Version\nWeb Accessibility\nWeb Site Feedback\nTitle IX\nCopyright 2024\nLast Updated: 11/16/23", "url": "https://www.winthrop.edu/studentorgs/multicultural-student-council.aspx" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Student Council for Multicultural Affairs | Multicultural Center\nSkip to main content\nMy.EOU Portal Current Students Faculty/Staff\nApply\nVisit\nRequest Info\nGive Now\nSubmit\nAcademics\nAcademics\nOn Campus Programs\nOnline Programs\nColleges of Study\nAcademic Calendar\nAcademic Catalog\nRegistrar\nAdmissions\nAdmissions\nFreshman\nTransfer\nInternational Students\nVirtual Tour\nVisit EOU\nRequest Info\nScholarships\nTuition & Fees\nFinancial Aid\nAthletics\nCampus Life\nCampus Life\nStudent Services\nHousing\nClubs & Organizations\nCommunity\nRecreation\nAlumni & Foundation\nNews & Events\nAbout\nAbout\nThe Eastern Edge\nLeadership\nHistory\nMission\nDirectories / Find People\nEastern Oregon University > 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Scarlett Johansson - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life\n2Acting career\nToggle Acting career subsection\n2.119942002: Early work and breakthrough\n2.220032004: Transition to adult roles\n2.320052009: Collaborations with Woody Allen\n2.420102013: Marvel Cinematic Universe and worldwide recognition\n2.520142020: Blockbuster films and critical acclaim\n2.62021present: Black Widow and lawsuit\n3Music career\n4Public image\n5Personal life\n6Philanthropy\n7Political views\n8See also\n9Notes\n10References\n11Further reading\n12External links\nToggle the table of contents\nScarlett Johansson\n132 languages\nAfrikaansAnarkielAragonsAsturianuAzrbaycanca / Bn-lm-g ()Bikol CentralBosanskiBrezhonegCatalCebuanoetinaCorsuCymraegDanskDeutschDolnoserbskiEestiEmilin e rumagnlEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFroysktFranaisFryskGaeilgeGaelgGalegoHausaHrvatskiIdoIlokanoBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueslenskaItalianoJawa / KaszbscziKiswahiliKurdLatinaLatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviLimburgsMagyarBahasa MelayuNederlandsNapulitanoNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskNovialOccitanOzbekcha / PangasinanPiemontisPlattdtschPolskiPortugusRomn SarduScotsShqipSicilianuSimple EnglishSloveninaSloveninalnskiSoomaaligaSranantongo / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTagalogTrkeVnetoTing VitVolapkWalonWinarayZazakiemaitka\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadView sourceView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadView sourceView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikiquote\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAmerican actress (born 1984)\nScarlett JohanssonJohansson in 2019BornScarlett Ingrid Johansson (1984-11-22) November 22, 1984 (age39)New York City, U.S.CitizenshipUnited StatesDenmarkOccupationActressYearsactive1994presentWorksPerformancesdiscographySpouses\nRyan Reynolds\n (m.2008; div.2011)\nRomain Dauriac\n (m.2014; div.2017)\nColin Jost (m.2020)Children2RelativesEjner Johansson (grandfather)AwardsFull listSignature\nScarlett Ingrid Johansson (/dohnsn/[1] born November 22, 1984) is an American actress and singer. The world's highest-paid actress in 2018 and 2019, she has been featured multiple times on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list. Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2021. Johansson's films have grossed over $15.4billion worldwide, making her the highest-grossing box office female star of all time. She has received various accolades, including a British Academy Film Award, a Tony Award, and nominations for two Academy Awards and five Golden Globe Awards.\nJohansson first appeared on stage in an off-Broadway play as a child actor. She made her film debut in the fantasy comedy North (1994) and gained early recognition for her roles in Manny & Lo (1996), The Horse Whisperer (1998), and Ghost World (2001). Her shift to adult roles came in 2003 with Lost in Translation, for which she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress. She continued to gain praise for playing a 17th-century servant in Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003), a troubled teenager in A Love Song for Bobby Long (2004) and a seductress in Match Point (2005). The latter marked her first collaboration with Woody Allen, who later directed her in Scoop (2006) and Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008). Johansson's other works of this period include The Prestige (2006) and the albums Anywhere I Lay My Head (2008) and Break Up (2009), both of which charted on the Billboard 200.\nIn 2010, Johansson debuted on Broadway in a revival of A View from the Bridge, which won her the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play, and began portraying Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Iron Man 2. She reprised the role in eight films, leading up to her solo feature Black Widow (2021), gaining global stardom. During this period, Johansson starred in the science fiction films Her (2013), Under the Skin (2013) and Lucy (2014). She received two simultaneous Academy Award nominationsBest Actress and Best Supporting Actressfor the respective roles of an actress going through a divorce in the drama Marriage Story (2019) and a single mother in Nazi Germany in the satire Jojo Rabbit (2019), becoming one of the few actors to achieve this feat.\nLabeled a sex symbol, Johansson has been referred to as one of the world's most attractive women by various media outlets. She is a prominent brand endorser and supports several charitable causes. Divorced from actor Ryan Reynolds and businessman Romain Dauriac, Johansson has been married to comedian Colin Jost since 2020. She has two children, one with Dauriac and another with Jost.\nEarly life\nThe Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute, where Johansson learned to act as a child\nScarlett Ingrid Johansson was born on November 22, 1984, in the Manhattan borough of New York City.[2][3][4] Johansson's father, Karsten Olaf Johansson, is an architect originally from Copenhagen, Denmark. Through him, she is a granddaughter of Ejner Johansson, an art historian, screenwriter, and film director, whose own father was Swedish.[5][4] Her mother, New Yorker Melanie Sloan, has worked as a producer. She comes from an Ashkenazi Jewish family who fled Poland and Russia, originally surnamed Schlamberg,[4] and Johansson identifies as Jewish.[6][7][8] She has an older sister named Vanessa, who is also an actress, an older brother named Adrian, and a twin brother named Hunter.[9] Johansson also has an older half-brother named Christian from her father's first marriage, and holds dual American and Danish citizenship.[10][11] On a 2017 episode of PBS's Finding Your Roots, she discovered that her maternal great-grandfather's brother and extended family died during the Holocaust in the Warsaw Ghetto.[12]\nJohansson attended PS 41, an elementary school in Greenwich Village, Manhattan.[13] Her parents divorced when she was thirteen.[14] She was particularly close to her maternal grandmother, Dorothy Sloan, a bookkeeper and schoolteacher. They often spent time together and Johansson considered Dorothy her best friend.[15] Interested in a career in the spotlight from an early age, Johansson often put on song-and-dance routines for her family. She was particularly fond of musical theater and jazz hands.[16][17] Johansson took lessons in tap dance, and states that her parents were supportive of her career choice. She has described her childhood as very ordinary.[18]\nAs a child, Johansson practiced acting by staring in the mirror until she made herself cry, wanting to be like Judy Garland in Meet Me in St. Louis. At age seven, she was devastated when a talent agent signed one of her brothers instead of her, but later decided to become an actress anyway. After enrolling at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute and auditioning for commercials, Johansson soon lost interest, stating \"I didn't want to promote Wonder Bread.\"[19] She shifted her focus to film and theater,[20] making her first stage appearance with two lines in the off-Broadway play Sophistry with Ethan Hawke.[21][20] Around this time, Johansson began studying at the Professional Children's School, a private educational institution for aspiring child actors in Manhattan.[16]\nActing career\nSee also: Scarlett Johansson on screen and stage and List of awards and nominations received by Scarlett Johansson\n19942002: Early work and breakthrough\nAt age nine, Johansson made her film debut as John Ritter's daughter in the fantasy comedy North (1994).[20] She says that when she was on the film set, she knew intuitively what to do.[19] She later played minor roles such as the daughter of Sean Connery's and Kate Capshaw's characters in the mystery thriller Just Cause (1995), and an art student in If Lucy Fell (1996).[22] Johansson's first leading role was as Amanda, the younger sister of a pregnant teenager who runs away from her foster home in Manny & Lo (1996) alongside Aleksa Palladino and her brother, Hunter. Her performance received positive reviews: one written for the San Francisco Chronicle noted, \"[the film] grows on you, largely because of the charm of... Scarlett Johansson,\"[23] while critic Mick LaSalle, writing for the same paper, commented on her \"peaceful aura\", and believed, \"If she can get through puberty with that aura undisturbed, she could become an important actress.\"[24] Johansson earned a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Female for the role.[25]\nAfter appearing in minor roles in Fall and Home Alone 3 (both in 1997), Johansson attracted wider attention for her performance in the film The Horse Whisperer (1998), co-starring director Robert Redford.[20][26] Based on the 1995 novel of the same name by Nicholas Evans, the drama tells the story of a talented horse trainer, who is hired to help an injured teenager (Johansson) and her horse back to health. Johansson received an \"introducing\" credit on this film; it was her seventh role. On Johansson's maturity, Redford described her as \"13 going on 30\".[27] Todd McCarthy of Variety commented that Johansson \"convincingly conveys the awkwardness of her age and the inner pain of a carefree girl suddenly laid low by horrible happenstance\".[28] For the film, she was nominated for the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Most Promising Actress.[29] She believed that the film changed many things in her life, realizing that acting is the ability to manipulate one's emotions.[30] On finding good roles as a teenager, Johansson said it was hard for her as adults wrote the scripts and they \"portray kids like mall rats and not seriously... Kids and teenagers just aren't being portrayed with any real depth.\"[31]\nJohansson later appeared in My Brother the Pig (1999) and in the Coen brothers' neo-noir film The Man Who Wasn't There (2001). Her breakthrough came playing a cynical outcast in Terry Zwigoff's black comedy Ghost World (2001), an adaptation of Daniel Clowes' graphic novel of the same name.[32] Johansson auditioned for the film via a tape from New York, and Zwigoff believed her to be \"a unique, eccentric person, and right for that part\".[33] The film premiered at the 2001 Seattle International Film Festival; although a box office failure, it has since developed a cult status.[34] Johansson was credited with \"sensitivity and talent [that] belie her age\" by an Austin Chronicle critic and won a Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.[35][36]\nWith David Arquette, Johansson appeared in the horror comedy Eight Legged Freaks (2002) about a collection of spiders exposed to toxic waste, causing them to grow gigantic and begin killing animals and people.[37] After graduating from Professional Children's School that year, she applied to New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, but was rejected, and decided to focus on her film career.[38]\n20032004: Transition to adult roles\nJohansson transitioned from teen to adult roles with two films in 2003: the romantic comedy-drama Lost in Translation and the drama Girl with a Pearl Earring.[39] In the former, directed by Sofia Coppola, she plays Charlotte, a listless and lonely young wife, opposite Bill Murray. Coppola had first noticed Johansson in Manny & Lo, and compared her to a young Lauren Bacall; Coppola based the film's story on the relationship between Bacall and Humphrey Bogart in The Big Sleep (1946).[40] Johansson found the experience of working with a female director different because of Coppola's ability to empathize with her.[41] Made on a budget of $4million, the film grossed $119million at the box office and received critical acclaim.[42][43] Roger Ebert was pleased with the film and described the lead actors' performances as \"wonderful\",[44] and Entertainment Weekly wrote of Johansson's \"embracing, restful serenity\".[45] The New York Times praised Johansson, aged 17 at the time of filming, for playing an older character.[46]\nJohansson attending the premiere of Girl with a Pearl Earring at the 2003 Toronto International Film Festival\nIn Peter Webber's Girl with a Pearl Earring, which is based on the novel of the same name by Tracy Chevalier, Johansson played Griet, a young 17th-century servant in the household of the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer (played by Colin Firth). Webber interviewed 150 actors before casting Johansson.[47] Johansson found the character moving, but did not read the novel, as she thought it was better to approach the story with a fresh start.[48] Girl with a Pearl Earring received positive reviews and was profitable.[49] In his review for The New Yorker, Anthony Lane thought that her presence kept the film \"alive\", writing, \"She is often wordless and close to plain onscreen, but wait for the ardor with which she can summon a closeup and bloom under its gaze; this is her film, not Vermeer's, all the way.\"[50] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly noted her \"nearly silent performance\", remarking, \"The interplay on her face of fear, ignorance, curiosity, and sex is intensely dramatic.\"[51] She was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress[a] for both films in 2003, winning the former for Lost in Translation.[53]\nIn Variety's opinion, Johansson's roles in Lost in Translation and Girl with a Pearl Earring established her as among the most versatile actresses of her generation.[26] Johansson had five releases in 2004, three of whichthe teen heist film The Perfect Score, the drama A Love Song for Bobby Long, and the drama A Good Womanwere critical and commercial failures.[54] Co-starring with John Travolta, Johansson played a discontented teenager in A Love Song for Bobby Long, which is based on the novel Off Magazine Street by Ronald Everett Capps. David Rooney of Variety wrote that Johansson's and Travolta's performances rescued the film.[55] Johansson earned a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama nomination for the film.[52]\nIn her fourth release in 2004, the live-action animated comedy The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, Johansson voiced Princess Mindy, the daughter of King Neptune. She agreed to the project because of her love of cartoons, particularly The Ren & Stimpy Show.[56] The film was her most commercially successful release that year.[54] She would then reprise her role as Mindy in the video game adaptation of the film.[57] She followed it with In Good Company, a comedy-drama in which she plays a young woman who complicates her father's life when she dates his much younger boss. Reviews of the film were generally positive, describing it as \"witty and charming\".[58] Ebert was impressed with Johansson's portrayal, writing that she \"continues to employ the gravitational pull of quiet fascination\".[59]\n20052009: Collaborations with Woody Allen\nJohansson on the campus of Columbia University during the filming of The Nanny Diaries, 2006\nJohansson played Nola, an aspiring actress who begins an affair with a married man (played by Jonathan Rhys Meyers) in Woody Allen's drama Match Point in 2005. After replacing Kate Winslet with Johansson for the role, Allen changed the character's nationality from British to American.[60] An admirer of Allen's films, Johansson liked the idea of working with him, but felt nervous her first day on the set.[61] The New York Times was impressed with the performances of Johansson and Rhys Meyers,[62] and LaSalle, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, stated that Johansson \"is a powerhouse from the word go\", with a performance that \"borders on astonishing\".[63] The film, a box office success,[64] earned Johansson nominations for the Golden Globe and the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress.[52][65] Also that year, Johansson starred with Ewan McGregor in Michael Bay's science fiction film The Island, in dual roles as Sarah Jordan and her clone, Jordan Two Delta. Johansson found her filming schedule exhausting: she had to shoot for 14 hours a day, and she hit her head and injured herself.[66] The film received mixed reviews and grossed $163million against a $126million budget.[67]\nTwo of Johansson's films in 2006 explored the world of stage magicians, both opposite Hugh Jackman. Allen cast her opposite Jackman and himself in the film Scoop (2006), in which she played a journalism student. The film was a modest worldwide box office success, but polarized critics.[68][69] Ebert was critical of the film, but found Johansson \"lovely as always\",[70] and LaSalle noted the freshness she brought to her part.[71] She also appeared in Brian De Palma's The Black Dahlia, a film noir shot in Los Angeles and Bulgaria. Johansson later said she was a fan of DePalma and had wanted to work with him on the film but thought that she was unsuitable for the part.[72] Anne Billson of The Daily Telegraph likewise found her miscast.[73] However, CNN said that she \"takes to the pulpy period atmosphere as if it were oxygen\".[74]\nJohansson on the set of Vicky Cristina Barcelona in 2007\nAlso in 2006, Johansson starred in the short film When the Deal Goes Down to accompany Bob Dylan's song \"When the Deal Goes Down...\" from the album Modern Times.[75] Johansson had a supporting role of assistant and lover of Jackman's character, an aristocratic magician, in Christopher Nolan's mystery thriller The Prestige (2006). Nolan thought Johansson possessed \"ambiguity\" and \"a shielded quality\".[76][77] She was fascinated with Nolan's directing methods and liked working with him.[78] The film was a critical and box office success,[79] recommended by the Los Angeles Times as \"an adult, provocative piece of work\".[80] Some critics were skeptical of her performance: Billson again judged her miscast, and Dan Jolin of Empire criticized her English accent.[73][81]\nJohansson's sole release of 2007 was the critically panned comedy-drama The Nanny Diaries alongside Chris Evans and Laura Linney, in which she played a college graduate working as a nanny. Reviews of her performance were mixed; Variety wrote, \"[She] essays an engaging heroine\",[82] and The New Yorker criticized her for looking \"merely confused\" while \"trying to give the material a plausible emotional center\".[83] In 2008, Johansson starred, with Natalie Portman and Eric Bana, in The Other Boleyn Girl, which also earned mixed reviews.[84][85] Promoting the film, Johansson and Portman appeared on the cover of W, discussing with the magazine the public's reception of them.[86] In Rolling Stone, Pete Travers criticized the film for \"[moving] in frustrating herks and jerks\", but thought that the duo were the only positive aspect of the production.[87] Variety credited the cast as \"almost flawless... at the top of its game\", citing \"Johansson's quieter Mary... as the [film's] emotional center\".[88]\nIn her third collaboration with Woody Allen, the romantic comedy-drama Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008), which was filmed in Spain, Johansson plays one of the love interests of Javier Bardem's character alongside Penlope Cruz.[89] The film was one of Allen's most profitable and received favorable reviews.[90][91] A reviewer in Variety described Johansson as \"open and malleable\" compared to the other actors.[92] She also played the femme fatale Silken Floss in The Spirit, based on the newspaper comic strip of the same name by Will Eisner. It received poor reviews from critics, who deemed it melodramatic, unoriginal, and sexist.[93] Johansson's only role in 2009 was as Anna Marks, a yoga instructor, in the ensemble comedy-drama He's Just Not That into You (2009). The film was released to tepid reviews but was a box office success.[94][95]\n20102013: Marvel Cinematic Universe and worldwide recognition\nAspiring to appear on Broadway since childhood, Johansson made her debut in a 2010 revival of Arthur Miller's drama A View from the Bridge.[96][97] Set in the 1950s in an Italian American neighborhood in New York, it tells the tragic tale of Eddie (Liev Schreiber), who has an inappropriate love for his wife's orphaned niece, Catherine (Johansson). After initial reservations about playing a teenage character, Johansson was convinced by a friend to take on the part.[98] Ben Brantley of The New York Times wrote Johansson \"melts into her character so thoroughly that her nimbus of celebrity disappears\".[99] Variety's David Rooney was impressed with the play and Johansson in particular, describing her as the chief performer.[100] She won the 2010 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play.[101] Some critics and Broadway actors criticized the award committee's decision to reward the work of mainstream Hollywood actors, including Johansson. In response, she said that she understood the frustration, but had worked hard for her accomplishments.[102]\nJohansson secured the part of Black Widow in Jon Favreau's Iron Man 2 (2010),[103] a part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU),[104] after Emily Blunt was forced to opt out due to other obligations.[105] Before she was cast, she dyed her hair red to convince Favreau that she was right for the part, and undertook stunt and strength training to prepare for the role.[106] Johansson said the character resonated with her, and she admired the superhero's human traits.[107] The film earned $623.9million against its $200million budget, and received generally positive reviews from critics, although reviewers criticized how her character was written.[108][109] Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph and Matt Goldberg thought that she had little to do but look attractive.[110][111] In 2011, Johansson played the role of Kelly, a zookeeper in the family film We Bought a Zoo alongside Matt Damon. The film got mainly favorable reviews, and Anne Billson praised Johansson for bringing depth to a rather uninteresting character.[112][73] Johansson earned a Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress: Drama nomination for her performance.[113]\nJohansson at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con\nJohansson learned some Russian from a former teacher on the phone for her role as Black Widow in The Avengers (2012),[114] another entry from the MCU.[104] The film received mainly positive reviews and broke many box office records, becoming the third highest-grossing film both in the United States and worldwide.[115][116] For her performance, she was nominated for two Teen Choice Awards and three People's Choice Awards.[b] Later that year, Johansson portrayed actress Janet Leigh in Sacha Gervasi's Hitchcock, a behind-the-scenes drama about the making of Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film Psycho.[119] Roger Ebert wrote that Johansson did not look much like Leigh, but conveyed her spunk, intelligence, and sense of humor.[120]\nIn January 2013, Johansson starred in a Broadway revival of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, directed by Rob Ashford. Set in the Mississippi Delta, it examines the relationships within the family of Big Daddy (Ciarn Hinds), primarily between his son Brick (Benjamin Walker) and Maggie (Johansson).[121] Her performance received mixed reviews.[122] Entertainment Weekly's Thom Geier wrote Johansson \"brings a fierce fighting spirit\" to her part,[123] but Joe Dziemianowicz from Daily News called her performance \"alarmingly one-note\".[124] The 2013 Sundance Film Festival hosted the premiere of Joseph Gordon-Levitt's directorial debut, Don Jon.[125] In this romantic comedy-drama, she played the pornography-addicted title character's girlfriend. Gordon-Levitt wrote the role for Johansson, who had previously admired his acting work.[126] The film received positive reviews and Johansson's performance was highlighted by critics.[127] Claudia Puig of USA Today considered it to be one of her best performances.[128]\nIn 2013, Johansson voiced the character Samantha, a self-aware computer operating system, in Spike Jonze's film Her, replacing Samantha Morton in the role.[129] The film premiered at the 8th Rome International Film Festival, where Johansson won Best Actress; she was also nominated for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress.[130][131] Johansson was intimidated by the role's complexity, and found her recording sessions for the role challenging but liberating.[132] Peter Travers believed Johansson's voice in the film was \"sweet, sexy, caring, manipulative, scary [and] award-worthy\".[133] Time's Richard Corliss called her performance \"seductive and winning\",[134] and Her was rated as one of the best films of 2013.[135]\nShe also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 40th Saturn Awards in 2014 for her performance.[136]\nJohansson was cast in Jonathan Glazer's science fiction film Under the Skin (2013) as an extraterrestrial creature disguised as a human femme fatale who preys on men in Scotland. The project, an adaptation of Michel Faber's novel of the same name, took nine years to complete.[137] For the role, she learned to drive a van and speak in an English accent.[138] Johansson improvised conversations with non-professional actors on the street, who did not know they were being filmed.[139] It was released to generally positive reviews, with particular praise for Johansson.[137][140] Erin Whitney, writing for The Huffington Post, considered it to be her finest performance to that point, and noted that it was her first fully nude role.[141] Author Maureen Foster wrote, \"How much depth, breadth, and range Johansson mines from her character's very limited allowance of emotional response is a testament to her acting prowess that is, as the film goes on, increasingly stunning.\"[142] It earned Johansson a BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a British Independent Film nomination.[143]\n20142020: Blockbuster films and critical acclaim\nJohansson at the 2014 Csar Awards\nContinuing her work in the MCU, Johansson reprised her role as Black Widow in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014). In the film, she joins forces with Captain America (Chris Evans) and Falcon (Anthony Mackie) to uncover a conspiracy within S.H.I.E.L.D., while facing a mysterious assassin known as the Winter Soldier. Johansson and Evans wrote their own dialogue for several scenes they had together.[144] Johansson was attracted to her character's way of doing her job, employing her feminine wiles and not her physical appeal.[145] The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $714million worldwide.[146] Critic Odie Henderson saw \"a genuine emotional shorthand at work, especially from Johansson, who is excellent here\".[147] The role earned her a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination.[148]\nJohansson played a supporting role in the film Chef (2014), alongside Robert Downey Jr., Sofa Vergara, and director Jon Favreau. It grossed over $45million at the box office and was well received by critics. The Chicago Sun-Times writer Richard Roeper found the film \"funny, quirky and insightful, with a bounty of interesting supporting characters\".[149] In Luc Besson's science fiction action film Lucy (2014), Johansson starred as the title character, who gains psychokinetic abilities when a nootropic drug is absorbed into her bloodstream.[150] Besson discussed the role with several actresses, and cast Johansson based on her strong reaction to the script and her discipline.[151] Critics generally praised the film's themes, visuals, and Johansson's performance; some found the plot nonsensical.[152] IGN's Jim Vejvoda attributed the film's success to her acting and Besson's style.[153] The film grossed $458million on a budget of $40million to become the 18th highest-grossing film of 2014.[154]\nIn 2015 and 2016, Johansson again played Black Widow in the MCU films Avengers: Age of Ultron and Captain America: Civil War. During filming of the former, a mixture of close-ups, concealing costumes, stunt doubles and visual effects were used to hide her pregnancy.[155] Both films earned more than $1.1billion, ranking among the highest-grossing films of all time.[156] For Civil War, Johansson earned her second nomination for Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in an Action Movie and her fourth for Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress.[157][158] Earlier in 2016, Johansson had featured in the Coen brothers' well-received comedy film Hail, Caesar! about a \"fixer\" working in the classical Hollywood cinema, trying to discover what happened to a cast member who vanished during the filming of a biblical epic; Johansson plays an actress who becomes pregnant while her film is in production.[159] She also voiced Kaa in Jon Favreau's live-action adaptation of Disney's The Jungle Book, and Ash in the animated musical comedy film Sing (both 2016).[160] That year she also narrated an audiobook of Lewis Carroll's children's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.[161]\nJohansson at the premiere of Ghost in the Shell in 2017\nJohansson played Motoko Kusanagi in Rupert Sanders's 2017 film adaptation of the Ghost in the Shell franchise. The film was praised for its visual style, acting, and cinematography, but was the subject of controversy for whitewashing the cast, particularly Johansson's character, a cyborg who was meant to hold the memories of a Japanese woman.[162][163] Responding to the backlash, the actress asserted she would never play a non-white character, but wanted to take the rare opportunity to star in a female-led franchise.[164] Ghost in the Shell grossed $169.8million worldwide against a production budget of $110million.[165] In March 2017, Johansson hosted Saturday Night Live for the fifth time, making her the 17th person and the fourth woman[c] to enter the NBC sketch comedy's prestigious Five-Timers Club.[166] Johansson's next 2017 film was the comedy Rough Night, where she played Jess Thayer, one of the five friendsalongside Kate McKinnon, Jillian Bell, Ilana Glazer, and Zo Kravitzwhose bachelorette party goes wrong after a male stripper dies. The film had a mixed critical reception and moderate box office returns.[167] In 2018, Johansson voiced show dog Nutmeg in Wes Anderson's stop-motion animated film Isle of Dogs, released in March,[168] and reprised her MCU role as Black Widow in Avengers: Infinity War, which followed the next month.[169] Johansson was due to star in Rub & Tug, a biographical film in which she would have played Dante \"Tex\" Gill, a transgender man who operated a massage parlor and prostitution ring in the 1970s and 1980s. She dropped out of the project following backlash to the casting of a cisgender woman to play a transgender man.[170]\nIn 2019, Johansson once again reprised her role as Black Widow in Avengers: Endgame, which is the highest-grossing film of all time.[156] She next starred in Noah Baumbach's Netflix film Marriage Story in which Adam Driver and she played a warring couple who file for divorce. Johansson found a connection with her character as she was amid her own divorce proceedings at the time.[171] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian commended her \"brilliantly textured\" performance in it.[172] She also took on the supporting role of a young boy's mother who shelters a Jewish girl in Nazi Germany in Taika Waititi's satire Jojo Rabbit. Waititi modeled the character on his own mother and cast Johansson to provide her a rare opportunity to perform comedy.[171] The film received polarized reviews, but Stephanie Zacharek labeled her the \"lustrous soul of the movie\".[173][174] Johansson received her first two Academy Award nominations, for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress for her performances in Marriage Story and Jojo Rabbit, respectively, becoming the twelfth performer to be nominated for two Oscars in the same year.[175] She also received two BAFTA nominations for these films and a Golden Globe nomination for the former.[176][177]\n2021present: Black Widow and lawsuit\nAfter a one-year screen absence, Johansson reprised her role as Black Widow in her own solo prequel film in 2021, on which she also served as an executive producer.[178] Also starring Florence Pugh, the film is set after the events of Captain America: Civil War and sees Johansson's character on the run and forced to confront her past. Johansson felt that her work playing the role was then complete.[179] She saw this as an opportunity to show her character's ability to be on her own and make choices for herself while facing difficult times and noted that her vulnerability distinguished her from other Avengers.[180] Critics were generally favorable in their reviews of the film, mainly praising Johansson and Pugh's performances.[181] The Hollywood Reporter's David Rooney thought the film was \"a stellar vehicle\" for Johansson,[182] and Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood found her \"again a great presence in the role, showing expert action and acting chops throughout\".[183] For the film, Johansson won The Female Movie Star of 2021 at the 47th People's Choice Awards.[184] Also that year, she reprised her voice role as Ash in the sequel Sing 2.[185]\nJohansson and Wes Anderson at the premiere of Asteroid City at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival\nIn July 2021, Johansson filed a lawsuit against Disney claiming that the simultaneous release of Black Widow on their streaming service Disney+ breached a clause in her contract that the film receive exclusive theatrical release. She alleged that the release on Disney+ exempted her from receiving additional bonus from box-office profits, to which she was entitled.[186] In response, Disney said her lawsuit showed an indifference to the \"horrific and prolonged\" effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The company also stated that Johansson already received $20million for the film and that the Disney+ Premier Access[d] release would only earn her additional compensation.[188] The Hollywood Reporter described Disney's response as \"aggressive\".[189] Creative Artists Agency co-chairman Bryan Lourd thought the company falsely portraying Johansson as insensitive to the effects of the pandemic was a \"direct attack on her character\". Lourd further stated that the company including her salary in their public statement was an attempt to \"weaponize her success as an artist and businesswoman\".[189] In September, both parties announced that they had resolved their dispute; the terms of the settlement remained undisclosed.[190] Variety later reported that she received a payout of over $40 million, and that Johansson and Disney would continue collaborating on other projects.[105]\nJohansson returned to the screen with Wes Anderson's comedy Asteroid City (2023), in which she led an ensemble cast. It was her second film to premiere at the Cannes Film Festival after Match Point (2005).[191][105] For her two months of work on the film, she took a substantial pay cut, earning $4,131 a week.[105] Describing her collaboration with Anderson, she said, \"I like the sort of constraints of Wes' precision. I think in some ways, it's more liberating.\"[105] Anthony Lane of The New Yorker praised Johansson's ability to add depth to her character and for skillfully portraying both reality and imagination with wit.[192] In Kristin Scott Thomas's directorial debut North Star, Johansson played one of three sisters reuniting for their mother's wedding.[193] The Guardian's Benjamin Lee was displeased by the film and Johansson's \"awkward British accent\".[194]\nJohansson will next star in Fly Me to the Moon, a romantic comedy set against the backdrop of the Space Race, opposite Channing Tatum,[195] and will perform a voice role in Transformers One, a prequel to the Transformers film series.[196]\nMusic career\nSee also: Scarlett Johansson discography\nJohansson attending the premiere of Sing at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival\nIn 2006, Johansson sang the track \"Summertime\" for Unexpected Dreams Songs from the Stars, a non-profit collection of songs recorded by Hollywood actors. She performed with the Jesus and Mary Chain for a Coachella reunion show in Indio, California, in April 2007.[197] The following year, Johansson appeared as the leading lady in Justin Timberlake's music video, for \"What Goes Around... Comes Around\", which was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year.[198]\nIn May 2008, Johansson released her debut album Anywhere I Lay My Head, which consists of one original song and ten cover versions of Tom Waits songs, and features David Bowie and members from the Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Celebration.[199] Reviews of the album were mixed.[200] Spin was not particularly impressed with Johansson's singing.[201] Some critics found it to be \"surprisingly alluring\",[202] \"a bravely eccentric selection\",[199] and \"a brilliant album\" with \"ghostly magic\".[203] NME named the album the \"23rd best album of 2008\", and it peaked at number126 on the Billboard 200.[204][205] Johansson started listening to Waits when she was 11 or 12 years old,[206] and said of him, \"His melodies are so beautiful, his voice is so distinct and I had my own way of doing Tom Waits songs.\"[207]\nIn September 2009, Johansson and singer-songwriter Pete Yorn released a collaborative album, Break Up, inspired by Serge Gainsbourg's duets with Brigitte Bardot.[208] The album reached number 41 in the US.[209] In 2010, Steel Train released Terrible Thrills Vol.1, which includes their favorite female artists singing songs from their self-titled album. Johansson is the first artist on the album, singing \"Bullet\".[210] Johansson sang \"One Whole Hour\" for the 2011 soundtrack of the documentary film Wretches & Jabberers (2010).[211] and in 2012 sang on a J.Ralph track entitled \"Before My Time\" for the end credits of the climate documentary Chasing Ice (2012)[212]\nIn February 2015, Johansson formed a band called the Singles with Este Haim from HAIM, Holly Miranda, Kendra Morris, and Julia Haltigan. The group's first single was called \"Candy\".[213] Johansson was issued a cease and desist order from the lead singer of the Los Angeles-based rock band the Singles, demanding she stop using their name.[214] In 2016, she performed \"Trust in Me\" for The Jungle Book soundtrack[215] and \"Set It All Free\" and \"I Don't Wanna\" for Sing: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.[216] In 2018, Johansson collaborated with Pete Yorn again for an EP titled Apart, released June 1.[217]\nPublic image\nJohansson meets U.S. service members in Afghanistan in 2016\nSome media and fans call Johansson \"ScarJo\", which she finds lazy, flippant, and insulting.[218][219] She has no social media profiles, saying she does not see the need \"to continuously share details of [her] everyday life.\"[220]\nJohansson is described as a sex symbol by the media.[221] Already at the age of 17, when filming Lost in Translation, she felt she was groomed as a \"bombshell-type\" actor, as she explained in a 2022 podcast with Bruce Bozzi.[222] The Sydney Morning Herald describes her as \"the embodiment of male fantasy\".[17] During the filming of Match Point, director Woody Allen remarked upon her attractiveness, calling her \"beautiful\" and \"sexually overwhelming\".[223] In 2014, The New Yorker film critic Anthony Lane wrote that \"she is evidently, and profitably, aware of her sultriness, and of how much, down to the last inch, it contributes to the contours of her reputation.\"[224] Two years later, as a comment on the delays of producing a stand-alone Black Widow movie, Johansson cautioned that she may not want to wear a \"skin-tight catsuit\" for much longer.[225]\nJohansson has expressed displeasure at being sexualized and maintains that a preoccupation with one's attractiveness does not last.[226] She has stated that while she is flattered to be considered sexy, she finds the implication her strength comes from her sexuality confining.[225] She lost the role of Lisbeth Salander in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011) because the film's director David Fincher found her \"too sexy\" for the part.[227]\nJohansson ranks highly in various beauty listings. Maxim included her in their Hot 100 list from 2006 to 2014.[228] She has been named \"Sexiest Woman Alive\" twice by Esquire (2006 and 2013)[229] and has been included in similar listings by Playboy (2007),[14] Men's Health (2011),[230] and FHM (since 2005).[231] She was named GQ's Babe of the Year in 2010.[232]\nJohansson attending the USO Holiday Tour at Incirlik Air Base, Adana, Turkey in 2016\nJohansson was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2004.[233] In 2006, she appeared on Forbes' Celebrity 100 list and again in 2014, 2015, 2018 and 2019.[234] She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in May 2012.[235] In 2021, she appeared on the Time 100, Time's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world.[236] Johansson was included on Forbes' annual list of the world's highest-paid actresses from 2014 to 2016, with respective earnings of $17million, $35.5million, and $25million.[237][238] She would later top the list in 2018 and 2019, with earnings of $40.5million and $56million, respectively.[239] She was the highest-grossing actor of 2016, with a total of $1.2billion.[240] IndieWire credited her for taking on risky roles, such as in Her and Under the Skin, instead of simply appearing in blockbuster after blockbuster.[241] As of September2019[update], her films have grossed over $5.2billion in North America and over $14.3billion worldwide,[54] making Johansson the third-highest-grossing box-office star of all time both domestically and worldwide as well as the highest-grossing actress of all time in North America.[242] Madame Tussauds New York museum unveiled a wax statue of her in 2015.[243]\nJohansson has appeared in advertising campaigns for Calvin Klein, Dolce & Gabbana, L'Oral, and Louis Vuitton[244] and has represented the Spanish brand Mango since 2009.[245] She was the first Hollywood celebrity to represent a champagne producer, appearing in advertisements for Mot & Chandon.[246] In January 2014, the Israeli company SodaStream, which makes home-carbonation products, hired Johansson as its first global brand ambassador, a relationship that commenced with a television commercial during Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014.[247] This created some controversy, as SodaStream at that time operated a plant in Israeli-occupied territory in the West Bank.[248]\nIn May 2024, Johansson criticized OpenAI for releasing a chatbot with a voice that resembled her own, after she declined to formally work with the company to provide her voice for the app.[249]\nPersonal life\nJohansson and Colin Jost at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival\nWhile attending the Professional Children's School, Johansson dated classmate Jack Antonoff from 2001 to 2002.[250] She dated her Black Dahlia co-star Josh Hartnett for about two years until the end of 2006. According to Hartnett, they broke up because their busy schedules kept them apart.[251] Johansson began dating Canadian actor Ryan Reynolds in 2007.[252] They became engaged in May 2008,[253] married in September 2008 on Vancouver Island,[254] separated in December 2010 and divorced in July 2011.[255]\nIn November 2012, Johansson began dating Frenchman Romain Dauriac, the owner of an advertising agency.[256][257] They became engaged the following September.[258] The pair divided their time between New York City and Paris.[259] She gave birth to their daughter in 2014.[260] Johansson and Dauriac married that October in Philipsburg, Montana.[261] They separated in mid-2016 and divorced in September 2017.[262][263]\nJohansson began dating Saturday Night Live co-head writer and Weekend Update co-host Colin Jost in May 2017.[264] In May 2019, the two were engaged.[265] They married in October 2020, at their New York home.[266] She gave birth to their son in August 2021.[267] Johansson resides in New York and Los Angeles.[268]\nIn September 2011, nude photographs of Johansson hacked from her cell phone were leaked online. She said the pictures had been sent to her then-husband, Ryan Reynolds, three years prior to the incident. [269] In 2014, Johansson won a lawsuit against French publisher JC Latts over libelous statements about her relationships in the novel The First Thing We Look At by Grgoire Delacourt. She was awarded $3,400; she had sued for $68,000.[270]\nJohansson has criticized the media for promoting an image that causes unhealthy diets and eating disorders among women.[271] In an essay she wrote for The Huffington Post, she encouraged people to maintain a healthy body.[272] She posed nude for the March 2006 cover of Vanity Fair alongside actress Keira Knightley and fully clothed fashion designer Tom Ford.[273] The photograph sparked controversy as some believed it demonstrated that women are forced to flaunt their sexuality more often than men.[274]\nPhilanthropy\nJohansson has supported various charitable organizations including Aid Still Required, Cancer Research UK, Stand Up To Cancer, Too Many Women (which works against breast cancer), and USA Harvest, which provides food for people in need.[275] In 2005, Johansson became a global ambassador for the aid and development agency Oxfam.[276] In 2007, she took part in the anti-poverty campaign ONE, which was organized by U2's lead singer Bono.[17] In March 2008, a UK-based bidder paid 20,000 on an eBay auction to benefit Oxfam, winning a hair and makeup treatment, a pair of tickets, and a chauffeured trip to accompany her on a 20-minute date to the world premiere of He's Just Not That into You.[277]\nIn January 2014, Johansson resigned from her Oxfam position after criticism of her promotion of SodaStream, whose main factory was based in Mishor Adumim, an Israeli settlement in the West Bank; Oxfam opposes all trade with such Israeli settlements.[248][278] Oxfam stated that it was thankful for her contributions in raising funds to fight poverty.[279][280] Together with her Avengers costars, Johansson raised $500,000 for the victims of Hurricane Maria.[281]\nIn 2018, she collaborated with 300 women in Hollywood to set up the Time's Up initiative to protect women from harassment and discrimination.[282] Johansson took part in the Women's March in Los Angeles in January 2018, where she spoke on topics such as abuses of power, sharing her own experience. She received backlash for calling out fellow actor James Franco on allegations of sexual misconduct as in the past she had defended working with Woody Allen amid an accusation by his daughter Dylan Farrow.[283][284]\nJohansson has given support to Operation Warrior Wellness, a division of the David Lynch Foundation that helps veterans learn Transcendental Meditation. Her grand-uncle, Phillip Schlamberg, was the last American pilot to have been killed during WWII. He had gone on a bombing mission with Jerry Yellin, who went on to become co-founder of Operation Warrior Wellness.[285]\nPolitical views\nJohansson at the 2017 Women's March\nJohansson was registered as an independent, at least through 2008,[286] and campaigned for Democratic candidate John Kerry in the 2004 United States presidential election.[17] When George W. Bush was re-elected in 2004, she said she was disappointed.[287]\nIn January 2008, her campaign for Democratic candidate Barack Obama included appearances in Iowa targeted at younger voters,[288] an appearance at Cornell College,[289] and a speaking engagement at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, on Super Tuesday, 2008.[290] Johansson appeared in the music video for rapper will.i.am's song, \"Yes We Can\" (2008), directed by Jesse Dylan; the song was inspired by Obama's speech after the 2008 New Hampshire primary.[291] In February 2012, Johansson and Anna Wintour hosted a fashion launch of clothing and accessories, whose proceeds went to the Obama's re-election campaign.[292] She addressed voters at the Democratic National Convention in September 2012, calling for Obama's re-election and for more engagement from young voters.[293] She encouraged women to vote for Obama and condemned Mitt Romney for his opposition to Planned Parenthood.[294]\nJohansson publicly endorsed and supported Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer's 2013 run for New York City Comptroller by hosting a series of fundraisers.[295] To encourage people to vote in the 2016 presidential election, in which Johansson endorsed Hillary Clinton,[296] she appeared in a commercial alongside her Marvel Cinematic Universe co-star Robert Downey Jr., and Joss Whedon.[297] In 2017, she spoke at the Women's March on Washington, addressing Donald Trump's presidency and stating that she would support the president if he works for women's rights and stops withdrawing federal funding for Planned Parenthood.[298] During the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, Johansson endorsed Elizabeth Warren, calling her \"thoughtful and progressive but realistic\".[299] In December 2020, three members of the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, an Egyptian civil rights organization, were released from prison in Egypt, after Johansson had described their detention circumstances and demanded the trio's release.[300]\nSee also\nBiography portalFilm portal\nList of actors with Academy Award nominations\nList of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories\nList of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year\nNotes\n^ Johansson was nominated for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for Lost in Translation and Best Actress in a Drama for Girl with a Pearl Earring.[52]\n^ Johansson was nominated for Teen Choice Awards for Choice Movie Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy and Choice Summer Movie Star: Female, and People's Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actress, Favorite On-Screen Chemistry (shared with Jeremy Renner) and Favorite Face of Heroism.[117][118]\n^ After Candice Bergen, Drew Barrymore, and former cast member Tina Fey.[166]\n^ Created during the COVID-19 pandemic with closed theaters, it is a premium add-on that lets Disney+ subscribers watch new content locked behind a paywall.[187]\nReferences\n^ Does Scarlett Johansson Remember Her Lines From Her Most Famous Films?. 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USA Today. Archived from the original on August 4, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2009.\n^ \"Pete Yorn Awards\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on March 17, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2017.\n^ \"Scarlett Johansson, Tegan And Sara Stump For Steel Train\". American Songwriter. June 4, 2010. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.\n^ \"\"Wretches & Jabberers Soundtrack\", by J. Ralph Featuring Various Artists, iTunes web site\". iTunes Store. January 11, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.\n^ \"Hear 5 Oscar nominees for Best Original Song\". CBS News. January 12, 2013. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013.\n^ Corban Goble (February 20, 2015). \"Scarlett Johansson Recruits Este Haim for Girl Group the Singles, Shares 'Candy'\". Pitchfork. 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Retrieved January 8, 2021.\nFurther reading\nRoberts, Chris (2007). Scarlett Johansson: Portrait of a Rising Star (Hardcovered.). London: Carlton Books. ISBN978-1-84442-399-6. OCLC440517789.\nExternal links\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Scarlett Johansson.\nWikiquote has quotations related to Scarlett Johansson.\nScarlett Johansson at IMDb\nScarlett Johansson at the Internet Broadway Database\nScarlett Johansson at AllMovie\nvteScarlett Johansson\nOn screen and stage\nAwards and nominations\nDiscography\nStudio albums\nAnywhere I Lay My Head (2008)\nBreak Up (2009)\nSingles\n\"Relator\"\n\"The Moon Song\"\n\"Trust in Me\"\nRelated articles\nNatasha Romanoff\nEjner Johansson (grandfather)\nAwards for Scarlett Johansson\nvteBAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role19521967British\nVivien Leigh (1952)\nAudrey Hepburn (1953)\nYvonne Mitchell (1954)\nKatie Johnson (1955)\nVirginia McKenna (1956)\nHeather Sears (1957)\nIrene Worth (1958)\nAudrey Hepburn (1959)\nRachel Roberts (1960)\nDora Bryan (1961)\nLeslie Caron (1962)\nRachel Roberts (1963)\nAudrey Hepburn (1964)\nJulie Christie (1965)\nElizabeth Taylor (1966)\nEdith Evans (1967)\nForeign\nSimone Signoret (1952)\nLeslie Caron (1953)\nCornell Borchers (1954)\nBetsy Blair (1955)\nAnna Magnani (1956)\nSimone Signoret (1957)\nSimone Signoret (1958)\nShirley MacLaine (1959)\nShirley MacLaine (1960)\nSophia Loren (1961)\nAnne Bancroft (1962)\nPatricia Neal (1963)\nAnne Bancroft (1964)\nPatricia Neal (1965)\nJeanne Moreau (1966)\nAnouk Aime (1967)\n1968present\nKatharine Hepburn (1968)\nMaggie Smith (1969)\nKatharine Ross (1970)\nGlenda Jackson (1971)\nLiza Minnelli (1972)\nStphane Audran (1973)\nJoanne Woodward (1974)\nEllen Burstyn (1975)\nLouise Fletcher (1976)\nDiane Keaton (1977)\nJane Fonda (1978)\nJane Fonda (1979)\nJudy Davis (1980)\nMeryl Streep (1981)\nKatharine Hepburn (1982)\nJulie Walters (1983)\nMaggie Smith (1984)\nPeggy Ashcroft (1985)\nMaggie Smith (1986)\nAnne Bancroft (1987)\nMaggie Smith (1988)\nPauline Collins (1989)\nJessica Tandy (1990)\nJodie Foster (1991)\nEmma Thompson (1992)\nHolly Hunter (1993)\nSusan Sarandon (1994)\nEmma Thompson (1995)\nBrenda Blethyn (1996)\nJudi Dench (1997)\nCate Blanchett (1998)\nAnnette Bening (1999)\nJulia Roberts (2000)\nJudi Dench (2001)\nNicole Kidman (2002)\nScarlett Johansson (2003)\nImelda Staunton (2004)\nReese Witherspoon (2005)\nHelen Mirren (2006)\nMarion Cotillard (2007)\nKate Winslet (2008)\nCarey Mulligan (2009)\nNatalie Portman (2010)\nMeryl Streep (2011)\nEmmanuelle Riva (2012)\nCate Blanchett (2013)\nJulianne Moore (2014)\nBrie Larson (2015)\nEmma Stone (2016)\nFrances McDormand (2017)\nOlivia Colman (2018)\nRene Zellweger (2019)\nFrances McDormand (2020)\nJoanna Scanlan (2021)\nCate Blanchett (2022)\nEmma Stone (2023)\nvteBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress19802000\nGena Rowlands (1980)\nMarlia Pra (1981)\nMeryl Streep (1982)\nRosanna Arquette (1983)\nJudy Davis (1984)\nGeraldine Page (1985)\nChloe Webb (1986)\nHolly Hunter (1987)\nMelanie Griffith (1988)\nJessica Tandy (1989)\nAnjelica Huston (1990)\nGeena Davis (1991)\nEmma Thompson (1992)\nHolly Hunter (1993)\nJulianne Moore (1994)\nNicole Kidman (1995)\nBrenda Blethyn (1996)\nHelena Bonham Carter (1997)\nSamantha Morton (1998)\nHilary Swank (1999)\nEllen Burstyn (2000)\n2001present\nTilda Swinton (2001)\nMaggie Gyllenhaal (2002)\nScarlett Johansson (2003)\nHilary Swank (2004)\nReese Witherspoon (2005)\nHelen Mirren (2006)\nMarion Cotillard (2007)\nSally Hawkins (2008)\nMeryl Streep (2009)\nNatalie Portman (2010)\nMichelle Williams (2011)\nEmmanuelle Riva (2012)\nCate Blanchett (2013)\nMarion Cotillard (2014)\nCharlotte Rampling (2015)\nIsabelle Huppert (2016)\nSally Hawkins (2017)\nMelissa McCarthy (2018)\nSaoirse Ronan (2019)\nSidney Flanigan (2020)\nAlana Haim (2021)\nMichelle Yeoh (2022)\nLily Gladstone (2023)\nvteDallasFort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress\nKathy Bates (1990)\nJodie Foster (1991)\nEmma Thompson (1992)\nHolly Hunter (1993)\nLinda Fiorentino / Jodie Foster (1994)\nElisabeth Shue (1995)\nFrances McDormand (1996)\nHelena Bonham Carter (1997)\nCate Blanchett (1998)\nHilary Swank (1999)\nLaura Linney (2000)\nSissy Spacek (2001)\nJulianne Moore (2002)\nCharlize Theron (2003)\nHilary Swank (2004)\nFelicity Huffman (2005)\nHelen Mirren (2006)\nJulie Christie (2007)\nAnne Hathaway (2008)\nCarey Mulligan (2009)\nNatalie Portman (2010)\nMichelle Williams (2011)\nJessica Chastain (2012)\nCate Blanchett (2013)\nReese Witherspoon (2014)\nBrie Larson (2015)\nNatalie Portman (2016)\nSally Hawkins (2017)\nOlivia Colman (2018)\nScarlett Johansson (2019)\nCarey Mulligan (2020)\nKristen Stewart (2021)\nCate Blanchett (2022)\nLily Gladstone (2023)\nvteDetroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress\nEllen Page (2007)\nKate Winslet (2008)\nGabourey Sidibe (2009)\nJennifer Lawrence (2010)\nMichelle Williams (2011)\nJennifer Lawrence (2012)\nBrie Larson (2013)\nRosamund Pike (2014)\nSaoirse Ronan (2015)\nEmma Stone (2016)\nFrances McDormand (2017)\nToni Collette (2018)\nScarlett Johansson (2019)\nFrances McDormand (2020)\nJessica Chastain (2021)\nvteDetroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress\nTilda Swinton (2007)\nMarisa Tomei (2008)\nMo'Nique (2009)\nAmy Adams (2010)\nCarey Mulligan (2011)\nAnne Hathaway (2012)\nScarlett Johansson (2013)\nPatricia Arquette (2014)\nAlicia Vikander (2015)\nViola Davis / Greta Gerwig (2016)\nAllison Janney (2017)\nRegina King (2018)\nLaura Dern (2019)\nYoun Yuh-jung (2020)\nAriana DeBose (2021)\nvteFlorida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress\nFrances McDormand (1996)\nHelen Hunt (1997)\nGwyneth Paltrow (1998)\nHilary Swank (1999)\nEllen Burstyn (2000)\nSissy Spacek (2001)\nJulianne Moore (2002)\nNaomi Watts (2003)\nHilary Swank (2004)\nReese Witherspoon (2005)\nHelen Mirren (2006)\nEllen Page (2007)\nMelissa Leo (2008)\nGabourey Sidibe (2009)\nNatalie Portman (2010)\nMichelle Williams (2011)\nJessica Chastain (2012)\nCate Blanchett (2013)\nRosamund Pike (2014)\nBrie Larson (2015)\nIsabelle Huppert (2016)\nMargot Robbie (2017)\nMelissa McCarthy (2018)\nScarlett Johansson (2019)\nFrances McDormand (2020)\nAlana Haim (2021)\nCate Blanchett (2022)\nLily Gladstone (2023)\nvteHasty Pudding Woman of the Year19511975\nGertrude Lawrence (1951)\nBarbara Bel Geddes (1952)\nMamie Eisenhower (1953)\nShirley Booth (1954)\nDebbie Reynolds (1955)\nPeggy Ann Garner (1956)\nCarroll Baker (1957)\nKatharine Hepburn (1958)\nJoanne Woodward (1959)\nCarol Lawrence (1960)\nJane Fonda (1961)\nPiper Laurie (1962)\nShirley MacLaine (1963)\nRosalind Russell (1964)\nLee Remick (1965)\nEthel Merman (1966)\nLauren Bacall (1967)\nAngela Lansbury (1968)\nCarol Burnett (1969)\nDionne Warwick (1970)\nCarol Channing (1971)\nRuby Keeler (1972)\nLiza Minnelli (1973)\nFaye Dunaway (1974)\nValerie Harper (1975)\n19762000\nBette Midler (1976)\nElizabeth Taylor (1977)\nBeverly Sills (1978)\nCandice Bergen (1979)\nMeryl Streep (1980)\nMary Tyler Moore (1981)\nElla Fitzgerald (1982)\nJulie Andrews (1983)\nJoan Rivers (1984)\nCher (1985)\nSally Field (1986)\nBernadette Peters (1987)\nLucille Ball (1988)\nKathleen Turner (1989)\nGlenn Close (1990)\nDiane Keaton (1991)\nJodie Foster (1992)\nWhoopi Goldberg (1993)\nMeg Ryan (1994)\nMichelle Pfeiffer (1995)\nSusan Sarandon (1996)\nJulia Roberts (1997)\nSigourney Weaver (1998)\nGoldie Hawn (1999)\nJamie Lee Curtis (2000)\n2001present\nDrew Barrymore (2001)\nSarah Jessica Parker (2002)\nAnjelica Huston (2003)\nSandra Bullock (2004)\nCatherine Zeta-Jones (2005)\nHalle Berry (2006)\nScarlett Johansson (2007)\nCharlize Theron (2008)\nRene Zellweger (2009)\nAnne Hathaway (2010)\nJulianne Moore (2011)\nClaire Danes (2012)\nMarion Cotillard (2013)\nHelen Mirren (2014)\nAmy Poehler (2015)\nKerry Washington (2016)\nOctavia Spencer (2017)\nMila Kunis (2018)\nBryce Dallas Howard (2019)\nElizabeth Banks (2020)\nViola Davis (2021)\nJennifer Garner (2022)\nJennifer Coolidge (2023)\nAnnette Bening (2024)\nvteHonorary Csar19762000\nIngrid Bergman (1976)\nDiana Ross (1976)\nHenri Langlois (1977)\nJacques Tati (1977)\nRobert Dorfmann (1978)\nRen Goscinny (1978)\nMarcel Carn (1979)\nCharles Vanel (1979)\nWalt Disney (1979)\nPierre Braunberger (1980)\nLouis de Funs (1980)\nKirk Douglas (1980)\nMarcel Pagnol (1981)\nAlain Resnais (1981)\nGeorges Dancigers (1982)\nAlexandre Mnouchkine (1982)\nJean Nny (1982)\nAndrzej Wajda (1982)\nRaimu (1983)\nRen Clment (1984)\nGeorges de Beauregard (1984)\nEdwige Feuillre (1984)\nChristian-Jaque (1985)\nDanielle Darrieux (1985)\nChristine Gouze-Rnal (1985)\nAlain Poir (1985)\nMaurice Jarre (1986)\nBette Davis (1986)\nJean Delannoy (1986)\nRen Ferracci (1986)\nClaude Lanzmann (1986)\nJean-Luc Godard (1987)\nSerge Silberman (1988)\nBernard Blier (1989)\nPaul Grimault (1989)\nGrard Philipe (1990)\nJean-Pierre Aumont (1991)\nSophia Loren (1991)\nMichle Morgan (1992)\nSylvester Stallone (1992)\nJean Marais (1993)\nMarcello Mastroianni (1993)\nGrard Oury (1993)\nJean Carmet (1994)\nJeanne Moreau (1995)\nGregory Peck (1995)\nSteven Spielberg (1995)\nLauren Bacall (1996)\nHenri Verneuil (1996)\nCharles Aznavour (1997)\nAndie MacDowell (1997)\nMichael Douglas (1998)\nClint Eastwood (1998)\nJean-Luc Godard (1998)\nPedro Almodvar (1999)\nJohnny Depp (1999)\nJean Rochefort (1999)\nJosiane Balasko (2000)\nGeorges Cravenne (2000)\nJean-Pierre Laud (2000)\nMartin Scorsese (2000)\n2001present\nDarry Cowl (2001)\nCharlotte Rampling (2001)\nAgns Varda (2001)\nAnouk Aime (2002)\nJeremy Irons (2002)\nClaude Rich (2002)\nBernadette Lafont (2003)\nSpike Lee (2003)\nMeryl Streep (2003)\nMicheline Presle (2004)\nJacques Dutronc (2005)\nWill Smith (2005)\nHugh Grant (2006)\nPierre Richard (2006)\nMarlne Jobert (2007)\nJude Law (2007)\nJeanne Moreau (2008)\nRoberto Benigni (2008)\nRomy Schneider (2008)\nDustin Hoffman (2009)\nHarrison Ford (2010)\nQuentin Tarantino (2011)\nKate Winslet (2012)\nKevin Costner (2013)\nScarlett Johansson (2014)\nSean Penn (2015)\nMichael Douglas (2016)\nGeorge Clooney (2017)\nPenlope Cruz (2018)\nRobert Redford (2019)\nCate Blanchett (2022)\nDavid Fincher (2023)\nChristopher Nolan (2024)\nvteMTV Movie & TV Award for Best FightGeneral (19962019, 2023present)\nAdam Sandler vs. Bob Barker Happy Gilmore (1996)\nFairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney The Craft (1997)\nWill Smith vs. Cockroach Men in Black (1998)\nBen Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog There's Something About Mary (1999)\nKeanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne The Matrix (2000)\nZhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)\nJackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang Rush Hour 2 (2002)\nYoda vs. Christopher Lee Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones (2003)\nUma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2004)\nUma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2005)\nAngelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2006)\nGerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet 300 (2007)\nSean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet Never Back Down (2008)\nRobert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet Twilight (2009)\nBeyonc Knowles vs. Ali Larter Obsessed (2010)\nRobert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2011)\nJennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig The Hunger Games (2012)\nRobert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston The Avengers (2013)\nOrlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014)\nDylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter The Maze Runner (2015)\nRyan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein Deadpool (2016)\nGal Gadot vs. German soldiers Wonder Woman (2018)\nBrie Larson vs. Gemma Chan Captain Marvel (2019)\nNo Award (2020)\nCourteney Cox vs. Ghostface Scream VI (2023)\nScripted (20212022)\nElizabeth Olsen vs. Kathryn Hahn WandaVision (2021)\nSydney Sweeney vs. Alexa Demie Euphoria (2022)\nUnscripted (20212022)\nKourtney Kardashian vs. Kim Kardashian Keeping Up with the Kardashians (2021)\nBosco vs. Lady Camden RuPaul's Drag Race (2022)\nvteMTV Movie & TV Award for Best HeroBest Hero(2006, 2012present)\nChristian Bale (2006)\nDaniel Radcliffe (2012)\nMartin Freeman (2013)\nHenry Cavill (2014)\nDylan O'Brien (2015)\nJennifer Lawrence (2016)\nTaraji P. Henson (2017)\nChadwick Boseman (2018)\nRobert Downey Jr. (2019)\nNo Award (2020)\nAnthony Mackie (2021)\nScarlett Johansson (2022)\nPedro Pascal (2023)\nBiggest Badass Star(20102011)\nRain (2010)\nChlo Grace Moretz (2011)\nvtePeople's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actress\nBarbra Streisand (1975)\nKatharine Hepburn (1976)\nBarbra Streisand (1977)\nBarbra Streisand (1978)\nOlivia Newton-John (1979)\nJane Fonda (1980)\nJane Fonda / Goldie Hawn (1981)\nJane Fonda / Sally Field (1982)\nJane Fonda / Katharine Hepburn (1983)\nMeryl Streep (1984)\nMeryl Streep (1985)\nMeryl Streep (1986)\nMeryl Streep (1987)\nGlenn Close (1988)\nMeryl Streep (1990)\nJulia Roberts (1991)\nWhoopi Goldberg (1993)\nSandra Bullock (1996)\nSandra Bullock (1997)\nJulia Roberts (1998)\nSandra Bullock (1999)\nJulia Roberts (2000)\nJulia Roberts (2001)\nJulia Roberts (2002)\nJulia Roberts (2003)\nJulia Roberts (2004)\nJulia Roberts (2005)\nReese Witherspoon (2006)\nJennifer Aniston (2007)\nReese Witherspoon (2008)\nReese Witherspoon (2009)\nSandra Bullock (2010)\nKristen Stewart (2011)\nEmma Stone (2012)\nJennifer Lawrence (2013)\nSandra Bullock (2014)\nJennifer Lawrence (2015)\nSandra Bullock (2016)\nJennifer Lawrence (2017)\nScarlett Johansson (2018)\nZendaya (2019)\nTiffany Haddish (2020)\nScarlett Johansson (2021)\nElizabeth Olsen (2022)\nvteSatellite Award for Best Actress Motion PictureDrama (19962010, 2018present)\nFrances McDormand (1996)\nJudi Dench (1997)\nCate Blanchett (1998)\nHilary Swank (1999)\nEllen Burstyn (2000)\nSissy Spacek (2001)\nDiane Lane (2002)\nCharlize Theron (2003)\nHilary Swank (2004)\nFelicity Huffman (2005)\nHelen Mirren (2006)\nMarion Cotillard (2007)\nAngelina Jolie (2008)\nShohreh Aghdashloo (2009)\nNoomi Rapace (2010)\nGlenn Close (2018)\nScarlett Johansson (2019)\nFrances McDormand (2020)\nKristen Stewart (2021)\nDanielle Deadwyler (2022)\nLily Gladstone (2023)\nMusical or Comedy (19962010, 2018present)\nGwyneth Paltrow (1996)\nHelen Hunt (1997)\nChristina Ricci (1998)\nJanet McTeer (1999)\nRene Zellweger (2000)\nNicole Kidman (2001)\nJennifer Westfeldt (2002)\nDiane Keaton (2003)\nAnnette Bening (2004)\nReese Witherspoon (2005)\nMeryl Streep (2006)\nEllen Page (2007)\nSally Hawkins (2008)\nMeryl Streep (2009)\nAnne Hathaway (2010)\nOlivia Colman (2018)\nAwkwafina (2019)\nMaria Bakalova (2020)\nAlana Haim (2021)\nMichelle Yeoh (2022)\nEmma Stone (2023)\nMotion Picture (20112017)\nViola Davis (2011)\nJennifer Lawrence (2012)\nCate Blanchett (2013)\nJulianne Moore (2014)\nSaoirse Ronan (2015)\nIsabelle Huppert / Ruth Negga (2016)\nSally Hawkins / Diane Kruger (2017)\nvteSaturn Award for Best Supporting Actress1970s\nIda Lupino (1974/75)\nBette Davis (1976)\nSusan Tyrrell (1977)\nDyan Cannon (1978)\nVeronica Cartwright (1979)\n1980s\nEve Brent (1980)\nFrances Sternhagen (1981)\nZelda Rubinstein (1982)\nCandy Clark (1983)\nPolly Holliday (1984)\nAnne Ramsey (1985)\nJenette Goldstein (1986)\nAnne Ramsey (1987)\nSylvia Sidney (1988)\nWhoopi Goldberg (1989/90)\n1990s\nMercedes Ruehl (1991)\nIsabella Rossellini (1992)\nAmanda Plummer (1993)\nMia Sara (1994)\nBonnie Hunt (1995)\nAlice Krige (1996)\nGloria Stuart (1997)\nJoan Allen (1998)\nPatricia Clarkson (1999)\n2000s\nRebecca Romijn-Stamos (2000)\nFionnula Flanagan (2001)\nSamantha Morton (2002)\nEllen DeGeneres (2003)\nDaryl Hannah (2004)\nSummer Glau (2005)\nFamke Janssen (2006)\nMarcia Gay Harden (2007)\nTilda Swinton (2008)\nSigourney Weaver (2009)\n2010s\nMila Kunis (2010)\nEmily Blunt (2011)\nAnne Hathaway (2012)\nScarlett Johansson (2013)\nRene Russo (2014)\nJessica Chastain (2015)\nTilda Swinton (2016)\nDanai Gurira (2017)\nZendaya (2018/19)\nAna de Armas (2019/20)\n2020s\nAwkwafina (2021/22)\nEmily Blunt (2022/23)\nvteSt. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress\nHilary Swank (2004)\nJudi Dench (2005)\nHelen Mirren (2006)\nEllen Page (2007)\nKate Winslet (2008)\nCarey Mulligan (2009)\nNatalie Portman (2010)\nRooney Mara (2011)\nJessica Chastain (2012)\nCate Blanchett (2013)\nRosamund Pike (2014)\nBrie Larson (2015)\nIsabelle Huppert (2016)\nFrances McDormand (2017)\nToni Collette (2018)\nScarlett Johansson (2019)\nCarey Mulligan (2020)\nKristen Stewart (2021)\nMichelle Yeoh (2022)\nLily Gladstone (2023)\nvteTony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play19471975\nPatricia Neal (1947)\nShirley Booth (1949)\nMaureen Stapleton (1951)\nMarian Winters (1952)\nBeatrice Straight (1953)\nJo Van Fleet (1954)\nPatricia Jessel (1955)\nUna Merkel (1956)\nPeggy Cass (1957)\nAnne Bancroft (1958)\nJulie Newmar (1959)\nAnne Revere (1960)\nColleen Dewhurst (1961)\nElizabeth Ashley (1962)\nSandy Dennis (1963)\nBarbara Loden (1964)\nAlice Ghostley (1965)\nZoe Caldwell (1966)\nMarian Seldes (1967)\nZena Walker (1968)\nJane Alexander (1969)\nBlythe Danner (1970)\nRae Allen (1971)\nElizabeth Wilson (1972)\nLeora Dana (1973)\nFrances Sternhagen (1974)\nRita Moreno (1975)\n19762000\nShirley Knight (1976)\nTrazana Beverley (1977)\nAnn Wedgeworth (1978)\nJoan Hickson (1979)\nDinah Manoff (1980)\nSwoosie Kurtz (1981)\nAmanda Plummer (1982)\nJudith Ivey (1983)\nChristine Baranski (1984)\nJudith Ivey (1985)\nSwoosie Kurtz (1986)\nMary Alice (1987)\nL. Scott Caldwell (1988)\nChristine Baranski (1989)\nMargaret Tyzack (1990)\nIrene Worth (1991)\nBrd Brennan (1992)\nDebra Monk (1993)\nJane Adams (1994)\nFrances Sternhagen (1995)\nAudra McDonald (1996)\nLynne Thigpen (1997)\nAnna Manahan (1998)\nElizabeth Franz (1999)\nBlair Brown (2000)\n2001present\nViola Davis (2001)\nKatie Finneran (2002)\nMichele Pawk (2003)\nAudra McDonald (2004)\nAdriane Lenox (2005)\nFrances de la Tour (2006)\nJennifer Ehle (2007)\nRondi Reed (2008)\nAngela Lansbury (2009)\nScarlett Johansson (2010)\nEllen Barkin (2011)\nJudith Light (2012)\nJudith Light (2013)\nSophie Okonedo (2014)\nAnnaleigh Ashford (2015)\nJayne Houdyshell (2016)\nCynthia Nixon (2017)\nLaurie Metcalf (2018)\nCelia Keenan-Bolger (2019)\nLois Smith (2020/21)\nPhylicia Rashad (2022)\nMiriam Silverman (2023)\nvteToronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress\nZhang Ziyi (2000)\nScarlett Johansson (2001)\nEmily Watson (2002)\nMiranda Richardson (2003)\nVirginia Madsen (2004)\nCatherine Keener (2005)\nCate Blanchett (2006)\nCate Blanchett (2007)\nRosemarie DeWitt (2008)\nAnna Kendrick (2009)\nHailee Steinfeld (2010)\nJessica Chastain (2011)\nGina Gershon (2012)\nJennifer Lawrence (2013)\nPatricia Arquette (2014)\nAlicia Vikander (2015)\nMichelle Williams (2016)\nLaurie Metcalf (2017)\nRegina King (2018)\nLaura Dern (2019)\nMaria Bakalova (2020)\nJessie Buckley (2021)\nKeke Palmer (2022)\nvteVancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress\nLaura Linney (2000)\nSissy Spacek (2001)\nJulianne Moore (2002)\nCharlize Theron (2003)\nImelda Staunton (2004)\nFelicity Huffman (2005)\nHelen Mirren (2006)\nMarion Cotillard (2007)\nKate Winslet (2008)\nCarey Mulligan (2009)\nJennifer Lawrence (2010)\nElizabeth Olsen (2011)\nJessica Chastain (2012)\nCate Blanchett (2013)\nTilda Swinton (2014)\nBrie Larson (2015)\nIsabelle Huppert (2016)\nSaoirse Ronan (2017)\nOlivia Colman / Regina Hall / Melissa McCarthy (2018)\nScarlett Johansson (2019)\nFrances McDormand (2020)\nOlivia Colman (2021)\nMichelle Yeoh (2022)\nSandra Hller (2023)\nvteYoung Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film19792000\nDiane Lane (1979)\nDiane Lane (1980)\nKristy McNichol (1981)\nAileen Quinn (1982)\nRoxana Zal (1983)\nMolly Ringwald (1984)\nMeredith Salenger (1985)\nLaura Jacoby (1986)\nLisa Bonet / Maia Brewton / Christa Denton / Lea Thompson (1987)\nMayim Bialik / Kristy Swanson / Hayley Taylor-Block (1988)\nWinona Ryder (1989)\nRobin Weisman (1990)\nThora Birch (1991)\nAlisan Porter (1992)\nThora Birch / Ariana Richards / Christina Vidal (1993)\nAnna Chlumsky (1994)\nAnna Chlumsky (1995)\nMichelle Trachtenberg (1996)\nMara Wilson (1997)\nLindsay Lohan / Jena Malone (1998)\nKimberly J. Brown (1999)\nElizabeth Huett (2000)\n20012019\nScarlett Johansson / Emma Watson (2001)\nAlexa Vega (2002)\nJenna Boyd (2003)\nEmmy Rossum (2004)\nDakota Fanning (2005)\nKeke Palmer (2006)\nAnnaSophia Robb (2007)\nDakota Fanning (2008)\nAbigail Breslin (2009)\nHailee Steinfeld (2010)\nChlo Grace Moretz (2011)\nKathryn Newton / Quvenzhan Wallis (2012)\nSophie Nlisse / Loreto Peralta (2013)\nQuvenzhan Wallis (2014)\nQuinn McColgan / Liv Southard (2015)\nSofia Rosinsky (2016)\nSavannah Liles (2017)\nChalet Lizette Brannan (2018)\nLexy Kolker (2019)\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nKorea\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nPeople\nDeutsche Synchronkartei\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarlett_Johansson&oldid=1226028204\"\nCategories: Scarlett Johansson1984 birthsLiving people20th-century American actresses21st-century American actresses21st-century American women singers21st-century American singersAmerican child actressesAmerican film actressesAmerican people of Danish descentAmerican people of Polish-Jewish descentAmerican people of Russian-Jewish descentAmerican people of Swedish descentAmerican stage actressesAmerican voice actressesAmerican women film producersAtco Records artistsBest Actress BAFTA Award winnersCsar Honorary Award recipientsDanish people of Polish-Jewish descentDanish people of Russian-Jewish descentDanish people of Swedish descentFemale models from New York (state)Fraternal twin actressesJewish American actressesJewish women singersLee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumniMethod actorsActresses from ManhattanTheatre World Award winnersTony Award winnersAmerican twinsJewish film peopleHidden categories: CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living peopleFeatured articlesUse American English from September 2019All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from August 2023Biography with signatureArticles with hCardsArticles containing potentially dated statements from September 2019All articles containing potentially dated statementsCommons category link is on WikidataIBDB name template using WikidataArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with LNB identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with NLK identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiersArticles with Deutsche Synchronkartei identifiersArticles with DTBIO identifiersArticles with Trove identifiersArticles with SNAC-ID identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 28 May 2024, at 04:32(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Scarlett Johansson - IMDb\nMenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsCannes Film FestivalAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthStar WarsSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer?Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)Use appBiographyAwardsTriviaFAQIMDbProAll topicsScarlett JohanssonActressProducerDirectorIMDbProStarmeter8734Play clip3:49The Rise of Scarlett Johansson99+ Videos99+ PhotosScarlett Ingrid Johansson was born on November 22, 1984 in Manhattan, New York City, New York. Her mother, Melanie Sloan is from a Jewish family from the Bronx and her father, Karsten Johansson is a Danish-born architect from Copenhagen. She has a sister, Vanessa Johansson, who is also an actress, a brother, Adrian, a twin brother, Hunter Johansson, born three minutes after her, and a paternal half-brother, Christian. Her grandfather was writer Ejner Johansson.Johansson began acting during childhood, after her mother started taking her to auditions. She made her professional acting debut at the age of eight in the off-Broadway production of \"Sophistry\" with Ethan Hawke, at New York's Playwrights Horizons. She would audition for commercials but took rejection so hard her mother began limiting her to film tryouts. She made her film debut at the age of nine, as John Ritter's character's daughter in the fantasy comedy North (1994). Following minor roles in Just Cause (1995), as the daughter of Sean Connery and Kate Capshaw's character, and If Lucy Fell (1996), she played the role of Amanda in Manny & Lo (1996). Her performance in Manny & Lo garnered a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Female, and positive reviews, one noting, \"[the film] grows on you, largely because of the charm of ... Scarlett Johansson\", while San Francisco Chronicle critic Mick LaSalle commentated on her \"peaceful aura\", and wrote, \"If she can get through puberty with that aura undisturbed, she could become an important actress.\"After appearing in minor roles in Fall (1997) and Home Alone 3 (1997), Johansson garnered widely spread attention for her performance in The Horse Whisperer (1998), directed by Robert Redford, where she played Grace MacLean, a teenager traumatized by a riding accident. She received a nomination for the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Most Promising Actress for the film. In 1999, she appeared in My Brother the Pig (1999) and in the music video for Mandy Moore's single, \"Candy\". Although the film was not a box office success, she received praise for her breakout role in Ghost World (2001), credited with \"sensitivity and talent [that] belie her age\". She was also featured in the Coen Brothers' dark drama The Man Who Wasn't There (2001), opposite Billy Bob Thornton and Frances McDormand. She appeared in the horror comedy Eight Legged Freaks (2002) with David Arquette and Kari Wuhrer.In 2003, she was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards, one for drama (Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003)) and one for comedy (Lost in Translation (2003)), her breakout role, starring opposite Bill Murray, and receiving rave reviews and a Best Actress Award at the Venice Film Festival. Her film roles include the critically acclaimed Weitz brothers' film In Good Company (2004), as well as starring opposite John Travolta in A Love Song for Bobby Long (2004), which garnered her a third Golden Globe Award nomination.She dropped out of Mission: Impossible III (2006) due to scheduling conflicts. Her next film role was in The Island (2005) alongside Ewan McGregor which earned weak reviews from U.S. critics. After this, she appeared in Woody Allen's Match Point (2005) and was nominated again for a Golden Globe Award. In May 2008, she released her album \"Anywhere I Lay My Head\", a collection of Tom Waits covers featuring one original song. Also that year, she starred in Frank Miller's The Spirit (2008), the Woody Allen film Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008), and played Mary Boleyn opposite Natalie Portman in The Other Boleyn Girl (2008).Since then, she has appeared as part of an ensemble cast in the romantic comedy He's Just Not That Into You (2009), the action superhero film Iron Man 2 (2010), the comedy-drama We Bought a Zoo (2011) and starred as the original scream queen, Janet Leigh, in Hitchcock (2012). She then played her character, Black Widow, in the blockbuster action films The Avengers (2012), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and Black Widow (2021), and also headlined the sci-fi action thriller Lucy (2014), a box office success. With more than a decade of work already under her belt, Scarlett has proven to be one of Hollywood's most talented young actresses. Her other starring roles are in the sci-fi action thriller Ghost in the Shell (2017) and the dark comedy Rough Night (2017).Scarlett and Canadian actor Ryan Reynolds were engaged in May 2008 and married in September of that year. In 2010, the couple announced their separation, and subsequently divorced a year later. In 2013, she became engaged to French journalist Romain Dauriac, the couple married a year later. In January 2017, the couple announced their separation, and subsequently divorced in March of that year. They have a daughter, Rose Dorothy Dauriac (born 2014). The couple divorced in September 2017.She married Colin Jost in October 2020. They have one child, a son.BornNovember 22, 1984More at IMDbProContact infoAgent infoResumeBornNovember 22, 1984IMDbProStarmeter8734Add to listView contact info at IMDbProNominated for 2 Oscars71 wins & 234 nominations totalScarlett Johansson Through the YearsScarlett Johansson Through the YearsTake a look back at Scarlett Johansson's movie career in photos.See more ScarlettPhotosPhotos1675Known forLost in Translation7.7Charlotte2003Her8.0Samantha(voice)2013The Avengers8.0Natasha RomanoffBlack Widow2012Black Widow6.7Natasha RomanoffBlack Widow2021CreditsEditActress80Producer4Director3Soundtrack22Writer1Music Department1Self192Thanks6Archive Footage85IMDbProExpand belowActressUpcoming4Fly Me to the MoonKelly JonesPost-production2024Transformers OneElita -1 (voice)Post-production2024Jurassic World 4 (rumored)Pre-production2025FeatherwoodCarol BlevinsPre-productionPrevious76Saturday Night Live8.0TV SeriesKatie BrittIvanka TrumpLexie (segment \"Porcelain Fountains\") (uncredited)200920245 episodesNorth Star6.7Katherine2023StoryBots: Answer Time7.3TV Series20231 episodeAsteroid City6.5Midge Campbell2023Penglai7.6ShortNarrator2022Come Home6.1ShortAsh (voice)2021Sing 27.3Ash (voice)2021Black Widow6.7Natasha RomanoffBlack Widow2021Jojo Rabbit7.9Rosie2019Marriage Story7.9Nicole Barber2019Avengers: Endgame8.4Natasha RomanoffBlack Widow2019Captain Marvel6.8Natasha Romanoff (uncredited)2019Avengers: Infinity War8.4Natasha RomanoffBlack Widow2018Pete Yorn, Scarlett Johansson: Bad Dreams6.4Music VideoScarlett Johansson2018Isle of Dogs7.8Nutmeg (voice)2018See allProducerUpcoming2Fly Me to the MoonproducerPost-production2024Featherwoodexecutive producer, producerPre-productionPrevious2Black Widow6.7executive producer2021The Whale8.1executive producer2011DirectorUpcoming1Eleanor the GreatDirectorIn ProductionPrevious2American Express Unstaged: Ellie Goulding8.0Director (attached)2015These Vagabond Shoes5.3ShortDirector2009In-development projects at IMDbProVideos237Clip 3:49The Rise of Scarlett JohanssonClip 1:48Scarlett Johansson | Career RetrospectiveClip 4:51Scarlett Johansson and Florence Pugh Reveal the First Time They MetClip 4:06What You Need to Know Before Seeing 'Black Widow'Clip 3:32What New Marvel Release Dates Might Mean for the MCUClip 1:36Scarlett Johansson | IMDb SupercutClip 4:10Taika Look at the Waititi WayClip 3:3423 Times We Yelled \"Dope\" at D23Clip 2:56'Avengers: Endgame' Footage We May Never SeeClip 2:41What We Know About 'Black Widow' ... So FarClip 3:02'Avengers: Endgame' White Suits Are Probably NOT for Outer SpaceClip 2:33'Avengers: Endgame' Teaser BreakdownPersonal detailsEditAlternative nameScarlett JohanssenHeight5 3 (1.60 m)BornNovember 22, 1984Manhattan, New York City, New York, USASpousesColin JostOctober 2020 - present (1 child)ChildrenRose DauriacParentsMelanie SloanRelativesVanessa Johansson(Sibling)Other worksHer professional acting debut was alongside Ethan Hawke in \"Sophistry\", an off Broadway playPublicity listings10 Interviews59 Articles28 Pictorials688 Magazine Cover PhotosDid you knowEditTriviaShe was cast as Natasha Romanoff in Iron Man 2 (2010) after Emily Blunt dropped out due to other commitments.QuotesI'm so tired of hearing casting directors ask if I have a sore throat. The people who have told me that my voice is distinctive, it's unusual... those people have always been close to my heart.TrademarksOften plays characters who look and act older than their ageSalariesBlack Widow (2021)$20,000,000 +back endFAQ13Powered by AlexaHow old is Scarlett Johansson?When was Scarlett Johansson born?Where was Scarlett Johansson born?Related newsContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentLearn more about contributingEdit pageMore to explorePhotosHollywood Power CouplesSee the galleryPhotosThe Greatest Character Actors of All TimeSee the galleryAdd demo reel with IMDbProMake your IMDb page stand out by adding a demo reelUpload your demo reelAdd demo reel with IMDbProMake your IMDb page stand out by adding a demo reelUpload your demo reelHow much have you seen?Keep track of how much of Scarlett Johanssons work you have seen. Go to your list.Projects In DevelopmentGet more at IMDbProListTop 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars of the Last DecadeSee the listRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb appSign in for more accessSign in for more accessFollow IMDb on socialGet the IMDb appFor Android and iOSHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoLicense IMDb DataPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top", "url": "https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0424060/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Scarlett Johansson wants answers about ChatGPT voice that sounds like 'Her' : NPR\nAccessibility links\nSkip to main content\nKeyboard shortcuts for audio player\nOpen Navigation Menu\nNewsletters\nNPR Shop\nClose Navigation Menu\nHome\nNews\nExpand/collapse submenu for News\nNational\nWorld\nPolitics\nBusiness\nHealth\nScience\nClimate\nRace\nCulture\nExpand/collapse submenu for Culture\nBooks\nMovies\nTelevision\nPop Culture\nFood\nArt & Design\nPerforming Arts\nLife Kit\nGaming\nMusic\nExpand/collapse submenu for Music\nTiny Desk\nHip-Hop 50\nAll Songs Considered\nMusic Features\nLive Sessions\nPodcasts & Shows\nExpand/collapse submenu for Podcasts & Shows\nDaily\nMorning Edition\nWeekend Edition Saturday\nWeekend Edition Sunday\nAll Things Considered\nFresh Air\nUp First\nFeatured\nThe NPR Politics Podcast\nThroughline\nTrump's Trials\nWild Card with Rachel Martin\nMore Podcasts & Shows\nSearch\nNewsletters\nNPR Shop\nTiny Desk\nHip-Hop 50\nAll Songs Considered\nMusic Features\nLive Sessions\nAbout NPR\nDiversity\nSupport\nCareers\nPress\nEthics\nScarlett Johansson wants answers about ChatGPT voice that sounds like 'Her' Johansson says she was approached multiple times by OpenAI to be the voice of ChatGPT, and that she declined. Then the company released a voice assistant that sounded uncannily like her.\nTechnology\nScarlett Johansson says she is 'shocked, angered' over new ChatGPT voice\nUpdated May 20, 20247:16 PM ET\nOriginally published May 20, 20245:43 PM ET\nBobby Allyn\nEnlarge this image\nWhen OpenAI announced its latest ChatGPT last week, the AI voice it used in its demo was quickly compared to Scarlett Johansson's voice in the 2013 sci-fi film \"Her,\" but now the company says it is pulling the voice.\nLeon Bennett/Getty Images\nhide caption\ntoggle caption\nLeon Bennett/Getty Images\nWhen OpenAI announced its latest ChatGPT last week, the AI voice it used in its demo was quickly compared to Scarlett Johansson's voice in the 2013 sci-fi film \"Her,\" but now the company says it is pulling the voice.\nLeon Bennett/Getty Images\nLawyers for Scarlett Johansson are demanding that OpenAI disclose how it developed an AI personal assistant voice that the actress says sounds uncannily similar to her own. Johansson's legal team has sent OpenAI two letters asking the company to detail the process by which it developed a voice the tech company dubbed \"Sky,\" Johansson's publicist told NPR in a revelation that has not been previously reported. After OpenAI held a live demonstration of the voice last week, many observers compared it to Johansson's voice in the the 2013 Spike Jonze romantic sci-fi film \"Her,\" which centers on a man who falls in love with the female voice of his computer's operating system.\nOpenAI CEO Sam Altman, who has said the 2013 Spike Jonze film is his favorite movie, invited comparisons by posting the word \"Her\" on X after the company announced the new ChatGPT version. But later, OpenAI executives denied any connection between Johansson and the new voice assistant. Then the company suddenly dropped the voice. In a post on X just before midnight Pacific time Sunday, OpenAI said the voice would be halted as it addresses \"questions about how we chose the voices in ChatGPT.\" A company spokeswoman would not provide further detail. Turns out, Altman had been courting the Hollywood star for months, and she now feels betrayed. Johansson said that nine months ago Altman approached her proposing that she allow her voice to be licensed for the new ChatGPT voice assistant. He thought it would be \"comforting to people\" who are uneasy with AI technology. \"After much consideration and for personal reasons, I declined the offer,\" Johansson wrote. Just two days before the new ChatGPT was unveiled, Altman again reached out to Johansson's team, urging the actress to reconsider, she said. But before she and Altman could connect, the company publicly announced its new, splashy product, complete with a voice that she says appears to have copied her likeness.\nTo Johansson, it was a personal affront. \"I was shocked, angered and in disbelief that Mr. Altman would pursue a voice that sounded so eerily similar to mine that my closest friends and news outlets could not tell the difference,\" she said. She also found it alarming, she said, at a moment when the internet is awash in disinformation. \"In a time when we are all grappling with deepfakes and the protection of our own likeness, our own work, our own identities, I believe these are questions that deserve absolute clarity,\" Johansson said. OpenAI's Altman denied there is any connection between Johansson and its Sky voice. \"We cast the voice actor behind Sky's voice before any outreach to Ms. Johansson. Out of respect for Ms. Johansson, we have paused using Sky's voice in our products. We are sorry to Ms. Johansson that we didn't communicate better,\" Altman wrote in a statement to NPR. Johansson used the incident to draw attention to the lack of legal safeguards around the use of creative work to power leading AI tools. \"I look forward to resolution in the form of transparency and the passage of appropriate legislation to help ensure that individual rights are protected,\" she said. OpenAI says voice of another actress was used to develop 'Sky' In a blog post late Sunday, OpenAI said the AI voice in question, known as \"Sky,\" was developed from the voice of another actress whose identity the company said it is not revealing to protect her privacy.\nTechnology\nOpenAI releases latest ChatGPT it can talk, laugh and even sing like a human\n\"We believe that AI voices should not deliberately mimic a celebrity's distinctive voice Sky's voice is not an imitation of Scarlett Johansson but belongs to a different professional actress using her own natural speaking voice,\" the company wrote. The new model, known as GPT-4o, transforms the chatbot into a voice assistant that can interpret facial expressions, detect emotion and even sing on command. The new voice assistant will be publicly available in the coming weeks. During a live-demo last week, it struck a knowing, flirtatious tone with some of OpenAI's employees, leading some to wonder whether the coquettish demeanor was an intentional ploy to keep people engaged with the AI system.\nTechnology\nThe Google engineer who sees company's AI as 'sentient' thinks a chatbot has a soul\nIn an interview with NPR last week, OpenAI chief technology officer Mira Murati said the company did not pattern any ChatGPT voices on Johansson's sultry computer voice in the movie. \"It says more about our imagination, our storytelling as a society than about the technology itself,\" Murati said. \"The way we developed this technology is not based on the movie or a sci-fi story. We're trying to build these machines that can think and have robust understandings of the world.\"\n\"I don't know about the voice. I actually had to go and listen to Scarlett Johansson's voice,\" she said. Asked about ChatGPT's flirtatious banter, Murati said the model merely responds to what people provide to it. \"It will react to how you're interacting with it,\" she said. \"It's not preset. It's based on inputs.\" In its Sunday night blog post, OpenAI said that chatbot was developed with five voices that were produced after working closely with voice and screen actors. \"Looking ahead, you can expect even more options as we plan to introduce additional voices in ChatGPT to better match the diverse interests and preferences of users,\" the company wrote in the post. A day after OpenAI's announcement, Google held its annual developer conference where it unveiled its own personal AI assistant, also voiced by a female, known as Project Astra. While similar, Google's version appeared far less quippy and playful and more matter of fact. Together, experts say, the products provide a glimpse into the next generation of cutting-edge AI technology and also raise questions about the risks that follow as more and more people adopt the tools.\nTechnology\nFirst there were AI chatbots. Now AI assistants can order Ubers and book vacations\nVisar Berisha, an Arizona State University professor who studies AI speech technology, said it is hard to predict how advanced AI voice assistants that speak with human-like personalities will change society. \"Communication by voice is really intimate, really impactful. It allows the AI to express subtleties, things that are perceived as sincere, urgent, joy, concern,\" he said. \"And all of these serve to foster a deeper connection between the user and machine. You can see how these interactions can potentially become addictive.\" It's possible, Berisha said, that people will start forming emotional connections to AI systems, much like the plot of \"Her\" a movie that does not end happily for the protagonist.\n\"When I first saw that movie it seemed like science fiction,\" Berisha said. \"It doesn't seem like that now.\"\nscarlett johansson\nOpenAI\nchatgpt\nHer\nvoice assistant\nFacebook\nFlipboard\nEmail\nRead & Listen\nHome\nNews\nCulture\nMusic\nPodcasts & Shows\nConnect\nNewsletters\nFacebook\nInstagram\nPress\nPublic Editor\nCorrections\nContact & Help\nAbout NPR\nOverview\nDiversity\nNPR Network\nAccessibility\nEthics\nFinances\nGet Involved\nSupport Public Radio\nSponsor NPR\nNPR Careers\nNPR Shop\nNPR Events\nNPR Extra\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy\nYour Privacy Choices\nText Only\nSponsor MessageBecome an NPR sponsor", "url": "https://www.npr.org/2024/05/20/1252495087/openai-pulls-ai-voice-that-was-compared-to-scarlett-johansson-in-the-movie-her" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Scarlett Johanssons Statement About Her Interactions With Sam Altman - The New York Times\nSkip to contentSkip to site indexSearch & Section NavigationSection NavigationSEARCHTechnologyLog inWednesday, May 29, 2024Todays PaperArtificial IntelligenceWill A.I. Upend the Election?Chatbots and DisinformationWhen A.I. Takes Your VoiceMaking A.I. FriendsFaces QuizAdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTSupported bySKIP ADVERTISEMENTScarlett Johanssons Statement About Her Interactions With Sam AltmanThe actress released a lengthy statement about the company and the similarity of one of its A.I. voices.Share full articleMay 20, 2024Here is Scarlett Johanssons statement on Monday:Last September, I received an offer from Sam Altman, who wanted to hire me to voice the current ChatGPT 4.0 system. He told me that he felt that by my voicing the system, I could bridge the gap between tech companies and creatives and help consumers to feel comfortable with the seismic shift concerning humans and A.I. He said he felt that my voice would be comforting to people. After much consideration and for personal reasons, I declined the offer. Nine months later, my friends, family and the general public all noted how much the newest system named Sky sounded like me.When I heard the released demo, I was shocked, angered and in disbelief that Mr. Altman would pursue a voice that sounded so eerily similar to mine that my closest friends and news outlets could not tell the difference. Mr. Altman even insinuated that the similarity was intentional, tweeting a single word, her a reference to the film in which I voiced a chat system, Samantha, who forms an intimate relationship with a human.Two days before the ChatGPT 4.0 demo was released, Mr. Altman contacted my agent, asking me to reconsider. Before we could connect, the system was out there. As a result of their actions, I was forced to hire legal counsel, who wrote two letters to Mr. Altman and OpenAI, setting out what they had done and asking them to detail the exact process by which they created the Sky voice. Consequently, OpenAI reluctantly agreed to take down the Sky voice.In a time when we are all grappling with deepfakes and the protection of our own likeness, our own work, our own identities, I believe these are questions that deserve absolute clarity. I look forward to resolution in the form of transparency and the passage of appropriate legislation to help ensure that individual rights are protected.See more on: OpenAI, Altman, Sam, Scarlett JohanssonShare full articleAdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTSite IndexSite Information Navigation2024The New York Times CompanyNYTCoContact UsAccessibilityWork with usAdvertiseT Brand StudioYour Ad ChoicesPrivacy PolicyTerms of ServiceTerms of SaleSite MapCanadaInternationalHelpSubscriptions", "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/20/technology/scarlett-johansson-openai-statement.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lawyers say OpenAI could be in real trouble with Scarlett Johansson - The VergeSkip to main contentThe VergeThe Verge logo.The Verge homepageThe Verge homepageThe VergeThe Verge logo./Tech/Reviews/Science/Entertainment/AI/MoreMenuExpandThe VergeThe Verge logo.MenuExpandArtificial Intelligence/Tech/OpenAILawyers say OpenAI could be in real trouble with Scarlett JohanssonLawyers say OpenAI could be in real trouble with Scarlett Johansson / Scarlett Johansson could invoke right to publicity laws in California to protect her against further use of ChatGPTs Sky voice.By Emilia David, a reporter who covers AI. Prior to joining The Verge, she covered the intersection between technology, finance, and the economy. May 22, 2024, 8:54 PM UTCShare this story Photo by Taylor Hill / WireImageOpenAI could face legal consequences for making a ChatGPT voice that sounds a lot like Scarlett Johansson whether the company did so intentionally or not. And the fact that OpenAIs CEO referenced those similarities? That only makes matters worse, intellectual property lawyers tell The Verge.There are a few courses of actions she can take, but case law supports her position, says Purvi Patel Albers, partner at the law firm Haynes Boone with a focus on trademarks and copyright.After demoing updates to ChatGPT last week, OpenAI spurred commentary and headlines noting that the voice of its AI assistant named Sky sounded a lot like Johansson, especially her performance as an AI assistant in the movie Her.Past celebrity likeness lawsuits have clear implications for AI voice clonesAlbers says that Johansson and other celebrities can invoke right to publicity laws, which protect identifying features of a personfrom being used without their permission. If you misappropriate someones name, likeness, or voice, you could be violating their right to publicity, Albers says.Celebrities have previously won cases over similar-sounding voices in commercials. In 1988, Bette Midler sued Ford for hiring one of her backup singers for an ad and instructing the singer to sound as much as possible like the Bette Midler record. Midler had refused to be in the commercial. That same year, Tom Waits sued Frito-Lay for voice misappropriation after the companys ad agency got someone to imitate Waits for a parody of his song in a Doritos commercial. Both cases, filed in California courts, were decided in the celebrities favor. The wins by Midler and Waits have clear implications for AI voice clones, says Christian Mammen, a partner at Womble Bond Dickinson who specializes in intellectual property law. To win in these cases, celebrities generally have to prove that their voice or other identifying features are unregistered trademarks and that, by imitating them, consumers could connect them to the product being sold, even if theyre not involved. That means identifying what is distinctive about her voice something that may be easier for a celebrity who played an AI assistant in an Oscar-winning movie.What makes things difficult is the lack of federal right to publicity laws instead, the laws are state by state, and not all states have one on the books. Each state also designs its likeness laws differently; for example, New York recognizes every individual has the right to control the commercial use of personal characteristics like their name, picture, voice, and even their signature. This right extends to a deceased person, whose estate must give prior consent for the use of a computer-generated replica. California, where OpenAI is headquartered, does not mention using digital replicas like AI-generated voices in its law. But California protects a living persons voice from being used in commercial activities without consent. It states that using a persons identity, whether a voice, face, or name, could violate these protections.Even though OpenAI didnt mention Johansson, consumers pointed out the similaritiesThe Ninth Circuit held that a celebrity with a distinctive voice could recover against someone who used a voice impersonator to create the impression that the celebrity had endorsed the product or was speaking in the advertisement, Mammen says.Johansson has not sued OpenAI, but she has lawyered up. On Monday, Johansson said that she had hired legal counsel to draft letters to OpenAI asking for an explanation about how the voice of Sky was created. Johansson said OpenAI had previously reached out to her about voicing the assistant and that she had refused the companys request.OpenAI says it did not intend for the Sky voice to sound like Johansson, but that doesnt necessarily protect the company. Albers says that even though OpenAI did not explicitly mention Johansson, consumers were already pointing out the similarities. The commentary began while OpenAIs demo of ChatGPT-4o was ongoing, and Saturday Night Live even joked about it.Sam Altman, OpenAIs CEO, may have complicated matters further. Altman posted the word her on X as the companys event was happening last week, seemingly referencing the demos similarity to what was portrayed in the film. Albers says that could fuel the publics opinion that the voice is meant to imitate Johansson. OpenAI has pulled the voice of Sky for the time being, which could quell Johanssons concerns. But Albers says OpenAI could further Johanssons ire if they put the Sky voice back and it still sounds like the actor. The question we need to ask is why on Earth did OpenAI do this? Albers says. [Johansson] is a known advocate for protecting her rights, so shes not going to shy away from going against them.CommentsMost PopularMost PopularGoogle wont comment on a potentially massive leak of its search algorithm documentationFormer OpenAI board member explains why they fired Sam AltmanLegos first Legend of Zelda set is a 2,500-piece Great Deku TreeThis Lego Apple Store design submission is pitch-perfectVivek Ramaswamy cant even dunk on Buzzfeed rightVerge Deals / Sign up for Verge Deals to get deals on products we've tested sent to your inbox weekly.Email (required)Sign upBy submitting your email, you agree to our Terms and Privacy Notice. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.From our sponsorAdvertiser Content FromMore from Artificial IntelligencePolitical ads could require AI-generated content disclosures soonYou can get rid of AI Overviews in Google SearchAmazon Alexas big AI upgrade could require a new subscriptionHumane is looking for a buyer after the AI Pins underwhelming debutAdvertiser Content FromThe VergeThe Verge logo.Terms of UsePrivacy NoticeCookie PolicyDo Not Sell or Share My Personal DataLicensing FAQAccessibilityPlatform StatusHow We Rate and Review ProductsContactTip UsCommunity GuidelinesAboutEthics StatementThe Verge is a vox media networkAdvertise with usJobs @ Vox Media 2024 Vox Media, LLC. All Rights Reserved", "url": "https://www.theverge.com/2024/5/22/24162429/scarlett-johansson-openai-legal-right-to-publicity-likeness-midler-lawyers" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Scarlett Johansson Said No, but OpenAIs Virtual Assistant Sounds Just Like Her - The New York Times\nSkip to contentSkip to site indexSearch & Section NavigationSection NavigationSEARCHTechnologyLog inWednesday, May 29, 2024Todays PaperArtificial IntelligenceWill A.I. Upend the Election?Chatbots and DisinformationWhen A.I. Takes Your VoiceMaking A.I. FriendsFaces QuizAdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTYou have a preview view of this article while we are checking your access. When we have confirmed access, the full article content will load.Supported bySKIP ADVERTISEMENTScarlett Johansson Said No, but OpenAIs Virtual Assistant Sounds Just Like HerLast week, the company released a chatbot with an option that sounded like the actress, who provided the voice of an A.I. system in the movie Her.Listen to this article 5:21 min Learn moreShare full article119Scarlett Johansson said in a statement on Monday that an OpenAI chatbots voice sounded eerily similar to mine despite her refusals.Credit...Haiyun Jiang for The New York TimesBy Tripp MickleReporting from San FranciscoMay 20, 2024Leer en espaolDays before OpenAI demonstrated its new, flirty voice assistant last week, the actress Scarlett Johansson said, Sam Altman, the companys chief executive, called her agent and asked that she consider licensing her voice for a virtual assistant.It was his second request to the actress in the past year, Ms. Johansson said in a statement on Monday, adding that the reply both times was no.Despite those refusals, Ms. Johansson said, OpenAI used a voice that sounded eerily similar to mine. She has hired a lawyer and asked OpenAI to stop using a voice it called Sky.OpenAI suspended its release of Sky over the weekend. The company said in a blog post on Sunday that AI voices should not deliberately mimic a celebritys distinctive voice Skys voice is not an imitation of Scarlett Johansson but belongs to a different professional actress using her own natural speaking voice.For Ms. Johansson, the episode has been a surreal case of life-imitating art. In 2013, she provided the voice for an A.I. system in the Spike Jonze movie Her. The film told the story of a lonely introvert seduced by a virtual assistant named Samantha, a tragic commentary on the potential pitfalls of technology as it becomes more realistic.Last week, Mr. Altman appeared to nod to the similarity between OpenAIs virtual assistant and the film in a post on X with the single word her.We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit andlog intoyour Times account, orsubscribefor all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber?Log in.Want all of The Times?Subscribe.AdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTSite IndexSite Information Navigation2024The New York Times CompanyNYTCoContact UsAccessibilityWork with usAdvertiseT Brand StudioYour Ad ChoicesPrivacy PolicyTerms of ServiceTerms of SaleSite MapCanadaInternationalHelpSubscriptions", "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/20/technology/scarlett-johannson-openai-voice.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "OpenAI didnt copy Scarlett Johanssons voice for ChatGPT, records show - The Washington PostAccessibility statementSkip to main contentDemocracy Dies in DarknessSign inAdvertisementDemocracy Dies in DarknessTechHelp Desk Artificial Intelligence Internet Culture Space Tech Policy TechHelp Desk Artificial Intelligence Internet Culture Space Tech Policy OpenAI didnt copy Scarlett Johanssons voice for ChatGPT, records showA different actress was hired to provide the voice for ChatGPTs Sky, according to documents and recordings shared with the Washington Post. By Nitasha TikuUpdated May 23, 2024 at 12:24 p.m. EDT|Published May 22, 2024 at 6:59 p.m. EDTScarlett Johansson alleged this week that OpenAI had copied her voice after she refused a request by CEO Sam Altman to license it. (Emma McIntyre/Getty Images for ELLE)Listen5 minShareComment on this storyCommentAdd to your saved storiesSaveWhen OpenAI issued a casting call last May for a secret project to endow OpenAIs popular ChatGPT with a human voice, the flier had several requests: The actors should be nonunion. They should sound between 25 and 45 years old. And their voices should be warm, engaging [and] charismatic.One thing the artificial intelligence company didnt request, according to interviews with multiple people involved in the process and documents shared by OpenAI in response to questions from The Washington Post: a clone of actress Scarlett Johansson.Share CommentsBy Nitasha TikuNitasha Tiku is The Washington Post's tech culture reporter based in San Francisco.\nTwitterSign upSubscribe to comment and get the full experience. Choose your plan AdvertisementAdvertisementTOP STORIESTechnologyBig Tech news and how to take control of your data and devicesApple and Microsoft want you to notice how their AI works. But why?OpenAI starts training a new AI model while forming a safety committeeDebunking misinformation failed. Welcome to pre-bunkingbackTry a different topicSign in or create a free account to save your preferencesAdvertisementAdvertisementwashingtonpost.com 1996-2024 The Washington Postwashingtonpost.com 1996-2024 The Washington Post", "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/05/22/openai-scarlett-johansson-chatgpt-ai-voice/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "ChatGPT: Scarlett Johansson left 'angered' by chatbot imitationBritish Broadcasting CorporationWatch LiveRegisterSign InHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveHomeNewsIsrael-Gaza WarWar in UkraineUK General ElectionIndia ElectionUS & CanadaUKUK PoliticsEnglandN. IrelandN. Ireland PoliticsScotlandScotland PoliticsWalesWales PoliticsAfricaAsiaChinaIndiaAustraliaEuropeLatin AmericaMiddle EastIn PicturesBBC VerifySportBusinessFuture of BusinessTechnology of BusinessWork CultureInnovationTechnologyScience & HealthArtificial IntelligenceCultureFilm & TVMusicArt & DesignStyleBooksEntertainment NewsTravelDestinationsAfricaAntarcticaAsiaAustralia and PacificCaribbean & BermudaCentral AmericaEuropeMiddle EastNorth AmericaSouth AmericaWorlds TableCulture & ExperiencesAdventuresThe SpeciaListEarthNatural WondersWeather & ScienceClimate SolutionsSustainable BusinessGreen LivingVideoLiveLive NewsLive SportRegisterSign InHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveAudioWeatherScarlett Johansson 'shocked' by AI chatbot imitation21 May 2024Matt Murphy,Liv McMahonShareGetty ImagesScarlett JohanssonHollywood star Scarlett Johansson has said she was left \"shocked\" and \"angered\" after OpenAI launched a chatbot with an \"eerily similar\" voice to her own. The actress said she had previously turned down an approach by the company to voice its new chatbot, which reads text aloud to users. When the new model debuted last week commentators were quick to draw comparisons between the chatbot's \"Sky\" voice and Johansson's in the 2013 film Her. OpenAI said on Monday that it would remove the voice, but insisted that it was not meant to be an \"imitation\" of the star. However, Johansson accused the company, and its founder Sam Altman, of deliberately copying her voice, in a statement seen by the BBC on Monday evening. When I heard the released demo, I was shocked, angered and in disbelief that Mr Altman would pursue a voice that sounded so eerily similar to mine,\" she wrote. \"Mr Altman even insinuated that the similarity was intentional, tweeting a single word 'her' - a reference to the film in which I voiced a chat system, Samantha, who forms an intimate relationship with a human.\" Set in the near future, 2013 film Her sees Joaquin Phoenix fall in love with his device's operating system, which is voiced by Ms Johansson.Allow Twitter content?This article contains content provided by Twitter. We ask for your permission before anything is loaded, as they may be using cookies and other technologies. You may want to readTwitters cookie policyandprivacy policybefore accepting. To view this content chooseaccept and continue.Accept and continueThe actress, who has been nominated for two Academy Awards, said she had been initially approached by Mr Altman about voicing the new chatbot in September. \"[Mr Altman] told me that he felt that by my voicing the system, I could bridge the gap between tech companies and creatives and help consumers to feel comfortable with the seismic shift concerning humans and AI,\" Johansson wrote. \"He said he felt that my voice would be comforting to people.\"But she eventually rejected the offer for personal reasons, she said. Two days before the Sky chatbot was released, she added, Mr Altman contacted her agent, urging Johansson to reconsider her initial refusal to co-operate with the company. Adding that she had been forced to hire lawyers, the actress said she had sent two legal letters to the company, to establish how the voice had been made. \"In a time when we are all grappling with deepfakes and the protection of our own likeness, our own work, our own identities, I believe these are questions that deserve absolute clarity,\" she wrote. In a statement shared with the BBC by OpenAI, Mr Altman denied that the company had sought to imitate Johansson's voice. \"The voice of Sky is not Scarlett Johansson's, and it was never intended to resemble hers,\" he wrote. \"We cast the voice actor behind Skys voice before any outreach to Ms Johansson. Out of respect for Ms Johansson, we have paused using Skys voice in our products. We are sorry to Ms Johansson that we didnt communicate better.Separately, the firm said it was \"working to pause\" the voice while it addressed questions about how it was chosen in a post on X, formerly Twitter.In its blog post, OpenAI said the five voices used by its chatbot had been sampled from voice actors it partnered with.Copyright challengesIt comes just six months after actors agreed to end strikes which froze the entertainment industry amid calls for better pay and safeguards on the use of AI.Ms Johansson took part in last year's industrial action, which was partly about how studios would use AI to imitate actors' faces and voices.The deal struck with studios included reassurances that these would not be used without consent from actors. \"To use someones voice without permission feels particularly invasive at a time when distrust of AI and concern over its potential harms are rampant,\" said Dan Stein, head of AI voice licensing company Voice-Swap. \"Whether OpenAI trained their new Sky voice using audio from Scarlett Johansson or a sound-a-like, the fact remains that she refused permission and her identity was exploited regardless.\"It sets a dangerous precedent for copyright and consent if the most prominent company in the field behaves in this way.\"OpenAI has been battling various legal challenges to how it uses copyrighted information available online.In December, the New York Times said it planned to launch a lawsuit against the corporation over allegations that it had used \"millions\" of articles published by the media organisation to train its ChatGPT AI model. And in September, authors George RR Martin and John Grisham also announced a plan to pursue a claim, over allegations their copyright had been infringed to train the system.ChatGPT to lose voice over Johansson similarityUpgraded ChatGPT teaches maths and flirts - but still glitchesScarlett JohanssonArtificial intelligenceRelatedScarlett Johansson's AI row has echoes of Silicon Valley's bad old days6 days agoNewsBBC InDepthCritics say Johansson film 'dazzling but inert'24 May 2023NewsEntertainment & ArtsDisney and Scarlett Johansson settle lawsuit1 Oct 2021NewsBusinessMore13 hrs agoAI helping find 'world's loneliest plant' a partnerThe only known E. woodii plant found is male and cannot naturally reproduce.13 hrs agoNewsHampshire & Isle of Wight13 hrs agoHow a kettle could help keep older people safeAI linked to everyday items could alert family members if elderly relatives have diverted from their normal morning routine.13 hrs agoNewsNE, Orkney & Shetland2 days agoIs AI the future of education in the South East? The Department for Education says AI has the potential to \"transform education\".2 days agoNewsEngland5 days agoGlue pizza and eat rocks: Google AI search errors go viralGoogle has defended the answers given by AI Overview, describing them as \"isolated examples\".5 days agoNews7 days ago'People are just not worried about being scammed'Fraudsters are increasingly using AI, but are people taking the problem seriously enough?7 days agoNewsBusinessBritish Broadcasting CorporationHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveAudioWeatherBBC ShopBBC in other languagesTerms of UseAbout the BBCPrivacy PolicyCookiesAccessibility HelpContact the BBCAdvertise with usDo not share or sell my infoContact technical supportCopyright 2024 BBC. All rights reserved.The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.Read about our approach to external linking.", "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm559l5g529o" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lillipup Pokdex: stats, moves, evolution & locations | Pokmon Database\nSkip to main content\nData\nPokmon data\nPokdex\nMoves\nType chart\nAbilities\nItems\nEvolution chains\nPokmon locations\nSprite gallery\nQuick links\nNational Pokdex\nPokmon list with stats\nLegends: Arceus Pokdex\nScarlet & Violet Pokdex\nMechanics\nGame mechanics\nBreeding & egg groups\nMove Tutors\nDual type chart\nEffort Values (EVs)\nNatures\nIVs/Personality\nUseful tools\nMoveset searcher\nType coverage checker\nText list generator\nGames\nPokmon games\nLegends Z-A\nScarlet & Violet\nPokmon GO\nLegends: Arceus\nBrilliant Diamond & Shining Pearl\nSword & Shield\nLet's Go Pikachu & Let's Go Eevee\nUltra Sun & Ultra Moon\nSun & Moon\nOmega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire\nX & Y\nBlack 2 & White 2\nBlack & White\nHeartGold & SoulSilver\nPlatinum\nDiamond & Pearl\nEmerald\nFireRed & LeafGreen\nRuby & Sapphire\nCrystal\nGold & Silver\nYellow\nRed & Blue\nSpin-off games\nOther\nCommunity/Other\nPokmon Q&A\nPokmon Rate My Team\nChat Room\nMeta (Suggestion Box)\nOther pages\nPokmon News\nMaps/Puzzles\nPokmon name origins\nAbout/Contact us\nSearch\nLillipup\n#0505 Watchog\n#0507 Herdier\nContents\nInfo\nBase stats\nEvolution chart\nPokdex entries\nMoves learned\nSprites\nLocations\nLanguage\nLillipup is a Normal type Pokmon introduced in Generation 5.\nLillipup\nAdditional artwork\nPokdex data\nNational \n0506\nType\nNormal\nSpecies\nPuppy Pokmon\nHeight\n0.4m (104)\nWeight\n4.1kg (9.0lbs)\nAbilities\n1. Vital Spirit2. PickupRun Away (hidden ability)\nLocal \n0012 (Black/White)0022 (Black 2/White 2)0120 (Sun/Moon Alola dex)0150 (U.Sun/U.Moon Alola dex)0113 (The Isle of Armor)\nTraining\nEV yield\n1 Attack\nCatch rate\n255 (33.3% with PokBall, full HP)\nBase Friendship\n50 (normal)\nBase Exp.\n55\nGrowth Rate\nMedium Slow\nBreeding\nEgg Groups\nField\nGender\n50% male, 50% female\nEgg cycles\n15 (3,5993,855 steps)\nBase stats\nHP\n45\n200\n294\nAttack\n60\n112\n240\nDefense\n45\n85\n207\nSp. Atk\n25\n49\n163\nSp. Def\n45\n85\n207\nSpeed\n55\n103\n229\nTotal\n275\nMin\nMax\nThe ranges shown on the right are for a level 100 Pokmon. Maximum values are based on a beneficial nature, 252 EVs, 31 IVs; minimum values are based on a hindering nature, 0 EVs, 0 IVs.\nType defenses\nThe effectiveness of each type on Lillipup.\nNorFirWatEleGraIceFigPoiGro\n2\nFlyPsyBugRocGhoDraDarSteFai\n0\nEvolution chart\n#0506 Lillipup Normal\n(Level 16)#0507 Herdier Normal\n(Level 32)#0508 Stoutland Normal\nLillipup changes\nIn Generations 5-7, Lillipup has a base Friendship value of 70.\nPokdex entries\nBlack\nIt faces strong opponents with great courage. But, when at a disadvantage in a fight, this intelligent Pokmon flees.\nWhite\nThe long hair around its face provides an amazing radar that lets it sense subtle changes in its surroundings.\nBlack 2White 2\nThough it is a very brave Pokmon, its also smart enough to check its foes strength and avoid battle.\nXOmega Ruby\nThe long hair around its face provides an amazing radar that lets it sense subtle changes in its surroundings.\nYAlpha Sapphire\nThough it is a very brave Pokmon, its also smart enough to check its foes strength and avoid battle.\nSun\nBecause it doesnt yelp, its extremely popular with Trainers who live in apartment buildings.\nMoon\nThe long fur surrounding its face functions as radar, enabling it to probe the condition of its battle opponents.\nUltra Sun\nThis Pokmon has excellent judgment. If it decides it cant defeat an opponent, it immediately turns tail and vamooses.\nUltra Moon\nThis Pokmon is popular with beginners because its intelligent, obedient to its Trainers commands, and easy to raise.\nSword\nThis Pokmon is courageous but also cautious. It uses the soft fur covering its face to collect information about its surroundings.\nShield\nThis Pokmon is far brighter than the average child, and Lillipup wont forget the love it receives or any abuse it suffers.\nMoves learned by Lillipup\nIn other generations5 6 7 8 9\nSword/Shield\nUltra Sun/Ultra Moon\nMoves learnt by level up Lillipup learns the following moves in Pokmon Sword & Shield at the levels specified. Lv. Move Type Cat. Power Acc. 1LeerNormal 100\n1TackleNormal 40 100\n4Work UpNormal \n8BiteDark 60 100\n12RetaliateNormal 70 100\n17Baby-Doll EyesFairy 100\n20Play RoughFairy 90 90\n24CrunchDark 80 100\n28Take DownNormal 90 85\n32Helping HandNormal \n36ReversalFighting 100\n40RoarNormal \n44Last ResortNormal 140 100\n48Giga ImpactNormal 150 90\nEgg moves Lillipup learns the following moves via breeding in Pokmon Sword & Shield. Details and compatible parents can be found on the Lillipup gen 8 learnset page. Move Type Cat. Power Acc. After YouNormal \nCovetNormal 60 100\nHowlNormal \nLickGhost 30 100\nMud-SlapGround 20 100\nYawnNormal \nMoves learnt by TM Lillipup is compatible with these Technical Machines in Pokmon Sword & Shield: TM Move Type Cat. Power Acc. 09Giga ImpactNormal 150 90\n14Thunder WaveElectric 90\n15DigGround 80 100\n21RestPsychic \n24SnoreNormal 50 100\n25ProtectNormal \n29CharmFairy 100\n31AttractNormal 100\n33Rain DanceWater \n34Sunny DayFire \n39FacadeNormal 70 100\n41Helping HandNormal \n48Rock TombRock 60 95\n57PaybackDark 50 100\n66Thunder FangElectric 65 95\n67Ice FangIce 65 95\n68Fire FangFire 65 95\n76RoundNormal 60 100\n79RetaliateNormal 70 100\n85SnarlDark 55 95\nMoves learnt by TR Lillipup is compatible with these Technical Records in Pokmon Sword & Shield: TR Move Type Cat. Power Acc. 08ThunderboltElectric 90 100\n20SubstituteNormal \n21ReversalFighting 100\n26EndureNormal \n27Sleep TalkNormal \n32CrunchDark 80 100\n33Shadow BallGhost 80 100\n35UproarNormal 90 100\n42Hyper VoiceNormal 90 100\n85Work UpNormal \n86Wild ChargeElectric 90 100\n90Play RoughFairy 90 90\n97Psychic FangsPsychic 85 100\nMoves learnt by level up Lillipup learns the following moves in Pokmon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon at the levels specified. Lv. Move Type Cat. Power Acc. 1LeerNormal 100\n1TackleNormal 40 100\n5Odor SleuthNormal \n8BiteDark 60 100\n10Baby-Doll EyesFairy 100\n12Helping HandNormal \n15Take DownNormal 90 85\n19Work UpNormal \n22CrunchDark 80 100\n26RoarNormal \n29RetaliateNormal 70 100\n33ReversalFighting 100\n36Last ResortNormal 140 100\n40Giga ImpactNormal 150 90\n45Play RoughFairy 90 90\nEgg moves Lillipup learns the following moves via breeding in Pokmon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon. Details and compatible parents can be found on the Lillipup gen 7 learnset page. Move Type Cat. Power Acc. After YouNormal \nCharmFairy 100\nEndureNormal \nFire FangFire 65 95\nHowlNormal \nIce FangIce 65 95\nLickGhost 30 100\nMud-SlapGround 20 100\nPsychic FangsPsychic 85 100\nPursuitDark 40 100\nSand AttackGround 100\nThunder FangElectric 65 95\nYawnNormal \nMove Tutor moves Lillipup can be taught these attacks in Pokmon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon from move tutors (details): Move Type Cat. Power Acc. After YouNormal \nCovetNormal 60 100\nHelping HandNormal \nHyper VoiceNormal 90 100\nLast ResortNormal 140 100\nShock WaveElectric 60 \nSnoreNormal 50 100\nUproarNormal 90 100\nMoves learnt by TM Lillipup is compatible with these Technical Machines in Pokmon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon: TM Move Type Cat. Power Acc. 01Work UpNormal \n05RoarNormal \n06ToxicPoison 90\n10Hidden PowerNormal 60 100\n11Sunny DayFire \n17ProtectNormal \n18Rain DanceWater \n21FrustrationNormal 100\n24ThunderboltElectric 90 100\n27ReturnNormal 100\n30Shadow BallGhost 80 100\n32Double TeamNormal \n39Rock TombRock 60 95\n40Aerial AceFlying 60 \n42FacadeNormal 70 100\n44RestPsychic \n45AttractNormal 100\n48RoundNormal 60 100\n68Giga ImpactNormal 150 90\n73Thunder WaveElectric 90\n87SwaggerNormal 85\n88Sleep TalkNormal \n90SubstituteNormal \n93Wild ChargeElectric 90 100\n95SnarlDark 55 95\n100ConfideNormal \nTransfer-only moves Lillipup can only learn these moves in previous generations. It must be taught the moves in the appropriate game and then transferred to Pokmon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon. Move Type Cat. Power Acc. Method DigGround 80 100\nGeneration 6 TMRock SmashFighting 40 100\nGeneration 6 TMSecret PowerNormal 70 100\nGeneration 6 TM\nIn other generations5 6 7 8 9\nLillipup sprites\nType\nGeneration 5\nGeneration 6\nGeneration 7\nGeneration 8\nGeneration 9\nNormal\n\nShiny\n\n\nSee all Lillipup sprites\nWhere to find Lillipup\nBlackWhite\nRoute 1, 2, 3\nBlack 2White 2\nFloccesy Ranch\nXY\nTrade/migrate from another game\nOmega RubyAlpha Sapphire\nRoute 101, 102, 103\nSunMoon\nRoute 4, 5, 6, Brooklet Hill, Paniola Ranch\nUltra SunUltra Moon\nRoute 4, 5, 6, Paniola Ranch\nLet's Go PikachuLet's Go Eevee\nNot available in this game\nSwordShield\nTraining Lowlands\nBrilliant DiamondShining PearlLegends: Arceus\nNot available in this game\nScarletViolet\nLocation data not yet available\nAnswers to Lillipup questions\nIf I get a Lillipup with Pick-up ability which ability will it have when it evolves?\nWhat is a good LC moveset for Lillipup?\nDifferent Pokemon getting different EXP in battles?\nDo status moves get STAB?\nView more questions on PokBase \nOther languages\nEnglish\nLillipup\nJapanese\n (Yorterrie)\nGerman\nYorkleff\nFrench\nPonchiot\nItalian\nLillipup\nSpanish\nLillipup\nKorean\n (yoteri)\nChinese (Simplified)\n\nChinese (Traditional)\n\nEnglish\nPuppy Pokmon\nJapanese\n\nGerman\nWelpen-Pokmon\nFrench\nPokmon Chiot\nItalian\nPokmon Cagnolino\nSpanish\nPokmon Perrito\nKorean\n\nChinese (Simplified)\n\nChinese (Traditional)\n\nName origin\nLilliput\nfictional island inhabited by small people\npup\npuppy, baby dog\n#0505 Watchog\n#0507 Herdier\nPrivacy Policy\nAll content & design Pokmon Database, 2008-2024.\nPokmon images & names 1995-2024 Nintendo/Game Freak.\n", "url": "https://pokemondb.net/pokedex/lillipup" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "News\nBulbapedia\nBulbapedia main page\nPokmon\nNational Pokdex\nBy Name\nLegendary\nMythical\nEvent Pokmon\nNoble Pokmon\nAlpha Pokmon\nTitan Pokmon\nmore...\nMechanics\nTypes\nType Chart\nAbilities\nNature\nStatus Conditions\nMoves\nItems\nTerastal Phenomenon\nmore...\nGames\nWalkthroughs\nScarlet and Violet\nPokmon Legends: Arceus\nPokmon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl\nSword & Shield\nSpin Offs\nGO\nMasters EX\nall games...\nTCG\nAbout\nHow to Play\nRotation\nPromotional Cards\nScarlet and Violet\nPaldea Evolved\nObsidian Flames\n151\nParadox Rift\nPaldean Fates\nTemporal Forces\nall expansions...\nAnime & Manga\nAnime\nPokmon Horizons\nPokmon Concierge\nAnime Characters\nAsh Ketchum\nLiko\nHaru\nJourneys Episodes\nHorizons Episodes\nMovies\nManga\nForums\nDiscord\nMore\nSocial\nYoutube\nTwitter\nFacebook\nApps\nAndroid\niOS\nEditors\nBulbapedia\nEditor's hub\nHelp\nFAQ\nBulbawiki forum\nRecent changes\nRandom Page\nSpecial pages\nArchives\nMain Page\nFAQ\nTo-do list\nUpload file\nRecent Changes\nRecent Uploads\nRandom File\nAccount\nBulbapedia login\nForum login\nNew Accounts\nCreate Bulbapedia Account\nCreate Forum Account\nMenu\nLillipup (Pokmon) - Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokmon encyclopedia\nBulbapedia is hosting a volunteer staff drive! Applications for Junior Administrator can be submitted here until June 16th.Check the Bulbagarden home page for up-to-date Pokmon news and discuss it on the forums or in the Bulbagarden Discord server.\nLillipup (Pokmon)\nFrom Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokmon encyclopedia.\nJump to navigationJump to search\nFor Pokmon GO information on this species, see the game's section.\n\n#0505: Watchog\nPokmon\n#0507: Herdier\n\nLillipupPuppy Pokmon\nYorterrie\n#0506\nImages on the Bulbagarden Archives\nType\nNormal\nUnknown\nUnknown\nUnknown\nUnknown\nUnknown\nUnknown\nUnknown\nUnknown\nUnknown\nUnknown\nUnknown\nAbilities\nVital Spiritor Pickup\nCacophony\nCacophony\nRun Away Hidden Ability\nCacophony Hidden Ability\nCacophony\nCacophony\nGender ratio\nUnknown\n50% male, 50% female\nCatch rate\n255 (43.9%)\nBreeding\nEgg Group\nField\nHatch time\n15cycles\nHeight\n1'04\"\n0.4 m\nLillipup\n0'0\"\n0 m\n{{{form2}}}\n0'0\"\n0 m\n{{{form3}}}\n0'0\"\n0 m\n{{{form4}}}\nWeight\n9.0 lbs.\n4.1 kg\nLillipup\n0 lbs.\n0 kg\n{{{form2}}}\n0 lbs.\n0 kg\n{{{form3}}}\n0 lbs.\n0 kg\n{{{form4}}}\nMega Stone\n[[|]]\n[[|]]\nBase experience yield\nUnknownGen. IV\nUnknownIV\n55\nLeveling rate\nMedium Slow\nEV yield\nTotal: 1\nLillipup\n0HP\n1Atk\n0Def\n0Sp.Atk\n0Sp.Def\n0Speed\n0HP\n0Atk\n0Def\n0Sp.Atk\n0Sp.Def\n0Speed\n0HP\n0Atk\n0Def\n0Sp.Atk\n0Sp.Def\n0Speed\n0HP\n0Atk\n0Def\n0Sp.Atk\n0Sp.Def\n0Speed\nShape\nFootprint\n{{{form2}}}\nPokdex color\nBrown\nBase friendship\n70\nExternal Links\nOn Smogon Pokdex:\nGeneration V\nGeneration VI\nGeneration VII\nGeneration VIII\nGeneration IX\nArtwork on Bulbagarden Archives\nLillipup (Japanese: Yorterrie) is a Normal-type Pokmon introduced in Generation V.\nIt evolves into Herdier starting at level 16, which evolves into Stoutland starting at level 32.\nContents\n1 Biology\n1.1 Evolution\n2 Game data\n2.1 NPC appearances\n2.2 Pokdex entries\n2.3 Game locations\n2.3.1 In side games\n2.4 Stats\n2.4.1 Base stats\n2.5 Type effectiveness\n2.6 Learnset\n2.6.1 By leveling up\n2.6.2 By TM/TR\n2.6.3 By breeding\n2.6.4 By tutoring\n2.6.5 By transfer from another generation\n2.7 Side game data\n2.8 Evolution data\n2.9 Sprites\n3 In the anime\n3.1 Major appearances\n3.2 Minor appearances\n3.3 Pokdex entries\n4 In the manga\n4.1 Pocket Monsters BW\n4.2 Pocket Monsters BW: The Heroes of Fire and Thunder\n4.3 Pokmon Adventures\n4.3.1 Pokdex entries\n5 In the TCG\n6 Trivia\n6.1 Origin\n6.1.1 Name origin\n7 In other languages\n8 External links\nBiology\nLillipup is a light brown, canine Pokmon. It has oval, brown eyes, a red nose, and its face covered by an abundance of cream fur. This facial fur can be used for radar and provides Lillipup with information about its surroundings. It has large pointed ears with a tuft of fur near the base of each. Its fur puffs out above its paws, and its back has a spiky dark blue blaze. Each paw has three toes, and a blue paw pad that can be seen in Pokdex 3D Pro. It has a short, tufty tail.\nIt is an intelligent, courageous Pokmon capable of judging its opponent's strength. Lillipup's intelligence and obedience makes it popular for beginners due to how easy it is to raise. It is also extremely popular with Trainers living in apartments due to it never yelping. It uses its fur as a radar for checking the opponents' condition. While normally it is very brave, Lillipup is cautious to know when to flee from an opponent it cannot defeat. Due to it being smarter than the average child, Lillipup never forgets the love or abuse it receives while being raised.\nEvolution\nLillipup evolves into Herdier, which evolves into Stoutland.\n(For specifics on this Pokmon's evolution in the games, refer to Game dataEvolution data.)\nUnevolved\nLillipupNormal\n\nFirst evolution\nHerdierNormal\n\nSecond evolution\nStoutlandNormal\nGame data\nNPC appearances\nSpoiler warning: this article may contain major plot or ending details.\nPokmon Mystery Dungeon: Gates to Infinity: Lillipup is a minor character in the game and a resident of Post Town, who is a good friend of Swadloon.\nPokdex entries\nThis Pokmon was unavailable prior to Generation V.\nGeneration V\nUnovaBW: #012\nUnovaB2W2: #022\nBlack\nIt faces strong opponents with great courage. But, when at a disadvantage in a fight, this intelligent Pokmon flees.\nWhite\nThe long hair around its face provides an amazing radar that lets it sense subtle changes in its surroundings.\nBlack 2\nThough it is a very brave Pokmon, it's also smart enough to check its foe's strength and avoid battle.\nWhite 2\nGeneration VI\nKalos #\nHoenn #\nX\nThe long hair around its face provides an amazing radar that lets it sense subtle changes in its surroundings.\nY\nThough it is a very brave Pokmon, it's also smart enough to check its foe's strength and avoid battle.\nOmega Ruby\nThe long hair around its face provides an amazing radar that lets it sense subtle changes in its surroundings.\nAlpha Sapphire\nThough it is a very brave Pokmon, it's also smart enough to check its foe's strength and avoid battle.\nGeneration VII\nAlolaSM: #120\nAlolaUSUM: #150\nKanto #\nThis Pokmon has no Pokdex entries in Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!.\nSun\nBecause it doesn't yelp, it's extremely popular with Trainers who live in apartment buildings.\nMoon\nThe long fur surrounding its face functions as radar, enabling it to probe the condition of its battle opponents.\nUltra Sun\nThis Pokmon has excellent judgment. If it decides it can't defeat an opponent, it immediately turns tail and vamooses.\nUltra Moon\nThis Pokmon is popular with beginners because it's intelligent, obedient to its Trainer's commands, and easy to raise.\nGeneration VIII\nGalarIsle of Armor #113\nSinnoh #\nHisui #\nThis Pokmon has no Pokdex entries in Brilliant Diamond, Shining Pearl, and Legends: Arceus.\nSword\nThis Pokmon is courageous but also cautious. It uses the soft fur covering its face to collect information about its surroundings.\nShield\nThis Pokmon is far brighter than the average child, and Lillipup won't forget the love it receives or any abuse it suffers.\nGeneration IX\nPaldea #\nKitakami #\nBlueberry #\nThis Pokmon has no Pokdex entries in Generation IX.\nLillipup in the Alola Pokdex\nGame locations\nThis Pokmon was unavailable prior to Generation V.\nGeneration V\nBlack\nWhite\nRoutes 1, 2, and 3\nBlack 2\nWhite 2\nFloccesy Ranch\nGeneration VI\nX\nY\nFriend Safari (Normal)\nOmega Ruby\nAlpha Sapphire\nRoutes 101, 102, and 103 (hidden Pokmon*)\nGeneration VII\nSun\nMoon\nRoutes 4, 5, 6, Brooklet Hill, Paniola Ranch\nUltra Sun\nUltra Moon\nRoutes 4, 5, 6, Paniola Ranch\nLet's Go Pikachu\nLet's Go Eevee\nUnobtainable\nGeneration VIII\nSword\nShield\nTradeVersion 1.2.0+\nExpansion Pass\nTraining LowlandsFields of Honor (Max Raid Battle)\nBrilliant Diamond\nShining Pearl\nUnobtainable\nLegends: Arceus\nUnobtainable\nGeneration IX\nScarlet\nViolet\nUnobtainable\nIn side games\nThis Pokmon was unavailable prior to Generation V.\nGeneration V\nRumble Blast\nMeadow: Seabreeze Trail, Challenger's Ground\nMD GTI\nMoonlit Forest (Uncharted Road), Rusty Mountain (Uncharted Road, Gilded Hall), Jaws of the Abyss (Gilded Hall), Smoking Mountain (Gilded Hall)\nRumble U\nDream Gate: Wet and Wild Battle\nGeneration VI\nBattle Trozei\nSafari Jungle: Stage 1Sa\nRumble World\nFairy Land: Flowery Wooded Dell (All Areas), Legend Terrain: Primeval Thicket (All Areas)\nGeneration VII\nRumble Rush\nGengar Sea, Buzzwole Sea, Buzzwole SeaFinal\nGeneration VIII\nThis Pokmon is unavailable in Generation VIII side games.\nCross-Generation\nShuffle\nMarron Trail: Stage 673Event: Pokmon Safari (13th release)\nStats\nBase stats\nStat\nRange\nAt Lv. 50\nAt Lv. 100\nHP:45\n105 - 152\n200 - 294\nAttack:60\n58 - 123\n112 - 240\nDefense:45\n45 - 106\n85 - 207\nSp. Atk:25\n27 - 84\n49 - 163\nSp. Def:45\n45 - 106\n85 - 207\nSpeed:55\n54 - 117\n103 - 229\nTotal:275\nOther Pokmon with this total\nMinimum stats are calculated with 0 EVs, IVs of 0, and (if applicable) a hindering nature.\nMaximum stats are calculated with 252 EVs, IVs of 31, and (if applicable) a helpful nature.\nType effectiveness\nUnder normal battle conditions in Generation IX, this Pokmon is:\nDamagednormally by:\nNormal\n1\nFighting\n2\nFlying\n1\nPoison\n1\nGround\n1\nRock\n1\nBug\n1\nGhost\n0\nSteel\n1\nFire\n1\nWater\n1\nGrass\n1\nElectric\n1\nPsychic\n1\nIce\n1\nDragon\n1\nDark\n1\nFairy\n1\nNone\nWeak to:\nNormal\n1\nFighting\n2\nFlying\n1\nPoison\n1\nGround\n1\nRock\n1\nBug\n1\nGhost\n0\nSteel\n1\nFire\n1\nWater\n1\nGrass\n1\nElectric\n1\nPsychic\n1\nIce\n1\nDragon\n1\nDark\n1\nFairy\n1\nNone\nImmune to:\nNormal\n1\nFighting\n2\nFlying\n1\nPoison\n1\nGround\n1\nRock\n1\nBug\n1\nGhost\n0\nSteel\n1\nFire\n1\nWater\n1\nGrass\n1\nElectric\n1\nPsychic\n1\nIce\n1\nDragon\n1\nDark\n1\nFairy\n1\nNone\nResistant to:\nNormal\n1\nFighting\n2\nFlying\n1\nPoison\n1\nGround\n1\nRock\n1\nBug\n1\nGhost\n0\nSteel\n1\nFire\n1\nWater\n1\nGrass\n1\nElectric\n1\nPsychic\n1\nIce\n1\nDragon\n1\nDark\n1\nFairy\n1\nNone\nNotes:\nIf this Pokmon is given a Ring Target, the effectiveness of Ghost-type moves is 1.\nLearnset\nLillipup is available in Sword and Shield Version 1.2.0+.\nBy leveling up\nGeneration VIII\nOthergenerations:\nV-VI-VII-IX\nLevel\nMove\nType\nCat.\nPwr.\nAcc.\nPP\n011\nTackle\nNormal\nPhysical\n04040\n100100%\n35\n011\nLeer\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n100100%\n30\n044\nWork Up\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00%\n30\n088\nBite\nDark\nPhysical\n06060\n100100%\n25\n1212\nRetaliate\nNormal\nPhysical\n07070\n100100%\n5\n1717\nBaby-Doll Eyes\nFairy\nStatus\n0000\n100100%\n30\n2020\nPlay Rough\nFairy\nPhysical\n09090\n09090%\n10\n2424\nCrunch\nDark\nPhysical\n08080\n100100%\n15\n2828\nTake Down\nNormal\nPhysical\n09090\n08585%\n20\n3232\nHelping Hand\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00%\n20\n3636\nReversal\nFighting\nPhysical\n0000\n100100%\n15\n4040\nRoar\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00%\n20\n4444\nLast Resort\nNormal\nPhysical\n140140\n100100%\n5\n4848\nGiga Impact\nNormal\nPhysical\n150150\n09090%\n5\nBold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Lillipup\nItalic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an evolution of Lillipup\nClick on the generation numbers at the top to see level-up moves from other generations\nBy TM/TR\nGeneration VIII\nOthergenerations:\nV-VI-VII-IX\nTM\nMove\nType\nCat.\nPwr.\nAcc.\nPP\nTM09\nTM09\nGiga Impact\nNormal\nPhysical\n150150\n090}}90%\n5\nTM14\nTM14\nThunder Wave\nElectric\nStatus\n0000\n090}}90%\n20\nTM15\nTM15\nDig\nGround\nPhysical\n08080\n100}}100%\n10\nTM21\nTM21\nRest\nPsychic\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n10\nTM24\nTM24\nSnore\nNormal\nSpecial\n05050\n100}}100%\n15\nTM25\nTM25\nProtect\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n10\nTM29\nTM29\nCharm\nFairy\nStatus\n0000\n100}}100%\n20\nTM31\nTM31\nAttract\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n100}}100%\n15\nTM33\nTM33\nRain Dance\nWater\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n5\nTM34\nTM34\nSunny Day\nFire\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n5\nTM39\nTM39\nFacade\nNormal\nPhysical\n07070\n100}}100%\n20\nTM41\nTM41\nHelping Hand\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n20\nTM48\nTM48\nRock Tomb\nRock\nPhysical\n06060\n095}}95%\n15\nTM57\nTM57\nPayback\nDark\nPhysical\n05050\n100}}100%\n10\nTM66\nTM66\nThunder Fang\nElectric\nPhysical\n06565\n095}}95%\n15\nTM67\nTM67\nIce Fang\nIce\nPhysical\n06565\n095}}95%\n15\nTM68\nTM68\nFire Fang\nFire\nPhysical\n06565\n095}}95%\n15\nTM76\nTM76\nRound\nNormal\nSpecial\n06060\n100}}100%\n15\nTM79\nTM79\nRetaliate\nNormal\nPhysical\n07070\n100}}100%\n5\nTM85\nTM85\nSnarl\nDark\nSpecial\n05555\n095}}95%\n15\nTR08\nTR08\nThunderbolt\nElectric\nSpecial\n09090\n100}}100%\n15\nTR20\nTR20\nSubstitute\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n10\nTR21\nTR21\nReversal\nFighting\nPhysical\n0000\n100}}100%\n15\nTR26\nTR26\nEndure\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n10\nTR27\nTR27\nSleep Talk\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n10\nTR32\nTR32\nCrunch\nDark\nPhysical\n08080\n100}}100%\n15\nTR33\nTR33\nShadow Ball\nGhost\nSpecial\n08080\n100}}100%\n15\nTR35\nTR35\nUproar\nNormal\nSpecial\n09090\n100}}100%\n10\nTR42\nTR42\nHyper Voice\nNormal\nSpecial\n09090\n100}}100%\n10\nTR85\nTR85\nWork Up\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n30\nTR86\nTR86\nWild Charge\nElectric\nPhysical\n09090\n100}}100%\n15\nTR90\nTR90\nPlay Rough\nFairy\nPhysical\n09090\n090}}90%\n10\nTR97\nTR97\nPsychic Fangs\nPsychic\nPhysical\n08585\n100}}100%\n10\nBold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Lillipup\nItalic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an evolution of Lillipup\nClick on the generation numbers at the top to see TM moves from other generations\nBy breeding\nGeneration VIII\nOthergenerations:\nV-VI-VII-IX\nParent\nMove\nType\nCat.\nPwr.\nAcc.\nPP\nAfter You\nNormal\nStatus\n\n%\n15\nCovet\nNormal\nPhysical\n60\n100%\n25\nHowl\nNormal\nStatus\n\n%\n40\nLick\nGhost\nPhysical\n30\n100%\n30\nMud-Slap\nGround\nSpecial\n20\n100%\n10\nYawn\nNormal\nStatus\n\n%\n10\nMoves marked with an asterisk (*) must be chain bred onto Lillipup in Generation VIII\nMoves marked with a double dagger () can only be bred from a Pokmon who learned the move in an earlier generation.\nMoves marked with a superscript game abbreviation can only be bred onto Lillipup in that game.\nBold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Lillipup\nItalic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an evolution of Lillipup\nClick on the generation numbers at the top to see Egg moves from other generations\nBy tutoring\nGeneration VIII\nOthergenerations:\nV-VI-VII-IX\nGame\nMove\nType\nCat.\nPwr.\nAcc.\nPP\nThis Pokmon learns no moves by tutoring.\nBold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Lillipup\nItalic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an evolution of Lillipup\nClick on the generation numbers at the top to see Move Tutor moves from other generations\nBy transfer from another generation\nGeneration VIII\nOthergenerations:\nVI-VII-IX\nGen.\nMove\nType\nCat.\nPwr.\nAcc.\nPP\nV\nVI\nVII\nAerial Ace\nFlying\nPhysical\n06060\n00}}%\n20\nV\nVI\nVII\nConfide\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n20\nV\nVI\nVII\nDouble Team\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n15\nV\nVI\nVII\nFrustration\nNormal\nPhysical\n0000\n100}}100%\n20\nV\nVI\nVII\nHidden Power\nNormal\nSpecial\n06060\n100}}100%\n15\nV\nVI\nVII\nOdor Sleuth\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n00}}%\n40\nV\nVI\nVII\nPursuit\nDark\nPhysical\n04040\n100}}100%\n20\nV\nVI\nVII\nReturn\nNormal\nPhysical\n0000\n100}}100%\n20\nV\nVI\nVII\nRock Smash\nFighting\nPhysical\n04040\n100}}100%\n15\nV\nVI\nVII\nSand Attack\nGround\nStatus\n0000\n100}}100%\n15\nV\nVI\nVII\nSecret Power\nNormal\nPhysical\n07070\n100}}100%\n20\nV\nVI\nVII\nShock Wave\nElectric\nSpecial\n06060\n00}}%\n20\nV\nVI\nVII\nSwagger\nNormal\nStatus\n0000\n085}}85%\n15\nV\nVI\nVII\nToxic\nPoison\nStatus\n0000\n090}}90%\n10\nTransferred Pokmon only retain these moves in Pokmon Sword and Shield\nA striped background indicates a generation in which the move can only be obtained via event or as a special move\nBold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Lillipup\nItalic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an evolution of Lillipup\n indicates a move that cannot be used in Sword and Shield\nClick on the generation numbers at the top to see transfer-only moves for other generations\nSide game data\nPokmon Rumble Blast\nAttack\n\nDefense\n\nSpeed\n\nPokmon Rumble Rush\nWalking Speed: 1.55 seconds\nBase HP: 46\nBase Attack: 67\nBase Defense: 46\nBase Speed: 60\nPokmon Battle Trozei\nNormal\nAttack Power:\n\nPokmon Shuffle\nNormal\nAttack Power: 40 - 90\n5\n#647\nEject\nRemoves one non-Support Pokmon icon without fail.\nPokmon GO\nBase HP: 128\nBase Attack: 107\nBase Defense: 86\nEgg Distance: 2 km\nBuddy Distance: 1 km\nEvolution Requirement: 25\nFast Attacks: Tackle, Take Down, Sand Attack*\nCharged Attacks: Thunderbolt, Rock Tomb, Dig\nEvolution data\nUnevolved\nLillipupNormal\nLevel 16\nFirst evolution\nHerdierNormal\nLevel 32\nSecond evolution\nStoutlandNormal\nSprites\nThis Pokmon was unavailable prior to Generation V.\nGeneration V\nBlack\nWhite\nBlack 2\nWhite 2\nFront\nBack\nFront\nBack\nGeneration VI\nX\nY\nOmega Ruby\nAlpha Sapphire\nFront\nBack\nFront\nBack\nGeneration VII\nSun\nMoon\nUltra Sun\nUltra Moon\nFront\nBack\nFront\nBack\nThis Pokmon is unavailable in Generation IX.\nCross-Generation\nHOME\nFor other sprites and images, please see Lillipup images on the Bulbagarden Archives.\nIn the anime\nLillipup in the anime\nMajor appearances\nLillipup debuted in The Battle According to Lenora!, under the ownership of Lenora. It was used during Ash's Gym battle and was able to defeat Ash's Tepig. In the dub of the next episode, it was said to have evolved into a Herdier, but in the original version, Herdier is a separate Pokmon from Lillipup.\nA Lillipup appeared in WhiteVictini and Zekrom and BlackVictini and Reshiram, under the ownership of Luis. In the latter movie, it was helping Luis search for rare herbs frozen in the ice when it nearly fell into icy water after Luis lost his grip on it during a disaster in which a giant iceberg hit the glacier they were on; it was then rescued by Damon's Gothitelle's Confusion. In the former movie, it made a brief cameo appearance while fulfilling a similar role.\nMinor appearances\nMultiple Lillipup appeared in Lost at the Stamp Rally!.\nA Lillipup appeared in Ash Versus the Champion!.\nMultiple Lillipup appeared in A Maractus Musical!.\nA Lillipup appeared in The Mighty Accelguard to the Rescue!, under the ownership of a shopper at the Driftveil Market.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in Climbing the Tower of Success!.\nIn Clash of the Connoisseurs!, Mr. Hatterly thought a Lillipup would be a good Pokmon for Marigold. However, Cilan disagreed, much to Marigold's relief.\nA Lillipup appeared in Rocking the Virbank Gym! Part 1.\nMultiple Lillipup appeared in All for the Love of Meloetta!.\nIn Kyurem VS. The Sword of Justice, the Swords of Justice legend featured multiple Lillipup.\nTwo Lillipup appeared in Jostling for the Junior Cup!, both under the ownership of a Trainer.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in Curtain Up, Unova League!.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in Lost at the League!.\nA Lillipup appeared in Strong Strategy Steals the Show!.\nA Lillipup appeared in a flashback in Team Plasma's Pokmon Power Plot!.\nA Lillipup appeared in a flashback in Secrets From Out of the Fog!.\nA Lillipup appeared in a fantasy in Ash and N: A Clash of Ideals!.\nIn The Island of Illusions!, a Lillipup was living at Grand Spectrala Islet.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in The Journalist from Another Region!.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in Confronting the Darkness!.\nTwo Trainers' Lillipup appeared in Alola to New Adventure!, with one appearing in a flashback.\nTwo Lillipup appeared in First Catch in Alola, Ketchum-Style!, both under the ownership of a Trainer.\nThree Trainers' Lillipup appeared in A Shocking Grocery Run!.\nA Lillipup appeared in a photo in Lillie's Egg-xhilarating Challenge!, A Glaring Rivalry!, and Night of a Thousand Poses!, under the ownership of Lusamine. In that photo, it was held by a younger Lillie before she developed a fear of Pokmon. It has since evolved into a Herdier.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in Crystal-Clear Sleuthing!.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in One Journey Ends, Another Begins....\nThree Trainers' Lillipup appeared in Getting the Band Back Together!.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in A Glaring Rivalry!.\nTwo Lillipup appeared in Treasure Hunt, Akala Style!.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in Getting a Jump on the Competition!.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in Sours for the Sweet!.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in A Young Royal Flame Ignites!.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in The Shape of Love to Come!.\nIn Securing the Future!, three Trainers' Lillipup joined the rest of Alola in showering Necrozma with light so it could return to its true form.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in League Offenders and Defenders!.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in Exhibition Unmasked!.\nIn From Z to Shining Z!, a Trainer's Lillipup watched the battle between Ash's Pikachu and Tapu Koko.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in Thank You, Alola! The Journey Continues!.\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in The Sinnoh Iceberg Race!.\nThree Lillipup appeared in a video in Raid Battle in The Ruins!.\nThree Lillipup appeared in a video in A Close Call... Practically!.\nPokdex entries\nEpisode\nPokmon\nSource\nEntry\nBW015\nLillipup\nAsh's Pokdex\nLillipup, the Puppy Pokmon. The long hair covering Lillipup's face is an excellent radar, which senses conditions in the surrounding area.\nIn the manga\nLillipup (right) in Pokmon Adventures\nPocket Monsters BW\nA Lillipup appeared in PMBW18.\nPocket Monsters BW: The Heroes of Fire and Thunder\nA Lillipup appeared in A Very Important Thing.\nPokmon Adventures\nA Trainer's Lillipup appeared in a flashback in Black's First Trainer Battle, Growing Pains and A Photoshoot and the Abandoned Thrifty Megamart.\nA Lillipup was one of the Pokmon employed by White in her BW Agency. Since the director asked for a Pokmon that can do stunts and Lillipup's silhouette showed up, Lillipup presumably is a stunt Pokmon for the Agency. It first appeared in Lights, Camera...Action.\nLenora has a Stoutland, which she owned since it was a Lillipup. It was seen in a flashback in Defeating Stoutland.\nTwo Lillipup appeared in a flashback in A Photoshoot and the Abandoned Thrifty Megamart.\nPokdex entries\nManga\nChapter\nEntry\nPokmon Adventures\nDefeating Stoutland\nThe long hair around its face provides an amazing radar that lets it sense subtle changes in its surroundings.\nIn the TCG\nMain article: Lillipup (TCG)\nTrivia\nLillipup shares its category with Growlithe, Rockruff, Yamper, and Fidough. They are all known as the Puppy Pokmon.\nOrigin\nLillipup is based on a Yorkshire Terrier.\nName origin\nLillipup may be a combination of lilliputian and pup.\nYorterrie may derive from Yorkshire terrier.\nIn other languages\nLanguage\nTitle\nMeaning\nJapanese\n Yorterrie\nFrom Yorkshire Terrier\nFrench\nPonchiot\nFrom poncho and chiot\nSpanish\nLillipup\nSame as English name\nGerman\nYorkleff\nFrom Yorkshire Terrier and klffen\nItalian\nLillipup\nSame as English name\nKorean\n Yorterrie\nTranscription of Japanese name\nMandarin Chinese\n / Xioyuk\nFrom xio and / Yukxi Gng\nCantonese Chinese\n Suyeukhk\nFrom su and Yeukhkhah Gng\nMore languages\nHindi\n Lilpup\nFrom little and pup; similar to its English name\nRussian\n Lillipap\nTranscription of English name\nThai\n Yothoeri\nTranscription of Japanese name\nExternal links\n\n#0505: Watchog\nPokmon\n#0507: Herdier\n\nThis Pokmon article is part of Project Pokdex, a Bulbapedia project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each Pokmon as a species.\nRetrieved from \"https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/w/index.php?title=Lillipup_(Pokmon)&oldid=3980425\"\nCategories: PokmonGeneration V PokmonNormal-type PokmonSingle-type PokmonPokmon with a gender ratio of one male to one femalePokmon in the Medium Slow experience groupBrown-colored PokmonBody style 08 PokmonField group PokmonPokmon that are part of a three-stage evolutionary linePokmon in the Unova PokdexPokmon in the Alola PokdexPokmon in the Galar PokdexPokmon with a base stat total of 275\nNavigation menu\nPage actions\nArticleDiscussionReadView sourceHistory\nPage actions\nArticleDiscussionMoreToolsIn other languages\nPersonal tools\nCreate accountLog in\nNavigation\nMain PageEditor's HubHelpFrequently asked questionsBulbawiki forumRecent changesRandom page\nSearch\nBulbagarden\nBulbagarden home pageBulbagarden ArchivesBulbagarden ForumsBulbagarden Discord serverTwitchYouTubeFacebookMastodonTwitterTumblr\nTools\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage informationCite this page\nIn other languages\nDeutschEspaolFranaisItaliano\nThis page was last edited on 2 April 2024, at 21:28.Content is available under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5. 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Ultimate\nGen VI\nX & Y\nOmega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire\nPokmon Bank\nPokmon Battle TrozeiPokmon Link: Battle\nPokmon Art Academy\nThe Band of Thieves & 1000 Pokmon\nPokmon Shuffle\nPokmon Rumble World\nPokmon Super Mystery Dungeon\nPokmon Picross\nDetective Pikachu\nPokkn Tournament\nPokmon Duel\nSmash Bros for 3DS/Wii U\nNintendo Badge Arcade\nGen V\nBlack & White\nBlack 2 & White 2\nPokmon Dream Radar\nPokmon Tretta Lab\nPokmon Rumble U\nMystery Dungeon: Gates to Infinity\nPokmon Conquest\nPokPark 2: Wonders Beyond\nPokmon Rumble Blast\nPokdex 3D\nPokdex 3D Pro\nLearn With Pokmon: Typing Adventure\nTCG How to Play DS\nPokdex for iOS\nGen IV\nDiamond & Pearl\nPlatinum\nHeart Gold & Soul Silver\nPokmon Ranger: Guardian Signs\nPokmon Rumble\nMystery Dungeon: Blazing, Stormy & Light Adventure Squad\nPokPark Wii - Pikachu's Adventure\nPokmon Battle Revolution\nMystery Dungeon - Explorers of Sky\nPokmon Ranger: Shadows of Almia\nMystery Dungeon - Explorers of Time & Darkness\nMy Pokmon Ranch\nPokmon Battrio\nSmash Bros Brawl\nGen III\nRuby & Sapphire\nFire Red & Leaf Green\nEmerald\nPokmon Colosseum\nPokmon XD: Gale of Darkness\nPokmon Dash\nPokmon Channel\nPokmon Box: RS\nPokmon Pinball RS\nPokmon Ranger\nMystery Dungeon Red & Blue\nPokmonTrozei\nPikachu DS Tech Demo\nPokPark Fishing Rally\nThe E-Reader\nPokMate\nGen II\nGold/Silver\nCrystal\nPokmon Stadium 2\nPokmon Puzzle Challenge\nPokmon Mini\nSuper Smash Bros. Melee\nGen I\nRed, Blue & Green\nYellow\nPokmon Puzzle League\nPokmon Snap\nPokmon Pinball\nPokmon Stadium (Japanese)\nPokmon Stadium\nPokmon Trading Card Game GB\nSuper Smash Bros.\nMiscellaneous\nGame Mechanics\nPokmon Championship Series\nIn Other Games\nVirtual Console\nSpecial Edition Consoles\nPokmon 3DS Themes\nSmartphone & Tablet Apps\nVirtual Pets\namiibo\nManga\nGeneral Information\nMangaDex\nCharacter BIOs\nDetailed BIOs\nChapter Guides\nVolume Guides\nRBG Series\nYellow Series\nGSC Series\nRS Series\nFRLG Series\nEmerald Series\nDP Series\nPlatinum Series\nHGSS Series\nBW Series\nB2W2 Series\nXY Series\nORAS Series\nSM Series\nMovies\nAnime\nThe Origin of Mewtwo\nMewtwo Strikes Back\nThe Power of One\nSpell Of The Unown\nMewtwo Returns\nCelebi: Voice of the Forest\nPokmon Heroes\nJirachi - Wish Maker\nDestiny Deoxys!\nLucario and the Mystery of Mew!\nPokmon Ranger & The Temple of the Sea!\nThe Rise of Darkrai!\nGiratina & The Sky Warrior!\nArceus and the Jewel of Life\nZoroark - Master of Illusions\nBlack: Victini & ReshiramWhite: Victini & Zekrom\nKyurem VS The Sword of Justice\n-Meloetta's Midnight Serenade\nGenesect and the Legend Awakened\nDiancie & The Cocoon of Destruction\nHoopa & The Clash of Ages\nVolcanion and the Mechanical Marvel\nPokmon I Choose You!\nPokmon The Power of Us\nMewtwo Strikes Back Evolution\nSecrets of the Jungle\nLive Action\nPokmon Detective Pikachu\nPikachu Shorts\nPikachu's Summer Vacation\nPikachu's Rescue Adventure\nPikachu And Pichu\nPikachu's PikaBoo\nCamp Pikachu!\nGotta Dance!!\nPikachu's Summer Festival!\nPikachu's Ghost Festival!\nPikachu's Island Adventure!\nPikachu's Exploration Club\nPikachu's Great Ice Adventure\nPikachu's Sparkling Search\nPikachu's Really Mysterious Adventure\nEevee & Friends\nPikachu, What's This Key?\nPikachu & The Pokmon Music Squad\nTrading Cards\nPokmon TCG Live\nCardex\n-Extra Pokmon Types\nTrainer Cards\nEnergy Cards\nAlternate Art Cards\nRaid Battles\nPokmon TCG Classic\nEnglish Sets\n-Shrouded Fable\n-Twilight Masquerade\n-Temporal Forces\n-Paldean Fates\n-Paradox Rift\n-151\n-Obsidian Flames\n-Paldea Evolved\n-Scarlet Violet\n-Crown Zenith\n-Silver Tempest\n-Lost Origin\n-Pokmon GO x Pokmon TCG\n-Astral Radiance\n-Brilliant Stars\n-SM Series\n-XY Series\n-BW Series\n-DPtHS Series\n-EX Series\n-Neo/eSeries\n-First Gen Series\nEnglish Promos\n-SV Promos\n-SWSH Promos\n-SM Promos\n-XY Promos\n-POP Series\nJapanese Sets\n-Night Wanderer\n-Mask of Change\n-Crimson Haze\n-Wild Force\n-Cyber Judge\n-Shiny Treasure ex\n-Future Flash\n-Ancient Roar\n-Raging Surf\n-Pokmon Card 151\n-Snow Hazard\n-Clay Burst\n-Triplet Beat\n-Scarlet ex\n-Violet ex\n-VSTAR Universe\n-Pokmon VS\nJapanese Promos\n-SV Promos\n-S Promos\n-SM Promos\nKanto: 001 - 151\n001 Bulbasaur\n002 Ivysaur\n003 Venusaur\n004 Charmander\n005 Charmeleon\n006 Charizard\n007 Squirtle\n008 Wartortle\n009 Blastoise\n010 Caterpie\n011 Metapod\n012 Butterfree\n013 Weedle\n014 Kakuna\n015 Beedrill\n016 Pidgey\n017 Pidgeotto\n018 Pidgeot\n019 Rattata\n020 Raticate\n021 Spearow\n022 Fearow\n023 Ekans\n024 Arbok\n025 Pikachu\n026 Raichu\n027 Sandshrew\n028 Sandslash\n029 Nidoran-F\n030 Nidorina\n031 Nidoqueen\n032 Nidoran-M\n033 Nidorino\n034 Nidoking\n035 Clefairy\n036 Clefable\n037 Vulpix\n038 Ninetales\n039 Jigglypuff\n040 Wigglytuff\n041 Zubat\n042 Golbat\n043 Oddish\n044 Gloom\n045 Vileplume\n046 Paras\n047 Parasect\n048 Venonat\n049 Venomoth\n050 Diglett\n051 Dugtrio\n052 Meowth\n053 Persian\n054 Psyduck\n055 Golduck\n056 Mankey\n057 Primeape\n058 Growlithe\n059 Arcanine\n060 Poliwag\n061 Poliwhirl\n062 Poliwrath\n063 Abra\n064 Kadabra\n065 Alakazam\n066 Machop\n067 Machoke\n068 Machamp\n069 Bellsprout\n070 Weepinbell\n071 Victreebel\n072 Tentacool\n073 Tentacruel\n074 Geodude\n075 Graveler\n076 Golem\n077 Ponyta\n078 Rapidash\n079 Slowpoke\n080 Slowbro\n081 Magnemite\n082 Magneton\n083 Farfetch'd\n084 Doduo\n085 Dodrio\n086 Seel\n087 Dewgong\n088 Grimer\n089 Muk\n090 Shellder\n091 Cloyster\n092 Gastly\n093 Haunter\n094 Gengar\n095 Onix\n096 Drowzee\n097 Hypno\n098 Krabby\n099 Kingler\n100 Voltorb\n101 Electrode\n102 Exeggcute\n103 Exeggutor\n104 Cubone\n105 Marowak\n106 Hitmonlee\n107 Hitmonchan\n108 Lickitung\n109 Koffing\n110 Weezing\n111 Rhyhorn\n112 Rhydon\n113 Chansey\n114 Tangela\n115 Kangaskhan\n116 Horsea\n117 Seadra\n118 Goldeen\n119 Seaking\n120 Staryu\n121 Starmie\n122 Mr.Mime\n123 Scyther\n124 Jynx\n125 Electabuzz\n126 Magmar\n127 Pinsir\n128 Tauros\n129 Magikarp\n130 Gyarados\n131 Lapras\n132 Ditto\n133 Eevee\n134 Vaporeon\n135 Jolteon\n136 Flareon\n137 Porygon\n138 Omanyte\n139 Omastar\n140 Kabuto\n141 Kabutops\n142 Aerodactyl\n143 Snorlax\n144 Articuno\n145 Zapdos\n146 Moltres\n147 Dratini\n148 Dragonair\n149 Dragonite\n150 Mewtwo\n151 Mew\nJohto: 152 - 251\n152 Chikorita\n153 Bayleef\n154 Meganium\n155 Cyndaquil\n156 Quilava\n157 Typhlosion\n158 Totodile\n159 Croconaw\n160 Feraligatr\n161 Sentret\n162 Furret\n163 Hoothoot\n164 Noctowl\n165 Ledyba\n166 Ledian\n167 Spinarak\n168 Ariados\n169 Crobat\n170 Chinchou\n171 Lanturn\n172 Pichu\n173 Cleffa\n174 Igglybuff\n175 Togepi\n176 Togetic\n177 Natu\n178 Xatu\n179 Mareep\n180 Flaaffy\n181 Ampharos\n182 Bellossom\n183 Marill\n184 Azumarill\n185 Sudowoodo\n186 Politoed\n187 Hoppip\n188 Skiploom\n189 Jumpluff\n190 Aipom\n191 Sunkern\n192 Sunflora\n193 Yanma\n194 Wooper\n195 Quagsire\n196 Espeon\n197 Umbreon\n198 Murkrow\n199 Slowking\n200 Misdreavus\n201 Unown\n202 Wobbuffet\n203 Girafarig\n204 Pineco\n205 Forretress\n206 Dunsparce\n207 Gligar\n208 Steelix\n209 Snubbull\n210 Granbull\n211 Qwilfish\n212 Scizor\n213 Shuckle\n214 Heracross\n215 Sneasel\n216 Teddiursa\n217 Ursaring\n218 Slugma\n219 Magcargo\n220 Swinub\n221 Piloswine\n222 Corsola\n223 Remoraid\n224 Octillery\n225 Delibird\n226 Mantine\n227 Skarmory\n228 Houndour\n229 Houndoom\n230 Kingdra\n231 Phanpy\n232 Donphan\n233 Porygon 2\n234 Stantler\n235 Smeargle\n236 Tyrogue\n237 Hitmontop\n238 Smoochum\n239 Elekid\n240 Magby\n241 Miltank\n242 Blissey\n243 Raikou\n244 Entei\n245 Suicune\n246 Larvitar\n247 Pupitar\n248 Tyranitar\n249 Lugia\n250 Ho-oh\n251 Celebi\nHoenn: 252-386\n252 Treecko\n253 Grovyle\n254 Sceptile\n255 Torchic\n256 Combusken\n257 Blaziken\n258 Mudkip\n259 Marshtomp\n260 Swampert\n261 Poochyena\n262 Mightyena\n263 Zigzagoon\n264 Linoone\n265 Wurmple\n266 Silcoon\n267 Beautifly\n268 Cascoon\n269 Dustox\n270 Lotad\n271 Lombre\n272 Ludicolo\n273 Seedot\n274 Nuzleaf\n275 Shiftry\n276 Taillow\n277 Swellow\n278 Wingull\n279 Pelipper\n280 Ralts\n281 Kirlia\n282 Gardevoir\n283 Surskit\n284 Masquerain\n285 Shroomish\n286 Breloom\n287 Slakoth\n288 Vigoroth\n289 Slaking\n290 Nincada\n291 Ninjask\n292 Shedinja\n293 Whismur\n294 Loudred\n295 Exploud\n296 Makuhita\n297 Hariyama\n298 Azurill\n299 Nosepass\n300 Skitty\n301 Delcatty\n302 Sableye\n303 Mawile\n304 Aron\n305 Lairon\n306 Aggron\n307 Meditite\n308 Medicham\n309 Electrike\n310 Manectric\n311 Plusle\n312 Minun\n313 Volbeat\n314 Illumise\n315 Roselia\n316 Gulpin\n317 Swalot\n318 Carvanha\n319 Sharpedo\n320 Wailmer\n321 Wailord\n322 Numel\n323 Camerupt\n324 Torkoal\n325 Spoink\n326 Grumpig\n327 Spinda\n328 Trapinch\n329 Vibrava\n330 Flygon\n331 Cacnea\n332 Cacturne\n333 Swablu\n334 Altaria\n335 Zangoose\n336 Seviper\n337 Lunatone\n338 Solrock\n339 Barboach\n340 Whiscash\n341 Corphish\n342 Crawdaunt\n343 Baltoy\n344 Claydol\n345 Lileep\n346 Cradily\n347 Anorith\n348 Armaldo\n349 Feebas\n350 Milotic\n351 Castform\n352 Kecleon\n353 Shuppet\n354 Banette\n355 Duskull\n356 Dusclops\n357 Tropius\n358 Chimecho\n359 Absol\n360 Wynaut\n361 Snorunt\n362 Glalie\n363 Spheal\n364 Sealeo\n365 Walrein\n366 Clamperl\n367 Huntail\n368 Gorebyss\n369 Relicanth\n370 Luvdisc\n371 Bagon\n372 Shelgon\n373 Salamence\n374 Beldum\n375 Metang\n376 Metagross\n377 Regirock\n378 Regice\n379 Registeel\n380 Latias\n381 Latios\n382 Kyogre\n383 Groudon\n384 Rayquaza\n385 Jirachi\n386 Deoxys\nSinnoh: 387-493\n387 Turtwig\n388 Grotle\n389 Torterra\n390 Chimchar\n391 Monferno\n392 Infernape\n393 Piplup\n394 Prinplup\n395 Empoleon\n396 Starly\n397 Staravia\n398 Staraptor\n399 Bidoof\n400 Bibarel\n401 Kricketot\n402 Kricketune\n403 Shinx\n404 Luxio\n405 Luxray\n406 Budew\n407 Roserade\n408 Cranidos\n409 Rampardos\n410 Shieldon\n411 Bastiodon\n412 Burmy\n413 Wormadam\n414 Mothim\n415 Combee\n416 Vespiquen\n417 Pachirisu\n418 Buizel\n419 Floatzel\n420 Cherubi\n421 Cherrim\n422 Shellos\n423 Gastrodon\n424 Ambipom\n425 Drifloon\n426 Drifblim\n427 Buneary\n428 Lopunny\n429 Mismagius\n430 Honchkrow\n431 Glameow\n432 Purugly\n433 Chingling\n434 Stunky\n435 Skuntank\n436 Bronzor\n437 Bronzong\n438 Bonsly\n439 Mime Jr.\n440 Happiny\n441 Chatot\n442 Spiritomb\n443 Gible\n444 Gabite\n445 Garchomp\n446 Munchlax\n447 Riolu\n448 Lucario\n449 Hippopotas\n450 Hippowdon\n451 Skorupi\n452 Drapion\n453 Croagunk\n454 Toxicroak\n455 Carnivine\n456 Finneon\n457 Lumineon\n458 Mantyke\n459 Snover\n460 Abomasnow\n461 Weavile\n462 Magnezone\n463 Lickilicky\n464 Rhyperior\n465 Tangrowth\n466 Electivire\n467 Magmortar\n468 Togekiss\n469 Yanmega\n470 Leafeon\n471 Glaceon\n472 Gliscor\n473 Mamoswine\n474 Porygon-Z\n475 Gallade\n476 Probopass\n477 Dusknoir\n478 Froslass\n479 Rotom\n480 Uxie\n481 Mesprit\n482 Azelf\n483 Dialga\n484 Palkia\n485 Heatran\n486 Regigigas\n487 Giratina\n488 Cresselia\n489 Phione\n490 Manaphy\n491 Darkrai\n492 Shaymin\n493 Arceus\nUnova: 494-649\n494 Victini\n495 Snivy\n496 Servine\n497 Serperior\n498 Tepig\n499 Pignite\n500 Emboar\n501 Oshawott\n502 Dewott\n503 Samurott\n504 Patrat\n505 Watchog\n506 Lillipup\n507 Herdier\n508 Stoutland\n509 Purrloin\n510 Liepard\n511 Pansage\n512 Simisage\n513 Pansear\n514 Simisear\n515 Panpour\n516 Simipour\n517 Munna\n518 Musharna\n519 Pidove\n520 Tranquill\n521 Unfezant\n522 Blitzle\n523 Zebstrika\n524 Roggenrola\n525 Boldore\n526 Gigalith\n527 Woobat\n528 Swoobat\n529 Drilbur\n530 Excadrill\n531 Audino\n532 Timburr\n533 Gurdurr\n534 Conkeldurr\n535 Tympole\n536 Palpitoad\n537 Seismitoad\n538 Throh\n539 Sawk\n540 Sewaddle\n541 Swadloon\n542 Leavanny\n543 Venipede\n544 Whirlipede\n545 Scolipede\n546 Cottonee\n547 Whimsicott\n548 Petilil\n549 Lilligant\n550 Basculin\n551 Sandile\n552 Krokorok\n553 Krookodile\n554 Darumaka\n555 Darmanitan\n556 Maractus\n557 Dwebble\n558 Crustle\n559 Scraggy\n560 Scrafty\n561 Sigilyph\n562 Yamask\n563 Cofagrigus\n564 Tirtouga\n565 Carracosta\n566 Archen\n567 Archeops\n568 Trubbish\n569 Garbodor\n570 Zorua\n571 Zoroark\n572 Minccino\n573 Cinccino\n574 Gothita\n575 Gothorita\n576 Gothitelle\n577 Solosis\n578 Duosion\n579 Reuniclus\n580 Ducklett\n581 Swanna\n582 Vanillite\n583 Vanillish\n584 Vanilluxe\n585 Deerling\n586 Sawsbuck\n587 Emolga\n588 Karrablast\n589 Escavalier\n590 Foongus\n591 Amoonguss\n592 Frillish\n593 Jellicent\n594 Alomomola\n595 Joltik\n596 Galvantula\n597 Ferroseed\n598 Ferrothorn\n599 Klink\n600 Klang\n601 Klinklang\n602 Tynamo\n603 Eelektrik\n604 Eelektross\n605 Elgyem\n606 Beheeyem\n607 Litwick\n608 Lampent\n609 Chandelure\n610 Axew\n611 Fraxure\n612 Haxorus\n613 Cubchoo\n614 Beartic\n615 Cryogonal\n616 Shelmet\n617 Accelgor\n618 Stunfisk\n619 Mienfoo\n620 Mienshao\n621 Druddigon\n622 Golett\n623 Golurk\n624 Pawniard\n625 Bisharp\n626 Bouffalant\n627 Rufflet\n628 Braviary\n629 Vullaby\n630 Mandibuzz\n631 Heatmor\n632 Durant\n633 Deino\n634 Zweilous\n635 Hydreigon\n636 Larvesta\n637 Volcarona\n638 Cobalion\n639 Terrakion\n640 Virizion\n641 Tornadus\n642 Thundurus\n643 Reshiram\n644 Zekrom\n645 Landorus\n646 Kyurem\n647 Keldeo\n648 Meloetta\n649 Genesect\nKalos: 650-721\n650 Chespin\n651 Quilladin\n652 Chesnaught\n653 Fennekin\n654 Braixen\n655 Delphox\n656 Froakie\n657 Frogadier\n658 Greninja\n659 Bunnelby\n660 Diggersby\n661 Fletchling\n662 Fletchinder\n663 Talonflame\n664 Scatterbug\n665 Spewpa\n666 Vivillon\n667 Litleo\n668 Pyroar\n669 Flabb\n670 Floette\n671 Florges\n672 Skiddo\n673 Gogoat\n674 Pancham\n675 Pangoro\n676 Furfrou\n677 Espurr\n678 Meowstic\n679 Honedge\n680 Doublade\n681 Aegislash\n682 Spritzee\n683 Aromatisse\n684 Swirlix\n685 Slurpuff\n686 Inkay\n687 Malamar\n688 Binacle\n689 Barbaracle\n690 Skrelp\n691 Dragalge\n692 Clauncher\n693 Clawitzer\n694 Helioptile\n695 Heliolisk\n696 Tyrunt\n697 Tyrantrum\n698 Amaura\n699 Aurorus\n700 Sylveon\n701 Hawlucha\n702 Dedenne\n703 Carbink\n704 Goomy\n705 Sliggoo\n706 Goodra\n707 Klefki\n708 Phantump\n709 Trevenant\n710 Pumpkaboo\n711 Gourgeist\n712 Bergmite\n713 Avalugg\n714 Noibat\n715 Noivern\n716 Xerneas\n717 Yveltal\n718 Zygarde\n719 Diancie\n720 Hoopa\n721 Volcanion\nPokdex: A - G\nAbomasnow\nAbra\nAbsol\nAccelgor\nAegislash\nAerodactyl\nAggron\nAipom\nAlakazam\nAlomomola\nAltaria\nAmaura\nAmbipom\nAmoonguss\nAmpharos\nAnorith\nArbok\nArcanine\nArceus\nArchen\nArcheops\nAriados\nArmaldo\nAromatisse\nAron\nArticuno\nAudino\nAurorus\nAvalugg\nAxew\nAzelf\nAzumarill\nAzurill\nBagon\nBaltoy\nBanette\nBarbaracle\nBarboach\nBasculin\nBastiodon\nBayleef\nBeartic\nBeautifly\nBeedrill\nBeheeyem\nBeldum\nBellossom\nBellsprout\nBergmite\nBibarel\nBidoof\nBinacle\nBisharp\nBlastoise\nBlaziken\nBlissey\nBlitzle\nBoldore\nBonsly\nBouffalant\nBraixen\nBraviary\nBreloom\nBronzong\nBronzor\nBudew\nBuizel\nBulbasaur\nBuneary\nBunnelby\nBurmy\nButterfree\nCacnea\nCacturne\nCamerupt\nCarbink\nCarnivine\nCarracosta\nCarvanha\nCascoon\nCastform\nCaterpie\nCelebi\nChandelure\nChansey\nCharizard\nCharmander\nCharmeleon\nChatot\nCherrim\nCherubi\nChesnaught\nChespin\nChikorita\nChimchar\nChimecho\nChinchou\nChingling\nCinccino\nClamperl\nClauncher\nClawitzer\nClaydol\nClefable\nClefairy\nCleffa\nCloyster\nCobalion\nCofagrigus\nCombee\nCombusken\nConkeldurr\nCorphish\nCorsola\nCottonee\nCradily\nCranidos\nCrawdaunt\nCresselia\nCroagunk\nCrobat\nCroconaw\nCrustle\nCryogonal\nCubchoo\nCubone\nCyndaquil\nDarkrai\nDarmanitan\nDarumaka\nDedenne\nDeerling\nDeino\nDelcatty\nDelibird\nDelphox\nDeoxys\nDewgong\nDewott\nDialga\nDiancie\nDiggersby\nDiglett\nDitto\nDodrio\nDoduo\nDonphan\nDoublade\nDragalge\nDragonair\nDragonite\nDrapion\nDratini\nDrifblim\nDrifloon\nDrilbur\nDrowzee\nDruddigon\nDucklett\nDugtrio\nDunsparce\nDuosion\nDurant\nDusclops\nDusknoir\nDuskull\nDustox\nDwebble\nEelektrik\nEelektross\nEevee\nEkans\nElectabuzz\nElectivire\nElectrike\nElectrode\nElekid\nElgyem\nEmboar\nEmolga\nEmpoleon\nEntei\nEscavalier\nEspeon\nEspurr\nExcadrill\nExeggcute\nExeggutor\nExploud\nFarfetch'd\nFearow\nFeebas\nFennekin\nFeraligatr\nFerroseed\nFerrothorn\nFinneon\nFlaaffy\nFlabb\nFlareon\nFletchinder\nFletchling\nFloatzel\nFloette\nFlorges\nFlygon\nFoongus\nForretress\nFraxure\nFrillish\nFroakie\nFrogadier\nFroslass\nFurfrou\nFurret\nGabite\nGallade\nGalvantula\nGarbodor\nGarchomp\nGardevoir\nGastly\nGastrodon\nGenesect\nGengar\nGeodude\nGible\nGigalith\nGirafarig\nGiratina\nGlaceon\nGlalie\nGlameow\nGligar\nGliscor\nGloom\nGogoat\nGolbat\nGoldeen\nGolduck\nGolem\nGolett\nGolurk\nGoodra\nGoomy\nGorebyss\nGothita\nGothitelle\nGothorita\nGourgeist\nGranbull\nGraveler\nGreninja\nGrimer\nGrotle\nGroudon\nGrovyle\nGrowlithe\nGrumpig\nGulpin\nGurdurr\nGyarados\nPokdex: H - R\nHappiny\nHariyama\nHaunter\nHawlucha\nHaxorus\nHeatmor\nHeatran\nHeliolisk\nHelioptile\nHeracross\nHerdier\nHippopotas\nHippowdon\nHitmonchan\nHitmonlee\nHitmontop\nHonchkrow\nHonedge\nHo-Oh\nHoothoot\nHoppip\nHorsea\nHoundoom\nHoundour\nHuntail\nHydreigon\nHypno\nIgglybuff\nIllumise\nInfernape\nInkay\nIvysaur\nJellicent\nJigglypuff\nJirachi\nJolteon\nJoltik\nJumpluff\nJynx\nKabuto\nKabutops\nKadabra\nKakuna\nKangaskhan\nKarrablast\nKecleon\nKeldeo\nKingdra\nKingler\nKirlia\nKlang\nKlefki\nKlink\nKlinklang\nKoffing\nKrabby\nKricketot\nKricketune\nKrokorok\nKrookodile\nKyogre\nKyurem\nLairon\nLampent\nLandorus\nLanturn\nLapras\nLarvesta\nLarvitar\nLatias\nLatios\nLeafeon\nLeavanny\nLedian\nLedyba\nLickilicky\nLickitung\nLiepard\nLileep\nLilligant\nLillipup\nLinoone\nLitleo\nLitwick\nLombre\nLopunny\nLotad\nLoudred\nLucario\nLudicolo\nLugia\nLumineon\nLunatone\nLuvdisc\nLuxio\nLuxray\nMachamp\nMachoke\nMachop\nMagby\nMagcargo\nMagikarp\nMagmar\nMagmortar\nMagnemite\nMagneton\nMagnezone\nMakuhita\nMalamar\nMamoswine\nManaphy\nMandibuzz\nManectric\nMankey\nMantine\nMantyke\nMaractus\nMareep\nMarill\nMarowak\nMarshtomp\nMasquerain\nMawile\nMedicham\nMeditite\nMeganium\nMeloetta\nMeowstic\nMeowth\nMesprit\nMetagross\nMetang\nMetapod\nMew\nMewtwo\nMienfoo\nMienshao\nMightyena\nMilotic\nMiltank\nMime Jr.\nMinccino\nMinun\nMisdreavus\nMismagius\nMoltres\nMonferno\nMothim\nMr. Mime\nMudkip\nMuk\nMunchlax\nMunna\nMurkrow\nMusharna\nNatu\nNidoking\nNidoqueen\nNidoran\nNidoran\nNidorina\nNidorino\nNincada\nNinetales\nNinjask\nNoctowl\nNoibat\nNoivern\nNosepass\nNumel\nNuzleaf\nOctillery\nOddish\nOmanyte\nOmastar\nOnix\nOshawott\nPachirisu\nPalkia\nPalpitoad\nPancham\nPangoro\nPanpour\nPansage\nPansear\nParas\nParasect\nPatrat\nPawniard\nPelipper\nPersian\nPetilil\nPhanpy\nPhantump\nPhione\nPichu\nPidgeot\nPidgeotto\nPidgey\nPidove\nPignite\nPikachu\nPiloswine\nPineco\nPinsir\nPiplup\nPlusle\nPolitoed\nPoliwag\nPoliwhirl\nPoliwrath\nPonyta\nPoochyena\nPorygon\nPorygon2\nPorygon-Z\nPrimeape\nPrinplup\nProbopass\nPsyduck\nPumpkaboo\nPupitar\nPurrloin\nPurugly\nPyroar\nQuagsire\nQuilava\nQuilladin\nQwilfish\nRaichu\nRaikou\nRalts\nRampardos\nRapidash\nRaticate\nRattata\nRayquaza\nRegice\nRegigigas\nRegirock\nRegisteel\nRelicanth\nRemoraid\nReshiram\nReuniclus\nRhydon\nRhyhorn\nRhyperior\nRiolu\nRoggenrola\nRoselia\nRoserade\nRotom\nRufflet\nPokdex: S - Z\nSableye\nSalamence\nSamurott\nSandile\nSandshrew\nSandslash\nSawk\nSawsbuck\nScatterbug\nSceptile\nScizor\nScolipede\nScrafty\nScraggy\nScyther\nSeadra\nSeaking\nSealeo\nSeedot\nSeel\nSeismitoad\nSentret\nSerperior\nServine\nSeviper\nSewaddle\nSharpedo\nShaymin\nShedinja\nShelgon\nShellder\nShellos\nShelmet\nShieldon\nShiftry\nShinx\nShroomish\nShuckle\nShuppet\nSigilyph\nSilcoon\nSimipour\nSimisage\nSimisear\nSkarmory\nSkiddo\nSkiploom\nSkitty\nSkorupi\nSkrelp\nSkuntank\nSlaking\nSlakoth\nSliggoo\nSlowbro\nSlowking\nSlowpoke\nSlugma\nSlurpuff\nSmeargle\nSmoochum\nSneasel\nSnivy\nSnorlax\nSnorunt\nSnover\nSnubbull\nSolosis\nSolrock\nSpearow\nSpewpa\nSpheal\nSpinarak\nSpinda\nSpiritomb\nSpoink\nSpritzee\nSquirtle\nStantler\nStaraptor\nStaravia\nStarly\nStarmie\nStaryu\nSteelix\nStoutland\nStunfisk\nStunky\nSudowoodo\nSuicune\nSunflora\nSunkern\nSurskit\nSwablu\nSwadloon\nSwalot\nSwampert\nSwanna\nSwellow\nSwinub\nSwirlix\nSwoobat\nSylveon\nTaillow\nTalonflame\nTangela\nTangrowth\nTauros\nTeddiursa\nTentacool\nTentacruel\nTepig\nTerrakion\nThroh\nThundurus\nTimburr\nTirtouga\nTogekiss\nTogepi\nTogetic\nTorchic\nTorkoal\nTornadus\nTorterra\nTotodile\nToxicroak\nTranquill\nTrapinch\nTreecko\nTrevenant\nTropius\nTrubbish\nTurtwig\nTympole\nTynamo\nTyphlosion\nTyranitar\nTyrantrum\nTyrogue\nTyrunt\nUmbreon\nUnfezant\nUnown\nUrsaring\nUxie\nVanillish\nVanillite\nVanilluxe\nVaporeon\nVenipede\nVenomoth\nVenonat\nVenusaur\nVespiquen\nVibrava\nVictini\nVictreebel\nVigoroth\nVileplume\nVirizion\nVivillon\nVolbeat\nVolcarona\nVoltorb\nVullaby\nVulpix\nWailmer\nWailord\nWalrein\nWartortle\nWatchog\nWeavile\nWeedle\nWeepinbell\nWeezing\nWhimsicott\nWhirlipede\nWhiscash\nWhismur\nWigglytuff\nWingull\nWobbuffet\nWoobat\nWooper\nWormadam\nWurmple\nWynaut\nXatu\nXerneas\nYamask\nYanma\nYanmega\nYveltal\nZangoose\nZapdos\nZebstrika\nZekrom\nZigzagoon\nZoroark\nZorua\nZubat\nZweilous\nZygarde\n#506 Lillipup\nGeneral\nLocation\nAttacks\nStats\nEgg Moves\nGen VIII Dex\nGen VII Dex\nGen VI Dex\nGen V Dex\nPicture\nName\nOther Names\nNo.\nGender Ratio\nType\nLillipup\nJapan: Yorterrie\nFrench: Ponchiot\nGerman: Yorkleff\nKorean:\nNational: #506\nCentral: #---\nCoastal: #---\nMountain: #---\nHoenn: #---\nMale :50%Female :50%\nClassification\nHeight\nWeight\nCapture Rate\nBase Egg Steps\nPuppy Pokmon\n1'04\"\n0.4m\n9.0lbs\n4.1kg2553,840\nAbilities: Vital Spirit - Pickup - Run Away (Hidden Ability)\nVital Spirit: The Pokmon cannot be Asleep while having this ability.\nPickup: Has a 10% chance of finding and holding an item after battle. Will not work if this Pokmon is already holding an item. From Black & White, it allows for the user to pick up the item of its opponent or ally if they used up the item in battle.\nHidden Ability (Available): Run Away: Except for trainer battles, can always run from battle. Cannot run during Mean Look or Block or when the opponent is trapping with the Arena Trap, Magnet Pull, or Shadow Tag ability.\nExperience Growth\nBase Happiness\nEffort Values Earned\nEligible for Sky Battle?\n1,059,860 PointsMedium Slow\n70 1 Attack Point(s)\nNot Eligible/Known\nDamage Taken\n*1\n*1\n*1\n*1\n*1\n*1\n*2\n*1\n*1\n*1\n*1\n*1\n*1\n*0\n*1\n*1\n*1\n*1\nWild Hold Item\nEgg Groups\nFieldRattataRaticateEkansArbokPikachuRaichuSandshrewSandslashNidoranNidoranNidorinoNidokingVulpixNinetalesDiglettDugtrioMeowthPersianPsyduckGolduckMankeyPrimeapeGrowlitheArcaninePonytaRapidashFarfetch'dSeelDewgongRhyhornRhydonTaurosEeveeVaporeonJolteonFlareonCyndaquilQuilavaTyphlosionSentretFurretMareepFlaaffyAmpharosAipomWooperQuagsireEspeonUmbreonGirafarigDunsparceSnubbullGranbullSneaselTeddiursaUrsaringSwinubPiloswineDelibirdHoundourHoundoomPhanpyDonphanStantlerSmeargleMiltankTorchicCombuskenBlazikenPoochyenaMightyenaZigzagoonLinooneSeedotNuzleafShiftrySlakothVigorothSlakingWhismurLoudredExploudSkittyDelcattyMawileElectrikeManectricWailmerWailordNumelCameruptTorkoalSpoinkGrumpigSpindaZangooseSeviperKecleonAbsolSphealSealeoWalreinChimcharMonfernoInfernapePiplupPrinplupEmpoleonBidoofBibarelShinxLuxioLuxrayPachirisuBuizelFloatzelAmbipomBunearyLopunnyGlameowPuruglyStunkySkuntankLucarioHippopotasHippowdonWeavileRhyperiorLeafeonGlaceonMamoswineSnivyServineSerperiorTepigPigniteEmboarOshawottDewottSamurottPatratWatchogLillipupHerdierStoutlandPurrloinLiepardPansageSimisagePansearSimisearPanpourSimipourMunnaMusharnaBlitzleZebstrikaWoobatSwoobatDrilburExcadrillSandileKrokorokKrookodileDarumakaDarmanitanScraggyScraftyZoruaZoroarkMinccinoCinccinoDeerlingSawsbuckEmolgaCubchooBearticMienfooMienshaoBouffalantHeatmorChespinQuilladinChesnaughtFennekinBraixenDelphoxBunnelbyDiggersbyLitleoPyroarSkiddoGogoatPanchamPangoroFurfrouEspurrMeowsticSylveonDedenneDittoField\nEvolutionary Chain\nLocations - In-Depth Details\nX\nFriend Safari\nY\nFriend Safari\nOmega Ruby\nRoute 101, Route 102, Route 103Details\nAlpha Sapphire\nRoute 101, Route 102, Route 103Details\nFlavor Text\nX\nThe long hair around its face provides an amazing radar that lets it sense subtle changes in its surroundings.\nY\nThough it is a very brave Pokmon, it's also smart enough to check its foe's strength and avoid battle.\nOmega Ruby\nThe long hair around its face provides an amazing radar that lets it sense subtle changes in its surroundings.\nAlpha Sapphire\nThough it is a very brave Pokmon, it's also smart enough to check its foe's strength and avoid battle.\nGeneration VI Level UpLevelAttack NameTypeCat.Att.Acc.PPEffect %\nLeer\n--\n100\n30\n100\nThe opposing team gains an intimidating leer with sharp eyes. The opposing team's Defense stats are reduced.\nTackle\n50\n100\n35\n--\nA physical attack in which the user charges and slams into the target with its whole body.\n5\nOdor Sleuth\n--\n--\n40\n--\nEnables a Ghost-type target to be hit with Normal- and Fighting-type attacks. It also enables an evasive target to be hit.\n8\nBite\n60\n100\n25\n30\nThe target is bitten with viciously sharp fangs. It may make the target flinch.\n10\nBaby-Doll Eyes\n--\n100\n30\n--\nThe user stares at the target with its baby-doll eyes, which lowers its Attack stat. This move always goes first.\n12\nHelping Hand\n--\n--\n20\n--\nThe user assists an ally by boosting the power of its attack.\n15\nTake Down\n90\n85\n20\n--\nA reckless, full-body charge attack for slamming into the target. It also damages the user a little.\n19\nWork Up\n--\n--\n30\n--\nThe user is roused, and its Attack and Sp. Atk stats increase.\n22\nCrunch\n80\n100\n15\n20\nThe user crunches up the target with sharp fangs. It may also lower the target's Defense stat.\n26\nRoar\n--\n--\n20\n--\nThe target is scared off and replaced by another Pokmon in its party. In the wild, the battle ends.\n29\nRetaliate\n70\n100\n5\n--\nThe user gets revenge for a fainted ally. If an ally fainted in the previous turn, this attack's damage increases.\n33\nReversal\n??\n100\n15\n--\nAn all-out attack that becomes more powerful the less HP the user has.\n36\nLast Resort\n140\n100\n5\n--\nThis move can be used only after the user has used all the other moves it knows in the battle.\n40\nGiga Impact\n150\n90\n5\n--\nThe user charges at the target using every bit of its power. The user must rest on the next turn.\n45\nPlay Rough\n90\n90\n10\n10\nThe user plays rough with the target and attacks it. This may also lower the target's Attack stat.TM & HM AttacksTM/HM #Attack NameTypeCat.Att.Acc.PPEffect %TM05\nRoar\n--\n--\n20\n--\nThe target is scared off and replaced by another Pokmon in its party. In the wild, the battle ends.TM06\nToxic\n--\n90\n10\n--\nA move that leaves the target badly poisoned. Its poison damage worsens every turn.TM10\nHidden Power\n60\n100\n15\n--\nA unique attack that varies in type depending on the Pokmon using it.TM11\nSunny Day\n--\n--\n5\n--\nThe user intensifies the sun for five turns, powering up Fire-type moves.TM17\nProtect\n--\n--\n10\n--\nIt enables the user to evade all attacks. Its chance of failing rises if it is used in succession.TM18\nRain Dance\n--\n--\n5\n--\nThe user summons a heavy rain that falls for five turns, powering up Water-type moves.TM21\nFrustration\n??\n100\n20\n--\nA full-power attack that grows more powerful the less the user likes its Trainer.TM24\nThunderbolt\n90\n100\n15\n10\nA strong electric blast is loosed at the target. It may also leave the target with paralysis.TM27\nReturn\n??\n100\n20\n--\nA full-power attack that grows more powerful the more the user likes its Trainer.TM28\nDig\n80\n100\n10\n--\nThe user burrows, then attacks on the second turn. It can also be used to exit dungeons.TM30\nShadow Ball\n80\n100\n15\n20\nThe user hurls a shadowy blob at the target. It may also lower the target's Sp. Def stat.TM32\nDouble Team\n--\n--\n15\n--\nBy moving rapidly, the user makes illusory copies of itself to raise its evasiveness.TM39\nRock Tomb\n60\n95\n15\n100\nBoulders are hurled at the target. It also lowers the target's Speed by preventing its movement.TM40\nAerial Ace\n60\n--\n20\n--\nThe user confounds the target with speed, then slashes. The attack lands without fail.TM42\nFacade\n70\n100\n20\n--\nAn attack move that doubles its power if the user is poisoned, burned, or has paralysis.TM44\nRest\n--\n--\n10\n--\nThe user goes to sleep for two turns. It fully restores the user's HP and heals any status problem.TM45\nAttract\n--\n100\n15\n--\nIf it is the opposite gender of the user, the target becomes infatuated and less likely to attack.TM48\nRound\n60\n100\n15\n--\nThe user attacks the target with a song. Others can join in the Round and make the attack do greater damage.TM67\nRetaliate\n70\n100\n5\n--\nThe user gets revenge for a fainted ally. If an ally fainted in the previous turn, this attack's damage increases.TM68\nGiga Impact\n150\n90\n5\n--\nThe user charges at the target using every bit of its power. The user must rest on the next turn.TM73\nThunder Wave\n--\n100\n20\n--\nA weak electric charge is launched at the target. It causes paralysis if it hits.TM87\nSwagger\n--\n90\n15\n--\nThe user enrages and confuses the target. However, it also sharply raises the target's Attack stat.TM88\nSleep Talk\n--\n--\n10\n--\nWhile it is asleep, the user randomly uses one of the moves it knows.TM90\nSubstitute\n--\n--\n10\n--\nThe user makes a copy of itself using some of its HP. The copy serves as the user's decoy.TM93\nWild Charge\n90\n100\n15\n--\nThe user shrouds itself in electricity and smashes into its target. It also damages the user a little.TM94 (XY)HM06 (ORAS)\nRock Smash\n40\n100\n15\n50\nThe user attacks with a punch that can shatter a rock. It may also lower the target's Defense stat.TM94 (ORAS)\nSecret Power\n70\n100\n20\n30\nThe user attacks the target with a secret power. Its added effects vary depending on the user's environment.TM95\nSnarl\n55\n95\n15\n100\nThe user yells as if it is ranting about something, making the target's Sp. Atk stat decrease.TM100\nConfide\n--\n--\n20\n100\nThe user tells the target a secret, and the target loses its ability to concentrate. This lowers the target's Sp. Atk stat.Egg Moves (Details)Attack NameTypeCat.Att.Acc.PPEffect % After You\n--\n--\n15\n--\nDetails\nThe user helps the target and makes it use its move right after the user.Charm\n--\n100\n20\n--\nDetails\nThe user gazes at the target rather charmingly, making it less wary. The target's Attack is harshly lowered.Endure\n--\n--\n10\n--\nDetails\nThe user endures any attack with at least 1 HP. Its chance of failing rises if it is used in succession.Fire Fang\n65\n95\n15\n10\nDetails\nThe user bites with flame-cloaked fangs. It may also make the target flinch or leave it burned.Howl\n--\n--\n40\n--\nDetails\nThe user howls loudly to raise its spirit, boosting its Attack stat.Ice Fang\n65\n95\n15\n10\nDetails\nThe user bites with cold-infused fangs. It may also make the target flinch or leave it frozen.Lick\n30\n100\n30\n30\nDetails\nThe target is licked with a long tongue, causing damage. It may also leave the target with paralysis.Mud-Slap\n20\n100\n10\n100\nDetails\nThe user hurls mud in the target's face to inflict damage and lower its accuracy.Pursuit\n40\n100\n20\n--\nDetails\nAn attack move that inflicts double damage if used on a target that is switching out of battle.Sand Attack\n--\n100\n15\n--\nDetails\nSand is hurled in the target's face, reducing its accuracy.Thunder Fang\n65\n95\n15\n10\nDetails\nThe user bites with electrified fangs. It may also make the target flinch or leave it with paralysis.Yawn\n--\n--\n10\n--\nDetails\nThe user lets loose a huge yawn that lulls the target into falling asleep on the next turn.Omega Ruby/Alpha Sapphire Move Tutor AttacksAttack NameTypeCat.Att.Acc.PPEffect %After You----15--The user helps the target and makes it use its move right after the user.Covet6010025--The user endearingly approaches the target, then steals the target's held item.Helping Hand----20--The user assists an ally by boosting the power of its attack.Hyper Voice9010010--The user lets loose a horribly echoing shout with the power to inflict damage.Last Resort1401005--This move can be used only after the user has used all the other moves it knows in the battle.Shock Wave60--20--The user strikes the target with a quick jolt of electricity. This attack cannot be evaded.Snore501001530An attack that can be used only if the user is asleep. The harsh noise may also make the target flinch.Uproar9010010--The user attacks in an uproar for three turns. Over that time, no one can fall asleep.Transfer Only Moves (Details)Attack NameTypeCat.Att.Acc.PPEffect %Method\nStats\nHP\nAttack\nDefense\nSp. Attack\nSp. Defense\nSpeed\nBase Stats - Total: 275\n45\n60\n45\n25\n45\n55\nMax StatsHindering Nature\nLv. 50\n105 - 152\n58 - 100\n45 - 87\n27 - 69\n45 - 87\n54 - 96\nLv. 100\n200 - 294\n112 - 197\n85 - 170\n49 - 134\n85 - 170\n103 - 188\nMax StatsNeutral Nature\nLv. 50\n105 - 152\n65 - 112\n50 - 97\n30 - 77\n50 - 97\n60 - 107\nLv. 100\n200 - 294\n125 - 219\n95 - 189\n55 - 149\n95 - 189\n115 - 209\nMax StatsBeneficial Nature\nLv. 50\n105 - 152\n71 - 123\n55 - 106\n33 - 84\n55 - 106\n66 - 117\nLv. 100\n200 - 294\n137 - 240\n104 - 207\n60 - 163\n104 - 207\n126 - 229\n<---\n#505Watchog\n#507Herdier\n--->\nPicture\nNameJp. NameLillipupYorterrie\nGenderType :50%:50%\nClassificationPuppy Pokmon\nHeightWeight104\n0.4m9.0lbs\n4.1kg\nPokdex\nEvents\nAnime Appearances\nCards\nManga Appearances\nPrev.Next\nAll Content is Copyright of Serebii.net 1999-2024. |\nPrivacy Policy |\nManage Cookie Settings\nPokmon and All Respective Names are Trademark & of Nintendo 1996-2024", "url": "https://www.serebii.net/pokedex-xy/506.shtml" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lillipup/Intimidate - Pokemon Black Version\nMenuHomeBoardsNewsQ&ACommunityContributeGames3DSAndroidBoard/CardiOSPCPlayStation3PlayStation4PlayStation5SwitchVitaXbox 360Xbox OneXbox SeriesMore SystemsPCPS4PS5SwitchXbox OneXbox SeriesMoreSystems 3DSAndroidBoard / CardDSGame Boy AdvanceGameCubeiOSNintendo 64PlayStationPlayStation 2PlayStation 3PSPSuper NintendoVitaWiiWii UXbox 360See All 143...\nLog In\nSign Up\nGameFAQsBoardsNewsQ&ACommunityContributeGames\nLillipup/IntimidatePokemon Black VersionDSLog in to add games to your listsNotify me about new: Guides Cheats Reviews Questions News Board Topics Board MessagesAdd this game to my: Favorite Games Favorite BoardsGuidesQ&ABoardMoreHomeSummaryRelease DataGame CreditsAlso PlayingCollection StatsGame TriviaGuidesQ&ACheatsSavesReviewsMediaBoxesImagesVideosNewsBoard\nWhat do you need help on?\nCancel X\nTopic Archived\nYou're browsing the GameFAQs Message Boards as a guest. Sign Up for free (or Log In if you already have an account) to be able to post messages, change how messages are displayed, and view media in posts.BoardsPokemon Black VersionLillipup/IntimidateDvD94 13 years ago#1Does Lillipup need a certain ability out of Pickup and Vital Spirit to get Intimidate, or is it random?Elec_Man_EXE 13 years ago#2Its definately a certain ability. Abilities are listed in the games code as \"ability 1\" or \"ability 2\", so one ability will always change into the corresponding ability upon evolution barring bad hacking.As for which one... I think its Vital Spirit -> Intimidate and Pickup -> Sand Rush (at least thats the way Serebii has it listed, and I think Serebii lists the abilities direct from the code, which should put them in the correct order). But I'm not 100% positive on that.~ Master of Electricity ~ 3DS FC: 3239-2743-8918 Pokemon Y Safari: Fraxure, Sliggoo, DragonairDvD94 (Topic Creator)13 years ago#3bumpIMBLIZZARDMIDBU 13 years ago#4Elec Man EXE posted...Its definately a certain ability. Abilities are listed in the games code as \"ability 1\" or \"ability 2\", so one ability will always change into the corresponding ability upon evolution barring bad hacking.As for which one... I think its Vital Spirit -> Intimidate and Pickup -> Sand Rush (at least thats the way Serebii has it listed, and I think Serebii lists the abilities direct from the code, which should put them in the correct order). But I'm not 100% positive on that.When I caught a Lillipup, it had pickup. When it evolved, its baility changed to Sand Rush. SoVital Spirit -> Intimidate and Pickup -> Sand RushJoblessWinabe 13 years ago#5Is it just me or does the pickup->sandrush change make no sense at all? If it gained a ground type or somethign when it evolved i could understand but as it stands its just completely random and annoying since you lose one of the few pickup pokemon.Dark_Abaddon 12 years ago#6Winabe posted...Is it just me or does the pickup->sandrush change make no sense at all? If it gained a ground type or somethign when it evolved i could understand but as it stands its just completely random and annoying since you lose one of the few pickup pokemon.the type of dog its based on was used in deserts and has hair over the eyes to deal with sand storms, it fits...Gaming while on a treadmillshiningpikablu252 12 years ago#7Just for the record, the same thing that Vital Spirit->Intimidate and Pickup->Sand Rush does also holds true for its Dream World ability as well. Once Lillipup with Run Away become available on the Dream World, evolve one and it'll become Scrappy as a Herdier.I am a die hard Pokemon fan to the most, including the traditional hate of Yu-Gi-Oh.\nBoardsPokemon Black VersionLillipup/Intimidate\nTopic Archived\nMore Topics from this BoardI want to replay Black, what team should I go for?3 posts, 5/24 6:33AMBlack team2 posts, 5/24 6:30AMJellicent or Alomomola for my team2 posts, 5/16 6:44AMI've always thought that Victini looks more like a Digimon than a Pokemon3 posts, 5/4 8:06PMMy Black team.8 posts, 5/1 1:29PM\nGameFAQs Q&AWhich town/city can I find exp share? Side Quest4 AnswersPasscode in Castelia City? Side Quest3 AnswersWhat is better, Pokemon Black or White? General14 AnswersWhere can I find the Running Shoes? Main Quest3 AnswersWhere can I find heart scales? 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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.", "url": "https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/boards/989552-pokemon-black-version/59308208" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lillipup or Patrat - Pokmon White Version Forum - Neoseeker Forums\nposts\nthreads\nforums\nseries\nmembers\nproducts\nin this thread in this forum in all forums\nPosts\nThreads\nForums\nSeries\nMembers\nProducts\nThread titleFromLast replied\nNow searching...\nFeatured:\nDragonball Forum\nPC Games and Steam\nSports\nPokLounge\nPaper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door\nTV\nLegend of Dragoon\nMario Kart 64\nYu-Gi-Oh!\nFootball (Soccer)\nPokmon Trading\nMovies\nBooks&Lit\nMusic\nSuper Smash Bros. Brawl\nLogin\nForgot your password?\nUsername\nPassword\nRemember me\nSign in with the following networks\nor\tcreate a new account\nRegister\nSign in with:\nCommunity\nPC\nPS4\nPS5\nX1\nXSX\nSwitch\n3DS\nFollow @neoseeker\nAll Pokmon Forums\nNeoseeker Forums Pokmon Community Nintendo DS Games RPG/Adventure Pokmon White Version Lillipup or Patrat\nLillipup or Patrat\n0\nPokmon White Version\nreviewsuser reviewscheatsFAQs/Guidesscreenswiki\nJoin Community\n9,280 Pokmon Trainers\nPAGES: 1 2 next\nREPLY TO THIS THREAD QUICK REPLY START NEW THREAD\nTopic: Lillipup or Patrat\nOptions:\nShare\nPrint\nsubscribe\nThreads List\nsuperguitarman\njust getting started!\ntotal posts: 118since: Jul 2010\nApr 9, 11 at 3:40pm ^\nLillipup or Patrat\nWiki Pages\nPatrat\nLillipup\nLike the question asks.... which is better... Lillipup or Patrat??? in the long run...\n0\nShadow Bolt\nJust do the do.Neo or Bust 15\nsince: Feb 2008\nApr 9, 11 at 3:43pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nI wouldn't use either but I think Lilipup would be the better choice.\n0\nAxe\nSailor Planet NineSeeketh Maximus 18\ntotal posts: 5802since: Apr 2010\nApr 9, 11 at 3:59pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nStoutland>Watchog\n0\nInsanityS\nDo it for Lady Black HeartPurely Neo 44\ntotal posts: 25713neopoints: 16823since: Feb 2003\nApr 9, 11 at 4:08pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nlol. It's not even a contest. Watchog loses in every stat except Special Attack (in which both are terrible anyway).\n-------------------\n0\nIronLuigi\nGuess Who's Back - BF4true seeker\ntotal posts: 1191since: Nov 2010\nApr 9, 11 at 4:47pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nLillipup likes nicer and if you see the evolution: Watchog, stoutland.is Stoutland better. I think Lillipup is better.\n-------------------White FC: 2409 1853 7144Platinum FC: 0046 8152 5812Event Shop\n0\nPhi\nI could even learn how to love, like youNeolife 5\ntotal posts: 24854neopoints: 12422since: Oct 2008\nApr 9, 11 at 6:24pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nWatchog is so disturbing looking. ;-; Like it's been said, Lillipup is way better in the long run although both of them lack in comparison to other Pokemon at the end of the game.Stoutland's Take Down packs a punch and Lillipup's Pick Up can be useful.\n-------------------Big Buff Cheeto Puff. <3\n0\ndarnjohnson\nHooked on Neo 1\ntotal posts: 4228since: Nov 2008\nApr 10, 11 at 2:43pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nquote superguitarmanLike the question asks.... which is better... Lillipup or Patrat??? in the long run...Lol. They both are bad, but if you really need a normal type. Go with stoutland\n-------------------quote pavakoh my goddd no hearts pls dont leave neo and this clan pls pls pls why u leaving dont first lemandro did he was my best buddy now u Hearts pls pls well i cant do anything with this but ill really miss u good luck with the life\n0\nVast\nNeo: Essential 1073\nsince: Feb 2009\nApr 10, 11 at 8:00pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nI would go with Lillipup/Stoutland.I used it and it can take attacks well and hit hard. A good choice.\n0\nJace2012\nLet there be Light(ning)ultra seeker\ntotal posts: 1459since: May 2010\nApr 10, 11 at 8:23pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nDo not use any of them... just keep them until you find something better, like a Joltik or a Darumaka. So i wouldn't mind getting either of them. Personally from all those starting Pokemon i kept the cat one (do not remember its name)\n-------------------ClickTSV: 0563\n0\nsuperguitarman\njust getting started!\ntotal posts: 118since: Jul 2010\nApr 10, 11 at 9:58pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nNah I just want to do a run through of the game with one of the two I just wanted to see which one of the two is better cause im too lazy to use google\n0\nBravePhoenix\nStand back and watch me work.mad messenger\nsince: Oct 2010\nApr 10, 11 at 11:23pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nSo instead of taking a few seconds to Google search, you're going to wait around for other people to post at their leisure? Anyway, Stoutland is superior to Watchog.\n0\nSaiyuki44\nDaughter of Erwin Smithhigh on \"N\"\ntotal posts: 769since: Mar 2009\nApr 10, 11 at 11:30pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nquote BravePhoenixSo instead of taking a few seconds to Google search, you're going to wait around for other people to post at their leisure?I think it makes a good discussion Anyways:Axe > Stoutland > Watchog\n-------------------[Switch FC]SW- 5337- 0647- 1018Sword; Sharla\n0\nAxe\nSailor Planet NineSeeketh Maximus 18\ntotal posts: 5802since: Apr 2010\nApr 10, 11 at 11:32pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nSaiyuki44>Axe>Stoutland>Watchog\n0\nSaiyuki44\nDaughter of Erwin Smithhigh on \"N\"\ntotal posts: 769since: Mar 2009\nApr 10, 11 at 11:37pm ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nSaiyuki44 < Axe > Stoutland > Magikarp > Watchog.OT (On topic):In other words, go with Lillipup and it's evo's. Watchog isn't useful at all.\n-------------------[Switch FC]SW- 5337- 0647- 1018Sword; Sharla\n0\nDSi Guy\nOut of Wordsforum junky\nsince: Aug 2010\nApr 11, 11 at 3:58am ^\nre: Lillipup or Patrat\nWell, Inever use normal type pokemon. Normal isn't super effective against anything, and my teams are usually built on exploiting types. 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Meeting in Greater Phoenix\nVisitor Center\nAbout Us\nDiversity & Inclusion\nPrivacy Policy\nSitemap\nContact\nWelcome to Phoenix\nBorn Radiant\nFor centuries, the Sonoran Desert has been a source of innovation and inspiration. It began with the Hohokam people, who created canals that fed a civilization for more than a thousand years. Today, it can be found throughout the nations fifth-largest city in a thriving community that elevates art, culture, cuisine and more to levels of greatness.\nNow, its your turn.\nAllow the mystique of one of the worlds lushest landscapes to lead you on a path to radiance. Push yourself to the top and take in sweeping views. Challenge your perceptions of culture by immersing yourself in something unfamiliar. Indulge in flavorful experiences that transcend borders. And discover what every innovator, explorer and dreamer has said about the Greater Phoenix experiences for centuries:\nthe desert made me do it.\nWhat's Happening in Greater Phoenix\nSee More\nThings to Do in Phoenix This Weekend\nThings to Do Memorial Day Weekend\nMilitary Veterans Memorials To Visit In Phoenix\nWhere To Celebrate AAPI Cultures In Phoenix\nWNBA All-Star Game 2024 in Phoenix\nPhoenix Bucket List: 21 Things You Must Do\nSpirit of Phoenix: Craft the Citys Signature Cocktail\nHotel & Resort Deals\nCelebrate the season with these deals and offers at Greater Phoenix hotels and resorts.\nVisit Phoenix Deals\nGet exclusive offers from restaurants, shops, and attractions straight to your mobile phone.\nVisit Phoenix Attractions Pass\nGet access to some of Greater Phoenix's best attractions for a discounted price.\nVisit Phoenix Marketplace\nThe Visit Phoenix Marketplace brings together the city's best attractions, tours, tickets and\nAB Variation:\nExplore Greater Phoenix\nBrowse the best parts of PHX\nExplore the interactive map below to get a feel for your surroundings in Greater Phoenix, including some of the best spots to go, including Roosevelt Row, the Salt River and more.\nMcDowell Mountain\nRegional Park\nEstrella Mountains\nWhite Tank\nMountains\nSuperstition\nMountains\nSedona,\nFLAGSTAFF,\nGrand CanYON\nTUCSON\nAREA LAKES\nAREA LAKES\nLake Pleasant\nLake Pleasant\nOld Town\nScottsdale\nOld Town\nScottsdale\nPark\nPapago\nPapago\nPark\nPiestewa Peak &\nPhoenix Mountains Preserve\nPiestewa Peak &\nPhoenix Mountains Preserve\nCamelback Mountain\nCamelback Mountain\nCamelback Mountain\nRoosevelt Row\nRoosevelt Row\nDowntown Phoenix\nDowntown Phoenix\nMelrose District\nMelrose District\nSky Harbor\nInternational Airport\nSky Harbor\nInternational Airport\nDesert\nBotanical\nGarden\nDesert\nBotanical\nGarden\nSouth Mountain\nSouth Mountain\nSalt River\nRecreation Area\nSalt River\nRecreation Area\nSCOTTSDALE\nSCOTTSDALE\nSCOTTSDALE\nTEMPE\nTEMPE\nTEMPE\nCHANDLER\nCHANDLER\nCHANDLER\nGLENDALE\nGLENDALE\nGLENDALE\nGILBERT\nGILBERT\nGILBERT\nMESA\nMESA\nMESA\nPHOENIX\nPHOENIX\nPHOENIX\nEvents\nVisiting Phoenix this weekend? Planning a trip months in advance? Either way, we've got details\nThings To Do\nDiscover the best things to do in Phoenix from hiking and exploring the desert to arts and culture\nPlaces To Stay\nWhether you want to crawl between 500-thread-count sheets at a Five Diamond resort, sip cocktails in\nSonoran Desert\nHikers, bikers and climbers in Greater Phoenix have come to the same conclusion as coyotes\nGreater Phoenix\nSurrounded bymountain ranges, the Greater Phoenix area encompasses more than 500 square miles\nStories\nMeetings\nIt's time to go beyond. Upgrade your video conferences to breakout meetings. Transform your\n#my\nPhx\n@visitphoenix\nWhat does your Phoenix look like? Splashing in a resort pool with family? Aserene hike through the Sonoran Desert? Maybe dinner and drinks on a downtown date night? Explore a sampling of #myphx photos below, then share your Phoenix experiences onInstagram.\nRequest a Free Travel Guide\nSign Up for Emails\nGet Our Free Trail Guide\n400 E. 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All Rights Reserved.\nPlan Your Trip\nChat with us, powered by LiveChat", "url": "https://www.visitphoenix.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Phoenix, Arizona - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\nToggle History subsection\n1.1Early history\n1.2Founding and incorporation\n1.31900 to World War II\n1.4Post-World War II explosive growth\n1.51960s to present\n2Geography\nToggle Geography subsection\n2.1Cityscape\n2.1.1Neighborhoods\n2.2Flora and fauna\n2.3Climate\n3Demographics\nToggle Demographics subsection\n3.1Ethnicity\n4Economy\n5Arts and culture\nToggle Arts and culture subsection\n5.1Performing arts\n5.2Museums\n5.3Cultural heritage resources\n5.4Fine arts\n5.5Architecture\n5.6Tourism\n5.7Other attractions and annual events\n5.8Cuisine\n6Sports\nToggle Sports subsection\n6.1Major league\n6.2Other sports\n7Parks and recreation\n8Government\nToggle Government subsection\n8.1State government facilities\n8.2Federal government facilities\n8.3Crime\n8.4Politics\n9Education\nToggle Education subsection\n9.1Post-secondary education\n10Media\n11Infrastructure\nToggle Infrastructure subsection\n11.1Transportation\n11.1.1Air\n11.1.2Rail and bus\n11.1.3Roads and freeways\n11.1.4Cycling\n11.2Utilities\n11.3Health care\n12Notable people\n13Sister cities\n14See also\n15Notes\n16References\n17Further reading\n18External links\nToggle the table of contents\nPhoenix, Arizona\n148 languages\nAfrikaansAnarkielngliscAragonsAsturianuAvae'AzrbaycancaBamanankan / Bn-lm-g ()BislamaBoarischBosanskiBrezhonegCatalCebuanoetinaCorsuCymraegDagbanliDanskDeutschDin bizaadEestiEmilin e rumagnlEspaolEsperantoEstremeuEuskaraFroysktFranaisFryskGaeilgeGidhligGalegoHausaHawaiiHrvatskiIdoIlokanoBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueslenskaItalianoJawaKapampanganKernowekKiswahiliKreyl ayisyenKurd LadinLadinoLatinaLatvieuLietuviLigureLimburgsLombardMagyarMalagasyMoriBahasa MelayuMirandsNederlands NordfriiskNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskOccitanOzbekcha / PiemontisPolskiPortugusRomnRomani hibRuna SimiSarduScotsSeelterskShqipSimple EnglishSloveninaSloveninalnskiSoomaaliga / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTagalogTaqbaylit / tataraTrkeTwi / UyghurcheVnetoVepsn kelTing VitVolapkWinarayYorbZazakiemaitka\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikinewsWikiquoteWikivoyage\nCoordinates: 332654N 1120426W / 33.44833N 112.07389W / 33.44833; -112.07389\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nCapital of Arizona, United States\n\"Phoenix, USA\" and \"Phoenix (city)\" redirect here. For other cities, see Phoenix (disambiguation) Places.\nState capital city in Arizona, United StatesPhoenixState capital cityAerial view of downtown PhoenixPapago ParkSt. Mary's BasilicaArizona State CapitolHistoric Rosson HouseMystery CastleChase Field\nFlagSealNicknames:Valley of the SunThe ValleyInteractive map of PhoenixPhoenixLocation in ArizonaShow map of ArizonaPhoenixLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesPhoenixPhoenix (North America)Show map of North AmericaCoordinates: 332654N 1120426W / 33.44833N 112.07389W / 33.44833; -112.07389CountryUnited StatesStateArizonaCountyMaricopaSettled1867; 157years ago(1867)IncorporatedFebruary 25, 1881Founded byJack SwillingNamed forPhoenix, mythical creatureGovernmentTypeCouncilmanagerBodyPhoenix City CouncilMayorKate Gallego (D)Area[1]State capital519.28sqmi (1,344.94km2)Land518.27sqmi (1,342.30km2)Water1.02sqmi (2.63km2)Elevation[2]1,086ft (331m)Population(2020)[3]State capital1,608,139Estimate(2021)[3]1,624,569Rank11th in North America5th in the United States1st in ArizonaDensity3,102.92/sqmi (1,198.04/km2)Urban[4]3,976,313 (US: 11th)Urbandensity3,580.7/sqmi (1,382.5/km2)Metro[5]4,845,832 (US: 10th)DemonymPhoenician[6]GDP[7]Phoenix (MSA)$362.1 billion (2022)Time zoneUTC07:00 (MST (no DST))ZIP Codes8500185024, 85026-85046, 85048, 85050-85051, 85053-85054, 85060-85076, 85078-85080, 85082-85083, 85085-85087Area codes\nEast: 480\nCentral: 602\nWest: 623\nFIPS code04-55000GNIS feature ID44784Websitewww.phoenix.gov\nPhoenix (/finks/ FEE-niks[8][9]) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arizona, with 1,608,139 residents as of 2020.[10] It is the fifth-most populous city in the United States and the most populous state capital in the country.[11]\nPhoenix is the most populous city of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley and Arizona Sun Corridor. The metro area is the 10th-largest by population in the United States with approximately 4.85 million people as of 2020[update], making it the most populous in the Southwestern United States.[12][13] Phoenix, the seat of Maricopa County, is the largest city by area in Arizona, with an area of 517.9 square miles (1,341km2), and is also the 11th-largest city by area in the United States.[14]\nPhoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881. It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889.[15] Its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settlers' crops, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus, and hay, remaining important parts of the local economy for decades.[16][17] Cotton, cattle, citrus, climate, and copper were known locally as the \"Five C's\" anchoring Phoenix's economy. These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II, when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix's hot summers more bearable.[18]\nPhoenix is the cultural center of Arizona.[19] It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and is known for its hot desert climate.[20][21] The region's gross domestic product reached over $362 billion by 2022.[22] The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s,[23] and was among the nation's ten most populous cities by 1980. Phoenix is also one of the largest plurality-Hispanic cities in the United States, with 42% of its population being Hispanic.[24]\nHistory[edit]\nMain article: History of Phoenix, Arizona\nFor a chronological guide, see Timeline of Phoenix, Arizona.\nEarly history[edit]\nMap of Hohokam lands c.1350\nThe Hohokam people occupied the Phoenix area for 2,000 years.[25][26] They created roughly 135 miles (217 kilometers) of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable, and paths of these canals were used for the Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal, and the Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct. They also carried out extensive trade with the nearby Ancient Puebloans, Mogollon, and Sinagua, as well as with the more distant Mesoamerican civilizations.[27] It is believed periods of drought and severe floods between 1300 and 1450 led to the Hohokam civilization's abandonment of the area.[28]\nAfter the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel O'odham (commonly known as Pima), Tohono O'odham, and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache.[29] The O'odham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the Hohokam.[30][31][32]\nThe Akimel O'odham were the major group in the area. They lived in small villages with well-defined irrigation systems that spread over the Gila River Valley, from Florence in the east to the Estrellas in the west. Their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food as well as cotton and tobacco. They banded with the Maricopa for protection against incursions by the Yuma and Apache tribes.[33] The Maricopa are part of the larger Yuma people; however, they migrated east from the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers in the early 1800s, when they began to be enemies with other Yuma tribes, settling among the existing communities of the Akimel O'odham.[34][35][29]\nThe Tohono O'odham also lived in the region, but largely to the south and all the way to the Mexican border.[36] The O'odham lived in small settlements as seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains, rather than the large-scale irrigation of the Akimel. They grew crops such as sweet corn, tapery beans, squash, lentils, sugar cane, and melons, as well as taking advantage of native plants such as saguaro fruits, cholla buds, mesquite tree beans, and mesquite candy (sap from the mesquite tree). They also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javelina for meat.[37][38]\nThe MexicanAmerican War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, and the region's residents became U.S. citizens. The Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory.[39] In 1863, the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in Maricopa County, to the northwest of Phoenix. Maricopa County had not been incorporated; the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg.\nThe Army created Fort McDowell on the Verde River in 1865 to forestall Indian uprisings.[40] The fort established a camp on the south side of the Salt River by 1866, which was the first settlement in the valley after the decline of the Hohokam. Other nearby settlements later merged to become the city of Tempe.[41]\nFounding and incorporation[edit]\nThe Phillip Darrell Duppa adobe house was built in 1870 and is the oldest house in Phoenix. The homestead is named after \"Lord\" Darrell Duppa, an Englishman who is credited with naming Phoenix and Tempe as well as founding the town of New River.\nThe history of Phoenix begins with Jack Swilling, a Confederate veteran of the Civil War who prospected in the nearby mining town of Wickenburg in the newly formed Arizona Territory. As he traveled through the Salt River Valley in 1867, he saw a potential for farming to supply Wickenburg with food. He also noted the eroded mounds of dirt that indicated previous canals dug by native peoples who had long since left the area. He formed the Swilling Irrigation and Canal Company that year, dug a large canal that drew in river water, and erected several crop fields in a location that is now within the eastern portion of central Phoenix near its airport. Other settlers soon began to arrive, appreciating the area's fertile soil and lack of frost, and the farmhouse Swilling constructed became a frequently-visited location in the valley.[42][43] Lord Darrell Duppa was one of the original settlers in Swilling's party, and he suggested the name \"Phoenix\", as it described a city born from the ruins of a former civilization.[25]\nThe Board of Supervisors in Yavapai County officially recognized the new town on May 4, 1868, and the first post office was established the following month with Swilling as the postmaster.[25] In October 1870, valley residents met to select a new townsite for the valley's growing population. A new location three miles to the west of the original settlement, containing several allotments of farmland, was chosen, and lots began to officially be sold under the name of Phoenix in December of that year. This established the downtown core in a grid layout pattern that has been the hallmark of Phoenix's urban development ever since.\nOn February 12, 1871, the territorial legislature created Maricopa County by dividing Yavapai County; it was the sixth one formed in the Arizona Territory. The first election for county office was held in 1871 when Tom Barnum was elected the first sheriff. He ran unopposed when the other two candidates (John A. Chenowth and Jim Favorite) fought a duel; Chenowth killed Favorite and was forced to withdraw from the race.[25]\nThe town grew during the 1870s, and President Ulysses S. Grant issued a land patent for the site of Phoenix on April 10, 1874. By 1875, the town had a telegraph office, 16 saloons, and four dance halls, but the townsite-commissioner form of government needed an overhaul. An election was held in 1875, and three village trustees and other officials were elected.[25] By 1880, the town's population stood at 2,453.[44]\nAerial lithograph of Phoenix from 1885\nBy 1881, Phoenix's continued growth made the board of trustees obsolete. The Territorial Legislature passed the Phoenix Charter Bill, incorporating Phoenix and providing a mayor-council government; Governor John C. Fremont signed the bill on February 25, 1881, officially incorporating Phoenix as a city with a population of around 2,500.[25]\nThe railroad's arrival in the valley in the 1880s was the first of several events that made Phoenix a trade center whose products reached eastern and western markets. In response, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was organized on November 4, 1888.[45] The city offices moved into the new City Hall at Washington and Central in 1888.[25] The territorial capital moved from Prescott to Phoenix in 1889, and the territorial offices were also in City Hall.[46] The arrival of the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway in 1895 connected Phoenix to Prescott, Flagstaff, and other communities in the northern part of the territory. The increased access to commerce expedited the city's economic rise. The Phoenix Union High School was established in 1895 with an enrollment of 90.[25]\n1900 to World War II[edit]\nCentral Avenue, Phoenix, 1908\nOn February 25, 1901, Governor Oakes Murphy dedicated the permanent Capitol building,[25] and the Carnegie Free Library opened seven years later, on February 18, 1908, dedicated by Benjamin Fowler.[47] The National Reclamation Act was signed by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902, which allowed dams to be built on waterways in the west for reclamation purposes.[48] The first dam constructed under the act, Salt River Dam#1, began in 1903. It supplied both water and electricity, becoming the first multi-purpose dam, and Roosevelt attended the official dedication on May 18, 1911. At the time, it was the largest masonry dam in the world, forming a lake in the mountains east of Phoenix.[49] The dam would be renamed after Teddy Roosevelt in 1917,[50] and the lake would follow suit in 1959.[51]\nOn February 14, 1912, Phoenix became a state capital, as Arizona was admitted to the Union as the 48th state under President William Howard Taft.[52] This occurred just six months after Taft had vetoed a joint congressional resolution granting statehood to Arizona, due to his disapproval of the state constitution's position on the recall of judges.[53] In 1913, Phoenix's move from a mayor-council system to council-manager made it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government. After statehood, Phoenix's growth started to accelerate; eight years later, its population reached 29,053. In 1920, Phoenix would see its first skyscraper, the Heard Building; it was the tallest building in the state until the completion of the Luhrs Building in 1924.[25] In 1929, Sky Harbor was officially opened, at the time owned by Scenic Airways. The city purchased it in 1935 and continues to operate it today.[54]\nPhoenix skyline, c. 1940\nOn March 4, 1930, former U.S. President Calvin Coolidge dedicated a dam on the Gila River named in his honor. However, the state had just been through a long drought, and the reservoir which was supposed to be behind the dam was virtually dry. The humorist Will Rogers, who was on hand as a guest speaker joked, \"If that was my lake, I'd mow it.\"[55] Phoenix's population had nearly doubled during the 1920s and by 1930 stood at 48,118.[25] It was also during the 1930s that Phoenix and its surrounding area began to be called \"The Valley of the Sun\", which was an advertising slogan invented to boost tourism.[56]\nDuring World War II, Phoenix's economy shifted to that of a distribution center, transforming into an \"embryonic industrial city\" with the mass production of military supplies.[25] There were three air force fields in the area: Luke Field, Williams Field, and Falcon Field, as well as two large pilot training camps, Thunderbird Field No. 1 in Glendale and Thunderbird Field No. 2 in Scottsdale.[25][57][58]\nPost-World War II explosive growth[edit]\nA town that had just over 65,000 residents in 1940 became America's fifth largest city by 2020, with a population of nearly 1.6 million, and millions more in nearby suburbs. After the war, many of the men who had undergone their training in Arizona returned with their new families. Learning of this large untapped labor pool enticed many large industries to move their operations to the area.[25] In 1948, high-tech industry, which would become a staple of the state's economy, arrived in Phoenix when Motorola chose Phoenix as the site of its new research and development center for military electronics. Seeing the same advantages as Motorola, other high-tech companies, such as Intel and McDonnell Douglas, moved into the valley and opened manufacturing operations.[59][60]\nBy 1950, over 105,000 people resided in the city and thousands more in surrounding communities.[25] The 1950s growth was spurred on by advances in air conditioning, which allowed homes and businesses to offset the extreme heat experienced in Phoenix and the surrounding areas during its long summers. There was more new construction in Phoenix in 1959 alone than from 1914 to 1946.[61]\nLike many emerging American cities at the time, Phoenix's spectacular growth did not occur evenly. It largely took place on the city's north side, a region that was nearly all Caucasian. In 1962, one local activist testified at a US Commission on Civil Rights of hearing that of 31,000 homes that had recently sprung up in this neighborhood, not a single one had been sold to an African-American.[62] Phoenix's African-American and Mexican-American communities remained largely sequestered on the south side of town. The color lines were so rigid that no one north of Van Buren Street would rent to the African-American baseball star Willie Mays, in town for spring training in the 1960s.[63] In 1964, a reporter from The New Republic wrote of segregation in these terms: \"Apartheid is complete. The two cities look at each other across a golf course.\"[64]\n1960s to present[edit]\nPhoenix in May 1972, with South Mountain in the background\nThe continued rapid population growth led more businesses to the valley to take advantage of the labor pool,[65] and manufacturing, particularly in the electronics sector, continued to grow.[66] The convention and tourism industries saw rapid expansion during the 1960s, with tourism becoming the third largest industry by the end of the decade.[67] In 1965, the Phoenix Corporate Center opened; at the time it was the tallest building in Arizona, topping off at 341 feet.[68] The 1960s saw many other buildings constructed as the city expanded rapidly, including the Rosenzweig Center (1964), today called Phoenix City Square,[69] the landmark Phoenix Financial Center (1964),[70] as well as many of Phoenix's residential high-rises. In 1965 the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum opened at the Arizona State Fairgrounds, west of downtown. When Phoenix was awarded an NBA franchise in 1968, which would be called the Phoenix Suns,[71][72] they played their home games at the Coliseum until 1992, after which they moved to America West Arena.[73] In 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson approved the Central Arizona Project, assuring future water supplies for Phoenix, Tucson, and the agricultural corridor between them.[74][75] The following year, Pope Paul VI created the Diocese of Phoenix on December 2, by splitting the Archdiocese of Tucson, with Edward A. McCarthy as the first Bishop.[76]\nIn the 1970s the downtown area experienced a resurgence, with a level of construction activity not seen again until the urban real estate boom of the 2000s. By the end of the decade, Phoenix adopted the Phoenix Concept 2000 plan which split the city into urban villages, each with its own village core where greater height and density was permitted, further shaping the free-market development culture. The nine original villages[77] have expanded to 15 over the years (see Cityscape below). This officially turned Phoenix into a city of many nodes, which would later be connected by freeways. The Phoenix Symphony Hall opened in 1972;[78] other major structures which saw construction downtown during this decade were the First National Bank Plaza, the Valley Center (the tallest building in Arizona),[79] and the Arizona Bank building.\nOn September 25, 1981, Phoenix resident Sandra Day O'Connor broke the gender barrier on the U.S. Supreme Court, when she was sworn in as the first female justice.[80] In 1985, the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, the nation's largest nuclear power plant, began electrical production.[81] Pope John Paul II and Mother Teresa both visited the Valley in 1987.[82]\nThere was an influx of refugees due to low-cost housing in the Sunnyslope area in the 1990s, resulting in 43 different languages being spoken in local schools by 2000.[83] The new 20-story City Hall opened in 1992.[84]\nPhoenix has maintained a growth streak in recent years, growing by 24.2% before 2007. This made it the second-fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States, surpassed only by Las Vegas.[85] In 2008, Squaw Peak, the city's second tallest mountain, was renamed Piestewa Peak after Army Specialist Lori Ann Piestewa, an Arizonan and the first Native American woman to die in combat while serving in the U.S. military, as well as being the first American female casualty of the 2003 Iraq War.[86] 2008 also saw Phoenix as one of the cities hardest hit by the subprime mortgage crisis, and by early 2009 the median home price was $150,000, down from its $262,000 peak in 2007.[87] Crime rates in Phoenix have fallen in recent years, and once troubled, decaying neighborhoods such as South Mountain, Alhambra, and Maryvale have recovered and stabilized. On June 1, 2023, the State of Arizona announced the decision to halt new housing development in the Phoenix metropolitan area that relies solely on groundwater due to a predicted water shortfall.[88]\nGeography[edit]\nSentinel-2 satellite image of the Phoenix metro area in 2020\nPhoenix is in the south-central portion of Arizona; about halfway between Tucson to the southeast and Flagstaff to the north, in the southwestern United States. By car, the city is approximately 150 miles (240 kilometers) north of the USMexico border at Sonoyta and 180mi (290km) north of the border at Nogales. The metropolitan area is known as the \"Valley of the Sun\" due to its location in the Salt River Valley.[56] It lies at a mean elevation of 1,086 feet (331 m), in the northern reaches of the Sonoran Desert.[89]\nOther than the mountains in and around the city, Phoenix's topography is generally flat, which allows the city's main streets to run on a precise grid with wide, open-spaced roadways. Scattered, low mountain ranges surround the valley: McDowell Mountains to the northeast, the White Tank Mountains to the west, the Superstition Mountains far to the east, and both South Mountain and the Sierra Estrella to the south/southwest. Camelback Mountain, North Mountain, Sunnyslope Mountain, and Piestewa Peak are within the heart of the valley. The city's outskirts have large fields of irrigated cropland and Native American reservation lands.[90] The Salt River runs westward through Phoenix, but the riverbed is often dry or contains little water due to large irrigation diversions. South Mountain separates the community of Ahwatukee from the rest of the city.\nAerial view of Ahwatukee neighborhoods and the South Mountains\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 517.9sqmi (1,341km2), of which 516.7sqmi (1,338km2) is land and 1.2sqmi (3.1km2), or 0.2%, is water.\nMaricopa County grew by 711% from 186,000 in 1940 to 1,509,000 by 1980, due in part to air conditioning, cheap housing, and an influx of retirees. The once \"modest urban sprawl\" now \"grew by 'epic' proportionsnot only a myriad of residential tract developments on both farmland and desert.\" Retail outlets and office complexes spread out and did not concentrate in the small downtown area. There was low population density and a lack of widespread and significant high-rise development.[91] As a consequence Phoenix became a textbook case of urban sprawl for geographers.[92][93][94][95][96][97] Even though it is the fifth most populated city in the United States, the large area gives it a low density rate of approximately 2,797 people per square mile.[98] In comparison, Philadelphia, the sixth most populous city with nearly the same population as Phoenix, has a density of over 11,000.[99]\nLike most of Arizona, Phoenix does not observe daylight saving time. In 1973, Governor Jack Williams argued to the U.S. Congress that energy use would increase in the evening should Arizona observe DST. He went on to say energy use would also rise early in the day \"because there would be more lights on in the early morning.\" Additionally, he said daylight saving time would cause children to go to school in the dark.[100]\nCityscape[edit]\nSee also: List of tallest buildings in Phoenix\nA panoramic view of Phoenix from the South Mountain range, winter 2008, with Sky Harbor International Airport on the far right\nNeighborhoods[edit]\nMap of the urban villages of Phoenix\nSince 1979, the city of Phoenix has been divided into urban villages, many of which are based upon historically significant neighborhoods and communities that have since been annexed into Phoenix.[101] Each village has a planning committee appointed directly by the city council. According to the city-issued village planning handbook, the purpose of the village planning committees is to \"work with the city's planning commission to ensure a balance of housing and employment in each village, concentrate development at identified village cores, and to promote the unique character and identity of the villages.\"[102] There are 15 urban villages: Ahwatukee Foothills, Alhambra, Camelback East, Central City, Deer Valley, Desert View, Encanto, Estrella, Laveen, Maryvale, North Gateway, North Mountain, Paradise Valley, Rio Vista, and South Mountain.\nThe urban village of Paradise Valley is distinct from the nearby Town of Paradise Valley. Although the urban village is part of Phoenix, the town is independent.\nIn addition to the above urban villages, Phoenix has a variety of commonly referred-to regions and districts, such as Downtown, Midtown, Uptown,[103] West Phoenix, North Phoenix, South Phoenix, Biltmore Area, Arcadia, and Sunnyslope.\nFlora and fauna[edit]\nWhile some of the native flora and fauna of the Sonoran Desert can be found within Phoenix city limits, most are found in the suburbs and the undeveloped desert areas that surround the city. Native mammal species include coyote, javelina, bobcat, mountain lion, desert cottontail rabbit, jackrabbit, antelope ground squirrel, mule deer, ringtail, coati, and multiple species of bats, such as the Mexican free-tailed bat and western pipistrelle, that roost in and around the city. There are many species of native birds, including Costa's hummingbird, Anna's hummingbird, Gambel's quail, Gila woodpecker, mourning dove, white-winged dove, the greater roadrunner, the cactus wren, and many species of raptors, including falcons, hawks, owls, vultures (such as the turkey vulture and black vulture), and eagles, including the golden and the bald eagle.[104][105]\nThe greater Phoenix region is home to the only thriving feral population of rosy-faced lovebirds in the U.S. This bird is a popular birdcage pet, native to southwestern Africa. Feral birds were first observed living outdoors in 1987, probably escaped or released pets, and by 2010 the Greater Phoenix population had grown to about 950 birds. These lovebirds prefer older neighborhoods where they nest under untrimmed, dead palm tree fronds.[106][107]\nThe area is also home to a plethora of native reptile species including the Western diamondback rattlesnake, Sonoran sidewinder, several other types of rattlesnakes, Sonoran coral snake, dozens of species of non-venomous snakes (including the Sonoran gopher snake and the California kingsnake), the gila monster, desert spiny lizard, several types of whiptail lizards, the chuckwalla, desert horned lizard, western banded gecko, Sonora mud turtle, and the desert tortoise. Native amphibian species include the Couch's spadefoot toad, Chiricahua leopard frog, and the Sonoran desert toad.[108]\nPhoenix and the surrounding areas are also home to a wide variety of native invertebrates including the Arizona bark scorpion, giant desert hairy scorpion, Arizona blond tarantula, Sonoran Desert centipede, tarantula hawk wasp, camel spider, and tailless whip scorpion. Of great concern is the presence of Africanized bees which can be extremely dangerouseven lethalwhen provoked.\nThe Arizona Upland subdivision of the Sonoran Desert (of which Phoenix is a part) has \"the most structurally diverse flora in the United States.\" One of the most well-known types of succulents, the giant saguaro cactus, is found throughout the city and its neighboring environs. Other native species are the organpipe, barrel, fishhook, senita, prickly pear and cholla cacti; ocotillo; Palo Verde trees and foothill and blue paloverde; California fan palm; agaves; soaptree yucca, Spanish bayonet, desert spoon, and red yucca; ironwood; mesquite; and the creosote bush.[109][110]\nMany non-native plants also thrive in Phoenix including, but not limited to, the date palm, Mexican fan palm, pineapple palm, Afghan pine, Canary Island pine, Mexican fencepost cactus, cardon cactus, acacia, eucalyptus, aloe, bougainvillea, oleander, lantana, bottlebrush, olive, citrus, and red bird of paradise.\nClimate[edit]\nMain article: Climate of Phoenix\nThe Sonoran Desert surrounding Phoenix\nPhoenix has a hot desert climate (Kppen: BWh),[20][21] typical of the Sonoran Desert, and is the largest city in America in this climatic zone.[111] Phoenix has long, extremely hot summers and short, mild winters. The city is within one of the world's sunniest regions, with its sunshine duration comparable to the Sahara region. With 3,872 hours of bright sunshine annually, Phoenix receives the most sunshine of any major city on Earth.[112] Average high temperatures in summer are the hottest of any major city in the United States.[113] On average, there are 111 days annually with a high of at least 100F (38C), including most days from the end of May through late September. Highs top 110F (43C) an average of 21 days during the year.[114] On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time recorded high of 122F (50C).[115] The annual minimum temperature in Phoenix is in the mid-to-low 30s.[114] It rarely drops to 32F (0C) or below. Snow is rare.[citation needed]\nMaricopa County, which includes Phoenix, was ranked seventh for most ozone pollution in the United States according to the American Lung Association.[116] Vehicle emissions are cited as precursors to ozone formation. Phoenix also has high levels of particulate pollution; although, cities in California lead the nation in this hazard.[117] PM2.5 particulate matter, which is a component of diesel engine exhaust, and larger PM10 particles, which can come from dust, can both reach concerning levels in Phoenix.[118] In fact, people, pets, and other animals exposed to high concentrations of PM10 dust particlesprimarily from dust storms or from disturbed agricultural or construction sitesare at risk of contracting Valley Fever, a fungal lung infection.[119]\nUnlike most desert locations which have drastic fluctuations between day and nighttime temperatures, the urban heat island effect limits Phoenix's diurnal temperature variation.[120] As the city has expanded, average summer low temperatures have been steadily rising. Pavement, sidewalks, and buildings store the Sun's heat and radiate it at night.[121] The daily normal low remains at or above 80F (27C) for an average of 74 days per summer.[114] On July 19, 2023, Phoenix set its record for the warmest daily low temperature, at 97F (36C).[114]\nA 2011 haboob\nThe city averages approximately 300 days of sunshine, or over 85% of daylight hours, per year,[122][123] and receives scant rainfallthe average annual total at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport is 7.22in (183mm). The region's trademark dry and sunny weather is interrupted by sporadic Pacific storms in the winter and the arrival of the North American monsoon in the summer.[124] Historically, the monsoon officially started when the average dew point was 55F (13C) for three days in a rowtypically occurring in early July. To increase monsoon awareness and promote safety, however, the National Weather Service decreed that starting in 2008, June 15 would be the official \"first day\" of the monsoon, and it would end on September 30.[125] When active, the monsoon raises humidity levels and can cause heavy localized precipitation, flash floods, hail, destructive winds, and dust storms[126]which can rise to the level of a haboob in some years.[127]\nClimate data for Phoenix Int'l, Arizona (19912020 normals,[a] extremes 1895present)[b]\nMonth\nJan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug\nSep\nOct\nNov\nDec\nYear\nRecord high F (C)\n88(31)\n92(33)\n100(38)\n105(41)\n114(46)\n122(50)\n121(49)\n117(47)\n116(47)\n107(42)\n99(37)\n87(31)\n122(50)\nMean maximum F (C)\n78.2(25.7)\n82.1(27.8)\n90.4(32.4)\n99.0(37.2)\n105.7(40.9)\n112.7(44.8)\n114.6(45.9)\n113.2(45.1)\n108.9(42.7)\n100.7(38.2)\n88.9(31.6)\n77.7(25.4)\n115.7(46.5)\nMean daily maximum F (C)\n67.6(19.8)\n70.8(21.6)\n78.1(25.6)\n85.5(29.7)\n94.5(34.7)\n104.2(40.1)\n106.5(41.4)\n105.1(40.6)\n100.4(38.0)\n89.2(31.8)\n76.5(24.7)\n66.2(19.0)\n87.1(30.6)\nDaily mean F (C)\n56.8(13.8)\n59.9(15.5)\n66.3(19.1)\n73.2(22.9)\n82.0(27.8)\n91.4(33.0)\n95.5(35.3)\n94.4(34.7)\n89.2(31.8)\n77.4(25.2)\n65.1(18.4)\n55.8(13.2)\n75.6(24.2)\nMean daily minimum F (C)\n46.0(7.8)\n49.0(9.4)\n54.5(12.5)\n60.8(16.0)\n69.5(20.8)\n78.6(25.9)\n84.5(29.2)\n83.6(28.7)\n78.1(25.6)\n65.6(18.7)\n53.7(12.1)\n45.3(7.4)\n64.1(17.8)\nMean minimum F (C)\n36.0(2.2)\n40.0(4.4)\n44.4(6.9)\n50.1(10.1)\n58.4(14.7)\n69.4(20.8)\n74.4(23.6)\n74.2(23.4)\n68.3(20.2)\n53.8(12.1)\n42.0(5.6)\n35.4(1.9)\n33.8(1.0)\nRecord low F (C)\n16(9)\n24(4)\n25(4)\n35(2)\n39(4)\n49(9)\n63(17)\n58(14)\n47(8)\n34(1)\n27(3)\n22(6)\n16(9)\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n0.87(22)\n0.87(22)\n0.83(21)\n0.22(5.6)\n0.13(3.3)\n0.02(0.51)\n0.91(23)\n0.93(24)\n0.57(14)\n0.56(14)\n0.57(14)\n0.74(19)\n7.22(183)\nAverage precipitation days ( 0.01 in)\n3.8\n4.1\n3.1\n1.5\n1.0\n0.5\n3.9\n4.6\n2.5\n2.2\n2.2\n4.0\n33.4\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n50.9\n44.4\n39.3\n27.8\n21.9\n19.4\n31.6\n36.2\n35.6\n36.9\n43.8\n51.8\n36.6\nAverage dew point F (C)\n32.4(0.2)\n32.2(0.1)\n32.9(0.5)\n31.6(0.2)\n34.3(1.3)\n39.0(3.9)\n56.1(13.4)\n58.3(14.6)\n52.3(11.3)\n43.0(6.1)\n35.8(2.1)\n33.1(0.6)\n40.1(4.5)\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n256.0\n257.2\n318.4\n353.6\n401.0\n407.8\n378.5\n360.8\n328.6\n308.9\n256.0\n244.8\n3,871.6\nPercent possible sunshine\n81\n84\n86\n90\n93\n95\n86\n87\n89\n88\n82\n79\n87\nAverage ultraviolet index\n3.1\n4.4\n6.6\n8.5\n9.7\n10.9\n11.0\n10.1\n8.3\n5.6\n3.7\n2.7\n7.0\nSource 1: NOAA (dew points, relative humidity, and sun 19611990)[128][129][130], Weather.com[131]\nSource 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)[132]\nDemographics[edit]\nMedian household income across metro Phoenix; the darker the green, the higher the income.[133]\nPercent of people living in poverty across metro Phoenix; the darker the red, the higher the concentration of poverty.[134]\nHistorical population\nCensusPop.Note%\n187024018801,708611.7%18903,15284.5%19005,54475.9%191011,314104.1%192029,053156.8%193048,11865.6%194065,41435.9%1950106,81863.3%1960439,170311.1%1970581,57232.4%1980789,70435.8%1990983,40324.5%20001,321,04534.3%20101,445,6329.4%20201,608,13911.2%2023 (est.)1,650,070[135]2.6%U.S. Decennial Census[136]20102020[10]\nAs of 2020, Phoenix was the fifth most populous city in the United States, with the census bureau placing its population at 1,608,139, edging out Philadelphia with a population of 1,567,872.[137] In the aftermath of the Great Recession, Phoenix had a population of 1,445,632 according to the 2010 United States census, the sixth largest city and still the most populous state capital in the United States.[138] Prior to the Great Recession, in 2006, Phoenix's population was 1,512,986, the fifth largest just ahead of Philadelphia.[138]\nAfter leading the U.S. in population growth for over a decade, the sub-prime mortgage crisis, followed by the recession, led to a slowing in the growth of Phoenix. There were approximately 77,000 people added to the population of the Phoenix metropolitan area in 2009, which was down significantly from its peak in 2006 of 162,000.[139][140] Despite this slowing, Phoenix's population grew by 9.4% since the 2000 census (a total of 124,000 people), while the entire Phoenix metropolitan area grew by 28.9% during the same period. This compares with an overall growth rate nationally during the same time frame of 9.7%.[141][142] Not since 194050, when the city had a population of 107,000, had the city gained less than 124,000 in a decade. Phoenix's recent growth rate of 9.4% from the 2010 census is the first time it has recorded a growth rate under 24% in a census decade.[143] However, in 2016, Phoenix once again became the fastest growing city in the United States, adding approximately 88 people per day during the preceding year.[137]\nThe Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) (officially known as the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler MSA [144]), is one of 10 MSAs in Arizona, and was the 11th largest in the United States, with a 2018 U.S. census population estimate of 4,857,962, up from the 2010 census population of 4,192,887. Consisting of both Pinal and Maricopa counties, the MSA accounts for 65.5% of Arizona's population.[141][142] Phoenix only contributed 13% to the total growth rate of the MSA, down significantly from its 33% share during the prior decade.[143] Phoenix is also part of the Arizona Sun Corridor megaregion (MR), which is the tenth most populous of the 11 MRs, and the eighth largest by area. It had the second largest growth by percentage of the MRs (behind only the Gulf Coast MR) between 2000 and 2010.[145]\nThe population is almost equally split between men and women, with men making up 50.2% of city's citizens. The population density is 2,797.8 people per square mile, and the city's median age is 32.2 years, with only 10.9 of the population being over 62. 98.5% of Phoenix's population lives in households with an average household size of 2.77 people.\nThere were 514,806 total households, with 64.2% of those households consisting of families: 42.3% married couples, 7% with an unmarried male as head of household, and 14.9% with an unmarried female as head of household. 33.6% of those households have children below the age of 18. Of the 35.8% of non-family households, 27.1% have a householder living alone, almost evenly split between men and women, with women having 13.7% and men occupying 13.5%.\nAs of 2020[update], Phoenix has 590,149 dwelling units, with an occupancy rate of 87.2%. The largest segment of vacancies is in the rental market, where the vacancy rate is 14.9%, and 51% of all vacancies are in rentals. Vacant houses for sale only make up 17.7% of the vacancies, with the rest being split among vacation properties and other various reasons.[146]\nThe city's median household income was $47,866, and the median family income was $54,804. Males had a median income of $32,820 versus $27,466 for females. The city's per capita income was $24,110. 21.8% of the population and 17.1% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 31.4% of those under the age of 18 and 10.5% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[147]\nEthnicity[edit]\nEthnic origins in Phoenix\nMap of racial distribution in Phoenix, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: White Black Asian Hispanic Other\nRacial composition\n1940[148]\n1970[148]\n1990[148]\n2010[149]\n2020[150]\nWhite (Non-Hispanic)\nn/a\n81.3%\n71.8%\n46.5%\n42.2%\nHispanic or Latino\nn/a\n12.7%\n20.0%\n40.8%\n42.6%\nBlack or African American\n6.5%\n4.8%\n5.2%\n6.0%\n7.1%\nAsian\n0.8%\n0.5%\n1.7%\n3.0%\n3.9%\nMixed\nn/a\nn/a\nn/a\n1.7%\n3.4%\nAccording to the 2020 census, the racial breakdown of Phoenix was as follows:[151]\nWhite: 49.7% (42.2% non-Hispanic)\nBlack or African American: 7.8%\nNative American: 2.6%\nAsian: 4.1%\nNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.2%\nOther race: 20.1%\nTwo or more races: 15.5%\nHispanic: 41.1%\nAccording to the 2010 census, the racial breakdown of Phoenix was as follows:[152]\nWhite: 65.9% (46.5% non-Hispanic)\nBlack or African American: 6.5% (6.0% non-Hispanic)\nNative American: 2.2%\nAsian: 3.2% (0.8% Indian, 0.5% Filipino, 0.5% Korean, 0.4% Chinese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Japanese, 0.2% Thai, 0.1% Burmese)\nNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.2%\nOther race: 18.5%\nTwo or more races: 3.6%\nPhoenix's population has historically been predominantly white.[citation needed] From 1890 to 1970, over 90% of the citizens were white.[citation needed] In recent years, this percentage has dropped, reaching 65% in 2010. However, a large part of this decrease can be attributed to new guidelines put out by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1980, when a question regarding Hispanic origin was added to the census questionnaire. This has led to an increasing tendency for some groups to no longer self-identify as white, and instead categorize themselves as \"other races\".[148]\n20.6% of the population of the city was foreign born in 2010. Of the 1,342,803 residents over five years of age, 63.5% spoke only English, 30.6% spoke Spanish at home, 2.5% spoke another Indo-European language, 2.1% spoke Asian or Islander languages, with the remaining 1.4% speaking other languages. About 15.7% of non-English speakers reported speaking English less than \"very well\". The largest national ancestries reported were Mexican (35.9%), German (15.3%), Irish (10.3%), English (9.4%), Black (6.5%), Italian (4.5%), French (2.7%), Polish (2.5%), American Indian (2.2%), and Scottish (2.0%).[153]\nHispanics or Latinos of any race make up 40.8% of the population. Of these the largest groups are at 35.9% Mexican, 0.6% Puerto Rican, 0.5% Guatemalan, 0.3% Salvadoran, 0.3% Cuban.\nPhoenix has the largest urban Native American population in Arizona. Phoenix has around 200 Dakota Sioux, approximately 100 Minnesota Chippewas, 100 Kiowas, about 175 Creeks, 100 Choctaws, several hundred Cherokees, several hundred Pueblos, and smaller numbers of Shawnees, Blackfeet, Pawnees, Cheyennes, Iroquois, Tlingit, Yakimas and other Native Americans from far away states.[154]\nHispanics are now the majority in Phoenix.[24] African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans live primarily in the southern portion of Phoenix, below the downtown district.[155]\nAccording to the National Immigration Forum, the majority of Phoenix's immigrants are from Latin America: Mexico (196,941), Guatemala (5.093), El Salvador (2,980); Asia: India (10,128), Philippines (5.756), Vietnam (4,698); Africa: Ethiopia (1,157), Liberia (1,089), Sudan (1,067) and Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina (2.944), Germany (2,847) and Romania (1,658).[156]\nAccording to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 66% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians,[157][158] while 26% claimed no religious affiliation. The same study says other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 7% of the population. In 2010, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives, which conducts religious census each ten years, 39% of those polled in Maricopa county considered themselves a member of a religious group. Of those who expressed a religious affiliation, the area's religious composition was reported as 35% Catholic, 22% to Evangelical Protestant denominations, 16% Latter-Day Saints (LDS), 14% to nondenominational congregations, 7% to Mainline Protestant denominations, and 2% Hindu. The remaining 4% belong to other religions, such as Buddhism and Judaism.\nWhile the number of religious adherents increased by 103,000 during the decade, the growth did not keep pace with the county's overall population increase of almost three-quarters of million individuals during the same period. The largest aggregate increases were in the LDS (a 58% increase) and Evangelical Protestant churches (14% increase), while all other categories saw their numbers drop slightly or remain static. The Catholic Church had an 8% drop, while mainline Protestant groups saw a 28% decline.[159]\nAccording to the 2022 Point-In-Time Homeless Count, there were 3,096 homeless people in Phoenix.[160]\nEconomy[edit]\nMain article: Economy of Phoenix\nDowntown Phoenix\nPhoenix's early economy focused on agriculture and natural resources, especially the \"5Cs\" of copper, cattle, climate, cotton, and citrus.[18] With the opening of the Union Station in 1923, the establishment of the Southern Pacific rail line in 1926, and the creation of Sky Harbor airport in 1928, the city became more easily accessible.[161] The Great Depression affected Phoenix, but Phoenix had a diverse economy and by 1934 the recovery was underway.[162][163] At the conclusion of World War II, the valley's economy surged, as many men who had completed their military training at bases in and around Phoenix returned with their families. The construction industry, spurred on by the city's growth, further expanded with the development of Sun City. It became the template for suburban development in post-WWII America,[164] and Sun City became the template for retirement communities when it opened in 1960.[165][166] The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s.[23]\nAs the national financial crisis of 200710 began, construction in Phoenix collapsed and housing prices plunged.[167] Arizona jobs declined by 11.8% from peak to trough; in 2007 Phoenix had 1,918,100 employed individuals, by 2010 that number had shrunk by 226,500 to 1,691,600.[168] By the end of 2015, the employment number in Phoenix had risen to 1.97 million, finally regaining its pre-recession levels,[169] with job growth occurring across the board.[170]\nAs of 2017[update], the Phoenix MSA had a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of just under $243 billion. The top five industries were: real estate ($41.96), finance and insurance ($19.71), manufacturing ($19.91), retail trade ($18.64), and health care ($19.78). Government (including federal, state and local), if it had been a private industry, would have been ranked second on the list, generating $23.37 billion.[171]\nIn Phoenix, real estate developers face few constraints when planning and developing new projects.[172]\nAs of January 2016, 10.5% of the workforce were government employees, a high number because the city is both the county seat and state capital. The civilian labor force was 2,200,900, and the unemployment rate stood at 4.6%.[170]\nPhoenix is home to four Fortune 500 companies: electronics corporation Avnet,[173] mining company Freeport-McMoRan,[174] retailer PetSmart,[175] and waste hauler Republic Services.[176] Honeywell's Aerospace division is headquartered in Phoenix, and the valley hosts many of their avionics and mechanical facilities.[177] Intel has one of their largest sites in the area, employing about 12,000 employees, the second largest Intel location in the country.[178] The city is also home to the headquarters of U-HAUL International, Best Western, and Apollo Group, parent of the University of Phoenix. Southwest is the largest carrier at Phoenix's Sky Harbor International Airport. Mesa Air Group, a regional airline group, is headquartered in Phoenix.[179]\nThe U.S. military has a large presence in Phoenix, with Luke Air Force Base in the western suburbs. The city was severely affected by the effects of the\nsub-prime mortgage crash. However, Phoenix has recovered 83% of the jobs lost\ndue to the recession.[172]\nArts and culture[edit]\nPerforming arts[edit]\nInterior of the Orpheum Theatre\nThe city has many performing arts venues, most of which are in and around downtown Phoenix or Scottsdale. The Phoenix Symphony Hall is home to the Phoenix Symphony Orchestra, the Arizona Opera and Ballet Arizona.[180] The Arizona Opera company also has intimate performances at its new Arizona Opera Center, which opened in March 2013.[181] Another venue is the Orpheum Theatre, home to the Phoenix Opera.[182] Ballet Arizona, in addition to the Symphony Hall, also has performances at the Orpheum Theatre and the Dorrance Theater. Concerts also regularly make stops in the area. The largest downtown performing art venue is the Herberger Theater Center, which houses three performance spaces and is home to two resident companies, the Arizona Theatre Company and the Centre Dance Ensemble. Three other groups also use the facility: Valley Youth Theatre, iTheatre Collaborative[183] and Actors Theater.[184]\nConcerts take place at Footprint Center and Comerica Theatre in downtown Phoenix, Ak-Chin Pavilion in Maryvale, Gila River Arena in Glendale, and Gammage Auditorium in Tempe (the last public building designed by Frank Lloyd Wright).[185] Several smaller theaters including Trunk Space, the Mesa Arts Center, the Crescent Ballroom, Celebrity Theatre, and Modified Arts support regular independent musical and theater performances. Music can also be seen in some of the venues usually reserved for sports, such as the Wells Fargo Arena and State Farm Stadium.[186]\nSeveral television series have been set in Phoenix, including Alice (197685), the 2000s paranormal drama Medium, the 196061 syndicated crime drama The Brothers Brannagan, and The New Dick Van Dyke Show from 1971 to 1974.\nMuseums[edit]\nThe Musical Instrument Museum features a collection of over 15,000 musical instruments\nThe valley has dozens of museums. They include the Phoenix Art Museum, Arizona Capitol Museum, Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art, Arizona Military Museum, Hall of Flame Fire Museum, Phoenix Police Museum, the Pueblo Grande Museum Archaeological Park, Children's Museum of Phoenix, Arizona Science Center, and the Heard Museum. In 2010, the Musical Instrument Museum opened their doors, featuring the biggest musical instrument collection in the world.[187] In 2015 the Children's Museum of Phoenix was recognized as one of the top three children's museums in the United States.[188]\nDesigned by Alden B. Dow, a student of Frank Lloyd Wright, the Phoenix Art Museum was constructed in a single year, opening in November 1959.[189] The Phoenix Art Museum has the southwest's largest collection of visual art, containing more than 17,000 works of contemporary and modern art from around the world.[190][191][192] Interactive exhibits can be found in nearby Peoria's Challenger Space Center, where individuals learn about space, renewable energies, and meet astronauts.[193]\nThe Heard Museum has over 130,000sqft (12,000m2) of gallery, classroom and performance space. Some of the museum's signature exhibits include a full Navajo hogan, the Mareen Allen Nichols Collection of 260 pieces of contemporary jewelry, the Barry Goldwater Collection of 437 historic Hopi kachina dolls, and an exhibit on the 19th-century boarding school experiences of Native Americans. The Heard Museum attracts about 250,000 visitors a year.[194]\nCultural heritage resources[edit]\nSee also: Phoenix Historic Property Register\nArizona has museums, journals, societies, and libraries that serve as sources of important cultural heritage knowledge. They include the Arizona State Archives Historic Photographs Memory Project,[195] which includes over 90,000 images that focus on the unique history of Arizona as a state and territory, the Arizona Historical Society,[196] the Journal of Arizona History,[197] and numerous museum databases.\nFine arts[edit]\nThe downtown Phoenix art scene has developed in the past decade. The Artlink organization and the galleries downtown have launched a First Friday cross-Phoenix gallery opening.[198] In April 2009, artist Janet Echelman inaugurated her monumental sculpture, Her Secret Is Patience, a civic icon suspended above the new Phoenix Civic Space Park, a two-city-block park in the middle of downtown. This netted sculpture makes the invisible patterns of desert wind visible. During the day, the 100-foot (30m)-tall sculpture hovers high above heads, treetops, and buildings, creating what the artist calls \"shadow drawings\", which she says are inspired by Phoenix's cloud shadows. At night, the illumination changes color gradually through the seasons. Author Prof. Patrick Frank writes of the sculpture that \"...this unique visual delight will forever mark the city of Phoenix just as the Eiffel Tower marks Paris.\"[199]\nArchitecture[edit]\nTaliesin West was a home and studio of Frank Lloyd Wright\nPhoenix is the home of a unique architectural tradition and community. Frank Lloyd Wright moved to Phoenix in 1937 and built his winter home, Taliesin West, and the main campus for The Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture.[200] Over the years, Phoenix has attracted notable architects who have made it their home and grown successful practices. These architectural studios embrace the desert climate, and are unconventional in their approach to the practice of design. They include the Paolo Soleri (who created Arcosanti),[201] Al Beadle,[202] Will Bruder,[203] Wendell Burnette,[204] and Blank Studio[205] architectural design studios. Another major force in architectural landscape of the city was Ralph Haver whose firm, Haver & Nunn, designed commercial, industrial and residential structures throughout the valley. Of particular note was his trademark, \"Haver Home\", which were affordable contemporary-style tract houses.[206]\nTourism[edit]\nThe tourist industry is the longest running of the top industries in Phoenix. Starting with promotions back in the 1920s, the industry has grown into one of the top 10 in the city.[207] With nearly 28,000 hotel rooms in over 175 hotels and resorts Phoenix sees over 19 million visitors each year, most of whom are leisure travelers. Sky Harbor Airport, which serves the Greater Phoenix area, serves about 45 million passengers a year, ranking it among the nation's 10 busiest airports.[208]\nOne of the biggest attractions of the Phoenix area is golf, with over 200 golf courses.[209] In addition to the sites of interest in the city, there are many attractions near Phoenix, such as Agua Fria National Monument, Arcosanti, Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, Lost Dutchman State Park, Montezuma's Castle, Montezuma's Well, and Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Phoenix also serves as a central point to many of the sights around the state of Arizona, such as the Grand Canyon, Lake Havasu (where the London Bridge is located), Meteor Crater, the Painted Desert, the Petrified Forest, Tombstone, Kartchner Caverns, Sedona and Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff.\nOther attractions and annual events[edit]\nPapago Park is home to the Desert Botanical Garden, Hole-in-the-Rock butte and Phoenix Zoo\nDue to its natural environment and climate, Phoenix has a number of outdoor attractions and recreational activities. The Phoenix Zoo is the largest privately owned nonprofit zoo in the United States. Since opening in 1962, it has developed an international reputation for its efforts on animal conservation, including breeding and reintroducing endangered species into the wild.[210] The adjacent Phoenix Botanical Gardens, opened in 1939, are acclaimed worldwide for their art and flora exhibits and educational programs, featuring the largest collection of arid plants in the U.S.[211][212][213] South Mountain Park, the largest municipal park in the U.S., is also the highest desert mountain preserve in the world.[214]\nOther popular sites in the city are Japanese Friendship Garden, Historic Heritage Square, Phoenix Mountains Park, Pueblo Grande Museum, Tovrea Castle, Camelback Mountain, Hole in the Rock, Mystery Castle, St. Mary's Basilica, Taliesin West, and the Wrigley Mansion.[215]\nMany annual events in and near Phoenix celebrate the city's heritage and its diversity. They include the Scottsdale Arabian Horse Show, the world's largest horse show; Matsuri, a celebration of Japanese culture; Pueblo Grande Indian Market, an event highlighting Native American arts and crafts; Grand Menorah Lighting, a December event celebrating Hanukah; ZooLights, a December evening event at the Phoenix Zoo that features millions of lights; the Arizona State Fair, begun in 1884; Scottish Gathering & Highland Games, an event celebrating Scottish heritage; Estrella War, a celebration of medieval life; and the Tohono O'odham Nation Rodeo & Fair, Oldest Indian rodeo in Arizona[216][217][218][219]\nCuisine[edit]\nPhoenix is also renowned for its Mexican food, thanks to its large Hispanic population and its proximity to Mexico. Some of Phoenix's restaurants have a long history. The Stockyards steakhouse dates to 1947, while Monti's La Casa Vieja (Spanish for \"The Old House\") was in operation as a restaurant since the 1890s, but closed its doors November 17, 2014.[220][221] Macayo's (a Mexican restaurant chain) was established in Phoenix in 1946, and other major Mexican restaurants include Garcia's (1956) and Manuel's (1964).[222] The population boom has brought people from all over the nation, and to a lesser extent from other countries, and has since influenced the local cuisine. Phoenix boasts cuisines from all over the world, such as barbecue, Cajun/Creole, Greek, Hawaiian, Irish, Japanese, Italian, fusion, Persian, Indian (South Asian), Korean, Spanish, Thai, Chinese, southwestern, Tex-Mex, Vietnamese, Brazilian, and French.[223]\nThe first McDonald's franchise was sold by the McDonald brothers to a Phoenix entrepreneur in 1952. Neil Fox paid $1,000 for the rights to open an establishment based on the McDonald brothers' restaurant.[224] The hamburger stand opened in 1953 on the southwest corner of Central Avenue and Indian School Road, on the growing north side of Phoenix, and was the first location to sport the now internationally known golden arches, which were initially twice the height of the building. Three other franchise locations opened that year, two years before Ray Kroc purchased McDonald's.[224]\nSports[edit]\nMain article: Sports in Phoenix\nMajor league[edit]\nPhoenix is home to several professional sports franchises, and until recently, was one of only 13 U.S. metropolitan areas to have representatives of all four major professional sports leagues, although only one of these teams actually carry the city name and two of them play within the city limits.[225][226]\nFootprint Center in downtown Phoenix, home to the Phoenix Suns\nThe Phoenix Suns were the first major sports team in Phoenix, being granted a National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise in 1968.[227] They lost the 1976 NBA Championship to the Boston Celtics in 6 games. They had originally played at the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum before moving to America West Arena (now Footprint Center) in 1992.[228] The year following their move to the new arena, the Suns made it to the NBA Finals for the second time in franchise history, losing to Michael Jordan's Chicago Bulls, four games to two.[229] The U.S. Airways Center hosted both the 1995 and the 2009 NBA All-Star Games.[230] They also lost the 2021 NBA Finals in 6 games to the Milwaukee Bucks.\nThe Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball began play as an expansion team in 1998. The team has played all of its home games in the same downtown park, now known as Chase Field.[231][232] It is the second highest stadium in the U.S. (after Coors Field in Denver), and is known for its swimming pool beyond the outfield fence.[233] In 2001, the Diamondbacks defeated the New York Yankees four games to three in the World Series,[234] becoming the city's first professional sports franchise to win a national championship while in Arizona. The win was also the fastest an expansion team had ever won the World Series, surpassing the old mark of the Florida Marlins of five years, set in 1997.[235]\nState Farm Stadium has hosted Super Bowl XLII, XLIX, and LVII\nThe Arizona Cardinals are the oldest continuously run professional football franchise in the nation. Founded in 1898 in Chicago, they moved to Phoenix from St. Louis, Missouri in 1988 and play in the Western Division of the National Football League's National Football Conference. Upon their move to Phoenix, the Cardinals played their home games at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University in nearby Tempe. In 2006, they moved to the new State Farm Stadium in suburban Glendale.[236] Since moving to Phoenix, the Cardinals have made one championship appearance, Super Bowl XLIII in 2009, where they lost 2723 to the Pittsburgh Steelers.[237]\nSun Devil Stadium held Super Bowl XXX in 1996. State Farm Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLII in 2008, Super Bowl XLIX in 2015, and Super Bowl LVII in 2023 .[238][239]\nThe Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League, formerly the original Winnipeg Jets, moved to the area in 1996,[240] They originally played their home games at America West Arena in downtown Phoenix before moving in December 2003 to the Glendale Arena (now named the Desert Diamond Arena) in Glendale.[241] In 2022, the Coyotes lost their lease in Glendale and moved to the then newly opened Mullett Arena on the campus of Arizona State University.[242] They were working with the city of Tempe to create a new entertainment district. However, after residents of Tempe rejected a bond initiative to pay for a new stadium, the Coyotes were deactivated, and the team's assets were moved to Salt Lake City, Utah.[243] The Coyotes have a five-year window to get a new arena in the area where they will be reactivated as an expansion franchise, otherwise the league will cease all operations for the franchise.[244]\nPhoenix Rising FC is a professional soccer team that competes in the USL Championship, the second tier of US professional soccer. Phoenix Rising FC started as Arizona United SC in 2014 and played at the Peoria Sports Complex and Scottsdale Stadium from 2014 to 2016. Rebranded in 2017 as Phoenix Rising FC, the team started play from 2017 to 2020 at the Casino Arizona Field. In 2021, the club moved to a new home,the Phoenix Rising Soccer Complex at Wild Horse Pass, which was located inside theGila River Indian CommunitynearChandler and played there throughout the 2022 season. The club began play in 2023 at the newly constructed Phoenix Rising Soccer Stadium, which is modular in design and located in an area north of Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.[245]\nIn 2018, the now-defunct Alliance of American Football announced the league's Phoenix franchise, the Arizona Hotshots, would begin playing in 2019.[246]\nProfessional teams in the Phoenix area\nClub\nSport\nYear started operations\nLeague\nVenue\nTitles\nArizona Cardinals\nFootball\n1988*\nNFL\nState Farm Stadium\n2*\nArizona Diamondbacks\nBaseball\n1998\nMLB\nChase Field\n1\nPhoenix Suns\nBasketball\n1968\nNBA\nFootprint Center\n0\nArizona Coyotes (inactive)\nIce hockey\n1996\nNHL\nMullett Arena\n0\nPhoenix Mercury\nBasketball\n1997\nWNBA\nFootprint Center\n3\nArizona Rattlers\nIndoor football\n1992\nIFL\nDesert Diamond Arena\n6\nPhoenix Rising FC\nSoccer\n2014\nUSLC\nPhoenix Rising Soccer Stadium\n1\n*Note: The Cardinals won their two pre-modern era championships while in Chicago.\n*Note: The Cardinals moved to Phoenix from St. Louis in 1988.\nOther sports[edit]\nThe Phoenix area hosts two annual college football bowl games: the Fiesta Bowl, played at State Farm Stadium,[247] and the Guaranteed Rate Bowl, held at Sun Devil Stadium (though Chase Field has substituted as host while ASU's football stadium undergoes renovations).[248]\nPhoenix has an indoor football team, the Arizona Rattlers of the Indoor Football League. Their games are played at the Desert Diamond Arena. They played in the Arena Football League from 1992 to 2016 and had won five AFL championships before leaving the league.[249]\nIn 1997, the Phoenix Mercury were one of the original eight teams to launch the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).[250] They also play at Footprint Center. They have won the WNBA championship three times: first in 2007 when they defeated the Detroit Shock,[251] again in 2009 when they defeated the Indiana Fever,[252] and in 2014 when they swept the Chicago Sky.[253]\nThe Greater Phoenix area is home to the Cactus League, one of two spring training leagues for Major League Baseball. With the move by the Colorado Rockies and the Diamondbacks to their new facility in the Salt River Indian Community, the league is entirely based in the Greater Phoenix area. With the Cincinnati Reds' move to Goodyear, half of MLB's 30 teams are now included in the Cactus League.[254]\nPhoenix International Raceway was built in 1964 with a one-mile (1.6km) oval, with a one-of-a-kind design, as well as a 2.5-mile (4.0km) road course.[255] It hosts several NASCAR events per season, and the annual Fall NASCAR weekend, which includes events from four different NASCAR classes, is a huge event.[256][257] Wild Horse Pass Motorsports Park (formerly Firebird International Raceway) hosts NHRA events in the Phoenix metropolitan area.\nThe city also hosts several major professional golf events, including the LPGA's Founder's Cup[258] and, since 1932, The Phoenix Open of the PGA Tour.[259]\nThe Phoenix Marathon is a new addition to the city's sports scene, and is a qualifier for the Boston Marathon.[260] The Rock 'n' Roll Marathon series has held an event in Phoenix every January since 2004.[261] Phoenix is also home to a soccer club, Phoenix Rising FC.[262]\nParks and recreation[edit]\nCamelback Mountain is part of the Phoenix Mountains range\nPhoenix is home to a large number of parks and recreation areas. The city of Phoenix includes national parks, Maricopa County parks and city parks. Tonto National Forest forms part of the city's northeast boundary, while the county has the largest park system in the country.[263]\nThe city park system established to preserve the desert landscape in areas that would otherwise have succumbed to development includes South Mountain Park, the world's largest municipal park with 16,500 acres (67km2).[264] The system's 182 parks contain over 41,900 acres (16,956ha), making it the largest municipal park system in the country.[265] The park system has facilities for hiking, camping, swimming, horseback riding, cycling, and climbing.[266] Some of the system's other notable parks include Camelback Mountain, Encanto Park, Phoenix Mountains Preserve and Sunnyslope Mountain, also known as \"S\" Mountain.[267]\nPapago Park in east Phoenix is home to both the Desert Botanical Garden and the Phoenix Zoo, in addition to several golf courses and the Hole-in-the-Rock geological formation. The Desert Botanical Garden, which opened in 1939, is one of the few public gardens in the country dedicated to desert plants and displays desert plant life from all over the world. The Phoenix Zoo is the largest privately owned non-profit zoo in the United States and is internationally known for its programs devoted to saving endangered species.[268]\nGovernment[edit]\nSee also: List of mayors of Phoenix, Arizona\nThe Arizona State Capitol, which used to house the state legislature, is now a museum.\nIn 1913, Phoenix adopted a new form of government, switching from the mayor-council system to the council-manager system, making it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government, where a city manager supervises all city departments and executes the policies adopted by the council.[269][270] Today, Phoenix represents the largest municipal government of this type in the country.[271]\nThe city council consists of a mayor and eight city council members. While the mayor is elected in a citywide election, Phoenix City Council members are elected by votes only in the districts they represent, with both the Mayor and the Council members serving four-year terms.[272] The mayor of Phoenix is Kate Gallego. The mayor and city council members each have equal voting power in regards to setting city policy and passing rules and regulations.[272] Sunshine Review gave the city's website a Sunny Award for its transparency efforts.[273]\nState government facilities[edit]\nPhoenix City Hall, showing the city's logo, the phoenix bird\nAs the capital of Arizona, Phoenix houses the state legislature,[274] along with numerous state government agencies, many of which are in the State Capitol district immediately west of downtown. The Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections operates the Adobe Mountain and Black Canyon Schools in Phoenix.[275] Another major state government facility is the Arizona State Hospital, operated by the Arizona Department of Health Services. This is a mental health center and is the only medical facility run by the state government.[276] The headquarters of numerous Arizona state government agencies are in Phoenix, with many in the State Capitol district.\nFederal government facilities[edit]\nThe Federal Bureau of Prisons operates the Federal Correctional Institution (FCI) Phoenix, which is within the city limits, near its northern boundary.[277]\nThe Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse, the U.S. District Court of Arizona, is on Washington Street downtown. It is named in honor of retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, who was raised in Arizona.[278]\nThe Federal Building is at the intersection of Van Buren Street and First Avenue downtown. It contains various federal field offices and the local division of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court.[279] This building formerly housed the U.S. District Court offices and courtrooms, but these were moved in 2001 to the new Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse. Before the construction of this building in 1961, federal government offices were housed in the historic U.S. Post Office on Central Avenue, completed in the 1930s.[280]\nCrime[edit]\nArizona State Capitol Executive Tower at 1700 W. Washington St.\nMain article: Crime in Phoenix\nBy the 1960s, crime was a major problem in Phoenix, and by the 1970s, crime continued to increase in the city at a faster rate than almost anywhere else in the country.[281] It was during this time frame when an incident occurred in Phoenix which would have national implications. On March 16, 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested and charged with rape. The subsequent Supreme Court ruling on June 13, 1966, Miranda v. Arizona, has led to practice in the United States of issuing a Miranda Warning to all suspected criminals.[282]\nWith Phoenix's rapid growth, one of the prime areas of criminal activity was land fraud. The practice became so widespread that newspapers would refer to Phoenix as the Tainted Desert.[283] These land frauds led to one of the more infamous murders in the history of the valley, when Arizona Republic writer Don Bolles was murdered by a car bomb in 1976.[284][285] It was believed his investigative reporting on organized crime and land fraud in Phoenix made him a target.[286][287][288]\nBolles was the only reporter from a major U.S. newspaper to be murdered on U.S. soil due to his coverage of a story.[286] Max Dunlap was convicted of first-degree murder in the case.[288]\nStreet gangs and the drug trade had turned into public safety issues by the 1980s, and the crime rate in Phoenix continued to grow.[289]\nAfter seeing a peak in the early and mid-1990s, the city has seen a general decrease in crime rates. The Maricopa County Jail system is the fourth-largest in the country.[290] The violent crime rate peaked in 1993 at 1146 crimes per 100,000 people, while the property crime rate peaked a few years earlier, in 1989, at 9,966 crimes per 100,000.[291]\nIn 2001 and 2002, Phoenix ranked first in the nation in vehicle thefts, with over 22,000 and 25,000 cars stolen each year respectively.[292] It has declined every year since then, eventually falling to 7,200 in 2014, a drop of almost 70% during that timeframe.[293] The Phoenix MSA has dropped to 70th in the nation in terms of car thefts in 2012.[294]\nPolitics[edit]\nLong a swing city, Phoenix has increasingly trended toward the Democratic Party in recent years, leading a shift seen across Arizona. Margaret Hance was elected the city's first female mayor in 1975.\nPhoenix presidential election results[295]\nYear\nDemocratic\nRepublican\nThird parties\n2020\n59.6% 388,435\n38.9% 253,250\n1.6% 10,238\n2016\n53.9% 271,946\n38.7% 195,513\n7.4% 37,389\nEducation[edit]\nSee also: List of school districts in Phoenix, Arizona\n33 school districts provide public education in the Phoenix area. This is a legacy of numerous annexations over the years; many of the school districts existed before their territories became part of Phoenix.\nThere are 21 elementary school districts, which have over 215 elementary schools, paired with four high school districts with 31 high schools serving Phoenix. Three of the high school districts (Glendale Union, Tempe Union, and Tolleson Union) only partially serve Phoenix. With over 27,000 students, and spread over 220 square miles (570km2), Phoenix Union High School District is one of the largest high school districts in the country, containing 16 schools and nearly 3,000 employees.[296] In addition, there are four unified districts, which cover grades K12, which add an additional 58 elementary schools and four high schools to Phoenix's educational system. Of those four, only the Paradise Valley district completely serves Phoenix.[297] Phoenix is also served by a growing number of charter schools, with well over 100 operating in the city.[298]\nPost-secondary education[edit]\nThe Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus\nArizona State University (ASU) is the region's largest institution of higher education. Primarily based in Tempe, it has a significant presence at the Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus. The campus features programs from ten of ASU's colleges, including the primary locations for the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Watts College of Public Service & Community Solutions, and Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law.[299] Over 10,000 students are enrolled at ASU's Downtown Phoenix campus.[300]\nThe University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix is also located in downtown Phoenix,[301][302] as well as a satellite Phoenix Biomedical Campus of Northern Arizona University.[303][304]\nThe Maricopa County Community College District includes ten community colleges and two skills centers throughout Maricopa County, providing adult education and job training. Phoenix College, part of the district, was founded in 1920 and is the oldest community college in Arizona and one of the oldest in the country.[305]\nThe city is also home to many other institutions of higher learning such as the Phoenix Seminary, a Protestant seminary that imparts degree in biblical studies, Christian theology, church history and counseling. Notable institutions include: Barrow Neurological Institute, the world's largest neurological disease treatment and research institution;[306] Grand Canyon University, a private Christian university initially founded in 1949 as a non-profit school,[307] it now operates as a for-profit institution;[308] the University of Phoenix, also a for-profit college, is based out of the city.\nMedia[edit]\nSee also: List of radio stations in Arizona and List of films shot in Arizona\nPhoenix's first newspaper was the weekly Salt River Valley Herald, established in 1878, which would change its name the following year to the Phoenix Herald. The paper would go through several additional name changes in its early years before finally settling on the Phoenix Herald, which still exists today in an online form.[309] Today, the city is served by one major daily newspaper: The Arizona Republic, which along with its online entity, azcentral.com, serves the greater metropolitan area.[310][311] The Jewish News of Greater Phoenix is an independent weekly newspaper established in 1948. In addition, the city is also served by numerous free neighborhood papers and alternative weeklies such as the Phoenix New Times' the East Valley Tribune, which primarily serves the cities of the East Valley; and Arizona State University's The State Press.[312]\nThe Phoenix metro area is served by many local television stations and is the largest designated market area (DMA) in the Southwest, and the 12th largest in the U.S., with over 1.8 million homes (1.6% of the total U.S.).[313] The major network television affiliates are KPHO 5 (CBS), Prescott-licensed KAZT-TV 7 (The CW), KAET 8 (PBS, operated by Arizona State University), KSAZ 10 (Fox), KPNX 12 (NBC), KNXV 15 (ABC), and KUTP 45 (MyNetworkTV). Other network television affiliates operating in the area include KPAZ 21 (TBN), KTVW-DT 33 (Univision), KFPH-DT (UniMs), KTAZ 39 (Telemundo), and KPPX-TV 51 (ION). KTVK 3 (3TV) and KASW 61 are independent television stations operating in the metro area. KSAZ-TV, KUTP, KPAZ-TV, KTVW-DT, KFPH-DT, and KTAZ are network owned-and-operated stations.\nMany major feature films and television programs have been filmed in the city. From the opening sequences in Psycho,[314] to the night attack by the aliens in 1953's The War of the Worlds,[315] to freeway scenes in Little Miss Sunshine,[314] Phoenix has been the location for numerous major feature films. Other notable pictures filmed at least partially in Phoenix include Raising Arizona, A Home at the End of the World,[315] Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, Days of Thunder, The Gauntlet, The Grifters, Waiting to Exhale and Bus Stop.[316]\nThe radio airwaves in Phoenix cater to a wide variety of musical and talk radio interests. Stations include classic rock formats of KOOL-FM and KSLX-FM, to pop stations like KYOT and alternative stations like KDKB-FM, to the talk radio of KFYI-AM and KKNT-AM, the pop and top 40 programming of KZZP-FM and KALV-FM, and the country sounds of KMLE-FM. With its large Hispanic population there are numerous Spanish stations, such as KHOT-FM and KOMR-FM.[317]\nInfrastructure[edit]\nTransportation[edit]\nMain article: Transportation in Phoenix, Arizona\nAir[edit]\nAn aerial view of the control tower at Phoenix Sky Harbor that began operations on January 17, 2007\nPhoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (IATA: PHX, ICAO: KPHX), one of the ten busiest airports in the United States, serves over 110,000 people on over 1000 flights per day.[318] Centrally located in the metro area near several major freeway interchanges east of downtown Phoenix, the airport serves more than 100 cities with non-stop flights.[319]\nAir Canada, British Airways, Condor, Volaris, and WestJet are among several international carriers as well as American carrier American Airlines (which maintains a hub at the airport) that provide flights to destinations such as Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, and London.[320] In addition to American, other domestic carriers include Alaska Airlines, Delta, Frontier, Hawaiian, JetBlue, Southwest, Spirit, Sun Country, and United.[321]\nThe Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport (IATA: AZA, ICAO: KIWA) in neighboring Mesa also serves the area's commercial air traffic. It was converted from Williams Air Force Base, which closed in 1993. The airport has recently received substantial commercial service with Allegiant Air opening a hub operation at the airport with non-stop service to over a dozen destinations.[322][323]\nSmaller airports that primarily handle private and corporate jets include Phoenix Deer Valley Airport, in the Deer Valley district of north Phoenix, and Scottsdale Airport, just east of the Phoenix/Scottsdale border. There are also other municipal airports including Glendale Municipal Airport, Falcon Field Airport in Mesa, and Phoenix Goodyear Airport.\nRail and bus[edit]\nUnion Station Phoenix 2009\nAmtrak served Phoenix Union Station until 1996 when the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) proposed abandoning the route between Yuma, Arizona, and Phoenix.[324] Amtrak rerouted trains to Maricopa, 30 miles (48km) south of downtown Phoenix, where passengers can board the Texas Eagle (Los Angeles-San Antonio-Chicago) and Sunset Limited (Los Angeles-New Orleans).[325][326] UP retained the trackage and the station remains. In 2021, Amtrak developed a plan to bring rail service back to Phoenix with connections to Tucson and Los Angeles.[327] This service is supported by the Bipartisan infrastructure bill and could take several years for service to be implemented.\nAmtrak Thruway buses connect Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport to Flagstaff for connection with the Los Angeles-Chicago Southwest Chief.[328] Phoenix is also served by Greyhound bus service, which stops at 24th Street near the airport.[329]\nValley Metro Rail station 2009\nValley Metro provides public transportation throughout the metropolitan area, with its trains, buses, and a ride-share program. 3.38% of workers commute by public transit. Valley Metro's 20-mile (32km) light rail project, called Valley Metro Rail, through north-central Phoenix, downtown, and eastward through Tempe and Mesa, opened December 27, 2008. Future rail segments of more than 30 miles (48km) are planned to open by 2030.[330]\nRoads and freeways[edit]\nMain article: Roads and freeways in metropolitan Phoenix\nPhoenix auto traffic depends on both freeways and surface streets. Freeways fall under the auspices of the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Phoenix ranks first in the nation in the quality of its urban freeways, and the state as a whole ranks first in the nation in the quality of bridges.[331] While being the fifth most populous city in the nation, Phoenix's freeways do not suffer from the same type of congestion seen in other large cities. In fact, in a recent study, there is not a single stretch of freeway in Phoenix ranked in the 100 worst freeways for either congestion or unreliability.[332]\nThe Stack (Interstates 10 and 17) interchange at night in 2012Part of the reason for this is the extensive freeway system in the city, due to most of that system being funded by local, rather than federal funds, through a half-cent general sales tax measure approved by voters in 1985.[333] Another offshoot of this local funding is that Phoenix is the largest city in the United States to have two Interstate Highways but no three-digit interstates.[334]\nAs of 2005[update], the metropolitan area of Phoenix contains one of the nation's largest and fastest growing freeway systems, consisting of over 1,405 lane miles (2,261 lane km).[335] The freeway system is a mix of Interstate, U.S., and state highways which include Interstate 10, Interstate 17, US 60, Loop 101, Loop 202, SR 51, SR 143, and Loop 303. There are still major additions to routes 101, 202 and 303 underway, as well as several other smaller projects around the valley.[336] State Routes 87, 85, and 74 connect Phoenix with other areas of the Valley and Arizona.[337]\nThe street system in Phoenix (and some of its suburbs) is laid out in a grid system, with most roads oriented either northsouth or eastwest, and the zero point of the grid being the intersection of Central Avenue and Washington Street.[337] The one notable exception to this is the diagonal Grand Avenue, which runs northwestsoutheast. The original plan was for the eastwest streets to be named after U.S. Presidents, with the northsouth streets named after Native Americans; but the northsouth streets were quickly changed to numbers, with numbered Avenues running to the west of Central, and numbered Streets to its east.[25] Major arterial streets are spaced one mile (1.6km) apart, divided into smaller blocks approximately every 18 mile (200m). For example, Scottsdale Road, being the 7200 block east, lies nine miles (14km) to the east of Central Avenue (72 / 8).[337]\nFreeways and state highways in Phoenix:[337]\nI-10\nI-17\nSR51\nUS60\nSR85\nLoop101\nSR143\nLoop202\nLoop303\nCycling[edit]\nThe Maricopa Association of Governments has a bicycle advisory committee working to improve conditions for bicycling on city streets and off-road paths.[338]\nUtilities[edit]\nCentral Arizona Project (CAP) canal\nBeing in the desert, Phoenix relies on a water supply delivered to the city via a system of canals which divert water from the region's rivers and lakes, with the largest portion of the city's water coming from the Colorado River through the Central Arizona Project's canal.[339] The city's electrical needs are served primarily by Arizona Public Service, although some customers receive their electricity from the Salt River Project (SRP). The main sources of electrical generation are nuclear and coal power plants. Arizona is home to the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, the largest nuclear-generating facility in the United States. SRP is also the largest water provider in Phoenix.[340]\nHealth care[edit]\nMain articles: List of hospitals in Phoenix and List of hospitals in Arizona\nIn 2011 (the last year for which information is available), Phoenix had a slightly younger population than the country as a whole. While the United States had 13.3% of its population over the age of 65, Phoenix's percentage stood significantly lower, at 8.1%. Phoenix's percentage of 18.8% in the next age group, 4564 was also a great deal lower than the national average of 26.6%. This results in 73% of Phoenix's population being 44 or younger, as compared to the national percentage of 60.[341]\nIn 2010 (the last year for nationally reported figures), Phoenix was at or below national levels for most reportable diseases, with the exception of both hepatitis A and B, where they were slightly over the national average (0.8 and 1.8 to 0.5 and 1.1%, respectively).[342]\nMaricopa Medical Center\nIn most major categories, Phoenix had a lower incidence of death than the rest of the nation. Only deaths due to Alzheimer's (29.7 to 27.2 deaths per 100,000) and pre-natal conditions (5.3 to 3.8 deaths per 100,000) were slightly above the national average. Deaths due to HIV and liver disease were exactly at the national average of 2.5 and 10.8 respectively. However, in several major categories, Phoenix had significantly lower indices of death: deaths by cancer stood at only 57% (106) of the national average of 184.6 deaths per 100,000; deaths due to heart disease, 56.1% of the national rate of 249.8 per 100,000.[343] Cancer and heart disease were the two top causes of death in the country.[344]\nLow-weight births (7.5%) were below the national average of 8.1%, yet infant mortality (7.2 [per thousand]) was higher than the rest of the U.S. (6.1). Births to teen mothers were significantly higher than the rest of the country, sitting at 12.2% as compared to 8.4% nationally.[341]\nThe Phoenix metropolitan area is serviced by 56 hospitals and medical centers.[345] The Mayo Clinic, a not-for-profit medical practice and medical research group based in Rochester, Minnesota. Phoenix is one of two other locations with Mayo Clinic campuses (the other being Jacksonville, Florida).[346] It is the first and largest integrated not-for-profit medical group practice in the world; Mayo Clinic has been near or at the top of the U.S. News & World Report List of \"Best Hospitals\" for more than 20 years.[347]\nSt. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center is part of Dignity Health (formerly Catholic Healthcare West), one of the largest healthcare systems in the western United States. St. Joseph's is a not-for-profit hospital with special advocacy for the poor and underserved. John C. Lincoln North Mountain Hospital is a general medical and surgical hospital, which performed nearly at the level of nationally ranked U.S. News Best Hospitals in four adult specialties.[348] The Phoenix Children's Hospital is nationally ranked in five pediatric specialties according to U.S. News & World Report. It is a 425-bed children's teaching hospital.[349] Arizona Heart Institute, opened in 1971, is known internationally as one of the first freestanding outpatient clinics dedicated exclusively to cardiovascular health.[350]\nBanner Health is a non-profit health system in the United States, based in Phoenix. It operates 23 hospitals as well as specialized facilities. The health system is the largest employer in Arizona, employing more than 43,440.[351] Banner Health was created in 1999 through a merger of Lutheran Health Systems, based in North Dakota, and Samaritan Health System, based in Phoenix. Of the top ten rated hospitals in the city (top 12 in the state), four are Banner hospitals.[352]\nBarrow Neurological Institute (BNI) at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center is the world's largest dedicated neurosurgical center and a leader in neurosurgical training, research, and patient care.[353] More operative neurosurgical procedures take place at BNI than at any other institution in the United States.[353]\nNotable people[edit]\nFor a more comprehensive list, see List of people from Phoenix.\nFurther information: List of Arizona State University alumni\nSister cities[edit]\nSignpost showing Phoenix's sister cities\nWith the creation of the Phoenix Sister Cities (PSC) organization in 1972, Phoenix became a member of the international Sister City movement. They filed for Articles of Incorporation in 1975, and entered into their first Sister City agreement in 1976 with Hermosillo, Mexico.[354] The organization's mission statement states their purpose is to \"foster relationships between the people of Phoenix and our Sister Cities around the world to promote friendship, peace and prosperity.\"[355]\nPhoenix has twelve sister cities.[356] Phoenix and Prague have shared a Capital Cities relationship since May 1991, which was expanded to Sister City Status in 2013.[357]\nCalgary, Alberta, Canada (1997)\nCatania, Sicily, Italy (2001)\nChengdu, Sichuan, China (1987)\nEnnis, County Clare, Ireland (1988)\nGrenoble, Auvergne-Rhne-Alpes, France (1990)\nHermosillo, Sonora, Mexico (1976)\nHimeji, Hygo, Japan (1976)\nPrague, Czech Republic (2013)\nRamat Gan, Israel (2005)\nTaipei, Taiwan (1979)[358]\nSuwon, South Korea (2022)\nMedellin, Colombia (2023)[356]\nSee also[edit]\nArizona portalCities portal\n6th Avenue Hotel-Windsor Hotel\nEl Cid Castle\nLargest cities in the Americas\nList of historic properties in Phoenix\nList of tallest buildings in Phoenix\nPioneer and Military Memorial Park\nUSS Arizona salvaged artifacts\nUSS Phoenix, at least 3 ships\nCategory:People from Phoenix, Arizona\nNotes[edit]\n^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.\n^ Official records for Phoenix kept at downtown August 1895 to September 1953, and at Sky Harbor Int'l since October 1953. 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Retrieved February 13, 2014.\n^ \"Phoenix Greyhound Station\". Greyhound. Archived from the original on February 21, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.\n^ \"Current Valley Metro Projects\". Valley Metro. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.\n^ Hartgen, David T.; Fields, M. Gregory; San Jos, Elizabeth (July 2013). 20th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems. Reason Foundation.\n^ Eisele, Bill; Schrank, David; Lomax, Tim (November 2011). TTI's 2011 Congested Corridors Report. Texas A&M-Texas Transportation Institute.\n^ \"Maricopa County Sales Tax Referendum Case Study\" (PDF). Build America Transportation Investment Center. September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2016.\n^ \"Auxiliary Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002\". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved February 26, 2014.\n^ Artibise, Yuri; Gammage, Grady Jr.; Welch, Nancy (September 7, 2008). \"Transformation into Big City has Benefits, Burdens\". Arizona Republic. Retrieved October 12, 2008.\n^ \"Phoenix Metro Area Projects\". ADOT. Retrieved February 13, 2014.\n^ a b c d \"Phoenix Streets and Freeways\". discoverphoenix.com. Archived from the original on January 15, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.\n^ \"Bicycle and Pedestrian Committee\". Maricopa Association of Governments. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2017.\n^ \"Geography Information: Phoenix, AZ\". ezinemark.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2017.\n^ \"Arizona's Energy Infrastructure\" (PDF). azenergy.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.\n^ a b Health Status Report for Cities and Towns in Maricopa County 20092011 (PDF). Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Office of Epidemiology. May 2013. p.86. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2014.\n^ Health Status Report for Cities and Towns in Maricopa County 20092011 (PDF). Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Office of Epidemiology. May 2013. p.87. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2014.\n^ Health Status Report for Cities and Towns in Maricopa County 20092011 (PDF). Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Office of Epidemiology. May 2013. p.88. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2014.\n^ Murphy B.S., Sherry L.; Xu, M.D., Jiaquan; Kochanek, M.A., Kenneth D. (May 8, 2013). \"Deaths: Final Data for 2010\" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 61 (4). CDC, Division of Vital Statistics: 7. PMID24979972. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2013.\n^ \"Best Hospitals in Phoenix, Ariz\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 13, 2014.\n^ \"About Mayo Clinic\". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved February 13, 2014.\n^ \"Top American Hospitals US News Best Hospitals\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 4, 2010.\n^ \"John C. Lincoln North Mountain Hospital\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 13, 2014.\n^ \"Phoenix Children's Hospital\". Retrieved February 13, 2014.\n^ \"Arizona Heart Institute To Care. To Teach. To Pioneer\". azheart.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.\n^ www.bizjournals.com https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/subscriber-only/2023/07/14/arizonas-largest-employers.html. Retrieved May 3, 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)\n^ \"Best Hospitals in Phoenix, Ariz\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved March 2, 2014.\n^ a b Lochhead RA, Abla AA, Mitha AP, Fusco D, Almefty K, Sanai N, Oppenlander ME, Albuquerque FC. A history of the Barrow Neurological Institute. World Neurosurg. 2010 Jul;74(1):7180\n^ \"Sister Cities\". Phoenix Sister Cities. Retrieved March 30, 2022.\n^ \"About Us\". Phoenix Sister Cities. Retrieved March 30, 2022.\n^ a b Estes, Christina (June 15, 2023). \"Medellin, Colombia, becomes Phoenix's 12th sister city\". KJZZ. Retrieved July 6, 2023.\n^ \"Prague, Czech Republic\". Phoenix Sister Cities. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2014.\n^ \"Phoenix Sister Cities\". Phoenix Sister Cities. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.\nFurther reading[edit]\nGober, Patricia (2006). Metropolitan Phoenix. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN978-0-8122-3899-0.\nGrady, Patrick (2012). Out Of The Ruins. Arizona Pioneer Press. ISBN978-0-615-55511-9.\nJohnson, G. Wesley Jr. (1993). Phoenix in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Community History. Diane Pub Co. ISBN978-0-7881-6249-7.\nJohnson, G. Wesley Jr. (1982). Phoenix, Valley of the Sun. Continental Heritage Press. ISBN978-0-932986-33-7.\nLarson, Kelli L.; Gustafson, Annie; Hirt, Paul (April 2009). \"Insatiable Thirst and a Finite Supply: An Assessment of Municipal Water-Conservation Policy in Greater Phoenix, Arizona, 19802007\". Journal of Policy History. 21 (2): 107137. doi:10.1017/S0898030609090058.\nLavin, Patrick (2001). Arizona, An Illustrated History. Hippocrene Books, Inc. ISBN978-0-7818-0852-1.\nLuckingham, Bradford (1995) [1989]. Phoenix: The History of a Southwestern Metropolis. University of Arizona Press. ISBN978-0-8165-1116-7.\nMontero, Laurene; Stubing, Michael; Turner, Korri (June 2008). General Historic Properties Treatment Plan for Archeological Projects Within the Boundaries of the City of Phoenix, Arizona. City of Phoenix, Street Transportation Department.\nShermer, Elizabeth (2013). Sunbelt capitalism Phoenix and the transformation of American politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN978-0-8122-4470-0.\nVanderMeer, Philip (2010). Desert Visions and the Making of Phoenix, 18602009. Univ of New Mexico Press. ISBN978-0-8263-4891-3.; scholarly history online review\nVanderMeer, Philip; VanderMeer, Mary (2002). Phoenix Rising: The Making of a Desert Metropolis. Heritage Media Corp. ISBN978-1-886483-69-9.; well-illustrated popular history\nExternal links[edit]\nPhoenix, Arizona at Wikipedia's sister projects\nDefinitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from Wikiquote\nOfficial website\nGreater Phoenix travel guide from Wikivoyage\nPhoenix travel guide from Wikivoyage\nvteCity of Phoenix, ArizonaNickname(s): Valley of the SunTopics\nCorporations in Phoenix\nEducation\nFamous Phoenicans\nHistory (Timeline)\nMayors of Phoenix\nPoints of Pride\nSkyscrapers\nPolice Department\nRegions\nDowntown\nWest Phoenix\nNorth/Northwest Phoenix\nSouthwest Phoenix\nSouth Phoenix\nAhwatukee\nEast Side (East Valley)\nSports\nArizona Cardinals\nArizona Coyotes\nArizona Diamondbacks\nArizona Rattlers\nPhoenix Mercury\nPhoenix Suns\nPhoenix Rising FC\nTransportation\nBus service\nLight rail\nPublic Transportation\nRoads & freeways\nPhoenix Sky Harbor International Airport\nUrban Villages\nAhwatukee Foothills\nAlhambra\nCamelback East\nCentral City\nDeer Valley\nDesert View\nEncanto\nEstrella\nLaveen\nMaryvale\nNorth Gateway\nNorth Mountain\nParadise Valley\nSouth Mountain\nNew Village\nLandmarks\nPhoenix Points of Pride\ntemplate\nArizona State Prison Complex Phoenix\nEducation\nPhoenix UHSD\ntemplate\nAgua Fria UHSD\nGlendale UHSD\nTempe UHSD\nTolleson UHSD\nAlhambra SD\nBalsz SD\nCartwright SD\nCreighton SD\nFowler SD\nKyrene SD\nLaveen SD\nLittleton SD\nMadison SD\nMurphy SD\nOsborn SD\nPendergast SD\nPhoenix SD\nRiverside SD\nRoosevelt SD\nTempe SD\nTolleson SD\nWashington SD\nWilson SD\nCave Creek USD\nDeer Valley USD\nParadise Valley USD\nScottsdale USD\nPhoenix Day School for the Deaf\nArizona School for the Arts\nArizona State University Downtown Phoenix\nArizona State University West campus\nClosed\nPhoenix Indian School\nMaricopa County\nPhoenix Metro\nArizona\nUnited States\nArticles relating to Phoenix and Maricopa County\nvteMunicipalities and communities of Maricopa County, Arizona, United StatesCounty seat: PhoenixCities\nApache Junction\nAvondale\nBuckeye\nChandler\nEl Mirage\nGlendale\nGoodyear\nLitchfield Park\nMesa\nPeoria\nPhoenix\nScottsdale\nSurprise\nTempe\nTolleson\nTowns\nCarefree\nCave Creek\nFountain Hills\nGila Bend\nGilbert\nGuadalupe\nParadise Valley\nQueen Creek\nWickenburg\nYoungtown\nCDPs\nAguila\nAnthem\nArlington\nCircle City\nCitrus Park\nGila Crossing\nKaka\nKomatke\nMaricopa Colony\nMorristown\nNew River\nRio Verde\nSt. Johns\nSun City\nSun City West\nSun Lakes\nTheba\nTonopah\nWintersburg\nWittmann\nPopulatedplaces\nApache Wells\nArrowhead Ranch\nBeardsley\nCamp Creek\nChandler Heights\nChiulikam\nCo-op Village\nCotton Center\nCrag\nDesert Hills\nDreamland Villa\nForepaugh\nFort McDowell\nHigley\nLaveen\nLeisure World\nLiberty\nMaricopa Village\nMoivayi\nPalo Verde\nPapago\nRainbow Valley\nSalt River\nSan Lucy Village\nSentinel\nSunflower\nSunnyslope\nTortilla Flat\nTotopitk\nWaddell\nWeedville\nIndian reservations\nGila River Indian Community\nSalt River PimaMaricopa Indian Community\nFort McDowell Yavapai Nation\nTohono Oodham Indian Reservation\nGhost towns/former populated places\nAgua Caliente\nAllenville\nCashion\nHarqua\nLizard Acres\nMarinette\nSundad\nVulture City\nFootnotesThis populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties\nArizona portal\nUnited States portal\nvtePhoenix metropolitan areaCore city\nPhoenix\nLargest suburbs(over 100,000 inhabitants)\nChandler\nGilbert\nGlendale\nMesa\nPeoria\nScottsdale\nSurprise\nTempe\nOther suburbs and towns(over 10,000 inhabitants)\nAnthem\nApache Junction\nAvondale\nBuckeye\nEl Mirage\nFountain Hills\nGoodyear\nGold Canyon\nLuke Air Force Base\nNew River\nParadise Valley\nQueen Creek\nSan Tan Valley\nSun City\nSun City West\nSun Lakes\nWaddell\nSmaller suburbs and towns(over 5,000 inhabitants)\nCarefree\nCave Creek\nGuadalupe\nLitchfield Park\nTolleson\nYoungtown\nExurbs\nSuperior\nWickenburg\nWittmann\nMorristown\nCoolidge\nFlorence\nCasa Grande\nBlack Canyon City\nGila Bend\nEloy\nMaricopa\nCounties\nMaricopa\nPinal\nNative American reservations\nSalt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community\nGila River Indian Community\nSubregions\nEast Valley\nNorth Valley\nWest Valley\nvteNeighborhoods and urban villages of Phoenix, ArizonaUrban villages\nAhwatukee Foothills\nAlhambra\nCamelback East\nCentral City\nDeer Valley\nDesert View\nEncanto\nEstrella\nLaveen\nMaryvale\nNorth Gateway\nNorth Mountain\nParadise Valley\nRio Vista\nSouth Mountain\nOther neighborhoods\nArcadia\nBiltmore Area\nDesert Ridge\nDowntown\nMidtown\nNorth/Northwest Phoenix/Deer Valley\nMoon Valley\nSunnyslope\nSouth Phoenix\nvtePhoenix Points of Pride\nArizona Biltmore Hotel\nArizona Center\nArizona State University at the West campus\nBen Avery Shooting Facility\nBurton Barr Central Library\nCamelback Mountain\nCutler-Plotkin Jewish Heritage Center\nDeer Valley Petroglyph Preserve\nDesert Botanical Garden\nEncanto Park\nFootprint Center\nHeard Museum\nTalking Stick Resort Amphitheatre\nThe Herberger Theater Center\nHistoric Heritage Square\nJapanese Friendship Garden\nMystery Castle\nOrpheum Theatre\nPapago Park/Hole-In-The-Rock\nPhoenix Art Museum\nPhoenix Mountains Park and Recreation Area\nPhoenix Zoo\nPueblo Grande Museum and Archaeological Park\nShemer Art Center and Museum\nSouth Mountain Park\nSt. Mary's Basilica\nSymphony Hall\nTelephone Pioneers of America Park\nTovrea Castle and Carraro Cactus Garden\nWesley Bolin Memorial Plaza\nWrigley Mansion\nvteState of ArizonaPhoenix (capital)Topics\nAgriculture\nGeography\nGovernment\nConstitution\nGovernor\nLegislature\nIndex\nCongressional Delegations\nSenators\nRepresentatives\nMuseums\nMusic\nNative Americans\nPeople\nSymbols\nTourist attractions\nTransportation\nSociety\nAbortion\nClimate change\nCulture\nCrime\nDemographics\nEconomy\nEducation\nElections\nGun laws\nLGBT rights\nPolitics\nHomelessness\nRegions\nArizona Strip\nArizona Sun Corridor\nCoconino Plateau\nColorado Plateau\nGrand Canyon\nKaibab Plateau\nMogollon Plateau\nMogollon Rim\nMojave Desert\nMonument Valley\nNorth Central Arizona\nNortheast Arizona\nNorthern Arizona\nOak Creek Canyon\nPhoenix Metropolitan Area\nSafford area\nSan Francisco Volcanic Field\nSonoran Desert\nSouthern Arizona\nTraditional Arizona\nTransition zone\nVerde Valley\nWhite Mountains\nCounties\nApache\nCochise\nCoconino\nGila\nGraham\nGreenlee\nLa Paz\nMaricopa\nMohave\nNavajo\nPima\nPinal\nSanta Cruz\nYavapai\nYuma\nCities\nAvondale\nBuckeye\nBullhead City\nCasa Grande\nChandler\nFlagstaff\nGilbert\nGlendale\nGoodyear\nKingman\nLake Havasu City\nMesa\nPeoria\nPhoenix\nPrescott\nScottsdale\nSurprise\nSierra Vista\nTempe\nTucson\nYuma\nHistory\nArizona Territory\nAztec Land & Cattle Company\nBattle of Ambos Nogales\nHualapai War\nMohave War\nPah-Ute County\nSheep wars\nSitgreaves Expedition\nTerritorial evolution\nTimeline\nMesa\nPhoenix\nTucson\nWorld War II\nWomen's suffrage\nArizona portal\nvteCounty seats of Arizona\nBisbee\nClifton\nFlagstaff\nFlorence\nGlobe\nHolbrook\nKingman\nNogales\nParker\nPhoenix\nPrescott\nSafford\nSt. Johns\nTucson\nYuma\nvteCapitals of the United States by jurisdiction\nNation:\nUS Washington, D.C.\nStates:\nAL Montgomery\nAK Juneau\nAZ Phoenix\nAR Little Rock\nCA Sacramento\nCO Denver\nCT Hartford\nDE Dover\nFL Tallahassee\nGA Atlanta\nHI Honolulu\nID Boise\nIL Springfield\nIN Indianapolis\nIA Des Moines\nKS Topeka\nKY Frankfort\nLA Baton Rouge\nME Augusta\nMD Annapolis\nMA Boston\nMI Lansing\nMN Saint Paul\nMS Jackson\nMO Jefferson City\nMT Helena\nNE Lincoln\nNV Carson City\nNH Concord\nNJ Trenton\nNM Santa Fe\nNY Albany\nNC Raleigh\nND Bismarck\nOH Columbus\nOK Oklahoma City\nOR Salem\nPA Harrisburg\nRI Providence\nSC Columbia\nSD Pierre\nTN Nashville\nTX Austin\nUT Salt Lake City\nVT Montpelier\nVA Richmond\nWA Olympia\nWV Charleston\nWI Madison\nWY Cheyenne\nTerritories:\nAS Pago Pago\nGU Hagta\nMP Saipan\nPR San Juan\nVI Charlotte Amalie\nvteAll-America City Award Hall of Fame (19492023)Three-time winners\nAlexandria, VA (1963, 1984, 1985)\nAllentown, PA (1962, 1974, 1975)\nAsheville, NC (1951, 1969, 1997)\nBloomington, IN (1958, 1981, 1982)\nBoston, MA (1949, 1951, 1962)\nCincinnati, OH (1949, 1950, 1981)\nDayton, OH (1951, 1978, 1991)\nDelray Beach, FL (1993, 2001, 2017)\nEdinburg, TX (1968, 1995, 2000)\nFort Worth, TX (1964, 1993, 2011)\nGastonia, NC (1963, 2000, 2010)\nGrand Rapids, MI (1949, 1960, 1981)\nHickory, NC (1967, 1987, 2007)\nIndependence, MO (1961, 1982, 2001)\nLaurinburg, NC (1956, 1967, 2003)\nMount Pleasant, SC (2010, 2018, 2023)\nNorfolk, VA (1959, 2013, 2016)\nRochester, New York (1981, 1998, 2020)\nSeward, AK (1963, 1965, 2005)\nShreveport, LA (1953, 1980, 1999)\nSomerville, MA (1972, 2009, 2015)\nSpokane, WA (1975, 2004, 2015)\nTacoma, WA (1956, 1984, 1998)\nFour-time winners\nAkron, OH (1980, 1981, 1995, 2008)\nAnchorage, AK (1956, 1965, 1985, 2002)\nBaltimore, MD (1952, 1977, 1991, 2012)\nColumbus, OH (1958, 1987, 1992, 2006)\nFayetteville, NC (1985, 2001, 2011, 2023)\nFort Wayne, IN (1983, 1998, 2009, 2021)\nGrand Island, NE (1955, 1967, 1981, 1982)\nHampton, VA (1972, 2002, 2014, 2023)\nLouisville, KY (1963, 1995, 2012, 2022)\nPeoria, IL (1953, 1966, 1989, 2013)\nPhiladelphia, PA (1949, 1951, 1957, 1994)\nRockville, MD (1954, 1961, 1977, 1979)\nToledo, OH (1950, 1983, 1984, 1998)\nFive-time winners\nCleveland, OH (1949, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1993)\nDubuque, IA (2007, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2019)\nEl Paso, TX (1969, 2010, 2018, 2020, 2021)\nNew Haven, CT (1958, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2022)\nStockton, CA (1999, 2004, 2015, 2017, 2018)\nTupelo, MS (1967, 1989, 1999, 2011, 2015)\nWichita, KS (1961, 1993, 1999, 2009, 2019)\nWorcester, MA (1949, 1960, 1965, 1981, 2000)\nSix-time winners\nDes Moines, IA (1949, 1977, 1982, 2003, 2010, 2017)\nPhoenix, AZ (1950, 1958, 1980, 1989, 2009, 2022)\nSeven-time winners\nKansas City, MO (1950, 1951, 1986, 1994, 2006, 2017, 2021)\nRoanoke, VA (1952, 1979, 1982, 1988, 1996, 2012, 2017)\nNine-time winners\nSan Antonio, TX (1949, 1951, 1983, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023)\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nCroatia\nGeographic\nMusicBrainz area\nOther\nNARA\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&oldid=1226189925\"\nCategories: Phoenix, Arizona1868 establishments in Arizona TerritoryCities in ArizonaCities in Maricopa County, ArizonaCounty seats in ArizonaPhoenix metropolitan areaPopulated places established in 1867Populated places in the Sonoran DesertState capitals in the United StatesHidden categories: Pages with non-numeric formatnum argumentsArticles containing Navajo-language textPages with Navajo IPAArticles containing Walapai-language textCS1 maint: unfit URLCS1 errors: missing titleCS1 errors: bare URLArticles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse American English from January 2019All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from October 2023Pages using multiple image with auto scaled imagesCoordinates on WikidataArticles containing potentially dated statements from 2020All articles containing potentially dated statementsAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from August 2023Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005Official website different in Wikidata and WikipediaArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NSK identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz area identifiersArticles with NARA identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersPages using the Kartographer extension\nThis page was last edited on 29 May 2024, at 02:34(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. 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Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport - Official Site\nSkip to main content\nESEN\nAccessibilityaccessible_forward\nsearch\nclose\nFlying from PHX\nnavigate_next\nchevron_left Back\nCheck-In & Bag Check\nSecurity Screening\nTravel Tips\nInternational Travel\nHealth & Safety Information\nFlying to PHX\nnavigate_next\nchevron_left Back\nTransferring\nBaggage Claim\nCustoms\nMaps & Directions\nnavigate_next\nchevron_left Back\nBetween Terminals\nInteractive Map\nTerminal 3 Directions\nTerminal 4 Directions\nCell Phone Waiting Lots\nAbout\nnavigate_next\nchevron_left Back\nAdministration\nNews & Media\nHistory & Economic Development\nNoise and Flight Paths\nSustainability\nLand Reuse Strategy\nAirport Development\nSafety\nBusiness\nnavigate_next\nchevron_left Back\nOn-Airport Business\nInformation\nSecurity & Badging\nOpportunities\nOutreach\nEmployee Parking\nGround Transportation Support\nCareers\nCareers\nnavigate_next\nchevron_left Back\nCity of Phoenix Jobs\nAirline Jobs\nVendor Jobs\nJob Fair\nFlights\nnavigate_next\nchevron_left Back\nPassenger Airlines\nWhere We Fly\nDelayed, Canceled and Diverted Flights\nParking\nnavigate_next\nchevron_left Back\nRates & Directions\nAvailability\nFAQs\nPremium Services\nRewards\nCorporate Parking\nAt the Airport\nnavigate_next\nchevron_left Back\nFood & Drinks\nShops\nServices\nAmenities\nGround Transportation\nnavigate_next\nchevron_left Back\nPHX Sky Train\nRental Cars\nRide Share\nTaxis & Shuttles\nPublic Transportation\nBiking\nRoadway Restrictions\nWelcome to Sky Harbor\nArrivals\nDepartures\nFind Flight\nPrevious\nNext\ninfo\nFrontier Airlines international flights will be departing from Terminal 4.\nassistant\nRegister for the Business Education Series held on June 20, 2024\nPrevious\nNext\nSecurity Wait Times\nGet through security checkpoints faster using PHXRESERVE.\nReserve a TimeSecurity FAQs\nTerminal 3\nCheckpoint\nminutes\nTerminal 4*\nCheckpoint A\nchevron_right\nminutes\nCheckpoint B\nminutes\nCheckpoint C\nminutes\nCheckpoint D\nminutes\nLast Updated:\n*All gates are accessible through any checkpoint\nNavigating PHX Sky Harbor Airport\nDiscover more than 100restaurants,shops, andservicesand find what you need before beginning your next adventure.\nrestaurantFood & Drink\nshopping_bagShop\nlocal_atmServices\npin_dropMaps & Directions\ndirections_railwayPHX Sky Train\ncar_rentalRental Cars\nPrevious\nNext\nParking at Sky Harbor\nSimplify your trip and pre-book the most convenient airport parking at PHX Sky Harbor.\ncalendar_month\ncalendar_month\nReserve Now\nLatest News & Announcements\nPorter adds nonstop Toronto-Pearson - Phoenix route\nRead More\nView All News\nNew Condor A330neo Touches Down in Phoenix\nRead More\nNew Terminal Coming to America's Friendliest Airport\nRead More\nPhoenix Airport Systems Economic Impact is $44.3 Billion\nRead More\nCity of PhoenixAviation Department\n2485 E. 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All rights reserved.\nSave SelectedSave Selected", "url": "https://www.skyharbor.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arizona Grand Resort & Spa | Phoenix Resort With A Water Park\n877 800 4888\nReservations\n877 800 4888\nReservations\nSkip Navigation\nRoomsDiningGolfSpaAthletic ClubMeetings & EventsWeddingsOasisPackagesGallery\nMore\nAmenity StoreGrand Gift CardsLocationFAQs\nHotel Portfolio\nFlagstaffScottsdaleLaguna BeachCarmelMake a ReservationClose Navigation\nClick here for Resort & Oasis Water Park FAQs including Days & Hours of Operation\n877 800 4888\nReservations\nAll-suite\nluxury within\na desert oasis\nBook Now\nWatch Video\nIn the midst of a desert escape\nNestled at the base of Americas largest urban park and wilderness preserve, Arizonas only AAA Four Diamond all-suite resort features spacious one and two-bedroom suites. Whether meeting with colleagues or vacationing with friends, gracious service, creative culinary delights and unique recreational activities await.\nOur Story\nAll Suites\nThe residential-style look of all 744 guest suites at the Arizona Grand Resort & Spa provides resort guests with a true home away from home experience.\nLearn More\nGrand Suites\nOur Rooms\nGuest SuitesGrand SuitesVillasAccessible\nView all Rooms\nDining\nUnique dining venues to satisfy every palate\nFrom savory steaks and seafood to authentic Mexican fare, the Arizona Grand Resort & Spa satisfies your every craving for tantalizing flavors in memorable eateries with picturesque patios.\nDine with Us\nMeetings & Events\nThe premier meeting destination in Phoenix, features over 120,000 square feet of flexible indoor and outdoor meeting facilities and event venues.\nLearn More\nWeddings\nA perfect wedding day catered for you\nWhether an intimate occasion for close friends and family or a grand gala reception, we will plan every detail and help you realize the wedding of your dreams.\nLearn More\nView gallery\nRotate device for fullscreen view\n1/\nPatio View Over The First Tee\nDown The Fairway\nVista Event Space\nOasis Water Park From Above\nOasis Water Park Wave Pool\nGrand Suite\nArizona Grand Lobby\n1/\nGolf\nFor over two decades, Arizona Grand Golf Course has supported the rich tradition of the game with its unique links course, featuring panoramic views of the surrounding desert landscape.\nLearn More\nSpa\nChoose from our complete menu of relaxing massage treatments, rejuvenating facials, therapeutic body treatments or one of our many salon services, and appreciate all that our luxury spa has to offer.\nLearn More\nOasis\nMake a splash at our impressive water oasis\nClick here for Oasis FAQs\nVoted by the Travel Channel as one of the countrys Top 10, our expansive, wild and fun Oasis has something for kids of all ages, making it perfect for your next family getaway.\nBuilt across 7 acres, this premium amenity boasts huge water slides, a giant wave pool, a 25 person hot tub, the Valleys only side-by-side active river, and Wild Cat Springs which is perfect for younger children.\nLearn More\nConnect with us\nInspired by you, always #ArizonaGrand\n@paigechristensen\n@welcometoarizona\n@delightinthedesert\n@caraloren\n@elsabowman\n@morgan_lillian\n@dailykongfidence\n@kaileyannboyer\nSign\nup\nfor\nspecial\noffers\nand\npromotions\nFirst name\nFirst name\nLast Name\nLast name\nEmail Address\nYour email\nAddress\nCity\nState / Province / Region\nZIP / Postal Code\nSign up\nThanks for subscribing!\nLook out for exclusive special offers and promotions.\nArizona Grand Resort & Spa\n8000 S. Arizona Grand Parkway\nPhoenix\nArizona 85044\nReservationsT. 877 800 4888T. 602 438 9000F. 602 431 6535\nContact Us\nAbout\nCareers\nTestimonials\nPrivacy\nSitemap\nAccessibility\nFollow Us\nTwitter\nFacebook\nInstagram\n Copyright 2024 Arizona Grand Resort & Spa\nMade by\nOur Hotels\nPhoenix Scottsdale Flagstaff Laguna Beach Carmel\nExplore Marc & Rose\nOur Hotels\nPhoenix Scottsdale Flagstaff Laguna Beach Carmel\nExplore Marc & Rose\n(opens a new window)\n(opens a new window)", "url": "https://www.arizonagrandresort.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Phoenix | Visit Arizona\nSkip to content\nMain menu\nMENU\nLink to Visit Arizona Homepage\nFree Travel Guide\nGuide\n0 items saved\nSearch Visit Arizona\nHome\n/\nPlaces/\nCities/\nPhoenix\nCities\nPhoenix\nPhoenix is the capital city of Arizona and is located in the central region of the state. People may know it for its year-round sun, desert beauty, and world-class resorts and golf, but as the fifth-largest city in the U.S., it also offers sophisticated urbanscapes, southwest culture and lots of outdoor adventure.\nSometimes, bigger really is better. Phoenix (the \"Valley of the Sun\" to locals) invites you to enjoy major destinations for recreation and relaxation, must-visit venues in the culinary and cocktail kingdoms, and long-standing arts, civic and cultural institutions. And that just scratches the surface of things to do in Phoenix.\nBe a good sport(s fan)\nThe Valley Metro public light rail system pulls up right outside Chase Field, the downtown Phoenix ballpark that's home to MLB's Arizona Diamondbacks. Footprint Center, the arena that's home to the NBA's Phoenix Suns, the WNBA's Phoenix Mercury and the IFL's Phoenix Rattlers, is just a few blocks west. On any game day, you'll find flocks of fans pre- and post-gaming at nearby sports bars, upscale eateries and neighborhood taquerias.\nGet back to nature\nSouth Mountain Park Preserve, the nation's largest municipally managed park, is a haven for outdoor enthusiasts to experience Phoenix activities. Hikers, mountain bikers and horseback riders have more than 50 miles of trails, while bicyclists can test their endurance on the roadways that climb across three mountain ranges. On \"Silent Sundays,\" the park even closes its main road to motor vehicles, allowing cyclists and hikers to enjoy the roadways without the buzz of automotive traffic.\nDiscover next-level relaxation\nThe luxury resort scene in Phoenix includes a long list of historic and modern properties that go big. Families enjoy epic-sized pools with monumental play features. Wellness travelers find spa treatments and fitness programs that add euphoria to vacation days. And for those who find their bliss on a golf course, many of the area's top resorts boast some of the best year-round courses in the country.\nWhet your palate \nSome of the country's most innovative restaurateurs hone their culinary creations and prowess in Phoenix. The best-known restaurants in Phoenix have racked up regular plaudits from national newspapers and magazines and nominations from the James Beard Foundation. In 2022, local chefs and restaurants were named semifinalists in eight different categories.\n Then wet your whistle\nThe city's cocktail and craft brew culture are as strong as some of the pours you'll find therein. While beer and cider drinkers sample flights and drafts at a local microbrewery or meadery, those in search of higher spirits can content themselves with a well-composed tipple in one of the city's many other popular gathering spots.\nEmbrace creative culture\nThe galleries and exhibits at the Musical Instrument Museum draw from a collection of more than 8,000 instruments from around the globe, including opportunities to see and hear the instruments played and sometimes play them yourself. Those who might prefer to leave the playing to the professionals, meanwhile, can reserve tickets for a Phoenix Symphony or Arizona Opera performance at Symphony Hall, one of many performance venues that make downtown a cultural center with a vibrant arts scene all around.\nDiscover more about desert lifethen and now\nOne of Phoenix's first cultural institutions, the Heard Museum has grown into an international destination to learn about Native American art and history, while the Pueblo Grande Museum and Archeological Park is a must-see Phoenix attraction that takes visitors on a path to remnants of a ballcourt and platform created by the Hohokam people who lived in this area from A.D. 450 to 1450. And at the 140-acre Desert Botanical Garden, more than 50,000 desert plants illustrate the beauty and variety of desert plant life.\nVisit City Website\nPlanning\nTravel Like a Local\nRoad Trips & Tours\nDiscover Greater Phoenix: the Valley of the Sun\nJoin us on a five-day tour through the cultural delights and historic sights of Phoenix, Scottsdale, Mesa, Tempe, and Chandler.\nMust Do\nOffbeat Phoenix\nThere's more to Phoenix than golf and resorts. Look closer, and you'll find unusual attractions and off-the-beaten-path delights in this \"Valley...\nTrip Tips & Ideas\n25 Things to Do in Phoenix's East Valley\nConsider this your introduction to the East Valley of Arizona's largest citythe essential, can't miss, make-sure-you-check-out things to see...\nEat & Drink\nGirl Power, Good Vibes and Natural Wine in Phoenix\nKoral Casillas and Michela Ricci, owners of Monsoon Market, strive to bring a carefully-curated selection of the best natural wine, gifts and...\nArts & Entertainment\nExplore Phoenix's West Valley\nJust beyond Camelback Mountain and a little north of the Salt River lies a region ripe for exploration. In the northwest corner of the Valley of...\nLeisure & Relaxation\nShop Local in Phoenix\nForget drone deliveries and big-box greeters. Phoenix is bristling with indie boutiques that sell everything from locally made cocktail mixers...\nEat & Drink\nArizona's Best Sweets: Phoenix\nIn a city as vast as Phoenix, the options for sweets and desserts are equally endless. From cream cheese pies to creamy strawberry milkshakes,...\nInsider Guides\nAsk a Local: Marshall Shore\nIf you want to know what makes Arizona such a special place to visit, ask a local so we did. Join us as we explore Phoenix with Marshall...\nEat & Drink\n6 (Mostly) All-Vegan Phoenix Restaurants\nCookbook author and vegan chef, Tess Challis, shares her insight on greater Phoenixs vegan food scene, including her favorite vegan and...\nEat & Drink\n16 Phoenix-Area Restaurants to Dine Outside\nWhy dine inside when these Phoenix-area restaurants give you \"al fresco\" options like airy patios and drinks with rooftop sunset views.\nEat & Drink\nArizona's Metro-Area Tasting Rooms\nVisiting Arizonas wine country makes for a delightful day trip from Phoenix or Tucson. But if you can't make the trek, taste the fruits of our...\nSearch Filters\nSearch by Category\nAll Categories\n0\nArts & Culture\nPerforming Arts\nAmerican Indian\nGalleries & Museums\nHistory\nMusic\nThe Old West\nCulinary\nBreweries\nWineries\nDistilleries\nFamily Activities\nOutdoor Adventure\nBoating & Water\nFishing & Hunting\nHiking & Trails\nHorseback Riding\nNature & Wildlife\nWinter Activity\nRoad Trips & Itineraries\nHot Air Balloons\nTours\nVisitor Centers\nShopping\nSpas & Luxury\nSports\nGolf\nGuest Ranches\nSearch by Region\nLocations\n0\nGreater Phoenix\nPhoenix\nGreater Phoenix\nKeyword\nSearch\nReset\nSearch Results\nHorseback Riding\n360 Adventures\nArizona adventure tours by 360 Adventures take the worry out of exploring so you can focus on having fun. While Arizona features some of...\nshow on map\nMap\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\n360 Adventures10919 S Central Ave\nPhoenix, Arizona 85042\nDetailsMaps\nSpas & Luxury\nAce of Fades Executive Barbershop\nAce of Fades Executive Barbershop specializing in the personal care and grooming needs of Men, Women and children. Specializes in fades,...\nshow on map\nMap\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\nAce of Fades Executive Barbershop3201 N 16th St, #3 &amp; 4\nPhoenix, Arizona 85016\nDetailsMaps\nTours\nAcross Arizona Tours\nOur excellent guided van tours include the Grand Canyon via Sedona & Navajo Indian Reservation Tour; Sedona, Jerome and Montezuma...\nshow on map\nMap\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\nAcross Arizona Tours3213 E Rosemonte Dr\nPhoenix, Arizona 85050\nDetailsMaps\nHistory\nAk-Chin Him-Dak Eco-Museum\nThe Him-Dak EcoMuseum was established to collect, analyze, preserve, protect, promote and teach various aspects of the Ak-Chin heritage,...\nshow on map\nMap\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\nAk-Chin Him-Dak Eco-Museum47685 N. EcoMuseum Road\nMaricopa, Arizona 85139\nDetailsMaps\nSports\nAmerican Family Fields of Phoenix\nAmerican Family Fields of Phoenix is the spring training home to the Milwaukee Brewers. Formerly known as Maryvale Baseball Park the...\nshow on map\nMap\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\nAmerican Family Fields of Phoenix3805 N 53rd Ave\nPhoenix, Arizona 85031\nDetailsMaps\nOutdoor Adventure\nAmerika Motorradtouren\nYour specialist for German-speaking motorcycle tours in Arizona.\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\nAmerika Motorradtouren\nDetailsMaps\nNature & Wildlife\nApex Balloons\nApex Balloons offers hot air balloon rides daily at sunrise and sunset above scenic Phoenix and Scottsdale, Arizona. Your balloon flight...\nshow on map\nMap\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\nApex Balloons21705 N 19th Ave\nPhoenix, Arizona 85027\nDetailsMaps\nHiking & Trails\nAravaipa Rides\nshow on map\nMap\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\nAravaipa Rides2401 S. 24th Street\nPhoenix, Arizona 85034\nDetailsMaps\nArts & Culture\nArchwood Exchange\nArchwood Exchange was conceived in 2016 and put in motion in 2017 by four concerned community members that wanted to make a difference. The...\nshow on map\nMap\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\nArchwood Exchange610 E. Roosevelt Street, 144\nPhoenix, Arizona 85004\nDetailsMaps\nGalleries & Museums\nArcosanti & Cosanti Foundation\nArcosanti is an urban laboratory focused on innovative design, community, and environmental accountability. Our goal is to actively pursue...\nshow on map\nMap\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\nArcosanti & Cosanti Foundation13555 S Cross L Rd\nMayer, Arizona 86333\nDetailsMaps\nBoating & Water\nArizona Boat Rentals\nAt Arizona boat rentals we work hard to offer the best quality boat and jet ski rentals on the market at any lake in the state. Enjoy the...\nshow on map\nMap\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\nArizona Boat Rentals2130 W Van Buren St\nPhoenix, Arizona 85009\nDetailsMaps\nPerforming Arts\nArizona Broadway Theatre\nshow on map\nMap\nAdd to your saved itemsSave\nArizona Broadway Theatre7701 W. Paradise Lane\nPeoria, Arizona 85382\nDetailsMaps\nResults\n1 -\n12 of\n154\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n\nUncover Arizona's Best Kept Secrets.\nSign up for our newsletter to receive all the latest news, travel tips and special offers.\nSubscribe\nStart Planning!\nRequest Your Arizona Travel Guide.\nLink to Visit Arizona's homepage\nAdmin Offices\n1110 W Washington St, #155\nPhoenix,\nAZ\n85007\n(866) 275-5816 | (602) 364-3700\nExperiences\nExpand submenu for Experiences\nArizona's Must-Sees\nFamily Activities\nEat & Drink\nOutdoor Adventure\nArts & Culture\nShopping\nSports\nRelax & Recharge\nEvents\nExpand submenu for Events\nSubmit Event\nEnter and Win\nVisit Arizona Experiences Passes\nPlaces\nExpand submenu for Places\nCities\nParks & Monuments\nAmerican Indian Tribal Lands\nRivers & Lakes\nArizonas Wildly Different Desert Regions\nMountains\nDark Skies\nPlaces to Stay\nTravel Like A Local\nExpand submenu for Travel Like A Local\nMedia Gallery\nPlan Your Trip\nExpand submenu for Plan Your Trip\nAppreciate AZ\nRoad Trips & Tours\nWeather\nMaps & Guides\nTravel Tips\nVisitor Centers\nNewsletter Signup\nTravel Guide\nAccessibility\nTravel Trade\nMedia\nAbout Us\nArizona Business Listings\nMeetings\nPartner Portal\nPublic Image Gallery\nSitemap\nCopyright 2024 VisitArizona.com | Privacy Policy\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official Facebook page\nFacebook\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official Instagram\nInstagram\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official Twitter\nTwitter\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official Pinterest\nPinterest\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official YouTube channel\nYouTube\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official TikTok\nTikTok\nExperiences\nExpand submenu for Experiences\nArizona's Must-Sees\nFamily Activities\nEat & Drink\nOutdoor Adventure\nArts & Culture\nShopping\nSports\nRelax & Recharge\nEvents\nExpand submenu for Events\nSubmit Event\nEnter and Win\nVisit Arizona Experiences Passes\nPlaces\nExpand submenu for Places\nCities\nParks & Monuments\nAmerican Indian Tribal Lands\nRivers & Lakes\nArizonas Wildly Different Desert Regions\nMountains\nDark Skies\nPlaces to Stay\nTravel Like A Local\nExpand submenu for Travel Like A Local\nMedia Gallery\nPlan Your Trip\nExpand submenu for Plan Your Trip\nAppreciate AZ\nRoad Trips & Tours\nWeather\nMaps & Guides\nTravel Tips\nVisitor Centers\nNewsletter Signup\nTravel Guide\nAccessibility\nTravel Trade\nMedia\nAbout Us\nArizona Business Listings\nMeetings\nLink to site translated for China\nLink to site translated for Japan\nLink to site translated for France\nLink to site translated for Germany\nLink to site translated for Mexico\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official Facebook page\nFacebook\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official Instagram\nInstagram\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official Twitter\nTwitter\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official Pinterest\nPinterest\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official YouTube channel\nYouTube\nLink to Arizona Office of Tourism's official TikTok\nTikTok\nClose menu navigation\nLink to homepage\nLink to Visit Arizona Homepage\nSearch\nSearch Visit Arizona\nClose quick search dialog\nMost Searched StoriesShow MoreRequest Your Copy\nOfficial State Travel Guide\nLearn More\nEvents\nTop Annual Events\nLearn More\nSustainability\nAppreciate AZ\nLearn More\nTravel Inspiration\nPlan Your Trip\nLearn More\nMain menu\nMENU\nLink to Visit Arizona Homepage\nFree Travel Guide\nGuide\nClose menu navigation\nDiscover\nCities & Regions\nFrom the abundance of Saguaro cactuses and unique wildlife in the Sonoran Desert to the high country and forests of the White Mountains to the breathtaking Grand Canyon, Arizonas regions are full of experiences that dont disappoint.\nwww.google.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://www.visitarizona.com/places/cities/phoenix/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Phoenix College\nWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience. Please review our privacy policy for more information.\nOK\nSkip to main content\nAthletics\nCanvas\nLibrary\nAlumni\nCommunity\nEmployees\nStudent Tools\nHigh School\nGIVE TO PC\nLIVE CHAT\nVIRTUAL SERVICES\nGet Started\nRequest Information\nPrograms & Degrees\ntoggle\nBachelor Program\nFields of Interest\nPrograms by Name\nAcademics\ntoggle\nAcademic Calendar\nDepartments\nTesting Services\nBecome a Student\ntoggle\nApply To Phoenix College\nGet Advised & Registered (BearTrax)\nAttend My College Orientation\nTransfer to Phoenix College\nPaying for College\ntoggle\nTuition and Fees\ntoggle\nTuition Waivers\nPayment Plans\nFinancial Aid\ntoggle\nFAFSA Simplification\nScholarships\nVeteran's Benefits\nCurrent Students\ntoggle\nAcademic Advising\nCareer Services\nStudent Life & Leadership\nSupport Services\nUniversity Transfer Center\nAbout PC\ntoggle\nAccreditation\nDisclosures\nMaps and Locations\nOffice of the President\nShared Governance\nPhoenix College\nElevate Your Vibe\nYour Focus, Friends and Future are at Phoenix College.\nEnroll Now\nSpend Summer Wisely\nSharpen skills, complete prerequisites, or explore a new hobby!\nDiscover Courses\nComplete Your FAFSA\nIt's not too late to submit for summer and fall!\nFind Help at Open Sessions\nMy Maricopa\nFind a Class\nFinancial Aid\nEvent Calendar\nCanvas\nEduroam: Secure Wifi, without Bandwidth Limitations\nConnect your personal device to Eduroam wifi on campus, throughout Maricopa Community Collegesand participating educational institutions.\nExpenditure Limitation\nLearn more about the 2024 general election ballot measure related to the Expenditure Limitation.\nThe PC commitment to Latino Students is Recognized\nA national organization focused on the success of Latino students has designated Phoenix College as a \"Seal of Excelencia\" institution. Learn how we're making a difference.\nTake the Fast Track to Professional Growth\nDesigned for quick completion, Fast Track certificates may open doors to new opportunities, advancement, and personal fulfillment.\nWhat type of a student are you?\nNew Students\nTransfer Students\nInternational Students\nHigh School Students\nYour success is the reason we're here. Whetheryou want to train for a career, prepare for a four-year university, or learn just for the fun of it, we'll help you reach your goals. Get started with enrollment today.\nGet Started\nWith an associate's degree from Phoenix College you can transfer to one of Arizona's three universities or another partner university. Learn more about the transfer process and our partnerships with other colleges.\nGet Started\nWe welcome international students at Phoenix College. 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Learn more about participating high schools.\nGet Started\nNews\nCollege\nMay 21, 2024\nAn Ocean of Blue Makes Waves at Phoenix College Commencement Ceremony\nCollege\nMay 13, 2024\nPC Fashion Show Starts with the Blues but Lightens the Mood with Teddy Bears\nPress Releases\nMay 13, 2024\nMaya Lee Awarded a National Community College Transfer Scholarship\nView All News\nLocations\nMain Campus\n1202 W Thomas Road\nPhoenix, AZ 85013\n602-285-7777\nCampus Map\nCenter for Nursing Excellence\n3700 N 3rd Avenue\nPhoenix, AZ 85013\n602-532-8605\nCenter of Excellence\nfor Healthcare Education\n3144 N 7th Avenue\nPhoenix, AZ 85013\n602-285-7777\nMaricopa IT Institute\n@ Phoenix College\n640 N.1st Avenue\nPhoenix, AZ 85003\n(602) 285-7777\nHome\nConsumer Information\nBookstore\nBumstead's Cub Hub-Store\nCollege Police\nDisability Services\nDisclaimer\nDisclosures/Student Right To Know\nEmployees\nNon-Discrimination Statements\nPetition Solicitation Instructions\nStudent Feedback\nTwitter icon\nFacebook icon\nYoutube icon\nInstagram icon\nLinkedIn icon\nGet the My Maricopa Portal App\nApp Store icon\nDownload the My Maricopa Portal App on the App Store.\nGoogle Play icon\nDownload the My Maricopa Portal App on the Play Store.\nAnnual Notifications\nConsumer Information\nDisclaimer\nNon-Discrimination Statements\nWeb Accessibility\nMaricopa Community Colleges\n 2024 Phoenix College | 1202 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ 85013 | (602) 285-7777\nOpen ChatStart Chat", "url": "https://www.phoenixcollege.edu/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home | Phoenix Zoo\nVisit\nTickets & RatesMapShopDaily ActivitiesBirthdays & Private EventsAccessibilityDiscounts\nCustom Links Zoo Events\nExplore\nTrailsZoo ToursArt On the Wild SideAnimal HealthcareEnrichmentzNewsKnow Before You Go\nCustom Links Animals & Wildlife\nConservation\nField Conservation ResearchAround The WorldWild Times Magazine\nCustom Links Native Species\nPrograms\nKids & FamiliesEducatorsTeensAdultsVolunteersHorse Hands\nCustom Links Camps\nSupport\nAdopt an AnimalMonthly GivingWish ListTribute GiftsCorporate OpportunitiesPhoenix Zoo Auxiliary\nCustom Links Ways to Help the Zoo\nBlog\nTickets\nMembership\nDonate\nTickets\nMembership\nDonate\nSearch\nSearch\nClose this search box.\nVisit\nTickets & Rates\nMap\nShop\nDaily Activities\nZoo Events\nBirthdays & Private Events\nAccessibility\nDiscounts\nExplore\nAnimals & 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Giving\nWish List\nTribute Gifts\nCorporate Opportunities\nPhoenix Zoo Auxiliary\nBlog\nSearch\nBuy Tickets\nMembership\nEvents\nHome\nMore to Explore\nPurchase Tickets\nOpen Daily9 a.m. - 5 p.m.\nFIND USGet Directions\nMAPGet the Zoo Map\nEventsLearn More\nOpen Daily9 a.m. - 5 p.m.\nFIND USGet Directions\nMAPGet the Zoo Map\nEventsLearn More\nMore than a zoo\nThe OfficialZoo Podcast\nEpisode 2 of Zoo Connections: Sssspilling the Tea on Rattlesnakes.\nListen Now\nBrand NewAnimal Pages\nFun facts, photos and more Get to know over 30 of our amazing animals!\nAnimal Pages\nArt on theWild side\nArt on the Wild Side is a program dedicated to conservation through art.\nExhibit Info\nSavingSpecies\nWatch our brand-new documentary, Working Together for Arizonas Wildlife.\nView Film\nBlogs & Videos\nThe Phoenix Zoo is the only zoo in the Valley accredited by Association of Zoos and Aquariums.\nFacebook\nInstagram\nX-twitter\nYoutube\nBuy Tickets\nMembership\nDonate\nBuy 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Languages\nCounseling\nCriminal Justice\nCybersecurity\nData Analytics\nDigital Marketing\nFinance\nGeneral Education\nContinuing Teacher Education\nHealthcare\nHumanities\nInformation Technology\nLeadership\nMarketing\nMath\nNursing\nProgramming\nProject Management\nPsychology\nPublic Administration\nSciences\nProfessional Development\nADMISSIONS\nAdmissions Requirements\nUpcoming Start Dates\nTUITION & FINANCIAL AID\nTuition Overview\nFinancial Aid\nFinancial Aid FAQ\nStudent Loan Repayment\nWAYS TO SAVE\nSavings Explorer tool\nScholarships\nTransfer Credits\nWork & Life Experience\nEmployer Tuition Benefits\nTry our Savings Explorer tool\nStudents with eligible credits and relevant experience on average saved $11k and 1 year off their undergraduate degree with University of Phoenix.\nCareer Services\nCareer-Relevant Skills\nCareer Guides\nFind Your Program\nOnline Course Catalog\nPhoenix Blog\nResearch Hub\nStudent Resources\nSavings Explorer tool\nFind Your Employer\nABOUT US\nOur University\nAccreditation\nOur Mission & Values\nOur People\nOur Impact\nReviews\nSTUDENT LIFE\nLife as a Phoenix\nDiversity, Equity & Inclusion\nMilitary\nBlog\nAlumni\nWatch their stories\nSee all programs\nSee all courses\nFind your program\nSave time and money on your online college degree\nYour life, work and school experience could help you graduate faster for less.\nReview eligible credits\nFind your program\nScholarship opportunities for every qualifying new student\nView scholarships\nStart when you're ready\nMore start dates\nBachelor's\nJUL 2\nMaster's\nJUN 4\nScholarship opportunities for every qualifying new student\nView scholarships\nStart when you're ready\nBachelors\nJUL 2\nMasters\nJUN 4\nMore start dates\nExplore online degrees, certificates & courses\nBusiness\nBachelor's degrees\nMaster's degrees\nAssociate degrees\nDoctoral degrees\nCertificates\nSingle courses\nAll Business\nHealthcare\nBachelor's degrees\nMaster's degrees\nDoctoral degrees\nCertificates\nSingle courses\nAll Healthcare\nTechnology\nBachelor's degrees\nMaster's degrees\nAssociate degrees\nCertificates\nSingle courses\nAll Technology\nEducation\nBachelor's degrees\nMaster's degrees\nDoctoral degrees\nCertificates\nSingle courses\nAll Education\nNursing\nBachelor's degrees\nMaster's degrees\nDoctoral degrees\nSingle courses\nAll Nursing\nBehavioral Science\nBachelor's degrees\nMaster's degrees\nAll Behavioral Science\nCriminal Justice\nBachelor's degrees\nMaster's degrees\nAssociate degrees\nSingle courses\nAll Criminal Justice\nPsychology\nBachelor's degrees\nMaster's degrees\nSingle courses\nAll Psychology\nLiberal Arts\nBachelor's degrees\nSingle courses\nAll Liberal Arts\nFast facts\n45+\nyears continuously accredited by the Higher Learning Commission\n45+\nyears continuously accredited by the Higher Learning Commission\n2,700\norganizations with employees eligible for education benefits\n2,700\norganizations with employees eligible for education benefits\n38\nis the average age of new students\n38\nis the average age\nof new students\n38\nis the average age of new students\n79.8%\nare employed while in school\n79.8%\nare employed while in school\n79.8%\nare employed while in school\n28+\nyears of our facultys professional experience, on average\n28+\nyears of our facultys professional experience, on average\n1+ Million\nalumni and counting\n1+ Million\nalumni and counting\nLearn more about us\nIf they can do it, so can you.\nOne class at a time\nTaking one class at a time to get my degree helped me focus on the curriculum that we were doing throughout the five weeks. I can't tell you enough how much I loved the experience.\"\nWendy R.\nBachelor of Science in Information Technology\nTaking one class at a time to get my degree helped me focus on the curriculum that we were doing throughout the five weeks. I can't tell you enough how much I loved the experience.\"\nLearn about going to class\nCareer-relevant education\nThe program helped me be a better educator, a better leader, better in time-management, and being a better advocate for myself, my patients and my staff.\"\nCrystal M.\nMaster of Science in Nursing\nThe program helped me be a better educator, a better leader, better in time-management, and being a better advocate for myself, my patients and my staff.\"\nSee how we're career-relevant\nBalancing school and life\nI didn't miss soccer games.I didn't miss baseball games. I was present. I wasn't gone. I didn't drive away and go to school, and they won't look back and say Mom wasn't there.\"\nAmber P.\nMaster of Science in Health Administration\nI didn't miss soccer games.I didn't miss baseball games. I was present. I wasn't gone. I didn't drive away and go to school, and they won't look back and say Mom wasn't there.\"\nLearn about life as a Phoenix\nCheck out our latest articles\nWeve got the tools to help you prepare for your education and career.\nEverything You Need to Know About Attending University of Phoenix\nUniversity Life\nSeptember 15, 2023 9 minutes\nHow to Get Motivated\nCareer Support\nMay 02, 2023 8 minutes\nHow to Write Creatively\nUniversity Life\nDecember 07, 2023 9 minutes\nQuestions other students are asking\nNew Students\nProfessional Development\nTransfer Students\nInternational Students\nMilitary & Family\nAlumni\nDoctoral Students\nFinancial Aid\nNew Students\nIs University of Phoenix an accredited university?\nUniversity of Phoenix is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (http://hlcommission.org), an institutional accreditation agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Education. University of Phoenix has been continually accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 1978. University of Phoenix obtained its most recent 10-year Reaffirmation of Accreditation in 2022-23. The Universitys next Comprehensive Evaluation for Reaffirmation of Accreditation is scheduled for 2032-33.\nLearn about accreditation\nWhere can I explore my online college degree options?\nYou can explore career options with theProgram Finder.Find more than 100 online college programs aligned to 300+ occupations. The University also offers certificate programs, as well as individual, test-preparation and non-credit professional development courses.\nWhat resources are available to help me develop a financial plan to pay for my education?\nOnce youve chosen your degree program and decided whether you will attend online or at a local campus, you can determine how much youll invest in your education and how you will pay for it. We can walk you step-by-step through the process with the tuition and expenses estimating tool, Financial Plan and Net Price Calculator. Time is money. See if you can save both.\nWith the financial planning tool you can:\nDetermine your estimated tuition and expenses based on your degree program and location.\nReview your financial plan to see if you need to make adjustments.\nHaving information about your taxes, savings and any prior college credits available will help with this process. The more specific the information you provide, the more accurate your estimate will be.\nLearn about tuition and fees\nHow can I fund my online college education?\nThere are many ways for you to fund your education. Follow the link below to learn about some of the most common financial options students use. Keep in mind, everyones situation is different, so its important to discuss payment options with a representative before enrolling.\nLearn how to pay for school\nHow long will it take to complete my online college degree?\nCompletion time depends on the program you choose and the number of transfer credits applied to the program. Speak with an Enrollment Representative to get detailed information.\nHow do I attend an online college class?\nAttending online class is easy because we're always on 24/7/365. All you need is a reliable Internet connection. You simply log in to your virtual classroom to complete assignments, access course materials and resources and interact with faculty and classmates. Class participation is graded based upon your contributions to online discussions. This is a great solution for students who might have a difficult time commuting and for those who learn better independently.\nLearn about student life\nHow do I get started?\nFollow the link below to learn about our admissions process. Ready to enroll? Call and speak with a representative to get started.\nLearn about admission requirements\nProfessional Development\nWhat are your Professional Development courses like?\nCourses are 100% online learning experiences all courses, including any provided materials; tools, worksheets, and videos are in English. Each course is designed to take approximately 30 hours to complete. Courses are not faculty-led they are self-paced and self-directed specifically made for busy adult lives, allowing you to learn when and where you want.\nEach course contains:\nFour to five modules; each module covers multiple topics and one skill.\nPost-module assessments to test your learning no limit on how many times you can test yourself.\nPublicly available curated resources.\nWhat do I need to do to get started?\nIts simple!\nSign up with either your personal email or a social media account.\nPay for your course(s) with a credit card and begin learning.\nHow much time do I need to devote each week to my course?\nCourses are 100% self-paced and self-directedgiving you the flexibility to schedule your learning time as you want. We estimate a single course may take 30 hours to complete you'll have access to a single course for one year (365 days) from the date of purchase.\nWhat will I receive when I finish?\nWhen you have achieved a score of 85% or higher in each modules assessment within 365 days from purchase, a Certificate of Completion will be issued for course completion.\nDo I get university or college credits by taking a course?\nNo. Our professional development courses arenon-degree, noncredit bearing, and do not carry institutional or programmatic accreditation.Professional development courses are stand-alone courses that are not part of any UOPX certificate, continuing education, degree or other program.\nDo I get professional development or continuing education units or credits?\nNo. While these courses are designed for personal and professional development, they do not provide any professional development units or credits (PDUs or CEUs) from the University of Phoenix and cannot be applied towards University of Phoenix Prior Learning Assessment, (PLA) submissions. If you plan to use this course to meet professional development requirements, you will need to check with any applicable agency or employer.\nTransfer Students\nIs University of Phoenix an accredited institution?\nUniversity of Phoenix is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (http://hlcommission.org). Since 1978, University of Phoenix has been continually accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. University of Phoenix obtained its most recent 10-year Reaffirmation of Accreditation in 201213. A comprehensive evaluation is scheduled for 201617, and the next Reaffirmation of Accreditation is scheduled for 202223.\nLearn about accreditation\nWhat are the requirements for transferring to University of Phoenix?\nStudents must meet the admission requirements for their chosen program. Credits from a regionally or nationally accredited institution may be eligible to transfer, provided that a grade of a C- or better was earned. Transfer credits typically apply toward general education and elective categories. With transfer credits, you can earn your degree faster and for less. Contact an Enrollment Representative for more information specific to your background.\nLearn about transfer student enrollment\nDoes my current or past school have a credit transfer agreement with University of Phoenix?\nWe have hundreds of agreements with two-year institutions that enable you to take the eligible credits youve earned and apply them to a degree program. This transfer process allows you to potentially satisfy degree requirement and graduate in less time.See if your collegehas a credit-transfer agreement with University of Phoenix.\nLearn about transfer student enrollment\nWhat kind of financial assistance is available to me?\nAs a student, you have many options available to fund your education. Some of the most common financial options include Federal Financial Aid, scholarships, grants, the cash plan, the third-party billing plan, the military or government billing plan, tribal funding and third-party private student loans. Learn about each option to determine your eligibility.\nLearn how to pay for school\nWhat will my online classroom and schedule look like?\nOur innovative learning platform allows you to ask questions, discuss topics and collaborate with your classmates from around the world. This gives you the ability to work in teams, talk to your instructor and access course materials any time of the day or night.Your schedule will be provided to you by your Academic Counselor and can be assessed within your student portal.\nLearn about student life\nCan I apply relevant learning, work and life experiences toward credit at University of Phoenix?\nTime is money. See if you can save on both. Well help you explore up to 10 different opportunities to earn your degree faster, and for less..You may be able to fulfill some elective, interdisciplinary and/or general education courses by going through thePrior Learning Assessment (PLA) process. To be eligible for PLA credits, you must be an undergraduate student who has already been accepted into University of Phoenix. In addition, you must have submitted any transcripts to the University, and you must have remaining general education or elective credits required to earn your degree.\nBefore submitting an application, we suggest that you contact your Academic Advisor to discuss whether PLA would be beneficial to you and how credits can be applied to your degree program.\nPLA credits cannot be applied to associate and bachelor's degree programs in Education.\nWhat are the advantages of transferring with an associate degree?\nAs a graduate from a regionally accredited college or university, you wont just get our lowered, locked-in tuition. Youll also have access toa special tuition rateon your bachelors degree.\nInternational Students\nWhat are the admission requirements for international students?\nAdmissions requirements for international students vary depending on the program. Students must meet the English Language Proficiency requirement and, if in the U.S., provide an acceptable visa that does not prohibit educational studies at the University of Phoenix. Please speak to an Enrollment Representative to learn about program-specific requirements.\nLearn about international admissions\nDo I have to be fluent in English to attend University of Phoenix?\nStudents must meet the English Language Proficiency requirement (ELP). To meet this, a student must have completed high school in the U.S. or another English-speaking country, have 30+ transferrable semester credits from an approved English-speaking institution or pass an ELP exam from an approved testing agency (Berlitz, TOEFL, TOEIC, Pearson). For more information, contact an International Enrollment Representative.\nLearn about international admissions\nHow can I get my international transcript evaluated?\nTo have your transcript evaluated, please contact an Enrollment Representative for more information. In some cases, an approved translation and/or a third-party professional evaluation may be required at an additional cost to the applicant.\nLearn about international admissions\nDo I have to live in the United States to attend University of Phoenix?\nNo, you do not need to be living in the U.S. to attend University of Phoenix. We have students living abroad in 115 countries attending school online.\nLearn about international admissions\nWhat are the visa requirements to attend University of Phoenix?\nA visa is a document that allows the holder to apply for entry into the United States. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and Department of State (DoS) determine who is eligible to be admitted into the U.S. along with how long they can stay and other conditions of their visit.\nGenerally visa requirements for students include:\nYou must have a visa that allows you to legally work and attend school in the United States.\nThe visa type, date of issue and country of citizenship must be listed on the admission application. Please verify that the visa is current expired visas cannot be accepted.\nLegible copies of visas are acceptable documentation.\nContact an International Enrollment Representative for more information concerning visa requirements.\nLearn about international admissions\nAre international students eligible for financial aid?\nApplicants who are permanent residents of the United States may be eligible for federal financial aid. Please contact your Admissions Representative for more information. We invite international students to explore grant and scholarship options as well.\nLearn about international admissions\nHow is University of Phoenix accredited?\nUniversity of Phoenix is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (http://hlcommission.org). Since 1978, University of Phoenix has been continually accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. University of Phoenix obtained its most recent 10-year Reaffirmation of Accreditation in 201213. A comprehensive evaluation is scheduled for 201617, and the next Reaffirmation of Accreditation is scheduled for 202223.\nLearn about accreditation\nMilitary & Family\nHow can I transfer my skills to a civilian job?\nMilitary service can provide a solid foundation for career growth. University of Phoenix has resources to help you successfully transition to a new career. With our Phoenix Career Guidance System you can discover career interests, transition your military skills to a civilian career and explore the job market.\nLearn about career-relevant education for military students\nHow can I use my veteran's education benefits?\nIf you plan to use your veterans benefits for your education, you are entitled to a Shopping Sheet in accordance with Executive Order 13607. It provides a breakdown of your education costs so you can compare costs between the institutions you select. It also shows how your benefits and any financial aid are applied to your education. The information provided in the Shopping Sheet is an estimate of your individual education cost and any financial aid for which you might be eligible. This estimate is based on the information you provided in the Financial Plan with Net Price Calculator. Please refer to your financial aid award letter for the actual amount of financial aid awarded.\nOur tuition and expenses estimating tool, Financial Plan with Net Price Calculator, will help you create your Financial Plan and Shopping Sheet.\nLearn how to use military benefits for tuition\nHow do I get started if Im currently overseas?\nOur Enrollment representatives are specially trained to work with military affiliated students and are available by phone to help guide you.All you need is a reliable internet connection and our staff can provide you with information about degree programs, point you to resources designed to help you make decisions and show you how to apply for admission.\nLearn about resources for military students\nAlumni\nWhere can I find my University of Phoenix transcript?\nOfficial and unofficial transcripts can be requested through our student website or by mail, fax or phone. To order by phone, call the Office of Admissions and Records Support Center at 800.866.3919. Be sure to check your unofficial transcript to make sure your coursework and grades have posted before ordering your official transcript.\nYou can request an electronic transcript or pay an additional fee for overnight delivery of a paper transcript if you need expedited service. Please note, some limitations apply to overnight deliveries.\nLearn how to get your transcript\nIf youre having problems logging into your eCampus account, please contact technical support for assistance at:1-877-832-4867OR visithttps://my.phoenix.edu.\nHow can I get involved and expand my professional network?\nAs a graduate of University of Phoenix, you are automatically a part of the University of Phoenix Alumni Association. To access the benefits on the alumni website just log in using your eCampus login credentials. Whether youre a recent graduate or a long-time University of Phoenix alum, the Alumni Association is your gateway to your alumni network 1,023,112 strong, and growing.\nYou can also connect with 204,366 of your fellow alumni on the UOPX Alumni Association Facebook page or network with fellow alumni in real time on PhoenixConnect.\nJoin the alumni network\nWhere can I find career resources?\nYou have a team of advisors dedicated to helping you build a personalized career plan you can stick with. While outside career advising can cost over $200 an hour, at University of Phoenix its built right into your degree at no added cost, for life.\nLearn about career resources and services\nAre alumni chapters available in my area?\nThere are currently 51 UOPX alumni chapters across the United States. Chapters are informal, alumni-driven clubs that work to create and encourage networking opportunities with other alumni.\nFind an alumni chapter near you\nWhere can I share my story at University of Phoenix?\nContact the Alumni Association atsuccess@phoenix.edu.\nHow can I continue my education at University of Phoenix?\nWe offer a range of individual, non-credit professional development, and test-preparation courses, as well as certificate programs.\nLearn about individual online courses\nWhat are some of the alumni benefits?\nAs one of our valued alumni, you can take advantage ofan exclusive alumni offer to saveon another degree.\nAs an alumnus, youll also have access to discounts and even earn cash back at various companies and online retailers. Visit theBenefits and Discountspage on the alumni website to learn more or start shopping with retailers on University Marketplace.\nDoctoral Students\nWhat doctoral programs do you offer?\nThe School of Advanced Studies (SAS) is the doctoral program arm of University of Phoenix, offering three specializations in business, education and health. Programs include:\nDoctor of Business Administration\nDoctor of Education in Educational Leadership\nDoctor of Health Administration\nDoctor of Management\nLearn about online doctorate degrees\nHow do I complete my doctoral program?\nUniversity of Phoenix doctoral programs are primarily online, with three required face-to-face residency experiences available in select cities in the United States. The Post-Masters Educational Specialist degree does not have a residency.\nLearn about online doctorate degrees\nDo all doctoral faculty members have terminal degrees?\nYes, and most hold positions in the fields they teach. When they are not teaching class, our instructors are leaders in their respective organizations.\nLearn about online doctorate degrees\nWhat kind of research tools does University of Phoenix provide?\nYou can find faculty and other students who share your discipline at our SAS research centers. These scholarly communities help students and faculty find others with similar research interests and build relationships. You can take advantage of research courses that help to inform you about methodologies, writing style and requirements. If you have specific questions that require a quick response while you write your dissertation, you can contact a research faculty member who will answer within 2448 hours.\nLearn how to write your dissertation\nWhat are the doctoral program admission requirements?\nTo enter a doctoral degree program, you must:\nHave a masters degree from a regionally or an approved nationally accredited or candidate for accreditation college or university or an equivalent graduate degree earned at a recognized foreign institution.\nHave a minimum 3.0 GPA on graduate degree posted transcripts.\nHave a record of current or past employment in a supervisory or management position. Certain doctoral degree programs may have program-specific work experience requirements. Please contact an Enrollment Representative to learn more about program-specific work experience requirements.\nBe a citizen or permanent resident of the United States or hold an approved, valid visa if residing or attending a residency in the United States.\nHave access to a research library. (Enrolled students have access to University of Phoenix libraries.)\nHave a signed University of Phoenix hardware/software agreement.\nNot have been expelled from a previous institution.\nComplete all required forms for admission and submit an official masters degree posted transcript.\nLearn about admission requirements\nFinancial Aid\nHow can I apply for federal financial aid to pay for college?\nStudents must submit the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) for each academic year to apply for federal financial aid. At University of Phoenix, our FAFSA school code is 014593.\nHow do I complete the FAFSA for 2024-25?\nStudents may complete the 2024-25 FAFSA by visitinghttps://studentaid.gov/h/apply-for-aid/fafsa. The 2024-25 FAFSA has some major changes from previous years, which are intended to expand eligibility for federal student aid, including Pell Grants, and provide a streamlined user experience.\nHeres what you should know about the FAFSA changes for 2024-25.\nWhat is the FAFSA Simplification Act?\nThe FAFSA Simplification Act is a significant overhaul of the processes and systems used to award federal student aid, beginning with the 2024-2025 award year. Major changes include a streamlined FAFSA form, replacing the Expected Family Contribution (EFC) with the Student Aid Index (SAI), adjustments to how a students family size is determined and expanding access to Federal Pell Grants.\nTo learn more about your financial aid options, visit our Federal Financial Aid FAQs.\nWhat is the Student Aid Index (SAI)?\nBeginning with the 2024-25 award year, the Student Aid Index (SAI) replaced the Expected Family Contribution (EFC). SAI is calculated based on the information that you and your required contributors provide on your FAFSA form. This number is not a dollar amount of aid eligibility or what your family is expected to pay.\nSAI is an eligibility index number used to determine how much federal financial aid you may be eligible for. Both the name and formula have changed, meaning your qualifications for student aid may change, too.\nACCREDITATION AND AWARDS\nWhy we're trusted\nAccreditation you can trust\nUniversity of Phoenix has been continually accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC),hlcommission.org since 1978.\nView all accreditations\nExcellence in online leadership\nEarning a degree doesnt have to feel like a second job. Our online classes can give you the flexibility to balance family, work, school and life so that you can pursue an education when and where you want.\nView UPCEA award\nLeadership in Diversity and Inclusive Excellence\nExcellence in diversity, equity, inclusivity and belonging (DEIB) is an integral part of everyday life at University of Phoenix. That's why we're so proud to be recognized as a leader.\nAbout UPCEA award\nRequest Info\nApply Now\nFinish enrollment tasks\nStudent Portal\nAcademics\nAcademics\nAll Programs\nBachelors Degrees\nMasters Degrees\nCompetency-Based Degrees\nDoctorate Degrees\nAssociates Degrees\nCertificates\nAll Courses\nAcademic Catalog\nOur University\nOur University\nAbout Us\nMission & Values\nAccreditation & Licensures\nAcademic Annual Report\nUniversity Leadership\nCareer Institute\nCampus Locations\nPolicies & Disclosures\nPolicies & Disclosures\nAccessibility\nCA BPPE Information\nCA BPPE Website\nCARES Act HEERF\nCode of Ethics\nCampus Safety\nRegulatory Information\nTitle IX Information\nConsumer Information Guide\nChange in Ownership Notice\nBecome a Phoenix\nBecome a Phoenix\nReturning Students\nInternational Students\nMilitary Students\nTransfer Students\nSupport\nSupport\nContact Us\nDisability Services\nStudent Complaint Process\nResources\nResources\nTranscripts\nPhoenixStore\nNet Price Calculator\nCollege Scorecard\nCareer Opportunities\nMedia Center\nPress Releases\nWorkforce Solutions\nTrustScore: 4.3\n5923 reviews\nPrivacy policy\nTerms & Conditions\nTrademark Usage\nManage Cookie Preferences\nManage Communication Preferences\nAdChoices\nCA & CO residents: Do not sell or share\nCopyright 2024 University of Phoenix\nAdChoices", "url": "https://www.phoenix.edu/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Phoenix Children's Hospital\nSkip to main content\n(602) 933-1000\nUtility navigation\n602-933-KIDS (5437)\nWait Times\nCareers\nFor Providers\nPatient Portal\nPhoenix Children's Pediatrics\nI Want To navigation\nI Want To\nSchedule an Appointment\nFind a Doctor\nPay a Bill\nFind an Urgent Care\nMake a Donation\nApply for a Job\nRefer a Patient\nFind Locations & Directions\nRequest Medical Records\nFind a Clinical Trial\nAccess the Patient Portal\nWait Times\nDonate\nSchedule an Appointment\nPhoenix Children's Hospital\nMenu\nSearch\nSearch Site\nSearch Site\nMain 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Center\nDepartments\nDepartments\nOur pediatric specialists work as a team to meet the needs of each child by drawing from the resources of our world-class clinical programs.\nView All Specialties\nFeatured Specialties\nPediatric Primary Care\nOphthalmology\nCancer and Blood Disorders\nEar, Nose & Throat\nOrthopedics\nTrauma\nTop Ranked Specialties\nby U.S. News and World Report\nCardiology\nEndocrinology\nGastroenterology\nNeonatology\nNephrology\nNeurology & Neurosurgery\nPulmonology\nUrology\nFind A Doctor\nFind a Doctor\nWe want to help you find the best pediatrician or specialist for your child.\nSearch Physicians\nView All Physicians\nLocations\nLocations\nPlan your visit with maps, hours, driving directionsand parking information all in one place.\nSearch Locations\nView All Locations\nWays To Help\nWays to Help\nYour support is critical for Phoenix Childrens Hospital to offer expert, family-centered care.\nVolunteer\nVolunteering\nDonate\nDonate Time\nDonate Money\nDonate Items\nEvents\nEvents Calendar\nI Want To navigation\nI Want To\nSchedule an Appointment\nFind a Doctor\nPay a Bill\nFind an Urgent Care\nMake a Donation\nApply for a Job\nRefer a Patient\nFind Locations & Directions\nRequest Medical Records\nFind a Clinical Trial\nAccess the Patient Portal\nUtility navigation\n602-933-KIDS (5437)\nWait Times\nCareers\nFor Providers\nPatient Portal\nPhoenix Children's Pediatrics\nLiving with Osteogenesis ImperfectaRead about Theos medical journey\nDive into water safety\nThings to know before enrolling your child in swim lessons\nPersevering with joy & hope\nDespite a brain aneurysm, brain tumor and epilepsy, Kylahs crushing it\nHealthy outlooks\nThe Integrative Medicine program at Phoenix Children's\nPhoenix Children's Pediatrics, Healthy Starts Here\nLearn More and Find A Location Near You\nSchedule an Appointment\nFind a Care Facility\nFind a Doctor\nPay Your Bill\nNews\nPhoenix Childrens Opens 44,000-Square Foot Neonatal Intensive Care UnitStudy from Phoenix Childrens Research Institute Reveals New Way to Prevent Lung Cancer from SpreadingPhoenix Childrens Names New Chief of NeurosurgeryView MoreView More\nBright Futures Blog\nGoodbye Spring Allergies, Hello Summer Allergies (Sniff!)\nHealthy outlooks: the Integrative Medicine program\nThings to know before you enroll your child in swim lessons\nView More\nWAYS TO GIVE\nThere are Many Ways to GiveYour gift makes a difference. Whether youre making a financial donation or offering a gift-in-kind, know that you are helping to make a childs stay at Phoenix Children's more comfortable. Learn More >VolunteerPlay a very important role in providing hope, healing and care for our patients and their families.Learn More >\nFor Your Visit\nPreparing for your arrival at Phoenix Children's Hospital often takes time and planning. Learn what you can do to be ready.\nPlanning Your Childs Visit\nPlanning Your Childs Stay\nYour Childs Surgery\nDonate\nYour support is critical for us to offer expert, family-centered care.\nLearn More\nNewsroom\nKeep up with the latest news from our medical experts and support teams.\nLearn More\nVolunteer\nPlay an important role in providing hope, healing and care for our patients.\nLearn More\nBack to Top\n1919 E. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "iPhone - Apple\nAppleStoreShopShop the LatestMaciPadiPhoneApple WatchApple Vision ProAccessoriesQuick LinksFind a StoreOrder StatusApple Trade InFinancingShop Special StoresCertified RefurbishedEducationBusinessVeterans and MilitaryGovernmentMacExplore MacExplore All MacMacBook AirMacBook ProiMacMac miniMac StudioMac ProDisplaysCompare MacMac Does ThatShop MacShop MacMac AccessoriesApple Trade InFinancingMore from MacMac SupportAppleCare+ for MacmacOS SonomaApps by AppleContinuityiCloud+Mac for BusinessEducationiPadExplore iPadExplore All iPadiPad ProiPad AiriPadiPad miniApple PencilKeyboardsCompare iPadWhy iPadShop iPadShop iPadiPad AccessoriesApple Trade InFinancingMore from iPadiPad SupportAppleCare+ for iPadiPadOS 17Apps by AppleiCloud+EducationiPhoneExplore iPhoneExplore All iPhoneiPhone 15 ProiPhone 15iPhone 14iPhone 13iPhone SECompare iPhoneSwitch from AndroidShop iPhoneShop iPhoneiPhone AccessoriesApple Trade InCarrier Deals at AppleFinancingMore from iPhoneiPhone SupportAppleCare+ for iPhoneiOS 17Apps by AppleiPhone PrivacyiCloud+Wallet, Pay, CardSiriWatchExplore WatchExplore All Apple WatchApple Watch Series 9Apple Watch Ultra 2Apple Watch SEApple Watch NikeApple Watch HermsCompare WatchWhy Apple WatchShop WatchShop Apple WatchApple Watch StudioApple Watch BandsApple Watch AccessoriesApple Trade InFinancingMore from WatchApple Watch SupportAppleCare+watchOS 10Apps by AppleApple Fitness+VisionExplore VisionExplore Apple Vision ProGuided TourTech SpecsShop VisionShop Apple Vision ProApple Vision Pro AccessoriesBook a DemoFinancingMore from VisionApple Vision Pro SupportAppleCare+AirPodsExplore AirPodsExplore All AirPodsAirPods Pro 2nd generationAirPods 2nd generationAirPods 3rd generationAirPods MaxCompare AirPodsShop AirPodsShop AirPodsAirPods AccessoriesMore from AirPodsAirPods SupportAppleCare+ for HeadphonesApple MusicTV & HomeExplore TV & HomeExplore TV & HomeApple TV 4KHomePodHomePod miniShop TV & HomeShop Apple TV 4KShop HomePodShop HomePod miniShop Siri RemoteTV & Home AccessoriesMore from TV & HomeApple TV SupportHomePod SupportAppleCare+Apple TV appApple TV+Home appApple MusicSiriAirPlayEntertainmentExplore EntertainmentExplore EntertainmentApple OneApple TV+Apple MusicApple ArcadeApple Fitness+Apple News+Apple PodcastsApple BooksApp StoreSupportApple TV+ SupportApple Music SupportAccessoriesShop AccessoriesShop All AccessoriesMaciPadiPhoneApple WatchApple Vision ProAirPodsTV & HomeExplore AccessoriesMade by AppleBeats by Dr. DreAirTagSupportExplore SupportiPhoneMaciPadWatchApple Vision ProAirPodsMusicTVExplore SupportGet HelpCommunityCheck CoverageRepairContact UsHelpful TopicsGet AppleCare+Apple ID & PasswordBilling & SubscriptionsFind MyAccessibility\nQuick Links\nFind a Store\nApple Vision Pro\nAirPods\nAirTag\nApple Trade In\n0+\niPhone 15 Pro\niPhone 15\niPhone 14\niPhone 13\niPhone SE\nCompare\nAirPods\nAirTag\nAccessories\nApple Card\niOS 17\nShop iPhone\nNow through June 3, get extra tradein credit toward a new iPhone when you trade in iPhone11 orhigher.Now through June 3, get extra tradein credit toward a new iPhone when you trade in iPhone11 orhigher.1\nShopiPhone\niPhone\nDesigned to be loved.\nGet to know iPhone.\nAdvanced Cameras\nSelfie-takers. Movie-makers. Boundary-breakers.\nAdvanced Cameras\nSelfie-takers.Movie-makers.Boundary-breakers.\nStunning made simple.\nThe advanced cameras in iPhone automatically capture phenomenal photos with great detail and color. Want more creative control? iPhone15Pro is packed with professional tools, like ProRAW.\nMake movies like the movies.\niPhone records in HDR, so whether you use Action mode to steady really shaky scenes as you shoot or capture artful depth effects with Cinematic mode in 4K every frame looks incredible.\nKeep on zoomin.\nWith a wide range of focal lengths, iPhone gives you exceptional framing flexibility from sharp close-ups to sweeping Ultra Wide shots that let you capture more of a scene without stepping back.\nApple-Designed Chips\nThe kind of fast you can feel.\nApple-Designed Chips\nThe kind of fast you can feel.\nGame-changing chips.\nExtremely smart and powerful, iPhone chips enhance everything you do. Take A17 Pro which delivers our most advanced graphics performance by far enabling games not seen before on any smartphone.\nBattery\nThe power of great battery life.\nBattery\nThe power of great battery life.\nLong-lasting battery life? 100%.\nOur hardware and software are designed to work together efficiently, so you can do more on a single charge like watching up to 29 hours of video on iPhone15ProMax.2\nMade for 5G.\niPhone + 5G = a superfast experience.3 And when you dont need all that speed, iPhone shifts into Smart Data mode to preserve battery life.\nPower. Fully. Fast.\nSnap on a MagSafe Charger.4 Or plug in a 20W USB-C Power Adapter. Our latest models also have USB-C, so you can charge your iPhone with the same cable as your Mac and iPad.5\nInnovation\nBeautiful and durable, by design.\nInnovation\nBeautiful and durable, bydesign.\nSecond to none.\niPhone is known for its iconic design and premium materials like iPhone15Pro, which is forged in titanium. On the brilliant display, Dynamic Island bubbles up important info so you dont miss a beat.\nLast phone standing.\niPhone has a Ceramic Shield front thats tougher than any smartphone glass. Little spill? No biggie iPhone also stands up to splashes from everyday liquids like water, coffee, and soda.6\nEase of use.\nWe design our hardware and software together for a totally seamless experience. Want to share your contact info? Hold your iPhone close to theirs. New AirPods? Its a simple one-tap setup. And regular iOS updates keep your iPhone feeling new.\nPersonalize Your iPhone\nMake it you. Through and through.\nPersonalize Your iPhone\nMake it you. Through and through.\nPhotos. Fonts. Styles. Widgets. Go!\nStyle your LockScreen in fun ways layer a photo, finesse your font, add widgets, and more. You can also create a Contact Poster your friends will see when you call.\niPhone for all.\nBuilt-in accessibility features help you do what you love in the ways that work best for you. For example, VoiceOver tells people who are blind or have low vision exactly whats happening on their screen.\nPeace of Mind\nHelpful safety features. Just in case.\nPeace of Mind\nHelpful safety features. Just in case.\nFor urgent help.\nUnique safety features allow iPhone to connect to satellite frequencies so you can text emergency services or get roadside assistance when you dont have cell service or Wi-Fi.7\nFor everyday reassurance.\nWith FindMy, you can securely share your location with friends and family. And in Messages, you can use Check In to automatically let someone know when youve reached your destination safely.\nPrivacy\nYour data. Just where you want it.\nPrivacy\nYour data. Justwhereyouwantit.\nSign in safely.\nPasskeys eliminate the need for passwords for an easier, more secure sign in method. With FaceID, you can sign in to apps. And AutoFill in Safari remembers user names and passwords for websites across your Apple devices.\nBrowse securely.\nPrivate Browsing in Safari locks browsing windows when theyre not being used, blocks known trackers from loading on pages, and removes tracking added to URLs as you browse.\nShare privately.\nAll messages sent with iMessage use end-to-end encryption between devices, so theyre only seen by those you send them to. And Mail Privacy Protection hides your IP address, so senders cant determine your location.\nPay the ApplePay way.\nWhen you make a purchase with ApplePay, your card numbers are never stored on your device or on Apple servers and theyre never shared by Apple with merchants, either.8\nEnvironment\nRecycle. Reuse.Repeat.\nEnvironment\nRecycle. Reuse.Repeat.\nInnovation in conservation.\nOur disassembly robots Daisy, Dave, and Taz recover crucial materials like gold, cobalt, tungsten, and rare earth elements from recycled iPhone devices, so they can be used to make new ones.\nMore recycled content? Naturally.\nWere significantly expanding the use of key recycled metals in iPhone batteries, magnets, and circuit boards. Case in point: Our latest models contain 100 percent recycled cobalt in their batteries.9\nAppleTradeIn.\nWhen youre ready to buy a new iPhone, you can trade in your current iPhone or Android device and apply any credit toward your purchase. If your device isnt eligible for credit, well recycle it for free.\nPlanet-worthy packaging.\nNow 99 percent of iPhone packaging is fiber based10 and made with 100 percent recycled or responsibly sourced wood fibers.11 And theres no plastic wrap around thebox.\nOn track to carbon neutral.\nOur stores, offices, and data centers are already carbon neutral. By 2030, our products and the impact from using them will be, too.\nExplore the lineup.\nCompare all models\niPhones\niPhone 15 Pro\nAvailable in Natural titanium, Blue titanium, White titanium, and Black titanium\nThe ultimate iPhone.\n*\nLearn more\nBuy\nA17 Pro chip with 6-core GPU\nPro camera system\nOur most advanced 48MP Main camera\n3x or 5x Telephoto camera\nUltra Wide camera\nUp to 29 hours video playback2\niPhone 15\nAvailable in Pink, Yellow, Green, Blue, and Black\nA total powerhouse.\n*\nLearn more\nBuy\nA16Bionic chip with 5-core GPU\nAdvanced dual-camera system\n48MP Main camera\n2x Telephoto\nUltra Wide camera\nUp to 26 hours video playback2\niPhone14\nAvailable in Blue, Purple, Yellow, Midnight, Starlight, and (PRODUCT)RED\nAs amazing as ever.\n*\nLearn more\nBuy\nA15Bionic chip with 5-core GPU\nDual-camera system\n12MP Main camera\n\nTelephoto camera not applicable\nUltra Wide camera\nUp to 26 hours video playback2\niPhone13\nAvailable in Green, Pink, Blue, Midnight, Starlight, and (PRODUCT)RED\nAll kinds of awesome.\n*\nLearn more\nBuy\nA15Bionic chip with 4-core GPU\nDual-camera system\n12MP Main camera\n\nTelephoto camera not applicable\nUltra Wide camera\nUp to 19 hours video playback2\niPhoneSE\nAvailable in Midnight, Starlight, and (PRODUCT)RED\nSerious power. Serious value.\n*\nLearn more\nBuy\nA15Bionic chip with 4-core GPU\nSingle-camera system\n12MP Main camera\n\nTelephoto camera not applicable\n\nUltra Wide camera not applicable\nUp to 15 hours video playback2\nTake a closer look atour latest models.\nA Guided Tour of iPhone15 & iPhone15Pro\nWatch the film\nWhy Apple is the bestplace to buy iPhone.\nShop iPhone\nDont miss out on extra tradein credit.\nGet extra tradein credit toward a new iPhone when you trade in iPhone11 orhigher.1 Offer ends June3.\nAppleTradeIn\nTrade in your eligible device forcredit.\nSelect a new product and add a tradein. Once its received and verified, well credit your payment method. Or, choose AppleCard Monthly Installments and well apply the credit instantly. Termsapply.\nLearn more about Apple Trade In\nPay over time, interestfree.\nWhen you choose to check out with AppleCard Monthly Installments.12\nAppleCard Monthly Installments\nPay monthly and enjoy 3% Daily Cash back.\nPay for your new iPhone over time, interestfree when you choose to check out with AppleCard Monthly Installments.12 And get 3% Daily Cash back up front. Terms apply.\nLearn more about Apple Card Monthly Installments\niPhone carrier deals. Right here at Apple. For as low as$0.\nIncludes tradein and carrier credits. AT&T: up to $700. TMobile: up to $800. Verizon: up to $830.13\nGet flexible delivery and easypickup.\nChoose twohour delivery from an AppleStore, free delivery, or easy pickupoptions.\nDelivery & Pickup\nFlexible delivery and pickup options.\nGet your new Apple products quickly and easily with 2hour delivery from an AppleStore, free nextday delivery, or convenient Apple pickupoptions.\nLearn more, delivery and pickup options\nShop live with a Specialist.\nLet us guide you live over video and answer all of your questions.\nGuided video shopping\nShop live with aSpecialist.\nWe can help you choose the product you need while guiding you through the online AppleStore. Available 7 a.m.7 p.m. PT\nShop together with a Specialist\nOther ways to shop with a Specialist\nChat with usonline\nSign with us online(ASL)\nSupported by SignTime\nAvailable 5 a.m.9 p.m.PT\nCall us at 1-800-MY-APPLE\nAvailable 5 a.m.9 p.m.PT\nReserve an instore shoppingsession\nGet to know your newiPhone.\nLearn how to get the most out of your new iPhone with a free oneonone PersonalSession.\nOnline Personal Session\nGet to know your newiPhone.\nWhether youre new to your Apple device or need a refresher on the latest features, schedule a free oneonone session with a Specialist to set up your iPhone and get it ready to use. We can show you how to get more from the products you love and even share our favorite tips.\nLearn more about your new iPhone\nExplore a shopping experience designed aroundyou.\nWhen you shop in the AppleStoreapp.\nAppleStore App\nShop in the AppleStore app, tailored specifically foryou.\nGet personalized product recommendations, compare models, find flexible payment options, track your orders, and more.\nScan the QR code to get started.\nDownload the AppleStore app\nAppleTradeIn\nDont miss out on extra tradein credit.\nGet extra tradein credit toward a new iPhone when you trade in iPhone11 orhigher.1 Offer ends June3.\nAppleTradeIn\nTrade in your eligible device forcredit.\nSelect a new product and add a tradein. Once its received and verified, well credit your payment method. Or, choose AppleCard Monthly Installments and well apply the credit instantly. Termsapply.\nLearn more about Apple Trade In\nAppleCard\nPay over time, interestfree.\nWhen you choose to check out with AppleCard Monthly Installments.12\nAppleCard Monthly Installments\nPay monthly and enjoy 3% Daily Cash back.\nPay for your new iPhone over time, interestfree when you choose to check out with AppleCard Monthly Installments.12 And get 3% Daily Cash back up front. Terms apply.\nLearn more about Apple Card Monthly Installments\nCarrier Deals\niPhone carrier deals. Right here at Apple. For as low as$0.\nIncludes tradein and carrier credits. AT&T: up to $700. TMobile: up to $800. Verizon: up to $830.13\nApple Delivery and Pickup\nGet flexible delivery and easypickup.\nChoose twohour delivery from an AppleStore, free delivery, or easy pickupoptions.\nDelivery & Pickup\nFlexible delivery and pickup options.\nGet your new Apple products quickly and easily with 2hour delivery from an AppleStore, free nextday delivery, or convenient Apple pickupoptions.\nLearn more, delivery and pickup options\nSupport\nShop live with a Specialist.\nLet us guide you live over video and answer all of your questions.\nGuided video shopping\nShop live with aSpecialist.\nWe can help you choose the product you need while guiding you through the online AppleStore. Available 7 a.m.7 p.m. PT\nShop together with a Specialist\nOther ways to shop with a Specialist\nChat with usonline\nSign with us online(ASL)\nSupported by SignTime\nAvailable 5 a.m.9 p.m.PT\nCall us at 1-800-MY-APPLE\nAvailable 5 a.m.9 p.m.PT\nReserve an instore shoppingsession\nOnline Personal Session\nGet to know your newiPhone.\nLearn how to get the most out of your new iPhone with a free oneonone PersonalSession.\nOnline Personal Session\nGet to know your newiPhone.\nWhether youre new to your Apple device or need a refresher on the latest features, schedule a free oneonone session with a Specialist to set up your iPhone and get it ready to use. We can show you how to get more from the products you love and even share our favorite tips.\nLearn more about your new iPhone\nAppleStore app\nExplore a shopping experience designed aroundyou.\nWhen you shop in the AppleStoreapp.\nAppleStore App\nShop in the AppleStore app, tailored specifically foryou.\nGet personalized product recommendations, compare models, find flexible payment options, track your orders, and more.\nScan the QR code to get started.\nDownload the AppleStore app\nAppleTradeIn\nDont miss out on extra tradein credit.\nGet extra tradein credit toward a new iPhone when you trade in iPhone11 orhigher.1 Offer ends June3.\nAppleTradeIn\nTrade in your eligible device forcredit.\nSelect a new product and add a tradein. Once its received and verified, well credit your payment method. Or, choose AppleCard Monthly Installments and well apply the credit instantly. Termsapply.\nLearn more about Apple Trade In\nAppleCard\nPay over time, interestfree.\nWhen you choose to check out with AppleCard Monthly Installments.12\nAppleCard Monthly Installments\nPay monthly and enjoy 3% Daily Cash back.\nPay for your new iPhone over time, interestfree when you choose to check out with AppleCard Monthly Installments.12 And get 3% Daily Cash back up front. Terms apply.\nLearn more about Apple Card Monthly Installments\nCarrier Deals\niPhone carrier deals. Right here at Apple. For as low as$0.\nIncludes tradein and carrier credits. AT&T: up to $700. TMobile: up to $800. Verizon: up to $830.13\nApple Delivery and Pickup\nGet flexible delivery and easypickup.\nChoose twohour delivery from an AppleStore, free delivery, or easy pickupoptions.\nDelivery & Pickup\nFlexible delivery and pickup options.\nGet your new Apple products quickly and easily with 2hour delivery from an AppleStore, free nextday delivery, or convenient Apple pickupoptions.\nLearn more, delivery and pickup options\nSupport\nShop live with a Specialist.\nLet us guide you live over video and answer all of your questions.\nGuided video shopping\nShop live with aSpecialist.\nWe can help you choose the product you need while guiding you through the online AppleStore. Available 7 a.m.7 p.m. PT\nShop together with a Specialist\nOther ways to shop with a Specialist\nChat with usonline\nSign with us online(ASL)\nSupported by SignTime\nAvailable 5 a.m.9 p.m.PT\nCall us at 1-800-MY-APPLE\nAvailable 5 a.m.9 p.m.PT\nReserve an instore shoppingsession\nOnline Personal Session\nGet to know your newiPhone.\nLearn how to get the most out of your new iPhone with a free oneonone PersonalSession.\nOnline Personal Session\nGet to know your newiPhone.\nWhether youre new to your Apple device or need a refresher on the latest features, schedule a free oneonone session with a Specialist to set up your iPhone and get it ready to use. We can show you how to get more from the products you love and even share our favorite tips.\nLearn more about your new iPhone\nAppleStore app\nExplore a shopping experience designed aroundyou.\nWhen you shop in the AppleStoreapp.\nAppleStore App\nShop in the AppleStore app, tailored specifically foryou.\nGet personalized product recommendations, compare models, find flexible payment options, track your orders, and more.\nScan the QR code to get started.\nDownload the AppleStore app\niPhone essentials.\nAll iPhone accessories\nMagSafe\nSnap on a magnetic case, wallet, or both. And get fast, efficient wireless charging.\nShop MagSafe accessories\nAirTag\nAttach one to your keys. Put another in your backpack. If theyre misplaced, just use the FindMy app.\nBuy\nSignificant others.\niPhone and Mac\nYou can answer calls or messages from your iPhone directly on your Mac. Copy images, video, or text from your iPhone, then paste into another app on your nearby Mac. And with iCloud, you can access your favorite files from either your iPhone or Mac.\niPhone and AppleWatch\nMisplaced your iPhone? The latest AppleWatch models can show you its approximate distance and direction.14 To set up a group photo on your iPhone, join the group and use AppleWatch as a viewfinder to snap the shot. And, when you take a call on your AppleWatch, just tap your iPhone to continue the conversation there.\niPhone and AirPods\nSet up AirPods on iPhone with just a tap. Youll love Adaptive Audio, which automatically tailors the noise control to provide the best listening experience across different environments and interactions throughout the day.\niPhone\nExplore iPhone\nExplore All iPhone\niPhone15Pro\niPhone15\niPhone14\niPhone13\niPhoneSE\nCompare iPhone\nSwitch from Android\nShop iPhone\nShop iPhone\niPhone Accessories\nAppleTradeIn\nCarrier Deals at Apple\nFinancing\nGo Further\niPhone Support\nAppleCare+ for iPhone\niOS17\nApps by Apple\niPhone Privacy\niCloud+\nWallet, Pay, Card\nSiri\nApple Footer\n* Pricing for iPhone15 and iPhone15Plus includes a $30 connectivity discount that requires activation with AT&T, TMobile, or Verizon. Pricing shown for iPhone14, iPhone14Plus, and iPhone13 includes a $30 connectivity discount for Verizon and TMobile customers that requires activation and would otherwise be $30 higher for all other customers. Available to qualified customers and requires 24month installment loan when you select Citizens One or AppleCard Monthly Installments (ACMI) as payment type at checkout at Apple. Youll need to select AT&T, TMobile, or Verizon as your carrier when you check out. An iPhone purchased with ACMI is always unlocked, so you can switch carriers at any time. Subject to credit approval and credit limit. Taxes and shipping are not included in ACMI and are subject to your cards variable APR. Additional AppleCard Monthly Installments terms are in the AppleCard Customer Agreement. Additional iPhone Payments terms are here. ACMI is not available for purchases made online at special storefronts. The last months payment for each product will be the products purchase price, less all other payments at the monthly payment amount. ACMI financing is subject to change at any time for any reason, including but not limited to, installment term lengths and eligible products. See support.apple.com/kb/HT211204 for information about upcoming changes to ACMI financing.\nGet extra trade-in credit when you trade in an eligible iPhone and purchase a new eligible Apple device through June3, 2024. Additional terms from Apple or Apples trade-in partners may apply.\nAll battery claims depend on network configuration and many other factors; actual results will vary. Battery has limited recharge cycles and may eventually need to be replaced. Battery life and charge cycles vary by use and settings. See apple.com/batteries and apple.com/iphone/battery.html for more information.\nData plan required. 5G is available in select markets and through select carriers. Speeds vary based on site conditions and carrier. For details on 5G support, contact your carrier and see apple.com/iphone/cellular.\nAccessories sold separately.\nThe included USB-C Charge Cable is compatible with AirPodsPro (2nd generation) with MagSafe Charging Case (USB-C).\niPhone15, iPhone15Plus, iPhone15Pro, and iPhone15ProMax are splash, water, and dust resistant and were tested under controlled laboratory conditions with a rating of IP68 under IEC standard 60529 (maximum depth of 6 meters up to 30 minutes). Splash, water, and dust resistance are not permanent conditions. Resistance might decrease as a result of normal wear. Do not attempt to charge a wet iPhone; refer to the user guide for cleaning and drying instructions. Liquid damage not covered under warranty.\nRoadside Assistance and Emergency SOS via satellite are included for free for two years with the activation of any iPhone 15 model. Connection and response times vary based on location, site conditions, and other factors. See support.apple.com/kb/HT213885 for more information.\nTo use ApplePay, you need a supported card from a participating card issuer. To check if your card is compatible with ApplePay, contact your card issuer.\nApplePay is not available in all markets. View ApplePay countries and regions.\nOn a mass balance allocation.\nBreakdown of U.S. retail packaging by weight. Adhesives, inks, and coatings are excluded from our calculations of plastic content and packaging weight.\nResponsible sourcing of wood fiber is defined in Apples Responsible Fiber Specification. We consider wood fibers to include bamboo.\nAppleCard Monthly Installments (ACMI) is a 0% APR payment option that is only available if you select it at checkout in the U.S. for eligible products purchased at AppleStore locations, apple.com, the AppleStore app, or by calling 1800MYAPPLE, and is subject to credit approval and credit limit. See support.apple.com/kb/HT211204 for more information about eligible products. APR ranges may vary based on when you accepted an AppleCard. Cardholders who accept an AppleCard on and/or after February 1, 2024: Variable APRs for AppleCard, other than ACMI, range from 19.24% to 29.49% based on creditworthiness. Rates as of February 1, 2024. Existing cardholders: See your Customer Agreement for applicable rates and fee. If you buy an ACMI eligible product by choosing to pay in full with AppleCard (instead of using ACMI), that purchase is subject to the AppleCard variable APR, not 0% APR. Taxes and shipping on ACMI purchases are subject to the variable APR, not 0% APR. When you buy an iPhone with ACMI, youll need to select AT&T, TMobile, or Verizon as your carrier when you check out. An iPhone purchased with ACMI is always unlocked, so you can switch carriers at any time. ACMI is not available for purchases made online at the following special stores: Apple Employee Purchase Plan; participating corporate Employee Purchase Programs; Apple at Work for small businesses; Government, and Veterans and Military Purchase Programs, or on refurbished devices. The last months payment for each product will be the products purchase price, less all other payments at the monthly payment amount. ACMI financing is subject to change at any time for any reason, including but not limited to, installment term lengths and eligible products. See support.apple.com/kb/HT211204 for information about upcoming changes to ACMI financing. See the AppleCard Customer Agreement for more information about ACMIfinancing.\nTo access and use all AppleCard features and products available only to AppleCard users, you must add AppleCard to Wallet on an iPhone or iPad that supports and has the latest version of iOS or iPadOS. AppleCard is subject to credit approval, available only for qualifying applicants in the United States, and issued by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch.\nIf you reside in the U.S. territories, please call Goldman Sachs at 877-255-5923 with questions about AppleCard.\nAT&T iPhone15 Special Deal: Monthly price reflects net monthly payment, after application of AT&T tradein credit applied over 36 months with purchase of an iPhone15Pro, iPhone15ProMax, iPhone15, or iPhone15Plus and tradein of eligible smartphone. Receive credit with purchase of an iPhone15Pro or iPhone15ProMax of either $1000, $700, or $350 (based upon the model and condition of your tradein smartphone). Receive credit with purchase of an iPhone15 or iPhone15Plus of either $700 or $350 (based upon the model and condition of your tradein smartphone). Max bill credits will not exceed the cost of the device. Requires upgrade of an existing line or activation of a new line and purchase of a new iPhone15Pro, iPhone15ProMax, iPhone15, or iPhone15Plus on qualifying 36 month 0% APR installment plan, subject to carrier credit qualification. AT&T Installment Plan with Next Up is not eligible for this promotion. $0 down for well qualified customers only, or down payment may be required and depends on a variety of factors. Tax on full retail price due at sale. Requires activation on eligible unlimited plan. If you cancel eligible wireless service, credits will stop and you will owe the remaining device balance. Activation/Upgrade Fee: $35. Trade in device may not be on existing installment plan. Bill credits are applied as a monthly credit over the 36 month installment plan. Credits start within 3 bills. Will receive catchup credits once credits start. Wireless line must be on an installment agreement, active, and in good standing for 30 days to qualify. Installment agreement starts when device is shipped. To get all credits, device must remain on agreement for entire term and you must keep eligible service on device for entire installment term. Limited time offer; subject to change. Limits: one tradein per qualifying purchase and one credit per line. May not be combinable with other offers, discounts, or credits. Purchase, financing, other limits, and restrictions apply. Price for iPhone15 and iPhone15Plus includes $30 AT&T connectivity discount. Activationrequired.\nTMobile iPhone15 Special Deal: Monthly price reflects net monthly payment, after application of TMobile tradein credit applied over 24 months with purchase of an iPhone15Pro, iPhone15ProMax, iPhone15, or iPhone15Plus and tradein of eligible smartphone. Receive credit with purchase of an iPhone15, iPhone15Plus, iPhone15Pro, or iPhone15ProMax of $800 or $400 for customers on a Go5G Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your tradein smartphone); or $300 or $150 for customers on a Go5G, TMO ONE, TMO ONE Plus, Magenta, Magenta MAX, or Magenta Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your tradein smartphone). Max bill credits will not exceed the cost of the device. Credit comprised of (i) Apple instant tradein credit at checkout and (ii) TMobile monthly bill credits applied over 24 months. Allow 2 bill cycles from valid submission and validation of tradein. Tax on precredit price due at sale. Limitedtime offer; subject to change. Qualifying credit, data plan, and tradein in good condition required. Max 4 promotional offers on any iPhone per account. May not be combinable with some offers or discounts. Price for iPhone15 and iPhone15Plus includes $30 TMobile connectivity discount. Activation required. Contact TMobile before cancelling service to continue remaining bill credits on current device, or credits stop & balance on required finance agreement isdue.\nVerizon iPhone15 Special Deal: Monthly price reflects net monthly payment, after application of Verizon tradein credit applied over 36 months with purchase of an iPhone15Pro, iPhone15ProMax, iPhone15, or iPhone15Plus. Receive credit with purchase of an iPhone15, iPhone15Plus, iPhone15Pro, or iPhone15ProMax of $830 or $415 for customers on an Unlimited Ultimate, One Unlimited, or 5G Get More plan (based upon the model and condition of your tradein smartphone); or $415 or $200 for customers on an Unlimited Plus, 5G Do More, or 5G Play More plan (based upon the model and condition of your tradein smartphone). Max bill credits will not exceed the cost of the device. Must be an existing Verizon customer. Credit comprised of (i) Apple instant tradein credit at checkout and (ii) Verizon monthly bill credits applied over 36 months. Customer must remain in the Verizon Device Payment Program for 36 months to receive the full benefit of the Verizon bill credits. Bill credits may take 12 bill cycles to appear. If it takes two cycles for bill credits to appear, youll see the credit for the first cycle on your second bill in addition to that months credit. Requires purchase and activation of a new iPhone15Pro, iPhone15ProMax, iPhone15, or iPhone15Plus with the Verizon Device Payment Program at 0% APR for 36 months, subject to carrier credit qualification, and iPhone availability and limits. Taxes and shipping not included in monthly price. Sales tax may be assessed on full value of new iPhone. Requires eligible unlimited service plan. Requires tradein of eligible device in eligible condition. Must be at least 18 to tradein. Apple or its tradein partners reserve the right to refuse or limit any tradein transaction for any reason. Instore tradein requires presentation of a valid, governmentissued photo ID (local law may require saving this information). Instore promotion availability subject to local law; speak to a Specialist to learn more. Limitedtime offer; subject to change. Additional terms from Apple, Verizon, and Apples tradein partners may apply. Price for iPhone15 and iPhone15Plus includes $30 Verizon connectivity discount. Activationrequired.\nAT&T iPhone14 Special Deal: Buy an iPhone14 128GB and get $514.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Buy an iPhone14 256GB and get $434.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Buy an iPhone14 512GB and get $454.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Requires upgrade of an existing line (or activation of a new line) and purchase on qualifying 36month 0% APR installment plan, subject to carrier credit qualification. $0 down for wellqualified customers only, or down payment may be required and depends on a variety of factors. Tax on full retail price due at sale. If you cancel eligible wireless service, credits will stop and you will owe the remaining device balance. Activation/Upgrade Fee: $35. Bill credits are applied as a monthly credit over the 36month installment plan. Credits start within 3 bills. Will receive catchup credits once credits start. Wireless line must be on an installment agreement, active, and in good standing for 30 days to qualify. Installment agreement starts when device is shipped. To get all credits, device must remain on agreement for entire term and you must keep eligible service on device for entire installment term. Limitedtime offer; subject to change. Limits: one credit per line. May not be combinable with other offers, discounts, or credits. Purchase, financing, other limits, and restrictions apply. Activationrequired.\nTMobile iPhone14 Special Deal: Monthly price reflects net monthly payment, after application of TMobile tradein credit applied over 24 months with purchase of an iPhone14 or iPhone14Plus and tradein of eligible smartphone. Receive credit with purchase of an iPhone14 or iPhone14Plus of $800 or $400 on a Go5G Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your tradein smartphone); or $300 or $150 for customers on a Go5G, TMO ONE, TMO ONE Plus, Magenta, Magenta MAX, or Magenta Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your tradein smartphone). Max bill credits will not exceed the cost of the device. Credit comprised of (i) Apple connectivity tradein credit at checkout and (ii) TMobile monthly bill credits applied over 24 months. Allow 2 bill cycles from valid submission and validation of trade in. Tax on precredit price due at sale. Limitedtime offer; subject to change. Qualifying credit, data plan, and tradein in good condition required. Max 4 promotional offers on any iPhone per account. May not be combinable with some offers or discounts. Price for iPhone14 and iPhone14Plus includes $30 TMobile connectivity discount. Activation required. Contact TMobile before cancelling service to continue remaining bill credits on current device, or credits stop & balance on required finance agreement isdue.\nAT&T iPhoneSE3 Special Deal: Buy an iPhoneSE64GB and get $358.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Buy an iPhoneSE128GB and get $264.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Buy an iPhoneSE256GB and get $184.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Requires upgrade of an existing line (or activation of a new line) and purchase on qualifying 36month 0% APR installment plan, subject to carrier credit qualification. $0 down for wellqualified customers only, or down payment may be required and depends on a variety of factors. Tax on full retail price due at sale. If you cancel eligible wireless service, credits will stop and you will owe the remaining device balance. Activation/Upgrade Fee: $35. Bill credits are applied as a monthly credit over the 36month installment plan. Credits start within 3 bills. Will receive catchup credits once credits start. Wireless line must be on an installment agreement, active, and in good standing for 30 days to qualify. Installment agreement starts when device is shipped. To get all credits, device must remain on agreement for entire term and you must keep eligible service on device for entire installment term. Limitedtime offer; subject to change. Limits: one credit per line. May not be combinable with other offers, discounts, or credits. Purchase, financing, other limits, and restrictions apply. Activationrequired.\nTMobile iPhoneSE3 Special Deal: Monthly price reflects net monthly payment, after application of TMobile tradein credit applied over 24 months with purchase of an iPhoneSE3 and tradein of eligible smartphone. Receive credit with purchase of an iPhoneSE3 of $579 or $400 on a Go5G Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your tradein smartphone); or $300 or $150 for customers on a Go5G, TMO ONE, TMO ONE Plus, Magenta, Magenta MAX, or Magenta Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your tradein smartphone). Max bill credits will not exceed the cost of the device. Credit comprised of (i) Apple connectivity tradein credit at checkout and (ii) TMobile monthly bill credits applied over 24 months. Allow 2 bill cycles from valid submission and validation of trade in. Tax on precredit price due at sale. Limitedtime offer; subject to change. Qualifying credit, data plan, and tradein in good condition required. Max 4 promotional offers on any iPhone per account. May not be combinable with some offers or discounts. Activation required. Contact TMobile before cancelling service to continue remaining bill credits on current device, or credits stop & balance on required finance agreement isdue.\nRequires an iPhone and AppleWatch with second-generation Ultra Wideband chip. Ultra Wideband availability varies by region.\nFeatures are subject to change. Some features, applications, and services may not be available in all regions or all languages.\nSome features require specific hardware and software. For more information, see Feature Availability.\n 2024 Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. / KOJIMA PRODUCTIONS Co., Ltd. / HIDEO KOJIMA. 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And get faster wirelesscharging.\nAirTag\nAttach one to your keys. Slip another in your backpack. Then easily keep track of them in the FindMy app.\nLearn more\nAirPods\nMagic runs in the family.\nLearn more\nWhat makes an iPhone an iPhone?\niOS15\nIn touch. In the moment.\nLearn moreabout iOS 15\nSwitching to iPhone is super simple.\nLearn more\nPrivacy\nWhat you share should be up to you.\nLearn more\nGet more out of youriPhone.\nApple One\nBundle up to four Appleservices. And enjoy more for less.\nTry it free4\nLearn more\nApple TV Plus\nGet 3 months of AppleTV+ freewhen you buy an iPhone.5\nTry it free\nLearn moreabout Apple TV Plus\nAppleArcade\nGet 3 months of AppleArcade free when you buy an iPhone.\nTry it free6\nLearn more\nAppleMusic\nOver 75 million songs. Start listening forfreetoday.\nTry it free7\nLearn more\nApple Footer\nThe display has rounded corners that follow a beautiful curved design, and these corners are within a standard rectangle. When measured as a standard rectangular shape, the screen is 5.42inches (iPhone13 mini), 6.06inches (iPhone13, iPhone13Pro), 6.68 inches (iPhone13ProMax), 5.42inches (iPhone12 mini), or 6.06 inches (iPhone12, iPhone11) diagonally. Actual viewable area isless.\nData plan required. 5G, Gigabit LTE, VoLTE, and Wi-Fi calling are available in select markets and through select carriers. Speeds are based on theoretical throughput and vary based on site conditions and carrier. For details on 5G and LTE support, contact your carrier and see apple.com/by/iphone/cellular.\nAll battery claims depend on the cellular network, location, signal strength, feature configuration, usage, and many other factors; actual results will vary. Battery has limited recharge cycles and may eventually need to be replaced. Battery life and charge cycles vary by use and settings. Battery tests are conducted using specific iPhone units. Seeapple.com/by/batteriesandapple.com/by/iphone/battery.htmlfor more information.\nThe Apple One free trial includes only services that you are not currently using through a free trial or a subscription. Plan automatically renews after trial until cancelled. Restrictions and other terms apply.\n$5.99/month after free trial. One offer per Family Sharing group. Offer good for 3 months after eligible device activation. Plan automatically renews until cancelled. Restrictions and other terms apply.\n$5.99/month after free trial. One offer per Family Sharing group. Offer good for 3 months after eligible device activation. Plan automatically renews until cancelled. Restrictions and other terms apply.\n$5.99/month after freetrial. Nocommitment. Plan automatically renews after trial until cancelled.\nText contained in the Billie Eilish, The Englishman at the Moulin Rouge, Lavender, Golden Retriever and Muscari Wikipedia entries is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a nonprofitorganization.\nSome features may not be available for all countries or all areas. View complete list.\n\nApple\niPhone\nExplore\nOpen Menu\nClose Menu\nMac\niPad\niPhone\nWatch\nAirPods\nTV & Home\nAirTag\nServices\nOpen Menu\nClose Menu\nAppleMusic\nAppleTV+\nAppleArcade\niCloud\nAppleOne\nAppleBooks\nApple Podcasts\nAppStore\nAccount\nOpen Menu\nClose Menu\nManage Your AppleID\niCloud.com\nFor Business\nOpen Menu\nClose Menu\nApple and Business\nApple Values\nOpen Menu\nClose Menu\nAccessibility\nEnvironment\nPrivacy\nAbout Apple\nOpen Menu\nClose Menu\nCareer Opportunities\nInvestors\nEthics & Compliance\nEvents\nFind a retailer near you.\nBelarus\nCopyright \n2024\nApple Inc. All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nLegal\nSite Map\nUpgrade to start your free trial.\nGet the latest iOS\nGet the latest iPadOS\nGet the latest macOS\nGet the latest tvOS", "url": "https://www.apple.com/by/iphone/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Apple iPhone 11 Prepaid | Price, Specs, & Deals | Metro by T-Mobile\nSkip to main content Skip to footer PayLog in Plans Cell phone plansTablet & device plansHome internet plansAdd OnsHeritage Plans Phones & devices Cell phones5G phonesTablets & devicesBring your own phoneDevice trade-inActivate Deals See all dealsAppleSamsungMotorolaREVVLFree Phones Coverage 5G & 4G coverage mapCompare coverageExplore 5G network Why Metro Nada yada yadaMetro FlexBenefitsMetro blogFind a store Help 1-888-8metro8SupportContact usLearn about eSIMOrder tracking & activationOrder supportCart Search Easy pay My account Log in Enroll in AutoPay View account history Add a New Line\nPhonesAppleiPhone 11\nApple iPhone 11\nRating: 4.3 out of 5 stars.Total reviews count is: (1875) Navigate to reviews\nCOLOR : Black Black\nMEMORY 64GB\nIn stock, estimated ship date: May 29 - June 3\nNew CustomerExisting CustomerNew NumberReceive a new local number from us.Discounted price : $269.99 Original Price : $499.99 Bring your numberSave more when you transfer your existing phone number to us.Discounted price : $0.00 Original price : $499.99 With a Metro Flex Plus plan. -$499.99 Enter the number you'd like to keepPhone number *Note:Your number wont be transferred over until after your new device is activatedCheck this number Due today $0.00 + est. tax plus estimated tax\n$25 activation fee per line may be requiredin store. Not all phones or features available on all service plans. Rates, services, coverage, and features subject to change and not available everywhere. Device selection and availability may vary. Screen images simulated and subject to change. Metro features and services for personal use only. Service may be slowed, suspended, terminated, or restricted for misuse, abnormal use, interference with our network or ability to provide quality service to other users, or significant roaming. See store ormetrobyt-mobile.comfor details, coverage maps, restrictions, andTerms and Conditions of Service (including arbitration provision). Metro, MetroPCS, and other words, slogans, designs, and devices are registered or unregistered trademarks of TMobile USA, Inc. All other brands, product names, company names, trademarks, service marks, and other intellectual property are the properties of their respective owners. 2022 TMobile USA, Inc.\nFollow Metro by T-Mobile EnglishEspaolAboutAbout Why Metro? Metro by T-Mobile careers Become a dealer Investor relationsSupportSupport Activate Learn about eSIM Return Policy Frequently Asked Questions Affordable Connectivity Program Keeping Customers SafeLegalLegal Terms & conditions Consumer protection Accessibility Open Internet Wireless emergency alerts About Investor relations Press Careers Deutsche Telekom Puerto Rico Privacy Notice Interest-based ads Privacy Center Consumer information Public safety/911 Terms & conditions Terms of use Accessibility Open Internet Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Consumer Health Data Privacy Policy T-Mobile, the T logo, Magenta and the magenta color are registered trademarks of Deutsche Telekom AG. 2024 TMobile USA, Inc.\nPage Change: Apple iPhone 11 Prepaid | Price, Specs, & Deals | Metro by T-Mobile", "url": "https://www.metrobyt-mobile.com/cell-phone/apple-iphone-11" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "iPhone 11 - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\n2Design\n3Specifications\nToggle Specifications subsection\n3.1Hardware\n3.1.1Display\n3.1.2Battery\n3.1.3Camera\n3.2Software\n4Reception\n5Controversy\nToggle Controversy subsection\n5.1Removal of the power adapter and EarPods\n6See also\n7References\n8External links\nToggle the table of contents\niPhone 11\n38 languages\nBosanskiCataletinaDeutschEestiEspaolFranaisHrvatskiBahasa IndonesiaItalianoKurdNederlandsNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskOzbekcha / PolskiPortugusSimple EnglishSloveninaSuomiSvenskaTrkeVnetoTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n13th-generation smartphone produced by Apple Inc.\niPhone 11iPhone 11 in WhiteBrandApple Inc.Manufacturer\nFoxconn (on contract)\nSloganJust the right amount of everything.Generation13thCompatible networks2G / 3G / 4G LTEFirst releasedSeptember20,2019(2019-09-20)Availability by region\nSeptember 20, 2019\nAustralia\nAustria\nBelgium\nCanada\nChina, Mainland\nCzech Republic\nDenmark\nFinland\nFrance\nGermany\nHong Kong\nIreland\nItaly\nJapan\nMexico\nNetherlands\nNew Zealand\nNorway\nPoland\nPortugal\nRussia\nSaudi Arabia\nSomalia\nSingapore\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTaiwan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nSeptember 26, 2019\nIsrael\nSeptember 27, 2019\nAlbania\nArmenia\nBahrain\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCyprus\nEstonia\nGeorgia\nHungary\nIceland\nIndia\nKuwait\nLatvia\nLiechtenstein\nLuxembourg\nMalaysia\nMalta\nMonaco\nMorocco\nOman\nQatar\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nRomania\nSouth Africa\nOctober 18, 2019\nBrazil\nThailand\nTurkey\nOctober 25, 2019\nPhilippines\nMontenegro\nSouth Korea\nOctober 26, 2019\nEgypt\nNovember 1, 2019\nVietnam\nDecember 6, 2019\nIndonesia\nDiscontinuedSeptember7, 2022; 20 months ago(2022-09-07)PredecessoriPhone XRSuccessoriPhone 12 / iPhone 12 MiniRelatediPhone 11 Pro / iPhone 11 Pro MaxTypeSmartphoneForm factorSlateDimensionsH:150.9mm (5.94in)W:75.7mm (2.98in)D:8.3mm (0.33in)Mass194g (6.8oz)Operating systemOriginal: iOS 13Current: iOS 17.5.1, released May 20, 2024[1]System-on-chipA13 BionicCPUHexa-core (2 high power Lightning cores at 2.66 GHz + 4 low power Thunder cores at 1.82 GHz)[2][3][4]GPUApple-designed 4 core, up to 690 GFLOPS[5]ModemDual SIM with eSIMIntel[6] Gigabit-Class LTE, up to 30 LTE bandsMemory4 GB LPDDR4X RAMStorage64, 128 or 256GB(256GB model discontinued since September14,2021(2021-09-14))Battery3.83 V 11.91 Wh (3110 mAh) Li-ion[7]ChargingFast charging, Qi wireless chargingDisplay6.1 inch (155mm) diagonal Liquid Retina: LED-backlit IPS LCD, 1792828 px (326 ppi)625cd/m2 max. brightness (typical), with dual-ion exchange-strengthened glass and Haptic Touch.SoundSpatial Audio, Dolby AtmosRear camera12 MP (1.4 m) (1/2.55), quad-LED flash, /1.8 aperture, Optical image stabilization (Wide-angle only) quad-LED flash, autofocus, IR filter, Burst mode, Fiveelement lens (Ultra Wide);[8] sixelement lens (Wide),[8] 4K video recording at 24, 30 or 60 FPS or 1080p at 30 or 60 FPS, Slow-motion video (1080p at 120 FPS or 240 FPS), Time-lapse with stabilization, Panorama (up to 63 megapixels), Portrait Mode, Portrait Lighting, Face detection, Digital image stabilization, Optical image stabilization, Stereo audio recording, Night ModeFront camera12 MP, f/2.2 aperture, burst mode, exposure control, face detection, auto-HDR, auto image stabilization, Retina flash, 4K video recording at 24, 30 or 60 FPS or 1080p HD at 30 or 60 FPS, Slow-motion video (1080p at 120 FPS)\nPortrait Mode, Portrait Lighting and AnimojiConnectivityWi-Fi 6 (802.11ax), Bluetooth 5.0, Ultra-wideband (UWB)Water resistanceIP68, up to 2m (6.6ft) for 30 minutesOtherFaceTime audio- or video-calling, USB-C to LightningWebsiteiPhone 11 at the Wayback Machine (archived October 9, 2020)\nThis article is part of a series on theiPhone\n1st\n3G\n3GS\n4\n4s\n5\n5c\n5s\n6 / 6 Plus\n6s / 6s Plus\n7 / 7 Plus\n8 / 8 Plus\nX\nXR\nXS / XS Max\n11\n11 Pro / 11 Pro Max\n12 / 12 Mini\n12 Pro / 12 Pro Max\n13 / 13 Mini\n13 Pro / 13 Pro Max\n14 / 14 Plus\n14 Pro / 14 Pro Max\n15 / 15 Plus\n15 Pro / 15 Pro Max\nSE\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nList of iPhone models\nTelephones portal\nThe iPhone 11 is a smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the thirteenth generation of iPhone, succeeding the iPhone XR, and was unveiled on September 10, 2019, alongside the higher-end iPhone 11 Pro at the Steve Jobs Theater in Apple Park, Cupertino, by Apple CEO Tim Cook. Preorders began on September 13, 2019, and the phone was officially released on September 20, 2019, one day after the official public release of iOS 13.\nDespite minimal exterior changes from the preceding iPhone XR, substantial design changes within the phone took place, including the addition of the more powerful Apple A13 Bionic chip as well as an ultra-wide dual-camera system.[9] In October 2020, Apple halted the inclusion of both Apple EarPods and the wall adapter, citing environmental goals.[10][11]\nAs of March2022[update], the iPhone 11 has sold 159.2 million units worldwide, making it the tenth best-selling smartphone of all time.[12][13]\nThe iPhone 11 as well as the iPhone 12 mini and iPhone 13 Pro with its Max variant were discontinued and removed from Apple's website after the announcement of the iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Pro on September 7, 2022.\nHistory[edit]\nDetails regarding the smartphone were widely leaked before the official release; complete specifications and renderings of the phone were widely publicized. Among the most significant changes were improvements in the cameras and the continuation of the 'notch' design around the frontal camera which dipped down into the screen, a feature started by the iPhone X.[14][15][16] The official event invite which was sent out to developers contained a graphic featuring an Apple logo made of layered colored glass, implied to be the new colors for the phone. A patent filed by Apple earlier in the year also hinted at a new camera design.[17][18]\nDesign[edit]\niPhone 11's back cover variant colors\nThe iPhone 11 was available in six colors: Purple, Yellow, Green, Black, White and Product (Red). The top of the screen retains the 'notch' design, wherein the TrueDepth camera system and phone speaker are encapsulated in a black, rounded-out rectangle that dips into the screen, similar to its predecessor, the iPhone XR. An elevated area in the top corner on the back of the iPhone acts as a camera housing, containing the microphone, the flashlight, and both of the rear-facing digital cameras.[11][19] The Apple logo on the back of the phone is centered to be equidistant to all edges and is made of a reflective material.\nColor\nName\nBlack\nWhite\nPurple\nYellow\nGreen\nProduct Red\nSpecifications[edit]\nHardware[edit]\nThe iPhone 11, along with the iPhone 11 Pro, uses Apple's A13 Bionic processor, which contains a third-generation neural engine. It has three internal storage options: 64 GB, 128GB, and 256GB.[20] It also has 4 GB of RAM.[21] The iPhone 11 has an IP68 water- and dust-resistant rating along with dirt and grime, and is water-resistant up to 2m (6.6ft) for 30 minutes. However, the manufacturer's warranty does not cover liquid damage to the phone. Also, like previous iPhones, both phones do not have a headphone jack, and initially came with wired EarPods with a Lightning connector, although Apple no longer includes these with any device.[11][21] The iPhone 11 is the first smartphone with built-in ultra wideband hardware, via its Apple U1 chip.[22][23][24]\nDisplay[edit]\nThe iPhone 11 has a 6.1-inch (15cm) IPS LCD with a resolution of 1792 828 pixels (1.4 megapixels) at a pixel density of 326 PPI with a maximum brightness of 625 nits and a 1400:1 contrast ratio and it is equivalent to the iPhone XR. It supports Dolby Vision, HDR10, True-Tone, and a wide color gamut. As with the iPhone 11 Pro, XR, XS, and X, the display has a notch at the top for the TrueDepth camera system and the speaker. The display has an oleophobic coating, making it fingerprint-resistant.[2][21] Apple announced in September 2019 that both the iPhone 11 and iPhone 11 Pro would show a warning notification if a display were replaced with an unauthorized part. Apple stated that problems with the phone could arise if the wrong parts or procedures were used during the repair process.[25]\nBattery[edit]\nThe iPhone 11 is supplied with a 11.91 Wh (3,110 mAh) battery, a slight increase from the 11.21 Wh (2,942 mAh) found in the iPhone XR. The battery is not user-replaceable.\nCamera[edit]\nThe iPhone 11 includes a dual-lens 12 MP rear camera array. It has one /2.4 ultra-wide-angle lens with a 120 field of view and 2 optical zoom out, and one /1.8 wide-angle lens. The iPhone 11 supports 4K video at up to 60 fps and 1080p slow motion at up to 240 fps.[2] The phone also features an audio zoom feature, which focuses audio on the area on which is being zoomed in, similar to the Pro model.[21] Both of the cameras support video, although only the primary lens has OIS. It supports portrait mode with six portrait lighting effects, depth control, and an advanced bokeh effect. The phone also has an automatic night mode allowing the camera to take brighter pictures with reduced noise in low-light environments. Also, a redesigned camera app adds new features such as a scroll wheel for choosing between the different lenses and a feature called \"QuickTake\", which allows the user to long-press the shutter button to take a video. Apple has also announced a new Deep Fusion feature that takes advantage of AI and machine learning for image processing and was released via iOS 13.2 software update on October 29, 2019.[2][21][26]\nSoftware[edit]\nSee also: iOS, iOS 13, iOS 14, iOS 15, iOS 16, and iOS 17\nThe iPhone 11 was supplied with iOS 13,[27] which includes Siri, Face ID (through the TrueDepth camera), Apple Pay, and Apple Card support. It received iOS 14 on September 16, 2020, iOS 15 on September 20, 2021, iOS 16 on September 12, 2022, and iOS 17 on September 18, 2023.[28]\nReception[edit]\nThe iPhone 11 drew generally positive reviews after its launch.[27][29] Reviews generally praised the phone's performance, battery life, and cameras, while criticizing the display as passable, but aging quickly. Reviewers also criticized the notch as being far too large for 2019. According to Counterpoint Research's Market Pulse, it was the second best-selling and the most popular model globally for 2019, in less than four months of launch.[30]\nControversy[edit]\nRemoval of the power adapter and EarPods[edit]\nApple, through an environmental initiative, has removed the EarPods and power adapter from new iPhone boxes starting October 2020, including the iPhone 11. Removing these items is claimed to reduce e-waste and permit a smaller iPhone box, allowing more devices to be transported simultaneously to decrease carbon footprint. However, Apple now includes a USB-C to Lightning cable, incompatible with the existing USB-A power adapters that Apple previously supplied with their devices. Upgraders can still use their existing iPhone power adapters and cables, but users wanting fast charging capabilities will have to purchase a USB-C power adapter separately.[31]\nSee also[edit]\nComparison of smartphones\nHistory of the iPhone\nList of iPhone models\nList of best-selling mobile phones\nTimeline of iPhone models\nReferences[edit]\n^ \"About iOS 17 Updates\". Apple Support. 17.5.1.\n^ a b c d \"Apple iPhone 11 Pro Max\". Spec Engine X. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2022.\n^ Frumusanu, Andrei. \"Apple Announces New iPhone 11, iPhone 11 Pro, & iPhone 11 Pro Max\". AnandTech. Archived from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2019.\n^ \"iPhone 11 Pro Geekbench\". geekbench.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2019.\n^ \"cpu-monkey\". www.cpu-monkey.com.\n^ Sascha Segan (September 17, 2019). \"Confirmed: iPhone 11 Series Phones Have Intel Modems\". PCMag. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.\n^ Humphries, Matthew (September 18, 2019). \"iPhone 11 Battery Sizes Confirmed\". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2019.\n^ a b Holt, Kris (September 10, 2019). \"iPhone 11's dual-camera system has an ultra-wide lens\". Engadget. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2020.\n^ Murphy, Samantha (September 10, 2019). \"iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max unveiled at Apple event\". CNN Business. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.\n^ \"Apple finally includes a fast charger with the iPhone 11 Pro\". Engadget. September 10, 2019. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.\n^ a b c \"iPhone 11 Technical Specifications\". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019.\n^ \"iPhone XR was the world's best-selling smartphone in 2019, new data suggests\". 9to5mac.com. February 25, 2020. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved February 29, 2020.\n^ \"Most Shipped Smartphones in 2020: iPhone 11, Galaxy A51, Redmi Note 9 Pro & more\". gizmochina.com. February 25, 2021. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2021.\n^ phones, Gareth Beavis 2019-08-15T21:18:23Z Mobile. \"New iPhone 11 release date, price, news and leaks\". TechRadar. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n^ Griffin, Andrew (August 22, 2019). \"Apple is about to launch a huge range of new products here's what they are\". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.\n^ \"iPhone 11: release date, price and leaks for the new iPhone\". WhatHiFi. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.\n^ Curtis, Sophie (September 2, 2019). \"iPhone 11 launch date confirmed as Apple sends out invitation to 'special event'\". mirror. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.\n^ Brown, Mike (September 3, 2019). \"iPhone 11: Apple Event Invite May Hint at the Future of Smartphone Cameras\". Inverse. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.\n^ \"iPhone 11\". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.\n^ 1 GB = 1 billion bytes\n^ a b c d e \"Apple iPhone 11 Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.\n^ Snell, Jason (September 13, 2019). \"The U1 chip in the iPhone 11 is the beginning of an Ultra Wideband revolution\". sixcolors. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.\n^ \"How Apple's U1 Chip Adds Amazing New Capabilities to the iPhone\". pocketlint. April 20, 2021. Archived from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.\n^ Barrett, Brian (September 12, 2019). \"The Biggest iPhone News Is a Tiny New Chip Inside It\". Wired. Archived from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.\n^ Welch, Chris (September 25, 2019). \"Apple's iPhone 11 and 11 Pro will show a warning on your lock screen if they can't verify a replaced screen\". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2019.\n^ Evans, Jonny (September 12, 2019). \"iPhone 11: What is Deep Fusion and how does it work?\". Computerworld. Archived from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2019.\n^ a b Goode, Lauren (September 17, 2019). \"Review: Apple iPhone 11\". Wired. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2019.\n^ Teague, Katie (October 6, 2020). \"iOS 14 compatible devices: All the iPhones that support Apple's new OS\". CNET. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.\n^ Axon, Samuel (September 29, 2019). \"iPhone 11 review: The most attractive choice in Apple's best lineup in years\". arstechnica. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2019.\n^ \"Apple iPhone XR became top-selling model globally for 2019: Counterpoint Research\". Free Press Journal. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.\n^ \"iPhone 12: Apple's muddled charger messaging\". iMore. October 15, 2020. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.\nExternal links[edit]\niPhone 11 official site\nPrecededbyiPhone XR\niPhone 13th generationalongside iPhone 11 Pro / 11 Pro Max\nSucceededbyiPhone 12 / 12 Mini\nvteiOS and iOS-based products\nHistory\nIssues\nOutline\nHardwareiPhone\n1st\n3G\n3GS\n4\n4s\n5\n5c\n5s\n6 & 6 Plus\n6s & 6s Plus\n7 & 7 Plus\n8 & 8 Plus\nX\nXR\nXS & XS Max\n11\n11 Pro & Pro Max\n12 & 12 Mini\n12 Pro & Pro Max\n13 & 13 Mini\n13 Pro & Pro Max\n14 & 14 Plus\n14 Pro & Pro Max\n15 & 15 Plus\n15 Pro & Pro Max\nSE\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\niPod Touch\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\niPad\n1st\n2\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\nMini\n1st\n2\n3\n4\n5th\n6th\nAir\n1st\n2\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\nPro\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\nOther\nApple TV\nApple Watch\nHomePod\nMini\nSoftwareOS\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\nDerived from iOS\nwatchOS\ntvOS\niPadOS\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\nFeatures\nAirDrop\nAirPlay\nAirPrint\nCarPlay\nControl Center\nCrash 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By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_11" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "iPhone 11 screen scratches - Apple Community\nAppleStoreMaciPadiPhoneWatchVisionAirPodsTV & HomeEntertainmentAccessoriesSupport\n0+\nCommunity\nLocal Nav Open Menu\nLocal Nav Close Menu\nBrowse\nSearch\nSign in\nSign in\nSign in corporate\niPhone\nLooks like no ones replied in a while. To start the conversation again, simply\nask a new question.\nUser profile for user:\nMatiasMB\nMatiasMB\nAuthor\nUser level:\nLevel2\n225 points\niPhone 11 screen scratches\nmy wife and me have put our brand new iphones 11 inside our pocket pants and both screens get scratched the second day of use (mines right in the selfie camera, apple says without mal function...). Has someone experimented somethg similar? We are really dissapointed, apple only cares if you have bought apple care....we cant use the screen without a protection: worst screen ever....[Re-Titled by Moderator]\nShow more\nLess\niPhone 11\nPosted on Sep 25, 2019 8:01 PM\n(5)Upvote if this is a clear questionDownvote if this question isnt clear\nMe too(6849)\nMe too\nMe too(6849)\nMe too\nReply\nQuestion marked as\nBest reply\nUser profile for user:\nbdfike0\nbdfike0\nUser level:\nLevel1\n13 points\nPosted on Sep 28, 2019 3:36 PM\nThe same happened to my iPhone Pro. I just got it yesterday and kept it in a pocket with nothing else. Less than a day later and there's already a scratch. I didn't have this problem with the iPhone X.\nShow more\nLess\nView in context\nSimilar questions\niPhone 12 Screen Scratch\nI acquired an iPhone 12 on October 31. By November 4, there was a deep scratch or crack across the lower part of the screen. A technician at an official Apple service centre concluded that I had a scratch and that it was a cosmetic issue not covered by AppleCare. This decision has been confirmed by Apple Support, although they obviously have not seen the phone.\nThis is the fifth iPhone I've owned; none of the previous screens displayed any substantial scratching despite never being covered by a protector.\nIt is a huge disappointment to have this problem so early on in the life of the phone. I am certain that it had not come in contact with keys or coins.\n3 years ago\n7518\n9\niPhone 11 Pro display scratch in one week of use\nHello, I using my iPhone 11 Pro only one week. I was really very careful with him. I wore it only in his pocket without anything, carefully laid it on the back side in a case and never dropped it. But today I found a really deep scratch on display. Has anyone come across this? What to do in such a situation?\n4 years ago\n225\n1\niPhone 13 Pro Max, scratch on the screen\nThe scratch is on the screen, when you run your nail on top of the screen you can feel it... I dont know how it got on there... I've never done anything bad to it... Could it be because I was taking the phone inside a carry bag into my dads work place and leaving it in a discrete location, I know there were other people present there but I was keeping it safe with me most of the time... could someone have done something malicious with it it on purpose or they might not even noticed it?? I dont remember doing any such bad scratches... What is best solution from here... Ive got all the Apple insurances and bought it form Apple direct...\n2 years ago\n4356\n5\n3,017 replies\nSort By:Best\nLoading page content\nPage content loaded\nQuestion marked as\nBest reply\nUser profile for user:\nbdfike0\nbdfike0\nUser level:\nLevel1\n13 points\nSep 28, 2019 3:36 PM in response to cperdue\nThe same happened to my iPhone Pro. I just got it yesterday and kept it in a pocket with nothing else. Less than a day later and there's already a scratch. I didn't have this problem with the iPhone X.\nShow more\nLess\n(2)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nsimplysimpler\nsimplysimpler\nUser level:\nLevel1\n28 points\nSep 28, 2019 6:46 PM in response to zero-or-one\nThis is somewhat consistent with what I experience. Theres no Apple store around me at the moment, so Ill have to wait till I travel to a place that has to have them checked out, but I do have an open case with Apple support. I tried cleaning the said scratch with a little bit of toothpaste, no dice. Looks like this is a real issue affecting the iPhone 11 Pro? Anyone having the 11 with this issue?\nShow more\nLess\n(2)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nbowen1506\nbowen1506\nUser level:\nLevel1\n4 points\nOct 11, 2019 3:40 PM in response to lobsterghost1\n@rbrylawski I have read many of your posts in this thread, you really got your facts wrong.Like many have said here, iphone screens have gone softer and softer over the years in each new realease. Older Iphone screens were much more durable. And oh please stop saying it is more shatter proof so it is good. Firstly there is no definitive evidence that it is more shatter proof than previous and other glasses. Secondly it is questionable that we really need to make this sacrifice, many of us still got old iphones that are intact and scratch free, meanwhile newer iphone screens are getting ruined by scratches so fast before even getting dropped once! It is not even a valid trade-off.Iphones glass are custom made for apple, they are not standard Gorilla Glass. Gorilla Glass is much much more scratch resistant. And YES! Compared to the level of softness of the newer iphone screens, Samsung phones really don't scratch. I've had a samsung note 9 for a year, didn't really like it and definitely did not baby it at all, it got tossed around all the time and the screen do not have any scratch. Why? Because it is a different glass!Screen protectors aren't a solution. They are just a distraction to the real problem. In fact I think it is stupid to put on another piece of glass on your $1k phone. They ruin the excellent design and feeling in the hand, which you paid for with your $1k. [Edited by Moderator]\nShow more\nLess\n(1)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nDogcow-Moof\nDogcow-Moof\nUser level:\nLevel8\n36,267 points\nNov 9, 2019 12:14 PM in response to Domdodo\nDomdodo wrote:It's called shoot the messenger. \"You're holding it wrong.\"People love to bring that up, but tests with that phone at the time showed that other phones when held directly over the antenna suffered the same drop offs in signal, so people indeed were \"holding it wrong.\"Apple offered free cases in that case to minimize the issue.The bottom line is something contacted the screens in these cases and scratched the glass.Regardless of whether it \"should have\" scratched, it was something sharp or abrasive contacting an unprotected screen.With apologies to Jimmy Webb, if you bake a cake and leave it outside for a moment and it rains on it, you haven't done anything in particular to damage it, but you have allowed it to become damaged through your actions.To make a long story short:If your screen is scratched and you are unhappy about it, take your phone to an Apple Store and have them look at it to see if they will replace it under warranty. They may or may not.If you are purchasing a new phone and want to avoid the possibility of damaging the screen, purchase a screen protector. Depending upon the model you choose it won't be more than $20 - $30 and if purchasing one of the Belkin protectors at an Apple Store, the staff will apply the protector for you.The only way Apple will find that any phones are \"defective\" will be after analyzing phones serviced in the first step above. Apple has been very good about reimbursing people for past repairs if they find an issue is indeed a defect.My purpose here has been to provide users with facts about their device, the state of glass production in the industry, and the physical fact that stronger glass is less scratch-resistant. If you believe that is not true, design your own glass and put Corning out of business,If you are upset with Apple and are within 14 days of purchase, return your phone for a refund and buy something else.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nMity85\nMity85\nUser level:\nLevel1\n29 points\nFeb 16, 2020 8:46 AM in response to lobsterghost1\nIdrisSeabright wrote:And where did rbrylawski say that he knew for certain that people were replacing screens or not? Here:rbrylawski wrote:But since Apple has clearly taken the position that scratching one's screen is accidental damage and is not replacing people's screens, even in hindsight, it make sense to put a screen protector on one's phone after the fact to avoid further scratches. Otherwise, the chorus of protests on this thread isn't being read by Apple as Apple isn't on this forum (except the Forum Hosts who read posts for violation of TOU, which is why posts are removed). Why is there a constant need to keep stating the same thing over and over again? You're not helping anyone; quite the opposite. \"Just get a screen protector.\" No, we shouldn't have to. \"Apple isn't reading this thread.\" Clearly, Apple is. https://discussions.apple.com/terms 6. Apple involvement. Apple may respond to questions but does not formally provide technical support on the Site. Any information that is provided by Apple or Apple employees is offered on an \"AS IS\" basis without warranties of any kind.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nDogcow-Moof\nDogcow-Moof\nUser level:\nLevel8\n36,267 points\nJan 27, 2021 4:40 PM in response to soccerdad33\nsoccerdad33 wrote:Regardless of what the \"Apple Protector\" of this thread states, this issue is specific only to the iPhone 11.iPhone X screens scratch very easily - Apple CommunityiPhone XS screen prone to scratching ? - Apple CommunityXR screen scratches easily - Apple CommunityDoes the iphone 12 scratch easily? - Apple CommunityThe Verge: WHY YOUR BRAND-NEW SMARTPHONE WILL SCRATCH JUST AS EASILY AS YOUR OLD ONE\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nsimplysimpler\nsimplysimpler\nUser level:\nLevel1\n28 points\nSep 28, 2019 7:08 AM in response to MatiasMB\nMines more like a finger smear, but doesnt go away. Its more disturbing than a scratch. There are several posts I found related to this too. I contacted support which suggested a physical check of the device. But not sure what the solution would be. I have used the iPhone since the first generation. I never install any screen protector, and I never had any serious scratch whatsoever. This is the first time I experience something like this.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\ncperdue\ncperdue\nUser level:\nLevel1\n11 points\nSep 28, 2019 2:58 PM in response to zero-or-one\nI have a legit crack/scratch in my screen that showed up out of nowhere. No drop, no incident... but I can feel it with my nail, but its not a crack in the sense that its emanated out or any spider webs. Just a small line-chunk out of the front facing glass, along with a separate small chunk missing a few millimeters away. Truly almost seems like a defect in the manufacturing to have appeared after 24 hours of use without incident.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nzero-or-one\nzero-or-one\nUser level:\nLevel1\n29 points\nSep 28, 2019 11:54 AM in response to simplysimpler\nI have the same issue as well. The screen feels like it can get scratches or smears when not even in contact with sharp or rough surfaces. Never had this issue with previous generation iPhones. Not impressed.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nKaeBFly\nKaeBFly\nUser level:\nLevel5\n7,200 points\nSep 28, 2019 6:17 PM in response to zero-or-one\nHavent experienced anything like you all are showing on any of the devices we have (an 11 and 2 11 Pro Max) but to be fair we do always put the cheap screen protectors on every device regardless (not the glass screen protectors...). Some of the pics look like something gouged they screen although I know you all are saying nothing touched them. The permanent fingerprint looking ones are real mysterious. What has Apple said about these if you were able to take it in to show them. Sorry if I missed the info on that if you already said so.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nzero-or-one\nzero-or-one\nUser level:\nLevel1\n29 points\nSep 29, 2019 5:10 PM in response to Hurley28\nMy iPhone 11 looks worse after 1 week than my iPhone 7 did after 3 years. Ill be going to my Apple store and complaining. I havent bought AppleCare yet but might have to at this rate. :(FWIW, it doesnt take sharp or metallic objects to cause scratches. Simple normal usage or pockets, setting on tables, etc.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nKaeBFly\nKaeBFly\nUser level:\nLevel5\n7,200 points\nSep 29, 2019 5:37 PM in response to simplysimpler\nNot to diminish what any of you are experiencing but every year the same things seem to be echoed. There will be people that say their phone shows scratches/nicks inexplicably and that there must be a defect because previous models did it do it. And that may be true for them but there is always at least one thread posted echoing the same complaint. Only thing that can be suggested besides the obvious (even though not loved by those that hate doing it...thats using a screen protector of some sort and/or a case) would be to report it to Apple and determine if its really a defect or just bad luck. For those that are near an Apple store and feel like its a defect should go there and let them see the device and observe how the screen looks and then while there replicate the issue. If the screen is truly faulty it should be easy to make a new scratch/smudge/scrap appear if the only thing that caused it before was putting it into an empty pocket for example. Makes it difficult for them to not be willing to replace the device if you can show the issue happens. Probably not what anyone wants to hear but being able to show evidence absolutely helps more than showing damage after the fact and wanting them to believe the damage happened out of nowhere. Not saying any of you are lying but imagine how many people do or would claim scratches they know they created by being careless occurred out of nowhere. I would be frustrated if it happened to me no doubt but Ive been very fortunate. Never had a scratched screen or cracks on any iPhone. Yes Ive dropped them countless times, tossed them with abandon, etc but Ive also always used a screen protector (always cheap ones) and a case...usually an Otterbox Strada but I do so because I know that I always plan to sell my device and by taking these measures my iPhones have always looked like new making get top dollar (far more than any of these trade in offers ever give). Usually the first week or two has me using a cheap case to hold me over while I wait for the Strada or this time the Nomad folio to arrive while keeping a trimmed down version of the plastic that comes on the iPhone in place until my cheap $5.99 3 pack arrives from Amazon in place to keep the screen pretty safe. I say all of this to say that I have been pretty lucky to not have an issue on any of my iPhones or the others in my home (iPhone 11 product red and 2 iPhone 11 pro gold)...although I did have a mini scare when I dropped a thick heavy palette corner down directly on my iPhone 11 pro Max gouging the plastic and making me terrified that I had taken a chunk out of the screen. Thankfully no damage to the screen. No scratch or anything. That was pure luck because it absolutely should have had some significant damage if not a full fledge shatter. Definitely made me think long and hard about adding AppleCare+ immediately Hope you all are able to get some assistance with the scratches but if not...consider a screen protector at minimum. The cheap ones I use dont alter the feel of the screen at all. Again, I get these not so much for concerns about cracks but to ensure the screen doesnt get surface scratches solely for preservation of resell value.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nsimplysimpler\nsimplysimpler\nUser level:\nLevel1\n28 points\nSep 30, 2019 4:02 AM in response to KaeBFly\nBasic scratch resistance is fundamental to a touch screen display. I have never put any screen protector on my iPhones, the same way I never did with the windscreen on my car. Because they never needed it. This early behaviour in these iPhones 11 is a bit alarming. This discussion thread here is to discover whether and if this is a common problem (isolated, or not) and what is the solution. Hiding the flaw with screen protector is not a solution, but a choice one can make after the fact.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\ns7rky\ns7rky\nUser level:\nLevel1\n4 points\nOct 24, 2019 7:16 AM in response to MatiasMB\nhello all.we have got the same problem as well. I bought two iphone pro 11 max both for myself and my wife and just after 36 hours here how phone is scratched easily by daily use. (no special bad treatment of course)we have used iphone 5, 6, 8, macbook, ipad air, ipad air 2, ipad pro and we have never used screen protector so far but here we are. so disappointed.please go this website and show your reaction if you have the same issue.see something? say something!https://www.apple.com/feedback/iphone.html peaces from istanbul, turkey\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nRainbowCatObjects\nRainbowCatObjects\nUser level:\nLevel1\n8 points\nNov 2, 2019 2:23 PM in response to MatiasMB\nIf it's (actually) only the second day and you have an Apple Store close to you book an appointment, even if you don't go thru with a fix, having the issue documented will help you. Keep notes including: date & time, who helped you and their position, and what transpired.Although the paid AppleCare does allocate you more attention all iPhones come with 1 year of hardware coverage.If it turns out that the screen is fundamentally flawed your visits and documentation will catapult you to a better resolution/replacement.This being said I really recommend AppleCare+If you are in the US you can get it within the first 60 days.$29 for screen related repairs!----->Linkshttps://getsupport.apple.com/https://www.apple.com/support/products/iphone/\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nof\n202\niPhone 11 screen scratches\nWelcome to Apple Support Community\nA forum where Apple customers help each other with their products. Get started with your Apple ID.\nLearn more\nSign up\nApple Footer\nThis site contains user submitted content, comments and opinions and is for informational purposes\nonly. Apple may provide or recommend responses as a possible solution based on the information\nprovided; every potential issue may involve several factors not detailed in the conversations\ncaptured in an electronic forum and Apple can therefore provide no guarantee as to the efficacy of\nany proposed solutions on the community forums. Apple disclaims any and all liability for the acts,\nomissions and conduct of any third parties in connection with or related to your use of the site.\nAll postings and use of the content on this site are subject to the\nApple Support Community Terms of Use.\nSee how your data is managed...\n\nApple\nSupport\nCommunity\nMore ways to shop: Visit an Apple Store, call\n1-800-MY-APPLE, or find a reseller.\nUnited States\nCopyright \n2024 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Use\nSales and\nRefunds\nLegal\nSite Map\nAsk a question\nReset", "url": "https://discussions.apple.com/thread/250669687" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Apple iPhone 11 - Full phone specifications\nGSMArena.com\nReviewsMore review resultsLast visitedMore device resultsNewsMore news resultsGoAdvanced\nTip us\n1.7m\n126k\nRSS\nEV\nMerch\nLog in\nLogin\nI forgot my password\nSign up\nHome\nNews\nReviews\nVideos\nFeatured\nPhone Finder\nDeals\nMerchNew\nCoverage\nContact\nADVERTISEMENT\nApple iPhone 11\nReleased 2019, September 20\n194g, 8.3mm thickness\niOS 13, up to iOS 17.4\n64GB/128GB/256GB storage, no card slot\n55%\n24,547,133 hits\n832\nBecome a fan\n6.1\"828x1792 pixels\n12MP\n2160p\n4GB RAM\nApple A13 Bionic\n3110mAhPD2.05W\nReview360 view\nPictures\nCompare\nOpinions\nALL VERSIONS\nA2221A2111A2223\nVersions: A2221 (International); A2111 (USA, Canada, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands); A2223 (China, Hong Kong)\nNetwork\nTechnology\nGSM / CDMA / HSPA / EVDO / LTE\n2G bands\nGSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 - SIM 1 & SIM 2 (dual-SIM) - for China\nCDMA 800 / 1900\n3G bands\nHSDPA 850 / 900 / 1700(AWS) / 1900 / 2100\nCDMA2000 1xEV-DO\n4G bands\n1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 48, 66 - A2221\n1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 29, 30, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 48, 66, 71 - A2111, A2223\nSpeed\nHSPA 42.2/5.76 Mbps, LTE (CA) Cat16 1024/150 Mbps, EV-DO Rev.A 3.1 Mbps\nLaunch\nAnnounced\n2019, September 10\nStatus\nAvailable. Released 2019, September 20\nBody\nDimensions\n150.9 x 75.7 x 8.3 mm (5.94 x 2.98 x 0.33 in)\nWeight\n194 g (6.84 oz)\nBuild\nGlass front (Corning-made glass), glass back (Corning-made glass), aluminum frame (7000 series)\nSIM\nNano-SIM and eSIM or Dual SIM (Nano-SIM, dual stand-by) - for China\nIP68 dust/water resistant (up to 2m for 30 min)\nApple Pay (Visa, MasterCard, AMEX certified)\nDisplay\nType\nLiquid Retina IPS LCD, 625 nits (typ)\nSize\n6.1 inches, 90.3 cm2 (~79.0% screen-to-body ratio)\nResolution\n828 x 1792 pixels, 19.5:9 ratio (~326 ppi density)\nProtection\nScratch-resistant glass\nPlatform\nOS\niOS 13, upgradable to iOS 17.4\nChipset\nApple A13 Bionic (7 nm+)\nCPU\nHexa-core (2x2.65 GHz Lightning + 4x1.8 GHz Thunder)\nGPU\nApple GPU (4-core graphics)\nMemory\nCard slot\nNo\nInternal\n64GB 4GB RAM, 128GB 4GB RAM, 256GB 4GB RAM\nNVMe\nMain Camera\nDual\n12 MP, f/1.8, 26mm (wide), 1/2.55\", 1.4m, dual pixel PDAF, OIS\n12 MP, f/2.4, 120, 13mm (ultrawide), 1/3.6\"\nFeatures\nDual-LED dual-tone flash, HDR (photo/panorama)\nVideo\n4K@24/30/60fps, 1080p@30/60/120/240fps, HDR, stereo sound rec.\nSelfie camera\nSingle\n12 MP, f/2.2, 23mm (wide), 1/3.6\"\nSL 3D, (depth/biometrics sensor)\nFeatures\nHDR\nVideo\n4K@24/30/60fps, 1080p@30/60/120fps, gyro-EIS\nSound\nLoudspeaker\nYes, with stereo speakers\n3.5mm jack\nNo\nComms\nWLAN\nWi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/6, dual-band, hotspot\nBluetooth\n5.0, A2DP, LE\nPositioning\nGPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, QZSS\nNFC\nYes\nRadio\nNo\nUSB\nLightning, USB 2.0\nFeatures\nSensors\nFace ID, accelerometer, gyro, proximity, compass, barometer\nUltra Wideband (UWB) support\nBattery\nType\nLi-Ion 3110 mAh, non-removable (11.91 Wh)\nCharging\nWired, PD2.0, 50% in 30 min (advertised)\nWireless (Qi)\nMisc\nColors\nBlack, Green, Yellow, Purple, Red, White\nModels\nA2221, A2111, A2223, iPhone12,1\nSAR\n1.09 W/kg (head) 1.18 W/kg (body)\nSAR EU\n0.95 W/kg (head) 0.99 W/kg (body)\nPrice\n$206.99 / 254.99 / 179.00\nTests\nPerformance\nAnTuTu: 419453 (v7)\nGeekBench: 13882 (v4.4)\nGFXBench: 60fps (ES 3.1 onscreen)\nDisplay\nContrast ratio: 1505:1 (nominal)\nCamera\nPhoto / Video\nLoudspeaker\nVoice 70dB / Noise 72dB / Ring 76dB\nAudio quality\nNoise -94.2dB / Crosstalk -80.8dB\nBattery (old)\nEndurance rating 94h\nDisclaimer. We can not guarantee that the information on this page is 100% correct. Read more\nReview360 view\nPictures\nCompare\nOpinions\nPricing\nThese are the best offers from our affiliate partners. We may get a commission from qualifying sales.\n64GB 4GB RAM\n$206.99\n254.99\n128GB 4GB RAM\n$244.99\n280.00\n256GB 4GB RAM\n$289.99\n310.00\nSimilarly priced\nPopular recent phones in the same price range as Apple iPhone 11\nXiaomi Redmi Note 13$212.50Xiaomi Redmi Note 12 Pro$199.99Xiaomi Poco M6 Pro$192.50Xiaomi Poco X5$199.50Realme 10$199.00\nApple iPhone 11 review\nThe iPhone XR was the first commercial success that came on the second attempt for making a more affordable iPhone. The iPhone 5c failed to impress in 2013, and we thought we'd never see the...\nRead\nApple iPhone 11 - user opinions and reviews\nC\nCobby\nCGH\n28 May 2024\n64 Gb is enough for me \nReply\nM\nMe\nJKR\n28 May 2024\nWhy is issue?\nReply\n?\nAnonymous\nBkf\n28 May 2024\nThe biggest issue is all the users who went for base model with 64GB storage.\nReply\nRead all opinions\nPost your opinion\nTotal user opinions: 2059\nADVERTISEMENT\nPhone finder\nSamsungAppleHuaweiNokiaSonyLGHTCMotorolaLenovoXiaomiGoogleHonorOppoRealmeOnePlusNothingvivoMeizuAsusAlcatelZTEMicrosoftUmidigiEnergizerCatSharpMicromaxInfinixUlefoneTecnoDoogeeBlackviewCubotOukitelItelTCL\nAll brands\nRumor mill\nADVERTISEMENT\nPrices\nApple iPhone 11\nThese are the best offers from our affiliate partners. We may get a commission from qualifying sales.\n64GB 4GB RAM\n$206.99\n254.99\n255.00\n128GB 4GB RAM\n$244.99\n280.00\n294.99\n256GB 4GB RAM\n$289.99\n310.00\n313.99\nShow all prices\nApple iPhone 11 in the news\nApple really wants you to upgrade from your iPhone 11 or iPhone 12 to an iPhone 15 26 Mar 2024\nFlashback: saying goodbye to the Lightning port 17 Sep 2023\nApple announces new yellow color for the iPhone 14 and the iPhone 14 Plus 07 Mar 2023\nApple rumored to launch yellow iPhone 14 soon 04 Mar 2023\nMore related articles\nCheck Price\nWElectronics\nApple iPhone 11 reviews\nApple iPhone 11 review\nADVERTISEMENT\nRelated devices\nThe devices our readers are most likely to research together with Apple iPhone 11\nApple iPhone 12Apple iPhone 11 ProApple iPhone XRApple iPhone 13Apple iPhone XS MaxApple iPhone XS\nMore related devices\nADVERTISEMENT\nPopular from Apple\nApple iPhone XS MaxApple iPhone 11Apple iPhone 15 Pro MaxApple iPhone 13Apple iPhone 12Apple iPhone 13 Pro Max\nMore from Apple\nHome\nNews\nReviews\nCompare\nCoverage\nGlossary\nFAQ\nRSS feed\nYoutube\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\n 2000-2024 GSMArena.com\nMobile version\nAndroid app\nTools\nContact us\nMerch store\nPrivacy\nTerms of use\nChange Ad Consent\nDo not sell my data\nGSMArena Official1.82M subscribersApple iPhone 11 reviewGSMArena OfficialSearchWatch laterShareCopy linkInfoShoppingTap to unmuteIf playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device.More videosMore videosShareInclude playlistAn error occurred while retrieving sharing information. Please try again later.Watch on0:000:00 / 9:30LiveAn error occurred.Try watching this video on www.youtube.com, or enable JavaScript if it is disabled in your browser.", "url": "https://www.gsmarena.com/apple_iphone_11-9848.php" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Total by Verizon Apple iPhone 11, 64GB, Black- Prepaid Smartphone [Locked to Total by Verizon] - Walmart.comSkip to Main ContentHow do you want your items?CancelReorderMy ItemsReorderListsRegistriesSign InAccountSign InCreate an accountPurchase HistoryWalmart+$0.00 Departments Services |How do you want your items?Cell Phones/Phones With Plans/Prepaid Phones/Shop by Carrier/Total by Verizon Phones & Plans In 50+ people's carts Popular pickfor \"total by verizon phones\" Apple Total by Verizon Apple iPhone 11, 64GB, Black- Prepaid Smartphone [Locked to Total by Verizon] (4.1)4.1 stars out of 755 reviews755 reviews Free shippingFree 14-day returns USD$199.00You save $0.00 As low as $19/mo withLearn how Price when purchased online Add a protection planWhat's covered2-Year plan - $49.00 How do you want your item?I want shipping & delivery savings withYou get 30 days free! Choose a plan at checkout.ShippingArrives Jun 4FreePickupNot availableDeliveryNot availableDelivery toSacramento, 95829 Sold and shipped by Walmart.com Free 14-day returnsDetails Add to listAdd to registry Wed love to hear what you think!Give feedbackAll DepartmentsStore DirectoryCareersOur CompanySell on Walmart.comHelpProduct RecallsAccessibilityTax Exempt ProgramGet the Walmart AppSign-up for EmailSafety Data SheetTerms of UsePrivacy & SecurityCalifornia Supply Chain ActYour Privacy ChoicesNotice at CollectionNV Privacy NoticeWA Privacy NoticeRequest My Personal InformationBrand Shop DirectoryPharmacyWalmart Business#IYWYKDelete Account 2024 Walmart. All Rights Reserved.", "url": "https://www.walmart.com/ip/Total-by-Verizon-Apple-iPhone-11-64GB-Black-Prepaid-Smartphone-Locked-to-Total-by-Verizon/307413865" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "iPhone 11 Pro getting HOT - Apple Community\nAppleStoreMaciPadiPhoneWatchVisionAirPodsTV & HomeEntertainmentAccessoriesSupport\n0+\nCommunity\nLocal Nav Open Menu\nLocal Nav Close Menu\nBrowse\nSearch\nSign in\nSign in\nSign in corporate\niPhone\nWant to highlight a helpful answer? Upvote!\nDid someone help you, or did an answer or User Tip resolve your issue? Upvote by selecting the upvote arrow. Your feedback helps others!Learn more about when to upvote >\nShow more\nDid someone help you, or did an answer or User Tip resolve your issue? Upvote by selecting the upvote arrow. Your feedback helps others!Learn more about when to upvote >\nNewsroom Update\nApple and Google deliver support for unwanted tracking alerts in iOS and Android.Learn more >\nShow more\nApple and Google deliver support for unwanted tracking alerts in iOS and Android.Learn more >\nLooks like no ones replied in a while. To start the conversation again, simply\nask a new question.\nUser profile for user:\nj0nj0nn\nj0nj0nn\nAuthor\nUser level:\nLevel1\n148 points\niPhone 11 Pro getting HOT\nJust received my iPhone 11 Pro and after a few minutes of light use, the back and sides heat up to where I can barely hold the phone. Any ideas?\nShow more\nLess\niPhone\nPosted on Sep 20, 2019 7:12 PM\n(11)Upvote if this is a clear questionDownvote if this question isnt clear\nMe too(7449)\nMe too\nMe too(7449)\nMe too\nReply\nQuestion marked as\nBest reply\nUser profile for user:\npbertling\npbertling\nUser level:\nLevel1\n13 points\nPosted on Sep 21, 2019 6:04 AM\nMy wife got hers yesterday and we were quite amazed at the amount of heat put off by this phone while transferring data and settings from her iPhone 8 Plus. I thought it would get better after the setup, but even normal use and charging, it still gets pretty warm. I hope this isn't a sign of problems to come. I can't think that this heat issue would be good for battery life.\nShow more\nLess\nView in context\nSimilar questions\niPhone11pro problems after last update\nSince the last update a week ago, my iPhone 11 Pro discharges very quickly and gets hot. What can I do?\n1 year ago\n165\n3\nOver heating left side and back of phone Disappointed\nHas apple addressed this are of the phone getting really really warm yet? Would Really be if I upgraded to this iphone 12 pro only to have problems my 11 pro did not. Thing is friggn hot in my hand. Immediately right after transferring data to set up. And it hasnt been on a charger and battery is getting crushed.\n3 years ago\n2615\n1\nIphone 12 getting hot\nSo, back in December, I bought myself an iPhone 12, and everything was fine up until about mid-January it started getting super hot during any kind of use and charging. Does anyone know what it might be? thanks\n3 years ago\n105\n1\n373 replies\nSort By:Best\nLoading page content\nPage content loaded\nQuestion marked as\nBest reply\nUser profile for user:\npbertling\npbertling\nUser level:\nLevel1\n13 points\nSep 21, 2019 6:04 AM in response to j0nj0nn\nMy wife got hers yesterday and we were quite amazed at the amount of heat put off by this phone while transferring data and settings from her iPhone 8 Plus. I thought it would get better after the setup, but even normal use and charging, it still gets pretty warm. I hope this isn't a sign of problems to come. I can't think that this heat issue would be good for battery life.\nShow more\nLess\n(3)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nSkipjackFiasco\nSkipjackFiasco\nUser level:\nLevel1\n13 points\nSep 24, 2019 3:20 AM in response to Y2k20\nYes Ive experienced the same. The phone gets really hot in the back and sides. Also - the wireless charging is really slow. An entire night of wireless charging (6+hours) took my battery from 46% to 73%. That is not good at all. Did anyone else experience the same issue ?\nShow more\nLess\n(3)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nOJ-knowles\nOJ-knowles\nUser level:\nLevel1\n13 points\nSep 24, 2019 7:09 AM in response to Dogcow-Moof\nIt is a problem. The 11 claims to have 1 hour better battery than the XR, and for some reason this isnt the case. Also a phone overheating like this isnt normal or acceptable and seems to have something to do with the battery problem. Apple needs to know this so it can be fixed because we are spending money on these products!\nShow more\nLess\n(3)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nIsengard2\nIsengard2\nUser level:\nLevel1\n8 points\nSep 29, 2019 12:41 PM in response to j0nj0nn\nI have read through all posts and want to offer my 2 centsMy iphone 11 pro was normal until I started using the keynote app. It heated up real fast to a point that it is uncomfortably hot (within 1 min). Whenever I switch to other apps, the phone starts to cool. If I switch keynote on, phone starts cooking again. Thats obviously very weird, then I found this thread. So following the discussion, I made sure my iOS is up to date on 13.1.1. Then I checked my battery tab in the settings, 10 min of using keynote consumed 15% battery, while the whole day of using other apps only make up 85%. Keynote is essential to me in my job, so deleting it is not an option. I also didnt want to reset all settings. Instead, I closed settings>general>background app refresh. That totally fixed the problemTo sum up, here is what you can do if your phone is heating up abnormally make sure its running the latest iOS check which app consumed the most energy under settings>battery>battery usage by app, delete the problematic app if its not essentialclose the background refresh of that app (check other battery saving tips online, it could be other tricks)if none of the above worked, reset all setting (settings>general>reset>reset all settings)still no luck, contact apple for replacement[Edited by Moderator]\nShow more\nLess\n(1)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\ntolle79\ntolle79\nUser level:\nLevel1\n19 points\nSep 23, 2019 9:11 AM in response to j0nj0nn\nI am having the same issue contacted support and they advised me to do a restore through itunes, ontop of that my battery life is draining abnormally fast. After just 4 hours of me making 2 phone calls lasting less than 10 minutes and listening to spotify while at the gym. Also noted i have my iwatch and head phones at the gym, with apple boasting about the 17hrs of battery life while watching videos i am not pleased with the results in the last two days of owning this phone. The only reason why i contacted support is due to my wife telling me her iphone 11 does not have that issue and finding out this morning shes been streaming music and taking phone calls at work she is at 94% and she has been up since 0400..... I hope the restore fixes the issue i will check back in after a day or two of doing so!\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\ndc_perez22\ndc_perez22\nUser level:\nLevel1\n9 points\nSep 24, 2019 7:03 AM in response to j0nj0nn\nI received my iPhone 11 Pro on Friday and notice my phone getting hot while using GPS on Saturday and then again on Monday. It was uncomfortably hot and to hold. I took it to Apple Monday evening and they informed me that as long as the phone doesnt shut down or give the the too hot alert then it is fine. I still think something is wrong and I will keep a close eye on this.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\ntolle79\ntolle79\nUser level:\nLevel1\n19 points\nSep 24, 2019 7:53 AM in response to j0nj0nn\nUPDATE 1: After coming home from the gym and talking with apple support. I went and did a restore through my computer w/ Itunes and than proceeded to restore my phone. I let my phone charge to 80% for the rest of the day and did not have an issue what so ever. upon waking up at 0700 and my phone being 100% it was not blistering hot and did my same morning routine with a little more extra after running 6 miles with my run keeper up doing constant updates and spotify running my phone was not hot and the battery is down to 64% at this moment. I believe that it did fix the issue with the overheating but with apple boasting about the 17 Hours of battery life with video playback i am skeptical. I hope this helps every one.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\ntwoellis\ntwoellis\nUser level:\nLevel1\n9 points\nSep 24, 2019 8:38 AM in response to j0nj0nn\nNew phone got so hot I used it to iron ironed 5 shirts before I was able to find a cure. Go to setting > general > reset > reset all settings. This function should not erase your personal data, just reset the functions to factory standards. Good luck!\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nDogcow-Moof\nDogcow-Moof\nUser level:\nLevel8\n36,239 points\nSep 25, 2019 2:33 PM in response to JayJayPee\nOnce again:Keeping iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch within acceptable operating temperatures - Apple SupportIf your phone is truly overheating, you will see this:That having been said, if your merchant is willing to replace your device, feel free to do so.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nDogcow-Moof\nDogcow-Moof\nUser level:\nLevel8\n36,239 points\nSep 25, 2019 4:33 AM in response to Adprak\nGo to Settings -> Battery and see if anything is using a lot of battery.These tips may also be useful:Keeping iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch within acceptable operating temperatures - Apple Support\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nDogcow-Moof\nDogcow-Moof\nUser level:\nLevel8\n36,239 points\nSep 27, 2019 8:55 AM in response to JShaneEvans\nThat's nonsense; it has always been trivial to get a high CPU load app like Facebook, Maps or a graphics intensive app to get the iPhone to heat up substantially, as all heat dissipation has to happen through the case as it has no heat sinks or fan.Keeping iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch within acceptable operating temperatures - Apple SupportThough this is becoming more of an issue as the processing power in each new generation of iPhone increases.A combination of bad programming and a more powerful CPU result in heat generation, and the link I posted earlier shows that Apple expects the phone to get warm if not toasty under CPU-intensive circumstances.That could be graphics editing or an app that is stuck in a loop; the CPU can't differentiate which.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nDogcow-Moof\nDogcow-Moof\nUser level:\nLevel8\n36,239 points\nMay 3, 2020 12:36 AM in response to JayJayPee\nI and others here have continued to say if you believe there is something wrong with your phone, contact Apple Support directly.They are the only ones who can do anything for you:Contact - Official Apple SupportThis is not an official support channel; the link above is.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nUvTechSoft\nUvTechSoft\nUser level:\nLevel1\n103 points\nJul 5, 2020 11:11 AM in response to j0nj0nn\nHello,In this condition you need or require to make the phone temperature down by placing phone in to some cooler atmosphere or in air conditioning room(not in refrigerator). If you are using any type of iphone cover then remove that cover until it get cooler down.To know that your iphone contains some major problem or not then you can check that by getting notification of over temperature or iphone needs to be cooled down. If you get this notification then your iphone is in problem. You can try another way as open iphone camera and try to turn on the Flash light and capture image. If iphone says iphone need to be cooled down to use the flash light then you have to turn off your device and wait till the temperature gets down.Else:You have to check your battery optimisation you can get more details about from the Official link: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT210512Thanks.\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nDogcow-Moof\nDogcow-Moof\nUser level:\nLevel8\n36,239 points\nOct 18, 2020 11:25 AM in response to JohnnyE79\nAn OLED screen as on the 11 Pro Max will get a liittle warm as the display is emissive rather than transmissive as LCDs are.If it is getting warm enough to \"hurt,\" take your phone in to be checked; I've never heard of one getting that warm.Contact - Official Apple Support\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nAdprak\nAdprak\nUser level:\nLevel1\n4 points\nSep 25, 2019 4:15 AM in response to j0nj0nn\nThis is ridiculous, my 3 day old iPhone 11 shows low battery within 4-5 hours with minimal usage. phone usage for 2 mins to check whats app or anything, it heats up like a Iron box.What's the solution?\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nof\n25\niPhone 11 Pro getting HOT\nWelcome to Apple Support Community\nA forum where Apple customers help each other with their products. Get started with your Apple ID.\nLearn more\nSign up\nApple Footer\nThis site contains user submitted content, comments and opinions and is for informational purposes\nonly. Apple may provide or recommend responses as a possible solution based on the information\nprovided; every potential issue may involve several factors not detailed in the conversations\ncaptured in an electronic forum and Apple can therefore provide no guarantee as to the efficacy of\nany proposed solutions on the community forums. Apple disclaims any and all liability for the acts,\nomissions and conduct of any third parties in connection with or related to your use of the site.\nAll postings and use of the content on this site are subject to the\nApple Support Community Terms of Use.\nSee how your data is managed...\n\nApple\nSupport\nCommunity\nMore ways to shop: Visit an Apple Store, call\n1-800-MY-APPLE, or find a reseller.\nUnited States\nCopyright \n2024 Apple Inc. 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Students\nClass 1-A\nHeroes\nFormer Hero Trainees\nOki Mariner Crew\nRyukyu's Agency Employees\nCharacters from Aichi\nEnglish\nCatal\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\nPolski\n\nTsuyu Asui\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (6)\nOverview\nGallery\nSynopsis\nRelationships\nOverview\nGallery\nSynopsis\nRelationships\nI'm not weeping and moping around anymore. Because you matter to me. You're my friend, and when we're scared, we tremble together. When times are tough, we cry together. So, if you're dead set on being some comic book superhero... then Class A... won't let you live that fantasy alone.Tsuyu Asui to Izuku Midoriya in \"Deku vs. Class A\"\nTsuyu Asui\nSchool Uniform\nHero Costume\nCivilian\nBiographical Information\nKanji Name\n\nRmaji Name\nAsui Tsuyu\nAlias\nRainy Season Hero: Froppy (, Tsuyuiri Hr Furopp?)\nPersonal Description\nBirthday\nFebruary 12\nAge\n15 (first appearance)16 (current)\nGender\nFemale\nHeight\n150cm (4'11\")\nHair Color\nDark green\nEye Color\nBlack\nBlood Type\nB\nQuirk\nFrog\nStatus\nStatus\nAlive\nBirthplace\nAichi Prefecture\nFamily\nGanma Asui (Father)Beru Asui (Mother)Samidare Asui (Younger brother)Satsuki Asui (Younger sister)\nOccupation\nStudent\nAffiliation\nSalty Banks Middle School (Previously)U.A. High SchoolOki Mariner Crew (Formerly)\nTeam(s)\nShie Hassaikai Raid Team\nFighting Style\nMelee + support combat\nFirst Appearance\nManga Debut\nChapter 5\nAnime Debut\nEpisode 5\nPortrayal\nJapanese VA\nAoi Yki\nEnglish VA\nMonica Rial\nImage Gallery\nTsuyu Asui Images\nTsuyu Asui (, Asui Tsuyu?), also known as the Rainy Season Hero: Froppy (, Tsuyuiri Hr Furopp?), is a student in Class 1-A at U.A. High School, training to become a Pro Hero.\nContents\n1 Appearance\n1.1 Gallery\n2 Personality\n3 Abilities\n3.1 Quirk\n3.2 Ultimate Moves\n3.3 Stats\n4 Equipment\n5 Battles & Events\n6 Relatives\n7 Chapter Appearances\n8 Anime Appearances\n9 Trivia\n10 Quotes\n11 References\n12 Site Navigation\nAppearance[]\nTsuyu is a short girl of a relatively slender build and has notably large hands. Her appearance is rather frog-like; she has a wide mouth, which dips down a little in the middle just like a common frog, and oval-shaped eyes with large, black irises, their lower eyelashes visibly pronounced. Amongst her family, Tsuyu's frog-like traits are the least pronounced. She also demonstrates some frog-like mannerisms, such as hopping on all fours instead of running and holding herself in a way that is somewhat connotative of a frog.\nHer hair is a dark sea-green color and is very long, reaching to her waist with the ends tied together at the bottom in a large bow of hair. She has two shoulder-length clumps framing her face and shorter bangs between her eyes, some partially swept to each side.\nDuring her time in Salty Banks Middle School, she wore a plain white long sleeved seifuku with a dark blue Kansai collar, cuffs, and skirt, a double white trim on the cuffs and Kansai collar, paired with a red mixed with blue and white scarf that is tied below, and sporting black knee high socks and brown outdoor school shoes. She also wears a cyan collared scarf with dark green polka dots.\nHer hero costume consists of a bright green turtleneck bodysuit, tan-colored gloves with large green buckles on each wrist guard, and two matching belts, one above her breasts, a strap at either side going around her shoulders, and one around her waist, little holes embedded into it all the way around. Two black lines run down her suit, each framed with a yellow outline, and she wears tight black boots with yellow markings in the shape of a \"V\" on her thighs and green webbed flippers resembling frogs' toes on her feet. She wears a headband with a color matching that of her gloves and goggles with dark green-tinted lenses attached on either side and a thin dark green mask that goes along the middle of her face.\nHer winter costume isn't significantly different, though she now wears a ring around her neck with two yellow bubble-shaped objects just above her shoulders that automatically regulate her body temperature (her Quirk causes her to hibernate when it drops a significant amount), although later has them removed during the Final War along with her mask. Her goggles are newly fitted with a visor so she can wear them more comfortably. The inside of her suit is lined with insulation to aid with temperature regulation. The markings on her bodysuit are also slightly different in that the two lines only start just below her chest rather than from the top of her suit, and she has two rounder markings on her chest.\nGallery[]\nTsuyu's Manga Profile.Tsuyu's Regular hero costume.Tsuyu's winter costume with her Froggy Neck Ring.\nPersonality[]\nTsuyu is straightforward and aloof, speaking bluntly from her mind and freely expressing what she thinks about others. Tsuyu prefers to be called \"Tsu\", but only by people she views as friends.[1] She commonly refers to everyone with the honorific \"-chan\", save for teachers and other authority figures.\nTsuyu calming down a scared Ochaco.\nTsuyu's parents were always busy at work, requiring her to become the caretaker of her two younger siblings at a young age. Under these circumstances, Tsuyu grew into a highly mature and responsible individual who could divide her attention between school and home duties without letting one intervene with the other. This balance also means that Tsuyu knows how to lead and look after people, keeping them safe and at ease if they don't feel so. She has strong morals, goals, and principles and is willing to oppose her friends to defend them from rash decisions. When several members of Class 1-A agreed to rescue Katsuki Bakugo after the Vanguard Action Squad Invasion, Tsuyu was the most outspoken against it, asserting that acting on their emotions and breaking the law to rescue him made them essentially the same as Villains.[2]\nTsuyu showing a rare moment of emotional vulnerability.\nTsuyu is noticeably calm and collected, staying levelheaded and focused even during the most stressful situations. An honor student since middle school, Tsuyu has excellent judgment, can communicate her intentions easily, and is rarely moved by emotion, making her an incredibly dependable ally capable of covering for a partner's weaknesses. For those reasons, Recovery Girl describes her as a \"perfect pillar of emotional support\".[3] However, even Tsuyu has limits when it comes to staying composed, having broken down in despair or heartbreak a few times. Her words may also come off as unintentionally harsh, thanks to her blunt honesty, resulting in her feeling guilty and regretful when she speaks out against her friends. Following Katsuki's rescue, Tsuyu felt severely ashamed over her choice of words regarding her classmates wanting to save him, to the point where she couldn't face them out of guilt afterwards, until the situation was resolved with help from Ochaco Uraraka.\nTsuyu's finger stim.\nHer usual expression consists of a vacant stare, which makes reading her thoughts and emotions difficult for those around her while sometimes creeping them out in the process. Tsuyu habitually tips her finger against her mouth while speaking, pondering, or showing curiosity. She tends to say \"ribbit\", emulating a frog's croaking, at the end of her sentences or as a replacement for many of her single-word replies.\nDuring the Final War, Tsuyu has matured somewhat with her beliefs, becoming less rigid as a result. She admitted to Himiko Toga that she initially thought following the rules made someone a hero and that breaking them made them a villain. Even so, she pleads with Himiko to let Ochaco talk with her, signifying that despite it being much more challenging than simply capturing or killing her, Ochaco is putting the rules to one side to try and reach out to her.[4]\nAbilities[]\nOverall Abilities: Tsuyu has proven herself to be a highly capable individual. Using the frog-based abilities granted by her Quirk, Tsuyu has proficiency in close and long-range combat. She employs a fighting style that involves a great amount of agility and powerful leaps to evade, surprise, and confuse her opponents, as well as using her increased leg strength to deliver powerful kicks. Tsuyu can also use her elongated tongue in a grappling or whip-like fashion to subdue her opponents. In addition, Tsuyu excels in aquatic environments; her frog-like anatomy lets her move freely through water without losing strength or agility like most people. This proficiency makes Tsuyu pivotal in missions involving rescuing victims or clashing with opponents in underwater environments. Tsuyu also possesses great camaraderie, effectively combining her Quirk abilities with anyone with whom she is paired. Tsuyu is a very outstanding student with little to no weaknesses and can provide support to anyone, even those as powerful as Izuku Midoriya, Shoto Todoroki, Fumikage Tokoyami, and Tenya Ida. Her overall abilities make her one of the strongest female students in her class.\nTsuyu's abilities garnered the attention of Nejire Hado, the third strongest student of U.A. High School's Big 3, who recommended both Tsuyu and Ochaco to intern alongside her under the tutelage of Ryukyu, the No. 10 (formerly No. 9) Pro Hero. At the beginning of the Shie Hassaikai Raid, the Ryukyu Squad acted as the first line of defense against Rikiya Katsukame of the Eight Bullets and were able to subdue him successfully. During the first round of the Joint Training Battle, Tsuyu demonstrated the mettle to take on Jurota Shishida, one of the strongest students in Class 1-B, but couldn't keep up with the latter's enhanced prowess. Afterward, Tsuyu used her incredible leg strength to break through the scale armor of Hiryu Rin, send him flying into Jurota (who was being subdued by Hitoshi Shinso), and secure victory for her team. In the Final War, due to past experiences, Tsuyu was personally selected alongside Ochaco to confront and subdue Himiko Toga.\nEnhanced Stamina: Tsuyu obtained impressive stamina through intense training. After having her stamina siphoned by a Trigger-enhanced Rikiya, Tsuyu was still able to hold her own against the Yakuza member for 20 minutes until the Trigger drug wore off, allowing the Ryukyu Squad to defeat him once and for all.\nKeen Intellect: Tsuyu has proven very intelligent, scoring 6th place in the mid-terms, showcasing her academic proficiency.[5] She is also very analytical, as demonstrated in the U.S.J. Incident, in which she not only deduced the Quirk similarities between Izuku and All Might but also surmised the League of Villains may have an effective way to carry out their plan to kill All Might. Her speculation was later confirmed in the form of a Nomu. With her level-headedness and analytical skills, Tsuyu successfully helped Izuku and Minoru escape from the water villains surrounding the Flood Zone's trinity. For the First Term Final Exam, Tsuyu and Fumikage were about to fail against Ectoplasm, but Tsuyu, avoiding the instructor's attention, had Fumikage use Dark Shadow to close the gap between him and the replicating hero, to discreetly handcuff the latter, enabling the students to pass the exam. During the first round of the Joint Training Battle, Tsuyu took advantage of Jurota's enhanced sense of smell by coating her remaining teammates, Denki and Hitoshi, in mucus so that their scents would match her own, making the trio indiscernible to Jurota.\nQuirk[]\nTsuyu's Quirk in action.\nFrog (, Kaeru?): Tsuyu's Quirk gives her a frog's physiology and allows her to do anything a frog can, giving her abilities such as:\nEnhanced swimming abilities.\nHopping at long distances.\nExtending her tongue up to a maximum of 20 meters (63 feet) (which is strong enough to lift an entire person's body weight).\nSticking to walls.\nEjecting/washing her stomach.\nCamouflaging herself.\nSecreting mucous with different, controlled effects:\nItch inducing\nScent masking\nParalysis\nSince she is frog-like, when she is exposed to cold temperatures for too long, she goes into hibernation and is unable to function.\nAs part of her training, Tsuyu worked out all the muscles in her body, including her tongue, by rock climbing on the side of a cliff while having her elongated tongue remain in place at the top of the structure.\nUltimate Moves[]\nCamouflage (, Hogoshoku?): Tsuyu uses her frog-like body to match the temperature and color of her surroundings in order to mask her presence.\nMeteor Fafrotskies (, Meteo Fafurokkzu?): Tsuyu and Ochaco work together to float debris and throw it at the enemies.\nFroppy Hopper (, Furopphopp?): Tsuyu uses her frog-like body to hop to extreme heights.[6]\nStats[]\nUltra ArchiveUltra Analysis\nPower\n1/5 E\nSpeed\n3/5 C\nTechnique\n4/5 B\nIntelligence\n4/5 B\nCooperativeness\n5/5 A\nTsuyu's stats, according to the Ultra Archive Book\nPower\n3/6 C\nSpeed\n4/6 B+\nTechnique\n5/6 A\nWits\n5/6 A\nReliability\n6/6 S\nTsuyu's stats, according to the Ultra Analysis Book\nEquipment[]\nCamouflage Costume: Tsuyu's hero costume changes colors along with her, blending in with her surroundings when she uses her Camouflage ability.\nFroggy Neck Ring: The neck ring attaches to the back of her wet-suit and wraps around her neck. Both ends of the ring have two yellow muffs, modeled after a frog's inflated cheeks, that wrap around Tsuyu's neck. The ring automatically regulates her body temperature.\nBattles & Events[]\nBattles & Events\nQuirk Apprehension Test Arc\nQuirk Apprehension Test\nBattle Trial Arc\nBattle Trial\nU.S.J. Arc\nU.S.J. Incident\nIzuku Midoriya, Tsuyu Asui & Minoru Mineta vs. Villains\nEraser Head & U.A. Students vs. Tomura Shigaraki & Nomu\nU.A. Sports Festival Arc\nU.A. Sports Festival\nObstacle Race\nCavalry Battle\nVs. Hero Killer Arc\nHero Agency Internships\nOki Mariner Crew vs. Innsmouth\nFinal Exams Arc\nFirst Term Final Exam\nTeam Asui & Tokoyami vs. Ectoplasm\nForest Training Camp Arc\nQuirk Training Camp\nClass 1-A vs. Pixie-Bob\nVanguard Action Squad Invasion\nOchaco Uraraka & Tsuyu Asui vs. Himiko Toga\nProvisional Hero License Exam Arc\nUltimate Move Training\nProvisional Hero License Exam\nCrushing of U.A.\nU.A. Students vs. Seiai Students\nGang Orca's Invasion\nShie Hassaikai Arc\nClass 1-A vs. Mirio Togata\nHero Work-Studies I\nRyukyu Agency vs. Villains\nShie Hassaikai Raid\nRyukyu Squad vs. Rikiya Katsukame\nU.A. School Festival Arc\nU.A. School Festival\nPro Hero Arc\nClass 1-A vs. Nejire Chan & Suneater\nJoint Training Arc\nJoint Training Battle\nRound 1\nMy Hero Academia: Heroes: Rising\nHero Work Recommendation Project\nU.A. Students vs. Chimera: Rematch\nEndeavor Agency Arc\nHero Interview Training\nHero Work-Studies II\nRyukyu Agency & Oki Mariner Crew vs. Smugglers\nMy Hero Academia: World Heroes' Mission\nMission: Humarise\nPro Heroes vs. Humarise\nParanormal Liberation War Arc\nParanormal Liberation War\nJaku Hospital Raid\nUravity & Froppy vs. Himiko Toga: Rematch\nDark Hero Arc\nDeku vs. Class A\nFinal War Arc\nFinal War\nOperation Troy\nDeku, Uravity & Froppy vs. Himiko Toga\nRelatives[]\nGanma\nBeru\nTsuyu\nSamidare\nSatsuki\nChapter Appearances[]\nExpandAppearances\nExpandveQuirk Apprehension Test Arc\n5. Smashing into Academia\nDebut\n6. What I Can Do for Now\nAppears\n7. Costume Change?\nAppears\nExpandveBattle Trial Arc\n8. Rage, You Damned Nerd\nAppears\n9. Deku vs. Kacchan\nAbsent\n10. Breaking Bakugo\nAbsent\n11. Bakugo's Starting Line\nAppears\nExpandveU.S.J. Arc\n12. Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Ida!\nAppears\n13. Rescue Training\nAppears\n14. Encounter with the Unknown\nAppears\n15. Vs.\nAppears\n16. Know Your Enemies\nAppears\n17. Game Over\nAppears\n18. Heroes' Counterattack\nAppears\n19. All Might\nAppears\n20. The World of Pros\nAppears\n21. In Each of Our Hearts\nAppears\nExpandveU.A. Sports Festival Arc\n22. That's the Idea, Ochaco\nAppears\n23. Roaring Sports Festival\nAppears\n24. Mad Dash and Knockdown\nAppears\n25. In Their Own Quirky Ways\nAppears\n26. Chase Down the Leader\nAppears\n27. Earth-Shatteringly Fateful Negotiations\nAppears\n28. Strats, Strats, Strats\nAppears\n29. Unaware\nAppears\n30. Cavalry-Match Finale\nAppears\n31. The Boy Born with Everything\nAppears\n32. Smile, Prince of Nonsense Land!\nAppears\n33. Shinso's Situation\nAbsent\n34. Victory or Defeat\nAbsent\n35. Battle On, Challengers!\nAppears\n36. Bakugo vs. Uraraka\nAppears\n37. Midoriya and Endeavor\nAppears\n38. Todoroki vs. Midoriya\nAppears\n39. Shoto Todoroki: Origin\nAbsent\n40. Emancipation\nAppears\n41. Fight On, Ida\nAbsent\n42. Final-Match Time\nAbsent\n43. Todoroki vs. Bakugo\nAbsent\n44. Relaxing Day Off\nAppears\nExpandveVs. Hero Killer Arc\n45. Time to Pick Some Names\nAppears\n46. Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears\nAppears\n47. Struggling\nAbsent\n48. Getting the Knack\nAbsent\n49. Midoriya and Shigaraki\nAbsent\n50. Kill 'Em Dead\nAbsent\n51. No, Knock It Off, Ida\nAbsent\n52. Hero Killer Stain vs. U.A. Students\nAbsent\n53. From Todoroki to Ida\nAbsent\n54. Re: Ingenium\nAbsent\n55. Conclusion?!\nAbsent\n56. Conclusion\nAbsent\n57. The Aftermath of Hero Killer Stain\nAbsent\n58. Internship's End\nAppears\n59. Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past\nAppears\nExpandveFinal Exams Arc\n60. Gear Up for Final Exams\nAppears\n61. The Worst Combo\nAppears\n62. Katsuki Bakugo: Origin\nAbsent\n63. Yaoyorozu Rising\nMentioned\n64. The Task at Hand\nAbsent\n65. Wall\nAbsent\n66. Midoriya's Observations\nAppears\n67. Stripping the Varnish\nFlashback\n68. Encounter\nAppears\n69. Interview with Midoriya\nAbsent\nExpandveForest Training Camp Arc\n70. Wild, Wild, Pussycats\nAppears\n71. Kota\nAppears\n72. Day Two\nAppears\n73. Good Evening\nAppears\n74. Smoke Signal\nAbsent\n75. Stake Your Life, Hero!\nAbsent\n76. My Hero\nAbsent\n77. It's Okay\nAppears\n78. Whirling Chaos\nAppears\n79. Drive It Home, Iron Fist!!!\nAbsent\n80. Establishing the Bakugo Bodyguard Brigade\nAppears\n81. Roaring Upheaval\nAppears\n82. What a Twist!\nAbsent\n83. Loss\nAppears\nExpandveHideout Raid Arc\n84. From Ida to Midoriya\nAppears\n85. Nothing but Fools\nAbsent\n86. Before the Storm\nAbsent\n87. Clash\nAbsent\n88. All For One\nAbsent\n89. All for a Certain One\nAbsent\n90. Reach Out\nFlashback\n91. Symbol of Peace\nAbsent\n92. One For All\nAppears\n93. One For All's Ember\nAbsent\n94. From Teacher to Disciple\nAbsent\n95. End of the Beginning, Beginning of the End\nAbsent\n96. Home Visits\nFlashback\n97. Tell It Like It Is, Mom\nAppears\nExpandveProvisional Hero License Exam Arc\n98. Moving into Dorms\nAppears\n99. Goodbye Two-Digit Chapters, Hello Three Digits\nAppears\n100. Creating Ultimate Moves\nAppears\n101. The Girl Called Mei Hatsume\nAbsent\n102. On Cloud Nine\nAppears\n103. The Test\nAppears\n104. White-Hot Battle! To Each Their Own Strengths!\nAbsent\n105. Shiketsu High Lurking\nAbsent\n106. Class 1-A\nAbsent\n107. Denki Kaminari's Thoughts\nAppears\n108. RUSH!\nAppears\n109. Rescue Exercise\nAppears\n110. Rescue Exercise Continued\nAbsent\n111. Smoldering Start\nAppears\n112. What's the Big Idea?\nAbsent\n113. Test's Aftermath\nAppears\n114. Results' Aftermath\nAppears\n115. Unleashed\nAbsent\n116. Meeting in Tartarus\nAppears\n117. A Talk About Your Quirk\nAbsent\n118. Meaningless Battle\nAbsent\n119. Deku vs. Kacchan, Part 2\nAbsent\n120. The Three\nAbsent\n121. Second Semester Opening Ceremony\nAppears\nExpandveShie Hassaikai Arc\n122. A Season for Encounters\nAppears\n123. Unrivaled\nAppears\n124. Trouble Ahead!! Episode: Work Studies\nAppears\n125. Overhaul\nAbsent\n126. Open Up, World\nAppears\n127. Sir Nighteye and Izuku Midoriya and Mirio Togata and All Might\nAbsent\n128. Boy Meets...\nAbsent\n129. Eri\nAbsent\n130. Listen to the Truth\nMentioned\n131. Fighting Fate\nAppears\n132. The Plan\nAbsent\n133. Catch Up, Kirishima\nAbsent\n134. Let's Go, Gutsy Red Riot\nAppears\n135. An Unpleasant Talk\nAppears\n136. Close at Hand!!\nAppears\n137. Restraint!!\nAppears\n138. Go!!\nAppears\n139. Shudder! The Underground Labyrinth\nAbsent\n140. Suneater of the Big Three\nAbsent\n141. Hassaikai: Behind the Scenes\nAbsent\n142. Shield and Shield, Spear and Shield\nAbsent\n143. Lets Rumble, Rappa!!\nAbsent\n144. Red Riot, Part 1\nAbsent\n145. Red Riot, Part 2\nAbsent\n146. Temp Squad\nAbsent\n147. Twoga!!\nAbsent\n148. The Anguish of Young Twoga\nAbsent\n149. Don't Get Mad, Irinaka\nAbsent\n150. Mirio Togata\nAbsent\n151. Mirio Togata!!\nAbsent\n152. Lemillion\nAbsent\n153. Transform!\nPictured\n154. Unforeseen Hope\nAbsent\n155. Saviors, the Saved and a Hero's Place\nAppears\n156. The Power of Those Saved\nAppears\n157. Infinite 100 Percent\nAppears\n158. Chisaki's Warped Compassion\nAbsent\n159. It's Over!!\nAppears\n160. Expressway\nAbsent\n161. Bright Future\nFlashback\n162. Suitable One\nAbsent\nExpandveRemedial Course Arc\n163. Smoldering Flames\nAppears\n164. Masegaki\nAbsent\n165. Win Those Kids' Hearts\nAbsent\n166. Be Proud, License Trainees\nAbsent\n167. Number One Hero's Starting Line\nFlashback\n168. The Strange Tale of Aoyama\nAppears\nExpandveU.A. School Festival Arc\n169. School Festival\nAppears\n170. With Eri\nFlashback\n171. Gentle and La Brava\nAbsent\n172. Prepping for the School Festival Is the Funnest Part (Part 1)\nAppears\n173. Prepping for the School Festival Is the Funnest Part (Part 2)\nAppears\n174. Golden Tips Imperial\nAbsent\n175. Morning, the Day Of\nAppears\n176. Deku vs. Gentle Criminal\nAbsent\n177. At the Construction Site\nAppears\n178. The Woman Called La Brava\nAbsent\n179. School Festival Start!!\nAbsent\n180. Unbeknownst\nAbsent\n181. For Someone Else\nAbsent\n182. Let It Flow! School Festival!\nAppears\n183. Festival All Day Long!!\nAppears\nExpandvePro Hero Arc\n184. Japanese Hero Billboard Chart\nAppears\n185. Wing Hero: Hawks\nAbsent\n186. Endeavor and Hawks\nAbsent\n187. Flaming Roar! vs. Nomu: High-End\nAbsent\n188. Your Father, the Number One Hero\nAbsent\n189. Why He Gets Back Up\nAppears\n190. His Start\nAbsent\n191. Dabi, Hawks, Endeavor\nAbsent\n192. The Todoroki Family\nAbsent\n193. Vestiges\nAbsent\nExpandveJoint Training Arc\n194. Cold Skies over U.A. High!\nAppears\n195. Clash! Class A vs. Class B!\nAppears\n196. Make It Happen, Shinso!!\nAppears\n197. Quaotic Quirkstravaganza\nAppears\n198. Know Where You Stand when It Counts!!\nAppears\n199. Operation New Improv Moves!\nAbsent\n200. Clever Commander!\nAbsent\n201. Foresight\nAbsent\n202. Match 3\nAbsent\n203. Flexible! Juzo Honenuki!\nAbsent\n204. Tuning Up\nAbsent\n205. Detour\nAbsent\n206. Match 3 Conclusion\nAbsent\n207. Early Bird!\nAbsent\n208. Match 4 Conclusion\nAbsent\n209. Match 5 Start\nAppears\n210. The One For All Dream\nAbsent\n211. That Which Is Inherited\nAppears\n212. That Which Is Inherited, Part 2\nAbsent\n213. Realm of Souls\nAbsent\n214. Our Brawl\nAppears\n215. Final Face-Off! Midoriya vs. Shinso!\nAbsent\n216. Class A vs. Class B: Conclusion!\nAppears\n217. The New Power and All For One\nAppears\nExpandveMeta Liberation Army Arc\n218. The Meta Liberation Army\nAppears\n219. Go, Slidin' Go!\nAbsent\n220. My Villain Academia\nAbsent\n221. Memento from All For One\nAbsent\n222. Tomura Shigaraki: Distortion\nAppears\n223. Cockroaches\nAbsent\n224. Revival Party\nAbsent\n225. Interview with a Vampire\nAbsent\n226. Bloody Love\nAbsent\n227. Sleepy\nAbsent\n228. Wounded Soul\nAbsent\n229. All It Takes Is One Bad Day\nAbsent\n230. Sad Man's Parade\nAbsent\n231. Path\nAbsent\n232. Meta Abilities and Quirks\nAbsent\n233. Bright Future\nFlashback\n234. Destruction Sense\nAbsent\n235. Tenko Shimura: Origin\nAbsent\n236. Tenko Shimura: Origin, Part 2\nAbsent\n237. Tomura Shigaraki: Origin\nAbsent\n238. Liberation\nAbsent\n239. Successor\nAbsent\n240. Power\nAbsent\nExpandveEndeavor Agency Arc\n241. Do That Interview!\nAppears\n242. Have a Merry Christmas!\nAppears\n243. Off to Endeavor's Agency!\nAbsent\n244. Recommended Reading\nAbsent\n245. Rise to Action\nAbsent\n246. Message\nAppears\n247. Status Report!\nAbsent\n248. One Thing at a Time\nAbsent\n249. The Hellish Todoroki Family\nAbsent\n250. Ending\nAbsent\n251. Just One Week\nAbsent\n252. The Unforgiven\nAbsent\nExpandveParanormal Liberation War Arc\n253. Shirakumo\nAppears\n254. More of a Hero than Anyone\nAbsent\n255. Hero Hopeful\nAbsent\n256. The High, Deep Blue Sky\nAppears\n257. Pass It Forward, to Whomever\nAppears\n258. Friends\nAppears\n259. A Quiet Beginning\nAppears\n260. Life's Work\nAbsent\n261. High-Ends\nAbsent\n262. Mirko, the No. 5 Hero\nAbsent\n263. I Wanna Be with You Guys!!\nAbsent\n264. One's Justice\nAbsent\n265. Villains and Heroes\nAbsent\n266. Happy Life\nAbsent\n267. Flames\nAbsent\n268. Scramble!\nAbsent\n269. The Three of Us\nAbsent\n270. Inheritance\nAbsent\n271. Dark Cloud\nAbsent\n272. Good Morning!\nAppears\n273. The Thrill of Destruction\nAppears\n274. Search\nAppears\n275. Encounter, Part 2\nAbsent\n276. You Cheated...!\nPictured\n277. Who...?\nFlashback\n278. Disaster Walker\nAbsent\n279. League of Villains vs. U.A. Students\nAbsent\n280. Red Riot, Part 3\nAbsent\n281. Plus Ultra\nAbsent\n282. Footfall of Destruction\nAppears\n283. 75\nAbsent\n284. Deep Blue Battle\nFlashback\n285. Katsuki Bakugo Rising\nAbsent\n286. The Ones Within Us\nAppears\n287. Mistake\nAbsent\n288. Save Takeo!!\nAppears\n289. Miss Candid and Miss Shut-Away\nAppears\n290. Dabi's Dance\nAbsent\n291. Thanks For Going Strong\nAbsent\n292. Threads of Hope\nAbsent\n293. Hero-Saturated Society\nFlashback\n294. Final Performance\nAbsent\n295. Tenacious\nAbsent\n296. Hellish Hell\nAppears\n297. Tartarus\nAbsent\n298. Sounds of Collapse\nAbsent\n299. Like Those Tragic Tales\nAbsent\n300. The Hellish Todoroki Family, Part 2\nAbsent\n301. The Wrong Way to Put Out a Fire, Part 1\nAbsent\n302. The Wrong Way to Put Out a Fire, Part 2\nAbsent\n303. Top Three\nAppears\n304. Izuku Midoriya and Toshinori Yagi\nAbsent\n305. Izuku Midoriya and Tomura Shigaraki\nAbsent\n306. The Final Act Begins\nAppears\nExpandveDark Hero Arc\n307. Been a While!!\nAbsent\n308. Full Power!!\nAbsent\n309. Can't Be a Child Anymore\nAbsent\n310. Masters and Pupil\nAbsent\n311. Here We Go!!\nAbsent\n312. Hired Gun\nAbsent\n313. High-Speed Long-Range Mobile Cannon\nAbsent\n314. The Lovely Lady Nagant\nAbsent\n315. Platitudes\nAbsent\n316. Your Turn\nAbsent\n317. Scars, Blood, Filth\nAbsent\n318. Reckless\nFantasy\n319. Friend\nAppears\n320. Deku vs. Class A\nAppears\n321. From Class A to One For All\nAppears\n322. Great Explosion Murder God Dynamight\nAppears\n323. That Single Step\nFlashback\n324. A Young Woman's Declaration\nAppears\n325. The Bonds of One For All\nAppears\n326. Who Are You Really?\nPictured\n327. Rest!!\nAbsent\n328. No Man Is an Island\nAbsent\nExpandveU.A. Traitor Arc\n335. Zygotes\nAppears\n336. Villain\nAppears\n337. A Disposable Life\nAbsent\n338. The Story of How We All Became Heroes, Part 1\nAppears\n339. The Story of How We All Became Heroes, Part 2\nAbsent\n340. The Story of How We All Became Heroes, Part 3\nAbsent\n341. The Story of How We All Became Heroes, Part -1\nAbsent\n342. The Extreme Quiet Before the Storm\nAppears\nExpandveFinal War Arc\n343. Let You Down\nAbsent\n344. Stars\nAppears\n345. Division\nAppears\n346. Super Hyper Unfair Broken Stage\nAbsent\n347. Inflation\nAppears\n348. Unrequited\nAppears\n349. Battle Flame\nAppears\n350. Bound to a Fiery Fate\nAbsent\n351. Two Flashfires\nAbsent\n352. Ultimate Moves\nFlashback\n353. Endeavor\nAbsent\n354. Oopsie Daisy!!\nAbsent\n355. Extras\nAbsent\n356. Regarding the Enemy\nAbsent\n357. Wounded Hero, Burning Bright and True!!\nFantasy\n358. The Guy Who's Made Some Progress\nAbsent\n359. Place of Learning\nAbsent\n360. Despite It All...\nAbsent\n361. Abnormal Happenings\nAbsent\n362. Light Fades to Rain\nAbsent\n363. Those Who Defend, Those Who Violate\nAbsent\n364. Why We Wield Power\nAbsent\n365. No. 4 and No. 5\nFlashback\n366. Full Moon\nAbsent\n367. Deku vs. All For One\nAbsent\n368. Rev Up, One For All\nAbsent\n369. A Chain of Events, Across the Ages\nAbsent\n370. HIStory\nAbsent\n371. Together with Shoji\nFlashback\n372. Naked\nAbsent\n373. Friends\nAbsent\n374. Butterfly Effect\nAbsent\n375. Chaotic Confusion\nAppears\n376. On Knife's Edge\nAppears\n377. The Chain Thus Far\nAbsent\n378. The Story of How We All Became Heroes, Part 4\nAbsent\n379. Hopes\nAbsent\n380. A Skosh\nAbsent\n381. Dark\nAbsent\n382. Don't Let Him Go\nAppears\n383. Meek Spirits\nFlashback\n384. It's a Small World\nAbsent\n385. The Impulses of Youth\nAbsent\n386. I AM HERE\nAbsent\n387. Congealing\nAbsent\n388. Toya\nAbsent\n389. Assurance and Prayers\nAbsent\n390. Shoto Todoroki Rising\nFlashback\n391. Rejecting the World\nDisguise\n392. Villain Name\nAppears\n393. A Girl's Ego\nAppears\n394. Ochaco Uraraka vs. Himiko Toga\nFlashback\n395. Built Upon the Joy of Others\nAppears\n396. Battle Without A Quirk\nAbsent\n397. Trash Cleanup\nAbsent\n398. Toshinori Yagi: Rising/Origin\nAbsent\n399. Organic, Mingling Clusters of Light\nAbsent\n400. Beyond Limits\nAbsent\n401. The Lunatic\nAbsent\n402. The Tearful Days\nAbsent\n403. The End of an Era, and... the Beginning\nAbsent\n404. We Love You, All Might!!\nAbsent\n405. The Final Boss!!\nAbsent\n406. Get a Grip on Your Quirk!!\nAbsent\n407. An Exceptional Child\nAbsent\n408. The Eyes Tell All!!\nAbsent\n409. Quirk: Explosion!!\nAbsent\n410. Farewell, All For One!!\nAbsent\n411. History's Greatest Villain\nAbsent\n412. History's Maddest Hero\nAbsent\n413. Leaden Mass\nAbsent\n414. Overlay\nAbsent\n415. Rejection\nFlashback\n416. Wrench It Open, Izuku Midoriya!!\nAppears\n417. Shimura\nAbsent\n418. Meek Spirits\nAbsent\n419. Design\nAbsent\n420. From Aizawa\nAbsent\n421. We Are Here\nAppears\n422. Izuku Midoriya Rising\nAppears\n423. One For All vs. All For One\nAppears\nAnime Appearances[]\nExpandAppearances\nExpandveSeason 1\n1. Izuku Midoriya: Origin\nAbsent\n2. What It Takes to Be a Hero\nAbsent\n3. Roaring Muscles\nAbsent\n4. Start Line\nAbsent\n5. What I Can Do for Now\nDebut\n6. Rage, You Damn Nerd\nAppears\n7. Deku vs. Kacchan\nAppears\n8. Bakugo's Start Line\nAppears\n9. Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Ida!\nAppears\n10. Encounter with the Unknown\nAppears\n11. Game Over\nAppears\n12. All Might\nAppears\n13. In Each of Our Hearts\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 2\n14. That's the Idea, Ochaco\nAppears\n15. Roaring Sports Festival\nAppears\n16. In Their Own Quirky Ways\nAppears\n17. Strategy, Strategy, Strategy\nAppears\n18. Cavalry Battle Finale\nAppears\n19. The Boy Born with Everything\nAppears\n20. Victory or Defeat\nAppears\n21. Battle on, Challengers!\nAppears\n22. Bakugo vs. Uraraka\nAppears\n23. Shoto Todoroki: Origin\nAppears\n24. Fight on, Ida\nAppears\n25. Todoroki vs. Bakugo\nAppears\n26. Time to Pick Some Names\nAppears\n27. Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears\nAppears\n28. Midoriya and Shigaraki\nAbsent\n29. Hero Killer: Stain vs U.A. Students\nFlashback\n30. Climax\nAbsent\n31. The Aftermath of Hero Killer: Stain\nAbsent\n32. Everyone's Internships\nAppears\n33. Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past\nAppears\n34. Gear up for Final Exams\nAppears\n35. Yaoyorozu: Rising\nAppears\n36. Stripping the Varnish\nAppears\n37. Katsuki Bakugo: Origin\nAppears\n38. Encounter\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 3\n39. Game Start\nAppears\n40. Wild, Wild Pussycats\nAppears\n41. Kota\nAppears\n42. My Hero\nAbsent\n43. Drive It Home, Iron Fist!!!\nAppears\n44. Roaring Upheaval\nAppears\n45. What a Twist!\nAppears\n46. From Ida to Midoriya\nAppears\n47. All For One\nAbsent\n48. Symbol of Peace\nFlashback\n49. One For All\nAppears\n50. End of the Beginning, Beginning of the End\nAbsent\n51. Moving into Dorms\nAppears\n52. Create Those Ultimate Moves\nAppears\n53. The Test\nAppears\n54. Shiketsu High Lurking\nAppears\n55. Class 1-A\nAppears\n56. RUSH!\nAppears\n57. Rescue Exercises\nAppears\n58. Special Episode: Save the World with Love!\nAppears\n59. What's the Big Idea?\nAppears\n60. A Talk about Your Quirk\nAppears\n61. Deku vs. Kacchan, Part 2\nAbsent\n62. A Season for Encounters\nAppears\n63. Unrivaled\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 4\n64. The Scoop on U.A. Class 1-A\nAppears\n65. Overhaul\nAppears\n66. Boy Meets...\nAppears\n67. Fighting Fate\nMentioned\n68. Let's Go, Gutsy Red Riot\nAppears\n69. An Unpleasant Talk\nAppears\n70. GO!!\nAppears\n71. Suneater of the Big Three\nAppears\n72. Red Riot\nAbsent\n73. Temp Squad\nFlashback\n74. Lemillion\nAbsent\n75. Unforeseen Hope\nAppears\n76. Infinite 100%\nAppears\n77. Bright Future\nAppears\n78. Smoldering Flames\nAppears\n79. Win Those Kids' Hearts\nAbsent\n80. Relief for License Trainees\nAppears\n81. School Festival\nAppears\n82. Prepping for the School Festival Is the Funnest Part\nAppears\n83. Gold Tips Imperial\nAppears\n84. Deku vs. Gentle Criminal\nAppears\n85. School Festival Start!!\nAbsent\n86. Let It Flow! School Festival!\nAppears\n87. Japanese Hero Billboard Chart\nAppears\n88. His Start\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 5\n89. All Hands on Deck! Class 1-A\nAppears\n90. Vestiges\nAbsent\n91. Clash! Class A vs. Class B!\nAppears\n92. Make It Happen, Shinso!\nAppears\n93. Operation New Improv Moves\nAppears\n94. Foresight\nAbsent\n95. Match 3\nAbsent\n96. Match 3 Conclusion\nAppears\n97. Early Bird!\nAppears\n98. That Which Is Inherited\nAppears\n99. Our Brawl\nAppears\n100. The New Power and All For One\nAppears\n101. Have a Merry Christmas!\nAppears\n102. Off to Endeavor's Agency!\nAbsent\n103. One Thing at a Time\nAppears\n104. Long Time No See, Selkie\nAppears\n105. The Hellish Todoroki Family\nAbsent\n106. The Unforgiven\nAbsent\n107. More of a Hero Than Anyone\nAppears\n108. My Villain Academia\nAbsent\n109. Revival Party\nAbsent\n110. Sad Man's Parade\nAbsent\n111. Tenko Shimura: Origin\nAbsent\n112. Tomura Shigaraki: Origin\nAbsent\n113. The High, Deep Blue Sky\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 6\n114. A Quiet Beginning\nAppears\n115. Mirko, the No. 5 Hero\nAppears\n116. One's Justice\nAbsent\n117. Inheritance\nAbsent\n118. The Thrill of Destruction\nAbsent\n119. Encounter, Part 2\nAbsent\n120. Disaster Walker\nAbsent\n121. League of Villains Vs. U.A. Students\nAbsent\n122. Katsuki Bakugo Rising\nAppears\n123. The Ones Within Us\nAppears\n124. Dabi's Dance\nAppears\n125. Threads of Hope\nFlashback\n126. Final Performance\nAbsent\n127. Hellish Hell\nAppears\n128. Tartarus\nAbsent\n129. The Hellish Todoroki Family, Part 2\nAbsent\n130. The Wrong Way to Put Out a Fire\nAppears\n131. Izuku Midoriya and Tomura Shigaraki\nAppears\n132. Full Power!!\nAbsent\n133. Hired Gun\nAbsent\n134. The Lovely Lady Nagant\nAbsent\n135. Friend\nAppears\n136. Deku vs. Class A\nAppears\n137. A Young Woman's Declaration\nAppears\n138. No Man Is an Island\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 7\n139. In the Nick of Time! A Big-Time Maverick from the West!\nAppears\n140. Specter\nAppears\n141. Villain\nAppears\n142. The Story of How We All Became Heroes\nAppears\nTrivia[]\nTsuyu Asui's preliminary design.\nTsuyu's preliminary design was less frog-like and more human in appearance, with smaller eyes and mouth. She was also supposed to be more downbeat.\nAccording to Tsuyu's Volume 2 profile:\nHer favorite thing is the rainy season.\nHer favorite food is jelly.\nTsuyu was originally conceived as a male character, but was turned into a female because Class 1-A lacked girls at the time. She shares this aspect with Toru Hagakure.\nTsuyu's surname contains the kanji for \"frog\" (, a?) and \"puff\" (, sui?), and her first name contains \"plum\" (, tsu?) and \"rain\" (, yu?).\nWhen written together, the kanji in Tsuyu's first name translates to \"rainy season\" (, tsuyu?).\nTsuyu's known U.A. data is as follows:\nStudent No. 3 in Class 1-A.\nRanked 13th during the Quirk Apprehension Test.\nRanked 6th in Class 1-A's midterm scores.\nRanked in the Top 42 of the U.A. Sports Festival First-Year Stage.\nTsuyu's rankings in the Popularity Polls are as follows:\nTsuyu ranked 6th in the First Popularity Poll.\nTsuyu ranked 9th in the Second Popularity Poll.\nTsuyu ranked 23rd in the Third Popularity Poll\nTsuyu ranked 20th in the Fourth Popularity Poll\nTsuyu ranked 16th in the Fifth Popularity Poll\nTsuyu ranked 21st in the Sixth Popularity Poll.\nTsuyu ranked 22nd in the Seventh Popularity Poll.\nTsuyu ranked 2nd in the First US Popularity Poll.\nTsuyu ranked 5th in the in the Second US Popularity Poll.\nTsuyu ranked 8th in the Fourth US Popularity Poll.\nA mugshot of Chika Amatori from the World Trigger manga bears a striking resemblance to Tsuyu.[7]\nAdditionally, Tsuyu's birthday is a day after Chika's (February 11), both have the kanji for \"rain\" (, ama/yu?) in their names, and both seem to be related to frogs (in World Trigger's system, Chika's zodiac sign is Rana, the frog).\nWith her birthday taking place in February, Tsuyu is the second youngest student in Class 1-A, as everyone was 15 when they started U.A.'s school year in early April.\nAfter moving into Heights Alliance, Tsuyu still maintains contact with her younger siblings through video chats.[6]\nTsuyu, Momo Yaoyorozu, Minoru Mineta, and Mina Ashido all share the same Costume designer.[8]\nTsuyu shares her Japanese and English voice actresses with other characters.\nHer Japanese voice actress, Aoi Yki, also voices Pony Tsunotori (as of Season 5) and Setsuna Tokage.\nHer English voice actress, Monica Rial, also voices Taneo Tokuda as a child.\nReminiscent of Tsuyu's frog-like persona, both the Japanese and English voice actors represent this by using a nasally voice.\nTsuyu often adds \"Kero\" or \"Ribbit\" when speaking; both in the Japanese and English versions, respectively.\nDescribing her Quirk, Tsuyu states that she is able to spit up her stomach to clean it. Frogs, when doing this, often step on the stomach in order to clean it before it is set back into their body.\nQuotes[]\n(To Himiko Toga, regarding being called by her first name) \"Cut it out! Only people who are my friends can call me that!\"[9]\n(To her classmates, regarding the rescue mission for Katsuki Bakugo) \"We're all still in shock over Bakugo's kidnapping... so we have to think about this calmly. It doesn't matter how righteous our feelings are. If we start another fight...if we break the law...then we're no better than the villains!\"[10]\nReferences[]\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 80 and Episode 44.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 84 and Episode 46.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 66 and Episode 35.\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 392.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 60 and Episode 34.\n 6.0 6.1 My Hero Academia: Ultra Analysis: The Official Character Guide.\n World Trigger Manga: Chapter 151.\n My Hero Academia Manga: Vol. 13.\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 80 (p. 10).\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 84 (p. 5).\nSite Navigation[]\nExpandveU.A. High School\nClass 1-A Students\nDenki Kaminari Eijiro Kirishima Fumikage Tokoyami Hanta Sero Izuku Midoriya Katsuki Bakugo Koji Koda Kyoka Jiro Mashirao Ojiro Mezo Shoji Mina Ashido Minoru Mineta Momo Yaoyorozu Ochaco Uraraka Rikido Sato Shoto Todoroki Tenya Ida Toru Hagakure Tsuyu Asui Yuga Aoyama\nClass 1-B Students\nHiryu Rin Ibara Shiozaki Itsuka Kendo Juzo Honenuki Jurota Shishida Kinoko Komori Kojiro Bondo Kosei Tsuburaba Manga Fukidashi Neito Monoma Nirengeki Shoda Pony Tsunotori Reiko Yanagi Sen Kaibara Setsuna Tokage Shihai Kuroiro Tetsutetsu Tetsutetsu Togaru Kamakiri Yosetsu Awase Yui Kodai\nDepartment of Support\nMei Hatsume Maina Furasu Bibimi Kenranzaki\nGeneral Department\nHitoshi Shinso Chikuchi Togeike Tsutsutaka Agoyamato\nSecond Year Students\nMawata Fuwa\nThird Year Students\nMirio Togata Nejire Hado Tamaki Amajiki Bibimi Kenranzaki Yuyu Haya\nStaff\nAll Might Cementoss Ectoplasm Eraser Head Hound Dog Lunch Rush Midnight Nezu Power Loader Present Mic Recovery Girl Snipe Thirteen Vlad King Gran Torino (Retired)\nFormer Students\nAll Might Endeavor Best Jeanist Edgeshot Midnight Eraser Head Loud Cloud Present Mic Mister Blaster\nLocations\nClass 1-A Class 1-B Conference Room Ground Beta Ground Gamma Ground Omega Gym Gamma Heights Alliance Lunch Rush Cafeteria P.E. Grounds Recovery Girl's Nurse's Office Sports Festival Stadium Teachers Lounge U.A.'s Development Studio Unforeseen Simulation Joint\nExpandveFamilies and Civilians\nAsui Family\nGanma Asui Beru Asui Tsuyu Asui Samidare Asui Satsuki Asui\nBakugo Family\nMasaru Bakugo Mitsuki Bakugo Katsuki Bakugo\nIda Family\nTensei Ida Tenya Ida\nJiro Family\nKyotoku Jiro Mika Jiro Kyoka Jiro\nMidoriya Family\nHisashi Midoriya Inko Midoriya Izuku Midoriya\nShimano Family\nMahoro Shimano Katsuma Shimano\nShigaraki Family\nAll For One Yoichi Shigaraki Tomura Shigaraki\nShimura Family\nMako Magi Chizuo Magi Nana Shimura Kotaro Shimura Nao Shimura Hana Shimura Tenko Shimura Mon\nTakami Family\nTakami Tomie Takami Keigo Takami\nTodoroki Family\nEnji Todoroki Rei Todoroki Toya Todoroki Fuyumi Todoroki Natsuo Todoroki Shoto Todoroki\nTsukauchi Family\nNaomasa Tsukauchi Makoto Tsukauchi\nShield Family\nDavid Shield Melissa Shield\nSoul Family\nEddie Soul Rody Soul Roro Soul Lala Soul\nHaimawari Family\nShoko Haimawari Koichi Haimawari\nOguro Family\nIwao Oguro Tamao Oguro\nSkyline Family\nChristopher Skyline Pamela\nCivilians\nAlan Kay Aorio Kuraishisu Bruce Daikaku Miyagi Eri Gantetsu Hikage Shinomori Hime Ichimoku Samazu Ikkaku Jube Namimaru Komari Ikoma Kota Izumi Kudo Luminescent Baby Miyashita Moko Tamashi Madam President Rin Yaritezawa Saito Samuel Abraham Sho Takuto Tamashiro Taneo Tokuda Teruo Hazukashi The Mother of Quirks Tsubasa Untenmaru Kurumada Yokumiru Mera Ordinary Woman Tenko Tejina\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nFemales\nMutants\nAlive\nAsui Family\nU.A. Students\nClass 1-A\nHeroes\nFormer Hero Trainees\nOki Mariner Crew\nRyukyu's Agency Employees\nCharacters from Aichi\nLanguages\nCatal\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\nPolski\n\n*Disclosure: Some of the links above are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, Fandom will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nSci-fi\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore My Hero Academia Wiki\n1\nList of Characters\n2\nIzuku Midoriya\n3\nTomura Shigaraki\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nMy Hero Academia Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://myheroacademia.fandom.com/wiki/Tsuyu_Asui" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Tsuyu Asui | Heroes Wiki | Fandom\nHeroes Wiki-Welcome to the Hero/Protagonist wiki! If you can help us with this wiki please sign up and help us! Thanks! -M-NUva\nREAD MORE\nHeroes Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Popular Heroes\nStar and Stripe\nCaesar (Planet of the Apes Reboot)\nCharlie Morningstar\nTed (I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream)\nBrooklynn\nKing Baldwin IV\nSatoru Gojo\nNewly Changed Articles\nTom Campbell\nLydia Deetz (Beetlejuice)\nDolores (Who Framed Roger Rabbit)\nEddie Valiant\nSpider-Man (Ultimate Spider-Man game)\nClaire Redfield\nDarius Bowman\nHeadlined Hero - Raphael (TMNT 2003)\nCommunity\nRules\nDiscord\nFeatured Users\nMr.Jay 641\nAkaStve\nKYLIE1114\nMakyzi143!\nDrake Gunderson\nWikification\nRobergestudios\nRecent Blogs\nRecent Changes\nAffiliates\nStaff\nBureaucrats\nEmeraldblade95\nJester of Chaos\nAdministrators\nAlexhoskins\nDarkUnknownWarrior\nKyurem147\nMesektet\nMrs. Super Nova\nRed Chevalier\nRobergestudios\nThe Humble Nintendo Master\nModerators\nJaxnys\nNerdWithAKeyboard\nShockwaveDude120\nWiki Manager\nBarneymiller123abc\nPure Good Terms\nPure Good Criteria\nPure Good Proposals\nProposal Permissions\nDiscussion Dates\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nHeroes Wiki\n43,716pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Popular Heroes\nStar and Stripe\nCaesar (Planet of the Apes Reboot)\nCharlie Morningstar\nTed (I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream)\nBrooklynn\nKing Baldwin IV\nSatoru Gojo\nNewly Changed Articles\nTom Campbell\nLydia Deetz (Beetlejuice)\nDolores (Who Framed Roger Rabbit)\nEddie Valiant\nSpider-Man (Ultimate Spider-Man game)\nClaire Redfield\nDarius Bowman\nHeadlined Hero - Raphael (TMNT 2003)\nCommunity\nRules\nDiscord\nFeatured Users\nMr.Jay 641\nAkaStve\nKYLIE1114\nMakyzi143!\nDrake Gunderson\nWikification\nRobergestudios\nRecent Blogs\nRecent Changes\nAffiliates\nStaff\nBureaucrats\nEmeraldblade95\nJester of Chaos\nAdministrators\nAlexhoskins\nDarkUnknownWarrior\nKyurem147\nMesektet\nMrs. Super Nova\nRed Chevalier\nRobergestudios\nThe Humble Nintendo Master\nModerators\nJaxnys\nNerdWithAKeyboard\nShockwaveDude120\nWiki Manager\nBarneymiller123abc\nPure Good Terms\nPure Good Criteria\nPure Good Proposals\nProposal Permissions\nDiscussion Dates\nin:\nRejected Good Articles, My Hero Academia Heroes, Female,\nand\n50 more\nHonorable\nAnime Heroes\nManga Heroes\nFighters\nProtector of Innocence\nBond Protectors\nTeenagers\nSiblings\nMovie Heroes\nMutants\nLoyal\nGenius\nHonest\nSupporters\nLawful Good\nSuperheroes\nOptimists\nMascots\nThrill-Seekers\nDreaded\nMerciful\nSelfless\nTragic\nAmazons\nCharismatic\nProtectors\nNurturers\nHumanoid\nAnimal Kindness\nDeterminators\nTricksters\nTV Show Heroes\nPassionate Learners\nDisciplinarians\nLiars\nMisguided\nBrutes\nPacifists\nAdventurers\nMartial Artists\nRescuers\nScience Fantasy Heroes\nTheatrical Heroes\nArchenemy\nAction Heroes\nBook Heroes\nVictims\nDeal Makers\nProvokers\nOne-Man Army\nEnglish\nFranais\nPolski\nTsuyu Asui\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nShow\nThis hero was proposed but rejected by the community for not being admirable enough or lacks what is necessary to be a purely good hero. Therefore, this hero shall be added to our \"Never Again List\", where proposed heroes rejected by the community shall be placed to prevent future proposals of the same do-gooder. They can be proposed again (with the permission of an administrator) if new elements appear in their series that can change their status as non-PG heroes.\nAny act of adding this hero to the Pure Good category without a proposal or creating a proposal for this hero without the permission of an administrator will result in a ban.Additional Notice: This template is meant for admin maintenance only. Users who misuse the template will be blocked for a week minimum.\nHeroine Overview\nGallery\nDo-Gooder\nSuperheroine\nStudent\nFull Name\nTsuyu Asui\nAlias(es)\nRainy Season Hero: FroppyTsuTsuyu-chanTsu-chan\nOrigin\nMy Hero Academia\nOccupation\nStudent at U.A. High SchoolHero-in-Training\nPowers / Skills\nHigh IntelligenceHand-to-Hand Combat SkillsFrog Quirk:Enhanced JumpEnhanced stamina, speed and agilityDexterityTongue ExtensionToxin Generation (non-lethal)Body StorageCamouflageHigh-Speed Swimming\nHobby\nLooking after her siblings.Swimming.Spending time with friends (especially with Deku, Uraraka, Iida and Todoroki).\nGoals\nBecome a Pro Hero.\nFamily\nGanma Asui (father)Beru Asui (mother)Samidare Asui (younger brother)Satsuki Asui (younger sister)\nFriends / Allies\nHabuko Mongoose (middle school best friend)Shota Aizawa (teacher)All Might (teacher)Izuku Midoriya (best friend)Ochaco Uraraka (best friend)Tenya Iida (friend)Shoto Todoroki (friend)Eijiro Kirishima (friend)Momo Yaoyorozu (friend)Mina Ashido (great friend)Kyoka Jiro (friend)Toru Hagakure (friend)Fumikage Tokoyami (good friend)Mezo Shoji (friend)Minoru Mineta (sometimes)Denki Kaminari (friend)Hanta Sero (friend)Mashirao Ojiro (friend)Rikido Sato (friend)Koji Koda (acquaintance)Yuga Aoyama (acquaintance)Katsuki Bakugo (acquaintance)Nejire Hado (friend)Ryukyu (mentor)Sirius (guide/friend)Selkie (former mentor)EriOki Mariner Crew\nEnemies\nLeague of VillainsTomura Shigaraki Himiko TogaEight Precepts of DeathOverhaulRikiya KatsukameNine All For One \nType of Hero\nMutant Superheroine\n\nIm not weeping and moping around anymore. Because you matter to me. Youre my friend, and when were scared, we tremble together. When times are tough, we cry together. So, if youre dead set on being some comic book superhero then Class A wont let you live that fantasy alone.\n\n~ Tsuyu Asui to Izuku Midoriya in \"Deku vs. Class A\"\nTsuyu \"Tsu\" Asui also known as Rainy Season Hero: Froppy, is a major protagonist in My Hero Academia franchise. She is a student of Class 1-A and one of Izuku Midoriya and Ochaco Urarakas friends.\nShe is voiced by Aoi Yki in the Japanese version of the anime, and by Monica Rial in the English version.\nContents\n1 Biography\n2 Appearance\n3 Personality\n4 Powers & Abilities\n4.1 Quirk\n5 Trivia\n6 External Links\n7 Navigation\nBiography[]\nBefore starting at U.A., Tsuyu's parents had to travel for work often, which gave them little time to raise their children. Tsuyu was left with the responsibilities of raising Samidare and Satsuki, such as making dinner for them. Although it was tough raising her little siblings, Tsuyu still found her life to be wonderful.\nTwo years ago before starting at U.A., Tsuyu's hero studies at her middle school piled up and she didn't have much free time for herself. Tsuyu's busy schedule, as well as her frog-like appearance, made it difficult for her to make friends. During her time at middle school, there was a student who started stalking her named Habuko Mongoose, who also had difficulty making friends. Habuko often used her Quirk, which paralyzed whoever she looked at for three seconds, on Tsuyu. Despite this, Tsuyu wasn't bothered by Habuko's stalking because she could understand her as they were both lonely.\nOne day, Tsuyu mustered up the courage and finally asked Habuko to be friends. Habuko was surprised and touched by Tsuyu's kindness, before happily agreeing to be friends with Tsuyu. Eventually, Tsuyu and Habuko graduated from their middle school, but went to different high schools though they kept in contact.\nTwo years later, the day after U.A.'s semester began, Tsuyu receives a message from Habuko which states that she made new friends at her new high school and next time she will introduce them to her. Even though they ended up going to different high schools, Tsuyu notes that she will always be friends with Habuko. Tsuyu decides that, like Habuko, she will make lots of friends at her new high school as well.\nAppearance[]\nTsuyu is a short girl with a frog-like appearance. She has straight dark green hair that ties into a bow at its bottom, and her eyes are considerably large, unlike any normal person. She has eyelashes at the bottom of her eyes and a mouth that dips down a bit in the middle. Adding to her frog-like appearance, she has notably large hands.\nHer superhero costume consists of a bright green full-body suit, with black stripes and yellow trim. She has two utility belts, one ending above her breasts and one on her waist, which is decorated with green dots along the outside. Tsuyu wears beige gloves with large wrist guards and green buckles. She also wears black, thigh-high flippers with smaller green lines, resembling frog legs. In fact, most of her costume is based on the design of a frog.\nPersonality[]\nTsuyu is laid-back, but she is also very direct with those around her, willing to tell them exactly what she think about others. Due to her parents being busy at work and often being left to look after her two younger siblings at a young age, she is a very mature and responsible individual who is able to effectively divide her attention between home and school-related duties without letting them interfere with one another. This has also lead her to being an effective pillar of emotional support for others, making them feel safe and at ease if they don't feel so. She seems to be very indifferent when in school, but sometimes she has demonstrated the opposite and is quite perceptive. She is extremely realistic, she cares about her classmates, and remains calm in the face of danger, but reacts violently if someone harms her. She prefers to be called by her nickname \"Tsu\" as opposed to her real name, although only by her friends.\nDespite her supportive nature, Tsuyu can also be rather sensitive due to her always saying what's on her mind, and fearing her words coming off as blunt and hurtful as result. After Bakugo's kidnapping, Tsuyu tries to get her friends to act rationally by saying that they are no better than villains if they go breaking the rules with leaving to save him.\nAfterwards, however, Tsuyu becomes very upset and saddled with guilt due to being unable to face her classmates again after this, as well as viewing her own behaviour as cowardly. With help from Ochaco Uraraka however, she was able to put things right and talk with everyone again.\nBefitting her frog physiology, Tsuyu can often be heard using the word \"Ribbit\" (\"kero\" in the Japanese version) at the end of her sentences as well as her replies. Her facial expression is often a calm and vacant stare, making it difficult to read whatever she's thinking.\nPowers & Abilities[]\nQuirk[]\nFrog: Tsuyu's Quirk gives her the physiology of a frog, with her having the attributes of the creature as well as possessing several frog-like abilities. She is able to cling to surfaces, leap very high (and is usually seen leaping as opposed to running) as well as stick out her tongue up to 20 metres which is strong enough to lift a person's whole body weight. Tsuyu is also capable of camouflaging herself to some extent, other abilities include being able to eject her stomach and secrete a mild, itch-inducing toxin.\nSince frogs are cold-blooded creatures, Tsuyu is very sensitive to the cold, and can go into a hibernation-like state if over-exposed to cold temperatures.\nTrivia[]\nTsuyu's favourite food is jelly.\nHer favourite thing is the rainy season.\nTsuyu was originally going to be male, however Horikoshi chose to make her a girl due to a lack of female students in Class 1-A at the time. She shares this aspect with Toru Hagakure.\nAfter Tsuyu helped Izuku when training with Blackwhip, he named his \"Froppy Style\" technique after her, where he shoots out a Blackwhip from his mouth like Tsuyu's tongue.\nBefore her rise to frame in My Hero Academia, Tsuyu had a small role in Episode 7 of Kill la Kill as one of the members of the swimming club in Honnji Academy where she got her ass handed to her by Ryko Matoi.\nExternal Links[]\nTsuyu Asui on the Heroic Benchmark Wiki\nTsuyu Asui on the My Hero Academia Wiki\nNavigation[]\nShowHeroes\nU.A. 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I love her straightforward personality... I wish I could be that honest irl lol... enjoy the hcs!~Lo-Oh, this sweet child is the best girlfriend you could ever ask for-She remembers everything, isnt afraid to speak her mind, and most importantly loves you -You can always depend on her, which you are absolutely grateful for-Now, as to who asked who out, Tsu would have probably been the one to-Our Tsu cant handle hiding feelings for too long-So maybe the day she couldnt take it anymore, she walked over to you during lunch, and, in the ever-so Tsuyu way, asked you out!-You were both surprised and happy, of course you accepted! You liked her too, didnt you? (Of course you did, who are you kidding)-You went to the lake for your first date, where you met some very nice frog friends-You named one Gerald! Tsu couldnt get over how cute you were, honestly-Expect a lot of out-of-the-blue, straightforward compliments-Because she wants you to know she appreciates you-And, well, she cant just keep them to herself if she wants you to know, cant she?-Dont expect a lot of exclamation marks or emoticons next to her texts-But after a while you learned that theres as much as love poured into it with or without them-So, you decided to send her twice as many emojis-To compensate for her lack of them!-She loves it when you do, she thinks youre so adorable ~-Shes always a firm shoulder to lean on-And will listen to you talk about nearly anything-When your days a little rough, you can always count on Tsu to give you a passing compliment or a handful of your favorite chocolates-Shes sweet that way, always remembers your favorites-And most importantly, you trust each other, and you learned to be more honest with her in your relationship-Tsu too, learned a lot from you, that it was perfectly fine to let loose with your feelings-Well, that aside, the class thinks youre the cutest couple ever-And you love each other wholeheartedly #tsuyu x reader#asui tsuyu x reader#bnha x reader#mha x reader#tsuyu fluff#asui tsuyu fluff#tsuyu headcanons#tsuyu scenarios#tsuyu imagines#bnha fluff#bnha headcanons#bnha scenarios#bnha imagines#I love this frog bb#thanks for requesting herClose notes@bnhaclaimedmysoul / bnhaclaimedmysoul.tumblr.comJoin over 100 million people using Tumblr to find their communities and make friends.Sign me upJoin over 100 million people using Tumblr to find their communities and make friends.Sign me upLog inAboutAppsLegalPrivacyHelp", "url": "https://www.tumblr.com/bnhaclaimedmysoul/189547069036/how-would-tsuyu-asui-be-as-a-girlfriend" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Why does it take Izuku so long to call Asui Tsuyu simply Tsuyu? - Quora\nSomething went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InWhy does it take Izuku so long to call Asui Tsuyu simply Tsuyu?All related (33)SortRecommendedNoah KuruvillaWatched numerous anime series Author has 189 answers and 596.3K answer views4yIzuku is a polite individual, and in Japan it is normal to refer to your classmates by their last name and the proper honorifics (as he does with many of them excluding Kaa-chan, who he knew since childhood). To him, it would be very informal to refer Tsuyu by her given name (Especially since they knew each other for a few weeks) rather than the more proper Asui-san.Upvote 99Promoted by monday.commonday.comOne platform for managing any project, task, and workflow.Updated 1yWhat are the best project management tools for managers?As a manager, the ability to prioritize workloads, schedule employees/projects, and track deadlines is simply impossible without a reliable and easy-to-use project management platform. Trusted by over 180K global customers, monday.com offers an award-winning, customizable work and project management platform for all teams, industries, and sizes. With its easy-to-use interface, any member of your team can jump on and start using it immediately, no training required. Try for free (Free forever. No credit card)>>With monday.com, you can plan, execute, and manage all of your teams' work in one placeContinue ReadingAs a manager, the ability to prioritize workloads, schedule employees/projects, and track deadlines is simply impossible without a reliable and easy-to-use project management platform. Trusted by over 180K global customers, monday.com offers an award-winning, customizable work and project management platform for all teams, industries, and sizes. With its easy-to-use interface, any member of your team can jump on and start using it immediately, no training required. Try for free (Free forever. No credit card)>>With monday.com, you can plan, execute, and manage all of your teams' work in one place by automating and streamlining activities with no-code automations, saving you and your team hours of valuable time. With customizable dashboards, 200+ pre-made templates, 72+ integrations, and real-time notifications and updates, optimize processes, and boost team productivity and collaboration. You can easily track projects and meet deadlines using timelines, Gantt charts, and more. Discover why 180K+ global customers love and use monday.com.Try monday.com for freeUpvote 999378997597Related questionsMore answers belowWhat is it about Tsuyu Asui that makes her so attractive?Who does Izuku like, Uraraka or Ochako?What does Ochako call Tsuyu?Why does Asui want to be called TSU?How come I once liked Tsuyu Asui but turned to Ochako Uraraka?Artemis MoonWatching anime for too long Author has 397 answers and 136.9K answer views4yIn Japan, it's considered rude to call someone by their first name without a suffix. If Izuku called her Tsuyu off the bat it means he's really rude. Asui-san is what you would call someone your age that you don't know.Upvote 99Cas HollyAuthor has 1.7K answers and 895.4K answer views9moIn Japanese culture, people generally address each other by their family name and a title or honorific. Which honorific a person uses depends on their age, gender, and social standing compared to the other person, however, -san is usually a safe and respectful honorific. Situations in which a person can use anothers given name also vary, but generally, it indicates a very close relationship. BeyoContinue ReadingIn Japanese culture, people generally address each other by their family name and a title or honorific. Which honorific a person uses depends on their age, gender, and social standing compared to the other person, however, -san is usually a safe and respectful honorific. Situations in which a person can use anothers given name also vary, but generally, it indicates a very close relationship. Beyond the cultural reasons, its also important to keep in mind that Izuku had only one friend prior to UA and it was not a healthy relationship. Hes not been close enough to anyone else to address them by their given name. However, Tsuyu prefers that her friends call her Tsuyu-chan, using both her given name and the more familiar honorific, -chan. This is a little more common for girls in Japan, but still a little unusual. It makes Izuku uncomfortable to speak so familiarly with ...Upvote Taj BewleyAuthor has 69 answers and 248.6K answer viewsUpdated 3yRelatedWhy does Izuku Midoriya call Bakugo, Kaachan?Kac =(Katsuki) Chan= (cute, used for kids or can be used for showing affection) Midoriya views him as a friend, he was a kid when he gave him the nickname. It's kind of like saying small Katsuki, or little Katsuki. It would come off as kind of patronizing as a teen , but to Midoriya it's a sign of their old friendship.Upvote 999357992594Promoted by Roundhouse ProvisionsMatt Jennings Dramatization only - Roundhouse Provisions8moHow do I stay fit as I get older?Just look at the legendary Chuck Norriss advice since he is now a whopping 81 years old and yet has MORE energy than me. He found a key to healthy aging and it was by doing the opposite of what most of people are told. Norris says he started learning about this revolutionary new method when he noticed most of the supplements he was taking did little or nothing to support his health. After extensive research, he discovered he could create dramatic changes to his health simply focusing on 3 things that sabotage our body as we age. This is the key to healthy aging, says Norris. Im living proContinue ReadingJust look at the legendary Chuck Norriss advice since he is now a whopping 81 years old and yet has MORE energy than me. He found a key to healthy aging and it was by doing the opposite of what most of people are told. Norris says he started learning about this revolutionary new method when he noticed most of the supplements he was taking did little or nothing to support his health. After extensive research, he discovered he could create dramatic changes to his health simply focusing on 3 things that sabotage our body as we age. This is the key to healthy aging, says Norris. Im living proof. Now, Chuck Norris has put the entire method into a 15-minute video that explains the 3 Internal Enemies that can wreck our health as we age, and the simple ways to help combat them, using foods and herbs you may even have at home. Ive included the Chuck Norris video here so you can give it a shot.Upvote 4.3K4.3K9997749965Related questionsWhat is it about Tsuyu Asui that makes her so attractive?Who does Izuku like, Uraraka or Ochako?What does Ochako call Tsuyu?Why does Asui want to be called TSU?How come I once liked Tsuyu Asui but turned to Ochako Uraraka?What does Tsuyu Asui like about Izuku Midoriya?Does Izuku know that Uraraka likes him?Who is stronger, Izuku or Uraraka?Who do you ship with Tamaki Amajiki?How long has Bakugo been bullying Izuku Midoriya?Why did Stain save Izuku Midoriya? What does Stain think of Izuku Midoriya?Does Izuku Midoriya have siblings?Why do I love Izuku so much?How old was Izuku when he went to UA?Who would win, Ochaco Uraraka or Tsuyu Asui?Related questionsWhat is it about Tsuyu Asui that makes her so attractive?Who does Izuku like, Uraraka or Ochako?What does Ochako call Tsuyu?Why does Asui want to be called TSU?How come I once liked Tsuyu Asui but turned to Ochako Uraraka?What does Tsuyu Asui like about Izuku Midoriya?AdvertisementAbout Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://www.quora.com/Why-does-it-take-Izuku-so-long-to-call-Asui-Tsuyu-simply-Tsuyu" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Bnha Headcanons - Tsuyu Asui - Wattpad\nBrowse\nBrowse\nWattpad Originals\nEditor's Picks\nThe Wattys\nAdventure\nContemporary Lit\nDiverse Lit\nFanfiction\nFantasy\nHistorical Fiction\nHorror\nHumor\nLGBTQ+\nMystery\nNew Adult\nNon-Fiction\nParanormal\nPoetry\nRomance\nScience Fiction\nShort Story\nTeen Fiction\nThriller\nWerewolf\nWattpad Picks\nAmplifying AAPI Storytelling\nReading Radar\nIrresistible Baddies \nBound by fate \nWattpad Studios Hits\nPremium Picks\nCommunity\nThe Watty Awards\nCommunity Happenings\nWattpad Ambassadors\nWrite\nCreate a new story\nMy Stories\nHelpful writer resources\nWattpad programs & opportunities\nWriting contests\nTry Premium\nLog in\nSign Up\nBnha Headcanons\nby Hungry-Writer\nBnha Headcanons\nTable of contents\nKatsuki Bakugou\nMidoriya Izuku\nMirio Togata\nTodoroki Shoto\nUraraka Ochaco\nAizawa Shouta\nDenki Kaminari\nKirishima Eijirou\nShinsou Hitoshi\nTsuyu Asui\nNew Reading List\nVote\nYOU ARE READING\nBnha Headcanons\nFanfiction\nSo, since you all seem to enjoy my \"Bnha oneshots\" collection, I am doing this short headcanon collection for 10 characters of my choosing. I'm also partially basing it on how many requests I got for each character in my oneshot collection. Thank yo...\n#aizawa\n#anime\n#bakugou\n#bnha\n#fanfiction\n#headcanons\n#mha\n#midoriya\n#mirio\n#random\n#uraraka\nTsuyu Asui\n4.7K\n63\n25\nby Hungry-Writer\nby Hungry-Writer\nFollow\nShare\nPost to Your Profile\nShare via Email\nReport Story\nSend\nSend to Friend\nShare\nPost to Your Profile\nShare via Email\nReport Story\nThis is the last piece for this collection and I'm so glad I'll finally have a complete work under my belt lol. This was a lot of fun to do, and it helped me a lot with my writer's blocks and such...so that was cool. Enjoy!\nMiscellaneous\n--Because of her internship with Captain Selkie, Tsuyu knows how to operate all different types of boats. She wants to be able to work as a pro out in the open ocean like Selkie so of course she was very happy when he offered to teach her.\n--Tsuyu is great at cooking all kinds of food but her favorite dishes to make are: pasta, chicken soup, and any type of salad.\n--Her parents are gone a lot so Tsuyu is really good at managing her time and other people's time. She's great at relegating which sibling will do what chores and when so everything is almost equal.\n--People have often told Tsuyu that she is kind of hard to read and that they don't know what she's thinking. So she learned poker.\n--She's very good at it.\n--Her siblings introduced Tsuyu to American Disney moviesand she has been hooked on them ever since. She loves all of them especially the Hunchback of Notre Dame, Anastasia, and 101 Dalmatians.\nRelationship Headcanons\n--Tsuyu is a very honest and direct person so she will be the first one to confess, unless you are quicker than she is (which is very rare).\n--She loves giving you hugs but it takes a while for her to be fully affectionate with you. But that's just because she feels that she lacks a lot of experience with romantic relationships, because she has always been focused on being a successful pro hero.\n--Tsuyu is extremely emotionally stable and she is definitely your support system. As a pro hero she works really well with others and she brings that skill into her relationshipwith you.\n--She is an attentive listener and she's quite compassionate when she wants to be. But she will tell it like it is if she feels that you are in the wrong.\n--Tsuyu is always up for holding your hand because her hands are really soft and large, so they're perfect for hand-holding! She is also always up for forehead kissing. She doesn't know why but it's her favorite type of kiss.\n--Because she is very busy as a pro hero, you will have to be the one to take care of things in the house. Tsuyu is quite domestic because she has taken care of her younger siblings, but her schedule just leaves her no free time.\n--But if you both are pro heroes then she will insist that you two work together. First of all it would be pretty fun taking out villains together and secondly it would mean that your schedulesmight meld together better.\nDislikes\n--She is very open about what she dislikes and she will discuss them with anyone who asks. She can be opinionated if she has to.\n--Her main dislikes are: villains (it's obvious why), long commercials (yes it's a close second between that and villains), chalkboards, and itchy clothes.\n--Tsuyu detests itchy clothes with a passion so intense it is almost scary! Clothes should always be streamlined and comfortable in her opinion!\n You've finished reading Bnha Headcanons \nAdd\nNew Reading List\nVote\nPost to Your Profile\nShare via Email\nReport Story\nPromoted stories\nYou'll also like\nWhere stories live. Discover now\nLog inSign Up\nWattpad Originals\nTry Premium\nGet the App\nLanguage\nWriters\n|\nBrand Partnerships\nJobs\nPress\nTerms\nPrivacy\nPayment Policy\nAccessibility\nHelp\n 2024 Wattpad", "url": "https://www.wattpad.com/527676586-bnha-headcanons-tsuyu-asui" } ]

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Section\nAdministrative Requests\nFind an Admin\nPolicy & Standards Committee\nRecent Changes\nin:\nCharacters, Human, Female, Kurosaki Family\nEnglish\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nKarin Kurosaki\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (39)\n\"From now on, it's my turn to protect my brother.\"\n Karin Kurosaki in \"THE LOST AGENT\"\nOverview\nAnime Continuity\nImage Gallery\nKarin Kurosaki\n2013\n2003\n2001\nRace\nHuman\nBirthday\nMay 6, 1990[1]\nAge\n11[2] (2001) 13 (2003) 23 (2013)\nGender\nFemale\nHeight\n136 cm (4'5\")[3]\nWeight\n31 kg (68 lbs.)[1]\nBlood Type\nAO[3]\nProfessional Status\nAffiliation\nKurosaki Clinic\nOccupation\nMiddle School Student Nurse\nPrevious Team\nKarakura Superheroes\nBase of Operations\nKurosaki House, Karakura Town\nPersonal Status\nRelatives\nIsshin Kurosaki (Father) Masaki Kurosaki (Mother) Ichigo Kurosaki (Older Brother) Yuzu Kurosaki (Older Twin Sister) Orihime Inoue (Sister-in-law) Kazui Kurosaki (Nephew) Kukaku Shiba (Paternal Cousin) Ganju Shiba (Paternal Cousin)\nEducation\nKarakura S. Primary School[4]Mashiba Middle School[5]\nFirst Appearance\nManga\nVolume 1, Chapter 1\nAnime\nEpisode 1\nVideo Game\nBleach: Soul Carnival 2\nVoices\nJapanese\nRie Kugimiya\nEnglish\nKate Higgins\nSpanish\nNoemi Bayarri (Spain)Christine Byrd (Latin)\nKarin Kurosaki ( , Kurosaki Karin) is the fraternal younger twin sister of Yuzu, daughter of Isshin and Masaki Kurosaki, and youngest sister of Ichigo.\nContents\n1 Appearance\n2 Personality\n3 History\n4 Plot\n4.1 Agent of the Shinigami arc\n4.2 Soul Society arc\n4.3 Arrancar arc\n4.4 Fake Karakura Town arc\n4.5 The Lost Substitute Shinigami arc\n4.6 The Thousand-Year Blood War arc\n5 Powers & Abilities\n6 Censorship\n7 Appearances in Other Media\n8 Trivia\n9 Quotes\n10 References\n11 Navigation\nAppearance[]\nKarin has dark grey eyes and black hair that is straight and cropped to hang around her face, just above her shoulders. Her eyes are large and dark. When not wearing her school uniform, Karin typically wears sportswear consisting of knee-length leggings or shorts with alternative shirts, trainers. She sometimes wears a red cap upon her head and often carries a soccer ball.\nSeventeen months later, Karin wears her hair in a short ponytail and her bust has begun developing. She typically wears her school uniform, a blue and white sailor fuku.[6] Ten years later, Karin wears her hair in a messy bun atop her head and has developed a large bust.[7]\nPersonality[]\nKarin often assaults her father when he acts foolish.\nCompared to her soft-spoken twin sister, Yuzu, Karin is a more authoritative and out-spoken person. Karin's tough exterior results from her mother's death; because she could not be useful around the house like Yuzu, she resolved never to cry so that she would not burden her family with her personal troubles.[8] As a result, Karin is the more hardened and least emotional between the two, resulting in her not being affected by most events that would more or less bring tears to Yuzu's eyes. Despite these obvious differences, both girls remain close. She is concerned for her brother when Ichigo appears stressed or when he disappears for long periods of time. During these times, despite her own worries, Karin will reassure her sister, being there for her.[9]\nKarin is a sensible person but is not above kicking her father in the head when she thinks he's acting unreasonable. Despite this, Karin is still helpful around the clinic, as she and Yuzu help out their father as nurses when they can. [10] Despite being able to see them as clearly as Ichigo can, Karin initially claims that she believes spirits do not exist, which she says is the same as them not actually existing. In spite of her attitude about spirits, Karin is willing to use her's and Ichigo's ability to see them to earn a little cash.[11]\nHistory[]\nKarin as a baby with her family.\nWhen Ichigo was four, Karin, along with her fraternal twin sister Yuzu, was born to Isshin and Masaki Kurosaki. When she was young, Karin cried a lot, much like her sister.[4] When she was five years old, Masaki died, leaving all three of her children motherless.[12] Both of her daughters decided then that they had to mature much faster than usual, with Yuzu deciding to take over the housework and looking after the family. However, Karin felt useless compared to her sister and decided that her way of contributing would be to never cause her family to worry about her and therefore stopped crying all together even when she was injured or upset. Karin thus went for many years without shedding a tear.[4]\nPlot[]\nAgent of the Shinigami arc[]\nKarin and Yuzu eat dinner while their brother and father spar.\nWhen Ichigo arrives home and argues with Isshin, Karin comments to Yuzu that she should just leave their father and brother to their squabbling while requesting more food at the table and making fun of Ichigo's powers to see ghosts. She claims she does not care nor believe in ghosts despite being able to see them, much to the dismay of the Plus present in the room at that time. Isshin complains about how Ichigo never tells him about his problems, prompting Karin to tell him it's because he has no communication skills. This prompts Isshin to ask a poster on the wall of Masaki what he should do, as all of his children seem to be rather cold towards him, to which Karin responds by telling him that he should start by taking the poster down. [13]\nKarin struggles up the stairs to warn Ichigo about Fishbone D, a Hollow who has attacked the house, injured Isshin and captured Yuzu. She tells Ichigo to get away quickly before falling unconscious. [14] She, along with the rest of her family, except Ichigo, have their memories wiped of these events. Instead, they believe that a truck hit their house that night while they were all asleep. Karin acts rather annoyed that they \"let the criminal get away.\"[15]\nSeveral days later, the Kurosaki Clinic is busy following a car crash. Karin helps transport some patients around.[16] However, when Yasutora Sado is carried into the clinic, she notices the parakeet he was carrying, which had the soul of a young boy inside it. The parakeet unintentionally begins to transmit its memories into Karin.[17] Next morning, Yuzu tells Ichigo that Karin isn't feeling well and can't come to breakfast, to which Ichigo comments that it's rather rare for her to feel unwell.[18] The memories transmitted turn out to be the cause of Karin's sudden pains, and she ends up vomiting in the middle of the school day. Finally unable to take it, she tells Yuzu that she'll be leaving early. [19]\nKarin unusually upset and in pain over Yichi Shibata.\nInstead of going home though, Karin goes to Ichigo, and ends up collapsing right in front of him, prompting Rukia to order him to bring her home while she chases after Chad, as Ichigo would have to focus on protecting her more. As Ichigo takes her home, she wearily tells him about the strongest transmitted memory: Yichi Shibata, the boy inside the parakeet, saw his mother being murdered right in front of him. Weeping, Karin begs Ichigo to save Yichi and send him to \"the other side\" to reunite him with his mother.[20] Ichigo says that it was the first time he had seen her cry since their mother had died, and vows to stop her from crying any more.[8] She is promptly put to bed in order to rest while Ichigo deals with the Hollow who is attacking Rukia. When Yichi is finally sent to Soul Society, Karin thanks Ichigo in her sleep.[21]\nThe next day, Yuzu sees what appears to be Ichigo jumping on the school wall and calls out to him. At first, Karin dismisses the idea, but then sees Kon in Ichigo's body jumping to a seemingly impossible height, and is shocked. Stopping Yuzu from calling out to him, Karin tells her sister it can't be him and that they shouldn't say anything about it. As another student appears, having seen Ichigo, Karin makes the girl deny that she saw what happened.[22] Later on, Karin overhears some boys who claim Ichigo broke their video game. Believing he wouldn't do such a thing, Karin dismisses the idea that he was there and states it had to be someone else.[23]\nKarin suppressed by an invisible Grand Fisher.\nThe entire Kurosaki family prepares for their yearly tradition of visiting their mother's grave on June 17th.[24] Karin is annoyed when Isshin declares he has complete control over who gets what job during the trip, but gets happier when she is declared Staff Director. On the way to the grave, Karin runs ahead of Yuzu while saying the hill they're climbing isn't too hard to climb, to which Isshin begins to try to encourage Yuzu, but Karin eventually kicks Isshin down to the bottom of the hill when his \"encouragement\" begins to really annoy her.[25] When she sees Rukia Kuchiki waving at Ichigo and watching her brother get flustered by her sudden appearance, she assumes that there is something going on between them, saying that he's at that age, and tells Yuzu to leave them alone.[26]\nAt the grave, Karin talks with her mother in her mind, telling her that the whole family is doing alright, although in Isshin's case she's disgusted at this fact.[27] Next, she chides Yuzu for crying by their mother's grave, telling her to stop crying so much every year.[28] They hear Isshin blowing the whistle for them to return; however, Karin then notices a ghost of a girl standing on the cliff, and goes over to her to talk to her, but suddenly the girl turns and comments that a girl like her who can see and hear her will be very tasty.[29]\nKarin is able to see the true form of Grand Fisher and is horrified by it, but she is unable to defend herself and is struck down by the Hollow. She tries to stop Yuzu from approaching, but both end up captured by Grand Fisher. The Hollow begins to eat Yuzu, but Ichigo attacks Grand Fisher, freeing them.[30] The two are left by Ichigo safely out of the way of the battle.[31] Shortly afterward, Karin and Yuzu are brought home by Kon in Ichigo's body, who tells her he found them asleep, and tells her to rest. Karin recalls what happened with Grand Fisher and Ichigo saving her, though, and wonders what part of that was a dream.[32]\nKarin is not impressed at all by \"Ghost Bust,\" Don Kanonji's show, noting that Yuzu and Isshin are fascinated by it because Yuzu can't see ghosts, whereas she and Ichigo can see them, and so they don't find the show very interesting. Ichigo realizes that this was the reason she was the first to see the Hollow, and wonders if she can see Shinigami as well.[33] The entire Kurosaki family attends the live broadcast of \"Ghost Bust\" in Karakura Town.[34] Along with Ichigo, Rukia and Chad, Karin hears the spirit bound to the abandoned hospital where the show is being filmed, and is frightened by it to the point where she mutters that she shouldn't have come, although she denies having said anything when asked by Isshin. As she continues to hear the screams, she feels sick and wonders where Ichigo went.[35]\nWhen Kanonji attempts to \"free\" the spirit, the screams frighten Karin, and she doubles over in shock and fear.[36] Shortly afterward, Ichigo begins to battle the spirit-turned Hollow, and Karin spots him doing this, almost unable to believe her eyes.[37] Ichigo jumps into the hospital by breaking a window, and Isshin makes sure Karin and Yuzu weren't hurt by the glass. Yuzu asks Karin if they should look for Ichigo, but Karin is still confused over what she saw.[38]\nYuzu's scream of excitement when Don Kanonji appears at the Kurosaki clinic catches Karin's attention, and she looks out the window to see what's the matter, but instead sees Ichigo and Rukia running to find another Hollow.[39] Several days later, when Ury Ishida scatters Hollow Bait across Karakura Town in a challenge with Ichigo, Karin is one of the people who notices the strange change in atmosphere which precedes the appearance of a massive wave of Hollows.[40] Her friends notice the sudden drop in Karin's performance in soccer, and Karin decides to leave because she finds herself unable to concentrate. However, at that moment, Chad appears in the lot she was playing in, and a Hollow follows him in.[41]\nChad gets Karin out of the way of the Hollow's attack, and is surprised Karin can see it. Fortunately, Karin warns him about the Hollow before it crushes them both, and guides him away from the monster's attacks, acting as his eyes when she realizes he cannot see it. Chad protests, concerned about her safety, but Karin insists as she wants to know their connection with Ichigo. Chad strikes the Hollow, but is then injured greatly by the following blow. When Karin's friends come to see how she's doing, she tells them to leave, afraid the Hollow will attack them. Hoping to draw it away from them, Karin flees the scene.[42]\nKarin witnesses Chad beating the Hollow with his newfound power, wondering what it is and realizes that he's now able to see the Hollow. The exhausted Chad falls after defeating the Hollow and Karin runs over to see if he's alright. She is annoyed that Chad is only concerned about her safety, noting that he's similar to Ichigo in that respect. Deciding to get Isshin to see him, Karin runs off.[43] However, Urahara takes Chad away before she comes back.[44] When the two arrive and do not see Chad, Isshin assumes Karin just wanted some time with him, prompting Karin to punch him in the face. She then continues to wonder where Chad went.[45]\nKarin attends a fireworks festival with the rest of the Kurosaki family, although when they find Ichigo, Yuzu and Karin are very loud and act out of character, due to apparently drinking fruit juice that was diluted with wine. After the festival, both Yuzu and Karin, fast asleep, are carried home by Ichigo, much to his annoyance and not helped by the fact that Isshin makes a rather perverted joke.[46] Ichigo leaves for Soul Society while Karin is asleep.[47]\nSoul Society arc[]\nKarin spots a flying Hollow which she has been seeing lately, wondering what it is.[48] She then decides to follow it since she has nothing better to do, wondering where it is going.[49] However, the Hollow is suddenly destroyed by Don Kanonji.[50] As he introduces himself to her, she wonders why he came to Karakura Town when Ichigo is away.[51] He explains to her what the flying creature was and asks her to join Karakura Superheroes in order to protect the town from Hollows.[52] Although she isn't enthusiastic about that idea,[52] she changes her mind when Kanonji bids her to take the role of Karakura Red.[53] However, she has to share her title with Jinta Hanakari.[54] Along with Ururu Tsumugiya, they are able to defeat a number of Hollows, much to the chagrin of Zennosuke Kurumadani, Rukia's official replacement.[55]\nArrancar arc[]\nKarin informed Ichigo that she knows he is a Shinigami.\nKarin later reveals that she does, in fact, know that her brother is a Shinigami. When he leaves his body as a Shinigami, she grabs onto his arm in order to try and prevent Ichigo from confronting Ulquiorra Cifer and Yammy Llargo, the first Arrancar that arrive in Karakura Town. However, she fails and Ichigo leaves anyway.[56] As Rukia Kuchiki convinces Yuzu and Isshin to stay at their house, Karin is looking at her suspiciously.[57] Ichigo soon leaves for the Visored training ground without a word, causing Yuzu to cry over his disappearance. Karin tells her he will come back for sure, but gets annoyed with her moaning and Isshin's buffoonery.[58]\nThe twins want to eat with their brother.\nIchigo stays away for a month and both Karin and Yuzu miss him greatly during that time. When he returns, wounded, he is put to bed to rest as Rukia watches over him. Yuzu wants to eat her dinner in Ichigo's bedroom but Karin reminds her that their brother needs to rest and the two bicker over it. Rukia overhears them and, when she opens the door, Yuzu asks if they can eat their dinner with Ichigo. Rukia lets them do so, stating that Ichigo would like that and the two fall asleep on the floor after finishing their meal, staying there all night.[59]\nFake Karakura Town arc[]\nWhen Ichigo confronts Aizen once again, he closes his eyes and remarks that Karin and Yuzu are all right at their house, presumably sensing their Reiatsu.[60]\nThe Lost Substitute Shinigami arc[]\nKarin buys supplies from Kisuke Urahara.\nOver the 17 months following Ichigo's loss of his spiritual powers, Karin's have grown stronger. Though she acts as if it is a pain, she does not ask Ichigo about it, and deals with it herself.[61] She frequently visits the Urahara Shop.[62]\nKarin visits Kisuke Urahara, who sells her various goods for repelling spirits and Hollows. When she asks if Kisuke is sure that he does not want money from her that day, he insists that it is fine as he owes Ichigo a lot. Kisuke then asks Karin how Ichigo is and how she feels. Karin comments that it is fine even if his Shinigami powers do not return, saying that Ichigo has always been fighting and protecting, and now it is her turn to protect Ichigo, then turns and leaves the store. On her way out, Kisuke asks her to let him know if something were to happen and that he will prepare something. Karin thanks him and leaves.[63]\nAt the Kurosaki Clinic, Karin asks Yuzu where Ichigo is as they have dinner. Yuzu tells her that he is upstairs and when she had called him, he had told her that he would eat later. Karin then calls teenage boys gross and perverts. Yuzu scolds her for saying such things during dinner, denying that Ichigo is like that. Karin relents, but says that she should let go of her delusions about Ichigo, saying that he is not an anime character. Yuzu denies she thought of him like that and storms off, telling Karin that it is her turn to clean up. As she wonders if Ichigo had been cold to Yuzu again, she decides to make him console her later. However, Ichigo rushes passed her and leaves.[64] Karin waits for Ichigo to come home late one night, revealing that he has arrived home late for the last two nights while telling Yuzu to go to bed. Both girls argue for a bit until he comes home. Happy that he is back, they bid him goodnight before going to bed.[65]\nKarin and Yuzu try to stop Ichigo from attacking Tsukishima.\nAs Ichigo arrives home to find Shkur Tsukishima in his house, Karin, under his influence, says that Tsukishima dropped in without a word and has not changed at all. Tsukishima asks if he is being too much trouble but Karin tells him he's not at all. When Ichigo grabs Tsukishima, she is shocked and tries to get her brother to let him go, saying he is hurting him. Ichigo asks Tsukishima what he has done and Tsukishima tells Karin and Yuzu that it is okay and Ichigo is probably just angry he stayed so late.[66] As Ichigo and Kgo Ginj enter Tsukishima's mansion, they are greeted by Karin and other friends of Ichigo. Karin, along with everyone else, tells Ichigo that Tsukishima is not angry and then tells Ichigo he should apologize.[67] Some time later, following Kgo's defeat and Tsukishima's death, she returns to normal, alongside Ichigo's friends and the rest of his family.[68]\nThe Thousand-Year Blood War arc[]\nKarin is having a meal when she hears Ichigo kicking Asguiaro out of the window.[69]\nLater, when Yuzu calls her for lunch, she states she needs to beat the boss on the video game she's playing. Yuzu tells her she needs to stop, which Karin acknowledges. [70]\nWhen the Soul King's death causes an earthquake in Karakura Town, Yuzu grabs Karin and spills her drink. Karin tells her that everything is okay and helps her clean up while commenting that the earthquake is going on for a long time.[71]\nTen years later, Karin and Yuzu bring snacks and drinks for a get-together with Rukia's family, and they happily greet Rukia. Karin then races to the television to see Sado's upcoming boxing match, and tells Ichigo to hurry along as well. They find out that Ichigo and Orihime's son Kazui Kurosaki is probably in Yuzu's room, which she is fine with, and Karin asks her if Kazui gets a free pass like Ichigo.[72]\nPowers & Abilities[]\nSpiritual Awareness: Karin is able to see spirits very clearly, including Pluses, Hollows and Shinigami.[73][74][75]\nSpiritual Power: Tshir Hitsugaya mentions that Karin has high spiritual power for a Human, as she is able to see him. After Ichigo lost his powers, Karin's powers have gotten stronger and she now has hi spec spiritual medium disposition.[76]\nEnhanced Strength: As demonstrated, her kicks were strong enough to hurt weak Hollows.[77]\nKeen Aim: Karin is also talented at soccer which would strengthen her physical power. She defeats weak Hollows by kicking a soccer ball at them, which she calls her \"Karin-Style Annihilation Shoot\" (, Karin-ry Zetsumei Shto).[77]\nCensorship[]\nIn the manga, when Karin was attacked by Grand Fisher, her hat flew off and was bleeding from her forehead.[78] In the anime however, her hat was still on, and she wasn't bleeding.[79]\nIn the anime, when Karin punched her father, Isshin in the nose after he tried to get her to give him a hug, he didn't have a nosebleed compared to the manga.[80][81]\nAppearances in Other Media[]\nVideo Game Appearances\nBlade Battlers\nBlade Battlers 2nd\nThe Blade of Fate\nDark Souls\nThe 3rd Phantom\nFlame Bringer\nTasogare ni Mamieru Shinigami\nShattered Blade\nVersus Crusade\nHeat the Soul\nHeat the Soul 2\nHeat the Soul 3\nHeat the Soul 4\nHeat the Soul 5\nHeat the Soul 6\nHeat the Soul 7\nSoul Carnival\nSoul Carnival 2\nBleach: Hanatareshi Yabou *\nBleach Advance: Kurenai ni Somaru Soul Society\nErabareshi Tamashii\nSoul Resurreccin\nJ-Stars Victory Vs\nBrave Souls\nParadise Lost\nJump Force\nMovie Appearances\nMemories of Nobody\nThe DiamondDust Rebellion\nFade to Black\nThe Hell Verse\nLive-Action Film\nBURN THE WITCH\nNovel Appearances\nLetters From The Other Side\nThe Honey Dish Rhapsody\nSpirits Are Forever With You\nThe Death Save The Strawberry\nWE DO knot ALWAYS LOVE YOU\nCan't Fear Your Own World\nPromotional artwork of Karin in Bleach: Brave Souls.\nKarin is featured in Bleach: Brave Souls as a playable character. In this form, Karin is a ranged Brave Battle Medal exchange character with the \"Speed\" Attribute and the \"Hollow Killer\" ability whose first Strong Attack is a melee move. Her unlockable skills are \"Adrenaline +15%\", \"Berserker +30%\", \"Bruiser +30%\", and \"Havoc +30%\", and her Soul Trait is \"Dodge 11%\"; meanwhile, her Arena Traits are \"Normal Attack Damage +13%\" and \"Focus +30\", while her Arena Abilities other than \"All Stats +5%\" are \"Normal Attack Damage +10%\" at level 5 and \"Normal Attack Damage +20%\" at level 10. Karin's special is Karin-Style Death Shot (, Karin-ry Zetsumei Shto; Japanese for \"Karin-Style Annihilation Shoot\"), where she performs a hyper-powerful soccer shot that inflicts immense damage to any enemy it hits.\nKarin features in the fifth volume of Bleach \"B\" Station's second season.\nTrivia[]\nIn the manga, when the Kurosaki Clinic gets attacked by Fishbone D, Yuzu is grabbed by the Hollow and Karin warns Ichigo about the Hollow.[82] However, in the anime, Yuzu is the one who warns Ichigo and Karin is the one who gets grabbed.[83]\nQuotes[]\n(To Yuzu Kurosaki about ghosts) \"Whether you can see them or not, as long as you don't believe, it's the same as them not existing.\"[84]\n(To Kisuke Urahara) \"From now on, it's my turn to protect my brother.\"[85]\nReferences[]\n 1.0 1.1 Bleach Official Character Book Souls, page 37\n Bleach manga; Chapter 19, page 17\n 3.0 3.1 Bleach Official Character Book 2 MASKED, page 65\n 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bleach manga; Chapter 8, page 6\n Bleach manga; Chapter 424, page 6\n Bleach manga; Chapter 424, page 8\n Bleach manga; Chapter 686, page 8\n 8.0 8.1 Bleach manga; Chapter 9, page 6\n Bleach manga; Chapter 434, pages 1-4\n Bleach manga; Chapter 7, page 17\n Bleach manga; Chapter 1, page 10\n Bleach manga; Chapter 19, pages 13-15\n Bleach manga; Chapter 1, pages 10-12\n Bleach manga; Chapter 1, page 26-32\n Bleach manga; Chapter 2, page 5\n Bleach manga; Chapter 7, page 17\n Bleach manga; Chapter 7, page 20\n Bleach manga; Chapter 8, page 1\n Bleach manga; Chapter 8, pages 7-9\n Bleach manga; Chapter 8, pages 17-20\n Bleach manga; Chapter 12, page 21\n Bleach manga; Chapter 15, pages 14-16\n Bleach manga; Chapter 16, page 4\n Bleach manga; Chapter 17, page 18\n Bleach manga; Chapter 18, pages 6-7\n Bleach manga; Chapter 18, page 9\n Bleach manga; Chapter 19, page 1\n Bleach manga; Chapter 19, page 17\n Bleach manga; Chapter 19, pages 18-19\n Bleach manga; Chapter 20, pages 14-20\n Bleach manga; Chapter 21, page 4\n Bleach manga; Chapter 21, pages 16-18\n Bleach manga; Chapter 27, pages 8-9\n Bleach manga; Chapter 27, page 15\n Bleach manga; Chapter 28, pages 8-9\n Bleach manga; Chapter 29, pages 5-6\n Bleach manga; Chapter 30, page 19\n Bleach manga; Chapter 31, page 6\n Bleach manga; Chapter 33, pages 17-18\n Bleach manga; Chapter 37, page 20\n Bleach manga; Chapter 38, pages 17-20\n Bleach manga; Chapter 39, pages 4-16\n Bleach manga; Chapter 40, pages 6-15\n Bleach manga; Chapter 43, page 19\n Bleach manga; Chapter 44, pages 2-3\n Bleach manga; Chapter 68, pages 8-18\n Bleach manga; Chapter 69, page 11\n Bleach manga, Volume 10, the sketch between Chapters 81 & 82\n Bleach manga, Volume 10, the sketch between Chapters 82 & 83\n Bleach manga, Volume 10, the sketch between Chapters 83 & 84\n Bleach manga, Volume 10, the sketch between Chapters 84 & 85\n 52.0 52.1 Bleach manga, Volume 10, the sketch between Chapters 85 & 86\n Bleach manga, Volume 10, the sketch between Chapters 86 & 87\n Bleach manga, Volume 10, the sketch between Chapters 87 & 88\n Bleach manga; Chapter 88.5\n Bleach manga; Chapter 190, pages 14-15\n Bleach manga; Chapter 199, page 2\n Bleach manga; Chapter 217, pages 1-2\n Bleach manga; Chapter 237, pages 9-14\n Bleach manga; Chapter 417, page 5\n Bleach manga; Chapter 424, pages 10-11\n Bleach manga; Chapter 428, page 22\n Bleach manga; Chapter 428, pages 17-21\n Bleach manga; Chapter 430, pages 5-7\n Bleach manga; Chapter 434, pages 1-4\n Bleach manga; Chapter 453, pages 1-4\n Bleach manga; Chapter 455, pages 6-9\n Bleach manga; Chapter 479, page 14\n Bleach manga; Chapter 482, page 2\n Bleach manga; Chapter 545 pages 1-2\n Bleach manga; Chapter 615 pages 1-2\n Bleach manga; Chapter 686, pages 7 & 9\n Bleach manga; Chapter 1, page 10\n Bleach manga; Chapter 18, pages 18-19\n Bleach manga; Chapter 22, page 17\n Bleachmanga; Chapter 424, page 10\n 77.0 77.1 Bleach manga; Volume 10, Omake chapter 88.5, page 4\n Bleach manga; Chapter 20, pages 14-15\n Bleach anime; Episode 8\n Bleach anime; Episode 13\n Bleach manga; Chapter 44, page 3\n Bleach manga; Chapter 1, pages 31-32\n Bleach anime; Episode 1\n Bleach manga; Chapter 1, page 11\n Bleach manga; Chapter 426, page 23\nNavigation[]\nExpandKarakura Town\nKarakura High School\nIchigo Kurosaki Ury Ishida Yasutora Sado Orihime Inoue Tatsuki Arisawa Keigo Asano Mizuiro Kojima Chizuru Honsh Michiru Ogawa Ry Kunieda Mahana Natsui Misato Ochi Kenichir Nanbu Kagine Tetsuo Momohara Reiichi shima Keisuke Sorimachi Mizuho Asano Shouko Kusama Satoshi Terasawa Jinpei Nagase Satoda Shinji Iijima Kyko Haida\nKurosaki Clinic\nIsshin Kurosaki Masaki Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Kon\nUrahara Shop\nKisuke Urahara Yoruichi Shihin Tessai Tsukabishi Ururu Tsumugiya Jinta Hanakari Ririn Kurdo Noba\nVisored Warehouse\nLove Aikawa Hiyori Sarugaki Lisa Yadmaru Hachigen Ushda\nBount Mansion\nJin Kariya Sawatari Yoshi Yoshino Sma Ugaki G Koga Mabashi Ry Utagawa H and Ban\nOthers\nDon Kanonji Haru Haruko Harutoki Ide Gitano Shigeo Midoriko Tno Yama-Bro Mit-Bro Toshi-Bro Hashigami Kaneda Ino Ryken Ishida Heita Toujoin Kei Uehara Kazuya Usaka Ryohei Toba Yokochini Obuta Ikumi Unagiya Kaoru Unagiya Miyuki (Shintar) Mai Suzuki Moe Shishigawara Shkur Tsukishima Kanae Katagiri\nRelated Articles\nArrancar Invasion White Invasion Karakura Superheroes Karakura-Raizer Team\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nHuman\nFemale\nKurosaki Family\nLanguages\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nBleach\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Bleach Wiki\n1\nGotei 13\n2\nIchigo Kurosaki\n3\nEspada\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nBleach Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://bleach.fandom.com/wiki/Karin_Kurosaki" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Karin Kurosaki | Heroes Wiki | Fandom\nHeroes Wiki-Welcome to the Hero/Protagonist wiki! If you can help us with this wiki please sign up and help us! Thanks! -M-NUva\nREAD MORE\nHeroes Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Popular Heroes\nStar and Stripe\nCaesar (Planet of the Apes Reboot)\nCharlie Morningstar\nTed (I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream)\nBrooklynn\nKing Baldwin IV\nSatoru Gojo\nNewly Changed Articles\nSCP-073\nRiz Hawkwood\nSpider-Man (Ultimate Spider-Man game)\nBatman (Arkhamverse)\nJohn Silver (Treasure Planet)\nBatman (Telltale)\nMadoka Kaname/Gallery\nHeadlined Hero - Raphael (TMNT 2003)\nCommunity\nRules\nDiscord\nFeatured Users\nMr.Jay 641\nAkaStve\nKYLIE1114\nMakyzi143!\nDrake Gunderson\nWikification\nRobergestudios\nRecent Blogs\nRecent Changes\nAffiliates\nStaff\nBureaucrats\nEmeraldblade95\nJester of Chaos\nAdministrators\nAlexhoskins\nDarkUnknownWarrior\nKyurem147\nMesektet\nMrs. Super Nova\nRed Chevalier\nRobergestudios\nThe Humble Nintendo Master\nModerators\nJaxnys\nNerdWithAKeyboard\nShockwaveDude120\nWiki Manager\nBarneymiller123abc\nPure Good Terms\nPure Good Criteria\nPure Good Proposals\nProposal Permissions\nDiscussion Dates\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nHeroes Wiki\n43,711pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Popular Heroes\nStar and Stripe\nCaesar (Planet of the Apes Reboot)\nCharlie Morningstar\nTed (I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream)\nBrooklynn\nKing Baldwin IV\nSatoru Gojo\nNewly Changed Articles\nSCP-073\nRiz Hawkwood\nSpider-Man (Ultimate Spider-Man game)\nBatman (Arkhamverse)\nJohn Silver (Treasure Planet)\nBatman (Telltale)\nMadoka Kaname/Gallery\nHeadlined Hero - Raphael (TMNT 2003)\nCommunity\nRules\nDiscord\nFeatured Users\nMr.Jay 641\nAkaStve\nKYLIE1114\nMakyzi143!\nDrake Gunderson\nWikification\nRobergestudios\nRecent Blogs\nRecent Changes\nAffiliates\nStaff\nBureaucrats\nEmeraldblade95\nJester of Chaos\nAdministrators\nAlexhoskins\nDarkUnknownWarrior\nKyurem147\nMesektet\nMrs. Super Nova\nRed Chevalier\nRobergestudios\nThe Humble Nintendo Master\nModerators\nJaxnys\nNerdWithAKeyboard\nShockwaveDude120\nWiki Manager\nBarneymiller123abc\nPure Good Terms\nPure Good Criteria\nPure Good Proposals\nProposal Permissions\nDiscussion Dates\nin:\nMature, Bleach Heroes, Siblings,\nand\n19 more\nStrong-Willed\nSidekicks\nTwins/Clones\nKids\nSupporters\nAnime Heroes\nManga Heroes\nFemale\nDamsels\nWrathful\nHybrids\nAnimal Kindness\nTeenagers\nNeutral Good\nTV Show Heroes\nScience Fantasy Heroes\nComedy Heroes\nBrutes\nArrogant\nEnglish\nPolski\nKarin Kurosaki\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nThis article's content is marked as MatureThe page Karin Kurosaki contains mature content that may include coarse language, sexual references, and/or graphic violent images which may be disturbing to some. Mature articles are recommended for those who are 18 years of age and older.\nIf you are 18 years or older or are comfortable with graphic material, you are free to view this page. Otherwise, you should close this page and view another page.\nDo-Gooder\nFull Name\nKarin Kurosaki\nAlias(es)\nKarin\nOrigin\nBleach\nOccupation\nStudent and nurse\nPowers / Skills\nNone\nHobby\nPlaying football.Spending time with Toshiro.Beat up her father, Isshin for annoying her.\nGoals\nHelping her father in the clinic, with Yuzu.\nFamily\nIsshin Kurosaki (father)Masaki Kurosaki (mother) Ichigo Kurosaki (older brother)Yuzu Kurosaki (older twin sister)Orihime Inoue (sister-in-law)Kazui Kurosaki (nephew)Ury Ishida (Maternal second cousin)\nFriends / Allies\nIchigo KurosakiYuzu KurosakiRukia KuchikiOrihime InoueKonIsshin KurosakiMasaki Kurosaki\nEnemies\nNone\nType of Hero\nSibling\n\nGet lost! Go to the ends of the earth!\n\n~ Karin's catchphrase when kicking her father for seeing Yuzu's panties.\nKarin Kurosaki is one of the main supporting characters of the Bleach manga and anime series. She is the daughter of Isshin Kurosaki and Masaki Kurosaki, the younger sister of Ichigo Kurosaki, and the younger twin sister of Yuzu Kurosaki.\nIn addition to beingIsshin's and Masaki's daughter, Ichigo's sister, and Yuzu's twin sister, she is also the sister-in-law of Orihime Inoue, and the paternal aunt of Kazui Kurosaki.\nShe is voiced by Rie Kugimiya in the Japanese version of the anime and by Kate Higgins in the English version, and she was portrayed by Miyu Ando in the 2018 live-action film.\nContents\n1 History\n2 Personality\n3 Appearance\n4 Powers & Abilities\n5 Gallery\n6 Trivia\n7 Navigation\nHistory[]\nShe and Yuzu were both born on May 6. Despite their differences, the sisters are quite close to each other and they both grew up into a very good natured family with a cheerful mother, a humorous father, and a protective brother and both attend school together. After the death of their mother, the girls became assistant nurses to their father and became helpers around the house. As the storyline starts to progress, the girls gained the ability to see ghosts and even gain some powers to protect those around them.\nPersonality[]\nLike Ichigo, Karin has a short temper. Moreover, when it comes to her father who would sometimes act stupidly, childish or perverted, Karin would usually use force to straighten out her father, just like Ichigo would usually do if necessary. Despite her short temper, Karin loves her father and siblings very much and she is very protective of those who are very close to her. She's not much of a homemaker, but she is able to take care of herself. Besides her father, Karin is aware that Ichigo is a Soul Reaper, and after the timeskip, she vows to Kisuke Urahara that she wants to help and protect her brother.\nAppearance[]\nKarin is the middle child of the Kurosaki family. She has her father's black hair, which was initially chin length, but became past shoulder length after the timeskip. According to Chad, her facial appearance is a lot similar to Ichigo's.\nPowers & Abilities[]\nSpiritual Vision: Karin has the ability to see ghosts, though she is in permanent denial about it.\nGallery[]\nTrivia[]\nShe shares her English voice actress with Retsu Unohana and Nanao Ise.\nHer English voice actress, Kate Higgins, is best known for voicing Sakura Haruno from Naruto series, Miki Kurosaki from Digimon Data Squad, Gatomon & her digivolution forms, Meicoomon from Digimon Adventure tri., Kate, Lilly, Stinky from the Alpha and Omega sequels and Aurora in Wreck-It Ralph 2.\nNavigation[]\nShow Heroes\nWorld of the Living\nKarakura Town\nIchigo Kurosaki \nOrihime Inoue \nUry Ishida \nYasutora Sado \nKon \nIsshin Kurosaki \nMasaki Kurosaki \nYuzu Kurosaki \nKarin Kurosaki \nKazui Kurosaki \nRyken Ishida \nKanae Katagiri \nTatsuki Arisawa \nKisuke Urahara \nYoruichi Shihin \nTessai Tsukabishi \nJinta Hanakari \nUruru Tsumugiya\nVisored\nShinji Hirako \nHiyori Sarugaki \nKensei Muguruma \nRjr toribashi \nMashiro Kuna \nLisa Yadmaru \nLove Aikawa \nHachigen Ushda\nNaruki City\nYukio Hans Vorarlberna \nRiruka Dokugamine \nJackie Tristan \nMoe Shishigawara\nSoul Society\nRoyal Palace\nSoul King\nZero Division\nIchib Hysube \netsu Nimaiya \nSenjumaru Shutara \nTenjir Kirinji \nKirio Hikifune\nGotei 13\n1st Division\nShunsui Kyraku \nNanao Ise \nGenshir Okikiba \nGenrysai Shigekuni Yamamoto \nChjir Sasakibe \n2nd Division\nSu-Fng \nMarechiyo maeda \nYoruichi Shihin\n3rd Division\nRjr toribashi \nIzuru Kira\n4th Division\nIsane Kotetsu \nHanatar Yamada \nKiyone Kotetsu \nRetsu Unohana \n5th Division\nShinji Hirako \nMomo Hinamori\n6th Division\nByakuya Kuchiki \nRenji Abarai\n7th Division\nTetsuzaemon Iba \nAtau Rind \nSajin Komamura \nLove Aikawa\n8th Division\nLisa Yadmaru \nYuyu Yayahara \nTatsufusa Enjji\n9th Division\nKensei Muguruma \nShhei Hisagi \nMashiro Kuna\n10th Division\nTshir Hitsugaya \nRangiku Matsumoto \nIsshin Shiba\n11th Division\nKenpachi Zaraki \nIkkaku Madarame \nYumichika Ayasegawa \nIchika Abarai \nYachiru Kusajishi \nKenpachi Kuruyashiki\n12th Division\nMayuri Kurotsuchi \nAkon \nHachig Nemuri \nNemu Kurotsuchi \nKisuke Urahara \nHiyori Sarugaki \nKirio Hikifune\n13th Division\nRukia Kuchiki \nSentar Kotsubaki \nJshir Ukitake \nKaien Shiba\nHueco Mundo\nTia Harribel \nNelliel Tu Odelschwanck \nGrimmjow Jaegerjaquez \nEmilou Apacci \nFranceska Mila Rose \nCyan Sung-Sun \nLoly Aivirrne \nPesche Guatiche \nDondochakka Birstanne \nBawabawa \nAyon \nZanpakut Spirits\nAshisogi Jiz \nGegetsuburi \nGonrymaru \nHaineko \nHisagomaru \nHzukimaru \nHyrinmaru \nKaten Kykotsu \nKazeshini \nMinazuki \nNozarashi \nRuri'iro \"Fuji\" Kujaku \nRyjin Jakka \nSenbonzakura \nSode no Shirayuki \nSgyo no Kotowari \nSuzumebachi \nTenken \nTobiume \nWabisuke \nZabimaru \nZangetsu (Old Man Zangetsu)\nOthers\nKgo Ginj \nShkur Tsukishima \nGiriko Kutsuzawa \nKkaku Shiba\nCategories\nCategories:\nMature\nBleach Heroes\nSiblings\nStrong-Willed\nSidekicks\nTwins/Clones\nKids\nSupporters\nAnime Heroes\nManga Heroes\nFemale\nDamsels\nWrathful\nHybrids\nAnimal Kindness\nTeenagers\nNeutral Good\nTV Show Heroes\nScience Fantasy Heroes\nComedy Heroes\nBrutes\nArrogant\nLanguages\nPolski\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nSci-fi\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Heroes Wiki\n1\nStar and Stripe\n2\nCaesar (Planet of the Apes Reboot)\n3\nCharlie Morningstar\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nHeroes Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://hero.fandom.com/wiki/Karin_Kurosaki" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kurosaki Karin - Works\n|\nArchive of Our Own\nArchive of Our Own\nOn Archive of Our Own (AO3), users can make profiles, create works and\nother Content, post comments, give Kudos, create Collections and\nBookmarks, participate in Challenges, import works, and more. 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Please consider turning it on!\nArchive of Our Own beta\nLog In\nUser name or email:\nPassword:\nRemember Me\nForgot password?\nGet an Invitation\nFandoms\nAll Fandoms\nAnime & Manga\nBooks & Literature\nCartoons & Comics & Graphic Novels\nCelebrities & Real People\nMovies\nMusic & Bands\nOther Media\nTheater\nTV Shows\nVideo Games\nUncategorized Fandoms\nBrowse\nWorks\nBookmarks\nTags\nCollections\nSearch\nWorks\nBookmarks\nTags\nPeople\nAbout\nAbout Us\nNews\nFAQ\nWrangling Guidelines\nDonate or Volunteer\nWork Search\ntip: buffy gen teen AND \"no archive warnings apply\"\n1 - 20 of 1,542 Works in Kurosaki Karin\nNavigation and Actions\nWorks\nBookmarks\nFilters\nRSS Feed\nPages Navigation Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 77 78 Next \nListing Works\n\nby\nAugustill\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nMature\nChoose Not To Use Archive Warnings\nF/M\nWork in Progress\n29 May 2024\nTags\nCreator Chose Not To Use Archive WarningsKuchiki Rukia/Kurosaki IchigoKurosaki Ichigo Kuchiki Rukia Abarai Renji Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Karin Kuchiki Hisana Ishida UryuuIchiRuki week 2024( Bleach) Sunshine vs. Grumpy\nSummary\nIchiruki week 2024Day 5Sunshine vs. Grumpy\nSeries\nPart 1 of There is no shinigami here\nLanguage:\n- \nWords:\n10,672\nChapters:\n6/12\nComments:\n2\nKudos:\n3\nHits:\n59\nbeneath formless aeons\nby\nElegaic_Love\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga), LOVECRAFT H. P. - Works\nMature\nChoose Not To Use Archive Warnings\nM/M\nWork in Progress\n29 May 2024\nTags\nCreator Chose Not To Use Archive WarningsKurosaki Ichigo/Urahara Kisuke Kurosaki Ichigo & Kurosaki Karin & Kurosaki Yuzu Kuchiki Rukia & Kurosaki Ichigo Shihouin Yoruichi & Urahara Kisuke Ishida Uryuu & Kurosaki IchigoUrahara Kisuke Shihouin Yoruichi Kurosaki Ichigo Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Karin Kurotsuchi Mayuri Szayel Aporro Granz Kyouraku Shunsui Ukitake Juushirou Inoue Orihime Ishida Uryuu Sado \"Chad\" Yasutora Shiba Kaien Hitsugaya Toushirou Hinamori Momo Hirako Shinji Sarugaki Hiyori Ishida RyuukenAt the Mountains of Madness The Shadow out of Time the Quincies are the Great Old Ones Characterization is slightly wack in this one Being repeatedly possessed really takes a toll on your mental health Possession Aftermath of Possession Murder Attempted Murder Past Child Abuse Antarctica Isolation and paranoia Sickness Poisoning femme fatale Kurosaki Ichigo Murder Mystery the least fun bodyswap\nSummary\nKisuke was a brilliant young scientist with a bright career ahead of himfull of awards, papers in prestigious journals, and positions of power.A single day of lost time is enough to bring all that crashing down. Lost and unemployed and alone but for his best friend Yoruichi, unsafe and insecure in his own body, Kisuke desperately seeks answers for what happenedis happeningto him.The trail leads him to frigid Antarctica, where he meets the mysterious and magnetic marine biologist Kurosaki Ichigo and his sisters. Where he finds an odd sort of companionship and maybe the beginnings of something more.But the peace doesnt last, and as the storm howls offshore, Kisuke is forced to reckon with what brought him to Antarctica in the first place and the fact that he may not be the only one here with ulterior motives.\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n21,857\nChapters:\n5/?\nComments:\n9\nKudos:\n35\nBookmarks:\n12\nHits:\n455\nThe Things We Do for Love\nby\nHesesols\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nGeneral Audiences\nChoose Not To Use Archive Warnings\nF/M\nComplete Work\n27 May 2024\nTags\nCreator Chose Not To Use Archive WarningsKuchiki Rukia/Kurosaki IchigoKurosaki Ichigo Kuchiki Rukia Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki KarinIchiruki Wedding Zine Romance Fluff and Humor Ichigo is a sap and a himbo\nSummary\nEntry for Ichiruki Wedding Zine.Ichigo is just a little speechless seeing Rukia in white.\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n1,683\nChapters:\n1/1\nComments:\n2\nKudos:\n15\nBookmarks:\n3\nHits:\n143\nIs This What Is Called Love\nby\nkuromixoxo\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nNot Rated\nChoose Not To Use Archive Warnings\nF/M\nWork in Progress\n27 May 2024\nTags\nCreator Chose Not To Use Archive WarningsInoue Orihime/Kurosaki Ichigo Abarai Renji/Kuchiki RukiaIshida Uryuu Inoue Orihime Kurosaki Ichigo Kuchiki Rukia Abarai Renji Shihouin Yoruichi Urahara Kisuke Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Isshin Sado \"Chad\" YasutoraAngst Fluff and Angst Violence Blood Angst with a Happy Ending Kurosaki Ichigo is Bad at Feelings orhime is clueless orihime also is quiet No Smut One sided at first orihime and rukia best friends high school story orihime and ichigo are long lost friends everyone were strangers at first Abuse renji and orihime talk more in this story Underage Drinking she fell too early he fell too late\nSummary\ncant say much because Im not sure how it will turn out lol.\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n33,530\nChapters:\n19/40\nComments:\n6\nKudos:\n19\nBookmarks:\n4\nHits:\n1,407\nEscaping Destiny\nby\nShirosama\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nGeneral Audiences\nNo Archive Warnings Apply\nF/M, Gen\nComplete Work\n26 May 2024\nTags\nNo Archive Warnings ApplyHitsugaya Toushirou/Kurosaki Karin Hanakari Jinta/Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Isshin/Kurosaki Masaki Kuchiki Rukia/Kurosaki IchigoHitsugaya Toushirou Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki Ichigo Kurosaki Isshin Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Masaki Hanakari JintaSoul Bond Fluff and Angst Idiots in Love\nSummary\nWas it really so easy to run away from fate just because you wanted to? Did they really want to keep running away? With every encounter, their minds screamed yes and their hearts screamed no. And that red string tied around their little fingers didn't help at all.\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n3,394\nChapters:\n1/1\nComments:\n2\nKudos:\n4\nHits:\n102\nBlood in the Water\nby\nHesesols\nFandoms:\nBleach\nTeen And Up Audiences\nChoose Not To Use Archive Warnings, Graphic Depictions Of Violence\nF/M\nWork in Progress\n26 May 2024\nTags\nCreator Chose Not To Use Archive Warnings Graphic Depictions Of ViolenceKuchiki Rukia/Kurosaki Ichigo Kuchiki Byakuya/Kuchiki Hisana Kurosaki Ichigo & Kurosaki Karin & Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Ichigo & Kurosaki Isshin Grimmjow Jaegerjaques & Kurosaki Ichigo Grimmjow Jaegerjaques/Sui-Feng | Soifon Hitsugaya Toushirou/Kurosaki Karin Ishida Uryuu & Kurosaki IchigoKuchiki Rukia Kurosaki Ichigo Abarai Renji Grimmjow Jaegerjaques Sui-Feng | Soifon Kuchiki Hisana Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki Yuzu Hitsugaya Toushirou Inoue Orihime Hinamori Momo Original Characters Ishida UryuuDrama & Romance Fake/Pretend Relationship Mystery but don't take the plot too seriously the plot is all over the place and the author regrets nothing Humor this fic borders on crack thanks to the author's attempt at humor oh and don't take the cover art too seriously also who doesn't love car karaokes! the author also belatedly realizes that she cannot count oh and have some hitsukarin too! Kon the floofy goldie minor Renji and Orihime bashing\nSummary\nAnd pray tell, what exactly do I miss, Renji? The shiny badge? The god-awful piss they insist on calling coffee? The big guns?Knowing you, he smirked, Id say the guns, definitely the guns.\nSeries\nPart 27 of Eclipse\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n62,451\nChapters:\n10/11\nCollections:\n1\nComments:\n91\nKudos:\n142\nBookmarks:\n15\nHits:\n3,088\nthe weight in her heart\nby\nfarewellswords (lapmonster)\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nMature\nMajor Character Death\nF/M\nWork in Progress\n26 May 2024\nTags\nMajor Character DeathKuchiki Rukia/Kurosaki Ichigo Minor or Background Relationship(s)Kurosaki Ichigo Kuchiki Rukia Kuchiki Byakuya Arisawa Tatsuki Inoue Orihime Natsui Mahana Ishida Uryuu Shihouin Yoruichi Fishbone D Kurosaki Isshin Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Karin Urahara Kisuke Abarai Renji Acidwire Inoue SoraAlternate Universe - Human Alternate Universe - Ghosts Canon-Typical Violence Hollows (Bleach) Quincy (Bleach) Angst Fluff Hurt/Comfort Fake/Pretend Relationship First Dates First Kiss Whump Wakes & Funerals Sexual Content Alcohol Underage Drinking Background Relationship - TatsuHime IchiRuki Week (2024)\nSummary\nIn the span of a few days, Ichigo goes from giving the transfer student a ride to school on his bicycle to watching her die right in front of him. With nowhere else to go, Rukias ghost haunts him, hoping to find out what killed her and move on. Claiming its only about getting her out of his closet, Ichigo does everything he can to help her move onincluding confronting her family and, of all things, going on a date. Yet the more he does for her, the less he wants to let her go. And the closer they become, the heavier the Chain of Fate on Rukias chest grows.\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n10,507\nChapters:\n2/5\nCollections:\n2\nComments:\n18\nKudos:\n32\nBookmarks:\n9\nHits:\n251\nDeath Game\nby\nSwoleandNerdy\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nMature\nGraphic Depictions Of Violence\nF/M\nWork in Progress\n26 May 2024\nTags\nGraphic Depictions Of ViolenceOC - Character Kurosaki Ichigo Kuchiki Rukia Sarugaki Hiyori Kurosaki KarinAction/Adventure Romance Humor gamer - Freeform\nSummary\nSo, my day ended pretty poorly. How poorly you ask? I died. With my pants on thankfully. But that's ok, because I got the last laugh. You see, my life may have been extinguished, but that brought forth unexpected opportunities. Now I'm in a whole new world with a condescending Gamer System. Well, at least I'm still bald. Look out world, Ushio Tenma is coming through!\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n13,241\nChapters:\n2/?\nComments:\n1\nKudos:\n4\nHits:\n33\nFacing The End, We Found Each-other.\nby\nZiggitygoon\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nMature\nChoose Not To Use Archive Warnings\nM/M\nWork in Progress\n26 May 2024\nTags\nCreator Chose Not To Use Archive WarningsAizen Sousuke/Kurosaki Ichigo Aizen Sousuke & Kurosaki Ichigo Minor Hollow Ichigo | Zangetsu/ Kurosaki Ichigo Minor Old Man Zangetsu | Quincy Zangetsu/ Kurosaki IchigoKurosaki Ichigo Aizen Sousuke Urahara Kisuke Kurosaki Isshin Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Karin Hollow Ichigo | Zangetsu Old Man Zangetsu | Quincy Zangetsu \"Karakura Gang\" Soul Society others mentioned - CharacterCanon-Typical Violence Hurt/Comfort Angst and Feels Eventual Smut Disassociation References to Depression Nonbinary Kurosaki Ichigo Digital Art Fluff Author is Nonbinary Kurosaki Ichigo-centric Depowered Kurosaki Ichigo Evil Soul Society (Bleach) Non-Consensual Voyeurism Hogyoku Shenanigans Bottom Kurosaki Ichigo Top Aizen Sousuke Light BDSM Ichigo has an intimate relationship with his Zanpakuto\nSummary\nDuring the final battle of the Winter War, Ichigo is transported to Aizens Inner World and is shown a truth that will shatter all his perceptions of the spirit worlds. Now depowered and seemingly abandoned, Ichigo struggles with an internal strife that is slowly deteriorating his soul- leaving him ill and hurting. Ichigo now struggles to traverse a path for himself, and as he discovers his identity and begins his journey to self-love- a prisoner from the spirit world appears and once again alters his world forever.A semi-serious story where in the face of tension between him and Soul Society, Ichigo discovers self-love, and perhaps love from an old enemy.\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n8,788\nChapters:\n7/?\nComments:\n22\nKudos:\n185\nBookmarks:\n40\nHits:\n3,142\nRukia's Adventures In Kind Of Becoming a Mum\nby\nJackattack20\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nTeen And Up Audiences\nNo Archive Warnings Apply\nF/M\nWork in Progress\n25 May 2024\nTags\nNo Archive Warnings ApplyKuchiki Rukia/Kurosaki Ichigo Kuchiki Rukia & Kurosaki Kazui Kurosaki Ichigo & Kurosaki Kazui Kurosaki Ichigo & Kurosaki Karin & Kurosaki Yuzu Kuchiki Rukia & Kurosaki Karin & Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Kazui & Kurosaki Karin & Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Isshin & Kurosaki IchigoKurosaki Ichigo Kuchiki Rukia Kurosaki Kazui Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki IsshinFluff and Angst Pre-Relationship Modern AU Single Parent Kurosaki Ichigo Rukia Is a Children's Novelist Kazui is a weird kid But everybody loves him Henry The Fifth is mentioned Familial Angst Ichigo is a little messed up mentally Ichigo has an unhealthy appreciation for Crash Nitro Kart Domestic Fluff IchiRuki Week 2024 Days 2 & 3 Rukia is still down bad for Ichigo but she has a handle on it mentions of death from complications in child birth Ichigo Is a good cook\nSummary\nIt's been several months since Rukia met her neighbours Ichigo and Kazui, and in that time they'd become quite close. As could be expected from how much time Rukia and Kazui were spending together. But slowly Rukia is growing closer to Ichigo in a way that meant the physical feelings she first felt had become more and it all comes to a head when Rukia is invited on a trip to Ichigos hometown.\nSeries\nPart 2 of Club Kazui\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n3,480\nChapters:\n1/3\nCollections:\n1\nComments:\n2\nKudos:\n13\nBookmarks:\n1\nHits:\n97\nSweet Like Honey\nby\napril_zephyr (April_Zephyr)\nfor ZoudiaxZoe\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nMature\nNo Archive Warnings Apply\nF/M\nComplete Work\n25 May 2024\nTags\nNo Archive Warnings ApplyKuchiki Rukia/Kurosaki IchigoKuchiki Rukia Kurosaki Ichigo Kuchiki Byakuya Kuchiki Hisana Arisawa Tatsuki Kurosaki Isshin Kurosaki Masaki Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki Yuzu Ishida Uryuu Abarai Renji Inoue Orihime Shiba Kaien Shiba Miyako Urahara Kisuke Shihouin Yoruichi Tensa ZangetsuAlternate Universe - Modern Setting Architect Kuchiki Rukia Author Kurosaki Ichigo Cat Parents The Kuchiki's are Architects Everyone Is Alive Idiots in Love Kuchiki Byakuya Is So Done Kurosaki Ichigo is a Shiba Meet the Family Byakuya likes cats Abarai Renji/Arisawa Tatsuki - Freeform Kuchiki Byakuya/Kuchiki Hisana - Freeform Kurosaki Isshin/Kurosaki Masaki - Freeform Alternate Universe - Everyone Lives/Nobody Dies\nSummary\nThe one where Ichigo and Rukia are basically a married couple without being married or a couple.\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n32,381\nChapters:\n20/20\nComments:\n52\nKudos:\n333\nBookmarks:\n48\nHits:\n9,192\nA Chance Meeting\nby\nWhovianWhoudini\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga), Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, Elder Scrolls\nMature\nGraphic Depictions Of Violence\nGen, M/M\nWork in Progress\n24 May 2024\nTags\nGraphic Depictions Of ViolenceKurosaki Ichigo & Kurosaki Karin & Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Ichigo & Urahara Kisuke Kurosaki Ichigo/Urahara Kisuke Other Relationship Tags to Be AddedKurosaki Ichigo Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki Yuzu Urahara Kisuke The Companions (Elder Scrolls) Dark Brotherhood (Elder Scrolls) The College of Winterhold (Elder Scrolls) Urag gro-Shub Kodlak Whitemane Other Character Tags to Be AddedAlternate Universe - Elder Scrolls Fusion Daedra Worship (Elder Scrolls) Geographical Isolation Markarth (Elder Scrolls) The Reach (Elder Scrolls) BAMF Kurosaki Ichigo Protective Kurosaki Ichigo Dark Kurosaki Ichigo Possessive Kurosaki Ichigo Kurosaki Ichigo Does What Kurosaki Ichigo Wants Kurosaki Ichigo is a Little Shit BAMF Urahara Kisuke Possessive Urahara Kisuke Urahara Kisuke Being Urahara Kisuke Dark Urahara Kisuke Assassin Urahara Kisuke BAMF Kurosaki Yuzu Dark Kurosaki Yuzu Alchemist Kurosaki Yuzu Hunter Kurosaki Ichigo BAMF Kurosaki Karin Dark Kurosaki Karin Hunter Kurosaki Karin Other Additional Tags to Be Added\nSummary\nSkyrim is the northernmost region of Tamriel consists of mountains, snowy tundras, pine forests, rural countrysides, and arctic plains. As beautiful as she is described, Skyrim is not for the faint of heart.Living in almost complete isolation in the mountains of the Reach is not even for the most daring of warriors. Ichigo and his sisters don't know any other way of living.When their parents had been alive, there had been visitors; few and far between, but there had been visitors. Now, only the occasional trip to Dushnikh Yal are their form of contact outside of their home deep in the Druadach Mountains.When Ichigo spots a corpse, shrouded in Dark Brotherhood garb and soaked inhopefullysomeone else's blood, floating in Karth River, Ichigo can't help but feel like something is going to happen. As he pulls the body out of the water, intending to keep his river from being contaminated, he realizes thequite pretty lookingcorpse is still breathing....curse his bleeding heart.Or I wanted a dark fantasy romance between Ichigo and Kisuke, but I also wanted Skyrim... so here we are. And if it becomes a dumpster fuck, too damn bad.\nSeries\nPart 18 of Kurosaki Ichigo and the Worlds of Canon Divergence and Alternate Universes\nPart 7 of Crossovers and the Worlds of Canon Divergence and Alternate Universes\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n5,085\nChapters:\n1/?\nComments:\n2\nKudos:\n18\nBookmarks:\n4\nHits:\n135\nA Fisherman and His Bride\nby\nkleinegirl87\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nMature\nNo Archive Warnings Apply\nF/M\nComplete Work\n24 May 2024\nTags\nNo Archive Warnings ApplyKuchiki Rukia/Kurosaki IchigoKurosaki Ichigo Kuchiki Rukia Inoue Orihime Ishida Uryuu Kurosaki Isshin Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki YuzuFairy Tale Retellings Partner Swapping Swapped bride Cursed Bride Arranged Marriage references to cannibalism Sex\nSummary\nIchigo usually fishes for fun, but this time he has to catch the biggest fish he can for his wedding feast.Day 5: Fairy tale retellingRetelling of the Brothers' Grimm 'The Fisherman and his wife' story for Ichiruki week 2024.\nSeries\nPart 2 of Ichiruki Week 2024\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n7,954\nChapters:\n1/1\nCollections:\n1\nComments:\n10\nKudos:\n18\nBookmarks:\n2\nHits:\n171\nSecrets of Dark Mansion\nby\nA_Holmes\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nGeneral Audiences\nChoose Not To Use Archive Warnings\nF/M\nWork in Progress\n23 May 2024\nTags\nCreator Chose Not To Use Archive WarningsHitsugaya Toushirou/Kurosaki KarinKurosaki Karin Hitsugaya Toushirou Sarugaki Hiyori Hinamori Momo Matsumoto Rangiku Kurosaki Ichigo Kurosaki Isshin Kurosaki Yuzu Kuchiki Rukia Shihouin Yoruichi Urahara Kisuke\nSummary\nKarin Kurosaki had been engaged to Toshiro Hitsugaya since they had been children, but they knew each other only from letters. When some events pushed Hitsugaya to broke the contract with Karin, the girl decided to found out what was going on on her own.\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n5,137\nChapters:\n1/?\nKudos:\n3\nHits:\n47\nDimensional Shift: A Walk Through Worlds\nby\nOxfordPictionary\nFandoms:\nBleach\nExplicit\nGraphic Depictions Of Violence, Rape/Non-Con\nF/M\nWork in Progress\n24 May 2024\nTags\nGraphic Depictions Of Violence Rape/Non-ConAbarai Renji/Kuchiki Rukia Inoue Orihime/Ishida Uryuu Kurosaki Ichigo/Original Female CharacterKurosaki Ichigo Original Female Character(s) Original Male Character(s) Madarame Ikkaku Kurosaki Isshin Matsumoto Rangiku Ayasegawa Yumichika Hitsugaya Toushirou Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki Yuzu Kuchiki Rukia Urahara Kisuke Kon (Bleach) Shihouin Yoruichi Hisagi Shuuhei Abarai RenjiAlternate Universe - Canon Divergence Canon-Typical Violence Post-War Post-Canon Isekai\nSummary\nHikaru Uotani is heading home one night from a nerd trip in Akihabara when she stumbled into the ultimate otaku's wet dream. Or more literally, she walks through worlds and into the Bleach Universe. What could have been the perfect fantasy gets very real when the shinigami team tasked to investigate wants to kill whatever made it through the rift. Can Uo make it back alive?Rewrite of an older work since my writing improved and I am unwilling to let goOriginally posted to fan fiction dot net\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n332,599\nChapters:\n46/?\nComments:\n128\nKudos:\n141\nBookmarks:\n41\nHits:\n9,190\nSingle Father of Three\nby\nAbility_King_KK\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nGeneral Audiences\nChoose Not To Use Archive Warnings\nF/M, Gen\nComplete Work\n23 May 2024\nTags\nCreator Chose Not To Use Archive WarningsHitsugaya Toushirou & Ukitake Juushirou Sougyo no Kotowari & Ukitake Juushirou Hitsugaya Toushirou & Sougyo no Kotowari Kyouraku Shunsui & Ukitake Juushirou Hitsugaya Toushirou & Matsumoto Rangiku Hinamori Momo & Hitsugaya Toushirou Hitsugaya Toushirou/Kurosaki Karin Hitsugaya Toushirou & Kurosaki Ichigo Kurosaki Ichigo & Kurosaki Karin & Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Ichigo/Inoue Orihime (hinted) Hitsugaya Toushirou & Kurosaki Isshin Ukitake Juushirou & Kurosaki Isshin Ukitake Juushirou & Kurosaki KarinUkitake Juushirou Hitsugaya Toushirou Sougyo no Kotowari Kyouraku Shunsui Matsumoto Rangiku Hinamori Momo Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki Ichigo Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki IsshinParental Ukitake Juushirou Big Brother Hitsugaya Toushirou Little Brothers Sougyo no Kotowari Shirou Family\nSummary\nAnd Jushiro wouldn't trade it for anything.\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n4,594\nChapters:\n3/3\nComments:\n1\nKudos:\n5\nBookmarks:\n1\nHits:\n130\nguide you home\nby\nAriadneKurosaki\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nExplicit\nNo Archive Warnings Apply\nF/M\nWork in Progress\n22 May 2024\nTags\nNo Archive Warnings ApplyKuchiki Rukia/Kurosaki IchigoKuchiki Rukia Kurosaki Ichigo Kurosaki Isshin Ukitake Juushirou Kuchiki Byakuya Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki KarinAlternate Universe - Canon Divergence Ukitake Juushirou Lives Post-Thousand Year Blood War Arc (Bleach) Not Canon Compliant - Chapter 686: Death & Strawberry (Bleach) Fake/Pretend Relationship Domesticity Explicit Sexual Content Explicit Consent Fluff and Smut Crack Treated Seriously\nSummary\nStrange, unusually clever hollows haunt a tiny island off the coast of the Izu Peninsula, terrorizing the resident lighthouse keeper and coast guard alike. Or so Captain Ukitake says when he dispatches Ichigo and Rukia to the island on a mission. Their orders: Pose as the new lighthouse keeper and island caretaker, and find and dispatch the hollows.Oh, and the coast guard will only hire a married couple.Welcome, Kurosaki Ichigo and Kurosaki Rukia, to Akebishima.\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n5,062\nChapters:\n1/3\nCollections:\n1\nComments:\n22\nKudos:\n66\nBookmarks:\n8\nHits:\n407\nBound by Fate\nby\nTechie8122\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nExplicit\nNo Archive Warnings Apply\nM/M\nComplete Work\n22 May 2024\nTags\nNo Archive Warnings ApplyIshida Uryuu/Kurosaki Ichigo Abarai Renji/Kuchiki RukiaKurosaki Ichigo Ishida Uryuu Kurosaki Isshin Urahara Kisuke Shihouin Yoruichi Kurotsuchi Mayuri Kuchiki Byakuya Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki Masaki Ishida RyuukenGay Gay Sex Alpha/Beta/Omega Dynamics Alpha Kurosaki Ichigo Omega Ishida Uryu Omega Kuchki Rukia Alpha Abarai Renji Beta Urahara Kisuke Omega Shihouin Yoruichi First Time First Time Blow Jobs First Time Topping First Time Bottoming Smut Dominance Submissive Character Gotei 13 | 13 Court Guard Squads (Bleach) Shinigami (Bleach) Hollows (Bleach) Top Kurosaki Ichigo Depowered Kurosaki Ichigo Protective Kurosaki Ichigo Mentioned Kurosaki Masaki Good Parent Kurosaki Isshin Yaoi Written by Straight Guy No Plot/Plotless Alternate Universe Alpha/Omega Omega Verse Anal Sex Oral Sex Rough Sex Rough Oral Sex Knotting Accidental Knotting Pregnancy Unplanned Pregnancy slick Loss of Virginity Virginity Explicit Sexual Content Sexual Tension Sexual Content Sexual Humor Happy Ending ichigo loses powers what about the thousand year blood war? One Shot Possible Continuation Minor Abarai Renji/Kuchiki Rukia Soul Society Politics (Bleach) soul disease Soul Sex Post-Time Skip Post-Fullbringer Arc (Bleach) Post-Turn Back the Pendulum Arc (Bleach) Mpreg Post Mpreg Come Swallowing blowjob\nSummary\nAfter a tough battle, Ichigo and Uryu's relationship takes an unexpected turn, revealing deeper feelings and powerful instincts in a A/B/O alternate Bleach universe. As Ichigo embraces his role as an alpha and Uryu as an omega, they face the shocking news of Uryu's pregnancy. With their baby at risk from the dangerous mix of Quincy and Hollow energies, they seek help from friends and family, leading Ichigo to make a huge sacrifice.(Explicit sexual content, all characters involved in sex are 18+)\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n9,386\nChapters:\n1/1\nKudos:\n6\nBookmarks:\n1\nHits:\n211\nRainful Reunion\nby\nTheLetarus\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga)\nMature\nGraphic Depictions Of Violence, Major Character Death\nF/F, F/M, Multi\nWork in Progress\n22 May 2024\nTags\nGraphic Depictions Of Violence Major Character DeathKurosaki Ichigo Inoue Orihime Kuchiki Rukia Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki Yuzu Abarai Renji Aizen Sousuke Arisawa Tatsuki Urahara Kisuke Shihouin Yoruichi Sui-Feng | Soifon Gotei 13 | 13 Court Guard Squad Captains Tia Harribel Zaraki Kenpachi Original Shinigami Characters (Bleach) Original Arrancar Characters (Bleach)Dark Fantasy Post-Thousand Year Blood War Arc (Bleach) Post-Chapter 686: Death & Strawberry (Bleach) Alternate Universe - Canon Divergence War Science Fiction Violence Fantasy Blood and Gore Elemental Magic Xianxia Urban Fantasy Drama\nSummary\nIn a small town called Karakura Town where most of the populace are unaware of the residing hollows and ghosts, confrontation is looming. Disruption of peace is about to burst, and a grown boy, who was raised in the West, returned to his birthplace to close the chapter of his undisclosed family past. The discovery will hurt and torture him down to his heart.--- Royal Road -- SpaceBattles --\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n5,311\nChapters:\n3/?\nKudos:\n1\nHits:\n78\nAnthropomancy\nby\nChantal Dormand (WardrobeFullOfWings)\nFandoms:\nBleach (Anime & Manga), Harry Potter - J. K. Rowling\nTeen And Up Audiences\nNo Archive Warnings Apply\nGen\nWork in Progress\n22 May 2024\nTags\nNo Archive Warnings ApplyKurosaki Ichigo & Harry Potter Ishida Uryuu & Harry PotterHarry Potter Kurosaki Ichigo Sado \"Chad\" Yasutora Ishida Uryuu Kurosaki Karin Kurosaki Yuzu Kurosaki IsshinMaster of Death Harry Potter Not Canon Compliant Depressed and burned out Harry Potter Unreliable Narrator\nSummary\nYou might want to run or you will be late for a meeting of the English club. The smug smirk might have been a bit too much but he was starting to get really tired of her attitude.So you admit, you know clubs schedules!Of course, he knew when, where and what club met. He also had a vague grasp of clubs rosters. How else could he avoid more annoying students like Yamada?Yamada-san, you say it as if you suspect me of lying about my intention of joining a club. That is quite rude of you. He said trying to emulate the image of complete innocence.Ill show you rude!Murder in her eyes, she grabbed his shirt and started to try to shake him out of sheer frustration when suddenly-AKA MOD!Harry being reborn into Bleach universe and unintentionally kicking about every hornet nest in the Bleach universe.\nLanguage:\nEnglish\nWords:\n44,690\nChapters:\n8/?\nComments:\n73\nKudos:\n496\nBookmarks:\n230\nHits:\n9,237\nFilters\nFilter results:\nSubmit\nSort by\nAuthor\nTitle\nDate Posted\nDate Updated\nWord Count\nHits\nKudos\nComments\nBookmarks\nInclude\n?\nInclude Ratings\nTeen And Up Audiences (591)\nGeneral Audiences (331)\nMature (304)\nExplicit (204)\nNot Rated (112)\nInclude Warnings\nNo Archive Warnings Apply (697)\nCreator Chose Not To Use Archive Warnings (526)\nGraphic Depictions Of Violence (267)\nMajor Character Death (143)\nUnderage (75)\nRape/Non-Con (62)\nInclude Categories\nF/M (786)\nM/M (473)\nGen (398)\nMulti (121)\nF/F (90)\nOther (53)\nInclude Fandoms\nBleach (Anime & Manga) (1541)\nHarry Potter - J. 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(4)\nExclude Characters\nKurosaki Karin (1542)\nKurosaki Ichigo (1178)\nKurosaki Yuzu (1139)\nKurosaki Isshin (847)\nKuchiki Rukia (595)\nInoue Orihime (525)\nHitsugaya Toushirou (524)\nUrahara Kisuke (504)\nIshida Uryuu (434)\nAbarai Renji (375)\nExclude Relationships\nHitsugaya Toushirou/Kurosaki Karin (363)\nKuchiki Rukia/Kurosaki Ichigo (235)\nGrimmjow Jaegerjaques/Kurosaki Ichigo (213)\nInoue Orihime/Kurosaki Ichigo (99)\nKurosaki Ichigo & Kurosaki Karin & Kurosaki Yuzu (96)\nAbarai Renji/Kuchiki Rukia (77)\nKurosaki Ichigo/Urahara Kisuke (66)\nKurosaki Isshin/Kurosaki Masaki (58)\nInoue Orihime/Ishida Uryuu (56)\nHitsugaya Toushirou & Kurosaki Karin (55)\nExclude Additional Tags\nAlternate Universe - Canon Divergence (232)\nAngst (172)\nFluff (171)\nRomance (155)\nAlternate Universe (137)\nHurt/Comfort (110)\nFriendship (76)\nHumor (73)\nSlow Burn (71)\nNot Beta Read (69)\nOther tags to exclude\nMore Options\nCrossovers\nInclude crossovers\nExclude crossovers\nShow only crossovers\nCompletion Status\nAll works\nComplete works only\nWorks in progress only\nWord Count\nFrom\nTo\nDate Updated\nFrom\nTo\nSearch within results\n?\nLanguage\naf Soomaali\nAfrikaans\nAynu itak | \n\n\n \n | \n\nAmerican Sign Language\nasturianu\nBahasa Indonesia\nBahasa Malaysia\n\n\nBasa Jawa\n \n\nBosanski\nBrezhoneg\nCatal\nCebuano\netina\nChinuk Wawa\n | qrmtatar tili\nCymraeg\nDansk\nDeutsch\neesti keel\n\n\nEnglish\nEald Englis\nEspaol\nEsperanto\nEuskara\n\nFilipino\nFranais\nFriisk\nFurlan\nGaeilge\nGidhlig\nGalego\n\nCreolese\n-\n\nHausa | \n\nHrvatski\nlelo Hawaii\nInterlingua\nisiZulu\nslenska\nItaliano\n\nKalaallisut\n\n\nKernewek\n\nKhuzdul\nKiswahili\nkreyl ayisyen\nKurd | \n\nLangue des signes qubcoise\nLatvieu valoda\nLtzebuergesch\nLietuvi kalba\nLingua latina\nMagyar\n\n\nMalti\n \nMando'a\n\nMikisk\n | \n\n \nNhuatl\n- \nNawat\nNederlands\n\nNorsk\n | \n \nOodham iok\n \n\nPlattdtsch\nPolski\nPortugus brasileiro\nPortugus europeu\n\nqazaqa | \nUncategorized Constructed Languages\nQuenya\nRomn\n\nScots\nShqip\nSindarin\n\nSlovenina\nSlovenina\nSprk iudisk\n\nsuomi\nSvenska\n\n \nte reo Mori\n\n\nThermian\n\nTing Vit\n\ntlhIngan-Hol\ntoki pona\nTrinidadian Creole\n\n \nTrke\n\n\n \nVolapk\n-\n\nmaaya tan\n- \n- \nSubmit\nClear Filters\nTop of Work Index\nPages Navigation Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 77 78 Next \nFooter\nAbout the Archive\nSite Map\nDiversity Statement\nTerms of Service\nDMCA Policy\nContact Us\nPolicy Questions & Abuse Reports\nTechnical Support & Feedback\nDevelopment\notwarchive v0.9.368.1\nKnown Issues\nGPL-2.0-or-later by the OTW\nClose", "url": "https://archiveofourown.org/tags/Kurosaki%20Karin/works" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Karin Kurosaki on Tumblr\nExploreChange paletteLatestTopeverbloomly Follow #grimmjow jaegerjaquez#ichigo kurosaki#bleach#bleach fanart#fanart#grimmichi#meme redraw#yuzu kurosaki#karin kurosaki340 notesdeathberi Follow #bleach#bleachedit#ichigo kurosaki#rukia kuchiki#kon#isshin kurosaki#yuzu kurosaki#karin kurosaki#anime gif#animeedit#shounenedit#eri gifs#anime#*#fyanimegifs#oldanimeedit#animangahive#ichiruki344 notesrukiadriedhisrain Follow Yuzu&KarinHappy Birthday to Yuzu and Karin! [5.6]#bleach#my edit#bleachedit#yuzu kurosaki#karin kurosaki356 notesrozandraw Follow Comictober Week 2: Orange#bleach#ichigo kurosaki#karin kurosaki#yuzu kurosaki#isshin kurosaki#fanart#fancomic#comictober#comictober 2023284 notestossawary Follow Explained what filler in anime was to someone yesterday (because I had \"Bleach\" playing in the background again while I was working on something) roughly as \"additional material created by the anime while waiting for the manga to get further ahead, which is usually pretty bad because whatever happens in the filler arc can't usually contribute meaningfully to character development or the main story\". And we talked a little about what directions you can take filler in and what you could do instead of the usual filler. And I said, somewhat jokingly, at some point, \"I think it would be pretty cool if they did some Canon Divergence fanfiction as filler, like a special season where one or both of Ichigo's little sisters become the substitute soul reapers instead, against everyone's plans.\" And the person I was talking to jokingly suggested a whole season of what-if episodes in that vein. And we were both like, yeah, they would never have done that here, but that would be pretty damn cool. But then I was like, \"Wait, they REALLY can't do that. What if they accidentally end up making a way better show than the original?\" Which I intended as another joke, but I was also kind of serious. Because the mental image of suspicious, overprotective, self-sacrificing but powerless, down-to-thrown-down big brother Ichigo chasing his little sisters and Rukia around sounds hilarious. Ichigo: \"Who the fuck is this strange, short, angry woman and why is she trying to get my little sisters involved in what's obviously GIRL GANG ACTIVITIES?! Fuck off, you creep!!!\" #tossawary bleach#tossawary watching#fic ideas#yuzu kurosaki#karin kurosaki#ichigo kurosaki#rukia kuchiki198 notesbombomderps Follow HitsuKarin Week 2024 day 2: Soccer#hitsukarin#hitsukarinweek2024#toshiro x karin#toshiro hitsugaya#karin kurosaki#bleach#crackship#rarepair#fanart#soccer#animecouple81 notesaxolott2 Follow Im drawing one bleach character per day !!! They're sketches for now but ill probably can them more later#bleach#bleach fanart#fanart#ichigo kurosaki#rukia kuchiki#bleach rukia#kuchiki rukia#isshin kurosaki#masaki kurosaki#yuzu kurosaki#karin kurosaki516 notesPosted by #Karin KurosakiFollowNew post#isshin kurosaki#byakuya kuchiki#orihime inoue#bleach tybw#renji abarai#bleach fanartduckirubb3r The Appreciation StationFollowneska-pineska N E S K AFollowbleachluna A Bleach SideblogFollowrinusagitora bloodlornFollowShow more blogsAboutAppsLegalPrivacyHelpJoin over 100 million people using Tumblr to find their communities and make friends.Sign me upLog in", "url": "https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/Karin%20Kurosaki" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Show me your kitties\nAbout Me\nMy Writing\nBleach Manga Reviews\nBleach Meta\nBleach Headcanons\nAskbox Memes\nShow me your kitties\nCrys 32 GreekChronic night-owl, coffee addict, chain smoker, lover of all things linguistic, posts mostly about Bleach, occasionally writes. Formerly owl-in-daylight.AO3 FF.net================(( ASKBOX: Prompts - 32 || Questions - 15 ))\nfelczi:Kurosaki Karin from Bleach with messy bun, not much important character in story but i like her a lot :)First and maybe not the only art with lineart. I havent done any bbrae fanart last time, cause i have no idea how to draw them xd I have an artblock, help me ;-;\nPosted on 11 Mar 2017 10:00pm (7 years ago) with 130 notes\n| source: felczi-deactivated20180303 | via: felczi-deactivated20180303\n#bleach#fanart#kurosaki karin#this is so cute!#all according to queuekaku\nanimeandthingssss reblogged this from saranel renny33 liked this comatose--overdose reblogged this from randombleachstuff qwitwhy liked this brs-love reblogged this from back-in-a-bit brs-love liked this gracelynnmca liked this otakugurl190 liked this reshikratia liked this meluene liked this mselizabethwildestuff liked this totalgeekblog reblogged this from saranel totalgeekblog liked this rito-champion-ravioli reblogged this from saranel radicalcosmicdude liked this crysta-loves-titans liked this justandjela liked this books-r-so-fab-02 liked this balletfeetstink14 liked this thegodcarl liked this freya-faust liked this saint-orihime reblogged this from shukketsu-hai wecolors liked this saint-orihime liked this shukketsu-hai liked this lolexandi liked this absurdlycosmic liked this meducist-blog liked this motsumono liked this eternal-fanboy-scout liked this madchoices liked this aninhacristal liked this its-anita-fan liked this burnedsparrow reblogged this from randombleachstuff burnedsparrow liked this angbang-in-angband liked this meikalina reblogged this from bleachic psychoticbirb liked this rikuakuma liked this\nSign up for TumblrDiscover more blogs like this one.Sign upLog in Follow saranel\nJust a moment!We use cookies to analyze our traffic for a better Tumblr experience. By continuing, you agree to their use. Sound good?Learn moreSounds good\nassets.tumblr.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://saranel.tumblr.com/post/158277644848/felczi-kurosaki-karin-from-bleach-with-messy" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "kurosaki karin on Tumblr\nExploreChange paletteLatestTopnakamurakleo Follow ok i'm inInspired by Masonh7's The Bodyguard#bleach#grimmjow jaegerjaquez#grimmichi#ichigo kurosaki#kurosaki yuzu#kurosaki karin399 noteso0o0thorn0o0o Follow First post of June; R.I.P. me.Ok, so that combo of the color palette with the doodle style? I might sorta kinda just maybe be a tiiiiiiny bit obsessed with it. Just low-key, yknow? Haha, but yeah, Ive since expanded it, as you can see, to include more colors.I really do like this palette, like a lot, and its been making Orgo/Lab slightly less of a drag. Do expect more of it. Its really fun to play with, and it makes me wanna draw a lot of characters. I should probably post now, though, haha.Ah, for the last oneUryuus a pediatrician, yeah? Thought itd be a cute idea if he was also Kazuis ^^Now onto tagging :,)#bleach#ichihime#renruki#kuchiki rukia#abarai renji#inoue orihime#kurosaki ichigo#arisawa tatsuki#kurosaki kazui#abarai ichika#nemuri hachigou#kon bleach#zangetsu#hichigo#kurosaki yuzu#kurosaki karin#inoue sora#shiba kaien#shiba miyako#shiba kuukaku#shiba ganju#chad yasutora#ishida uryuu#kojima mizuiro#asano keigo#fanart#digital art#digital sketch#digital doodle#also yeah i liedbut acs gonna be my *next* post; promise this time! pinky swear See all239 notesduckirubb3rcommissions Follow I recently tried doodling some Bleach grills strictly from memory. Only a few of them are mostly correct lol.#bleach#fanart#digital art#bleach fanart#unohana retsu#tsumugiya ururu#ise nanao#kurosaki karin#soi fon#shihouin yoruichi#kuchiki rukia#kurosaki yuzu#yadoumaru lisa#hinamori momo#dokugamine riruka#inoue orihime#matsumoto rangiku#kurotsuchi nemu See all190 notesemiruem Follow and angel beats! AU#ichiruki#hitsukarin#bleach#sketch#toshiro hitsugaya#kurosaki karin#rukia kuchiki#ichigo kurosaki#bleach art#hitsugaya toushirou#emiruem:bleach249 notesincorrctbleach Follow Isshin, trying to get Karin out of bed: Don't make me get the water bucket.\nKarin, half asleep: You wouldn't.\nYuzu and Ichigo, soaking wet: Yes, he would.#s: hannah montana#isshin kurosaki#karin kurosaki#yuzu kurosaki#ichigo kurosaki#isshin shiba#bleach#kurosaki family#shiba clan#kurosaki isshin#kurosaki karin#kurosaki yuzu#kurosaki ichigo#shiba isshin See all319 notessunflowersandcherryblossoms Follow How much of a coward do you have to be to give us a meet cute only on filler episodes and not transport it to canon?This is so much better than pairing poor Toshiro with the girl he was raised with as a sister...#hitsukarin#hitsugaya toshirou#kurosaki karin#toshiro x karin58 notesduckirubb3r Follow Goofy little cringe ah-ah HitsuKarin gift exchange for @dandelion-snow. Sorry for how late it is! December was hectic and I made the foolish decision to try doing a comic instead of a story or illustration which meant that I had to try to make angles and perspectives and lighting at least somewhat match and I think I adequately failed at that but hopefully you won't have paid enough attention to notice until reading this. Happy holidays (even though it's Jan 2nd now oops)!#hitsukarin gift exchange 2023#bleach#hitsugaya toushirou#kurosaki karin#hitsukarin114 notes#kurosaki karinFollowNew post#bleach#hitsugaya toshiro#kurosaki yuzu#hitsukarin#kurosaki ichigoduckirubb3r The Appreciation StationFollowneska-pineska N E S K AFollowbleachluna A Bleach SideblogFollowrinusagitora bloodlornFollowShow more blogsAboutAppsLegalPrivacyHelpJoin over 100 million people using Tumblr to find their communities and make friends.Sign me upLog in\nTumblr Privacy & CookiesHello there! We take your privacy seriously, and want to be as transparent as possible. So: We (and our partners) use cookies to collect some personal data from you. Some of these cookies we absolutely need in order to make things work, and others you can choose in order to optimize your experience while using our site and services. It's up to you!Additionally, we and our advertising partners store and/or access information on your device and also process personal data, like unique identifiers, browsing activity, and other standard information sent by your device including your IP address. This information is collected over time and used for personalized ads, ad measurement, audience insights, and product development specific to our ads program.If this sounds good to you, select \"I Agree!\" below. Otherwise, you can get more information, customize your consent preferences, or decline consent by selecting \"Learn More\". Note that your preferences apply only to Tumblr. If you change your mind in the future you can update your preferences any time by using the Privacy link beneath each ad. One last thing: Some of your data may be processed by our advertising partners based on legitimate interests instead of consent, but you can object to that by choosing \"Learn More\" and then disabling the Legitimate Interests toggle under any listed Purpose or Partner on their respective settings pages.Learn MoreI Agree!", "url": "https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/kurosaki%20karin" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Karin Kurosaki (Bleach) - MyAnimeList.net\nMyAnimeList.net\nHide AdsLoginSign Up\nAllAnimeMangaCharactersPeopleCompaniesManga StoreNewsFeatured ArticlesForumClubsUsers\nView all results for ${ keyword }\nAnime\nAnime Search\nTop Anime\nSeasonal Anime\nVideos\nReviews\nRecommendations\n2024 ChallengeFantasy Anime League\nManga\nManga Search\nTop Manga\nManga Store\nReviews\nRecommendations\n2024 Challenge\nCommunity\nInterest Stacks\nForums\nClubs\nBlogs\nUsers\nIndustry\nNews\nFeatured Articles\nPeople\nCharacters\nCompanies\nMALJapan\nWatch\nEpisode Videos\nAnime Trailers\nRead\nManga Store\nHelp\nAbout\nSupport\nAdvertising\nFAQ\nReport\nStaff\nMAL Supporter\nKarin Kurosaki\nEdit Character Information\nAdd to Favorites\nAnimeography\nBleach\nadd Supporting\nBleach: Memories in the Rain\nadd Supporting\nBleach: The Sealed Sword Frenzy\nadd Supporting\nBleach Movie 1: Memories of Nobody\nadd Supporting\nBleach Movie 2: The DiamondDust Rebellion - Mou Hitotsu no Hyourinmaru\nadd Supporting\nBleach Movie 3: Fade to Black - Kimi no Na wo Yobu\nadd Supporting\nBleach Movie 4: Jigoku-hen\nadd Supporting\nBleach: Sennen Kessen-hen\nadd Supporting\nBleach: Sennen Kessen-hen - Ketsubetsu-tan\nadd Supporting\nMangaography\nBleach\nadd Supporting\nBleach: Letters From the Other Side\nadd Supporting\nBleach: We Do Knot Always Love You\nadd Supporting\nTsurezure Nichijou Ekotoba Colourful Bleach\nadd Supporting\nMember Favorites: 97\nDetails\nClubs\nPictures\nTop\n>\nCharacters\n>\nKarin Kurosaki\nKarin Kurosaki ( )Karin is the cynical and sarcastic daughter of Isshin. Compared to her soft-spoken twin, Karin is the more authoritative of the two. She is an excellent soccer player with a kick powerful enough to fight weak hollows. Karin's tough exterior results from her mother's death; because she could not be useful around the house like Yuzu, she resolved never to cry so that she would not burden her family with her personal troubles.\nKarin is a sensible person and will not hesitate to kick her father in the head when she thinks he's acting unreasonable. She initially claims that she believes spirits do not exist, yet can see them just as well as Ichigo can. She can also sense them from great distances, which usually manifests as a headache. In spite of her attitude about spirits, Karin is willing to use her abilities to earn a little cash, such as her position as Karakura Red of Don Kanonji's Karakura superheroes. Karin actually knows that Ichigo is a shinigami and wants to know why he's suffering out of concern. Karin is a homonym for Japanese quince, a name of a fruit, which matches Ichigo's name being a homonym for strawberry.\nAfter the fight against Aizen, the story skips in time; Ichigo has then lost all of his Shinigami powers. It's been said that Karin's spiritual powers have expanded. She does not speak with Ichigo about her powers, claiming that her brother always suffered and protected the family and now it's her turn to protect him.\nVoice Actors\nKugimiya, Rie\nJapanese\nHiggins, Kate\nEnglish\nByrd, Christine\nSpanish\nSzab, Zselyke\nHungarian\nForest, Nayli\nFrench\nHcke, Maximiliane\nGerman\nBayarri, Noem\nSpanish\nRicci, Kate Kelly\nPortuguese (BR)\nMelloul, Cline\nFrench\nBersani, Giulia\nItalian\nVolp, Isabelle\nFrench\nArellano, Mayra\nSpanish\nSee MoreRecent Featured Articles\nA Guide to the Bleach Characters: Arrancar Saga Edition\nWant to learn more about Bleach? Check out the characters from the Arrancar Saga here! 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Xi Jinping - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life and education\n2Early political career\n3Rise to power\nToggle Rise to power subsection\n3.1Trips as Vice President\n3.2Accession to top posts\n4Leadership\nToggle Leadership subsection\n4.1Anti-corruption campaign\n4.2Censorship\n4.3Consolidation of power\n4.3.1Cult of personality\n4.4Economy and technology\n4.5Reforms\n4.5.1Political reforms\n4.5.2Legal reforms\n4.5.3Military reforms\n4.6Foreign policy\n4.7National security\n4.8Hong Kong\n4.9Human rights\n4.9.1Xinjiang\n4.10COVID-19 pandemic\n4.11Environmental policy\n4.12Governance style\n5Political positions\nToggle Political positions subsection\n5.1Chinese Dream\n5.2Cultural revival\n5.3Art and politics\n5.4Ideology\n5.4.1Xi Jinping Thought\n6Personal life\nToggle Personal life subsection\n6.1Family\n6.2Personality\n6.3Soccer\n7Public life\n8Honors\nToggle Honors subsection\n8.1Key to the City\n8.2Honorary doctorates\n9Works\n10Notes\n11References\nToggle References subsection\n11.1Citations\n11.2Works cited\n12Further reading\n13External links\nToggle the table of contents\nXi Jinping\n139 languages\nAchAfrikaansAlemannischAragonsArpetanAsturianuAymar aruAzrbaycanca / Bn-lm-g ()Bikol CentralBislamaBosanskiBrezhonegCataletinaChi-ChewaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFiji HindiFranaisFryskGaeilgeGalego/Hak-k-ngHausaHrvatskiIdoIgboBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueslenskaItalianoJawaKernowekKiswahiliLatinaLatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviLombardMagyarMalagasyMaltiBahasa MelayuMinangkabau / Mng-dng-ngNederlandsNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskNouormandOccitan Ozbekcha / PangcahPapiamentuPiemontisPolskiPortugusQrmtatarcaRomnRuna SimiSakizayaScotsSeediqShqipSimple EnglishSloveninaSloveninaSoomaaliga / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTagalog / tataraTayalTrkeTrkmeneBasa Ugi / UyghurcheVahcuenghTing VitWinarayZazaki\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadView sourceView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadView sourceView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikinewsWikiquoteWikisource\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nGeneral Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party since 2012, President of China since 2013\nIn this article, the surname is X ().\nXi JinpingXi in 2023General Secretary of the Chinese Communist PartyIncumbentAssumed office 15 November 2012Preceded byHu Jintao7th President of the People's Republic of ChinaIncumbentAssumed office 14 March 2013PremierLi Keqiang (201323)Li Qiang (since 2023)Vice PresidentLi Yuanchao (201318)Wang Qishan (201823)Han Zheng (since 2023)Preceded byHu JintaoChairman of the Central Military CommissionIncumbentAssumed office Party Commission: 15 November 2012State Commission: 14 March 2013DeputyFan ChanglongXu QiliangZhang YouxiaHe WeidongPreceded byHu JintaoFirst Secretary of the Chinese Communist PartyIn office22 October 2007 15 November 2012Preceded byZeng QinghongSucceeded byLiu Yunshan8th Vice President of the People's Republic of ChinaIn office15 March 2008 14 March 2013Preceded byZeng QinghongSucceeded byLi Yuanchao\nPersonal detailsBorn (1953-06-15) 15 June 1953 (age70)Beijing, ChinaPolitical partyCCP (since 1974)Spouses\nKe Lingling\n (m.1979; div.1982)\nPeng Liyuan (m.1987)ParentsXi Zhongxun (father)Qi Xin (mother)RelativesQi Qiaoqiao (sister)ResidenceZhongnanhaiAlma materTsinghua UniversitySignatureWebsiteGovernment websiteScientific careerThesisResearch on China's Rural Marketization(2001)Doctoral advisorLiu Meixun\nXi Jinping's voice\nRecorded 1 July 2021\nChinese nameSimplified ChineseTraditionalChineseTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinX JnpngBopomofo WadeGilesHsi2 Chin4-ping2Tongyong PinyinS Jn-pngMPS2Sh Jn-pngIPA[itin.pi]WuShanghaineseRomanizationZih Jin-binHakkaRomanizationSip6 Kiun4 Pin2[1]Phak-fa-sSip Khiun-phnYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationJaahp Gahn-phngJyutpingZaap6 Gan6-ping4IPA[tsapkn.pe]Southern MinHokkien POJSip Kn-pngTi-lSip Kn-pngBbnlm PngymSp Gn-bngEastern MinFuzhou BUCSk Gng-ping\nCentral institution membership\n2007: 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th Politburo Standing Committee\n2007: 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th Politburo\n20072012: Secretary (first-ranked), 17th Central Secretariat\n2002: Full member, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th Central Committee\n19972002: Alternate member, 15th Central Committee\n1998: Delegate, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th National People's Congress\nLeading Groups and Commissions\n2018present: Director, Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission\n2018present: Director, Central Foreign Affairs Commission\n20182023: Director, Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission\n2018present: Director, Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission\n2014present: Leader, Leading Group for Defence and Military Reform\n20142018: Leader, Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization\n2013present: Chairman, National Security Commission\n20132018: Leader, Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs\n20132018: Leader, Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms\n2012present: Leader, Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs\n20122018: Leader, Foreign Affairs Leading Group\n20072012: Leader Group for Party Building\nc. 20072012: Leader, Leading Group for Activities of Deepening the Study and Practice of the Outlook of Scientific Development\n20072012: Leader, Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macau Affairs\nOther offices held\n2016present: Supreme Commander, Joint Battle Command of the People's Liberation Army\n20102013: Vice Chairman, State Central Military Commission\n20102012: Vice Chairman, Party Central Military Commission\n20082013: Vice President of the People's Republic of China\n20072012: President, Central Party School\n2007: Party Committee Secretary, Shanghai municipality\n20022007: Party Secretary, Zhejiang province, director, Standing Committee of the Zhejiang Provincial People's Congress\n2002: Deputy Party Secretary & acting governor, Zhejiang province\n19992002: Governor, Fujian province\n19952002: Deputy Party Secretary, Fujian province\n19901996: Party Secretary, Fuzhou\n19901996: Chairman, Standing Committee of the Fuzhou Municipal People's Congress\n19881990: Party Secretary, Ningde\n19851988: Deputy Mayor, Xiamen\n19831985: Party Secretary, Zhengding County\nParamount Leader of the People's Republic of China\n Hu Jintao\n(Current holder)\nXi Jinping (/i dnp/, or often /i/; Chinese: ; pinyin: X Jnpng, pronounced [itin.pi];[a] born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has been the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), and thus the paramount leader of China, since 2012. Xi has also been the president of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 2013. As a member of the fifth generation of Chinese leadership, Xi is the first CCP general secretary born after the establishment of the PRC.\nThis article is part of a series aboutXi Jinping\nXi Jinping Administration\n2012 election as General Secretary\n2017 reelection as General Secretary\n2022 reelection as General Secretary\nNew Zhijiang Army\nPolicies and theories\nBelt and Road Initiative\nChinese Dream\nCommon prosperity\nFour Confidences\nFour Comprehensives\nComprehensively Deepening Reforms\nChinese-style modernization\nForeign policy\nEight Musts\nEight-point Regulation\nNew productive forces\nTargeted Poverty Alleviation\nTwo Establishes and Two Upholds\nXi Jinping Thought\nDiplomacy\nHolistic security concept\nPersonality cult\nParty media takes the party's last name\nThree Stricts and Three Honests\nTwo Centenaries\nWolf warrior diplomacy\nWhole-process people's democracy\nKey events\nAnti-corruption campaign\n709 crackdown\nPersecution of Uyghurs in China\nXinjiang internment camps\nChinaUS trade war\n201920 Hong Kong protests\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nResponse\nCCP centenary\nHistorical resolution\n20202021 reform spree\n2022 Hong Kong visit\nDiplomatic activities\nXiChu meeting\nXiMa Meeting\nXiKim meetings\n2015 Pakistan visit\n2015 United States visit\n2015 United Kingdom visit\n2019 Italy and France visit\nCPC and World Political Parties Summit\n2023 Russia visit\n2024 France, Serbia and Hungary visit\nSpeech series\nGovernance of China\nvte\nThe son of Chinese Communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, Xi was exiled to rural Yanchuan County as a teenager following his father's purge during the Cultural Revolution. He lived in a yaodong in the village of Liangjiahe, Shaanxi province, where he joined the CCP after several failed attempts and worked as the local party secretary. After studying chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student, Xi rose through the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces. Xi was governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, before becoming governor and party secretary of neighboring Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. Following the dismissal of the party secretary of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to replace him for a brief period in 2007. He subsequently joined the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the CCP the same year and was the first-ranking secretary of the Central Secretariat in October 2007. In 2008, he was designated as Hu Jintao's presumed successor as paramount leader. Towards this end, Xi was appointed vice president of the PRC and vice chairman of the CMC. He officially received the title of leadership core from the CCP in 2016.\nDuring the course of overseeing China' s domestic policy, Xi has introduced far-ranging measures to enforce party discipline and strengthen internal unity. His anti-corruption campaign led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired CCP officials, including former PSC member Zhou Yongkang. For the sake of promoting \"common prosperity\", Xi has enacted a series of policies designed to increase equality, overseen targeted poverty alleviation programs, and directed a broad crackdown in 2021 against the tech and tutoring sectors. Furthermore, he has expanded support for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), advanced military-civil fusion, and attempted to reform China's property sector. Following the onset of COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, he initially presided over a zero-COVID policy from January 2020 to December 2022 before ultimately shifting towards a mitigation strategy.\nOn the world stage, Xi has promoted a more aggressive foreign policy particularly with regard to China's relations with the U.S., the nine-dash line in the South China Sea, and the Sino-Indian border dispute. Additionally, for the sake of advancing Chinese economic interests abroad, Xi has sought to expand China's influence in Africa and Eurasia by championing the Belt and Road Initiative. Despite meeting with Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou in 2015, Xi presided over a deterioration in relations between Beijing and Taipei under Ma's successor Tsai Ing-wen. In 2020, Xi oversaw the passage of a national security law in Hong Kong which clamped down on political opposition in the city, especially pro-democracy activists.\nOften described as a dictator by political and academic observers, Xi's tenure has included an increase of censorship and mass surveillance, deterioration in human rights, including the internment of a million Uyghurs in Xinjiang, a cult of personality developing around Xi, and the removal of term limits for the presidency in 2018. Xi's political ideas and principles, known as Xi Jinping Thought, have been incorporated into the party and national constitutions. As the central figure of the fifth generation of leadership of the PRC, Xi has centralized institutional power by taking on multiple positions, including new CCP committees on national security, economic and social reforms, military restructuring and modernization, and the Internet. In October 2022, Xi secured a third term as CCP General Secretary, and was reelected state president for a third term in March 2023.\nEarly life and education\nXi Jinping was born in Beijing on 15 June 1953,[2] the third child of Xi Zhongxun and his second wife Qi Xin. After the founding of the PRC in 1949, Xi's father held a series of posts, including Party propaganda chief, vice-premier, and vice chairperson of the National People's Congress.[3] Xi had two older sisters, Qiaoqiao, born in 1949 and An'an (; n'n), born in 1952.[4][5] Xi's father was from Fuping County, Shaanxi.[6]\nXi went to the Beijing Bayi School,[7][8] and then the Beijing No. 25 School,[9] in the 1960s. He became friends with Liu He, who attended Beijing No. 101 School in the same district, and who later became China's vice premier and a close advisor to Xi after he became China's paramount leader.[10][11] In 1963, when he was aged 10, his father was purged from the CCP and sent to work in a factory in Luoyang, Henan.[12] In May 1966, the Cultural Revolution cut short Xi's secondary education when all secondary classes were halted for students to criticise and fight their teachers. Student militants ransacked the Xi family home and one of Xi's sisters, Xi Heping, \"was persecuted to death.\"[13][14]\nLater, his mother was forced to publicly denounce his father, as he was paraded before a crowd as an enemy of the revolution. His father was later imprisoned in 1968 when Xi was aged 15. Without the protection of his father, Xi was sent to work in Liangjiahe Village, Wen'anyi, Yanchuan County, Yan'an, Shaanxi, in 1969 in Mao Zedong's Down to the Countryside Movement.[15] He worked as the party secretary of Liangjiahe, where he lived in a cave house.[16] According to people who knew him, this experience led him to feel affinity with the rural poor.[17] After a few months, unable to stand rural life, he ran away to Beijing. He was arrested during a crackdown on deserters from the countryside and sent to a work camp to dig ditches, but he later returned to the village. He then spent a total of seven years there.[18][19]\nThe misfortunes and suffering of his family in his early years hardened Xi's view of politics. During an interview in 2000, he said, \"People who have little contact with power, who are far from it, always see these things as mysterious and novel. But what I see is not just the superficial things: the power, the flowers, the glory, the applause. I see the bullpens and how people can blow hot and cold. I understand politics on a deeper level.\" The \"bullpens\" () was a reference to Red Guards' detention houses during the Cultural Revolution.[17]\nAfter seven rejections, Xi joined the Communist Youth League of China in 1971 on his eighth attempt after he befriended a local official.[8] He reunited with his father in 1972, because of a family reunion ordered by premier Zhou Enlai.[14] From 1973, he applied to join the CCP ten times and was finally accepted on his tenth attempt in 1974.[20][21][22] From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student in Beijing. The engineering majors there spent about 15 percent of their time studying MarxismLeninism and 5 percent of their time doing farm work and \"learning from the People's Liberation Army.\"[23]\nEarly political career\nFrom 1979 to 1982, Xi was secretary for his father's former subordinate Geng Biao, the vice premier and secretary-general of the CMC.[8] In 1982, he was sent to Zhengding County in Hebei as deputy party secretary of Zhengding County. He was promoted in 1983 to secretary, becoming the top official of the county.[24] Xi subsequently served in four provinces during his regional political career: Hebei (19821985), Fujian (19852002), Zhejiang (20022007), and Shanghai (2007).[25] Xi held posts in the Fuzhou Municipal Party Committee and became the president of the Party School in Fuzhou in 1990. In 1997, he was named an alternate member of the 15th Central Committee of the CCP. However, of the 151 alternate members of the Central Committee elected at the 15th Party Congress, Xi received the lowest number of votes in favour, placing him last in the rankings of members, ostensibly due to his status as a princeling.[b][26]\nFrom 1998 to 2002, Xi studied Marxist theory and ideological education in Tsinghua University,[27] graduating with a doctorate in law and ideology in 2002.[28] In 1999, he was promoted to the office of Vice Governor of Fujian, and became governor a year later. In Fujian, Xi made efforts to attract investment from Taiwan and to strengthen the private sector of the provincial economy.[29] In February 2000, he and then-provincial party secretary Chen Mingyi were called before the top members of PSC general secretary Jiang Zemin, premier Zhu Rongji, vice president Hu Jintao and Discipline Inspection secretary Wei Jianxing to explain aspects of the Yuanhua scandal.[30]\nIn 2002, Xi left Fujian and took up leading political positions in neighbouring Zhejiang. He eventually took over as provincial Party Committee secretary after several months as acting governor, occupying a top provincial office for the first time in his career. In 2002, he was elected a full member of the 16th Central Committee, marking his ascension to the national stage. While in Zhejiang, Xi presided over reported growth rates averaging 14% per year.[31] His career in Zhejiang was marked by a tough and straightforward stance against corrupt officials. This earned him a name in the national media and drew the attention of China's top leaders.[32] Between 2004 and 2007, Li Qiang acted as Xi's chief of staff through his position as secretary-general of the Zhejiang Party Committee, where they developed close mutual ties.[33]\nFollowing the dismissal of Shanghai Party secretary Chen Liangyu in September 2006 due to a social security fund scandal, Xi was transferred to Shanghai in March 2007, where he was the party secretary there for seven months.[34][35] In Shanghai, Xi avoided controversy and was known for strictly observing party discipline. For example, Shanghai administrators attempted to earn favour with him by arranging a special train to shuttle him between Shanghai and Hangzhou for him to complete handing off his work to his successor as Zhejiang party secretary Zhao Hongzhu. However, Xi reportedly refused to take the train, citing a loosely enforced party regulation that stipulated that special trains can only be reserved for \"national leaders.\"[36] While in Shanghai, he worked on preserving unity of the local party organisation. He pledged there would be no 'purges' during his administration, despite the fact many local officials were thought to have been implicated in the Chen Liangyu corruption scandal.[37] On most issues, Xi largely echoed the line of the central leadership.[38]\nRise to power\nXi Jinping greeting U.S. president George W. Bush in August 2008\nXi Jinping with Russian president Dmitry Medvedev on 28 September 2010\nXi was appointed to the nine-man PSC at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007. He was ranked above Li Keqiang, an indication that he was going to succeed Hu Jintao as China's next leader. In addition, Xi also held the first secretary of the CCP's Central Secretariat. This assessment was further supported at the 11th National People's Congress in March 2008, when Xi was elected as vice president of the PRC.[39] Following his elevation, Xi held a broad range of portfolios. He was put in charge of the comprehensive preparations for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, as well as being the central government's leading figure in Hong Kong and Macau affairs. In addition, he also became the new president of the Central Party School of the CCP, its cadre-training and ideological education wing. In the wake of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Xi visited disaster areas in Shaanxi and Gansu. He made his first foreign trip as vice president to North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen from 17 to 25 June 2008.[40] After the Olympics, Xi was assigned the post of committee chair for the preparations of the 60th Anniversary Celebrations of the founding of the PRC. He was also reportedly at the helm of a top-level CCP committee dubbed the 6521 Project, which was charged with ensuring social stability during a series of politically sensitive anniversaries in 2009.[41]\nXi's position as the apparent successor to become the paramount leader was threatened with the rapid rise of Bo Xilai, the party secretary of Chongqing at the time. Bo was expected to join the PSC at the 18th Party Congress, with most expecting that he would try to eventually maneuver himself into replacing Xi.[42] Bo's policies in Chongqing inspired imitations throughout China and received praise from Xi himself during Xi's visit to Chongqing in 2010. Records of praises from Xi were later erased after he became paramount leader. Bo's downfall would come with the Wang Lijun incident, which opened the door for Xi to come to power without challengers.[43]\nXi is considered one of the most successful members of the Princelings, a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Chinese Communist revolutionaries. Former prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, when asked about Xi, said he felt he was \"a thoughtful man who has gone through many trials and tribulations.\"[44] Lee also commented: \"I would put him in the Nelson Mandela class of persons. A person with enormous emotional stability who does not allow his personal misfortunes or sufferings affect his judgment. In other words, he is impressive.\"[45] Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson described Xi as \"the kind of guy who knows how to get things over the goal line.\"[46] Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd said that Xi \"has sufficient reformist, party and military background to be very much his own man.\"[47]\nTrips as Vice President\nIn February 2009, in his capacity as vice-president, Xi embarked on a tour of Latin America, visiting Mexico,[48] Jamaica,[49] Colombia,[50] Venezuela,[51] Brazil,[52] and Malta, after which he returned to China.[53] On 11 February 2009, while visiting Mexico, Xi spoke in front of a group of overseas Chinese and explained China's contributions during the international financial crisis, saying that it was \"the greatest contribution towards the whole of human race, made by China, to prevent its 1.3billion people from hunger.\"[c] He went on to remark: \"There are some bored foreigners, with full stomachs, who have nothing better to do than point fingers at us. First, China doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export hunger and poverty; third, China doesn't come and cause you headaches. What more is there to be said?\"[d][54] The story was reported on some local television stations. The news led to a flood of discussions on Chinese Internet forums and it was reported that the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was caught off-guard by Xi's remarks, as the actual video was shot by some accompanying Hong Kong reporters and broadcast on Hong Kong TV, which then turned up on various Internet video websites.[55]\nThe Muscatine, Iowa house where Xi stayed with an American family during a 1985 agricultural visit to the United States. The home was turned into a museum decades later.\nIn the European Union, Xi visited Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania from 7 to 21 October 2009.[56] He visited Japan, South Korea, Cambodia, and Myanmar on his Asian trip from 14 to 22 December 2009.[57] He later visited the United States, Ireland and Turkey in February 2012. This visit included meeting with then U.S. president Barack Obama at the White House and vice president Joe Biden (with Biden as the official host);[58] and stops in California and Iowa. In Iowa, he met with the family that previously hosted him during his 1985 tour as a Hebei provincial official.[59]\nAccession to top posts\nSee also: Generations of Chinese leadership and Succession of power in China\nA few months before his ascendancy to the party leadership, Xi disappeared from official media coverage and cancelled meeting with foreign officials for several weeks beginning on 1 September 2012, causing rumors.[8] He then reappeared on 15 September.[60] On 15 November 2012, Xi was elected to the posts of general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC by the 18th Central Committee of the CCP. This made him, informally, the paramount leader and the first to be born after the founding of the PRC. The following day Xi led the new line-up of the PSC onto the stage in their first public appearance.[61] The PSC was reduced from nine to seven, with only Xi and Li Keqiang retaining their seats; the other five members were new.[62][63][64] In a marked departure from the common practice of Chinese leaders, Xi's first speech as general secretary was plainly worded and did not include any political slogans or mention his predecessors.[65] Xi mentioned the aspirations of the average person, remarking, \"Our people ... expect better education, more stable jobs, better income, more reliable social security, medical care of a higher standard, more comfortable living conditions, and a more beautiful environment.\" Xi also vowed to tackle corruption at the highest levels, alluding that it would threaten the CCP's survival; he was reticent about far-reaching economic reforms.[66]\nIn December 2012, Xi visited Guangdong in his first trip outside Beijing since taking the Party leadership. The overarching theme of the trip was to call for further economic reform and a strengthened military. Xi visited the statue of Deng Xiaoping and his trip was described as following in the footsteps of Deng's own southern trip in 1992, which provided the impetus for further economic reforms in China after conservative party leaders stalled many of Deng's reforms in the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. On his trip, Xi consistently alluded to his signature slogan, the \"Chinese Dream.\" \"This dream can be said to be the dream of a strong nation. And for the military, it is a dream of a strong military,\" Xi told sailors.[67] Xi's trip was significant in that he departed from the established convention of Chinese leaders' travel routines in multiple ways. Rather than dining out, Xi and his entourage ate regular hotel buffet. He travelled in a large van with his colleagues rather than a fleet of limousines, and did not restrict traffic on the parts of the highway he travelled.[68]\nXi was elected president on 14 March 2013, in a confirmation vote by the 12th National People's Congress in Beijing. He received 2,952 for, one vote against, and three abstentions.[61] He replaced Hu Jintao, who retired after serving two terms.[69] In his new capacity as president, on 16 March 2013 Xi expressed support for non-interference in ChinaSri Lanka relations amid a United Nations Security Council vote to condemn that country over government abuses during the Sri Lankan Civil War.[70] On 17 March, Xi and his new ministers arranged a meeting with the chief executive of Hong Kong, CY Leung, confirming his support for Leung.[71] Within hours of his election, Xi discussed cyber security and North Korea with U.S. President Barack Obama over the phone. Obama announced the visits of treasury and state secretaries Jacob Lew and John F. Kerry to China the following week.[72]\nLeadership\nMain article: China under Xi Jinping\nAnti-corruption campaign\nMain article: Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping\nTo speak the truth means to focus on the nature of things, to speak frankly, and follow the truth. This is an important embodiment of a leading official's characteristics of truth seeking, embodying justice, devotion to public interests, and uprightness. Moreover, he highlighted that the premise of telling the truth is to listen to the truth.\n Xi Jinping during a speech in 2012[73][74]\nXi vowed to crack down on corruption immediately after he ascended to power. In his inaugural speech as general secretary, Xi mentioned that fighting corruption was one of the toughest challenges for the party.[75] A few months into his term, Xi outlined the Eight-point Regulation, listing rules intended to curb corruption and waste during official party business; it aimed at stricter discipline on the conduct of officials. Xi vowed to root out \"tigers and flies,\" that is, high-ranking officials and ordinary party functionaries.[76]\nXi initiated cases against former CMC vice-chairmen Xu Caihou and Guo Boxiong, former PSC member and security chief Zhou Yongkang and former Hu Jintao chief aide Ling Jihua.[77] Along with new disciplinary chief Wang Qishan, Xi's administration spearheaded the formation of \"centrally-dispatched inspection teams\". These were cross-jurisdictional squads whose task was to gain understanding of the operations of provincial and local party organizations, and enforce party discipline mandated by Beijing. Work teams had the effect of identifying and initiating investigations of high-ranking officials. Over one hundred provincial-ministerial level officials were implicated during a nationwide anti-corruption campaign. These included former and current regional officials, leading figures of state-owned enterprises and central government organs, and generals. Within the first two years of the campaign alone, over 200,000 officials received warnings, fines, and demotions.[78]\nThe campaign has led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired CCP officials, including members of the PSC.[79] Xi's anti-corruption campaign is seen by critics, such as The Economist, as a political tool to remove potential opponents and consolidate power.[80][81] Xi's establishment of a new anti-corruption agency, the National Supervision Commission, ranked higher than the supreme court, has been described by Amnesty International as a \"systemic threat to human rights\" that \"places tens of millions of people at the mercy of a secretive and virtually unaccountable system that is above the law.\"[82][83]\nXi has overseen significant reforms of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), CCP's highest internal control institution.[84] He and CCDI Secretary Wang Qishan further institutionalized CCDI's independence from the day-to-day operations of the CCP, improving its ability to function as a bona fide control body.[84] According to The Wall Street Journal, anti-corruption punishment to officials at or above the vice ministerial level need approval from Xi.[85] The Wall Street Journal said that when he wants to neutralize a political rival, he asks inspectors to prepare pages of evidence. It also said he authorizes investigations on close associates of a high-ranking politician, to replace them with his proteges and puts rivals in less important positions to separate them from their political bases. Reportedly, these tactics have even been used against Wang Qishan, Xi's close friend.[86]\nAccording to sinologist Wang Gungwu, Xi inherited a party that was faced with pervasive corruption.[87][88] Xi believed corruption at the higher levels of the CCP put the party and country at risk of collapse.[87] Wang adds that Xi has a belief that only the CCP is capable of governing China, and that its collapse would be disastrous for the Chinese people. Xi and the new generational leaders reacted by launching the anti-corruption campaign to eliminate corruption at the higher levels of the government.[87]\nCensorship\nMain articles: Censorship in China and Internet censorship in China\nSince Xi became general secretary, censorship has stepped up.[89][90] Chairing the 2018 China Cyberspace Governance Conference, Xi committed to \"fiercely crack down on criminal offenses including hacking, telecom fraud, and violation of citizens' privacy.\"[91] During a visit to Chinese state media, Xi stated that \"party and government-owned media must hold the family name of the party\" () and that the state media \"must embody the party's will, safeguard the party's authority.\"[92]\nHis administration has overseen more Internet restrictions imposed, and is described as being \"stricter across the board\" on speech than previous administrations.[93] Xi has taken a strong stand to control internet usage inside China, including Google and Facebook,[94] advocating Internet censorship under the concept of internet sovereignty.[95][96] The censorship of Wikipedia has been stringent; in April 2019, all versions of Wikipedia were blocked.[97] Likewise, the situation for users of Weibo has been described as a change from fearing one's account would be deleted, to fear of arrest.[98]\nA law enacted in 2013 authorized a three-year prison term for bloggers who shared more than 500 times any content considered \"defamatory.\"[99] The State Internet Information Department summoned influential bloggers to a seminar to instruct them to avoid writing about politics, the CCP, or making statements contradicting official narratives. Many bloggers stopped writing about controversial topics, and Weibo went into decline, with much of its readership shifting to WeChat users speaking to limited social circles.[99] In 2017, telecommunications carriers were instructed to block individuals' use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) by February 2018.[100]\nConsolidation of power\nPortrait of Xi in Beijing, September 2015\nSee also: New Zhijiang Army and Fujian clique\nPolitical observers have called Xi the most powerful Chinese leader since Mao Zedong, especially since the ending of presidential two-term limits in 2018.[101][102][103][104] Xi has departed from the collective leadership practices of post-Mao predecessors. He has centralised his power and created working groups with himself at the head to subvert government bureaucracy, making himself become the unmistakable central figure of the administration.[105] In the opinion of at least one political scientist, Xi \"has surrounded himself with cadres he met while stationed on the coast, Fujian and Shanghai and in Zhejiang.\"[106]\nObservers have said that Xi has seriously diluted the influence of the once-dominant \"Tuanpai,\" also called the Youth League Faction, which were CCP officials who rose through the Communist Youth League (CYLC).[107] He criticized the cadres of the CYLC, saying that [these cadres] can't talk about science, literature and art, work or life [with young people]. All they can do is just repeat the same old bureaucratic, stereotypical talk.\"[108]\nIn 2018, the National People's Congress (NPC) passed constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the president and vice president, the creation of a National Supervisory Commission, as well as enhancing the central role of the CCP.[109][110] Xi was reappointed as president, now without term limits,[111][112] while Li Keqiang was reappointed premier.[113] According to the Financial Times, Xi expressed his views of constitutional amendment at meetings with Chinese officials and foreign dignitaries. Xi explained the decision in terms of needing to align two more powerful postsgeneral secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMCwhich have no term limits. However, Xi did not say whether he intended to be party general secretary, CMC chairman and state president, for three or more terms.[114]\nIn its sixth plenary session in November 2021, CCP adopted a historical resolution, a kind of document that evaluated the party's history. This was the third of its kind after ones adopted by Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping.[115][116] In comparison with the other historical resolutions, Xi's one did not herald a major change in how the CCP evaluated its history.[117] To accompany the historical resolution, the CCP promoted the terms Two Establishes and Two Safeguards, calling the CCP to unite around and protect Xi's core status within the party.[118]Xi Jinping and other members of the 20th Politburo Standing Committee meeting the press, October 2022The 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, held between 16 and 22 October 2022, has overseen amendments in the CCP constitution and the re-election of Xi as general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC for a third term, with the overall result of the Congress being further strengthening of Xi's power.[119] Xi's re-election made him the first party leader since Mao Zedong to be chosen for a third term, though Deng Xiaoping ruled the country informally for a longer period.[120] The new Politburo Standing Committee elected just after the CCP Congress was filled almost completely with people close to Xi, with four out of the seven members of the previous PSC stepping down.[121] Xi was further re-elected as the PRC president and chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission on 10 March 2023 during the opening of the 14th National People's Congress, while Xi ally Li Qiang succeeded Li Keqiang as the Premier.[122]\nCult of personality\nMain article: Xi Jinping's cult of personality\nXi has had a cult of personality constructed around himself since entering office[123][124] with books, cartoons, pop songs and dance routines honouring his rule.[125] Following Xi's ascension to the leadership core of the CCP, he had been referred to as Xi Dada (, Uncle or Papa Xi),[125][126] though this stopped in April 2016.[127] The village of Liangjiahe, where Xi was sent to work, is decorated with propaganda and murals extolling the formative years of his life.[128] The CCP's Politburo named Xi Jinping lingxiu (), a reverent term for \"leader\" and a title previously only given to Mao Zedong and his immediate successor Hua Guofeng.[129][130][131] He is also sometimes called the \"pilot at the helm\" ().[132] On 25 December 2019, the Politburo officially named Xi as \"People's Leader\" (; rnmn lngxi), a title only Mao had held previously.[133]\nEconomy and technology\nMain article: Economy of China\nXi was initially seen as a market reformist,[134] and a central committee under him announced \"market forces\" would begin to play a \"decisive\" role in allocating resources.[135] This meant that the state would gradually reduce its involvement in the distribution of capital, and restructure state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to allow further competition, potentially by attracting foreign and private sector players in industries previously highly regulated. This policy aimed to address the bloated state sector that had unduly profited from re-structuring by purchasing assets at below-market prices, assets no longer being used productively. Xi launched the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone in 2013, which was seen as part of the economic reforms.[136] However, by 2017, Xi's promise of economic reforms was said to have stalled by experts.[137][134] In 2015, the Chinese stock market bubble popped, which led Xi to use state forces to fix it.[138] From 2012 to 2022, the share of the market value of private sector firms in China's top listed companies increased from 10% to over 40%.[139] He has overseen the relaxation of restrictions on foreign direct investment (FDI) and increased cross-border holdings of stocks and bonds.[139]\nXi has increased state control over the economy, voicing support for SOEs,[140][134] while also supporting the private sector.[141] CCP control of SOEs has increased, while limited steps towards market liberalization, such as increasing mixed ownership of SOEs were undertaken.[142] Under Xi, \"government guidance funds,\" public-private investment funds set up by or for government bodies, have raised more than $900 billion for early funding to companies that work in sectors the government deems as strategic.[143] His administration made it easier for banks to issue mortgages, increased foreign participation in the bond market, and increased the national currency renminbi's global role, helping it to join IMF's basket of special drawing right.[144] In 2018, he promised to continue reforms but warned nobody \"can dictate to the Chinese people.\"[145]\nXi has made eradicating extreme poverty through targeted poverty alleviation a key goal.[146] In 2021, Xi declared a \"complete victory\" over extreme poverty, saying nearly 100 million have been lifted out of poverty under his tenure, though experts said China's poverty threshold was lower than that of the World Bank.[147] In 2020, premier Li Keqiang, citing the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said that China still had 600 million people living with less than 1000 yuan ($140) a month, although The Economist said the methodology NBS used was flawed.[148] When Xi took office in 2012, 51% of people in China were living on less than $6.9 per day, in 2020 this had fallen 25%.[149]\nChina's economy has grown under Xi, doubling from $8.5 trillion in 2012 to $17.8 trillion in 2021,[150] while China's nominal GDP per capita surpassed the world average in 2021,[151] though growth has slowed from 8% in 2012 to 6% in 2019.[152] Xi has stressed the importance of \"high-quality growth\" rather than \"inflated growth.\"[153] He has stated China has abandoned a growth-at-all-costs strategy which Xi refers to as \"GDP heroism.\"[154]:22 Instead, Xi said other social issues such as environmental protection are important.[154]:22\nXi has circulated a policy called \"dual circulation,\" meaning reorienting the economy towards domestic consumption while remaining open to foreign trade and investment.[155] Xi has prioritised boosting productivity.[156] Xi has attempted to reform the property sector to combat the steep increase in prices and cut the economy's dependence on it.[157] In the 19th CCP National Congress, Xi declared \"Houses are built to be inhabited, not for speculation.\"[158] In 2020, Xi's government formulated the \"three red lines\" policy that aimed to deleverage the heavily indebted property sector.[159] Xi has supported a property tax, for which he has faced resistance from members of the CCP.[160] His administration pursued a debt-deleveraging campaign, seeking to slow and cut the unsustainable amount of debt China has accrued during its growth.[161]\nXi's administration has promoted \"Made in China 2025\" plan that aims to make China self-reliant in key technologies, although publicly China de-emphasised this plan due to the outbreak of a ChinaUnited States trade war. Since the outbreak of the trade war in 2018, Xi has revived calls for \"self-reliance,\" especially on technology.[162] Domestic spending on R&D has significantly increased, surpassing the European Union (EU) and reaching a record $564 billion in 2020.[163] The Chinese government has supported technology companies like Huawei through grants, tax breaks, credit facilities and other assistance, enabling their rise but leading to US countermeasures.[164] In 2023, Xi put forward new productive forces, this refers to a new form of productive forces derived from continuous sci-tech breakthroughs and innovation that drive strategic emerging and future industries in a more intelligent information era.[165] Xi has been involved in the development of Xiong'an, a new area announced in 2017, planned to become a major metropolis near Beijing; the relocation aspect is estimated to last until 2035 while it is planned to developed into a \"modern socialist city\" by 2050.[166]\nCommon prosperity is an essential requirement of socialism and a key feature of Chinese-style modernization. The common prosperity we are pursuing is for all, affluence both in material and spiritual life, but not for a small portion nor for uniform egalitarianism.\n Xi Jinping during a speech in 2021[167]\nIn 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that Xi ordered a halt to Ant Group's initial public offering (IPO), in reaction to its founder Jack Ma criticizing government regulation in finance.[168] Xi's administration has overseen a decrease in offshore IPOs by Chinese companies, with most Chinese IPOs taking place either in Shanghai or Shenzhen as of 2022[update], and has increasingly directed funding to IPOs of companies that works in sectors it deems as strategic, including electric vehicles, biotechnology, renewable energy, artificial intelligence, semiconductors and other high-technology manufacturing.[143]\nSince 2021, Xi has promoted the term \"common prosperity,\" which he defined as an \"essential requirement of socialism,\" described as affluence for all and said entailed reasonable adjustments to excess incomes.[167][169] Common prosperity has been used as the justification for large-scale crackdowns and regulations towards the perceived \"excesses\" of several sectors, most prominently tech and tutoring industries.[170] Actions taken include fining large tech companies[171] and passing laws such as the Data Security Law. China introduced severe restrictions on private tutoring companies, effectively destroying the whole industry.[172] Xi opened a new stock exchange in Beijing targeted for small and medium enterprises (SMEs).[173] There have been other cultural regulations including restrictions on minors playing video games and crackdowns on celebrity culture.[174][175]\nReforms\nIn November 2013, at the conclusion of the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee, the Communist Party delivered a far-reaching reform agenda that alluded to changes in both economic and social policy. Xi signaled at the plenum that he was consolidating control of the massive internal security organization that was formerly the domain of Zhou Yongkang.[135] A new National Security Commission was formed with Xi at its helm, which commentators have said would help Xi consolidate over national security affairs.[176][177]\nThe Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reformsanother ad hoc policy coordination body led by Xi upgraded to a commission in 2018was also formed to oversee the implementation of the reform agenda.[178][179] Termed \"comprehensive deepening reforms\" (; qunmin shnhu gig), they were said to be the most significant since Deng Xiaoping's 1992 Southern Tour. The plenum also announced economic reforms and resolved to abolish the laogai system of \"re-education through labour,\" which was largely seen as a blot on China's human rights record. The system has faced significant criticism for years from domestic critics and foreign observers.[135] In January 2016, a two-child policy replaced the one-child policy,[180] which was in turn was replaced with a three-child policy in May 2021.[181] In July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.[182]\nPolitical reforms\nSee also: Neoauthoritarianism (China)\nXi's administration taken a number of changes to the structure of the CCP and state bodies, especially in a large overhaul in 2018. Beginning in 2013, the CCP under Xi has created a series of Central Leading Groups: supra-ministerial steering committees, designed to bypass existing institutions when making decisions, and ostensibly make policy-making a more efficient process. Xi was also believed to have diluted the authority of premier Li Keqiang, taking authority over the economy which has generally been considered to be the domain of the premier.[183][184]\nFebruary 2014 oversaw the creation of the Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization with Xi as its leader. The State Internet Information Office (SIIO), previously under the State Council Information Office (SCI), was transferred to the central leading group and renamed in English into the Cyberspace Administration of China.[185] As part of managing the financial system, the Financial Stability and Development Committee, a State Council body, was established in 2017. Chaired by vice premier Liu He during its existence, the committee was disestablished by the newly established Central Financial Commission during the 2023 Party and state reforms.[186] Xi has increased the role of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission at the expense of the State Council.[187]\n2018 has seen larger reforms to the bureaucracy. In that year, several central leading groups including reform, cyberspace affairs, finance and economics. and foreign affairs were upgraded to commissions.[188][189] The powers of the Central Propaganda Department was strengthened, which now oversaw the newly established China Media Group (CMG).[189][190] Two State Council departments. one dealing with overseas Chinese, and other one dealing with religious affairs, were merged into the United Front Work Department while another commission dealing with ethnic affairs was brought under formal UFWD leadership.[189] In 2020, all elections at all levels of the people's congress system and NPC were mandated to adhere to the leadership of the CCP.[191]\n2023 has seen further reforms to the CCP and state bureaucracy, most notably the strengthening of Party control over the financial and technology domains.[192] This included the creation of two CCP bodies for overseeing finance; the Central Financial Commission (CFC), as well as the revival of the Central Financial Work Commission (CFWC) that was previously dissolved in 2002.[192] Additionally, a new CCP Central Science and Technology Commission would be established to broadly oversee the technology sector, while a newly created Social Work Department was tasked with CCP interactions with several sectors, including civic groups, chambers of commerce and industry groups, as well as handling public petition and grievance work.[192] Regulatory bodies saw large overhauls.[193] Several regulatory responsibilities were also transferred from the People's Bank of China (PBoC) to another regulatory body, while the PBoC reopened offices around the country that were closed in a previous reorganization.[194]\nIn 2024, the CCP's role was strengthened further with the State Council required to follow CCP ideology and policies.[195]\nLegal reforms\nEfforts should be made to enable the people to see that justice is served in every judicial case.\n Xi Jinping during a speech in November 2020[196]\nThe party under Xi announced a raft of legal reforms at the Fourth Plenum held in the fall 2014, and he called for \"Chinese socialistic rule of law\" immediately afterwards. The party aimed to reform the legal system, which had been perceived as ineffective at delivering justice and affected by corruption, local government interference and lack of constitutional oversight. The plenum, while emphasizing the absolute leadership of the party, also called for a greater role of the constitution in the affairs of state and a strengthening of the role of the National People's Congress Standing Committee in interpreting the constitution.[197] It also called for more transparency in legal proceedings, more involvement of ordinary citizens in the legislative process, and an overall \"professionalization\" of the legal workforce. The party also planned to institute cross-jurisdictional circuit legal tribunals as well as giving provinces consolidated administrative oversight over lower level legal resources, which is intended to reduce local government involvement in legal proceedings.[198]\nMilitary reforms\nSee also: Modernization of the People's Liberation Army and 2015 People's Republic of China military reformSince taking power in 2012, Xi has undertaken an overhaul of the People's Liberation Army, including both political reform and its modernization.[199] Military-civil fusion has advanced under Xi.[200][201] Xi has been active in his participation in military affairs, taking a direct hands-on approach to military reform. In addition to being the Chairman of the CMC and leader of the Central Leading Group for Military Reform founded in 2014 to oversee comprehensive military reforms, Xi has delivered numerous high-profile pronouncements vowing to clean up malfeasance and complacency in the military. Xi has repeatedly warned that the depoliticization of the PLA from the CCP would lead to a collapse similar to that of the Soviet Union.[202] Xi held the New Gutian Conference in 2014, gathering China's top military officers, re-emphasizing the principle of \"the party has absolute control over the army\" first established by Mao at the 1929 Gutian Conference.[203]\nIn the USSR, where the military was depoliticized, separated from the party and nationalized, the party was disarmed. When the Soviet Union came to crisis point, a big party was gone just like that. Proportionally, the Soviet Communist Party had more members than we do, but nobody was man enough to stand up and resist.\n Xi Jinping during a speech[204]\nXi announced a reduction of 300,000 troops from the PLA in 2015, bringing its size to 2 million troops. Xi described this as a gesture of peace, while analysts such as Rory Medcalf have said that the cut was done to reduce costs as well as part of PLA's modernization.[205] In 2016, he reduced the number of theater commands of the PLA from seven to five.[206] He has also abolished the four autonomous general departments of the PLA, replacing them with 15 agencies directly reporting to the CMC.[199] Two new branches of the PLA were created under his reforms, the Strategic Support Force[207] and the Joint Logistics Support Force.[208] In 2018, the PAP was placed under the sole control of the CMC; the PAP was previously under the joint command of the CMC and the State Council through the Ministry of Public Security.[209]:15\nOn 21 April 2016, Xi was named commander-in-chief of the country's new Joint Operations Command Center of the PLA by Xinhua News Agency and the broadcaster China Central Television.[210][211] Some analysts interpreted this move as an attempt to display strength and strong leadership and as being more \"political than military.\"[212] According to Ni Lexiong, a military affairs expert, Xi \"not only controls the military but also does it in an absolute manner, and that in wartime, he is ready to command personally.\"[213] According to a University of California, San Diego expert on Chinese military, Xi \"has been able to take political control of the military to an extent that exceeds what Mao and Deng have done.\"[214]\nUnder Xi, China's official military budget has more than doubled,[163] reaching a record $224 billion in 2023.[215] hough predating Xi, his administration has taken a more assertive stance towards maritime affairs, and has boosted CCP control over the maritime security forces.[216]The PLA Navy has grown rapidly under Xi, with China adding more warships, submarines, support ships and major amphibious vessels than the entire number of ships under the United Kingdom navy between 2014 and 2018.[217] In 2017, China established the navy's first overseas base in Djibouti.[218] Xi has also undertaken an expansion of China's nuclear arsenal, with him calling China to \"establish a strong system of strategic deterrence.\" The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) has estimated China's total amount of nuclear arsenals to be 410 in 2023, with the US Department of Defense estimating that China's arsenal could reach 1,000 by 2030.[219]\nForeign policy\nMain article: Foreign policy of Xi JinpingSee also: List of international trips made by Xi JinpingXi Jinping with US President Joe Biden at the 17th G20 in Bali, November 2022World leaders assemble for \"family photo\" at G20 summit in HamburgXi has taken a harder line on security issues as well as foreign affairs, projecting a more nationalistic and assertive China on the world stage.[220] His political program calls for a China more united and confident of its own value system and political structure.[221] Foreign analysts and observers have frequently said that Xi's main foreign policy objective is to restore China's position on the global stage as a great power.[222][204][223] Xi advocates \"baseline thinking\" in China's foreign policy: setting explicit red lines that other countries must not cross.[224] In the Chinese perspective, these tough stances on baseline issues reduce strategic uncertainty, preventing other nations from misjudging China's positions or underestimating China's resolve in asserting what it perceives to be in its national interest.[224] Xi stated during the 20th CCP National Congress that he wanted to ensure China \"leads the world in terms of composite national strength and international influence\" by 2049.[225]\nXi has promoted \"major-country diplomacy\" (), stating that China is already a \"big power\" and breaking away from previous Chinese leaders who had a more precautious diplomacy.[226] He has adopted a hawkish foreign policy posture called \"wolf warrior diplomacy,\"[227] while his foreign policy thoughts are collectively known as \"Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy.\"[228] In March 2021, he said that \"the East is rising and the West is declining\" (), saying that the power of the Western world was in decline and their COVID-19 response was an example of this, and that China was entering a period of opportunity because of this.[229] Xi has frequently alluded to \"community with a shared future for mankind,\" which Chinese diplomats have said doesn't imply an intention to change the international order,[230] but which foreign observers say China wants a new order that puts it more at the centre.[231] Under Xi, China has, along with Russia, also focused on increasing relations with the Global South in order to blunt the effect of international sanctions.[232]\nXi having tea with Vladimir Putin in the garden of Zhongnanhai during Putin's visit to China in May 2024\nXi has put an emphasis on increasing China's \"international discourse power\" () to create a more favorable global opinion of China in the world.[233] In this pursuit, Xi has emphasised the need to \"tell China's story well\" (), meaning expanding China's external propaganda () and communications.[234] Xi has expanded the focus and scope of the united front, which aims to consolidate support for CCP in non-CCP elements both inside and outside China, and has accordingly expanded the United Front Work Department.[235] Xi has unveiled the Global Development Initiative (GDI),[236] the Global Security Initiative (GSI),[237] and the Global Civilisation Initiative (GCI), in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively, aiming to increase China's influence in the international order.[238]\nDuring the Xi administration, China seeks to shape international norms and rules in emerging policy areas where China has an advantage as an early participant.[239]:188 Xi describes such areas as \"new frontiers,\" and they include policy areas such as space, deep sea, polar regions, the Internet, nuclear safety, anticorruption, and climate change.[239]:188\nNational security\nXi has devoted a large amount of work towards national security, calling for a \"holistic national security architecture\" that encompasses \"all aspects of the work of the party and the country.\"[240] He introduced the holistic security concept in 2014, which he defined as taking \"the security of the people as compass, political security as its roots, economic security as its pillar, military security, cultural security, and cultural security as its protections, and that relies on the promotion of international security.\"[241]:3 During a private talk with U.S. president Obama and vice president Biden, he said that China had been a target of \"colour revolutions,\" foreshadowing his focus on national security.[242] Since its creation by Xi, the National Security Commission has established local security committees, focusing on dissent.[242] In the name of national security, Xi's government has passed numerous laws including a counterespionage law in 2014,[243] national security[244] and a counterterrorism law in 2015,[245] a cybersecurity law[246] and a law restricting foreign NGOs in 2016,[247] a national intelligence law in 2017,[248] and a data security law in 2021.[249] Under Xi, China's mass surveillance network has dramatically grown, with comprehensive profiles being built for each citizen.[250]\nHong Kong\nSee also: Conservatism in Hong Kong National security law and autocratisation\nHong Kong protesters throw eggs at Xi Jinping's portrait on National DayDuring his leadership, Xi has supported and pursued a greater political and economic integration of Hong Kong to mainland China, including through projects such as the Hong KongZhuhaiMacau Bridge.[251] He has pushed for the Greater Bay Area project, which aims to integrate Hong Kong, Macau, and nine other cities in Guangdong.[252][251] Xi's integration efforts have led to decreased freedoms and the weakening of Hong Kong's distinct identity from mainland China.[252][253] Many of the views held by the central government and eventually implemented in Hong Kong were outlined in a white paper published by the State Council in 2014 named The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, which outlined that the China's central government has \"comprehensive jurisdiction\" over Hong Kong.[254] Under Xi, the Chinese government also declared the Sino-British Joint Declaration to be legally void.[254]\nIn August 2014, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) made a decision allowing universal suffrage for the 2017 election of the chief executive of Hong Kong, but also requiring the candidates to \"love the country, and love Hong Kong,\" as well as other measures that ensured the Chinese leadership would be the ultimate decision-maker on the selection, leading to protests,[255] and the eventual rejection of the reform bill in the Legislative Council due to a walk-out by the pro-Beijing camp to delay to vote.[256] In the 2017 chief executive election, Carrie Lam was victorious, reportedly with the endorsement of the CCP Politburo.[257]\nXi has supported the Hong Kong Government and Carrie Lam against the protesters in the 20192020 Hong Kong protests, which broke out after a proposed bill that would allow extraditions to China.[258] He has defended the Hong Kong police's use of force, saying that \"We sternly support the Hong Kong police to take forceful actions in enforcing the law, and the Hong Kong judiciary to punish in accordance with the law those who have committed violent crimes.\"[259] While visiting Macau on 20 December 2019 as part of the 20th anniversary of its return to China, Xi warned of foreign forces interfering in Hong Kong and Macau,[260] while also hinting that Macau could be a model for Hong Kong to follow.[261]Xi swearing in John Lee as chief executive during the 25th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China\nIn 2020, the NPCSC passed a national security law in Hong Kong that dramatically expanded government clampdown over the opposition in the city; amongst the measures were the dramatic restriction on political opposition and the creation of a central government office outside Hong Kong jurisdiction to oversee the enforcement of the law.[254] This was seen as the culmination of a long-term project under Xi to further closely integrate Hong Kong with the mainland.[254] Xi visited Hong Kong as president in 2017 and 2022, in the 20th and 25th anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong respectively.[262] In his 2022 visit, he swore in John Lee as chief executive, a former police officer that was backed by the Chinese government to expand control over the city.[263][264]\nHuman rights\nMain articles: Human rights in China and Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party\nAccording to the Human Rights Watch, Xi has \"started a broad and sustained offensive on human rights\" since he became leader in 2012.[265] The HRW also said that repression in China is \"at its worst level since the Tiananmen Square massacre.\"[266] Since taking power, Xi has cracked down on grassroots activism, with hundreds being detained.[267] He presided over the 709 crackdown on 9 July 2015, which saw more than 200 lawyers, legal assistants and human rights activists being detained.[268] His term has seen the arrest and imprisonment of activists such as Xu Zhiyong, as well as numerous others who identified with the New Citizens' Movement. Prominent legal activist Pu Zhiqiang of the Weiquan movement was also arrested and detained.[269]\nIn 2017, the local government of the Jiangxi province told Christians to replace their pictures of Jesus with Xi Jinping as part of a general campaign on unofficial churches in the country.[270][271][272] According to local social media, officials \"transformed them from believing in religion to believing in the party.\"[270] According to activists, \"Xi is waging the most severe systematic suppression of Christianity in the country since religious freedom was written into the Chinese constitution in 1982,\" and according to pastors and a group that monitors religion in China, has involved \"destroying crosses, burning bibles, shutting churches and ordering followers to sign papers renouncing their faith.\"[273]\nUnder Xi, the CCP has embraced assimilationist policies towards ethnic minorities, scaling back affirmative action in the country by 2019,[274] and scrapping a wording in October 2021 that guaranteed the rights of minority children to be educated in their native language, replacing it with one that emphasized teaching the national language.[275] In 2020, Chen Xiaojiang was appointed as head of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, the first Han Chinese head of the body since 1954.[276] On 24 June 2022, Pan Yue, another Han Chinese, became the head of the commission, with him reportedly holding assimilationist policies toward ethnic minorities.[277] Xi outlined his official views relations between the majority Han Chinese and ethnic minorities by saying \"[n]either Han chauvinism nor local ethnic chauvinism is conducive to the development of a community for the Chinese nation.\"[278]\nXinjiang\nMain article: Persecution of Uyghurs in China\nXi Jinping's picture at the entrance hall of the Xinjiang Museum in rmqi, August 2018\nFollowing several terrorist attacks in Xinjiang in 2013 and 2014, the CCP leaders held a secret meeting to find a solution to the attacks,[279] leading to Xi to launch the Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism in 2014, which involved mass detention, and surveillance of ethnic Uyghurs there.[280][281] The campaign included the detainment of 1.8 million people in internment camps, mostly Uyghurs but also including other ethnic and religious minorities, by 2020,[279] and a birth suppression campaign that led to a large drop in the Uyghur birth rate by 2019.[282] Human rights groups and former inmates have described the camps as \"concentration camps,\" where Uyghurs and other minorities have been forcibly assimilated into China's majority ethnic Han society.[283] This program has been called a genocide by western observers, while a report by the UN Human Rights Office said they may amount to crimes against humanity.[284][285]\nInternal Chinese government documents leaked to the press in November 2019 showed that Xi personally ordered a security crackdown in Xinjiang, saying that the party must show \"absolutely no mercy\" and that officials use all the \"weapons of the people's democratic dictatorship\" to suppress those \"infected with the virus of extremism.\"[281][286] The papers also showed that Xi repeatedly discussed about Islamic extremism in his speeches, likening it to a \"virus\" or a \"drug\" that could be only addressed by \"a period of painful, interventionary treatment.\"[281] However, he also warned against the discrimination against Uyghurs and rejected proposals to eradicate Islam in China, calling that kind of viewpoint \"biased, even wrong.\"[281] Xi's exact role in the building of internment camps has not been publicly reported, though he's widely believed to be behind them and his words have been the source for major justifications in the crackdown in Xinjiang.[287][288]\nDuring a four-day visit to Xinjiang in July 2022, Xi urged local officials to always listen to the people's voices[289] and to do more in preservation of ethnic minority culture.[290] He also inspected the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and praised its \"great progress\" in reform and development.[291] During another visit to Xinjiang in August 2023, Xi said in a speech that the region was \"no longer a remote area\" and should open up more for tourism to attract domestic and foreign visitors.[292][293]\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nSee also: Chinese government response to COVID-19 and COVID-19 pandemic in mainland ChinaOn 20 January 2020, Xi commented for the first time on the emerging COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, and ordered \"efforts to curb the spread\" of the virus.[294] He gave premier Li Keqiang some responsibility over the COVID-19 response, in what has been suggested by The Wall Street Journal was an attempt to potentially insulate himself from criticism if the response failed.[295] The government initially responded to the pandemic with a lockdown and censorship, with the initial response causing widespread backlash within China.[296] He met with Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO), on 28 January.[297] Der Spiegel reported that in January 2020 Xi pressured Tedros Adhanom to hold off on issuing a global warning about the outbreak of COVID-19 and hold back information on human-to-human transmission of the virus, allegations denied by the WHO.[298] On 5 February, Xi met with Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen in Beijing, the first foreign leader allowed into China since the outbreak.[297] After the COVID-19 outbreak got under control in Wuhan, Xi visited the city on 10 March.[299]\nItalian president Sergio Mattarella with Xi in March 2019\nAfter getting the outbreak in Wuhan under control, Xi has favoured what has officially been termed \"dynamic zero-COVID policy\"[300] that aims to control and suppress the virus as much as possible within the country's borders. This has involved local lockdowns and mass-testing.[301] While initially credited for China's suppression of the COVID-19 outbreak, the policy was later criticized by foreign and some domestic observers for being out of touch with the rest of the world and taking a heavy toll on the economy.[301] This approach has especially come under criticism during a 2022 lockdown on Shanghai, which forced millions to their homes and damaged the city's economy,[302] denting the image of Li Qiang, close Xi ally and Party secretary of the city.[303] Conversely, Xi has said that the policy was designed to protect people's life safety.[304] On 23 July 2022, the National Health Commission reported that Xi and other top leaders have taken the local COVID-19 vaccines.[305]\nAt the 20th CCP Congress, Xi confirmed the continuation of the zero-COVID policy,[306] stating he would \"unswervingly\" carry out \"dynamic zero-COVID\" and promising to \"resolutely win the battle,\"[307] though China started a limited easing of the policies in the following weeks.[308] In November 2022, protests broke out against China's COVID-19 policies, with a fire in a high-rise apartment building in rmqi being the trigger.[309] The protests were held in multiple major cities, with some of the protesters demanding the end of Xi's and the CCP's rule.[309] The protests were mostly suppressed by December,[309] though the government further eased COVID-19 restrictions in the time since.[310] On 7 December 2022, China announced large-scale changes to its COVID-19 policy, including allowing quarantine at home for mild infections, reducing of PCR testing, and decreasing the power of local officials to implement lockdowns.[311]\nEnvironmental policy\nMain article: Environmental policy in ChinaXi identifies environmental protection as one of China's five major priorities for national progress.[312]:164\nIn September 2020, Xi announced that China will \"strengthen its 2030 climate target (NDC), peak emissions before 2030 and aim to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.\"[313] If accomplished, this would lower the expected rise in global temperature by 0.20.3C \"the biggest single reduction ever estimated by the Climate Action Tracker.\"[313] Xi mentioned the link between the COVID-19 pandemic and nature destruction as one of the reasons for the decision, saying that \"Humankind can no longer afford to ignore the repeated warnings of nature.\"[314] On 27 September, Chinese scientists presented a detailed plan how to achieve the target.[315] In September 2021, Xi announced that China will not build \"coal-fired power projects abroad, which was said to be potentially \"pivotal\" in reducing emissions. The Belt and Road Initiative did not include financing such projects already in the first half of 2021.[316]\nXi has popularized a metaphor of \"two mountains\" to emphasize the importance of environmental protection.[312]:164 The concept is that a mountain made of gold or silver is valuable, but green mountains with clear waters are more valuable.[312]:164 The slogan's meaning is that economic development priorities must also provide for economic protection.[312]:164\nXi Jinping did not attend COP26 personally. However, a Chinese delegation led by climate change envoy Xie Zhenhua did attend.[317][318] During the conference, the United States and China agreed on a framework to reduce GHG emission by co-operating on different measures.[319]\nGovernance style\nKnown as a very secretive leader, little is known publicly about how Xi makes political decisions, or how he came to power.[320][321] Xi's speeches generally get released months or years after they are made.[320] Xi has also never given a press conference since becoming paramount leader, except in rare joint press conferences with foreign leaders.[320][322] The Wall Street Journal reported that Xi prefers micromanaging in governance, in contrast to previous leaders such as Hu Jintao who left details of major policies to lower-ranking officials.[85] Reportedly, ministerial officials try to get Xi's attention in various ways, with some creating slide shows and audio reports. The Wall Street Journal also reported that Xi created a performance-review system in 2018 to give evaluations on officials on various measures, including loyalty.[85] According to The Economist, Xi's orders have generally been vague, leaving lower level officials to interpret his words.[287] Chinese state media Xinhua News Agency said that Xi \"personally reviews every draft of major policy documents\" and \"all reports submitted to him, no matter how late in the evening, were returned with instructions the following morning.\"[323] With regard to behavior of Communist Party members, Xi emphasizes the \"Two Musts\" (members must not be arrogant or rash and must keep their hard-working spirit) and the \"Six Nos\" (members must say no to formalism, bureaucracy, gift-giving, luxurious birthday celebrations, hedonism, and extravagance).[154]:52 Xi called for officials to practice self-criticism which, according to observers, is in order to appear less corrupt and more popular among the people.[324][325][326] According to Japanese diplomat Hideo Tarumi, who served as the Japanese ambassador to China, Xi has engaged in heavy process of centralization in order to maintain the legitimacy of the rule of Chinese Communist Party.[327]\nPolitical positions\nFurther information: Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party\nChinese Dream\nMain article: Chinese Dream\nAccording to Qiushi, the Chinese Dream is about Chinese prosperity, collective effort, socialism, and national glory.\nXi and CCP ideologues coined the phrase \"Chinese Dream\" to describe his overarching plans for China as its leader. Xi first used the phrase during a high-profile visit to the National Museum of China on 29 November 2012, where he and his Standing Committee colleagues were attending a \"national revival\" exhibition. Since then, the phrase has become the signature political slogan of the Xi era.[328][329] The origin of the term \"Chinese Dream\" is unclear. While the phrase has been used before by journalists and scholars,[330] some publications have posited the term likely drew its inspiration from the concept of the American Dream.[331] The Economist noted the abstract and seemingly accessible nature of the concept with no specific overarching policy stipulations may be a deliberate departure from the jargon-heavy ideologies of his predecessors.[332] Xi has linked the \"Chinese Dream\" with the phrase \"great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.\"[333][e]\nCultural revival\nIn recent years, top political leaders of the CCP such as Xi have overseen the rehabilitation of ancient Chinese philosophical figures like Han Fei into the mainstream of Chinese thought alongside Confucianism. At a meeting with other officials in 2013, he quoted Confucius, saying \"he who rules by virtue is like the Pole Star, it maintains its place, and the multitude of stars pay homage.\" While visiting Shandong, the birthplace of Confucius, in November, he told scholars that the Western world was \"suffering a crisis of confidence\" and that the CCP has been \"the loyal inheritor and promoter of China's outstanding traditional culture.\"[334]\nAccording to several analysts, Xi's leadership has been characterised by a resurgence of the ancient political philosophy Legalism.[335][336][337] Han Fei gained new prominence with favourable citations; one sentence of Han Fei's that Xi quoted appeared thousands of times in official Chinese media at the local, provincial, and national levels.[337] Xi has additionally supported the Neo-Confucian philosopher Wang Yangming, telling local leaders to promote him.[338]\nXi has also overseen a revival of traditional Chinese culture, breaking from the CCP's previous path, which had often attacked it.[339] He has called traditional culture the \"soul\" of the nation and the \"foundation\" of the CCP's culture.[340] Xi has also called for integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China's traditional culture.[238] Hanfu, the traditional dress of Han Chinese, has seen a revival under him, associated with the revival of traditional culture.[341] He has established the \"four matters of confidence,\" which has later been added to the CCP constitution, calling for CCP members, government officials and the Chinese people to be \"confident in our chosen path, confident in our guiding theories, confident in our political system, and confident in our culture.\" He has unveiled Global Civilisation initiative in 2023, calling for \"respecting the diversity of civilisations, advocating the common values of humanity, valuing the inheritance and innovation of civilisations, and strengthening international people-to-people exchanges and cooperation\"[238]\nArt and politics\nOn 15 October 2014, Xi Jinping emulated the Yan'an Talks with his 'Speech at the Forum on Literature and Art.'[342]:15 Consistent with Mao's view in the Yan'an Talks, Xi believes works of art should be judged by political criteria.[342]:16 In 2021, Xi quoted the Yan'an Talks during the opening ceremony of the 11th National Congress of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the 10th National Congress of the Chinese Writers Association.[154]:174\nAccording to Xi, art should be judged by political criteria.[342]:16 This view rejects the concept of art-for-art's-sake and contends that art should serve the goal of national rejuvenation.[342]:16 Xi criticizes market-driven art which he deems sensationalist, particularly works which \"exaggerate society's dark side\" for profit.[342]:16 He ordered the arts industry to \"tell China's stories and spread Chinese voices to strengthen the country's international communication capacity.\"[343]\nIdeology\nSee also: Eight-point Regulation\nXi has said that \"only socialism can save China.\"[344] Xi has also declared socialism with Chinese characteristics to be the \"only correct path to realize national rejuvenation.\"[345] According to BBC News, while the CCP was perceived to have abandoned its communist ideology since it initiated economic reforms in the 1970s, Xi is believed by some observers to be more believing in the \"idea of a communist project,\"[346] being described as a MarxistLeninist by former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd.[347] Xi's emphasis on prioritizing ideology has included re-asserting the Party's goal of eventually realizing communism and reprimanding those who dismiss communism as impractical or irrelevant.[142] Xi described the communist ideal as the \"calcium\" in a Party member's spine, without which the Party member would suffer the \"osteoporosis\" of political decay and be unable to stand upright.[142]\nSubscribing to the view that socialism will eventually triumph over capitalism, Xi has said \"Marx and Engels's analysis of the basic contradictions of capitalist society is not outdated, nor is the historical materialist view that capitalism is bound to die out and socialism bound to win.\"[348] Xi has overseen the increase of \"Socialist Political Economy With Chinese Characteristics\" as a major study topic for academics in China, aiming to decrease the influence of Western-influenced economics.[348] Though he has called a stop to what he considers to be \"disorderly expansion of capital,\" he has also said that \"it is necessary to stimulate the vitality of capital of all types, including nonpublic capital, and give full play to its positive role.\"[348]\nChina's success proves that socialism is not dead. It is thriving. Just imagine this: had socialism failed in China, had our communist party collapsed like the party in the Soviet Union, then global socialism would lapse into a long dark age. And communism, like Karl Marx once said, would be a haunting spectre lingering in limbo.\n Xi Jinping during a speech in 2018[349]\nXi has supported greater CCP control over the PRC, saying \"government, the military, society and schools, north, south, east and west the party leads them all.\"[350] During the 100th anniversary of the CCP in 2021, he said that \"without the Communist Party of China, there would be no new China and no national rejuvenation,\" and that \"the leadership of the Party is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics and constitutes the greatest strength of this system.\"[351] He has said that China, despite many setbacks, has achieved great progress under the CCP, saying that \"socialism with Chinese characteristics has become the standard-bearer of 21st-century socialist development.\"[349] However, he has also warned that it will take a long time for China under the CCP to complete its rejuvenation, and during this timeframe, party members must be vigilant to not let CCP rule collapse.[349] Xi has spoken out against \"historical nihilism,\" meaning historical viewpoints that challenge the official line of the CCP.[352] Xi said that one of the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union has been historical nihilism.[353]\nXi has ruled out a multi-party system for China, saying that \"constitutional monarchy, imperial restoration, parliamentarism, a multi-party system and a presidential system, we considered them, tried them, but none worked.\"[354] However, Xi considers China to be a democracy, saying that \"China's socialist democracy is the most comprehensive, genuine and effective democracy.\"[355] China's definition of democracy is different from liberal democracies and is rooted in MarxismLeninism, and is based on the phrases \"people's democratic dictatorship\" and \"democratic centralism.\"[355] Xi has additionally coined the term \"whole-process people's democracy\" which he said was about having \"the people as masters.\"[356] Foreign analysts and observers have widely disputed that China is a democracy, saying that it is a one-party authoritarian state and Xi an authoritarian leader.[363] Some observers, including German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock,[364] have called Xi a dictator, citing the large centralisation of power around him unseen compared to his predecessors.[365][366] Xi has additionally rejected Westernisation as the only way to modernize, instead promoting what he says is \"Chinese-style modernisation.\"[367] He has identified five concepts as part of Chinese-style modernisation, including modernisation of a huge population, common prosperity, material and cultural-ethical advancement, harmony between humanity and nature, and peaceful development.[368]\nXi Jinping Thought\nMain article: Xi Jinping Thought\nA billboard promoting Xi Jinping Thought in Shenzhen\nIn September 2017, the CCP Central Committee decided that Xi's political philosophies, generally referred to as \"Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,\" would become part of the Party Constitution.[369][370] Xi first made mention of the \"Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era\" in his opening day speech delivered to the 19th Party Congress in October 2017. His Politburo Standing Committee colleagues, in their own reviews of Xi's keynote address at the Congress, prepended the name \"Xi Jinping\" in front of \"Thought.\"[371] On 24 October 2017, at its closing session, the 19th Party Congress approved the incorporation of Xi Jinping Thought into the Constitution of the CCP,[101] while in March 2018, the National People's Congress changed the state constitution to include Xi Jinping Thought.[372]\nThe Governance of China in different languages presented at Shanghai Library\nXi himself has described the Thought as part of the broad framework created around socialism with Chinese characteristics, a term coined by Deng Xiaoping that places China in the primary stage of socialism. In official party documentation and pronouncements by Xi's colleagues, the Thought is said to be a continuation of MarxismLeninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development, as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody \"Marxism adopted to Chinese conditions\" and contemporary considerations.[371] It has additionally been described as the \"21st century Marxism\" by two professors in the Central Party School of the CCP.[17] Wang Huning, a top political adviser and a close ally of Xi, has been described as pivotal to developing Xi Jinping Thought.[17] The concepts and context behind Xi Jinping Thought are elaborated in Xi's The Governance of China book series, published by the Foreign Languages Press for an international audience. Volume one was published in September 2014, followed by volume two in November 2017.[373]\nXuexi Qiangguo, an app for teaching Xi Jinping Thought had become the most popular smartphone app in China in 2019, as the CCP launched a new campaign that calls on its cadres to immerse themselves in the political doctrine every day.[374]\nPersonal life\nFamily\nXi Jinping, Peng Liyuan and U.S. president Barack Obama in the Lincoln Bedroom\nXi's first marriage was to Ke Lingling, the daughter of Ke Hua, China's ambassador to the United Kingdom in the early 1980s. They divorced within a few years.[375] The two were said to fight \"almost every day,\" and after the divorce Ke moved to England.[8] In 1987, Xi married the prominent Chinese folk singer Peng Liyuan.[376] Xi and Peng were introduced by friends as many Chinese couples were in the 1980s. Xi was reputedly academic during their courtship, inquiring about singing techniques.[377] Peng Liyuan, a household name in China, was better known to the public than Xi until his political elevation. The couple frequently lived apart due largely to their separate professional lives. Peng has played a much more visible role as China's \"first lady\" compared to her predecessors; for example, Peng hosted U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama on her high-profile visit to China in March 2014.[378]\nXi and Peng have a daughter named Xi Mingze, who graduated from Harvard University in the spring of 2015. While at Harvard, she used a pseudonym and studied Psychology and English.[379] Xi's family has a home in Jade Spring Hill, a garden and residential area in north-western Beijing run by the CMC.[380]\nIn June 2012, Bloomberg News reported that members of Xi's extended family have substantial business interests, although there was no evidence he had intervened to assist them.[381] The Bloomberg News website was blocked in mainland China in response to the article.[382] Since Xi embarked on an anti-corruption campaign, The New York Times reported members of his family were selling their corporate and real estate investments beginning in 2012.[383] Relatives of highly placed Chinese officials, including seven current and former senior leaders of the Politburo of the CCP, have been named in the Panama Papers, including Deng Jiagui,[384] Xi's brother-in-law. Deng had two shell companies in the British Virgin Islands while Xi was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, but they were dormant by the time Xi became general secretary of the CCP in November 2012.[385]\nPersonality\nPeng described Xi as hardworking and down-to-earth: \"When he comes home, I've never felt as if there's some leader in the house. In my eyes, he's just my husband.\"[386] In 1992, The Washington Post journalist Lena H. Sun had an interview with Xi, then CCP secretary of Fuzhou; Sun described Xi as considerably more at ease and confident than many officials his age, and said that he talked without consulting notes.[387] He was described in a 2011 The Washington Post article by those who know him as \"pragmatic, serious, cautious, hard-working, down to earth and low-key.\" He was described as a good hand at problem solving and \"seemingly uninterested in the trappings of high office.\"[388]\nSoccer\nXi is an avid soccer fan.[389] While working in Hebei, it was reported that Xi often asked his friend Nie Weiping, a professional Go player, for soccer tickets.[390] During a visit to Ireland in 2012 as China's vice-president, Xi showcased his soccer technique at Croke Park.[389] In 2011, Xi outlined a vision to turn China from a footballing minnow to a soccer superpower. He outlined a three-stage plan for the national team: to qualify for another World Cup, to host a World Cup and to win a World Cup.[391] In 2015, Xi approved China's 50-point plan for the sport, which included including soccer in the national school curriculum and setting up 50,000 soccer schools in the country by 2025.[392] However, according to CNN, poor financial decisions and alleged high-level corruption coupled with a three-year pandemic have left the sport in tatters.[391] In 2023, Xi said he is \"not so sure\" of the abilities of the national team.[393]\nPublic life\nIt is hard to gauge the opinion of the Chinese public on Xi, as no independent surveys exist in China and social media is heavily censored.[394] However, he is believed to be widely popular in the country.[395][396] According to a 2014 poll co-sponsored by the Harvard Kennedy School's Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Xi ranked 9 out of 10 in domestic approval ratings.[397] A YouGov poll released in July 2019 found that about 22% of people in mainland China list Xi as the person they admire the most, a plurality, although this figure was less than 5% for residents of Hong Kong.[398] In the spring of 2019, the Pew Research Center made a survey on confidence on Xi Jinping among six-country medians based on Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines and South Korea, which indicated that a median 29% have confidence in Xi Jinping to do the right thing regarding world affairs, meanwhile a median of 45% have no confidence; these numbers are slightly higher than those of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un (23% confidence, 53% no confidence).[399] A poll by Politico and Morning Consult in 2021 found that 5% of Americans have a favorable opinion of Xi, 38% unfavorable, 17% no opinion and 40%, a plurality, never hearing of him.[400]\nIn 2017, The Economist named him the most powerful person in the world.[401] In 2018, Forbes ranked him as the most powerful and influential person in the world, replacing Russian President Vladimir Putin, who had been ranked so for five consecutive years.[402] Since 2013, Reporters Without Borders, an international non-profit and non-governmental organization with the stated aim of safeguarding the right to freedom of information, included Xi among the list of press freedom predators.[403]\nUnlike previous Chinese leaders, Chinese state media has given a more encompassing view of Xi's private life, although still strictly controlled. According to Xinhua News Agency, Xi would swim one kilometer and walk every day as long as there was time, and is interested in foreign writers, especially Russian.[323] Some of his favorite foreign authors include Leo Tolstoy, Mikhail Sholokhov,[404] Victor Hugo, Honor de Balzac, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Jack London.[405] Xi is reported to also like films and TV shows such as Saving Private Ryan,[406] Sleepless in Seattle, The Godfather[407] and Game of Thrones,[408] and he has praised Chinese independent film-maker Jia Zhangke.[409] The Chinese state media has also cast him as a fatherly figure and a man of the people, determined to stand up for Chinese interests.[321]\nHonors\nDecoration\nCountry/Organisation\nDate\nNote\nRef.\nThe Golden Olympic Order\nInternational Olympic Committee\n19 November 2013\nThe highest award of the Olympic movement\n[410]\nGrand Cordon of the Order of Leopold\nBelgium\n30 March 2014\nThe highest order of Belgium\n[411]\nGrand Cordon of the Order of the Liberator\nVenezuela\n20 July 2014\nThe highest order of Venezuela\n[412]\nOrder of Jos Mart\nCuba\n22 July 2014\nOrder of Cuba\n[413]\nNishan-e-Pakistan\nPakistan\n21 April 2015\nThe highest civilian award of Pakistan\n[414]\nOrder of Abdulaziz al Saud\nSaudi Arabia\n19 January 2016\nSaudi Arabian order of merit\n[415]\nCollar of the Order of the Republic of Serbia\nSerbia\n18 June 2016\nThe highest state order of Serbia\n[416]\nOrder for Promotion of Peace and Friendship\nBelarus\n29 September 2016\nOrder of Belarus\n[417]\nGrand Cross Medal of Honor\nPeru\n21 November 2016\nMedal of Peru\n[418]\nOrder of Saint Andrew\nRussia\n3 July 2017\nThe highest order of Russia\n[419]\nGrand Collar of the State of Palestine\nPalestine\n18 July 2017\nThe highest civilian order of Palestine\n[420]\nOrder of Zayed\nUnited Arab Emirates\n20 July 2018\nThe highest civilian decoration of the United Arab Emirates\n[421]\nGrand Cross of the Order of the Lion\nSenegal\n29 July 2018\nOrder of Senegal\n[422]\nCollar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin\nArgentina\n2 December 2018\nOrder of Argentina\n[423]\nOrder of Manas\nKyrgyzstan\n13 June 2019\nThe highest order of Kyrgyzstan\n[424]\nOrder of the Crown\nTajikistan\n15 June 2019\nOrder of Tajikistan\n[425]\nOrder of the Golden Eagle\nKazakhstan\n14 September 2022\nThe highest order of Kazakhstan\n[426]\nOrder of Friendship\nUzbekistan\n15 September 2022\nState award of Uzbekistan\n[427]\nOrder of South Africa\nSouth Africa\n22 August 2023\nState award of South Africa\n[428]\nKey to the City\nXi holds a \"key to the city,\" an honor granted to attending guests to symbolize their significance, in:\nMuscatine, Iowa, United States (26 April 1985)[429][430]\nMontego Bay, Jamaica (13 February 2009)[49]\nMuscatine, Iowa, United States (14 February 2012)[429]\nSan Jos, Costa Rica (3 June 2013)[431]\nMexico City, Mexico (5 June 2013)[432]\nBuenos Aires, Argentina (19 July 2014)[433]\nPrague, Czech Republic (29 March 2016)[434]\nMadrid, Spain (28 November 2018)[435]\nHonorary doctorates\nNazarbayev University (7 September 2013)[436]\nUniversity of Johannesburg (11 April 2019)[437]\nSaint Petersburg State University (6 June 2019)[438]\nKing Saud University (8 December 2022)[439][440]\nWorks\nXi, Jinping (1999). Theory and Practice on Modern Agriculture. Fuzhou: Fujian Education Press.\nXi, Jinping (2001). A Tentative Study on China's Rural Marketization (PDF). Beijing: Tsinghua University (Doctoral Dissertation). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2013.\nXi, Jinping (2007). Zhijiang Xinyu. Hangzhou: Zhengjiang People's Publishing House. ISBN9787213035081.\nXi, Jinping (2014). The Governance of China. Vol.I. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. ISBN9787119090573.\nXi, Jinping (2014). General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series. Vol.I. Beijing: People's Publishing House & Study Publishing House. ISBN9787119090573.\nXi, Jinping (2016). General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series. Vol.II. Beijing: People's Publishing House & Study Publishing House. ISBN9787514706284.\nXi, Jinping (2017). The Governance of China. Vol.II. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. ISBN9787119111643.\nXi, Jinping (2018). Quotations from Chairman Xi Jinping. Some units of the PLA.\nXi, Jinping (2019). The Belt And Road Initiative. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. ISBN978-7119119960.\nXi, Jinping (2020). The Governance of China. Vol.III. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. ISBN9787119124117.\nXi, Jinping (2020). On Propaganda and Ideological Work of Communist Party. Beijing: Central Party Literature Press. ISBN9787507347791.\nXi, Jinping (2021). On History of the Communist Party of China. Beijing: Central Party Literature Press. ISBN9787507348033.\nXi, Jinping (2022). The Governance of China. Vol.IV. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. ISBN9787119130941.\nNotes\n^ The closest pronunciation using sounds common in spoken English is English: /i tnp/ SHEE chin-PING.\n^ Liu Yandong, Wang Qishan, and Deng Pufang (Deng Xiaoping's son) all placed among the bottom of the alternate member list. Like Xi, all three were seen as \"princelings\". Bo Xilai was not elected to the Central Committee at all; that is, Bo placed lower in the vote count than Xi.\n^ Original simplified Chinese: 13; traditional Chinese: 13\n^ Original: simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: \n^ Chinese: , which can also be translated as the \"Great Renaissance of the Chinese nation\" or the \"Great revival of the Chinese people\".\nReferences\nCitations\n^ \"Association for Conversation of Hong Kong Indigenous Languages Online Dictionary\". hkilang.org. 1 July 2015. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2019.\n^ Wong 2023, p.229.\n^ \"Profile: Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 7 November 2012. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.\n^ 58 [With her husband Xi Zhongxun for 58 years: very happy in this life] (in Traditional Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 28 April 2009. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. 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TASS. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2022.\n^ \"Crown Prince, Chinese President hold official talks in Riyadh\". Saudi Gazette. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2024. After the exchange of the agreements and MoUs, a ceremony was held to award the Chinese President an honorary doctorate at King Saud University as a tribute to the President's achievements and his great efforts in management and leadership.\n^ \"Xi receives honorary doctorate from King Saud University\". China Daily. 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.\nWorks cited\nBoue, Charles-Edouard (2010). China's Management Revolution: Spirit, Land, Energy. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-0-230-28545-3.\nSimon, Denis Fred; Cong, Cao (2009). China's Emerging Technological Edge: Assessing the Role of High-End Talent. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-88513-3.\nLam, Willy (2015). Chinese Politics in the Era of Xi Jinping: Renaissance, Reform, or Retrogression?. Routledge. ISBN978-0765642097.\nHeilmann, Sebastian (2017). China's Political System. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN978-1442277342.\nBougon, Franois (2018). Inside the Mind of Xi Jinping. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN9781849049849.\nGoodman, David S. G. (2015). Handbook of the Politics of China. Edward Elga. ISBN9781782544371.\nEconomy, Elizabeth C. (2018). The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780190866075.\nPieke, Frank N.; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022). CPC Futures: The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. doi:10.56159/eai.52060. ISBN9789811852060. OCLC1354535847.\nWong, Chun Han (2023). Party of One: The Rise of Xi Jinping and China's Superpower Future. Simon & Schuster. p.48. ISBN9781982185732.\nFurther reading\nBulman, David J.; A. Jaros, Kyle (2021). \"Localism in retreat? Central-provincial relations in the Xi Jinping era\". Journal of Contemporary China. 30 (131): 697716. doi:10.1080/10670564.2021.1889228. S2CID233928573.\nDenton, Kirk (2014). \"China Dreams and the 'Road to Revival\". Current Events in Historical Perspective. 8 (3): 112.\nEconomy, Elizabeth C. (2018). \"China's New Revolution: The Reign of Xi Jinping\" (PDF). Foreign Affairs. 97: 60.\nFoot, Rosemary; King, Amy (2019). \"Assessing the deterioration in ChinaUS relations: US governmental perspectives on the economic-security nexus\". China International Strategy Review. 1: 112. doi:10.1007/s42533-019-00005-y. S2CID195241090.\nCabestan, Jean-Pierre (2020). \"China's foreign and security policy institutions and decision-making under Xi Jinping\". British Journal of Politics and International Relations: 1369148120974881.\nDhar, Bablu Kumar; Mahazan, Mutalib (2020). \"Leadership of Xi Jinping behind Unstoppable Sustainable Economic Growth of China\" (PDF). International Journal of Organizational Leadership. 9: 3947.\nGoldstein, Avery (2020). \"China's Grand Strategy under Xi Jinping: Reassurance, Reform, and Resistance\" (PDF). International Security. 45 (1): 164201. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00383. S2CID220633947.\nJohnson, Ian (29 September 2012). \"Changing of the Guard: Elite and Deft, Xi Aimed High Early in China\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012.\nMcGregor, Richard (2019). Xi Jinping: The Backlash. Penguin Books Australia. ISBN978-1760893040.\nincludes McGregor, Richard. \"Xi Jinping's Quest to Dominate China.\" Foreign Affairs 98 (Sept 2019): 18+.\nMagnus, George. Red Flags: Why Xi's China is in Danger (Yale UP, 2018).\nLi, Cheng (2016). Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era: Reassessing Collective Leadership. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN978-0-8157-2694-4.\nMulvad, Andreas Mller (2019). \"Xiism as a hegemonic project in the making: Sino-communist ideology and the political economy of China's rise\". Review of International Studies. 45 (3): 449470. doi:10.1017/S0260210518000530. S2CID150473371.\nOsnos, Evan (14 February 2012). \"China's Valentine's Day in Washington\". The New Yorker. Review of comment accompanying Xi's visit.\nOsnos, Evan (30 March 2015). \"Born Red: How Xi Jinping, an unremarkable provincial administrator, became China's most authoritarian leader since Mao\". The New Yorker. Describes Xi Jinping's life.\nOsnos, Evan, \"China's Age of Malaise: Facing a grim economy, disillusioned youth, and fleeing entrepreneurs, Xi Jinping turns to the past,\" The New Yorker, 30 October 2023, pp.3445. \"Xi [...] has abandoned Deng [Xiaoping]'s 'courageous experiments' and ushered [China] into a straitened new age.\" (p.34.) \"Year by year, Xi appears more at home in the world of the man he calls his 'best and closest friend,' Vladimir Putin.\" (p.36.) \"Can Xi's China still manage the pairing of autocracy and capitalism?\" (p.37.) \"At his core, a longtime observer told me, Xi is 'Mao with money.'\" (p.38.) \"Xi [has] got[ten] rid of anyone with power, [an] entrepreneur said: 'If you have influence, you have power. If you have capital, you have power.'\" (p.40.)\nSmith, Stephen N. (2021). \"Harmonizing the periphery: China's neighborhood strategy under Xi Jinping\". Pacific Review. 34 (1): 5684. doi:10.1080/09512748.2019.1651383. S2CID202329851.\nVogel, Ezra (2021). \"The Leadership of Xi Jinping: A Dengist Perspective\". Journal of Contemporary China. 30 (131): 693696. doi:10.1080/10670564.2021.1884955.\nZhang, Feng (2019). \"The Xi Jinping Doctrine of China's International Relations\". Asia Policy. 14 (3). Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.\nExternal links\nXi Jinping at Wikipedia's sister projects\nMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata\nLibrary resources about Xi Jinping\nResources in your library\nResources in other libraries\nBiography at Chinavitae.com\nAppearances on C-SPAN\nXi Jinping collected news and commentary at the China Digital Times\nXi Jinping collected news and commentary at The Guardian\nXi Jinping collected news and commentary at The New York Times\nXi Jinping 2012 profile on BBC Radio Four\nvteXi Jinping\nGeneral Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party\nPresident of the People's Republic of China\nChairman of the Central Military Commission\nPoliciesand theories\nXi Jinping Administration\nparamount leader\nleadership core\nLi Qiang Government (2023present)\nXi JinpingLi Keqiang Administration\nLi Keqiang Government (20132023)\nLi Keqiang\nXi Jinping Thought\nDiplomacy\nClear waters and green mountains\nChinese Dream\nChinese-style modernization\nCommon prosperity\nFour Confidences\nDocument Number Nine\nDual circulation\nEight Musts\nEight-point Regulation\nFour Comprehensives\nNew productive forces\nParty media takes the party's last name\nHolistic security concept\nThree Stricts and Three Honests\nHistorical resolution\nTwo Centenaries\nTwo Establishes and Two Upholds\nWhole-process people's democracy\nEventsFirst term\n2012 election as Party general secretary\nAnti-corruption campaign\nWang Qishan (20122017)\nWorld Internet Conference\n709 crackdown\nToilet Revolution in China\n2015 China Victory Day Parade\nSecond term\n2017 reelection as Party general secretary\nPersecution of Uyghurs in China\nXinjiang internment camps\nChinaUnited States trade war\n201920 Hong Kong protests\n2019 China 70th National Day grand parade\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nResponse\n100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party\n2020 Inner Mongolia protests\n2020-2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree\n2022 Winter Olympics\n2022 Hong Kong visit\nThird term\n2022 2nd reelection as Party general secretary\nDiplomacyPolicies\nBelt and Road Initiative\n2017 BRI Forum\nCommunity of Common Destiny\nGlobal Development Initiative\nGlobal Security Initiative\nWolf warrior diplomacy\nChina and the Russian invasion of Ukraine\nMeetings and trips\nMaXi meeting\n2015 Pakistan visit\nXiChu Summit\n2015 United States visit\n2015 United Kingdom visit\nKimXi meetings\n2019 Italy and France visit\nCPC and World Political Parties Summit\n2023 Russia visit\n2024 France, Serbia, Hungary visit\nNew Zhijiang Army\nCai Qi\nChen Min'er\nHuang Kunming\nLou Yangsheng\nBayanqolu\nYing Yong\nLi Qiang\nDing Xuexiang\nZhong Shaojun\nWorks\nGeneral Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series\nThe Governance of China\nThe Hopes of President Xi\nZhijiang Xinyu\nQuotations from Chairman Xi Jinping\nFamily\nXi Zhongxun (father)\nQi Xin (mother)\nKe Lingling (1st wife)\nPeng Liyuan (2nd wife)\nQi Qiaoqiao (sister)\nXi Yuanping (brother)\nXi Mingze (daughter)\nRelated\nAmazing China\nAccelerator-in-Chief\nCensorship of Winnie-the-Pooh\nCult of personality\nPanama Papers (Deng Jiagui)\nOpen Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign\nRhyzodiastes xii\nGeneral Secretary Xi Jinping's Kindness We Never Forget\nXuexi Qiangguo\nCategory:Xi Jinping\nOffices and distinctions\nPolitical offices\nPrecededbyHe Guoqiang\nGovernor of Fujian Province 19992002\nSucceededbyLu Zhangong\nPrecededbyChai Songyue\nGovernor of Zhejiang Province 20022003\nSucceededbyL Zushan\nPrecededbyLi Zemin\nDirector of the Standing Committee of the Zhejiang Municipal People's Congress 20032007\nSucceededbyYu Guoxing\nPrecededbyZeng Qinghong\nVice President of the People's Republic of China 20082013\nSucceededbyLi Yuanchao\nPrecededbyXu Caihou Guo Boxiong\nVice Chairman of the Central Military Commission 20102013\nSucceededbyFan Changlong Xu Qiliang\nPrecededbyHu Jintao\nPresident of the People's Republic of China 2013present\nIncumbent\nChairman of the PRC Central Military Commission 2013present\nParty political offices\nPrecededbyZhang Dejiang\nCCP Committee Secretary of Zhejiang 20022007\nSucceededbyZhao Hongzhu\nPrecededbyHan Zheng\nCCP Committee Secretary of Shanghai 2007\nSucceededbyYu Zhengsheng\nPrecededbyZeng Qinghong\nFirst Secretary of the CCP Secretariat 20072012\nSucceededbyLiu Yunshan\nPrecededbyHu Jintao\nGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party 2012present\nIncumbent\nChairman of the CCP Central Military Commission 2012present\nDirector of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission 2012present\nDirector of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission 2013present\nNew office\nDirector of the Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission 2013present\nChairman of the Central National Security Commission 2014present\nDiplomatic posts\nPrecededbySusilo Bambang Yudhoyono\nChairperson of APEC 2014\nSucceededbyBenigno Aquino III\nPrecededbyRecep Tayyip Erdoan\nChairperson of the Group of 20 2016\nSucceededbyAngela Merkel\nMilitary offices\nPrecededbyZhu Deas Commander-in-Chief until 1954\nSupreme Commander of the People's Liberation Army 2016present\nIncumbent\nAcademic offices\nPrecededbyZeng Qinghong\nPresident of the Central Party School 20072013\nSucceededbyLiu Yunshan\nOrder of precedence\nFirst\nRank of the Communist Party and the Government 18th & 19th Politburo Standing Committee\nSucceededbyLi Keqiangas Premier\nRank of the Communist Party and the Government 20th Politburo Standing Committee\nSucceededbyLi Qiang\nArticles related to Xi Jinping\nvteParamount leaders of the People's Republic of China\nGeneral Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party\nChairman of the Chinese Communist Party\nMao Zedong (Core 1)\nHua Guofeng\nDeng Xiaoping (Core 2)\nJiang Zemin (Core 3)\nHu Jintao\nXi Jinping (Core 4)\nXia Shang Zhou Qin Han 3 Kingdoms Jn / 16 Kingdoms S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties Sui Tang 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jn Yuan Ming Qing ROC / PRC\nvte Chinese Communist PartyCentral CommitteeLeader\nChen Duxiu (19211927)\nXiang Zhongfa (19281931)\nBo Gu (19311935)\nZhang Wentian (19351943)\nMao Zedong (19431976)\nHua Guofeng (19761981)\nHu Yaobang (19811987)\nZhao Ziyang (19871989)\nJiang Zemin (19892002)\nHu Jintao (20022012)\nXi Jinping (2012present)\nDecision-making bodies\nGeneral Secretary\nPolitburo (Standing Committee)\nSecretariat\nCentral Military Commission\nDepartments\nOrganization Department\nPublicity Department\nUnited Front Work Department\nInternational Department\nSocial Work Department\nPolitical and Legal Affairs Commission\nDirectly administered\nGeneral Office\nOffice of the General Secretary\nCentral Guard Bureau\nCentral Guard Unit\nSecrecy Office\nCryptography Office\nCentral Archives\nPolicy Research Office\nCommissionsfor co-ordination\nAuditing\nComprehensively Deepening Reforms\nComprehensively Law-Based Governance\nFinancial\nFinancial and Economic Affairs\nForeign Affairs\nCyberspace Affairs\nOffice\nNational Security\nScience and Technology\nSpiritual Civilization\nInstitutional Organization\nOffice\nSecrecy\nOffice\nDispatched institutionsfor co-ordination\nWorking Committee of Central and State Organs\nCentral Financial Work Commission\nHong Kong Work Committee\nMacau Work Committee\nOffice for Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong\nLeading groups\nCryptography Work\nOffice\nEducation\nRural Work\nInspection Work\nMilitary Reform\nPropaganda, Ideology and Culture\nTaiwan\nOffice\nHong Kong and Macau\nOffice\nOthers\nCentral Party School\nChinese Academy of Governance\nInstitute of Party History and Literature\nPeople's Daily\nQiushi\nGuangming Daily\nExecutive Leadership Academies\nPudong\nYan'an\nJinggangshan\nNational Congress\n1st (1921)\n2nd (1922)\n3rd (1923)\n4th (1925)\n5th (1927)\n6th (1928)\n7th (1945)\n8th (1956)\n9th (1969)\n10th (1973)\n11th (1977)\n12th (1982)\n13th (1987)\n14th (1992)\n15th (1997)\n16th (2002)\n17th (2007)\n18th (2012)\n19th (2017)\n20th (2022)\nLeadership sittingsElected by theCentral CommitteePolitburo Standing Committee\n4th: 1927\n5th: 19271928\n6th: 19281945\n7th: 19451956\n8th: 19561969\n9th: 19691973\n10th: 19731977\n11th: 19771982\n12th: 19821987\n13th: 19871992\n14th: 19921997\n15th: 19972002\n16th: 20022007\n17th: 20072012\n18th: 20122017\n19th: 20172022\n20th: 20222027\nPolitburo\n3rd: 19231925\n4th: 19251927\n5th: 19271928\n6th: 19281945\n7th: 19451956\n8th: 19561969\n9th: 19691973\n10th: 19731977\n11th: 19771982\n12th: 19821987\n13th: 19871992\n14th: 19921997\n15th: 19972002\n16th: 20022007\n17th: 20072012\n18th: 20122017\n19th: 20172022\n20th: 20222027\nMilitary Commission\n7th: 19451949 & 19541956\n8th: 19561969\n9th: 19691973\n10th: 19731977\n11th: 19771982\n12th: 19821987\n13th: 19871992\n14th: 19921997\n15th: 19972002\n16th: 20022007\n17th: 20072012\n18th: 20122017\n19th: 20172022\n20th: 20222027\nApproved by theCentral CommitteeSecretariat\n8th: 19561969\n11th: 19801982\n12th: 19821987\n13th: 19871992\n14th: 19921997\n15th: 19972002\n16th: 20022007\n17th: 20072012\n18th: 20122017\n19th: 20172022\n20th: 20222027\nCCDI Standing Committee\n7th 19491956\n8th: 19561969\n11th: 19781982\n12th: 19821987\n13th: 19871992\n14th: 19921997\n15th: 19972002\n16th: 20022007\n17th: 20072012\n18th: 20122017\n19th: 20172022\n20th: 20222027\nCCDI Secretary\nZhu De (194955)\nDong Biwu (195568)\nChen Yun (197887)\nQiao Shi (198792)\nWei Jianxing (19922002)\nWu Guanzheng (200207)\nHe Guoqiang (200712)\nWang Qishan (201217)\nZhao Leji (201722)\nLi Xi (2022)\nOthers\nDeputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\nSecretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\nElected byNational CongressCentral Committee\n1st: 19211922\n2nd: 19221923\n3rd: 19231925\n4th: 19251927\n5th: 19271928\n6th: 19281945\n7th: 19451956\n8th: 19561969\n9th: 19691973\n10th: 19731977\n11th: 19771982\n12th: 19821987\n13th: 19871992\n14th: 19921997\n15th: 19972002\n16th: 20022007\n17th: 20072012\n18th: 20122017\n19th: 20172022\n20th: 20222027\nDiscipline Inspection\n5th: 19271928\n6th: 19281933 & 19331945\n7th: 19491955 & 19551956\n8th: 19561969\n11th: 19781982\n12th: 19821987\n13th: 19871992\n14th: 19921997\n15th: 19972022\n16th: 20022007\n17th: 20072012\n18th: 20122017\n19th: 20172022\n20th: 20222027\nWider organisation\nPeople's Liberation Army\nPeople's Armed Police\nMilitia (China)\nCommunist Youth League of China\nYoung Pioneers of China\nUnited front (China)\nPeople's organization\nIdeologies\nMarxismLeninism\nMao Zedong Thought\nSocialism with Chinese characteristics\nDeng Xiaoping Theory\nThree Represents\nScientific Outlook on Development\nXi Jinping Thought\nGroupings\nShanghai clique\nTuanpai\nTsinghua clique\nEight Elders\nCrown Prince Party\nFujian clique\nNew Zhijiang Army\nXishan Society\nGang of Four\nRelated articles\nShuanggui\nNeoauthoritarianism\nList of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party\nLongest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee\nEmblem of the Chinese Communist Party\nCategory\nvte20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (20222027)Standing Committee\nXi Jinping (General Secretary)\nLi Qiang\nZhao Leji\nWang Huning\nCai Qi\nDing Xuexiang\nLi Xi\nOther membersin surname stroke order\nMa Xingrui\nWang Yi\nYin Li\nShi Taifeng\nLiu Guozhong\nLi Ganjie\nLi Shulei\nLi Hongzhong\nHe Weidong\nHe Lifeng\nZhang Youxia\nZhang Guoqing\nChen Wenqing\nChen Jining\nChen Min'er\nYuan Jiajun\nHuang Kunming\n7th8th9th10th11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th19th20th\nvte19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (20172022)Standing Committee\nXi Jinping (General Secretary)\nLi Keqiang\nLi Zhanshu\nWang Yang\nWang Huning\nZhao Leji\nHan Zheng\nOther membersin surname stroke order\nDing Xuexiang\nWang Chen\nLiu He\nXu Qiliang\nSun Chunlan \nLi Xi\nLi Qiang\nLi Hongzhong\nYang Jiechi\nYang Xiaodu\nZhang Youxia\nChen Xi\nChen Quanguo\nChen Min'er\nHu Chunhua\nGuo Shengkun\nHuang Kunming\nCai Qi\n7th8th9th10th11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th19th20th\nvte18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (20122017)Standing Committee\nXi Jinping (General Secretary)\nLi Keqiang\nZhang Dejiang\nYu Zhengsheng\nLiu Yunshan\nWang Qishan\nZhang Gaoli\nOther membersin surname stroke order\nMa Kai\nWang Huning\nLiu Yandong \nLiu Qibao\nXu Qiliang\nSun Chunlan\nSun Zhengcai (expelled 2017)\nLi Jianguo\nLi Yuanchao\nWang Yang\nZhang Chunxian\nFan Changlong\nMeng Jianzhu\nZhao Leji\nHu Chunhua\nLi Zhanshu\nGuo Jinlong\nHan Zheng\n7th8th9th10th11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th19th20th\nvte17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (20072012)Standing Committee\nHu Jintao (General Secretary)\nWu Bangguo\nWen Jiabao\nJia Qinglin\nLi Changchun\nXi Jinping\nLi Keqiang\nHe Guoqiang\nZhou Yongkang\nOther membersin surname stroke order\nWang Gang\nWang Lequan\nWang Zhaoguo\nWang Qishan\nHui Liangyu\nLiu Qi\nLiu Yunshan\nLiu Yandong \nLi Yuanchao\nWang Yang\nZhang Gaoli\nZhang Dejiang\nYu Zhengsheng\nXu Caihou\nGuo Boxiong\nBo Xilai (expelled 2012)\n7th8th9th10th11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th19th20th\nvteState representative of the People's Republic of China\nPresident\nVice President\nCommon Program(19491954)\nCPG Chairman\nMao Zedong\n1954 Constitution(19541975)\nChairperson\nMao Zedong\nLiu Shaoqi\nSong Qingling & Dong Biwu (co-acting)\nDong Biwu (acting)\n1975 & 1978 Constitutions(19751982)\nNPCSC Chairperson\nZhu De\nSong Qingling (acting)\nYe Jianying\n1982 Constitution(1982present)\nPresident\nLi Xiannian\nYang Shangkun\nJiang Zemin\nHu Jintao\nXi Jinping\nvteChairmen of the Central Military CommissionParty CMC Chairmen\nMao Zedong\nHua Guofeng\nDeng Xiaoping\nJiang Zemin\nHu Jintao\nXi Jinping\nState CMC Chairmen\nDeng Xiaoping\nJiang Zemin\nHu Jintao\nXi Jinping\nvteSecretaries of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party8th Secretariat (19561969)\nDeng Xiaoping\nHuang Kecheng\nKang Sheng\nLi Fuchun\nLi Xiannian\nLi Xuefeng\nLiu Ningyi\nLu Dingyi\nLuo Ruiqing\nPeng Zhen\nTan Zheng\nTan Zhenlin\nTao Zhu\nWang Jiaxiang\nXie Fuzhi\nYe Jianying\nHu Qiaomu (alternate)\nLiu Lantao (alternate)\nYang Shangkun (alternate)\n11th Secretariat (19801982)\nWan Li\nWang Renzhong\nFang Yi\nGu Mu\nSong Renqiong\nYu Qiuli\nYang Dezhi\nHu Qiaomu\nHu Yaobang\nYao Yilin\nPeng Chong\nXi Zhongxun\n12th Secretariat (19821987)\nWan Li\nXi Zhongxun\nDeng Liqun\nYang Yong\nYu Qiuli\nGu Mu\nChen Pixian\nHu Qili\nYao Yilin\nQiao Shi\nTian Jiyun\nLi Peng\nHao Jianxiu\nWang Zhaoguo\n13th Secretariat (19871992)\nHu Qili\nQiao Shi\nRui Xingwen\nYan Mingfu\nLi Ruihuan\nDing Guangen\nYang Baibing\nWen Jiabao (alternate)\n14th Secretariat (19921997)\nHu Jintao\nDing Guangen\nWei Jianxing\nWen Jiabao\nRen Jianxin\n15th Secretariat (19972002)\nHu Jintao\nWei Jianxing\nDing Guangen\nLuo Gan\nWen Jiabao\nZeng Qinghong\nWu Bangguo\nJiang Chunyun\n16th Secretariat (20022007)\nZeng Qinghong\nLiu Yunshan\nZhou Yongkang\nHe Guoqiang\nWang Gang\nXu Caihou\nHe Yong\n17th Secretariat (20072012)\nXi Jinping\nLiu Yunshan\nLi Yuanchao\nHe Yong\nLing Jihua\nWang Huning\n18th Secretariat (20122017)\nLiu Yunshan\nLiu Qibao\nZhao Leji\nLi Zhanshu\nDu Qinglin\nZhao Hongzhu\nYang Jing\n19th Secretariat (20172022)\nWang Huning\nDing Xuexiang\nYang Xiaodu\nChen Xi\nGuo Shengkun\nHuang Kunming\nYou Quan\n20th Secretariat (20222027)\nCai Qi\nShi Taifeng\nLi Ganjie\nLi Shulei\nChen Wenqing\nLiu Jinguo\nWang Xiaohong\nvteVice presidents of the People's Republic of ChinaCommon Program (194954)\nCo-serving: Zhu De\nLiu Shaoqi\nSoong Ching-ling\nZhang Lan\nLi Jishen\nGao Gang\n1954 Constitution (195475)\nZhu De\nCo-serving: Song Qingling & Dong Biwu\n1982 Constitution (1982present)\nUlanhu\nWang Zhen\nRong Yiren\nHu Jintao\nZeng Qinghong\nXi Jinping\nLi Yuanchao\nWang Qishan\nHan Zheng\nvtePolitical leaders of Shanghai since 1949Party CommitteeSecretaries\nRao Shushi\nChen Yi\nKe Qingshi\nChen Pixian\nZhang Chunqiao\nSu Zhenhua\nPeng Chong\nChen Guodong\nRui Xingwen\nJiang Zemin\nZhu Rongji\nWu Bangguo\nHuang Ju\nChen Liangyu\nHan Zheng (acting)\nXi Jinping\nYu Zhengsheng\nHan Zheng\nLi Qiang\nChen Jining\nCongressChairpersons\nYan Youmin\nHu Lijiao\nYe Gongqi\nChen Tiedi\nGong Xueping\nLiu Yungeng\nYin Yicui\nJiang Zhuoqing\nDong Yunhu\nHuang Lixin\nMayors\nChen Yi\nKe Qingshi\nCao Diqiu\nZhang Chunqiao\nSu Zhenhua\nPeng Chong\nWang Daohan\nJiang Zemin\nZhu Rongji\nHuang Ju\nXu Kuangdi\nChen Liangyu\nHan Zheng\nYang Xiong\nYing Yong\nGong Zheng\nConferenceChairpersons\nKe Qingshi\nChen Pixian\nPeng Chong\nWang Yiping\nLi Guohao\nXie Xide\nChen Tiedi\nWang Liping\nJiang Yiren\nFeng Guoqin\nWu Zhiming\nDong Yunhu\nHu Wenrong\nvtePolitical leaders of Zhejiang since 1949Party CommitteeSecretaries\nTan Zhenlin\nTan Qilong\nJiang Hua\nLong Qian\nNan Ping\nTan Qilong\nTie Ying\nWang Fang\nXue Ju\nLi Zemin\nZhang Dejiang\nXi Jinping\nZhao Hongzhu\nXia Baolong\nChe Jun\nYuan Jiajun\nYi Lianhong\nCongressChairpersons\nTie Ying\nLi Fengping\nChen Anyu\nLi Zemin\nXi Jinping\nYu Guoxing\nZhao Hongzhu\nXia Baolong\nChe Jun\nYuan Jiajun\nYi Lianhong\nGovernors\nTan Zhenlin\nSha Wenhan\nHuo Shilian\nZhou Jianren\nLong Qian\nNan Ping\nTan Qilong\nTie Ying\nLi Fengping\nXue Ju\nShen Zulun\nGe Hongsheng\nWan Xueyuan\nChai Songyue\nXi Jinping (acting)\nL Zushan\nXia Baolong\nLi Qiang\nChe Jun\nYuan Jiajun\nZheng Shanjie\nWang Hao\nConferenceChairpersons\nTan Zhenlin\nTan Qilong\nJiang Hua\nTie Ying\nMao Qihua\nWang Jiayang\nShang Jingcai\nLiu Feng\nLi Jinming\nZhou Guofu\nQiao Chuanxiu\nGe Huijun\nHuang Lixin\nLian Yimin\nvtePolitical leaders of Fujian since 1949Party CommitteeSecretaries\nZhang Dingcheng\nYe Fei\nJiang Yizhen\nHan Xianchu\nLiao Zhigao\nXiang Nan\nChen Guangyi\nJia Qinglin\nChen Mingyi\nSong Defu\nLu Zhangong\nSun Chunlan\nYou Quan\nYu Weiguo\nYin Li\nZhou Zuyi\nCongressChairpersons\nLiao Zhigao\nChen Guangyi\nJia Qinglin\nSong Defu\nLu Zhangong\nSun Chunlan\nYou Quan\nYu Weiguo\nYin Li\nZhou Zuyi\nGovernors\nZhang Dingcheng\nYe Fei\nJiang Yizhen\nWen Jinshui\nHan Xianchu\nLiao Zhigao\nMa Xingyuan\nHu Ping\nWang Zhaoguo\nJia Qinglin\nChen Mingyi\nHe Guoqiang\nXi Jinping\nLu Zhangong\nHuang Xiaojing\nSu Shulin\nYu Weiguo\nTang Dengjie\nWang Ning\nZhao Long\nConferenceChairpersons\nZeng Jingbing\nJiang Yizhen\nYe Fei\nFan Shiren\nLiao Zhigao\nWu Hongxiang\nYuan Gai\nChen Guangyi\nYou Dexin\nChen Mingyi\nLiang Qiping\nZhang Changping\nCui Yuying\nTeng Jiacai\nvteCurrent heads of state of republicsAfrica\nAbdelmadjid Tebboune\nJoo Loureno\nPatrice Talon\nMokgweetsi Masisi\nIbrahim Traor*\nvariste Ndayishimiye\nPaul Biya\nJos Maria Neves\nFaustin-Archange Touadra\nMahamat Dby*\nAzali Assoumani\nFlix Tshisekedi\nDenis Sassou Nguesso\nIsmal Omar Guelleh\nAbdel Fattah el-Sisi\nTeodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo\nIsaias Afwerki\nSahle-Work Zewde\nBrice Oligui*\nAdama Barrow\nNana Akufo-Addo\nMamady Doumbouya*\nUmaro Sissoco Embal\nAlassane Ouattara\nWilliam Ruto\nJoseph Boakai\nMohamed al-Menfi*\nAndry Rajoelina\nLazarus Chakwera\nAssimi Gota*\nMohamed Ould Ghazouani\nPrithvirajsing Roopun\nFilipe Nyusi\nNangolo Mbumba\nAbdourahamane Tchiani*\nBola Tinubu\nPaul Kagame\nBrahim Ghali\nCarlos Vila Nova\nBassirou Diomaye Faye\nWavel Ramkalawan\nJulius Maada Bio\nMuse Bihi Abdi\nHassan Sheikh Mohamud\nCyril Ramaphosa\nSalva Kiir Mayardit\nTransitional Sovereignty Council*\nSamia Suluhu Hassan\nFaure Gnassingb\nKais Saied\nYoweri Museveni\nHakainde Hichilema\nEmmerson Mnangagwa\nAsia\nAslan Bzhania\nVahagn Khachaturyan\nIlham Aliyev\nMohammed Shahabuddin\nXi Jinping\nJos Ramos-Horta\nDroupadi Murmu\nJoko Widodo\nAli Khamenei\nAbdul Latif Rashid\nIsaac Herzog\nKassym-Jomart Tokayev\nSadyr Japarov\nThongloun Sisoulith\nNajib Mikati*\nMohamed Muizzu\nUkhnaagiin Khrelskh\nMyint Swe*\nRam Chandra Poudel\nKim Jong Un\nAsif Ali Zardari\nMahmoud Abbas\nBongbong Marcos\nTharman Shanmugaratnam\nYoon Suk Yeol\nAlan Gagloev\nRanil Wickremesinghe\nBashar al-Assad\nLai Ching-te\nEmomali Rahmon\nSerdar Berdimuhamedow\nShavkat Mirziyoyev\nT Lm*\nRashad al-Alimi*\nEurope\nBajram Begaj\nAlexander Van der Bellen\nAlexander Lukashenko\nDenis Beirovi, eljka Cvijanovi and eljko Komi\nRumen Radev\nZoran Milanovi\nNikos Christodoulides\nPetr Pavel\nAlar Karis\nAlexander Stubb\nEmmanuel Macron\nSalome Zourabichvili\nFrank-Walter Steinmeier\nKaterina Sakellaropoulou\nTams Sulyok\nGuni Th. Jhannesson\nMichael D. Higgins\nSergio Mattarella\nVjosa Osmani\nEdgars Rinkvis\nGitanas Nausda\nMyriam Spiteri Debono\nMaia Sandu\nJakov Milatovi\nGordana Siljanovska-Davkova\nErsin Tatar\nAndrzej Duda\nMarcelo Rebelo de Sousa\nKlaus Iohannis\nVladimir Putin\nAlessandro Rossi and Milena Gasperoni\nAleksandar Vui\nZuzana aputov\nNataa Pirc Musar\nViola Amherd, Karin Keller-Sutter, Guy Parmelin, Ignazio Cassis, Albert Rsti, lisabeth Baume-Schneider, and Beat Jans\nVadim Krasnoselsky\nRecep Tayyip Erdoan\nVolodymyr Zelenskyy\nNorth America\nSandra Mason\nRodrigo Chaves Robles\nMiguel Daz-Canel\nSylvanie Burton\nLuis Abinader\nNayib Bukele\nBernardo Arvalo\nTransitional Presidential Council*\nXiomara Castro\nAndrs Manuel Lpez Obrador\nDaniel Ortega\nLaurentino Cortizo\nChristine Kangaloo\nJoe Biden\nSouth America\nJavier Milei\nLuis Arce\nLuiz Incio Lula da Silva\nGabriel Boric\nGustavo Petro\nDaniel Noboa\nIrfaan Ali\nSantiago Pea\nDina Boluarte\nChan Santokhi\nLuis Lacalle Pou\nNicols Maduro\nOceania\nWiliame Katonivere\nTaneti Maamau\nHilda Heine\nWesley Simina\nDavid Adeang\nSurangel Whipps Jr.\nTuimalealiifano Vaaletoa Sualauvi II\nNikenike Vurobaravu\nvteLeaders of socialist states espousing MarxismLeninismPeople's Republic of China\nXi Jinping, General Secretary and state representative\nLi Qiang, head of government\nZhao Leji, head of legislature (Chinese Communist Party)\nRepublic of Cuba\nMiguel Daz-Canel, First Secretary and head of state\nManuel Marrero Cruz, head of government\nEsteban Lazo Hernndez, head of legislature (Communist Party of Cuba)\nLao People's Democratic Republic\nThongloun Sisoulith, General Secretary and head of state\nSonexay Siphandone, head of government\nSaysomphone Phomvihane, head of legislature (Lao People's Revolutionary Party)\nSocialist Republic of Vietnam\nNguyn Ph Trng, General Secretary\nT Lm, head of state\nPhm Minh Chnh, head of government\nTrn Thanh Mn, (acting), head of legislature (Communist Party of Vietnam)\nvteHeads of state of the G20\nGhazouani\nMilei\nCharles III\nLula\nCharles III\nXi\nMichel\nMacron\nSteinmeier\nMurmu\nJokowi\nMattarella\nNaruhito\nLpez Obrador\nPutin\nSalman\nRamaphosa\nYoon\nErdoan\nCharles III\nBiden\nvteLeaders of the G20\nGhazouani/Faki\nMilei\nAlbanese\nLula\nTrudeau\nXi\nMichel/vonderLeyen\nMacron\nScholz\nModi\nJokowi\nMeloni\nKishida\nLpez Obrador\nPutin\nSalman\nRamaphosa\nYoon\nErdoan\nSunak\nBiden\nvteBRICSMembership\nBrazil\nRussia\nIndia\nChina\nSouth Africa\nEgypt\nEthiopia\nIran\nUnited Arab Emirates\nSummits\nYekaterinburg 2009\nBraslia 2010\nSanya 2011\nNew Delhi 2012\nDurban 2013\nFortaleza 2014\nUfa 2015\nGoa 2016\nXiamen 2017\nJohannesburg 2018\nBraslia 2019\nSaint Petersburg 2020\nNew Delhi 2021\nBeijing 2022\nJohannesburg 2023\nBilateral relations\nBrazilChina\nBrazilIndia\nBrazilRussia\nBrazilSouth Africa\nChinaIndia\nChinaRussia\nChinaSouth Africa\nIndiaRussia\nIndiaSouth Africa\nRussiaSouth Africa\nLeaders\nLula\nPutin\nModi\nXi\nRamaphosa\nMadbouly\nAhmed\nRaisi\nAl Nahyan\nBRICS U-17 Football Cup\n2016 Goa\n2018 Johannesburg\nRelated\nBRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement\nBRICS Cable\nBRICS Universities League\nNew Development Bank\nvteLeaders of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation\nAlbanese\nBolkiah\nTrudeau\nBoric\nXi\nLai (Envoy: Chang)1\nLee\nJokowi\nKishida\nYoon\nAnwar\nLpez Obrador\nLuxon\nMarape\nBoluarte\nMarcos\nPutin\nWong\nSrettha\nBiden\nT\n1 President is a non-participant; Taiwan is represented as Chinese Taipei.\nvteLeaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\nXi\nModi\nRaisi\nTokayev\nJaparov\nSharif\nPutin\nRahmon\nMirziyoyev\nPortals: Biography China Politics\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\n2\n3\n4\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nKorea\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xi_Jinping&oldid=1226175383\"\nCategories: Xi Jinping1953 birthsLiving peopleXi Jinping family20th-century atheists20th-century Chinese politicians21st-century atheists21st-century Chinese politiciansAuthoritarianismChinese atheistsChinese Communist Party politicians from BeijingChinese expatriates in the United StatesChinese male writersChinese MarxistsChinese nationalistsCommunist writersCritics of religionsDelegates to the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist PartyDelegates to the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist PartyDelegates to the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist PartyDelegates to the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist PartyDelegates to the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist PartyDelegates to the 9th National People's CongressDelegates to the 10th National People's CongressDelegates to the 11th National People's CongressDelegates to the 12th National People's CongressDelegates to the 13th National People's CongressDelegates to the 14th National People's CongressForeign recipients of the Nishan-e-PakistanGeneral Secretaries and Chairmen of the Chinese Communist PartyGovernors of FujianGovernors of ZhejiangMembers of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist PartyMembers of the 17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist PartyMembers of the 18th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist PartyMembers of the 19th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist PartyMembers of the 20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party20th-century Chinese philosophersPeople's Republic of China politicians from BeijingPersecution of ChristiansPersecution of UyghursPhilosophers from BeijingPresidents of the People's Republic of ChinaRecipients of Grand Collar of the State of PalestineRecipients of the Olympic OrderRecipients of Order of Friendship of UzbekistanRecipients of the Order of the Liberator General San MartinSecretaries of the Communist Party Shanghai CommitteeSent-down youthsTsinghua University alumniVice presidents of the People's Republic of ChinaVictims of the Cultural RevolutionHidden categories: Articles containing simplified Chinese-language textArticles containing traditional Chinese-language textCS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)CS1 Traditional Chinese-language sources (zh-hant)CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)CS1 maint: unfit URLCS1 errors: periodical ignoredCS1 German-language sources (de)CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pagesWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesUse dmy dates from November 2023Articles containing Chinese-language textArticles with hCardsArticles with hAudio microformatsArticles containing potentially dated statements from 2022All articles containing potentially dated statementsPages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatchPeople appearing on C-SPANGuardian topic template using WikidataArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with KBR identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with Libris identifiersArticles with LNB identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with NLK identifiersArticles with NSK identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with PortugalA identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersArticles with Trove identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersArticles containing video clips\nThis page was last edited on 29 May 2024, at 00:39(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Full text of President Xi Jinping's 2024 New Year message\n\nEspaol\n\nFranais\n\nHome\nThe Ministry\nMain Responsibilities\nDepartments\nRelated Agencies\nTour the Ministry\nThe Minister\nSpeeches\nActivities\nPrincipal Officials\nBiographies\nActivities\nMissions Overseas\nChinese Embassies\nChinese Consulates General\nChinese Missions to International Organizations and Representative Offices Abroad\nNews From Mission Overseas\nPolicies and Activities\nActivities\nDiplomatic Agenda\nNew Ambassadors\nSpeeches\nCommuniques\nForeign Policies\nPress and Media Service\nSpokesperson's Remarks\nRegular Press Conference\nSpokesperson's Remarks\nForeign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying\nForeign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin\nForeign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning\nForeign Ministry Spokesperson Lin Jian\nInternational Press Center\nCountries and Regions\nAsia\nAfrica\nEurope\nNorth America\nSouthAmerica\nOceania\nRegional Organizations and Issues\nAbout China\nResources\nDiplomatic History\nNew China's Diplomacy Over the Past 50 Years\nEvents and Issues\nDiplomatic Figures\nFormer Ministers\nFormer Vice Ministers and Assistant Ministers\nAmbassadors\nConsuls General\nProtocol ABC\nHome>Top Stories\nFull text of President Xi Jinping's 2024 New Year message\n2023-12-31 19:52\nOn New Year's Eve, Chinese President Xi Jinping delivered his 2024 New Year message via China Media Group and the Internet. The following is the full text of the message:Greetings to you all! As energy rises after the Winter Solstice, we are about to bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new. From Beijing, I extend my best New Year wishes to each and every one of you!In 2023, we have continued to forge ahead with resolve and tenacity. We have gone through the test of winds and rains, have seen beautiful scenes unfolding on the way, and have made plenty real achievements. We will remember this year as one of hard work and perseverance. Going forward, we have full confidence in the future.This year, we have marched forward with solid steps. We achieved a smooth transition in our COVID-19 response efforts. The Chinese economy has sustained the momentum of recovery. Steady progress has been made in pursuing high-quality development. Our modernized industrial system has been further upgraded. A number of advanced, smart and green industries are rapidly emerging as new pillars of the economy. We have secured a bumper harvest for the 20th year in a row. Waters have become clearer and mountains greener. New advances have been made in pursuing rural revitalization. New progress has been made in fully revitalizing northeast China. The Xiong'an New Area is growing fast, the Yangtze River Economic Belt is full of vitality, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is embracing new development opportunities. Having weathered the storm, the Chinese economy is more resilient and dynamic than before.This year, we have marched forward with robust steps. Thanks to years of dedicated efforts, China's innovation-driven development is full of energy. The C919 large passenger airliner entered commercial service. The Chinese-built large cruise ship completed its trial voyage. The Shenzhou spaceships are continuing their missions in space. The deep-sea manned submersible Fendouzhe reached the deepest ocean trench. Products designed and made in China, especially trendy brands, are highly popular with consumers. The latest models of Chinese-made mobile phones are an instant market success. New energy vehicles, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic products are a new testimony to China's manufacturing prowess. Everywhere across our country, new heights are being scaled with dogged determination, and new creations and innovations are emerging every day.This year, we have marched forward in high spirits. The Chengdu FISU World University Games and the Hangzhou Asian Games presented spectacular sports scenes, and Chinese athletes excelled in their competitions. Tourist destinations are full of visitors on holidays, and the film market is booming. The \"village super league\" football games and \"village spring festival gala\" are immensely popular. More people are embracing low-carbon lifestyles. All these exhilarating activities have made our lives richer and more colorful, and they mark the return of bustling life across the country. They embody people's pursuit of a beautiful life, and present a vibrant and flourishing China to the world.This year, we have marched forward with great confidence. China is a great country with a great civilization. Across this vast expanse of land, wisps of smoke in deserts of the north and drizzles in the south invoke our fond memory of many millennium-old stories. The mighty Yellow River and Yangtze River never fail to inspire us. Discoveries at the archeological sites of Liangzhu and Erlitou tell us much about the dawn of Chinese civilization. The ancient Chinese characters inscribed on oracle bones of the Yin Ruins, the cultural treasures of the Sanxingdui Site, and the collections of the National Archives of Publications and Culture bear witness to the evolution of Chinese culture. All this stands as testament to the time-honored history of China and its splendid civilization. And all this is the source from which our confidence and strength are derived.While pursuing its development, China has also embraced the world and fulfilled its responsibility as a major country. We held the China-Central Asia Summit and the Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, and hosted leaders from across the world at many diplomatic events held in China. I also paid visits to a number of countries, attended international conferences, and met many friends, both old and new. I shared China's vision and enhanced common understandings with them. No matter how the global landscape may evolve, peace and development remain the underlying trend, and only cooperation for mutual benefit can deliver.Along the way, we are bound to encounter headwinds. Some enterprises had a tough time. Some people had difficulty finding jobs and meeting basic needs. Some places were hit by floods, typhoons, earthquakes or other natural disasters. All these remain at the forefront of my mind. When I see people rising to the occasion, reaching out to each other in adversity, meeting challenges head-on and overcoming difficulties, I am deeply moved. All of you, from farmers in the fields to workers on factory floors, from entrepreneurs blazing the trail to service members guarding our country -- indeed, people from all walks of life -- have done your very best. Each and every ordinary Chinese has made an extraordinary contribution! You, the people, are the ones we look to when we fight to prevail over all difficulties or challenges.Next year will mark the 75th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. We will steadfastly advance Chinese modernization, fully and faithfully apply the new development philosophy on all fronts, speed up building the new development paradigm, promote high-quality development, and both pursue development and safeguard security. We will continue to act on the principle of seeking progress while maintaining stability, promoting stability through progress, and establishing the new before abolishing the old. We will consolidate and strengthen the momentum of economic recovery, and work to achieve steady and long-term economic development. We will deepen reform and opening up across the board, further enhance people's confidence in development, promote vibrant development of the economy, and redouble efforts to boost education, advance science and technology and cultivate talents. We will continue to support Hong Kong and Macao in harnessing their distinctive strengths, better integrating themselves into China's overall development, and securing long-term prosperity and stability. China will surely be reunified, and all Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait should be bound by a common sense of purpose and share in the glory of the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Our goal is both inspiring and simple. Ultimately, it is about delivering a better life for the people. Our children should be well taken care of and receive good education. Our young people should have the opportunities to pursue their careers and succeed. And our elderly people should have adequate access to medical services and elderly care. These issues matter to every family, and they are also a top priority of the government. We must work together to deliver on these issues. Today, in our fast-paced society, people are all busy and face a lot of pressure in work and life. We should foster a warm and harmonious atmosphere in our society, expand the inclusive and dynamic environment for innovation, and create convenient and good living conditions, so that the people can live happy lives, bring out their best, and realize their dreams.As I speak to you, conflicts are still raging in some parts of the world. We Chinese are keenly aware of what peace means. We will work closely with the international community for the common good of humanity, build a community with a shared future for mankind, and make the world a better place for all.Right at this moment, when the lights in millions of homes light up the evening sky, let us all wish our great country prosperity, and let us all wish the world peace and tranquility! I wish you happiness in all the four seasons and success and good health in the year ahead!Thank you!\nAppendix:\nSuggest to a friend\nPrint\nRelated News:\nXi Jinping Sends Message of Condolence to Russian President Vladimir Putin over the Crash of A Russian Plane\nXi Jinping Attends and Delivers a Keynote Speech at the Leaders' Summit of the 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity\nWorking Together to Build a Community of All Life on Earth\nCopyright1998-2014, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of ChinaContact us Address: No. 2, Chaoyangmen Nandajie, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100701 Tel: 86-10-65961114", "url": "https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202312/t20231231_11215608.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Xi Jinping | Biography, Education, Age, Wife, Peng Liyuan, & Facts | Britannica\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nLogin\nSubscribe\nSubscribe\nHome\nGames & Quizzes\nHistory & Society\nScience & Tech\nBiographies\nAnimals & Nature\nGeography & Travel\nArts & Culture\nMoney\nVideos\nXi Jinping\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction & Top QuestionsEarly lifeEntry into the CCP, education, and marriageAscent in the CCPConsolidation of power\nReferences & Edit History\nQuick Facts & Related Topics\nImages\nRelated Questions\nWho is Xi Jinping's father?\nWhen did Xi Jinping begin his second term as president of China?\nWhat are the major ethnic groups in China?\nRead Next\nA Brief Overview of Chinas Cultural Revolution\nWhats the Difference Between a President and a Prime Minister?\nThe Effects of Chinas One-Child Policy\nDiscover\nPoker Hands Ranked\nWhy Is Missouri Called the Show Me State?\n8 of the Worlds Most-Remote Islands\n7 of History's Most Notorious Serial Killers\nWhy Was Nazi Germany Called the Third Reich?\nWhats the Difference Between a Turtle and a Tortoise?\nThe 10 Greatest Basketball Players of All Time\nContents\nHome\nPolitics, Law & Government\nWorld Leaders\nPresidents & Heads of States\nXi Jinping\npresident of China\nActions\nCite\nShare\nGive Feedback\nExternal Websites\nPrint\nCite\nShare\nFeedback\nExternal Websites\nWritten by\nMelissa Albert\nMelissa Albert was a research editor at Encyclopdia Britannica. Her first novel,The Hazel Wood (2018), was aNew York Times bestseller.\nMelissa Albert\nFact-checked by\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nLast Updated:\nMay 29, 2024\n\nArticle History\nTable of Contents\nXi Jinping\nSee all media\nBorn:\nJune 15, 1953, Fuping county, Shaanxi province, China (age 70)\n(Showmore)\nTitle / Office:\npresident (2013-), China\nvice president (2008-2013), China\n(Showmore)\nPolitical Affiliation:\nChinese Communist Party\n(Showmore)\nSee all related content \nRecent News\nMay 29, 2024, 12:51 PM ET (AP)\nThe Panda Party is back on as giant pandas will return to Washington's National Zoo by year's end\nMay 29, 2024, 10:29 AM ET (AP)\nKey Republican calls for 'generational' increase in defense spending to counter US adversaries\nMay 24, 2024, 12:17 PM ET (AP)\nChina's latest AI chatbot is trained on President Xi Jinping's political ideology\nMay 17, 2024, 5:04 PM ET (AP)\nPutin concludes a trip to China by emphasizing its strategic and personal ties to Russia\nMay 16, 2024, 4:42 PM ET (AP)\nChina and Russia reaffirm their close ties as Moscow presses its offensive in Ukraine\nTop Questions\nWho is Xi Jinping?Xi Jinping is a politician and government official who became president of China in 2013 and general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012. He was also vice president of China from 2008 to 2013.Who is Xi Jinping's father?Xi Jinping is the son of Xi Zhongxun, who once served as deputy prime minister of China. Xi Zhongxun was often out of favor with his party and government, especially before and during the Cultural Revolution and after he openly criticized the governments actions during the 1989 Tiananmen Square incident.Who is Xi Jinping's wife?Xi Jinping married the popular folksinger Peng Liyuan in 1987.When did Xi Jinping become the president of China?Xi Jinping became president of the Peoples Republic of China in 2013.When did Xi Jinping begin his second term as president of China?Xi Jinping was elected to a second term as president of China in March 2018. Also in 2018, the National Peoples Congress passed an amendment abolishing term limits for China's president and vice president. This allowed Xi Jinping to remain in office beyond 2023, when he would have been due to step down.Xi Jinping (born June 15, 1953, Fuping county, Shaanxi province, China) is a Chinese politician and government official who has served as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 2012 and as the president of the Peoples Republic of China since 2013. Previously he served as Chinas vice president (200813). Early life Xi Jinping was the son of Xi Zhongxun, who once served as deputy prime minister of China and was an early comrade-in-arms of Mao Zedong. The elder Xi was often out of favor with his party and government, however, especially before and during the Cultural Revolution (196676) and after he openly criticized the governments actions during the 1989 Tiananmen Square incident. The younger Xis early childhood was largely spent in the relative luxury of the residential compound of Chinas ruling elite in Beijing. During the Cultural Revolution, however, with his father purged and out of favor, Xi Jinping was sent to the countryside in 1969 (he went to largely rural Shaanxi province), where he worked for six years as a manual laborer on an agricultural commune. During that period he developed an especially good relationship with the local peasantry, which would aid the wellborn Xis credibility in his eventual rise through the ranks of the CCP. Entry into the CCP, education, and marriage In 1974 Xi became an official party member, serving as a branch secretary, and the following year he began attending Beijings Tsinghua University, where he studied chemical engineering. After graduating in 1979, he worked for three years as secretary to Geng Biao, who was then the vice premier and minister of national defense in the central Chinese government. In 1982 Xi gave up that post, choosing instead to leave Beijing and work as a deputy secretary for the CCP in Hebei province. He was based there until 1985, when he was appointed a party committee member and a vice mayor of Xiamen (Amoy) in Fujian province. While living in Fujian, Xi married the well-known folk singer Peng Liyuan in 1987. He continued to work his way upward, and by 1995 he had ascended to the post of deputy provincial party secretary. Ascent in the CCP In 1999 Xi became acting governor of Fujian, and he became governor the following year. Among his concerns as Fujians head were environmental conservation and cooperation with nearby Taiwan. He held both the deputy secretarial and governing posts until 2002, when he was elevated yet again: that year marked his move to Zhejiang province, where he served as acting governor and, from 2003, party secretary. While there he focused on restructuring the provinces industrial infrastructure in order to promote sustainable development. Xis fortunes got another boost in early 2007 when a scandal surrounding the upper leadership of Shanghai led to his taking over as the citys party secretary. His predecessor in the position was among those who had been tainted by a wide-ranging pension fund scheme. In contrast to his reformist father, Xi had a reputation for prudence and for following the party line, and as Shanghais secretary his focus was squarely on promoting stability and rehabilitation of the citys financial image. He held the position for only a brief period, however, as he was selected in October 2007 as one of the nine members of the standing committee of the CCPs Political Bureau (Politburo), the highest ruling body in the party.\nGet a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content.\nSubscribe Now\nBarack Obama and Xi JinpingU.S. Pres. Barack Obama (left) and Chinese Pres. Xi Jinping at Rancho Mirage, California, June 8, 2013.(more)Xi JinpingXi Jinping, 2009.(more)With that promotion, Xi was put on a short list of likely successors to Hu Jintao, general secretary of the CCP since 2002 and president of the Peoples Republic since 2003. Xis status became more assured when in March 2008 he was elected vice president of China. In that role he focused on conservation efforts and on improving international relations. In October 2010 Xi was named vice chairman of the powerful Central Military Commission (CMC), a post once held by Hu (who since 2004 had been chair of the commission) and generally considered a major stepping-stone to the presidency. In November 2012, during the CCPs 18th party congress, Xi was again elected to the standing committee of the Politburo (reduced to seven members), and he succeeded Hu as general secretary of the party. At that time Hu also relinquished the chair of the CMC to Xi. On March 14, 2013, he was elected president of China by the National Peoples Congress. Consolidation of power Shinzo Abe and Xi JinpingJapanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe (left) and Chinese Pres. Xi Jinping shaking hands at the APEC summit in Beijing, November 10, 2014.(more)Among Xis first initiatives was a nationwide anti-corruption campaign that soon saw the removal of thousands of high and low officials (both tigers and flies). Xi also emphasized the importance of the rule of law, calling for adherence to the Chinese constitution and greater professionalization of the judiciary as a means of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. Under Xis leadership China was increasingly assertive in international affairs, insisting upon its claim of territorial sovereignty over nearly all of the South China Sea despite an adverse ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague and promoting its One Belt, One Road initiative for joint trade, infrastructure, and development projects with East Asian, Central Asian, and European countries. Xi managed to consolidate power at a rapid pace during his first term as Chinas president. The success of his anti-corruption campaign continued, with more than one million corrupt officials being punished by late 2017; the campaign also served to remove many of Xis political rivals, further bolstering his efforts to eliminate dissent and strengthen his grip on power. In October 2016 the CCP bestowed upon him the title of core leader, which previously had been given only to influential party figures Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Jiang Zemin; the title immediately raised his stature. A year later the CCP voted to enshrine Xis name and ideology, described as thought (Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in a New Era), in the partys constitution, an honor previously awarded only to Mao. Xis ideology was later enshrined in the countrys constitution by an amendment passed by the National Peoples Congress (NPC) in March 2018. During the same legislative session, the NPC also passed other amendments to the constitution, including one that abolished term limits for the countrys president and vice president; this change would allow Xi to remain in office beyond 2023, when he would have been due to step down. The NPC also unanimously elected Xi to a second term as president of the country in March. Xis power and influence were bolstered in 2021 when the CCP passed a historical resolution in November that reviewed the partys major achievements and historical experience of the past 100 years and looked to future plans as well. It featured praise for Xis leadership; more than half of the document was devoted to the accomplishments under Xi in the nine years he had led the party, such as reducing poverty and curbing corruption. It was only the third such resolution in the partys historythe previous two were passed under Mao and Dengand it elevated Xis status, ensuring that he would be seen as a significant figure in the partys history.\nIn October 2022 Xi was unanimously elected to a historic third term as general secretary of the CCP, further consolidating his power. On the same day, the party unveiled the 20th Politburo Standing Committee, which, in addition to Xi, consisted of six Xi loyalists. On March 10, 2023, Xi also secured an unprecedented third five-year term as president of China, a development that was widely expected after the Chinese constitution was amended in March 2018 to remove the two-term limit on the presidency. As the only candidate, Xi garnered the votes of all 2,952 delegates to the Congress to remain the head of state. Melissa Albert The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nLoad Next Page\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).\nFeedback Type\nSelect a type (Required)\nFactual Correction\nSpelling/Grammar Correction\nLink Correction\nAdditional Information\nOther\nYour Feedback\nSubmit Feedback\nThank you for your feedback\nOur editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Xi-Jinping\nExternal Websites\nChineseposters.net - Biography of Xi Jinping\nBBC News - Profile: China's President Xi Jinping\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nXi Jinping - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)\nprint\nPrint\nPlease select which sections you would like to print:\nTable Of Contents\nIntroduction & Top QuestionsEarly lifeEntry into the CCP, education, and marriageAscent in the CCPConsolidation of power\nverifiedCite\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\nPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\nSelect Citation Style\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago Manual of Style\nAlbert, Melissa. \"Xi Jinping\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 May. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Xi-Jinping. Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Xi-Jinping\nExternal Websites\nChineseposters.net - Biography of Xi Jinping\nBBC News - Profile: China's President Xi Jinping\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nXi Jinping - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Xi-Jinping" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "President Xi Jinping Meets with U.S. President Joe Biden\n\nEspaol\n\nFranais\n\nHome\nThe Ministry\nMain Responsibilities\nDepartments\nRelated Agencies\nTour the Ministry\nThe Minister\nSpeeches\nActivities\nPrincipal Officials\nBiographies\nActivities\nMissions Overseas\nChinese Embassies\nChinese Consulates General\nChinese Missions to International Organizations and Representative Offices Abroad\nNews From Mission Overseas\nPolicies and Activities\nActivities\nDiplomatic Agenda\nNew Ambassadors\nSpeeches\nCommuniques\nForeign Policies\nPress and Media Service\nSpokesperson's Remarks\nRegular Press Conference\nSpokesperson's Remarks\nForeign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying\nForeign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin\nForeign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning\nForeign Ministry Spokesperson Lin Jian\nInternational Press Center\nCountries and Regions\nAsia\nAfrica\nEurope\nNorth America\nSouthAmerica\nOceania\nRegional Organizations and Issues\nAbout China\nResources\nDiplomatic History\nNew China's Diplomacy Over the Past 50 Years\nEvents and Issues\nDiplomatic Figures\nFormer Ministers\nFormer Vice Ministers and Assistant Ministers\nAmbassadors\nConsuls General\nProtocol ABC\nHome>Top Stories\nPresident Xi Jinping Meets with U.S. President Joe Biden\n2023-11-16 13:04\nOn November 15 local time, President Xi Jinping andU.S. President Joe Biden held a summit meeting atthe FiloliEstate, San Francisco. The two heads of state hadacandid andin-depth exchange of views on strategic and overarching issues critical to the direction of China-U.S. relations and on major issues affecting world peace and development.President Xi Jinping was warmly received by President Joe Biden upon arrival at the Filoli Estate.President Xi Jinping noted that China and the United Statesare faced with two options in the era of global transformations unseen in a century: One is to enhance solidarity and cooperation and join hands to meet global challenges and promote global security and prosperity; and the other is to cling to the zero-sum mentality, provoke rivalry and confrontation, and drive the world toward turmoil and division. The two choices point to two different directions that will decide the future of humanity and Planet Earth. The China-U.S. relationship, which is the most important bilateral relationship in the world, should be perceived and envisioned in this broad context. For China and the United States, turningtheir back on each other is not an option. It is unrealistic for one side to remodel the other. And conflict and confrontation has unbearable consequences for both sides. Major-country competition cannot solve the problems facing China and the United States or the world. The world is big enough to accommodate both countries, and one countrys successis an opportunity forthe other.President Xi Jinping elaborated on the essential features of Chinese modernization and its significance, Chinas development prospects, and its strategic intention. He pointed out that Chinas development is driven by its inherent logic and dynamics. China is promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on all fronts through Chinese modernization. It will not take the old path of colonization and plundering, or the wrong path of seeking hegemony with growing strength. It doesnot export its ideology. It has no plan to surpass or unseatthe United States. Likewise, the United Statesshould not scheme to suppressand contain China.President Xi Jinping pointed out that mutual respect, peaceful coexistence and win-win cooperation are the lessons learned from 50 years of China-U.S. relations as well as the conflicts between major countries in history. China and the United States should put in a lot of efforts to follow them. In San Francisco,the two sidesshould assume a new vision and build together five pillars for China-U.S. relations.First, jointly developing a right perception. China is consistently committed to having a stable, healthy and sustainable relationship with the United States. At the same time, China has interests that must be safeguarded, principles that must be upheld, and red lines that must not be crossed. We hope that the two countries could be partners that respect each other and coexist in peace.Second, jointly managingdisagreementseffectively. Disagreements should not be a chasm that keeps the two countries apart. Instead, the two sides should look for ways to build bridges to help them walk toward each other. It is important that theyappreciate each others principles and red lines, and refrain from flip-flopping, being provocative, and crossing the lines. They should have morecommunications, more dialoguesand more consultations, and calmly handle their differencesas well as accidents.Third, jointly advancing mutually beneficial cooperation. China and the United Stateshave broad common interests in a wide range of areas,includingtraditional areas such as the economy,tradeand agriculture, as well as emerging areas such as climate change and artificial intelligence(AI). Under current circumstances, the common interests between China and the United States have increased, not decreased. It is important to fully utilize the restored and new mechanismsin foreign policy, economy, finance, commerce, agriculture and other fields, and carry out cooperation in such areas as counternarcotics, judicial and law enforcement affairs, AI,and science and technology.Fourth, jointly shouldering responsibilities as major countries. The problems facing human society cannot be solved without cooperation between major countries. China and the United States should lead by example, step up coordination and cooperation on international and regional issues, and provide more public goods forthe world. The two sides should keep their initiatives open to each other or coordinate and connect them for synergy to the benefit of the world.Fifth, jointly promoting people-to-people exchanges. The two sides should increasescheduled flights, advance tourismcooperation, expand subnational exchanges, strengthen cooperation in education and disability affairs,reduce negative factors hindering people-to-people exchanges,and encourage and support greater interactions and communication between theirpeoples, to cement the foundation for the healthy development of China-U.S. relations.President Xi Jinping elaborated on Chinas principled position on the Taiwan question. He pointed outthat the Taiwan question remains the most importantandmost sensitiveissue in China-U.S. relations. China takes seriously the positive statements made by the United States in the Bali meeting. The U.S. sideshould take real actions to honor its commitment of not supporting Taiwan independence, stop arming Taiwan, and support Chinas peaceful reunification. China will realize reunification, and this is unstoppable.President Xi Jinping pointed out that U.S. actions against China regarding export control, investment screening and unilateral sanctionsseriously hurt Chinas legitimate interests.Development of China is innovation-driven.StiflingChinas technological progressis nothing but a move to containChinas high-quality development and deprivethe Chinese people of their right to development. Chinas development and growth, driven by its own inherent logic, will not be stopped by external forces. It is important that the U.S. side take Chinas concerns seriouslyandadopt tangible stepstolift its unilateral sanctionsso as toprovide an equal, fair and nondiscriminatory environment for Chinese businesses.President Joe Biden extended a warm welcome to President Xi Jinping to the United States for the meeting upon invitation. He said that he and President Xi Jinping had an important meeting a year ago in Bali. San Francisco is the gateway for Chinese immigrants to the United States, the place where the United States and China signed the U.N. Charter, and the first to establish a sister city relationship with China. It is fitting that the two presidents have another face-to-face meeting in San Francisco. He said he looked forward to a productive meeting, building on the basis set in Bali.President Biden noted that he has always believed that the U.S.-China relationship is the most important bilateral relationship in the world. Conflict between the two countries is not inevitable. A stable and growing China is good for the United States and the whole world. When the Chinese economy grows, it benefits the United States and the world. When the United States and China keep their relations stable, prevent conflict, manage differences, and cooperate in areas of shared interest, they will be better able to handle the issues facing themselves and common challenges. He reaffirmed the five commitments he made in Bali, i.e., the United States does not seek a new Cold War, does not seek to change Chinas system, does not seek to revitalize its alliances against China, does not support Taiwan independence, and has no intention to have a conflict with China. The two economies are mutually dependent. The United States is glad to see prosperity in China. It does not seek to contain or suppress Chinas development or to decouple with China. The United States adheres to the one-China policy, welcomes dialogue between government agencies at various levels, and is ready to maintain open and candid communication with China to increase understanding, avoid misperceptions and manage differences. The United States is ready to keep growing economic and trade relations and strengthen cooperation with China in such important areas as fighting climate change, counternarcotics and AI. The U.S. side is glad to see more direct flights and more educational, scientific and technological and people-to-people exchanges between the two countries.The two presidents acknowledged the efforts of their respective teams to discuss the development of principles related to China-U.S. relations since the meeting in Bali. They stressed the importance of all countries treating each other with respect and finding a way to live alongside each other peacefully, and of maintaining open lines of communication, preventing conflict, upholding the U.N. Charter, cooperating in areas of shared interest, and responsibly managing competitive aspects of the relationship. The leaders welcomed continued discussions in this regard.The two presidents agreed to promote and strengthen dialogue and cooperation between the two countries in various areas including China-U.S. government talks on AI and the establishment of a working group on counternarcotics cooperation. They agreed to resume on the basis of equality and respect high-level military-to-military communication, the China-U.S. Defense Policy Coordination Talks, and the China-U.S. Military Maritime Consultative Agreement meetings, and to conduct telephone conversations between theater commanders. They also agreed to commit to work toward a significant further increase in scheduled passenger flights early next year; and expand educational, student, youth, cultural, sports and business exchanges.The two leaders underscored the importance of working together to accelerate efforts to tackle the climate crisis in this critical decade. They welcomed recent positive discussions between their respective special envoys for climate, including on national actions to reduce emissions in the 2020s and on common approaches toward a successful COP28 and on operationalization of the Working Group on Enhancing Climate Action in the 2020s to accelerate concrete climate actions.Following the meeting, President Joe Biden hosted a luncheon in honor of President Xi Jinping. The two heads of state exchanged views on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and other international and regional issues of mutual concern.President Joe Biden invited President Xi Jinping for a walk in the Filoli Estate, and he escorted President Xi to his limousine to bid farewell.The meeting was positive, comprehensive and constructive. It has charted the course for improving and developing China-U.S. relations. And San Francisco should be a new starting point for stabilizing China-U.S. relations. They instructed their teams to build on the understandings reached in Bali and to timely follow up on and implement the new vision agreed on at San Francisco. The two heads of state agreed to continue their regular contact.Cai Qi, Director of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee, and Wang Yi, Director of the Office of the Central Commission for Foreign Affairs, attended the events.\nAppendix:\nSuggest to a friend\nPrint\nRelated News:\nXi Jinping Sends Message of Condolence to Russian President Vladimir Putin over the Crash of A Russian Plane\nXi Jinping Attends and Delivers a Keynote Speech at the Leaders' Summit of the 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity\nWorking Together to Build a Community of All Life on Earth\nCopyright1998-2014, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of ChinaContact us Address: No. 2, Chaoyangmen Nandajie, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100701 Tel: 86-10-65961114", "url": "https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202311/t20231116_11181442.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Governor Newsom Meets with Chinese President Xi Jinping | Governor of California\nSkip to content\nGovernor of California\nAbout\nPriorities\nNews\nJoin the Administration\nFirst Partner\nContact\nSearch\nOfficial website of the State of California\nCA.gov\nResources for California\nKey services\nHealth insurance or Medi-Cal\nBusiness licenses\nFood & social assistance\nFind a CA state job\nVehicle registration\nMore +\nDigital vaccine record\nTraffic tickets\nBirth certificates\nLottery numbers\nUnemployment\nView all CA.gov services\nLess -\nPopular topics\nAbortion\nBuilding California\nClimate Action\nGun Safety\nMental health care for all\nOpioids\nGovernor Newsom Meets with Chinese President Xi Jinping\nWHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW: Governor Newsom met with Chinese President Xi Jinping and other high-level Chinese officials to discuss climate action, economic development, cultural exchange, human rights concerns, and democracy.\nBEIJING On Wednesday, Governor Gavin Newsom met with President Xi Jinping in Chinas capital city of Beijing. The Governor also met Wednesday with Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Vice President Han Zheng and signed a new climate-focused Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the National Development and Reform Commission Chairman Zheng Shanjie. The Governor was joined by U.S. Ambassador to China Nicholas Burns for the series of discussions.\nGovernor Newsom was the first governor to be in China in more than four years, and the first to meet with President Xi since former Governor Brown in 2017. Following the Governors day of meetings, California and China highlighted outcomes from the discussions entitled the Declaration of Enhanced Subnational Climate Action and Cooperation Between the State of California and the Peoples Republic of China.\nDownloadable high-resphotos are available here.\nThroughout his meetings, Governor Newsom discussed how California and China can continue working together to advance climate action, promote economic development and tourism, and strengthen cultural ties. The Governor reiterated Californias commitment to serving as a reliable partner on the climate crisis, and how critical China remains in the worlds efforts to reduce pollution. He emphasized the continued need for open lines of communication and extended Californias warm welcome for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in San Francisco next month.\nFollowing the days meetings, Ambassador Burns said: This was a very positive and consequential day for the UnitedStates.\nGovernor Newsoms topics of discussion also included human rights violations and anti-democratic efforts in Hong Kong, Tibet, Xinjiang and Taiwan, as well as David Lin, a California pastor who has been imprisoned in China since 2006. The Governor discussed his visit to the Middle East and how China can play a role in diffusing tension in the region.\nDivorce is not an option. The only way we can solve the climate crisis is to continue our long-standing cooperation with China. As two of the worlds largest economies, the work we do together is felt in countless communities on both sides of the Pacific.\nDespite major differences, we share our humanity our desire to feel protected, connected and respected is universal and that humanity is what should drive us to work together to stop the greatest existential threat our planet has ever known.\nAddressing climate change can be the bridge weve been missing. I made it clear to Chinese leaders that California will remain a stable, strong, and reliable partner, particularly on low-carbon, green growth.\nGovernor Gavin Newsom\nCLIMATE CHANGE\nOn climate, Governor Newsom expressed his desire for continued collaboration and partnership because there is no solving the climate crisis without China the worlds largest emitter. The Governor made clear with Chinese leaders that we must take urgent action to transition away from fossil fuels. He emphasized that California is on the frontlines of the climate crisis from devastating flooding to historic wildfires and that the urgency of the crisis means we should increase our climate ambition, including striving to meet our carbon neutrality goals earlier.\nThe Governor also pointed to Californias clean energy transition as a proof point that climate action spurs economic growth repeatedly pointing out that California now has six times as many clean energy jobs as fossil fuel jobs, driving the worlds 5th-largest economy. Governor Newsom and his Chinese colleagues all stressed that subnational leadership is vital to global climate action, including on ZEVs and methane.\nECONOMIC TIES\nThroughout the meetings, the Governor also discussed ways to strengthen the $166 billion two-way trade relationship between California and China that continues to create thousands of jobs and provide wages for countless families. He made clear that foreign investments must continue to be predicated on fair competition. Even though the strong trade partnership has weathered the pandemic, direct flights between California and China are just 15% of pre-COVID-19 levels and billions less are flowing to tourism as a result and intercultural exchanges have suffered.\nGovernor Newsom and Chinese leaders discussed ways to bring back tourism and increase flights between California and China, while Chinese officials shared a desire to double the number of direct flights from China to the United States by the end of this calendar year. In addition, Governor Newsom raised the importance of maintaining open lines of communication and commerce in key California industries, notably high-tech innovation and agriculture.\nCULTURAL EXCHANGE\nThe Governor highlighted the importance of the people-to-people cultural exchange, citing the rise in xenophobia and anti-Chinese rhetoric since the COVID-19 pandemic. Governor Newsom emphasized the path forward is through people-to-people relationships, cultural respect and understanding.\nOTHER ISSUES\nWhile most of the discussions centered around China and Californias climate partnership and economic ties, Governor Newsom also raised a number of other issues.\nThe Governor and his Chinese counterparts touched on a variety of human rights issues including Hong Kong, Tibet, Xinjiang and Taiwan, as well as David Lin, a California pastor who has been imprisoned in China since 2006.\nThe Governor also discussed the high-priority issue of the fentanyl crisis and Chinas role in combating the transnational shipping of precursor chemicals.\nHe also discussed Californias long history of subnational relationships with the Chinese national government and its provinces and cities and the importance of these relationships to help strengthen U.S.-China relations.\nMOU WITH NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND REFORM COMMISSION\nAlso Wednesday, Governor Newsom met with Chairman Zheng Shanjie from the National Development and Reform Commission Chinas macroeconomic central planning agency. Governor Newsom and Chairman Zheng signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to advance efforts to achieve carbon neutrality and accelerate the clean energy transition. The text of the MOU is here.\nLast year, California approved an unprecedented plan to cut air pollution, shift away from fossil fuels, and ramp up clean energy production leading the world with a comprehensive roadmap to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. China has a goal to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.\nChina accounts for almost a third of the worlds total greenhouse gas emissions and approximately half of that comes from their power sector the country still adds new coal plants every year. The Governor shared learnings from Californias energy transition and improved grid reliability and encouraged officials to deploy battery storage technology. Yesterday, Governor Newsom announced that since 2019, California has increased its battery storage resources by 757% from 770 megawatts (MW) to 6,600 MWs today and is on track to have 8,500 MWs of storage online by the end of the year.\nSearch for:\nAll Stories\nTopics\nAppointments\nCalifornia for All\nClimate\nEconomy and jobs\nEducation\nHealth care\nHousing & homelessness\nOther\nPublic safety\nTransportation & infrastructure\nNews type\nExecutive Orders\nFirst Partner\nMedia Advisories\nPress Releases\nProclamations\nSpanish\nTop Story\nDate\nArchives\nSelect Month May 2024\nApril 2024\nMarch 2024\nFebruary 2024\nJanuary 2024\nDecember 2023\nNovember 2023\nOctober 2023\nSeptember 2023\nAugust 2023\nJuly 2023\nJune 2023\nMay 2023\nApril 2023\nMarch 2023\nFebruary 2023\nJanuary 2023\nDecember 2022\nNovember 2022\nOctober 2022\nSeptember 2022\nAugust 2022\nJuly 2022\nJune 2022\nMay 2022\nApril 2022\nMarch 2022\nFebruary 2022\nJanuary 2022\nDecember 2021\nNovember 2021\nOctober 2021\nSeptember 2021\nAugust 2021\nJuly 2021\nJune 2021\nMay 2021\nApril 2021\nMarch 2021\nFebruary 2021\nJanuary 2021\nDecember 2020\nNovember 2020\nOctober 2020\nSeptember 2020\nAugust 2020\nJuly 2020\nJune 2020\nMay 2020\nApril 2020\nMarch 2020\nFebruary 2020\nJanuary 2020\nDecember 2019\nNovember 2019\nOctober 2019\nSeptember 2019\nAugust 2019\nJuly 2019\nJune 2019\nMay 2019\nApril 2019\nMarch 2019\nFebruary 2019\nJanuary 2019\nAbout\nContact us\nSign up for news updates\nJoin the Administration\nOrganizational chart\nInitiatives\nAbortion access\nBuilding California's future\nClimate action\nGun safety\nMental health for all\nAwareness campaigns\nHeat Ready\nReady for Wildfire\nRegister to Vote\nSave Our Water\nClemency & Parole\nClemency\nParole\nRewards for unsolved cases\nConditions of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nAccessibility\nWebsite Certification\nSitemap\nFacebook\nInstagram\nTikTok\nX\nYouTube\nPowered by: CAWeb Publishing Service\n Copyright 2024", "url": "https://www.gov.ca.gov/2023/10/25/governor-newsom-meets-with-chinese-president-xi-jinping/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "FACT SHEET: President Xi Jinpings State Visit to the United States | whitehouse.gov\nJump to main content\nJump to navigation\nThis is historical material frozen in time. The website is no longer updated and links to external websites and some internal pages may not work.\nHome\nBriefing RoomFrom the News RoomLatest NewsRead the latest blog posts from 1600 Pennsylvania Ave\nShare-WorthyCheck out the most popular infographics and videos\nPhotosView the photo of the day and other galleries\nVideo GalleryWatch behind-the-scenes videos and more\nLive EventsTune in to White House events and statements as they happen\nMusic & Arts PerformancesSee the lineup of artists and performers at the White House\nFrom the Press OfficeYour Weekly Address\nSpeeches & Remarks\nPress Briefings\nStatements & Releases\nWhite House Schedule\nPresidential Actions\nLegislation\nNominations & Appointments\nDisclosures\nIssuesPopular TopicsThe Record\nCabinet Exit Memos\nCriminal Justice Reform\nCuba\nSee All\nTop IssuesCivil Rights\nClimate Change\nEconomy\nEducation\nForeign Policy\nHealth Care\nIran Deal\nImmigration Action\nMoreDefense\nDisabilities\nEthics\nEqual Pay\nHomeland Security\nReducing Gun Violence\nRural\nService\nMoreSeniors & Social Security\nTaxes\nTechnology\nTrade\nUrban and Economic Mobility\nVeterans\nWomen\nThe AdministrationPeoplePresident Barack Obama\nVice President Joe Biden\nFirst Lady Michelle Obama\nDr. Jill Biden\nThe Cabinet\nExecutive Office of the President\nSenior White House Leadership\nOther Advisory Boards\nExecutive OfficesOffice of Management and Budget\nOffice of Science and Technology Policy\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\nCouncil on Environmental Quality\nNational Security Council\nSee All\nInitiativesLets Move\nJoining Forces\nReach Higher\nMy Brother's Keeper\nPrecision Medicine\nSpecial EventsState of the Union\nInauguration\nMedal of Freedom\nParticipateDigitalFollow Us on Social Media\nWe the Geeks Hangouts\nMobile Apps\nDeveloper Tools\nTools You Can Use\nJoin UsTours & Events\nJobs with the Administration\nInternships\nWhite House Fellows\nPresidential Innovation Fellows\nUnited States Digital Service\nLeadership Development Program\nSpeak OutWe the People Petitions\nContact the White House\nCitizens Medal\nChampions of Change\n1600 PennInside the White HouseWest Wing Tour\nEisenhower Executive Office Building Tour\nVideo Series\nDcor and Art\nHolidays\nSee All\nHistory & GroundsPresidents\nFirst Ladies\nThe Vice President's Residence & Office\nEisenhower Executive Office Building\nCamp David\nAir Force One\nOur GovernmentThe Executive Branch\nThe Legislative Branch\nThe Judicial Branch\nThe Constitution\nFederal Agencies & Commissions\nElections & Voting\nState & Local Government\nResources\nSearch form\nSearch\nYou are hereHomeBriefing RoomStatements & Releases\nBriefing Room\nYour Weekly Address\nSpeeches & Remarks\nPress Briefings\nStatements & Releases\nWhite House Schedule\nPresidential ActionsExecutive Orders\nPresidential Memoranda\nProclamations\nLegislationPending Legislation\nSigned Legislation\nVetoed Legislation\nNominations & Appointments\nDisclosures\nThe White House\nOffice of the Press Secretary\nFor Immediate Release\nSeptember 25, 2015\nFACT SHEET: President Xi Jinpings State Visit to the United States\nOn September 24-25, 2015, President Barack Obama hosted President Xi Jinping of China for a State visit. The two heads of state exchanged views on a range of global, regional, and bilateral subjects. President Obama and President Xi agreed to work together to constructively manage our differences and decided to expand and deepen cooperation in the following areas:\nAddressing Global and Regional Challenges\nAfghanistan- The United States and China decided to maintain communication and cooperation with one another on Afghanistan to support peaceful reconstruction and economic development in Afghanistan, support an Afghan led, Afghan owned reconciliation process, and promote trilateral dialogue among the United States, China, and Afghanistan. Together with Afghanistan, the United States and China will co-chair a high-level event on Afghanistans reconstruction and development on the margins of the UN General Assembly on September 26. This event will convene Afghanistans neighbors and the international community to discuss the importance of continuing robust regional and international support for the Afghan government and regional economic cooperation. The United States and China jointly renew their call on the Taliban to enter into direct talks with the Government of Afghanistan. The United States and China also noted their mutual interests in supporting peace, stability, and prosperity in neighboring countries of Afghanistan, and to working in partnership with these countries to promote peace and stability in Afghanistan and the region.\nPeacekeeping- In recognition of the critical role UN and regional peacekeepers serve in maintaining international peace and security, the United States and China affirm to further increase their robust commitments to international peacekeeping efforts. The Chinese side appreciates the U.S. sides holding of the Leaders Summit on Peacekeeping, and welcomes the new contributions to be announced by the United States to support peace operations. The United States welcomes the new contributions to be announced by China to support UN peacekeeping efforts. The United States and China recognize the need to deepen the partnership between the African Union and the United Nations on peace operations. Both sides look forward to an enhanced discussion with the African Union and other partners to further explore proposals to this end. Both sides decided to continue discussions to deepen cooperation on capacity building for troop- and police-contributing countries.\nNuclear Security- The United States and China commit to deepen their cooperation on nuclear security and to work together to make the Nuclear Security Summit hosted by President Obama next year a success. The two sides plan to hold an annual bilateral dialogue on nuclear security, with the first meeting of the dialogue to be held prior to the 2016 Nuclear Security Summit.\nWildlife Trafficking- The United States and China, recognizing the importance and urgency of combating wildlife trafficking, commit to take positive measures to address this global challenge. The United States and China commit to enact nearly complete bans on ivory import and export, including significant and timely restrictions on the import of ivory as hunting trophies, and to take significant and timely steps to halt the domestic commercial trade of ivory. The two sides decided to further cooperate in joint training, technical exchanges, information sharing, and public education on combating wildlife trafficking, and enhance international law enforcement cooperation in this field. The United States and China decided to cooperate with other nations in a comprehensive effort to combat wildlife trafficking.\nOcean Conservation- The United States and China intend to pursue actively cooperation on polar and ocean matters, including projects related to ocean conservation and expanding joint polar research efforts, and will work together on the proposal to establish a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Antarcticas Ross Sea. The two sides also plan to support additional bilateral efforts in these fields, including ocean acidification monitoring and a partnership between the coastal cities of Xiamen and Weihai in China and San Francisco and New York in the United States to share best practices to reduce the flow of trash into the ocean.\nStrengthening Development Cooperation\nThe United States and China signed a Memorandum of Understanding that establishes a framework for development cooperation to guide our future collaborative efforts. The MOU recognizes our shared objectives in ending extreme poverty and advancing global development through enhanced collaboration and communication under the principle of development raised, agreed, and led by recipient countries.\n2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The United States and China are committed to advance sustainable and inclusive international development as laid out in the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, through expanded cooperation to end poverty and hunger and the promotion of inclusive economic growth, and protection of the environment. The two sides intend to communicate and cooperate in implementing the Agenda and to help other countries achieve common development goals.\nFood Security- The United States and China decided to enhance cooperation on global food security. The two sides intend to enhance communication and coordination with the government of Timor Leste and share lessons learned in agricultural development and food security while exploring prospects for further cooperation. Separately, the two sides intend to explore opportunities to cooperate on climate smart agriculture to produce more and better food for growing populations, while building the resilience of smallholder farmers. Such efforts may include technical cooperation, such as on climate friendly irrigation and mechanization for smallholder farmers in Africa to advance our shared interest in addressing the impact of climate change and enhancing food security.\nPublic Health and Global Health Security- The United States and China decided to enhance concrete cooperation in public health and global health security, accelerating full implementation of the World Health Organization International Health Regulations and assisting at-risk countries to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats. The two sides plan to jointly work with the African Union and African Union Member States in the establishment of the Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention and collaborate with partner governments in countries in West Africa to strengthen national public health capacities in the wake of Ebola, including strengthening the capacity of the cadres of public health and front line health workers. The two sides intend to enhance communication and exchanges regarding aid for health in West Africa. The two sides plan to continue to support and contribute to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.\nHumanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response- The United States and China decided to expand cooperation on humanitarian response to disasters. The United States and China plan to participate constructively in the May 2016 World Humanitarian Summit. The two sides plan to expand existing cooperation on disaster response through increased support to multilateral mechanisms, including the United Nations International Search and Rescue Advisory Group. The two sides intend to conduct capacity building cooperation for the post-earthquake reconstruction in Nepal through mechanisms that promote collaboration between the international community and the Government of Nepal.\nMultilateral Institutions. The United States and China intend to expand their collaboration with international institutions to tackle key global development challenges.\nStrengthening Bilateral Relations\nMilitary Relations- Building on the two Memoranda of Understanding on Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) signed by the United States and China in November 2014, the two sides completed new annexes on air-to-air safety and crisis communications. The two sides committed to continue discussions on additional annexes to the Notification of Major Military Activities CBM, with the United States prioritizing completion of a mechanism for informing the other party of ballistic missile launches. The U.S. Coast Guard and the China Coast Guard have committed to pursue an arrangement whose intended purpose is equivalent to the Rules of Behavior Confidence Building Measure annex on surface-to-surface encounters in the November 2014 Memorandum of Understanding between the United States Department of Defense and the People's Republic of China Ministry of National Defense.\nCybersecurity-\nThe United States and China agree that timely responses should be provided to requests for information and assistance concerning malicious cyber activities. Further, both sides agree to cooperate, in a manner consistent with their respective national laws and relevant international obligations, with requests to investigate cybercrimes, collect electronic evidence, and mitigate malicious cyber activity emanating from their territory. Both sides also agree to provide updates on the status and results of those investigation to the other side, as appropriate.\nThe United States and China agree that neither countrys government will conduct or knowingly support cyber-enabled theft of intellectual property, including trade secrets or other confidential business information, with the intent of providing competitive advantages to companies or commercial sectors.\nBoth sides are committed to making common effort to further identify and promote appropriate norms of state behavior in cyberspace within the international community. The United States and China welcome the July 2015 report of the UN Group of Governmental Experts in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International security, which addresses norms of behavior and other crucial issues for international security in cyberspace. The two sides also agree to create a senior experts group for further discussions on this topic.\nThe United States and China agree to establish a high-level joint dialogue mechanism on fighting cybercrime and related issues. China will designate an official at the ministerial level to be the lead and the Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of State Security, Ministry of Justice, and the State Internet and Information Office will participate in the dialogue. The U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security and the U.S. Attorney General will co-chair the dialogue, with participation from representatives from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Intelligence Community and other agencies, for the United States. This mechanism will be used to review the timeliness and quality of responses to requests for information and assistance with respect to malicious cyber activity of concern identified by either side. As part of this mechanism, both sides agree to establish a hotline for the escalation of issues that may arise in the course of responding to such requests. Finally, both sides agree that the first meeting of this dialogue will be held by the end of 2015, and will occur twice per year thereafter.\nLaw Enforcement and Counterterrorism- President Obama and President Xi decided to continue expanding law enforcement and anti-corruption cooperation, including by enhancing coordination and cooperation on criminal investigations, repatriation of fugitives, and asset recovery issues. The United States and China welcomed recent progress on repatriating Chinese fugitives and illegal immigrants through charter flights and look forward to continuing this cooperation. The United States welcomes Chinas commitment to consider joining the OECD Working Group on Bribery as a participant in the near future. As a new aspect of the Joint Liaison Group's role as the primary mechanism for law enforcement cooperation, both sides committed to discuss the mutual recognition and enforcement of forfeiture judgments. The two sides condemn all forms of terrorism and committed to expand exchange of information to counter the transnational flow of foreign terrorist fighters. The United States and China held a Counter-Improvised Explosive Devises (IEDs) Workshop on September 14 in Washington, DC, decided on principles for furthering efforts to counter the threat posed by IEDs, and committed to hold a follow-on workshop in China.\nPeople-to-People Exchange. The United States and China announced two new initiatives to expand the dynamic and positive people-to-people interaction that is the foundation of our bilateral relationship: (1) A 2016 U.S.-China Tourism Yeara cooperative tourism initiative led by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the China National Tourism Administration to expand and shape travel between our countries. This year of collaboration will include events to promote travel between the two countries, support progress on market access, and advance initiatives for both the United States and China to ensure a quality visitor experience for increasing numbers of travelers to and from both nations. (2) A One Million Strong initiative led by the 100,000 Strong Foundation that aims to have one million American students studying Mandarin by 2020. One Million Strong goals include doubling the number of Mandarin language teachers in the United States through a major investment in teachers colleges; employing technological tools to engage students in underserved and underrepresented communities; and creating 100K Strong States, a subnational consortium of U.S. governors committed to expanding Mandarin language-learning in their states.\nShare This: TwitterFacebookEmail\nTwitter\nInstagram\nFacebook\nGoogle+\nYoutube\nMore ways to engage\nContact Us\nEmail\nHome\nBriefing RoomFrom the News RoomLatest News\nShare-Worthy\nPhotos\nVideo Gallery\nLive Events\nMusic & Arts Performances\nFrom the Press OfficeYour Weekly Address\nSpeeches & Remarks\nPress Briefings\nStatements & Releases\nWhite House Schedule\nPresidential Actions\nLegislation\nNominations & Appointments\nDisclosures\nIssuesPopular TopicsThe Record\nCabinet Exit Memos\nCriminal Justice Reform\nCuba\nSee All\nTop IssuesCivil Rights\nClimate Change\nEconomy\nEducation\nForeign Policy\nHealth Care\nIran Deal\nImmigration Action\nMoreDefense\nDisabilities\nEthics\nEqual Pay\nHomeland Security\nReducing Gun Violence\nRural\nService\nMoreSeniors & Social Security\nTaxes\nTechnology\nTrade\nUrban and Economic Mobility\nVeterans\nWomen\nThe AdministrationPeoplePresident Barack Obama\nVice President Joe Biden\nFirst Lady Michelle Obama\nDr. Jill Biden\nThe Cabinet\nExecutive Office of the President\nSenior White House Leadership\nOther Advisory Boards\nExecutive OfficesOffice of Management and Budget\nOffice of Science and Technology Policy\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\nCouncil on Environmental Quality\nNational Security Council\nSee All\nInitiativesLets Move\nJoining Forces\nReach Higher\nMy Brother's Keeper\nPrecision Medicine\nSpecial EventsState of the Union\nInauguration\nMedal of Freedom\nParticipateDigitalFollow Us on Social Media\nWe the Geeks Hangouts\nMobile Apps\nDeveloper Tools\nTools You Can Use\nJoin UsTours & Events\nJobs with the Administration\nInternships\nWhite House Fellows\nPresidential Innovation Fellows\nUnited States Digital Service\nLeadership Development Program\nSpeak OutWe the People Petitions\nContact the White House\nCitizens Medal\nChampions of Change\n1600 PennInside the White HouseWest Wing Tour\nEisenhower Executive Office Building Tour\nVideo Series\nDcor and Art\nHolidays\nSee All\nHistory & GroundsPresidents\nFirst Ladies\nThe Vice President's Residence & Office\nEisenhower Executive Office Building\nCamp David\nAir Force One\nOur GovernmentThe Executive Branch\nThe Legislative Branch\nThe Judicial Branch\nThe Constitution\nFederal Agencies & Commissions\nElections & Voting\nState & Local Government\nResources\nEn Espaol\nAccessibility\nCopyright Information\nPrivacy Policy\nUSA.gov", "url": "https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/25/fact-sheet-president-xi-jinpings-State-visit-united-States" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Readout of President Joe Biden's Call with President Xi Jinping of the People's Republic of China | The White House\nSkip to content\nThe White House\nThe White House\nThe White House\nHome\nAdministration\nPriorities\nThe Record\nBriefing Room\nEspaol\nInstagramOpens in a new window\nFacebookOpens in a new window\nXOpens in a new window\nYouTubeOpens in a new window\nContact Us\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nMenu\nClose\nTo search this site, enter a search term\nSearch\nMobile Menu Overlay\nAdministration\nShow submenu for Administration\nPresident Joe Biden\nVice President Kamala Harris\nFirst Lady Dr. Jill Biden\nSecond Gentleman Douglas Emhoff\nThe Cabinet\nExecutive Offices\nShow submenu for Executive Offices\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\nCouncil on Environmental Quality\nDomestic Policy Council\nGender Policy Council\nNational Economic Council\nNational Security Council\nNational Space Council\nOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs\nOffice of Management and Budget\nOffice of the National Cyber Director\nOffice of National Drug Control Policy\nOffice of Public Engagement\nOffice of Science and Technology Policy\nOffice of the United States Trade Representative\nClimate Policy Office\nPresidential Personnel Office\nPriorities\nBriefing Room\nThe White House\nShow submenu for The White House\nPresidents\nFirst Families\nThe Grounds\nOur Government\nGet Involved\nShow submenu for Get Involved\nWrite or Call The White House\nJoin Us\nWhite House Fellows\nWhite House Internship Program\nThe Record\nDisclosures\nEspaol\nContact Us\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nInstagramOpens in a new window\nFacebookOpens in a new window\nXOpens in a new window\nYouTubeOpens in a new window\nThe White House\n1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW\nWashington, DC 20500\nTo search this site, enter a search term\nSearch\nApril 02, 2024\nReadout of President JoeBidens Call with President Xi Jinping of the Peoples Republic ofChina\nHome\nBriefing Room\nStatements and Releases\nPresident Joseph R. Biden, Jr. spoke today with President Xi Jinping of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). The call follows the two leaders meeting in Woodside, California in November 2023. The two leaders held a candid and constructive discussion on a range of bilateral, regional, and global issues, including areas of cooperation and areas of difference. They reviewed and encouraged progress on key issues discussed at the Woodside Summit, including counternarcotics cooperation, ongoing military-to-military communication, talks to address AI-related risks, and continuing efforts on climate change and people-to-people exchanges.President Biden emphasized the importance of maintaining peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait and the rule of law and freedom of navigation in the South China Sea. He raised concerns over the PRCs support for Russias defense industrial base and its impact on European and transatlantic security, and he emphasized the United States enduring commitment to the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. President Biden also raised continued concerns about the PRCs unfair trade policies and non-market economic practices, which harm American workers and families. The President emphasized that the United States will continue to take necessary actions to prevent advanced U.S. technologies from being used to undermine our national security, without unduly limiting trade and investment. The two leaders welcomed ongoing efforts to maintain open channels of communication and responsibly manage the relationship through high-level diplomacy and working-level consultations in the weeks and months ahead, including during upcoming visits by Secretary Yellen and Secretary Blinken.\n###\nNext Post: Background Press Call on the Bilateral Relationship with the People's Republic of China\nBackground Press Call on the Bilateral Relationship with the People's Republic ofChina\nApril 02, 2024 \nPress Briefings\nNext\t\t\t\t\tPost\nStay Connected\nSign Up\nEmail Address* Required\nZIP Code\nPlease leave blank.\nWe'll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build back better.\nOpt in to send and receive text messages from President Biden.\nShare\nShare this page on Facebook\nShare this page on X\nhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/04/02/readout-of-president-joe-bidens-call-with-president-xi-jinping-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china/?utm_source=link\nHome\nThe Administration\nExecutive Offices\nPriorities\nThe Record\nBriefing Room\nThe White House\nDisclosures\nGet Involved\nEspaol\nContact Us\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nInstagramOpens in a new window\nFacebookOpens in a new window\nXOpens in a new window\nYouTubeOpens in a new window\nThe White House\n1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW\nWashington, DC 20500\nWH.gov\nScroll to Top\nScroll to Top\nTop", "url": "https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/04/02/readout-of-president-joe-bidens-call-with-president-xi-jinping-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Remarks by President Obama and President Xi of the People's Republic of China in Joint Press Conference | whitehouse.gov\nJump to main content\nJump to navigation\nThis is historical material frozen in time. The website is no longer updated and links to external websites and some internal pages may not work.\nHome\nBriefing RoomFrom the News RoomLatest NewsRead the latest blog posts from 1600 Pennsylvania Ave\nShare-WorthyCheck out the most popular infographics and videos\nPhotosView the photo of the day and other galleries\nVideo GalleryWatch behind-the-scenes videos and more\nLive EventsTune in to White House events and statements as they happen\nMusic & Arts PerformancesSee the lineup of artists and performers at the White House\nFrom the Press OfficeYour Weekly Address\nSpeeches & Remarks\nPress Briefings\nStatements & Releases\nWhite House Schedule\nPresidential Actions\nLegislation\nNominations & Appointments\nDisclosures\nIssuesPopular TopicsThe Record\nCabinet Exit Memos\nCriminal Justice Reform\nCuba\nSee All\nTop IssuesCivil Rights\nClimate Change\nEconomy\nEducation\nForeign Policy\nHealth Care\nIran Deal\nImmigration Action\nMoreDefense\nDisabilities\nEthics\nEqual Pay\nHomeland Security\nReducing Gun Violence\nRural\nService\nMoreSeniors & Social Security\nTaxes\nTechnology\nTrade\nUrban and Economic Mobility\nVeterans\nWomen\nThe AdministrationPeoplePresident Barack Obama\nVice President Joe Biden\nFirst Lady Michelle Obama\nDr. Jill Biden\nThe Cabinet\nExecutive Office of the President\nSenior White House Leadership\nOther Advisory Boards\nExecutive OfficesOffice of Management and Budget\nOffice of Science and Technology Policy\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\nCouncil on Environmental Quality\nNational Security Council\nSee All\nInitiativesLets Move\nJoining Forces\nReach Higher\nMy Brother's Keeper\nPrecision Medicine\nSpecial EventsState of the Union\nInauguration\nMedal of Freedom\nParticipateDigitalFollow Us on Social Media\nWe the Geeks Hangouts\nMobile Apps\nDeveloper Tools\nTools You Can Use\nJoin UsTours & Events\nJobs with the Administration\nInternships\nWhite House Fellows\nPresidential Innovation Fellows\nUnited States Digital Service\nLeadership Development Program\nSpeak OutWe the People Petitions\nContact the White House\nCitizens Medal\nChampions of Change\n1600 PennInside the White HouseWest Wing Tour\nEisenhower Executive Office Building Tour\nVideo Series\nDcor and Art\nHolidays\nSee All\nHistory & GroundsPresidents\nFirst Ladies\nThe Vice President's Residence & Office\nEisenhower Executive Office Building\nCamp David\nAir Force One\nOur GovernmentThe Executive Branch\nThe Legislative Branch\nThe Judicial Branch\nThe Constitution\nFederal Agencies & Commissions\nElections & Voting\nState & Local Government\nResources\nSearch form\nSearch\nYou are hereHomeBriefing RoomSpeeches & Remarks\nBriefing Room\nYour Weekly Address\nSpeeches & Remarks\nPress Briefings\nStatements & Releases\nWhite House Schedule\nPresidential ActionsExecutive Orders\nPresidential Memoranda\nProclamations\nLegislationPending Legislation\nSigned Legislation\nVetoed Legislation\nNominations & Appointments\nDisclosures\nThe White House\nOffice of the Press Secretary\nFor Immediate Release\nSeptember 25, 2015\nRemarks by President Obama and President Xi of the People's Republic of China in Joint Press Conference\nRose Garden\n12:22 P.M. EDT\nPRESIDENT OBAMA: Good afternoon, everybody. Please have a seat.\nI want to once again welcome President Xi back to the White House. We first hosted him here three years ago when he was Vice President. So this is our sixth meeting. As a result of our efforts, our two nations are working together more closely across a broader range of critical issues -- and our cooperation is delivering results, for both our nations and the world.\nSince I took office, American exports to China have nearly doubled and now support nearly one million American jobs. Chinese investment in the United States helps support jobs across our country. We partner to address global challenges, whether it's promoting nuclear security, combating piracy off the Horn of Africa, encouraging development and reconciliation in Afghanistan, and helping to end the Ebola epidemic in West Africa.\nThe historic climate change announcements that we made last year in Beijing have encouraged other countries to step up, as well, increasing the prospects for a stronger global agreement this year. And as a member of the P5+1, China was critical to both the sanctions regime that brought Iran to the negotiating table and to the talks that produced the comprehensive deal to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon.\nSo, greater prosperity and greater security -- thats what American and Chinese cooperation can deliver. Thats why I want to say again, the United States welcomes the rise of a China that is peaceful, stable, prosperous, and a responsible player in global affairs. And Im committed to expanding our cooperation, even as we address disagreements candidly and constructively. Thats what President Xi and I have done on this visit -- during our working dinner last night and our meetings today.\nLet me mention some specifics. First, with respect to our economic relationship, we agreed to step up our work toward a high-standard bilateral investment treaty that would help level the playing field for American companies. Weve committed ourselves to a set of principles for trade in information technologies, including protection of innovation and intellectual property. President Xi discussed his commitment to accelerate market reforms, avoid devaluing Chinas currency, and have China play a greater role in upholding the rules-based system that underpins the global economy -- all of which are steps we very much support.\nI raised once again our very serious concerns about growing cyber-threats to American companies and American citizens. I indicated that it has to stop. The United States government does not engage in cyber economic espionage for commercial gain. And today, I can announce that our two countries have reached a common understanding on the way forward. Weve agreed that neither the U.S. or the Chinese government will conduct or knowingly support cyber-enabled theft of intellectual property, including trade secrets or other confidential business information for commercial advantage. In addition, well work together, and with other nations, to promote international rules of the road for appropriate conduct in cyberspace.\nSo this is progress. But I have to insist that our work is not yet done. I believe we can expand our cooperation in this area, even as the United States will continue to use all of the tools at our disposal to protect American companies, citizens and interests.\nSecond, Im pleased that were building on last years climate commitments. Last month, I issued our Clean Power Plan to help reduce Americas carbon emissions. Today, I want to commend China for announcing that it will begin a national market-based cap-and-trade system to limit emissions from some of its largest sectors. Last year, I announced our pledge of $3 billion to the Green Climate Fund to help developing nations deal with climate change. Today, I welcome Chinas major commitment of climate finance for the most vulnerable countries as well.\nOur two countries are also putting forward our common vision for the ambitious climate change agreements that we seek in Paris. When the worlds two largest economies, energy consumers and carbon emitters come together like this, then theres no reason for other countries -- whether developed or developing -- to not do so as well. And so this is another major step towards the global agreement the world needs to reach in two months time.\nThird, with respect to security in the Asia Pacific, we agreed to new channels of communication to reduce the risks of miscalculations between our militaries. The United States and China have reaffirmed our commitment to the complete and verifiable denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula in a peaceful manner. We demand the full implementation of all relevant U.N. Security Council resolutions and we will not accept North Korea as a nuclear weapon state.\nWe did have candid discussions on the East and South China Seas, and I reiterated the right of all countries to freedom of navigation and overflight and to unimpeded commerce. As such, I indicated that the United States will continue to sail, fly and operate anywhere that international law allows. I conveyed to President Xi our significant concerns over land reclamation, construction and the militarization of disputed areas, which makes it harder for countries in the region to resolve disagreements peacefully. And I encouraged a resolution between claimants in these areas. We are not a claimant; we just want to make sure that the rules of the road are upheld.\nI reiterated my strong commitment, as well, to our One-China policy based on the Three Joint Communiqus and the Taiwan Relations Act.\nFourth, weve agreed to do more to promote international security. At the United Nations in the coming days, the U.S. and China will bring countries together to promote development in Afghanistan, and well work with our many partners to strengthen international peacekeeping. We agree that all parties, including Iran, need to fully implement the nuclear deal, and that U.N. Security Council resolutions need to be fully enforced.\nFor the first time, the U.S. and China will also formally partner to promote global development. Building on our efforts against Ebola, well work to strengthen global health security. Well expand our joint efforts on humanitarian assistance, disaster response, agricultural development and food security. And given Chinas success in lifting hundreds of millions of people out of poverty -- which is one of the most remarkable achievements in human history -- we will help rally the world this weekend around new development goals, including our goal to end extreme poverty.\nFifth, we had a frank discussion about human rights, as we have in the past. And I again affirmed Americas unwavering support for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all people, including freedom of assembly and expression, freedom of the press and freedom of religion. And I expressed in candid terms our strong view that preventing journalists, lawyers, NGOs and civil society groups from operating freely, or closing churches and denying ethnic minorities equal treatment are all problematic, in our view, and actually prevent China and its people from realizing its full potential.\nObviously, we recognize that there are real differences there. And President Xi shared his views in terms of how he can move forward in a step-by-step way that preserves Chinese unity. So we expect that were going to continue to consult in these areas.\nEven as we recognize Tibet as part of the Peoples Republic of China, we continue to encourage Chinese authorities to preserve the religious and cultural identity of the Tibetan people, and to engage the Dalai Lama or his representatives.\nFinally, were taking more steps to expand the connections between our two peoples. We launch a new initiative to boost tourism between our countries in the coming months. And just as children across China learn English, were starting a new initiative called 1 Million Strong to encourage 1 million American students to learn Mandarin Chinese over the next five years.\nVice President Biden pointed out that two of his children are already on track -- two of his grandchildren, actually. After all, if our countries are going to do more together around the world, then speaking each others language, truly understanding each other, is a good place to start.\nSo, overall, weve had an extremely productive meeting. The particular work that has been done by our teams shows the extraordinary progress that we can make when were working together. The candid conversations between President Xi and myself about areas of disagreement help us to understand each other better, to avoid misunderstandings or miscalculations, and pave the way potentially for further progress in those areas.\nAnd, President Xi, I want to thank you again for expanding your commitment to cooperation between our nations. I believe that its another reminder that as we work to narrow our differences, we can continue to advance our mutual interests for the benefit not only of our two peoples, but for the benefit of the world.\nThank you very much.\nPRESIDENT XI: (As interpreted.) President Obama, dear friends from the press, ladies and gentlemen, dear friends -- good morning. Its a great pleasure for me to meet with all of you together with President Obama. Let me begin by thanking again President Obama and the U.S. government for the gracious hospitality and thoughtful arrangements and warm reception accorded to me and the Chinese delegation. I also want to thank the American people for a warm welcome.\nYesterday and today, President Obama and I have had in-depth discussions on our respective domestic and foreign policies, important topics in bilateral relations, international and regional situation. Our meetings are constructive and productive, and we have reached extensive and important consensus.\nDuring the discussions, President Obama shared with me the domestic agenda and foreign policy priorities that he has been working on. And I congratulated him on the progress that he has made in those areas. I appreciate President Obamas reaffirmation to me that the United States welcomes the rise of a peaceful, stable and prosperous China. It supports China to play a bigger role in the international arena. And the United States supports Chinas reform at opening up.\nI indicated to President Obama that China is making all-around efforts to deepen comprehensive reform, to build law-based governance, to enforce strict party discipline, so as to achieve the grand goal of building a society of initial prosperity in all respects. The reform at opening up China will not stop.\nChina is firmly committed to the path of peaceful development. It is committed to growing friendship and cooperative relations with all countries in the world. To work with the United States to build the new model of major-country relationship without conflict, without confrontation, with mutual respect and win-win cooperation is a priority in Chinas foreign policy.\nWe have spoken highly of the important progress made in China-U.S. relations since the Sunnylands summit in 2013. And we have agreed to follow the consensus, expand the practical cooperation in various areas at the bilateral, regional, and global level, and manage differences and sensitive issues in constructive manner, and to advance the new model of major-country relationship between China and the United States.\nWe have agreed to deepen the practical cooperation in various areas at the bilateral scope. We have agreed to vigorously push forward the bilateral investment treaty negotiation, speed up the pace of the work so as to achieve a high standard and balanced agreement.\nWe will expand mutually beneficial cooperation in energy, environmental protection, science and technology, aviation, infrastructure, agriculture, health and other areas. The two governments and relevant agencies have signed many cooperation agreements, and our businesses have signed a series of commercial contact.\nChina and the United States are highly complementary economically and there is huge potential for further cooperation. For the United States to recognize Chinas market economy status and ease export control on civilian high-tech items, it will help expand the mutually beneficial cooperation between the two countries.\nWe have also had in-depth discussion on the current international, economic, and financial situation. We have agreed to step up macroeconomic policy coordination and jointly promote global economic growth and financial stability. To this end, we have established the mechanism on regular phone conversation on economic affairs between China and the United States which will be led by Vice Premier Wong Yang of China and Secretary of Treasury Jacob Lew. They will stay in close communication on respective and global major economic issues.\nWe will also step up cooperation within G20, the World Bank, IMF, and other multilateral mechanisms. I appreciate the U.S. supporting including the RMB into the IMF Special Drawing Rights when certain standards of the IMF are met. And I also appreciate the U.S. commitment to implement the IMF quota and governance structure reform plan adopted at the G20 Summit in 2010 at an early date.\nWe have truly affirmed the new progress made in the confidence-building mechanisms between the two militaries. We have agreed to step up exchanges in policy dialogues between the two militaries at all levels, hold more joint exercises and training. We believe that terrorism is the common enemy of mankind, and we have agreed to step up multilateral and bilateral counterterrorism cooperation. We have decided to increase communication and cooperation on counter-piracy, humanitarian assistance, and disaster reduction, and international peacekeeping operation, and also anti-corruption -- law enforcement cooperation to jointly fight against all kinds of transnational corruption crimes.\nWe have in-depth discussion on the situation of the Asia Pacific. And we believe that China and the United States have extensive common interests in this region, and we should continue to deepen dialogue and cooperation on regional affairs and work together to promote active interactions and inclusive cooperation in the Asia Pacific, and work with countries in the Asia Pacific to promote peace, stability, and prosperity in this region.\nChina is committed to the path of peaceful development and a neighboring foreign policy characterized by good neighborliness and partnership with our neighbors. Islands in the South China Sea since ancient times are Chinas territory. We have the right to uphold our own territorial sovereignty and lawful and legitimate maritime rights and interests. We are committed to maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea, managing differences and disputes through dialogue, and addressing disputes through negotiation, consultation, and peaceful manner, and exploring ways to achieve mutual benefit through cooperation.\nWe're committed to respecting and upholding the freedom of navigation and overflight that countries enjoy according to international law. Relevant construction activities that China are undertaking in the island of South -- Nansha Islands do not target or impact any country, and China does not intend to pursue militarization.\nChina and the United States have a lot of common interests on the issue of South China Sea. We both support peace and stability of the South China Sea. The countries directly involved should address their dispute through negotiation, consultation and in peaceful means. And we support freedom of navigation and overflight of countries according to international law and the management of differences through dialogue, and full and effective implementation of DOC and an early conclusion of the consultation of COC based on consensus-building. We have agreed to maintain constructive communication on relevant issues.\nChina and the United States are two major cyber countries and we should strengthen dialogue and cooperation. Confrontation and friction are not made by choice for both sides. During my visit, competent authorities of both countries have reached important consensus on joint fight against cyber-crimes. Both sides agree to step up crime cases, investigation assistance and information-sharing. And both government will not be engaged in or knowingly support online theft of intellectual properties. And we will explore the formulation of appropriate state, behavior and norms of the cyberspace. And we will establish a high-level joint dialogue mechanism on the fight against cyber-crimes and related issues, and to establish hotline links.\nDemocracy and human rights are the common pursuit of mankind. At the same time, we must recognize that countries have different historical processes and realities, and we need to respect people of all countries in the right to choose their own development path independently.\nThe Chinese people are seeking to realize the great renew of the Chinese nation, which is the Chinese history. This process in essence is a process to achieve social equity and justice and advancing human rights. China stands ready to, in the spirit of equality and mutual respect, conduct human rights dialogue with the United States, expand consensus, reduce differences, learn from each other, and progress together.\nWe have decided to continue to work together to tackle global challenges and provide more public good for the international community. We, again, issued a joint announcement on climate change. We have agreed to expand bilateral practical cooperation, strengthen coordination in multilateral negotiation, and work together to push the Paris climate change conference to produce important progress.\nWe have signed China-U.S. development cooperation MOU, and we have agreed to expand trilateral cooperation in Asia, Africa and other regions in terms of food security, public health system establishment, emergency response, and disaster reduction. And we will maintain communication and coordination in implementing the post-2015 development agenda, promote a more equitable and balanced global development partnership, and help developing countries to achieve common development.\nWe have agreed to firmly uphold the international nuclear non-proliferation regime. President Obama and I welcome the comprehensive Joint Plan of Action reached by relevant parties regarding the Iranian nuclear issue. We reaffirmed that all relevant parties should undertake to implement the agreement fully, and work together to implement all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions.\nWe reaffirm our commitment to realize the complete and verifiable denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula in peaceful way. And we oppose any action that might cause tension in the Korean Peninsula or violate U.N. Security Council resolution. We believe that the September the 19th joint statement of the Six-Party talks and relevant U.N. Security Council resolutions should be implemented in full, and all relevant parties should work together to firmly advance the denuclearization process of the Korean Peninsula, and maintain peace and stability so as to achieve enduring peace and stability in Northeast Asia.\nThe friendship between the two peoples is the most reliable foundation for long-term and stable development of China-U.S. relations and we should endeavor to solidify this important foundation.\nWe have decided to make 2016 a year of tourism for China and the United States. In the next three years, we will fund a total of 50,000 students to study in each others countries. We also welcome the United States decision to extend the 100,000 Strong initiative from universities to elementary and secondary schools, and by 2020, 1 million American students will learn Mandarin.\nThe door of friendship of China will continue to be open to the American people. I also hope that the Chinese people could come to the United States for holidays or visits more easily and conveniently.\nMr. President, with 36 years of development, the interests of China and the United States are deeply interconnected, and we have greater responsibilities for world peace and human progress. There are broad areas that the two sides should and can work together. The Chinese side stands ready to work with the United States to uphold a spirit of perseverance, and advance bilateral relations to seek further progress to the better benefits of the Chinese and American people and the people in the world.\nThank you. (Applause.)\nPRESIDENT OBAMA: Okay, were going to take a few questions. Were going to start with Margaret Talev of Bloomberg.\nQ Thank you, Mr. President. President Obama and President Xi, Id like to talk to you about cyber. If I am an American business and Im being hacked by Chinese pirates who are trying to steal my intellectual property, what firm assurances can you give us today that things are going to get better, and when?\nPresident Obama, are you satisfied enough about the steps that China is taking to hold off on imposing any new sanctions to this end? Or what do you still need to see?\nAnd, President Xi, could we expect prosecutions of Chinese people and organizations who have hacked American businesses? And if the U.S. did sanction anyone in China, would you respond with sanctions?\nAlso, everyone will kill me if I dont ask -- what is your reaction to House Speaker John Boehners decision to resign? (Laughter.) Will this make life better or worse for you? Are you concerned it will make it more difficult to avoid a government shutdown or raise the debt limit? And do you think Boehner could just waive the rules and get immigration reform through before he leaves? Thank you.\nPRESIDENT OBAMA: Ill take them in order. With respect to cyber, this has been a serious discussion between myself and President Xi since we first met in Sunnylands. And the good news, from my perspective, is, is that in the lead-up to and then finalized during our meetings here today, we have, I think, made significant progress in agreeing to how our law enforcement and investigators are going to work together, how were going to exchange information, how we are going to go after individuals or entities who are engaging in cyber-crimes or cyber-attacks. And we have jointly affirmed the principle that governments don't engage in cyber-espionage for commercial gain against companies. That all I consider to be progress.\nWhat Ive said to President Xi and what I say to the American people is the question now is, are words followed by actions. And we will be watching carefully to make an assessment as to whether progress has been made in this area.\nWith respect to the various tools that we have to go after those who are attacking our companies or trying to extract trade secrets or data, we have traditional law enforcement tools, but\n-- as I indicated a while back -- through executive action, Ive also instituted the ability to impose sanctions on individuals or entities where we have proof that theyve gone after U.S. companies or U.S. persons.\nAnd we did not, at our level, have specific discussions of specific cases. But I did indicate to President Xi that we will apply those and whatever other tools we have in our toolkit to go after cyber criminals, either retrospectively or prospectively. Those are tools generally that are not directed at governments; they are directed at entities or individuals that we can identify. And theyre not unique to China. Those are tools that were going to be using for cyber criminals around the world.\nAnd President Xi, during these discussions, indicated to me that, with 1.3 billion people, he can't guarantee the behavior of every single person on Chinese soil -- which I completely understand. I cant guarantee the actions of every single American. What I can guarantee, though, and what Im hoping President Xi will show me, is that we are not sponsoring these activities, and that when it comes to our attention that non-governmental entities or individuals are engaging in this stuff, that we take it seriously and were cooperating to enforce the law.\nThe last point Ill make on the cyber issue -- because this is a global problem, and because, unlike some of the other areas of international cooperation, the rules in this area are not well developed, I think its going to very important for the United States and China, working with other nations and the United Nations and other -- and the private sector, to start developing an architecture to govern behavior in cyberspace that is enforceable and clear.\nIt doesnt mean that were going it prevent every cyber-crime, but it does start to serve as a template whereby countries know what the rules are, theyre held accountable, and were able to jointly go after non-state actors in this area.\nOn John Boehner, I just heard the news as I was coming out of the meeting here, so it took me by surprise. And I took the time prior to this press conference to call John directly and talk to him.\nJohn Boehner is a good man. He is a patriot. He cares deeply about the House, an institution in which he served for a long time. He cares about his constituents, and he cares about America. We have obviously had a lot of disagreements, and politically were at different ends of the spectrum. But I will tell you, he has always conducted himself with courtesy and civility with me. He has kept his word when he made a commitment. He is somebody who has been gracious.\nAnd I think maybe most importantly, hes somebody who understands that in government, in governance, you don't get 100 percent of what you want, but you have to work with people who you disagree with -- sometimes strongly -- in order to do the peoples business.\nIm not going to prejudge who the next Speaker will be. That's something that will have to be worked through in the House. And I will certainly reach out immediately to whoever is the new Speaker to see what his or her ideas are, and how we can make progress in the important issues that America faces.\nThe one thing I will say is that my hope is theres a recognition on the part of the next Speaker -- something I think John understood, even though at times it was challenging to bring his caucus along -- that we can have significant differences on issues, but that doesn't mean you shut down the government. That doesn't mean you risk the full faith and credit of the United States. You don't invite potential financial crises. You build roads and pass transportation bills. And you do the basic work of governance that ensures that our military is operating and that our national parks are open and that our kids are learning.\nAnd theres no weakness in that. That's what government is in our democracy. You don't get what you want 100 percent of the time. And so sometimes you take half a loaf; sometimes you take a quarter loaf. And that's certainly something that Ive learned here in this office.\nSo Im looking forward to working with the next Speaker. In the meantime, John is not going to leave for another 30 days, so hopefully he feels like getting as much stuff done as he possibly can. And Ill certainly be looking forward to working with him on that.\nPRESIDENT XI: (As interpreted.) Madam reporter has raised the cybersecurity issue. Indeed, at current, for the international community and for China and the United States, this is an issue all attach great importance to. With President Obama and I have on many occasions -- and this is a long history -- have exchange of views on this. I think its fair to say weve reached a lot of consensus on cybersecurity, including some new consensus.\nOverall, the United States is the strongest country in terms of cyber strength. China is the worlds biggest cyber country in terms of the number of Web users. We have more than 600 million of netizens. Our two sides should cooperate because cooperation will benefit both, and confrontation will lead to losses on both sides. We are entirely able to carry out government department and expert levels of dialogue and exchanges to strengthen our cooperation in many respects and turn the cybersecurity between the two countries into a new growth source, rather than a point of confrontation between the two sides.\nChina strongly opposes and combats the theft of commercial secrets and other kinds of hacking attacks. The U.S. side, if has concerns in this respect, we can, through the exiting channels, express those concerns. The Chinese side will take seriously the U.S. provision of any information. Now, we have already, and in the future, we will still, through the law enforcement authorities, maintain communication and coordination on this matter, and appropriately address them.\nSo, all in all, we have broad, common interest in the field of the cyber. But we need to strengthen cooperation and avoid leading to confrontation. And nor should we politicize this issue. During my current visit, I think its fair to say that the two sides, concerning combatting cyber-crimes, have reached a lot of consensus. Going forward, we need to, at an early date, reach further agreement on them and further put them on the ground.\nThank you.\nNow I would like to propose for Chinas Central Television reporter to raise a question.\nQ Thank you, Mr. President Xi. I have a question for President Obama. I have noticed that last night, during a meeting with President Xi Jinping, as well as at the welcoming ceremony this morning and the just-recently-made remarks, youve indicated that the U.S. welcomes the rise of a peaceful, stable and prosperous China, and supports China to play a bigger role on the international stage. Would you please elaborate? That for your office so far, what have you done to enable reaching this target? And we are more interested for the remainder of the office, what will you do still further to reach that goal? Thank you.\nPRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, first of all, I think that the United States has provided a platform in the post-World War II era in which the Asia region has been able to stabilize, and the conditions in which China was able to grow so rapidly were maintained. And were very proud of the work that we did after World War II to help rebuild both Asia and Europe; to help establish the international norms and rules that facilitated growing global trade and connections and travel and interactions; and to help maintain the peace.\nSince Ive been President, my goal has been to consistently engage with China in a way that is constructive, to manage our differences and to maximize opportunities for cooperation. And Ive repeatedly said that I believe it is in the interests of the United States to see China grow, to pull people out of poverty, to expand its markets, because a successful and stable and peaceful China can then serve as an effective partner with us on a range of international challenges.\nLast night, during our discussions, I mentioned to President Xi that as powerful as the United States is, the nature of the biggest challenges we face -- things like climate change, or terrorism, or pandemic, or refugees -- those are not issues that any one nation alone can solve. And we recognize, because of our strength and the size of our economy and the excellence of our military, that we can play a special role and carry a larger burden, but we cant do it alone. China, despite its size, still has development challenges of its own, so it cant solve these problems alone. Weve got to work together. Weve got to cooperate.\nAnd I think that can happen as long as we continue to recognize that theres a difference between friendly competition -- which we have with some of our closest friends and allies like Great Britain or Germany -- and competition that tilts the playing field unfairly in one direction or another. Thats typically where tensions between our countries arise, is our desire to uphold international norms and rules -- even as we recognize that we need to update some of these international institutions to reflect Chinas growth and strength and power.\nSo President Xi mentioned IMF reform, quota reform. Thats an area where we fully support and want to implement a greater voice and vote for China in that institution, reflective of its strength. The same will be true when we go up to the United Nations on peacekeeping initiatives. China is able to project its capabilities in a way that can be extremely helpful in reducing conflict.\nAnd in all of those issues, as well as education, science, technology, we think that the opportunities for cooperation are there as long as theres reciprocity, transparency, and fairness in the relationship.\nAnd what I have said in the past to President Xi is, is that given Chinas size, we recognize theres still a lot of development to be done and a lot of poverty inside of China, but we can't treat China as if its still a very poor, developing country, as it might have been 50 years ago. It is now a powerhouse. And that means its got responsibilities and expectations in terms of helping to uphold international rules that might not have existed before.\nAnd that is something China should welcome. That's part of the deal of being on the world stage when you're a big country, is you've got more to do. My gray hair testifies to that. (Laughter.)\nJulie Davis.\nQ Thank you, Mr. President. I know you said you didn't want to prejudge the next Speaker. But I wonder if you could tell us what Speaker Boehners resignation today tells you about the Republican Party and your ability to work with Congress in the remainder of your term, particularly since its coming at a time when you're trying to negotiate to avert a government shutdown. Does this make that easier or harder? And do you think that youll be able to move forward with the Congress on priorities like the budget, Planned Parenthood, immigration that you werent able to address with Speaker Boehner in his position?\nAnd for President Xi, you've experienced an economic downturn in your country with the stock market crisis. And investors, globally, have been concerned about some of the actions you've taken to intervene in the stock market and with the currency exchange rate. I wonder if you could stay what you told President Obama, or what you can say today, to restore confidence that these interventions will not have spillover effects into the global economy in the future. Thank you.\nPRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, Julie, I meant what I said. Im not going to prejudge how Ill be able to work with the next Speaker because I don't know who the next Speaker is. And I suspect that theres going to be a lot of debate inside the Republican caucus about who they want to lead them and in what direction.\nIts not as if theres been a multitude of areas where the House Republican caucus has sought cooperation previously, so I don't necessarily think that theres going to be a big shift. I do think that Speaker Boehner sometimes had a tough position because there were members in his caucus who saw compromise of any sort as weakness or betrayal. And when you have divided government, when you have a democracy, compromise is necessary. And I think Speaker Boehner sometimes had difficulty persuading members of his caucus of that.\nHopefully theyve learned some lessons from 2011, the last time that they sought to introduce a non-budget item into the budget discussions. At that it was Obamacare, and they were going to shut down the government for that purpose. It ended up really hurting the economy, slowing it down, and caused a lot of hardship and a lot of problems for a lot of people.\nBecause it turns out, actually, government provides a lot of vital services. Our military provides us protection. Our agencies keep our air clean and our water clean. And our people every single day are helping to respond to emergencies, and helping families get Social Security checks, and helping them deal with an ailing parent. And when you insist that unless I get my way on this one particular issue Im going to shut down all those services -- and, by the way, leave a whole lot of really hardworking people without paychecks -- that doesnt just hurt the economy; that hurts -- in the abstract, it hurts particular families.\nAnd as I recall, it wasnt particularly good for the reputation of the Republican Party either.\nSo, hopefully, some lessons will be drawn there. I expect well continue to have significant fights around issues like Planned Parenthood, and significant fights around issues like immigration. But perhaps the visit by the Holy Father to Congress may have changed hearts and minds. I know that Speaker Boehner was deeply moved by his encounter with Pope Francis. I want to congratulate him, by the way, on facilitating that historic visit. I know it meant a lot to John and his family.\nAnd I would just ask members to really reflect on what His Holiness said -- not in the particulars, but in the general proposition that we should be open to each other, we should not demonize each other, we should not assume that we have a monopoly on the truth or on whats right, that we listen to each other and show each other respect, and that we show regard for the most vulnerable in our society.\nIts not a particularly political message, but I think its a good one -- at a moment when, in our politics, so often the only way you get on the news is if youre really rude or you say really obnoxious things about people, or you insist that other peoples points of views are demonic and evil, and leave no room at all for the possibilities of compromise.\nId like to think that that spirit will continue to permeate Washington for some time to come. And I know that, in his heart, thats who John Boehner was. It was sometimes hard to execute. But as I said, he is a good man and a reasonable man. And hes going to be around for a while, and I hope that we can get some things done before he steps down.\nPRESIDENT XI: (As interpreted.) Thank you, madam reporter, for your interest in Chinas economy. China is now committed to improving the marketized renminbi exchange rate formation regime. Since 2005, we adopted the exchange rate reform. By June this year, the renminbi has risen in value by more than 35 percent with the U.S. dollar. Last month -- in fact, we are continuing to make reforms to the renminbi exchange rate central parity quotation regime. That increased the intensity for the markets to determine the exchange rate of renminbi.\nDue to the influence of factors, such as the previous strengthening of the U.S. dollar and somewhat turbulence on the financial market, the renminbi exchange rate after reform has experienced a certain degree of fluctuation. However, there is no basis for the renminbi to have a devaluation in the long run. At present, the exchange rate between renminbi and U.S. dollars is moving toward stability. Going forward, China will further improve the marketization and formation regime of renminbi exchange rate, maintain the normal fluctuation of the exchange rate, and maintain the basic stability of renminbi at an adaptive and equilibrium level.\nAt present, China is also under increasing pressure of economic downturn and some fluctuations on the stock market. Challenges and difficulties have obviously increased. But what we are taking is proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy. And we describe them as measures to stabilize growth, promote reform, restructuring, promote peoples livelihood, and fend off risks.\nBy comprehensively taking measures, we managed to maintain a 7 percent of growth rate in the first half of this year. Last year, we achieved a 7.3 percent of growth rate. And compared with the aggregate economic strength, the increase -- the absolute increase of the economy is equivalent to the size of a middle-sized economy.\nSo for the first half of this year, our growth order is 7 percent, and for the whole year, I think it is expected at the same level. The Chinese economy maintaining a mid-to-high growth of rate. This is a fundamental that has not changed, because we are equipped with several conditions.\nFirst of all, our peoples income are still at a middle income period. When countries are developing, this is a period where there will be further development. At present, our per capita GDP only stands at $700-$800 U.S. dollars, and that is very much behind the United States. There is big room for ascendency and for increase. And we are now doing what we call as the full reforms or the full processes, which is in formatization -- a new type of industrialization, urbanization, and the agricultural modernization.\nTake the urbanization as an example. Every year, it will increase by 2 percent. Now our urbanization ratio is 53 percent, and it is expected to grow by 2 percent. And that is equivalent to something like 10 million people moving from rural areas to the urban areas. At the same time, were also should not let the rural areas be backward. We need to develop the rural areas. Through the Internet Plus and other policies our industrialization and our urbanization will have a frog-leap development.\nNow, the Chinese economy -- turning to a slower growth rate and turning it from a speed-based growth to quality-based growth, and we are moving from an export-driven and investment-driven economy into an economy driven by expanded consumption and domestic demand. We call this as a new normal of the Chinese economy. And Im confident that going forward, China will surely, for all of us, for everybody, provide a healthy growth that strengthens confidence.\nThank you. And now I would like to remind reporter from the Peoples Daily of China to raise questions.\nQ Thank you, President Xi. I have a question -- to seek guidance. Now, some people in America believe that Chinas growth might challenge the U.S. leading position in the world. My question for President Xi is, what is your view on the current United States and what is Chinas U.S. policy? Thank you.\nPRESIDENT XI: (As interpreted.) Thank you. In my view, the U.S. in economic, in military, has remarkable strength. And other countries in the world are also developing. Still, the U.S. has un-compared advantages and strengths.\nThe Cold War has long ended. Todays world has entered into an era of economic globalization where countries are interdependent upon each other. People should move ahead with the times, and give up on the old concepts of you lose, I win or zero-sum game, and establish a new concept of peaceful development and willing cooperation.\nIf China develops well, it will benefit the whole world and benefit the United States. If the U.S. develops well, it will also benefit the world and China.\nChinas policy towards the U.S. is consistent and transparent. As the worlds biggest developing country and biggest developed countries, and as the worlds two biggest economies, our two sides have broad and common interests on world peace and human progress, and shoulder important and common responsibilities, although our two sides also have certain differences. But the common interests of the two countries far outweigh those differences.\nIt is also my sincere hope that the two sides of China and the U.S. will proceed from the fundamental interests of the two peoples and world people, make joint efforts to build a new model of major-country relations between two countries, and realize non-conflict, non-confrontation, mutual respect and cooperation.\nThat should serve as a direction where both sides should strive unswervingly. China is the current international systems builder, contributor, and developer, and participant, and also beneficiary. We are willing to work with all other countries to firmly defend the fruits of victory of the Second World War, and the existing international system, centered on the -- and at the same time, promote them to developing a more just and equitable direction.\nChina has raised the One Belt One Road initiative and proposed to establish the AIIB, et cetera. And all of their aims are to expand mutual and beneficial cooperation with other countries and realize common development. These initiatives are open, transparent, inclusive. They are consistent in serving the interests of the U.S. and other countries interest. And we will come -- the U.S. and other parties -- to actively participate in them.\nThank you.\nEND\n1:20 P.M. EDT\nShare This: TwitterFacebookEmail\nTwitter\nInstagram\nFacebook\nGoogle+\nYoutube\nMore ways to engage\nContact Us\nEmail\nHome\nBriefing RoomFrom the News RoomLatest News\nShare-Worthy\nPhotos\nVideo Gallery\nLive Events\nMusic & Arts Performances\nFrom the Press OfficeYour Weekly Address\nSpeeches & Remarks\nPress Briefings\nStatements & Releases\nWhite House Schedule\nPresidential Actions\nLegislation\nNominations & Appointments\nDisclosures\nIssuesPopular TopicsThe Record\nCabinet Exit Memos\nCriminal Justice Reform\nCuba\nSee All\nTop IssuesCivil Rights\nClimate Change\nEconomy\nEducation\nForeign Policy\nHealth Care\nIran Deal\nImmigration Action\nMoreDefense\nDisabilities\nEthics\nEqual Pay\nHomeland Security\nReducing Gun Violence\nRural\nService\nMoreSeniors & Social Security\nTaxes\nTechnology\nTrade\nUrban and Economic Mobility\nVeterans\nWomen\nThe AdministrationPeoplePresident Barack Obama\nVice President Joe Biden\nFirst Lady Michelle Obama\nDr. Jill Biden\nThe Cabinet\nExecutive Office of the President\nSenior White House Leadership\nOther Advisory Boards\nExecutive OfficesOffice of Management and Budget\nOffice of Science and Technology Policy\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\nCouncil on Environmental Quality\nNational Security Council\nSee All\nInitiativesLets Move\nJoining Forces\nReach Higher\nMy Brother's Keeper\nPrecision Medicine\nSpecial EventsState of the Union\nInauguration\nMedal of Freedom\nParticipateDigitalFollow Us on Social Media\nWe the Geeks Hangouts\nMobile Apps\nDeveloper Tools\nTools You Can Use\nJoin UsTours & Events\nJobs with the Administration\nInternships\nWhite House Fellows\nPresidential Innovation Fellows\nUnited States Digital Service\nLeadership Development Program\nSpeak OutWe the People Petitions\nContact the White House\nCitizens Medal\nChampions of Change\n1600 PennInside the White HouseWest Wing Tour\nEisenhower Executive Office Building Tour\nVideo Series\nDcor and Art\nHolidays\nSee All\nHistory & GroundsPresidents\nFirst Ladies\nThe Vice President's Residence & Office\nEisenhower Executive Office Building\nCamp David\nAir Force One\nOur GovernmentThe Executive Branch\nThe Legislative Branch\nThe Judicial Branch\nThe Constitution\nFederal Agencies & Commissions\nElections & Voting\nState & Local Government\nResources\nEn Espaol\nAccessibility\nCopyright Information\nPrivacy Policy\nUSA.gov", "url": "https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/25/remarks-president-obama-and-president-xi-peoples-republic-china-joint" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Readout of President Joe Bidens Meeting with President Xi Jinping of the Peoples Republic of China | The White House\nSkip to content\nThe White House\nThe White House\nThe White House\nHome\nAdministration\nPriorities\nThe Record\nBriefing Room\nEspaol\nInstagramOpens in a new window\nFacebookOpens in a new window\nXOpens in a new window\nYouTubeOpens in a new window\nContact Us\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nMenu\nClose\nTo search this site, enter a search term\nSearch\nMobile Menu Overlay\nAdministration\nShow submenu for Administration\nPresident Joe Biden\nVice President Kamala Harris\nFirst Lady Dr. Jill Biden\nSecond Gentleman Douglas Emhoff\nThe Cabinet\nExecutive Offices\nShow submenu for Executive Offices\nCouncil of Economic Advisers\nCouncil on Environmental Quality\nDomestic Policy Council\nGender Policy Council\nNational Economic Council\nNational Security Council\nNational Space Council\nOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs\nOffice of Management and Budget\nOffice of the National Cyber Director\nOffice of National Drug Control Policy\nOffice of Public Engagement\nOffice of Science and Technology Policy\nOffice of the United States Trade Representative\nClimate Policy Office\nPresidential Personnel Office\nPriorities\nBriefing Room\nThe White House\nShow submenu for The White House\nPresidents\nFirst Families\nThe Grounds\nOur Government\nGet Involved\nShow submenu for Get Involved\nWrite or Call The White House\nJoin Us\nWhite House Fellows\nWhite House Internship Program\nThe Record\nDisclosures\nEspaol\nContact Us\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nInstagramOpens in a new window\nFacebookOpens in a new window\nXOpens in a new window\nYouTubeOpens in a new window\nThe White House\n1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW\nWashington, DC 20500\nTo search this site, enter a search term\nSearch\nNovember 15, 2023\nReadout of President JoeBidens Meeting with President Xi Jinping of the Peoples Republic ofChina\nHome\nBriefing Room\nStatements and Releases\nPresident Joseph R. Biden, Jr. today held a Summit with President Xi Jinping of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), in Woodside, California. The two leaders held a candid and constructive discussion on a range of bilateral and global issues including areas of potential cooperation and exchanged views on areas of difference.\nPresident Biden emphasized that the United States and China are in competition, noting that the United States would continue to invest in the sources of American strength at home and align with allies and partners around the world. He stressed that the United States would always stand up for its interests, its values, and its allies and partners. He reiterated that the world expects the United States and China to manage competition responsibly to prevent it from veering into conflict, confrontation, or a new Cold War.\nThe two leaders made progress on a number of key issues. They welcomed the resumption of bilateral cooperation to combat global illicit drug manufacturing and trafficking, including synthetic drugs like fentanyl, and establishment of a working group for ongoing communication and law enforcement coordination on counternarcotics issues. President Biden stressed that this new step will advance the U.S. whole-of-government effort to counter the evolving threat of illicit synthetic drugs and to reduce the diversion of precursor chemicals and pill presses to drug cartels.\nThe two leaders welcomed the resumption of high-level military-to-military communication, as well as the U.S.-China Defense Policy Coordination Talks and the U.S.-China Military Maritime Consultative Agreement meetings. Both sides are also resuming telephone conversations between theater commanders.\nThe leaders affirmed the need to address the risks of advanced AI systems and improve AI safety through U.S.-China government talks.\nThe two leaders exchanged views on key regional and global challenges. President Biden underscored the United States support for a free and open Indo-Pacific that is connected, prosperous, secure, and resilient. The President reaffirmed the United States ironclad commitment to defending our Indo-Pacific allies. The President emphasized the United States enduring commitment to freedom of navigation and overflight, adherence to international law, maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea and East China Sea, and the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.\nPresident Biden reaffirmed that the United States, alongside allies and partners, will continue to support Ukraines defense against Russian aggression, to ensure Ukraine emerges from this war as a democratic, independent, sovereign, and prosperous nation that can deter and defend itself against future aggression. Regarding the Israel-Hamas conflict, the President reiterated U.S. support for Israels right to defend itself against terrorism and emphasized the importance of all countries using their influence to prevent escalation and expansion of the conflict.\nPresident Biden underscored the universality ofhuman rights and the responsibility of all nations to respect their international human rights commitments. He raised concerns regarding PRC human rights abuses, including in Xinjiang, Tibet, and Hong Kong. On Taiwan,President Biden emphasized that our one China policy has not changed and has been consistent across decades and administrations. He reiterated that the United States opposes any unilateral changes to the status quo from either side, that we expect cross-strait differences to be resolved by peaceful means, and that the world has an interest in peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait. He called for restraint in the PRCs use of military activity in and around the Taiwan Strait. President Biden also raised continued concerns about the PRCs unfair trade policies, non-market economic practices, and punitive actions against U.S. firms, which harm American workers and families. The President emphasized that the United States will continue to take necessary actions to prevent advanced U.S. technologies from being used to undermine our own national security, without unduly limiting trade and investment.\nThe President again emphasized that it remains a priority to resolve the cases of American citizens who are wrongfully detained or subject to exit bans in China.\nThe two leaders reiterated the importance of ties between the people of the United States and the Peoples Republic of China, and committed to work towards a significant further increase in scheduled passenger flights early next year, in parallel with actions to restore full implementation of the U.S.-China air transportation agreement, to support exchanges between the two countries. The two leaders also encouraged the expansion of educational, student, youth, cultural, sports, and business exchanges.\nThe two leaders underscored the importance of working together to accelerate efforts to tackle the climate crisis in this critical decade. They welcomed recent positive discussions between their respective special envoys for climate, including on national actions to reduce emissions in the 2020s, on common approaches toward a successful COP 28, and on operationalizing the Working Group on Enhancing Climate Action in the 2020s to accelerate concrete climate actions. President Biden stated that the United States stands ready to work together with the PRC to address transnational challenges, such as health security and debt and climate finance in developing countries and emerging markets.\nBuilding on the November 2022 meeting in Bali where they discussed the development of principles related to U.S. China relations, the two leaders acknowledged the efforts of their respective teams to explore best practices for the relationship. They stressed the importance of responsibly managing competitive aspects of the relationship, preventing conflict, maintaining open lines of communication, cooperating on areas of shared interest, upholding the UN Charter, and all countries treating each other with respect and finding a way to live alongside each other peacefully. The leaders welcomed continued discussions in this regard.\nThe two leaders agreed that their teams will follow-up on their discussions in San Francisco with continued high-level diplomacy and interactions, including visits in both directions and ongoing working-level consultations in key areas, including on commercial, economic, financial, Asia-Pacific, arms control and nonproliferation, maritime, export control enforcement, policy-planning, agriculture, and disability issues.\n###\nNext Post: Remarks by President Biden and First Lady Jill Biden After a Welcome Reception for APEC Leaders | San Francisco, CA\nRemarks by PresidentBiden and First Lady JillBiden After a Welcome Reception for APEC Leaders | San Francisco,CA\nNovember 15, 2023 \nSpeeches and Remarks\nNext\t\t\t\t\tPost\nStay Connected\nSign Up\nEmail Address* Required\nZIP Code\nPlease leave blank.\nWe'll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build back better.\nOpt in to send and receive text messages from President Biden.\nShare\nShare this page on Facebook\nShare this page on X\nhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/11/15/readout-of-president-joe-bidens-meeting-with-president-xi-jinping-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-2/?utm_source=link\nHome\nThe Administration\nExecutive Offices\nPriorities\nThe Record\nBriefing Room\nThe White House\nDisclosures\nGet Involved\nEspaol\nContact Us\nPrivacy Policy\nCopyright Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nInstagramOpens in a new window\nFacebookOpens in a new window\nXOpens in a new window\nYouTubeOpens in a new window\nThe White House\n1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW\nWashington, DC 20500\nWH.gov\nScroll to Top\nScroll to Top\nTop", "url": "https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/11/15/readout-of-president-joe-bidens-meeting-with-president-xi-jinping-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-2/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Full Text: Remarks by Chinese President Xi Jinping at Leaders Summit on Climate - Xinhua | English.news.cn\nHome\nChina\nBusiness\nCulture\nWorld\nSports\nGLOBALink\nXinhua Headlines\nMore\nPhotos\nVideo\nIn-depth\nLatest\nXinhua New Media\nSpecial Reports\nB&R Initiative\nBiz China Weekly\nEditions\nAsia & Pacific\nEurope\nAfrica\nNorth America\n\nFranais\n\nDeutsch\nEspaol\n\n\n\nPortugus\nHome\nLatest News\nChina\nBusiness\nCulture\nWorld\nSports\nPhotos\nVideo\nWatch China\nSpecial Reports\nXinhua New Media\nGLOBALink\nXinhua Headlines\nEditions\nAsia & Pacific\nEurope\nAfrica\nNorth America\n\nFranais\n\nDeutsch\nEspaol\n\n\n\nPortugus\nWednesday,May29,2024\nEditions\nGlobal Edition\nChina Edition\nAfrica Edition\nEurope Edition\nAsia & Pacific\n\nChinese(GB)\nChinese(Big5)\nFranais\n\n\nEspaol\n\nDeutsch\nPortugus\nNorth America\nFull Text: Remarks by Chinese President Xi Jinping at Leaders Summit on Climate\nSource: Xinhua| 2021-04-22 22:51:43|Editor: huaxia\nVideo PlayerClose\nAt the invitation of U.S. President Joe Biden, Chinese President Xi Jinping attends the Leaders Summit on Climate via video link and delivers an important speech titled \"For Man and Nature: Building a Community of Life Together\" in Beijing, capital of China, April 22, 2021. (Xinhua/Huang Jingwen)\nBEIJING, April 22 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Xi Jinping delivered a speech at the Leaders Summit on Climate via video link from Beijing on Thursday.\nPlease see the attachment for the translation of the full text of the speech. Enditem\nFull Text: Remarks by Chinese President Xi Jinping at Leaders Summit on Climate\nFor Man and Nature: Building a Community of Life Together\nRemarks by H.E. Xi Jinping\nPresident of the Peoples Republic of China\nAt the Leaders Summit on Climate\n22 April 2021\nHonorable President Joe Biden,\nHonorable Colleagues,\nIt is a great pleasure to join you at the Leaders Summit on Climate on Earth Day. I wish to thank President Biden for the kind invitation. It is good to have this opportunity to have an in-depth exchange of views with you on climate change, and to discuss ways to tackle this challenge and find a path forward for man and Nature to live in harmony.\nSince time of the industrial civilization, mankind has created massive material wealth. Yet, it has come at a cost of intensified exploitation of natural resources, which disrupted the balance in the Earths ecosystem, and laid bare the growing tensions in the human-Nature relationship. In recent years, climate change, biodiversity loss, worsening desertification and frequent extreme weather events have all posed severe challenges to human survival and development. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has added difficulty to economic and social development across countries. Faced with unprecedented challenges in global environmental governance, the international community needs to come up with unprecedented ambition and action. We need to act with a sense of responsibility and unity, and work together to foster a community of life for man and Nature.\n We must be committed to harmony between man and Nature. All things that grow live in harmony and benefit from the nourishment of Nature. Mother Nature is the cradle of all living beings, including humans. It provides everything essential for humanity to survive and thrive. Mother Nature has nourished us, and we must treat Nature as our root, respect it, protect it, and follow its laws. Failure to respect Nature or follow its laws will only invite its revenge. Systemic spoil of Nature will take away the foundation of human survival and development, and will leave us human beings like a river without a source and a tree without its roots. We should protect Nature and preserve the environment like we protect our eyes, and endeavor to foster a new relationship where man and Nature can both prosper and live in harmony.\n We must be committed to green development. Green mountains are gold mountains. To protect the environment is to protect productivity, and to improve the environment is to boost productivity the truth is as simple as that. We must abandon development models that harm or undermine the environment, and must say no to shortsighted approaches of going after near-term development gains at the expense of the environment. Much to the contrary, we need to ride the trend of technological revolution and industrial transformation, seize the enormous opportunity in green transition, and let the power of innovation drive us to upgrade our economic, energy and industrial structures, and make sure that a sound environment is there to buttress sustainable economic and social development worldwide.\n We must be committed to systemic governance. Mountains, rivers, forests as well as farmlands, lakes, grasslands and deserts all make indivisible parts of the ecosystem. Protecting the ecosystem requires more than a simplistic, palliative approach. We need to follow the innate laws of the ecosystem and properly balance all elements and aspects of Nature. This is a way that may take us where we want to be, an ecosystem in sound circulation and overall balance.\n We must be committed to a people-centered approach. The environment concerns the well-being of people in all countries. We need to take into full account peoples longing for a better life and a good environment as well as our responsibility for future generations. We need to look for ways to protect the environment, grow the economy, create jobs and remove poverty all at the same time, so as to deliver social equity and justice in the course of green transition and increase peoples sense of benefit, happiness and security.\n We must be committed to multilateralism. We need to work on the basis of international law, follow the principle of equity and justice, and focus on effective actions. We need to uphold the UN-centered international system, comply with the objectives and principles laid out in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement, and strive to deliver the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. We need to each take stronger actions, strengthen partnerships and cooperation, learn from each other and make common progress in the new journey toward global carbon neutrality. In this process, we must join hands, not point fingers at each other; we must maintain continuity, not reverse course easily; and we must honor commitments, not go back on promises.\nChina welcomes the United States return to the multilateral climate governance process. Not long ago, the Chinese and US sides released a Joint Statement Addressing the Climate Crisis. China looks forward to working with the international community including the United States to jointly advance global environmental governance.\n We must be committed to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities is the cornerstone of global climate governance. Developing countries now face multiple challenges to combat COVID-19, grow the economy, and address climate change. We need to give full recognition to developing countries contribution to climate action and accommodate their particular difficulties and concerns. Developed countries need to increase climate ambition and action. At the same time, they need to make concrete efforts to help developing countries strengthen the capacity and resilience against climate change, support them in financing, technology, and capacity building, and refrain from creating green trade barriers, so as to help developing countries accelerate the transition to green and low-carbon development.\nColleagues,\nThe Chinese civilization has always valued harmony between man and Nature as well as observance of the laws of Nature. It has been our constant pursuit that man and Nature could live in harmony with each other. Ecological advancement and conservation have been written into Chinas Constitution and incorporated into Chinas overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics. China will follow the Thought on Ecological Civilization and implement the new development philosophy. We will aim to achieve greener economic and social development in all aspects, with a special focus on developing green and low-carbon energy. We will continue to prioritize ecological conservation and pursue a green and low-carbon path to development.\nLast year, I made the official announcement that China will strive to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. This major strategic decision is made based on our sense of responsibility to build a community with a shared future for mankind and our own need to secure sustainable development. China has committed to move from carbon peak to carbon neutrality in a much shorter time span than what might take many developed countries, and that requires extraordinarily hard efforts from China. The targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality have been added to Chinas overall plan for ecological conservation. We are now making an action plan and are already taking strong nationwide actions toward carbon peak. Support is being given to peaking pioneers from localities, sectors and companies. China will strictly control coal-fired power generation projects, and strictly limit the increase in coal consumption over the 14th Five-Year Plan period and phase it down in the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Moreover, China has decided to accept the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and tighten regulations over non-carbon dioxide emissions. Chinas national carbon market will also start trading.\nAs a participant, contributor and trailblazer in global ecological conservation, China is firmly committed to putting multilateralism into action and promoting a fair and equitable system of global environmental governance for win-win cooperation. China will host COP15 to the Convention on Biological Diversity this October and looks forward to working with all parties to enhance global governance on biodiversity. We support COP26 to the UNFCCC in achieving positive outcomes. As we in China often say, It is more important to show people how to fish than just giving them fish. China has done its best to help developing countries build capacity against climate change through various forms of results-oriented South-South cooperation. From remote sensing satellites for climate monitoring in Africa to low-carbon demonstration zones in Southeast Asia and to energy-efficient lights in small island countries, such cooperation has yielded real, tangible and solid results. China has also made ecological cooperation a key part of Belt and Road cooperation. A number of green action initiatives have been launched, covering wide-ranging efforts in green infrastructure, green energy, green transport and green finance, to bring enduring benefits to the people of all Belt and Road partner countries.\nColleagues,\nAs we say in China, When people pull together, nothing is too heavy to be lifted. Climate change poses pressing, formidable and long-term challenges to us all. Yet I am confident that as long as we unite in our purposes and efforts and work together with solidarity and mutual assistance, we will rise above the global climate and environment challenges and leave a clean and beautiful world to future generations.\nThank you.\n1 2 3 Next\n1 2 3 Next\nKEY WORDS:\nYOU MAY LIKE\nEXPLORE XINHUANET\nNews\nChina\nBusiness\nCulture\nWorld\nSports\nIn-depth\nRegions\nAsia & Pacific\nAmericas\nEurope\nAfrica\nNorth America\nOrganizations\nServices\nInvestment\nDoing Business\nWork in China\nStudy in China\nVisit China\nLive in China\nEmergency\nWeather\nMore\nSpecial Reports\nVideo\nPhotos\nCorrections\nMedia\nPeople's Daily\nChina.org.cn\nenglish.cctv.com\nChina Daily\nCRI.cn\nYouth.cn\nCE.cn\nTaiwan.cn\nGMW.cn\nEcns.cn\nQiushi Journal\nCopyright 2000-2024 XINHUANET.com All rights reserved.\nFull Text: Remarks by Chinese President Xi Jinping at Leaders Summit on Climate\n010020070750000000000000011105521398992891", "url": "http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-04/22/c_139899289.htm" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Obvious plot-hole? (Spoilers) - Dragon Quest IX: Sentinels of the Starry Skies\nMenuHomeBoardsNewsQ&ACommunityContributeGames3DSAndroidBoard/CardiOSPCPlayStation3PlayStation4PlayStation5SwitchVitaXbox 360Xbox OneXbox SeriesMore SystemsPCPS4PS5SwitchXbox OneXbox SeriesMoreSystems 3DSAndroidBoard / CardDSGame Boy AdvanceGameCubeiOSNintendo 64PlayStationPlayStation 2PlayStation 3PSPSuper NintendoVitaWiiWii UXbox 360See All 143...\nLog In\nSign Up\nGameFAQsBoardsNewsQ&ACommunityContributeGames\nObvious plot-hole? (Spoilers)Dragon Quest IX: Sentinels of the Starry SkiesDSLog in to add games to your listsNotify me about new: Guides Cheats Reviews Questions News Board Topics Board MessagesAdd this game to my: Favorite Games Favorite BoardsGuidesQ&ABoardMoreHomeSummaryRelease DataGame CreditsAlso PlayingCollection StatsGame TriviaGuidesQ&ACheatsSavesReviewsMediaBoxesImagesVideosBoard\nWhat do you need help on?\nCancel X\nTopic Archived Page 1234 of 4 Next Last\nYou're browsing the GameFAQs Message Boards as a guest. Sign Up for free (or Log In if you already have an account) to be able to post messages, change how messages are displayed, and view media in posts.BoardsDragon Quest IX: Sentinels of the Starry SkiesObvious plot-hole? (Spoilers)Krows 13 years ago#1So I found this game to be amazing right up until the end. Namely when Corvus turns out to be a higher ranked celestial and Your character is forced to watch as he easily beats you. Then, with a trip back up to Celestia, You find out that you are the only one strong enough to take him on and win. This presented a dilemma, to which I immediately thought: Promotion! If I become a higher \"rank\" than Corvus, then he won`t be able to fight ME, and I will have sweet sweet justice!The game then descends from there, by suggesting that I eat one of the fyggs and turn mortal. O rly? May I remind you that I spent hours and hours helping every person in the whole WORLD? I went and got back ALL 7 FYGGS, and then when they were stolen, proactively went to retrieve them? All while every other celestial sat in Celestia and watched? I even helped a CAT! After beating the end (and finding the fygg end-game) I havent been able to play it since. Nothing like a bad ending to ruin a fun game. (Like Borderlands!)Did anyone else think of a promotion before wanting to turn mortal?I nominate this for the worst argument and dumbest post award- exid11RPG_Wizard 13 years ago#2The problem is that it's demonstrated that Corvus has ascended to the rank of the Almighty. The ONLY Celestrian who could possibly outrank him at this point is Apus Major, and he's too old. He cannot promote you to the same rank as he, which makes promoting you as a Celestrian impossible with respect to combating Corvus. Celestria's power is still too invested in the Celestrians and she cannot promote you beyond the rank of someone who has usurped her father.Perhaps if Corvus hadn't doom lasered The Realm of the Almighty, this would have been feasible...but promotion didn't cross my mind further than \"Is there anyone who could do it? No? Oh well.\"*Casts Doom on everything* You all must now feel the pain that I have felt...DIE!A.K.A. Dark_RPG_Wizard_06GauRocks 13 years ago#3Someone else pointed out that beating Corvus by being as humble as possible is more fitting for the main character than being promoted to the title of \"Greatest Celestrian Ever\":{//=|ROYAL DEFENDER OF NABOO|=\\\\}: REALLY - adv. Apparently.Krows (Topic Creator)13 years ago#4It just seems like a kick in the nuts to me... after all the work the main character does, the only option is to kick him out of celestia and turn him into a mortal.I nominate this for the worst argument and dumbest post award- exid11atmasabr 13 years ago#5Apus Major says that even he cannot outrank Corvus. That is a clear explanation and a thrilling (as in, it's demoralizing) twist.To me the contradiction was that the fact that, as a fallen Angel, the law of Celestia even applies to him at all. Up to then I figured the clue to explaining Aquilla's actions was the fact that the law of Celestia prevented you from opposing him. If his actions were in fact good, that would explain why.Did anyone else think of a promotion before wanting to turn mortal?No. I thought of doing something to cause him to fall from grace.Do your own research!RPG_Wizard 13 years ago#6To me the contradiction was that the fact that, as a fallen Angel, the law of Celestia even applies to him at all. Up to then I figured the clue to explaining Aquilla's actions was the fact that the law of Celestia prevented you from opposing him. If his actions were in fact good, that would explain why.Doesn't that resolve itself after the first fight with him, whereupon he sheds what lingering remnants of Celestrian he still harbored? I seem to recall him commenting that upon seeing that you've shed your Celestrian status, he does so as well.*Casts Doom on everything* You all must now feel the pain that I have felt...DIE!A.K.A. Dark_RPG_Wizard_06Starwars4J 13 years ago#7Apus Major says that even he cannot outrank Corvus.Don't remember him ever saying this, but the point is that the laws are...well, ignored. Even if Corvus outranked Apus, the fact is that he doesn't outrank the Almighty. You know, the guy he attacked.So clearly the \"law\" isn't some binding force, but rather just that: a law celestrians choose to follow out of some moral code. However clearly the MC wanted to kick Corvus' ass, and becomes mortal to do so. All it changes by becoming mortal is to create a loophole and bypass some bit of bureaucracy, something that normally wouldn't affect someone's moral standing on an issue.MC became mortal because it made it seem like more of a sacrifice, not because it made sense. This is a case of the story being driven by drama, not the other way around. In other words: lazy writers.What I can't get over is how she ripped one testicle off..~FrogstirI can't read your topics without expecting Bel Air now.~KensaiBlade\nSchesparn 13 years ago#8I don't recall the law ever mentioning it applied to the Almighty -- Only Celestrians...Why is it every time I need to get somewhere, we get waylaid by jackassery?TheWolfmanJake 13 years ago#9I thought it more literally that the Celestrians cannot oppose their superiors. Zenus, The Almighty, created the Celestrians after his daughter Celestria transformed herself into Yggdrasil so that they could harvest Benevolesence and free his daughter's consciousness. Of course, since Celestria openly defied her father Zenus to stop the mortal world from being destroyed, Zenus made sure that his will would not be undermined again, so a strict chain of command was implemented into the being of each Celestrian so that they wouldn't not defy the Almighty.Corvus became corrupted and was able to usurp the Almighty. Part of him is still Celestrian, so full Celestrians still respect the chain of command, of which Corvus is now at the top. Remember that Corvus was the superior of Aquillas, and that Aquillas was probably one of if not these most senior Celestrians when the game starts. Only Apus Major seemed to outrank him. Apus Major maybe could pull rank on Corvus, but he is too old and weak now to defeat him. With Aquillas apparently dead, no other Celestrian evidence the power needed to take down Corvus. Mortals have always had the ability to defy the Almighty, hence Zenus' resentment towards them and willingness to eradicate them from creation, so it makes sense for the Hero to become mortal to combat Corvus. In effect, it's almost a double redundancy measure for success. Corvus can't pull rank on a mortal with his Celestrian status, AND mortals can defy even the Almighty. It's actually quite a clever bit of plotting.Veola 13 years ago#10Apus Major says that even he cannot outrank Corvus.He said he couldn't beat Corvus right after saying you couldn't fight Corvus.The contrast was pretty clear there.BoardsDragon Quest IX: Sentinels of the Starry SkiesObvious plot-hole? (Spoilers)\nTopic ArchivedPage 1234 of 4 Next Last\nMore Topics from this BoardBestiary entries (potential spoilers)5 posts, 12/23 8:59PMDragon Quest IX Discord Server4 posts, 5/25 7:48PMPatch Update50 posts, 3/9 1:25PMBestiary entries (potential spoilers)5 posts, 12/23 8:59PMSo what will I be missing out on ?15 posts, 12/21 3:28PM\nGameFAQs Q&AWhat is the best way to level up? Main Quest14 AnswersHow do I unlock the sage vocation? Side Quest4 AnswersWhich class is the best? General5 AnswersWhats the best type of weapon for each class? Side Quest5 AnswersWhats the best way to make money ? Side Quest4 AnswersAsk A QuestionBrowse More Questions\nGameFAQsfacebook.com/GFAQstwitter.com/GameFAQsHelp / Contact UsChange Colors Blue (Default)\nBlue on Black\nRed\nRed on Black\nGreen\nGreen on Black\nOrange\nOrange on Black\nPurple\nPurple on Black\nCloudy Blue\nGrayscale\nSepia\nCotton Candy\ngamespot.comgiantbomb.commetacritic.comfandom.comfanatical.comSitemapPartnershipsCareersTerms of UseDigital Services ActPrivacy PolicyCookie SettingsReportAd 2024 FANDOM, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.", "url": "https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/boards/937281-dragon-quest-ix-sentinels-of-the-starry-skies/56173167" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Wizard101 Celestia Main Quest Line Guide - Final Bastion\nFinal Bastion\nAbout Us\nThe Crew\nPrivacy Policy\nSite Rules\nCommunity Links\nWizard101\nW101 Beastmoon Guides\nW101 Crafting Guides\nW101 Dungeons & Boss Guides\nW101 Fishing Guides\nW101 Gear, Jewels & Mounts\nW101 Housing & Gardening Guides\nW101 Monstrology Guides\nW101 Pet Guides\nW101 PvP Guides\nW101 Quest Guides\nW101 Spell Guides\nW101 Training Point Guides\nPirate101\nP101 Bundle & Pack Guides\nP101 Companion Guides\nP101 Dungeon, Boss & NPC Guides\nP101 Farming Guides\nP101 Gear, Ships & Mounts\nP101 Pet Guides\nP101 PvP Guides\nP101 Stats, Talents & Powers\nTools\nFull Wizard101 Spells List\nW101 Training Point Calculator\nW101 Damage Resist Pierce Calculator\nW101 SpellMaker\nW101 Pet Talent Calculator\nTrivia Machine\nFull Pirate101 Skills List\nP101 Skills Calculator\nContact Us\nSite News\nHome Wizard101-Worlds Celestia Celestia Main Quest Line Guide October 15, 2010 November 3, 2023misthead\nWizard101 Main Quest Line\nCelestia\n[Looking for a different part of this series? Click here]\nQuesting through the higher worlds can be time consuming. Especially if youre questing by yourself, you can take ages to complete a world. In times like those, it can be helpful to see your progress: see which areas youve done and which ones are still ahead of you. This guide is meant to give you courage while questing. By following the quests in this guide, you can see exactly how many more collect and defeat (C&D) quests you still have before you can move on to the next area. I hope this guide will help you keep going, as you see the list of quests get shorter and shorter with every step you take.\nIm only listing the main quest line quests, aka storyline quests, which means the ones you have to do in order to get to the next area. Side quests are not mentioned. For each world, I list the quests you have to do in a certain area. The areas are listed in the order you should do them in (unless otherwise specified). The area is not always one hundred percent correct, as certain quests can require you to run back and forward between areas to talk to people. To simplify matters, I have not listed this kind of running; the quest will say talk but not where the NPC is located. Also, if there is only one quest in an area, I will not mention the area separately. Between brackets are the different parts of the quest, as sometimes a quest will require you to do multiple things.\nI have divided the quests in the Spiral into the following groups:\nTalk: Quests that require an interaction with an NPC.\nMob: Quests that require the defeat of regular monsters.\nD&C: Quests that require the collection of something from certain monsters (Defeat and Collect).\nBoss: Quests that require the defeat of a boss. Elite monsters are not counted as bosses.\nCheat: Quests the require the defeat of a cheating boss.\nDouble boss: Quests that require the defeat of two bosses at once.\nInstance: Quests that require the completion of a dungeon.\nPuzzle: Quests that require the solution to a puzzle.\nInteract: Quests that require interaction with a certain object.\nCollect: Quests that require interaction with multiple items of a kind.\nExplore: Quests that just require you to run towards a certain area, NPC or item.\nCelestia Main Quest Line\nCelestia has a total of 95 quests. Of those quests, 21 are Defeat and Collect quests, and 24 regular mob fights. Celestia has 26 bosses, of which only the last 3 are cheaters. There are 4 instances: The Stellarium, The Portico, The Chancel and Trial of the Spheres.\nPersonally, I liked Trial of the Spheres a lot. The puzzles were a lot of fun to figure out, though I have to admit I still dont know how one of them works (the one on the right). The last room, Sanctum of the Sun, was the perfect spot for a picture with friends.\nSurvey Camp\nDoor to the Stars (talk + explore + talk)\nDeeper and Deeper (talk)\nSurvivors (talk 4x)\nTaking Notes (interact + talk)\nFixing a Hole (D&C + talk + collect + talk)\nOff the Map (collect + talk + D&C + talk + explore + boss + talk)\nRub-A-Dub (interact + talk)\nBreathing Room (interact + talk)\nThe Grotto\n9. Whole Lotta Grotto (talk)\n10. Crustacean Nation (D&C + talk)\n11. Coral of the Story (collect + talk)\n12. Shocking News (interact + mob + interact + talk)\n13. Pack Crabs (D&C + explore + talk)\n14. The Starfish Chamber (explore + boss + talk)\n15. My Dinner with Algae (D&C + interact + boss + interact + talk)\n16. Johnny-on-the-Spot (talk + interact + talk)\nDistrict of the Stars\n17. Just Popping In (talk)\n18. Explorer101 (explore + talk + D&C + talk)\n19. Star Cores (interact + talk)\n20. Forging Ahead (interact + talk)\n21. Reference Materials (talk + collect + talk)\n22. Putting Pieces Together (explore + explore + talk)\n23. Tide and Tile (D&C + explore + explore + talk)\n24. Turning Tiles (interact + talk)\n25. Archivist, Revisited (talk)\n26. Con Job (interact 4x + talk)\n27. Teeth of the Shark (interact + talk + explore + boss + talk)\n28. Into the Stellarium (interact)\n29. A Star is Born (instance: explore + boss + interact + explore + boss)\n28. Into the Stellarium (interact + talk)\nInstance name: The Stellarium\nThe Floating Land\n30. On the Waterfront (talk)\n31. Spirit of the Sea (mob + talk)\n32. A Stormy Offering (collect + interact + talk)\n33. Claw of the Jungle (boss + boss + talk)\n34. Distress Call (talk)\n35. Gahlwok This Way (explore + boss + talk)\n36. Celestian Idol (collect + talk)\n37. Almost Friends (mob + talk + explore + boss + talk)\n38. Crash of the Sky-Fish (talk + talk)\n39. As the Water Falls (D&C + talk)\n40. Barking up the Tree (talk + talk)\n41. Lets Go Bowling (explore + talk)\n42. Cutting Crew (collect + talk + interact + talk)\nStormriven\n43. To Stormriven! (talk)\n44. Its the Plumber (interact + interact + talk)\n45. Ghosts of Celestia (D&C + interact + mob + interact + talk)\n46. The Moon Below (interact + talk)\n47. Celestian Leftovers (talk + talk)\n48. Stars and Shadow (interact + talk + D&C + talk)\n49. Inevitable Betrayal (interact + boss + talk)\n50. A Sunny Disposition (talk)\n51. Storm Shards (D&C + D&C + interact + talk)\n52. Kraken Up (interact + mob + mob + boss + talk)\nDistrict of the Stars\n53. A Old Sea Chantry (talk)\n54. In For Repairs (interact 3x + talk)\n55. Lunarium Tunes (interact + talk)\n56. Dark Side of the Moon (instance: mob + interact + talk + mob 3x + interact)\n57. Pylon Raiders (instance: interact + collect + mob + boss + explore)\n58. Destination: Moon (interact + interact + talk)\nInstance name: The Portico\nScience Center\n59. Scientific Method (talk)\n60. Steamed Up (mob + talk)\n61. Spare Parts (interact + D&C + talk)\n62. Lightning in a Bottle (collect + collect + talk)\n63. Follow the Leader (talk)\n64. Steam-Bot Attack (mob + mob + talk)\n65. Galvanic Company (interact + interact + talk)\n66. Tower of Power (interact 4x + talk)\n67. Cogitator Investigator (D&C + explore + talk)\n68. Powering Up (D&C + interact + talk)\n69. Parts Is Parts (interact + talk)\n70. Cracking the Books (explore + mob + interact + talk)\n71. Crystal Fight (interact + D&C + interact + interact + D&C + interact + mob + interact + explore + boss + talk)\n72. Pieces of the Sun (interact + talk)\nCrustacean Empire\n73. To the Solarium! (explore + talk)\n74. Somethings Fishy (mob + mob + talk)\n75. Forewarned Is (interact + talk)\n76. Ring of Authority (D&C + talk)\n77. Fire in the Sea (explore + boss + talk)\n78. Plunkett, I Presume? (talk 3x)\n79. Breaking the Mold (interact + talk)\n80. Stir of Echoes (D&C + talk)\n81. Armed to the Gills (explore + double boss + talk)\n82. The Back Door (talk + mob + mob + talk)\n83. Shot in the Dark (interact + talk)\n84. X Marks the Spot (talk + D&C + talk)\n85. Finding the Way (explore 4x + boss + talk)\n86. Calypso Queen (explore + boss + talk)\n87. Treasure This (explore + interact + talk)\n88. Lets Mako Deal (explore + boss + talk)\n89. The Final Frontier (interact + talk)\nThe Chancel\n90. The Sun of All Fears (instance: explore)\n91. Tears of the Sun (instance: explore + D&C)\n92. The Sun Also Rises (instance: explore + interact + mob)\n93. The Big Guy (instance: boss 3x + interact 3x + boss)\n90. The Sun of All Fears (interact + talk)\nSanctum of the Sun\n94. Trial of the Spheres (instance: puzzle 3x + cheat + mob 4x + interact 4x +cheat + puzzle + cheat)\n95. Through This Door (talk + talk)\nFinished the Celestia main quest line? Take a look below at what comes next!\nAll Wizard101 Main Quest Line Guides\nWizard City\nKrokotopia\nMarleybone\nMooshu\nDragonspyre\nCelestia\nZafaria\nAvalon\nAzteca\nKhrysalis\nPolaris\nMirage\nEmpyrea\nKaramelle\nLemuria\nNovus\nWallaru\nGrizzleheim\nWysteria\nCatacombs\nHappy Questing!\nShare your vote!\nNo, thanks.\nDo you like this post?\nFascinated\nHappy\nSad\nAngry\nBored\nAfraid\nAbout the author\nLatest posts\nmisthead\nWhile misthead has written all kinds of guides, the most popular by far are her \"main quest line\" guides. She does have all kinds of articles under her belt, from a grandmaster Myth PvP guide to research about which wand stitches are the most popular.\nWizard101 Spider Pets Guide 2019-05-08 20:51:03\nW101 Floor Tiles Organized By Color 2019-02-24 11:00:49\nLevel 48 School Pets and Hybrids 2019-02-14 20:20:44\nWizard101 Piggle Pets Guide 2019-02-08 15:14:27\nW101 Wallpapers Organized by Color 2019-01-31 07:32:53\n24 COMMENTS\nCallum Ferguson\nMay 1, 2023\nReply\ni just started celestia, i am myth, and i am level 48. Should i level up more to get better gear then what i have?\nCallum Ferguson\nApril 30, 2023\nReply\nYour guides are nice, but i would recommend staying with the format that you used for the wizard city guide. I think thatis better.\nKirstine Kennedy\nNovember 27, 2022\nReply\nHi I am up to the Grotto, but cannot access area, and my quest finder button in all worlds up to Celestia say I dont have any available quests. I am stuck does anyone have ideas?\nJack Frost\nDecember 19, 2020\nReply\nFor quest 12 if the mob is for the eel cave you dont have to fight them. I read the comment and theyre just bad at avoiding them. Its not part of the quest.\ndimosthenis\nJuly 11, 2020\nReply\nyou dont have darkmoor quests?\nCody RavenTamer\nJuly 11, 2020\nReply\nDarkmoor is not really a world or a main quest scenario. It is just the one quest in a dungeon. We have a guide for it, but some things will have changed by now, so we will be updating it at some point soon.\nhttps://finalbastion.com/wizard101-guides/w101-dungeons-boss-guides/wizard101-castle-darkmoor-guide/\nJordan cooper\nJune 24, 2020\nReply\nThere are 2 number 90 quests\nCody RavenTamer\nJune 24, 2020\nReply\nThat indicates the closure of an instance (dungeon). All quests in between are quests you did in that dungeon while you still had the main quest The Sun of All Fears active in your book.\nBrooke nighthunter\nApril 14, 2021\nReply\nBecause it is a dungeon\nTristan Giantbane\nApril 30, 2020\nReply\nHey! Been enjoying these as I am questing through the worlds. This may have been changed recently, but the eels in the Grotto quest Shocking News now pull you into the fight before you can get the portal piece, even if the fight has been started already; its pretty hard to avoid fighting them.\nThe quest should now read:\n12. Shocking News (interact + mob + interact + talk)\nHope this helps\nCody RavenTamer\nApril 30, 2020\nReply\nHi Tristan. Many thanks for checking out our guides! Quick question re: quest 12. Shouldnt it be Shocking News (mob + interact + talk) with one less interact or am I missing something?\nTristan Giantbane\nMay 3, 2020\nReply\nYou interact with the starfish at the beginning of the quest, and the portal piece at the end, and Im pretty sure those are part of the same quest. So there are 2 points where youre interacting with something.\nJack Frost\nDecember 19, 2020\nReply\nSorry but for 12 its not required. You just need to avoid battles more.\nMagma\nApril 20, 2020\nReply\nI noticed a minor mistake in the listing for Quest 51: Storm Shards. Its majority correct stating that Its a D&C + D&C + interact + talk. As I was questing through this a little bit ago, I noticed its actually a D&C + interact + D&C + interact + talk. I hope this feedback on this minor mistake helps. Additionally, Id like to say that these guides are very nice since they split quests into areas making it feel shorter than how long it actually is.\nBob\nMarch 10, 2020\nReply\nCelestia I though would be nice and calm then I see em cheat bosses at the bottom I am like WHAT WHY THESE CHEAT BOSSES TO MUCH A A A A A A\nLaura\nFebruary 20, 2020\nReply\nI just started celestia not to long ago, and I already want to be done with it \nAnonymous\nFebruary 22, 2020\nReply\nYou and me both honestly.\nmilkMEE\nApril 14, 2019\nReply\nYou did 90-93, then 90 (when it was supposed to be 94.) Good guide though \nWiwade\nDecember 13, 2019\nReply\nThats not a mistake, instance quests are like that. Its the quest that leads you into the dungeon and you come back to doing that quest when you finish the dungeon. Notice that both 90s are the same quest.\nFlorian\nFebruary 2, 2019\nReply\nThx\nRoar\nJune 22, 2019\nReply\ncause its an instance. the quests inside that dungeon are main storylines quests but when you return the quest you complete the quest that first asks you to go to the dungeon\nFhenry\nDecember 15, 2018\nReply\nLove these guides they are so much more cleaner and informative than centrals quest tree\nmisthead\nDecember 15, 2018\nReply\nThank you! \nAnon\nMay 5, 2019\nReply\nAgreed, Wizard101 central should just link here.\nLeave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. 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Sign In\nSign In\nRemember me\nNot recommended on shared computers\nSign In\nForgot your password?\nSign in with Poniverse\nJoin the herd!\nMore\nMore\nCommunity\nMore\nBlogs\nEvents\nDiscord\nRoleplay\nCharacters\nCharacter Sheets (Legacy System)\nClubs\nArt Commissions\nMore\nArtist Shops\nCommissions Forum\nMeta\nGuidelines\nSite FAQ\nStaff\nMore\nArt Contest Uploads\nStaff Applications\nGuidelines\nThis Topic\nEverywhere\nThis Forum\nThis Topic\nStatus Updates\nTopics\nPages\nCharacters\nAnswers\nEqE Characters\nFanfic Readings\nCharacters\nEvents\nBlog Entries\nUsers\nMLP:FiM Canon Discussion\nAll Activity\nMy Little Pony\nMLP:FiM Canon Discussion\nHow would you have written Daybreaker?\nHow would you have written Daybreaker?\nBy\nStardust Live,\nUser\nJune 28, 2020\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollow on\nFollowers\n1\nRecommended Posts\nStardust Live\n43\nJune 28, 2020\nStardust Live\nUser\n83\n#1\nShare\nJune 28, 2020\nDaybreaker has only appeared in a dream of Starlights, but I found what she had to say really interesing (and I love a lot of her design!) and it got me thinking. We all know how Luna became Nightmare Moon ... But how would you have written it if CELESTIA were the one to fall, and Luna ruled instead?\nFrom what Daybreaker said:\nQuote\nDaybreaker: Deep inside, you know how powerful you are. You don't need Luna.Princess Celestia: That's not true! Even when we were apart, I knew I needed her!Daybreaker: [laughs] Oh, please! You don't need anypony! You can do whatever you want. And all you have to do is get rid of anypony who stands in your way!\n-Daybreaker: Who needs balance when you can have it all?! [laughs]\n-Daybreaker: You can't destroy me! I'm everything you want to be!\nExpand\nSo what I was thinking ... If we take the elements of Luna's fall, we can easily have it swapped for Celestia. Celestia is surrounded by praise and love and is seen more than Luna. Say it goes to her head ... say she thinks she does the bulk of the work (as she did in A Royal Problem), and wonders why she needs Luna at all. Say she succumbs to the idea of being the only rular, seeing herself as more powerful and beloved than Luna, and thinking the world doesn't need the night, it only needs the day, and ergo only needs Celestia. Daybreaker takes over her, and Luna is forced to banish her sister within the sun to restore harmony.\nI think it's possible and plausible, what do you think? I am tempted to do a fic on it, to be honest! You could even have Sunset Shimmer take the place of Twilight, and have Twilight be the disgraced student who wants more order and pushes others away instead of embracing friendship, something Sunset seems more at ease doing when she wasn't being nasty.\nPic related! Artist is Draikjack\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nGoat-kun\n2,502\nJune 28, 2020\nGoat-kun\nUser\n3k\n#2\nShare\nJune 28, 2020\nI had enough tragic pasts and inflated egos for an entire pony generation. I would introduce nightmarefication like how Bleach introduced hollowfication. It would be an unstable power-up depending how much you can handle your inner demons. Celestia would be forced to use it against Real Grogar. She'd get defeated, but it would be an awesome fight that would show Twilight what she must do in her next training arc.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nCagey\n4,214\nJune 28, 2020\nCagey\nUser\n1.5k\n#3\nShare\nJune 28, 2020\nI think its aninteresting premise, and if you wroteit well,Idread it.\nIm just trying to imagine how ego could lead Celestia to such an extreme, since she wouldnt be feeling resentment like Luna did. Logically, Celestia might want to only dethrone her, seeing her as unimportant and an unfit ruler. Maybe after telling Luna her plans for ruling alone, Celestiabecomesenraged by Lunas resistance and decidesto fight her. These are just my musings with no purpose.\n1\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nSplashee\n28,538\nJune 28, 2020\nSplashee\nUser\n15.5k\nTitle: Reverse-Gravity Pony\n#4\nShare\nJune 28, 2020\nDaybreaker was a success, and gave us one of the best episodes of FIM. Just by knowing that, I cannot really come up with something that would work better. I don't thin Princess Celestia would ever turn into Daybreaker by her own free will.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nBlackfire Blaze\n118\nJune 28, 2020\nBlackfire Blaze\nUser\n93\n#5\nShare\nJune 28, 2020\nWe don't know exactly how intense the battle was between Celestia and Nightmare moon. What if Celestia was pushed to the brink of that transformation during their fight?Or in her grief and loneliness coping with the aftermath? I think Starlight Glimmer would fit the role of Luna's protoge better than Sunset Shimmer.\nIt's a cool idea, but honestly I think it's a stretch. Celestia seems like one of the most mentally strong and incorruptible ponies on the show. I don't think she would ever give in to the darkness. But then again, she may have only gained that mental and moral strength by her defeating Nightmare Moon and coming to terms with what happened and analyzing the faults of both sides over the long years. I guess we don't know exactly how Celestia was back then,how she was revered, and how it affected her ego, so it might be more plausible after all.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nnightshroud96\n116\nJune 28, 2020\nnightshroud96\nUser\n378\n#6\nShare\nJune 28, 2020\n(edited)\nOn 2020-06-28 at 5:50 PM, \tBlackfire Blaze said:\nWe don't know exactly how intense the battle was between Celestia and Nightmare moon. What if Celestia was pushed to the brink of that transformation during their fight?Or in her grief and loneliness coping with the aftermath? I think Starlight Glimmer would fit the role of Luna's protoge better than Sunset Shimmer.\nIt's a cool idea, but honestly I think it's a stretch. Celestia seems like one of the most mentally strong and incorruptible ponies on the show. I don't think she would ever give in to the darkness. But then again, she may have only gained that mental and moral strength by her defeating Nightmare Moon and coming to terms with what happened and analyzing the faults of both sides over the long years. I guess we don't know exactly how Celestia was back then,how she was revered, and how it affected her ego, so it might be more plausible after all.\nExpand\nUnless a villain knows the right words to say to keep pushing Celestia there.\nSince we didn't know Luna was essentially inflicting self-harm(mentally) with the Tantabus till season 5, who knows what issues might be going on within Celestia.\nShe might be really good at keeping issues of hers underwraps to keep up the whole regal look. In fact she and Luna might be too good at keeping stuff underwraps at times(which led to NMM happen with Luna bottling up her negative emotions according to one of the writers).\n(To actual post on here)\nI can see Daybreaker happening from multiple factors.\nLike with how Nightmare Moon was born of Luna's negative emotions, Daybreaker might happen due to the stress and guilt Celestia had to deal with for a 1000 years of ruling alone and what happened with Luna. Probably anger inside too of her being mad at herself for the NMM mess, mad at Luna for said mess and mad at the citizens for taking Luna for granted(which factored into her fall to darkness as NMM) and probably many stuff the ponies had done.\nAnd probably with all of this and how she wouldn't use that possibly destructive inner power she has for so long, it might cause said power to gain a will of its own to MAKE Celestia let loose and use that power.\nAlong with how often Celestia had to keep up with that regal faade, Daybreaker might also represent Celestia wanting to run wild and not be hindered by others' expectations(like the citizens going \"Princesses aren't supposed to do this/that/etc.\").\nI can see some bad guy just pushing Celestia's buttons and making her crack with whats going on internally.\nJust to make her snap.\nEdited June 28, 2020 by nightshroud96\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nIxrec\n86\nJune 28, 2020\nIxrec\nUser\n166\n#7\nShare\nJune 28, 2020\n(edited)\nI do think that if you start from \"present-day\" Celestia, her turning to Daybreaker throughegojust isn't plausible; she's usually one of the least egotistical ponies in the whole show. You could make it work if you made major changes to her personal history before the time of the show, and that could be interesting, but it risks making your main character \"Celestia\" in name only and IMO there are better options.\nIf the goal is to get the Celestia we know and love from the show to fall completely to darkness, thenas far as the basic premise goesI don't think wecould do much better than the Equestria at War mod's Solar Empire.The short version is that when a full-scale war threatens to wipe out all of Equestria, the ever increasing stress and desperation not only make Celestria angry and vengeful,but convince her the only way to save her subjects is to take tougher, more militaristic actions than she's ever been willing to in the past. You can only lead a multi-million pony war effort for so many months before it becomes painfully obvious that friendship magic rainbow lasersaren't gonna do the trick this time. There's even a subtree of events where Twilight Sparkle turns into \"Grand Inquisitor Sunrise Sparkle\" and does all sorts of terrifying things on Daybreaker's behalf.\nOf course, a sequence of flavor text boxes in astrategy game is very different from a fanfic, so there's loads of opportunity here for filling in details and having other characters not only respond to Celestia's gradual change but actively try to prevent it.\n-----\nOn 2020-06-28 at 5:50 PM, \tBlackfire Blaze said:\nWe don't know exactly how intense the battle was between Celestia and Nightmare moon. What if Celestia was pushed to the brink of that transformation during their fight?Or in her grief and loneliness coping with the aftermath? I think Starlight Glimmer would fit the role of Luna's protoge better than Sunset Shimmer.\nIt's a cool idea, but honestly I think it's a stretch. ...\nExpand\nI agree it's a stretch. But for completeness:\"Princess Twilight Sparkle\" did show us Celestia's fight with and banishment of Nightmare Moon via flashback potion (i.e., not via somepony's personal retelling), so we actually have a pretty good idea how intense it was. At least in that flashback, there was no sign of Celestia being in any danger of transforming or losing her sanity or getting taken over by dark forces. And I doubt she could've lived with what she'd done for a thousand yearsif she had already been on the verge of a breakdown that day.So at least for me, using this as the Daybreaker catalyst would count as \"making major changes to her personal history\".\nEdited June 28, 2020 by Ixrec\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nRushing cash\n829\nJune 29, 2020\nRushing cash\nUser\n1.1k\n#8\nShare\nJune 29, 2020\nI personally think Celestia can turn into daybreaker only through her ego, it can happen if her ego got to her head(it could be a possibility in the beginning of her rule or before luna turned into NMM)but I can't imagine celestia from the show turning into daybreaker, unless starlight didn't interfere and later on celestia and a huge fight with luna and maybe even some villain attack that made their relationship worse and some other factors, only than celestia could turn evil, but even that is a stretch.\nDaybreaker is a great concept, but to make it in the main timeline you need to pull all the strings.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nShadOBabe\n18,985\nJune 29, 2020\nShadOBabe\nUser\n4.5k\n#9\nShare\nJune 29, 2020\nI like Daybreaker as a scary dream, but in present day, theres no way it would ever happen.\nThe only time it could have possiblyhappened was before Luna fell. Thats the ONLY time where I could believe that Celestia might have been led by the Nightmare Forces into some toxic line of thinking.\nUgh, shes STILL moping around feeling sorry for herself? While youre out here working your tail off to lead? You know what, you should just give up on her. If she wants to pout, let her. Shes never going to be the backup you need, so you might as well just do everything yourself. You dont need her anyway.\nI can ONLY see that working on a young, tired, let-down Celestia.\nPost-NMM? Never. Nope. Not in a million years would she ever entertain that idea after seeing what it did to Luna.\nAnd even under my hypothetical alternate universe, I still dont see it as likely. The Nightmare Forces went after Luna specifically because she was the easier target.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nCreate an account or sign in to comment\nYou need to be a member in order to leave a comment\nCreate an account\nSign up for a new account in our community. It's easy!\nJoin the herd!\nSign in\nAlready have an account? Sign in here.\nSign In Now\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollow on\nFollowers\n1\nGo to topic listing\nSimilar Content\ngeneral\nHave you ever written a book?\nBy\nDreambiscuit, July 3, 2023\ncreativity\nwriting\n17\nreplies\n722\nviews\nTBD\nJanuary 3\nWho do you think is more powerful? 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Sign In\nJoin the herd!\nCommunity\nBack\nCommunity\nBlogs\nEvents\nDiscord\nRoleplay\nBack\nCharacters\nCharacter Sheets (Legacy System)\nClubs\nArt Commissions\nBack\nArtist Shops\nCommissions Forum\nMeta\nBack\nGuidelines\nSite FAQ\nStaff\nArt Contest Uploads\nStaff Applications\nGuidelines\n\nCreate New...", "url": "https://mlpforums.com/topic/191418-how-would-you-have-written-daybreaker/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Princess Celestia | My Little Pony Friendship is Magic Wiki | Fandom\nMy Little Pony Friendship is Magic Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nArticles\nPonies\nCharacters\nList of ponies\nFamily and relatives\nBackground ponies\nEarth ponies\nPegasi\nUnicorns\nAlicorns\nFoals\nCutie marks\nThe show\nEpisodes & transcripts\nSongs\nEquestria\nOther locations\nFriendship lessons\nCharacter appearances\nCredits\nAnimation\nAllusions\nEquestria Girls\nFilms & transcripts\nHumans\nCharacters\nCanterlot High School\nGeneration 5\nEpisodes & transcripts\nSongs\nComic books\nPodcast\nFranchise\nToys\nMerchandise\nHome media\nAlbums & singles\nComic books\nSoftware\nStorybooks\nChapter books\nCommercials\nAnimated shorts\nLore\nMagic\nFictional chronology\nLiterature\nFood and beverage\nTransportation\nSocial events\nSports\nAfflictions and illnesses\nCommunity\nSister Wikis\nFan Wiki\nBronies Wiki\nEquestria Girls Wiki\nMLP CCG Wiki\nMLP Gameloft Wiki\nBlogs\nChat\nCommunity links\nCollaborate\nArticle workshop\nPlaceholder name polls\nCore wiki activity\nProject forums\nWiki discussion\nChat discussion\nSpeculation\nHelp\nWiki policies and guidelines\nHow to contribute\nTips and tricks\nContact an administrator\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nMy Little Pony Friendship is Magic Wiki\n3,590pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nArticles\nPonies\nCharacters\nList of ponies\nFamily and relatives\nBackground ponies\nEarth ponies\nPegasi\nUnicorns\nAlicorns\nFoals\nCutie marks\nThe show\nEpisodes & transcripts\nSongs\nEquestria\nOther locations\nFriendship lessons\nCharacter appearances\nCredits\nAnimation\nAllusions\nEquestria Girls\nFilms & transcripts\nHumans\nCharacters\nCanterlot High School\nGeneration 5\nEpisodes & transcripts\nSongs\nComic books\nPodcast\nFranchise\nToys\nMerchandise\nHome media\nAlbums & singles\nComic books\nSoftware\nStorybooks\nChapter books\nCommercials\nAnimated shorts\nLore\nMagic\nFictional chronology\nLiterature\nFood and beverage\nTransportation\nSocial events\nSports\nAfflictions and illnesses\nCommunity\nSister Wikis\nFan Wiki\nBronies Wiki\nEquestria Girls Wiki\nMLP CCG Wiki\nMLP Gameloft Wiki\nBlogs\nChat\nCommunity links\nCollaborate\nArticle workshop\nPlaceholder name polls\nCore wiki activity\nProject forums\nWiki discussion\nChat discussion\nSpeculation\nHelp\nWiki policies and guidelines\nHow to contribute\nTips and tricks\nContact an administrator\nin:\nAlicorn ponies, Royalty, Female characters,\nand\n4 more\nFeatured articles\nSupporting characters\nCircumstantial antagonists\nTeachers\nEnglish\n\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nGalego\nBahasa Indonesia\nItaliano\n\n\nNederlands\nPolski\nPortugus\n\n / srpski\nSvenska\n\n\nPrincess Celestia\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (6)\nFor this character's human counterpart, see Principal Celestia.\nPrincess Celestia(Queen Celestia)\nAlicornYoungerPrincess Celestia in Princess Twilight Sparkle - Part 1Young Celestia on My Little Pony: Legends of Magic Issue #1 credits page\nKind\nAlicorn\nSex\nFemale\nResidence\nMaretime Manor, Silver Shoals (S9E26 onward)Canterlot (formerly)Castle of the Two Sisters (formerly)Skyros (formerly)\nOccupation\nCo-ruler of Equestria (formerly)Twilight Sparkle's teacher (season 1 to 3)Sunset Shimmer's teacher (formerly)\nOther links\nPrincess Celestia image galleryAppearances gallerySpeculation forum\nExpandMore info\nEyes\nPale, light grayish magenta\nMane\nLight cerulean Light turquoise Very light cobalt blue Pale heliotrope\nCoat\nLight fuchsiaish grayPink (some merchandise)\nEyeshadow\nStrong cerise (alternate universe)\nMagic aura\nBrilliant arctic blue (A Bird in the Hoof and S2E1 usually) Very light gold (from Lesson Zero onwards) Pale magenta(S1E23, Princess Celestia and the Summer of Royal Waves, once in S2E1, and S2E2) Black engulfed in a vivid violet haze and light brilliant green edges (when using dark magic) Deep magenta (alternate universe) Moderate cobalt blue (when switched with Luna's cutie mark in A Royal Problem)\nNicknames\nPrincess Celest, Cay-Cay, Daybreaker, Celie, Nightmare Star (alternate world),[1] C, (The Periodic Table of My Little Pony)\nRelatives\nPrincess Luna (younger sister)Princess Cadance (adoptive niece)Prince Blueblood (distant nephew)Twilight Sparkle (niece-in-law)Shining Armor (nephew-in-law)Spike (nephew-in-law)Lon (cousin)King Leo (\"cousin\")\nCutie mark(usual)(when switched with Luna in A Royal Problem)\nVoice\nNicole Oliver (English)Lin Peiling (Chinese for Taiwan, seasons 1-4)Chen Kaili (Mandarin Chinese for Taiwan, season 5 onwards)Katja Aakkula (Finnish, except S1E22-S1E23 and S1E26)Ella Pyhlt (Finnish, S1E22-S1E23 and S1E26)Delphine Moriau (French)Silvia Mibach (German)Gabriella Hamori (Hungarian, season 1)Melinda Major (Hungarian, season 2)Elda Olivieri (Italian)Kikuko Inoue (Japanese, seasons 1-2 and Equestria Girls)[2]Yuri Makuta (Japanese, season 3)Yang Jeong-hwa (Korean)Nirayu Zuhdi (Malaysian, S2E1-S2E2)Elbieta Futera-Jdrzejewska (Polish)[3]Magdalena Jaworska (Polish, Daybreaker only)Denise Reis (Brazilian Portuguese)Sandra de Castro (European Portuguese)Gabriela Codrea (Romanian, seasons 1-3)Corina Cernea (Romanian, season 4)Silvia Gsc (Romanian, Equestria Girls)Yelena Chebaturkina (Russian, seasons 1-4 and Equestria Girls)Lina Ivanova (Russian, season 5)Yelena Ivasishina (Russian, My Little Pony The Movie)Larisa Nekipelova (Russian, Forgotten Friendship)Jelena Jovii (Serbian, Minimax)Carmen Calvell (European Spanish)Rebeca Patio (Latin American Spanish)Jennie Jahns (Swedish)Thunwa Pakdeeumnat (Thai)Thananchakon Kaewmemak (Thai, Movie)Olena Blinnikova (Ukrainian, seasons 1-2, Equestria Girls)Valentyna Sova (Ukrainian, seasons 3-4)Larysa Rusnak (Ukrainian, season 5-6)\nSingingvoice\nCindy Layla (French)Eva Thrichen (German, season 9)Magdalena Tul (Polish, S3E13)[4]Cidlia Castro (Brazilian Portuguese, season 3)Paula Arias Esquivel (Latin American Spanish)Thunwa Pakdeeumnat (Thai)\nPrincess Celestia, called Queen Celestia in one comic and early development, is an Alicorn pony, the former co-ruler of Equestria alongside her younger sister Princess Luna, and the adoptive aunt of Princess Cadance. In addition to her responsibility of raising the sun, she has also been the teacher of Twilight Sparkle and Sunset Shimmer at different periods in time, often addressing Twilight as \"my faithful student\" while mentoring her. She has a pet phoenix named Philomena.Contents\n1 Development and design\n2 Depiction in the series\n2.1 History\n2.1.1 Ruling Equestria\n2.1.2 Prior to ruling Equestria\n2.1.3 Summer Sun Celebration\n2.1.4 Overseeing Twilight Sparkle's studies\n2.1.5 Retirement\n2.2 Personality\n2.2.1 Daybreaker\n2.3 Magic\n3 Depiction in Equestria Girls\n3.1 My Little Pony Equestria Girls\n3.2 Equestria Girls: Rainbow Rocks\n3.3 Equestria Girls: Forgotten Friendship\n3.4 Equestria Girls: Spring Breakdown\n3.5 Equestria Girls: Choose Your Own Ending\n4 Depiction in My Little Pony The Movie\n5 Depiction in My Little Pony: Pony Life\n6 Depiction in Generation 5\n7 Depiction in comics\n8 Other depictions\n8.1 Hasbro.com description / Teacher for a Day\n8.2 Hasbro.com second description\n8.3 Meet Princess Celestia\n8.4 Coloring books\n8.5 Software\n8.5.1 Adventures in Ponyville\n8.5.2 My Little Pony (mobile game)\n8.6 HubNetwork.com description\n8.7 The Elements of Harmony guidebook\n8.7.1 Volume II guidebook\n8.8 Sticker book\n8.9 The Journal of the Two Sisters\n8.10 Chapter books\n8.11 Baby Flurry Heart's Heartfelt Scrapbook\n8.12 Fundamentals of Magic\n8.13 My Little Pony Essential Handbook\n9 Appearances\n10 Merchandise\n10.1 Nightmare Star\n11 Quotes\n12 Gallery\n13 See also\n14 References\nDevelopment and design[]\nLauren Faust's childhood Majesty toy. Princess Celestia was inspired by Majesty, a G1 unicorn.[5] Celestia's name comes from the word \"celestial\", derived from Latin \"caelum,\" meaning \"sky\" or \"heaven\". Lauren Faust commented that Princess Celestia was originally supposed to be Queen Celestia, the highest authority, with no parents who outrank her. Her status was changed to \"princess\" at Hasbro's request,[6] though she was eventually referred to as \"Queen Celestia\" in the IDW comics' My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic Issue #62, on page 2 of which Gestal addresses her as such. The show bible, as seen in The Art of Equestria, shows her original name as \"Queen Majesty\".\nFaust also mentioned that during the initial casting of the show, Kathleen Barr, Trixie's voice actress, did a \"very good\" audition for Princess Celestia before Nicole Oliver ultimately got the role.[7]\nPrincess Celestia is larger than most ponies, with four exceptions being Nightmare Moon, who is about the same size until she reverts back to being Princess Luna, Trouble Shoes,[8] Steel Buns, and Twilight as a fully-grown Alicorn in the future. As with regular unicorns, when Celestia casts magic, a magic aura surrounds both her horn and the objects her magic affects. The color of this glow varies: for instance, it is blue in A Bird in the Hoof, pink in The Cutie Mark Chronicles, and white in Griffon the Brush Off. In The Return of Harmony Part 1, it is blue when Celestia opens the door to the vault, pink when she levitates the empty box the Elements of Harmony are supposed to be in, and blue when she drops the box. The glow is yellow in the remastered title sequence introduced with Lesson Zero, as well as in that episode itself and all the second season episodes that follow it. Her tail and mane have a natural flowing motion, even when Celestia herself is not moving, but they stop doing so when Celestia is weak, as in A Canterlot Wedding - Part 2, unconscious, as in Princess Twilight Sparkle - Part 2, magic-less, as in Twilight's Kingdom - Part 2 and The Ending of the End - Part 1 and Part 2, or covered in slime, as in Make New Friends but Keep Discord.\nDepiction in the series[]\nHistory[]\nRuling Equestria[]\nIn the first episode's prologue, a storybook-like narrative portrays the elder unicorn princess (on the left) and her younger sister. The elder sister is later named Princess Celestia. Celestia is introduced in the prologue of the first episode, depicted in a series of medieval-style drawings with a narration that says that \"two regal sisters who ruled together [...] created harmony for all the land,\" and that \"the eldest used her unicorn powers to raise the sun at dawn; the younger brought out the moon to begin the night.\"\nThe narration continues: their subjects, the ponies, played in the day but \"shunned\" the night and slept through it, which made the younger \"unicorn\" grow bitter, eventually refusing to lower the moon to make way for the dawn. Her bitterness \"transformed her into a wicked mare of darkness: Nightmare Moon.\" The elder sister reluctantly harnessed the power of the Elements of Harmony and banished her \"in\" the moon for 1,000 years, maintaining harmony in Equestria by taking responsibility for both sun and moon.\nPrincess Celestia banishing Nightmare Moon. The day of Nightmare Moon's return is also the 1,000 year anniversary of the Summer Sun Celebration, so Princess Celestia sends Twilight to oversee the celebration's preparations, which are being held in Ponyville, and encourages Twilight to \"stop reading those dusty old books\" and make some friends, much to Twilight's surprise.\nCelestia is expected to appear at Ponyville's pavilion, but she goes missing and Nightmare Moon appears in her place instead. Celestia doesn't reappear until Nightmare Moon is defeated and transformed back into Princess Luna at the end of the second episode by Twilight and her friends. Princess Celestia offers her younger sister a chance to rule by her side again, and she accepts.\n\"Time to put our differences behind us. We were meant to rule together, little sister. Will you accept my friendship?\"\n Celestia offering Luna redemption\nIn one alternate timeline in The Cutie Re-Mark - Part 1, Celestia wages a war against King Sombra and his Crystal Ponies, leading the royal guards and Wonderbolts into battle. In another alternate timeline in The Cutie Re-Mark - Part 2, Celestia is banished to the moon by Nightmare Moon. In a third alternate timeline, Celestia and Luna are reduced to being Discord's personal entertainment.\nPrior to ruling Equestria[]\nStained-glass art of Celestia and Luna defeating Discord. Celestia describes more of her history in The Return of Harmony Part 1. She tells Twilight Sparkle and her friends that before Princess Luna and she stood up to Discord, he ruled over Equestria, keeping it in a state of unrest and unhappiness. Celestia goes on to describe that after seeing how miserable life was for Earth ponies, unicorns, and Pegasi alike, she and Luna discovered the Elements of Harmony and defeated Discord, turning him to stone. Discord's spell is later broken because, as Celestia explains, \"Luna and [herself] are no longer connected to the elements.\" In The Crystal Empire - Part 1, Celestia describes how she and Luna worked together to defeat King Sombra, turning him into a shadow and imprisoning him in \"the arctic north.\"\nTwilight's Kingdom - Part 1 confirms that Celestia was an associate of the legendary Star Swirl the Bearded. After Star Swirl disappeared to imprison the Pony of Shadows in limbo, Celestia remained unaware of his reasons or whereabouts until the events of Shadow Play - Part 2. During the Pre-Classical era, Celestia and Luna were involved in the first defeat of the evil centaur Lord Tirek, sending the villain to Tartarus.\nSummer Sun Celebration[]\nPrincess Celestia raising the sun, from The Cutie Mark Chronicles. The Summer Sun Celebration is first mentioned in the first episode. Twilight reads of the legend of the Mare in the Moon, who is set to return and bring everlasting night \"on the longest day of the thousandth year\"the summer solsticesince her defeat, which is also the thousandth year of the Summer Sun Celebration. Princess Celestia sends Twilight to oversee the preparations for the celebration in Ponyville, where it's being held this year, also telling her to make some friends while she does that. Nightmare Moon claims to have been imprisoned for a thousand years, so this indicates that the first celebration happened after Luna was imprisoned. It is a celebration of Celestia imprisoning her and restoring the sun to Equestria.\nDuring a party, Spike reminds an irate Twilight that the ponies have to stay up all night in order to witness Princess Celestia raise the sun. Later, at the Ponyville pavilion, Mayor Mare holds a brief speech and introduces Princess Celestia, but she turns up missing, and Nightmare Moon appears in her place. Only at the end of the following episode does Princess Celestia reappear with the defeat of Nightmare Moon, and the sun subsequently rises.\nThe Summer Sun Celebration is featured again in Twilight Sparkle's flashback during The Cutie Mark Chronicles. Twilight describes it as \"the most amazing, most wonderful thing\" she'd ever seen, which made her want to study as much as she can about magic. The event itself takes place in Canterlot, where eight royal guards play a fanfare for Princess Celestia, who comes on stage and flies up, raising the sun behind her.\nIn the two-part season four premiere, the Celebration is featured and mentioned. Unlike the previous Celebrations, this represents not the defeat of Nightmare Moon but the return of Princess Luna. In The Summer Sun Setback, the Celebration is held for the last time, as Celestia and Luna feel no need to continue it after they retire, and Twilight creates a new holiday to replace it: the \"Festival of the Two Sisters\".\nOverseeing Twilight Sparkle's studies[]\nAnswering a letter from Twilight Sparkle. Princess Celestia refers to Twilight Sparkle as her \"most faithful student\" in the first episode, and Twilight is very proud of this fact. At the end of the second episode, Celestia tasks Twilight with staying in Ponyville with her friends and writing a weekly report about her studies of the \"magic of friendship\", which Twilight usually sends via Spike. These letters typically serve to illustrate each episode's moral for the show's viewers.\nDuring a flashback in The Cutie Mark Chronicles, Princess Celestia witnesses Twilight's rare magical talents and takes her as a protg. Lauren Faust has suggested that there is more to Princess Celestia than has been depicted of her in the series. Relating to the events in the flashbacks in The Cutie Mark Chronicles, Celestia sensed that Twilight Sparkle was connected to the Elements of Harmony and arranged the dragon-hatching test for her; the time travel events of My Little Pony: IDW 20/20 follow. Celestia then raised and trained Spike, and subsequently assigned him to be Twilight's assistant;[9] see My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic Issue #40.\nIn a flashback in Celestial Advice, Celestia sees Twilight progressing in her studies, but not so much in her social life, which leads her to contemplate how to further her studies. This leads her to her decision to send Twilight to Ponyville, a decision that she is, at first, rather hesitant about.\nCelestia has been present during an episode in a few cases, allowing for Twilight Sparkle or another pony to deliver the report to her in person. She arrives for a scheduled royal visit in Swarm of the Century, and meets the six main ponies outside of Ponyville where Twilight makes her report. She comes to celebrate the Running of the Leaves in Fall Weather Friends, and Twilight makes a brief report about friendship being more important than a competition. She also attends the Best Young Flyer competition in Sonic Rainboom, where Rarity delivers the report to her directly. She is present for a royal visit in A Bird in the Hoof, so she hears Twilight Sparkle's intended report from Fluttershy.\nCelestia makes a surprise cameo at the end of Feeling Pinkie Keen, dropping out of the sky to grab Spike's letter and then taking off just as quickly, confirming another one of Pinkie Pie's twitchy tail predictions.\nCelestia is asked to come to Ponyville by Spike in Lesson Zero, after Twilight, fearing that being unable to send a friendship report will have dire consequences, enchants a doll, causing all of Ponyville to fight over it. Celestia arrives and undoes the spell, then sternly asks Twilight to meet her at the library. Despite Twilight's fears, Celestia does not reprimand her, telling her that she should only send a friendship report if she learns a lesson. She also decrees that Twilight's friends may also send her friendship reports.\nCelestia makes a brief appearance in Sweet and Elite, showing Rarity to the room she will stay in while visiting Canterlot. She also displays awkwardness at Rarity fawning over her in thanks. At the end of the episode, she hears Rarity's friendship report. She next appears in It's About Time, passing by the \"Star Swirl the Bearded\" wing of the Canterlot library. She shows no signs of objection to seeing Twilight who had made an elaborate show of sneaking in, and compliments Twilight for her new hairstyle.\nCelestia disappointed in Twilight. Celestia presides over the wedding of Princess Cadance and Shining Armor in A Canterlot Wedding - Part 1 and Part 2, and monitors an anonymous threat that was made against Canterlot. The threat turns out to be an invasion by the changelings and their queen, who was already in Canterlot impersonating Princess Cadance. However, through most of the two-part episode, no one except Twilight suspects there's something wrong with Cadance. When Twilight brands the fake Cadance as \"evil\" at the wedding rehearsal, Celestia is greatly disappointed by her actions and agrees with Shining Armor's suggestion for Twilight not to bother coming to the wedding. Celestia sternly tells Twilight, \"You have a lot to think about,\" before walking out on her with the others. However, after the exposure and defeat of Queen Chrysalis and the wedding ceremony, Celestia commends Twilight for persisting in the face of doubt and following her instincts in bringing Princess Cadance back, reaffirming their good relationship.\nShowing Twilight how she succeeded her task of creating new magic in Magical Mystery Cure In Magical Mystery Cure, Princess Celestia appears in a starry realm with Twilight Sparkle, revealing that she had sent Twilight the spell book of Star Swirl the Bearded as a test, which Twilight had passed by creating new magic. Just as Celestia starts singing, dozens of images float by, depicting Twilight's lessons and everyday studies, and she tells her about how it is time for Twilight to fulfill her destiny. Twilight, now having been transformed into an Alicorn, frets that she will no longer be Celestia's student. Celestia reassures her that she will still be her student but in \"a different way\" - that Celestia and the other princesses will also be learning from Twilight now, as well. She then arranges a coronation ceremony for Twilight, to crown her as Equestria's newest princess.\nRetirement[]\nIn The Beginning of the End - Part 1, Celestia and Luna announce their decision to retire as rulers of Equestria, and have Twilight and her friends rule in their place.\nHowever, in The Beginning of the End - Part 2, when King Sombra returns from the dead to take over Equestria, and he destroys both the Tree and the Elements of Harmony, Celestia and Luna return with Star Swirl to stop the Everfree Forest from going out of control again, so that Twilight and the others could stop Sombra. Ultimately, they decide to hold off on their retirement to give Twilight more time to prepare to rule.\nIn The Last Problem, Celestia officially turns control of ruling Equestria over to Twilight and retires to Silver Shoals with Luna.\nPersonality[]\nCelestia's first act of wisdom in Friendship is Magic, part 2. Princess Celestia acts as a mentor to Twilight Sparkle. She often does not directly state her goals but rather gives the advice to help her student find the answers she needs. For example, she wrote a letter prompting Twilight to make friends in Friendship is Magic, part 1 when her goal was for Twilight Sparkle to find the Elements of Harmony.\n\"I told you that you needed to make some friends, nothing more...\"\n Celestia to Twilight Sparkle\nDespite being royalty, she often encourages her subjects to relax through the use of jokes and gentle questions. She also shows great patience with any inappropriate behavior towards her, as seen when Pinkie Pie snatches a cupcake from her at a party in A Bird in the Hoof.\nCelestia's mischief with tea cup refills. Princess Celestia displays a fun-loving side when she chuckles at the bottle of disappearing ink sent to her by Twilight in Griffon the Brush Off. In A Bird in the Hoof, while sipping from a constantly refilled cup of tea, she pretends to sip from her already full cup, causing Mr. and Mrs. Cake to overfill it. She watches with a smile on her face when Pinkie Pie devours one of her cupcakes, while Mrs. Cake gasps and drags Pinkie away. Celestia tells Twilight and her friends in The Best Night Ever, after they ruin the Grand Galloping Gala, that she always found the Gala awful and she was hoping they would liven it up. In Make New Friends but Keep Discord, Celestia invites Discord to the Gala for this same reason, and by the end of the episode, she declares it to be \"the most fun Gala in years.\"\nWhile kindhearted and slow to anger, Celestia's patience does have its limits. When faced against the threat of Discord's return in The Return of Harmony Part 1, Celestia wastes no time in demanding that Discord return the stolen Elements of Harmony. Also, in Lesson Zero, when Spike makes her aware that Twilight inadvertently unleashed mass chaos onto Ponyville in her obsessive attempts to find a friendship report to send to the Princess, Celestia personally intervenes to undo Twilight's out-of-control spell. She sternly orders her student to a private meeting to discuss her actions but remains understanding, and at the insistence of Twilight's friends she agrees not to punish Twilight, instead asking them all to send her friendship reports only when the lessons make themselves apparent to them. In A Canterlot Wedding - Part 1, after Twilight furiously accuses imposter Cadance of being evil, Princess Celestia, along with the others, makes clear her deep disappointment in her student and walks out on Twilight after Shining Armor and the other ponies. But in A Canterlot Wedding - Part 2, while displaying righteous rage to the newly exposed Queen Chrysalis, she eventually commends Twilight for her instincts that told her the imposter Cadance was evil.\nPrincess Celestia enjoying cake. In Ponyville Confidential, the Cutie Mark Crusaders manage to get a hold of a photo depicting her eating cake in an unladylike manner for their Foal Free Press gossip column titled \"Celestia: Just like us.\" At the end of MMMystery on the Friendship Express, she admires the cake made by the combined efforts of the bakers and overlooks Pinkie's attempts to gain her attention.\nCelestia can also be very forgiving. She does not admonish Fluttershy for taking Philomena without asking in A Bird in the Hoof. As mentioned above, she does not punish Twilight for the chaos she caused in Lesson Zero. In Keep Calm and Flutter On, she firmly believed that Discord could be redeemed, in spite of the trouble he had caused in the past.\nShe mentions that fall is one of her favorite seasons in Fall Weather Friends while at Ponyville to celebrate the Running of the Leaves.\nIn Celestial Advice, Celestia reveals that she once shared some of Twilight's anxieties as a teacher, having worried a lot over sending her pupil away to Ponyville and that Twilight wouldn't need her anymore after making her own friends. In A Royal Problem, Celestia is further revealed to have a tense relationship with her sister Luna. Despite her efforts to bring them closer with daily pancake breakfasts, their lack of appreciation for each other's royal duties creates a rift between them, and Celestia demonstrates more impatience and irritation than usual. In School Daze, she shows great trust in Twilight's ability to run the School of Friendship and restore good feelings between Equestria's kingdoms.\nIn Between Dark and Dawn, Celestia shows a liking for exciting activities while on her vacation with Luna, such as ziplining and diving into the ocean, and shows boredom when Luna takes her to the theatre, or an art museum. During the song Lotta Little Things, she displays a love for stuffed animals, and later in the episode, is revealed to have trouble with maps, and suffer from alektorophobia (a fear of chickens).\nDaybreaker[]\nNot to be confused with Nightmare Star, one of Celestia's alternate world counterparts.\nDaybreaker. The episode A Royal Problem reveals a potential evil alter-ego for Celestia named Daybreaker, self-described as \"the better, prettier, and more powerful version\" of Celestia. This version of Celestia is considerably arrogant, power-hungry, and destructive. She boasts that she doesn't need Luna or anyone else, claims that she should have destroyed Luna instead of banishing her to the moon, and dismisses the notions of balance and harmony in favor of ruling over all.\nDaybreaker harnesses more of the sun's power than Celestia does, allowing her to breathe fire and generate intense, burning light.\nDaybreaker briefly reappears with Nightmare Moon in a vision shown to Twilight by King Sombra in The Beginning of the End - Part 1.\nMagic[]\nCelestia says that only she can open the room where the Elements of Harmony are stored. The legend narrated in the first episode tells that Celestia raises the sun, and that she had raised the moon and stars in her sister's absence. A display of Celestia raising the sun is depicted in The Cutie Mark Chronicles, and the sunrise coincides with Princess Celestia's return in Friendship is Magic, part 2. Princess Celestia's cutie mark is a stylized sun, which matches her responsibility of raising the sun. Celestia is said to have wielded the Elements of Harmony on two occasions. The first is in the legend narrated in the show's first episode, which says that \"the elder sister\" [Celestia] used the elements to banish Nightmare Moon. The second is in The Return of Harmony Part 1, where Celestia says that she and her sister discovered the Elements of Harmony and used them to defeat Discord. In the same episode, Celestia further explains to Twilight and her friends that she and Luna are no longer connected to the Elements, and that Twilight and her friends have to face Discord with the Elements now. Both of the confrontations and using the Elements against Discord and Nightmare Moon are fully explained in minor detail in Princess Twilight Sparkle - Part 1 and Princess Twilight Sparkle - Part 2.\nOther than raising the sun and wielding the Elements of Harmony, Princess Celestia displays telekinesis in various episodes and in the show's opening sequence. Other instances of her using magic are in The Cutie Mark Chronicles, where she stops Twilight Sparkle's wild magic burst, and in Lesson Zero, where she dispels the \"want it, need it\" spell from a massive amount of affected ponies at once.\nPrincess Celestia vs. Queen Chrysalis Celestia finds herself unable to overpower the magic of Queen Chrysalis in A Canterlot Wedding - Part 2. Celestia attacks Chrysalis with a beam from her horn, and Chrysalis retaliates with a beam of her own, which repulses Celestia's beam. However, this instance of Celestia being overpowered was because Chrysalis's own magic had been augmented by her feeding on Shining Armor's love for Princess Cadance.\nIn The Crystal Empire - Part 1, both Celestia and Twilight use some magic that surrounds their horn with black fog and makes their irises glow red and their eyes glow green and emit a purple trail, much like King Sombra's usual appearance. The magic causes black crystals to grow from the ground, again in the same fashion as King Sombra's magic. Celestia says this demonstrates what would happen if hatred and fear took hold of the Crystal Empire. When Twilight uses this magic, she mentions to Spike that she learned it from Celestia. In addition, Celestia used her magic alongside Luna to turn King Sombra to shadow and banish him within the ice of the arctic north.\nIn Twilight's Kingdom - Part 2, Princess Celestia performs a magic-transferring ritual with Princess Luna and Princess Cadance to bestow their power upon Twilight Sparkle. When the task is completed, Celestia loses her cutie mark and much of her strength. She regains both of these following the Mane Six's victory over Lord Tirek and the return of Equestria's stolen magic.\nIn Make New Friends but Keep Discord, Princess Celestia is unable to stop an out-of-control Smooze with her magic.\nIn A Royal Problem, Starlight Glimmer instinctively switches Celestia and Luna's cutie marks. This also causes an exchange of magic auras and magical abilities, with Celestia gaining Luna's ability to visit the dream realm.\nIn The Beginning of the End - Part 2, she, Luna and Starswirl the Bearded use magic to control the Everfree Forest after it grows out of control following the Tree of Harmony's destruction, having previously done so before the Tree of Harmony was planted.\nIn The Ending of the End - Part 2, she, Luna and Discord turn Tirek, Chrysalis and Cozy Glow to stone without the Elements after their defeat.\nDepiction in Equestria Girls[]\nMy Little Pony Equestria Girls[]\nCelestia in Equestria Girls. In My Little Pony Equestria Girls, Celestia appears at a princess summit in the Crystal Empire. When Sunset Shimmer steals Twilight's crown, Celestia reveals that Sunset was once her personal student, and she tasks Twilight with traveling to another world in order to retrieve it. In this alternate world, Celestia's human counterpart is a high school principal.\nEquestria Girls: Rainbow Rocks[]\nPrincess Celestia does not appear in the sequel My Little Pony Equestria Girls: Rainbow Rocks, but she is mentioned several times, and her magic book serves as a tool for Twilight to reopen the Crystal Mirror.\nEquestria Girls: Forgotten Friendship[]\nIn Forgotten Friendship, Princess Celestia reconciles with Sunset Shimmer after she returns to Equestria. She then leads Sunset and Twilight to a secret room in the Canterlot Library and helps them research Equestrian magic that erased Sunset's friends' memories.\nEquestria Girls: Spring Breakdown[]\nPrincess Celestia gets mentioned by Sunset Shimmer while she talks about the portal to Canterlot High.\nEquestria Girls: Choose Your Own Ending[]\nIn the second season short Wake-Up!, Sunset Shimmer mentions Princess Celestia in her sleep, asking her for five more minutes, claiming she doesn't want to go to magic school.\nDepiction in My Little Pony The Movie[]\nIn My Little Pony The Movie, Celestia appears with the other princesses at the Friendship Festival when Twilight asks them to use their magic for the festival's main event. When the Storm King's forces invade Canterlot, Celestia tries to instruct Luna to go to the Hippogriffs for help, but Tempest Shadow turns her, Luna, and Cadance to obsidian statues. Her magic is later drained by the Storm King's Staff of Sacanas. She is turned back to normal at the end of the film after the Storm King's defeat. During the film's credits, Celestia meets Queen Novo.\nDepiction in My Little Pony: Pony Life[]\nPrincess Celestia appears in several episodes of Pony Life as one of the judges of the televised Royal Jelly Juggernaut cooking competition. In Dol-FIN-ale, she appoints the Mane Six as the leaders of the Cutie Mark Crusaders' Trail Trotters troop.\nDepiction in Generation 5[]\nIn the My Little Pony: Make Your Mark episode Sunny Side Up, Celestia briefly appears as a filly in Opaline's flashback.\nDepiction in comics[]\nAn example of Princess Celestia's physical strength is briefly seen in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic Issue #10. Big McIntosh is seen visibly struggling against her in hoof-wrestling. Celestia, however, is shown displaying considerably less strain from the match. She is even smiling slyly at Big McIntosh as he struggles.\nThe Fall of Sunset Shimmer shows Celestia's time as Sunset Shimmer's teacher. She tries to teach Sunset the values of humility, but Sunset doesn't take the lessons to heart. Sunset's deep desire for power leads to Celestia removing her from her position as Celestia's student. When Sunset escapes to the human world through the Crystal Mirror, Celestia keeps the mirror in her throne room in hopes that Sunset will one day return.\nReflections reveals more of Princess Celestia's history: long ago, during her travels with Star Swirl the Bearded into mirror universes, she met and fell in love with an alternate Equestria's King Sombraa good, kindhearted ruler. In the present, the reality-altering effects of Celestia's decision to continue meeting with this Sombra put both Equestrias, as well as the royal sisters' lives, at serious risk. The alternate Equestria also introduces an evil version of Celestia who seeks to take over the kingdom, though she is later purified by the Elements of Harmony. The evil version of this Celestia appears in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic Issue #68 and on Issue #100 cover RE.\nIn My Little Pony: FIENDship is Magic Issue #4, Celestia protects the ponies of Canterlot from Nightmare Moon's nightmares and banishes Nightmare Moon from her own dreams. In My Little Pony: FIENDship is Magic Issue #5, a changeling reveals that Celestia defeated Queen Chrysalis when the changelings were invading the ancient city of Trot and imprisoned her and her subjects in a volcano.\nIn Siege of the Crystal Empire, Celestia and Luna go to the Crystal Empire to battle a revived King Sombra and his allies. However, Radiant Hope's intervention allows Sombra to gain the upper hand and turn both of the princesses to stone. By the end of the story, they are returned to normal, and they use their magic to help turn Sombra into a normal unicorn.\nCelestia referred to as \"Queen Celestia\" in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic Issue #62. In My Little Pony: Legends of Magic Issue #1, Celestia shows Sunburst to Star Swirl the Bearded's private study and vast collection of records about Equestrian myths and legends. Celestia also appears in flashback, where she frequently made fun of Luna for mastering magic slower than her when they were younger. Through Star Swirl's teachings, however, Celestia learns to treat Luna with more sisterly love and guidance. In Legends of Magic Annual 2018 (set during her youth), she and Luna are abducted by an alternate dimension's Pony of Shadows, who seeks to corrupt them into becoming Daybreaker and Nightmare Moon.\nIn My Little Pony: Friends Forever Issue #38, Celestia tries to participate with Luna in the Sisterhooves Social. However, a rush to finish their royal duties, lack of sleep, and the influence of magically enchanted berries contribute to them becoming very competitive and testy with each other. With help from Rarity and Sweetie Belle, the two sisters resolve their differences.\nIn Convocation of the Creatures!, Celestia attends the titular assembly of creatures with Twilight, Cadance, and Raven Inkwell as representatives of Equestria. On page 2 of the latter half of the story arc, Gestal of the griffon lords of Griffonstone refers to Celestia as \"Queen Celestia\". In My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic Issue #65, Celestia uses a magical amulet to transform herself into a Pegasus as part of her annual walkabout across Equestria, and is forced to go to Twilight and Starlight for help when it is stolen, leaving her trapped in that form. At the beginning of the Cosmos story arc, Celestia is seen in flashback with various other rulers and Discord banishing Cosmos to the Andalusian constellation. She, Luna, Twilight, Cadance, Zecora, and Big Mac are later possessed by Cosmos using the Andalusian stars before being freed of her control by the story arc's end.\nIn My Little Pony: Nightmare Knights, the Celestia of an alternate universe, corrupted into Daybreaker, is enslaved by Princess Eris and used to lure Princess Luna to her casino. Daybreaker also serves as Eris' head of security, but breaks free of her control and takes over her position of power after helping Luna and her team defeat her. Celestia herself appears on Issue #2 page 1 and Issue #5 page 20.\nIn My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic Issue #98, Celestia recalls when she and Luna lost a pair of treasured dolls to a kraken at sea when they were young, and they set out to recover the dolls from the sea floor. They encounter the kraken again, and it saves them from a whirlpool, which Celestia realizes it had done during their first encounter and has done for many others. After the kraken returns Celestia and Luna's dolls, Celestia magically dissipates the whirlpool, freeing the kraken from its duty.\nCelestia is briefly mentioned in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic Issue #101. She also appears alongside Luna on a billboard in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic Issue #102.\nOther depictions[]\nIn a promotional image posted by the official European Spanish My Little Pony Facebook page on March 28, 2015, Princess Celestia's mane is partly translucent.[10]\nHasbro.com description / Teacher for a Day[]\nThis Magnificent Princess pony is the ruler of Equestria!\nPrincess Celestia is the most magical pony. She's responsible for raising the sun to create light in Equestria.\nWise and kind, she is a mentor to Twilight Sparkle. All of the ponies look up to her and depend on her. Some say she is SO wise because she is over ONE THOUSAND years old.\nHasbro.com second description[]\nPrincess Celestia is the benevolent ruler over all of Equestria! She and her younger sister Princess Luna are responsible for raising the sun and the moon to create light and darkness in Equestria. As a wise and magical teacher, Princess Celestia has entrusted great responsibility to her best student: Twilight Sparkle. Together with her friends, Twilight uses the Elements of Harmony that the Princess has given them to bring friendship to Equestria![11]\nMeet Princess Celestia[]\nThis magnificent princess pony is the ruler of Equestria. Princess Celestia is the most magical pony. She is responsible for raising the sun and the moon to create light and darkness in Equestria. She is the only pony with a unicorn's horn and Pegasus wings. Wise and kind, she is the mentor to Twilight Sparkle. All of the ponies look up to her and depend on her. Some say she is so wise because she is over one thousand years old.[12]\nColoring books[]\nThe front and back cover of a My Little Pony Giant Coloring and Activity Book by Bendon Publishing shows Princess Celestia with her cutie mark containing an image of Derpy.[13]\nSoftware[]\nAdventures in Ponyville[]\nPrincess Celestia is shown when the player's pony earns friendship sparkles by solving one of the six main ponies' dilemmas. She also appears in the ending after the player's pony earns her cutie mark.\nMy Little Pony (mobile game)[]\nSeveral versions of Celestia appear as playable characters, and Celestia also has a role in many story events, notably serving as a boss in the Siege of the Crystal Empire event. Several of her variants also have roles in story events.\nPrincess Celestia:\nPrincess Celestia is the ruler of Equestria, responsible for raising the sun, moon, and stars. She is also Twilight Sparkle's mentor.\nBreezie Princess Celestia:\nAll the royal authority, in an approxiately 1/8-scale package.\nChangeling Celestia:\nChanges into whatever animal she wishes--except the nocturnal ones.\nChaos Celestia:\nSometimes? She raises the sun BACKWARDS. That's just how chaotic she is!\nDark Changeling Celestia:\nLike the sun on a cloudy day...only a LOT scarier.\nDaybreaker:\nThis fiery brute's not Celestia's twin: If the Princess were bad, this is who she'd have been.\nDisguised Celestia:\nOne day a year, Princess Celestia used to transform herself into a Pegasus with Changeling magic! Would that make her a 'Pegasus-lestia?\nHearth's Warming Celestia:\nCelestia's Hearth's Warming outfit is perfectly festive, and brings to mind a bright sun to bring warmth to a wintry wonderland!\nKirin Celestia:\nDo the Kirin fall under the jurisdiction of the Equestrian throne? Well, maybe they do NOW!\nNirik Celestia:\nThe sun is already EXTREMELY on fire, so this isn't actually much of a stretch for her.\nVacationer Celestia:\nPrefers thrills and excitement when she has time off. Seriously: Hook her up to a bunjee cord and point her towards a cliff!\nHubNetwork.com description[]\nBeautiful, kind, and wise, Princess Celestia raises the sun in the morning and rules Equestria with a velvet hoof. She is a very powerful Alicorn (part-Unicorn/part-Pegasus), and everypony looks up to her. Gracious and powerful, she loves her subjects and her protge, Twilight Sparkle. Princess Celestia inspires everypony to be their best.\nThe Elements of Harmony guidebook[]\nPRINCESS CELESTIA is the wise and kind ruler of Equestria. Governing her subjects from her castle in Canterlot, she emanates a commanding presence with both a Unicorn's horn and magnificent Pegasus wings. Princess Celestia is profoundly magical, and some say she is more than one thousand years old. With the help of her sister, Princess Luna, she makes sure the sun and moon rise and set each day.\nVolume II guidebook[]\nFrom within her shimmering castle in Canterlot, PRINCESS CELESTIA rules Equestria with an attentive ear and an open heart. Celestia's mentorship to young ponies gives her the greatest hope for the future. She takes great pride in encouraging ponies to seek out new experiences in the pursuit of self-betterment. Twilight Sparkle, Celestia's most famous student, continues to impress the princess with her unwavering belief in the Magic of Friendship. Twilight's passion and positivity inspire Celestia to seek peaceful resolutions to Equestria's most troublesome issues. She recently used her leadership skills to improve the relationship between ponies and Changelings.\nSticker book[]\n\"Princess Celestia is the beloved ruler of Equestria. She watches over the ponies from her castle in Canterlot. With the help of her younger sister Princess Luna she makes sure the sun rises and sets each day.\"[specify]\nThe Journal of the Two Sisters[]\nCelestia and Luna are asked by Star Swirl the Bearded to become princesses of Equestria and help unite the three pony tribes, since they represent all three as Alicorns. This is a dream come true, for the sisters always dreamed of becoming princesses. When they accept Star Swirl's invitation, the sisters are still blank flanks because Alicorns age at a different rate from other ponies, and because the duties of raising the sun and moon were still under the control of King Bullion's and Princess Platinum's unicorns.\nCelestia feels a sense of attachment to the sun carving on the Tree of Harmony, deciding to build the Castle of the Two Sisters nearby with Star Swirl's full support. Celestia, or \"Celie\" as Luna nicknames her, is puzzled by Luna's request for all the trap doors and the Organ to the Outside, but agrees when Luna offers to include a secret reading room for Celestia in the library. Thanks to Luna befriending cragadiles, bats, owls and a manticore named Melvin, Celestia has the castle nearly completed, knowing she and Luna are meant to rule together.\nOnce the castle is finished, the princesses are introduced to unicorn King Bullion and Princess Platinum by Star Swirl personally. King Bullion is very friendly while Platinum is very rude, even going so far as to insult Celestia for being their sovereign without a cutie mark. To teach Platinum a lesson, Luna uses the Organ to send the former sprawling outside. Platinum makes amends by having the unicorn seamstresses fill the castle with beautiful tapestries of the new royal sisters, including designing the new seal for the Equestria flag. Afterwards, the second-in-commands for the three tribes meet with Celestia to reveal all the new progress the tribes are making since Celestia and Luna's coronation, displaying the new sense of peace and harmony the sisters have brought to Equestria.\nStar Swirl invites Celestia to see his library, offering her the chance to study up on everything involving the three tribes that she had never seen before, and she happily accepts. Star Swirl even lets Celestia know of some spells he is working on that are still in development. She assists him in perfecting his spell to travel through time and space without limitations.\nCelestia is introduced to Zecora's kind when she goes looking for Luna and finds her on the outskirts of where the zebras reside.\nAfter learning of the change of authority in Equestria, the griffons, with their leader Gregor, renew their feud with Commander Hurricane and the Pegasi. Soon after, Celestia finds herself trying to broker a new peace treaty with the griffons. Gregor refuses to negotiate with her until she and Luna bring him his favorite clairs and Luna baffles him into silence with the rhyming she learned from the zebras. She also finds herself having to retrieve the Crystal Heart for the Crystal Empire's sovereign, unicorn Princess Amore, when it is taken by a dragon. The dragon reclaims it under the pretense that it was mined from his keep and is thus his property. When the dragon disrespects her too much, Celestia unleashes her own royal Canterlot voice on the dragon, spooking him enough that he returns the heart and flees into his keep, never to bother anyone again.\nOne night, Celestia awakes to find Star Swirl exhausted and looking older than he should. He reveals that he has run out of full-grown unicorns to help lower the moon and raise the sun. He tried to do it alone, but used up his own unicorn magic in the process. Realizing that Alicorn magic is more powerful than unicorn magic, Star Swirl asks Celestia and Luna to assume the duties of being guardians of the sun and moon, believing their magic will become stronger as the sun and moon would rejuvenate them, according to legend. Celestia and Luna take flight and perform the setting of the moon and rising of the sun flawlessly. When it is over, Celestia has earned her sun cutie mark and Luna her crescent moon cutie mark. Remembering that her cutie mark looks just like the carving on the Tree of Harmony, she asks about the third carving, but Star Swirl says nothing, leaving her to find out for herself.\nCelestia's final entry states that she and Luna have entered a new stage in their lives. Now that they have their cutie marks, she hopes that more exciting adventures are to come for her and Luna.\nChapter books[]\nPrincess Celestia is the central character of the chapter book, Princess Celestia and the Summer of Royal Waves. In the novel, Celestia travels to Monacolt to teach some students at Duchess Diamond Waves' magic academy. Princess Celestia also appears in flashback in Twilight Sparkle and the Crystal Heart Spell and in the present day in Princess Luna and the Festival of the Winter Moon, Discord and the Ponyville Players Dramarama, and Ponyville Mysteries: Peryton Panic.\nBaby Flurry Heart's Heartfelt Scrapbook[]\nPrincess Celestia appears in All About Alicorns, in Saving the Crystal Empire, in Nightmare Night, depicted on a flag in Hearth's Warming Eve, and in The Crystalling.\nFundamentals of Magic[]\nIn Fundamentals of Magic, Princess Celestia serves as narrator and instructor at her School for Gifted Unicorns.\nMy Little Pony Essential Handbook[]\nPrincess Celestia rules over Equestria alongside sister Luna. Celestia is responsible for raising the sun each morning and reigns over the kingdom during the day.\nAppearances[]\nSee also: Character appearances\nExpandLegend\nY\nAt least one appearance where the character is the focus of a shot\nS\nAt least one appearance where the character is the focus of a shot, without spoken dialogue or narration\nB\nBackground appearance or an appearance where the character is not the focus\nF\nAt least one appearance where the character is only in a flashback or fantasy-setting\nP\nNo physical appearance, but appears in a photo, drawing, or figure\nM\nNo appearance, but a mention by name or title\nN\nNo appearance and no mention by name or title\nSeason one\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\nY\nY\nB\nM\nY\nM\nM\nM\nM\nY\nM\nY\nY\nM\nS\nY\nM\nM\nM\nM\nM\nY\nF\nM\nM\nY\nSeason two\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\nY\nY\nY\nM\nM\nM\nM\nM\nY\nM\nM\nF\nM\nM\nM\nM\nP\nP\nM\nY\nM\nM\nP\nS\nY\nY\nSeason three\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\nY\nY\nM\nN\nS\nN\nM\nM\nM\nY\nN\nN\nY\nSeason four\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\nY\nY\nY\nN\nN\nM\nN\nN\nN\nN\nN\nN\nN\nN\nN\nM\nN\nM\nM\nN\nP\nM\nP\nS\nY\nY\nSeason five\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\nM\nN\nP\nN\nM\nN\nY\nN\nY\nY\nY\nP\nM\nM\nS\nN\nN\nS\nN\nP\nN\nN\nN\nP\nS\nB\nSeason six\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\nY\nY\nN\nN\nY\nY\nN\nN\nM\nN\nN\nN\nM\nN\nS\nN\nM\nM\nN\nN\nM\nN\nN\nN\nM\nY\nSeason seven\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\nY\nN\nN\nN\nN\nN\nM\nN\nN\nY\nN\nN\nN\nP\nN\nN\nN\nN\nN\nP\nN\nM\nP\nN\nY\nY\nSeason eight\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\nY\nY\nP\nN\nN\nN\nY\nN\nN\nN\nM\nN\nN\nM\nM\nN\nM\nM\nN\nN\nM\nN\nM\nN\nY\nY\nSeason nine\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\nY\nY\nN\nY\nM\nN\nN\nN\nN\nN\nN\nM\nY\nN\nY\nM\nY\nN\nN\nM\nN\nP\nN\nY\nY\nF\nMerchandise[]\nSee also toys, merchandise\nPink Celestia in the Royal Castle Friends box. Celestia's likeness is used for several toys. She appeared in the Royal Castle Friends and Princess Luna & Princess Celestia boxsets, and a Talking Princess Celestia figure. The Celestia toy is colored pink in contrast to Celestia's very light white-pink coloring. Lauren Faust suggests that this was done to get retailers to buy more of the toys.[14] A white Celestia figure was released as an exclusive to Toys R' Us in Autumn 2012.[15] A new Playful Ponies model was released in the in-show white color and sold in a pack with Pinkie Pie and accessories as a part of the Crystal Empire toyline. Miniature versions of Princess Celestia can be found in wave 5 of the My Little Pony blind bags and in the collector set, A Royal Surprise with Twilight Sparkle and Queen Chrysalis.\nThe Crystal Princess Celebration toyline features a toy of Sunset Shimmer whose packaging reads \"Years ago, she was also a student of PRINCESS CELESTIA.\"\nAn Alicorn figurine of Princess Celestia was released with an Equestria Girls Principal Celestia human doll and a few other accessories. The front of the packaging reads \"I'm the school principal, and a pony princess!\" The back of packaging reads \"As a princess of Equestria, I guide and protect all the ponies in the land.\" and \"As principal of Canterlot High, I oversee students and keep them under my wing!\"\nNightmare Star[]\nNot to be confused with Daybreaker.\nEnterplay collectible card game[16] Absolute Discord expansion set card #-1 UR and Enterplay's \"Midnight Star\" poster show Celestia as Nightmare Star upon an Elements of Harmony-studded throne. Enterplay trading card series 4 card #F26 gives Nightmare Star the description \"While visiting alternate worlds, Star Swirl the Bearded found one where Celestia ruled Equestria in eternal day as the terrifying Nightmare Star. He destroyed the mirror to that world and never told a single pony about it.\"[1]\nQuotes[]\n\"I told you that you needed to make some friends, nothing more. I saw the signs of Nightmare Moon's return, and I knew it was you who had the magic inside to defeat her, but you could not unleash it until you let true friendship into your heart.\"\n To Twilight Sparkle, Friendship is Magic, part 2\n\"I've missed you, too.\"\n To Princess Luna, Friendship is Magic, part 2\n\"Spike, take a note please. I, Princess Celestia, hereby decree that the unicorn Twilight Sparkle shall take on a new mission for Equestria. She must continue to study the magic of friendship. She must report to me her findings from her new home in Ponyville.'\"\n Friendship is Magic, part 2\n\"Gotcha!\"\n To Mr. and Mrs. Cake, A Bird in the Hoof\n\"We are gathered here today to once again honor the heroism of these six friends who stood up to the villain Discord and saved Equestria from eternal chaos.\"\n The Return of Harmony Part 2\n\"You are a wonderful student, Twilight. I don't have to get a letter every week to know that.\"\n Lesson Zero\n\"Hm, a very valuable lesson to have learned.\"\n Sweet and Elite\n\"Good morning, Twilight. Love the new hairstyle. Well, happy Tuesday!\"\n It's About Time\n\"You may have made it impossible for Shining Armor to perform his spell, but now that you have so foolishly revealed your true self, I can protect my subjects from you!\"\n To Queen Chrysalis, A Canterlot Wedding - Part 2\n\"Mares and gentlecolts, we are gathered here today to celebrate the union of the real Princess Mi Amore Cadenza...\"\n A Canterlot Wedding - Part 2\n\"You persisted in the face of doubt, and your actions led to you being able to bring the real Princess Cadance back to us. Learning to trust your instincts is a valuable lesson to learn.\"\n To Twilight Sparkle, A Canterlot Wedding - Part 2\n\"Far better that I have a student who understands the meaning of self-sacrifice than one who only looks out for her own best interests.\"\n To Twilight Sparkle, The Crystal Empire - Part 2\n\"The lessons you've learned here in Ponyville have taught you well. You have proven that you're ready, Twilight.\"\n Magical Mystery Cure\n\"My most faithful student, Twilight Sparkle, has done many extraordinary things since she's lived in Ponyville. She even helped reunite me with my sister Princess Luna. But today, Twilight Sparkle did something extraordinary. She created new magic, proving without a doubt that she is ready to be crowned Equestria's newest princess.\"\n Magical Mystery Cure\n\"You may no longer be my student, Princess Twilight, but I hope you know that I will always be here if you need me. Just as I hope that you will always be there when I need you.\"\n Princess Twilight Sparkle - Part 1\n\"Luna, I will not fight you! You must lower the moon, it is your duty!\"\n Princess Twilight Sparkle - Part 2\n\"Playtime is over for you, Discord!\"\n Princess Twilight Sparkle - Part 2\n\"You will not prevail, Tirek!\"\n Twilight's Kingdom - Part 2\n\"Can you imagine how dull it would have been if I hadn't invited Discord? Come on! Whoo! The night is still young!\"\n To Twilight Sparkle, Make New Friends but Keep Discord\n\"Thorax, as the new leader of the changelings, I look forward to discussing how we can improve our relationship in the future. However, for the moment, perhaps it is best that we leave the Changeling Kingdom to the changelings.\"\n To Where and Back Again - Part 2\n\"So you have an overachieving student. Sounds familiar.\"\n Celestial Advice\n\"Hmm. I was not aware that I was an expression. An appropriate one, of course, for even I don't know the answers.\"\n Celestial Advice\n\"If Luna can turn into Nightmare Moon, you can absolutely turn into me Daybreaker! The better, prettier, and more powerful version of you!\"\n As Daybreaker, A Royal Problem\n\"I never should've banished you to the moon! I should've destroyed you!\"\n As Daybreaker, to Nightmare Moon, A Royal Problem\n\"Ugh. So much black. We get it. You're sad.\"\n As Daybreaker, to Nightmare Moon, A Royal Problem\n\"I never felt I had to be on stage to be a part of the show. All I ever wanted was to share an honest bond of creativity, artistry, and happiness with my friends. And that's exactly what I got to do.\"\n Horse Play\n\"Remember, sister. From now on, we are regular, carefree ponies!\"\n Between Dark and Dawn\n\"My sister and I have decided. The time for us to retire is upon us. You and your friends have proven you are ready to lead Equestria. So let this be the last Summer Sun Celebration as Equestria leaves behind the old to embrace the new!\"\n To Twilight Sparkle, The Summer Sun Setback\n\"When I sent you to Ponyville, I had high hopes. When you became Princess of Friendship, I knew I made the right choice. But nothing could prepare me for how proud I am right now. Equestria is definitely in the right hooves. You are ready.\"\n To Twilight Sparkle, The Ending of the End - Part 2\n\"We know Equestria is in the perfect hooves with you and your friends looking out for it. And while we'll always be here if you need us, it's time for us to be on our way.\"\n To Twilight Sparkle, The Last Problem\n\"I'm switching you to decaf!\"\n Micro-Series Issue #10 cover RI\n\"I told you it felt good to do things for others.\"\n Friends Forever Issue #2 page 22\n\"I feel like you've learned a valuable lesson here today, Discord.\"\n Friends Forever Issue #2 page 22\n\"And yes, sometimes I have let Twilight take care of an incident that I could have cleared away easily. But I do not do this because I am cruel, or because I want to play a joke on Twilight... I do this because I am her teacher, and sometimes, this is how she must learn.\"\n Friends Forever Issue #3 page 13\n\"Raven is one of my most trusted aides. Any endeavor she oversees meets, and often exceeds, my expectations.\"\n Enterplay collectible card game The Crystal Games #54 C card of Raven\n\"The day shall last FOREVER!\"\n Enterplay collectible card game Absolute Discord #-1 UR card of Nightmare Star\n\"I will light the way!\"\n Princess Celestia talking toys\n\"Soy la princesa Celestia, y gobierno Equestria junto con mi hermana pequea Luna, ahora que ya no es Luna de Pesadilla, cunto me alegro de volverla a tener a mi lado! Me encargo de levantar el sol todas las maanas. Tambin soy la mentora de la recin coronada princesa Twilight, me alegra que haya aprendido la Magia de la Amistad.\"\n Spanish promotional image[17]\nGallery[]\nPrincess Celestia image gallery\nSee also[]\nPrincipal Celestia\nPrincess Celestia on the Collectible Card Game Wiki\nPrincess Celestia on the Fan Wiki\nPrincess Celestia on the My Little Pony Gameloft Wiki\nDaybreaker on the My Little Pony Gameloft Wiki\nThis article's speculation page\nReferences[]\n 1.0 1.1 Aryana Welch (2017-05-13). feathers on Twitter: \"i made this https://t.co/dFInpo27zo\". Twitter. Retrieved on 2017 May 20.\n (Japanese). . Retrieved on 2013 March 8.\n Guests of honor at Pony con-gress Cracow 2013 (Polish). Retrieved on 2013 September 16.\n Pony con-gress Cracow 2013 VA panel recording (Polish) (2013-09-29). Retrieved on 2014 March 9.\n Lauren Faust (2013-11-29). Poor Majesty not looking quite .... Twitter. Retrieved on 2013 December 2.\n Lauren Faust comments about \"Princess\" Celestia on her deviantArt page (2010-12-21). Retrieved on 2011 September 13.\n Lauren Faust briefly recalls Kathleen Barr's audition for Celestia on her DeviantArt page (October 22, 2011). Retrieved on 2011 October 24.\n Big Jim on Twitter: \"Fun Fact. Troubleshoes is the largest pony we've ever designed for the show. #MLP5\". Twitter (2015-05-02). Retrieved on 2015 May 2.\n Lauren Faust discussing Celestia's powers on deviantArt comments section (2011-12-18). Retrieved on 2011 December 20.\n My Little Pony - Timeline Photos. Facebook (2015-03-28). Retrieved on 2015 March 31.\n My Little Pony - Meet Princess Celestia. Hasbro.com. Retrieved on 2014 March 15.\n MY LITTLE PONY FRIENDSHIP IS MAGIC - Meet Princess Celestia. My Little Pony Official YouTube channel (2011-07-24). Retrieved on 2014 March 15.\n ~~~~Secret Derpy???. My Little Pony Trading Post (2012-08-25). Retrieved on 2012 August 29.\n Comment by Lauren Faust on DeviantArt (Dec 18, 2010).\n My Little Pony Facebook page: \"Heres your first look at some magical new pony friends, coming exclusively to Toys R Us this fall.\". Retrieved on 2012 May 4.\n MLP: CCG on Twitter: \"Well, that's it! There are no more spoilers left to... Wait, what's this? What a mysterious mystery! #mlpccg http://t.co/0N5Hfi9HCX\". Twitter (2015-04-23). Retrieved on 2015 April 25.\n My Little Pony (2015-01-14). Timeline Photos. Facebook. Retrieved on 2015 January 16.\nvdeCharacters\nExpandLeading characters (G4)\nTwilight Sparkle Spike\nApplejack\nFluttershy\nPinkie Pie\nRainbow Dash\nRarity\nExpandLeading characters (G5)\nSunny Starscout\nIzzy Moonbow\nHitch Trailblazer\nPipp Petals\nZipp Storm\nExpandSupporting charactersCutie Mark Crusaders\nSweetie Belle\nApple BloomBabs Seed\nScootaloo\nGabbyRoyalty\nPrincess Celestia Princess Luna Princess Platinum Princess Cadance Shining Armor Prince Blueblood Princess Amore Prince Rutherford Flurry Heart Ember Princess Skystar Queen Novo Queen HavenThe Apple family\nBig McIntosh Granny Smith Braeburn Aunt and Uncle Orange Hayseed Turnip Truck Apple Strudel Auntie Applesauce Apple Rose Goldie Delicious Bright MacThe Sparkle family\nTwilight Velvet and Night LightThe Pie family\nLimestone Pie and Marble Pie Igneous Rock Pie and Cloudy Quartz Maud PieThe Shy family\nMr. and Mrs. Shy Zephyr BreezeThe Cake family\nMr. and Mrs. Cake Pound Cake and Pumpkin CakeThe Rich family\nDiamond Tiara Filthy Rich Spoiled RichThe Pear family\nPear Butter Grand PearSchool-age ponies\nSilver Spoon Twist Snips Snails Sunny Daze and Peachy Pie Pipsqueak Featherweight Rumble Filly Guides Zipporwhill Tender Taps Toola Roola and Coconut Cream Wind SprintCelebrities\nHoity Toity Photo Finish Sapphire Shores Fancy Pants Jade Singer Daring Do Prim Hemline Trenderhoof Coloratura Zesty Gourmand Songbird SerenadeAntagonists\nShadowbolts Boy Bullies Diamond Dogs Flim and Flam Queen Chrysalis King Sombra Lightning Dust Big Boy and Runt Sunflower Mane-iac (henchponies) Suri Polomare Lord Tirek The Dazzlings (Adagio Dazzle Sonata Dusk Aria Blaze) North Star King Longhorn Principal Cinch Wind Rider Svengallop Gladmane The Storm King Cozy Glow Sludge Princess Eris Grogar OpalineReformed: Gilda Trixie Discord Ahuizotl Garble Larry Sunset Shimmer Snips and Snails Buck Withers Dr. Caballeron (henchponies) Starlight Glimmer Shadow Lock Juniper Montage Stygian Tempest Shadow Grubber Wallflower Blush Chancellor Neighsay Vignette Valencia Kiwi Lollipop and Supernova Zap Sprout Posey MistyWonderbolts\nSpitfire Soarin Blaze Surprise Fire Streak Misty Fly Silver Zoom Fleetfoot High Winds ThunderlanePhysicians\nNurse Redheart Dr. Horse Dr. Fauna Doctor Horse Nurse poniesPillars of Old Equestria\nStar Swirl the Bearded Rockhoof Mistmane Flash Magnus Somnambula Mage MeadowbrookYoung Six\nSandbar Gallus Smolder Yona Ocellus SilverstreamOther pony characters\n8-bit All Aboard Alphabittle Angel Wings Autumn Blaze Barley Barrel Blossomforth Bow Hothoof Bulk Biceps Chancellor Puddinghead Charity Sweetmint Cheerilee Cheese Sandwich Cherry Jubilee Claude Clear Skies Clear Sky Cloud Chaser Clover the Clever Coco Pommel Commander Hurricane Cookie Crumbles Coriander Cumin Dahlia Davenport Double Diamond Fawn Doo Feather Bangs Firelight Flash Sentry Flax Seed Fleur de Lis Flitter Fluffy Clouds Gaffer Gallant True Gizmo Golden Gavel The Headless Horse Aunt Holiday Hondo Flanks Hoofbeard Hooffield and McColt families Mr. and Mrs. Hoofington Inkwell Inky Rose Jack Pot Jazz Hooves Jet Set Joe Junebug Kerfuffle Lily Lace Auntie Lofty Luster Dawn Mane Allgood Marcie Pan Mare Do Well Mayor Mare Method Mares Moody Root Moon Dancer Mr. Breezy Mr. Paleo Mr. Stripes Mrs. Paleo Ms. Harshwhinny Ms. Peachbottom Mudbriar Night Glider Open Skies Party Favor Petunia Paleo Petunia Petals Pickle Barrel Plaid Stripes Pony Pickers The Pony Tones Ponyacci Power Ponies Private Pansy Quibble Pants Radiant Hope Randolph Roma Royal guards Saffron Masala Sassy Saddles Sheriff Silverstar Silver Frames Silver Shill Sky Stinger Smart Cookie Snap Shutter Spa ponies Spearhead Starstreak Steamer Stellar Eclipse Stellar Flare Sugar Belle Sunburst Sunny Skies Sunshower Sunspot Swan Song Teddie Safari Torque Wrench Tree Hugger Trouble Shoes Upper Crust Vapor Trail Wheat Grass Windy WhistlesNon-pony characters\nSteven Magnet Zecora Little Strongheart Chief Thunderhooves Cranky Doodle Donkey Matilda Iron Will Gustave le Grand Mulia Mild Seabreeze Scorpan The Smooze Grampa Gruff Greta Thorax Pharynx Capper Captain Celaeno Terramar Tree of Harmony Sky Beak Ocean FlowEquestria Girls characters\nHumans The Rainbooms (Fluttershy Pinkie Pie Applejack Rarity Rainbow Dash) DJ Pon-3 Sandalwood Micro Chips Diamond Tiara and Silver Spoon Flash Sentry Miss Cheerilee Photo Finish Cutie Mark Crusaders Principal Celestia Big McIntosh Trixie and the Illusions Granny Smith Vice Principal Luna Cranky Doodle Lyra Heartstrings and Sweetie Drops Bulk Biceps Maud Pie Pony Pickers Violet Blurr and Pixel Pizzaz Shadowbolts (Twilight Sparkle (Sci-Twi) Sunny Flare Sour Sweet Indigo Zap Sugarcoat Lemon Zest) Gloriosa Daisy Timber Spruce Canter Zoom Chestnut Magnifico Zephyr BreezeAnimal companions\nConstance Angel Winona Opalescence Gummy Philomena Owlowiscious Harry Tank Peewee Spike Smoky's familyCreatures\nDragons Griffons Parasprites Phoenixes Windigos Timberwolves Cerberus Changelings Plunderseeds Breezies Seaponies and mermares\nExpandBackground charactersEarth ponies\nAce Point Amira Apple Brown Betty Apple Bumpkin Apple Cider Apple Cinnamon Apple Cobbler Apple Dumpling Apple Fritter Apple Honey Apple Leaves Apple Munchies Apple Split Barber Groomsby Beauty Brass Berry Dreams Berryshine Bill Neigh Blueberry Curls Bumblesweet Bushel Business Savvy Candy Apples Candy Mane Caramel Caramel Apple Cathy O'Mara Charged Up Chelsea Porcelain Cherry Berry Cherry Fizzy Cherry Gold Count Caesar Crusoe Palm Daisy Dance Fever Dane Tee Dove Dr. Hooves Eclair Crme Eiffel Emerald Green Felix Fetter Keys Fiddly Twang Florina Tart Gala Appleby Globe Trotter Golden Delicious Golden Harvest Goldengrape Green Jewel Haakim Half Baked Apple Hughbert Jellius Jeff Letrotski Joan Pommelway Jonagold Lady Gaval Lavender Bloom Lavender Fritter Leadwing Lilac Links Lily Valley Long Shot Luckette Lucky Clover Lucky Star Lyrica Lilac MandoPony Meadow Song Minty Mjlna Mr. Greenhooves Mr. Waddle Neighl Page Noteworthy Octavia Melody Parcel Post Parish Nandermane Peachy Sweet Pearly Stitch Pegasus Olsen Perfect Pace Perfect Pie Purple Wave Pursey Pink Raven Inkwell Real Article Red Delicious Red Gala Rivet Roger Silvermane Rose Royal Riff Ruby Splash Sand Trap Savoir Fare Screwball Screwy Sealed Scroll September Serena Shoeshine Shooting Star Silver Berry Sir Pony Moore Snappy Scoop Spring Forward Star Gazer Star Spur Strawberry Ice Sweetie Drops Tall Order Tealove Theodore Donald \"Donny\" Kerabatsos Twilight Sky Vidala Swoon Walter Wensley Wisp S01E26 Unnamed Earth Mare #1Pegasi\nBig Shot Buddy Celena Cloud Kicker Compass Star Crafty Crate Derpy Diamond Rose Drizzle Eff Stop Fast Clip Foggy Fleece Helia Honey Rays Jack Hammer Jetstream Lilac Sky Lily Blossom Mane Moon Meadow Flower Merry May Orange Swirl Parasol Pizzelle Prim Posy Rainbow Blaze Rainbow Swoop Rainbowshine Sassaflash Serenity Silver Script Silverspeed Spring Step Sprinkle Medley Star Hunter Starburst Starry Eyes Stormfeather Strawberry Sunrise Sugar Grape Sunny Rays Sunshower Raindrops Surprise Thorn Tracy Flash Warm Front Whiplash White Lightning Whitewash Wild FireUnicorns\nAmethyst Star Apple Stars Banana Fluff Bittersweet Blue Moon Burning Heart Cayenne Charm Cherry Spices Citrus Blush Comet Tail Dark Moon Diamond Mint DJ Pon-3 Electric Sky Fine Line Firecracker Burst Four Step Holly Dash Juno Lemon Hearts Lemony Gem Love Melody Lyra Heartstrings Magnet Bolt Minuette Moonlight Raven Neon Lights North Point Peachy Pitt Pinny Lane Ponet Press Release Rainbow Stars Rare Find Royal Pin Royal Ribbon Sea Swirl Silver Spanner Star Bright Sunshine Petals Sunshine Smiles Sweetcream Scoops Top Marks Twinkleshine Whoa Nelly Written ScriptCrystal Ponies\nAmethyst Maresbury Autumn Gem Bright Smile Crystal Beau Elbow Grease Fleur De Verre Ivory Rook Night Knight Rubinstein Sapphire JoyFoals\nApple Flora Aura Bolt Button Mash Candy Caramel Tooth Cotton Cloudy Dinky Doo Finish Line Hairpin Turn Liza Doolots Mango Dash Natural Satellite Noi Pia Colada Princess Erroria Rainy Feather Ruby Pinch Saturnalia Shady Daze Strike Sweet Pop Tornado Bolt TruffleNon-pony characters\nGiselleEquestria Girls characters\nDerpy Octavia Melody\nCategories\nCategories:\nAlicorn ponies\nRoyalty\nFemale characters\nFeatured articles\nSupporting characters\nCircumstantial antagonists\nTeachers\nLanguages\n\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nGalego\nBahasa Indonesia\nItaliano\n\n\nNederlands\nPolski\nPortugus\n\n / srpski\nSvenska\n\n\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nMy Little Pony\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore My Little Pony Friendship is Magic Wiki\n1\nCharacters\n2\nTwilight Sparkle\n3\nPinkie Pie\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nMy Little Pony Friendship is Magic Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.\nView Mobile Site", "url": "https://mlp.fandom.com/wiki/Princess_Celestia" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Celestria | Dragon Quest Wiki | Fandom\nDragon Quest Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nMain series\nI-VI\nDragon Quest\nDragon Quest II\nDragon Quest III\nDragon Quest IV\nDragon Quest V\nDragon Quest VI\nVII-XII\nDragon Quest VIII\nDragon Quest IX\nDragon Quest X\nDragon Quest XI\nDragon Quest XII\nSpinoffs\nMonsters series\nMonsters\nMonsters 2\nCaravan Heart\nJoker\nJoker 2\nSuper Light\nJoker 3\nThe Dark Prince\nBuilders series\nBuilders\nBuilders 2\nHeroes series\nHeroes\nHeroes II\nMystery Dungeon series\nTorneko's Great Adventure\nTorneko: The Last Hope\nTorneko's Great Adventure 3\nYoung Yangus and the Mysterious Dungeon\nSlime Morimori series\nSlime Morimori\nRocket Slime\nSlime Morimori 3\nScan series\nMonster Battle Scanner\nScan Battlers\nOther spinoffs\nMonster Battle Road series\nFortune Street series\nStars\nWalk\nTact\nRivals\nWars\nKenshin\nSwords\nTheatrhythm\nOther media\nManga\nAnime\nMusic\nBooks\nThe Big Book of...\nHeroes\nCharacters\nMonsters\nItems\nLocations\nGuides\nDQ wiki policies\nContent\nConduct\nNaming\nWriting style\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nDragon Quest Wiki\n14,549pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nMain series\nI-VI\nDragon Quest\nDragon Quest II\nDragon Quest III\nDragon Quest IV\nDragon Quest V\nDragon Quest VI\nVII-XII\nDragon Quest VIII\nDragon Quest IX\nDragon Quest X\nDragon Quest XI\nDragon Quest XII\nSpinoffs\nMonsters series\nMonsters\nMonsters 2\nCaravan Heart\nJoker\nJoker 2\nSuper Light\nJoker 3\nThe Dark Prince\nBuilders series\nBuilders\nBuilders 2\nHeroes series\nHeroes\nHeroes II\nMystery Dungeon series\nTorneko's Great Adventure\nTorneko: The Last Hope\nTorneko's Great Adventure 3\nYoung Yangus and the Mysterious Dungeon\nSlime Morimori series\nSlime Morimori\nRocket Slime\nSlime Morimori 3\nScan series\nMonster Battle Scanner\nScan Battlers\nOther spinoffs\nMonster Battle Road series\nFortune Street series\nStars\nWalk\nTact\nRivals\nWars\nKenshin\nSwords\nTheatrhythm\nOther media\nManga\nAnime\nMusic\nBooks\nThe Big Book of...\nHeroes\nCharacters\nMonsters\nItems\nLocations\nGuides\nDQ wiki policies\nContent\nConduct\nNaming\nWriting style\nin:\nFemale characters, Navigation templates, Main series templates,\nand\n7 more\nDeities\nGoddess\nDragon Quest IX characters\nDragon Quest of the Stars characters\nDragon Quest Treasures adventurer statues\nDragon Quest Rivals characters\nDragon Quest Walk characters\nCelestria\nEdit\nEdit source\nView history\nTalk (0)\nCelestria\nJapanese name\n\nRmaji name\nSerushia\nGender\nFemale\nRace(s)\nDeity\nFamily\nZenus (father)Stella (potential sister, unclear)\nGame\nIX\nVoice Actor\nJapaneseAki ToyosakiDragon Quest Rivals\nCelestria is a major character in Dragon Quest IX. She is a goddess and the daughter of Zenus, and is also the overseer of the Celestrian race.\nContents\n1 Appearance\n2 Personality\n3 Biography\n3.1 Dragon Quest IX\n4 Other Appearances\n4.1 Dragon Quest of the Stars\n4.2 Dragon Quest of the Stars\n5 Gallery\n5.1 Images\n5.2 Videos\n6 Trivia\n7 Other languages\nAppearance[]\nCelestria has a docile expression that reflects her omnipresent character, being that she is a goddess and one of the few humanlike deities in Dragon Quest. Her long, blonde hair is accompanied by a wreath made of leaves. She has pearlescent blue eyes that are complemented by her white and purple attire. To complete her look, she wears golden jewelry on her upper arms and wrists.\nPersonality[]\nCelestria is a kind hearted and benevolent goddess whose placed her faith in Celestrians to carry out her beliefs: that mortal life should be protected at all costs, especially human life. While she is firm in her beliefs, she also empathises with those who have different beliefs, even beliefs that oppose her own.\nZenus, her father, believes that wrath is an appropriate means of punishment against the mortal lives they watch over. Even through her heart-break at the words of her father, she still tries to see the good in him and aims to find a way to make him see things from her perspective.\nAll of this makes Celestria a righteous and courageous goddess, while also being both omniprescent and omnipotent. She is also willing to put faith in the protagonist of Dragon Quest IX, to do what she could not.\nBiography[]\nDragon Quest IX[]\nCelestria plays a major role in Dragon Quest IX, which is to watch over and guide the Celestrians that Her father, Zenus, had created for her. Her beliefs and morals are what define the Celestrian race, leading them to fulfill odd jobs or quests to aid mortal life in the Protectorate. Her presence is defined by Yggdrasil, the tree that sits atop The Observatory and is the very monument that gives Celestrians their meaning of life.\nIt is later revealed that Celestria is, in fact, Yggdrasil. Her father, the Almighty Zenus, grew sick and tired of the sinful nature of mortalkind and left Celestria heartbroken after he declared that he should erase mortalkind for their sins. However, she insisted that she would become the World Tree, Yggdrasil, until mortal life could prove that they have compassion and gratitude. Until then, she would remain in a slumber, as Yggdrasil, to which her father deemed her \"foolish\", but helps her cause in creating Celestrians to carry out her deeds.\nOnce all of the Fyggs are returned to her, she reveals herself to the Hero, Apus Major, Captain Sterling and Stella, informing them of her past and her transformation into Yggdrasil. After revealing herself to the Hero, she gives them a Fygg to allow them to become a mortal and asks them to dispose of the sinful Corvus.\nOnce Corvus is slain and peace returns to the Protectorate, she decides to remain on top of the Realm of the Almighty to fulfil her duties as goddess and to protect mortals.\nEven though she often calls herself Zenus' only daughter, it is later revealed that Stella could be her sister and that, long ago, they could have been one sole being known as Stellestria, an evil queen that caused hate and suffering to mortals. This was revealed in a quest, saying that Stella was an adorable \"sister\" to Celestria, to which Celestria states that all human angels are siblings. There are many other suggestions that Celestria and Stella are sisters, although multiple scenarios contradict one another.\nOther Appearances[]\nDragon Quest of the Stars[]\nCelestria makes a brief appearance in Dragon Quest of the Stars' Dragon Quest IX story event.\nDragon Quest of the Stars[]\nAppears in the main story. She helps Slamichi and the Hero's in the fight against Blair and his plan to resurect the Dark Lord.\nGallery[]\nImages[]\nCelestria stopping Zenus from destroying the ProtectorateCelestria transforming herself into the YggdrasilCelestria reveals her identityCelestria appearing through YggdrasilCelestria after returning to her true form and awakeningCelestria after she frees the souls of the CelestriansWalk appearance.\nVideos[]\nDragon Quest IXIX- Celestria's StoryCelestria telling her whole story\nTrivia[]\nCelestria's gown and raiment are available as body armor. Interestingly, they can be equipped by male characters. They can be alchemised using a nightmare gown and Saint's Ashes.\nShe is the second humanoid deity in the Dragon Quest series to make an appearance. The first being Rubiss.\nThere is a luxury cruise ship called the Queen Celestria in Dragon Quest X. There is also the strong possibility that Dragon Quest X itself is set far into the future of Dragon Quest IX, although there has yet be a definitive proof that this is the case.\nOther languages[]\nExpandOther languages\nFrench\nClestelle\nGerman\nCelestria\nSpanish\nDafne\nItalian\nAngelica\nDutch\nUnknown\nNorwegian\nUnknown\nGreek\nUnknown\nPortuguese\nUnknown\nRussian\nUnknown\nChinese\nUnknown\nKorean\nUnknown\nShowv d eDragon Quest IXCharacters\nHero/Heroine\nStella\nErinn\nPatty\nSellma\nAquila\nPavo\nApus Major\nSterling\nCelestria\nCorvus\nSerena\nGreygnarl\nBarbarus\nKing Godwyn\nQueen Voluptua\nKing Aqueus\nCatarrhina\nDr. Phlegming\nJack of Alltrades\nCap'n Max Meddlin'\nDLC Special Guests\nRegions\nProtectorate\nAngel Falls\nBloomingdale\nCringle Coast\nDjust Desert\nDoomingale Forest\nDourbridge\nEastern Coffinwell\nEastern Stornway\nEastern Wormwood\nGittish Empire\nHermany\nIluugazar Plains\nKhaalag Coast\nLonely Coast\nLonely Plains\nMt. Ulzuun\nMt. Ulbaruun\nNewid Isle\nOndor Cliffs\nPluvi Isle\nSlurry Coast\nSnowberia\nSnowberian Coast\nStornway\nUrdus Marshland\nWormwood Canyon\nWestern Coffinwell\nWestern Stornway\nWestern Wormwood\nWyrmneck\nWyrmtail\nWyrmwing\nWyrmsmaw\nZere\nTowns, villages and places\nAlltrades Abbey\nObservatory\nAngel Falls\nQuester's Rest\nBatsureg\nBloomingdale\nCoffinwell\nDourbridge\nGleeba\nGortress\nHunters' Yurts\nLoch Storn\nMirage Mahal\nPorth Llaffan\nRealm of the Almighty\nSlurry Quay\nStornway\nStornway Castle\nSwinedimples Academy\nUpover\nWormwood Creek\nZere\nZere Rocks\nDungeons\nBrigadoom\nGerzuun\nGittingham Palace\nHeights of Loneliness\nMagmaroo*Oubliette\nQuarantomb\nRealm of the Mighty\nThe Bad Cave\nThe Bowhole\nThe Hexagon\nThe Old School\nThe Plumbed Depths\nTower of Nod\nTower of Trades\nTywll Cave\nRaces\nHumans*Celestrians\nKey terms\nAccolade\nAlchemy\nKrak Pot\nBenevolessence\nFygg\nYggdrasil\nGittish Empire\nTriumgorate\nShip\nStarflight Express\nQuests\nRepeatable quests\nSkills\nRevocation\nCoup de Grce\nDQVC\nTag Mode\nTreasure maps\nTreasure map\nLocker map\nMasayuki map\nBosses\nGrotto locations\nMonster ranks\nTreasure chest ranks\nLists\nAccessories\nAccolades\nAlchemy Ingredients\nSix Orbs\nAlchemy Recipes\nArmor\nBestiary\nCharacters\nFootwear\nHandwear\nHeadwear\nItems\nImportant items\nLeg Armor\nMinor Characters\nQuests\nShields\nSkills\nSpells\nVocations\nWalkthroughs\nWeapons\nOther\nBeta and unused elements\nCategories\nCategories:\nFemale characters\nNavigation templates\nMain series templates\nDeities\nGoddess\nDragon Quest IX characters\nDragon Quest of the Stars characters\nDragon Quest Treasures adventurer statues\nDragon Quest Rivals characters\nDragon Quest Walk characters\nAdd category\nCancel\nSave\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nDragon Quest\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Dragon Quest Wiki\n1\nList of alchemy recipes in Dragon Quest VIII\n2\nErdrick\n3\nJade\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nDragon Quest Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://dragonquest.fandom.com/wiki/Celestria" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Celestria - Dragon Quest Wiki\nAnonymousNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inDragon Quest WikiSearch\nCelestriaFrom Dragon Quest WikiNamespacesPageDiscussionMoreMorePage actionsReadEditHistoryCelestria (, Serushia, (Celesia)) is a character in Dragon Quest IX. She is the daughter of the Almighty One, Zenus. Her role is that of a Christ-like figure to the people of the Protectorate. She assists the hero in reaching the final dungeon in the story.\nSynopsis[edit]\nWarning: Spoilers!Click expand to view content\nCelestria stopped her father Zenus from destroying the Protectorate long before the events of Dragon Quest IX. To prove that mortals still have good in their hearts, she transformed herself into the great tree Yggdrasil. She is the reason benevolessence and fyggs are collected to be brought to the Observatory.\nNear the end of the story, the hero must become mortal in order to be able to fight Corvus. Celestria provides the hero with an 8th fygg allowing him/her to do so. After completing the game, Celestria allows the hero to return to the final dungeon if desired.\nSymbolism[edit]\nCelestria plays a Christ-like role in the story because she protects the mortals from her father Zenus' wrath. She completes the overall biblical motif of the Celestrians being angels who are working for her and her father. Celestria chooses to temporarily sacrifice herself in order to save the mortals. This directly parallels Jesus Christ dying on the cross to save mortal men from hell.\nGallery[edit]\nCelestria transforms herself into Yggdrasil\nCelestria\nCelestria stopped Zenus from destroying the Protectorate\nCelestria transforming into Yggdrasil\nDragon Quest IX: Sentinels of the Starry Skies\nV - D - E\nCharacters\nHero\nStella\nErinn\nPatty\nSellma\nAquila\nApus Major\nSterling\nCelestria\nCorvus\nSerena\nGreygnarl\nBarbarus\nKing Godwyn\nCap'n Max Meddlin'\nTowns\nAlltrades Abbey\nAngel Falls\nBatsureg\nBloomingdale\nCoffinwell\nDourbridge\nGleeba\nGortress\nHunters' Yurts\nMirage Mahal\nObservatory\nPorth Llaffan\nRealm of the Almighty\nSlurry Quay\nStornway\nStornway Castle\nSwinedimples Academy\nUpover\nWormwood Creek\nZere\nZere Rocks\nDungeons\nBrigadoom\nGerzuun\nGittingham Palace\nHeights of Loneliness\nMagmaroo\nOubliette\nQuarantomb\nRealm of the Mighty\nThe Bad Cave\nThe Bowhole\nThe Hexagon\nThe Old School\nThe Plumbed Depths\nTower of Nod\nTower of Trades\nTywll Cave\nTerms\nAccolade\nAlchemy\nBattle Records\nBenevolessence\nCelestrian\nCoup de Grce\nDQVC\nFygg\nGittish Empire\nKrak Pot\nParty trick\nProtectorate\nQuester's Rest\nQuests\nSkills\nRevocation\nStarflight Express\nTag Mode\nTreasure map\nTriumgorate\nYggdrasil\nLists\nAccessories\nAccolades\nAlchemy Ingredients\nAlchemy Recipes\nAlchemy Recipe Books\nArmor\nCharacters\nEnemies\nErdrick Equipment\nFootwear\nHandwear\nHeadwear\nItems\nImportant items\nLeg Armor\nParty tricks\nQuests\nRegions\nRevocation Medals\nShields\nSkills\nSpells\nTreasure maps\nUpgradable equipment\nVocations\nWeapons\nMiscellaneous\nDragon Quest IX: Sentinels of the Starry Skies Fan Trivia Contest\nRetrieved from \"https://dragon-quest.org/w/index.php?title=Celestria&oldid=114198\"\nCategories: DivinityDragon Quest IX charactersNavigationNavigationMain pageAboutCommunity portalRecent changesRandom pageLatest UpdatesNew ArticlesNew FilesWanted ArticlesRecurring aspectsWhat is Dragon Quest?HeroesSkills & spellsMonstersAffiliatesWiki Dragon QuestDragon's DenMystery Dungeon WikiWiki toolsWiki toolsSpecial pagesPage toolsPage toolsUser page toolsMoreWhat links hereRelated changesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage informationPage logsCategoriesCategoriesDivinityDragon Quest IX characters This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 19:13.Text content is available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Privacy policyAbout Dragon Quest WikiDisclaimersMobile view", "url": "https://dragon-quest.org/wiki/Celestria" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Professor Nualart\nPersonal page of David Nualart\nDavid Nualart\nBlack-Babcock Distinguished Professor Emeritus\nEmail: nualart@ku.edu\nResearch interests: Stochastic Analysis, Malliavin Calculus, Stochastic Partial Differential Equations, Fractional Brownian Motion\nVita: Curriculum vitae\nPublications: Preprints Published papers since 2000\nBook \"The Malliavin Calculus and Related Topics\" Corrections", "url": "https://nualart.ku.edu/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "David Nualart - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Recognition\n2References\n3External links\nToggle the table of contents\nDavid Nualart\n4 languages\nCatalEspaolEuskaraFranais\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nSpanish mathematician\nThis biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources:\"David Nualart\"news newspapers books scholar JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nDavid Nualart (born 21 March 1951)[1] is a Spanish mathematician working in the field of probability theory, in particular on aspects of stochastic processes and stochastic analysis.\nHe obtained his PhD titled \"Contribucin al estudio de la integral estocstica\" in 1975 at the University of Barcelona under the supervision of Francesc d'Asss Sales Valls.[2] After positions at the University of Barcelona and the Polytechnique University of Barcelona he took up a professorship at the University of Kansas and was the Black-Babcock Distinguished Professor in its Mathematics Department from 2012 to 2022.[1] He retired in 2022.[3]\nHe was the Chief Editor of Electronic Communications in Probability from 2006 to 2008.[1]\nRecognition[edit]\nHe has been elected a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 1997.\nHe received a Doctor Honoris Causa by the Universit Blaise Pascal of Clermond-Ferrand in 1998.\nHe received the Prize IBERDROLA de Ciencia y Tecnologia in 1999.\nHe has been a Corresponding Member of the Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales of\nMadrid since 2003.\nHe has been a member of the Reial Academia de Ciencies i Arts of Barcelona since 2003.\nHe received the Research Prize of the Real Academia de Ciencias de Madrid in 1991.[1]\nIn March 2011 the International Conference on Malliavin Calculus and Stochastic Analysis in honor of David\nNualart took place at University of Kansas. The results were published in 2013 as a festschrift, Malliavin Calculus and Stochastic Analysis: A Festschrift in Honor of David Nualart.[4]\nHe was named to the 2023 class of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, \"for contributions to Malliavin calculus, stochastic PDE's, and fractional Brownian motion\".[5]\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c d \"Curriculum Vitae for David Nualart\" (PDF). University of Kansas. Retrieved 2024-05-17.\n^ David Nualart at the Mathematics Genealogy Project\n^ \"KU to honor faculty, academic staff retirees\". KU News. University of Kansas. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 2024-05-17.\n^ MR3155263; Zbl1261.60005\n^ \"2023 Class of Fellows\". American Mathematical Society. Retrieved 2022-11-09.\nExternal links[edit]\nHome page\nAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nDBLP\nMathSciNet\nMathematics Genealogy Project\nzbMATH\nOther\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Nualart&oldid=1224403058\"\nCategories: 1951 birthsLiving people20th-century Spanish mathematiciansMathematical analystsUniversity of Barcelona alumni21st-century Spanish mathematiciansFellows of the American Mathematical SocietyHidden categories: Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataArticles lacking reliable references from October 2012All articles lacking reliable referencesBLP articles lacking sources from October 2012Articles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with DBLP identifiersArticles with MATHSN identifiersArticles with MGP identifiersArticles with ZBMATH identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 18 May 2024, at 05:37(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nualart" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "David Nualart - The Mathematics Genealogy Project\nMathematics Genealogy Project\nHome\nSearch\nExtrema\nAbout MGP\nMission\nHistory (PDF)\nSupport Us\nNews\nStaff\nRecognition\nAcknowledgments\nLinks\nFAQs\nPosters\nSubmit Data\nContact\nDonate\nA\nservice of the NDSU Department of Mathematics, in association with the American Mathematical Society.\nDavid Nualart\nMathSciNet\nPh.D. Universitat de Barcelona 1975\nDissertation:\nContribucin al estudio de la integral estocstica\nMathematics Subject Classification: 60Probability theory and stochastic processes\nAdvisor: Francesc d'Asss Sales Valls\nStudents:\nClick\nhere to see the students listed in chronological order.\nNameSchoolYearDescendantsAlabert, AureliUniversitat de Barcelona19953\nAlos, ElisaUniversitat de Barcelona1998\nArenas Sol, ConcepcinUniversidad de Barcelona19871\nFarre, MerceUniversitat de Barcelona1991\nFerrante, MarcoScuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste1993\nFlorit, CarmeUniversitat de Barcelona1999\nHarnett, DanielUniversity of Kansas2013\nJulia, OlgaUniversitat de Barcelona1985\nKuzgun, SefikaUniversity of Kansas2022\nLanjri Zadi, NoureddineUniversidad de Barcelona1999\nLei, PedroUniversity of Kansas2012\nLewis, PeterUniversity of Kansas2018\nLiu, YanghuiUniversity of Kansas2016\nLu, FeiUniversity of Kansas20133\nMoret, SilviaUniversitat de Barcelona2000\nOrtiz-Latorre, SalvadorUniversitat de Barcelona20082\nSanz-Sol, MartaUniversitat de Barcelona197816\nSong, JianUniversity of Kansas20101\nSong, XiaomingUniversity of Kansas2011\nTindel, SamyUniversit Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris VI19964\nUtzet, FredericUniversitat de Barcelona19851\nVives i Santa-Eullia, JosepUniversitat de Barcelona19932\nWilkens, AmandaUniversity of Kansas2021\nXia, PanqiuUniversity of Kansas2020\nAccording to our current on-line database, David Nualart has 24 students and 57 descendants.\nWe welcome any additional information.\nIf you have additional information or\ncorrections regarding this mathematician, please use the update form. To submit students of this\nmathematician, please use the new\ndata form, noting this mathematician's MGP ID of 93562 for the advisor ID.\nSearch\nAbout MGP\nMission\nNews\nStaff\nRecognition\nAcknowledgments\nLinks\nFAQs\nPosters\nSubmit Data\nContact\nThe Mathematics Genealogy Project is in need of funds\nto help pay for student help and other associated costs. If you would like to\ncontribute, please donate online using credit card or bank transfer or mail your tax-deductible contribution to:\nMathematics Genealogy Project\nDepartment of Mathematics\nNorth Dakota State University\nP. O. Box 6050\nFargo, North Dakota 58108-6050\nThis website is using cookies. We use them to give you the best experience. If you continue using our website, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on this website.ContinueLearnmorex", "url": "https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=93562" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "David Nualart | Department of Mathematics\nSkip to main content\nThe University of Kansas\nMENU\nlink to menu page\nTHE UNIVERSITY of KANSAS\nCollege of Liberal Arts & Sciences\nDepartment of Mathematics\nmyKU\nEmail\nCanvas\nEnroll & Pay\nClose\nMain navigation\nSearch this unit\nSubmit Search\nHome\nAbout\nSelect to follow link\nPeople\nSelect to follow link\nAcademics\nSelect to follow link\nAdmission\nSelect to follow link\nResearch\nSelect to follow link\nResources\nSelect to follow link\nOutreach\nSelect to follow link\nAlumni & Friends\nSelect to follow link\nInfo for\nProspective Students\nCurrent Students\nAlumni\nDegree Programs\nmyKU\nEmail\nCanvas\nEnroll & Pay\nClose the navigation\nDepartment of Mathematics\nHistory (1866-1970)\nEmployment\nContact Us\nAdministration\nFaculty\nEmeritus\nLecturers\nGraduate Students\nUndergraduate Program\nSelect to follow link\nGraduate Program\nSelect to follow link\nSTEMTeach KU\nCourses\nSelect to follow link\nUndergraduate Program\nSelect to follow link\nGraduate Program\nSelect to follow link\nResearch & Interests Areas\nSelect to follow link\nSeminars\nSelect to follow link\nSmith Colloquium\nSelect to follow link\nMathematics Distinguished Lecture Series\nSelect to follow link\nConferences\nSelect to follow link\nUndergraduate Resources\nSelect to follow link\nGraduate Resources\nSelect to follow link\nDepartment Resources\nSelect to follow link\nKU Math Club\nKU Student Chapter of the Association for Women in Mathematics\nKU Student Chapter of SIAM\nMath Graduate Student Organization\nSelect to follow link\nCollegiate Math Competitions\nMathematics and Statistics Awareness Month\nSelect to follow link\nJayhawk Math Teacher's Circle\nMathematics in Industry Careers\nSelect to follow link\nRecent PhD Graduates\nScholarships\nAdvising/Math Placement\nSelect to follow link\nKansas Algebra Program\nDouble Majoring\nHonors\nPhD Research\nGraduate Teaching Assistantships\nGraduate Fellowships/Scholarships\nMath Course Descriptions\nFrequency of Courses\nEnhanced Sections for College Algebra and Calculus\nTransfer Courses\nGraduate Support\nInternational Students\nJayhawk Mathematics Sneak Peek\nAlgebra\nAlgebraic Geometry\nApplied Mathematics\nDifferential Geometry\nCombinatorics\nGeometry/Topology\nHarmonic Analysis\nLie groups\nMathematical Physics\nMathematics Education\nNumerical Analysis/Scientific Computing\nOperator Algebras\nPartial Differential Equations\nProbability\nQuantization\nStatistics\nStochastic Control\nSeminars Spring 2024\nSeminars Fall 2023\nSeminars Spring 2023\nSeminars Fall 2022\nSeminars Spring 2022\nSeminars Fall 2021\nSmith Colloquium Spring 2024\nSelect to follow link\nSmith Colloquium Fall 2023\nSelect to follow link\nSmith Colloquium Spring 2023\nSelect to follow link\nSmith Colloquium Fall 2022\nSelect to follow link\nSmith Colloquium Spring 2022\nSelect to follow link\nSmith Colloquium Fall 2021\nSelect to follow link\nSmith Colloquium Spring 2021\nSmith Colloquium Fall 2020\nPercy Deift-Distinguished Lecture\nVolker Mehrmann-Distinguished Lecture\nRuth J. 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Learn more3,906CitationsIntroductionSkills and ExpertiseStochasticProbability TheoryStochastic Differential EquationsMathematical FinanceProbabilityDerivativesFractional CalculusGaussian ProcessesStatisticsAdditional affiliationsAugust 2005 - presentUniversity of KansasDepartment of MathematicsLawrence, United StatesPositionBlack-Babcock Distinguished ProfessorPublicationsPublications (239)Convergence of densities of spatial averages of the parabolic Anderson model driven by colored noiseArticleJul 2023 Sefika Kuzgun David NualartViewLimit theorems for additive functionals of the fractional Brownian motionArticleMay 2023 Arturo Jaramillo Ivan Nourdin David Nualart Giovanni PeccatiViewError distribution of the Euler approximation scheme for stochastic Volterra equationsArticleFull-text availableDec 2022 David Nualart Bhargobjyoti SaikiaThe purpose of this paper is to establish the convergence in distribution of the normalized error in the Euler approximation scheme for stochastic Volterra equations driven by a standard Brownian motion, with a kernel of the form (t-s)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb}...ViewGaussian fluctuations of spatial averages of a system of stochastic heat equationsPreprintFull-text availableNov 2022 David Nualart Bhargobjyoti SaikiaWe consider a system of $d$ non-linear stochastic heat equations driven by an $m$-dimensional space-time white noise on $\\mathbb{R}_+\\times \\mathbb{R}$. In this paper we study the asymptotic behavior of spatial averages over large intervals $[-R,R]$. We establish a rate of convergence to a multivariate normal distribution in the Wasserstein distanc...ViewRegularization of differential equations by two fractional noisesArticleFull-text availableJun 2022 David Nualart Ercan SonmezIn this paper, we show the existence and uniqueness of a solution for a stochastic differential equation driven by an additive noise which is the sum of two fractional Brownian motions with different Hurst parameters. The proofs are based on the techniques of fractional calculus and Girsanov theorem. In particular, we show that the regularization e...ViewCentral limit theorems for stochastic wave equations in dimensions one and twoArticleFull-text availableJun 2022 David Nualart Guangqu ZhengFix \\(d\\in \\{1,2\\}\\), we consider a d-dimensional stochastic wave equation driven by a Gaussian noise, which is temporally white and colored in space such that the spatial correlation function is integrable and satisfies Dalangs condition. In this setting, we provide quantitative central limit theorems for the spatial average of the solution over...ViewConvergence of densities of spatial averages of stochastic heat equationArticleJun 2022 Sefika Kuzgun David NualartIn this paper, we consider the one-dimensional stochastic heat equation driven by a spacetime white noise. In two different scenarios, (i) initial condition u0=1 and general nonlinear coefficient , (ii) initial condition u0=0 and (x)=x (Parabolic Anderson Model), we establish rates of convergence with respect to the uniform distance between the...ViewConvergence of densities of spatial averages of the parabolic Anderson model driven by colored noisePreprintFull-text availableMay 2022 Sefika Kuzgun David NualartIn this paper, we present a rate of convergence in the uniform norm for the densities of spatial averages of the solution to the d-dimensional parabolic Anderson model driven by a Gaussian multiplicative noise, which is white in time and has a spatial covariance given by the Riesz kernel. The proof is based on the combination of Malliavin calculus...ViewCentral limit theorems for parabolic stochastic partial differential equationsArticleFull-text availableMay 2022 Le Chen Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuViewError Distribution Of The Euler Approximation Scheme For Stochastic Volterra Integral EquationsPreprintFull-text availableMar 2022 David Nualart Bhargobjyoti SaikiaThe purpose of this paper is to establish the convergence in distribution of the normalized error in the Euler approximation scheme for stochastic Volterra equations driven by a standard Brownian motion, with a kernel of the form $(t-s)^\\alpha$, where $\\alpha \\in (-\\frac 12, \\frac 12)$.ViewQuantitative normal approximations for the stochastic fractional heat equationArticleFull-text availableMar 2022 Obayda Assaad David Nualart Ciprian Tudor Lauri ViitasaariIn this article we present a quantitative central limit theorem for the stochastic fractional heat equation driven by a a general Gaussian multiplicative noise, including the cases of spacetime white noise and the white-colored noise with spatial covariance given by the Riesz kernel or a bounded integrable function. We show that the spatial averag...ViewThe hyperbolic Anderson model: moment estimates of the Malliavin derivatives and applicationsArticleFull-text availableJan 2022 Raluca Balan David Nualart Llus Quer-Sardanyons Guangqu ZhengIn this article, we study the hyperbolic Anderson model driven by a space-time colored Gaussian homogeneous noise with spatial dimension $$d=1,2$$ d = 1 , 2 . Under mild assumptions, we provide $$L^p$$ L p -estimates of the iterated Malliavin derivative of the solution in terms of the fundamental solution of the wave solution. To achieve this goal,...ViewFeynman-Kac Formula for Iterated Derivatives of the Parabolic Anderson ModelArticleFull-text availableJan 2022 Sefika Kuzgun David NualartThe purpose of this paper is to establish a Feynman-Kac formula for the moments of the iterated Malliavin derivatives of the solution to the parabolic Anderson model in terms of pinned Brownian motions. As an application, we obtain estimates for the moments of the iterated derivatives of the solution.ViewQuantitative central limit theorems for the parabolic Anderson model driven by colored noisesArticleJan 2022 David Nualart Panqiu Xia Guangqu ZhengViewCentral limit theorems for spatial averages of the stochastic heat equation via MalliavinSteins methodArticleFull-text availableNov 2021 Le Chen Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuSuppose that \\(\\{u(t, x)\\}_{t >0, x \\in {\\mathbb {R}}^d}\\) is the solution to a d-dimensional stochastic heat equation driven by a Gaussian noise that is white in time and has a spatially homogeneous covariance that satisfies Dalangs condition. The purpose of this paper is to establish quantitative central limit theorems for spatial averages of th...ViewSpatial ergodicity and central limit theorems for parabolic Anderson model with delta initial conditionArticleOct 2021 Le Chen Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuLet {u(t,x)}t>0,xR denote the solution to the parabolic Anderson model with initial condition 0 and driven by space-time white noise on R+R, and let pt(x):=(2t)1/2exp{x2/(2t)} denote the standard Gaussian heat kernel on the line. We use a non-trivial adaptation of the methods in our companion papers [6], [7] in order to prove that the random...ViewA CLT for dependent random variables with an application to an infinite system of interacting diffusion processesArticleSep 2021 Le Chen Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuWe present a central limit theorem for stationary random fields that are short-range dependent and asymptotically independent. As an application, we present a central limit theorem for an infinite family of interacting It-type diffusion processes.ViewQuantitative central limit theorems for the parabolic Anderson model driven by colored noisesPreprintSep 2021 David Nualart Panqiu Xia Guangqu ZhengIn this paper, we study the spatial averages of the solution to the parabolic Anderson model driven by a space-time Gaussian homogeneous noise that is colored in time and space. We establish quantitative central limit theorems (CLT) of this spatial statistics under some mild assumptions, by using the Malliavin-Stein approach. The highlight of this...ViewLarge Time Asymptotic Properties of the Stochastic Heat EquationArticleFull-text availableSep 2021 Arturo Kohatsu-Higa David NualartIn this article, we study the large time asymptotic behavior of the stochastic heat equation.ViewConvergence of Densities of Spatial Averages of Stochastic Heat EquationPreprintFull-text availableAug 2021 Sefika Kuzgun David NualartIn this paper, we consider the one-dimensional stochastic heat equation driven by a space time white noise. In two different scenarios: {\\it (i)} initial condition $u_0=1$ and general nonlinear coefficient $\\sigma$ and {\\it (ii)}: initial condition $u_0=\\delta_0$ and $\\sigma(x)=x$ (Parabolic Anderson Model), we establish rates of convergence for th...ViewLimit Theorems for Additive Functionals of the Fractional Brownian MotionPreprintJul 2021 Arturo Jaramillo Ivan Nourdin David Nualart Giovanni PeccatiWe investigate first and second order fluctuations of additive functionals of a fractional Brownian motion (fBm) of the form \\begin{align}\\label{eq:abstractmain} Z_n=\\left\\{\\int_{0}^{t}f(n^{H}(B_{s}-\\lambda))ds\\ ; t\\geq 0 \\right\\} \\end{align} where $B=\\{B_{t}; t \\geq 0\\}$ is a fBm with Hurst parameter $H\\in (0,1)$, $f$ is a suitable test function a...ViewLimit theorems for integral functionals of Hermite-driven processesArticleMay 2021 Valentin Garino Ivan Nourdin David Nualart Majid SalamatViewTotal variation estimates in the BreuerMajor theoremArticleMay 2021 David Nualart Hongjuan ZhouViewRegularization of differential equations by two fractional noisesPreprintFull-text availableApr 2021 David Nualart Ercan SnmezIn this paper we show the existence and uniqueness of a solution for a stochastic differential equation driven by an additive noise which is the sum of two fractional Brownian motions with different Hurst parameters. The proofs are based on the techniques of fractional calculus and Girsanov theorem. In particular, we show that the regularization ef...ViewSpatial Stationarity, Ergodicity, and CLT for Parabolic Anderson Model with Delta Initial Condition in Dimension $d\\geq 1ArticleApr 2021 Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuViewLimit theorems for singular Skorohod integralsArticleFull-text availableMar 2021 Denis Bell Raul Bolaos David NualartViewThe hyperbolic Anderson model: Moment estimates of the Malliavin derivatives and applicationsPreprintFull-text availableJan 2021 Raluca Balan David Nualart Llus Quer-Sardanyons Guangqu ZhengIn this article, we study the hyperbolic Anderson model driven by a space-time \\emph{colored} Gaussian homogeneous noise with spatial dimension $d=1,2$. Under mild assumptions, we provide $L^p$-estimates of the iterated Malliavin derivative of the solution in terms of the fundamental solution of the wave solution. To achieve this goal, we rely heav...ViewThe BreuerMajor theorem in total variation: Improved rates under minimal regularityArticleJan 2021 Ivan Nourdin David Nualart Giovanni PeccatiIn this paper we prove an estimate for the total variation distance, in the framework of the BreuerMajor theorem, using the MalliavinStein method, assuming the underlying function g to be once weakly differentiable with g and g having finite moments of order four with respect to the standard Gaussian density. This result is proved by a combinati...ViewSpatial averages for the parabolic Anderson model driven by rough noiseArticleJan 2021 David Nualart Xiaoming Song Guangqu ZhengViewAveraging 2d stochastic wave equationArticleJan 2021 Raul Bolaos Guerrero David Nualart Guangqu ZhengViewSpatial ergodicity for SPDEs via Poincar-type inequalitiesArticleJan 2021 Le Chen Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuViewRate of Convergence for the Weighted Hermite Variations of the Fractional Brownian MotionArticleFull-text availableDec 2020 Nicholas Ma David NualartIn this paper, we obtain a rate of convergence in the central limit theorem for high order weighted Hermite variations of the fractional Brownian motion. The proof is based on the techniques of Malliavin calculus and the quantitative stable limit theorems proved by Nourdin et al. (Ann Probab 44:141, 2016).ViewA Central Limit Theorem for the stochastic wave equation with fractional noiseArticleNov 2020 Francisco J Delgado Vences David Nualart Guangqu ZhengViewSpatial averages for the Parabolic Anderson model driven by rough noisePreprintOct 2020 David Nualart Xiaoming Song Guangqu ZhengIn this paper, we study spatial averages for the parabolic Anderson model in the Skorohod sense driven by rough Gaussian noise, which is colored in space and time. We include the case of a fractional noise with Hurst parameters $H_0$ in time and $H_1$ in space, satisfying $H_0 \\in (1/2,1)$, $H_1\\in (0,1/2)$ and $H_0 + H_1 > 3/4$. Our main result is...ViewCentral limit theorems for spatial averages of the stochastic heat equation via Malliavin-Stein's methodPreprintAug 2020 Le Chen Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuSuppose that $\\{u(t\\,, x)\\}_{t >0, x \\in\\mathbb{R}^d}$ is the solution to a $d$-dimensional stochastic heat equation driven by a Gaussian noise that is white in time and has a spatially homogeneous covariance that satisfies Dalang's condition. The purpose of this paper is to establish quantitative central limit theorems for spatial averages of the...ViewQuantitative normal approximations for the stochastic fractional heat equationPreprintJul 2020 Obayda Assaad David Nualart Ciprian Tudor Lauri ViitasaariIn this article we present a {\\it quantitative} central limit theorem for the stochastic fractional heat equation driven by a a general Gaussian multiplicative noise, including the cases of space-time white noise and the white-colored noise with spatial covariance given by the Riesz kernel or a bounded integrable function. We show that the spatial...ViewSpatial ergodicity of stochastic wave equations in dimensions 1,2 and 3PreprintJul 2020 David Nualart Guangqu ZhengIn this note, we study a large class of stochastic wave equations with spatial dimension less than or equal to $3$. Via a soft application of Malliavin calculus, we establish that their random field solutions are spatially ergodic.ViewSpatial stationarity, ergodicity and CLT for parabolic Anderson model with delta initial condition in dimension $d\\geq 1PreprintJul 2020 Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuSuppose that $\\{u(t\\,, x)\\}_{t >0, x \\in\\R^d}$ is the solution to a $d$-dimensional parabolic Anderson model with delta initial condition and driven by a Gaussian noise that is white in time and has a spatially homogeneous covariance given by a nonnegative-definite measure $f$ which satisfies Dalang's condition. Let $\\bm{p}_t(x):= (2\\pi t)^{-d/2}\\e...ViewA central limit theorem for the stochastic heat equationArticleFull-text availableJul 2020 Jingyu Huang David Nualart Lauri ViitasaariWe consider the one-dimensional stochastic heat equation driven by a multiplicative spacetime white noise. We show that the spatial integral of the solution from R to R converges in total variance distance to a standard normal distribution as R tends to infinity, after renormalization. We also show a functional version of this central limit theor...ViewLimit theorems for integral functionals of Hermite-driven processesPreprintJun 2020 Valentin Garino Ivan Nourdin David Nualart Majid SalamatConsider a moving average process $X$ of the form $X(t)=\\int_{-\\infty}^t x(t-u)dZ_u$, $t\\geq 0$, where $Z$ is a (non Gaussian) Hermite process of order $q\\geq 2$ and $x:\\mathbb{R}_+\\to\\mathbb{R}$ is sufficiently integrable. This paper investigates the fluctuations, as $T\\to\\infty$, of integral functionals of the form $t\\mapsto \\int_0^{Tt }P(X(s))ds...ViewGaussian fluctuations for the stochastic heat equation with colored noiseArticleFull-text availableJun 2020 Jingyu Huang David Nualart Lauri Viitasaari Guangqu ZhengIn this paper, we present a quantitative central limit theorem for the d-dimensional stochastic heat equation driven by a Gaussian multiplicative noise, which is white in time and has a spatial covariance given by the Riesz kernel. We show that the spatial average of the solution over an Euclidean ball is close to a Gaussian distribution, when the...ViewCentral limit theorems for stochastic wave equations in dimensions one and twoPreprintMay 2020 David Nualart Guangqu ZhengFix $d\\in\\{1,2\\}$, we consider a $d$-dimensional stochastic wave equation driven by a Gaussian noise, which is temporally white and colored in space such that the spatial correlation function is integrable and satisfies Dalang's condition. In this setting, we provide quantitative central limit theorems for the spatial average of the solution over a...ViewFeynman-Kac formula for iterated derivatives of the parabolic Anderson modelPreprintMay 2020 Sefika Kuzgun David NualartThe purpose of this paper is to establish a Feynman-Kac formula for the moments of the iterated Malliavin derivatives of the solution to the parabolic Anderson model in terms of pinned Brownian motions. As an application, we obtain estimates for the moments of the iterated derivatives of the solution.ViewSpatial ergodicity and central limit theorems for parabolic Anderson model with delta initial conditionPreprintMay 2020 Le Chen Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuLet $\\{u(t\\,, x)\\}_{t >0, x \\in\\mathbb{R}}$ denote the solution to the parabolic Anderson model with initial condition $\\delta_0$ and driven by space-time white noise on $\\mathbb{R}_+\\times\\mathbb{R}$, and let $\\bm{p}_t(x):= (2\\pi t)^{-1/2}\\exp\\{-x^2/(2t)\\}$ denote the standard Gaussian heat kernel on the line. We use a non-trivial adaptation of th...ViewA CLT for dependent random variables, with an application to an infinite system of interacting diffusion processesPreprintMay 2020 Le Chen Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuWe present a central limit theorem for stationary random fields that are short-range dependent and asymptotically independent. As an application, we present a central limit theorem for an infinite family of interacting It\\^o-type diffusion processes.ViewAveraging 2d stochastic wave equationPreprintMar 2020 Raul Bolaos Guerrero David Nualart Guangqu ZhengWe consider a 2D stochastic wave equation driven by a Gaussian noise, which is temporally white and spatially colored described by the Riesz kernel. Our first main result is the functional central limit theorem for the spatial average of the solution. And we also establish a quantitative central limit theorem for the marginal and the rate of conver...ViewThe functional BreuerMajor theoremArticleFull-text availableFeb 2020 Ivan Nourdin David NualartLet \\(X=\\{ X_n\\}_{n\\in \\mathbb {Z}}\\) be zero-mean stationary Gaussian sequence of random variables with covariance function \\(\\rho \\) satisfying \\(\\rho (0)=1\\). Let \\(\\varphi :{\\mathbb {R}}\\rightarrow {\\mathbb {R}}\\) be a function such that \\(\\mathbb {E}[\\varphi (X_0)^2]<\\infty \\) and assume that \\(\\varphi \\) has Hermite rank \\(d \\ge 1\\). The cele...ViewIntermittency for the Parabolic Anderson model of Skorohod type driven by a rough noisePreprintJan 2020 Nicolas Ms David Nualart Panqiu XiaIn this paper, we study the parabolic Anderson model of Skorohod type driven by a fractional Gaussian noise in time with Hurst parameter $H \\in (0, 1/2)$. By using the Feynman-Kac representation for the $L^p(\\Omega)$ moments of the solution, we find the upper and lower bounds for the moments.ViewContinuous Breuer-Major theorem for vector valued fieldsArticleJan 2020 David Nualart Abhishek TilvaLet :RnR be zero mean, mean-square continuous, stationary, Gaussian random field with covariance function r(x)=E[(0)(x)] and let G:RR such that G is square integrable with respect to the standard Gaussian measure and is of Hermite rank d. The Breuer-Major theorem in its continuous setting gives that, if rLd(Rn), then the finite dimensional...ViewContinuous BreuerMajor theorem: Tightness and nonstationarityArticleJan 2020 Simon Campese Ivan Nourdin David NualartViewAveraging Gaussian functionalsArticleJan 2020 David Nualart Guangqu ZhengViewOn Nonlinear Rough PathsArticleJan 2020 David Nualart Panqiu XiaViewIntermittency for the parabolic Anderson model of Skorohod type driven by a rough noiseArticleJan 2020 Nicholas Ma David Nualart Panqiu XiaViewSpatial ergodicity of stochastic wave equations in dimensions 1, 2 and 3ArticleJan 2020 David Nualart Guangqu ZhengViewPoincar\\'e inequality, and central limit theorems for parabolic stochastic partial differential equationsPreprintDec 2019 Le Chen Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuLet $\\{u(t\\,,x)\\}_{t\\ge 0, x\\in \\mathbb{R}^d}$ denote the solution of a $d$-dimensional nonlinear stochastic heat equation that is driven by a Gaussian noise, white in time with a homogeneous spatial covariance that is a finite Borel measure $f$ and satisfies Dalang's condition. We prove two general functional central limit theorems for occupation...ViewAveraging Gaussian functionalsPreprintOct 2019 David Nualart Guangqu ZhengThis paper consists of two parts. In the first part, we focus on the average of a functional over shifted Gaussian homogeneous noise and as the averaging domain covers the whole space, we establish a Breuer-Major type Gaussian fluctuation based on various assumptions on the covariance kernel and/or the spectral measure. Our methodology for the firs...ViewOscillatory BreuerMajor theorem with application to the random corrector problemArticleSep 2019 David Nualart Guangqu ZhengIn this paper, we present an oscillatory version of the celebrated BreuerMajor theorem that is motivated by the random corrector problem. As an application, we are able to prove new results concerning the Gaussian fluctuation of the random corrector. We also provide a variant of this theorem involving homogeneous measures.ViewAsymptotic properties of the stochastic heat equation in large timesPreprintSep 2019 Arturo Kohatsu-Higa David NualartIn this article, we study the asymptotic behavior of the stochastic heat equation for large times.ViewSymmetric Stochastic Integrals with Respect to a Class of Self-similar Gaussian ProcessesArticleFull-text availableSep 2019 Daniel Harnett Arturo Jaramillo David NualartWe study the asymptotic behavior of the $\\nu$-symmetric Riemman sums for functionals of a self-similar centered Gaussian process $X$ with increment exponent $0<\\alpha<1$. We prove that, under mild assumptions on the covariance of $X$, the law of the weak $\\nu$-symmetric Riemman sums converge in the Skorohod topology when $\\alpha=(2\\ell+1)^{-1}$, wh...ViewSpatial ergodicity for SPDEs via Poincar\\'e-type inequalitiesPreprintFull-text availableJul 2019 Le Chen Davar Khoshnevisan David Nualart Fei PuConsider a parabolic stochastic PDE of the form $\\partial_t u=\\frac{1}{2}\\Delta u + \\sigma(u)\\eta$, where $u=u(t\\,,x)$ for $t\\ge0$ and $x\\in\\mathbb{R}^d$, $\\sigma:\\mathbb{R}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$ is Lipschitz continuous and non random, and $\\eta$ is a centered Gaussian noise that is white in time and colored in space, with a possibly-signed homogen...ViewRate of convergence in the Breuer-Major theorem via chaos expansionsArticleJul 2019 Sefika Kuzgun David NualartWe show new estimates for the total variation and Wasserstein distances in the framework of the Breuer-Major theorem. The results are based on the combination of Steins method for normal approximations and Malliavin calculus together with Wiener chaos expansions.ViewThe Breuer-Major Theorem in total variation: improved rates under minimal regularityPreprintFull-text availableJul 2019 Ivan Nourdin David Nualart Giovanni PeccatiIn this paper we prove an estimate for the total variation distance, in the framework of the Breuer-Major theorem, using the Malliavin-Stein method, assuming the underlying function $g$ to be once weakly differentiable with $g$ and $g'$ having finite moments of order four with respect to the standard Gaussian density. This result is proved by a com...ViewRate of Convergence in the Breuer-Major Theorem via Chaos ExpansionsPreprintMay 2019 Sefika Kuzgun David NualartWe show new estimates for the total variation and Wasserstein distances in the framework of the Breuer-Major theorem. The results are based on the combination of Stein's method for normal approximations and Malliavin calculus together with Wiener chaos expansions.ViewOn nonlinear rough pathsPreprintApr 2019 David Nualart Panqiu XiaIn this paper, we establish the theory of nonlinear rough paths. We give the definition of nonlinear rough paths, and develop the integrals. Then, we study differential equations driven by nonlinear rough paths. Afterwards, we compare the nonlinear rough paths and classic theory of linear rough paths. Finally, we apply this theory to rough partial...ViewOscillatory Breuer-Major theorem with application to the random corrector problemPreprintApr 2019 David Nualart Guangqu ZhengIn this paper, we present an oscillatory version of the celebrated Breuer-Major theorem that is motivated by the random corrector problem. As an application, we are able to prove new results concerning the Gaussian fluctuation of the random corrector. We also provide a variant of this theorem involving homogeneous measures.View Parameter estimation for fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes of general Hurst parameterArticleFull-text availableApr 2019 Yaozhong Hu David Nualart Hongjuan ZhouThis paper provides several statistical estimators for the drift and volatility parameters of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process driven by fractional Brownian motion, whose observations can be made either continuously or at discrete time instants. First and higher order power variations are used to estimate the volatility parameter. The almost sure conv...ViewLimit theorems for singular Skorohod integralsPreprintMar 2019 Denis Bell Raul Bolanos David NualartIn this paper we prove the convergence in distribution of sequences of It\\^o and Skorohod integrals with integrands having singular asymptotic behavior. These sequences include stochastic convolutions and generalize the example $\\sqrt n\\int _0^1 t^n B_tdB_t$ first studied by Peccati and Yor in 2004.ViewGaussian fluctuations for the stochastic heat equation with colored noisePreprintFull-text availableMar 2019 Jingyu Huang David Nualart Lauri Viitasaari Guangqu ZhengIn this paper, we present a quantitative central limit theorem for the d-dimensional stochastic heat equation driven by a Gaussian multiplicative noise, which is white in time and has a spatial covariance given by the Riesz kernel. We show that the spatial average of the solution over an Euclidean ball is close to a Gaussian distribution, when the...ViewHlder continuity of the solutions to a class of SPDEs arising from branching particle systems in a random environmentArticleJan 2019 Yaozhong Hu David Nualart Panqiu XiaViewSmoothness of density for stochastic differential equations with Markovian switchingArticleFull-text availableJan 2019 Yaozhong Hu David Nualart Xiaobin Sun Yingchao XieViewMalliavin calculus and normal approximationsArticleJan 2019 David NualartViewA Central Limit Theorem for the stochastic wave equation with fractional noisePreprintFull-text availableDec 2018 Francisco J Delgado Vences David Nualart Guangqu ZhengWe study the one-dimensional stochastic wave equation driven by a Gaussian multiplicative noise which is white in time and has the covariance of a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter $H\\in [1/2,1)$ in the spatial variable. We show that the normalized spacial average of the solution over $[-R,R]$ converges in total variation distance to...ViewRate of convergence for the weighted Hermite variations of the fractional Brownian motionPreprintFull-text availableNov 2018 Nicholas Ma David NualartIn this paper we obtain a rate of convergence in the central limit theorem for high order weighted Hermite variations of the fractional Brownian motion. The proof is based on the techniques of Malliavin calculus and the quantitative stable limit theorems proved by Nourdin, Nualart and Peccati in 2016.ViewA Central Limit Theorem for the stochastic heat equationPreprintFull-text availableOct 2018 Jingyu Huang David Nualart Lauri ViitasaariWe consider the one-dimensional stochastic heat equation driven by a multiplicative space-time white noise. We show that the spatial integral of the solution from $-R$ to $R$ converges in total variance distance to a standard normal distribution as $R$ tends to infinity, after renormalization. We also show a functional version of this central limit...ViewH\\\"{o}lder continuity of the solutions to a class of SPDEs arising from multidimensional superprocesses in random environmentPreprintOct 2018 Yaozhong Hu David Nualart Panqiu XiaWe consider a $d$-dimensional branching particle system in a random environment. Suppose that the initial measures converge weakly to a measure with bounded density. Under the Mytnik-Sturm branching mechanism, we prove that the corresponding empirical measure $X_t^n$ converges weakly in the Skorohod space $D([0,T];M_F(\\mathbb{R}^d))$ and the limit...ViewIntroduction to Malliavin CalculusBookSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartCambridge Core - Econometrics and Mathematical Methods - Introduction to Malliavin Calculus - by David NualartView3 - Derivative and Divergence OperatorsChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartView10 - Malliavin Calculus for Jump Processes IChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartViewAppendix A - Basics of Stochastic ProcessesChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartView8 - Normal ApproximationsChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartView5 - OrnsteinUhlenbeck SemigroupChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartView9 - Jump ProcessesChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartView7 - Study of DensitiesChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartView11 - Malliavin Calculus for Jump Processes IIChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartView6 - Stochastic Integral RepresentationsChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartView4 - Wiener ChaosChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartViewReferencesChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartView2 - Stochastic CalculusChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartView1 - Brownian MotionChapterSep 2018 David Nualart Eulalia NualartViewThe functional Breuer-Major theoremPreprintAug 2018 Ivan Nourdin David NualartLet $X=\\{ X_n\\}_{n\\in \\mathbb{Z}}$ be zero-mean stationary Gaussian sequence of random variables with covariance function $\\rho$ satisfying $\\rho(0)=1$. Let $\\varphi:\\mathbb{R}\\to\\mathbb{R}$ be a function such that $E[\\varphi(X_0)^2]<\\infty$ and assume that $\\varphi$ has Hermite rank $d \\geq 1$. The celebrated Breuer-Major theorem asserts that, if...ViewTotal variation estimates in the Breuer-Major theoremPreprintJul 2018 David Nualart Hongjuan ZhouThis paper provides estimates for the convergence rate of the total variation distance in the framework of the Breuer-Major theorem, assuming some smoothness properties of the underlying function. The results are proved by applying new bounds for the total variation distance between a random variable expressed as a divergence and a standard Gaussia...ViewContinuous Breuer-Major theorem: tightness and non-stationarityPreprintJul 2018 Simon Campese Ivan Nourdin David NualartLet $Y=(Y(t))_{t\\geq0}$ be a zero-mean Gaussian stationary process with covariance function $\\rho:\\mathbb{R}\\to\\mathbb{R}$ satisfying $\\rho(0)=1$. Let $f:\\mathbb{R}\\to\\mathbb{R}$ be a square-integrable function with respect to the standard Gaussian measure, and suppose the Hermite rank of $f$ is $d\\geq 1$. If $\\int_\\mathbb{R} |\\rho(s)|^dds<\\infty$,...ViewIntermittency for the stochastic heat equation driven by a rough time fractional Gaussian noiseArticleFull-text availableJun 2018 Le Chen Yaozhong Hu Kamran Kalbasi David NualartThis paper studies the stochastic heat equation driven by time fractional Gaussian noise with Hurst parameter H(0,1/2)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$H...ViewDrift parameter estimation for nonlinear stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motionArticleMar 2018 Yaozhong Hu David Nualart Hongjuan ZhouWe derive the strong consistency of the least squares estimator for the drift coefficient of a fractional stochastic differential system. The drift coeffcient is one-sided dissipative Lipschitz and the driving noise is additive and fractional with Hurst parameter $H \\in (\\frac{1}{4}, 1)$. We assume that continuous observation is possible. The main...ViewCollision of Eigenvalues for Matrix-Valued processesArticleFeb 2018 Arturo Jaramillo David NualartWe examine the probability that at least two eigenvalues of an Hermitian matrix-valued Gaussian process, collide. In particular, we determine sharp conditions under which such probability is zero. As an application, we show that the eigenvalues of a real symmetric matrix-valued fractional Brownian motion of Hurst parameter $H$, collide when $H<1/2$...ViewAsymptotic behavior for an additive functional of two independent self-similar Gaussian processesArticleFeb 2018 David Nualart Fangjun XuWe derive the asymptotic behavior for an additive functional of two independent self-similar Gaussian processes when their intersection local time exists, using the method of moments.ViewLarge deviations for stochastic heat equation with rough dependence in spaceArticleFeb 2018 Yaozhong Hu David Nualart Tusheng ZhangIn this paper, we establish a large deviation principle for the nonlinear one-dimensional stochastic heat equation driven by a Gaussian noise which is white in time and which has the covariance of a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter H (14, 12 ) in the space variable.ViewParabolic Anderson Model with Rough Dependence in Space: The Abel Symposium, Rosendal, Norway, August 2016ChapterJan 2018 Yaozhong Hu Jingyu Huang Khoa N. M. L[...] Samy TindelThis paper studies the one-dimensional parabolic Anderson model driven by a Gaussian noise which is white in time and has the covariance of a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter \\(H \\in (\\frac {1}{4}, \\frac {1}{2})\\) in the space variable. We derive the Wiener chaos expansion of the solution and a Feynman-Kac formula for the moments of...ViewAsymptotic expansion of Skorohod integralsArticleDec 2017 David Nualart Nakahiro YoshidaAsymptotic expansion of the distribution of a perturbation $Z_n$ of a Skorohod integral jointly with a reference variable $X_n$ is derived. We introduce a second-order interpolation formula in frequency domain to expand a characteristic functional and combine it with the scheme developed in the martingale expansion. The second-order interpolation a...ViewLarge time asymptotics for the parabolic Anderson model driven by space and time correlated noiseArticleFull-text availableDec 2017 Jingyu Huang Khoa N. M. L David NualartIn this paper we study the linear stochastic heat equation on $\\mathbb{R}^\\ell$, driven by a Gaussian noise which is colored in time and space. The spatial covariance satisfies general assumptions and includes examples such as the Riesz kernel in any dimension and the covariance of the fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter $H\\in (\\frac 14...View123NetworkCitedView All Martin HairerImperial College London Jos Manuel CorcueraUniversity of Barcelona Mark PodolskijAarhus University Laurent DecreusefondInstitut Mines-Tlcom Yimin XiaoMichigan State UniversityCited ByView All Raluca BalanUniversity of Ottawa Yuliia MishuraNational Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv Jiagang RenSun Yat-Sen University Marta sanz-solUniversity of Barcelona Anthony RveillacInstitut National des Sciences Appliques de ToulouseCurrent institutionUniversity of KansasDepartment of MathematicsLawrence, United StatesCurrent positionProfessorYoussef OuknineCo-authorsTop co-authors Yaozhong HuUniversity of Oslo Vctor Prez AbreuCentro de Investigacin en Matemticas (CIMAT) Samy TindelPurdue University Ivan NourdinUniversity of Luxembourg Giovanni PeccatiUniversity of LuxembourgAll co-authors (50)View AllHongjuan ZhouDepartmentSchool of Mathematical and Statistical SciencesJingyu HuangDepartmentSchool of MathematicsJosep VivesDepartmentDepartment of Probability, Logic and StatisticsRene A. CarmonaDepartmentDepartment of Operations Research and Financial EngineeringAllanus TsoiDepartmentDepartment of MathematicsNicholas MaDepartmentCerner IntelligenceSefika KuzgunDepartmentDepartment of MathematicsYaozhong HuDepartmentDepartment of MathematicsEulalia NualartDepartmentBarcelona Graduate School of Economics (BGSE)Denis BellDepartmentDepartment of Mathematics and StatisticsDominique LepingleDepartmentInstitut Denis PoissonArturo Kohatsu-HigaFrancisco J Delgado VencesDepartmentInstitute of MathematicsLauri ViitasaariKhoa N. M. LDepartmentSchool of MathematicsCiprian TudorDepartmentDepartment of MathematicsAdvertisementJoin ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work25+ million members160+ million publication pages2.3+ billion citationsJoin for freeTop co-authorsLoading...Lab membersLoading...CitedLoading...Cited ByLoading...Current journal rolesLoading...What type of researcher are you?Only verified researchers can join ResearchGate and send messages to other members.Academic or studentUniversity students and faculty, institute members, and independent researchersCorporate, government, or NGO researcherTechnology or product developers, R&D specialists, and government or NGO employees in scientific rolesMedicalHealth care professionals, including clinical researchersNot a researcherJournalists, citizen scientists, or anyone interested in reading and discovering researchYou may be eligible for a free accountSorry, you need to be a researcher to join ResearchGate.Due to our privacy policy, only current members can send messages to people on ResearchGate.Already a member? 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All rights reserved.TermsPrivacyCopyrightImprintConsent preferences", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Nualart" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Malliavin Calculus and Related Topics | SpringerLink\nSkip to main content\nAdvertisement\nLog in\nMenu\nFind a journal\nPublish with us\nTrack your research\nSearch\nCart\nHome\nBook\nThe Malliavin Calculus and Related Topics\nBook\n 2006\nLatest edition\nOverview\nAuthors:\nDavid Nualart\n0\nDavid Nualart\nDepartment of Mathematics, University of Kansas, Lawrence, U.S.A.\nView author publications\nYou can also search for this author in\nPubMed\nGoogle Scholar\nCan be used as a basis of a lecture course on Malliavin Calculus, because the exposition, being self-contained, is quite accessible\nContains a great number of exercises\nA survey of the applications of Malliavin Calculus to the stochastic calculus with respect to fractional Brownian motion and to financial mathematics makes this book very useful to anyone interested in the current research in the field\nIncludes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras\nPart of the book series:\nProbability and Its Applications (PIA)\n45k Accesses\n60\nCitations\n4\nAltmetric\nThis is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution\nto check access.\nAccess this book\nLog in via an institution\neBook USD16.99 USD89.00\nDiscount applied Price excludes VAT (USA)\nAvailable as PDF\nRead on any device\nInstant download\nOwn it forever\nBuy eBook\nSoftcover Book USD119.99\nPrice excludes VAT (USA)\nCompact, lightweight edition\nDispatched in 3 to 5 business days\nFree shipping worldwide - see info\nBuy Softcover Book\nHardcover Book USD169.99\nPrice excludes VAT (USA)\nDurable hardcover edition\nDispatched in 3 to 5 business days\nFree shipping worldwide - see info\nBuy Hardcover Book\nTax calculation will be finalised at checkout\nLicence this eBook for your library\nLearn about institutional subscriptions\nOther ways to access\nLicence this eBook for your library\nInstitutional subscriptions\nSearch within this book\nSearch\nTable of contents (8 chapters)\nFront Matter\nPages I-XIV\nDownload chapter PDF\nIntroduction\nDavid Nualart\nPages 1-2\nAnalysis on the Wiener space\nDavid Nualart\nPages 3-83\nRegularity of probability laws\nDavid Nualart\nPages 85-167\nAnticipating stochastic calculus\nDavid Nualart\nPages 169-223\nTransformations of the Wiener measure\nDavid Nualart\nPages 225-271\nFractional Brownian motion\nDavid Nualart\nPages 273-320\nMalliavin Calculus in finance\nDavid Nualart\nPages 321-349\nMalliavin Calculus in finance\nPages 321-349\nBack Matter\nPages 351-382\nDownload chapter PDF\nBack to top\nKeywords\nAnticipating stochastic calculus\nBrownian motion\nGaussian processes\nGirsanov theorem\nMalliavin Calculus\nMarkov processes\nMarkov property\nSkorohod integral\nStochastic differential equations\nStochastic partial differential equations\nfractional Brownian motion\nAbout this book\nThere have been ten years since the publication of the ?rst edition of this book. Since then, new applications and developments of the Malliavin c- culus have appeared. In preparing this second edition we have taken into account some of these new applications, and in this spirit, the book has two additional chapters that deal with the following two topics: Fractional Brownian motion and Mathematical Finance. The presentation of the Malliavin calculus has been slightly modi?ed at some points, where we have taken advantage of the material from the lecturesgiveninSaintFlourin1995(seereference[248]).Themainchanges and additional material are the following: In Chapter 1, the derivative and divergence operators are introduced in the framework of an isonormal Gaussian process associated with a general 2 Hilbert space H. The case where H is an L -space is trated in detail aft- s,p wards (white noise case). The Sobolev spaces D , with s is an arbitrary real number, are introduced following Watanabes work. Chapter2includesageneralestimateforthedensityofaone-dimensional random variable, with application to stochastic integrals. Also, the c- position of tempered distributions with nondegenerate random vectors is discussed following Watanabes ideas. This provides an alternative proof of the smoothness of densities for nondegenerate random vectors. Some properties of the support of the law are also presented.\nReviews\nFrom the reviews of the second edition:\n\"Nualarts book serves both pedagogic and research needs. On the one hand, it is written to teach the subject. On the other hand, the applications in the book are sufficiently broad and in depth that the reader who masters them should be prepared for research. Furthermore, the unified approach and the careful statement of technical results in the development of the applications make the text a handy reference for researchers. The bibliography is extensive and has been updated.\" (Daniel Ocone, Mathematical Reviews, Issue 2006 j)\nAuthors and Affiliations\nDepartment of Mathematics, University of Kansas, Lawrence, U.S.A.\nDavid Nualart\nBibliographic Information\nBook Title: The Malliavin Calculus and Related Topics\nAuthors: David Nualart\nSeries Title:\nProbability and Its Applications\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28329-3\nPublisher: Springer Berlin, Heidelberg\neBook Packages:\nMathematics and Statistics, Mathematics and Statistics (R0)\nCopyright Information: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006\nHardcover ISBN: 978-3-540-28328-7Published: 20 December 2005\nSoftcover ISBN: 978-3-642-06651-1Published: 30 November 2010\neBook ISBN: 978-3-540-28329-4Published: 27 February 2006\nSeries ISSN:\n1431-7028\nEdition Number: 2\nNumber of Pages: XIV, 382\nTopics:\nProbability Theory and Stochastic Processes\nPublish with us\nPolicies and ethics\nBack to top\nAccess this book\nLog in via an institution\neBook USD16.99 USD89.00\nDiscount applied Price excludes VAT (USA)\nAvailable as PDF\nRead on any device\nInstant download\nOwn it forever\nBuy eBook\nSoftcover Book USD119.99\nPrice excludes VAT (USA)\nCompact, lightweight edition\nDispatched in 3 to 5 business days\nFree shipping worldwide - see info\nBuy Softcover Book\nHardcover Book USD169.99\nPrice excludes VAT (USA)\nDurable hardcover edition\nDispatched in 3 to 5 business days\nFree shipping worldwide - see info\nBuy Hardcover Book\nTax calculation will be finalised at checkout\nLicence this eBook for your library\nLearn about institutional subscriptions\nOther ways to access\nLicence this eBook for your library\nInstitutional subscriptions\nSearch\nSearch by keyword or author\nSearch\nNavigation\nFind a journal\nPublish with us\nTrack your research\nDiscover content\nJournals A-Z\nBooks A-Z\nPublish with us\nPublish your research\nOpen access publishing\nProducts and services\nOur products\nLibrarians\nSocieties\nPartners and advertisers\nOur imprints\nSpringer\nNature Portfolio\nBMC\nPalgrave Macmillan\nApress\nYour privacy choices/Manage cookies\nYour US state privacy rights\nAccessibility statement\nTerms and conditions\nPrivacy policy\nHelp and support\n138.229.101.59\nNot affiliated\n 2024 Springer Nature", "url": "https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/3-540-28329-3" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "David Nualart - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre\nIr al contenido\nMen principal\nMen principal\nmover a la barra lateral\nocultar\nNavegacin\nPortadaPortal de la comunidadActualidadCambios recientesPginas nuevasPgina aleatoriaAyudaDonacionesNotificar un error\nBuscar\nBuscar\nApariencia\nCrear una cuenta\nAcceder\nHerramientas personales\nCrear una cuenta Acceder\nPginas para editores desconectados ms informacin\nContribucionesDiscusin\nContenidos\nmover a la barra lateral\nocultar\nInicio\n1Biografa\n2Trabajo y distinciones\n3Referencias\n4Enlaces externos\nCambiar a la tabla de contenidos\nDavid Nualart\n4 idiomas\nCatalEnglishEuskaraFranais\nEditar enlaces\nArtculoDiscusin\nespaol\nLeerEditarVer historial\nHerramientas\nHerramientas\nmover a la barra lateral\nocultar\nAcciones\nLeerEditarVer historial\nGeneral\nLo que enlaza aquCambios en enlazadasSubir archivoPginas especialesEnlace permanenteInformacin de la pginaCitar esta pginaObtener URL acortadoDescargar cdigo QRElemento de Wikidata\nImprimir/exportar\nCrear un libroDescargar como PDFVersin para imprimir\nApariencia\nmover a la barra lateral\nocultar\nDe Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre\nEste artculo o seccin necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicacin acreditada.\nBusca fuentes: David Nualart noticias libros acadmico imgenesEste aviso fue puesto el 26 de agosto de 2015.\nDavid Nualart\nInformacin personalNombre de nacimiento\nDavid Nualart Rodn Nacimiento\n21 de marzo de 1951 (73 aos)Barcelona (Espaa) Nacionalidad\nEspaolaEducacinEducado en\nUniversidad de Barcelona Supervisor doctoral\nFrancesc d'Asss Sales i Valls Informacin profesionalOcupacin\nMatemtico, profesor universitario y cientfico rea\nMatemticas, proceso estocstico, stochastic analysis, proceso de Mrkov, Movimiento browniano y teora de la probabilidad Empleador\nUniversidad de KansasUniversidad de Barcelona Estudiantes doctorales\nMarta Sanz-Sol Miembro de\nReal Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fsicas y NaturalesSociedad Catalana de MatemticasSociedad Bernoulli de Estadstica Matemtica y ProbabilidadInternational Statistical InstituteReal Academia de Ciencias y Artes de BarcelonaSociedad Estadounidense de Matemtica(desde 2022) Distinciones\nFellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics(1997)Miembro de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Matemtica(2023) [editar datos en Wikidata]\nDavid Nualart (n. 21 de marzo de 1951) es matemtico espaol que trabaja en teora de la probabilidad, en particular en aspectos relacionados con los procesos estocsticos y anlisis estocstico.\nBiografa[editar]\nNualart se doctor con una tesis titulada Contribucin al estudio de la integral estocstica en 1975 en la Universidad de Barcelona bajo la supervisin de Francesc d'Asss Sales Valls. Despus de haber ocupado puestos docentes en la Universidad de Barcelona y la Universidad Politcnica de Catalua ocup una ctedra en la Universidad de Kansas y actualmente es \"catedrtico distinguido\" (Distinguished Professor) en su departamento de matemticas.\nTrabajo y distinciones[editar]\nNualart ha publicado centenares de artculos en su campo, y ha ocupado puestos en numerosos comits cientficos, y ha sido editor asociado en muchas revistas cientficas de su campo y entre 2006 y 2008 fue el editor jefe de Electronic Communications in Probability. Adems ha recibido los siguientes reconocimientos:\nFue elegido como miembro del Instituto de Matemtica Estadstica en 1997.\nRecibi el doctorado Honoris Causa en la Universidad Blaise Pascal de Clermond-Ferrand en 1998.\nRecibi el premio Ibertrola de Ciencia y Tecnologa en 1999.\nHa sido Nombrado miembro de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fsicas y Naturales de Madrid desde 2003.\nHas dio miembro de la Reial Academia de Ciencies i Arts de Barcelona desde 2003.\nRecibi el Premio de Investigacin de la Real Academia de Ciencias de Madrid en 1991.\nEn marzo de 2011, se celebr la International Conference on Malliavin Calculus and Stochastic Analysis in honor of David Nualart en la Universidad de Kansas.\nReferencias[editar]\nEnlaces externos[editar]\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20120331065622/http://www.math.ku.edu/~nualart/cv.pdf\nWebpage of David Nualart at Kansas University\nControl de autoridades\nProyectos Wikimedia\nDatos: Q5238102\nIdentificadores\nWorldCat\nVIAF: 111617772\nISNI: 0000000114801130\nBNE: XX1724684\nBNF: 12378374q (data)\nCANTIC: 981058513855306706\nGND: 113130902\nLCCN: n88292479\nNKC: ntk20191054445\nNLI: 987007435422405171\nSUDOC: 06701819X\nBIBSYS: 90731265\nMGP: 93562\nRepositorios digitales\nDialnet: 263976\nDatos: Q5238102\nObtenido de https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Nualart&oldid=160005056\nCategoras: HombresNacidos en 1951Nacidos en BarcelonaAlumnado de Ciencias Matemticas de la Universidad de BarcelonaMatemticos de Espaa del siglo XXMatemticos de Espaa del siglo XXICategoras ocultas: Wikipedia:Artculos que necesitan referenciasWikipedia:Referenciar biografasWikipedia:Artculos con identificadores VIAFWikipedia:Artculos con identificadores ISNIWikipedia:Artculos con identificadores BNEWikipedia:Artculos con identificadores BNFWikipedia:Artculos con identificadores CANTICWikipedia:Artculos con identificadores GNDWikipedia:Artculos con identificadores LCCNWikipedia:Artculos con identificadores BIBSYSWikipedia:Artculos con identificadores DialnetWikipedia:Control de autoridades con 14 elementosPersonas vivas\nEsta pgina se edit por ltima vez el 9 may 2024 a las 13:59.\nEl texto est disponible bajo la Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-CompartirIgual 4.0; pueden aplicarse clusulas adicionales. Al usar este sitio aceptas nuestros trminos de uso y nuestra poltica de privacidad.Wikipedia es una marca registrada de la Fundacin Wikimedia, una organizacin sin nimo de lucro.\nPoltica de privacidad\nAcerca de Wikipedia\nLimitacin de responsabilidad\nCdigo de conducta\nDesarrolladores\nEstadsticas\nDeclaracin de cookies\nVersin para mviles", "url": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nualart" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Malliavin Calculus and Its Applications\n0\n0\nAMS Home(opens in a new tab)\nMy Bookshelf\nLogin\nSearch the AMS Bookstore\nsearch\nWhen autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. 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Please try again.\nContinue Shopping\nGo to Checkout\nOK\nPlease make all selections above before adding to cart\nOK\nShare this page via the icons above, or by copying the link below:\nCopy To Clipboard\nSuccessfully Copied!\nMalliavin Calculus and Its Applications\nDavid Nualart\n:\nThe University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS\nA co-publication of the AMS and CBMS\neBook\neBook ISBN:\n978-1-4704-1568-6\nProduct Code:\nCBMS/110.E\nList Price:\n$33.00\nMAA Member Price:\n$29.70\nAMS Member Price:\n$26.40\nAdd to cart\nClick above image for expanded view\nMalliavin Calculus and Its Applications\nDavid Nualart\n:\nThe University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS\nA co-publication of the AMS and CBMS\neBook\neBook ISBN:\n978-1-4704-1568-6\nProduct Code:\nCBMS/110.E\nList Price:\n$33.00\nMAA Member Price:\n$29.70\nAMS Member Price:\n$26.40\nAdd to cart\nBook Details\nCBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics\nVolume: 110;2009; 85 pp\nMSC:Primary 60\nThe Malliavin calculus was developed to provide a probabilistic proof of Hrmander's hypoellipticity theorem. The theory has expanded to encompass other significant applications.The main application of the Malliavin calculus is to establish the regularity of the probability distribution of functionals of an underlying Gaussian process. In this way, one can prove the existence and smoothness of the density for solutions of various stochastic differential equations. More recently, applications of the Malliavin calculus in areas such as stochastic calculus for fractional Brownian motion, central limit theorems for multiple stochastic integrals, and mathematical finance have emerged.The first part of the book covers the basic results of the Malliavin calculus. The middle part establishes the existence and smoothness results that then lead to the proof of Hrmander's hypoellipticity theorem. The last part discusses the recent developments for Brownian motion, central limit theorems, and mathematical finance.\nA co-publication of the AMS and CBMS.\nReadership\nGraduate students and research mathematicians interested in probability, the Malliavin calculus, and stochastic partial differential equations.\nTable of Contents\nChapters\nChapter 1. The derivative operator\nChapter 2. The divergence operator\nChapter 3. The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck semigroup\nChapter 4. Sobolev spaces and equivalence of norms\nChapter 5. Regularity of probability laws\nChapter 6. Support properties. Density of the maximum\nChapter 7. Application of Malliavin calculus to diffusion processes\nChapter 8. The divergence operator as a stochastic integral\nChapter 9. Central limit theorems and Malliavin calculus\nChapter 10. Applications of Malliavin calculus in finance\nAdditional Material\nPreface\nPreview Materials\nTable of Contents\nSupplemental Materials\nRequests\nReview Copy for publishers of book reviews\nAccessibility to request an alternate format of an AMS title\nBook Details\nTable of Contents\nAdditional Material\nRequests\nCBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics\nVolume: 110;2009; 85 pp\nMSC:Primary 60\nThe Malliavin calculus was developed to provide a probabilistic proof of Hrmander's hypoellipticity theorem. The theory has expanded to encompass other significant applications.The main application of the Malliavin calculus is to establish the regularity of the probability distribution of functionals of an underlying Gaussian process. In this way, one can prove the existence and smoothness of the density for solutions of various stochastic differential equations. More recently, applications of the Malliavin calculus in areas such as stochastic calculus for fractional Brownian motion, central limit theorems for multiple stochastic integrals, and mathematical finance have emerged.The first part of the book covers the basic results of the Malliavin calculus. The middle part establishes the existence and smoothness results that then lead to the proof of Hrmander's hypoellipticity theorem. The last part discusses the recent developments for Brownian motion, central limit theorems, and mathematical finance.\nA co-publication of the AMS and CBMS.\nReadership\nGraduate students and research mathematicians interested in probability, the Malliavin calculus, and stochastic partial differential equations.\nChapters\nChapter 1. The derivative operator\nChapter 2. The divergence operator\nChapter 3. The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck semigroup\nChapter 4. Sobolev spaces and equivalence of norms\nChapter 5. Regularity of probability laws\nChapter 6. Support properties. Density of the maximum\nChapter 7. Application of Malliavin calculus to diffusion processes\nChapter 8. The divergence operator as a stochastic integral\nChapter 9. Central limit theorems and Malliavin calculus\nChapter 10. Applications of Malliavin calculus in finance\nPreface\nPreview Materials\nTable of Contents\nSupplemental Materials\nReview Copy for publishers of book reviews\nAccessibility to request an alternate format of an AMS title\nYou may be interested in...\nPrevious\nNext\nPlease select which format for which you are requesting permissions.\nJoin Our Email List (opens in a new tab)\nAmerican Mathematical Society (opens in a new tab) \n201 Charles Street Providence, Rhode Island 02904-2213 (opens in a new tab) Contact Us (opens in a new tab)\nAMS, American Mathematical Society, the tri-colored AMS logo, and Advancing research, Creating connections, are trademarks and services marks of the American Mathematical Society and registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.\n Copyright (opens in a new tab)\n2024, American Mathematical Society Privacy Statement (opens in a new tab) Terms of Use Accessibility and AMS Online Content Rights and Permissions\nShipping Information (opens in a new tab) International Orders (opens in a new tab)", "url": "https://bookstore.ams.org/cbms-110" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Institute of Mathematical Statistics | International Conference on Malliavin Calculus and Related Topics\nInstitute of Mathematical Statistics\nFostering the development and dissemination of the theory and applications of statistics and probability\nRenew / Join IMS\nInstitute of Mathematical Statistics\nAbout\nOverview\nThe Founding of the IMS\nNotice of the Organization of the IMS\nNews\nAll news items\nIMS Bulletin\nLatest IMS Bulletin\nIMS Bulletin Archive\nAdvertise in IMS Bulletin\nMembership\nIMS Member Login\nIndividual Membership\nFreeStudent Membership\nIMS New Researchers Group\nIMS Groups\nContributions and Donors\nIndustry Friends of IMS\nPublications\nIMS Journals and Publications\nIMS Co-Sponsored Journals and Publications\nIMS Supported Journals\nIMS Affiliated Journals\nElectronic Access\nJournal Alerts\nSubscriptions and Orders\nBack Issues\nArticle Reprints\nAcceptance of Papers\nAwards\nIMS Awards\nIMS Fellows\nIMS Special Awards & Lectures\nIMS/BS Special Lectures\nInternational Prize in Statistics\nCOPSS Awards\nScientific Legacy Database\nMemorials\nMemorials\nDonations\nScientific Legacy Database\nMeetings\nMeetings Calendar\nOngoing Conference Series\nSubmit Meeting\nMeetings Announcements\nVideos of Special Lectures\nResources for IMS Meetings\nChild Care Initiative\nIMS Code of Conduct and Procedures\nResources\nVideos\nJobs\nIMS Handbook\nCouncil Reports and Minutes\nLeadership\nElections\nCurrent IMS Council\nCurrent Committee Members\nIMS Representatives with Other Organizations\nPast Executive Committee Members\nPast Committee Members\nPast Editors of IMS Publications\nPast Elected Council Members\nPast IMS Representatives with Other Organizations\nOther IMS Appointments\nContacts\nContact IMS\nPeople\nInternational Conference on Malliavin Calculus and Related Topics\nJune 12, 2023 - June 16, 2023\nEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg\nMeeting Website Not Sponsored\nInternational Conference on Malliavin Calculus and Related Topics celebrating the work of David Nualart and Anton Thalmaier This event is the occasion to (re)unite researchers from all around the world, working on Malliavin calculus and related topics, to celebrate the prolific careers of David Nualart and Anton Thalmaier. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Chance Perdomo - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life and education\n2Career\n3Death\n4Filmography\nToggle Filmography subsection\n4.1Film\n4.2Television\n4.3Radio\n5References\n6External links\nToggle the table of contents\nChance Perdomo\n18 languages\nAfrikaansDeutschEspaolFranaisBahasa IndonesiaItalianoPortugusSvenskaTrke\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nBritish actor (19962024)\nChance PerdomoPublicity photo of Chance PerdomoBorn(1996-10-19)19 October 1996Los Angeles, California, U.S.Diedc. 29 March 2024(2024-03-29) (aged27)Upstate New York, U.S.OccupationActorYearsactive20162024\nChance Perdomo (19 October 1996 29 or 30 March 2024) was a British and American actor. He earned a British Academy Television Award nomination for his performance in the BBC Three film Killed by My Debt (2018). He gained further prominence through his roles as Ambrose Spellman in the Netflix series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (20182020), Andre Anderson in the first season of the Amazon Prime Video series Gen V (2023), and Landon Gibson in the films After We Fell (2021), After Ever Happy (2022), and After Everything (2023).\nEarly life and education[edit]\nPerdomo was born in Los Angeles, California, on 19 October 1996. He moved to Southampton in the county of Hampshire, England, with his mother as a child and grew up there.[1] He held both British and American citizenship, and had Latino heritage, including Guatemalan,[2] on his mother's side.[3][4]\nPerdomo attended the local Redbridge Community School, where he served as head boy and discovered theatre.[5][6] He then went to Peter Symonds College in Winchester,[7] where he was elected president of the sixth form's student union.[8] Perdomo intended to study law after graduating but decided to pursue acting instead, moving, with money he made working in a shoe shop and at a cinema, to London where he joined the National Youth Theatre and trained at Identity School of Acting.[9]\nCareer[edit]\nPerdomo made his television debut with a recurring role as Henry Goodall in the third series of the CBBC adaptation of Hetty Feather, which aired in 2017.[10] This was followed by a lead role as Jerome in the 2018 BBC Three drama film Killed by My Debt.[11] For his performance, Perdomo was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor.[12]\nIn February 2018, it was announced that Perdomo was cast in the series regular role of Ambrose Spellman on the Netflix series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina.[13][14] Reports revealed that Perdomo previously auditioned for the role of Jughead Jones on Riverdale, but the role was given to Cole Sprouse.[15] Perdomo, however, impressed series creator Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa with his audition so much that the latter wrote the role of Sabrina's Ambrose with the actor in mind.[16][17]\nIn 2019, Perdomo was named a Screen International Star of Tomorrow and a BAFTA Breakthrough Brit.[18][19]\nPerdomo made his feature film debut as Landon Gibson in After We Fell (2021), the third installment of the After film series. He would reprise his role as Landon in the subsequent two films in the series, After Ever Happy (2022) and After Everything (2023).[20] He voiced Snork in the third season of Finnish television series Moominvalley.[21]\nFor his final television role, Perdomo starred as Andre Anderson in Gen V, a 2023 spinoff of the superhero series The Boys. After his death, production of the second season was delayed indefinitely.[1]\nDeath[edit]\nPerdomo died in a motorcycle crash at the age of 27.[1][22] It is believed the accident occurred late on 29 March or early 30 March 2024 while Perdomo was travelling through Upstate New York enroute to Toronto to begin filming for season 2 of Gen V.[23]\nFilmography[edit]\nFilm[edit]\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n2016\nLongfield Drive\nRodell\nShort film[24]\n2017\nThe Importance of Skin\nRyan\nShort film[25]\n2021\nAfter We Fell\nLandon Gibson\n[20]\n2022\nAfter Ever Happy\n[20]\n2023\nAfter Everything\n[20]\nTBA\nBad Man\nPosthumous release[26]\nTelevision[edit]\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n2017\nHetty Feather\nHenry Goodall\nRecurring role[27]\n2018\nShakespeare & Hathaway: Private Investigators\nHamish Kingly\nEpisode: \"The Chameleon's Dish\"[28]\n2018\nKilled by My Debt\nJerome Rogers\nNominated for BAFTA for Best Actor in a Leading Role[29][30]\n2018\nMidsomer Murders\nLeo Scott\nEpisode: \"Death of the Small Coppers\"[31]\n20182020\nChilling Adventures of Sabrina\nAmbrose Spellman\nMain cast[1]\n2022\nMoominvalley\nSnork\nThird season[21]\n2023\nGen V\nAndre Anderson\nMain cast; Season 1[1]\nRadio[edit]\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n2020\nThe Cipher\nBenny\nMain cast[32]\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c d e Cain, Sian (30 March 2024). \"Chance Perdomo, star of Gen V and Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, dead at 27\". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 31 March 2024.\n^ \"Remembering Afro-Latino Actor, Chance Perdomo\". BE Latina. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.\n^ Delgado, Sara (27 April 2019). \"Schn! 36 chance perdomo\". Schn! Magazine. Retrieved 30 March 2024.\n^ Sen, Mallika (30 March 2024). \"Chance Perdomo, star of 'Chilling Adventures of Sabrina' and 'Gen V,' dies in motorcycle crash at 27\". AP News. Retrieved 31 March 2024.\n^ Liddell, Emily (10 May 2019). \"Chance Perdomo, 22, nominated for Leading Actor at this year's Bafta TV awards\". Daily Echo. Retrieved 31 March 2024.\n^ Reddin, Lorelai (23 August 2013). \"Join the Usual Suspects at The Mayflower\". Daily Echo. Retrieved 31 March 2024.\n^ \"REVIEW: As You Like It, Company of Fools, Peter Symonds College, Winchester\". Daily Echo. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2020.\n^ Peter Symonds College [@Symonds_College] (5 June 2018). \"Watch Peter Symonds alumnus and former Student Union President Chance Perdomo's moving and important performance in the BBC's Killed By My Debt (photo BBC iplayer) https://t.co/QqP5G0WQ9N\" (Tweet). Retrieved 14 January 2021 via Twitter.\n^ Jube, Anna (16 November 2018). \"Chance Perdomo asks himself tough questions\". The Last Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2020.\n^ \"Rising Stars: Chance Perdomo\". The Media Eye. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.\n^ Jones, Rupert (26 May 2018). \"Debt collectors held to account after traffic fines claim a life\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2018.\n^ Jamieson, Natalie; Ritman, Alex (12 May 2019). \"'Killing Eve' and 'Patrick Melrose' Dominate at BAFTA TV Awards\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 31 March 2024.\n^ Otterson, Joe (15 February 2018). \"Netflix's Sabrina the Teenage Witch Series Casts Chance Perdomo, Michelle Gomez\". Variety. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2018.\n^ Petski, Denise (15 February 2018). \"Michelle Gomez & Chance Perdomo Join Netflix's Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series\". Deadline. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.\n^ Nesvig, Kara (12 November 2018). \"This \"Chilling Adventures of Sabrina\" Actor Almost Played Jughead on \"Riverdale\"\". Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2018.\n^ Dibdin, Emma (5 October 2018). \"'Chilling Adventures of Sabrina' Creator Wants a 'Riverdale' Crossover\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.\n^ Lewis Knight (30 August 2019). \"Who is Chance Perdomo? Pansexual warlock in Chilling Adventures of Sabrina\". Irish Mirror. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.\n^ Dalton, Ben (8 July 2019). \"Stars of Tomorrow 2019: Chance Perdomo (actor)\". Screen Daily. Retrieved 31 March 2024.\n^ \"Chance Perdomo Actor\". BAFTA. 25 October 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2024.\n^ a b c d Zee, Michaela (30 March 2024). \"Chance Perdomo, 'Gen V' and 'Chilling Adventures of Sabrina' Star, Dies at 27\". Variety.\n^ a b Milligan, Mercedes (2 November 2020). \"Gutsy Gets Greenlight for 'Moominvalley' S3 with New Cast Additions\". Animation Magazine. Retrieved 31 March 2024.\n^ Cordero, Rosy (30 March 2024). \"Chance Perdomo Dies: 'Gen V' Star Was 27 Years Old\". Deadline. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.\n^ Andreeva, Nellie (30 March 2024). \"'Gen V' Season 2 Production Delayed Following Star Chance Perdomo's Tragic Death\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 7 April 2024.\n^ \"Longfield Drive\". bramones.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ \"The Importance of Skin An Interview with Thea Gajic\". Cinemisto. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ Wiseman, Andreas (15 February 2024). \"Seann William Scott, Rob Riggle, Chance Perdomo & Lovi Poe Among Cast For 'Bad Man', The Syndicate & UTA Independent Film Group Launching Sales For EFM\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 6 April 2024.\n^ \"Scott Marshall agency\". scottmarshall.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ \"BBC One Shakespeare & Hathaway Private Investigators, Series 1, The Chameleon's Dish\". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ \"Killed By My Debt\". Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ \"Bafta TV awards 2019: full list of winners\". The Guardian. 12 May 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2019.\n^ Mason, Aiden (19 February 2018). \"Five Things You Didn't Know about Chance Perdomo\". TVOvermind. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ \"Anya Chalotra and Chance Perdomo star in new sci-fi podcast The Cipher\". BBC Media Centre. 13 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.\nExternal links[edit]\nChance Perdomo on Instagram\nChance Perdomo at IMDb\nAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nPoland\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nPeople\nDeutsche Synchronkartei\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chance_Perdomo&oldid=1225354002\"\nCategories: 1996 births2024 deaths21st-century British male actors21st-century English male actorsAlumni of the Identity School of ActingAmerican emigrants to EnglandAmerican people of Latin American descentBlack British male actorsBritish male film actorsBritish male television actorsBritish male voice actorsBritish people of Latin American descentEnglish people of Guatemalan descentMale actors from Los AngelesMale actors from SouthamptonMotorcycle road incident deathsNational Youth Theatre membersPeople educated at Peter Symonds CollegeRoad incident deaths in New York (state)Hidden categories: Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataUse British English from May 2024Use dmy dates from May 2024Articles with hCardsArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiersArticles with Deutsche Synchronkartei identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 23 May 2024, at 22:12(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Perdomo" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Chance Perdomo Dead: 'Gen V' Star Was 27\nChance Perdomo Dead: 'Gen V' Star Was 27\nPlus Icon\nFilm\nPlus Icon\nTV\nPlus Icon\nWhat To Watch\nPlus Icon\nMusic\nPlus Icon\nDocs\nPlus Icon\nDigital & Gaming\nPlus Icon\nGlobal\nPlus Icon\nAwards Circuit\nPlus Icon\nVideo\nPlus Icon\nWhat To Hear\nVIP\nPlus Icon\nClick to expand the Mega Menu\nPlus Icon\nClick to Expand Search Input\nContent\nGot a Tip?\nNewsletters\nSwitch edition between\nU.S. Edition\nAsia Edition\nGlobal Edition\nU.S.\nAsia\nGlobal\nVariety\nLogin\nAccount\nVariety Digital\nVariety Archives\nVIP+\nWelcome\nManage Account\nView Variety Archives\nVariety Digital Login\nSubscribe\nLog Out\nPlus Icon\nPlus Icon\nVariety Digital\nVariety Archives\nVIP+\nWelcome\nManage Account\nView Variety Archives\nVariety Digital Login\nSubscribe\nLog Out\nPlus Icon\nClick to expand the Mega Menu\nPlus Icon\nClick to Expand Search Input\nContent\nVariety\nPlus Icon\nRead Next: Issa Lpez and Harvey Guilln Among the Honorees Set for National Hispanic Media Coalitions Impact Awards Gala\nLogin\nAccount\nVariety Digital\nVariety Archives\nVIP+\nWelcome\nManage Account\nView Variety Archives\nVariety Digital Login\nSubscribe\nLog Out\nPlus Icon\nPlus Icon\nVariety Digital\nVariety Archives\nVIP+\nWelcome\nManage Account\nView Variety Archives\nVariety Digital Login\nSubscribe\nLog Out\nHome\nTV\nNews\nMar 30, 2024 2:26pm PT\nChance Perdomo, Gen V and Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Star, Dies at 27\nBy\nMichaela Zee\nPlus Icon\nMichaela Zee\nmichaelakzee\nLatest\nTheo James Joins Aaron Taylor-Johnson in Heist Thriller Fuze\n21 hours ago\nFallen Idols Doc Dives Into Nick Carter Rape Allegations and Aaron Carter Controversies: Biggest Revelations\n2 days ago\nBarbie and Oppenheimer Wouldve Been Just as Big on Netflix, Says Ted Sarandos: Theres No Reason to Believe That the Movie Itself Is Better in Any Size of Screen\n3 days ago\nSee All\nGetty Images\nChance Perdomo, who starred in the television series Gen V and Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, has died as a result of a motorcycle accident. He was 27.\nPerdomos publicist confirmed the British-American actors death Saturday in a statement to Variety: It is with heavy hearts that we share the news of Chance Perdomos untimely passing as a result of a motorcycle accident. Authorities have advised that no other individuals were involved. His passion for the arts and insatiable appetite for life was felt by all who knew him, and his warmth will carry on in those who he loved dearest. We ask to please respect the familys wish for privacy as they mourn the loss of their beloved son and brother.\nVariety is awaiting response from Perdomos publicist regarding the location of his death. Representatives for the Los Angeles Police Department were unable to confirm if Perdomos death occurred in Los Angeles when reached by Variety Saturday. The LA coroners office did not immediately respond to request for comment.\nPopular on Variety\nPerdomo was known for his roles as Ambrose Spellman in Netflixs Chilling Adventures of Sabrina and Andre Anderson in The Boys spinoff series Gen V.\nWe cant quite wrap our heads around this. For those of us who knew him and worked with him, Chance was always charming and smiling, an enthusiastic force of nature, an incredibly talented performer, and more than anything else, just a very kind, lovely person, the Gen V producers said in a joint statement. Even writing about him in the past tense doesnt make sense. We are so sorry for Chances family, and we are grieving the loss of our friend and colleague. Hug your loved ones tonight.\nPerdomo was born on Oct. 19, 1996, in Los Angeles, Calif. As a child, he moved with his mother to Southampton in the county of Hampshire, England, where he attended Redbridge Community School before going to Peter Symonds College in Winchester. Perdomo intended to study Law, but instead moved to London to pursue acting; he joined the National Youth Theatre and trained at Identity School of Acting.\nPerdomo appeared in several television shows and short films before he was cast as a series regular in Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, also starring Kiernan Shipka, Ross Lynch and Jaz Sinclair. He played Ambrose Spellman for four seasons from 2018 to 2020. Perdomo also starred as Jerome Rogers in the 2018 TV movie Killed by My Debt, which earned him a BAFTA nomination for best actor in a leading role.\nIn the Prime Video series Gen V, Perdomo played Andre Anderson, a student at Godolkin University who harnesses magnetic manipulation abilities. Production on the second season has been delayed indefinitely following Perdomos death.\nOn the film side, Perdomo worked on the After series, led by Josephine Langford and Hero Fiennes Tiffin. He portrayed Landon Gibson in After We Fell (2021), After Ever Happy (2022) and After Everything (2023).\nRead More About:\nChance Perdomo,\nChilling Adventures of Sabrina,\nGen V\nJump to Comments\nJavaScript is required to load the comments.\nLoading comments...\nMost Popular\nWhen Calls the Heart Actor Mamie Laverock on Life Support After Falling Five Stories From Balcony\nRichard Dreyfuss Sparks Outrage, Massachusetts Theater Apologizes for His Offensive and Distressing Remarks at Jaws\nEminem Announces New Single Houdini Releasing This Friday\nGeorge R.R. 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All Rights Reserved.\nIcon Link\nPlus Icon\nad\nClose\nTry Again\nVerify it's you\nTo help keep your account secure, please log-in again.\nDismiss\nLog-In\nPlease log in\nYou are no longer onsite at your organization. Please log in.\nFor assistance, contact your corporate administrator.\nDismiss\nLog-In\nYour Privacy RightsClose privacy/terms of use policyPenske Media Corporation (PMC) uses first and third-party cookies, pixels, scripts and similar technologies to enable PMC and third-party service providers and partners to collect information about you and your interactions with our sites and services (including clicks, cursor movement and screen recordings). Learn more about our practices and your choices in our Privacy Policy. By continuing to use our sites or services, you agree to our Terms of Use (including the class action waiver and arbitration provisions) and Privacy Policy, which have recently changed.", "url": "https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/chance-perdomo-dead-gen-v-1235956320/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Chance Perdomo - IMDb\nMenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsCannes Film FestivalAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthStar WarsSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer?Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)Use appBiographyAwardsTriviaIMDbProAll topicsChance Perdomo(1996-2024)ActorSoundtrackIMDbProStarmeterTop 5,000353Play trailer1:04Gen V (2023 )37 Videos48 PhotosChance Perdomo was born on 19 October 1996 in Los Angeles, California, USA. He was an actor, known for Gen V (2023), After We Fell (2021) and Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (2018). He died on 29 March 2024 in New York, USA.BornOctober 19, 1996DiedMarch 29, 2024(27)BornOctober 19, 1996DiedMarch 29, 2024(27)IMDbProStarmeterTop 5,000353Add to listNominated for 1 BAFTA Award2 nominations totalPhotos48Known forGen V7.7TV SeriesAndre Anderson2023 8 epsAfter We Fell4.8Landon2021Chilling Adventures of Sabrina7.4TV SeriesAmbrose Spellman20182020 36 epsKilled by My Debt7.6TV MovieJerome Rogers2018CreditsEditActor15Soundtrack1Self5IMDbProExpand belowActorUpcoming1Bad ManPost-productionPrevious14Gen V7.7TV SeriesAndre Anderson20238 episodesAfter Everything4.7Landon2023After Ever Happy4.7Landon2022Moominvalley7.2TV SeriesSnork (voice)20224 episodesAfter We Fell4.8Landon2021The Cipher7.6Podcast SeriesBenny202020219 episodesChilling Adventures of Sabrina7.4TV SeriesAmbrose Spellman2018202036 episodesChilling Adventures of Sabrina 3: Straight to Hell8.0Music VideoAmbrose Spellman2020Midsomer Murders7.9TV SeriesLeo Scott20181 episodeKilled by My Debt7.6TV MovieJerome Rogers2018Shakespeare & Hathaway: Private Investigators7.6TV SeriesHamish Kingly20181 episodeThe Art of TryingShortPatrick2017The Importance of Skin7.0ShortRyan2017Hetty Feather7.0TV SeriesHenry Goodall20171 episodeSoundtrackPrevious1Chilling Adventures of Sabrina7.4TV Seriesperformer: \"The Song of Purple Summer\"20201 episodeVideos37Trailer 2:09Official TrailerTrailer 2:09Official Redband TrailerTrailer 1:52Trailer #1Trailer 1:04First LookTrailer 1:46Official TrailerTrailer 2:01Part 4 Official TrailerTrailer 0:57Part 4 Date Announcement TeaserTrailer 1:46Season 3 TrailerTrailer 1:51Season 2 TrailerTrailer 0:53\"A Midwinter's Tale\" TrailerTrailer 0:45Part 2 Teaser TrailerTrailer 0:57Chilling Adventures of SabrinaPersonal detailsEditHeight5 10 (1.78 m)BornOctober 19, 1996Los Angeles, California, USADiedMarch 29, 2024New York, USA(motorcycle accident)Self-verified on IMDbProGender / Gender identityMaleDid you knowEditTriviaHe auditioned for the role of Jughead Jones in Riverdale (2017), which went to Cole Sprouse.Related newsContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentLearn more about contributingEdit pageMore to explorePhotosHollywood Power CouplesSee the galleryListStaff Picks: What to Watch in MaySee our picksAdd demo reel with IMDbProMake your IMDb page stand out by adding a demo reelUpload your demo reelAdd demo reel with IMDbProMake your IMDb page stand out by adding a demo reelUpload your demo reelHow much have you seen?Keep track of how much of Chance Perdomos work you have seen. Go to your list.Projects In DevelopmentGet more at IMDbProList5 Movies to Watch While Gearing Up for 'Furiosa'See our picksRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb appSign in for more accessSign in for more accessFollow IMDb on socialGet the IMDb appFor Android and iOSHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoLicense IMDb DataPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top", "url": "https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9124071/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Chance Perdomo Dies: 'Gen V' Star Was 27\nSkip to main content\nOpen Mega Menu\nSubjectsArticles\nGot A Tip?\ndeadline-logo-svg\nDeadline\nFollow Us:\nsite categories\nTV\nFilm\nAwards\nDigital Issues\nBox Office\nBiz\nInternational\nNew Tube\nCriticsLine\nElectionLine\nTheater\nReviews\nObits\nVideo\nEvents\nContenders\nTelevision: Doc + Unscripted\nTelevision\nFilm: The Nominees\nFilm: Documentary\nFilm: International\nFilm: Los Angeles\nFilm: London\nSound & Screen\nFilm\nTelevision\nOther\nVisual Effects + Screen\nFestivals\nNorth America\nSXSW\nSundance\nToronto\nTribeca\nEurope\nCannes\nZurich\nVenice\nBerlin/EFM\nTaormina\nMiddle East\nRed Sea Film Festival\nInsider\nNews Alerts\nMenu\ndeadline-logo-svg\nDeadline\nRead Next:\nSarah Phelps Lands First ITV Drama\nGot A Tip?\nTip Us\nHome\nTV\nObituaries\nChance Perdomo Dies: Gen V Star Was 27\nBy Rosy Cordero\nRosy Cordero\nAssociate Editor, TV\n@SocialRosy\nMore Stories By Rosy\nThe Sympathizer Star Hoa Xuande On How The Complexities Of War Affect Relationships & Possible Miniseries Continuation\nIssa Lpez, Harvey Guilln, Fede lvarez & Tatyana Ali Among 2024 NHMC Impact Awards Honorees\nAdria Arjona To Star In Ed Brubakers Prime Video Series Criminal\nView All\nMarch 30, 2024 2:20pm\nChance Perdomo\nKarwai Tang / WireImage / Getty Images\nLoading your audio article\nGen V star Chance Perdomo has died as a result of a motorcycle accident. Authorities have advised that no other individuals were involved. He was 27-years-old.\nA note on behalf of Perdomos family and representatives reads, His passion for the arts and insatiable appetite for life was felt by all who knew him, and his warmth will carry on in those who he loved dearest. We ask you to please respect the familys wish for privacy as they mourn the loss of their beloved son and brother.\nRelated Stories\nNews\nHollywood & Media Deaths In 2024: Photo Gallery & Obituaries\nNews\nGen V Season 2 Production Delayed Following Star Chance Perdomos Tragic Death\nMost recently, Perdomo starred in Prime Videos Gen V in the role of Andre Anderson, a popular student and Lukes best friend with magnetic manipulation capabilities. He worked alongside Jaz Sinclair, Lizze Broadway, Maddie Phillips and London Thor in the superhero series, a spinoff of The Boys. Production on Season 2 will be pushed following the tragedy.\nWe cant quite wrap our heads around this. For those of us who knew him and worked with him, Chance was always charming and smiling, an enthusiastic force of nature, an incredibly talented performer, and more than anything else, just a very kind, lovely person. Even writing about him in the past tense doesnt make sense. We are so sorry for Chances family, and we are grieving the loss of our friend and colleague. Hug your loved ones tonight, the shows producer shared in a statement.\nAmazon MGM Studios and Sony Pictures Television added, The entire Gen V family is devastated by the sudden passing of Chance Perdomo. Amazon MGM Studios and Sony Pictures Television extend our heartfelt thoughts and support to Chances family and all who loved him at this difficult time.\nBefore his time on Gen V, he played the lead role of Ambrose Spellman in Roberto Aguirre-Sacasas Chilling Adventures of Sabrina opposite Kiernan Shipka, Ross Lynch and Michelle Gomez, to name a few.\nPerdomo was an Afro-Latino actor born in Los Angeles but raised in Southampton, England. After graduating, he wanted to study law but focused on acting instead. His career began when he worked at the National Youth Theater in London.\nDEADLINE RELATED VIDEO:\nMust Read Stories\nHide Articles\nInside Prabhas-Starring Indian Sci-Fi Epic Kalki 2898 AD\nThe Sixth Commandment Scribe Sarah Phelps Lands First ITV Drama\nEDD Says It Is Not Taking Action To Ban Loan Out Corporations In California\nJury To Get Case Wednesday As Sides Deliver Closing Arguments\nSubscribe to Deadline Breaking News Alerts and keep your inbox happy.\nRead More About:\nChance Perdomo\n11 Comments\n11 CommentsJavaScript is required to load the comments.\nLoading comments...\nSidebar\nTrending on Deadline\n1\n'Strike' Star Tom Burke Requested BBC Media Training To Prepare For J.K. 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All Rights Reserved.\nad", "url": "https://deadline.com/2024/03/chance-perdomo-dead-1235872414/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Chance Perdomo, star of 'Chilling Adventures of Sabrina,' dies at 27 | AP News\nMenu\nMenu\nWorld\nU.S.\nElection 2024\nPolitics\nSports\nEntertainment\nBusiness\nScience\nFact Check\nOddities\nBe Well\nNewsletters\nVideo\nPhotography\nClimate\nHealth\nPersonal Finance\nAP Investigations\nTech\nLifestyle\nReligion\nAP Buyline Personal Finance\nAP Buyline Shopping\nPress Releases\nMy Account\n...\nWorld\nIsrael-Hamas War\nRussia-Ukraine War\nGlobal elections\nAsia Pacific\nLatin America\nEurope\nAfrica\nMiddle East\nChina\nAustralia\nU.S.\nElection 2024\nElection Results\nDelegate Tracker\nAP & Elections\nGlobal elections\nPolitics\nJoe Biden\nElection 2024\nCongress\nSports\nMLB\nNBA\nNHL\nNFL\nSoccer\nGolf\nTennis\nAuto Racing\n2024 Paris Olympic Games\nEntertainment\nMovie reviews\nBook reviews\nCelebrity\nTelevision\nMusic\nBusiness\nInflation\nPersonal finance\nFinancial Markets\nBusiness Highlights\nFinancial wellness\nScience\nFact Check\nOddities\nBe Well\nNewsletters\nVideo\nPhotography\nClimate\nHealth\nPersonal Finance\nAP Investigations\nTech\nArtificial Intelligence\nSocial Media\nLifestyle\nReligion\nAP Buyline Personal Finance\nAP Buyline Shopping\nPress Releases\nMy Account\nSearch Query\nSubmit Search\nShow Search\nWorld\nIsrael-Hamas War\nRussia-Ukraine War\nGlobal elections\nAsia Pacific\nLatin America\nEurope\nAfrica\nMiddle East\nChina\nAustralia\nU.S.\nElection 2024\nElection Results\nDelegate Tracker\nAP & Elections\nGlobal elections\nPolitics\nJoe Biden\nElection 2024\nCongress\nSports\nMLB\nNBA\nNHL\nNFL\nSoccer\nGolf\nTennis\nAuto Racing\n2024 Paris Olympic Games\nEntertainment\nMovie reviews\nBook reviews\nCelebrity\nTelevision\nMusic\nBusiness\nInflation\nPersonal finance\nFinancial Markets\nBusiness Highlights\nFinancial wellness\nScience\nFact Check\nOddities\nBe Well\nNewsletters\nVideo\nPhotography\nClimate\nHealth\nPersonal Finance\nAP Investigations\nTech\nArtificial Intelligence\nSocial Media\nLifestyle\nReligion\nAP Buyline Personal Finance\nAP Buyline Shopping\nPress Releases\nMy Account\nThe Associated Press is an independent global news organization dedicated to factual reporting. 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All Rights Reserved.\nTrump hush money trial\nIsrael-Hamas war\nOhio gas explosion\nTexas power outage\nPope Francis apology\nEntertainment\nChance Perdomo, star of Chilling Adventures of Sabrina and Gen V, dies in motorcycle crash at 27\nChance Perdomo, star of Chilling Adventures of Sabrina and Gen V, dies in motorcycle crash at 27\n1 of 2|This undated photo provided by Shelter PR shows Chance Perdomo. Perdomo, who rose to fame as a star of Chilling Adventures of Sabrina and Gen V, has died at age 27, following a motorcycle crash, his publicist said, Saturday, March 30, 2024. (Gray Hamner/Chance Perdomo and Shelter PR via AP)\nRead More\n2 of 2|This undated photo provided by Shelter PR shows Chance Perdomo. Perdomo, who rose to fame as a star of Chilling Adventures of Sabrina and Gen V, has died at age 27, following a motorcycle crash, his publicist said, Saturday, March 30, 2024. (Gray Hamner/Chance Perdomo and Shelter PR via AP)\nRead More\nBy\nMALLIKA SEN\nUpdated 3:07 PM UTC, March 31, 2024\nShare\nShare\nCopy\nLink copied\nEmail\nFacebook\nX\nReddit\nLinkedIn\nPinterest\nFlipboard\nPrint\nActor Chance Perdomo, who rose to fame as a star of Chilling Adventures of Sabrina and Gen V, has died at age 27 following a motorcycle crash.On behalf of the family and his representatives, it is with heavy hearts that we share the news of Chance Perdomos untimely passing as a result of a motorcycle accident, a publicist said in a statement issued Saturday evening.The statement said no one else was involved in the crash. No details about the crash, including when and where it took place, were immediately released.Perdomo most recently played Andre Anderson on the first season of Gen V, the college-centric spin-off of Amazon Primes hit series The Boys, set in a universe where superheroes are celebrities and behave as badly as the most notorious. Perdomos character was a student at Godolkin University, founded by the sinisterly omnipresent Vought International corporation, where supes train; his power involved the manipulation of metal.\nMORE ENTERTAINMENT COVERAGE\nMusic Review: Beyonc's epic Act ll: Cowboy Carter defies categorization, redefines American style\nLouis Gossett Jr., 1st Black man to win supporting actor Oscar, dies at 87\nTori Spelling files for divorce from Dean McDermott after 18 years of marriage\nAmazon MGM Studios and Sony Pictures Television, the makers of Gen V, said the shows family was devastated by the sudden passing. We cant quite wrap our heads around this. For those of us who knew him and worked with him, Chance was always charming and smiling, an enthusiastic force of nature, an incredibly talented performer, and more than anything else, just a very kind, lovely person, the producers of Gen V said in a statement. Even writing about him in the past tense doesnt make sense.\nIt wasnt immediately clear from the statements how Perdomos death would affect production on the show, which also featured Jaz Sinclair, Patrick Schwarzenegger and Shelley Conn among its sprawling ensemble cast.Schwarzenegger posted a series of photos of Perdomo and himself on his Instagram stories Sunday morning, saying he hoped Perdomo was up in heaven with a cigar.One of Perdomos most famous roles was as Ambrose Spellman, a lead character on Chilling Adventures of Sabrina. The four-season show was a far cry from the Melissa Joan Hart-fronted Sabrina the Teenage Witch. Created by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, the Netflix show set its Archie Comics characters a town over from the titular location of Aguirre-Sacasas Riverdale, and employed a more spooky and salacious tone than its forerunner although some of the original Sabrina actors came calling.\nPerdomos character was a cousin to Sabrina Spellman and a powerful, pansexual warlock who specialized in necromancy and is initially under house arrest. He often served as a sort of voice of reason on the show, which wrapped in 2020. He starred alongside Kiernan Shipka, Miranda Otto, Tati Gabrielle, Ross Lynch and, again, Sinclair.Aguirre-Sacasa posted a tribute to Perdomo on Instagram on Saturday, sharing behind-the-scenes photos from Sabrina.Besides being one of the most talented young actors Ive ever had the privilege to work with, @chance_perdomo was, truly, a light. A generous, funny, open-hearted, wildly intelligent, and fiercely complex and soulful human being, he wrote.\nOh, how I wish Aunt Zeldas words were true today (and perhaps they are): There is no true death for witches, only transformation, he continued. Rest in peace, Chance. We all loved you so, so much, cousin.Perdomo, who was Black and Latino, was born in Los Angeles and raised in England.I was always getting into fights until I put my energy into acting. Then my grades picked up, and I became president of the student union. Before that, I was similar to Ambrose being so pent up. He doesnt know what to do with his energy because hes trapped, Perdomo told them.us in 2018.At the same time, hes very open and loving. I identify with that now more than ever, because being away from family for so long really puts things into perspective. No matter the occasion, if I get that FaceTime or phone call from mom or my brothers, Im picking it up right away. Its family first for Ambrose, and Im the same way, he continued.Perdomo also acted in several of the After movies and is credited in the upcoming Bad Man alongside Seann William Scott and Rob Riggle.His passion for the arts and insatiable appetite for life was felt by all who knew him, and his warmth will carry on in those who he loved dearest, the statement from Perdomos publicist said.\nThe Associated Press is an independent global news organization dedicated to factual reporting. Founded in 1846, AP today remains the most trusted source of fast, accurate, unbiased news in all formats and the essential provider of the technology and services vital to the news business. More than half the worlds population sees AP journalism every day.\nThe Associated Press\nap.org\nCareers\nAdvertise with us\nContact Us\nAccessibility Statement\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nCookie Settings\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nLimit Use and Disclosure of Sensitive Personal Information\nCA Notice of Collection\nMore From AP News\nAbout\nAP News Values and Principles\nAPs Role in Elections\nAP Leads\nAP Definitive Source Blog\nAP Images Spotlight Blog\nAP Stylebook\nCopyright 2024 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.\ntwitter\ninstagram\nfacebook", "url": "https://apnews.com/article/chance-perdomo-dies-sabrina-gen-v-actor-d1806c43db485164ea7a4f9b40eb314c" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Chance Perdomo: British-American actor, 27, dies in motorcycle accidentBritish Broadcasting CorporationRegisterSign InHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveHomeNewsIsrael-Gaza WarWar in UkraineUK General ElectionIndia ElectionUS & CanadaUKUK PoliticsEnglandN. IrelandN. Ireland PoliticsScotlandScotland PoliticsWalesWales PoliticsAfricaAsiaChinaIndiaAustraliaEuropeLatin AmericaMiddle EastIn PicturesBBC VerifySportBusinessFuture of BusinessTechnology of BusinessWork CultureInnovationTechnologyScience & HealthArtificial IntelligenceCultureFilm & TVMusicArt & DesignStyleBooksEntertainment NewsTravelDestinationsAfricaAntarcticaAsiaAustralia and PacificCaribbean & BermudaCentral AmericaEuropeMiddle EastNorth AmericaSouth AmericaWorlds TableCulture & ExperiencesAdventuresThe SpeciaListEarthNatural WondersWeather & ScienceClimate SolutionsSustainable BusinessGreen LivingVideoLiveLive NewsLive SportRegisterSign InHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveAudioWeatherChance Perdomo: British-American actor, 27, dies in motorcycle accident31 March 2024By Sam Hancock,BBC NewsShareGetty ImagesActor Chance Perdomo, best known for his role in Netflix horror series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, has died in a motorcycle accident, aged 27, his publicist has announced.The British-American star was born in Los Angeles and grew up in Southampton.He was nominated for best actor at the 2019 Bafta TV awards for his role in BBC Three drama Killed by My Debt.\"His insatiable appetite for life was felt by all who knew him,\" the publicist said in a statement. \"His warmth will carry on in those who he loved dearest,\" the statement seen by the BBC's US partner, CBS, added, before asking that Perdomo's family be given \"privacy as they mourn the loss of their beloved son and brother\".Details of where the accident took place, or how it was caused, have not yet been shared. CBS reports that the representative said \"no other individuals were involved\".As well as playing warlock Ambrose Spellman in the Netflix drama, Perdomo starred as Andre Anderson in Amazon Prime's superhero series Gen V.A statement released by Amazon MGM Studios and Gen V co-producers Sony Pictures Television remembered the actor as \"charming\" and an \"enthusiastic force of nature\".\"Even writing about him in the past tense doesn't make sense,\" they said. Perdomo studied law after leaving school and began his acting career in 2017 with a part in the CBBC series Hetty Feather. His role in the Chilling Adventures of Sabrina saw him being named among Bafta's \"Breakthrough Brits\" in 2019. After being nominated for the best actor Bafta in the same year, Perdomo told BBC Newsbeat he had been \"overwhelmed\" by the reaction to Killed by My Debt - a docudrama based on the true story of Jerome Rogers, a motorcycle courier in London who found himself in crushing debt and took his own life. In the run-up to the Bafta awards ceremony in May 2019, Perdomo was reported by a local newspaper to have returned to his former Southampton secondary school to give a talk to Year 10 pupils.\"He spoke to them about working hard and he told them it was just his passion for acting and not for fame that got him where he is now,\" Redbridge Community School's headteacher Jason Ashley told the Southern Daily Echo at the time.Sabrina star on his first Bafta nominationTelevisionLos AngelesSouthamptonRelatedBBC promises 'fairness' after Strictly row reports32 mins agoNewsCultureITV to host first general election leaders' debate8 hrs agoNewsNick Carter denies 'outrageous' sex assault claims8 hrs agoNewsCultureMore8 hrs agoFlats scheme on gasworks site set for approvalSouthampton City Council will determine the application for the land near St Marys Stadium on 4 June.8 hrs agoNewsHampshire & Isle of Wight13 hrs agoSolent ferry operator to order three new vessels The investment, likely to be about 100m, aims to replace Red Funnel's ageing fleet.13 hrs agoNewsHampshire & Isle of Wight1 day agoLallana closing in on Saints return Former Southampton player Adam Lallana is closing in on a return to the club after their promotion to the Premier League. 1 day agoSouthampton1 day agoSummer closure of major city bridge scrappedSouthampton City Council will still carry out maintenance work on Itchen Bridge this year.1 day agoNews2 days agoSaints fans jubilant at Premier League promotion partySupporters cheer the Saints' players and manager at a celebration outside St Mary's Stadium.2 days agoNewsHampshire & Isle of WightBritish Broadcasting CorporationHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveAudioWeatherBBC ShopBBC in other languagesTerms of UseAbout the BBCPrivacy PolicyCookiesAccessibility HelpContact the BBCAdvertise with usDo not share or sell my infoContact technical supportCopyright 2024 BBC. All rights reserved.The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.Read about our approach to external linking.Let us know you agree to cookiesWe use cookies to give you the best online experience. Please let us know if you agree to all of these cookies. Yes, I agreeNo, take me to settings", "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-68701888" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "ReplitCheck out the latest product innovations, AI updates, and more from Replit Developer Day. Learn moreFeaturesReplit AICollaborationCDEDeploymentsTeamsPricingBlogCareersLog inStart buildingFeaturesTeamsPricingBlogCareersLog inStart building Build software fasterReplit is an AI-powered software development & deployment platform for building, sharing, and shipping software fast.Sign up for freeGet a business demoEverything you need to build software in one placeCreate & deploy websites, automations, internal tools, data pipelines and more in any programming language without setup, downloads or extra tools. All in a single cloud workspace with AI built in.Ismail PelaseyedCo-founder, SUPERAGENT.SHWe use Replit internally to prototype new types of Assistants before pushing them to production. It allows us to rapidly deploy our environment and try out new features, making sure they work in production and in our SDKs.Morgan McGuireDIR. of Growth ML, Weights and BiasesWe chose Replit because we needed a service that let us quickly build, host and test a POC and later ship it to production. We also needed to be able to collaborate on the codebase, which Replit allowed us to do.Pietro SchiranoCo-founder, EverartReplit extrapolates complex problems and takes care of all the mundane parts of coding.Build Collaborate online and offline. Build, review, and debug code in the same environment. Leave comments and chat through problems with others.Start buildingLearn moreCollaborative by defaultOn Replit, collaboration is as simple as writing together in a shared document. Work in parallel, pair program, and debug as a team to share context and build efficiently.Share progress in one clickWhen work is ready for review, you can easily invite anyone to collaborate with you, or just view a live link.Bring your repos to lifeCollaboration in Replit begins even before the PR review process. Quickly see what work is in progress, relevant work thats ongoing, whos online, and where teammates are blocked so you can jump in to help.Replit AI, your partner in codeBuild software faster with Replit AI. Use AI to debug, autocomplete, and generate code through conversation.Start buildingLearn moreNatural language to codeUse Replit AI in chat or inline to architect your project, generate code, or debug any errors. Let your AI pair programmer fill in the gaps, so you can focus on shipping.Trusted AI code completeReplit AIs state-of-the-art language model is trained on 15+ of the top programming languages. Suggestions appear inline based on best practices and your codebase.Debug with precisionReplit AI understands code syntax, data types, frames, variable names, and more. Use Replit AI to debug complex errors so you dont have to.Prototype to launchNever start from scratch with templates for popular programming languages like JavaScript and Python.Start buildingLearn moreA computer for every ideaWith instant environments, you get access to a computer for every branch, idea, or feature. Fork existing projects, start new projects, and context-switch quickly. It takes only a few seconds to fork and run large codebases that work on everyone's machine.Focus on building, we'll handle the restManage all of your cloud services in one place. Access third party Generative AI models through Replit ModelFarm, securely store environment variables in Secrets, and integrate databases all from your code editor.Connect and build from anywhereUse Replits Desktop, Mobile, or Tablet apps to code anywhere, on any device.Go from idea to productionHost any project without complex setups. With Replit Deployments, everyone can launch production-ready applications right from the workspace.Start buildingLearn moreJoin over 30 million software creatorsWe believe everyone should have the opportunity to build software that can change the world. Hear the inspiring stories of software creators making a positive impact at work, side projects, and their own companies around the globe.Start buildingFrom prototype to Y CombinatorIsmail is an experienced developer who is dedicated to building open source software. After running a successful consulting firm with his business partner, Alan Zabihi, they wanted to go back to building projects for themselves, focusing primarily on open source AI and agent frameworks.From helping his brother to helping others manage diabetesMarwan is an iOS developer by day and founder of Sweet Dreams by night. Inspired by checking in on his brothers blood sugar level, Marwan used Replit to power the back end of the iOS app.From non-technical hackathon winner to startup founderPriyaa is a former product manager who won the Craft Ventures AI Hackathon with the help of her teammate...Replit AI. Since then, she co-founded Lica with a clear vision and venture funding.From freelancing to selling softwareAndrew is a new coder with an abundance of ideas. He started a consulting agency that builds automation tools for small businesses. Hes the first person in the history of Replit to sell software on the platform.Security at every stepReplit keeps your source code safe in the cloud with enterprise-ready security that meets key industry standards.Start buildingEndpoint SecurityGranular Permissions & Access ControlGoogle-hardened InfrastructureIsolated AISOC 2 SupportIdea to software, fastStart buildingReplitMobile AppDesktop AppBlogPricingFeaturesCDECollaborationDeploymentsReplit AILegalTerms of serviceTerms agreementPrivacySubprocessorsDPAUS Student DPAStudent privacyReport abuseConnectX / TwitterTiktokFacebookInstagramLinkedinLanguagesPythonJavascriptTypeScriptNode.jsNix (Beta)HTML, CSS, JSC++GoLangHandy LinksLanguagesDocsHelpForumStatusImport from GlitchImport from HerokuCopilot alternativesBrand kitPartnershipsScroll to topAll rights reserved. Copyright 2024 Replit, Inc.", "url": "https://replit.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "New replit.dev links - General - Replit Ask\nSkip to main content\nReplit.com\nCommunity Standards\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nUpdates\nReplit Help\nCode Help\nBug Reports\nFeature Requests\nAll categories\nTags\nreplit-editor\nreplit-deployments\nforum-feedback\nteacher-help\nreplit-mobile-app\nAll tags\n\nNew replit.dev links\nGeneral\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nDec 2023\n2 / 48\nDec 2023\nJan 29\nQwertyQwerty88Solution Institution\nDec 2023\nCan I automate replit.dev?\nslug.username.replit.dev\nFYI, this doesnt seem to be the format\n4\nCan I automate replit.dev?5\n\ncreated\nDec 2023\nlast reply\nJan 29\n47\nreplies\n1.4k\nviews\n12\nusers\n45\nlikes\n11\nlinks\n16\n10\n5\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nDec 2023Oh, that actually makes more sense that you dont get vanity URLs. Its kinda like previewing a deployment in Netlify before actuallydoing it, I guess?\nWheres that screenshot from btw?2\nQwertyQwerty88Solution Institution\nDec 2023Tried to open my Flask app 15 in a new tab, got that \\_()_/3 Replies1\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nDec 2023So theyre already getting it into motion, huh?2 Replies1\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nQwertyQwerty88Dec 2023Worked when I forked your Repl, too.\nOoOoOoOoOoOoh, fancy!\nimage1367881 36 KB\nSeems to happen with any Flask or Express server, but not Static pages.\n(I also dont understand the random name thing that resembles a username. Why do they need one if theres already all ofthat other stuff?)2 Replies2\nQwertyQwerty88Solution Institution\nDec 2023\nboston2029:\nbut not Static pages.\nhttps://ddd53049-7b77-4087-ad26-32b30bcd4a39-00-33x7r25b5alx0.hacker.replit.dev/ 46\nMy static personal website.2 Replies1\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nDec 2023SADDD!! Happens when I create a new Repl, just not my current ones.\nMy old dynamic/server-side Repls are still working though!!!\n(plz dont tell Replit)2 Replies1\nQwertyQwerty88Solution Institution\nDec 2023\nboston2029:\nMy old dynamic/server-side Repls are still working though!!!\nWell, yeah, its not January first yet.2 Replies2\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nDec 2023\nQwertyQwerty88:\nWell, yeah, its not January first yet.\nWell if they were waiting until then, then they wouldnt have touched anything yet, right?1\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nQwertyQwerty88Dec 2023I mean, as long as my latest project will stay up until December 27, Im probably good.1\nBluebayStudios\nboston2029Dec 2023I thought we had 13 days 2\nQwertyQwerty88Solution Institution\nDec 2023We do. repl.co 14 links still work.1\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nDec 2023Yeah I guess. Oh, I just tried using repl.co format on the static Repl I made earlier, and it DOES work:\nimage807297 7.34 KB\nQwertyQwerty88:\nWe do.\nPlus, since theyve already set it in motion, its almost like we dont. Which, I get it that they cant make the changes on New Years Day, 12:00 AM, precisely as they said, all at once, but still. I mean, just a little closer to the deadline, Replit? 1 Reply2\npython660Guidance Counselor\nQwertyQwerty88Dec 2023HOW DOES IT WORK? WHY CAN I VISIT IT? 2\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nDec 2023Maybe thats actually how theyll work now?\n@QwertyQwerty88 Like, that the static page works all the time even though youre not in the editor.2\nQwertyQwerty88Solution Institution\nDec 2023Oh I didnt think about that. Yeah Im not in the editor right now. Maybe a bug?2\npython660Guidance Counselor\n1Dec 2023sshh dont give the ops any ideas2\nNateDhaliwalJunior Moderator\nboston2029Dec 2023Odd, Im using it on a phone but I dont get that url when going to https://chat.qwertyqwerty88.repl.co/ 12. I see the actual repl.co 1 url and the website seems to be working, buuuut:\n@QwertyQwerty88\nAfter login:\nScreenshot_20231220_105314_Chrome10802408 143 KB\nWhoops!2 Replies\nQwertyQwerty88Solution Institution\nDec 2023\nNateDhaliwal:\nIm using it on a phone but I dont get that url when going to https://chat.qwertyqwerty88.repl.co/.\nWell yeah its not going to automatically redirect?1\nNateDhaliwalJunior Moderator\nDec 2023How come @boston2029 got the ip url then?\nAs In the string of numbers and letters, and got the not running page?1 Reply3\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://ask.replit.com/t/new-replit-dev-links/91428" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Replit desktop app opens repl in chrome tab without my consent very often - Support / Bug Reports - Replit Ask\nSkip to main content\nReplit.com\nCommunity Standards\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nUpdates\nReplit Help\nCode Help\nBug Reports\nFeature Requests\nAll categories\nTags\nreplit-editor\nreplit-deployments\nforum-feedback\nteacher-help\nreplit-mobile-app\nAll tags\n\nReplit desktop app opens repl in chrome tab without my consent very often\nSupportBug Reports\nreplit-desktop\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nDec 2023\n2 / 8\nDec 2023\n24d ago\nEnZon31Dec 2023Problem description:\nI have no clue why this happens. Whenever I am in a repl in the desktop app; whether it is unminimizing it, ctl-c, whatever; at random intervals on my chrome window the repl just opens up in a chrome tab, and i have to close it on my own. It is extremely infuriating so if theres any possible explanation why thatd be greatly appreciated.\nExpected behavior:\nFor it to not happen?\nActual behavior:\nChrome tab of repl pops open\nSteps to reproduce:\nI have no clue how to reproduce this issue.\nOS: Windows 10 20H2\nDevice (Android, iOS, NA leave blank): Dell laptop\nDesktop app version: 1.0.5\nPlan (Free, Replit Core): Free4\n\ncreated\nDec 2023\nlast reply\n24d\n7\nreplies\n473\nviews\n6\nusers\n17\nlikes\n2\n2\nSuzyAtReplitReplit StaffDec 2023@EnZon3 I havent seen this occur. Is it prompting you to re-authenticate or is it just opening a Repl in your browser?\nI would try to logout of Replit in both your browser and in the Desktop app. Then update your browser and clear your browser cache. Open the Desktop app and it should prompt you to authenticate, and hopefully you stop having the issue afterwards.8\nEnZon3Dec 2023Huh, forgot to say that it stopped happening after that day, it hasnt happened to me since but Ill keep you posted if it happens again.3\nTyraePaul0Dec 2023I just experienced this same things and its been opening tabs every 30 seconds or so. It keeps opening to the same repl project and Im not entirely sure why1\nthegallierDec 2023Same here in brave. Any way to stop this because the pop up even switches to the browser.\nFirepup650Solution Institution\nDec 2023I had this randomly the other day, not sure what triggered it. What I have more often is the app just deciding it was done and closing while Im using it.1\n16 days later\nSuzyAtReplitReplit StaffJan 2We did just release some general updates to the app (1.0.6) so feel free to upgrade and see if it keeps occurring. I dont think Ive ever had this happen but Ill keep an eye out and see if we can locate potential triggers. Its a bit tricky with intermittent issues.3\n4 months later\nalijvarey24dIts happening to me - its driving me mad!\nReply\nNew & Unread Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nThe console tab is showing colours instead of text in parrot os\nBug Reports\n2\n142\nNov 2023\nAutoscale is not passing Promotion step\nBug Reports\n2\n442\nSep 2023\nI am not able to open file in new tab\nBug Reports\n1\n154\nOct 2023\nReplit does not stay on. Website will shut off after a few hours!\nBug Reports\n8\n251\nNov 2023\nReplit making errors when it shouldnt\nBug Reports\n1\n272\nDec 2023\nWant to read more? Browse other topics in Bug Reports or view latest topics.\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://ask.replit.com/t/replit-desktop-app-opens-repl-in-chrome-tab-without-my-consent-very-often/87201" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Sign Up - ReplitBuild software, betterBuild, test, and deploy directly from the browserCollaborate in real-time with MultiplayerBoost productivity with Replit AIJoin a community of world class developersCreate a Replit accountContinue with GoogleContinue with GitHubContinue with emailBy continuing, you agree to Replit'sTerms of Service and Privacy PolicyAlready have an account? Log inGet helpThis site is protected by reCAPTCHA Enterprise and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.", "url": "https://replit.com/signup" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "New replit.dev links - General - Replit Ask\nSkip to main content\nReplit.com\nCommunity Standards\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nUpdates\nReplit Help\nCode Help\nBug Reports\nFeature Requests\nAll categories\nTags\nreplit-editor\nreplit-deployments\nforum-feedback\nteacher-help\nreplit-mobile-app\nAll tags\n\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nDec 2023\n21 / 48\nDec 2023\nJan 29\nQwertyQwerty88Solution Institution\nNateDhaliwalDec 2023\nQwertyQwerty88:\nTried to open\nQwertyQwerty88:\nin a new tab\nThrough the workspace.1\nNateDhaliwalJunior Moderator\nDec 2023But isnt it supposed to start from January?\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nDec 2023As I said (not an official source, but still):\nboston2029:\nSo theyre already getting it into motion, huh?\n2\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nNateDhaliwalDec 2023Im also getting that now; didnt earlier.\nIt looked like one of the forks was working, though. Too many people visiting it?2\nNateDhaliwalJunior Moderator\nDec 2023I got this new feature as well on my Flask app. Not very different for me cos Im using it for development still, but the url looks weird.1\nfvilleminReplit PatronDec 2023Are you Explorer or not ?\nMaybe .dev are only for Explorer before 2024. I have stopped using it to avoid too much bugs and im still getting repl.co 2 when I create a new Flask app3\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nDec 2023Im not an Explorer, but I still got it.\nNevermind, for some reason I am. I do recall turning it off a long time ago, and I never ticked it back on, so idk why its on\ncldprv\nDec 2023Problem description:\nI just forked a repl from https://replit.com/@mcansh/remix-replit-template#README.md 3 .\nAnd when I open in webview, I dont know why, the repl url is : https://a7a732d2-4d3b-4f49-8d8e-746bf27159be-00-39nzkhxx6gwue.janeway.replit.dev/ 4\nThats wierd. Why janeway, and wasnt .replit.dev only supposed to roll out on 1 January?\nExpected behavior:\nThat I just get repl_name.user_name.repl.co\nActual behavior:\nI get this weird link\nIMG_07662160132 101 KB\nSteps to reproduce:\nFork the repl https://replit.com/@mcansh/remix-replit-template#README.md 3 .\nRun the repl.\nBug appears at this link:\nhttps://replit.com/@cldprv/remix\nBrowser: Brave\nOS: iOS\nDevice (Android, iOS, NA leave blank): iPad\nDesktop app version (Avatar menu->Version) or NA: / (browser)\nPlan (Free, Replit Core): Free1 Reply\nNateDhaliwalJunior Moderator\nDec 2023Are you an Explorer? I am and I have it too. @fvillemin gave the suggestion.\ncldprv\nDec 2023Yes Im explorer. But I dont think its normal to get .janeway\nFirepup650Solution Institution\nDec 2023It seems like that part of the url is randomized, as Qwerty got .riker:\nQwertyQwerty88:\n4 Replies5\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nDec 2023Yeah, I just dont understand why they need that part if they already have the whole uuid thing before it.2\nQwertyQwerty88Solution Institution\nDec 2023\nFirepup650:\nas Qwerty got .riker\nAnd .hacker, its not the same accross accounts\nQwertyQwerty88:\nhttps://ddd53049-7b77-4087-ad26-32b30bcd4a39-00-33x7r25b5alx0.hacker.replit.dev/\n4\nMilesWK\nDec 2023Right now, it does that. however, the old links still work.\nE.G. either you could go to\nhttps://123456-123456-123456-123456.azurba.replit.dev/ 4 to go to, i dont know, Bobs website, or you could go to bobs-website.bob.repl.co 7\nworks both ways.\nMakes since?1\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\nDec 2023Ye, we said that already:\nboston2029:\nOh, I just tried using repl.co format on the static Repl I made earlier, and it DOES work:\nboston2029:\nMy old dynamic/server-side Repls are still working though!!!\n1\n9pfs1Champion cldprvDec 2023Replit is actually giving us other users subdomains (https://replit.com/@Janeway 10 exists, and doesnt seem to be you).2 Replies4\npython660Guidance Counselor\nDec 2023WHAT? doesnt that present a potential vulnerability for false websites to claim ownership of a repler?4\nboston2029Guidance Counselor\n9pfs1Dec 2023I thought this, but I expected them to maybe be official Replit accounts, but theyre 100% random. Maybe theyre just really inactive accounts, or its by coincidence that theres an account with that name.1\nfvilleminReplit Patron Firepup650Dec 2023I presume the fact that the url is randomized is to avoid people being able to ping it.\nYou can create a web site when you are on the IDE but as soon as you quit it, the webview closes and the url will never be the same.\nMaybe Replit doesnt want to lose the ability to wake a site up by going to its url and they need to create a fresh url each time to avoid having people continue to ping sites.3\nFirepup650Solution Institution\nDec 2023True, except that entirely doesnt work right now. It doesnt seem to re-randomize as of yet.2 Replies4\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://ask.replit.com/t/new-replit-dev-links/91428?page=2" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Python Online Compiler & Interpreter - ReplitSkip to contentFeaturesReplit AICollaborationCDEDeploymentsTeamsPricingBlogCareersLog inStart buildingFeaturesReplit AICollaborationCDEDeploymentsTeamsPricingBlogCareersLog inStart buildingCode, create, and learn together with PythonOnline Python Compiler, REPL, IDE, and EditorSign up to code in PythonExplore Multiplayer >_Collaborate in real-time with your friendsExplore Teams >_Code with your class or coworkersExplore Deployments >_Quickly get your projects off the groundCopyright 2024 Replit, Inc. All rights reserved.twittertiktokinstagramfacebookReplitMobile appBlogCareersPricingLegalTerms of ServiceReplit Teams AgreementPrivacySubprocessorsDPAUS Student DPAStudent PrivacyReport AbuseFeaturesIDEMultiplayerDeploymentsReplit AIBountiesHandy linksLanguagesDocsSupportForumStatusImport from GlitchImport from HerokuCopilot alternativeBrand KitReplit IndiaPartnershipsProgramming languagesPythonJavaScriptTypeScriptNode.jsNixHTML, CSS, JSC++Golang", "url": "https://replit.com/languages/online-python-compiler" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Can't find the run button anymore? - Replit Help - Replit Ask\nSkip to main content\nReplit.com\nCommunity Standards\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nUpdates\nReplit Help\nCode Help\nBug Reports\nFeature Requests\nAll categories\nTags\nreplit-editor\nreplit-deployments\nforum-feedback\nteacher-help\nreplit-mobile-app\nAll tags\n\nCant find the run button anymore?\nReplit Help\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nJan 5\n2 / 12\nJan 5\nJan 16\ngrmcgregorJan 5I cant find the Run button on any of the posted repls. its as if the Run button has completely disappeared. maybe I lack common intellect, but Im at a loss here\nReplit Profile: https://replit.com/@grmcgregor 20\nSolved by not-ethan in post #2\nHey @grmcgregor welcome to the forums!\nThe Run button no longer exists. Due to recent changes you will have to Fork unless the creator Deploys the Repl, in which case you will have to get the link to the deployed program. These changes apply to normal console based programs like Python, C, etc. too\n1\n\ncreated\nJan 5\nlast reply\nJan 16\n11\nreplies\n2.1k\nviews\n6\nusers\n9\nlikes\n2\nlinks\n3\n3\n2\nnot-ethanAsk Community ModeratorJan 5Hey @grmcgregor welcome to the forums!\nThe Run button no longer exists. Due to recent changes you will have to Fork unless the creator Deploys the Repl, in which case you will have to get the link to the deployed program. These changes apply to normal console based programs like Python, C, etc. too, but there is no way to deploy them unless you set up some kind of server to run it (like Flask for Python) and use an Autoscale Deployment.\nReplit's new Social Features update Feedback/General Problems\nOh boy, its rant time again\nQuick context: Replit has announced many new changes to social features on Replit. You can read the full blog post here.\nNow for whats changing:\nCouldnt expect this to happen, but it ended up happening. Comments are being removed.\nNow dont get me wrong, this can be a good thing to happen in many occasions, especially with the masses of spam some Repls get.\nHowever, this feels like an extremely stupid idea. And for a couple of reasons.\n1. How \n2 RepliesSolution3\nawightJan 6put the run button back. please, I dont want to pay for replit core. I try to run other repls, and when I fork them, I dont have enough space to use them. I think this is going to make you lose users because of a lack of free resources.1\nnot-ethanAsk Community ModeratorJan 6I am not Replit staff so I am unable to.\nReplit staff hears everybody and I dont think they are going to revert these changes4\nindex01 not-ethanJan 7I find it very dumb how the community section is still called a community section. It doesnt promote new REPLs, the featured section has remained the same for months it feels like, you cant comment, you cant run REPLs unless you download or fork them. And to add insult to injury you are now forced to give your billing details to use REPL as a host which most people did use it for.1\n9 days later\nmichaelxhermesJan 16Can anyone please confirm that the only way to run a students code / link directly without forking it is to pay for Replit Core$120 ???\nIt does not say this in the pricing information\nhttps://replit.com/pricing 6 -\nI only need to run it , nothing else from the Core offerings\nSalladShooterJunior Moderator\nJan 16Hey @michaelxhermes welcome to the forums!\nYou do not need to purchase Core to run your students code. Have your students invite you to their Repls, you will then be able to run just fine without Forking. I hope this helps!\nmichaelxhermesJan 16Thanks I will try this later.\nIs it just one invite to their repl account (once) or an invite to each program link they send me?\nSalladShooterJunior Moderator\nJan 16\nmichaelxhermes:\nIs it just one invite to their repl account (once) or an invite to each program link they send me?\nIts an invite for every program. Sadly there isnt a workaround to this since Replit deprecated Teams for EDU (it still works right now) and is planning on removing it (students just had to be added to the class and work would show up for them, and once submitted teachers could grade). Core wouldnt work any way if the student isnt submitting websites since it has to be a website to deploy.\nmichaelxhermesJan 16So the only way to do this would be to Join Core - then I could click run as we used to. For Python code not websites\nIf there was a add on cost just to be able to run the code it would be ideal\nOr I could move to another online platform\nthanks anyway.\nSalladShooterJunior Moderator\nJan 16\nmichaelxhermes:\nSo the only way to do this would be to Join Core - then I could click run as we used to. For Python code not websites\nNo, thats the opposite of what I said. You dont need to join Core as it would only provide deployments for websites. Your students could invite you to every Repl but thats tedious. If you want to move platforms I suggest GitHub Codespaces.\nClosed on Jan 23This topic was automatically closed 7 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed.\nReply\nNew & Unread Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nJobs for people with little coding experience?\nReplit Help\n1\n145\nMay 2023\n[Support]: I want to downgrade from pro to hacker\nReplit Help\n2\n111\nOct 2023\nNothing will work\nReplit Help\n2\n66\nOct 2023\nDatabase working on localhost but ot running on web server\nReplit Help\n2\n273\nNov 2023\nI keep getting an error while trying to deploy my discordbot\nReplit Help\nreplit-deployments\n3\n116\nJan 10\nWant to read more? Browse other topics in Replit Help or view latest topics.\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://ask.replit.com/t/cant-find-the-run-button-anymore/95203" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Jenny Sones - College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences\nSkip to content\nColorado State University\nCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences\nmenu\nclose\nJenny Sones\nClinical Sciences\nERL 115 VETERINARY TEACHING HOSPITAL (\njenny.sones@colostate.edu\n(970) 491-0366\nAbout Jenny\nDr. Sones's career as a veterinarian began as a pre-med student in college, but she became devoted to veterinary medicine after working in the equine NICU. She entered vet school to become a horse vet and she is excited to work with horses as a reproduction specialist at CSU's Equine Reproduction Laboratory.\nEducation\nPh.D., Cornell University, 2015Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 2008Bachelor of Science, Louisiana State University, 2004\nCertifications\nDiplomate, American College of Theriogenologists\nResearch Specialty\nPregnancy physiologyFetal programmingPreeclampsia\nLinks\nGoogle Scholar\nQuicklinks\nSubscribe for updates\nExplore degree programs\nSchedule a Tour or Visit\nDoctor of Veterinary Medicine Program\nVeterinary Teaching Hospital\nVeterinary Diagnostic Laboratories\nVeterinary Health System\nCollege Resources\nFaculty/Staff Directory\nNews\nEvents Calendar\nCareers\nContact Us\nTechnology Services\nEmployee Intranet (Scope)\nContact the Webmaster\nAcademic Departments\nBiomedical Sciences\nClinical Sciences\nEnvironmental and Radiological Health Sciences\nMicrobiology, Immunology, and Pathology\ncontact the college\nmailing address\n1601 Campus Delivery\nFort Collins, CO 80523-1601\nphone\nCollege Main: (970) 491-7051\nD.V.M. Student Services: (970) 491-5355\nVeterinary Teaching Hospital: (970) 297-5000\nview all contact information\nconnect on social media\nfacebook\ntwitter\nLinkedIn\ninstagram\nYouTube\nSupport the College\nApply to CSU\nContact CSU\nDisclaimer\nEqual Opportunity\nPrivacy Statement\nCopyright 2024 Colorado State University\nmain menu\nsearch\nevents calendar\ncollege directory\nnavigation menu\ncollege home\nabout the college\nstudents\nresearch\noutreach\nalumni + friends\ncollege event calendar\nJune\n3\nBiodiversity & Infectious Diseases: Principles to Guide Prediction\nMonday, June 3, 2024, 5 - 7pm\nTheDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathologyis hosting its first MIP Research Celebration, a showcase of department research, kickstarted with a keynote titled Biodiversity and Infectious Diseases: Principles to Guide Prediction by invited speaker Felicia Keesing, PhD, the David and Rosalie Rose Distinguished Professor of Science, Mathematics, and Computing at Bard College.Open to the public, all are welcome to attend the keynote talk from 5 6 p.m. in the Lory Student Center Ballroom C/D. Opening remarks will be given by CVMBS Dean Sue VandeWoude.Felicia Keesing is a biologist who studies the consequences of interactions among species, particularly as biodiversity declines. Her recent work focuses on how biodiversity influences the probability that humans and other animals will be exposed to infectious diseases. She has worked in Kenya since 1995 studying how the disappearance of elephants, giraffes, and other large mammals influences the way African savannas function. Keesing has published more than 100 papers, with grant support from the National Geographic Society, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health.Her work has been covered by theNew York Times,The New Yorker,NPR, andThe Guardian, among other media outlets. In 2020, she and her work were featured in the BBCsExtinction, with Sir David Attenborough. Keesing served on the steering committee for the Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education conferences and was the director of a project on science literacy funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In 2000, she received a United States Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from President Clinton. She is an elected Fellow of both the Ecological Society of America and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2022, she received the International Cosmos Prize, and in 2023, she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.Thank you very much to all our sponsors: CSU Climate Initiative, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, One Health Institute, and Vice President for Research, in addition to Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Biomedical Solutions, Inc., and PHC Holdings Corporation.Event Contact: Candace Mathiason (candace.mathiason@colostate.edu), MIP Associate Department Head for Research and Professor.\nJune\n9\n1st Four-Week Summer Term Ends\nSunday, June 9, 2024\nJune\n10\n2nd Four- and Eight-Week Summer Terms Begin\nMonday, June 10, 2024\nJune\n19\nCensus\nWednesday, June 19, 2024\nJune\n19\nJuneteenth Observed - Holiday - University Offices Closed\nWednesday, June 19, 2024\nJune\n27\nSUMMER 2024 GRADUATES\nThursday, June 27, 2024, 12am - 11:59pm\nGS24 Report of Final Examination Form must be received before your Masters Plan A Thesis, or Masters Plan B requirement(s) or your Doctoral Dissertation.\nAccess the form onRAMweb\nJuly\n3\nSUMMER 2024 GRADUATES\nWednesday, July 3, 2024, 12am - 11:59pm\nGS30 Thesis/Dissertation Submission Form: Must have all required signatures by the deadline ETD Embargo Restriction Request (GS30 Embargo Section) if applicable Survey of Earned Doctorates Certificate of Completion (uploaded to the GS30 form and required for doctoral recipients) Last Day to Submit Electronic Thesis or Dissertation (ETD) in ProQuest and Required Forms(Access the forms onRAMweb)GS30 Thesis/Dissertation Submission Form must have all required signatures by the deadline\nETD Embargo Restriction Request (GS30 Embargo Section) if applicable\nSurvey of Earned Doctorates Certificate of Completion (uploaded to the GS30 form and required for doctoral recipients)\nAccess the form onRAMweb\nLast Day to Submit Electronic Thesis or Dissertation (ETD) in ProQuest\nJuly\n4\nHoliday - University Offices Closed\nThursday, July 4, 2024\nJuly\n7\n2nd 4-Week and 1st Eight-Week Summer Terms End\nSunday, July 7, 2024\nJuly\n8\n3rd Four-Week Term Begins\nMonday, July 8, 2024\nJuly\n11\nSUMMER 2024 GRADUATES\nThursday, July 11, 2024, 12am - 4:30pm\nETD formatting must have final Graduate School approval all revisions must be complete and approved in ProQuest ETD processing and approval is only available during Graduate School business hours business hours end at 4:30 p.m. MT\nJuly\n28\nRepeat/Repair Deadline\nSunday, July 28, 2024\nAugust\n1\nSUMMER 2024 GRADUATES\nThursday, August 1, 2024, 12am - 11:59pm\nClearance of all incompletes/grade changes (if applicable) Completion of all course requirements (if applicable) GS40 Non-Thesis Plan B Masters Requirement(ifapplicable) GS52 Graduation Clearance Response(ifapplicable)\nAugust\n2\n3rd Four-Week, 2nd Eight-Week, 12-Week Summer Terms End\nFriday, August 2, 2024\nAugust\n6\nGrades Due by 2:00pm\nTuesday, August 6, 2024, 2pm\ncollege directory\nName\nPhone\nStrecker, Joe970-492-4174Weller, Christina970-297-4035Adams, RaganAllen, ErinWilson, Kathi970-297-4168Uhernik, Brittany970-297-4059Ballweber, LoraBass, Todd970-297-4310DeBuse, Linda970-297-4505Gould, DanielHyatt, Doreene970-491-7829Kane, Tina970-297-4186Powers, BarbPowers, Leah970-297-4168Van Campen, HanaBenavides Obon, AnaMarioBrewer, Melissa970-297-0367Hawley, Jennifer970-297-4026Lappin, Michael970-297-0313Mason, Gary970-297-5128Morris, Arianne970-297-4596Pabilonia, Kristy970-297-4109Spraker, Terry970-297-4155Podell, Brendan970-491-5746Olver, Christine970-297-5113Vap, LindaMayo, Christie970-491-8551Boden, Jennifer719-254-6382Russell, Michael970-491-6903Callan, Robert970-297-0323Liptak, Debra970-297-0384McIlwraith, Wayne970-297-4165Monnet, Eric970-297-4450Orton, ChrisPalmer, Ross970-297-4461Rosychuk, Rodney970-297-1220Smeak, Dan970-297-4085Hutson, Linda970-297-1224Mercado, AnnaLee970-297-0355Runyan, Jean970-491-5222Adrian, Carrie970-297-4165Arai, Shiori970-297-3806Ashton, Laura970-297-3729Campbell, TerryAllen, Richard970-297-1291Allen, Sandra970-297-1280Ambrosio, Jennifer970-297-1280Astle, Kevin970-297-1207Atencio, Elizabeth970-297-4070Baxter, Gary970-297-0382Bright, Janice970-297-4172Dinsmore, Page970-297-0375Dow, StevenDowers, KristyDuval, Dawn970-297-4064Ehrhart, Nicole970-297-1218Frisbie, David970-297-4555Garry, Franklyn970-297-0371Goodrich, Laurie970-297-0376Gustafson, Daniel970-297-1278Hackett, Eileen970-297-4035Hassel, Diana970-297-4271Haussler, Kevin970-297-1262Hendrickson, Dean297-5000Holt, TimothyJohnston, Matthew970-297-4218Kawcak, Christopher970-297-4139Knight, AnthonyKogan, Lori970-491-7984Lana, Susan970-297-4591Landolt, Gabriele970-297-4146MacPhail, CatrionaMama, Khursheed970-297-4124McCue, Patrick970-491-8626Morley, PaulMortimer, RobertPowell, Cynthia970-297-1259Ruch-Gallie, Rebecca970-297-4002Salman, Mo970-297-0353Seim III, Howard970-297-1256Shaw, Jane970-297-4007Thamm, Douglas970-297-4075Traub-Dargatz, JosieTurner, Anthony970-297-0379Twedt, DavidWagner, AnnWebb, CraigWeir, Heather970-297-1228Withrow, Stephen970-297-4175Alexander, Kimberlee970-297-4532Becker, Charleen970-297-1291Brand, JessicaDucharme, Alysha970-297-4400Clark, Patricia970-297-4400Colleary, Mike970-297-1223Ellis, Hollie970-297-1280Engelbrecht, Todd970-297-1223Frantz, Joanie970-297-4400Tucker, Jennifer970-297-4400Greenwalt, Tracy970-297-4460Heiney, Elizabeth970-297-4113Herasimtschuk, Debra970-297-1290Johnson, Pamila970-297-5000Mangin, Lisa970-297-1280Ibis, KRIS970-297-0345Marso, Amy970-297-1274Moon, Amelia970-297-1241Morgan, Paula970-297-1291Nelson, AlbertNiles, KimberlyMoranville, Misty970-297-1280Kofron, Kristine970-297-4494Pagel, Amy970-297-1280Pelkey, SheilaPronko, Jocelyn970-297-4305Rodriguez, AmyScalf, Rene970-297-5309Krause, Ellen970-297-1280Struthers, KitVogel, Pamela970-297-1237Ward, Terri970-297-4493Boscan, Pedro970-297-5005Burton, JennaDaniels, Jennifer970-297-4227Goh, ClaraHellyer, Peter970-297-4283Vickery, KateWorley, DEANNA970-297-4423Barrett, MyraKing, Melissa970-297-4165Steneroden, KatieDavis, Pony970-491-2135Matsushita, GloriaMiller, WhitneyFrey, DanielleGates, Christina970-297-4310Torres-Henderson, Camille970-297-5069Bishop, Jeanette970-491-5834Duerr, Felix970-297-4140Kraft, Susan970-297-0350LaRue, Susan970-297-0334Magee, Christianne970-491-7371Marolf, Angela970-297-1293Norrdin, RobertThrall, MarySeabaugh, Katie970-297-4584McGrath, StephanieBaeten, Laurie970-297-0320Pribbeno, Emma970-491-0786Lombard, Jason970-297-4098Selberg, KurtSeguin, Bernard970-297-5301Park, Richard970-297-0351Contino, Erin970-556-3931Bennett, DwightHall, Kara970-297-4001Schlein, Lisa970-491-2156Miller, Craig970-297-5124Shropshire, Sarah970-297-5388Baker, GeriBennett, Susi970-402-4897Boon, JuneChubb, Laura970-297-4429Dargatz, Dave970-494-7231Wingfield, WayneDuncan, Colleen970-297-4103Hankins, Sheri970-297-5308Rezende, Marlis970-297-5015Wathen, RyanMcGrew, Ashley970-297-5416Marvel, SarahArnold, Trevor970-297-4443Ryan, Elizabeth970-491-1536Jiang, Wenjing970-492-4177Norvelle, PaulMoorman, Valerie970-297-5046Colwell, Kim970-297-5000Ratchford, Scott970-267-2163Pickles, Alexa970-297-5076Anderson, Theodore970-266-6124Johnson, JerueshaMcDowell, JoeBauer-Gately, Henrietta970-297-1290Avery, Paul970-297-5423Al Rousan, Hussein970-492-4179Booker, CalvinClarke, LoreleiRout, Emily970-491-1170Fotsch, Jeffrey970-297-4028Gillette, Shana970-297-5117Huffaker, Leesa970-297-1277Lee, Justin970-491-8829Linke, Lyndsey970-297-5104Lebsock, Kimberly970-297-4240Mok, IreneMonahan, MeaghanPhillips, Nikki970-297-4153Rao, Sangeeta970-297-5117Scorza, Valeria970-297-4132Steffey, Gene970-297-4124Stewart, Sherry970-297-4246Wagner, Bruce970-494-7256Malmlov, Ash970-297-5118Webb, Tracy970-297-4237Wiedenheft, AlysonMRAppr, Tester222*1515MREdit, TesterMRRead, TesterAvery, Anne970-491-6138Bachand, Annette970-491-3878Brandl, Alexander970-491-2292Oke, Aimee970-491-7053Fails, Anna970-491-3449Amin, Anita970-491-5736Grzegorzewicz, Anna970-491-7979Tolnay Hartwig, Airn970-491-8235Akkina, Ramesh970-491-1009Lavizzo, AubreyLinton, Andrea970-491-5611Obregon Henao, Andres970-491-2417Schenkel, Alan970-491-2926Simpson, Anne970-491-7738Nalls, Amy970-491-2973Basaraba, Randall970-491-3313Beaty, Barry970-491-2988Nelson, Brad970-297-5000Cranmer, Brian970-491-5128Martin, Brenda970-491-5621Bevins, SarahFoy, Brian970-491-3470Runyan, Brittany970-491-3982Graham, Barbara970-491-4245Geiss, Brian970-491-6330Brazile, William970-491-4272Sanborn, BarbaraSullivan, Bill970-297-1280Barnes, Casey970-491-6151Brennan, Carol970-491-8243Bradley, CaitlinBrewster, Connie970-491-0579Dewbre, Carol970-491-3259Eitel, Chad970-491-7547Fallgren, Christina970-491-2932Gentry-Weeks, Claudia970-491-5411Hardy, Christine970-297-5012Mathiason, Candace970-491-3975Clay, Colin970-491-7410King, Connie970-491-6608Lindstadt, Corrine970-491-6531Vader-Lindholm, Connie970-491-5446Mehaffy, Carolina970-491-2091Wilusz, Carol970-491-4919Miller, CharlesAutenrieth, DanielBaker, Danny970-556-8518Roess, DeborahCrick, Dean970-491-3308DeGroote, Mary Ann970-491-2531Chatterjee, Delphi970-491-7495Gilkey, David970-491-7138Mornes, David970-491-6098Murtazina, DilyaraIshii, DouglasOchola, DonasianDowning, RobinBresnahan, DawnSierra Alzate, Diana Maria970-491-1645McNulty, ErinCarnevale, Elaine970-491-8648Napier, Erin970-491-2971Randall, Elissa970-297-0318Suchman, Erica970-491-6521Vetter, DavidAckart Jr, David970-491-7593Frasier, Mark970-420-2499Amberg, Gregory970-492-4134Dooley, Gregory970-491-5128Weatherford, Geoff970-491-2627Gress, Greg970-491-3422Waro, GirmaHarding, Gregorio970-491-8626Griffin, LynnHarmon, Tom970-492-4170Hentges, Shane970-491-5086Mcmillan, IanSanchez-Vargas, Irma970-491-8717Anderson, John970-491-7469Yoshimoto, Janna970-491-1170Barfield, Jennifer970-491-8934Bedford, Joel970-491-7492Belisle, John970-491-5384Cantlon, Jeremiah970-491-0697Cummings, Jason970-492-4335Root, Jeff970-266-6050Janke, Janet970-491-7052Graham, James970-491-2251Crick, Janine970-491-6417McLean, Jennifer970-491-6119Madl, James970-491-7440Nuckols, JohnOaks, Jay970-491-6229Peel, Jennifer970-491-6391Reif, John970-491-6074Rosecrance, John970-491-1405Rovnak, Joel970-491-7579Palmer, Jennifer970-491-1770Spencer, John970-491-3525Stokes, JoAnne970-491-8626Walrond, John970-491-5588Wilusz, Jeffrey970-491-0652Schaeffer, Joshua970-491-6636Blehm, KennethDobos, Karen970-491-2229Gallatin, Kay970-491-8396Jeckel, Kimberly970-491-2175Olson, Kenneth970-491-8604Reed, Kacie970-491-6104Saavedra Rodriguez, Karla970-491-2095Solomon, Karen970-491-5036Tjalkens, KimLenaerts, Anne970-491-3079Bosch, Leah970-491-8731Jones, Lesley970-491-7861Woolhiser, LisaJensen, Lonna970-297-0329Sargent, Layne970-491-6151Stone-Roy, Leslie970-491-3801Luedke, LaurenGlitzke, Michael970-491-1028Gonzalez-Juarrero, Mercedes970-491-7306Maranon, David970-491-4881Henao Tamayo, Marcela970-491-5357Matsuura, Max970-491-8635Jackson, Mary970-491-3582Lucas, Megan970-491-5948Fox, Michael970-491-7618Frye, Melinda970-491-2009Harton, Marisa970-492-4470Hein, Melissa970-491-7037Clark, Maggie970-491-2891Bosco-Lauth, Angela970-491-8165Weil, Michael970-491-5902Yates, MartinZabel, Mark970-491-1455Denkers, Nathaniel970-491-7206Nickoloff, Jac970-491-6674Saklou, NadiaArnold, Olivia970-491-2866Kurihara, Jade970-297-4572Schaffer, Paula970-297-5123Perryman, Lance970-491-7051Brennan, Patrick970-491-6700Moffett, Paula970-491-8626Popichak, Katriana970-491-5777Winger, Quint970-491-7702Ramsdell, Howard970-491-5698Anthony, Russ970-491-2586Veeramachaneni, DN Rao970-491-1769Bowen, Richard970-491-5768Brandes, Richard970-491-8385Burnett, Robert970-491-4949Reichert, Erin970-491-7910Reist, Noreen970-491-5882Ellis, RobertMulder, Leila970-491-5613Idate, Rupa970-491-2501Karkhoff-Schweizer, RoxannWhalen, Lawrence970-491-5611Bailey, Susan970-491-2944WeMott, Sherry970-491-2325Eggleston, Sandy970-297-1293Sharpley, JenellePierce, Shazette970-491-5847Ibrahim, ShawkiRogers, SusanSlayden, Richard970-491-2902Brown, Sandy970-297-1293Quackenbush, Sandra970-491-6856Squires, LindaTonazzi, StefanTsunoda, Susan970-491-3665Winden, Sally970-492-4172Costello, Tach970-491-8306Tamkun, Michael970-491-3484Clapp, Tod970-491-2583Hansen, Thomas970-491-5621Johnson, Thomas970-491-0563Tjalkens, Ron970-491-2825Kato, Takamitsu970-491-1881Keefe, Thomas970-491-5970Nett, Terry970-491-3456Tobet, Stuart970-491-1672Hastings, CourtneyVigh, Jozsef970-491-5758Black IV, William970-491-1081Li, Wei970-491-4067Wheat, WilliamSprague, wsprague970-297-4434Whicker, Ward970-491-5222Zimbrick, JohnWeishaar, Kristen970-297-4071Maes, Pat970-297-5000Angala, Shiva Kumar970-491-4067Limhapirom, KateArgueso, Juan Lucas970-491-3681Farrell, KristenSharma, Neelam970-491-2501VandeWoude, Susan970-491-7162RosarTest, ErinDutton, TomO'Connor, AbiValente, AnaMarzullo, BevKorpela, DerekSung, DianeMacPherson, FionaWalker, HannahSherrill, MeredithNiu, XiaUlsh, BrantErales Villamil, Jose970-297-5000Borch, Thomas970-491-6235Bell, Christopher970-491-7522Henry, Chuck970-491-2852Chapin, Krysta970-491-7560Jefferson, ScottDaniels Jr, TimHolwegner, BlairJohnson, CindyMaeda, Junko970-297-4054Cerda, RobertStinebaugh, Senesa970-297-5000Nol, PaulineReynolds, LBahr, KBiegen, VanessaHardy, ElizabethTelling, Glenn970-491-1607Han, Sushan970-297-5125Dell, Ross StudentNoel, Visiting StudentHastings, Candice970-297-4251Moffatt, FelicityBingamon, VeronicaJulian, TimCreissen, ElizabethNguyen, VincentDemartini, JamesLinden, JamesYang, Raymond970-491-5652Benjamin, StephenInman Leflet, Janice970-297-5061Cavanagh, Amanda970-297-4178Griffenhagen, GreggHatzel, JenniferCalisher, CharlesCostain, EthanAbbott-Johnson, KatieAfzali, MarySchountz, TonyRegan, Dan970-297-4034Brough, Wendy970-297-1291Dean, Gregg970-491-8387Staros, Michelle970-491-5273Kim, Sehun970-491-1607Hall, Terry970-491-2158Maclellan, LisaLaVoy, Alora970-492-4368Ebel, Greg970-491-8374Easley, Jeremiah970-682-0079Ivie Jr, Kenny970-491-6470Selwyn, Vanessa970-491-8418Romano, Sam303-888-7406Fagre, AnnaFrankhouse, Kari970-491-6496Lyons, Michael970-491-2495Martin, Tiffany970-297-1245Wenzel, JohnRadman, Audra970-491-5864Regan, Lisa970-297-5413Borlee, Brad970-492-4415Waldren, Charles970-491-1094Kobayashi, TetsuyaSchissler, JenniferFrank, Chad970-297-5129De Mello Marques, Angela970-491-8874Borlee, Grace970-492-4384Bell, JustinSzalai, Edit970-491-7311Brown, MarkKendall, Lon970-491-5903Coleman, BrianneRaintree, JaeMaslyn, KaraEricson, Steven970-492-4141Gleason, KristinaYager, Rachel970-491-6771Nieto Ramirez, LuisaLeong, ChristiKaempfe, Bob970-491-4998Hall, Heather970-491-2702Wendland, Theresa970-297-1294Cannon, CelesteStetter, MarkConrad, Christy970-491-7765Belardinelli, Juan970-491-4067Tomcik Walker, ChristyMcCluskey, SeanCrowell, Jenna970-491-7343Islam, Nurul970-491-8905Raabis, Sarah970-217-0337Bracken, AnnaTrentlage, Becky970-491-0986McGinn, MeganHahm, Colin970-491-7034Olson, Jerry970-297-1274Bachtel, Jeremy970-297-1200Kirchner-Stephenson, MeganHerrick, Jason303-781-3040Luke, NicoleCharley, PhillidaUrchek, Kathleen970-297-5000Larson, Sandra970-297-4068French, Tenley970-491-3129Moresco, AnnekePenilla Navarro, Rosa970-491-8262Krisher, Rebecca303-788-4868Watson, AllisonKoch, DrewMckinley, AlexandriaGrothe, Cassy970-297-4515Niles, Gene719-254-6382Prucha, SueCerda, JaceyFoster, SashaNavratil, Amy307-766-4236Brown, Kristen970-491-6874Mactavish, Britt970-297-5311Brandau, Duane303-373-2008Bruns, SarahGatlawi, Hana970-491-6789Haase, Christine970-491-6344Kahrs, Jennifer970-491-2041Palmer, Brittany970-491-8626Baker, Suzanne970-491-1170Wangler, Tracy970-297-1290Lebel, JackFraley, LeslieBaur, Lisa970-297-1286Bluhm, TerriWhite, KellyPerera, Rushika970-491-8611McIntosh, CarlyPacker, Rebecca970-297-4543Contreras, ElenaM'Gonigle, SharonMatsuura, YokoLewis, JulietteWright, Julie970-297-5235Lakin, StevenSlinkard, PowellSantangelo, Kelly970-491-5015Dunn, BrandiBartner, LisaJean, KyleBass, Luke970-297-0315Lopez, LynelleMassoudi, LisaChiu, Elliott970-491-7697Ruff, JaneMagzamen, 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SabrinaWilkinson, SamiDaigler, LaurenPang, JassiaRobins, KimberlyCharles, Christina970-491-2114Sanchez Viafara, Jesus970-491-3456Gonzalez, YoselynSerio, AlysonGordon, JoeCann, KellyPatrick, JacksonJohnson, TristaReavill-OToole, ElannaJamison, PaytonStamps, SarahBuffum, RobertGreulich, MegGeorge, AllisonNawrocki, AnastasiaPalma, VictorChoe, AnnieGilliard, HannahOspina, BellaGujju, KrishnavamsiSoto-Ojeda, MaritzaThompson, ToriAtkinson, ZoeGamble, JessicaWitczak, FrankieBenesch, OliviaMcManus, KevinFoster, SophieKirui, TerryannHamilton, AriannaHouston, JenniferDeBie, AshleyLombino, JennaAdgate, John303-724-4692Cerminaro, JimDahlstrom, DanielWebb, Brett970-297-5124Brown, ViennaHarris, GraceyCecka, IsabelleMaender, AnaOsei, EricCitarella, ErinReiss, AliciaLind, DanielLappalainen, MarianneHardaway, JaredRaval, ForamMushlin, JuliannaNguyen, LindaChenchar, AnneOslund, KarenVillegas, Sujeily970-297-4107Post, AllisonBrannock, IanPauly, MorganFree, HeidiDavis, AmberYoe, RyanHaw, SamanthaKoch, 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JaylynneGrossi, TylerJuarez Colunga, SheilaAkey, BruceBrown, ColinHost, ElizabethHeadlee, FaithDeCook, JacksonArdolf, JennaJones, Micah970-217-7482Wegryn, JonFerris, PeytonBemiller, CameronDirks, KaitlynLarkin, JamesStephens Halleslevens, MiaMaroney, SusanBrown, EmmaDefilippi, IsabellaOBrien, LaurenDawe, LawsonJudson, MadelineReiter, RoseKokotov, FedorParnell, MichelleGuiliante, EmilyPeterson, JakeKalinovskiy, AndreyGoodall, DesireeWolff, LaurenBennett, RomanSchroth, SavannaVillatoro, AshleySnow, TylerBergman, CherylThomson, ChristineSellers, MylesAanestad, HattiePohlmann, Kelsey970-297-4022Almquist, KaitlynCasper, ArcherJerabkova, PavlaLinsky, RenMcCormick, CourtneyCruz, YvetteKnaley, LukeCronin, MacyMartinez, KyleSellers, GarrettKetterman, AbbeyBailey, JaymeFoote, BraideeMoore, AaronTodd, HaleyRichardson, BrittanySlawter, KierstenSwierczek, TroySiegel, CleighBerman, EmmaVelicer, HannaSchure, ShelbeJaskolka-Brown, SophiaBrylski, ColtonSamsonov, AnatolyDowning, SophieWilbur, GraceTimmerman, MarieGilbert, KatelynnJoseph, CelestNakamura, MindenBradford, EthanDozer, BrandonRemig, KelseyLambeth, TimothyFeltner, JenniferProchnow, IsisOwen, RiverWolfe, Lisa970-297-4051Stakelin, DavidPeterson, EmileeFalkner, GraceMorrison, HannahJahnke, RyanFrey, AveryRogers, EmilyBerumen, CarterMendez, FabiolaZimmerman, BrittanyWasserman, RyanHegwer, CourtneyRivero Herrera, RicardoGruber, PaigeMcCormick, GraceBadgette, Esther GraceTenhagen, KlaraRoy, TrishaHiebert, RacquelleRinehart, GabrieleSherar, SydneyMateo, CrystalBrown, IsabelleCopeland, Ka'TurraRichardson, MakaylaWrenn, DanielleEvans, ErikRathore, AbhishekDetamore, MichaelMettler, KiMartin, KelseyJones, MeganKotak, ShlaeshaNelson, JoniPulscher, LauraDegregori, JamesMollison, AliGinne, HarshithaSaganey, SageeneDavis, SabrinaBevis, OwenDunsby, HaileyDeatley, Nicole", "url": "https://vetmedbiosci.colostate.edu/directory/member/?id=jenny-sones-43812" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Maternal microbiome and the hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, preeclampsia - PubMed\nThis site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features!\nClipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable.\nSkip to main page content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before\nsharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal\ngovernment site.\nThe site is secure.\nThe https:// ensures that you are connecting to the\nofficial website and that any information you provide is encrypted\nand transmitted securely.\nLog in\nShow account info\nClose\nAccount\nLogged in as:\nusername\nDashboard\nPublications\nAccount settings\nLog out\nAccess keys\nNCBI Homepage\nMyNCBI Homepage\nMain Content\nMain Navigation\nSearch:\nSearch\nAdvanced\nClipboard\nUser Guide\nSave\nEmail\nSend to\nClipboard\nMy BibliographyCollectionsCitation manager\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstract\nPubMed\nPMID\nSave citation to file\nFormat:\nSummary (text)\nPubMed\nPMID\nAbstract (text)\nCSV\nCreate file\nCancel\nEmail citation\nSubject:\n1 selected item: 31626558 - PubMed\nTo:\nFrom:\nFormat:\nSummary\nSummary (text)\nAbstract\nAbstract (text)\nMeSH and other data\nSend email\nCancel\nAdd to Collections\nCreate a new collection\nAdd to an existing collection\nName your collection:\nName must be less than 100 characters\nChoose a collection:\nUnable to load your collection due to an error\nPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nAdd to My Bibliography\nMy Bibliography\nUnable to load your delegates due to an error\nPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nYour saved search\nName of saved search:\nSearch terms:\nTest search terms\nWould you like email updates of new search results?\nSaved Search Alert Radio Buttons\nYes\nNo\nEmail:\n(change)\nFrequency:\nMonthly\nWeekly\nDaily\nWhich day?\nThe first Sunday\nThe first Monday\nThe first Tuesday\nThe first Wednesday\nThe first Thursday\nThe first Friday\nThe first Saturday\nThe first day\nThe first weekday\nWhich day?\nSunday\nMonday\nTuesday\nWednesday\nThursday\nFriday\nSaturday\nReport format:\nSummary\nSummary (text)\nAbstract\nAbstract (text)\nPubMed\nSend at most:\n1 item\n5 items\n10 items\n20 items\n50 items\n100 items\n200 items\nSend even when there aren't any new results\nOptional text in email:\nSave\nCancel\nCreate a file for external citation management software\nCreate file\nCancel\nYour RSS Feed\nName of RSS Feed:\nNumber of items displayed:\n5\n10\n15\n20\n50\n100\nCreate RSS\nCancel\nRSS Link\nCopy\nFull text links\nAtypon\nFull text links\nActionsCiteCollectionsAdd to CollectionsCreate a new collectionAdd to an existing collection\nName your collection:\nName must be less than 100 characters\nChoose a collection:\nUnable to load your collection due to an errorPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstractPubMedPMID\nShare\nPermalink\nCopy\nPage navigation\nTitle & authors\nAbstract\nSimilar articles\nCited by\nPublication types\nMeSH terms\nRelated information\nLinkOut - more resources\nTitle & authors\nAbstract\nSimilar articles\nCited by\nPublication types\nMeSH terms\nRelated information\nLinkOut - more resources\nReview\nAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2020 Jan 1;318(1):H1-H10.\ndoi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2019.\nEpub 2019 Oct 18.\nMaternal microbiome and the hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, preeclampsia\nKalie F Beckers\n1\n,Jenny L Sones\n1\nAffiliations\nExpand\nAffiliation\n1 Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.\nPMID:\n31626558\nDOI:\n10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2019\nFree article\nItem in Clipboard\nReview\nMaternal microbiome and the hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, preeclampsia\nKalie F Beckerset al.\nAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.\n2020.\nFree article\nShow details\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstract\nPubMed\nPMID\nAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2020 Jan 1;318(1):H1-H10.\ndoi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2019.\nEpub 2019 Oct 18.\nAuthors\nKalie F Beckers\n1\n,Jenny L Sones\n1\nAffiliation\n1 Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.\nPMID:\n31626558\nDOI:\n10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2019\nItem in Clipboard\nFull text links\nCiteDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstractPubMedPMID\nAbstract\nPreeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disorder that can be life threatening for both mother and baby. It is characterized by a new onset hypertension during the second half of pregnancy and affects ~300,000 women in the United States every year. There is no cure for PE, and the only effective treatment is delivery of the placenta and the fetus, which is often preterm. PE is believed to be a severe manifestation of placental dysfunction due to early angiogenic imbalances and inflammatory disturbances; however, the cause of this is unknown. The once thought \"sterile\" placenta now has been proposed to have a unique microbiome of its own. Under ideal conditions, the microbiome represents a balanced bacterial community that is important to the maintenance of a healthy environment. Dysbiosis of these communities may lead to inflammation that potentially contributes to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth and PE. Thus far, the female reproductive tract microbiome has been found to be influenced by periodontal disease, cardiometabolic complications, and maternal obesity, all of which have been identified as contributors to PE. This review will look at the maternal reproductive tract microbiome, evidence for and against, and its role in pregnancy and PE-related events as well as data from relevant mouse models that could be useful for further investigating the influence of the reproductive tract microbiome on the pathogenesis of PE.\nKeywords:\ndysbiosis; microbiome; placenta; preeclampsia; uterus.\nPubMed Disclaimer\nSimilar articles\nGut dysbiosis induces the development of pre-eclampsia through bacterial translocation.\nChen X, Li P, Liu M, Zheng H, He Y, Chen MX, Tang W, Yue X, Huang Y, Zhuang L, Wang Z, Zhong M, Ke G, Hu H, Feng Y, Chen Y, Yu Y, Zhou H, Huang L.\nChen X, et al.\nGut. 2020 Mar;69(3):513-522. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319101. Epub 2020 Jan 3.\nGut. 2020.\nPMID: 31900289\nMaternal microbiome and pregnancy outcomes.\nFox C, Eichelberger K.\nFox C, et al.\nFertil Steril. 2015 Dec;104(6):1358-63. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.037. Epub 2015 Oct 19.\nFertil Steril. 2015.\nPMID: 26493119\nReview.\nReview: Maternal health and the placental microbiome.\nPelzer E, Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, Nitert MD.\nPelzer E, et al.\nPlacenta. 2017 Jun;54:30-37. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.003. Epub 2016 Dec 2.\nPlacenta. 2017.\nPMID: 28034467\nReview.\nPre-Eclampsia: Microbiota possibly playing a role.\nAhmadian E, Rahbar Saadat Y, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Nariman-Saleh-Fam Z, Bastami M, Zununi Vahed F, Ardalan M, Zununi Vahed S.\nAhmadian E, et al.\nPharmacol Res. 2020 May;155:104692. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104692. Epub 2020 Feb 15.\nPharmacol Res. 2020.\nPMID: 32070720\nReview.\nGut microbiota changes in preeclampsia, abnormal placental growth and healthy pregnant women.\nHuang L, Cai M, Li L, Zhang X, Xu Y, Xiao J, Huang Q, Luo G, Zeng Z, Jin C, Jin Y, He J, Yang W.\nHuang L, et al.\nBMC Microbiol. 2021 Oct 4;21(1):265. doi: 10.1186/s12866-021-02327-7.\nBMC Microbiol. 2021.\nPMID: 34607559\nFree PMC article.\nSee all similar articles\nCited by\nLeveraging Dental Stem Cells for Oral Health during Pregnancy: A Concise Review.\nMeto A, Sula A, Peppoloni S, Meto A, Blasi E.\nMeto A, et al.\nDent J (Basel). 2024 May 7;12(5):127. doi: 10.3390/dj12050127.\nDent J (Basel). 2024.\nPMID: 38786525\nFree PMC article.\nReview.\nFusobacterium nucleatum: An Overview of Evidence, Demi-Decadal Trends, and Its Role in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Various Gynecological Diseases, including Cancers.\nGhosh A, Jaaback K, Boulton A, Wong-Brown M, Raymond S, Dutta P, Bowden NA, Ghosh A.\nGhosh A, et al.\nCells. 2024 Apr 20;13(8):717. doi: 10.3390/cells13080717.\nCells. 2024.\nPMID: 38667331\nFree PMC article.\nReview.\nMicrobiome and pregnancy: focus on microbial dysbiosis coupled with maternal obesity.\nBeckers KF, Flanagan JP, Sones JL.\nBeckers KF, et al.\nInt J Obes (Lond). 2024 Apr;48(4):439-448. doi: 10.1038/s41366-023-01438-7. Epub 2023 Dec 25.\nInt J Obes (Lond). 2024.\nPMID: 38145995\nFree PMC article.\nReview.\nCulturomics reveals a hidden world of vaginal microbiota with the isolation of 206 bacteria from a single vaginal sample.\nAbou Chacra L, Benatmane A, Iwaza R, Ly C, Alibar S, Armstrong N, Mediannikov O, Bretelle F, Fenollar F.\nAbou Chacra L, et al.\nArch Microbiol. 2023 Dec 14;206(1):20. doi: 10.1007/s00203-023-03742-2.\nArch Microbiol. 2023.\nPMID: 38095693\nFree PMC article.\nEffect of Sampling Method on Detection of the Equine Uterine Microbiome during Estrus.\nHeil BA, van Heule M, Thompson SK, Kearns TA, Oberhaus EL, King G, Daels P, Dini P, Sones JL.\nHeil BA, et al.\nVet Sci. 2023 Nov 8;10(11):644. doi: 10.3390/vetsci10110644.\nVet Sci. 2023.\nPMID: 37999467\nFree PMC article.\nSee all \"Cited by\" articles\nPublication types\nResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nReview\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nMeSH terms\nAnimals\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nBlood Pressure*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nComorbidity\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nDysbiosis\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nFemale\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nHost-Pathogen Interactions\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nHumans\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nLife Style\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nMaternal Health\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nMicrobiota*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPlacenta / microbiology*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPre-Eclampsia / epidemiology\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPre-Eclampsia / microbiology*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPre-Eclampsia / physiopathology\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPregnancy\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPregnancy Outcome\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nRisk Factors\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nUterus / microbiology*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nRelated information\nMedGen\nLinkOut - more resources\nFull Text Sources\nAtypon\nMedical\nGenetic Alliance\nFull text links\n[x]\nAtypon\n[x]\nCite\nCopy\nDownload .nbib\n.nbib\nFormat:\nAMA\nAPA\nMLA\nNLM\nSend To\nClipboard\nEmail\nSave\nMy Bibliography\nCollections\nCitation Manager\n[x]\nNCBI Literature Resources\nMeSH\nPMC\nBookshelf\nDisclaimer\nThe PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 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SonesColorado State University | CSUClinical SciencesDoctor of Veterinary MedicineContactConnect with experts in your fieldJoin ResearchGate to contact this researcher and connect with your scientific community.Join for freeLog inContactConnect with experts in your fieldJoin ResearchGate to contact this researcher and connect with your scientific community.Join for freeLog inAboutPublications 85NetworkAbout85Publications3,729Reads How we measure 'reads'A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. Learn more653CitationsPublicationsPublications (85) Effect of Sampling Method on Detection of the Equine Uterine Microbiome during EstrusArticleFull-text availableNov 2023 B. A. Heil Machteld van Heule S. K. Thompson[...] J.L. SonesSimple Summary\nBacterial endometritis is among the most common causes of subfertility in mares and has a major economic impact on the equine breeding industry. The sensitivity of detecting microbes using culture-based methods, irrespective of the sample collection method (whether double-guarded swab, low-volume lavage [LVL], or endometrial biopsy)...View Reversal of maternal obesity attenuates hypoxia and improves placental development in the preeclamptic-like BPH/5 mouse modelArticleFull-text availableSep 2023 DANIELLA M. ADAMS Kalie F. Beckers Juliet Flanagan[...] J.L. SonesBackground\nWomen with obesity have higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia (PE). Late-gestational hypertension, aberrant fetoplacental development, and fetal growth restriction (FGR), hallmarks of PE, are observed spontaneously in BPH/5 mice. Similar to obese preeclamptic women, BPH/5 mice have higher visceral white adipos...View Metagenetic Analysis of the Pregnant Microbiome in HorsesArticleFull-text availableJun 2023 Kalie F. Beckers Viviane Gomes Kassandra Crissman[...] J.L. SonesPlacentitis is the leading cause of infectious abortion in the horse. Additionally, it can result in weak and/or growth restricted offspring. While the etiology of ascending placentitis is well described in mares, less is known regarding the pathogenesis of other types, such as nocardioform placentitis. This study aims to identify the microbial com...View Effects of fenbendazole on fecal microbiome in BPH/5 mice, a model of hypertension and obesity, a brief reportArticleFull-text availableJun 2023 Kalie F. Beckers Christopher Schulz Chin-chi Liu[...] J.L. SonesFenbendazole (FBZ) is a common antiparasitic treatment used in research rodent colonies for biosecurity purposes. The effect of this compound has been studied in C57 mice, but never before in a strain of mice that has co-morbidities, such as the blood pressure high (BPH)/5. The BPH/5 mouse is an inbred genetic model of hypertension. While both male...View Vascular changes in the cycling and early pregnant uterusArticleFull-text availableJun 2023 Noura Massri Rachel Loia J.L. Sones[...] Nataki C DouglasUterine vascular remodeling is intrinsic to the cycling and early pregnant endometrium. Maternal regulatory factors such as ovarian hormones, VEGF, angiopoietins, Notch, and uterine natural killer cells significantly mediate these vascular changes. In the absence of pregnancy, changes in uterine vessel morphology and function correlate with differe...ViewImmunohistochemical localization of kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor in the equine ovary: Effect of follicle size and reproductive stateArticleJun 2023 Bryce Gilbert Victoria Bailey Viviane Gomes[...] Erin L OberhausViewMolecular mechanisms underlying equine endometrial cup regression: a transcriptomic analysisArticleJun 2023 Viviane Gomes Kassandra Crissman Erin L Oberhaus J.L. SonesViewMetagenomic characterization of the equine endometrial microbiome during anestrusArticleJun 2023 Babiche A Heil Machteld van Heule Sadie K Thompson[...] J.L. SonesViewBody Condition and Fertility in DogsArticleMay 2023 J.L. Sones Orsolya BaloghIdeal body condition and nutritional status in dogs is essential for quality of life, including reproductive health. Herein, we review the implications body condition, particularly fat, has on puberty, fertility, pregnancy, and parturition in dogs. Ideal body condition at puberty is necessary for dogs to achieve sexual maturity and reproduce. Moreo...ViewThe gut microbiome and inflammation in the BPH5 preeclamptic like mouse modelArticleMay 2023 Kalie F. Beckers Christopher Schulz Juliet Flanagan[...] J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a life-threatening hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. It occurs in ~10% of pregnant women worldwide and the etiology is still unknown. Obesity increases the risk of developing PE by three-fold and has been associated with adverse fetal outcomes. Short chain fatty acids (SFCAs) are gut microbiome derived metabolites that fuel t...View Sexually dimorphic pubertal development and adipose tissue kisspeptin dysregulation in the obese and preeclamptic-like BPH/5 mouse model offspringArticleFull-text availableMar 2023 Viviane Gomes Kalie F. Beckers Kassandra Crissman[...] J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a devastating hypertensive disorder of pregnancy closely linked to obesity. Long-term adverse outcomes may occur in offspring from preeclamptic pregnancies. Accordingly, sex-specific changes in pubertal development have been described in children from preeclamptic women, but the underlying mechanisms remain vastly unexplored. F...View Kisspeptin Is Upregulated at the Maternal-Fetal Interface of the Preeclamptic-like BPH/5 Mouse and Normalized after Synchronization of Sex Steroid HormonesArticleFull-text availableOct 2022 Viviane Gomes Ashley K. Woods Kassandra Crissman[...] J.L. SonesInsufficient invasion of conceptus-derived trophoblast cells in the maternal decidua is a key event in the development of early-onset preeclampsia (PE), a subtype of PE associated with high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Kisspeptins, a family of peptides previously shown to inhibit trophoblast cell invasion, have been implicated in the...View +1 Sexspecific effects of maternal weight loss on offspring cardiometabolic outcomes in the obese preeclampticlike mouse model, BPH /5ArticleFull-text availableSep 2022 Kalie F. Beckers Christopher Schulz Juliet Flanagan[...] J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder that impacts 28% of pregnant women worldwide. It is characterized by new onset hypertension during the second half of gestation and is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality. Maternal obesity increases the risk of PE and is a key predictor of childhood obesity and potentially offsprin...ViewAbstract P097: Effect Of Maternal Fecal Microbiome And Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes In The Obese BPH/5 Female MiceArticleSep 2022 Kalie F. Beckers Christopher Schulz Gary Childers J.L. SonesObesity is a worldwide pandemic and of women childbearing age in the US, two-thirds are considered overweight/obese. Maternal microbial dysbiosis associated with obesity may play a role in adverse pregnancy outcomes. To better understand the relationship of microbiome and adverse pregnancy outcomes, we utilized the obese hypertensive BPH/5 mouse mo...ViewAbstract 104: Kisspeptin Signaling And Pregnancy Outcomes Are Ameliorated In The Preeclamptic-like BPH/5 Mouse After Synchronization Of Sex Steroid HormonesArticleSep 2022 Viviane Gomes Ashley K Woods Camille L. Landry[...] J.L. SonesKisspeptins (KP), encoded by Kiss1 , are reported to play a role in early-onset preeclampsia (ePE), a life-threatening hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. KP is higher in term ePE placentae than in normal pregnancies. However, the role of KP in PE has not been confirmed. The Blood Pressure High Subline 5 (BPH/5) mouse model spontaneously develops t...ViewAbstract 069: Methylation Of The Androgen Receptor In White Adipose Tissue Contributes To Female Obesity And Hypertension In BPH/5, A Model Of Superimposed PreeclampsiaArticleSep 2022 J.L. Sones Juliet Flanagan Kalie F. Beckers Chin-chi LiuPreeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that occurs in 10% of women with obesity. The effects of PE on offspring are chronic with increased incidence of cardiometabolic disease into adulthood. We hypothesize that a maternal obesogenic environment plays a role in pregnancy outcomes and offspring cardiometabolic disease in a sex-dep...ViewEndocrine and ovarian responses to combined estradiol benzoate-sulpiride in seasonally anovulatory mares treated with kisspeptinArticleSep 2022 Victoria Bailey J.L. Sones Caroline M. Camp[...] Erin L OberhausThe objective of this experiment was to determine if incorporation of kisspeptin-10 (Kp10) into treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB) and sulpiride to induce early cyclicity would result in greater endocrine responses and a greater number of mares responding with either follicle(s) > 30 mm or ovulation within 25 days of treatment. Eighteen anestro...View +5 The healthy equine uterus harbors a distinct core microbiome plus a rich and diverse microbiome that varies with geographical locationArticleFull-text availableAug 2022 G. Reed Holyoak Hasitha Upendra Premathilake C. C. Lyman[...] Udaya DesilvaThe goal of this study was to understand the composition and existence of the resident uterine microbiome in healthy mares and to establish the presence of a core microbiome for the healthy equine uterus. We analyzed the microbiomes of 35 healthy mares that are long-time residents of three farms in Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Australia as well as that...ViewLinking Inflammatory Adipose Tissue to Placental Abnormalities in Obese Preeclamptic PregnanciesArticleJul 2022 Brianna M. Rogers Jacqueline M Stephens J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE), a pregnancy-specific disorder, is characterized by maternal hypertension and proteinuria or another accompanying sign/symptom of multi-organ dysfunction. Maternal symptoms resolve with delivery of the baby and, importantly, the placenta. Therefore, the placenta plays a causal role in PE. However, the precise cause of abnormal pla...ViewObturator nerve paralysis and postpartum sequelae in horsesArticleJun 2022 J.L. Sones Dale L PaccamontiView An Overview of Obesity, Cholesterol, and Systemic Inflammation in PreeclampsiaArticleFull-text availableMay 2022 Morgan C. Alston Leanne M Redman J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE), an inflammatory state during pregnancy, is a significant cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Adverse outcomes associated with PE include hypertension, proteinuria, uterine/placental abnormalities, fetal growth restriction, and pre-term birth. Women with obesity have an increased risk of developing PE likely due t...ViewMaternal Hypertension and Offspring Cardiometabolic Disease Risk is Attenuated after Weight Loss in Obese Preeclampticlike BPH/5 Female MiceArticleMay 2022 J.L. Sones Kalie F. Beckers Morgan Alston[...] Chin-chi LiuPreeclampsia (PE) is a lifethreatening disorder of pregnancy that presents as late gestational hypertension and at least one other sign/symptom, such as proteinuria. It occurs in ~10% of pregnant women worldwide and the cause is unknown. Preexisting maternal hypertension and obesity has been associated with adverse outcomes, including PE and feta...ViewArtificial Synchronization of Sex Steroid Hormones Normalizes Kisspeptin Expression and Placentation in the PreeclampticLike BPH/5 MouseArticleMay 2022 Viviane Gomes Ashley K. Woods Camille L. Landry J.L. SonesInsufficient invasion of the maternal decidua by conceptus-derived trophoblast cells is a key event in the pathogenesis of early-onset preeclampsia (ePE), a subclass of PE associated with high maternal morbidity and fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Kisspeptins (KP) are a family of small peptides previously shown to inhibit trophoblast...ViewKisspeptin and Sex Steroid Hormone Receptors Are Upregulated at the MaternalFetal Interface of the Preeclampticlike BPH/5 MouseArticleMay 2022 Camille L. Landry Viviane Gomes Kassandra Crissman J.L. SonesThe main features of preeclampsia (PE), a devastating syndrome that affects 5-8% of pregnancies worldwide, are spontaneously recapitulated by the Blood Pressure High Subline 5 (BPH/5) mouse model. Comparable to women with early-onset PE, BPH/5 females develop poor placentation with decreased trophoblast cell invasion, shallower placental discs and...ViewSucrose Acetate Isobutyrate (SAIB) as a Delivery Vehicle for Estradiol and Sulpiride: Evaluation of Endocrine Responses in Geldings and Ovarian Response in Seasonally Anovulatory MaresArticleFeb 2022 Erin L Oberhaus Kaitlyn M. Wilson Caroline M. Camp J.L. SonesSulpiride in vegetable shortening (VS) stimulates prolactin in horses for up to 10 days. Although effective, a pharmaceutical grade vehicle is needed for clinical application of sulpiride in horses. Sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB), a hydrophobic polymer, may be an alternative to VS. Four in vivo experiments assessed the efficacy of SAIB for deli...View The BPH/5 Mouse Model of Superimposed Preeclampsia Is Not a Model of HELLP SyndromeArticleFull-text availableNov 2021 Andrea N. Johnston Tifini L. Batts Ingeborg M Langohr[...] J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a multisystemic disease of pregnancy affecting 28% of women worldwide. PE-induced liver disease is a rare but important complication of pregnancy. The pathogenesis of liver dysfunction in PE is poorly understood, but is correlated with dysregulated angiogenic, inflammatory, and hypoxic events in the early phase of placental de...View Cardiometabolic Phenotypic Differences in Male Offspring Born to Obese Preeclamptic-Like BPH/5 MiceArticleFull-text availableSep 2021 Kalie F. Beckers Viviane Gomes Kassandra Crissman[...] J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy occurring in approximately 10% of women worldwide. While it is life threatening to both the mother and baby, the only effective treatment is delivery of the placenta and fetus, which is often preterm. Maternal obesity is a risk factor for PE, and the effects of both on offspring are long sta...ViewAbstract P224: Obesity Is Associated With Hypoxia At The Maternal-fetal Interface In A Mouse Model Of Superimposed Preeclampsia, BPH/5ArticleSep 2021 Daniella Adams Kalie F. Beckers Viviane Gomes J.L. SonesObesity impacts 1/3 of US adults. Maternal obesity significantly increases risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia (PE). Late-gestational hypertension and fetal growth restriction (FGR), hallmarks of PE, are observed spontaneously in BPH/5 mice. Similar to obese preeclamptic women, BPH/5 have increased visceral white adipose tiss...ViewAbstract P230: Prevention Of Maternal Obesity Attenuates Adverse Offspring Cardiometabolic Outcomes In Preeclamptic-like Mouse ModelArticleSep 2021 Kalie F. Beckers Juliet Flanagan Viviane Gomes[...] J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and a leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality with maternal obesity as a risk factor. Decreasing white adipose tissue (WAT) via calorie restriction during the first half of pregnancy may alter the maternal-fetal environment to improve offspring outcomes. We hypothesized that pair-feedi...View Genotypic analysis of the female BPH/5 mouse, a model of superimposed preeclampsiaArticleFull-text availableJul 2021 J.L. Sones Christina C. Yarborough Valerie OBesso[...] Nataki C DouglasAnimal models that recapitulate human diseases and disorders are widely used to investigate etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of those conditions in people. Disorders during pregnancy are particularly difficult to explore as interventions in pregnant women are not easily performed. Therefore, models that allow for pre-conception investigations are...View +1 Maternal cold exposure induces distinct transcriptome changes in the placenta and fetal brown adipose tissue in miceArticleFull-text availableJul 2021 Sujoy Ghosh Chul-Hong Park Jisu Lee[...] Ji Suk ChangBackground\nBrown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized to dissipate energy in the form of heat. BAT-mediated heat production in rodents and humans is critical for effective temperature adaptation of newborns to the extrauterine environment immediately after birth. However, very little is known about whether and how fetal BAT development is modulated...ViewFrom Inhibition of Trophoblast Cell Invasion to Pro-apoptosis: What are the Potential Roles of Kisspeptins in Preeclampsia?ArticleMay 2021 Viviane Gomes J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a life-threatening human gestational syndrome with incompletely understood etiopathogenesis. The disorder has a spectrum of clinical features, likely due to a complex interaction between maternal predisposing factors and abnormalities at the maternal-fetal interface. Poor trophoblast cell invasion, inadequate uterine vascular r...ViewSexually Dimorphic Kisspeptin/Receptor Dysregulation in the Reproductive White Adipose Tissue of BPH/5 Mice, A Model of PreeclampsiaArticleMay 2021 Viviane Gomes Kassandra Crissman Kalie F. Beckers[...] J.L. SonesViewKisspeptin/Receptor Dysregulation during Early Gestation in the BPH/5 Mouse, A Model of PreeclampsiaArticleMay 2021 Kassandra Crissman Viviane Gomes Dorien Reijnders[...] J.L. SonesViewEffects of maternal calorie restriction on inflammatory mediators in male offspring of preeclampticlike BPH/5 miceArticleMay 2021 Kalie F. Beckers Viviane Gomes Alexandra Garcia[...] J.L. SonesViewHepatic steatosis precedes pregnancy in the BPH/5 preeclampsialike mouse modelArticleMay 2021 Tifini L. Batts I. Langhor Cambri Moeller[...] Andrea N. JohnstonView Renal failure in a pregnant mareArticleFull-text availableDec 2020 L. H. de Aguiar Viviane Gomes L. J. Paul[...] J.L. SonesAlthough chronic renal disease is uncommon in horses, guidelines for management of the broodmare with kidney disease are needed to ensure successful foaling. Herein, we present a case report of a broodmare with chronic renal disease that produced a live foal, and parturition was predicted by monitoring pH and electrolytes in the milk. A 15yearold...ViewTheriogenology Question of the MonthArticleDec 2020 Chun Kuen Mak Emi Sasaki Rudy W. Bauer[...] Carlos R. F. PintoView72 Endocrine and ovarian responses to combined estradiol benzoate-sulpiride in anestrous mares treated with kisspeptinArticleNov 2020 Victoria Bailey J.L. Sones Caroline M Camp Erin L OberhausThe objective of this study was to determine if incorporation of kisspeptin 10 (Kp10) into an estradiol benzoate (EB)-sulpiride treatment would result in greater endocrine responses, and a greater number of mares ovulating within 28 days of treatment compared to EB-sulpiride alone. Eighteen anestrous mares were blocked by horse type (light horse an...ViewComplement in Reproductive White Adipose Tissue Characterizes the Obese Preeclamptic-Like BPH/5 Mouse Prior to and During PregnancyArticleFull-text availableSep 2020 Kelsey Olson Dorien Reijnders Viviane Gomes[...] J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a serious hypertensive disorder of pregnancy characterized by abnormal placental development with an unknown etiology. To better understand which women will develop PE, a number of maternal risk factors have been identified, including obesity. Visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) contains inflammatory mediators that may contribu...ViewAbstract P217: Phenotypic Difference Exist Between Bph/5 Offspring In A Sex-dependent MannerArticleSep 2020 Kalie F. Beckers Viviane Gomes Kat Robillard[...] J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy occurring in ~10% of women worldwide. Maternal obesity is a risk factor for PE and the effects on offspring are long-standing with increased incidence of cardiometabolic disease into adulthood. The maternal obesogenic environment may play a role in pregnancy outcomes and offspring in a sex-d...View Equine focal mucopurulent placentitis associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophiliaArticleFull-text availableJun 2020 Viviane Gomes Fabio Del Piero Ingeborg M Langohr[...] C. R. PintoTwo cases of focal mucopurulent placentitis (FMP) associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are reported herein. The first patient, a 12yearold Quarter Horse mare, aborted at 287 days of gestation and the fetus and placenta were submitted for postmortem examination. Histopathological findings included chronic exudative allantochorionitis and...ViewDysregulated Kisspeptin/Receptor Expression at the MaternalFetal Interface in the Preeclampticlike BPH/5 MouseArticleApr 2020 Viviane Gomes Dorien Reinjders J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive pregnancy syndrome estimated to cause the death of approximately 63,000 women worldwide annually. Insufficient invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT) into the maternal decidua and inadequate placentation are key adverse events in the pathogenesis of PE. Kisspeptins (KP), a family of small peptides deriv...ViewObese Preeclampticlike BPH/5 Female Mice Have Evidence of Hepatic Steatosis with Progression to NonAlcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Steatohepatitis with Pregnancy That Is Partially Reversed by Maternal Weight LossArticleApr 2020 J.L. Sones Dorien Reijnders Kelsey Olson[...] Andrea N. JohnstonMaternal obesity before and during early pregnancy has been associated with adverse outcomes, including preeclampsia (PE). Recently, preconception fatty liver in women has been identified as a significant risk factor for the development of PE. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver dysfunction with a prevalence...ViewPhenotypic Differences Exist between BPH/5 Offspring in a SexDependent MannerArticleApr 2020 Kalie F. Beckers Viviane Gomes Dorien Reijnders[...] J.L. SonesThe maternal obesogenic environment is known to play a role in offspring development and metabolism in a sexdependent manner. The impact of gestating in obese mothers, with superimposed preeclampsia (PE), on male and female development into adulthood is not completely understood. To investigate this, we utilized the obese BPH/5 female mouse which...ViewCanine placental microbiomeArticleFull-text availableDec 2019 J.L. Sones Babiche HeilPlacenta is a pregnancy-specific organ responsible for maintenance of gestation and offspring survival in utero. Similar to other immune-privileged sites, fetoplacental unit was considered sterile. However, there is now strong evidence in humans that placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Although this work is in its infancy in veterinary medicine,...ViewMaternal microbiome and the hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, preeclampsiaArticleOct 2019 Kalie F. Beckers J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy specific disorder that can be life threatening for both mother and baby. It is characterized by new onset hypertension during the second half of pregnancy and affects approximately 300,000 women in the United States every year. There is no cure for PE and the only effective treatment is delivery of the placenta and...View +1 Conditional loss of ERK1 and ERK2 results in abnormal placentation and delayed parturition in the mouseArticleFull-text availableJul 2019 Jessica Brown J.L. Sones Cynthia N. Angulo[...] Mark S. RobersonExtracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2 regulate many aspects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. We sought to understand the role of ERK1/2 signaling in cells expressing a Cre allele regulated by the endogenous GnRHR promoter (GRIC-ERKdko). Adult female GRIC-ERKdko mice were hypogonadotropic and anovulatory. Gonadotropin admin...ViewRole for the mammalian female reproductive tract microbiome in pregnancy outcomesArticleJun 2019 Babiche A. Heil Dale L Paccamonti J.L. SonesSince the discovery of the microbiome in humans, it has been studied in many mammalian species. Different microbiological communities with variable richness and diversity have been found among these species in distinct areas of the reproductive tract. Human studies have shown that the composition of the microbiome is dependent on body site and seve...ViewDyslipidemia and the role of the adipose tissue in early pregnancy in the BPH/5 mouse model for preeclampsiaArticleApr 2019 Dorien Reijnders Kelsey Olson Chin-chi Liu[...] J.L. SonesThe hypertensive pregnancy disorder preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of fetal and maternal morbidity/mortality. Obesity increases the risk to develop PE, presumably via the release of inflammatory mediators from the adipose tissue, but the exact etiology remains largely unknown. Using obese PE-like blood pressure high subline 5 (BPH/5) and lean...ViewReduction of Maternal Adiposity Attenuates Leptin Expression during Pregnancy in The Preeclampticlike BPH/5 MouseArticleApr 2019 Kelsey Olson Dorien Reijnders Chin-chi Liu[...] J.L. SonesMaternal adiposity and circulating leptin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia (PE), a pregnancyspecific hypertensive disorder, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). To better understand the role of leptin in PE, we utilized the obese BPH/5 mouse which spontaneously develops hypertension...ViewObesity \"Complements\" PreeclampsiaArticleFeb 2019 Kelsey Olson Leanne M Redman J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a devastating adverse outcome of pregnancy. Characterized by maternal hypertension, PE, when left untreated, can result in death of both mother and baby. The cause of PE remains unknown, and there is no way to predict which women will develop PE during pregnancy. The only known treatment is delivery of both the fetus and placen...ViewAltered gene expression in embryos and endometrium collected on day 8 of induced aluteal cycles in maresArticleFeb 2019 C.A. Leisinger C. Klein Mariah Markle[...] Dale L PaccamontiAluteal cycles were induced in the mare to evaluate the effects of progesterone deprivation on the gene expression of embryos and endometrium collected eight days after ovulation. We hypothesized that the transcript expression would be altered during induced aluteal (AL) cycles (low progesterone <1 ng/mL) when compared with control cycles during di...ViewAbstract 138: White AdiposeTissue in the Preeclamptic-Like BPH/5 Mouse Has a Unique Inflammatory Molecular Signature During Early PregnancyArticleSep 2018 J.L. Sones Dorien Reijnders Kelsey Olson Leanne M RedmanIntroduction: Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disease of pregnancy that affects an estimated 8% of women worldwide. The underlying mechanism is unknown; however, maternal obesity increases the risk of PE by 30% and may contribute to increased inflammation seen in preeclamptic mothers.\nHypothesis: To better understand the role of white adipose t...ViewMetagenetic Characterization of the Resident Equine Uterine Microbiome Using Multiple TechniquesArticleJul 2018 B.A. Heil S.K. Thompson T.A. Kearns[...] J.L. SonesViewDay 8 Embryos and Endometrium From Aluteal Cycles in Mares Exhibit Differential Gene ExpressionArticleJul 2018 C.A. Leisinger C. Klein Mariah Markle[...] Dale L PaccamontiViewCalorie Restriction In The Preeclampticlike BPH/5 Mouse Reduces Adipose Tissue Gene Expression of PreeclampsiaRelated Inflammatory GenesArticleApr 2018 Dorien Reijnders Kelsey Olsson Leanne M Redman J.L. SonesBackground\nPreeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disease of pregnancy that is a leading cause of fetal and maternal morbidity/mortality. Obesity is a risk factor for developing PE, however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Using the PElike BPH/5 mouse model, we previously demonstrated that cyclooxygenase (Cox)2 and interleukin (IL)15 dysregula...ViewInflammatory Reproductive White Adipose Tissue Characterizes The Obese Preeclampticlike BPH/5 Mouse prior to PregnancyArticleApr 2018 Kelsey Olson Dorien ReijndersMost Nataki C Douglas[...] J.L. SonesBackground\nPreeclampsia (PE) is a serious hypertensive disorder of pregnancy characterized by abnormal placental development. Preeclamptic pregnancies are characterized by a heightened state of inflammation however, the etiology is unknown. A number of preconception risk factors have been identified, including maternal obesity. Our laboratory stud...ViewCelecoxib restores angiogenic factor expression at the maternal-fetal interface in the BPH/5 mouse model of preeclampsiaArticleMar 2018 Dorien Reijnders Chin-chi Liu Xinjing Xu[...] J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive disease of pregnancy, is a leading cause of fetal and maternal morbidity/mortality. Early angiogenic and inflammatory disturbances within the placenta are thought to underlie the development of the maternal PE syndrome and poor pregnancy outcomes. However, the exact etiology remains largely unknown. Here, we use th...ViewConcentrations of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in blood and endometrium of mares following administration of an oral suspensionArticleFeb 2018 Gabriel M. Davolli Kelli Beavers Victor Medina[...] R. CauseyThe objective of this experiment was to assess the concentrations of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in the blood and endometrium of nonpregnant mares after oral treatment. We hypothesized that the potentiated sulfonamide would reach tissue concentrations greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) reported for common pathogens. Over two...View +2 Sex- and Age-Specific Impact of ERK Loss Within the Pituitary Gonadotrope in MiceArticleFull-text availableJan 2018 Jessica Brown Jianjun Xie Miguel Angel Brieo-Enrquez[...] Mark S RobersonExtracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling regulates hormone action in the reproductive axis, but specific mechanisms have yet to be completely elucidated. In the present study, ERK1 null and ERK2 floxed mice were combined with a gonadotrope-specific Cre (GRIC) driver. Female ERK double knockout (ERKdko) animals were hypogonadotropic, re...ViewAngiogenic factor imbalance precedes complement deposition in placentae of the BPH/5 model of preeclampsiaArticleDec 2017 J.L. Sones Audrey A. Merriam Angelina Seffens[...] Nataki C DouglasControls:\nIn BPH/5, expression of complement factor 3 was increased around the decidual vasculature of E7.5 implantation sites and in the trophoblast giant cell layer of E10.5 placentae. Altered expression of VEGF pathway genes in E5.5 BPH/5 implantation sites preceded complement dysregulation, which correlated with abnormal vasculature and increa...ViewThe decidua of preeclamptic-like BPH/5 mice exhibits an exaggerated inflammatory response during early pregnancyArticleApr 2017 Christa Heyward J.L. Sones H.E Lob[...] R.L DavissonPreeclampsia is a devastating complication of pregnancy characterized by late-gestation hypertension and proteinuria. Because the only definitive treatment is delivery of the fetus and placenta, preeclampsia contributes to increased morbidity and mortality of both mother and fetus. The BPH/5 mouse model, which spontaneously develops a syndrome stri...View901: Alterations in the complement pathway in a mouse model of preeclampsiaArticleJan 2017 Audrey Merriam Xinjing Xu Robin L. Davisson[...] Nataki C DouglasView Adverse Metabolic Phenotype of Female Offspring Exposed to Preeclampsia in utero: A Characterization of the BPH/5 Mouse in Postnatal LifeArticleFull-text availableJan 2017 Elizabeth Sutton Heinrich E. Lob Jiunn Song[...] J.L. SonesPreeclampsia (PE) is a devastating disorder of pregnancy that classically presents with maternal hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. In addition to being a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality, epidemiological and prospective studies have revealed long term consequences for both the mother and baby of preecl...ViewSones et al JCI 2016DataSep 2016 J.L. Sones Jeeyeon Cha Ashley Woods[...] Robin DavissonViewPreeclampsia, of mice and womenArticleJun 2016 J.L. Sones Robin DavissonPreeclampsia (PE) is a devastating disorder of pregnancy that affects up to 8% of pregnant women in the United States (1). The diagnosis of PE is made by the presentation of new onset hypertension, 140mmHg systolic blood pressure (BP) or 90mmHg diastolic BP, and either proteinuria or another accompanying sign/symptom, such as renal insufficiency,...View Decidual Cox2 inhibition improves fetal and maternal outcomes in a preeclampsia-like mouse modelArticleFull-text availableMar 2016 J.L. Sones Jeeyeon Cha Ashley Woods[...] Robin DavissonPreeclampsia (PE) is a disorder of pregnancy that manifests as late gestational maternal hypertension and\nproteinuria and can be life-threatening to both the mother and baby. It is believed that abnormal placentation\nis responsible for the cascade of events leading to the maternal syndrome. Embryo implantation is critical to\nestablishing a healthy...ViewAbstract 128: Role of Hypoxia-dependent Autophagy in the Trophoblast of BPH/5, a Mouse Model of Pre-eclampsia (PE)ArticleSep 2015 Ana Cristina Valbuena-Diez J.L. Sones Scott Butler Robin DavissonAutophagy, a mechanism of cell survival, plays an important role in normal placentation and protects the fetus during stress. Previously, we showed that autophagy was increased in fetoplacental units (FPUs) from pregnant BPH/5 mice, a model that develops a PE-like syndrome including late-gestational hypertension, proteinuria, abnormal placentation...ViewAbstract 039: Normalization of Uterine Interleukin (IL)-15 in the BPH/5 Preeclamptic Mouse Improves Decidual Natural Killer Cell Activation at the Maternal-Fetal InterfaceArticleSep 2015 J.L. Sones Christa Heyward Dominique Lessard[...] Robin DavissonPreeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disease that affects up to 10% of pregnancies worldwide. Although a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality, the cause is unknown. Inadequate remodeling of decidual vessels and reduced placental perfusion are hallmarks of PE. Decidual Natural Killer cells (dNKs) are critical in this process. Early...ViewCox2 Inhibition in Early Pregnancy Improves Adverse Outcomes in the BPH/5 Mouse Model of Preeclampsia (PE)ArticleApr 2015 J.L. Sones Scott Butler Stephanie Shapiro[...] Robin DavissonPE presents as maternal hypertension and proteinuria during the 2 nd half of pregnancy and often results in a preterm or growth restricted baby. Despite being a leading cause of perinatal morbidity/mortality, the underlying mechanism is unknown. BPH/5 mice spontaneously develop the cardinal features of PE and poor fetoplacental outcomes, such as fe...ViewReduction Of Adiposity Improves Preeclampsia (PE) Symptoms In BPH/5 MiceArticleApr 2015 Heinrich Emil Lob J.L. Sones Jiunn Song Robin DavissonPreeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive proteinuric disorder of pregnancy that can result in fetal demise and growth restriction. Although it is a major cause of fetal and maternal morbidity/mortality, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Increased adiposity is a risk factor for PE. However, longitudinal studies to investigate the contribution of...ViewAbstract 094: Cox2 Inhibition During Decidualization Improves Fetal Growth Restriction In The BPH/5 Mouse Model Of PreeclampsiaArticleSep 2014 J.L. Sones Scott D Butler Catherine E Isroff[...] Robin DavissonPreeclampsia (PE) presents as maternal hypertension and proteinuria during the second half of pregnancy and often results in preterm delivery of a growth restricted baby. Despite being a leading cause of perinatal and maternal morbidity/mortality, the underlying mechanism(s) is unknown. Because signs resolve upon delivery of the placenta, abnormal...ViewAbstract 287: Evidence For Increased Autophagy In Fetoplacental Units Of Bph/5, A Mouse Model Of Pre-eclampsia (PE)ArticleSep 2014 Ana Cristina Valbuena-Diez J.L. Sones Scott D Butler[...] Robin DavissonAutophagy, a mechanism of cell survival during times of stress, plays an important role in normal placentation, protecting the fetus during fluctuations in conditions such as nutrient availability. In cases of placental insufficiency, often present in PE, autophagy may be defective. We have shown that BPH/5 mice, in addition to spontaneously develo...ViewAbstract 028: BPH/5 Pre-eclamptic Mice Have Increased Uterine Interleukin (IL)-15 And This Is Associated with Decidual Natural Killer (dNK) Cell Loss At The Maternal-Fetal Interface Early In PregnancyArticleSep 2014 J.L. Sones Heinrich E Lob Catherine E Isroff[...] Robin DavissonPreeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disease that affects 5-10% of pregnant women worldwide. Although a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity/mortality, its origin is unknown. Abnormal placentation resulting in reduced placental perfusion is implicated. Early in pregnancy dNK cells are recruited to the maternal-fetal interface to promote...ViewThe Role of Decidual Natural Killer Cells, Interleukin-15 and Interferon- in Placental Development and Preeclampsia.ArticleJun 2014 J.L. Sones Heinrich Emil Lob Catherine E Isroff Robin DavissonPreeclampsia is a hypertensive, proteinuric disease that affects 5-10% of all pregnancies and is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity/mortality (13). The primary treatment for preeclampsia still is delivery of the fetus and placenta. The underlying mechanisms remain elusive. One possibility is inadequate uterine angiogenesis/vascular...ViewNovel expression of EGFL7 in placental trophoblast and endothelial cells and its implication in preeclampsiaArticleApr 2014 Lauretta A. Lacko Micol Massimiani J.L. Sones[...] Heidi StuhlmannThe mammalian placenta is the site of nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus, and is comprised of two principal cell types, trophoblasts and endothelial cells. Proper placental development requires invasion and differentiation of trophoblast cells, together with coordinated fetal vasculogenesis and maternal vascular remodeling. Disr...ViewInterleukin15 contributes to decidual natural killer cell loss via interferon during early pregnancy in the preeclamptic BPH/5 mouse model (1083.1)ArticleApr 2014 J.L. Sones Heinrich Emil Lob Catherine Isroff[...] Robin DavissonDuring early pregnancy dNK cells promote decidualization, which is critical for uterine angiogenesis and placentation. IL15 activates dNK cells, which release IFN to orchestrate vessel remodeling for proper placental perfusion. However, high levels of IFN induce apoptosis of dNK cells at the maternalfetal interface. Reduced perfusion of the...ViewCox2 Signaling During the Peri-implantation Period Plays an Important Role in Fetoplacental Heath in a Mouse Model of Preeclampsia, BPH/5Conference PaperSep 2013 J.L. Sones Jeeyeon Cha Catherine E. Isroff[...] Robin DavissonViewAbstract 12: Cox2 Signaling During the Peri-implantation Period Plays an Important Role in Fetoplacental Heath in a Mouse Model of Preeclampsia, BPH/5ArticleSep 2013 J.L. Sones Jeeyeon Cha Catherine E Isroff[...] Robin DavissonPreeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive proteinuric disease of pregnancy, is a leading cause of perinatal and maternal morbidity/mortality. Although abnormal placentation is widely accepted as a cause for PE, the underlying mechanism is unclear. The BPH/5 mouse model spontaneously develops the cardinal features of PE with poor fetoplacental outcomes. The...ViewOvarian Hormone Signaling Defects Are Associated with Asynchronous Peri-Implantation Events in a Mouse Model of Preeclampsia, BPH/5.Conference PaperMar 2013 J.L. Sones Yi Zhou Ashley Woods[...] Robin DavissonViewAbstract 46: Peripheral Inflammation Prior to rhe Onset of Hypertension and Proteinuria Characterizes the BPH/5 Mouse Model of PreeclampsiaArticleSep 2012 Heinrich E Lob J.L. Sones Jiunn Song Robin DavissonEvidence suggests that the immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory Th1 polarized T cells have been observed in PE patients. However, because it is not possible to diagnose PE until after its onset at 20 weeks of pregnancy,...ViewDistal-less 3 haploinsufficiency results in elevated placental oxidative stress and altered fetal growth kinetics in the mouseArticleJul 2012 Patricia A. Clark Jessica Brown Sha Li[...] Mark S. RobersonDistal-less 3 (Dlx3)(-/-) mice die at E9.5 presumably due to an abnormal placental phenotype including reduced placental vasculature and secretion of placental growth factor. To examine the role of Dlx3 specifically within the epiblast, Dlx3 conditional knockout mice were generated using an epiblast-specific Meox2(CreSor) allele. Dlx3(-/fl), Meox2(...ViewDecreased expression of Gcm1 and its downstream targets Syncytin A and B is associated with severity of fetoplacental phenotypes in the BPH/5 model of preeclampsia (PE)ArticleApr 2012 J.L. Sones Yi Zhou Ashley Woods Robin DavissonBPH/5 mice spontaneously develop the cardinal features of PE during pregnancy, including late gestational hypertension and proteinuria, along with fetoplacental abnormalities. We have utilized ultrasonography to categorize fetoplacental units (FPUs) at e10.5 into three increasingly severe phenotypic classes (I, II, and III). We tested the hypothesi...ViewThrombospondin2 may exert its effects on fetoplacental development in the BPH/5 mouse model of preeclampsia (PE) through CD36 and CD47 receptorsArticleApr 2012 Yi Zhou J.L. Sones Ashley Woods Robin DavissonThe BPH/5 mouse model spontaneously develops the hallmarks of PE, including fetoplacental abnormalities and an imbalance in proand antiangiogenic factors. We have utilized ultrasonography to categorize BPH/5 fetoplacental units (FPUs) at e10.5 into three increasingly severe phenotypic classes (I, II and III). We previously demonstrated that throm...ViewNetworkCitedView All Sanjoy DasCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center James C CrossThe University of Calgary Takiko DaikokuCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Sharon E MaynardUniversity of South Florida Christine WeydertCited ByView All Christine AurichUniversity of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna Eric M GeorgeUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center Jean F RegalUniversity of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Ingeborg M LangohrLouisiana State University Daniel J BernardMcGill UniversityCurrent institutionColorado State UniversityClinical SciencesFort Collins, United StatesCurrent positionAssociate Professor of Equine ReproductionJenny L. Sones's LabCo-authorsTop co-authors Dorien ReijndersLouisiana State University Heinrich Emil LobCornell University Mariah MarkleLouisiana State University Jacqueline M StephensLouisiana State University Kalie F. BeckersLouisiana State UniversityAll co-authors (50)View AllLeanne M RedmanDepartmentReproductive Endocrinology & Womens Health LaboratoryVictoria BaileyDepartmentSchool of Animal SciencesKelsey OlsonDepartmentReproductive Endocrinology & Womens Health LaboratoryIngeborg M LangohrDepartmentDepartment of Pathobiological SciencesJeeyeon ChaDepartmentDepartment of MedicineGdawg KingDepartmentDepartment of Biological SciencesKassandra CrissmanDepartmentDepartment of Veterinary Clinical SciencesAndrea N. JohnstonDepartmentDepartment of Veterinary Clinical SciencesMachteld van HeuleSudhansu K DeyDepartmentDivision of Reproductive SciencesNataki C DouglasDepartmentDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's HealthViviane GomesDepartmentDepartment of Small Animal Clinical SciencesTifini L. BattsDepartmentDepartment of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCamille L. LandryDepartmentBiological SciencesCambri MoellerDepartmentDepartment of Veterinary Clinical SciencesBryce GilbertDepartmentDepartment of Animal ScienceAdvertisementJoin ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work25+ million members160+ million publication pages2.3+ billion citationsJoin for freeTop co-authorsLoading...Lab membersLoading...CitedLoading...Cited ByLoading...Current journal rolesLoading...What type of researcher are you?Only verified researchers can join ResearchGate and send messages to other members.Academic or studentUniversity students and faculty, institute members, and independent researchersCorporate, government, or NGO researcherTechnology or product developers, R&D specialists, and government or NGO employees in scientific rolesMedicalHealth care professionals, including clinical researchersNot a researcherJournalists, citizen scientists, or anyone interested in reading and discovering researchYou may be eligible for a free accountSorry, you need to be a researcher to join ResearchGate.Due to our privacy policy, only current members can send messages to people on ResearchGate.Already a member? 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All rights reserved.TermsPrivacyCopyrightImprintConsent preferences", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jl-Sones" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Genomics of Metabolic and Tumor/Cancer Traits: Obesity complements preeclampsia - PMC\nBack to Top\nSkip to main content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 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Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with,\nthe contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health.\nLearn more:\nPMC Disclaimer\n|\nPMC Copyright Notice\nPhysiol Genomics. 2019 Mar 1; 51(3): 7376. Published online 2019 Feb 4. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00102.2018PMCID: PMC6459374PMID: 30716010Genomics of Metabolic and Tumor/Cancer TraitsObesity complements preeclampsiaKelsey N. Olson,1,2 Leanne M. Redman,2 and Jenny L. Sones1Kelsey N. Olson1Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana2Reproductive Endocrinology & Women's Health Lab, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LouisianaFind articles by Kelsey N. OlsonLeanne M. Redman2Reproductive Endocrinology & Women's Health Lab, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LouisianaFind articles by Leanne M. RedmanJenny L. Sones1Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LouisianaFind articles by Jenny L. SonesAuthor information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer1Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana2Reproductive Endocrinology & Women's Health Lab, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LouisianaCorresponding author.Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. L. Sones, Dept. of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (e-mail: ude.usl@senosj).Received 2018 Oct 5; Revised 2019 Jan 24; Accepted 2019 Jan 25.Copyright 2019 the American Physiological SocietyGo to:AbstractPreeclampsia (PE) is a devastating adverse outcome of pregnancy. Characterized by maternal hypertension, PE, when left untreated, can result in death of both mother and baby. The cause of PE remains unknown, and there is no way to predict which women will develop PE during pregnancy. The only known treatment is delivery of both the fetus and placenta; therefore, an abnormal placenta is thought to play a causal role. Women with obesity before pregnancy have an increased chance of developing PE. Increased adiposity results in a heightened state of systemic inflammation that can influence placental development. Adipose tissue is a rich source of proinflammatory cytokines and complement proteins, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PE by promoting the expression of antiangiogenic factors in the mother. Because an aggravated inflammatory response, angiogenic imbalance, and abnormal placentation are observed in PE, we hypothesize that maternal obesity and complement proteins derived from adipose tissue play an important role in the development of PE.Keywords: complement, immune, obesity, preeclampsia, pregnancyGo to:INTRODUCTIONPreeclampsia (PE) is a devastating disorder of pregnancy and leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, affecting 28% of pregnancies worldwide (15). It is characterized by late gestational hypertension (systolic 140 mmHg or diastolic 90 mmHg) combined with another sign/symptom such as proteinuria, renal insufficiency, or thrombocytopenia, among others (20). PE predisposes women to cardiovascular complications and exerts direct consequences on the offspring, including intrauterine growth restriction and cardiometabolic disease later in life (20). The etiology of PE remains unknown. However, because the only known cure is delivery of both the fetus and placenta, it is widely accepted that abnormal placentation plays a causal role in PE. A number of preexisting maternal conditions are risk factors for PE, including obesity. This review highlights one proposed mechanism whereby adipose tissue, rich in inflammatory mediators and complement proteins, contributes to altered placental angiogenesis and development in PE.Go to:PREGNANCY, PREECLAMPSIA, AND ANGIOGENESISNormal placental development is essential for pregnancy success. First, embryo implantation is followed by trophoblast cell proliferation and differentiation before invasion and remodeling of maternal spiral arteries (27). To support the developing placenta, the fetoplacental unit then produces angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) (19). Once the placenta is functional, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), an antiangiogenic factor and a VEGF antagonist, is produced to modulate VEGF activity (13, 21). A delicate balance of pro- and antiangiogenic factors is necessary in a healthy pregnancy. Furthermore, tight regulation of the maternal immune system, including complement system activation at the maternal-fetal interface, is needed to establish and maintain pregnancy (3). Inadequate trophoblast remodeling of spiral arteries, a key feature of PE, is believed to result from perturbations in the maternal immune response and placental angiogenesis (16). The exact mechanisms causing impaired placentation in PE have yet to be elucidated, but several risk factors such as chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, and obesity have been described (1).Go to:OBESITY AND PREECLAMPSIAIncreasing body mass index (BMI) is positively associated with an increased risk of PE (2, 35). Women with a prepregnancy BMI of 35 kg/m2 or above have a 30% increased risk of developing PE (38). This relationship is confirmed by evidence illustrating that bariatric surgery done to decrease obesity can reduce the incidence of PE (8). The association between obesity and PE is concerning considering that obesity is rapidly rising among women throughout much of the world, especially in North America and Europe (37). Obesity is characterized by expansion of adipose tissue (fat) in the body. Furthermore, maternal obesity along with circulating factors, such as nonesterified fatty acids, may contribute to excess lipid accumulation in the placenta (14, 36). This can interfere with placental development, including trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis as well as nutrient transport between mother and fetus, resulting in increased oxidative stress and inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface (36). These placental injuries often characterize PE pregnancies. The localization of many proinflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- and interleukin (IL)-6, to adipose tissue led to the understanding that obesity presents a state of low-grade systemic inflammation (7). The connection between maternal obesity and PE is hypothesized to involve immune cells within the mothers adipose tissue and in the placenta contributing to impaired placentation (11).Go to:COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION AND OBESITY IN PREECLAMPSIAThe complement system has been implicated as a link between excess adipose tissue and PE (4, 32). Complement components increase with obesity and are positively correlated with BMI as well as subcutaneous, visceral, and total fat area, while decreasing with weight loss (30). The complement system consists of over 50 well-regulated proteins generated primarily by the liver, but also by other organs and tissues. The complement system can therefore be activated systemically in circulation or locally within specific tissue environments, i.e., adipose tissue (4, 22, 32). Previously, complement activity was thought to primarily exist in extracellular compartments. Current research, however, indicates that the complement system is also active intracellularly. This novel intracellular complement system has been termed the complosome (12, 41). It is hypothesized that complement proteins are responsible for protecting the body from pathogens. More recently, it has been shown that complement proteins are involved in many diverse physiological processes such as clearance of apoptotic cells and cellular debris, and regulating humoral and innate immune responses (39). The complement cascade is activated through three primary pathways described as alternative, lectin, and classical pathways. Although each pathway contains distinct proteins that respond to different stimuli and activate the complement cascade, all pathways eventually converge at complement component 3 (C3). C3 produces effector molecules including the membrane attack complex and anaphylatoxins C3a and complement fragment 5 (C5)a. These fragments act via G protein-coupled receptors C3a receptor (C3aR) and C5a receptor (C5aR), respectively (39).A tightly regulated immune system is essential to placentation because the embryo presents with both maternal (self) and paternal (nonself) antigens (29). The complement system is no exception to this tight regulation; it must be downregulated to allow adequate placentation, yet simultaneously activated to protect the mother and fetus from foreign pathogens (10). Serum concentrations of C3 have been shown to be upregulated in pregnancies affected by PE, while C4 is reduced (17). Furthermore, single nuclear polymorphisms in the C3 gene of women may be predictive for determining PE risk (23). The source of the complement dysregulation is under current investigation. Concentrations of complement components, specifically adipsin (Complement Factor D) in serum or urine detected early in pregnancy have been suggested to identify patients susceptible for developing PE (24, 25, 40). Adipsin is primarily produced by adipocytes (30). Women with increased serum concentrations of complement fragments Bb and C3a combined with obesity were most likely to develop PE compared with those with either only obesity or higher levels of circulating Bb and C3a, or neither (24, 25). This observation highlighted the potential interaction between adiposity and the complement system in the pathogenesis of PE with excess adipose tissue being a source of the increased complement proteins noted in pregnancies affected by PE. Interestingly, C3aR mRNA is highly expressed in adipose tissue of C57BL/6 mice, and this expression has been shown to significantly increase when mice are put on a high-fat diet (28). This illustrates a role for the complement system in adipose tissue signaling during diet induced obesity. Interestingly, Kestlerov et al. (17) reported 42% of the women with PE were obese with a BMI >30. While these findings provide strong evidence for obesity-mediated complement activation in PE, further studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanism.Go to:COMPLEMENT AND ANGIOGENESISVisceral white adipose tissue of the intra-abdominal depot (the central fat compartment) may contribute to fat accumulation at the placenta and could be the source of increased complement in PE pregnancies (5, 36). Complement dysregulation has been hypothesized to influence the development of PE via interactions with angiogenic factors localized at the maternal-fetal interface (11). An angiogenic imbalance both in the placenta and in maternal circulation is a hallmark of PE (6, 33). In healthy pregnancies, an increase in antiangiogenic factors is observed from ~33 wk onward (21). Whereas in PE, there is an increase in circulating sFlt-1 with a corresponding decrease in the proangiogenic factor PlGF beginning at 20 wk (21). sFlt-1 binds free VEGF and PlGF, rendering them inactive, thus producing an apparent systemic angiogenic imbalance in the PE mother early in pregnancy (21, 31). This phenomenon may be influenced by the complement system.Compared with healthy pregnant women, increased localization of the complement component C5a was evident at the maternal-fetal interface in women with PE (26). Moreover, C5a increased the expression of antiangiogenic factors including TNF- and sFlt-1 and, in tandem, decreased expression of proangiogenic PlGF and anti-inflammatory IL-10 in trophoblast cells, all of which have been implicated as key players in PE. In this study, C5a was predominantly localized in macrophages, while the C5aR was found on trophoblasts (26). These data suggest that macrophage infiltration promotes complement factor C5a binding to its receptor on trophoblast cells, thus restricting adequate trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis, thereby contributing to the etiology of PE. In support of this mechanism, in a murine model of hypoxia-induced retinal vascularization, it was shown that C5a will polarize macrophages to produce the antiangiogenic factors sFlt-1 and TNF- (18). The relationship between C5a and angiogenic dysregulation was further confirmed by Girardi and colleagues (11), who demonstrated that C5a could induce monocytes to produce increased sFlt-1, thus decreasing the VEGF required for placental angiogenesis. Furthermore, inhibition of C3 activation early in pregnancy improved outcomes in a mouse model of spontaneous PE, including fetal loss and growth restriction, as well as increasing placental weight and restoration of spiral artery remodeling (9). The maternal hypertensive phenotype was not assessed with complement inhibition in this study; however, this outcome is important in understanding the relationship between complement inhibition and PE. The therapeutic potential of complement inhibition is being investigated in a number of animal models of adverse pregnancy outcomes and holds promise for treating women with PE (34).Maternal obesity in pregnancy is characterized by increased complement activation, which is hypothesized to mediate an angiogenic imbalance at the maternal-fetal interface, accompanying an increased development of PE (Fig. 1). It is critical to understand the source of complement dysregulation as well as the mechanism by which increased complement fragments and components contribute to the placental injury characteristic of PE pregnancies. Future studies should investigate whether visceral adipose tissue proximal to the female reproductive tract could be a source of complement components infiltrating into the maternal-fetal interface, and whether decreasing the maternal adipose tissue before or during pregnancy could prevent PE in women with obesity.Open in a separate windowFig. 1.Working hypothesis linking maternal obesity and preeclampsia. We hypothesize that excess maternal adipose tissue proximal to the reproductive tract is the source of increased complement components and fragments (C3, Bb, C5a) observed in preeclamptic pregnancies. These complement proteins, found in maternal circulation and placenta, may promote increased production of antiangiogenic factors including soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1), which in turn, decreases proangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF), creating an angiogenic imbalance. This imbalance results in placental injury, leading to decreased blood flow to the placenta concomitant with alterations in placental cytokines, interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, before the presentation of preeclampsia. Yellow circles represent adipocytes. Black circles represent adipose tissue immune cells.Go to:DISCLOSURESNo conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.Go to:AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSK.N.O. and J.L.S. performed experiments; K.N.O. and J.L.S. analyzed data; K.N.O., L.M.R., and J.L.S. interpreted results of experiments; K.N.O. prepared figures; K.N.O. drafted manuscript; K.N.O., L.M.R., and J.L.S. edited and revised manuscript; K.N.O., L.M.R., and J.L.S. approved final version of manuscript.Go to:REFERENCES1. Bartsch E, Medcalf KE, Park AL, Ray JG; High Risk of Pre-eclampsia Identification Group .\nClinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies. BMJ\n353: i1753, 2016. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i1753. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]2. Bodnar LM, Ness RB, Markovic N, Roberts JM.\nThe risk of preeclampsia rises with increasing prepregnancy body mass index. 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Hypertension\n64: 846851, 2014. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02688. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]41. West EE, Kolev M, Kemper C.\nComplement and the Regulation of T Cell Responses. Annu Rev Immunol\n36: 309338, 2018. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053245. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]AbstractINTRODUCTIONPREGNANCY, PREECLAMPSIA, AND ANGIOGENESISOBESITY AND PREECLAMPSIACOMPLEMENT ACTIVATION AND OBESITY IN PREECLAMPSIACOMPLEMENT AND ANGIOGENESISDISCLOSURESAUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSREFERENCESArticles from Physiological Genomics are provided here courtesy of American Physiological Society15. Jeyabalan A.\nEpidemiology of preeclampsia: impact of obesity. Nutr Rev\n71, Suppl 1: S18S25, 2013. doi: 10.1111/nure.12055. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]20. Leeman L, Dresang LT, Fontaine P.\nHypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Am Fam Physician\n93: 121127, 2016. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]27. Malassin A, Frendo JL, Evain-Brion D.\nA comparison of placental development and endocrine functions between the human and mouse model. Hum Reprod Update\n9: 531539, 2003. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmg043. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]19. Lash GE, Naruse K, Innes BA, Robson SC, Searle RF, Bulmer JN.\nSecretion of angiogenic growth factors by villous cytotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast in early human pregnancy. Placenta\n31: 545548, 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.02.020. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]13. He Y, Smith SK, Day KA, Clark DE, Licence DR, Charnock-Jones DS.\nAlternative splicing of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-R1 (FLT-1) pre-mRNA is important for the regulation of VEGF activity. Mol Endocrinol\n13: 537545, 1999. doi: 10.1210/mend.13.4.0265. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]21. Levine RJ, Maynard SE, Qian C, Lim KH, England LJ, Yu KF, Schisterman EF, Thadhani R, Sachs BP, Epstein FH, Sibai BM, Sukhatme VP, Karumanchi SA.\nCirculating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med\n350: 672683, 2004. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa031884. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]3. Bulla R, Agostinis C, Bossi F, Rizzi L, Debeus A, Tripodo C, Radillo O, De Seta F, Ghebrehiwet B, Tedesco F.\nDecidual endothelial cells express surface-bound C1q as a molecular bridge between endovascular trophoblast and decidual endothelium. Mol Immunol\n45: 26292640, 2008. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.12.025. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]16. Ji L, Brki J, Liu M, Fu G, Peng C, Wang YL.\nPlacental trophoblast cell differentiation: physiological regulation and pathological relevance to preeclampsia. Mol Aspects Med\n34: 9811023, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.008. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]1. Bartsch E, Medcalf KE, Park AL, Ray JG; High Risk of Pre-eclampsia Identification Group .\nClinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies. BMJ\n353: i1753, 2016. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i1753. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]2. Bodnar LM, Ness RB, Markovic N, Roberts JM.\nThe risk of preeclampsia rises with increasing prepregnancy body mass index. Ann Epidemiol\n15: 475482, 2005. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.12.008. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]35. Roberts JM, Bodnar LM, Patrick TE, Powers RW.\nThe Role of Obesity in Preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens\n1: 616, 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2010.10.013. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]38. Spradley FT, Palei AC, Granger JP.\nImmune Mechanisms Linking Obesity and Preeclampsia. Biomolecules\n5: 31423176, 2015. doi: 10.3390/biom5043142. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]8. Galazis N, Docheva N, Simillis C, Nicolaides KH.\nMaternal and neonatal outcomes in women undergoing bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol\n181: 4553, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.07.015. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]37. Seidell JC, Halberstadt J.\nThe global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention. Ann Nutr Metab\n66, Suppl 2: 712, 2015. doi: 10.1159/000375143. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]14. Jarvie E, Hauguel-de-Mouzon S, Nelson SM, Sattar N, Catalano PM, Freeman DJ.\nLipotoxicity in obese pregnancy and its potential role in adverse pregnancy outcome and obesity in the offspring. Clin Sci (Lond)\n119: 123129, 2010. doi: 10.1042/CS20090640. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]36. Saben J, Lindsey F, Zhong Y, Thakali K, Badger TM, Andres A, Gomez-Acevedo H, Shankar K.\nMaternal obesity is associated with a lipotoxic placental environment. Placenta\n35: 171177, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.01.003. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]7. Fantuzzi G.\nAdipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol\n115: 911919, 2005. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.02.023. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]11. Girardi G, Yarilin D, Thurman JM, Holers VM, Salmon JE.\nComplement activation induces dysregulation of angiogenic factors and causes fetal rejection and growth restriction. J Exp Med\n203: 21652175, 2006. doi: 10.1084/jem.20061022. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]4. Choy LN, Rosen BS, Spiegelman BM.\nAdipsin and an endogenous pathway of complement from adipose cells. J Biol Chem\n267: 1273612741, 1992. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]32. Nilsson B, Hamad OA, Ahlstrm H, Kullberg J, Johansson L, Lindhagen L, Haenni A, Ekdahl KN, Lind L.\nC3 and C4 are strongly related to adipose tissue variables and cardiovascular risk factors. Eur J Clin Invest\n44: 587596, 2014. doi: 10.1111/eci.12275. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]30. Moreno-Navarrete JM, Fernndez-Real JM.\nThe complement system is dysfunctional in metabolic disease: Evidences in plasma and adipose tissue from obese and insulin resistant subjects. Semin Cell Dev Biol\n85: 164172, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.025. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]22. Li K, Sacks SH, Zhou W.\nThe relative importance of local and systemic complement production in ischaemia, transplantation and other pathologies. Mol Immunol\n44: 38663874, 2007. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.006. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]12. Hajishengallis G, Reis ES, Mastellos DC, Ricklin D, Lambris JD.\nNovel mechanisms and functions of complement. Nat Immunol\n18: 12881298, 2017. doi: 10.1038/ni.3858. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]41. West EE, Kolev M, Kemper C.\nComplement and the Regulation of T Cell Responses. Annu Rev Immunol\n36: 309338, 2018. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053245. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]39. Varela JC, Tomlinson S.\nComplement: an overview for the clinician. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am\n29: 409427, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.hoc.2015.02.001. 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Please review our privacy policy.", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6459374/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Preeclampsia, of mice and women | Physiological Genomics\nYour browser does not support iframes.\nLogin to your account\nInstitutional Login\nSign In / Register\nPHYSIOLOGY.ORG\nSkip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer MenuHomeJournalsAJP-CellAJP-EndoAJP-GIAJP-HeartAJP-LungAJP-ReguAJP-RenalAJP (1898-1976)FunctionJ Appl PhysiolJ NeurophysiolPhysiol GenomicsAdv Physiol EducPhysiologyPhysiol RevPHYSIOL REPCOMPR PHYSIOLAPSselect\nAll journalsAll journalsThis JournalQuick Search anywhereSearch all contentSearchAdvanced SearchQuick Search in JournalsSearch all contentSearchAdvanced Search\nAdvanced Search\n0\nSign in\nPhysiological GenomicsVol. 48, No. 8\nJournal home\nIssuesArchive of all online contentJuly 1999June 20241990s2000s2010s2020s19992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024\nArticles in Press\nVolume 56, Issue 6June 2024Pages 417-456Volume 56, Issue 5May 2024Pages 367-416Volume 56, Issue 4April 2024Pages 301-366Volume 56, Issue 3March 2024Pages 247-300Volume 56, Issue 2February 2024Pages 113-245Volume 56, Issue 1January 2024Pages 1-111\nCollectionsInformationFor AuthorsFor ReviewersFor LibrariansFor AdvertisersFor Media/PublicFor APS MembersAboutAbout physiolgenomicsArticle TypesSectionsEditor's MessageEditor's BioEditorial BoardCover ArchiveSubmitSubscribe\nThis JournalThis JournalQuick Search in JournalsSearch this journalSearchSearch this journal\nJournal Menu\nThis JournalQuick Search in JournalsSearch this journalSearchSearch this journal\nHomeIssuesCollectionsInformationAboutSubmitSubscribe\nCall for Papers: Systems Biology and Polygenic TraitsPreeclampsia, of mice and womenJenny L. Sones and Robin L. DavissonJenny L. SonesVeterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. L. Sones, 1832 Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (e-mail: jsones@lsu.edu).Search for more papers by this author andRobin L. DavissonBiomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New YorkSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:01 Aug 2016https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00125.2015This is the final version - click for previous versionMoreFiguresReferencesRelatedInformationSectionsPDF (205 KB)Download PDF\nToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations\nShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat\nAbstractPreeclampsia (PE) is a devastating disorder of pregnancy that affects up to 8% of pregnant women in the United States. The diagnosis of PE is made by the presentation of new-onset hypertension, 140 mmHg systolic blood pressure (BP) or 90 mmHg diastolic BP, and either proteinuria or another accompanying sign/symptom, such as renal insufficiency, thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction, pulmonary edema, or cerebral/visual. These signs can occur suddenly and without warning. PE that presents before 34 wk of gestation is considered early onset and carries a greater risk for perinatal morbidity/mortality than late-onset PE that occurs at or after 34 wk of gestation. At this time there is no cure for PE, and the only effective treatment is delivery of the baby and placenta. If allowed to progress to eclampsia (PE with neurologic involvement), seizures will occur and possibly death through stroke. PE also carries the risk of significant fetal and neonatal morbidity/mortality in addition to long-term health risks for mother and child. Despite significant research efforts to accurately predict, diagnose, and treat PE, a cure eludes us. Elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms that can cause PE will aid in our ability to accurately prevent, manage, and treat PE to avoid maternal and fetal losses. Intense research efforts are focused on PE, and the mouse has proven to be a useful animal model for investigating molecular mechanisms that may hold the key to unraveling the mysteries of PE in women.EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PEwhile preeclampsia (PE) characterizes 300,000 pregnancies per year in the United States (42), it affects up to 10% of pregnancies worldwide (19). Shockingly, PE is also responsible for 42% of maternal deaths worldwide, killing an estimated 76,000 women every year (49, 57). There appears to be a disparity in the incidence of maternal death associated with PE in developing countries with 99% occurring in low- to middle-income nations (42). Although genetic susceptibility cannot be ruled out, this discrepancy may simply be due to differences in perinatal care available in those countries. Even though perinatal care in developed countries is constantly improving, the incidence of PE is rising. From 1987 to 2004, the prevalence of PE diagnosis from admission to labor increased by 25% according to a United States National Hospital Discharge Survey (24).In an effort to positively predict which women may develop PE during pregnancy, a number of conditions have been labeled as risk factors (Fig. 1). Pre-existing maternal conditions include advanced age, African-American race, higher body mass index (BMI), pregestational diabetes, chronic hypertension, renal disease, autoantibody disease (i.e., antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus), family or personal history of PE, and lack of smoking (24). The presence of prepregnancy chronic hypertension can greatly complicate the diagnosis of PE, and it is important to distinguish between the two for perinatal management (4). Superimposed PE, or worsening hypertension along with an accompanying clinical feature of PE, can occur in up to 26% of pregnant women with chronic hypertension (4). Pregnancy-specific factors include nulliparity, partner-related factors (i.e., new paternity, limited sperm exposure, barrier contraception), multifetal gestation, and hydatidiform mole (24). When all of these pre-existing conditions and risk factors are considered, the increasing prevalence of PE could be attributed to a number of shifting trends in the United States and other countries. Women are looking to become pregnant later in life, and this often necessitates fertility treatments that result in multifetal gestations. Also, with the increased incidence of obesity worldwide, we see more women of childbearing age that have higher BMIs, diabetes, and hypertension as well as subfertility (24). However, the fact that an estimated two-thirds of all PE cases occur in first pregnancies that develop beyond the first trimester is staggering (15). These data strongly point toward defects in maternal adaptions to pregnancy that may be associated with first exposure of paternal antigens. The most surprising risk factor is the lack of smoking. This has been attributed to its effect on angiogenic factors (25); however, smoking before or during pregnancy would never be advised.Fig. 1.Predisposing risk factors and maternal/fetal outcomes of preeclampsia (PE). The pregnancy-specific disorder PE occurs spontaneously and without warning. Maternal conditions pre-existing before pregnancy are thought to significantly increase the risk of developing PE; however, the incidence is still unpredictable. Signs of PE resolve upon delivery of the placenta; therefore, it is considered the causative organ. This dysregulated placenta masterminds its potent effects on the fetus and mother during pregnancy but can also leave lasting detrimental effects on the health of both mother and offspring. Download figureDownload PowerPointPE tends to have a familial disposition (7). For example, the frequency of PE in daughters is reported to be two to five times greater than in daughters-in-law (39). Studies to identify a simple acting dominant gene have been unrewarding due in part to the heterogeneity of disease presentation with PE having early or late onset and symptoms ranging from mild to moderate to severe (19). Thus, PE is considered a complex trait with inputs from environmental factors as well as fetal (paternal) genes (7, 39). Genome-wide searches are underway, and again variations are seen among and between populations (39). Determining the genetic mechanisms of PE have been complicated and frustrating.Importantly, there is evidence that PE predisposes women to further health risks later in life. In a Scandinavian population of healthy nulliparous women with severe PE that necessitated preterm delivery, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease increased eightfold (23). A 24 to 36 yr follow-up of maternal health status in PE-affected women in Jerusalem reported a twofold increase in mortality rate from cardiovascular-related causes (1, 24). Hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular impairment have all been diagnosed in women with a history of PE as early as months, and even years, after pregnancy (33). It is unclear whether PE is the primary insult in these otherwise healthy women or if PE exacerbated an underlying pathology. Regardless of the trigger for subsequent cardiovascular disease, these women have to be monitored closely for the rest of their lives.CONSEQUENCES OF PE ON OFFSPRINGWhile PE presents with the signs of maternal hypertension and proteinuria, there are significant consequences on the offspring from PE pregnancies including perinatal, neonatal, and infant morbidity/mortality (2). Often the only means to halt the progression of PE is delivery of the placenta and baby, which is often preterm. In fact PE is responsible for 1520% of preterm births per year (24). Prematurity often leads to neonatal or infant morbidity and mortality as the baby is not yet developmentally competent to live outside the uterus. One of the most serious outcomes of preterm birth is respiratory complications (2). PE is also one of the leading causes of fetal growth restriction (FGR) with 1225% of growth restricted and small-for-gestational age (SGA) babies attributed to PE (24). Fetal growth is a useful marker for in utero fetal well-being, and when intrauterine FGR is present the risk of perinatal mortality rises (2). Birth weight that is below the 10th percentile, as is the case with SGA babies, has been linked to increased neonatal and infant mortality (2). Sadly, PE is also a risk factor for fetal demise and stillbirth at an estimated rate of 21 per 1,000 (2). In cases of PE where the offspring are born and survive infancy, children still have an increased risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome in adult life (54). One phenotypic modification that has been associated with FGR is reduced nephron number, which has been linked to development of hypertension later in life (21).Thus, PE itself represents a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease in mothers affected as well as the babies born to them. There is a strong genetic component as females born to PE-affected mothers have a greater chance of developing PE during their own pregnancies (2). The epidemic-like nature of PE and its associated diseases warrant intense research efforts into the pathophysiology of this disorder and how it exerts its long-term effects.HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON PE AND ECLAMPSIAInterestingly, the maternal signs of PE/eclampsia have been observed and described for centuries. In ancient times, Hippocrates recorded the concept of eclampsia as headache accompanied by heaviness and convulsions during pregnancy (2). Unfortunately any advances in understanding PE/eclampsia were halted with the rise of Christianity and opposition to scientific and medical discovery during the Middle Ages (3). Therefore, PE/eclampsia was not classified as a disorder of pregnancy until the Renaissance period (2). During this time anatomists and artists accurately described and depicted the female reproductive tract. It is Fallopius who is credited with naming the ovaries, uterine tubes (Fallopian tubes), and the placenta (3). In the 17th century, men such as Francois Mauriceau entered the field of obstetrics and established it as a specialty (3). It is Francois Mauriceau who is credited with the first systemic description of eclampsia and the idea that primigravidas are at a greater risk for convulsions than multigravidas. By the end of the Renaissance period, convulsions of pregnancy were labeled more uniquely different than epilepsy from other causes (i.e., the head, stomach, and chilled extremities), and the word eclampsia first appeared in Varandaeus' treatise on gynecology (3). Nineteenth-century physicians such as Demanet, John Lever, Robert Johns, Vaquez, and Nobecourt made observations of the premonitory symptoms of the eclamptic convulsions: edema, proteinuria, headaches, and hypertension, respectively (3). Finally, the concept of PE was widely recognized. The preeclamptic state began appearing in textbooks in 1903 (3). Over the last 50 yr, PE has been placed in several different categories of pregnancy disorders. First, it was considered a toxemia of pregnancy and was often referred to as pregnancy toxemia (3). After that it was categorized as a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, and its placement in this category was later refined as pregnancy-induced hypertension and specific criteria were defined to distinguish mild-moderate from severe PE (3). Although there are some discrepancies in the field regarding the criteria, any evidence of hypertension during pregnancy is treated as emergent. In this regard, there is a need for uniformity of diagnostic criteria and early biomarkers of PE are essential to manage these women with the goal of halting the maternal hypertension as well as preventing the need for preterm delivery.PE, A DISEASE OF THEORIESGiven the longevity of PE in the medical literature and the mortality associated with it, PE has received significant attention as understanding its pathogenesis is crucial. The signs of PE resolve after delivery, and thus pathologies with the placenta may hold the key to unraveling this complex syndrome. Placentae from cases of severe PE where the baby is delivered preterm are small, whereas placental weights from late-gestation PE are variable (5). However, certain placental microscopic pathologies are hallmarks of PE (5). Several theories exist to describe the possible link between placental disease and development of the maternal syndrome.A two-stage disease model has been proposed to describe the pathogenesis of PE (5). The first stage involves abnormal placentation characterized by poor trophoblast invasion, incomplete vascular remodeling of spiral arteries, and placental hypoxia. The second stage is manifested as the maternal syndrome of hypertension and proteinuria with systemic endothelial dysfunction. The transition between the two stages is thought to be due to the release of factors from the abnormally developed placenta into the maternal circulation (48). Recent evidence points toward an imbalance of pro- and antiangiogenic factors (52), as well as an immune/inflammatory imbalance in the pathophysiology of PE (20). However, the cause and onset of these mechanisms are unknown.ANGIOGENIC FACTORS IN PEIn early pregnancy, trophoblast cells plug arterioles to protect the conceptus from excessively high oxygen levels, and thus placenta formation begins in a hypoxic state (30). The redox-sensitive transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, plays a significant role in this process (31). Once the intra-arterial plugs are removed, oxygenated blood perfuses the newly formed placenta. Prolonged hypoxia can have damaging effects, including induction of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and expression of antiangiogenic factors, and this is hypothesized to occur in PE (51). In fact, placental explants subjected to hypoxic conditions secrete the antiangiogenic factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt) (31, 36, 38). Some PE patients show increased levels of circulating sFlt early in pregnancy, and this is thought to induce a state of angiogenic imbalance by binding to the proangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PGF) (32). Increased sFlt is not observed in all PE patients; therefore, studies are ongoing to determine the origins of increased antiangiogenic factors in PE and the apparent lack of proangiogenic factors. Inadequate uterine angiogenesis/vascularity at the time of implantation has been suggested (53). However, early pregnancy events, such as implantation, cannot be thoroughly investigated in human pregnancies.IMMUNOREGULATORY MECHANISMS DURING PEOne of the most remarkable features of pregnancy is maternal tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus (12, 34). The uterine environment undergoes significant physiological adaptations to ensure survival of the developing conceptus. Embryo-uterine interactions trigger the recruitment and activation of key immune cells, such as decidual natural killer (dNK) cells, at the maternal-fetal interface that will facilitate spiral artery transformation and ensure proper placental blood flow (12, 20). Pregnancies characterized by PE have inadequate trophoblast invasion and remodeling of spiral arteries within the decidua, resulting in poor placental perfusion and hypoxia (5). Placental ischemia during PE results in an increase in proinflammatory immune cells and cytokines as well as a decrease in regulatory immune cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines leading to unrestrained inflammation (20).The most abundant immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface, dNK cells, secrete angiogenic factors, VEGF and PGF, as well as the cytokine interferon- (IFN-) (12, 35). VEGF and PGF promote angiogenesis beginning in early pregnancy, while dNK cell-derived IFN- is thought to directly modify and promote vasodilation of decidual spiral arteries (35). Women with PE are reported to have fewer mature dNK cells (58). Furthermore, an association of impaired chemoattraction of trophoblasts by dNK cells from pregnancies that had high uterine artery Doppler resistance index (RI), an indicator of impaired spiral artery remodeling, has been demonstrated (55). These data hold promise as women with high uterine artery RI have increased risk of developing PE (55). Therefore, dNK cells likely play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of PE.In addition to playing a crucial role in placental angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, dNK cells also work at the maternal-fetal interface to dampen local inflammation (14). One proposed mechanism by which dNK cells mediate this is the antagonism of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and the expansion of T regulatory cells (14). Preeclamptic women have been shown to have a decrease in circulatory T regulatory cells and an increase in Th17 cells as well as proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor- (56). This robustly proinflammatory status observed during PE is thought to contribute to the activation of the maternal syndrome via increased trophoblast cell death, increased endothelial activation and dysfunction, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and amplified responsiveness to components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) (20). Intense research effort is focused on investigating perturbations of these immunoregulatory pathways, including the role of inflammatory cells, cytokines, and angiogenic factors involved at the maternal-fetal interface during PE. The rodent models described below are valuable in understanding these critical pregnancy mechanisms.RODENT MODELS TO INVESTIGATE PEThe initiation of fetoplacental pathologies has been extraordinarily difficult to study in humans because of logistical and ethical challenges associated with examining the first trimester. Therefore, animal models of PE are critically important for longitudinal investigation of early events that are essential for healthy pregnancy outcomes (Fig. 2). Despite some differences in pregnancy physiology, rodents have been widely used for studying human pregnancy disorders, such as PE. Some rodent models of PE involve surgical or pharmacological induction of the maternal syndrome at mid- to late gestation (18, 32), thus making it impossible to study key early pregnancy events that drive placenta formation. Recently, several transgenic mouse strains have been developed that phenocopy the maternal syndrome along with other key features of PE (10, 37). These mice allow the opportunity to investigate early pregnancy events in the context of PE; however, due to the heterogeneity of the disease presentation it is unlikely that a single gene is responsible for its development.Fig. 2.Timeline of mouse gestation and analogous trimester demarcations in human pregnancy. Mice have a relatively short length of gestation (20 days) compared with humans at 9 mo. Important 1st-trimester early pregnancy milestones leading up to placenta formation make up half of the gestation length in mice. A thorough understanding of the significance of each day in mouse gestation leading up to embryonic day 10.5 is crucial to translating these findings to the human PE disease process.Download figureDownload PowerPointRat Model of Placental Ischemia, Reduced Uterine Perfusion PressureRemodeling of spiral arteries during early pregnancy is essential to deliver adequate blood flow to the developing fetoplacental unit. In the case of PE, evidence points toward incomplete remodeling of spiral arteries by invasive trophoblast cells and thus inadequate uteroplacental blood flow to the placenta and fetus (5). To mimic reduced uteroplacental perfusion in vivo, Crews and colleagues (6) developed the reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) rat model of PE. At embryonic day (e)14.5, silver clips are placed around the aorta proximal to the iliac bifurcation and also around the right and left uterine arcade to prevent compensatory blood flow to the placenta. Blood flow to the gravid uterus is reduced by 40% (28). This surgical intervention results in late gestational (e18.5) hypertension and proteinuria as well as decreased litter sizes and evidence of FGR. In addition to these maternal and fetal consequences of PE, the RUPP rat model also recapitulates the angiogenic imbalance seen in women with PE, including increased antiangiogenic factors sFlt1 and soluble endoglin (sENG) as well as decreased VEGF and PGF (16, 17). Importantly though, these rodents do not have abnormal placentation (28). Therefore, the RUPP rat model provides a useful tool for studying placental ischemia and late gestational outcomes, including potential therapeutic approaches for managing the maternal syndrome, but not necessarily the origins of placental defects.Adoptive Transfer ModelPE is often described as an inflammatory process with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines locally in the placenta as well as systemically in the maternal circulation (20). Therefore, animal models that can mimic this scenario specifically during pregnancy are of great value. Zenclussen et al. (60) described the adoptive transfer model of PE, which involved intravenous injection of activated Th1-switched splenocytes on e10.5 and e12.5 of interstrain pregnancy (BALB/c females mated with C57/BL6 males). This induced an abrupt increase in maternal blood pressure and urinary protein excretion during pregnancy that was not seen when adoptive transfer was performed on nonpregnant female mice (60). However, pregnant female mice were already prehypertensive on day 1 of pregnancy (mean systolic BP of 125 mmHg); thus, this model may fall into the category of superimposed PE. Injection of Th1-switched splenocytes provoked unspecific activation of the immune system in female pregnant mice leading to the rapid migration of immune cells to the kidney and maternal-fetal interface (60). Importantly, placental pathologies were observed after adoptive transfer, such as thickening of decidual vessels (60). Further studies showed increased expression of RAS receptors, similar to what is seen in women with PE, in the maternal kidney (44). Although this model supports the critical role of immunoregulatory mechanisms in the development of the maternal PE presentation, it is limited to late gestation investigations as injection of activated Th1-switched splenocytes occurs at time points in mouse gestation after the placenta has been formed (see Fig. 2). Therefore, it could not be utilized to examine the origins of PE but rather possible novel interventions after the diagnosis of PE has been made.Chronic Arginine Vasopressin Infusion ModelThe arginine vasopressin (AVP) pathway has recently been brought forward as a focus for PE investigation. AVP-dependent hypertension is characterized by low circulating renin-angiotensin system activity, which is also seen in preeclamptic women relative to nonpreeclamptic pregnant women (42). Chronic infusion with AVP beginning at the onset of pregnancy (e0.5) until e16.5 was sufficient to induce the PE phenotype in normal healthy C57 female mice. Systolic BP and urinary protein excretion were increased at e15.0/16.0 and e17.0, respectively. This was associated with robust renal glomerular endotheliosis, a pathognomonic finding in PE (42). There were also data to support FGR in AVP-infused pregnancies. Fetal masses measured at late gestation (e18.5) were significantly smaller after chronic AVP infusion (42). This model supports the novel concept that central mediators of hypertension are activated in early pregnancy, and thus it has the potential to be an exciting new tool for elucidating the origins of PE. Chronic AVP infusion during pregnancy warrants further exploration to determine if inhibition of AVP secretion or activation can prevent and/or treat PE.STOX1-overexpressing MiceWhile animal models that mimic the maternal syndrome provide a tool for investigating late gestation pathologies and end-stage treatment strategies, they provide little insight into the origins of PE. Transgenic mouse models that phenocopy the maternal syndrome are emerging; one such is the STOX1-overexpressing model (10). STOX1 has been found to be overexpressed in first-trimester placenta from pregnancies that went on to develop PE (13). The human STOX1 cDNA was used to generate transgenic mice, and hSTOX1 was preferentially overexpressed in the placenta (10). Wild-type (WT) female mice crossed with transgenic males were used to restrict transgene expression to the fetoplacental unit. A steady rise in systolic BP was observed in STOX1-overexpressing pregnancies beginning at e0.5, peaking at delivery, and rapidly returning to baseline within days after parturition. Pregnant females also exhibit increases in urinary albumin/creatinine ratios at mid- and late gestation. In addition to displaying the cardinal features of the PE maternal syndrome, WT female mice carrying fetuses expressing the transgene had elevations in circulating levels of sFlt1 and sEng and significant renal pathologies at e16.5 compared with WT WT females. As is often seen in human cases of PE, these transgenic mice appeared to suffer from fetal demise, as evident by smaller litter sizes, and structural abnormalities of the placentae. Interestingly, chronic aspirin therapy ameliorated the maternal syndrome in WT female mice carrying fetuses expressing the transgene (10). Because this model does not require intervention to provoke the maternal syndrome, it provides a tool to assess treatment strategies beginning early in pregnancy. However, PE is a multifactorial disease that is unlikely to be monogenic, and this must be considered when making any conclusions from these results.Matrix Metalloproteinase 9-null MiceAnimal models that mimic the maternal PE syndrome without intervention during pregnancy are critical to understanding the early origins of this disorder. Single gene mutations can be engineered in mice that then develop distinct pregnancy-associated pathologies, such as the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)-null mouse that has been shown to phenocopy features of PE and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (37). MMP9-null mice were generated by a functional knockout of the active and zinc-binding domain of MMP9 (11). Homozygous matings between MMP9-null mice resulted in pregnancies with resorptions and poorly developed fetoplacental units at midgestation (e10.5), which was attributed to impaired differentiation of trophoblast cells (37). MMP9 production by trophoblast giant cells is needed for proper trophoblast invasion into the decidua; therefore, it was an important finding that MMP-null implantation sites had inadequate remodeling of the decidua and morphologically abnormal maternal-embryonic connections at e7.5 (37). These seminal results are important in shifting the focus of PE research on the origins of this disease process rather than the late-gestational development of the maternal syndrome, which is believed to occur long after the initiating pathologies. However, MMP9-null mice exhibit increased systolic BP compared with heterozygotes at pre-, early, mid- and late gestation without a significant rise from prepregnancy to any stage of pregnancy (37). Furthermore, they have pre-existing renal pathologies including the pathognomic-PE sign of glomerular endotheliosis (37). These two signs may complicate studies where interventions are made early in pregnancy prior to the onset of the maternal syndrome. Interestingly, increased maternal BP early in pregnancy has been linked to lower birth-weight and SGA babies in women with PE (29), so this model may be promising for investigating not just PE but also FGR.Mice Deficient for IDOTransgenic mouse models are widely used to study human disease states by systemically altering one gene at a time. Recently, experts in the field have engineered indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO-KO) mice to study PE (41). Placentae from women with PE have demonstrated reduced IDO mRNA and activity (26). IDO has been shown to be expressed at the maternal-fetal in early pregnancy in mice and may be essential for mediating essential T cell functions (50) at the level of the placenta. Together, this led the authors to hypothesize that IDO deficiency may play a role in the pathogenesis of PE. To test their hypothesis, they utilized Cre-Lox recombination technology to generate IDO-KO mice by deleting the majority of the IDO coding region in C57/Bl6 mice (41). Importantly, while IDO deletion was confirmed in a number of tissues, it was not reported to be deleted in the placenta. Thus, pregnant IDO-KO mice were shown to partially phenocopy PE with proteinuria and pathognomonic glomerular endotheliosis at gestational day (GD) 17 and 18, respectively, but without maternal hypertension as measured by systolic BP recordings (41). However, pregnant IDO-KO mice do exhibit pregnancy-specific endothelial dysfunction and IUGR. Histological analyses of the placenta were comparable between IDO-KO and control C57Bl/6 mice. This mouse model highlights the heterogeneity of PE disease presentation and the observation that this pregnancy-specific disorder is unlikely to be monogenic. Targeted gene deletion prior to pregnancy was hypothesized by the authors to trigger chronic compensatory mechanisms that would prevent the fulminant PE presentation. Introducing relevant environmental stressors, such as high-fat diet, during pregnancy in a single gene transgenic model, e.g., the IDO-KO mouse, could be very useful in elucidating the mechanisms underlying PE if the partial PE model would become complete.BPH/5 Mouse Model of PEOur laboratory discovered the first strain of mice to spontaneously recapitulate the maternal syndrome of PE, BPH/5 (8). These mice were one of several mouse strains developed at the University of Kansas by the geneticist Dr. Gunther Schlager (43). Hypotensive and hypertensive mice were generated by inbreeding eight different strains of normotensive mice and selecting for low and high BP over 23 generations. This resulted in two new and distinct genetically inbred strains of mice, BPL (Blood Pressure Low)/1 and BPH (Blood Pressure High)/2. Several sublines of BPH/2 were further developed with varying intermediate blood pressures. BPH/5 mice exhibited a mildly elevated baseline BP profile, and because this is a known risk factor in the development of PE in women, Davisson et al. (8) hypothesized that BPH/5 mice would develop the maternal syndrome of PE during gestation.Discovery of a novel spontaneous mouse model of PE, BPH/5.BPH/5 mice are prehypertensive, without signs of renal disease, prior to pregnancy (8). Beginning at e14.0, pregnant BPH/5 mice display a significant rise in mean arterial pressure that returns to baseline after delivery of the pups and placentae. These mice also exhibit late-gestational proteinuria with renal histopathological findings consistent with glomerulosclerosis (8). Similar to PE in people that experience perinatal morbidity/mortality, BPH/5 mice also have small litter sizes due to in utero fetal demise at midgestation. Pups that are born live have low birth weight compared with C57 control mice, indicative of FGR (8). Another feature of the maternal PE syndrome is widespread endothelial dysfunction (40). Importantly, endothelium-intact mesenteric arteries taken from BPH/5 pregnant females at e19.5 showed diminished relaxation in response to acetylcholine, suggestive of systemic endothelial dysfunction (8). Because BPH/5 females are chronically prehypertensive before pregnancy, they may more accurately be described as a model of superimposed PE. However, superimposed PE, with worsening of pre-existing hypertension, is associated with the same adverse maternal and fetal outcomes as classical PE (4). Thus the BPH/5 mouse emerged as a novel spontaneous genetic model with a PE-like phenotype that recapitulates-key pathophysiological findings seen in women with PE and their offspring.Fetoplacental abnormalities in the BPH/5 mouse model.It is widely accepted that the placenta plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of PE (7). In addition to the cardinal features of PE, BPH/5 mice also develop placental pathologies that precede the maternal syndrome (9). Between e9.5 and e14.5, BPH/5 pregnant mice have a 4050% reduction in placental mass compared with C57 placenta (9). Also, fetal weight is significantly decreased in BPH/5 pregnant females at e12.5, e14.5, and e18.5 vs. C57 (9). Therefore, the lower-birth-weight pups first documented by Davisson et al. (8) are a result of in utero FGR. Histological analyses of the BPH/5 placentae at e10.5 revealed inadequately remodeled decidual vessels with thickened walls that retained actin-positive cells and thus narrowed lumens compared with C57 decidual vessels (9). Placentae at e12.5 show decreased depth of trophoblast invasion into the maternal decidua and a decrease in the fractional area occupied by the junctional zone (9). Both these findings are indicative of impaired endovascular invasion and interstitial invasion, respectively. These two pathologies of the BPH/5 placenta would suggest reduced placental perfusion, and indeed this was reflected with Doppler ultrasound (9). Uterine arteries from BPH/5 mothers at e16.5 had elevated pulsatility index, which indicates placental vascular insufficiency and impairment of the maternal-fetal circulation compared with C57 (9). Furthermore, the labyrinth region in BPH/5 placentae at e12.5 had attenuated and irregular branching morphogenesis and reduced expansion (9). Therefore, defects in both the fetal and maternal compartments characterize the BPH/5 placenta, and this occurs in pregnancy before the onset of the maternal syndrome.BPH/5 mice have oxidative stress and an angiogenic imbalance during pregnancy.BPH/5 mice demonstrate the cardinal signs of the maternal PE syndrome (8), as well as placental abnormalities identified in women with PE (8, 9). After this PE-like phenotype was characterized, studies were undertaken to demonstrate a causal role for pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of PE. First, oxidative stress and ROS were investigated during BPH/5 gestation. BPH/5 midgestation placentae have increased levels of superoxide and reduced levels and activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) (22). Placental oxidative stress was attenuated by chronic Tempol (SOD mimetic) treatment, and this was associated with a decrease in BPH/5 resorptions, an increase in BPH/5 litter size, and normalization of BPH/5 placental and fetal weights (22). Furthermore, Tempol treatment ameliorated the maternal syndrome of late-gestational hypertension and proteinuria (22). These findings provide evidence for a causal role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the maternal PE syndrome as well poor pregnancy outcomes, such as fetal demise and poor fetoplacental development.Next, angiogenic factors were considered as a potential mechanism behind the maternal syndrome of PE and poor fetoplacental outcomes in this model. BPH/5 females were found to have decreased circulating and placental levels of VEGF protein at early and midgestation (59). Another proangiogenic factor, PGF, was measured and found to be decreased in the circulation and in placental mRNA abundance at early gestation (59). However, this was not associated with an increase in the antiangiogenic factor sFlt but, rather, a decrease in plasma and placental mRNA (59). Delivery of an adenovirus encoding VEGF121 (Ad-VEGF) early in gestation at e7.5 blunted the maternal syndrome in BPH/5 females while also decreasing midgestation resorptions and improving litter size at term vs. C57 (59). Interestingly, serum collected at e12.5 from BPH/5 Ad-VEGF-treated mothers showed a marked improvement in angiogenic potential as measured by the endothelial tube formation assay (59). These data highlight the importance of angiogenic factors in the BPH/5 mouse model and support the hypothesis that VEGF plays a key role in the maternal PE syndrome as well as fetal outcomes. Moreover, delivery of Ad-VEGF early in pregnancy provides strong rationale for investigating early pregnancy events and their relationship to downstream pregnancy outcomes in BPH/5.Abnormalities during the peri-implantation period in the BPH/5 mouse model.The spontaneous BPH/5 mouse model provides us with the opportunity to interrogate early pregnancy events prior to the onset of the maternal syndrome. Thus we are able to assess any stage of pregnancy and probe for dysregulated events that may have ripple effects that promote poor pregnancy outcomes. In this model, we have recently identified key defective embryo-uterine interactions during the peri-implantation period that were preceded by aberrant ovarian hormone signaling (47). Abnormal peri-implantation immunoregulatory events, including natural killer cell activation at the maternal-fetal interface, have also been described in BPH/5 mice (46). We have recently published data supporting the central role of Cox2 and IL-15 overexpression at the maternal-fetal interface and adverse pregnancy outcomes in BPH/5 mice, including maternal hypertension and poor fetoplacental development (45). Ongoing studies in the BPH/5 model include restoration of critical peri-implantation signaling events in early pregnancy and amelioration of adverse pregnancy outcomes.SUMMARYPE is a widely recognized multifactorial disorder of pregnancy. While the diagnosis of PE is made by the clinical presentation of the maternal syndrome, the origins of PE occur much earlier in pregnancy. Even though this devastating disorder of pregnancy has been described for thousands of years, the mechanisms involved in PE still baffle clinical and basic scientists alike. Placenta formation occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy, so this very critical time point in gestation may hold the key to the dysregulated events that lead to PE. The use of certain animal models affords researchers the opportunity to investigate key early pregnancy events, such as uterine angiogenesis during implantation and decidualization that may contribute to the development of PE. No one single animal model is perfect for studying PE, but through the use of unique rodent models that utilize surgical, pharmacological, and genetic manipulations, significant strides are being made in the field to understand the mechanisms that regulate this tragic disease of pregnancy and beyond.GRANTSNational Institutes of Health Grants T32OD-011000 (J. L. Sones), R01 HL-063887 (R. L. Davisson), and HL-084207 (R. L. Davisson); American Heart Association Grant 12POST11250010 (J. L. Sones); and March of Dimes Grant 6-FY14-411 (R. L. Davisson).DISCLOSURESNo conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the author(s).AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSJ.L.S. and R.L.D. conception and design of research; J.L.S. and R.L.D. prepared figures; J.L.S. drafted manuscript; J.L.S. and R.L.D. edited and revised manuscript; J.L.S. and R.L.D. approved final version of manuscript.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors thank Vera Rinaldi for illustration expertise.REFERENCES1. Al-Jameil N, Aziz Khan F, Fareed Khan M, Tabassum H. A brief overview of preeclampsia. J Clin Med Res 6: 17, 2014.PubMed|Google Scholar2. Backes CH, Markham K, Moorehead P, Cordero L, Nankervis CA, Giannone PJ. Maternal preeclampsia and neonatal outcomes. J Pregnancy 2011: 214365, 2011.Crossref | PubMed|Google Scholar3. Bell MJ. A historical overview of preeclampsia-eclampsia. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 39: 510518, 2010.Crossref | PubMed | Web of Science|Google Scholar4. Bramham K, Seed PT, Lightstone L, Nelson-Piercy C, Gill C, Webster P, Poston L, Chappell LC. 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Introducing a mouse model for pre-eclampsia: adoptive transfer of activated Th1 cells leads to pre-eclampsia-like symptoms exclusively in pregnant mice. Eur J Immunol 34: 377387, 2004.Crossref | PubMed | Web of Science|Google ScholarAUTHOR NOTESAddress for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. L. Sones, 1832 Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (e-mail: jsones@lsu.edu).\nDownload PDF\nPrevious\nBack to Top\nNext\nFiguresReferencesRelatedInformation\nCited ByEstrogen and Progesterone Receptors Are Dysregulated at the BPH/5 Mouse Preeclamptic-Like MaternalFetal Interface16 March 2024 | Biology, Vol. 13, No. 3Suppression of progesterone by influenza A virus mediates adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in mice14 Feb 2024 | mBio, Vol. 15, No. 2The mutation of NSUN5 R295C promotes preeclampsia by impairing decidualization through downregulating IL-11R1 Feb 2024 | iScience, Vol. 27, No. 2Effects of sirtuin 1 deficiency on trophoblasts and its implications in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia15 November 2023 | Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 43, No. 2Hsa_circ_0002348 regulates trophoblast proliferation and apoptosis through miR-126-3p/BAK1 axis in preeclampsia28 July 2023 | Journal of Translational 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Sones18 December 2019 | American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Vol. 318, No. 1Placenta-specific epimutation at H19-DMR among common pregnancy complications: its frequency and effect on the expression patterns of H19 and IGF21 August 2019 | Clinical Epigenetics, Vol. 11, No. 1Toward Automation of the Supine Pressor Test for Preeclampsia19 November 2019 | Journal of Engineering and Science in Medical Diagnostics and Therapy, Vol. 2, No. 4Zika viruses of African and Asian lineages cause fetal harm in a mouse model of vertical transmission17 April 2019 | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol. 13, No. 4IL-1 receptor antagonist therapy mitigates placental dysfunction and perinatal injury following Zika virus infection28 February 2019 | JCI Insight, Vol. 4, No. 7Early onset preeclampsia in a model for human placental trophoblast20 February 2019 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, No. 10Maternal immunity and antibodies to dengue virus promote infection and Zika virusinduced microcephaly in fetuses1 Feb 2019 | Science Advances, Vol. 5, No. 2Oxygen and lack of oxygen in fetal and placental development, fetoplacental coupling, and congenital heart defects21 December 2018 | Birth Defects Research, Vol. 110, No. 20Portfolio analysis on preeclampsia and pregnancy-associated hypertension research funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteChristine Maric-Bilkan13 November 2018 | Physiological Genomics, Vol. 50, No. 11Effects of forkhead box protein M1 on trophoblast invasion and its role in preeclampsia development18 May 2018 | Experimental and Therapeutic MedicineInterleukin 11 blockade during mid to late gestation does not affect maternal blood pressure, pregnancy viability or subsequent fertility in mice1 Mar 2018 | Reproductive BioMedicine Online, Vol. 36, No. 3Type I interferons instigate fetal demise after Zika virus infection26 Jan 2018 | Science Immunology, Vol. 3, No. 19Genetic Association FamilyBased Studies and Preeclampsia27 October 2017 | Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, Vol. 32, No. 1The Complement System and Preeclampsia18 October 2017 | Current Hypertension Reports, Vol. 19, No. 11New Models of Pregnancy-Associated Hypertension2 May 2017 | American Journal of Hypertension, Vol. 30, No. 11Maternal mortality in the indigenous and non-indigenous population in Par: contribution to the surveillance of deaths19 Oct 2017 | Escola Anna Nery, Vol. 21, No. 4RETRACTED: Invasion of trophoblast cell lines is inhibited by miR-93 via MMP-21 May 2017 | Placenta, Vol. 53Intrauterine Zika virus infection of pregnant immunocompetent mice models transplacental transmission and adverse perinatal outcomes21 February 2017 | Nature Communications, Vol. 8, No. 1Adverse metabolic phenotype of female offspring exposed to preeclampsia in utero: a characterization of the BPH/5 mouse in postnatal lifeElizabeth F. Sutton, Heinrich E. Lob, Jiunn Song, YunWei Xia, Scott Butler, Chin-Chi Liu, Leanne M. Redman, and Jenny L. Sones1 April 2017 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 312, No. 4The decidua of preeclamptic-like BPH/5 mice exhibits an exaggerated inflammatory response during early pregnancy1 Apr 2017 | Journal of Reproductive Immunology, Vol. 120Sex differences in ischaemic stroke: potential cellular mechanisms17 March 2017 | Clinical Science, Vol. 131, No. 7Gestational disruptions in metabolic rhythmicity of the liver, muscle, and placenta affect fetal size12 January 2017 | The FASEB Journal, Vol. 31, No. 4Effect of nicotine on placental ischemia-induced complement activation and hypertension in the rat29 November 2017 | Journal of Immunotoxicology, Vol. 14, No. 1Pregnancy history and blood-borne microvesicles in middle aged women with and without coronary artery calcification1 Oct 2016 | Atherosclerosis, Vol. 253\nMore from this issue >\nVolume 48Issue 8August 2016Pages 565-572\nCopyright & PermissionsCopyright 2016 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00125.2015PubMed27260843History\nReceived 29 December 2015\nAccepted 3 June 2016\nPublished online 1 August 2016\nPublished in print 1 August 2016\nKeywordspreeclampsiaplacentatrophoblast\nMetrics\nClose Figure ViewerBrowse All FiguresReturn to FigureChange zoom levelZoom inZoom outPrevious FigureNext FigureCaption\nSign up for alertsSign Up\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nYouTube\nContact Us\nAbout Us\nAmerican Physiological Society Journals\nAmerican Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology\nAmerican Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism\nAmerican Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology\nAmerican Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology\nAmerican Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology\nAmerican Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology\nAmerican Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology\nAmerican Journal of Physiology (1898-1976)\nPhysiological Genomics\nJournal of Applied Physiology\nJournal of Neurophysiology\nAdvances in Physiology Education\nPhysiological Reviews\nPhysiology\nPhysiological Reports\nComprehensive Physiology\nFunction\nInformation For\nAuthors\nReviewers\nLibrarians\nAdvertisers\nAPS Members\nMedia/Public\nPROGRAMS\nAPSselect\nLegacy Collection\nAPS Books Program\nAPS\nVisit the APS website\nBecome an APS member\nI Spy Physiology Blog\nStay connected\nSubmit\nSubscribe\nAbout Us\nContact Us\nYour Account\nNews\nAPS Press Releases\nPublication News\nPrivacy Policy\nDisclaimer\nTerms & Conditions\nCopyright 2024 the American Physiological Society\nThanks for sharing!AddToAnyMore", "url": "https://journals.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00125.2015" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Jenny L Sones | Probiotics Conferences | Probiotics Conference 2023 | International Conference on Probiotics and Prebiotics | Probiotics 2023\nHYBRID EVENT: You can participate in person at Singapore or Virtually from your home or work.\n3rd Edition of International Conference on\nProbiotics and Prebiotics\nMarch 27-29, 2025\nVillage Hotel Changi\n1 Netheravon Rd, Singapore 508502\nPhone : +1 (702)-988-2320 Whatsapp : +1 (440) 941-2981\nEmail : probiotics@magnusconference.com\nMarch 27 -29, 2025 | Singapore\nHome\nScientificCommittee\nSpeakers\nPROBIOTICS 2025\nPROBIOTICS 2023\nPROBIOTICS 2022\nProgram\nScientific Sessions\nInformation\nVenue\nAccommodation\nGuidelines\nFAQ\nImportant Dates\nInitial Announcement\nConference Brochure\nAbout\nPast Events\nAbout Organizer\nTestimonials / Reviews\nContact\nSubmitAbstract\nRegister\nPROBIOTICS 2023\nHome\nSpeakers\nJenny L Sones\nJenny L Sones\nJenny L Sones\nLouisiana State University, United States\nBiography:\nJenny Sones is an Associate Professor of Theriogenology at Louisiana State University (LSU) School of Veterinary Medicine. She has received her Bachelor of Science in 2004 and Doctor of Veterinary of Medicine degree in 2008, both from LSU. At Cornell University, she has received a PhD in reproductive physiology and genomics with Dr. Robin Davisson, completed a T32 postdoctoral fellowship in reproductive immunology, and residency training in Theriogenology. Her research focuses on preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction using a mouse model, BPH/5.\n2023\nOral Presentation\nTitle : Lactobacillus dominates the gut microbiome of Blood Pressure high (BPH)/5 mice after weight loss and attenuation of hypertension.\nQuick Links\nSubmit Abstract\nRegistration\nScientificCommittee\nSpeakers\nProgram\nScientific Sessions\nInformation\nVenue\nAccommodation\nGuidelines\nFAQ\nImportant Dates\nInitial Announcement\nConference Brochure\nAbout\nPast Events\nAbout Organizer\nTestimonials / Reviews\nContact\nSubmitAbstract\nRegister\nHOME\nSCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE\nSPEAKERS\nPROGRAM\nINFORMATION\nABOUT\nCONTACT\nSUBMIT ABSTRACT\nREGISTER\nMail Us At\nGeneral Queries:\nprobiotics@magnusconference.com\nOrganizer\nMagnusGroupConferences\nMagnus Group LLC\n150 South Wacker Drive #2400 Chicago, IL 60606, USA\nPhone: 1 (702) 988-2320\nWhatsapp: +1 (440) 941-2981\nCopyright 2019-20 Magnus Group.\nTerms and Conditions | Privacy Policy\nImportant Alert:\nX\nPlease be aware of fraudulent communication claiming to collect conference fees through unauthorized means, including cloned email addresses and phone numbers. Magnus Group advises all attendees to only process payments through our official event website and report any suspicious activity to contact@magnusgroup.org\nClose", "url": "https://probiotics.magnusconferences.com/speaker/jenny-l-sones" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Genotypic analysis of the female BPH/5 mouse, a model of superimposed preeclampsia | PLOS ONE\nSkip to main content\nAdvertisement\nplos.orgcreate accountsign in\nPublishAboutBrowseSearchadvanced searchBrowse Topics\nBrowse Subject Areas\n?\nClick through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.\nFor more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click\nhere.\nLoading metrics\nOpen Access\nPeer-reviewed\nResearch Article\nGenotypic analysis of the female BPH/5 mouse, a model of superimposed preeclampsia\nJenny L. Sones ,\nRoles\nConceptualization,\nData curation,\nFormal analysis,\nInvestigation,\nWriting original draft,\nWriting review & editing\n* E-mail: jsones@lsu.edu\nAffiliation\nVeterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America\nhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5360-1243\n\nChristina C. Yarborough,\nRoles\nConceptualization,\nData curation,\nWriting review & editing\nAffiliation\nSchool of Graduate Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States of America\n\nValerie OBesso,\nRoles\nData curation\nAffiliation\nRutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America\n\nAlexander Lemenze,\nRoles\nData curation,\nFormal analysis,\nSoftware,\nValidation,\nWriting review & editing\nAffiliations\nDepartment of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America,\nCenter for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States of America\n\nNataki C. Douglas\nRoles\nConceptualization,\nData curation,\nFormal analysis,\nSupervision,\nValidation,\nWriting review & editing\nAffiliations\nCenter for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States of America,\nDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America\n\nGenotypic analysis of the female BPH/5 mouse, a model of superimposed preeclampsia\nJenny L. Sones,\n\nChristina C. Yarborough,\nValerie OBesso,\nAlexander Lemenze,\nNataki C. Douglas\nx\nPublished: July 16, 2021\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453\nArticle\nAuthors\nMetrics\nComments\nMedia Coverage\nPeer Review\nAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionSupporting informationAcknowledgmentsReferences\nReader Comments\nFigures\nAccessible DataSee the dataThis article includes the Accessible Data icon, an experimental feature to encourage data sharing and reuse.Find out how research articles qualify for this feature.\nAbstractAnimal models that recapitulate human diseases and disorders are widely used to investigate etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of those conditions in people. Disorders during pregnancy are particularly difficult to explore as interventions in pregnant women are not easily performed. Therefore, models that allow for pre-conception investigations are advantageous for elucidating the mechanisms involved in adverse pregnancy outcomes that are responsible for both maternal and fetal morbidity, such as preeclampsia. The Blood Pressure High (BPH)/5 mouse model has been used extensively to study the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The female BPH/5 mouse is obese with increased adiposity and borderline hypertension, both of which are exacerbated with pregnancy making it a model of superimposed preeclampsia. Thus, the BPH/5 model shares traits with a large majority of women with pre-existing conditions that predisposes them to preeclampsia. We sought to explore the genome of the BPH/5 female mouse and determine the genetic underpinnings that may contribute to preeclampsia-associated phenotypes in this model. Using a whole genome sequencing approach, we are the first to characterize the genetic mutations in BPH/5 female mice that make it unique from the closely related BPH/2 model and the normotensive background strain, C57Bl/6. We found the BPH/5 female mouse to be uniquely different from BPH/2 and C57Bl/6 mice with a genetically complex landscape. The majority of non-synonymous consequences within the coding region of BPH/5 females were missense mutations found most abundant on chromosome X when comparing BPH/5 and BPH/2, and on chromosome 8 when comparing BPH/5 to C57Bl/6. Genetic mutations in BPH/5 females largely belong to immune system-related processes, with overlap between BPH/5 and BPH/2 models. Further studies examining each gene mutation during pregnancy are warranted to determine key contributors to the BPH/5 preeclamptic-like phenotype and to identify genetic similarities to women that develop preeclampsia.\nFigures\nCitation: Sones JL, Yarborough CC, OBesso V, Lemenze A, Douglas NC (2021) Genotypic analysis of the female BPH/5 mouse, a model of superimposed preeclampsia. PLoS ONE 16(7):\ne0253453.\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453Editor: Michael Bader, Max Delbruck Centrum fur Molekulare Medizin Berlin Buch, GERMANYReceived: February 15, 2021; Accepted: June 4, 2021; Published: July 16, 2021Copyright: 2021 Sones et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Data Availability: All raw files are available from the short reads archives (PRJNA701765).Funding: SOURCES OF FUNDING NIH COBRE P20 GM135002 (JLS); NIH R01 HL127013 (NCD).Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.\nIntroductionGenetically hypertensive mice have long been utilized as translational models to investigate blood pressure regulation. The closely related strains Blood Pressure High (BPH)/2, Blood Pressure Normal (BPN)/3, and Blood Pressure Low (BPL)/1 mice, with different cardiovascular and metabolic profiles, are examples [1]. These strains were established after 23 generations of two-way selection for high and low systolic blood pressure. The base population for this selection scheme was derived from an 8-way cross between C57Bl/6 (C57), SJL, BDP, LP, RF, CBA, BALB/c, and 129 inbred mice [1] (Fig 1). Female BPH/2 mice are lean and hypertensive with systolic blood pressure and heart rates significantly higher than BPN/3 mice [2]. Female BPL/1 mice have hypotension compared to normotensive BPN/3 [3]. These strains have been used to investigate the mechanisms that lead to hypertension in humans [49]. From BPH/2, 13 sublines were created after >20 generations of brother-sister matings. One of these sublines was identified as BPH/5, which have lower blood pressures than BPH/2 mice, with female mice considered borderline hypertensive with mean arterial pressure ranging from 103 to 119 mmHg as measured by radiotelemetry [10,11].\nDownload:\nPPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Generation of the Blood Pressure High (BPH)/5 mouse.BPH/5 mice were produced after more than twenty generations of brother-sister crosses of BPH/2 mice, which were derived alongside blood pressure normal (BPN)/3 and blood pressure low (BPL)/1 mice from an 8-way cross between C57Bl/6, Swiss Jim Lambert (SJL), BDP, LP, RF, CBA, BALB/c, and 129 inbred mice. Image made using BioRender.\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.g001More recent studies have shown that female BPH/5 mice have both metabolic and reproductive disorders [12]. By 8 weeks of age, they exhibit increased body mass with excessive subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) depots [12,13], and they remain obese throughout adulthood. Further, adult female BPH/5 mice show hyperphagia and hyperleptinemia with signs of leptin resistance, suggesting metabolic syndrome and even insulin resistance. Despite being fecund, female BPH/5 mice have irregular estrous cycles, with low circulating estrogen, levels regardless of the stage of the estrous cycle, and inappropriate uterine response to sex steroid hormones [12].\nIn pregnancies generated from brother-sister matings, BPH/5 females spontaneously exhibit the cardinal features of preeclampsia (PE), maternal hypertension and proteinuria during the second half of gestation [10]. PE is a hypertensive disorder of human pregnancy, affecting up to 8% of women in the United States, that can cause maternal death (~76,000/year) and infant loss (~500,000/year) [14,15]. Superimposed PE occurs when pre-existing maternal hypertension is worsened with pregnancy and is accompanied by renal, liver, neurologic and/ or hematologic dysfunction after 20 weeks gestation [15]. PE can have significant fetal co-morbidities, including fetal growth restriction, which carry long-term health consequences for the offspring into adult life [16]. PE is multifactorial and thus considered a complex syndrome. Furthermore, the presentation of PE takes several forms, early (<34 weeks of gestation) and late onset (34 weeks of gestation). The etiology for early versus late onset is thought to involve two differing placental pathologies: shallow trophoblast invasion into maternal spiral arteries and placental villous overcrowding, respectively [1719]. More severe fetal morbidity is associated with early onset PE, consistent with current understanding that placental pathology of early onset PE develops in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. Importantly, maternal hypertension only resolves after delivery of the placenta; therefore, it is widely accepted that abnormal placentation and/or placental dysfunction plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of PE [19,20].\nThe BPH/5 model is a spontaneous genetic model of early onset PE that shows mild hypertension and obesity, but without signs of renal disease, prior to pregnancy. The BPH/5 female mouse is unique in that, with pregnancy, she exhibits the diagnostic features of PE without pharmacological or surgical intervention nor transgenesis or targeted mutagenesis. Thus, with BPH/5 we can examine pre-pregnancy maternal health status as well as events during, and after pregnancy that may contribute to PE in women. Importantly, obesity-induced hypertension and hyperleptinemia, which are associated with increased inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), are observed in human PE [2123] as well as in BPH/5 pregnancies [2426]. Deciphering the genetic signature of mice predisposed to PE may help in identifying women who are at a heightened risk for developing PE in pregnancy.\nHerein, we use a whole genome sequencing (WGS) approach to identify genetic defects in female BPH/5 mice that may be responsible for the cardiometabolic phenotypes driving their PE-like syndrome in pregnancy. We hypothesized that female BPH/2 and BPH/5 mice would be more genetically similar to each other than C57, the control mouse used in all published BPH/5 studies. We identified chromosomal variants in BPH/5 females that may contribute to genetic mutations and alterations in the proteome. The chromosomal variants are associated with immune system processes, which is congruent with previously described pathologies in female BPH/5 mice.\nMethodsAll animals were maintained according to Louisiana State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approved standards. Adult female (8-12-week-old) BPH/5 mice from an in-house colony (Louisiana State University), and BPH/2 and C57Bl/6 female mice purchased from Jackson Laboratory were used. All animals were maintained according to Louisiana State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approved standards. Total Genomic DNA was isolated from tail snips of 3 mice belonging to each strain (BPH/5, BPH/2 and C57Bl/6) using DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit from Qiagen, and sequencing libraries were generated using the Nextera DNA Flex library kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA). All samples were sequenced with paired end 150bp reads on the Illumina NovaSeq (Illumina, San Diego, USA). Raw reads were mapped to the mm10 reference genome using the Illumina DRAGEN Germline Pipeline (v3.2.8). Each mouse replicate variants were merged with bcftools (v1.10) and unique/common variants were pulled for cross comparisons with vcftools (v0.1.17). Variants were annotated for putative impacts with Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor (v101.0) to the mm10 genome. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment was performed via PANTHER to identify significantly enriched biological processes (FDR p<0.05) and those ontologies present on chromosome 8 and X.\nResults\nBPH/5 and BPH/2 female mice share chromosomal variants, but are not genetically identical\nBlood pressure in female BPH/5 mice is exacerbated by pregnancy [9]. Thus, with new onset proteinuria by mid- to late-gestation and severe hypertension, BPH/5 can be considered a model of superimposed PE [37]. The phenotypes of the non-pregnant female BPH/5 female mouse, including mild hypertension and obesity, are similar to those of women at higher risk for developing PE [10,13,27,28]. Therefore, determining the genetic underpinnings of these phenotypes can enhance our ability to identify women who are at high-risk before pregnancy. We performed WGS to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion/deletion variants as compared to the reference mm10 genome in female BPH/5, BPH/2 and C57 female mice, and present these as Venn Diagrams to illustrate the cross-sample comparisons (Figs 2A, 3A and 4A). There are 53,209 common chromosomal variants between BPH/2 and C57 with 5,137,524 unique to BPH/2 and 19,061 unique to C57 (Fig 2A). We found 4,334,355 common chromosomal variants between BPH/5 and BPH/2 with 856,378 unique to BPH/2 and 1,094,415 unique to BPH/5 (Fig 3A). Comparison of BPH/5 and C57 revealed 54,920 shared chromosomal variants, 5,373,850 unique to BPH/5, and 17,350 unique to C57 (Fig 4A). Therefore, while female BPH/5 and BPH/2 are genetically more similar to each other than to female C57 mice in terms of numbers of mutations, there are also distinct mutations present unique to each strain.\nDownload:\nPPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Genetic comparison of Blood Pressure High/(BPH) 2 and C57 female mouse.A) Venn diagram representing the quantified overlap of chromosomal variants between BPH/2 and C57. B) Location of variants along the chromosome between BPH/2 and C57. C) Pie chart representing the percentage of the types of putative variant consequences between BPH/2 and C57: Intron, intergenic, non-coding transcript, upstream of a gene, of a gene, nonsense mediated decay (NMD) transcript, and other (all variant types <1%). D) Pie chart representing the percentage of types of putative coding region variant consequences between BPH/2 and C57: Synonymous, missense, frameshift, and other (all variant types <1%).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.g002\nDownload:\nPPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Genetic comparison of Blood Pressure High (BPH)/5 and 2 female mouse.A) Venn diagram representing the quantified overlap of chromosomal variants between BPH/5 and BPH/2. B) Location of variants along the chromosome between BPH/5 and BPH/2. C) Pie chart representing the percentage of putative variant consequences between BPH/5 and BPH/2: Intron, intergenic, non-coding transcript, upstream of a gene, downstream of a gene, nonsense mediated decay (NMD) transcript, and other (all variant types <1%). D) Pie chart representing the percentage of types of putative coding region variant consequences between BPH/5 and BPH/2: Synonymous, missense, frameshift, and other (all variant types <1%).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.g003\nDownload:\nPPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Genetic comparison of Blood Pressure High (BPH)/5 and C57 female mouse.A) Venn diagram representing the quantified overlap of chromosomal variants between BPH/2 and C57. B) Location of variants along the chromosome between BPH/2 and C57. C) Pie chart representing the percentage of the types of putative variant consequences between BPH/2 and C57: Intron, intergenic, non-coding transcript, upstream of a gene, nonsense mediated decay (NMD) transcript, and other (all variant types <1%). D) Pie chart representing the percentage of types of putative coding region variant consequences between BPH/2 and C57: Synonymous, missense, frameshift, and other (all variant types <1%).\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.g004\nThe majority of BPH/5 and BPH/2 chromosomal variants in the coding region are missense mutations\nFemale BPH/5 mice exhibit a number of phenotypic differences when compared to normotensive female C57 mice [12]. While studies specifically comparing female BPH/5 and BPH/2 mice have not yet been performed, we hypothesized that their genetic makeup would be similar due to their shared parentage. We determined the number of variants per chromosome. Comparison of mutations between BPH/2 and C57 females demonstrated that chromosome 8 has the largest number of unique variants (Fig 2B). The majority of these are intronic (49.3%), while 13.2% are intergenic (Fig 2C). Furthermore, of the non-synonymous consequences, 35.3% are attributed to missense mutations (Fig 2D). Fewer unique chromosomal variants were identified in the comparison of BPH/5 versus BPH/2, with the largest number located on chromosome X (Fig 3B). As in the BPH/2 versus C57 comparison, most variants are intronic (48.3%), while 15.5% are intergenic (Fig 3C) and of the non-synonymous consequences, 41.3% are missense mutations (Fig 3D). As with BPH/2 versus C57, the largest number of unique variants identified in the comparison of BPH/5 and C57 are on chromosome 8 (Fig 4B). The majority of these are intronic (49.2%), while 13.7% are intergenic (Fig 4C). Of the non-synonymous consequences, 35.9% are missense mutations (Fig 4D). Because SNPs producing missense mutations can result in amino acid substitutions, functional consequences of such variants are likely to contribute to the BPH/5 phenotypes.\nPredicted altered biological processes in BPH/5 and BPH/2 are predominately immune-related\nTo better understand the importance of the chromosomal variation and mutational burden of the BPH/5 model as compared to C57 and to the immediate strain they were derived from, BPH/2, GO enrichment analysis was performed. The full GO list revealed differences in immune-related programs when comparing biological processes enriched in BPH/2 versus C57, BPH/5 versus BPH/2, and BPH/5 versus C57 (S1S3 Tables). The significantly enriched biological processes associated with hypertensive phenotypes observed in BPH/2 versus C57 (Fig 5A), BPH/5 versus BPH/2 (Fig 5B), and BPH/5 versus C57 (Fig 5C) female mice include those involved in adaptive and innate immunity; notably, complement activation and lymphocyte regulation. Genetic variants are present between BPH/5 and BPH/2 on chromosome X and map to 69 genes (S4 Table). Although not significant, biological processes implicated include cellular and developmental processes, and reproduction (Fig 6A). When comparing female BPH/5 to C57, 336 genetic mutations were identified on Chromosome 8 (S5 Table) and a significant number of biological processes were altered, including cellular, metabolic, developmental, and reproductive (Fig 6B). Raw sequencing data have been uploaded to the Short Reads Archive with project number PRJNA701765 Processed annotated data has been provided as S6 and S7 Tables for BPH/5 versus BPH/2 (S6 Table) and BPH/5 versus C57 (S7 Table; accessible online: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14888202).\nDownload:\nPPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Gene ontology of relevant biological processes perturbed in hypertensive mouse strains, Blood Pressure High (BPH)/5 and 2 female mouse.A) Top gene ontology (GO) terms of biological processes altered in BPH/2 versus C57 ranked by significance B) Top GO terms of biological processes altered in BPH/5 versus BPH/2 ranked by significance C) Top GO terms of biological processes altered in BPH/5 versus C57 ranked by significance.\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.g005\nDownload:\nPPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Gene ontology of relevant biological processes perturbed in the Blood Pressure High (BPH)/5 female mouse.A) Top gene ontology (GO) terms of biological processes altered in BPH/5 versus BPH/2 on Chromosome X and B) Top GO terms of biological processes altered BPH/5 versus C57 in ranked by significance.\nhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.g006\nDiscussionPE is diagnosed in the latter half of pregnancy; however, the origins of early onset PE are thought to begin early in pregnancy at the time of placentation, or even before conception. Therefore, identifying high-risk women would allow for earlier detection, increased prenatal medical management, and potentially improved maternal and fetal outcomes. The mouse model of superimposed PE, BPH/5, has been utilized to study the pathogenesis of PE for several decades. While the maternal and fetal PE phenotypes in BPH/5 are well described, their genotypic determinants are unknown. We utilized Illumina short-read sequencing technology to perform WGS to identify genetic differences (chromosomal variation and mutational burden) followed by gene ontology to predict perturbed programs in female BPH/5 versus female BPH/2 and C57, which has been the control strain for all BPH/5 published studies [10]. We found that female BPH/5 are similar to female BPH/2 mice, while also presenting unique gene variants not observed in BPH/2. Furthermore, the differences between female BPH/5 and normotensive C57 mice are due primarily to missense mutations within genes involved in immune-related processes.\nThere are few reports on the BP mice, and even fewer in which the strains are compared to one another. Our findings suggest sex specific differences in the cardiometabolic profiles of the closely related BP strains, highlighting the importance of acknowledging sex as a biological variable in genetic models of disease. Although the metabolic profile of adult female BPH/2 mice has not been fully elucidated, BPH/2 females demonstrate increased blood pressure and heart rates as well as endothelial dysfunction and decreased body weight compared to BPN/3 females [3,7]. The maternal and fetal characteristics of BPH/2 pregnancies have not yet been reported. Thus, it is unknown whether female BPH/2 mice could be a mouse model of superimposed PE, similar to BPH/5. Male BPH/2 mice have been utilized to investigate basic cardiometabolic physiology. In adulthood, they are hypertensive with a greater metabolic rate and decreased body weight compared to normotensive BPN/3 males [2], which is similar to what is observed in comparison of BPH/2 and BPN/3 females. Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of male BPH/2 mice has been undertaken to elucidate the genetic defects associated with hypertension in this strain [4], but no such studies have been performed on BPH/5 male or female mice.\nBPH/5 females have pre-existing cardiometabolic risk, including hyperphagia, obesity and leptin resistance, and hypoestrogenemia [12], before pregnancy and their phenotype is unique from BPH/5 males. Interestingly, BPH/5 males are not obese, nor do they share all the cardiometabolic phenotypes observed in their female littermates [29]. Female offspring inherit two X chromosomes and inactivation of one is necessary to prevent overdose of X-linked genes. Several cardiometabolic diseases have been associated with X overdose and sex-biased gene expression [3035]. This phenomenon may exist in the BPH/5 model and further investigation is needed. For example, mutations in the Fanconi anemia group B (FANCB) gene are present in men with X-linked Fanconi anemia and are associated with infertility in male mice [36,37]. BPH/5 female mice have genetic mutations in Fancb, which may undergo X-inactivation as they are not anemic nor infertile (unpublished data).\nComparison of normotensive C57 females to hypertensive BPH/2 and to borderline hypertensive BPH/5 females, showed that the largest number of unique chromosomal variants are on chromosome 8 for both BPH/2 versus C57 and BPH/5 versus C57. In a hypertensive rat model, a quantitative trait locus for elevated heart rates was found on chromosome 8 [38]. RAS genes were considered as they are important for cardiovascular adaptations in mammals, including blood pressure regulation, and may contribute to female BPH/5 borderline hypertension before pregnancy. We hypothesized that BPH/5 and BPH/2 mice would possess similar mutations in RAS genes, specifically angiotensinogen (Agt) and kallikrein, as previously described in BPH/2 [2]. BPH/5 female mice have non-synonymous mutations in Agt, but not in angiotensinogen converting enzyme (Ace) and Agt receptor (Agtr) 1a. Importantly, Agt is located on Chromosome 8 in the mouse and is critically important for downstream RAS function; therefore, the Agt mutation in BPH/5 may be enough to promote the cardiovascular defects (tachycardia and mild hypertension) that are exacerbated by pregnancy in this model. Interestingly, kallikrein gene mutations are not observed in BPH/5 female mice, which supports our findings here that BPH/5 are similar to BPH/2 but uniquely different. Research is ongoing in our laboratory to fully describe all RAS genes in the BPH/5 genome. Several PE studies implicate RAS polymorphisms in the maternal genome, such as ACE and aldosterone synthase, as associated with adverse outcomes [3941]. However, there is significant variation when looking at women from different geographic backgrounds [39,42]. Thus, a large consortium of data is needed from women of diverse ethnic backgrounds to adequately assess the polymorphic contributors of PE-related traits and the impact of maternal genetics on PE [43].\nMutations on chromosome X account for the majority of variants present between female BPH/5 and BPH/2 female mice. Although GO analysis did not identify significantly different biological processes between the two strains, mutations were present in genes involved in immune system function, including growth factor receptor bound protein 2-associated protein 3 (Gab3) in BPH/5 strain. Proteins in the Gab family are intracellular scaffolding and docking molecules sensitive to growth factors, cytokines, and antigen receptors. They are important for immune cell function, including interleukin (IL) 15 induced natural killer (NK) cell expansion [44] and macrophage differentiation [45]. While non-pregnant Gab3 deficient mice do not show defects in development, hematopoiesis, and immune cell function, they have significant abnormalities of pregnancy which are shared by pregnant BPH/5 mice and preeclamptic women [46]. Gab3 deficient mice have abnormal placentation due to impaired uterine NK cell priming and expansion by IL-2 and IL-15 resulting in maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality [44]. BPH/5 female mice spontaneously develop a PE-like phenotype in pregnancy, which include abnormalities in placental development such as shallow trophoblast invasion and inadequate spiral artery remodeling [24]. This is thought to contribute to hypoxia and inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface, which have been shown to be causally related to maternal hypertension and fetal growth restriction in this model [47,48]. BPH/5 females also have fewer uterine NK cells compared to C57 in pregnancy and restoration of uterine NK cells was associated with improved pregnancy outcomes [48]. Further investigations are warranted to better understand the role that Gab3 mutations might play in BPH/5 pregnancy outcomes.\nIn addition to uterine NK cell defects, BPH/5 female mice also have inflammatory immune cell activation at the maternal-fetal interface, early in pregnancy [49]. Immunotolerance at the maternal-fetal interface is key for embryo survival and pregnancy success [50]. An aberrant maternal immune response and subsequent lack of immunotolerance to the early embryo has been proposed as a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of PE [51]. In the post-implantation, pre-placentation decidua, BPH/5 have decreased macrophage, but increased T lymphocyte populations (CD3+, CD69+, CD4+, CD8+) along with decreased anti-inflammatory IL-10 [49]. Data from Gab3 deficient mice suggest that pre-conception dysregulation of immune cells may not be apparent until challenged with pregnancy. This supports the hypothesis that genetic mutations prior to pregnancy may be useful biomarkers for development of PE in high-risk women.\nIn line with our pregnancy studies in BPH/5, GO enrichment analyses showed that immune system processes account for some of the genetic differences between BPH/5 and C57 female mice. Broadly, innate and adaptive immune responses are perturbed in BPH/5, including complement activation and T cell function [49,52,53]. Aberrations in T and B lymphocyte function as well as the complement system are considered pro-hypertensive [54]. BPH/5 have increased complement factor 3 (C3) in adipose tissue before and during pregnancy as well as at the maternal-fetal interface that is attenuated by caloric restriction via pair-feeding beginning at conception [55,56]. Thus, genetic defects in immune system processes may contribute to the abnormal cardiometabolic profile, including hypertension and obesity, observed in BPH/5 females. Taken together, this suggests that dietary intervention and reversal of obesity could influence the genetic propensity for immune cell dysregulation in BPH/5 female mice.\nFemale BPH/5 mice have tachycardia and increased blood pressure along with obesity and dyslipidemia prior to pregnancy [12]. Women with pre-existing hypertension have a 25% increased risk for developing PE during pregnancy [57]. When this occurs, it is diagnosed as superimposed PE in contrast to new onset PE. Other pre-conception maternal risk factors include being overweight or obese with a body mass index (BMI) between 2530 kg/m2 and greater than 30 kg/m2, respectively [58]. There is a strong correlation between BMI and adverse pregnancy outcomes with obese women have a 3-times increased risk for developing PE compared to lean counterparts [58]. This is further supported by data showing weight loss before pregnancy via bariatric surgery decreased PE risk in obese pregnant women [59,60]. Interestingly, while pre-existing obesity and excessive gestational weight gain is associated with increased PE risk, only 10% of obese women develop PE [28,61]. This may be due to differences in circulating lipids with a strong correlation of PE and increased triglycerides and free fatty acids [28]. Understanding the differences between obese females, that go on to have PE versus the ones that do not, is important. The BPH/5 model affords the opportunity to investigate cardiometabolic risk before pregnancy and how it contributes to development of a PE-like phenotype. Several hypotheses exist to explain the association between obesity and PE. For example, reduced nitric oxide availability secondary to increased asymmetrical dimethyl arginine (ADMA) and oxidative stress, increased sympathetic tone, and increased expression of angiotensinogen from adipose tissue have been proposed. Simply, increased systemic inflammation as a result of circulating adipokines, such as leptin, have been implicated in the onset of PE. Mechanistic studies are necessary to understand the role of adipose tissue, ADMA, and inflammation as well as oxidative stress in PE.\nGiven what is known regarding obesity and its implications on the cardiovascular system, it is not surprising that BPH/5 female exhibit mild hypertension even before pregnancy. Recent research suggests that the relationship between maternal obesity and exacerbation of cardiovascular disease in pregnancy is modulated by the maternal microbiome [62]. In humans, obese mothers have a dysbiotic gut microbiome characterized by a high firmicutes-to-bacteroidetes ratio [8]. This increased ratio has been linked to hypertension in humans and in animal models. In the context of PE, maternal gut dysbiosis may lead to an increased inflammatory response which could contribute to the development of PE. Chen et al characterized an increase of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Enterobacteriaceae in women that developed PE [63]. It has also been proposed that bacterial translocation to the placenta may occur in pregnancy provoking an inflammatory response promoting abnormal placentation, and predisposing offspring to gut microbial dysbiosis as well [9]. Although this idea is controversial, microbial populations may be involved in the aberrant immune system activation and inflammation seen in PE. The BPH/5 female microbiome is currently being characterized using metagenomic approaches.\nBPH/5 are an inbred genetic model of superimposed PE that spontaneously develops maternal and fetal features of PE by late gestation. Although this model has been utilized to investigate events before and during pregnancy that may contribute to PE in women, the genetic origins of PE in BPH/5 were previously unexplored. Herein, we characterize the genetic underpinnings of the PE phenotype in BPH/5 female mice. We found not one, but many distinctive genetic variations in BPH/5 female mice, even when compared to the closely related BPH/2 strain. Largescale genomic studies are necessary to further explore the genetics of different rodent strains utilized to study PE. These findings may provide new avenues of PE research, including identification of genetic biomarkers of PE in women. If genetic determinants of the BPH/5 phenotype are implicated in human PE, these mice will be particularly useful for in vivo pregnancy studies to explore prevention, treatment, and long-term prognosis of women and offspring affected by PE.\nSupporting informationS1 Table -Showing 1/7: pone.0253453.s001.xlsSkip to figshare navigationABCDEFGHI123456Analysis Type:PANTHER Overrepresentation Test (Released 20200728)7Annotation Version and Release Date:GO Ontology database DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4081749 Released 2020-10-098Analyzed List:upload_1 (Mus musculus)9Reference List:Mus musculus (all genes in database)10Test Type:FISHER11Correction:FDR12GO biological process completeMus musculus - REFLIST (21988)# of genes in uploaded listexpected based on size of input listpos = enriched; neg=de-enrichedFold Enrichmentraw P-valueFDR correction13phagocytosis, recognition (GO:0006910)20310237.1+2.755.78e-159.12e-1110.04000516167158414complement activation, classical pathway (GO:0006958)21610439.48+2.631.89e-141.49e-109.82681373158772515humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin (GO:0002455)22110440.39+2.575.93e-141.87e-109.728158393463516membrane invagination (GO:0010324)24611144.96+2.478.37e-142.2e-109.65757731917779317phagocytosis, engulfment (GO:0006911)23110742.22+2.535.76e-142.27e-109.64397414280687718plasma membrane invagination (GO:0099024)24011043.87+2.514.65e-142.45e-109.61083391563546719B cell receptor signaling pathway (GO:0050853)22010340.21+2.561.46e-133.29e-109.48280410205002520complement activation (GO:0006956)22810541.67+2.521.99e-133.92e-109.40671393297954221B cell mediated immunity (GO:0019724)27111549.53+2.328.09e-131.42e-98.84771165561694422immunoglobulin mediated immune response (GO:0016064)26711448.8+2.349.57e-131.51e-98.82102305270683123lymphocyte mediated immunity (GO:0002449)32112658.67+2.155.09e-126.69e-98.17457388223217824phagocytosis (GO:0006909)33312960.87+2.124.93e-127.07e-98.150580586203125activation of immune response (GO:0002253)40414673.84+1.981.44e-111.75e-87.75696195131370626defense response to bacterium (GO:0042742)49716890.84+1.853.27e-113.69e-87.43297363384093927immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway (GO:0002429)33012560.32+2.073.53e-113.71e-87.43062609038495428immune response-activating signal transduction (GO:0002757)33112560.5+2.075.39e-115.31e-87.27490547891853129immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway (GO:0002768)34212762.51+2.037.05e-116.54e-87.18442225167573230immune response-regulating signaling pathway (GO:0002764)34512863.06+2.037.87e-116.9e-87.16115090926274431positive regulation of B cell activation (GO:0050871)27110849.53+2.189.45e-117.85e-87.10513034325474732leukocyte mediated immunity (GO:0002443)36013065.8+1.981.85e-101.46e-76.83564714421556333regulation of B cell activation (GO:0050864)31911958.31+2.042.29e-101.72e-76.76447155309245134antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway (GO:0050851)30611555.93+2.063.65e-102.62e-76.58169870868025435innate immune response (GO:0045087)833242152.26+1.594.61e-103.16e-76.500312917381596636adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains (GO:0002460)34212462.51+1.985.05e-103.32e-76.47886191629596437positive regulation of immune response (GO:0050778)667202121.92+1.661.07e-96.76e-76.170053304058364538cell recognition (GO:0008037)32411759.22+1.981.53e-99.32e-76.03058408764601939humoral immune response (GO:0006959)42314177.32+1.822.86e-90.000001675.77728352885241740adaptive immune response (GO:0002250)48915689.38+1.755.38e-90.000003035.51855737149769541endocytosis (GO:0006897)555166101.44+1.646.31e-80.00003434.46470587995722942response to bacterium (GO:0009617)874237159.75+1.481.05e-70.0000554.25963731050575643defense response to other organism (GO:0098542)1068279195.21+1.431.3e-70.00006634.17848647159522744positive regulation of lymphocyte activation (GO:0051251)46414384.81+1.691.43e-70.00007064.15119529894819645regulation of transport (GO:0051049)1893249346.01-0.721.51e-70.00007234.14086170270546946regulation of immune response (GO:0050776)863233157.74+1.481.76e-70.00008174.08777794346758547immune effector process (GO:0002252)659187120.45+1.552.05e-70.00009264.03338901331806548regulation of localization (GO:0032879)2847410520.38-0.798.3e-70.0003643.43889861635094449negative regulation of transport (GO:0051051)5104793.22-0.50.000001020.0004333.363512103646634450response to other organism (GO:0051707)1422347259.92+1.340.000001070.0004443.3526170298853804analysis-11 / 7ShareDownloadfigshareS1 Table. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.s001(XLS)\nS2 Table. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.s002(XLS)\nS3 Table. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.s003(XLS)\nS4 Table. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.s004(XLSX)\nS5 Table. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.s005(XLSX)\nS6 Table. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.s006(ZIP)\nS7 Table. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253453.s007(DOCX)\nAcknowledgments\nDr. Robin Davisson for the generous gift of the BPH/5 mice. 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Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019. pmid:31626558\nView Article\nPubMed/NCBI\nGoogle Scholar\n63.\nChen X, Li P, Liu M, et al. Gut dysbiosis induces the development of pre-eclampsia through bacterial translocation. Gut. 2020;69(3):513522. pmid:31900289\nView Article\nPubMed/NCBI\nGoogle Scholar\nDownload PDF\nCitation\nXML\nPrint\nShare\nReddit\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nMendeley\nTwitter\nEmail\nAdvertisement\nSubject Areas ?\nFor more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click\nhere.\nWe want your feedback. Do these Subject Areas make sense for this article? Click the target next to the incorrect Subject Area and let us know. 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Beckers and Jenny L. SonesKalie F. BeckersVeterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LouisianaSearch for more papers by this author andJenny L. SonesVeterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LouisianaAddress for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. L. Sones, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA (e-mail: jsones@lsu.edu).Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:18 Dec 2019https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2019This is the final version - click for previous versionMoreFiguresReferencesRelatedInformationSectionsPDF (279 KB)Download PDF\nToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations\nShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat\nAbstractPreeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disorder that can be life threatening for both mother and baby. It is characterized by a new onset hypertension during the second half of pregnancy and affects ~300,000 women in the United States every year. There is no cure for PE, and the only effective treatment is delivery of the placenta and the fetus, which is often preterm. PE is believed to be a severe manifestation of placental dysfunction due to early angiogenic imbalances and inflammatory disturbances; however, the cause of this is unknown. The once thought sterile placenta now has been proposed to have a unique microbiome of its own. Under ideal conditions, the microbiome represents a balanced bacterial community that is important to the maintenance of a healthy environment. Dysbiosis of these communities may lead to inflammation that potentially contributes to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth and PE. Thus far, the female reproductive tract microbiome has been found to be influenced by periodontal disease, cardiometabolic complications, and maternal obesity, all of which have been identified as contributors to PE. This review will look at the maternal reproductive tract microbiome, evidence for and against, and its role in pregnancy and PE-related events as well as data from relevant mouse models that could be useful for further investigating the influence of the reproductive tract microbiome on the pathogenesis of PE.INTRODUCTIONPreeclampsia (PE) is characterized by late gestational hypertension (systolic 140 mmHg or diastolic 90 mmHg) and signs such as proteinuria, renal insufficiency, thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction, and pulmonary edema (58). When PE is left untreated, it can result in morbidity and mortality to the mother and baby. The only known treatment is delivery of both the fetus and the placenta, often resulting in premature birth of growth-restricted neonates, which leads to deleterious consequences. PE can result in cardiovascular complications for the mother as well as cardiometabolic disease to the offspring later in life (58). Since the treatment for PE involves removing the placenta, it is thought that an abnormal placenta plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of PE (23, 76, 78, 79, 87).PE is known to effect between 2 and 8% of pregnancies worldwide (50). The precise mechanisms that cause PE are still unknown, and there is no definitive way to predict when or if a mother will develop it. A number of maternal risk factors have been recognized to identify high-risk pregnant women, including preconception obesity, chronic hypertension, family history, and more. It is hypothesized that an increase in adipose tissue, which is a rich source of proinflammatory cytokines and complement proteins, causes an aggravated systemic inflammatory response, angiogenic imbalances in circulation and the placenta, and abnormal placental development, resulting in PE (69).The placenta, a once thought sterile site, is responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy in mammals. Recent technologies, such as next generation sequencing, now provide evidence that the placenta harbors a unique microbiome of its own (1). A microbiome is a collective genomic community of symbiotic, commensal, and sometimes pathogenic microorganisms that reside in an environment, such as a body cavity. These communities can consist of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and viruses. The microbiome is therefore the collective genomes of the microbiota community members, and the study of this has been termed metagenomics. The study of an environments metagenome, where scientists utilize the principles of molecular biology and genetics, is referred to as metagenetics. The host and microbiome relationship is considered mutualistic symbiosis. Studies have shown that the human body provides the sustenance for the microbes and in return the microbes execute essential functions for the host; an example would be the gastrointestinal tract microbiome providing defense against enteric infections (17). Genomic DNA can be extracted from swabs, bodily fluids, feces, or tissue from a biopsy. Metagenetic samples should be collected as sterilely as possible before sequencing to limit the potential for contamination. Different hypervariable regions (V1V9) of the 16s ribosomal RNA gene can be amplified for next generation sequencing. The results are grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on their similarities to a known microbiome database such as SILVA (75) or greengenes (25). Using bioinformatics, scientists read sequence length based on a specific depth, filtered-out chimeras, and process the large data set to ensure more accurate results.The microbiome has been found to be involved in processes that contribute to abnormal placentation, including periodontal disease, cardiometabolic complications, and excessive gestational weight gain. This review will investigate the role of the microbiome in the developing placenta and its potential contribution to PE.THE NORMAL PLACENTAL MICROBIOMEThe placenta is responsible for the maternal/fetal exchange of nutrient and waste products. Aagaard and colleagues (1) were the first to characterize the human placental microbiome using Illumina sequencing. This study examined the placenta from over 300 patients with healthy and adverse pregnancies. The healthy human placental microbiome has been found to consist of the following phyla: Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria. More specifically are Fusobacterium spp, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria polysaccharea, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Propionibacterium acne, Streptomyces overmitilis, Bacteroides spp., Prevotella tannerae, and Escherichia spp. (Table 1). The human placental microbiome has been closely correlated to the maternal microbiome of the oral cavity, as opposed to the microbiome of the nearby vagina, using Bray-Curtis similarity matrix analysis in a study from Baylor College of Medicine (1). In an Australian study, 37 overweight and obese pregnant women were employed to examine their oral, fecal, and placental microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing methods (40). This study was concurrent with the previous study, grouping the placental microbiome most similarly with the oral microbiome, instead of the gut or vaginal microbiome as previously thought. At the family level, Actinomycetaceae (Actinobacteria), Micrococcaceae (Actinobacteria), Oxalobacteraceae (Proteobacteria), Neisseriaceae (Proteobacteria), Pasteurellaceae (Proteobacteria), and Pseudomonadaceae (Proteobacteria) were shared between the obese mothers placental and their oral microbiome. The similarity decreased at the lower taxonomic levels, and phylogenetic analyses showed that the human placental microbiome does cluster independently from the oral microbiome, resulting in a distinct placental microbial community at the lower taxonomic levels (40).Table 1. Healthy placental microbiome vs. preeclampsia-related microbiomeHealthy Placental MicrobiomePE-Related Microbiome*FirmicutesClostridiumEnterococcus spp.Lactobacillus crispatusStaphylococcus spp.BacillusLachnospiraceaeLactococcusLysinibacillusSolibacillusSporosarcinaStreptococcaceaeStreptococcus agalactiaeUnclassified BacillalesUreaplasma parvumUreaplasma urealyticumVeillonellaceaeAnoxybacillus sp.Bacillus cereusListeria sp.Dialister sp.ActinobacteriaCorynebacterium sp.Propionibacterium acnesBifidobacterium sppGardnerella spp.RhodococcusActinobacillus actinomycestemconitansProteobacteriaAcinetobacter spp.Enterobacter spp.Escherichia coliHemophilus parainfluenzaeNeisseria spp.NitrobacterSalmonella sp.Escherichia sp.Klesiella pneumoniaVariovorax sp.BacteroidetesBacteroidalesPrevotella melaninogenicaTannerella forsynthesisPrevotella sp.Porphyromonas sp.FusobacteriaFuscobacterium spp.Fusobacterium nucleatumSpirochaetesTreponema dentocolaReferences1, 713, 5*Shown are current bacteria found in preeclampsia (PE) placentas to our present knowledge. Studies examining the full microbiome of the PE placenta are lacking.The function of the placental microbiome is predicted to regulate tryptophan, fatty acid metabolism, and benzoate degradation. Placental tryptophan metabolism is known to be important for neurodevelopment of the fetus (37). Catabolism of tryptophan is linked to the creation of neurodevelopmental fetomaternal immune tolerance (84). Furthermore, it has been postulated that the placental microbiome may have antimicrobial properties that serve as a natural selective mechanism to prevent colonization of foreign and pathogenic bacteria (85). Fatty acid metabolism may aid in the role of supplying energy-yielding substrates to the fetus (40). The findings for the placenta microbiome were published in 2014 (1), and since then ~100 new studies have been published investigating the placental microbiome and its metagenetic data. Studies have examined the uterine and placental microbiota in humans (1), cows (54), dogs (102), and horses (45), and all have been found to have a unique microbiome. A recent study found that the uterine microbiome may help modulate the local immune system in preparation for embryo implantation and placenta formation (8), which may have direct effects on the development of PE.The placenta is considered the barrier to protect the fetus from pathogens while providing nutrients and waste removal during pregnancy. Symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria invade the bloodstream of the mother and can potentially translocate to the placenta (13). So how do the bacteria get there? The current proposed hypothesis is that placental colonization happens in three possible ways: first, vertical translocation from the vagina (39), second, hematogenous spread from the gut (72), and last, hematogenous spread from the oral cavity (32). Interestingly, Veillonella (Firmicutes), Streptococcus (Firmicutes), and Prevotella (Bacteroidetes) were found in all three cavities (oral, placental, and gut) (40). It was postulated that they were hematogenously translocated during pregnancy due to increased leakiness of the gut and the oral cavity as it has more tendency to bleed during pregnancy, thus promoting the idea that these bacteria are transferred in the bloodstream. These changes are associated with hormonal fluctuations, such as rising progesterone and estrogen (29), and cardiovascular changes during pregnancy (40). Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fusobacteria) has been isolated from the amniotic fluid, placenta, and chorioamnionic membranes after preterm labor from two women who gave birth prematurely before rupture of the fetal membranes (43, 64). To test the hematogenous transfer hypothesis, F. nucleatum was administered to pregnant mice intravenously by the tail vein and resulted in preterm delivery and stillbirths. Under normal circumstances, F. nucleatum is found in the oral cavity. The bacteria after the intravenous injection, were isolated in the endothelium, surrounding tissues, and the amniotic fluid. This may suggest the hematogenous nature of this bacterial transfer (43).CONFLICTING DATA IN THE FIELD OF THE PLACENTAL MICROBIOMEThere have been recent studies that challenge the neonatal and placental microbiome dogma. Perez-Munoz et al. (72) stated that their data do not support the existence of the microbiomes within the healthy fetoplacental environment. They further indicated that the current methodology (next generation sequencing) is faulty, the low biomass creates a sample too small to accurately detect bacterial DNA, potential for contamination is high, and seen in numerous studies (72). Lauder et al. (57) using both PCR and Illumina sequencing matched a set of contamination controls to compare the healthy placental samples and found that the placental samples contained low and indistinguishable 16S rRNA copy numbers compared with extraction blanks using two different methods of DNA extraction. They also found no community separation using PERMANOVA of Bray-Curtis and UniFrac distances between the contaminated control samples and the placental samples (57). A follow-up study completed by Leiby et al. (59) examining placentas from spontaneous preterm births found no distinction between background negative control and placenta samples. Instead, artifact and erroneous read classification and barcode misattribution were found within the samples (59). A possible explanation from the previous authors is that the placenta is sterile until the rupture of the membranes during delivery. The microbiome found within cesarean sections is thought to be due to contamination, commonly from the DNA extraction kit (57). It is important to keep challenging the scientific literature, but this information goes against the current trend of data supporting the placental microbiome. There is a need to further examine both sides to assess the accuracy of the core microbiome of the placenta in healthy full-term pregnancies.THE MICROBIOME OF THE SURROUNDING REPRODUCTIVE TRACT THAT MAY AFFECT THE PLACENTAThe pregnant reproductive tract has natural defenses to invading bacteria, including the closed cervix and vulva. Immune response and the symbiotic environment also play a role in keeping the uterus healthy to support pregnancy. While organisms can still invade the uterus from the vagina and cervix, other mechanisms of placental contamination from extraplacental body sites are also possible. Dissemination from other body cavities through hematogenous transfer, as stated above, is possible as well as organisms in the peritoneum can translocate through the fallopian tube, and iatrogenic causes through invasive procedures (80).Preterm birth and neonatal death have been linked with intrauterine infections ascending from the lower genital tract (97). Preterm birth has also been associated with vaginal microbiome instability. A suppression of the vaginal microbial richness and diversity during the first two trimesters resulting in preterm births may suggest that proper vaginal microbial colonization is needed to maintain a successful pregnancy (89). In the previously mentioned study by Stout and colleagues (89), 11 patients were diagnosed with PE, necessitating preterm birth. Recent studies have shown that dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome influences preterm birth in humans (48, 99). The healthy vaginal microbiome helps prevent vaginosis, sexually transmitted bacterial infections, and urinary tract infections (26, 98). It is normal for the vaginal microbiome in healthy women to fluctuate with the menstrual cycle (12, 15).Lactobacillus (Firmicutes) is thought to play a major role in preventing overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is now characterized by a reduction in Lactobacillus, which would be a dysbiosis of the natural vaginal microbiome and could be detrimental to the pregnancy (55). During healthy pregnancies an overall increase in orders, Clostridiales (Firmicutes) and Actinomycetales (Actinobacteria), and genera, Lactobacillus and Bacteroides, within the vagina has been shown (74). Lactobacillus has been found to dominate the vaginal microbiome with >70% of the total abundance (47).The uterus and extrauterine structures have also found to have a microbiome of their own, even though not as extensively studied as the vaginal microbiome. The human uterine microbiome has an abundance of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Gardnerella, and Prevotella. The uterine microbiome shares similar taxa from the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria with the vaginal microbiome (94). The amniotic fluid has also been found to contain microbes such as Enterobacter (Proteobacteria), Escherchia/Shigella (Proteobacteria), and Propionibacterium (Actinobacteria) (19). It was found that the amniotic fluid shared a low abundance of microbes, but had richness and diversity similar to the placenta (19). The exciting potential of the microbiome is understanding the function of the microorganisms in relation to health and disease, and whether it is possible to promote a healthy microbiome that protects the body from negative health outcomes.THE SPECIFIC MICROBIOME FOUND WITH PREECLAMPTIC WOMENPE is a common cardiometabolic complication of pregnancy affecting ~300,000 pregnancies yearly in the United States (41). Preconception maternal obesity increases the likelihood of developing PE by 30% (88). PE is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and has the potential for future cardiometabolic disease for both mother and offspring later in life, including stroke, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. PE is associated with several maternal comorbidities, which increase the risk of cesarean delivery and preterm birth (53). A novel study suggests that the maternal gut microbiome may contribute to PE by exaggerating the inflammatory response (3). The original theory was an overgrowth of Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes may lead to the development of maternal obesity. A common sequela of maternal obesity is gut dysbiosis and leaky gut syndrome (29, 31, 90). Leaky gut syndrome is defined as the weakening or failure of the intestinal epithelial barrier and is caused by stress, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis of the gut microflora (34, 90). Together, this may contribute to a heightened state of inflammation during pregnancy, which may contribute to abnormal placental development and PE (Fig. 1) (29). Since the complex interplay between gut microbiome and obesity is much more complex than previously thought, more research needs to be done to examine the effects of diet, pre- and probiotics, antibiotics, surgery, and fecal transfaunation (52). Maternal obesity has been found to be a key predictor of childhood obesity and metabolic complications of the offspring. While the mechanisms are poorly understood, researchers believe the microbiome alters metabolism and modulates the weight gain in both the mother and the offspring (38).Fig. 1.Hypothesis for the effects of maternal obesity on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Beginning with maternal obesity, and potentially concurrent caused by leaky gut syndrome, we hypothesize that this leads to systemic inflammation and bacterial translocation to the placenta. As a result, the placenta microbiome enters an inflammatory dysbiotic state, which may cause preeclampsia (PE) and preterm birth.Download figureDownload PowerPointBacillus cereus (Firmicutes), Listeria (Firmicutes), Salmonella (Proteobacteria), Escherichia (Proteobacteria), Klebsiella pneumonia (Proteobacteria), Anoxybacillus (Firmicutes), Variovorax (Proteobacteria), Prevotella (Bacteroidetes), Porphyromonas (Bacteroidetes), and Dialister (Firmicutes) were found in seven placental samples from mothers with PE (Table 1). The mothers in this study had infectious agents in both the placenta and amniotic fluid, but not detectable in the venous blood or urine at time of delivery (3). Interestingly, some of the bacteria listed above are known or related to pathogens in the reproductive tract, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract, which may have resulted from hematogenous transfer. When the serum was examined from women diagnosed with PE, Chlamydia pneumonia (Chlamydiae), Sneathia amnii (Fusobacteria), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Bacteroidetes), Tannerella forsythensis (Bacteroidetes), and Eikenella corrodens (Proteobacteria) were detected. These pathogenic bacteria were believed to have translocated from previous infections in the respiratory tract, other parts of the reproductive tract, and the periodontal cavity (3). The rationale behind the pathogenic infection theory is that a single infectious event could trigger an inflammatory response contributing to the development of PE since it is believed that the abnormal placenta in PE develops because of proinflammatory cytokines and complement proteins in response to inflammation (62, 69, 77). Other researchers believe that PE could be triggered by a heavy infectious burden that increases inflammatory cells and antiangiogenic factors leading to defective placentation, which is a key pathological feature of PE (Fig. 2) (30, 95, 96). Another study by Kell and Kenny (96) found that dormant microbial infections that overgrow in abundance are responsible for the chronic inflammation and the PE sequelae.Fig. 2.Female reproductive tract dysbiosis before and during pregnancy in health and disease. Dysbiosis in the uterine (A) and/or placental (B) microbiome that can lead to preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction. The uterus and placenta (left) represent a healthy microbial environment. The images (right) represent dysbiosis and an overgrowth of the phyla Firmicutes. This may lead to PE and fetal growth restriction represented by the inflamed placenta and small fetus. Clipart is used with permission.Download figureDownload PowerPointIn another study by Barak and colleagues (5) using PCR, they identified Actinobacillus actinomycestemcomitans (Proteobacteria), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fusobacteria), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Bacteroidetes), Prevotella intermedia (Bacteroidetes), Tannerella forsynthia (Bacteroidetes), and Treponema denticola (Spirochaetes) in 16 PE placentas. Fifty percent of these samples were positive for more than one of these periopathogenic organisms, furthering the idea that periodontal disease contributes to the increased risk of developing PE (5). Contreras et al. (21) concurred with these findings that periopathogenic bacteria are present in PE patients. Murthy et al. (66) also found a correlation between periodontal disease and preterm birth with low birth weights.THE EFFECTS OF LIFESTYLE ON ADVERSE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AND THE MICROBIOMEPreterm birth is characterized by birth before 37-wk gestation, and this effects one of every nine babies born in the Unites States (63). Preterm birth can have detrimental effects on organ function and cause disability among infants (14). The dysbiotic maternal microbiome may have been found to influence neonatal health due to associations with and by promoting preterm birth, cardiometabolic complications during pregnancy such as PE, gestational diabetes, and excessive weight gain (28). Maternal characteristics such as age, African-American race, higher body mass index (BMI), as well as preexisting conditions, including preconception diabetes, chronic hypertension, renal disease, autoantibody disease, and family history have all been linked to the development of PE (Fig. 3) (50). Preterm placentas have been shown to have an altered placental microbiome and metabolic profile that varies with gestational weight gain (4).Fig. 3.Factors that affect the placental microbiome that can lead to the development of preeclampsia (PE). Hygiene practices such as frequent sexual intercourse, multiple sex partners, oral sex, douching, or use of spermicides are all considered risk factors for microbial dysbiosis. African Americans are predisposed to development of PE. BMI, body mass index. Clipart is used with permission. Clipart is used with permission.Download figureDownload PowerPointHigh BMI have been linked with both preterm birth and PE (9). Of the women in the United States that are of childbearing age, two-thirds are considered overweight or obese and nearly half of these women have excessive gestational weight gain once pregnant (44). Obesity during pregnancy and excessive gestation weight gain increase the risk of PE, which can lead to preterm birth and infants small for their gestational age. The gut microbiome has been linked to obesity and gestation weight gain (44, 91, 92). This is becoming a more pressing issue with the increased obesity rate in the world. In a study examining the placental microbiome of 13 overweight and 24 obese mothers, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria dominated the samples (80% of total microbial abundance) (40). The most dominant organisms found in the phylum Firmicutes included Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Veillonela. Pseuodomonas, Haempohilus, and Actinetobacter dominated the phylum Proteobacteria (40). A study completed by Lv et al. found an increased abundance of Blautia (Firmicutes), Ruminococcus2 (Firmicutes), Bilophila (Proteobacteria), and Fusobacterium (Fusobacteria) in the gut microbiome of PE antepartum patients. These researchers also found a decrease of Gemmiger (Firmicutes), Akkermansia (Verrucomicrobia), Dialister (Firmicutes), and Methanobrevibacter (Euryarchaeota) (61a).A traditional Western diet has been linked with imbalance of the gut microbiome, increasing bacterial counts of Clostridium innocuum (Firmicutes), Eubacterium dolichum (Firmicutes), Catenibacterium mitsuokai (Firmicutes), and Enterococcus spp (Firmicutes), and decreasing Bifidobacterium (Actinobacteria) and Bacteroidetes (27). Research shows changing the microbiome composition back toward a nonobese microbiome is successful by calorie restriction and exercise (82). To combat obesity, consumption of probiotic-enriched foods by the obese mother has been associated with lower preterm birth and PE rates. A Norwegian study examined the effects of probiotics containing Lactobacilli on maternal PE (11). They found that it reduced the overall risk of developing PE, but this study did not examine the effects of the probiotics on the placental or vaginal microbiome (11).Additionally, smoking, substance abuse, and some hygiene practices are known to change the vaginal, oral, and gut microbiome, thus potentially contributing to preterm births (28). Smoking specifically creates a proinflammatory response and alters the oral microbiome, which may contribute to PE (56). Behaviors such as frequent sexual intercourse, multiple sex partners, oral sex, douching, or use of spermicides alter the vaginal microbiome, creating a dysbiosis that can increase the risk of pathogenic bacteria colonization and inflammation (46).The oral microbiome has also been linked to the development of PE and preterm births (18). Oral dysbiosis caused by dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis have been linked to cause inflammatory immune responses that lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes (10, 18). In a rodent study, mice were challenged with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Bacteroidetes), a common oral pathogen. This led to decreased fetal weights, increase fetal reabsorption, and fetal growth restriction (20). Since the microbiome of the placenta is more similar to that of the oral cavity, it is hypothesized that oral pathogenic microbes that disseminate hematogenously cause intrauterine infection when periodontal infection is present (7).Stress is also a large contributing factor in disease. Stress has been found to increase proinflammatory cytokines and cortisol (100). These inflammatory responses increase the risk of preterm birth (81). Chronic stress causes chronic inflammation, which can lead to preterm birth, PE, and gestational diabetes mellitus (36). There has also been a link between stress and bacterial vaginosis (67). The gut microbiome is also affected by stress by increasing the translocation of bacterial cell components from the gut into the bloodstream. An animal model suggests that stress causes an increase in circulating inflammatory cytokines and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; this has also been associated with preterm births (28).Development of PE during pregnancy can have lifelong effects on the mother with an eightfold increase in developing cardiovascular disease afterward (49). The diseases found include hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular impairments. Side effects of these diseases have been shown to last for months to years (65). The offspring of preeclamptic mothers that survive have an increased risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome in adult life (93). The size of the fetus and the gestational weight gain of the mother have been found to influence the infants developing intestinal microbiome. Preeclamptic and preterm infants have been found to lack Bifidobacterium (Actinobacteria) and Lactobacillus (Firmicutes), and are instead dominated by Proteobacteria (6). This could mean that babies born to PE mothers may not be able to develop a proper gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and be subjected to GI disorders later in life.THE RODENT MODEL FOR PE AND ITS MICROBIOMEEthically and logistically, it is difficult to study placental developmental events of the first trimester in women. Therefore, adequate animal models are necessary to study key processes at the maternal-fetal interface that play a causal role in the pathogenesis of PE. Rodent models have also been used to study the translocation of bacteria to the placenta from the oral cavity (32) as well as intestinal labeled bacteria into the placenta (51). Challenging the pregnant mice with Campylobacter rectus (Proteobacteria) resulted in abnormal placental architecture and inflammation. This increased pup mortality (68).Rodents have been widely used to study pregnancy disorders, including PE. Some examples of rodent models relevant for studying PE are reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP), BPH/5, adaptive transfer model, and a chronic infusion of arginine model (87). A rat model of placental ischemia, which occurs in PE, has also been developed and termed the RUPP model (87). This model is created by placing silver clips around the aorta, right and left uterine arcade to reduce blood flow to the placenta by approximately by 40% (60). The RUPP model provokes systemic alterations in distinct immune cell populations, such T-helper 17 (TH17) cells. By injecting TH17 cells harvested from the spleen of RUPP rats into the peritoneal cavity of normal pregnant rats, a maternal and fetal PE phenotype is observed (60). Conditions that alter the TH17/T regulatory cell balance, such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and ulcerative colitis, are associated with an altered gut microbiota (61).Therefore, investigating the microbiome in the TH17 adaptive transfer model of PE would be useful (22, 86). Additionally, an adaptive transfer model has been created by the intravenous injection of activated Th1-switched splenocytes on days 10 and 12 of pregnancy (103). This induced an increase in maternal blood pressure and urinary protein excretion in this model. Also, the chronic infusion of arginine vasopressin at the onset of pregnancy has led to the development of PE-like symptoms in C57BL/6 strain mice (83). The BPH/5 mouse was discovered to spontaneously develop maternal and fetal features of PE, including late gestational hypertension and fetal growth restriction, respectively (24). BPH/5 female mice have mildly elevated baseline blood pressure before pregnancy, which is a known factor in the development of PE in women. Therefore, the BPH/5 model can be considered a model of superimposed PE along with the Dahl salt-sensitive rat (35). These rodent models have played a vital role thus far in PE research; further studies need to be completed to determine their specific placental microbiome and its effects on PE. Our current hypothesis is that a dysbiosis can be caused by an overgrowth of certain bacteria, which may contribute to the death of healthy bacteria. Proliferation of microorganisms and subsequent death, particularly gram negative bacteria, creates an overall activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, such as complement factors and toll-like receptors (TLRs), which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PE (2, 16, 73). Rodent models have the potential to be a good candidate to study the microbiomes role in PE.CONCLUSIONSThe new and exciting microbiome field supports the symbiotic nature of the placental microbiome and its interactions with maternal/fetal health and the maintenance of pregnancy. Diagnosing dysbiosis of the maternal microbiome before birth could aid in the treatment of adverse outcome such as PE. The potential for a probiotic, perhaps using Lactobacilli, can aid in the inhibition of overgrowth of bacterial species and maintaining a healthy uterine environment.There are some pitfalls when examining microbiome sequencing data, including the potential detection of dead organisms, low microbial biomass in the samples, and the high potential for DNA contamination through sampling techniques and processing. Although the dead microbes are not replicating within the host, they still represent ligands that the host cells recognize. Therefore, they are subjected to host immune response because of physiological interaction with the host (85).The theories behind the potential effect of the microbiome on PE involved a dysbiosis of the healthy microbial flora. The disruption leads to the overgrowth of pathogenic infection which in turn triggers an inflammatory immune response, including complement and proinflammatory cytokines, which leads to the development of PE. This immune response within the pregnant mother leads to a defective placenta, which is causative in the pathogenesis of PE. This hypothesis has been demonstrated by a periodontal infection hematogenously translocating to the placenta and the mother then developing PE. Another theory of the effects of the microbiome, which includes resident bacteria and viruses, may involve the bacterial gene transfer into the host genome similar to the viral gene transfer of endogenous retroviruses (70) and their contribution to the development of multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia (42).It is not clear when the placental microbiome is seeded during pregnancy. The current theory is that bacteria translocate vertically through the vagina or hematogenously from the mouth or gut; this would mean the microbiome in these sites may directly affect the placental microbiome and its health. PE can present as early or late onset and can be mild, moderate, or severe; these differences may be due to varying maternal characteristics and risk factors such as the dysbiosis that is a sequela from leaky gut syndrome or periodontal disease. Further studies are needed to assess the microbial populations and dynamic to better understand their fetoplacental role involving PE. Importantly, PE creates a significant risk for the development of cardiovascular disease for the mother and offspring. The associations between the placental microbiome and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as PE, still need to be investigated.GRANTSResearch reported in this publication was supported by the School of Veterinary Medicine Competitive Research Program.DISCLOSURESNo conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSK.F.B. and J.L.S. prepared figures; K.F.B. drafted manuscript; K.F.B. and J.L.S. edited and revised manuscript; K.F.B. and J.L.S. approved final version of manuscript.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Dr. Rhonda Cardin and Dr. Chin-Chi Liu for thoughtful comments on and suggestions for this manuscript.REFERENCES1. Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J, Versalovic J. 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Crossref | PubMed | Web of Science|Google Scholar98. Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Landers DV, Sweet RL. Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Infect Dis 36: 663668, 2003. doi:10.1086/367658. Crossref | PubMed | Web of Science|Google Scholar99. Witkin SS. The vaginal microbiome, vaginal anti-microbial defence mechanisms and the clinical challenge of reducing infection-related preterm birth. BJOG 122: 213218, 2015. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13115. Crossref | PubMed | Web of Science|Google Scholar100. Yang EV, Glaser R. Stress-induced immunomodulation and the implications for health. Int Immunopharmacol 2: 315324, 2002. doi:10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00182-5. Crossref | PubMed | Web of Science|Google Scholar102. Young YG, Guevarra RB, Jun HL, Wattanaphansak S, Bit NK, Hyeun BK, Kun HS. Comparative analysis of the reproductive tract microbial communities in female dogs with and without pyometra through the 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Jpn J Vet Res 65: 193200, 2017.Web of Science|Google Scholar103. Zenclussen AC, Fest S, Joachim R, Klapp BF, Arck PC. Introducing a mouse model for pre-eclampsia: adoptive transfer of activated Th1 cells leads to pre-eclampsia-like symptoms exclusively in pregnant mice. Eur J Immunol 34: 377387, 2004. doi:10.1002/eji.200324469. Crossref | PubMed | Web of Science|Google ScholarAUTHOR NOTESAddress for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. L. Sones, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA (e-mail: jsones@lsu.edu).\nDownload PDF\nPrevious\nBack to Top\nNext\nFiguresReferencesRelatedInformation\nCollectionsAJP-Heart CollectionsMicrobiota and Cardiovascular Disease\nCited ByLeveraging Dental Stem Cells for Oral Health during Pregnancy: A Concise Review7 May 2024 | Dentistry Journal, Vol. 12, No. 5Antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy induces long-term changes in gut microbiota and the behaviors of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder offspring1 May 2024 | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 486Microbiome and pregnancy: focus on microbial dysbiosis coupled with maternal obesity25 December 2023 | International Journal of Obesity, Vol. 48, No. 4Fusobacterium nucleatum: An Overview of Evidence, Demi-Decadal Trends, and Its Role in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Various Gynecological Diseases, including Cancers20 April 2024 | Cells, Vol. 13, No. 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Exercise and Pregnancy Outcomes: An Examination in the Nurses' Health Study II1 Sep 2021 | Women's Health Reports, Vol. 2, No. 1Diagnostic Value of Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Infants Brain Development Retardation Caused by Pre-Eclampsia15 Jul 2021 | Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging, Vol. 2021Periodontal Conditions and Pathogens Associated with Pre-Eclampsia: A Scoping Review5 July 2021 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 18, No. 13Fibroblast Growth Factor Type 2 (FGF2) Administration Attenuated the Clinical Manifestations of Preeclampsia in a Murine Model Induced by L-NAME20 April 2021 | Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 12Downregulated ribosomal protein L39 inhibits trophoblast cell migration and invasion by targeting Ecadherin in the placenta of patients with preeclampsia12 March 2021 | The FASEB Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4Maternal Microbiome and Infections in Pregnancy15 December 2020 | Microorganisms, Vol. 8, No. 12Mechanisms of Key Innate Immune Cells in Early- and Late-Onset Preeclampsia18 August 2020 | Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 11\nMore from this issue >\nVolume 318Issue 1January 2020Pages H1-H10\nCopyright & PermissionsCopyright 2020 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2019PubMed31626558History\nReceived 12 August 2019\nAccepted 17 October 2019\nPublished online 18 December 2019\nPublished in print 1 January 2020\nKeywordsdysbiosismicrobiomeplacentapreeclampsiauterus\nMetrics\nDownloaded 8,743 times\nClose Figure ViewerBrowse All FiguresReturn to FigureChange zoom levelZoom inZoom outPrevious FigureNext FigureCaption\nSign up for alertsSign Up\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nYouTube\nContact Us\nAbout Us\nAmerican Physiological Society Journals\nAmerican Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology\nAmerican Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism\nAmerican Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology\nAmerican Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory 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"https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2019" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "JCI Insight -\nDecidual Cox2 inhibition improves fetal and maternal outcomes in a preeclampsia-like mouse\nmodel\nGo to\nThe Journal of Clinical Investigation\nAbout\nEditors\nConsulting Editors\nFor authors\nPublication ethics\nPublication alerts by email\nTransfers\nAdvertising\nJob board\nContact\nPhysician-Scientist Development\nCurrent issue\nPast issues\nBy specialty\nCOVID-19\nCardiology\nImmunology\nMetabolism\nNephrology\nOncology\nPulmonology\nAll ...\nVideos\nCollections\nIn-Press Preview\nResource and Technical Advances\nClinical Medicine\nEditorials\nPerspectives\nPhysician-Scientist Development\nReviews\nTop read articles\nJCI Insight\nCurrent issue\nPast issues\nSpecialties\nCollections\nIn-Press Preview\nResource and Technical Advances\nClinical Medicine\nEditorials\nPerspectives\nPhysician-Scientist Development\nReviews\nTop read articles\nJournal Details\nAbout\nEditors\nConsulting Editors\nFor authors\nPublication ethics\nPublication alerts by email\nTransfers\nAdvertising\nJob board\nContact\nDecidual Cox2 inhibition improves fetal and maternal outcomes in a preeclampsia-like mouse\nmodel\nJenny L. Sones, , Sudhansu K. Dey, Robin L. Davisson\nJenny L. Sones, , Sudhansu K. Dey, Robin L. Davisson\nPublished March 17, 2016\nCitation Information:\nJCI Insight. 2016;1(3):e75351.\nhttps://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.75351.\nView:\nText\n|\nPDF\nResearch Article\nReproductive biology\nDecidual Cox2 inhibition improves fetal and maternal outcomes in a preeclampsia-like mouse\nmodel\nText\nPDF\nAbstract\nPreeclampsia (PE) is a disorder of pregnancy that manifests as late gestational maternal hypertension and\nproteinuria and can be life-threatening to both the mother and baby. It is believed that abnormal placentation\nis responsible for the cascade of events leading to the maternal syndrome. Embryo implantation is critical to\nestablishing a healthy pregnancy. Defective implantation can cause adverse ripple effects, leading to\nabnormal decidualization and placentation, retarded fetal development, and poor pregnancy outcomes, such as PE\nand fetal growth restriction. The precise mechanism(s) of implantation defects that lead to PE remain elusive.\nBPH/5 mice, which spontaneously develop the cardinal features of PE, show peri-implantation defects including\nupregulation of Cox2 and IL-15 at the maternal-fetal interface. This was associated with decreased decidual\nnatural killer (dNK) cells, which have important roles in establishing placental perfusion. Interestingly, a\nsingle administration of a Cox2 inhibitor (celecoxib) during decidualization restrained Cox2 and IL-15\nexpression, restored dNK cell numbers, improved fetal growth, and attenuated late gestational hypertension in\nBPH/5 female mice. This study provides evidence that decidual overexpression of Cox2 and IL-15 may trigger the\nadverse pregnancy outcomes reflected in the preeclamptic syndrome, underscoring the idea that Cox2 inhibitor\ntreatment is an effective strategy for the prevention of PE-associated fetal and maternal morbidity and\nmortality.\nAuthors\nJenny L. Sones, Jeeyeon Cha, Ashley K. Woods, Amanda Bartos, Christa Y. Heyward, Heinrich E. Lob, Catherine E. Isroff, Scott D. Butler, Stephanie E. Shapiro, Sudhansu K. Dey, Robin L. Davisson\n\nFigure 7\nProposed scheme for Cox3 regulation of fetoplacental outcomes at the maternal-fetal interface in BPH/5\nfemales.\nOptions:\nView larger image\n(or click on image)\nDownload as PowerPoint\nDysregulated peri-implantation events in BPH/5 culminated in the robust upregulation of Cox2 at the\nmaternal-fetal interface of BPH/5 females early in pregnancy (E7.5). This was associated with a dramatic\nreduction in dNK cell numbers and overexpression of IL-15 protein in E7.5 BPH/5 implantation sites as\ncompared with C57 implantation sites. Normalization of Cox2 and IL-15 protein levels with the selective Cox2\ninhibitor celecoxib improved dNK cell numbers at the maternal-fetal interface in BPH/5 mice at E7.5 as well\nas fetal, placental, and maternal outcomes. dNK, decidual NK; FGR, fetal growth restriction.\nCopyright 2024\nAmerican Society for Clinical Investigation\nISSN 2379-3708\nSign up for email alerts", "url": "https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/75351/figure/7" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arthur Conan Doyle - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Name\n2Early life\n3Medical career\n4Literary career\nToggle Literary career subsection\n4.1Sherlock Holmes\n4.2Other works\n5Sporting career\n6Family life\n7Political campaigning\n8Legal advocate\n9Freemasonry and spiritualism\n10Doyle and the Piltdown hoax\n11Architecture\n12Crimes Club\n13Death\n14Honours and awards\n15Commemoration\n16Portrayals\nToggle Portrayals subsection\n16.1Television series\n16.2Television films\n16.3Theatrical films\n16.4Other media\n17In fiction\n18See also\n19References\n20Further reading\n21External links\nToggle the table of contents\nArthur Conan Doyle\n119 languages\nAfrikaansAragonsAsturianuAymar aruAzrbaycanca / Bn-lm-g ()Bikol CentralBosanskiBrezhonegCatalCebuanoetinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFranaisFryskGaeilgeGidhligGalegoGungbeHornjoserbsceHrvatskiIdoBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaslenskaItalianoJawaKotavaKurd LatinaLatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviMagyarMalagasyMaltiBahasa MelayuNhuatlNederlands Norsk bokmlNorsk nynorskOccitanOzbekcha / PiemontisPolskiPortugusRomnRumantschRuna Simi ScotsShqipSimple EnglishSloveninaSlovenina / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTagalog / tataraTrkeTing VitVolapkWinarayZazakiemaitka\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadView sourceView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadView sourceView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsMultilingual WikisourceWikiquoteWikisource\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nBritish writer and physician (18591930)\n\"Conan Doyle\" redirects here. For the rugby player, see Conan Doyle (rugby union). For the South African cricketer, see Conan Doyle (cricketer).\nSirArthur Conan DoyleKStJ, DLDoyle in 1914BornArthur Ignatius Conan Doyle(1859-05-22)22 May 1859Edinburgh, ScotlandDied7 July 1930(1930-07-07) (aged71)Crowborough, Sussex, EnglandOccupation\nWriter\nphysician\nEducationUniversity of EdinburghGenre\nDetective fiction\nfantasy\nscience fiction\nhistorical novels\nnon-fiction\nNotable works\nStories of Sherlock Holmes\nThe Lost World\nSpouse\nLouisa Hawkins\n (m.1885; died1906)\nJean Leckie (m.1907)\nChildren5, including Adrian and JeanParentsCharles Altamont DoyleMary FoleySignatureWebsitewww.conandoyleestate.com\nSir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle KStJ, DL (22 May 1859 7 July 1930) was a British writer and physician. He created the character Sherlock Holmes in 1887 for A Study in Scarlet, the first of four novels and fifty-six short stories about Holmes and Dr. Watson. The Sherlock Holmes stories are milestones in the field of crime fiction.\nDoyle was a prolific writer; other than Holmes stories, his works include fantasy and science fiction stories about Professor Challenger, and humorous stories about the Napoleonic soldier Brigadier Gerard, as well as plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction, and historical novels. One of Doyle's early short stories, \"J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement\" (1884), helped to popularise the mystery of the Mary Celeste.\nName\nDoyle is often referred to as \"Sir Arthur Conan Doyle\" or \"Conan Doyle\", implying that \"Conan\" is part of a compound surname rather than a middle name. His baptism entry in the register of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, gives \"Arthur Ignatius Conan\" as his given names and \"Doyle\" as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather.[1] The catalogues of the British Library and the Library of Congress treat \"Doyle\" alone as his surname.[2]\nSteven Doyle, publisher of The Baker Street Journal, wrote: \"Conan was Arthur's middle name. Shortly after he graduated from high school he began using Conan as a sort of surname. But technically his last name is simply 'Doyle'.\"[3] When knighted, he was gazetted as Doyle, not under the compound Conan Doyle.[4]\nEarly life\nPortrait of Doyle by Herbert Rose Barraud, 1893\nTitle page from Arthur Conan Doyle's thesis\nDoyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh, Scotland.[5][6] His father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was born in England, of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother, Mary (ne Foley), was Irish Catholic. His parents married in 1855.[7] In 1864 the family scattered because of Charles's growing alcoholism, and the children were temporarily housed across Edinburgh. Arthur lodged with Mary Burton, the aunt of a friend, at Liberton Bank House on Gilmerton Road, while studying at Newington Academy.[8]\nIn 1867, the family came together again and lived in squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place.[9] Doyle's father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal, Dumfries, after many years of psychiatric illness.[10][11] Beginning at an early age, throughout his life Doyle wrote letters to his mother, and many of them were preserved.[12]\nSupported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to England, to the Jesuit preparatory school Hodder Place, Stonyhurst in Lancashire, at the age of nine (186870). He then went on to Stonyhurst College, which he attended until 1875. While Doyle was not unhappy at Stonyhurst, he said he did not have any fond memories of it because the school was run on medieval principles: the only subjects covered were rudiments, rhetoric, Euclidean geometry, algebra, and the classics.[13] Doyle commented later in his life that this academic system could only be excused \"on the plea that any exercise, however stupid in itself, forms a sort of mental dumbbell by which one can improve one's mind\".[13] He also found the school harsh, noting that, instead of compassion and warmth, it favoured the threat of corporal punishment and ritual humiliation.[14]\nFrom 1875 to 1876, he was educated at the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria.[9] His family decided that he would spend a year there in order to perfect his German and broaden his academic horizons.[15] He later rejected the Catholic faith and became an agnostic.[16] One source attributed his drift away from religion to the time he spent in the less strict Austrian school.[14] He also later became a spiritualist mystic.[17]\nMedical career\nFrom 1876 to 1881, Doyle studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School; during this period he spent time working in Aston (then a town in Warwickshire, now part of Birmingham), Sheffield and Ruyton-XI-Towns, Shropshire.[18] Also during this period, he studied practical botany at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh.[19] While studying, Doyle began writing short stories. His earliest extant fiction, \"The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe\", was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwood's Magazine.[9] His first published piece, \"The Mystery of Sasassa Valley\", a story set in South Africa, was printed in Chambers's Edinburgh Journal on 6 September 1879.[9][20] On 20September 1879, he published his first academic article, \"Gelsemium as a Poison\" in the British Medical Journal,[9][21][22] a study which The Daily Telegraph regarded as potentially useful in a 21st-century murder investigation.[23]\nProfessor Challenger by Harry Rountree in the novella The Poison Belt published in The Strand Magazine\nDoyle was the doctor on the Greenland whaler Hope of Peterhead in 1880.[24] On 11 July 1880, John Gray's Hope and David Gray's Eclipse met up with the Eira and Leigh Smith. The photographer W. J. A. Grant took a photograph aboard the Eira of Doyle along with Smith, the Gray brothers, and ship's surgeon William Neale, who were members of the Smith expedition. That expedition explored Franz Josef Land, and led to the naming, on 18 August, of Cape Flora, Bell Island, Nightingale Sound, Gratton (\"Uncle Joe\") Island, and Mabel Island.[25]\nAfter graduating with Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery (M.B. C.M.) degrees from the University of Edinburgh in 1881, he was ship's surgeon on the SS Mayumba during a voyage to the West African coast.[9] He completed his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree (an advanced degree beyond the basic medical qualification in the UK) with a dissertation on tabes dorsalis in 1885.[26][27]\nIn 1882, Doyle partnered with his former classmate George Turnavine Budd in a medical practice in Plymouth, but their relationship proved difficult, and Doyle soon left to set up an independent practice.[9][28] Arriving in Portsmouth in June 1882, with less than 10 (1100 in 2019[29]) to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea.[30] The practice was not successful. While waiting for patients, Doyle returned to writing fiction.\nDoyle was a staunch supporter of compulsory vaccination and wrote several articles advocating the practice and denouncing the views of anti-vaccinators.[31][32]\nIn early 1891, Doyle embarked on the study of ophthalmology in Vienna. He had previously studied at the Portsmouth Eye Hospital in order to qualify to perform eye tests and prescribe glasses. Vienna had been suggested by his friend Vernon Morris as a place to spend six months and train to be an eye surgeon. But Doyle found it too difficult to understand the German medical terms being used in his classes in Vienna, and soon quit his studies there. For the rest of his two-month stay in Vienna, he pursued other activities, such as ice skating with his wife Louisa and drinking with Brinsley Richards of the London Times. He also wrote The Doings of Raffles Haw.\nAfter visiting Venice and Milan, he spent a few days in Paris observing Edmund Landolt, an expert on diseases of the eye. Within three months of his departure for Vienna, Doyle returned to London. He opened a small office and consulting room at 2 Upper Wimpole Street, or 2 Devonshire Place as it was then. (There is today a Westminster City Council commemorative plaque over the front door.) He had no patients, according to his autobiography, and his efforts as an ophthalmologist were a failure.[33][34][35]\nLiterary career\nMain article: Arthur Conan Doyle bibliography\nSherlock Holmes\nPortrait of Sherlock Holmes by Sidney Paget, 1904\nDoyle struggled to find a publisher. His first work featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, A Study in Scarlet, was written in three weeks when he was 27 and was accepted for publication by Ward Lock & Co on 20 November 1886, which gave Doyle 25 (equivalent to 2,900 in 2019) in exchange for all rights to the story. The piece appeared a year later in the Beeton's Christmas Annual and received good reviews in The Scotsman and the Glasgow Herald.[9]\nHolmes was partially modelled on Doyle's former university teacher Joseph Bell. In 1892, in a letter to Bell, Doyle wrote, \"It is most certainly to you that I owe Sherlock Holmes... round the centre of deduction and inference and observation which I have heard you inculcate I have tried to build up a man\",[36] and in his 1924 autobiography, he remarked, \"It is no wonder that after the study of such a character [viz., Bell] I used and amplified his methods when in later life I tried to build up a scientific detective who solved cases on his own merits and not through the folly of the criminal.\"[37] Robert Louis Stevenson was able to recognise the strong similarity between Joseph Bell and Sherlock Holmes: \"My compliments on your very ingenious and very interesting adventures of Sherlock Holmes.... can this be my old friend Joe Bell?\"[38] Other authors sometimes suggest additional influencesfor instance, Edgar Allan Poe's character C. Auguste Dupin, who is mentioned, disparagingly, by Holmes in A Study in Scarlet.[39] Dr. (John) Watson owes his surname, but not any other obvious characteristic, to a Portsmouth medical colleague of Doyle's, Dr. James Watson.[40]\nSherlock Holmes statue in Edinburgh, erected opposite the birthplace of Doyle, which was demolished c. 1970\nA sequel to A Study in Scarlet was commissioned, and The Sign of the Four appeared in Lippincott's Magazine in February 1890, under agreement with the Ward Lock company. Doyle felt grievously exploited by Ward Lock as an author new to the publishing world, and so, after this, he left them.[9] Short stories featuring Sherlock Holmes were published in the Strand Magazine. Doyle wrote the first five Holmes short stories from his office at 2 Devonshire Place.[41]\nDoyle's attitude towards his most famous creation was ambivalent.[40] In November 1891, he wrote to his mother: \"I think of slaying Holmes,... and winding him up for good and all. He takes my mind from better things.\" His mother responded, \"You won't! You can't! You mustn't!\"[42] In an attempt to deflect publishers' demands for more Holmes stories, he raised his price to a level intended to discourage them, but found they were willing to pay even the large sums he asked.[40] As a result, he became one of the best-paid authors of his time.\nStatue of Holmes and the English Church in Meiringen\nIn December 1893, to dedicate more of his time to his historical novels, Doyle had Holmes and Professor Moriarty plunge to their deaths together down the Reichenbach Falls in the story \"The Final Problem\". Public outcry, however, led him to feature Holmes in 1901 in the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles. Holmes's fictional connection with the Reichenbach Falls is celebrated in the nearby town of Meiringen.\nIn 1903, Doyle published his first Holmes short story in ten years, \"The Adventure of the Empty House\", in which it was explained that only Moriarty had fallen, but since Holmes had other dangerous enemiesespecially Colonel Sebastian Moranhe had arranged to make it look as if he too were dead. Holmes was ultimately featured in a total of 56 short storiesthe last published in 1927and four novels by Doyle, and has since appeared in many novels and stories by other authors.\nOther works\nDoyle's house in South Norwood, Croydon, south-east London, with a close up of the commemorative blue plaque at the address\nDoyle's first novels were The Mystery of Cloomber, not published until 1888, and the unfinished Narrative of John Smith, published only posthumously, in 2011.[43] He amassed a portfolio of short stories, including \"The Captain of the Pole-Star\" and \"J.Habakuk Jephson's Statement\", both inspired by Doyle's time at sea. The latter popularised the mystery of the Mary Celeste[44] and added fictional details such as that the ship was found in perfect condition (it had actually taken on water by the time it was discovered), and that its boats remained on board (the single boat was in fact missing). These fictional details have come to dominate popular accounts of the incident,[9][44] and Doyle's alternative spelling of the ship's name as the Marie Celeste has become more commonly used than the original spelling.[45]\nBetween 1888 and 1906, Doyle wrote seven historical novels, which he and many critics regarded as his best work.[40] He also wrote nine other novels, andlater in his career (191229)five narratives (two of novel length) featuring the irascible scientist Professor Challenger. The Challenger stories include his best-known work after the Holmes oeuvre, The Lost World. His historical novels include The White Company and its prequel Sir Nigel, set in the Middle Ages. He was a prolific author of short stories, including two collections set in Napoleonic times and featuring the French character Brigadier Gerard.\nDoyle's works for the stage include Waterloo, which centres on the reminiscences of an English veteran of the Napoleonic Wars and features a character Gregory Brewster, written for Henry Irving; The House of Temperley, the plot of which reflects his abiding interest in boxing; The Speckled Band, adapted from his earlier short story \"The Adventure of the Speckled Band\"; and an 1893 collaboration with J.M. Barrie on the libretto of Jane Annie.[46]\nSporting career\nWhile living in Southsea, the seaside resort near Portsmouth, Doyle played football as a goalkeeper for Portsmouth Association Football Club, an amateur side, under the pseudonym A. C. Smith.[47]\nDoyle was a keen cricketer, and between 1899 and 1907 he played 10 first-class matches for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).[48] He also played for the amateur cricket teams the Allahakbarries and the Authors XI alongside fellow writers J.M. Barrie, P.G. Wodehouse and A.A. Milne.[49][50] His highest score, in 1902 against London County, was 43. He was an occasional bowler who took one first-class wicket, W.G. Grace, and wrote a poem about the achievement.[51]\nIn 1900, Doyle founded the Undershaw Rifle Club at his home, constructing a 100-yard range and providing shooting for local men, as the poor showing of British troops in the Boer War had led him to believe that the general population needed training in marksmanship.[52][53] He was a champion of \"miniature\" rifle clubs, whose members shot small-calibre firearms on local ranges.[54][55] These ranges were much cheaper and more accessible to working-class participants than large \"fullbore\" ranges, such as Bisley Camp, which were necessarily remote from population centres. Doyle went on to sit on the Rifle Clubs Committee of the National Rifle Association.[56]\nIn 1901, Doyle was one of three judges for the world's first major bodybuilding competition, which was organised by the \"Father of Bodybuilding\", Eugen Sandow. The event was held in London's Royal Albert Hall. The other two judges were the sculptor Sir Charles Lawes-Wittewronge and Eugen Sandow himself.[57]\nDoyle was an amateur boxer.[58] In 1909, he was invited to referee the James JeffriesJack Johnson heavyweight championship fight in Reno, Nevada. Doyle wrote: \"I was much inclined to accept... though my friends pictured me as winding up with a revolver at one ear and a razor at the other. However, the distance and my engagements presented a final bar.\"[58]\nAlso a keen golfer, Doyle was elected captain of the Crowborough Beacon Golf Club in Sussex for 1910. He had moved to Little Windlesham house in Crowborough with Jean Leckie, his second wife, and resided there with his family from 1907 until his death in July 1930.[59]\nHe entered the English Amateur billiards championship in 1913.[60]\nWhile living in Switzerland, Doyle became interested in skiing, which was relatively unknown in Switzerland at the time. He wrote an article, \"An Alpine Pass on 'Ski'\" for the December 1894 issue of The Strand Magazine,[61] in which he described his experiences with skiing and the beautiful alpine scenery that could be seen in the process. The article popularised the activity and began the long association between Switzerland and skiing.[62]\nFamily life\nDoyle with his family c.19231925\nIn 1885 Doyle married Louisa (sometimes called \"Touie\") Hawkins (18571906). She was the youngest daughter of J. Hawkins, of Minsterworth, Gloucestershire, and the sister of one of Doyle's patients. Louisa had tuberculosis.[63] In 1907, the year after Louisa's death, he married Jean Elizabeth Leckie (18741940). He had met and fallen in love with Jean in 1897, but had maintained a platonic relationship with her while his first wife was still alive, out of loyalty to her.[64] Jean outlived her husband and died during wartime on 27 June 1940.[65]\nDoyle fathered five children. He had two with his first wife: Mary Louise (18891976) and Arthur Alleyne Kingsley, known as Kingsley (18921918). He had an additional three with his second wife: Denis Percy Stewart (19091955), who became the second husband of Georgian Princess Nina Mdivani; Adrian Malcolm (19101970); and Jean Lena Annette (19121997).[66] None of Doyle's five children had children of their own, so he has no living direct descendants.[67][68]\nPolitical campaigning\nArthur Conan Doyle by George Wylie Hutchinson, 1894\nDoyle served as a volunteer physician in the Langman Field Hospital at Bloemfontein between March and June 1900,[69] during the Second Boer War in South Africa (18991902). Later that year, he wrote a book on the war, The Great Boer War, as well as a short work titled The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct, in which he responded to critics of the United Kingdom's role in that war, and argued that its role was justified. The latter work was widely translated, and Doyle believed it was the reason he was knighted (given the rank of Knight Bachelor) by King Edward VII in the 1902 Coronation Honours.[70] He received the accolade from the King in person at Buckingham Palace on 24 October of that year.[71]\nHe stood for Parliament twice as a Liberal Unionist: in 1900 in Edinburgh Central, and in 1906 in the Hawick Burghs, but was not elected.[72] He served as a Deputy-Lieutenant of Surrey beginning in 1902,[73] and was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem in 1903.[74]\nDoyle was a supporter of the campaign for the reform of the Congo Free State that was led by the journalist E. D. Morel and diplomat Roger Casement. In 1909 he wrote The Crime of the Congo, a long pamphlet in which he denounced the horrors of that colony. He became acquainted with Morel and Casement, and it is possible that, together with Bertram Fletcher Robinson, they inspired several characters that appear in his 1912 novel The Lost World.[75] Later, after the Irish Easter Rising, Casement was found guilty of treason against the Crown, and was sentenced to death. Doyle tried, unsuccessfully, to save him, arguing that Casement had been driven mad, and therefore should not be held responsible for his actions.[76]\nAs the First World War loomed, and having been caught up in a growing public swell of Germanophobia, Doyle gave a public donation of 10 shillings to the anti-immigration British Brothers' League.[77] In 1914, Doyle was one of fifty-three leading British authorsincluding H. G. Wells, Rudyard Kipling and Thomas Hardywho signed their names to the \"Authors' Declaration\", justifying Britain's involvement in the First World War. This manifesto declared that the German invasion of Belgium had been a brutal crime, and that Britain \"could not without dishonour have refused to take part in the present war\".[78]\nLegal advocate\nDoyle statue in Crowborough, East Sussex\nDoyle was also a fervent advocate of justice and personally investigated two closed cases, which led to two men being exonerated of the crimes of which they were accused. The first case, in 1906, involved a shy half-British, half-Indian lawyer named George Edalji, who had allegedly penned threatening letters and mutilated animals in Great Wyrley. Police were set on Edalji's conviction, even though the mutilations continued after their suspect was jailed.[79] Apart from helping George Edalji, Doyle's work helped establish a way to correct other miscarriages of justice, as it was partially as a result of this case that the Court of Criminal Appeal was established in 1907.[80]\nThe story of Doyle and Edalji was dramatised in an episode of the 1972 BBC television series, The Edwardians. In Nicholas Meyer's pastiche The West End Horror (1976), Holmes manages to help clear the name of a shy Parsi Indian character wronged by the English justice system. Edalji was of Parsi heritage on his father's side. The story was fictionalised in Julian Barnes's 2005 novel Arthur and George, which was adapted into a three-part drama by ITV in 2015.[citation needed]\nThe second case, that of Oscar Slatera Jew of German origin who operated a gambling den and was convicted of bludgeoning an 82-year-old woman in Glasgow in 1908excited Doyle's curiosity because of inconsistencies in the prosecution's case and a general sense that Slater was not guilty. He ended up paying most of the costs for Slater's successful 1928 appeal.[81]\nFreemasonry and spiritualism\nDoyle had a longstanding interest in mystical subjects and remained fascinated by the idea of paranormal phenomena, even though the strength of his belief in their reality waxed and waned periodically over the years.\nIn 1887, in Southsea, influenced by Major-General Alfred Wilks Drayson, a member of the Portsmouth Literary and Philosophical Society, Doyle began a series of investigations into the possibility of psychic phenomena and attended about 20 seances, experiments in telepathy, and sittings with mediums. Writing to spiritualist journal Light that year, he declared himself to be a spiritualist, describing one particular event that had convinced him psychic phenomena were real.[82] Also in 1887 (on 26January), he was initiated as a Freemason at the Phoenix Lodge No.257 in Southsea. (He resigned from the Lodge in 1889, returned to it in 1902, and resigned again in 1911.)[83]\nIn 1889, he became a founding member of the Hampshire Society for Psychical Research; in 1893, he joined the London-based Society for Psychical Research; and in 1894, he collaborated with Sir Sidney Scott and Frank Podmore in a search for poltergeists in Devon.[84] Doyle was also a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.[85]\nDoyle and the spiritualist William Thomas Stead (who would die on the Titanic) were led to believe that Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psychic powers, and they claimed publicly that the Zancigs used telepathy. However, in 1924, the Zancigs confessed that their mind reading act had been a trick; they published the secret code and all other details of the trick method they had used under the title \"Our Secrets!!\" in a London newspaper.[86] Doyle also praised the psychic phenomena and spirit materialisations that he believed had been produced by Eusapia Palladino and Mina Crandon, both of whom were also later exposed as frauds.[87]\nIn 1916, at the height of the First World War, Doyle's belief in psychic phenomena was strengthened by what he took to be the psychic abilities of his children's nanny, Lily Loder Symonds.[88] This and the constant drumbeat of wartime deaths inspired him with the idea that spiritualism was what he called a \"New Revelation\"[89] sent by God to bring solace to the bereaved. He wrote a piece in Light magazine about his faith and began lecturing frequently on spiritualism. In 1918, he published his first spiritualist work, The New Revelation.\nSome have mistakenly assumed that Doyle's turn to spiritualism was prompted by the death of his son Kingsley, but Doyle began presenting himself publicly as a spiritualist in 1916, and Kingsley died on 28October 1918 (from pneumonia contracted during his convalescence after being seriously wounded in the 1916 Battle of the Somme).[89] Nevertheless, the war-related deaths of many people who were close to him appears to have even further strengthened his long-held belief in life after death and spirit communication. Doyle's brother Brigadier-general Innes Doyle died, also from pneumonia, in February 1919. His two brothers-in-law (one of whom was E.W. Hornung, creator of the literary character Raffles), as well as his two nephews, also died shortly after the war. His second book on spiritualism, The Vital Message, appeared in 1919.\nDoyle found solace in supporting spiritualism's ideas and the attempts of spiritualists to find proof of an existence beyond the grave. In particular, according to some,[90] he favoured Christian Spiritualism and encouraged the Spiritualists' National Union to accept an eighth precept that of following the teachings and example of Jesus of Nazareth. He was a member of the renowned supernaturalist organisation The Ghost Club.[91]\nDoyle with his family in New York City, 1922\nIn 1919, the magician P.T. Selbit staged a sance at his flat in Bloomsbury, which Doyle attended. Although some later claimed that Doyle had endorsed the apparent instances of clairvoyance at that sance as genuine,[92][93] a contemporaneous report by the Sunday Express quoted Doyle as saying \"I should have to see it again before passing a definite opinion on it\" and \"I have my doubts about the whole thing\".[94] In 1920, Doyle and the noted sceptic Joseph McCabe held a public debate at Queen's Hall in London, with Doyle taking the position that the claims of spiritualism were true. After the debate, McCabe published a booklet Is Spiritualism Based on Fraud?, in which he laid out evidence refuting Doyle's arguments and claimed that Doyle had been duped into believing in spiritualism through deliberate mediumship trickery.[95]\nDoyle also debated the psychiatrist Harold Dearden, who vehemently disagreed with Doyle's belief that many cases of diagnosed mental illness were the result of spirit possession.[96]\nIn 1920, Doyle travelled to Australia and New Zealand on spiritualist missionary work, and over the next several years, until his death, he continued his mission, giving talks about his spiritualist conviction in Britain, Europe, and the United States.[84]\nOne of the five photographs of Frances Griffiths with the alleged fairies, taken by Elsie Wright in Cottingley, England in July 1917\nDoyle wrote a novel The Land of Mist centred on spiritualist themes and featuring the character Professor Challenger. He also wrote many non-fiction spiritualist works. Perhaps his most famous of these was The Coming of the Fairies (1922),[97] in which Doyle described his beliefs about the nature and existence of fairies and spirits, reproduced the five Cottingley Fairies photographs, asserted that those who suspected them being faked were wrong, and expressed his conviction that they were authentic. Decades later, the photostaken by cousins Frances Griffiths and Elsie Wrightwere definitively shown to have been faked, and their creators admitted to the fakery, although both maintained that they really had seen fairies.[98]\nDoyle was friends for a time with the American magician Harry Houdini. Even though Houdini explained that his feats were based on illusion and trickery, Doyle was convinced that Houdini had supernatural powers and said as much in his work The Edge of the Unknown. Houdini's friend Bernard M.L. Ernst recounted a time when Houdini had performed an impressive trick at his home in Doyle's presence. Houdini had assured Doyle that the trick was pure illusion and had expressed the hope that this demonstration would persuade Doyle not to go around \"endorsing phenomena\" simply because he could think of no explanation for what he had seen other than supernatural power. However, according to Ernst, Doyle simply refused to believe that it had been a trick.[99] Houdini became a prominent opponent of the spiritualist movement in the 1920s, after the death of his beloved mother. He insisted that spiritualist mediums employed trickery, and consistently exposed them as frauds. These differences between Houdini and Doyle eventually led to a bitter, public falling-out between them.[100]\n1922 photograph of Doyle by spirit photographer Ada Deane\nIn 1922, the psychical researcher Harry Price accused the \"spirit photographer\" William Hope of fraud. Doyle defended Hope, but further evidence of trickery was obtained from other researchers.[101] Doyle threatened to have Price evicted from the National Laboratory of Psychical Research and predicted that, if he persisted in writing what he called \"sewage\" about spiritualists, he would meet the same fate as Harry Houdini.[102] Price wrote: \"Arthur Conan Doyle and his friends abused me for years for exposing Hope.\"[103] In response to the exposure of frauds that had been perpetrated by Hope and other spiritualists, Doyle led 84 members of the Society for Psychical Research to resign in protest from the society on the ground that they believed it was opposed to spiritualism.[104]\nDoyle's two-volume book The History of Spiritualism was published in 1926. W. Leslie Curnow a spiritualist, contributed much research to the book.[105][106] Later that year, Robert John Tillyard wrote a predominantly supportive review of it in the journal Nature.[107] This review provoked controversy: Several other critics, including A.A. Campbell Swinton, pointed out the evidence of fraud in mediumship, as well as Doyle's non-scientific approach to the subject.[108][109][110] In 1927, Doyle gave a filmed interview, in which he spoke about Sherlock Holmes and spiritualism.[111]\nDoyle and the Piltdown hoax\nRichard Milner, an American historian of science, argued that Doyle may have been the perpetrator of the Piltdown Man hoax of 1912, creating the counterfeit hominid fossil that fooled the scientific world for over 40years. Milner noted that Doyle had a plausible motivenamely, revenge on the scientific establishment for debunking one of his favourite psychicsand said that The Lost World appeared to contain several clues referring cryptically to his having been involved in the hoax.[112][113] Samuel Rosenberg's 1974 book Naked Is the Best Disguise purports to explain how, throughout his writings, Doyle had provided overt clues to otherwise hidden or suppressed aspects of his way of thinking that seemed to support the idea that Doyle would be involved in such a hoax.[114]\nHowever, more recent research suggests that Doyle was not involved. In 2016, researchers at the Natural History Museum and Liverpool John Moores University analyzed DNA evidence showing that responsibility for the hoax lay with the amateur archaeologist Charles Dawson, who had originally \"found\" the remains. He had initially not been considered the likely perpetrator, because the hoax was seen as being too elaborate for him to have devised. However, the DNA evidence showed that a supposedly ancient tooth he had \"discovered\" in 1915 (at a different site) came from the same jaw as that of the Piltdown Man, suggesting that he had planted them both. That tooth, too, was later proven to have been planted as part of a hoax.[115]\nChris Stringer, an anthropologist from the Natural History Museum, was quoted as saying: \"Conan Doyle was known to play golf at the Piltdown site and had even given Dawson a lift in his car to the area, but he was a public man and very busy[,] and it is very unlikely that he would have had the time [to create the hoax]. So there are some coincidences, but I think they are just coincidences. When you look at the fossil evidence[,] you can only associate Dawson with all the finds, and Dawson was known to be personally ambitious. He wanted professional recognition. He wanted to be a member of the Royal Society and he was after an MBE [sic[116]]. He wanted people to stop seeing him as an amateur\".[117]\nArchitecture\nFaade of Undershaw with Doyle's children, Mary and Kingsley, on the drive\nAnother of Doyle's longstanding interests was architectural design. In 1895, when he commissioned an architect friend of his, Joseph Henry Ball, to build him a home, he played an active part in the design process.[118][119] The home in which he lived from October 1897 to September 1907, known as Undershaw (near Hindhead, in Surrey),[120] was used as a hotel and restaurant from 1924 until 2004, when it was bought by a developer and then stood empty while conservationists and Doyle fans fought to preserve it.[63] In 2012, the High Court in London ruled in favor of those seeking to preserve the historic building, ordering that the redevelopment permission be quashed on the ground that it had not been obtained through proper procedures.[121] The building was later approved to become part of Stepping Stones, a school for children with disabilities and special needs.\nDoyle made his most ambitious foray into architecture in March 1912, while he was staying at the Lyndhurst Grand Hotel: He sketched the original designs for a third-storey extension and for an alteration of the front facade of the building.[122] Work began later that year, and when it was finished, the building was a nearly exact manifestation of the plans Doyle had sketched. Superficial alterations have been subsequently made, but the essential structure is still clearly Doyle's.[123]\nIn 1914, on a family trip to the Jasper National Park in Canada, he designed a golf course and ancillary buildings for a hotel. The plans were realised in full, but neither the golf course nor the buildings have survived.[124]\nIn 1926, Doyle laid the foundation stone for a Spiritualist Temple in Camden, London. Of the building's total 600 construction costs, he provided 500.[125]\nCrimes Club\nThe Crimes Club was a private social club founded by Doyle in 1903, whose purpose was discussion of crime and detection, criminals and criminology, and continues to this day as \"Our Society\", with membership numbers limited to 100. The club meets four times a year at the Imperial Hotel, Russell Square, London, where all proceedings are strictly confidential (\"Chatham House rules\"). Its logo is a silhouette of Doyle.[126]\nThe club's earliest members included John Churton Collins, Japanologist Arthur Disy, Sir Edward Marshall Hall, Sir Travers Humphreys, H. B. Irving, author (Thou Shalt Do No Murder) Arthur Lambton, William Le Queux, A. E. W. Mason, coroner Ingleby Oddie, Sir Max Pemberton, Bertram Fletcher Robinson, George R. Sims, Sir Bernard Spilsbury, Sir P. G. Wodehouse, and Filson Young.[127]\nDeath\nDoyle's grave at Minstead in Hampshire\nDoyle in 1930, the year of his death, with his son Adrian\nDoyle was found clutching his chest in the hall of Windlesham Manor, his house in Crowborough, Sussex, on 7 July 1930. He died of a heart attack at the age of 71. His last words were directed toward his wife: \"You are wonderful.\"[128] At the time of his death, there was some controversy concerning his burial place, as he was avowedly not a Christian, considering himself a Spiritualist. He was first buried on 11 July 1930 in Windlesham rose garden. In his will, he bequeathed 250 per year to Alfred Wood, who had served as his private secretary since 1897.[129]\nHe was later reinterred together with his wife in Minstead churchyard in the New Forest, Hampshire.[9] Carved wooden tablets to his memory and to the memory of his wife, originally from the church at Minstead, are on display as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition at Portsmouth Museum.[130][131] The epitaph on his gravestone in the churchyard reads, in part: \"Steel true/Blade straight/Arthur Conan Doyle/Knight/Patriot, Physician and man of letters\".[132]\nA statue honours Doyle at Crowborough Cross in Crowborough, where he lived for 23 years.[133] There is a statue of Sherlock Holmes in Picardy Place, Edinburgh, close to the house where Doyle was born.[134]\nHonours and awards\nKnight Bachelor (1902)[4]\nKnight of Grace of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (1903)\nQueen's South Africa Medal (1901)\nKnight of the Order of the Crown of Italy (1895)\nOrder of the Medjidie 2nd Class (Ottoman Empire) (1907)\nCommemoration\nDoyle has been commemorated with statues and plaques since his death. In 2009, he was among the ten people selected by the Royal Mail for their \"Eminent Britons\" commemorative postage stamp issue.[135]\nPortrayals\nArthur Conan Doyle has been portrayed by many actors, including:\nTelevision series\nNigel Davenport in the BBC Two series The Edwardians, in the episode \"Conan Doyle\" (1972)[136]\nMichael Ensign in the Voyagers! episode \"Jack's Back\" (1983)\nRobin Laing and Charles Edwards in Murder Rooms: Mysteries of the Real Sherlock Holmes (20002001)\nGeraint Wyn Davies in Murdoch Mysteries, 3 episodes (20082013)\nAlfred Molina in the Drunk History (American series) episode \"Detroit\" (2013)\nDavid Calder in the miniseries Houdini (2014)\nMartin Clunes in the miniseries Arthur & George (2015)\nBruce Mackinnon and Bradley Walsh in Drunk History (British series), in series 2, episodes 5 and 8 respectively (2016)[137][138]\nStephen Mangan in Houdini & Doyle (2016)\nMichael Pitthan in the German TV series Charit episode \"Gtterdmmerung\" (2017)\nBill Paterson in the Urban Myths episode \"Agatha Christie\" (2018)\nTelevision films\nPeter Cushing in The Great Houdini (1976)\nDavid Warner in Houdini (1998)\nRichard Wilson in Reichenbach Falls (2007)\nMichael McElhatton in Agatha and the Truth of Murder (2018)\nTheatrical films\nPaul Bildt in The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (1937)\nPeter O'Toole in FairyTale: A True Story (1997)\nEdward Hardwicke in Photographing Fairies (1997)\nTom Fisher in Shanghai Knights (2003)\nIan Hart in Finding Neverland (2004)\nOther media\nCarleton Hobbs in the BBC radio drama Conan Doyle Investigates (1972)[139]\nIain Cuthbertson in the BBC radio drama Conan Doyle and The Edalji Case (1987)[140]\nPeter Jeffrey in the BBC radio drama Conan Doyle's Strangest Case (1995)[141]\nAdrian Lukis in the stage adaptation of the novel Arthur & George (2010)[142]\nChris Tallman in Chapter 10 of The Dead Authors Podcast (2012)[143]\nSteven Miller in the Jago & Litefoot audio drama \"The Monstrous Menagerie\" (2014)[144]\nEamon Stocks in the video game Assassin's Creed Syndicate (2015)[145]\nRyohei Kimura in the mobile game Ikmen Vampire: Temptation in the Dark (2019)[146]\nIn fiction\nArthur Conan Doyle is the ostensible narrator of Ian Madden's short story \"Cracks in an Edifice of Sheer Reason\".[147]\nSir Arthur Conan Doyle features as a recurring character in Pip Murphy's Christie and Agatha's Detective Agency series, including A Discovery Disappears[148] and Of Mountains and Motors.[149]\nSee also\nBiography portalChildren's literature portalPoetry portal\nWilliam Gillette, a personal friend who performed the most famous stage version of Sherlock Holmes\nList of notable Freemasons\nPhysician writer\nReferences\n^ Stashower says that the compound version of his surname originated from his great-uncle Michael Conan, a distinguished journalist, from whom Arthur and his elder sister, Annette, received the compound surname of \"Conan Doyle\" (Stashower 2021). The same source points out that in 1885 he was describing himself on the brass nameplate outside his house, and on his doctoral thesis, as \"A. Conan Doyle\" (Stashower 70).\n^ Redmond, Christopher (2009). Sherlock Holmes Handbook 2nd ed. Dundurn. p.97. Google Books. Retrieved 11 February 2017.\n^ Doyle, Steven; Crowder, David A. (2010). Sherlock Holmes for Dummies. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p.51.\n^ a b \"No. 27494\". The London Gazette. 11 November 1902. p.7165. The entry, 'Arthur Conan Doyle, Esq., M.D., D.L.', is alphabetised based on 'Doyle'.\n^ \"Scottish Writer Best Known for His Creation of the Detective Sherlock Holmes\". Encyclopdia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2009.\n^ \"Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Biography\". sherlockholmesonline.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.\n^ The details of the births of Arthur and his siblings are unclear. Some sources say there were nine children, some say ten. It seems three died in childhood. See Owen Dudley Edwards, \"Doyle, Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan (18591930)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; Encyclopdia Britannica Archived 27 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine; Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters, Wordsworth Editions, 2007 p. viii; ISBN978-1-84022-570-9.\n^ \"Liberton Bank House, 1, Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh\". Register for Scotland: Buildings at Risk. Retrieved 28 April 2020.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Owen Dudley Edwards, \"Doyle, Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan (18591930)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.\n^ Lellenberg, Jon; Stashower, Daniel; Foley, Charles (2007). Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters. HarperPress. pp.89. ISBN978-0-00-724759-2.\n^ Stashower, pp. 2021.\n^ Jon Lellenberg; Daniel Stashower; Charles Foley, eds. (2008). Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters. HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-00-724760-8.\n^ a b Pascal, Janet (2000). Arthur Conan Doyle: Beyond Baker Street. New York: Oxford University Press. p.14. ISBN0-19-512262-3.\n^ a b O'Brien, James (2013). The Scientific Sherlock Holmes: Cracking the Case with Science and Forensics. New York: Oxford University Press. p.1. ISBN978-0-19-979496-6.\n^ Miller, Russell (2010). The Adventures of Arthur Conan Doyle. New York: Random House. ISBN978-1-4070-9308-6.\n^ Golgotha Press (2011). The Life and Times of Arthur Conan Doyle. BookCaps Study Guides. ISBN978-1-62107-027-6. In time, he would reject the Catholic religion and become an agnostic.\n^ Pascal, Janet B. (2000). Arthur Conan Doyle: Beyond Baker Street. Oxford University Press. p. 139.\n^ Brown, Yoland (1988). Ruyton XI Towns, Unusual Name, Unusual History. Brewin Books. pp.9293. ISBN0-947731-41-5.\n^ McNeill, Colin (6 January 2016). \"Mystery solved of how Sherlock Holmes knew so much about poisonous plants\". Herald Scotland. 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The Adventures of Conan Doyle. New York: W.W. Norton. pp.8687.\n^ Diniejko, Andrzej. \"Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: A Biographical Introduction\". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 21 October 2016.\n^ Stashower, pp. 114118.\n^ Independent, 7 August 2006 Archived 22 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine;\n^ Doyle, Arthur Conan, Memories and Adventures (Reprint), Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge) 2012, p. 26.\n^ Letter from R L Stevenson to Doyle 5 April 1893 The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 2/Chapter XII.\n^ Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001. pp. 162163. ISBN0-8160-4161-X.\n^ a b c d Carr, John Dickson (1947). The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.\n^ City of Westminster green plaques Archived 16 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 22 March 2014.\n^ Panek, LeRoy Lad (1987). An Introduction to the Detective Story. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. p.78. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p.264. ISBN978-0-435-07016-8.\n^ Wingett, Matt (2016). Conan Doyle and the Mysterious World of Light, 18871920. Life Is Amazing. pp.160161. ISBN978-0-9572413-5-0.\n^ Joseph McCabe. (1920). Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined. Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. London Watts & Co.\n^ Dearden, Harold. (1975 edition). Devilish But True: The Doctor Looks at Spiritualism. EP Publishing Limited. pp. 7072. ISBN0-7158-1041-3.\n^ \"The Coming of the Fairies\". British Library catalogue. British Library. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2013.\n^ \"Fairies, Phantoms, and Fantastic Photographs\". Presenter: Arthur C. Clarke. Narrator: Anna Ford. Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers. ITV. 22 May 1985. No. 6, season 1\n^ Polidoro, Massimo (July 2006). \"Houdini's Impossible Demonstration\". Skeptical Inquirer. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 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Leslie Curnow contributed a great deal of material and wrote some of the chapters, which Conan Doyle freely admits in the book's preface.\"\n^ Tillyard, Robert John (1926). \"The History of Spiritualism\". Nature. 118 (2961): 147149. Bibcode:1926Natur.118..147T. doi:10.1038/118147a0. S2CID4122097.\n^ Swinton, A. A. Campbell (1926). \"Science and Psychical Research\". Nature. 118 (2965): 299300. Bibcode:1926Natur.118..299S. doi:10.1038/118299a0. S2CID4124050.\n^ Donkin, Bryan (1926). \"Science and Psychical Research\". Nature. 118 (2970): 480. Bibcode:1926Natur.118Q.480D. doi:10.1038/118480a0. S2CID4125188.\n^ Donkin, Bryan (1926). \"Science and Psychical Research\". Nature. 118 (2975): 658659. Bibcode:1926Natur.118..658D. doi:10.1038/118658a0. S2CID4059745.\n^ Arthur Conan Doyle Interviewed on Sherlock Holmes and Spirituality. 16 April 2009. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014 via YouTube.\n^ \"Piltdown Man: Britain's Greatest Hoax\". BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.\n^ McKie, Robin (5 February 2012). \"Piltdown Man: British archaeology's greatest hoax\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2022.\n^ Samuel Rosenberg. (1974). Naked is the Best Disguise: The Death and Resurrection of Sherlock Holmes. Bobbs-Merrill. ISBN0-14-004030-7.\n^ \"Piltdown Man\". www.bournemouth.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2019.\n^ The latter honour did not exist in the lifetime of Dawson, who died in August 1916; the Order of the British Empire was founded on 4 June 1917.\n^ Knapton, Sarah (10 August 2016). \"Sir Arthur Conan Doyle cleared of Piltdown Man hoax\". The Telegraph. ISSN0307-1235. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.\n^ Cooke, Simon, 2013, Introduction: Life and Controversy, \"Charles Altamont Doyle\", The Victorian Web.\n^ Historic England. \"Undershaw (1244471)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 October 2021.\n^ Duncan, Alistair (2011). An Entirely New Country: Arthur Conan Doyle, Undershaw and the Resurrection of Sherlock Holmes. MX Publishing. ISBN978-1-908218-19-3.\n^ \"Sir Arthur Conan Doyle house development appeal upheld\". BBC News. 12 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012.\n^ Griffith, Carolyn. \"Campaigner says hotel's writer link should secure landmark building\". Lymington Times, 15 September 2017.\n^ \"Glasshayes House: The 1912 Extension of the Lyndhurst Grand Hotel\". The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.\n^ The Golfball Factory, accessed September 2017, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Golf Course Architect. Archived 17 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine.\n^ Crossley, Frankie (17 August 2017). \"Blur guitarist leads fight to save Camden Road Spiritualist Temple\". Hampstead Highgate Express.\n^ \"Our Society\". Retrieved 6 July 2022.\n^ Carrie Selina Parris. The Crimes Club: The Early Years of Our Society (PDF) (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). p.2. Retrieved 6 July 2022.\n^ Stashower, p. 439.\n^ \"Death of Major A. H. Wood\". Portsmouth Evening News. 22 April 1941. p.4. Retrieved 24 March 2023 via British Newspaper Archive.\n^ \"Stock Photo Wooden headstone of Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle at a special display in the Town's museum. Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK\". Alamy. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2016.\n^ \"City Museums\". www.portsmouthcitymuseums.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.\n^ Johnson, Roy (1992). \"Studying Fiction: A Guide and Study Programme\", p. 15. Manchester University Press; ISBN0-7190-3397-7.\n^ \"Arthur Conan Doyle (18591930)\". librarything.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. 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OCLC1295111029.\nFurther reading\nMartin Booth (2000). The Doctor and the Detective: A Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Minotaur Books. ISBN0-312-24251-4.\nJohn Dickson Carr (2003 edition, originally published in 1949). The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Carroll and Graf Publishers.\nMichael Dirda (2014). On Conan Doyle: or, The Whole Art of Storytelling. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-16412-0.\nArthur Conan Doyle, Joseph McCabe (1920). Debate on Spiritualism: Between Arthur Conan Doyle and Joseph McCabe. The Appeal's Pocket Series.\nBernard M. L. Ernst, Hereward Carrington (1932). Houdini and Conan Doyle: The Story of a Strange Friendship. Albert and Charles Boni, Inc.\nMargalit Fox (2018). Conan Doyle for the Defense. Random House.\nKelvin Jones (1989). Conan Doyle and the Spirits: The Spiritualist Career of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Aquarian Press.\nJon Lellenberg, Daniel Stashower, Charles Foley (2007). Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters. HarperPress. ISBN978-0-00-724759-2\nAndrew Lycett (2008). The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Free Press. ISBN0-7432-7523-3.\nRussell Miller (2008). The Adventures of Arthur Conan Doyle: A Biography. Thomas Dunne Books.\nPierre Nordon (1967). Conan Doyle: A Biography. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.\nRonald Pearsall (1977). Conan Doyle: A Biographical Solution. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd.\nMassimo Polidoro (2001). Final Sance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle. Prometheus Books. ISBN978-1-57392-896-0.\nDaniel Stashower (2000). Teller of Tales: The Life of Arthur Conan Doyle. Penguin Books. ISBN0-8050-5074-4.\nExternal links\nArthur Conan Doyle at Wikipedia's sister projects\nMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata\nLibrary resources about Arthur Conan Doyle\nResources in your library\nResources in other libraries\nDigital collections\nWorks by Arthur Conan Doyle in eBook form at Standard Ebooks\nWorks by Arthur Conan Doyle at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by Arthur Conan Doyle at Faded Page (Canada)\nWorks by Arthur Conan Doyle at Project Gutenberg Australia\nWorks by or about Arthur Conan Doyle at Internet Archive\nWorks by Arthur Conan Doyle at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)\nPoems by Arthur Conan Doyle\nPhysical collections\nArthur Conan Doyle Papers, Photographs, and Personal Effects at the Harry Ransom Center\nArthur Conan Doyle Collection at Toronto Public Library\nSir Arthur Conan Doyle Collection at Dartmouth College Library\nArthur Conan Doyle Online Exhibition\n\"Archival material relating to Arthur Conan Doyle\". UK National Archives.\nC. Frederick Kittle's Collection of Doyleana Archived 6 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine at the Newberry Library\nNewspaper clippings about Arthur Conan Doyle in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW\nBiographical information\nDoyle, Sir Arthur Conan, Knt. Cr. 1902 Archived 21 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The county families of the United Kingdom or Royal manual of the titled and untitled aristocracy of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, (Volume ed. 59, yr. 1919) (page 109 of 415) by Edward Walford\nThe Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia\nConan Doyle in Birmingham\nOther references\n1930 audio recording of Conan Doyle speaking\nArthur Conan Doyle at Curlie\nThe short film Arthur Conan Doyle (1927) (Fox newsreel interview) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.\nThe Arthur Conan Doyle Society\nArthur Conan Doyle quotes\nArthur Conan Doyle at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\nArthur Conan Doyle at IMDb\nvteArthur Conan DoyleBibliographySherlock Holmes(canon)\nA Study in Scarlet (1887)\nThe Sign of the Four (1890)\nThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1892)\nThe Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1894)\nThe Hound of the Baskervilles (1902)\nThe Return of Sherlock Holmes (1904)\nThe Valley of Fear (1914)\nHis Last Bow (1917)\nThe Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes (1927)\nProfessor Challenger\nThe Lost World (1912)\nThe Poison Belt (1913)\nThe Land of Mist (1926)\n\"When the World Screamed\" (1928)\n\"The Disintegration Machine\" (1929)\nOther novels\nThe Narrative of John Smith (1883) [2011]\nThe Mystery of Cloomber (1889)\nMicah Clarke (1889)\nThe Firm of Girdlestone (1890)\nThe White Company (1891)\nThe Doings of Raffles Haw (1892)\nBeyond the City (1892)\nThe Great Shadow (1892)\nThe Refugees (1893)\nThe Parasite (1894)\nThe Stark Munro Letters (1895)\nThe Exploits of Brigadier Gerard (1896)\nRodney Stone (1896)\nThe Tragedy of the Korosko (1898)\nA Duet, with an Occasional Chorus (1899)\nAdventures of Gerard (1903)\nSir Nigel (1906)\nThe Maracot Deep (1929)\nShort stories\n\"J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement\" (1884)\n\"Lot No. 249\" (1892)\n\"The Case of Lady Sannox\" (1893)\n\"The Club-Footed Grocer\" (1898)\n\"The Brown Hand\" (1899)\n\"The Terror of Blue John Gap\" (1910)\n\"The Horror of the Heights\" (1913)\nDanger! and Other Stories (1918)\nOther\n\"The Inner Room\" (1898)\n\"The Crime of the Congo\" (1909)\nThe Vital Message (1919)\nDepictions\nFairyTale: A True Story (1997 film)\nPhotographing Fairies (1997 film)\nArthur & George (2015 miniseries)\nHoudini & Doyle (2016 miniseries)\nRelated\nAdrian Conan Doyle (son)\nJean Conan Doyle (daughter)\nCharles Altamont Doyle (father)\nJohn Doyle (grandfather)\nThe Great Wyrley Outrages\nUndershaw (home)\nvteArthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes\nCanon\nAdaptations\nPastiches\nPopular culture\nNovels\nA Study in Scarlet (1887)\nThe Sign of the Four (1890)\nThe Hound of the Baskervilles (1902)\nThe Valley of Fear (1915)\nStory collections\nThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1892)\nThe Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1894)\nThe Return of Sherlock Holmes (1905)\nHis Last Bow (1917)\nThe Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes (1927)\nCharacters\nSherlock Holmes\nDr. Watson\nProfessor Moriarty\nInspector Lestrade\nMycroft Holmes\nMrs. Hudson\nIrene Adler\nColonel Moran\nBaker Street Irregulars\nMinor characters\nUncollected stories\n\"The Field Bazaar\" (1896)\n\"The Story of the Lost Special\" (1898)\n\"How Watson Learned the Trick\" (1924)\nUniverse\n221B Baker Street\nBaritsu\nDiogenes Club\nThe Dynamics of an Asteroid\nReichenbach Falls\nA Treatise on the Binomial Theorem\nStudies\nSherlockian game\nHolmesian studies\nThe New Annotated Sherlock Holmes\nThe Private Life of Sherlock Holmes\nFrom Holmes to Sherlock\nThe Great Detective\nNaked Is the Best Disguise\nRelated\nSherlock Holmes fandom\nSherlockiana\nSherlock Holmes Museum\nThe Sherlock Holmes\nThe Baker Street Irregulars\nThe Baker Street Journal\nThe Bootmakers of Toronto\nSidney Paget\nThe Strand Magazine\nUndershaw\nCategory\nvteArthur Conan Doyle's The Lost WorldNovels\nThe Lost World (1912)\nThePoisonBelt(1913)\nTheLandofMist(1926)\nShort stories\n\"WhentheWorldScreamed\"(1928)\n\"TheDisintegrationMachine\"(1929)\nCharacters\nProfessorChallenger\nLordJohnRoxton\nAdaptationsFilm\nTheLostWorld(1925)\nTheLostWorld(1960)\nTheLostWorld(1992)\nReturntotheLostWorld(1992)\nTheLostWorld(1998)\nDinosaurIsland(2002)\nKingoftheLostWorld(2005)\nTelevision\nThe Lost World(1999-2002)\nepisodes\n\"HeartoftheStorm\"\nTheLostWorld(2001)\nRelated\nTheValleyofGwangi\nDinosaurSummer\nLostContinent\nBuddy'sLostWorld\nvteSpiritualism and spiritismHistory and beliefs\nApport\nAutomatic writing\nCross-Correspondences\nEctoplasm\nFaith healing\nMaterialization\nMediumship\nSance\nSpirit guides\nSpiritual healing\nSpirit obsession\nSpirit photography\nSpirit possession\nSpirit world\nTable-turning\nTheism\nSpiritualists\nDerek Acorah\nRosemary Altea\nDan Aykroyd\nCharles Bailey\nBangs Sisters\nAda Besinnet\nStephen E. Braude\nWilliam Breeze\nRosemary Brown\nSylvia Browne\nEva Carrire\nDoris Collins\nFlorence Cook\nMina Crandon\nWilliam Crookes\nGeraldine Cummins\nPearl Curran\nFrank Decker\nArthur Conan Doyle\nHelen Duncan\nEddy Brothers\nHarry Edwards\nJohn Edward\nWilliam Eglinton\nColin Evans\nFox sisters\nLeslie Flint\nArthur Ford\nColin Fry\nEileen Garrett\nKathleen Goligher\nRita Goold\nJan Guzyk\nRobert Hare\nAlec Harris\nGordon Higginson\nRichard Hodgson\nDaniel Dunglas Home\nElizabeth Hope\nWilliam Hope\nSwami Laura Horos\nCecil Husk\nJames H. Hyslop\nAllan Kardec\nFranek Kluski\nGladys Osborne Leonard\nOliver Lodge\nHeinrich Melzer\nCarmine Mirabelli\nFrancis Ward Monck\nWilliam Usborne Moore\nLorin Morgan-Richards\nWilliam Stainton Moses\nEiner Nielsen\nEusapia Palladino\nLeonora Piper\nEthel Post-Parrish\nJames Van Praagh\nBert Reese\nEstelle Roberts\nJane Roberts\nWilliam Roy\nRudi Schneider\nMaria Silbert\nHenry Slade\nDoris Stokes\nEmanuel Swedenborg\nRosina Thompson\nStanisawa Tomczyk\nEna Twigg\nGeorge Valiantine\nJack Webber\nEtta Wriedt\nChico Xavier\nOrganizations\nList of Spiritualist organizations\nSpiritualist churches\nSpiritist centres\nLondon Spiritualist Alliance\nNational Spiritualist Association of Churches\nSpiritualists' National Union\nSpiritualist Association of Great Britain\nSpiritual church movement\nArthur Findlay College\nInternational Spiritualist Federation\nSkeptics\nDavid Abbott\nJohn Henry Anderson\nGeorge Miller Beard\nRuth Brandon\nLionel Branson\nDerren Brown\nWilliam Carpenter\nMilbourne Christopher\nEdward Clodd\nEdmund Smith Conklin\nMillais Culpin\nStuart Cumberland\nEric Dingwall\nJoseph Dunninger\nHenry Evans\nChris French\nMartin Gardner\nG. 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Bechhofer Roberts\nChung Ling Soo\nGordon Stein\nAmy Tanner\nIvor Lloyd Tuckett\nLyttelton Winslow\nRichard Wiseman\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\n2\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nChile\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nArgentina\nCatalonia\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nFinland\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nGreece\nKorea\nCroatia\nNetherlands\n2\nPoland\nPortugal\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nMuse d'Orsay\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Conan_Doyle&oldid=1226175987\"\nCategories: Arthur Conan Doyle1859 births1930 deaths19th-century Scottish novelists19th-century British short story writers19th-century Scottish medical doctors19th-century Scottish male writers19th-century male writers20th-century Scottish male writers20th-century Scottish novelists20th-century Scottish medical doctors20th-century Scottish memoiristsAlumni of the University of EdinburghBritish FreemasonsBritish male boxersBritish children's writersBritish crime fiction writersBritish detective fiction writersBritish dramatists and playwrights19th-century British essayistsBritish fantasy writersBritish historical novelistsBritish horror writersBritish male novelistsBritish male poetsBritish mystery writersBritish non-fiction writersBritish occult writersBritish opera librettistsBritish people in whalingBritish people of Irish descentBritish science fiction writersBritish short story writersBritish spiritualistsDeputy Lieutenants of SurreyDoyle familyEnglish men's footballersFormer Roman CatholicsBritish ghost story writersHermetic Order of the Golden DawnKnights BachelorKnights of Grace of the Order of St JohnLegion of Frontiersmen membersLiberal Unionist Party parliamentary candidatesBritish male non-fiction writersMaritime writersMarylebone Cricket Club cricketersMythopoeic writersPeople educated at Stonyhurst CollegePeople of the National Rifle AssociationPeople of the Second Boer WarRecipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)Scottish Christian mysticsScottish cricketersScottish expatriates in AustriaSherlock HolmesVictorian novelistsWriters from EdinburghWriters of Gothic fictionWriters of historical fiction set in the Middle AgesWriters of historical fiction set in the modern ageActivists against atrocities in the Congo Free StateVaccination advocatesHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksPages containing links to subscription-only contentCS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pagesUse British English from August 2016Use dmy dates from September 2023All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from May 2022Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidataArticles with Project Gutenberg linksArticles with Internet Archive linksArticles with LibriVox linksArticles with Curlie linksArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNC identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with BNMM identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with ICCU identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with KANTO identifiersArticles with KBR identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with Libris identifiersArticles with LNB identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with NLG identifiersArticles with NLK identifiersArticles with NSK identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with PortugalA identifiersArticles with VcBA identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiersArticles with Muse d'Orsay identifiersArticles with DTBIO identifiersArticles with Trove identifiersArticles with SNAC-ID identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersMen's association football players not categorized by position\nThis page was last edited on 29 May 2024, at 00:44(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arthur Conan Doyle | Biography, Books, Sherlock Holmes, Death, Fairies, & Facts | Britannica\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nLogin\nSubscribe\nSubscribe\nHome\nGames & Quizzes\nHistory & Society\nScience & Tech\nBiographies\nAnimals & Nature\nGeography & Travel\nArts & Culture\nMoney\nVideos\nArthur Conan Doyle\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction\nQuotes\nReferences & Edit History\nQuick Facts & Related Topics\nImages\nQuizzes\nGetting Into (Fictional) Character\nNovels and Novelists Quiz\nLiterary Classics Quiz\nFictional Detectives Quiz\nRead Next\n12 Novels Considered the Greatest Book Ever Written\nBritannicas Book Bingo\n10 Captivating Contemporary Novels Set in the British Isles\n9 American Countercultural Books\nDiscover\nSecret Service Code Names of 11 U.S. Presidents\nTitanosaurs: 8 of the World's Biggest Dinosaurs\n9 of the Worlds Deadliest Snakes\n8 of the Worlds Most-Remote Islands\nWhats the Difference Between a Turtle and a Tortoise?\nWhy Is Missouri Called the Show Me State?\n7 of History's Most Notorious Serial Killers\nContents\nSummarize This Article\nHome\nLiterature\nNovels & Short Stories\nNovelists A-K\nArthur Conan Doyle\nBritish author\nActions\nCite\nShare\nGive Feedback\nExternal Websites\nPrint\nCite\nShare\nFeedback\nExternal Websites\nAlso known as: Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle\nWritten by\nPhilip K. Wilson\nMedical Historian, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine. Author of Surgery, Skin & Syphilis: Daniel Turner's London (1667-1741).\nPhilip K. Wilson\nFact-checked by\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nLast Updated:\nMay 18, 2024\n\nArticle History\nTable of Contents\nArthur Conan Doyle\nSee all media\nIn full:\nSir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle\n(Showmore)\nBorn:\nMay 22, 1859, Edinburgh, Scotland\n(Showmore)\nDied:\nJuly 7, 1930, Crowborough, Sussex, England (aged 71)\n(Showmore)\nNotable Works:\nRound the Red Lamp\nThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\nThe British Campaign in France and Flanders\nThe Crime of the Congo\nThe Final Problem\nThe Firm of Girdlestone\nThe Great Boer War\nThe Hound of the Baskervilles\nThe Mystery of Cloomber\nThe Stark Munro Letters\nThe White Company\n(Showmore)\nSee all related content \nRecent News\nMay 13, 2024, 4:53 AM ET (The Telegraph)\nManuscript for early Sherlock Holmes could fetch 1 million\nSummarize This Article\nSummarize\nBETA\n?\nTrusted Britannica articles, summarized using artificial intelligence, to provide a quicker and simpler reading experience. This is a beta feature. Please verify important information in our full article.\nThis summary was created from our Britannica article using AI. Please verify important information in our full article.\nArthur Conan Doyle (born May 22, 1859, Edinburgh, Scotlanddied July 7, 1930, Crowborough, Sussex, England) was a Scottish writer best known for his creation of the detective Sherlock Holmesone of the most vivid and enduring characters in English fiction.Conan Doyle, the second of Charles Altamont and Mary Foley Doyles 10 children, began seven years of Jesuit education in Lancashire, England, in 1868. After an additional year of schooling in Feldkirch, Austria, Conan Doyle returned to Edinburgh. Through the influence of Dr. Bryan Charles Waller, his mothers lodger, he prepared for entry into the University of Edinburghs Medical School. He received Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery qualifications from Edinburgh in 1881 and an M.D. in 1885 upon completing his thesis, An Essay upon the Vasomotor Changes in Tabes Dorsalis.\nBritannica Quiz\nNovels and Novelists Quiz\nArthur Conan DoyleArthur Conan Doyle, c. 1900.(more)Sherlock HolmesBritish actor Basil Rathbone as Detective Sherlock Holmes. (more)While a medical student, Conan Doyle was deeply impressed by the skill of his professor, Dr. Joseph Bell, in observing the most minute detail regarding a patients condition. This master of diagnostic deduction became the model for Conan Doyles literary creation, Sherlock Holmes, who first appeared in A Study in Scarlet, a novel-length story published in Beetons Christmas Annual of 1887. Other aspects of Conan Doyles medical education and experiences appear in his semiautobiographical novels, The Firm of Girdlestone (1890) and The Stark Munro Letters (1895), and in the collection of medical short stories Round the Red Lamp (1894). (See also Sherlock Holmes: Pioneer in Forensic Science.) Conan Doyles creation of the logical, cold, calculating Holmes, the worlds first and only consulting detective, sharply contrasted with the paranormal beliefs Conan Doyle addressed in a short novel of this period, The Mystery of Cloomber (1889). Conan Doyles early interest in both scientifically supportable evidence and certain paranormal phenomena exemplified the complex diametrically opposing beliefs he struggled with throughout his life.Arthur Conan Doyle's notebook for The White CompanyArthur Conan Doyle's notebook (188990) for The White Company (1891).(more)Arthur Conan DoyleArthur Conan Doyle, detail of a portrait by H.L. Gates, 1927; in the National Portrait Gallery, London.(more)Driven by public clamour, Conan Doyle continued writing Sherlock Holmes adventures through 1926. His short stories were collected in several volumes, and he also wrote novels (e.g., The Hound of the Baskervilles, serialized 190102) that feature Holmes and his assistant, Dr. Watson. Conan Doyle, however, claimed the success of Holmes overshadowed the merit he believed his other historical fiction deserved, most notably his tale of 14th-century chivalry, The White Company (1891), its companion piece, Sir Nigel (1906), and his adventures of the Napoleonic war hero Brigadier Gerard and the 19th-century skeptical scientist Professor George Edward Challenger.When his passions ran high, Conan Doyle also turned to nonfiction. His works included military writings, The Great Boer War (1900) and The British Campaign in France and Flanders, 6 vol. (191620), and subjects such as the Belgian atrocities in the Congo during Leopold IIs reign, in The Crime of the Congo (1909), as well as his involvement in the actual criminal cases of George Edalji and Oscar Slater.Conan Doyle married Louisa Hawkins in 1885, and together they had two children, Mary and Kingsley. A year after Louisas death in 1906, he married Jean Leckie and with her had three children, Denis, Adrian, and Jean. Conan Doyle was knighted in 1902 for his work with a field hospital in Bloemfontein, South Africa, and other services during the South African (Boer) War.\nSpecial 67% offer for students! Finish the semester strong with Britannica.\nLearn More\nArthur Conan DoyleConan Doyle himself viewed his most important efforts to be his campaign in support of spiritualism, the religion and psychic research subject based upon the belief that spirits of the departed continued to exist in the hereafter and can be contacted by those still living. He donated the majority of his literary efforts and profits later in his life to this campaign, beginning with The New Revelation (1918) and The Vital Message (1919). He later chronicled his travels in supporting the spiritualist cause in The Wanderings of a Spiritualist (1921), Our American Adventure (1923), Our Second American Adventure (1924), and Our African Winter (1929). He discussed other spiritualist issues in his Case for Spirit Photography (1922), Pheneas Speaks (1927), and a two-volume The History of Spiritualism (1926). Conan Doyle became the worlds most-renowned proponent of spiritualism, but he faced considerable opposition for his conviction from the magician Harry Houdini and in a 1920 debate with the humanist Joseph McCabe. Even spiritualists joined in criticizing Conan Doyles article The Evidence for Fairies, published in The Strand Magazine in 1921, and his subsequent book The Coming of the Fairies (1922), in which he voiced support for the claim that two young girls, Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths, had photographed actual fairies that they had seen in the Yorkshire village of Cottingley.Conan Doyle died in Windlesham, his home in Crowborough, Sussex, and at his funeral his family and members of the spiritualist community celebrated rather than mourned the occasion of his passing beyond the veil. On July 13, 1930, thousands of people filled Londons Royal Albert Hall for a sance during which Estelle Roberts, the spiritualist medium, claimed to have contacted Sir Arthur.\nConan Doyle detailed what he valued most in life in his autobiography, Memories and Adventures (1924), and the importance that books held for him in Through the Magic Door (1907). Philip K. Wilson The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nLoad Next Page\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).\nFeedback Type\nSelect a type (Required)\nFactual Correction\nSpelling/Grammar Correction\nLink Correction\nAdditional Information\nOther\nYour Feedback\nSubmit Feedback\nThank you for your feedback\nOur editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-Conan-Doyle\nExternal Websites\nPBS - American Experience - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930)\nThe Encyclopedia of Science Fiction - Arthur Conan Doyle\nThe Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia - Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle\nUndiscovered Scotland - Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle\nHistoric UK - Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle\nOfficial Site of The Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate\nThe Victorian Web - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nArthur Conan Doyle - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)\nverifiedCite\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\nPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\nSelect Citation Style\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago Manual of Style\nWilson, Philip K.. \"Arthur Conan Doyle\". 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-Conan-Doyle\nExternal Websites\nPBS - American Experience - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930)\nThe Encyclopedia of Science Fiction - Arthur Conan Doyle\nThe Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia - Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle\nUndiscovered Scotland - Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle\nHistoric UK - Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle\nOfficial Site of The Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate\nThe Victorian Web - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nArthur Conan Doyle - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-Conan-Doyle" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia\nAnonymousNot logged inLog inThe Arthur Conan Doyle EncyclopediaSearch\nMain PageFrom The Arthur Conan Doyle EncyclopediaNamespacesMain PageDiscussionMoreMorePage actionsReadView sourceHistory\n7,615 pages\n29,704 images\nArthur Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 - 7 July 1930). M.D., Kt, KStJ, D.L., LL.D., Writer, Sportsman, Artist, Poet, Politician, Business man, Justicer, Inventor, Patriot, Spiritualist...\nThe Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia is an online repository of all works written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (fictions, essays, articles, poems, plays, lectures, letters, manuscripts...), but also any materials related to him (newspaper articles, interviews, photos, movies...).\nHis Life\nHis Works\nAdaptations\nConan Doyle: Mystery and Adventure\nNew Book: My Own Story, by George Edalji\nDoings of Doyle: Podcast\nA Chronology of the Life of Arthur Conan Doyle: New Edition\nRetrieved from https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=111761\nNavigationHis LifeSir Arthur Conan DoyleBiographyChronologyFamilyA Life in PicturesA Life in MoviesMapsHis WorksAll WorksFictionsSherlock HolmesBrigadier GerardSir Nigel LoringCaptain SharkeyAll fictionsSearch FictionsEssays, ArticlesPlaysInterviewsLecturesPrefacesPoemsHis HandwritingLettersManuscriptsDedicacesDrawings & PaintingsIllustratorsPeriodicalsPublishersAdaptationsOn screenOn radioOn stagePastichesPerformersContact/SupportContact usSupport UsLinksWiki toolsWiki toolsSpecial pagesCite this pagePage toolsPage toolsUser page toolsMoreWhat links hereRelated changesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage informationPage logs This page was last modified on 9 April 2024, at 23:52.Privacy policyAbout The Arthur Conan Doyle EncyclopediaDisclaimers", "url": "https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php/Main_Page" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arthur Conan Doyle Characters ...\nWELCOME TO THE OFFICIAL SITE OF SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE.\nOver 125 years after his creation, Sherlock Holmes remains the most popular fictional detective in history. Arthur Conan Doyle is best known for the 60 stories he wrote about Sherlock Holmes. His body of work includes nearly 200 novels, short stories, poems, historical books and pamphlets.\nABOUT THE SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE LITERARY ESTATE AND ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE CHARACTERS LTD.\nThe Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate has owned and administered the literary copyright in Sir Arthur Conan Doyles fiction books since 1976 when our family acquired them from his heirs.\nOur aim is to promote and make available all of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles books worldwide. We endeavour to look after the literary brands created by the author, including and not limited to, Sherlock Holmes, Professor Challenger, Professor Moriarty, Brigadier Gerard and Irene Adler, keeping them alive through the publication of new stories created by authors such as Anthony Horowitz, Andrew Lane, Nigel Scott, Steve Hayes and David Whitehead. We also encourage the creation of theatrical and cinematographic productions and scholarly and academic works based on Sir Arthur Conan Doyles stories and characters.\nWorking alongside the Estate, Arthur Conan Doyle Characters Ltd. owns and administers the European trademark rights to the characters created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.\nFor all enquiries please email us at: acd@arthurconandoyle.com", "url": "https://www.arthurconandoyle.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arthur Conan Doyle (Author of A Study in Scarlet)\n,\nHomeMy BooksBrowse RecommendationsChoice AwardsGenresGiveawaysNew ReleasesListsExploreNews & InterviewsGenresArtBiographyBusinessChildren'sChristianClassicsComicsCookbooksEbooksFantasyFictionGraphic NovelsHistorical FictionHistoryHorrorMemoirMusicMysteryNonfictionPoetryPsychologyRomanceScienceScience FictionSelf HelpSportsThrillerTravelYoung AdultMore GenresCommunity GroupsQuotesAsk the AuthorSign InJoinSign upView profileProfileFriendsGroupsDiscussionsCommentsReading ChallengeKindle Notes & HighlightsQuotesFavorite genresFriends recommendationsAccount settingsHelpSign outHomeMy BooksBrowse RecommendationsChoice AwardsGenresGiveawaysNew ReleasesListsExploreNews & InterviewsGenresArtBiographyBusinessChildren'sChristianClassicsComicsCookbooksEbooksFantasyFictionGraphic NovelsHistorical FictionHistoryHorrorMemoirMusicMysteryNonfictionPoetryPsychologyRomanceScienceScience FictionSelf HelpSportsThrillerTravelYoung AdultMore GenresCommunity GroupsQuotesAsk the Author\nDiscover new books on Goodreads\nSee if your friends have read any of Arthur Conan Doyle's books\nSign in with Facebook\nSign in options\nJoin Goodreads\nArthur Conan Doyles Followers (22,640)\nAdd NewVideos\nAdd a comment\nAdd a comment\nMore videos\nArthur Conan Doyle\nBorn\nin Edinburgh, Scotland, The United Kingdom\nMay 22, 1859\nDied\nJuly 07, 1930\nWebsite\nhttp://www.sherlockholmesonline.org/\nGenre\nFiction, Crime, Thriller\nInfluences\nEdgar Allan Poe, Joseph McCabe, Jules Verne, Walter Scott, Thomas Babi\nEdgar Allan Poe, Joseph McCabe, Jules Verne, Walter Scott, Thomas Babington Macaulay, Robert Louis Stevenson, Fortun du Boisgobey, Joseph Bell. Charles Altamont Doyle, Roger Casement, J.M. Barrie, Andrew Lang\n...more\nedit data\nA series of stories, including\nThe Hound of the Baskervilles\n(1902), of known British writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle chiefly features Sherlock Holmes, the brilliant detective. Mary Foley, an Irish mother, bore Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, the third of ten siblings, to Charles Altamont Doyle, a talented English illustrator of Irish descent. Although people now refer to as \"Conan Doyle\" despite the uncertain origin of this understood compound surname. His baptism record in the registry of cathedral of Saint Mary in Edinburgh gives \"Arthur Ignatius Conan\" as his Christian name, and simply \"Doyle\" as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather. At the age of nine years in 1868, parents sent Arthur Conan Doyle to Hodder plac\nA series of stories, including\nThe Hound of the Baskervilles\n(1902), of known British writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle chiefly features Sherlock Holmes, the brilliant detective. Mary Foley, an Irish mother, bore Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, the third of ten siblings, to Charles Altamont Doyle, a talented English illustrator of Irish descent. Although people now refer to as \"Conan Doyle\" despite the uncertain origin of this understood compound surname. His baptism record in the registry of cathedral of Saint Mary in Edinburgh gives \"Arthur Ignatius Conan\" as his Christian name, and simply \"Doyle\" as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather. At the age of nine years in 1868, parents sent Arthur Conan Doyle to Hodder place, the Jesuit preparatory school at Stonyhurst. He then went to Stonyhurst college and left in 1875. From 1876, he studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh to 1881. This study required that he provide periodic medical assistance in the towns of Aston (now a district of Birmingham) and Sheffield. Arthur Conan Doyle studied and meanwhile began short. He apparently first published in \"Chambers's Edinburgh Journal\" before 20 years of age in 1879. Following his graduation, the steamship Mayumba employed him as a doctor during a voyage to the African west coast. Arthur Conan Doyle completed his doctorate on the subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885. In 1885, he married Louisa Hawkins Doyle as \"Touie.\" With this first wife, Arthur Conan Doyle fathered two children: Mary Louise Doyle, born 28 January 1889, and Arthur Alleyne Kingsley Doyle, born 15 November 1892. Arthur Conan Doyle first met Jean Elizabeth Leckie and fell in 1897. Due to his sense of loyalty, he had maintained a purely platonic relationship with Jean while Louisa Hawkins Doyle, his first wife, lived. Louisa Hawkins Doyle, his wife, suffered from tuberculosis and died on 4 July 1906. In the following year of 1907, he married Jean Elizabeth Leckie. With this second wife, he fathered three children: Denis Percy Stewart Doyle, born on 17 March 1909, Adrian Malcolm Doyle, born on 19 November 1910, and Jean Lena Annette Doyle, born on 21 December 1912. Arthur Alleyne Kingsley Doyle, his son, died on 28 October 1918. At Undershaw, house, located in Hindhead, south of London, Arthur Conan Doyle lived for a decade; it served from 1924 as a hotel and restaurant for eight decades. It then stood empty while conservationists and fans fight to preserve it. People found Arthur Conan Doyle, clutching his chest, in the hall of Windlesham, his house in Crowborough, East Sussex. He died of a heart attack. He directed his last words, \"You are wonderful,\" toward his wife. The epitaph on his gravestone in the churchyard at Minstead in the New Forest, Hampshire, reads:STEEL TRUEBLADE STRAIGHTARTHUR CONAN DOYLEKNIGHTPATRIOT, PHYSICIAN & MAN OF LETTERSJean Elizabeth Leckie Doyle, his widow, died in London on 27 June 1940.\n...more\nCombine EditionsArthur Conan Doyles books\nArthur Conan Doyle\nAverage rating:\n4.17\n\n2,545,786\nratings\n\n99,950\nreviews\n 11,675 distinct works\n Similar authors\nA Study in Scarlet (Sherlock Holmes, #1)\n4.14 avg rating 448,459 ratings\n\npublished\n1887\n\n512 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nWant to Read\nCurrently Reading\nRead\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Hound of the Baskervilles (Sherlock Holmes, #5)\n4.13 avg rating 348,531 ratings\n\npublished\n1902\n\n7896 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (Sherlock Holmes, #3)\n4.30 avg rating 301,840 ratings\n\npublished\n1891\n\n38 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Complete Sherlock Holmes\n4.50 avg rating 198,937 ratings\n\npublished\n1930\n\n833 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Sign of Four (Sherlock Holmes, #2)\n3.90 avg rating 158,392 ratings\n\npublished\n1890\n\n4470 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (Sherlock Holmes, #4)\n4.31 avg rating 91,239 ratings\n\npublished\n1893\n\n2448 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Complete Sherlock Holmes: Volume II\nby\nArthur Conan Doyle,\nKyle Freeman (Contributor)\n4.48 avg rating 80,631 ratings\n\npublished\n1914\n\n62 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Return of Sherlock Holmes (Sherlock Holmes, #6)\nby\nArthur Conan Doyle,\nOwen Dudley Edwards (Series Editor),\nAngus Wilson (Foreword),\nRichard Lancelyn Green (Editor)\n4.28 avg rating 65,128 ratings\n\npublished\n1905\n\n237 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nThe Lost World (Professor Challenger, #1)\n3.93 avg rating 67,511 ratings\n\npublished\n1912\n\n2880 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nHis Last Bow (Sherlock Holmes, #8)\n4.24 avg rating 45,445 ratings\n\npublished\n1917\n\n1632 editions\nWant to Read\nsaving\nError rating book. Refresh and try again.\nRate this book\nClear rating\n1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars\nMore books by Arthur Conan Doyle\nSeries by Arthur Conan Doyle\nSherlock Holmes\n(10 books)\nby\nArthur Conan Doyle,\nDavid Timson (Narrator)\n4.22 avg rating 1,947,257 ratings\nThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\n(14 books)\nby\nArthur Conan Doyle\n4.19 avg rating 395,193 ratings\nProfessor Challenger\n(5 books)\nby\nArthur Conan Doyle\n3.89 avg rating 75,029 ratings\nSir Nigel and the White Company\n(2 books)\nby\nArthur Conan Doyle\n3.91 avg rating 5,727 ratings\nSherlock Holmes: Obra Completa\n(4 books)\nby\nArthur Conan Doyle,\nAdailton J. Chiradia (Translator),\nMyriam Ribeiro Gth (Translator)\n4.37 avg rating 1,697 ratings\nMore series by Arthur Conan Doyle\nRelated News30 Books Written by Celebrities Turned Fiction Authors\nTypically, when you become an upper-tier celebritythe kind with global name recognitionthats the top of the career tree, the end of...Read more...62 likes 24 commentsMeet the Authors of the Hottest New Mysteries & Thrillers\nLooking for a new thrill? A twisty page-turner? Well, the hottest new mysteries and thrillers published so far this year promise to keep...Read more...90 likes 13 commentsMeet the Season's Hottest Debut Mystery Authors\nWe love a good mystery, and we are especially intrigued when a brand-new debut author appears in the genre! Who knows what thrills and...Read more...57 likes 3 comments\nQuotes by Arthur Conan Doyle\n(?)\nQuotes are added by the Goodreads community and are not verified by Goodreads.\n(Learn more)\nWhen you have eliminated all which is impossible, then whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.\n\nArthur Conan Doyle,\nThe Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes\ntags:\ninspirational\n6719 likes\nLike\nIt is a great thing to start life with a small number of really good books which are your very own.\n\nArthur Conan Doyle\ntags:\nbooks,\nhumor\n4156 likes\nLike\nThere is nothing more deceptive than an obvious fact.\n\nArthur Conan Doyle,\nThe Boscombe Valley Mystery - a Sherlock Holmes Short Story\ntags:\ndeception,\ndetection,\nevidence,\nfacts,\nobviousness,\nsherlock-holmes\n2541 likes\nLike\nSee all Arthur Conan Doyle's quotes \nPolls\nLibro Septiembre Extra 2015\nEstudio en escarlata de Arthur Conan Doyle\n9 votes\n39.1%\nEl retrato de Dorian Gray de Oscar Wilde\n6 votes\n26.1%\nMansfield Park de Jane Austen\n4 votes\n17.4%\nRebelin en la granja de George Orwell\n3 votes\n13.0%\nDune de Frank Herbert\n1 vote\n4.3%\n23 total votes\ncomments and details\nSign in to vote \nMore...\nTopics Mentioning This Author\ntopics\nposts\nviews\nlast activity\nBuilding a SciFi/...:\nChristmas present for fantasy boys\n14\n116\nDec 28, 2008 06:59AM\nSciFi and Fantasy...:\nWhat I'm Also Reading in January 2009\n58\n606\nJan 31, 2009 12:54PM\nChallenge: 50 Books:\nLucy Y's Books!\n1\n249\nJul 23, 2009 12:33PM\nChallenge: 50 Books:\nThriller/crime-detective\n25\n434\nAug 08, 2009 09:12AM\nMeggie & Mo's Boo...:\n*\nBook List\n3\n203\nSep 29, 2009 11:56PM\nThe Book Challenge:\nlaurea's challenge 2009\n4\n179\nOct 11, 2009 02:28PM\nThe Seasonal Read...:\nADDICTION BOOKS\n53\n238\nNov 08, 2009 07:28PM\nMystery Lovers!:\nNew to mystery. Suggestions?\n27\n250\nNov 13, 2009 07:59PM\nChallenge: 50 Books:\nAlycia's books 2009\n228\n603\nDec 28, 2009 12:41PM\nThe Book Challenge:\nStephanie's 2009 Book Challenge - Finished (almost)\n7\n271\nDec 31, 2009 10:13AM\nMore\nCompany\nAbout us\nCareers\nTerms\nPrivacy\nInterest Based Ads\nAd Preferences\nHelp\nWork with us\nAuthors\nAdvertise\nAuthors & ads blog\nAPI\nConnect\n\n2024\nGoodreads, Inc.\nMobile version\nWelcome back. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account.", "url": "https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/2448.Arthur_Conan_Doyle" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "BBC - History - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle\nCookies on the BBC website We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. We also use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the BBC website. However, if you would like to, you can change your cookie settings at any time. Continue Find out more British Broadcasting CorporationHome Accessibility links Skip to content Skip to local navigation Skip to bbc.co.uk navigation Skip to bbc.co.uk search Accessibility Help\nThis page has been archived and is no longer updated.\nFind out more about page archiving.\nHistory\nAncient History\nBritish History\nWorld Wars\nHistoric Figures\nFamily History\nHands on History\nHistory for Kids\nOn This Day\nSir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 - 1930)\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nk\nl\nm\nn\no\np\nq\nr\ns\nt\nu\nv\nw\nx\ny\nz\nPortrait of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, c.1925\n\nConan Doyle is most famous as the inventor of Sherlock Holmes, but he had a varied career as a writer, journalist and public figure.\nArthur Conan Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 in Edinburgh into a prosperous Irish family. He trained as a doctor, gaining his degree from Edinburgh University in 1881. He worked as a surgeon on a whaling boat and also as a medical officer on a steamer travelling between Liverpool and West Africa. He then settled in Portsmouth on the English south coast and divided his time between medicine and writing.\nSherlock Holmes made his first appearance in 'A Study of Scarlet', published in 'Beeton's Christmas Annual' in 1887. Its success encouraged Conan Doyle to write more stories involving Holmes but, in 1893, Conan Doyle killed off Holmes, hoping to concentrate on more serious writing. A public outcry later made him resurrect Holmes. In addition, Conan Doyle wrote a number of other novels, including 'The Lost World' and various non-fictional works. These included a pamphlet justifying Britain's involvement in the Boer War, for which he was knighted and histories of the Boer War and World War One, in which his son, brother and two of his nephews were killed. Conan Doyle also twice ran unsuccessfully for parliament. In later life he became very interested in spiritualism.\nConan Doyle died of a heart attack on 7 July 1930.\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nk\nl\nm\nn\no\np\nq\nr\ns\nt\nu\nv\nw\nx\ny\nz\n;\nMore Historic Figures\nWorld War One Centenary\nFind out more about how the BBC is covering the World War One Centenary, and see the\nlatest programmes and online content\nWar Poetry\nHas Dulce et Decorum Est affected our view of WW1?\nBBC iD Sign in Settings Sign out Search term: BBC navigation News Sport Weather iPlayer TV Radio More CBBC CBeebies Comedy Food History Learning Music Science Nature Local Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Full A-Z of BBC sites BBC links Mobile site Terms of Use About the BBC Privacy Accessibility Help Cookies Contact the BBC Parental Guidance BBC 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read more. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so.", "url": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/conan_sir_arthur_doyle.shtml" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) | American Experience | Official Site | PBS\n'\nSkip To Content\nJoin the Conversation\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nYouTube\nFunded by\nSupport Provided by:\nLearn More\nDismiss\nAmerican Experience\nMain Navigation\nFilms\nVideos\nFeatures\nSchedule\nSearch\nHoudini |\nArticle\nSir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930)\nShare:\nShare on Facebook\nShare On Twitter\nEmail Link\nCopy Link\nDismiss\nhttps://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/houdini-conan-doyle/\nCopy Link\nToday, nearly seventy years after his death, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is universally associated with his most popular literary creation, Sherlock Holmes. In fact, the hyper-rational detective is such an enduring character in western literature that he and his creator have practically become one in the popular imagination. People are inevitably surprised, then, to find out that the real Conan Doyle was a far more complex man, one whose fervent belief in Spiritualism dominated the final dozen years of his life.\nArthur Conan Doyle, born into a large Catholic family in Edinburgh, Scotland, received most of his education from the Jesuits. But by the time he enrolled at the University there to study medicine, Conan Doyle had rejected Catholicism and Christianity in general. In 1882 he joined a medical practice in Plymouth, but after quarreling with his partner, opened his own practice in Southsea. There, in the mid-1880s, several important developments occurred: he married, began studying psychic phenomena, and started spending more time writing. Sherlock Holmes debuted in 1887 in \"A Study in Scarlet,\" and in a short time proved so popular that Conan Doyle felt compelled to \"kill\" him in \"The Final Problem,\" published in 1893. Recognizing early on that his creation might become a kind of straitjacket, Conan Doyle worked hard to distance himself from Holmes and indulge his many other interests.\nWhile Holmes remained popular and was even reborn to have new adventures, Conan Doyle was able to lead a remarkably varied life. Around the turn of the century he was involved in two wars, first as a correspondent in Egypt and later running a hospital in South Africa during the Boer War. A popular pamphlet he wrote in support of the latter war led to his being knighted in 1902. The following year, and again in 1910, Conan Doyles investigations on behalf of men he felt had been wrongly accused kept him in the public eye. A year after the death of his first wife in 1906, Conan Doyle married Miss Jean Leckie, and the couple settled for good in Crowborough, Sussex. Their happy union helped him remain highly productive as a writer, as the 1912 debut of another favorite character, Professor Challenger, attests. When the First World War broke out in 1914, Conan Doyle helped organize a local volunteer force, covered the war as a correspondent, and later wrote a six-volume history of \"The British Campaign in France and Flanders.\" But another product of the Great War was that it renewed interest in Spiritualism, and a converted Sir Arthur Conan Doyle became its greatest spokesman.\nSpiritualism brought Houdini and Conan Doyle together in 1920, but it was hardly the only thing they had in common. Both men were famous around the globe, and while their career paths were quite different they shared an energy and a virility that few could match. Houdinis athletic feats were obviously central to his act; although more famous as a writer, Conan Doyle was an avid sportsman and adventurer, a large man who struck many as the very embodiment of English manhood. But for all their similarities, the men had divergent approaches to Spiritualism.\nAfter a sance in which he believed he had been contacted by his son Kingsley, who had died in the War, Conan Doyle became a leader of the movement, defending it in lectures around the world. Even the embarrassing Cottingley fairy hoax, in which he had championed faked photographs of wood fairies and goblins that werelater revealed as fakes, did not deter him. \"The Elusive American,\" on the other hand, thought he knew trickery when he saw it, and set out to punish those taking advantage of a vulnerable public. That their friendship lasted for several years is largely due to the fact that Houdini, always seeking intellectual respectabilty, deliberately hid his real feelings about Spititualism from the noted man of letters.\nSoon after their correspondence had turned into a friendship, introductions from Conan Doyle gave Houdini entre to dozens of mediums during an extended tour of Great Britain. Unknown to Doyle, however, Houdini was far from converting: \"The more I investigate the subject,\" he wrote, \"the less I can make myself believe.\" Inevitably, despite a growing personal friendship, the two great men moved toward a confrontation.\nTheir falling out began when Houdini joined the Doyles for an intimate sance, in which Lady Doyle proposed to contact Houdinis beloved mother. Although a skeptic, Houdini did believe in an afterlife, and as biographer Kenneth Silverman wrote, \"closed his eyes and tried to rid his mind of all but religious thoughts.\" But by the time Lady Doyle had filled fifteen sheets with automatic-writing she claimed had come from Cecelia Weiss, Houdini had only become further convinced that he was witnessing a fraud. Although he left without disclosing it -- \"I did not have the nerve to tell him,\" -- Houdini knew that he had not heard from his mother. A rabbis wife, she never would have begun with a sign of the cross; although she had barely uttered a word in English while alive, suddenly she was fluent, saying things like \"I am almost overwhelmed by this joy.\" It simply did not sound like his dear mother, and Houdini resented it.\nAlthough they both tried to prevent it, Houdini and Conan Doyle were arguing privately over medium cases within months; by the spring of 1923, they were exchanging sharp letters in the \"New York Times.\" After a public feud when their tours crossed in Denver, the friendship seemed beyond repair. While praising him as \"the bravest man in our generation,\" Conan Doyle condemned Houdini for being biased and publicity hungry. Houdini wrote that \"There is nothing that Sir Arthur will believe that surprises me.\" It had been one of the oddest pairings of the century.\nSir Arthur Conan Doyle remained an ardent Spiritualist for the rest of his life. Returning home after a grueling tour of Scandinavia and Holland in 1929, he suffered a debilitating heart attack and died several months later.\nSupport Provided by:\nLearn More\nNow Streaming\nThe Riot Report\nWhen Black neighborhoods across America erupted in violence in the summer of 1967, President Johnson appointed a commission to find the cause for the unrest. Their findings offered an unvarnished assessment of American race relations.\nThe Riot Report (espaol)\nCuando una ola de violencia se apoder de barrios negros por todo Estados Unidos en el verano de 1967, el presidente Johnson nombr una comisin para encontrar la causa de los disturbios. Sus hallazgos ofrecieron una evaluacin honesta de las relaciones raciales estadounidenses.\nPoisoned Ground: The Tragedy at Love Canal\nIn the late 1970s, residents of Love Canal in Niagara Falls, NY discovered their neighborhood had been built on a former chemical waste dump. Housewives activated to create a grassroots movement that galvanized the landmark Superfund Bill.\nRelated Features\nHoudini | Article\nThe World's Columbian Exposition (1893)\nWith a heady assortment of entertainment choices at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, many probably missed nineteen-year-old Ehrich Weiss, a.k.a. Harry Houdini, who had just embarked on his quest for fame.\nHoudini | Article\nThe German Slander Trial (1902)\nAccused of perpetrating fraud on the German public with his act, Houdini responded by suing his accusers. In the slander trial which followed, he staged one of the great escapes of his career.\nHoudini | Article\nJean Eugene Robert-Houdin (1805-1871)\nThe name \"Harry Houdini\" pays homage to Jean Eugene Robert-Houdin, the French performer widely considered the father of modern magic.But Houdinis relationship with his famous predecessor was not as simple as their shared name suggests.\nFooter Information and Navigation\nLet's Stay in Touch\nEmail:\nZip/Postal Code:\nSign up for the American Experience newsletter! (Enter your ZIP code for information on American Experience events and screening in your area.)\nSubmit\nJoin the Conversation\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nYouTube\n#AmericanExperiencePBS\nHome\nFilms\nVideos\nFeatures\nSchedule\nShop\nAbout the Series\nStaff\nFor Classroom Use\nContact Us\nSupport\nOur Funders\nCorporate Sponsorship\nGBH Editorial Guidelines\nTerms of Use\nPBS Privacy Policy\nProduced by\nAdditional funding provided by\nViewers Like You!\n19962024 WGBH Educational Foundation\nAmerican Experience\nNewsletter\nLet's Stay in Touch!\nEmail:\nZip/Postal Code:\nGet the latest on new films and digital content, learn about events in your area, and get your weekly fix of American history.\nSign Me Up\nDismiss", "url": "https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/houdini-conan-doyle/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arthur Conan Doyle - Licensing - Official Website of the Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Family Estate\nHome\nThe Family\nLicensing\nBrand\nExhibition\nNews\nContact\nThe Man\nThe Official Conan Doyle Estate\nHome\nThe Family\nLicensing\nBrand\nExhibition\nNews\nContact\nThe Man\nThe Conan Doyle Estate is formed from the family of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Alongside the family, our global network of experts and institutions provide specialist knowledge of Arthur Conan Doyle's life, adventures and his many fictional characters.\nCollectively, we give unique access to personal knowledge, archive material and family connections. Together we reveal the legacy and potential of Arthur Conan Doyle's endeavours, achievements and fictional characters. We work globally to provide both credible insight and expertise. Our team will work with you from concept, completion and beyond - throughout the licensing process to achieve inspiring results on an internationalscale.\nFind out more about the characters\nMore\nThe Family Estate\nGain unique access to this dynamic British family Estate and learn more about our history and the Conan Doyleexperts.\nMore\nCharacters\nMore\nTrademarks & Copyrights\nMore\nFilm & Television\nDiscover the global appeal of Arthur Conan Doyle and learn about licensing opportunities for film andtelevision.\nMore\nBooks & Audio\nReach new audiences by extending and re-imagining Arthur Conan Doyle's legacy through books, print andaudio.\nMore\nLicensed Products\nProducts that have been licensed by theestate.\nMore\nArchive Collection\nMore\nTheExhibition\nMore\nLatest News\nLearn about the latest licensing opportunities, Estate updates and Arthur Conan Doylenews.\nMore\n1 March, 2024\nHolmes Fest 2024 - A Review by Richard Doyle\nGreat Nephew of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - Richard Doyle - attended Holmes Fest 2024 in the Square Tower, Old Portsmouth, England on the evening of Sunday 18th February. He gives his review of a thoroughly well enjoyed evening and a great community gathering...\nRead\n5 February, 2024\nHolmes Fest 2024\nThe Conan Doyle Estate are proud to be supporting Holmes Fest 2024. An evening of fun, sketches, poetry and song celebrating the life and times of Arthur Conan Doyle in Portsmouth, and his greatest creation Sherlock Holmes will run on 18th February at the Square Tower, OldPortsmouth.\nRead\n6 December, 2023\nEUP Complete Works of Conan Doyle\nThe Conan Doyle Estate is helping to sponsor a scholarly edition of Conan Doyle's writing produced by Edinburgh University Press. 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Learnmore.\nAccept", "url": "https://conandoyleestate.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: A Study in Edinburgh\ntop of pageWee Walking ToursHomeAbout UsTour PricesBook Wee WalksPrivate Walking ToursBlogTours in FinnishContact UsIn Memory of SawyerNews & UpdatesTerms & ConditionsGalleryMoreUse tab to navigate through the menu items.All PostsTour InformationVisitor Attractions- ScotlandHolidaysHistory & CultureEdinburgh Visitor AttractionsSearchNov 13, 2019Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: A Study in EdinburghPerhaps it was good for me that the times were hard, for I was wild, full-blooded, and a trifle reckless, but the situation called for energy and application, so that one was bound to try to meet it. -Sir Arthur Conan Doyle(On his early life in Edinburgh, Scotland and as described in his autobiography, Memories and Adventures.) I've always been a fan of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's work ever since I first read The Hound of the Baskervilles as a child. My admiration has grown over the years and I appreciate the man and his writings even more as an adult. He had that 'larger-than-life' persona- literally and figuratively. He stood at 1.85m (6ft.) and was quite athletic and active in his younger years- almost reminds me of Ernest Hemingway. What is amazing about Doyle is that he created one of the most famous characters of all time- Sherlock Holmes- but has become overshadowed by his own creation. In fact, over the decades, some people have come to think that Holmes was a real person and have forgotten his creator. Therefore, for this article, I want to focus on Arthur Conan Doyle, the person, as well as a little bit of his formative years in Edinburgh. Living in the city of Doyle's birth is quite special. In fact, living in a literary city such as Edinburgh is a privilege and an endless source of inspiration. Thinking along that same line, I wonder what it was like for Arthur Conan Doyle during his time in Edinburgh? What inspired him in his younger years? Sounds like we have an explore and discover mission dear readers. This calls for an exploration of the past and present. So, let's step into our time machine and set the date to the year 1859.... A Difficult Childhood It's the 22nd of May 1859 and Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle is the second child born to Mary Josephine Foley (who was Irish) and Charles Altamount Doyle (of Irish descent) at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh (unfortunately the building no longer exists but we'll come back to that a little later). Arthur is baptised at St Marys (Roman Catholic) Cathedral (pictures of the exterior and interior are below). The city is described by Charles in letters as, rough, hard-drinking and kindly. Keep in mind that in 1859, the city was only 31 years from the Burke and Hare murders (you can read more about that macabre tale in our article on the Anatomical Museum). Edinburgh is expanding and many are living in poverty. This was certainly the case for Mary and Charles. Charles is a Civil Servant for the city but is also an artist and tries to supplement his income through drawings he does on the side (to no avail). Notably, in his role as civil servant, he designs the statues for the forecourt fountain of the Palace of Holyrood house seen below (you can read more on the Palace here). However, the family is struggling a great deal because of Charles' alcoholism. He lacks ambition and flounders due to the disease (Arthur later writes in autobiography that, my father's life was full of the tragedy of unfulfilled powers and of undeveloped gifts). Skip ahead a few years to 1864, and things take a turn for the worse. The Doyle children are taken from the home and sent to live in foster-style housing throughout the city. If you are looking to find out a little more about this, please read our post on Liberton as it briefly describes Arthurs experiences during this time. Fortunately, the family are reunited in 1867, and the next year proves to be a turning point in Arthurs life. In 1868, thanks to some wealthy family members, Arthur is sent to boarding school in England to study with the Jesuits. In 1875, he spends his final year abroad studying German in Austria at another Jesuit school. But we must head to the time machine as Arthur prepares for his journey back to Edinburgh (via a quick stopover in Paris to visit his great-uncle/godfather).Edinburgh, Medical School, and a Sherlock Inspiration It is 1876 and Arthur Conan Doyle is fresh from studying abroad and back in Edinburgh. Unfortunately, he returns to similar strained family circumstances as when he left. His mother, Mary, is still struggling to keep the family afloat as his fathers alcoholism has not changed. Eventually Charles' mental health declines so much, Arthur has to sign the papers to have him committed to a convalescent home. It is decided that Arthur is to study medicine. And so, he enters the prestigious Medical School at the University of Edinburgh (see below). By this time, Edinburgh is already well-known for its pioneering work in the field of medicine. Doyle describes his experience at university in the following way, there was no attempt at friendship, or even acquaintance, between professors and students at Edinburgh. It was a strictly business arrangement by which you paid. However, there were professors at the University who left a strong mark on Arthur, most notably- Joseph Bell. Arthur describes him as a very remarkable man in body and mind. He was thin, wiry, dark, with a high-nosed acute face, penetrating grey eyes, angular shoulders, and a jerky way of walking...he was a very skilful surgeon, but his strong point was diagnosis, not only of disease, but of occupation and character\". Sound familiar? Well, as many of us now know, Bell was the later inspiration for Doyles most famous character- Sherlock Holmes. His distinctive characteristics didnt miss the attention of Arthur's former University of Edinburgh classmate- Robert Louis Stevenson (RLS is a friend of the blog and you can read more about him here, here, and here). Stevenson even writes to Doyle and asks if Sherlock is their former professor, Joseph Bell. Bells Edinburgh home is pictured below (it is now the Japanese Consulate in Edinburgh). Arthur Conan Doyle studies many scientific subjects while at university including the study of botany at the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh. Later on, Doyles scientific and medical studies clearly contributed to his Sherlock Holmes crime stories and were used ingeniously in a variety of innovative ways. Doyle graduates from the University of Edinburgh in 1881. This is the point when Doyle undertakes some truly wondrous adventures. But, alas, those stories will have to be saved for another time. We now head back into our time machine and set if for the present year, 2019 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Present-Day Edinburgh With our journey into 1800s Edinburgh behind us, lets continue on and examine modern day Edinburgh and the connections to Arthur Conan Doyle. Of course, all of the places we discussed earlier still exist. However, there is one notable location that is missing- 11 Picardy Place- the building where Arthur was born. Unfortunately, the triangle-shaped tenement building located at the top of Leith Walk was torn down in 1969 and was replaced with a roundabout (you can see a picture of the front of the building below taken in 1949 when a plaque was unveiled by the City to honour Doyle). In fact, that area is under construction once again as the City of Edinburgh is looking to make it more pedestrian and bicycle friendly. Additionally, the City Council recently approved plans to extend the tram line from that area down into Newhaven. 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh- Birthplace of Arthur Conan DoylePhoto Credit: The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia Normally, there is a statue of Sherlock Holmes in this area at the top of Leith Walk. However, understandably, it has been moved to a storage warehouse for safe keeping while the road work and construction is underway. Fingers crossed Sherlock will return to his rightful place once all the work has completed. *December 2023 Update: The Sherlock Holmes statue has returned, and is now situated in a pedestrianised island in the middle of the Picardy Place Roundabout.\t\t There are a couple of other places I would like to mention that honour the memory of Arthur. First off is a restaurant, the Conan Doyle, located at 71-73 York Place. This is also located at the top of Leith Walk, next to St Marys Cathedral, and not far from the original 11 Picardy Place. It is an excellent spot for a tasty lunch or dinner while enjoying the cosy atmosphere among Doyle memorabilia. I can vouch for the fish and chips as they were quite delicious when we recently stopped by for lunch. The last place I would like for us to visit is The Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Centre situated at 25 Palmerston Place. The Centre operates as a Spiritualist Centre for the benefit of the mind, body and spirit. Many people do not know that Sir Arthur was a committed spiritualist- especially later in his life. Therefore, the Centre states that, we found it only fitting to commemorate his life and achievements by naming such a beautiful and grand building after him in his home town of Edinburgh. If this is a topic that interests you, please check out their website for more information.Well, I hope you have enjoyed our journey (past and present) exploring the connections to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle here in Edinburgh. What is abundantly clear is that despite the fact that Doyle experienced a poverty-stricken childhood, he persevered, drew upon his experiences (good and bad) and became a successful writer, husband, and father. That is something I greatly admire, and I hope you can too. This has just been a glimpse into Sir Arthur's life during his formative years. If you are looking for more information on Doyle, I have a few recommendations. First, I would like to acknowledge a fantastic source that was used, in part, to inform this article- The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia. It is an absolute treasure trove of Conan Doyle research and I highly recommend it to anyone looking for information on the iconic writer's life. But, a fair warning, don't be surprised when you go to this website and get sucked into a time vortex; what feels like 20 minutes can easily turn into two hours (but it's all in good fun)! Also, if you want to read a very entertaining account of Sir Arthur's life, I recommend his autobiography, Memories and Adventures. This book was a useful source for this article as well.Finally, if you would like to explore more of the city's fascinating stories and history, be sure to check out our walking tours of Edinburgh. Sami would love to show you around. However, if you can't make it here in person, you can follow our adventures on Instagram, Twitter, or Facebook. Until next time- Explore & Discover! #SirArthurConanDoyle #SherlockHolmes #DrWatson #BurkeandHare #UniversityofEdinburghMedicalSchool #anatomy #HistoricalSites #RobertLouisStevenson #SirWalterScott #culture #history #Edinburgh #ScottishHistory #Scottishwriters #crimefictionEdinburgh Visitor AttractionsHistory & CultureRecent PostsSee AllThe Heart of Hawick: A Visit to Borders Textile TowerhouseMellerstain House: Stately Splendour in the Scottish BordersWalters First Castle: A Visit to Aberdour2018-2024 by Wee Walking ToursPrivacy Policy Terms & Conditionsweewalkingtours@gmail.combottom of page", "url": "https://www.weewalkingtours.com/post/2019/11/13/sir-arthur-conan-doyle-a-study-in-edinburgh" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arthur Conan Doyle - Books, Quotes & DeathSearchWomens HistoryHistory & CultureMusiciansMovies & TVAthletesArtistsPower & PoliticsBusinessScholars & EducatorsScientistsActivistsNotorious FiguresBIO BuysNewsletterYour Privacy ChoicesPrivacy NoticeTerms Of UseSkip to ContentHistory & CultureMusiciansMovies & TVAthletesNewsletterDeals on Learning ToolsReba McEntireAmy WinehouseBillie EilishNicola CoughlanFamous Authors & WritersFamous British PeopleArthur Conan DoyleArthur Conan DoyleAuthor Arthur Conan Doyle wrote 60 mystery stories featuring the wildly popular detective character Sherlock Holmes and his loyal assistant Watson.Updated: Jun 17, 2020(1859-1930)Who Was Arthur Conan Doyle?In 1890, Arthur Conan Doyle's novel, A Study in Scarlet introduced the character of Detective Sherlock Holmes. Doyle would go on to write 60 stories about Sherlock Holmes. He also strove to spread his Spiritualism faith through a series of books that were written from 1918 to 1926. Doyle died of a heart attack in Crowborough, England on July 7, 1930.Early LifeOn May 22, 1859, Arthur Conan Doyle was born to an affluent, strict Irish-Catholic family in Edinburgh, Scotland. Although Doyle's family was well-respected in the art world, his father, Charles, who was a life-long alcoholic, had few accomplishments to speak of. Doyle's mother, Mary, was a lively and well-educated woman who loved to read. She particularly delighted in telling her young son outlandish stories. Her great enthusiasm and animation while spinning wild tales sparked the child's imagination. As Doyle would later recall in his biography, \"In my early childhood, as far as I can remember anything at all, the vivid stories she would tell me stand out so clearly that they obscure the real facts of my life.\"At the age of 9, Doyle bid a tearful goodbye to his parents and was shipped off to England, where he would attend Hodder Place, Stonyhurst a Jesuit preparatory school from 1868 to 1870. Doyle then went on to study at Stonyhurst College for the next five years. For Doyle, the boarding-school experience was brutal: many of his classmates bullied him, and the school practiced ruthless corporal punishment against its students. Over time, Doyle found solace in his flair for storytelling and developed an eager audience of younger students.Medical Education and CareerWhen Doyle graduated from Stonyhurst College in 1876, his parents expected that he would follow in his family's footsteps and study art, so they were surprised when he decided to pursue a medical degree at the University of Edinburgh instead. At med school, Doyle met his mentor, Professor Dr. Joseph Bell, whose keen powers of observation would later inspire Doyle to create his famed fictional detective character, Sherlock Holmes. At the University of Edinburgh, Doyle also had the good fortune to meet classmates and future fellow authors James Barrie and Robert Louis Stevenson. While a medical student, Doyle took his own first stab at writing, with a short story called The Mystery of Sasassa Valley. That was followed by a second story, The American Tale, which was published in London Society.During Doyle's third year of medical school, he took a ship surgeon's post on a whaling ship sailing for the Arctic Circle. The voyage awakened Doyle's sense of adventure, a feeling that he incorporated into a story, Captain of the Pole Star. In 1880, Doyle returned to medical school. Back at the University of Edinburgh, Doyle became increasingly invested in Spiritualism or \"Psychic religion,\" a belief system that he would later attempt to spread through a series of his written works. By the time he received his Bachelor of Medicine degree in 1881, Doyle had denounced his Roman Catholic faith. Doyle's first paying job as a doctor took the form of a medical officer's position aboard the steamship Mayumba, traveling from Liverpool to Africa. After his stint on the Mayumba, Doyle settled in Plymouth, England for a time. When his funds were nearly tapped out, he relocated to Portsmouth and opened his first practice. He spent the next few years struggling to balance his burgeoning medical career with his efforts to gain recognition as an author. Doyle would later give up medicine altogether, in order to devote all of his attention to his writing and his faith.Personal LifeIn 1885, while still struggling to make it as a writer, Doyle met and married his first wife, Louisa Hawkins. The couple moved to Upper Wimpole Street and had two children, a daughter and a son. In 1893, Louisa was diagnosed with tuberculosis. While Louisa was ailing, Doyle developed an affection for a young woman named Jean Leckie. Louisa ultimately died of tuberculosis in Doyle's arms, in 1906. The following year, Doyle would remarry to Jean Leckie, with whom he would have two sons and a daughter.Books: Sherlock HolmesIn 1886, newly married and still struggling to make it as an author, Doyle started writing the mystery novel A Tangled Skein. Two years later, the novel was renamed A Study in Scarlet and published in Beeton's Christmas Annual. A Study in Scarlet, which first introduced the wildly popular characters Detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant, Watson, finally earned Doyle the recognition he had so desired. It was the first of 60 stories that Doyle would pen about Sherlock Holmes over the course of his writing career. Also, in 1887, Doyle submitted two letters about his conversion to Spiritualism to a weekly periodical called Light. Doyle continued to actively participate in the Spiritualist movement from 1887 to 1916, during which time he wrote three books that experts consider largely autobiographical. These include Beyond the City (1893), The Stark Munro Letters (1895) and A Duet with an Occasional Chorus (1899). Upon achieving success as a writer, Doyle decided to retire from medicine. Throughout this period, he additionally produced a handful of historical novels including one about the Napoleonic Era called The Great Shadow in 1892, and his most famous historical novel, Rodney Stone, in 1896. The prolific author also composed four of his most popular Sherlock Holmes books during the 1890s and early 1900s: The Sign of Four (1890), The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1892), The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1894) and The Hound of Baskervilles, published in 1901. In 1893, to Doyle's readers' disdain, he had attempted to kill off his Sherlock Holmes character in order to focus more on writing about Spiritualism. In 1901, however, Doyle reintroduced Sherlock Holmes in The Hound of Baskervilles and later brought him back to life in The Adventure of the Empty House so the lucrative character could earn Doyle the money to fund his missionary work. Doyle also strove to spread his faith through a series of written works, consisting of The New Revolution (1918), The Vital Message (1919), The Wanderings of a Spiritualist (1921) and History of Spiritualism (1926).In 1928, Doyle's final twelve stories about Sherlock Holmes were published in a compilation entitled The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes.DeathHaving recently been diagnosed with Angina Pectoris, Doyle stubbornly ignored his doctor's warnings, and in the fall of 1929, embarked on a spiritualism tour through the Netherlands. He returned home with chest pains so severe that he needed to be carried on shore and was thereafter almost entirely bedridden at his home in Crowborough, England. Rising one last time on July 7, 1930, Doyle collapsed and died in his garden while clutching his heart with one hand and holding a flower in the other.VideosQUICK FACTSName: Arthur Conan DoyleBirth Year: 1859Birth date: May 22, 1859Birth City: EdinburghBirth Country: ScotlandGender: MaleBest Known For: Author Arthur Conan Doyle wrote 60 mystery stories featuring the wildly popular detective character Sherlock Holmes and his loyal assistant Watson.IndustriesJournalism and NonfictionFiction and PoetryAstrological Sign: GeminiSchoolsHodder Place, StonyhurstStonyhurst CollegeUniversity of EdinburghNacionalitiesScot (Scotland)Death Year: 1930Death date: July 7, 1930Death City: CrowboroughDeath Country: United KingdomFact CheckWe strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us!CITATION INFORMATIONArticle Title: Arthur Conan Doyle BiographyAuthor: Biography.com EditorsWebsite Name: The Biography.com websiteUrl: https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/arthur-conan-doyleAccess Date: Publisher: A&E; Television NetworksLast Updated: June 17, 2020Original Published Date: April 3, 2014QUOTESWhere there is no imagination there is no horror.Watch NextAdvertisement - Continue Reading BelowFamous British PeopleAmy WinehouseIdris ElbaMick JaggerAgatha ChristieAdvertisement - Continue Reading BelowAlexander McQueenThe Real Royal Scheme Depicted in Mary & GeorgeWilliam ShakespeareAnya Taylor-JoyKate Middleton, Princess of WalesKensington Palace Shares an Update on KatePrince WilliamWhere in the World Is Kate Middleton?Advertisement - Continue Reading BelowAbout Biography.comNewsletterContact UsOther Hearst SubscriptionsA Part of Hearst Digital MediaWe may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back.2024 Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe.Privacy NoticeTerms of UseCA Notice at CollectionDAA Industry Opt OutYour CA Privacy Rights/Shine the LightYour Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads", "url": "https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/arthur-conan-doyle" } ]

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All rights reserved.Terms of UsePrivacy & Cookie PolicyGithubTwitterCommunityYouTube", "url": "https://codesandbox.io/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Ctrl+S keyboard shortcut doesn't work for forked repository codesandbox/codesandbox-client Discussion #6191 GitHub\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. 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So something has changed which has resulted into mapping being lost as it can be seen from snapshot. Has anyone experienced this? Is there any solution to get binding restored? I've already tried to set it using Preferences --> Keyboard Shortcuts. But it hasn't helped. Thanks !\ncode\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n1\nYou must be logged in to vote\nAll reactions\nAnswered by\nashishd-8\nOct 9, 2021\nI had to change browser from Chrome to Firefox to get this functionality back to life. The problem with chrome was, I had enabled one browser extension which has same Ctrl + S shortcut for some other task. It was overriding codesandbox's keyboard shortcut. Hope it helps someone in future.\nView full answer\nReplies:\n1 comment\nOldest\nNewest\nTop\nComment options\nQuote reply\nedited\nashishd-8\nOct 9, 2021\nAuthor\n-\nI had to change browser from Chrome to Firefox to get this functionality back to life. The problem with chrome was, I had enabled one browser extension which has same Ctrl + S shortcut for some other task. It was overriding codesandbox's keyboard shortcut. Hope it helps someone in future.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nMarked as answer\n1\nYou must be logged in to vote\nAll reactions\n0 replies\nAnswer selected by\nashishd-8\nSign up for free\nto join this conversation on GitHub.\nAlready have an account?\nSign in to comment\nCategory\nQ&A\nLabels\nNone yet\n1 participant\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/codesandbox/codesandbox-client/discussions/6191" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "React - CodeSandbox", "url": "https://codesandbox.io/s/react-new" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Autosave Issue #4788 codesandbox/codesandbox-client GitHub\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\ncodesandbox\n/\ncodesandbox-client\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n2.2k\nStar\n12.9k\nCode\nIssues\n454\nPull requests\n11\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\n0\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\nNew issue\nHave a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community.\nSign up for GitHub\nBy clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and\nprivacy statement. Well occasionally send you account related emails.\nAlready on GitHub?\nSign in\nto your account\nJump to bottom\nAutosave\n#4788\nClosed\nabhishekdubey1 opened this issue\nAug 29, 2020\n 5 comments\nClosed\nAutosave\n#4788\nabhishekdubey1 opened this issue\nAug 29, 2020\n 5 comments\nComments\nCopy link\nabhishekdubey1\ncommented\nAug 29, 2020\n bug report\nDescription of the problem\nThe auto-save toggle feature doesn't work properly. When I'm turning it off still it auto-saves my code and re-loads the page.\nHow has this issue affected you? What are you trying to accomplish?\nThis consumes a lot of my production time. I love to use sandbox. Please resolve this issue.\nLink to sandbox: link (optional)\nhttps://codesandbox.io/s/vibrant-bartik-itd1j?file=/src/App.js\nYour Environment\nI'm use mostly React\nSoftware\nName/Version\nodesandbox\nhttps://codesandbox.io/s/vibrant-bartik-itd1j?file=/src/App.js\nBrowser\nBrave\nOperating System\nLinux/ Ubuntu 19.10\nThe text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:\nAll reactions\nCopy link\nContributor\nSaraVieira\ncommented\nAug 31, 2020\nHey!\nDo you mean autosave for the code or auto preview?\nThe preview settings are here:\nBut the autosave for VSCode is in their settings\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nSaraVieira\nclosed this as completed\nSep 1, 2020\nCopy link\nContributor\nSaraVieira\ncommented\nSep 1, 2020\nSorry, I forgot how to githb\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nSaraVieira\nreopened this\nSep 1, 2020\nCopy link\nAuthor\nabhishekdubey1\ncommented\nSep 8, 2020\nHey!\nDo you mean autosave for the code or auto preview?\nThe preview settings are here:\nBut the autosave for VSCode is in their settings\nI meant autosave for the code and preview both. I'll explain. If I make a change in my code, the preview re-renders which I dont want to happen. Also I cant find the settings you shown in image.\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nSaraVieira\ncommented\nSep 8, 2020\nOh sorry\nTo access those settings you need to click on your face, then preferences and then navigate to preview\nLet me know if adding the settings I showed fixes it\n1\nasutosh2203 reacted with confused emoji\n1\ninactivist reacted with eyes emoji\nAll reactions\n1 reaction\n1 reaction\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nSaraVieira\ncommented\nNov 30, 2020\nClosing this for lack of response and seems to be a settings issue\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nSaraVieira\nclosed this as completed\nNov 30, 2020\nSign up for free\nto join this conversation on GitHub.\nAlready have an account?\nSign in to comment\nAssignees\nNo one assigned\nLabels\nNone yet\nProjects\nNone yet\nMilestone\nNo milestone\nDevelopment\nNo branches or pull requests\n2 participants\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/codesandbox/codesandbox-client/issues/4788" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "CodeSandbox", "url": "https://codesandbox.io/dashboard" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Allow account deletion Issue #5360 codesandbox/codesandbox-client GitHub\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\ncodesandbox\n/\ncodesandbox-client\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n2.2k\nStar\n12.9k\nCode\nIssues\n454\nPull requests\n11\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\n0\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\nNew issue\nHave a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community.\nSign up for GitHub\nBy clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and\nprivacy statement. Well occasionally send you account related emails.\nAlready on GitHub?\nSign in\nto your account\nJump to bottom\nAllow account deletion\n#5360\nClosed\nExplosion-Scratch opened this issue\nJan 14, 2021\n 4 comments\n Fixed by #5333\nClosed\nAllow account deletion\n#5360\nExplosion-Scratch opened this issue\nJan 14, 2021\n 4 comments\n Fixed by #5333\nComments\nCopy link\nExplosion-Scratch\ncommented\nJan 14, 2021\n Allow account deletion\nCurrently there is no way to delete CodeSandbox accounts. This is a feature in almost every other major website.\nThis feature would (obviously) allow people to delete their own accounts. There should be account settings in the \"CodeSandbox settings\" menu across the website, this would have the option to delete your account, followed by a prompt to confirm (Maybe even a \"Type [username here] to confirm\" like in GitHub). This feature could possibly also be merged with the \"Integrations\" panel, and renamed to \"Account Settings\"\nThe text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:\n4\ndougbacelar, siarie, glhrmv, and kydros reacted with thumbs up emoji\nAll reactions\n4 reactions\nExplosion-Scratch\nmentioned this issue\nJan 14, 2021\nAllow people to change/hide their \"Name\"\n#5361\nClosed\nSaraVieira\nmentioned this issue\nJan 14, 2021\nRequest account closing button\n#5333\nMerged\nSaraVieira\nclosed this as completed\nin\n#5333\nJan 15, 2021\nCopy link\nLucaSorvillo\ncommented\nJul 17, 2022\ni want to delete my account\n5\ndougbacelar, jetthusher, thpdg, aquaNeon, and kydros reacted with thumbs up emoji\nAll reactions\n5 reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nkettanaito\ncommented\nJul 19, 2022\nHey, @LucaSorvillo.\nSure thing. I'd love to help you with that. Could you please email us at support@codesandbox.io, mentioning your CodeSandbox username? Let's follow up there. Thanks.\n8\ndougbacelar, jetthusher, fknemi, pacproduct, buczekmatthias, winston86zhu, Explosion-Scratch, and peterszarvas94 reacted with thumbs down emoji\nAll reactions\n8 reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nsethidden\ncommented\nAug 30, 2022\nIt turns out it's possible to delete an account without e-mailing support. Just that the setting is difficult to find. Just go to https://codesandbox.io/dashboard/settings then click \"Request Account Deletion\"\n10\nguillermodlpa, trissylegs, mateuszligeza, SiddharthMishra2703, pacproduct, marco-adapttech, miro-jelaska, buczekmatthias, fluentmoheshwar, and glhrmv reacted with thumbs up emoji\n1\nTxori reacted with heart emoji\nAll reactions\n10 reactions\n1 reaction\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nimageck\ncommented\nJul 31, 2023\n@kettanaito this has got to be some kind of a joke, right?\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nSign up for free\nto join this conversation on GitHub.\nAlready have an account?\nSign in to comment\nAssignees\nNo one assigned\nLabels\nNone yet\nProjects\nNone yet\nMilestone\nNo milestone\nDevelopment\nSuccessfully merging a pull request may close this issue.\nRequest account closing button\ncodesandbox/codesandbox-client\n5 participants\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/codesandbox/codesandbox-client/issues/5360" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Updating dependencies Issue #2075 codesandbox/codesandbox-client GitHub\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\ncodesandbox\n/\ncodesandbox-client\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n2.2k\nStar\n12.9k\nCode\nIssues\n454\nPull requests\n11\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\n0\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\nNew issue\nHave a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community.\nSign up for GitHub\nBy clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and\nprivacy statement. Well occasionally send you account related emails.\nAlready on GitHub?\nSign in\nto your account\nJump to bottom\nUpdating dependencies\n#2075\nClosed\nsmolinari opened this issue\nJun 19, 2019\n 10 comments\nClosed\nUpdating dependencies\n#2075\nsmolinari opened this issue\nJun 19, 2019\n 10 comments\nComments\nCopy link\nContributor\nsmolinari\ncommented\nJun 19, 2019\nHi,\nWe recently added the Quasar Framework server template to Codesandbox (thank you for that Codesandbox team!!) and I have a question about keeping it up-to-date in terms of dependencies. The Quasar framework is constantly being worked on and it seems the sandbox I create with the server template selection is \"stuck\" on the version that was current at the time the template was added (beta 24 and we are now at RC5).\nIf I manually update the sandbox, it forks to a new sandbox and does update dependencies, which doesn't quite help, because, if I go back to the server template selection and select Quasar again, I get the version of the sandbox with the old dependencies....again.\nI guess my question is, why the extra step in forking to get the dependencies updated? I am expecting to get a fresh sandbox with the server template and not be reverted back to the original \"old\" sandbox I created the first time I selected Quasar.\nMaybe I'm just confused about something else or our template isn't setup properly? Any help on this would be greatly appreciated!!!\nScott\nThe text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:\n1\njoyanti2023 reacted with thumbs up emoji\nAll reactions\n1 reaction\nCopy link\nContributor\nlbogdan\ncommented\nJun 19, 2019\nHey @smolinari ,\nHow are you updating the framework in the template repo? I see no changes to package.json since the initial commit: https://github.com/quasarframework/quasar-codesandbox/commits/master/package.json .\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nAuthor\nsmolinari\ncommented\nJun 19, 2019\n\nedited\nWould a change in package.json trigger a fresher sandbox? The packages are using the ^ symbol to represent \"this version or higher\". So, we aren't updating the template with newer versions.\nI would have expected codesandbox to check the current versions installed in the sandbox and bump them up against the available highest version (matching the \"^\" in packages.json). If there isn't a match, then the sandbox is updated automatically (runs yarn upgrade). Or, give me a terminal in my \"master\" sandbox to update it myself.\nScott\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nAuthor\nsmolinari\ncommented\nJun 19, 2019\nBTW, I sort of get the \"forking\" bit too now. We set up a link to the template and it links straight to my template generated (old versions) sandbox, which I can then fork and start working on. I'm just now looking for a way to get my \"master\" sandbox updated. :)\nScott\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nlbogdan\ncommented\nJun 19, 2019\nSo, how it works now is that when a server sandbox imported from github (which the Quasar template is) starts OR new commits are pushed, we update the container's contents, run yarn install and restart the dev server. If nothing changes in package.json, because of yarn.lock (which is persistent between sandbox restarts), yarn install will not do anything.\nThere's two solutions to that:\nupdate package.json (and it would be best to also add a yarn.lock) each time you want a new version to be available in the template - pro: more control, con: more work;\ndo what Nuxt does, define a post-update script in package.json that will force upgrade all the packages, which we will run in the conditions mentioned above ^^:\nhttps://github.com/nuxt/codesandbox-nuxt/blob/345056fae4ee1908c6a9cebd71e0331e6ab8c557/package.json#L12\npro: less work, con: less control, the forked sandboxes will also run the post-update script every time they start.\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nlbogdan\ncommented\nJun 19, 2019\n\nedited\nAlso, forking works because the forked sandbox starts with no yarn.lock, and running yarn install will install the latest versions matching your package.json.\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nSaeris\ncommented\nJun 19, 2019\nSo from what I can see in the Quasar Framework Template right now, here are the dependency versions:\nhttps://codesandbox.io/s/github/quasarframework/quasar-codesandbox\nIf I'm reading this correctly, the Template now has the version you were expecting to find. Here's the thing: I've noticed in my own work on Sandboxes imported from GitHub that new commits aren't always picked up immediately, it can take some time for the two to sync up. It appears that was the case for you here.\nYou should be able to make changes to your Template in one of two ways: by committing to the Template repository directly, or from within CodeSandbox via forking the Template, making your changes, and committing those changes back to the repository via our GitHub integration. Either way should work just fine (I've done this before with my own personal projects).\nMaybe there is a way we can speed up this detection so there isn't this gap period you've experienced. I'm not knowledgeable in how that part of our system works unfortunately. @lbogdan or @CompuIves would be better at answering whether that can be done.\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nlbogdan\ncommented\nJun 19, 2019\n\nedited\n@Saeris I don't know what gap you're talking about, we update the sandbox as soon as the repo changes and someone accesses it. \nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nSaeris\ncommented\nJun 19, 2019\nI've noticed that when I make a commit to a GitHub repository, it's not immediately picked up, even if I use the GitHub importer. In some instances it's taken a good 15-20 minutes before the imported Sandbox will pick up the changes. Changes are only picked up immediately in your forks (in the case of you making a commit from within the app).\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nCopy link\nContributor\nAuthor\nsmolinari\ncommented\nJun 19, 2019\n\nedited\nOk. Thanks for the info!! And, now I understand.\nIt would be cool if Codesandbox had a config parameter\nautomatically-update-dependencies: true\n\nIn the mean time, updating our packages.json file got the master sandbox updated. Thanks again!\nScott\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nsmolinari\nclosed this as completed\nJun 19, 2019\nCopy link\nContributor\nAuthor\nsmolinari\ncommented\nJun 19, 2019\nBtw, we also added the post-update script.\nScott\nAll reactions\nSorry, something went wrong.\nlbogdan\nmentioned this issue\nAug 13, 2019\nDependencies cache issue on the server\n#2284\nClosed\nSign up for free\nto join this conversation on GitHub.\nAlready have an account?\nSign in to comment\nAssignees\nNo one assigned\nLabels\nNone yet\nProjects\nNone yet\nMilestone\nNo milestone\nDevelopment\nNo branches or pull requests\n3 participants\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/codesandbox/codesandbox-client/issues/2075" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Whats Unique About CodeSandbox. I often get asked: Whats the | by Ives van Hoorne | MediumOpen in appSign upSign inWriteSign upSign inWhats Unique About CodeSandboxIves van HoorneFollow5 min readOct 21, 2018--8ListenShareI often get asked: Whats the difference between CodeSandbox and <another online editor>?. I dont like getting these kinds of questions because:I am extremely biased, any answer or comparison I could give would be unfair to some extent.I like to work on unique things, comparing alternatives to what I build infers that what were doing has already been done before. That demotivates me.For the same reason I get demotivated when I hear people say that CodeSandbox is like any other online IDE. Saying something like that makes me feel that whatever we build wouldnt be noticed anyway.Thats why I decided to write down everything that I think are the defining big features of CodeSandbox, features that you cannot find in many other IDEs. This way I can always link to this post when someone asks me the question, without making a direct comparison.Live CollaborationA live session right after it was release, now we also added chat and the option to follow people along as they open different files.When working on a sandbox you can open up a Live Session. This generates a unique URL which you can give to others to join your sandbox and collaborate live (google docs style) together with you. As the owner of the sandbox you can also enable Classroom Mode, this mode allows you to specify who can edit the sandbox and who can only view. This is especially useful for workshops or situations where more than 30 people connect at the same time.GitHub Committing/Forking/PRingHere we create a PR to the Redux repo from within CodeSandboxBesides importing from and exporting to GitHub we also allow you to work on a GitHub repo directly. When forking a sandbox thats imported from GitHub you can make changes and either create a PR or a commit with the changes when youre done. If you dont own the repository thats no problem, we automatically fork it for you and create a PR.VSCode IntegrationThis is CodeSandbox(!)Since recently we have an experimental feature (you can enable it in settings) called VSCode in the browser. The name really says what it is, we have created a fork of VSCode that works in the browser. Because of this we get Grid View, Keybindings, User Snippets, Breadcrumbs, VSCode Settings and more. You can copy your settings files directly from VSCode to CodeSandbox and we should have the exact same keybindings, snippets and preferences.I want to clear up that this isnt only Monaco, but also parts of VSCode (like the previously mentioned features) that werent ported to the browser yet.Container SandboxesThis is a Next server running in a CodeSandbox Container, you can run bash, scripts, etc.Another recent addition is Container Sandboxes. Previously we would run a sandbox in the browser. This works great for many sandboxes, but imposes a limitation on what you can run. With Container Sandboxes we actually run the code on a server, this makes it possible to eg. create a Node/GraphQL server on CodeSandbox. It also opens up the possibility to create Next/Gatsby/Nuxt projects inside CodeSandbox. It runs anything that works locally.Dashboard & TeamsEveryone has a dashboard that they can organize their sandboxes in. In this dashboard you can create directories (like Google Docs) to categorize your sandboxes. You can also search, filter and sort the sandboxes whenever you need to find a specific sandbox. We show a screenshot of every sandbox so you can visually filter them.Another feature of the dashboard is the option to create teams. As a team you can share ownership of sandboxes and work on them together. There is no limit to team sizes and whenever multiple people from a team open the same sandbox we automatically create a live session.Beginner Friendly TricksThere is a raw import here, we give the suggestion to rename the file.We try to make CodeSandbox useful for people wanting to learn web development. Thats why we show error suggestions for some errors (like Add Missing NPM Dependency or Rename App to App.js). For known configuration files we show a UI and description.We also have a search page, on this page you can search for sandboxes (850.000 at the time of writing) when you need to find any examples. You can filter on dependency, on template and on tags to make it easier. If you, for example, ever want to know how redux is used you can filter on that dependency and shift through the examples sandboxes.Deploy SandboxesDeploy with the big buttonWe have a deployment integration with Now. When you want to create a production version of your sandbox you can click Deploy Now. This will deploy the sandbox, install the node_modules and start it under a new URL. We then give this URL back which you can alias to any domain that you like.We are also adding support for other deployment providers in the near future!Smaller FactorsThese are the features that I think are worth mentioning, but dont deserve a header of their own.Private/Unlisted SandboxesAs a Patron you can create sandboxes that are either private (not viewable apart from you/your team) or unlisted (not viewable from search) sandboxes.Jest SupportWe have support for running Jest tests and have a small dashboard for it where you can manage the tests and control them.Were Open Source!The frontend and the microservices of CodeSandbox are open source! This is the place where you can find out how CodeSandbox works. We currently have 97 contributors and are always welcoming more!ConclusionThis is a list of things that you can do with CodeSandbox, but I dont think this truly defines us. I think our values, our drive and our out of the box-thinking is what produced all these features, and will certainly define what well be able to make in the coming years. I really cant wait to see what the future holds and Im looking forward to work on this online editor as long as I can.These features are not only built by myself, we now have a big group of people working on CodeSandbox. I want to thank Bas Buursma, Bogdan Luca, Sara Vieira, Christian Alfoni for their work, and also a big thanks to the other 93+ contributors who have added features, documentation and support! If youre interested in helping us out, this is our repository with the most activity!Sign up to discover human stories that deepen your understanding of the world.FreeDistraction-free reading. No ads.Organize your knowledge with lists and highlights.Tell your story. Find your audience.Sign up for freeMembershipAccess the best member-only stories.Support independent authors.Listen to audio narrations.Read offline.Join the Partner Program and earn for your writing.Try for $5/monthJavaScriptWeb Development----8FollowWritten by Ives van Hoorne1.97K FollowersStudent @utwente and developer @catawiki. Creator of https://codesandbox.io. Elixir & Javascript are my jamFollowHelpStatusAboutCareersPressBlogPrivacyTermsText to speechTeams", "url": "https://medium.com/@compuives/whats-unique-about-codesandbox-f1791d867e48" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "CodeSandbox has crashed @12:07 5th July 2022 Issue #6778 codesandbox/codesandbox-client GitHub\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\ncodesandbox\n/\ncodesandbox-client\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n2.2k\nStar\n12.9k\nCode\nIssues\n454\nPull requests\n11\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\n0\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\nNew issue\nHave a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community.\nSign up for GitHub\nBy clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and\nprivacy statement. Well occasionally send you account related emails.\nAlready on GitHub?\nSign in\nto your account\nJump to bottom\nCodeSandbox has crashed @12:07 5th July 2022\n#6778\nOpen\nloricallum opened this issue\nJul 5, 2022\n 1 comment\nOpen\nCodeSandbox has crashed @12:07 5th July 2022\n#6778\nloricallum opened this issue\nJul 5, 2022\n 1 comment\nComments\nCopy link\nloricallum\ncommented\nJul 5, 2022\n Crash Report\nI was using the Angular template to create an app when codesandbox crashed\nWhen i select any templates to start a new codesandbox, it goes back to the same \"its broken\"\n[Link to sandbox: [link]() (optional)](https://codesandbox.io/s/angular-angular)\nCrash Details\nEnvironment\nBrowser\nVersion\nOperating System\nCodeSandbox Version\nchrome\n96.0.4664\nWindows 10\n8e18208\nRoute:\nhttps://codesandbox.io/s/angry-bush-gklstm\nError Code:\n9d9cb5e5f29d40ff968dfa5e10d2c49f\nError Message\nTypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'parsed')\nTypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'parsed')\nat l.getEntries (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/default~app~embed~sandbox.4b724d5b5.chunk.js:1:15597)\nat je (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/app.189ad2e55.js:253:615916)\nat a.cb (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/app.189ad2e55.js:253:856002)\nat a.runScope (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app.3d33f8737.chunk.js:1:1034736)\nat a.evaluate (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app.3d33f8737.chunk.js:1:1035176)\nat Object.onGetFunction (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app.3d33f8737.chunk.js:1:1024731)\nat Object.get (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app.3d33f8737.chunk.js:1:1148525)\nat hm (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/app.189ad2e55.js:253:1349407)\nat ua (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1789558)\nat xs (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1834821)\nat ml (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1820397)\nat hl (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1820322)\nat il (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1817650)\nat https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1775833\nat t.unstable_runWithPriority (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1851169)\nat qo (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1775542)\nat Xo (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1775778)\nat Yo (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1775713)\nat el (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1814436)\nat Object.enqueueSetState (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1780537)\nat t._.setState (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:2034189)\nat https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1878198\nat r (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:921324)\nat https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:921554\nat Array.forEach (<anonymous>)\nat Object.notifyListeners (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:921524)\nat k (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:922746)\nat https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:923800\nat Object.confirmTransitionTo (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:921263)\nat Object.push (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:923580)\nat e.value (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/app.189ad2e55.js:253:680265)\nat https://codesandbox.io/static/js/app.189ad2e55.js:253:831996\nat c (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app~embed~sandbox~sandbox-startup.bcc15d438.chunk.js:1:3629)\nat Generator._invoke (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app~embed~sandbox~sandbox-startup.bcc15d438.chunk.js:1:3382)\nat Generator.forEach.t.<computed> [as next] (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app~embed~sandbox~sandbox-startup.bcc15d438.chunk.js:1:3986)\nat r (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app~embed~sandbox~sandbox-startup.bcc15d438.chunk.js:1:206)\nat u (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app~embed~sandbox~sandbox-startup.bcc15d438.chunk.js:1:417)\nin hm\nin div\nin elements__Opener\nin div\nin Unknown\nin DropTarget(Component)\nin div\nin Styled(styled.div)\nin section\nin Styled(styled.div)\nin Unknown\nin Files___StyledCollapsible\nin Am\nin Bm\nin div\nin De\nin Unknown\nin div\nin elements__Container\nin Unknown\nin WithTheme(Component)\nin div\nin t\nin div\nin t\nin div\nin div\nin styled.div\nin div\nin elements__Container\nin De\nin gy\nin Unknown\nin Unknown\nin t\nin t\nin div\nin elements__Content\nin n\nin withRouter(n)\nin div\nin elements__Container\nin Unknown\nin withRouter()\nin t\nin Unknown\nin De\nin c\nin t\nThe text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:\nAll reactions\nCopy link\nCodeSandboxTeam\ncommented\nJul 5, 2022\nvia email\nPlease could you try clearing your cookies and browser cache and disabling any adblockers that you may have active?\nThis should resolve any issues.\n--- original message ---\nOn July 5, 2022 at 12:11 PM GMT+1 ***@***.*** wrote:\n Crash Report\nI was using the Angular template to create an app when codesandbox crashed\nWhen i select any templates to start a new codesandbox, it goes back to the same \"its broken\"\n[Link to sandbox: [link]() (optional)](https://codesandbox.io/s/angular-angular)\nCrash Details\nEnvironmentBrowser Version Operating System CodeSandbox Version\nchrome 96.0.4664 Windows 10 8e18208\nRoute:\nhttps://codesandbox.io/s/angry-bush-gklstm\nError Code:\n9d9cb5e5f29d40ff968dfa5e10d2c49f\nError Message\nTypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'parsed')\nTypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'parsed')\nat l.getEntries (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/default~app~embed~sandbox.4b724d5b5.chunk.js:1:15597)\nat je (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/app.189ad2e55.js:253:615916)\nat a.cb (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/app.189ad2e55.js:253:856002)\nat a.runScope (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app.3d33f8737.chunk.js:1:1034736)\nat a.evaluate (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app.3d33f8737.chunk.js:1:1035176)\nat Object.onGetFunction (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app.3d33f8737.chunk.js:1:1024731)\nat Object.get (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app.3d33f8737.chunk.js:1:1148525)\nat hm (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/app.189ad2e55.js:253:1349407)\nat ua (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1789558)\nat xs (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1834821)\nat ml (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1820397)\nat hl (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1820322)\nat il (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1817650)\nat https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1775833\nat t.unstable_runWithPriority (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1851169)\nat qo (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1775542)\nat Xo (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1775778)\nat Yo (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1775713)\nat el (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1814436)\nat Object.enqueueSetState (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1780537)\nat t._.setState (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:2034189)\nat https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:1878198\nat r (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:921324)\nat https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:921554\nat Array.forEach (<anonymous>)\nat Object.notifyListeners (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:921524)\nat k (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:922746)\nat https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:923800\nat Object.confirmTransitionTo (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:921263)\nat Object.push (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/common.d909eae2e.chunk.js:1:923580)\nat e.value (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/app.189ad2e55.js:253:680265)\nat https://codesandbox.io/static/js/app.189ad2e55.js:253:831996\nat c (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app~embed~sandbox~sandbox-startup.bcc15d438.chunk.js:1:3629)\nat Generator._invoke (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app~embed~sandbox~sandbox-startup.bcc15d438.chunk.js:1:3382)\nat Generator.forEach.t.<computed> [as next] (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app~embed~sandbox~sandbox-startup.bcc15d438.chunk.js:1:3986)\nat r (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app~embed~sandbox~sandbox-startup.bcc15d438.chunk.js:1:206)\nat u (https://codesandbox.io/static/js/vendors~app~embed~sandbox~sandbox-startup.bcc15d438.chunk.js:1:417)\nin hm\nin div\nin elements__Opener\nin div\nin Unknown\nin DropTarget(Component)\nin div\nin Styled(styled.div)\nin section\nin Styled(styled.div)\nin Unknown\nin Files___StyledCollapsible\nin Am\nin Bm\nin div\nin De\nin Unknown\nin div\nin elements__Container\nin Unknown\nin WithTheme(Component)\nin div\nin t\nin div\nin t\nin div\nin div\nin styled.div\nin div\nin elements__Container\nin De\nin gy\nin Unknown\nin Unknown\nin t\nin t\nin div\nin elements__Content\nin n\nin withRouter(n)\nin div\nin elements__Container\nin Unknown\nin withRouter()\nin t\nin Unknown\nin De\nin c\nin t\n\nReply to this email directly, view it on GitHub, or unsubscribe.\nYou are receiving this because you are subscribed to this thread.Message ID: ***@***.***>\n--- end of original message ---\nAll 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Welcome to Jadavpur University website\nDr. Saswati Mukherjee\nAssistant Professor, Department of Education Technology\nPH:\nFax:\nWeb Address:\nEducation\nDegreeYearUniversity\nPh.D.\n2017\nJadavpur University\nM.E.\n2006\nJadavpur University\nTeaching Experience (2)\nName Of The Institution\nPosition Held\nPeriod\nJadavpur University\nAssistant Professor\n2008, MaytoTill Date\nSt. Thomas College of Engineering & Technology\nLecturer\n2006, June to2008, May\nBack To Top\nIndustrial Experience (0)\nBack To Top\nField of Specialization\nWireless Adhoc Network, Security and Intrusion Detection in Wireless Network, Learning Management System, Intelligent Tutoring System\nBack To Top\nCourses Taught/Teaching\nMultimedia Communication in Mobile Environment, Web Technology, Computer Graphics, Database Management Systems, Multimedia Design Principles & Authoring, HCI\nBack To Top\nResearch Area\nAugmented Reality, Machine learning algorithms, Attacks and Security Measures in Wireless Ad-hoc Network, E-learning\nBack To Top\nExperience\n16 years\nBack To Top\nConference Papers Published (15)\nTitle of the paper\nConference\nYear\nRole\nVol Number-Page Name\nMulti-factor Authentication-based E-Exam Management System (EEMS)\nInternational Conference on Frontiers in Computing and Systems (COMSYS-2020)\n2020\nSharthak Mallik, Shovan Halder, Pranay Saha, and Saswati Mukherjee\n-\nDataset Annotation on Chronic Disease Comorbidities Study in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus\nProceedings of International Conference on Machine Intelligence and Data Science Applications, (MIDAS 2020), Springer\n2020\nSuparna Dutta, Saswati Mukherjee, Medha Nag, Susovan Jana, Sujoy Majumder\n-\nAndroid-based Text Reader for Partial Vision Impairment\n5th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics & Computer Engineering, IEEE\n2018\nR. Dhar, S.Mukherjee\n-\nA Novel Approach to Secure Biomedical Images and Videos for Transmission\nThird IEEE Conference on Research in Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (ICRCICN-2017)\n2017\nKunal Hossain, Susovan Jana, Saswati Mukherjee\n-120 -125\nSecured Transmission of Sensitive Images of Skin Diseases Using Steganography and Cryptography\n2017 IEEE Calcutta Conference, (CALCON)\n2017\nKunal Hossain, Susovan Jana, Saswati Mukherjee\n-95-99\nMore\nBack To Top\nJournal Papers Published (4)\nTitle of the paper\nJournal of publication\nYear\nRole\nVol Number-Page Name\nRisk stratification of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes using LDA and CNN for clinical decision management - a multi-centre study in eastern India\nInternational Journal of Medical Engineering & Informatics\n2021\nSuparna Dutta, Saswati Mukherjee, Medha Nag, Sujoy Majumdar, Ghanshyam Goyal\nDOI 10.1504/ijmei.2021.10043803-\nWormhole detection based on Ordinal MDS using RTT in wireless sensor network\nJournal of Computer Networks and Communications\n2016\nSaswati Mukherjee, Matangini Chattopadhyay, Samiran Chattopadhyay, and Pragma Kar\nvol. 2016-\nStudent classroom performance analysis and remodeling with the help of a new architecture in a cost effective manner\nJournal of Interdisciplinary Research\n2016\nP. Chandra, S. Chanda and S. Mukherjee\nVol. 2, Issue 6-\nA key re-distribution and authentication based technique for secured communication in clustered wireless sensor networks with node mobility\nInternational Journal of Computer Networks and Communications\n2010\nSaswati Mukherjee, Matangini Chattopadhyay, and Samiran Chattopadhyay\nvol. 2, no. 6-104 - 115\nBack To Top\nBooks Published (1)\nBook Title\nPublisher Name\nYear\nRole\nA Personalized Mobile Application Using Location Based Service by Lovely Chatterjee, Saswati Mukherjee, Matangini Chattopadhyay\nAdvances in Computer Science and Education Applications, Communications in Computer and Information Science (CICS)\n2011\nBack To Top\nAwards(0)\nBack To Top\nPh.D. Thesis Guidance (0)\nBack To Top\nM.Phil. Thesis Guidance (0)\nBack To Top\nMASTER Thesis Guidance (61)\nName Of The Scholar\nTitle Of The Thesis\nCo-Superviser\nYear\nMahendra Murmu\nDetection of Facial Emotion Of Learners Using Feature Extraction in designing of an Adaptive Tutoring System\n2022 Shankar Layek\nFacial Emotion Detection-Based Content Modification in Intelligent Tutoring System using Deep Learning\n2022 Kundan Mukherjee\nPrediction Of Patients Mortality Rate discharging in Odd and Even Hours using Gaussian Mixture Model (Gmm) and K-Means Algorithm\n2022 Sreejit Nan\nEarly Hospital Mortality Prediction of ICU Patients using Ensemble Classifier\n2021 Amrita Ghosh\nPrevention of Distributed Denial of Service Attack in a LAN using Centralized Intrusion Detection System\n2021More\nBack To Top\nProject Works (4)\nProject Title\nWorked As\nFunding Agency\nAmount\nDuration\nPeriod\nStatus\nDeep learning techniques for Population-level Cardio-Vascular Risk Prediction and Score Generation in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus\nPrincipal Investigator\nRUSA 2.0\n6 lakhs\n1 year\n2019, April to2020, March\nComplete\nStudies in Wireless and Mobile Networks: Aspects of Multicasting, Optimization and Security\nCo-Investigator\nInterra Systems (I) Pvt. Ltd\n5 lakhs\n1 year\n2009to2010\nComplete\nMobile Computing and Innovative Applications Programme\nCo-Investigator\nUGC-UPE Phase II\n7 lakhs\n1 year\n2012to2013\nComplete\nWeb-Based Teaching Material Development for UG and PG engineering laboratories\nUGC-UPE Phase II\n1.2 crores\n7 years\n2012to2019\nComplete\nBack To Top\nPatents (0)\nBack To Top\nCollaborative Programs (0)\nBack To Top\nInviteLectures (4)\nTitle\nOrganised By\nVenue\nYear\nArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare- Promises & Prospects\n11th Annual National Conference of Indian Society for Rational Pharmacotherapeutics (ISRPTCon2019) Department of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata\nScience City Auditorium, Kolkata\n2019\nMultimedia Based Educational Content Creation in Inter-disciplinary Refreshers course on Understanding ICT for Professional Development in Education\nDepartment of Information Technology, Jadavpur University\n2017\nLearning Management System in Two days Workshop on Content Generation Using Open Source Tools\nSchool of Education Technology, Jadavpur University\n2011\n2D Flash Animation in Two days Workshop on E-content Design & Development\nSchool of Education Technology, Jadavpur University\n2009\nBack To Top\nMembership Of Learned Societies (0)\nBack To Top\nOrientation/Refresher/QIP CourseAttended/Organized (3)\nProgram Name\nOrganised By\nVenue\nYear\nContinuing Education & Quality Improvement Programmes (CE & QIP) on Deep Learning: From Basics to Practice\nIIT Bombay\nVanvihar Hall, IIT Bombay\n2019 Continuing Education & Quality Improvement Programmes (CE & QIP) course on IT Enabled Learning for STEM\nIIT Bombay\nJalvihar Seminar Hall, IIT Bombay\n2018 One-week Training Programme cum Workshop on Recent Advances in Wireless and Mobile Computing and Communication\nSchool of Mobile Computing and Communication, Jadavpur University\nSMCC, Jadavpur University\n2013\nBack To Top\nSeminar/Conference/Workshop (9)\nProgram Name\nOrganised By\nVenue\nYear\nType Of Participation\nOne-Day Seminar on Content Development and Authoring\nSchool of Education Technology, JU\nSchool of Education Technology, JU\n2022\nCoordinator 3-Day Workshop on Emerging Trends in Image Processing using MATLAB\nSchool of Education Technology, JU\nSchool of Education Technology, JU\n2022\nCoordinator Half-Day National Seminar on Multimedia Development & Applications\nSchool of Education Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata\n2018\nCoordinator International Conference on Applications and Innovations in Mobile Computing\nSchool of Education Technology, Jadavpur University\n2014\nAttended One-Day National Seminar on New Paradigms in Open Learning\nSchool of Education Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata\n2011\nLogistics Support Co-ordinatorMore\nBack To Top\nSession chaired (0)\nBack To Top\nProfessional Society Activity (0)\nBack To Top\nConsultancy work / Testing (0)\nBack To Top\nOther Notable Activities (0)\nBack To Top", "url": "http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/profile.php?uid=1132" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Saswati Mukherjee Profile - Cricket Player India | Stats, Records, VideoMatches (15)ENG v PAK (W) (1)T20WC Warm-up (6)ENG v PAK (1)Vitality Blast (5)CE Cup (2) PreviousRESULT3rd ODI ChelmsfordENG-W302/5PAK-W(29.1/50 ov, T:303) 124ENG Women won by 178 runsScheduleReportSeriesMatch delayed - RainWarm-up Port of SpainAFGOMAnullScheduleSeries4th T20I The OvalEnglandPakistanTomorrow5:30 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleVideosSeriesWarm-up DallasUnited States of AmericaNepalTomorrow3:30 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleSeriesWarm-up TaroubaScotlandUgandaTomorrow2:30 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleSeriesWarm-up DallasCanadaNetherlandsTomorrow8:00 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleSeriesWarm-up TaroubaNamibiaPapua New GuineaTomorrow7:00 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleSeriesWarm-up Port of SpainWest IndiesAustraliaTomorrow11:00 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleSeriesSouth GroupVitality Blast T20 BristolGloucestershireEssexTomorrow5:30 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleTableSeriesSouth GroupVitality Blast T20 SouthamptonHampshireSurreyTomorrow6:00 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleTableSeriesNorth GroupVitality Blast T20 ManchesterLancashireDurhamTomorrow5:30 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleTableSeriesNorth GroupVitality Blast T20 NorthamptonNorthamptonshireDerbyshireTomorrow5:30 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleTableSeriesNorth GroupVitality Blast T20 LeedsYorkshireWorcestershireTomorrow5:30 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleTableSeries13th MatchCE Cup WT20 SouthamptonSouthern VipersWestern StormTomorrow11:30 AMMatch yet to beginScheduleTableSeries14th MatchCE Cup WT20 ManchesterThunderCentral SparksTomorrow1:00 PMMatch yet to beginScheduleTableSeries NextLive ScoresSeriesTeamsNewsFeaturesVideosStatsT20 World Cup 2024Edition USSaswati MukherjeeIndiaCompareMost viewed playersVirat KohliMS DhoniRohit SharmaGautam GambhirSachin TendulkarHarshit RanaVenkatesh IyerShreyas IyerHardik PandyaTejashwi YadavMore LinksContracted PlayersTest CapsODI CapsT20I CapsWTest CapsWODI CapsWT20I CapsBrowse other playersBangladeshAllLitton DasMahmudullahMehidy Hasan MirazMushfiqur RahimMustafizur RahmanNajmul Hossain ShantoShakib Al HasanShoriful IslamTaskin AhmedTowhid HridoyAlphabetically sorted top ten of players who have played the most matches across formats in the last 12 monthsOverviewPhotosFull NameSaswati MukherjeeBornNovember 28, 1962, Jamshedpur, BiharAge61y 183dAlso Known AsDigiBatting StyleRight hand BatBowling StyleRight arm OffbreakTEAMSBiharEast Zone WomenPhotos of Saswati MukherjeeView moreTerms of Use|Privacy Policy|Your US State Privacy Rights|Children's Online Privacy Policy|Interest - Based Ads|Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information|Feedback 2024 ESPN Sports Media Ltd. All rights reserved", "url": "https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/saswati-mukherjee-54093" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Ms. Saswati Mukherjee\nEnglish English Hindi\nSearch ... Search\nColor Style\nMenu\nHome\n- 2024-26 30.05.2024 / The last date for online form filling for PGDM-ABM Admissions 2024-26 is extended to 30.05.2024 - 2024-26 15.06.2024 / The last date for online form filling for PGDM-IEV Admissions 2024-26 is extended to 15.06.2024 CCS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETING, JAIPUR 100% FINAL PLACEMENT PGDM (ABM) 2022 - 2024 call for paper submission for Publication of Volume 2 Issue 2 of Annual Journal of Agri-Business Innovations & Startups Vacancy for various post of CCS NIAM, Jaipur APPLY FOR PGDM (ABM) & PGDM (IEV) ADMISSION 2024-26Co-working Application FormPolicy Guidelines for Co-working SpaceApplications are invited for Agripreneurship Orientation Programme (Pre-Seed Stage) - Cohort 10 Applications are invited for Startup Agri-Business Incubation Programme (Seed Stage) - Cohort 10 Liasion Officer for OBC Matters\nQuick Links\nIncubation SupportAgripreneurship Orientation\nLATEST REPORTS\nMs. Saswati MukherjeeManager Marketing & CommunicationNIAM Agri-Business Incubator (NABI)CCS National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (CCS NIAM) (An Organization under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, GoI) Bambala, Tonk Road, Jaipur 302033, Rajasthan, India E-mail: shashwati.m@ccsniam.ac.inMobile: 9167963551\nMs. Saswati Mukherjee, Manager Marketing & Communication, NIAM Agri-Business Incubator (NABI) Centre of Excellence for Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Skill Development, Chaudhary Charan Singh National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (CCSNIAM), Pratap Nagar, Kota Road, Bambala, Jaipur 302033, Rajasthan https://ccsniam.gov.in/rkvy. Ms. Saswati Mukherjee has over 13 years of experience in the field of technology management, technology commercialization, entrepreneurship development, agri business incubation, and Agri input sales. She has facilitated technology-based business incubation, technical mentoring, coordinating with stakeholders for funding, mentoring, business growth, market studies, and commercialization of novel products developed by incubatees. She has experience in Business Development, New Market Development, segmentation, targeting and positioning of new products in new markets, Channel Management, Key Account Management, Client Service and Team Management. She has facilitated the organization of Entrepreneurship Development Programmes, Institute-Industry interface meets, Pre-commercialization workshops, Business Meets, Trainings, Meetings, Seminars and Awareness Programmes. She has handled activities related to Intellectual Property Rights Management and networked with research institutes, corporates and other stakeholders for successful technology commercialization.\n P.G.D.A.B.M from CCSNIAM, Jaipur in 2008\n M.Sc. (Horticulture) fromGBPUA&T, Pantnagarin 2005\n B.Sc. (Agriculture) fromGBPUA&T, Pantnagarin 2003\nMessage From DG's Desk\nAgriculture plays a vital role in economic development of the country, while facilitating employment generation and poverty alleviation.\nShri Faiz Ahmed Kidwai, IAS\nAdditional Secretary (Marketing)Govt. of India, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare and Director General,CCS NIAM\nView More\nTotal Visit Counts :- 5227273\nRTIInfrastructureActs and LegislationsArchiveOwnership InformationPrivacy PolicyHyperlink PolicyLinksSitemapArchive Gallery.\nUpdated on:27 May 2024.\nCopyright 2024, all rights reserved. CCS NIAM\nDeveloped & Hosted by Charu Mindworks (India) Pvt. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kawasaki Z1000 | Naked Motorcycle | Responsive Handling & Performance\nSkip to main content\nCART (0)\nSubtotal (0 Items)\n$0.00\nVIEW CART (0)\nVIEW WISHLIST (0)\nMY KAWASAKI\nLOCATE A DEALER\nFR\nFRANAIS\nCART (0)\nMy Kawasaki\nMOTORCYCLE\nStreet/Track\nNINJA\nHYPERSPORT\nNINJA H2 SX\nStarting at\n$32,799\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA H2\nStarting at\n$38,299\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA H2R\n$68,299\t\t\t MSRP\nSUPERSPORT\nNINJA ZX-4R\nStarting at\n$10,499\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA ZX-6R\nStarting at\n$13,099\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA ZX-10R\nStarting at\n$21,449\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA ZX-14R\nStarting at\n$19,999\t\t\t MSRP\nSPORT\nNINJA 400\nStarting at\n$7,099\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA 500\nStarting at\n$7,099\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA 650\nStarting at\n$10,099\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA 1000SX\nStarting at\n$15,899\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nstreet\nZ\nHYPERSPORT\nZ H2\nStarting at\n$24,399\t\t\t MSRP\nSUPERNAKED\nZ400\nStarting at\n$6,699\t\t\t MSRP\nZ500\nStarting at\n$6,999\t\t\t MSRP\nZ650\nStarting at\n$9,799\t\t\t MSRP\nZ900\nStarting at\n$11,699\t\t\t MSRP\nRETRO SPORT\nZ650RS\nStarting at\n$10,599\t\t\t MSRP\nZ900RS\nStarting at\n$14,699\t\t\t MSRP\nMINI NAKED\nZ125 PRO\nStarting at\n$4,179\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nVERSYS\nADVENTURE/TOURING\nVERSYS-X 300\nStarting at\n$7,249\t\t\t MSRP\nVERSYS 650\nStarting at\n$11,999\t\t\t MSRP\nVERSYS 1000\nStarting at\n$21,349\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nW\nRETRO CLASSIC\nW800\nStarting at\n$12,099\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nELIMINATOR\nStreet Cruiser\nELIMINATOR 500\nStarting at\n$8,199\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nVULCAN\nSPORT CRUISER\nVULCAN S\nStarting at\n$9,199\t\t\t MSRP\nCLASSIC CRUISER\nVULCAN 900\nStarting at\n$10,949\t\t\t MSRP\nBAGGER CRUISER\nVULCAN 1700 VAQUERO\nStarting at\n$21,599\t\t\t MSRP\nTOURING CRUISER\nVULCAN 1700 VOYAGER\nStarting at\n$22,799\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nDUAL PURPOSE & OFF-ROAD\nKLR\nON/OFF-ROAD\nKLR650\nStarting at\n$7,999\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nKLX\nSUPERMOTO\nKLX300SM\nStarting at\n$7,399\t\t\t MSRP\nON/OFF-ROAD\nKLX230\nStarting at\n$6,199\t\t\t MSRP\nKLX300\nStarting at\n$6,999\t\t\t MSRP\nOFF-ROAD\nKLX110R\nStarting at\n$3,149\t\t\t MSRP\nKLX140R\nStarting at\n$4,149\t\t\t MSRP\nKLX230R\nStarting at\n$5,499\t\t\t MSRP\nKLX300R\nStarting at\n$6,799\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nCOMPETITION\nKX\nYOUTH MOTOCROSS\nKX65\nStarting at\n$4,799\t\t\t MSRP\nKX85\nStarting at\n$5,599\t\t\t MSRP\nKX112\nStarting at\n$6,299\t\t\t MSRP\nFULL-SIZE MOTOCROSS\nKX250\nStarting at\n$10,549\t\t\t MSRP\nKX450\nStarting at\n$12,049\t\t\t MSRP\nKX450SR\n$14,899\t\t\t MSRP\nFULL-SIZE CROSS-COUNTRY\nKX250X\nStarting at\n$10,649\t\t\t MSRP\nKX450X\nStarting at\n$12,149\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nE-MOBILITY\nHEV/EV\nHEV\nNINJA 7 HYBRID\n$15,699\t\t\t MSRP\nZ7 HYBRID\n$15,699\t\t\t MSRP\nEV\nNINJA e-1\n$9,499\t\t\t MSRP\nZ e-1\n$9,199\t\t\t MSRP\nElectric Balance Bike\nELEKTRODE\n$1,449\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nATV\nyouth\nKFX\nYOUTH\nKFX50\nStarting at\n$2,999\t\t\t MSRP\nKFX90\nStarting at\n$3,799\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nUtility/Recreation\nBRUTE FORCE\nUTILITY/RECREATION\nBRUTE FORCE 300\nStarting at\n$6,099\t\t\t MSRP\nBRUTE FORCE 750\nStarting at\n$11,999\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nSIDE X SIDE\nUTLILITY/RECREATION\nMULE\n3-PASSENGER\nMULE PRO-FX 1000\n$21,699\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-FXR 1000\n$21,099\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-FX\n$19,199\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-DX DIESEL\n$21,499\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-FXR\n$19,899\t\t\t MSRP\n3- TO 6-PASSENGER\nMULE PRO-FXT 1000\nStarting at\n$23,399\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-FXT\nStarting at\n$20,299\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-DXT DIESEL\nStarting at\n$23,099\t\t\t MSRP\n2-PASSENGER\nMULE SX\nStarting at\n$11,499\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE 4010 4x4\n$14,999\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-MX\nStarting at\n$15,999\t\t\t MSRP\n2- TO 4-PASSENGER\nMULE 4010 TRANS4x4\n$16,099\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nSPORT-UTILITY\nRIDGE\nWORK & RECREATION\nRIDGE\nStarting at\n$29,699\t\t\t MSRP\nRECREATION & WORK\nRIDGE XR\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nSPORT & RECREATION\nTERYX\n2-PASSENGER SPORT\nTERYX KRX 1000\nStarting at\n$27,799\t\t\t MSRP\n4-PASSENGER SPORT\nTERYX KRX4 1000\nStarting at\n$33,499\t\t\t MSRP\n2-PASSENGER RECREATION\nTERYX\nStarting at\n$19,749\t\t\t MSRP\n4-PASSENGER RECREATION\nTERYX4\nStarting at\n$21,399\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nWATERCRAFT\nPERSONAL WATERCRAFT\nJET SKI\nSTAND-UP\nJET SKI SX-R 160\nStarting at\n$15,399\t\t\t MSRP\n3-PASSENGER\nJET SKI ULTRA 160\nStarting at\n$22,799\t\t\t MSRP\nJET SKI ULTRA 160LX-S ANGLER\nJET SKI ULTRA LX\n$16,799\t\t\t MSRP\nJET SKI STX 160\nStarting at\n$15,299\t\t\t MSRP\n3-PASSENGER SUPERCHARGED\nJET SKI ULTRA 310LX\nStarting at\n$26,499\t\t\t MSRP\nJET SKI ULTRA 310X\nStarting at\n$23,699\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nOWNER CENTRE\nWarranty\nKawasaki Protection Plus\nRecalls\nKawasaki Owner Manuals\nSHOP\nAccessories\nMotorcycle\nATV\nSide x Side\nWatercraft\nYour Saved Vehicles\nApparel\nMen's\nWomen's\nGifts and Collectables\nKitchen and Drinkware\nKeychains\nView All\nMaintenance Products\nTie Down Straps and Accessories\nTrack and Garage\nView All\nRACING\nKawasaki Racing\nRacing News\nGOVERNMENT & FLEET\nGovernment Solutions\nFleet Solutions\nPURCHASE TOOLS\nLOCATE A DEALER\nREQUEST A QUOTE\nCURRENT OFFERS\nCOMPARE VEHICLES\nKawasaki Technology\nNew Featured Vehicles\nAwards & Reviews\nKawasaki Heritage\nRequest A Test Ride\nMOTORCYCLE\nStreet/Track\nNINJA\nstreet\nZ\nVERSYS\nW\nELIMINATOR\nVULCAN\nDUAL PURPOSE & OFF-ROAD\nKLR\nKLX\nCOMPETITION\nKX\nE-MOBILITY\nHEV/EV\nHYPERSPORT\nNINJA H2 SX\nStarting at\n$32,799\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA H2\nStarting at\n$38,299\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA H2R\n$68,299\t\t\t MSRP\nSUPERSPORT\nNINJA ZX-4R\nStarting at\n$10,499\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA ZX-6R\nStarting at\n$13,099\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA ZX-10R\nStarting at\n$21,449\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA ZX-14R\nStarting at\n$19,999\t\t\t MSRP\nSPORT\nNINJA 400\nStarting at\n$7,099\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA 500\nStarting at\n$7,099\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA 650\nStarting at\n$10,099\t\t\t MSRP\nNINJA 1000SX\nStarting at\n$15,899\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nHYPERSPORT\nZ H2\nStarting at\n$24,399\t\t\t MSRP\nSUPERNAKED\nZ400\nStarting at\n$6,699\t\t\t MSRP\nZ500\nStarting at\n$6,999\t\t\t MSRP\nZ650\nStarting at\n$9,799\t\t\t MSRP\nZ900\nStarting at\n$11,699\t\t\t MSRP\nRETRO SPORT\nZ650RS\nStarting at\n$10,599\t\t\t MSRP\nZ900RS\nStarting at\n$14,699\t\t\t MSRP\nMINI NAKED\nZ125 PRO\nStarting at\n$4,179\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nADVENTURE/TOURING\nVERSYS-X 300\nStarting at\n$7,249\t\t\t MSRP\nVERSYS 650\nStarting at\n$11,999\t\t\t MSRP\nVERSYS 1000\nStarting at\n$21,349\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nRETRO CLASSIC\nW800\nStarting at\n$12,099\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nStreet Cruiser\nELIMINATOR 500\nStarting at\n$8,199\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nSPORT CRUISER\nVULCAN S\nStarting at\n$9,199\t\t\t MSRP\nCLASSIC CRUISER\nVULCAN 900\nStarting at\n$10,949\t\t\t MSRP\nBAGGER CRUISER\nVULCAN 1700 VAQUERO\nStarting at\n$21,599\t\t\t MSRP\nTOURING CRUISER\nVULCAN 1700 VOYAGER\nStarting at\n$22,799\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nON/OFF-ROAD\nKLR650\nStarting at\n$7,999\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nSUPERMOTO\nKLX300SM\nStarting at\n$7,399\t\t\t MSRP\nON/OFF-ROAD\nKLX230\nStarting at\n$6,199\t\t\t MSRP\nKLX300\nStarting at\n$6,999\t\t\t MSRP\nOFF-ROAD\nKLX110R\nStarting at\n$3,149\t\t\t MSRP\nKLX140R\nStarting at\n$4,149\t\t\t MSRP\nKLX230R\nStarting at\n$5,499\t\t\t MSRP\nKLX300R\nStarting at\n$6,799\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nYOUTH MOTOCROSS\nKX65\nStarting at\n$4,799\t\t\t MSRP\nKX85\nStarting at\n$5,599\t\t\t MSRP\nKX112\nStarting at\n$6,299\t\t\t MSRP\nFULL-SIZE MOTOCROSS\nKX250\nStarting at\n$10,549\t\t\t MSRP\nKX450\nStarting at\n$12,049\t\t\t MSRP\nKX450SR\n$14,899\t\t\t MSRP\nFULL-SIZE CROSS-COUNTRY\nKX250X\nStarting at\n$10,649\t\t\t MSRP\nKX450X\nStarting at\n$12,149\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nHEV\nNINJA 7 HYBRID\n$15,699\t\t\t MSRP\nZ7 HYBRID\n$15,699\t\t\t MSRP\nEV\nNINJA e-1\n$9,499\t\t\t MSRP\nZ e-1\n$9,199\t\t\t MSRP\nElectric Balance Bike\nELEKTRODE\n$1,449\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nATV\nyouth\nKFX\nUtility/Recreation\nBRUTE FORCE\nYOUTH\nKFX50\nStarting at\n$2,999\t\t\t MSRP\nKFX90\nStarting at\n$3,799\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nUTILITY/RECREATION\nBRUTE FORCE 300\nStarting at\n$6,099\t\t\t MSRP\nBRUTE FORCE 750\nStarting at\n$11,999\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nSIDE X SIDE\nUTLILITY/RECREATION\nMULE\nSPORT-UTILITY\nRIDGE\nSPORT & RECREATION\nTERYX\n3-PASSENGER\nMULE PRO-FX 1000\n$21,699\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-FXR 1000\n$21,099\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-FX\n$19,199\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-DX DIESEL\n$21,499\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-FXR\n$19,899\t\t\t MSRP\n3- TO 6-PASSENGER\nMULE PRO-FXT 1000\nStarting at\n$23,399\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-FXT\nStarting at\n$20,299\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-DXT DIESEL\nStarting at\n$23,099\t\t\t MSRP\n2-PASSENGER\nMULE SX\nStarting at\n$11,499\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE 4010 4x4\n$14,999\t\t\t MSRP\nMULE PRO-MX\nStarting at\n$15,999\t\t\t MSRP\n2- TO 4-PASSENGER\nMULE 4010 TRANS4x4\n$16,099\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nWORK & RECREATION\nRIDGE\nStarting at\n$29,699\t\t\t MSRP\nRECREATION & WORK\nRIDGE XR\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\n2-PASSENGER SPORT\nTERYX KRX 1000\nStarting at\n$27,799\t\t\t MSRP\n4-PASSENGER SPORT\nTERYX KRX4 1000\nStarting at\n$33,499\t\t\t MSRP\n2-PASSENGER RECREATION\nTERYX\nStarting at\n$19,749\t\t\t MSRP\n4-PASSENGER RECREATION\nTERYX4\nStarting at\n$21,399\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nWATERCRAFT\nPERSONAL WATERCRAFT\nJET SKI\nSTAND-UP\nJET SKI SX-R 160\nStarting at\n$15,399\t\t\t MSRP\n3-PASSENGER\nJET SKI ULTRA 160\nStarting at\n$22,799\t\t\t MSRP\nJET SKI ULTRA 160LX-S ANGLER\nJET SKI ULTRA LX\n$16,799\t\t\t MSRP\nJET SKI STX 160\nStarting at\n$15,299\t\t\t MSRP\n3-PASSENGER SUPERCHARGED\nJET SKI ULTRA 310LX\nStarting at\n$26,499\t\t\t MSRP\nJET SKI ULTRA 310X\nStarting at\n$23,699\t\t\t MSRP\nVIEW ALL & COMPARE\nPURCHASE TOOLS\nPURCHASE TOOLS\nLOCATE A DEALER\nREQUEST A QUOTE\nCURRENT OFFERS\nCOMPARE VEHICLES\nKawasaki Technology\nNew Featured Vehicles\nAwards & Reviews\nKawasaki Heritage\nRequest A Test Ride\nOWNER CENTRE\nOWNER CENTRE\nWarranty\nKawasaki Protection Plus\nRecalls\nKawasaki Owner Manuals\nSHOP\nSHOP\nAccessories\nMotorcycle\nATV\nSide x Side\nWatercraft\nYour Saved Vehicles\nApparel\nMen's\nWomen's\nGifts and Collectables\nKitchen and Drinkware\nKeychains\nView All\nMaintenance Products\nTie Down Straps and Accessories\nTrack and Garage\nView All\nRACING\nRACING\nKawasaki Racing\nRacing News\nGOVERNMENT & FLEET\nGOVERNMENT & FLEET\nGovernment Solutions\nFleet Solutions\nTHE PINNACLE OF\nSUPERNAKED THRILLS\nStarting at\n$14,499\t\t\t MSRP\nZ1000R ABS\nOVERVIEW\nMODELS\nCOMPARE\nLOCATE A DEALER\nZ1000R ABS\nOVERVIEW\nOVERVIEW\nMODELS\nCOMPARE\nLOCATE A DEALER\nOVERVIEW\nSculpted bodywork brings the Sugomi inspired design to the next level. All unnecessary flourishes have been stripped away to highlight bold functionality. The 1,043cc engine produces big power while a stiff chassis delivers responsive handling performance. Pure supernaked thrills is the result of this unique combination of power, performance and style.\nFEATURING:\n1,043cc four-cylinder engine\nHorizontal back-link rear suspension\nDiamond frame\nAggressive Z styling\nMODELS\nABOUT KAWASAKI\nABOUT KAWASAKI\nHistory\nHeritage\nInternational Sites\nCareers\nLegal Policies\nDEALER INFO\nDEALER INFO\nDealer Locator\nSUBSCRIBE\nSUBSCRIBE\nReceive the latest news, special offers and exclusives.\nSUBSCRIBE\nUnsubscribe From Emails\nNEWS\nNEWS\nNew Featured Vehicles\nAwards & Reviews\nEvents\nRacing News\nLatest News\nRESOURCES\nRESOURCES\nCorporate Contact Info\nRecalls\nIndustry Links\n 2024 Canadian Kawasaki Motors Inc.Prices shown are Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price. Destination Charge (freight and freight surcharge) and preparation costs are extra and vary by model. Pricing and specifications are subject to change. Model may not be exactly as shown.\nOpens in a new Window.", "url": "https://www.kawasaki.ca/en-ca/motorcycle/z/supernaked/z1000r-abs" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kawasaki Z1000 - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\n220032006 models\n320072009 models\n420102013 models\n520142016 models\n6Specifications\n7See also\n8References\nToggle the table of contents\nKawasaki Z1000\n5 languages\netinaDeutschItalianoPolski\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\"Z1000\" redirects here. For previous series by that name, see Kawasaki Z1 and Kawasaki KZ1000.\nType of motorcycle\nKawasaki Z1000ManufacturerKawasakiParent companyKawasaki Heavy IndustriesProduction20032016ClassStandardEngineLiquid-cooled, DOHC, inline four, fuel injectionPower104.4kW (140bhp) @11000 rpm[1]Torque111 NM @ 7300 rpmTransmission6-speedSuspension41 Mm Inverted Fork With Stepless Compression & Rebound Damping & Spring Preload Adjustability.BrakesDual Disk 310mm at the front and Single Disc 250mm at the rear.TiresFront Tyre 120/70ZR17M/C (58W), Rear Tyre 190/50ZR17M/C (73W) [2]Weight198kg(dry)Fuel capacity18.16LFuel consumption15.0L (Claimed)[3]RelatedZ750Z800Z900Ninja 1000\nThe Kawasaki Z1000 is a four-cylinder motorcycle introduced in 2003 with streetfighter or standard styling. The Z1000 was first introduced in 1977 superseding the previous 903cc capacity Z1/Z900.\nHistory[edit]\nKawasaki introduced the Z1 (900) motorcycle in 1972 as the first of the Kawasaki Z series, with four cylinders, dual overhead camshafts and 903cc (55.1cuin), followed by a 1015cc version designated Z1000.[4]\nIn 2003 Kawasaki introduced a completely revamped 30-year anniversary edition of the Z1000. It used a modified engine from the Kawasaki ZX-9R, and was bored out by 2.2mm resulting in bigger displacement, more low-RPM torque, and only a slight power loss of 4bhp from the original ZX9.[citation needed] In 2004, Kawasaki released the Z1000's smaller brother, the Z750. In 2007, Kawasaki released a new Z1000.\nIn October 2009, Kawasaki unveiled the 2010 Z1000. It had a new aluminum frame, digital instrument panel, bodywork, and engine. Bore and stroke are 77 x 56mm, 1mm more than the ZX-10R's 76 x 55mm displacing 1,043cc. That is up from the previous model's 953cc. Compression ratio is 11.8:1, and fuel injection is handled by a bank of 38-mm Keihin throttle bodies.[5]\n20032006 models[edit]\nStylistically, the 2003 Z1000 was a departure from other naked sportbikes of the time. The Z1000 used the same tail section that was being used on the 2003 ZX6R 636cc sport bike.\n2007 Kawasaki Z1000\nIt has a 4-2-4 exhaust system. The Z1000 uses a backbone frame that supports the engine as a stressed member. Engine mounts can be removed to ease access for maintenance. Compression damping is done on one fork leg, rebound damping on the other. This technology is from dirt bikes, and is rare on street motorcycles. The Nissin brakes have four piston calipers.\n20072009 models[edit]\nIn 2007 Kawasaki released an updated version of the Z1000. The bike features a detuned version of the ZX-9R engine. This detuning, in addition to the design of the exhaust, provides less top end compared to the super-sport ZX-9R engine, but more low to mid rpm range.[citation needed]\nKawasaki Z1000 at 2011 Tokyo Motor Show\n20102013 models[edit]\n2014 Z1000 at the Seattle International Motorcycle Show\nThe Z1000 was redesigned for 2010. Along with the customary styling update came a slightly larger capacity engine. The motorcycle was officially marketed as the \"Z1000 ABS\", as ABS came fitted as standard.[6]\nIn 2013 Kawasaki broke with the 3-year update cycle and choose to release a \"special edition\" alongside the standard edition to mark the 40th anniversary of the Z brand.[7] The differences between the models were purely aesthetic.\n20142016 models[edit]\nThe Z1000 was restyled and updated for 2014, making slightly more power; and front brake caliper are 4-piston monoblock. Also a big piston Showa separate function fork along with lighter wheels and a slightly larger gas tank.[8][9]\nSpecifications[edit]\n20032006[10]\n20072009[10]\n20102013[10]\n20142016[11]\nEngine type\nFour-stroke, liquid-cooled, DOHC, four-cylinder, 16-valve\nDisplacement\n953cc (58.2cuin)\n1,043cc (63.6cuin)\nBore & stroke\n77.2mm 50.9mm (3.04in 2.00in)\n77.0mm 56.0mm (3.03in 2.20in)\nTop speed\n155mph (249km/h)[12]\n149.3mph (240.3km/h)[12]\nMaximum torque\n95.6Nm (70.5lbfft) @ 8,000rpm(claimed)[13]\n98.7Nm (72.8lbfft) @ 8,200rpm(claimed)[14]66.6lbft (90.3Nm) (rear wheel)[15]\n110Nm (81lbfft) @ 7,800rpm(claimed)[16]\n111.0Nm (81.9lbfft) @ 7,300rpm(claimed)[17])74.9lbft (101.6Nm) (rear wheel)[15]\nMaximum power\n93.4kW (125.3hp) @ 10,000rpm(claimed)[13]\n92kW (123hp) @ 10,000rpm(claimed)[14]108.8hp (81.1kW) (rear wheel)[15]\n101.5kW (136.1hp) @ 9,600rpm(claimed)[16]\n104.5kW (140.1hp) @ 10,000rpm(claimed)[18][17]125.8hp (93.8kW) (rear wheel)[15]\nCompression ratio\n11.2:1\n11.8:1\nFuel injection\n38mm diameter x 4\n38mm diameter x 4\nIgnition\nBattery and coil\nTransmission\n6-speed, constant mesh, return shift\nClutch\nWet, multi disc\nFinal drive\nChain\nFrame type\nDiamond, high-tensile steel\nBackbone, high-tensile steel tubes and cast aluminum engine sub-frame\nTwin-tube, aluminium\nRake / trail\n24 / 101mm (4.0in)\n24.5 / 103mm (4.1in)\nFront suspension / wheel travel\n41mm inverted cartridge fork with stepless rebound damping and adjustable spring preload / 4.7 in.\nShowa fully adjustable separate-function SFF-BP fork\nRear suspension / wheel travel\nBottom-Link Uni-Trak with gas-charged shock, stepless rebound damping and adjustable spring preload / 5.9 in.\nFront tire size\n120/70 ZR17\nRear tire size\n190/50 ZR17\nWheelbase\n1,420mm (56in)\n1,445mm (56.9in)\n1,440mm (57in)\n1,435mm (56.5in)\nFront brake type\nDual disc\nDual disc petal rotors\nfour-piston Monoblock front brake calipers\nRear brake type\nSingle disc\nSingle disc petal rotor\nFuel tank capacity\n19L (4.2impgal; 5.0USgal)\n18.5L (4.1impgal; 4.9USgal)\n15L (3.3impgal; 4.0USgal)\n17L (3.7impgal; 4.5USgal)\nCurb weight\n221kg (487lb)\n228kg (503lb)[14]\n218kg (481lb)[16]\n220kg (490lb)[17]\nSeat height\n820mm (32in)\n815.34mm (32.100in)\nOverall length\n2,080mm (82in)\n2,090mm (82in)\n2,095mm (82.5in)\n2,044.7mm (80.50in)\nOverall width\n770mm (30in)\n780mm (31in)\n805mm (31.7in)\n789.94mm (31.100in)\nOverall height\n1,055mm (41.5in)\n1,065mm (41.9in)\n1,085mm (42.7in)\n1,054.1mm (41.50in)\nRoad clearance\n145mm (5.7in)\n160mm (6.3in)\n140mm (5.5in)\nSee also[edit]\nKawasaki Z series\nReferences[edit]\n^ https://www.carandbike.com/kawasaki-bikes/z1000/specifications\n^ https://www.carandbike.com/kawasaki-bikes/z1000/specifications\n^ https://www.carandbike.com/kawasaki-bikes/z1000/specifications\n^ One Litre Giant Test, Bike, February 1977 pp.33-45 Accessed January 8, 2020\n^ Motorcycle.com 2010 Kawasaki Z1000 Preview Article\n^ 2011 Z1000 ABS Specifications Sheet\n^ 2013 Special edition models\n^ Bornhop, Andrew (December 4, 2013). \"2014 Kawasaki Z1000 ABS - First Ride\". Cycle World. Retrieved August 23, 2016.\n^ Adams, Bradley (January 3, 2015). \"2014 Kawasaki Z1000 ABS Road Test Review\". Sport Rider. Retrieved August 23, 2016.\n^ a b c 2003-2006 Z1000 Owners Manuals\n^ 2014 Z1000 ABS Sport\n^ a b \"Performance Index Winter '12/'13 Edition\" (PDF), Motorcycle Consumer News, Bowtie Magazines, January 2013, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-29\n^ a b \"2006 Kawasaki Z1000\". Kawasaki. Retrieved August 23, 2016.\n^ a b c \"2009 Kawasaki Z1000\". Kawasaki. Retrieved August 23, 2016.\n^ a b c d \"Sportbike Weights and Measurements\". Sport Rider. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2016.\n^ a b c \"2013 Kawasaki Z1000\". Kawasaki. Retrieved August 23, 2016.\n^ a b c \"2016 Kawasaki Z1000\". Kawasaki. Retrieved August 23, 2016.\n^ \"2014 Kawasaki Z1000\". Top Speed. 6 November 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2016.\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Kawasaki Z 1000.\nvteprevious - Kawasaki motorcycle timeline, 1990present\nYearType\n1990s\n2000s\n2010s\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nNaked/Adventure touring\nW175\nEstrella\nW250\nW650\nW800\nW800\nVersys-X 250\nVersys-X 300\nKLE500\nVersys 650\nVersys 1000\nZ125 PRO\nZ125\nZ250SL\nZ250\nZ300\nZ400\nER-5\nNinja 650/ER-6f/ER-6n\nNinja 650/Z650\nZR750 Zephyr\nZR-7\nZ750\nZ800\nZ900\nZ900RS\nZephyr 400/550/1100\nZ1000\nZRX1100\nZRX1200R\nDual-sport\nKL250 Super Sherpa\nKLR250\nKLX250S\nKLX450R\nKLR650\nSport\nNinja 125\nNinja 250SL\nNinja 250R\nNinja 400\nNinja 300\nNinja 400\nNinja ZX-2R/Ninja ZXR250\nZXR400\nEX500/GPZ500/Ninja 500\nZX600C-E/Ninja ZX-6\nZX600F-J/Ninja ZX-6R\nNinja ZX750F\nZXR750/Ninja ZX-7R\nGPZ900R\nNinja 1000\nZX900/Ninja ZX-9R\nNinja ZX-10R\nNinja H2/H2R\nZX-10 Tomcat\nNinja ZX-12R\nSport touring\nZZR600\nGPZ1100/ZX1100E\nZZR1100C/Ninja ZX-11C\nZZR1100D/Ninja ZX-11D\nZZR1200/ZX-12C\nZZR1400/Ninja ZX-14\nNinja H2 SX\nTouring\nGTR1000/Concours\n1400GTR/Concours 14\nCruiser\nEL250\nEL125/Eliminator\n454 LTD\nVulcan VN500C\nVulcan EN500A\nVulcan S\nVulcan VN750\nVulcan VN800A/Vulcan Classic VN800B\nVulcan VN900 Classic/VN900B\nVulcan 800/1500 Drifter\nVulcan VN1500\nVulcan VN1600\nVulcan VN1700\nVulcan VN2000\nMotoGP\nNinja ZX-RR\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Z1000&oldid=1185923949\"\nCategories: Kawasaki motorcyclesStandard motorcyclesMotorcycles introduced in 2003Hidden categories: Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from June 2015Commons category link is on Wikidata\nThis page was last edited on 19 November 2023, at 20:46(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Z1000" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "2003 Z1000 Oil Questions | Kawasaki Z1000 Forum\nin this thread\nin this sub-forum\nin the entire site\nAdvanced Search\nCancel\nLogin / Join\nWhat's New\nForum Listing\nMarketplace\nShowcase\nGallery\nAdvanced Search\nMembers\nFAQ\nDark Mode\nLight Mode\nmenu\nLog in\nSign up\nHome\nForums\nKawasaki Z1000 Forums\nZ1000 Service and Maintenance\nJavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.\n2003 Z1000 Oil Questions\nJump to Latest\nFollow\n3K\nviews\n3\nreplies\n3\nparticipants\nlast post by\nnovakz1k\nJun 28, 2022\nN\nnovakz1k\nDiscussion starter\n4 posts\n\nJoined 2021\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#1\n\nJun 15, 2022\nHey guys, I just wanted to confirm, is this oil acceptable for a 2003 Z1000, and if anyone could tell me the capacity?\nAlso, does anyone have a good recommendation for a filter I can get from amazon as well? Thanks.\nAmazon.com: Kawasaki 99969-6296 (Pack of 5) Genuine OEM K-Tech SAE 10W-40 4-Cycle Engine Oil : Automotive\nBuy Kawasaki 99969-6296 (Pack of 5) Genuine OEM K-Tech SAE 10W-40 4-Cycle Engine Oil: Motor Oils - Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases\nwww.amazon.com\nSave\nShare\nLike\nSort by\nOldest first\nOldest first\nNewest first\nMost reactions\nLarryFisherman\n36 posts\n\nJoined 2021\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#2\n\nJun 17, 2022\nLast time I did an oil change I used Shell Advance 10w40 semi synthetic and a HiFlo filter. If I remember correctly I ended up using about 3.5 quarts to fill it back up.\n2003 z1000, Leo Vince SBK Titanium 4-1 Exhaust, Sprint P08 Air Filter, Airbox Lid Removed, PCV, 2005 zx10r Rear Shock, 2003 GSXR Front Master Cylinder, Spiegler Stainless Brake Lines, EBC 320mm Floating Rotors, Custom Case Sliders And Bar Clamp.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nA\naxil\n2 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#3\n\nJun 24, 2022\nFrom the shop manual:\nGrade: API SE, SF or SG\nAPI SH or SJ with JASO MA\nViscosity: SAE 10W40\nAmount:\n3.1 L (3.3 US qt) (when filter is not removed)\n3.3 L (3.5 US qt) (when filter is removed)\n3.8 L (4.0 US qt) (when engine is completely dry)\nReactions:\nnovakz1k and zmky\nSave\nShare\nLike\nN\nnovakz1k\nDiscussion starter\n4 posts\n\nJoined 2021\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#4\n\nJun 28, 2022\naxil said:\nFrom the shop manual:\nGrade: API SE, SF or SG\nAPI SH or SJ with JASO MA\nViscosity: SAE 10W40\nAmount:\n3.1 L (3.3 US qt) (when filter is not removed)\n3.3 L (3.5 US qt) (when filter is removed)\n3.8 L (4.0 US qt) (when engine is completely dry)\nClick to expand...\nAwesome, thank you!\nDo you know of a specific oil filter I should use?\nSave\nShare\nLike\n0\nReply\nThis is an older thread, you may not receive a response, and could be reviving an old thread. Please consider creating a new thread.\nWrite your reply...Remove formattingBoldItalicUnderlineText colorFont size9101215172226Insert linkInsert imageGallery embedSmiliesInsertMediaQuoteSpoilerInline spoilerCodeInline codeAlignmentAlign leftAlign centerAlign rightAlign JustifyListOrdered listUnordered listIndentOutdentInsert tableUndoRedoDraftsSave draftDelete draftToggle BB codeStrike-throughFont familyArialBook AntiquaCourier NewGeorgiaTahomaTimes New RomanTrebuchet MSVerdana\nInsert Quotes\nQuotes\nPost Reply\nRelated Threads\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\nKawasaki Z1000 Forum\n127K posts\n13.1K members\nSince 2010\nA forum community dedicated to Kawasaki Z1000 motorcycle owners and enthusiasts. Come join the discussion about performance, parts, troubleshooting, maintenance, modifications, classifieds, and more! Open to the Z800 and Z900 models too!\nShow Less\nFull Forum Listing\nExplore Our Forums\nKawasaki Z1000 General Discussions\nZ1000 Appearance and Modifications\nZ1000 Parts and Accessories\nNew Member Introductions\nZ1000 Problems and Issues\nTop Contributors this Month\nView All\nLeesz1000r\n4 Replies\nD\ndanielmintoncca\n3 Replies\nA\nawailplage\n3 Replies\nRecommended Communities\nAVS Forum\n1M+ members\nSkyscraperCity\n880K+ members\nDeals Forum\n40+ members\nHome\nForums\nKawasaki Z1000 Forums\nZ1000 Service and Maintenance\nHome\nAbout Us\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nHelp\nBusiness Directory\nContact Us\nGrow Your Business\nRSS\nWhen you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community.\nThe Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo.\nVerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada\nManage Consent\nYour Privacy Choices\nForum software by XenForo 2010-2019 XenForo Ltd.\nTop\nDont miss out\nKeep me in the loop with Kawasaki Z1000 Forum news\nContinue\nBy continuing, you agree to our terms and privacy\npolicy.\nCheck out your username\nWant a different name? You can change it below.\nThis username is available! Nice one!\nThis username is already taken. Try a different one.\nKeep me in the loop with Kawasaki Z1000 Forum news\nContinue\nBy continuing, you agree to our terms and privacy\npolicy.", "url": "https://www.z1000forum.com/threads/2003-z1000-oil-questions.173510/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "First Bike Z1000 | Kawasaki Z1000 Forum\nin this thread\nin this sub-forum\nin the entire site\nAdvanced Search\nCancel\nLogin / Join\nWhat's New\nForum Listing\nMarketplace\nShowcase\nGallery\nAdvanced Search\nMembers\nFAQ\nDark Mode\nLight Mode\nmenu\nLog in\nSign up\nHome\nForums\nKawasaki Z1000 Forums\nKawasaki Z1000 General Discussions\nJavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.\nFirst Bike Z1000\nJump to Latest\nFollow\n32K\nviews\n40\nreplies\n24\nparticipants\nlast post by\n3Bones\nSep 29, 2014\nB\nBeginne\nDiscussion starter\n3 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#1\n\nSep 14, 2014\nHello Everyone,\nI am a very big fan of Z1000 model. First time i see the pictures of it, i planned to get one. So now i am getting courses how to drive bike etc. (beginner lvl)\nI would like you to lead me whether i should buy that monster or stay away from it?\nand also I heard there is a tool that adjusts grip sensitivity which gives a smooth driving for beginners. Can it be plugged to z1000 model? if so what is the name of that device?\nThanks a lot for your replies in advance.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nSort by\nOldest first\nOldest first\nNewest first\nMost reactions\n1\n2\nrepair\n3337 posts\n\nJoined 2012\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#2\n\nSep 14, 2014\nyou'll shoot your eye out....LOL\nSeriously you will hurt/kill yourself on it if it's your first bike.\nA 300 ninja would be a GREAT first bike.\n\"If we have learned anything from zombies it is that once you have had human flesh you cant be trusted to stop by the store the next time your hungry.\" - Repair\nSave\nShare\nLike\nThe_Z\n302 posts\n\nJoined 2013\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#3\n\nSep 14, 2014\nI agree with repair, it's a lotta bike especially with no experience. I would recommend a ninja 250/300.\nJust get something smaller with good resale so when you're ready you can sell it for most of your money back towards the Z.\nMaybe you're a fast learner and will only need the small bike for a few months, or maybe you'll decide that riding isnt for you... better to buy the cheaper bike first.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nX\nxTmDarren\n12 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#4\n\nSep 14, 2014\nmy first bike i ever owned was a 1000cc bike, and I still haven't wrecked or laid down any bike yet..\nPersonally I think it depends on the person. If I was you I would take a bike course.. if you can leave that place riding a bike fine.. you can ride a z1000 fine.. just don't whisky throttle it.. lol..\nSave\nShare\nLike\n92K1500\n3068 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#5\n\nSep 14, 2014\nxTmDarren said:\nyet..\nClick to expand...\nKey word.\n\"You're not drunk until you have to grab the grass to keep from falling off the Earth.\"\n\"It's not a party until someone throws up on a stripper.\"\n\"I feel sorry for people who don't drink. When they wake up in the morning, that's as good as they're going to feel all day.\"\nSave\nShare\nLike\n1\nReply\ndocNUCCA\n201 posts\n\nJoined 2012\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#6\n\nSep 14, 2014\n^^ Can't tell if this is a serious inquiry or not? Drunk post???\nZ1000 was my first bike, (after 4 years on a heavily modded race quad-- that doesn't compare).\nMSF rider course was mandated by a rider friend after I bought my bike.\nI am very glad I took the Advanced Rider Course to eliminate some bad habits I had picked up from riding a quad.\nI don't know in this case. Seems sketchy!\n'07 Z1000 Diablo Black\nLaser Stealth exhaust, airbox lid mod, PC3usb, Proformance dyno tuned, hardwired for Escort Radar Detector with H.A.R.D helmet display, Renthal 7/8 Ultra Low bars-black, ASV F3 shorty levers-black, dual HID headlights, fender eliminator, integrated LED taillight, Motivation frame sliders, swingarm spools, ebay bar end mirrors and Black-out Plasti-dipped: fairings, side covers, controls, Puig tall windscreen, and the polished lips on the wheels.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nB\nBeginne\nDiscussion starter\n3 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#7\n\nSep 14, 2014\nWell i got another 2 months to think about buying a Z1000. I do know that is a very hard decision to make. I personally don't like to kill myself but i don't wanna stay away from my dreams.\nI reckon i will keep on my rider courses. Thank you so much for your replies.\nGuys still i am looking for that kit plugged in GRIP that slows down the sensitivity. Anyone heard about it?\nCheers\nSave\nShare\nLike\nnate1235\n132 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#8\n\nSep 14, 2014\nThe throttle is regulated via cables running from the grip to the throttle body. I don't know how a device like that could work, unless it plugged into the ecu to retard fuel delivery, or something like that.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nShow more\nreplies\n1\nReply\nrepair\n3337 posts\n\nJoined 2012\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#10\n\nSep 14, 2014\nNinja 1000 Z1000 2010 Active Type 3 Throttle Kit Superb Quality and Performance | eBay\nhttp://www.ebay.com/itm/G2-Ergonomics-Tamer-Throttle-Tube-Street-40-4F-136-K-40-4F-136-K-/231260936633?pt=Motorcycles_Parts_Accessories&fits=Make%3AKawasaki%7CModel%3AZ1000&hash=item35d839d9b9&vxp=mtr\n\"If we have learned anything from zombies it is that once you have had human flesh you cant be trusted to stop by the store the next time your hungry.\" - Repair\nSave\nShare\nLike\nNOLA_Z1000\n1827 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#12\n\nSep 16, 2014\n^^^ I agree, this is a passion driven lifestyle. If you like the Z, you're always going to want the Z. Get whats going to make you happy just respect the bike for what it is and what it's capable of if you put youself in a situation you dont have the experience to handle.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nS\nSlick\n163 posts\n\nJoined 2012\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#13\n\nSep 16, 2014\nI had a KZ550 as a first bike, but didn't have it long before I bought my Z (less than a summer I think). I'm not the most experienced guy or the most level headed. But, I do ride within my abilities 99 percent of the time. When the 1 percent comes along, I am quickly reminded by the pucker to stop being a moron and chill out. The throttle will go as far as you twist it. Take some courses to improve your skills. Also, keep your head in the game and you'll be ok. Just my two cents for what they're worth.\nThe more of my behavior you accept, the less you will have to forgive.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nR\nRock Ape\n141 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#15\n\nSep 16, 2014\nI'd grab a smaller bike for a year or so. A year passes quickly and you'll be riding for a long time so in the scheme of things, it's not that much time to wait while you learn the basic skills, lessons that are easier to learn on a smaller bike and make mistakes that potentially would be more of an issue on the Z and could put you off riding altogether.\nThe Z1000 is a big and insanely powerful bike but I can understand your attraction to it. You want to be ready for it and enjoy it - not have it make you nervous every time you sit on it.\nRock.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nKoggs\n2531 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#16\n\nSep 17, 2014\nYou are going to end up saving $ in the long run by buying what you know you want today.\nHowever, you MUST not ride it like an idiot either! (I tell myself this every time I throw a leg over!)\nIf I was in my 20's and I had enough $ to buy one, I would hope I wouldn't until I logged in a lot of seat time on a lower cc bike (and allowed my kahuna's to shrink a bit!).\nBeing sure to buy the lower cc bike right (buy low sell high) so I can get my investment back, or at least most of it.\ngl with your search.\n_____\nbone stock. sorta.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nB\nBender\n6 posts\n\nJoined 2013\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#17\n\nSep 17, 2014\nMy first bike was a 2006 Z1000. You hear 1000 and think you are buying some kind of monster. These bikes are not zx-10r's with 190+ hp. They are more inline with the power of 600cc superbikes. If you take your time to learn to ride and don't go all out on day one you will be fine.\nI'm sure someone will dispute me on the power claims so here is the numbers for 2013 zx-6r's and 2013 Z1000's.\nZX-6R: 129 Hp and 52 lb Tq\nZ1000: 136 Hp and 81 lb Tq\nKawasaki Z1000 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nKawasaki Ninja ZX-6R - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nSave\nShare\nLike\nZ\nZR1000rider\n155 posts\n\nJoined 2012\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#19\n\nSep 17, 2014\nBender said:\nMy first bike was a 2006 Z1000. You hear 1000 and think you are buying some kind of monster. These bikes are not zx-10r's with 190+ hp. They are more inline with the power of 600cc superbikes. If you take your time to learn to ride and don't go all out on day one you will be fine.\nI'm sure someone will dispute me on the power claims so here is the numbers for 2013 zx-6r's and 2013 Z1000's.\nZX-6R: 129 Hp and 52 lb Tq\nZ1000: 136 Hp and 81 lb Tq\nKawasaki Z1000 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nKawasaki Ninja ZX-6R - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nClick to expand...\nBender, on paper they may be in the ball park, but on the bike is a different ball game. The torque figures really tell the tale... I am guessing the if you pick any rpm between 2k and 9k, the power difference is significantly bigger.\nTo put my 2 cents on the original question, would it be smarter to get a lower displacement bike for a year or so? Sure it would, but my experience is that people will get what their heart wants, advice be damned. If you do, it's ok, but take it easy and if you can, do a track day/novice school. Others may disagree, but one day on the track teaches more about a bike than a month on the road.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nShow more\nreplies\n0\nReply\nM\nmaddolphyn\n166 posts\n\nJoined 2012\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#18\n\nSep 17, 2014\ni started on 1982 gs850 (77 hp 50 ft/lbs tq) that i bought for 200$. Year later i sold it because my wife hated me working on it all the time. Picked 2010 Z of the showroom. Felt much safer and confident, better brakes and suspension. Never went down on anything i rode. In the same time guy i know well enough being blasting 250cc ninja on WOT for 3 years. Sold it and bought R6. 4 month later he was in the hospital and insurance company has his bake. Point is if you are not mature enough and cant respect whatever you ride, you will eat sh$% on the bicycle\nSave\nShare\nLike\nbenroe1000\n38 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#21\n\nSep 17, 2014\nI raced dirtbikes for several years and thought I would be fine riding my friend's R6 around. When I crested a hill at 90mph and damn near looped out I knew I was wrong. I started on a triumph bonneville america then worked my way up to full power streetbikes.\nSave\nShare\nLike\n92K1500\n3068 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#22\n\nSep 17, 2014\nI know my first time on a 600 I popped a huge wheelie, then got air on a dropoff in the road going about 110.\nAfter cleaning my shorts out I decided I had to have a sportbike since my 750cc cruiser sucked *** and that I needed to learn they don't need near as much input on the right grip.\n\"You're not drunk until you have to grab the grass to keep from falling off the Earth.\"\n\"It's not a party until someone throws up on a stripper.\"\n\"I feel sorry for people who don't drink. When they wake up in the morning, that's as good as they're going to feel all day.\"\nSave\nShare\nLike\nZ1000SE\n68 posts\n\nJoined 2013\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#23\n\nSep 17, 2014\nI started on an f800r bmw , then moved on to the fatal mistake of a vulcan 900 classic , only to trade it in after 3mnths for my z1000.All I can say is take the course see if you like it, dress properly and respect the machine because if you don't, your gonna die.\nSent from Motorcycle.com Free App\nSave\nShare\nLike\nGiS\n10 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#24\n\nSep 17, 2014\nI agree with Twinston, it's all about self control, maturity and to know your limits and start slowly. 2011 Z1000 is my first bike, started this June actually. I never turned thr throttle to max (in first gears at least ). Taking my time to get comfortable with it and get experience... I've heard some \"woah a 1000 for your first bike you crazy!\" Yet it doesnt mean i have to race it and go crazy with it.\nAgain, self-control.\nAwesome bike btw i'm glad i got it\nSave\nShare\nLike\nHuffdaddy\n134 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#25\n\nSep 17, 2014\nI think all the \"You're gonna kill yourself\" mantra has 2 sides; as others have said, it is a maturity and self control thing. IF you are going to go out with experienced riders and try and keep up right away IF you have a lot of ego and not much self control IF you tend to be an easily excited person with knee jerk reactions You're probably going to kill or at least hurt yourself on this bike. If the IFs don't apply and you respect what this bike can do you should be okay IMO.\nI went out with PlugChucker last Sunday, we have the same bike and found some great roads...he was able to kill the curves at a hooligan pace, I was never left way back but I had to take them a bit less aggressively. Ten years ago it would have hurt my ego and I would have pushed harder BUT the reality of it is that he had on brand new sticky properly scrubbed rubber and I have the original 2012 set of tires that need to be replaced. I had to know the limits of what was safe and live with it. This bike would have done me in a decade ago. If you know yourself well enough, you know if this is the right bike for you right now.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nR\nRock Ape\n141 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#26\n\nSep 17, 2014\nThese threads are always interesting on various other bike forums. You ask the same question on smaller bike forums and the large majority of people would be telling the OP that his decision to go with the Z is just insane. On the bigger bike forums, it's flipped with many more people supporting the OP's potential purchase of a big bike as a first ride.\nAs per my original post in this thread, I still reckon spend some time on a smaller bike for a time but saying that, as many others have mentioned, comes down to the maturity of the rider and motor skills.\nRock.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nJohnJuan\n1255 posts\n\nJoined 2012\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#27\n\nSep 17, 2014\nThis is my first bike. I nearly killed myself no fewer than five times in my first year riding. I do not recommend this to first timers. Consider an ER-6N or Z750, please.\nFuelly\nMy Z\nSave\nShare\nLike\n92K1500\n3068 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#28\n\nSep 17, 2014\nThe ER-6N is a fun bike to get completely stupid on. I don't know how I didn't get a ticket on that bike.\n\"You're not drunk until you have to grab the grass to keep from falling off the Earth.\"\n\"It's not a party until someone throws up on a stripper.\"\n\"I feel sorry for people who don't drink. When they wake up in the morning, that's as good as they're going to feel all day.\"\nSave\nShare\nLike\n1\nReply\nNOLA_Z1000\n1827 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#29\n\nSep 18, 2014\nHaving just bought my Z1000 just 24 hours ago I can't believe how smooth the power delivery is. I started on dirt bikes, had an R6, a CBR900RR, and now the Z, so I've stepped it up. But the R6's power was unpredictable, I think with the proper respect for the bike, lots of self control, the Z could be a starter bike.\nBut the lessons you can learn on any bike are how to put you feet down at a light on an angled street, what happens when you come in too hot to an intersection, or a turn, how to ride in the rain, in particular right after a light drizzle. And would you be more willing to drop a used 600 at a red light, or a brand new Z?\nSave\nShare\nLike\nR\nRock Ape\n141 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#31\n\nSep 19, 2014\nHad a day off today and knowing some of the guys at one of the local dealers, popped around for a chat - one thing led to another and was given a Daytona 675 for the day. Always a fan from things I had read but had never ridden one.\nMade me think about this question by the OP.\nYou read in other forums what a huge leap from a smaller bike to something like the 675 for new riders and how it takes guys some time to learn to live with this \"awesome\" new power and how risky it can be.\nFFS, unless you're punting a 675 at 100km/h at about 10K, the thing is gutless compared to a Z1000 - and even then, it's nice but not rip your arms out of your sockets power. At city speeds, it feels slow after getting off a Z. But saying that, it's so easy to ride, smooth and easily controlled power delivery and no where near as on the edge constantly as a liter bike where a small mistake can have you in a world of problems very quickly. A bike like the 675 gives you a lot of time before youre taken into that scary place and by then, youll have righted any situation youve gotten yourself into (hopefully).\nSo if existing riders of smaller bikes have a steep learning curve on a 675, where does that put a new rider then on a new Z?\nHaven't changed my mind from previous posts. Just saying.\nRock.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nT\nTaliZ\n201 posts\n\nJoined 2013\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#32\n\nSep 19, 2014\nHuh. Hmmmm. You know, that's interesting. This actually got me thinking even further about this. My first experience ever on a motorcycle was when I was a wee lad of, oh, 12 or so. I was on an XR80, and it got away from me. I had no training, I had no idea what I was doing, and popped it up in a wheelie by accident, and almost went head first into a stockade fence. That was 32+ years ago, and since then I've had a lot of bikes of many different sizes. I did start out on a 100, moved up to a 185, then 250, then 600 thumpers, then got into the street for real with a 1987 Super Magna. It was faster than anything I'd ridden, but I handled it fine. I start out easy, feeling a bike out, then gradually work into riding it more aggressively. These days, it seems to be I can ride about any size bike just fine, which is why I seem to think a mature novice could work his/her way okay on a Z1k as a first bike. BUT...because of your story, Rock, I am reminded of that olden day experience, and specifically to your story, my wife's R6.\nWhen she bought it new, I was there with her. She was coming off of a V-Star 1300. I knew the 600 sport bikes were high-strung, as I'd had a couple, but this was a revelation to me. I test rode it a bit in the parking lot of the dealer, and at one point, it almost got away from me...almost deja vu to the XR80 incident in a way. Like you said, they take a while, but when they hit, they can hit hard. I wasn't prepared for the Kung-Fu Chop Saki Super Squirrel punch in the face I got when a certain rpm came up, and ill timed with a little bump, and the bike wanted to keep going. Another time, I was testing a fuel map in her bike, and I took it out, and the front tire started getting air up towards 10-12k rpm, or maybe a bit higher. It was another reminder to never underestimate a bike's power, especially these days, even with all the limiters and such we're subjected to here in the USA. When my wife's R6 hits, it's putting down 100+ HP to the pavement, so it's got power. Not much torque, but it moves, and it will surprise. It does sometimes feel like it's dragging a boat anchor until it does hit, though...ok, that's how my FZ6 felt. Her R6 is like it thinks about it for a bit...then...ATTACK! Ha ha!\nSo, perhaps a bike like an FZ6, or ER-6N...or Gladius...would be a better starter, in this category. I can cruise easily on the Z1k, but yeah, sometimes I do feel like I'm riding a crazed bull that asks me if I'm with it...or if I'm not...it might...juuuuust might try to buck me off...ccasion:\nNow, add Ivan's ECU re-flash...and we're talking about a motorcycle that looks into my soul and doesn't ask. It tells me...respect or die.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nShow more\nreplies\n0\nReply\n3Bones\n803 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#34\n\nSep 27, 2014\nA buddy of mine just graduated the MSF course and asked me what kind of bike he should get as his first. The first question I asked is what is your interest? Sport or Cruising? He said sport, then asked if my bike was a good bike to learn on... I said hell ****ing no! I have been riding for over 10 years now... all of it on cruisers or power cruisers... and this bike is diabolical by comparison! I told him it scares the hell out of me, and he should start on either a Ninja 300 or find a mid range 600 (not a super sport) and learn on that. He elected for the Ninja 300 for it's price, resale, and high recommendation from just about everyone he asked.\nI would not ever recommend a new rider get on a high powered liter bike unit they have learned the fear of consequences, which in turns leads to respecting a bike and what it can do to you if you take it for granted even one bit.\nWith the 300 he will make his mistakes, learn the fear of them and in turn learn to respect what proper riding will do for you versus sloppy riding. All in a package that won't get him smoked for making a rookie mistake with throttle control. He will out grow it 12 months no doubt, but he'll be able to learn something by then, and get his money back on the bike.... then the sky is his limit.\n3B\nCheck out my Motovlogs at:http://www.youtube.com/3bonesvlog\nSave\nShare\nLike\nKoggs\n2531 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#35\n\nSep 27, 2014\nI agree with ya 3B but at the same time, he'd be wasting his $ on the 300 cuz after a month, or less, he's going to be wanting more.\nIf you can find one super cheap then yeah, but if not, I'd look for a 650 Ninja and be happy with that for at least ...two months :dontknow: :lol:\n_____\nbone stock. sorta.\nSave\nShare\nLike\n3Bones\n803 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#36\n\nSep 27, 2014\nLOL 2 months! Well he did pull the trigger on the 300 already and is loving it, he is quite thrifty so I suspect he got a good deal on it and will likely find a way to get his money back. I'd rather see him shuffle a bit rather than get scared off like some of my other friends and stop riding all together!\n3B\nCheck out my Motovlogs at:http://www.youtube.com/3bonesvlog\nSave\nShare\nLike\n0\nReply\nKoggs\n2531 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#37\n\nSep 27, 2014\nAwesome! 300's are sweet! We ride with a newb who has a black one. He keeps up just fine and loves his bike.\n_____\nbone stock. sorta.\nSave\nShare\nLike\n3Bones\n803 posts\n\nJoined 2014\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#38\n\nSep 28, 2014\nTomorrow is my first ride with him.... I'll see what the kid's got!\n3B\nCheck out my Motovlogs at:http://www.youtube.com/3bonesvlog\nSave\nShare\nLike\n1\n2\nThis is an older thread, you may not receive a response, and could be reviving an old thread. Please consider creating a new thread.\nWrite your reply...Remove formattingBoldItalicUnderlineText colorFont size9101215172226Insert linkInsert imageGallery embedSmiliesInsertMediaQuoteSpoilerInline spoilerCodeInline codeAlignmentAlign leftAlign centerAlign rightAlign JustifyListOrdered listUnordered listIndentOutdentInsert tableUndoRedoDraftsSave draftDelete draftToggle BB codeStrike-throughFont familyArialBook AntiquaCourier NewGeorgiaTahomaTimes New RomanTrebuchet MSVerdana\nInsert Quotes\nQuotes\nPost Reply\nRelated Threads\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\nKawasaki Z1000 Forum\n127K posts\n13.1K members\nSince 2010\nA forum community dedicated to Kawasaki Z1000 motorcycle owners and enthusiasts. Come join the discussion about performance, parts, troubleshooting, maintenance, modifications, classifieds, and more! Open to the Z800 and Z900 models too!\nShow Less\nFull Forum Listing\nExplore Our Forums\nKawasaki Z1000 General Discussions\nZ1000 Appearance and Modifications\nZ1000 Parts and Accessories\nNew Member Introductions\nZ1000 Problems and Issues\nTop Contributors this Month\nView All\nLeesz1000r\n4 Replies\nD\ndanielmintoncca\n3 Replies\nA\nawailplage\n3 Replies\nRecommended Communities\nAVS Forum\n1M+ members\nSkyscraperCity\n880K+ members\nDeals Forum\n40+ members\nHome\nForums\nKawasaki Z1000 Forums\nKawasaki Z1000 General Discussions\nHome\nAbout Us\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nHelp\nBusiness Directory\nContact Us\nGrow Your Business\nRSS\nWhen you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community.\nThe Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo.\nVerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada\nManage Consent\nYour Privacy Choices\nForum software by XenForo 2010-2019 XenForo Ltd.\nTop\nDont miss out\nKeep me in the loop with Kawasaki Z1000 Forum news\nContinue\nBy continuing, you agree to our terms and privacy\npolicy.\nCheck out your username\nWant a different name? You can change it below.\nThis username is available! Nice one!\nThis username is already taken. Try a different one.\nKeep me in the loop with Kawasaki Z1000 Forum news\nContinue\nBy continuing, you agree to our terms and privacy\npolicy.", "url": "https://www.z1000forum.com/threads/first-bike-z1000.147593/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Honda 919 Vs. Kawasaki Z1000? | Sportbike Forums on WristTwisters\nin this thread\nin this sub-forum\nin the entire site\nAdvanced Search\nCancel\nLogin / Join\nWhat's New\nForum Listing\nShowcase\nGallery\nAdvanced Search\nMembers\nFAQ\nDark Mode\nLight Mode\nmenu\nLog in\nSign up\nHome\nForums\nWrist Twisters\nMotorcycle Discussion\nJavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.\nHonda 919 Vs. Kawasaki Z1000?\nTags\n919\nhonda\nJump to Latest\nFollow\n14K\nviews\n31\nreplies\n18\nparticipants\nlast post by\njonmo89\nSep 20, 2011\njonmo89\nDiscussion starter\n72 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#1\n\nSep 19, 2011\nHey guys, some of you may have seen my posting in introductions explaining my situation. Anyway, I'm in the process of selling my V-Strom and am interested in something sportier. I've narrowed it down to the 919 and the Z1000. I was leaning toward the Honda because of the reliability, styling and torque, but after reading a bit I'm not totally sure. The Z1000 makes a strong case against it and really plays to my \"You're under the age of 25\" side.\nThe Z1000 has more horsepower, but less accessible \"around town\" torque, and the Honda is the opposite. One thing I'm kind of worried about is the stinky problem of the Honda; it normally wouldn't be a big deal because I couldn't care less what other people say I smell like, but as I'm getting deeper into my studies I'm finding myself doing more \"field work\", that is, student observation and teaching. I don't think my peers or the administration would look well on a teacher smelling like the road if you will, not to mention what the students would think :blink:\nMaybe the stink won't be that big of a problem, but I'm mainly looking at a bike that will commute well that I can also take the twisties every once in awhile. I would just go around and sit on/test ride to see which one I like, but there are not really any close to where I live that I can just go check out. There is a Z1000 near that might be eligible for a lookin' but no 919's in my price range are afoot.\nI'm not sure if you guys can actually answer any of my concerns as I guess it's pretty clear I'll have to make up my own mind, but if anyone has ridden both bikes, could you chime in and share you experiences?\nSee less\nSee more\nSave\nShare\nLike\nSort by\nOldest first\nOldest first\nNewest first\nMost reactions\nD\ndavehirt\n287 posts\n\nJoined 2007\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#2\n\nSep 19, 2011\nboth great bikes, i think the z1000 is the best,but i dont like the look of the modern transformer bikes , i prefer a classic styling of the 919.\ncant go wrong with either, pick the one you like the look of.\ndave\nSave\nShare\nLike\nAllanB\n2103 posts\n\nJoined 2008\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#3\n\nSep 19, 2011\nRide both and buy what floats ya boat.\nThe Z1000 is a reliable bike so don't worry about that side.\nMy 9er does not get any rider stink - it all shoots out the back. Some do, some don't.\nPersonally the Kawas styling does not appeal, but that is a personal issue. Darn fine rides.\nIf you are looking at direct comparisons - say 05 919 against a 05 Z1000 I'd go Honda. If it is the current model Kawa it is a better ride than the older 9er.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nmarylandmike\n11250 posts\n\nJoined 2007\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#4\n\nSep 19, 2011\nHere's a good thread by someone who went from a 919 to a Z1000.\nhttp://www.wristtwisters.com/forums/f94/2011-z1000-first-1100-miles-impressions-and-pics-25976.html\nI haven't ridden a Z1000, but I rode a Ninja 1000 earlier this year and it was nice. If I were going to replace the 919 it would be near the top of the list.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nOttawa919\n1886 posts\n\nJoined 2010\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#5\n\nSep 19, 2011\nKinda apples and oranges. A better comparator to the Z is the CB1000R in look, performance and price.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nToast\n697 posts\n\nJoined 2010\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#6\n\nSep 19, 2011\nI wouldn't compare the new Z to the 919. I would compare the 2003-2006 z1000\nDiecut Vinyl Wrist Twisters Decals: http://mkt.com/toasttogo\nSave\nShare\nLike\nBigdaa\n17947 posts\n\nJoined 2006\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#7\n\nSep 19, 2011\nOne is no longer made but a proven steed. The other has been massaged and morphed and is of newer mfg and tech.\nExamine your under 25 lust for each bikes looks. Then the power and torque. Then the seating position. Then the fit and finish.\nAnd meld all of that together with the cost difference vs your ability to spray out the necessary and appropriate level of long green.\n\"Is that a Bus Stop?\"...............\"Yes it is.\"...................\"Well, what's stopping it?\"\nSave\nShare\nLike\n07919Dave\n3305 posts\n\nJoined 2010\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#8\n\nSep 19, 2011\nThe stink issue seems to be blown out of proportion to some. Personally it was never that bad. I could hardly smell it and it never bothered me when I could. Some people it is the only complaint about the bike and they complain about it constantly. If some exhaust smell is the only thing you can say is wrong with the bike then I think you have a pretty damn good bike.\nWith that being said the new z1000 is suppose to have a LOT of torque so you should be fine in town with it but maybe pop up a gear so it doesn't blow you out every crack of the wrist.\nGoing to 87 gas, a PC III and pair block off plates have all been remedies to either reduce or eliminate (for some) the 919 stink. I know 87 gas was a great option for me as my wife hardly noticed the stink after I switch from 91. And now I have a PCIII USB running the Erion Dual Slip on map and last time I was out there was absolutely no smell when I got back.\nPick what ever bike you like to ride and you like the styling of.\nNever Trade the Thrills of Living for the Security of Existence.\nSave\nShare\nLike\ng00gl3it\n11628 posts\n\nJoined 2009\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#9\n\nSep 19, 2011\nCheck your insurance!!! I'm willing to bet the extra displacement of the Z will bump your insurance up to a premium.\nMy 919 runs me $180/year for FULL coverage. No way I could get that cheap on a liter bike.\n2009 Aprilia Tuono - Ginger\n2001 XR650R BRP (Big Red Pig)\n2006 Honda 599 - Ex wrecked it :-D\n2007 Honda CB900F (sold)\n2006 Honda VTX 1300C (sold)\nYouTube Channel\nSave\nShare\nLike\nFerris Bueller\n721 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#10\n\nSep 19, 2011\ni test rode a 1st gen z1k before purchasing the 919. power is a little top heavy for me and the handling wasn't as user friendly as the 919. the z seemed to under steer a bit. i also rode a fz1 and felt it to be a little too far touring for my needs, turn in was a little slow and the power was placed even higher than the z imho. the buell xb12scg was another contender but i didn't like the v twin vibration and the turn in was too quick and handling was twitchy. i rode the speed triple as well and loved it but the dealership being too far away, seat height a little too high and cost of a new one (don't like the older one) prevented its purchase. all in all i don't regret my decision to go with the 919, it handles well, has good usable power, is mod and user friendly, and is a simple platform and classic styling.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nbocomomark\n312 posts\n\nJoined 2010\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#11\n\nSep 19, 2011\nA good friend of mine rides the z, I think we both have 04's (I know I do!) and we swap bikes on rides. He upgraded his rear shock for very little $$ and you can tell the suspension is better. (I am envious of this) That's my biggest gripe about the 919, is that the rear shock sucks for aggressive riding and it's a VERY expensive to fix. However he pay's almost twice as much for insurance as I do. He has remarked that he really likes how the 919 turns into a corner, and stays in a corner and he also likes the torque.\nWhen riding his Z I ride faster and have less problems keeping up with the pack, but he has no problem leading the pack when riding my 919 either (he's a better rider). I'm not sure I would want the Z over my 919, I cant explain why, it's probably looks, I just like the 919. However, I think overall the Z is probably a better bike. (I also picked my 919 up for alot less than his Z, I could probably get the Ohins rear and front from LDH for the price difference between our bikes)\nI think either of us could live with either bike if we needed to\nSave\nShare\nLike\nShmoo\n1580 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#12\n\nSep 19, 2011\nI haven't had any stink after the PCIII install.\nSave\nShare\nLike\njonmo89\nDiscussion starter\n72 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#13\n\nSep 19, 2011\nWhew, thanks for all the replies! I should have stated that I'm only looking at the first gen Z1000, any of the 2nd ones are going to be too expensive for me. I didn't even think of insurance so thanks guys for bringing that up! I'm only 22 so I'm sure there will be a difference in price. I still really have to take a good long look at each.\nThe Honda is just so refined (and smooth I've heard!), and the mid-range torque is orgasmic I'm sure, but the Kawasaki I'm looking at (03 orange) is just blazing awesome looking, with the dual shotgun pipes....:drool:\nThe thing is, is that I ride EVERYDAY as long as the ground is dry, temperature doesn't matter, and I'm thinking the Honda is just the logical choice, and I KNOW I'm just going to hoon around on the Z1000 like an idiot (atgatt of course!), and that orange....\nThe honda I'm looking at is that sweet green color though... Man, when I get out of college it's just going to be me, my $1500 econobox and 5 different bikes...\nThanks for the replies guys:clap:\nSave\nShare\nLike\nbocomomark\n312 posts\n\nJoined 2010\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#14\n\nSep 19, 2011\nDont count on the 919 putting a damper on any urges to hoon about. I frequently refer to mine as \"the gateway drug\" I never had an urge to own a sportbike, untill I got the 919.\nSave\nShare\nLike\n07919Dave\n3305 posts\n\nJoined 2010\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#15\n\nSep 19, 2011\n+1 and with the cheapness of the new CBR250 and really all of the CBR600 on CL it makes it really hard not to get out there and buy one:surrender:! I just love the 919s seating position too much to ever give it up.\nNever Trade the Thrills of Living for the Security of Existence.\nSave\nShare\nLike\n0\nReply\nsml2727\n603 posts\n\nJoined 2009\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#16\n\nSep 19, 2011\nAnyone know if Ducati's are reliable? thinking about a monster\n\"You live more in five minutes on a bike like this going flat out than some people do in a lifetime\" - Burt Munro\nSave\nShare\nLike\nShmoo\n1580 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#17\n\nSep 19, 2011\nMy buddy has one, I think it's a 2010. Service intervals have gotten better...and they sound sweet with the Termignoni's. You would probably die from shock on the costs vs your 919.\nSave\nShare\nLike\n0\nReply\njonmo89\nDiscussion starter\n72 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#18\n\nSep 19, 2011\nI was thinking about a Ducati, a monster specifically, but really didn't want to have to mess with it if it messed up, plus I think insurance might be even more. I'm sure there are some monsters out there that never break down, but I don't want to take the chance because if it does, chances are I won't have the money for the parts. Maybe once I'm out of college\nSave\nShare\nLike\n07919Dave\n3305 posts\n\nJoined 2010\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#19\n\nSep 19, 2011\nNever heard anything good about them in the reliability department, Or the cost of maintenance department. But they look good!\nNever Trade the Thrills of Living for the Security of Existence.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nrmb\n7670 posts\n\nJoined 2009\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#20\n\nSep 19, 2011\nMaint. is very expensive unless you can do it yourself. So I'm told.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nRob919\n1319 posts\n\nJoined 2006\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#21\n\nSep 20, 2011\nGet a 919 and mod it with a Monster headlight! Actually, people ask me all the time if my bike is a Monster or whatever. They can never figure it out, and are always surprised when I tell them it's a Honda.\nBut I say it's a 50/50 chance, if not greater, that your 919 will have a stink problem. Mine does not bother me, but it does bother other people. So if that's an issue, then you may need to go with the Z1000. Another option is to get the 919 and do a 900RR single pipe conversion. Problem solved.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nundercover919\n567 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#22\n\nSep 20, 2011\nI can't believe we are actually participating in this thread considering its 9-19\n2003 Honda Shadow 750 ACE (Sold)\n2003 Honda 919\nSave\nShare\nLike\nPoorboy\n883 posts\n\nJoined 2009\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#24\n\nSep 20, 2011\nB919 is for sale so I rode the FJR today.\nCommon sense. So rare it's a god damn super power.\nSave\nShare\nLike\n0\nReply\nPoorboy\n883 posts\n\nJoined 2009\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#23\n\nSep 20, 2011\nYou could buy mine and not worry about the stink.\nI'm a bigger fan of the 919's looks and not because i own one just hands down mlooks wise my favorite bike out there.\nCommon sense. So rare it's a god damn super power.\nSave\nShare\nLike\njonmo89\nDiscussion starter\n72 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#25\n\nSep 20, 2011\nI would love to buy yours, but even If I sell my bike at asking price I won't have enough :sad:\nUnless you feel like taking a $1k loss and want to trade :stuart:\nI'm going to have to do some hunting around once I finally sell mine; I put it (my v-strom) in the classifieds if anyone is interested.\nSave\nShare\nLike\n0\nReply\nPoorboy\n883 posts\n\nJoined 2009\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#26\n\nSep 20, 2011\nIf you need any help with either bike let me know seeing as i'm local.\nI didn't expect you to take mine you said there were a few around town all out of your price range mine being the highest definitely fits that group.\nWould be nice if some one i knew or from the forums took her I'd get to keep tabs on her.\nCommon sense. So rare it's a god damn super power.\nSave\nShare\nLike\njonmo89\nDiscussion starter\n72 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#27\n\nSep 20, 2011\nI sent you a PM. If you know anyone that wants a V-Strom (or something like it) just point 'em my way!\nSave\nShare\nLike\nShow more\nreplies\n0\nReply\nE\nEvil919\n27 posts\n\nJoined 2010\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#28\n\nSep 20, 2011\nLet me know when you are looking to buy. I'll sell you mine. 07 red with side pipe and renthal ultra low bars. I live in Springfield il\nSave\nShare\nLike\njonmo89\nDiscussion starter\n72 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#29\n\nSep 20, 2011\nLol, I'm getting offers all over the place! I wish someone would buy my v-strom :sad:\nI'd love to check your bike out as well, I'm just not sure when that will be.\nSave\nShare\nLike\nE\nEvil919\n27 posts\n\nJoined 2010\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#30\n\nSep 20, 2011\nWhen the time comes let me know\nSave\nShare\nLike\njonmo89\nDiscussion starter\n72 posts\n\nJoined 2011\nAdd to quote\nOnly show this user\n#32\n\nSep 20, 2011\nAwesome man, thanks.\nHere's the CL ad.\n2005 Suzuki V-Strom 650 **VIDEO* $3800 OBO*\nYou can also find pictures and videos at the ad I posted on here as well.\nhttp://www.wristtwisters.com/forums/f86/2005-v-strom-650-for-sale-trade-in-saint-louis-28293.html#post468344\nIt does look like a big bike, but once you sit on it, it feels a lot smaller. It's very nimble and quick, I just want something different.\nAs for the topic at hand, I'm still not sure about 919 vs. Z1000, just have to wait for the strom to sell!\nSave\nShare\nLike\nThis is an older thread, you may not receive a response, and could be reviving an old thread. Please consider creating a new thread.\nWrite your reply...Remove formattingBoldItalicUnderlineText colorFont size9101215172226Insert linkInsert imageGallery embedSmiliesInsertMediaQuoteSpoilerInline spoilerCodeInline codeAlignmentAlign leftAlign centerAlign rightAlign JustifyListOrdered listUnordered listIndentOutdentInsert tableUndoRedoDraftsSave draftDelete draftToggle BB codeStrike-throughFont familyArialBook AntiquaCourier NewGeorgiaTahomaTimes New RomanTrebuchet MSVerdana\nInsert Quotes\nQuotes\nPost Reply\nRelated Threads\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\nSportbike Forums on WristTwisters\n678.7K posts\n10.3K members\nSince 2006\nA forum community dedicated to all sportbike owners and enthusiasts. Come join the discussion about performance, modifications, classifieds, troubleshooting, maintenance, and more!\nShow Less\nFull Forum Listing\nExplore Our Forums\nNaked Bikes\nMotorcycle Discussion\nOff Topic Lounge\nMechanical and Technical\nNew Member Introductions\nTop Contributors this Month\nView All\nrufftup\n18 Replies\nmcromo44\n17 Replies\nB\nBrettp\n17 Replies\nRecommended Communities\nAVS Forum\n1M+ members\nSkyscraperCity\n880K+ members\nDeals Forum\n40+ members\nHome\nForums\nWrist Twisters\nMotorcycle Discussion\nHome\nAbout Us\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nHelp\nBusiness Directory\nContact Us\nGrow Your Business\nRSS\nWhen you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community.\nThe Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo.\nVerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada\nManage Consent\nYour Privacy Choices\nForum software by XenForo 2010-2019 XenForo Ltd.\nTop\nDont miss out\nKeep me in the loop with Sportbike Forums on WristTwisters news\nContinue\nBy continuing, you agree to our terms and privacy\npolicy.\nCheck out your username\nWant a different name? 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Try a different one.\nKeep me in the loop with Sportbike Forums on WristTwisters news\nContinue\nBy continuing, you agree to our terms and privacy\npolicy.", "url": "https://www.wristtwisters.com/threads/honda-919-vs-kawasaki-z1000.28289/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "1000 Z For Sale - Kawasaki Motorcycles - Cycle Trader live Cycle Trader Home Find Motorcycle Advanced Search Saved Searches Saved Listings Dealer Search Sell My Motorcycle Motorcycle Values Buy Now Loan Calculator Edit My Deal Edit My Motorcycle MyTrader Account Log Out of MyTrader MyTrader Log In Advertise My Cycle Inventory TraderTraxx Log In Motorcycle Resources Motorcycle Research Motorcycle Reviews Motorcycle Blog ATVs for Sale Boats for Sale Jet Skis for Sale Airplanes for Sale Snowmobiles for Sale RVs for Sale Need Help Give Cycle Trader Feedback Give Cycle Trader Feedback Give Cycle Trader Feedback Need Help Log In Value BUY Sell Search Find Sell My Motorcycle BUY NOW FINANCE Loan Calculator Research Dealers Reviews Motorcycle Values Menu Find a dealer. Search Dealers Login as a Dealer Advertise Your Cycle Inventory Kawasaki Z 1000 Motorcycles for Sale View | View Colors | View Used | View States | Under $5000 | Under $2000 | About Kawasaki Z Motorcycles Kawasaki Z1000: With this latest in a long line of naked Kawasaki street bikes, we threw out the old rules and started with a clean sheet, drawing upon more than 35 years of experience in giving the people what they want. If the new Z1000 knocks your eyeballs out, that exactly what we had in mind. even more important, though, is the feeling this one provides every time you twist the throttle. close California (1) Florida (1) Georgia (2) Illinois (1) Massachusetts (1) New York (1) Ohio (1) South Dakota (1) Texas (1) Kawasaki Z1000: With this latest in a long line of naked Kawasaki street bikes, we threw out the old rules and started with a clean sheet, drawing upon more than 35 years of experience in giving the people what they want. If the new Z1000 knocks your eyeballs out, that exactly what we had in mind. even more important, though, is the feeling this one provides every time you twist the throttle. Available Colors (5) Black (2) Green Kawasaki was first established in 1966. Having no images, distributors, or customers, the company basically started on a dream and desire. Kawasaki motorcycles were the first foreign motorcycles to be manufactured and sold in the U.S. They began business by distributing their bikes through other private companies along the United States. They started creating more advanced and exciting motorcycles, indicating that Kawasaki would ultimately become a company that specially designed high-performance recreational vehicles. Kawasaki motorcycles would soon become well known around the world, and very popular amongst consumers. Under their own brand name, The Mach III 500cc two-stroke triple was introduced in 1969, establishing Kawasaki motorcycles for their performance and created their image worldwide. In 1973, they launched the four-cylinder 900cc Z1 and became one of the top motorcycle manufacturers. Their motorcycles continued to gain popularity amongst consumers, and Kawasaki became a powerhouse of the industry. Today, Kawasaki is a huge manufacturer of motorcycles and other vehicles. They provide top quality in their vehicles and riders everywhere trust the brand. Distributed by over 1,500 companies, and bringing in an income of 1.6 billion dollars per year, Kawasaki motorcycles are one of the top motorbikes in the world close Initial Checkbox Label Updating 38 Purchase In Progress Another customer has started purchasing this motorcycle. By providing your information below, we can let you know if this motorcycle becomes available again. Please enter a valid first name. Please enter a valid last name. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Valentine's Day - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Saint Valentine\nToggle Saint Valentine subsection\n1.1History\n1.2Legends\n2Folk traditions\n3Connection with romantic love\nToggle Connection with romantic love subsection\n3.1Possible ancient origins\n3.2Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls\n3.3Court of love\n3.4Valentine poetry\n3.5Modern times\n4Celebration and status worldwide\nToggle Celebration and status worldwide subsection\n4.1Americas\n4.1.1Latin America\n4.1.2Brazil\n4.1.3Colombia\n4.1.4United States\n4.2Asia\n4.2.1Afghanistan\n4.2.2Bangladesh\n4.2.3China\n4.2.4India\n4.2.5Iran\n4.2.6Israel\n4.2.7Japan\n4.2.8Lebanon\n4.2.9Malaysia\n4.2.10Pakistan\n4.2.11Philippines\n4.2.12Saudi Arabia\n4.2.13Singapore\n4.2.14South Korea\n4.2.15Taiwan\n4.3Europe\n4.3.1Estonia and Finland\n4.3.2France\n4.3.3Greece\n4.3.4Ireland\n4.3.5Poland\n4.3.6Portugal\n4.3.7Romania\n4.3.8Scandinavia\n4.3.9Spain\n4.3.10United Kingdom\n5Restrictions on Valentine's Day in some countries\n6See also\n7Notes\n8References\nToggle References subsection\n8.1Bibliography\n9Further reading\n10External links\nToggle the table of contents\nValentine's Day\n136 languages\nAfrikaansAlemannischngliscAsturianuAvae'Azrbaycanca ()Bikol CentralBosanskiBrezhonegCataletinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiEmilin e rumagnlEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFranaisFryskGaeilgeGalego / Gychi KonknniHrvatskiIdoIgboBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaIsiXhosaslenskaItalianoJawaKiswahiliKurd LatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviLimburgsLombardMagyarMalagasyBahasa MelayuMirandsNederlandsNhiyawwin / Norsk bokmlNorsk nynorskNouormand Ozbekcha / PapiamentuPolskiPortugusRomnRumantschGagana SamoaSarduScotsShqipSimple EnglishSlovenina / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTagalogTaqbaylitTetunThujTrkeTrkmene Ting VitVroWinarayZazakiFngb\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadView sourceView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadView sourceView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikiquote\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nHoliday observed on February 14\nFor other uses, see Valentine's Day (disambiguation).\n\"St. Valentine's Day\" redirects here. For the album by Bing Crosby, see St. Valentine's Day (album).\nValentine's DayA Valentine's card, c.1909Also calledSaint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint ValentineObservedby\nPeople in many countries\nAnglican Communion (see calendar)\nLutheran Church (see calendar)\nTraditionalist Catholicism (see calendar)[notes 1]\nTypeChristian, romantic, cultural, commercial observanceSignificanceFeast day of Saint Valentine; the celebration of love and affectionObservancesSending greeting cards and gifts, dating, church services, novenasDate\nFebruary 14(fixed by the Western Christian Church)\nJuly 6(fixed by the Eastern Orthodox Church)\nJuly 30(fixed by the Eastern Orthodox Church)\nFrequencyAnnual\nPart of a series onLoveRed-outline heart icon\nTypes of love\nAffection\nBonding\nBroken heart\nCompassionate love\nConjugal love\nCourtly love\ncourtship\ntroubadours\nFalling in love\nFriendship\ncross-sex\nromantic\nzone\nInterpersonal attraction\nInterpersonal relationship\nIntimacy\nLimerence\nLove addiction\nLove at first sight\nLove triangle\nLovesickness\nLovestruck\nObsessive love\nPassion\nPassionate and companionate love\nPlatonic love\nPuppy love\nQueerplatonic relationship\nRomance\nSelf-love\nAmour de soi\nUnconditional love\nUnrequited love\nSocial views\nAnarchist\nFree love\nPatriotism\nChinese\nRen\nYuanfen\nFrench\nAmour-propre\nGreek\nwords for love\nAgape\nEros\nLudus\nMania\nPhilautia\nPhilia\nPhilos\nPragma\nStorg\nXenia\nIndian\nKama\nBhakti\nMaitr\nIslamic\nIshq\nJewish\nChesed\nLatin\nAmor\nCaritas\nPortuguese\nSaudade\nYaghan\nMamihlapinatapai\nConcepts\nColor wheel theory of love\nBhakti yoga\nBiology of romantic love\nLove letter\nLove of Christ\nLove of God\nin Christianity\nLove magic\nValentine's Day\nPhilosophy\nReligious views\nlove deities\nMere-exposure effect\nSacred Heart\nSimilarity\nPhysical attractiveness\nTriangular theory of love\nvte\nSaint Valentine\nValentine's Day, also called Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine,[1] is celebrated annually on February 14.[2] It originated as a Christian feast day honoring a martyr named Valentine, and through later folk traditions it has also become a significant cultural, religious and commercial celebration of romance and love in many regions of the world.[3][4]\nThere are a number of martyrdom stories associated with various Saint Valentines connected to February 14,[5] including an account of the imprisonment of Saint Valentine of Rome for ministering to Christians persecuted under the Roman Empire in the third century.[6][7] According to an early tradition, Saint Valentine restored sight to the blind daughter of his jailer.[8] Numerous later additions to the legend have better related it to the theme of love: tradition maintains that Saint Valentine performed weddings for Christian soldiers who were forbidden to marry by the Roman emperor;[7] an 18th-century embellishment to the legend claims he wrote the jailer's daughter a letter signed \"Your Valentine\" as a farewell before his execution.[9]\nThe 8th-century Gelasian Sacramentary recorded the celebration of the Feast of Saint Valentine on February 14.[10][11] The day became associated with romantic love in the 14th and 15th centuries, when notions of courtly love flourished, apparently by association with the \"lovebirds\" of early spring. In 18th-century England, it grew into an occasion for couples to express their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards (known as \"valentines\"). Valentine's Day symbols that are used today include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid. In the 19th century, handmade cards gave way to mass-produced greetings.[12] In Italy, Saint Valentine's keys are given to lovers \"as a romantic symbol and an invitation to unlock the giver's heart\", as well as to children to ward off epilepsy (called Saint Valentine's Malady).[13]\nSaint Valentine's Day is not a public holiday in any country, although it is an official feast day in the Anglican Communion[14] and the Lutheran Church.[15] Many parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church also celebrate Saint Valentine's Day on July 6 in honor of Roman presbyter Saint Valentine, and on July 30 in honor of Hieromartyr Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna (modern Terni).[16]\nSaint Valentine\nMain article: Saint Valentine\nHistory\nShrine of St. Valentine in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland\nNumerous early Christian martyrs were named Valentine.[17] The Valentines honored on February 14 are Valentine of Rome (Valentinus presb. m. Romae) and Valentine of Terni (Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m. Romae).[18] Valentine of Rome was a priest in Rome who was martyred in 269 and was buried on the Via Flaminia. The relics of Saint Valentine were kept in the Church and Catacombs of San Valentino in Rome, which \"remained an important pilgrim site throughout the Middle Ages until the relics of Saint Valentine were transferred to the church of Santa Prassede during the pontificate of Nicholas IV [12881292]\".[19][20] The flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. Other relics are found at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland.[21]\nValentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna (now Terni, in central Italy) and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor Aurelian in 273. He is buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location from Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni (Basilica di San Valentino). Professor Jack B. Oruch of the University of Kansas notes that \"abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe.\"[22] A relic claimed to be Saint Valentine of Terni's head was preserved in the abbey of New Minster, Winchester, and venerated.[23]\nThe Catholic Encyclopedia speaks of a third saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early martyrologies under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, but nothing more is known about him.[24]\nFebruary 14 is celebrated as Saint Valentine's Day in various Christian denominations; it has, for example, the rank of \"commemoration\" in the calendar of saints in the Anglican Communion.[14] The feast day of Saint Valentine is given in the calendar of saints of the Lutheran Church.[15] In the 1969 revision of the Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints, the feast day of Saint Valentine on February 14 was relegated from the General Roman Calendar to particular (local or even national) calendars for the following reason: \"Though the memorial of Saint Valentine is ancient, it is left to particular calendars, since, apart from his name, nothing is known of Saint Valentine except that he was buried on the Via Flaminia on February 14.\"[25] Therefore, as he remains within the Roman Martyrology, he may be recognised optionally during mass outside of Christmastide and Eastertide.[26]\nThe feast day is still celebrated in Balzan (Malta), where relics of the saint are claimed to be found, and also throughout the world by Traditionalist Catholics who follow the older, pre-Second Vatican Council calendar (see General Roman Calendar of 1960).\nIn the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Valentine is recognized on July 6, on which Saint Valentine, the Roman presbyter, is honoured; in addition, the Eastern Orthodox Church observes the feast of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna, on July 30.[27][28][29]\nLegends\nSt Valentine baptizing St Lucilla, Jacopo Bassano.\nJ.C. Cooper, in The Dictionary of Christianity, writes that Saint Valentine was \"a priest of Rome who was imprisoned for succouring persecuted Christians.\"[30] Contemporary records of Saint Valentine were most probably destroyed during this Diocletianic Persecution in the early 4th century.[31] In the 5th or 6th century, a work called Passio Marii et Marthae published a story of martyrdom for Saint Valentine of Rome, perhaps by borrowing tortures that happened to other saints, as was usual in the literature of that period.[31][32]\nThe same events are found in Bede's Martyrology, which was compiled in the 8th century.[31][32] It states that Saint Valentine was persecuted as a Christian and interrogated by Roman Emperor Claudius II in person. Claudius was impressed by Valentine and had a discussion with him, attempting to get him to convert to Roman paganism in order to save his life. Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius to Christianity instead. Because of this, he was executed. Before his execution, he is reported to have performed a miracle by healing Julia, the blind daughter of his jailer Asterius. The jailer's daughter and his forty-six member household, family members and servants, came to believe in Jesus and were baptized.[33][31]\nA later Passio repeated the legend, adding that Pope Julius I built a church over his sepulchre (it is a confusion with a 4th-century tribune called Valentino, who donated land to build a church at a time when Julius was a Pope).[32] The legend was picked up as fact by later martyrologies, starting with Bede's martyrology in the 8th century.[32] It was repeated in the 13th century, in The Golden Legend.[34]\nThere is an additional embellishment to The Golden Legend, which according to Henry Ansgar Kelly, was added in the 18th century and widely repeated.[35] On the evening before Valentine was to be executed, he is supposed to have written the first \"valentine\" card himself, addressed to the daughter of his jailer Asterius, who was no longer blind, signing as \"Your Valentine.\"[35] The expression \"From your Valentine\" was later adopted by modern Valentine letters.[36] This legend has been published by both American Greetings and The History Channel.[37]\nSaint Valentine of Terni and his disciples\nJohn Foxe, a 16th-century English historian, and the Order of Carmelites state that Saint Valentine was buried in the Church of Saint Praxedes in Rome, located near the cemetery of Saint Hippolytus. This order says that according to legend, \"Julia herself planted a pink-blossomed almond tree near his grave. Today, the almond tree remains a symbol of abiding love and friendship.\"[38][39]\nAnother embellishment suggests that Saint Valentine performed clandestine Christian weddings for soldiers who were forbidden to marry.[40] The Roman Emperor Claudius II supposedly forbade this in order to grow his army, believing that married men did not make for good soldiers.[40][41] However, George Monger writes that this marriage ban was never issued and that Claudius II told his soldiers to take two or three women for themselves after his victory over the Goths.[42]\nAccording to legend, in order \"to remind these men of their vows and God's love, Saint Valentine is said to have cut hearts from parchment\", giving them to these soldiers and persecuted Christians, a possible origin of the widespread use of hearts on Saint Valentine's Day.[43]\nSaint Valentine supposedly wore a purple amethyst ring, customarily worn on the hands of Christian bishops with an image of Cupid engraved in it, a recognizable symbol associated with love that was legal under the Roman Empire;[41][44] Roman soldiers would recognize the ring and ask him to perform marriage for them.[41] Probably due to the association with Saint Valentine, amethyst has become the birthstone of February, which is thought to attract love.[45]\nFolk traditions\nWhile the European folk traditions connected with Saint Valentine and Saint Valentine's Day have become marginalized by modern customs connecting the day with romantic love, there are still some connections with the advent of spring.\nWhile the custom of sending cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts originated in the UK, Valentine's Day still remains connected with various regional customs in England. In Norfolk, a character called \"Jack\" Valentine knocks on the rear door of houses, leaving sweets and presents for children. Although he was leaving treats, many children were scared of this mystical person.[46][47]\nIn Slovenia, Saint Valentine or Zdravko was one of the saints of spring, the saint of good health and the patron of beekeepers and pilgrims.[48]\nA proverb says that \"Saint Valentine brings the keys of roots\". Plants and flowers start to grow on this day. It has been celebrated as the day when the first work in the vineyards and in the fields commences. It is also said that birds propose to each other or marry on that day. Another proverb says \"Valentin prvi spomladin\" (\"Valentine the first spring saint\"), as in some places (especially White Carniola), Saint Valentine marks the beginning of spring.[49] Valentine's Day has only recently been celebrated as the day of love. The day of love was traditionally March 12, Saint Gregory's day, or February 22, Saint Vincent's Day. The patron of love was Saint Anthony, whose day has been celebrated on June 13.[48]\nConnection with romantic love\nPossible ancient origins\nThe \"Feast\" (Latin: \"in natali\", lit.: on the birthday) of Saint Valentine originated in Christendom and has been marked by the Western Church of Christendom in honour of one of the Christian martyrs named Valentine, as recorded in the 8th-century Gelasian Sacramentary.[22][11] In Ancient Rome, Lupercalia was observed February 1315 on behalf of Pan and Juno, pagan gods of love, marriage and fertility. It was a rite connected to purification and health, and had only slight connection to fertility (as a part of health) and none to love. The celebration of Saint Valentine is not known to have had any romantic connotations until Chaucer's poetry about \"Valentine's Day\" in the 14th century, some seven hundred years after celebration of Lupercalia is believed to have ceased.[31]\nLupercalia was a festival local to the city of Rome. The more general Festival of Juno Februa, meaning \"Juno the purifier\" or \"the chaste Juno\", was celebrated on February 1314. Although the Pope Gelasius I (492496) article in the Catholic Encyclopedia says that he abolished Lupercalia, theologian and Methodist minister Bruce Forbes wrote that \"no evidence\" has been demonstrated to link Saint Valentine's Day and the rites of the ancient Roman purification festival of Lupercalia, despite claims by many authors to the contrary.[notes 2][23][50][51]\nSome researchers have theorized that Gelasius I replaced Lupercalia with the celebration of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary and claim a connection to the 14th century's connotations of romantic love, but there is no historical indication that he ever intended such a thing.[notes 3][51][52] Also, the dates do not fit because at the time of Gelasius I, the feast was only celebrated in Jerusalem, and it was on February 14 only because Jerusalem placed the Nativity of Jesus (Christmas) on January 6.[notes 4] Although it was called \"Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary\", it also dealt with the presentation of Jesus at the temple.[53] Jerusalem's Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 14 became the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple on February 2 as it was introduced to Rome and other places in the sixth century, after Gelasius I's time.[53]\nAlban Butler in his The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints (17561759) claimed without proof that boys and girls in Lupercalia drew names from a jar to make couples, and that modern Valentine's letters originated from this custom. In reality, this practice originated in the Middle Ages, with no link to Lupercalia, with boys drawing the names of girls at random to couple with them. This custom was combated by priests, for example by Frances de Sales around 1600, apparently by replacing it with a religious custom of girls drawing the names of apostles from the altar. However, this religious custom is recorded as early as the 13th century in the life of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary, so it could have a different origin.[23]\nChaucer's Parliament of Fowls\nGeoffrey Chaucer by Thomas Hoccleve (1412)\nThe first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is believed to be in the Parliament of Fowls (1382) by Geoffrey Chaucer, a dream vision portraying a parliament for birds to choose their mates.[31] Honouring the first anniversary of the engagement of fifteen-year-old King Richard II of England to fifteen-year-old Anne of Bohemia,[54] Chaucer wrote (in Middle English):\n\"For this was on seynt Valentynes dayWhan every foul cometh there to chese his makeOf every kynde that men thynke mayAnd that so huge a noyse gan they makeThat erthe, and eyr, and tre, and every lakeSo ful was, that unethe was there spaceFor me to stonde, so ful was al the place.\"[55][56]\nIn modern English:\n\"For this was on Saint Valentine's DayWhen every bird comes there to choose his matchOf every kind that men may think ofAnd that so huge a noise they began to makeThat earth and air and tree and every lakeWas so full, that not easily was there spaceFor me to standso full was all the place.\"\nReaders have uncritically assumed that Chaucer was referring to February 14 as Valentine's Day. Henry Ansgar Kelly has observed that Chaucer might have had in mind the feast day of St. Valentine of Genoa, an early bishop of Genoa who died around AD 307; it was probably celebrated on May 3.[54][57][58] A treaty providing for Richard II and Anne's marriage, the subject of the poem, was signed on May 2, 1381.[59]\nJack B. Oruch notes that the date on which spring begins has changed since Chaucer's time because of the precession of the equinoxes and the introduction of the more accurate Gregorian calendar only in 1582. On the Julian calendar in use in Chaucer's time, February 14 would have fallen on the date now called February 23, a time when some birds have started mating and nesting in England.[31]\nChaucer's Parliament of Fowls refers to a supposedly established tradition, but there is no record of such a tradition before Chaucer. The speculative derivation of sentimental customs from the distant past began with 18th-century antiquaries, notably Alban Butler, the author of Butler's Lives of Saints, and have been perpetuated even by respectable modern scholars. Most notably, \"the idea that Valentine's Day customs perpetuated those of the Roman Lupercalia has been accepted uncritically and repeated, in various forms, up to the present\".[23][60]\nThree other authors who made poems about birds mating on St. Valentine's Day around the same years: Otton de Grandson from Savoy, John Gower from England, and a knight called Pardo from Valencia. Chaucer most probably predated all of them; but due to the difficulty of dating medieval works, it is not possible to ascertain which of the four may have influenced the others.[61]\nCourt of love\nThe earliest description of February 14 as an annual celebration of love appears in the Charter of the Court of Love. The charter, allegedly issued by Charles VI of France at Mantes-la-Jolie in 1400, describes lavish festivities to be attended by several members of the royal court, including a feast, amorous song and poetry competitions, jousting and dancing.[62] Amid these festivities, the attending ladies would hear and rule on disputes from lovers.[63] No other record of the court exists, and none of those named in the charter were present at Mantes except Charles's queen, Isabeau of Bavaria, who may well have imagined it all while waiting out a plague.[62]\nValentine poetry\nThe earliest surviving valentine is a 15th-century rondeau written by Charles, Duke of Orlans to his wife, which commences.\n\"Je suis desja d'amour tann\nMa tres doulce Valentine...\"Charles d'Orlans, Rondeau VI, lines 12[64] At the time, the duke was being held in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415.[65]\nThe earliest surviving valentines in English appear to be those in the Paston Letters, written in 1477 by Margery Brewes to her future husband John Paston \"my right well-beloved Valentine\".[66]\nValentine's Day is mentioned ruefully by Ophelia in William Shakespeare's Hamlet (16001601):\n\"To-morrow is Saint Valentine's day,All in the morning betime,And I a maid at your window,To be your Valentine.Then up he rose, and donn'd his clothes,And dupp'd the chamber-door;Let in the maid, that out a maidNever departed more.\"William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 5\nNoted poet John Donne, c. 1595.\nJohn Donne used the legend of the marriage of the birds as the starting point for his epithalamion celebrating the marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England, and Frederick V, Elector Palatine, on Valentine's Day:\n\"Hayle Bishop Valentine whose day this is\nAll the Ayre is thy Diocese\nAnd all the chirping Queristers\nAnd other birds ar thy parishioners\nThou marryest every yeare\nThe Lyrick Lark, and the graue whispering Doue,\nThe Sparrow that neglects his life for loue,\nThe houshold bird with the redd stomacher\nThou makst the Blackbird speede as soone,\nAs doth the Goldfinch, or the Halcyon\nThe Husband Cock lookes out and soone is spedd\nAnd meets his wife, which brings her feather-bed.\nThis day more cheerfully than ever shine\nThis day which might inflame thy selfe old Valentine.\"John Donne, Epithalamion Vpon Frederick Count Palatine and the Lady Elizabeth marryed on St. Valentines day\nThe verse \"Roses are red\" echoes conventions traceable as far back as Edmund Spenser's epic The Faerie Queene (1590):\n\"She bath'd with roses red, and violets blew,\nAnd all the sweetest flowres [sic], that in the forrest grew.\"[67]\nThe modern clich Valentine's Day poem can be found in Gammer Gurton's Garland (1784), a collection of English nursery rhymes published in London by Joseph Johnson:\n\"The rose is red, the violet's blue,\nThe honey's sweet, and so are you.\nThou art my love and I am thine;\nI drew thee to my Valentine:\nThe lot was cast and then I drew,\nAnd Fortune said it shou'd be you.\"[68][69]\nModern times\nAn English Victorian era Valentine card located in the Museum of London\nIn 1797, a British publisher issued The Young Man's Valentine Writer, which contained scores of suggested sentimental verses for the young lover unable to compose his own. Printers had already begun producing a limited number of cards with verses and sketches, called \"mechanical valentines\". Paper Valentines became so popular in England in the early 19th century that they were assembled in factories. Fancy Valentines were made with real lace and ribbons, with paper lace introduced in the mid-19th century.[70] In 1835, 60,000 Valentine cards were sent by post in the United Kingdom, despite postage being expensive.[71]\nA reduction in postal rates following Sir Rowland Hill's postal reforms with the 1840 invention of the postage stamp (Penny Black) saw the number of Valentines posted increase, with 400,000 sent just one year after its introduction, and ushered in the less personal but easier practice of mailing Valentines.[72] That made it possible for the first time to exchange cards anonymously, which is taken as the reason for the sudden appearance of racy verse in an era otherwise prudishly Victorian.[73] Production increased, \"Cupid's Manufactory\" as Charles Dickens termed it, with over 3,000 women employed in manufacturing.[72] The Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection at Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from early 19th century Britain, printed by the major publishers of the day.[74] The collection appears in Seddon's book Victorian Valentines (1996).[75]\nFlowers, such as red roses (pictured), are often sent on Valentine's Day.\nIn the United States, the first mass-produced Valentines of embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by Esther Howland (18281904) of Worcester, Massachusetts.[76][77] Her father operated a large book and stationery store, but Howland took her inspiration from an English Valentine she had received from a business associate of her father.[78][79] Intrigued with the idea of making similar Valentines, Howland began her business by importing paper lace and floral decorations from England.[79][80]\nA writer in Graham's American Monthly observed in 1849, \"Saint Valentine's Day... is becoming, nay it has become, a national holyday.\"[81] The English practice of sending Valentine's cards was established enough to feature as a plot device in Elizabeth Gaskell's Mr. Harrison's Confessions (1851): \"I burst in with my explanations: 'The valentine I know nothing about.' 'It is in your handwriting', said he coldly.\"[82] Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has been giving an annual \"Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary\".[77]\nSince the 19th century, handmade cards have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.[12] In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines, and around 1.9billion was spent in 2015 on cards, flowers, chocolates, and other gifts.[83] The mid-19th century Valentine's Day trade was a harbinger of further commercialized holidays in the U.S. to follow.[84]\nA gift box of chocolates, which is a common gift for Valentine's Day\nIn 1868, the British chocolate company Cadbury created Fancy Boxes a decorated box of chocolates in the shape of a heart for Valentine's Day.[85][86] Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday.[85] In the second half of the 20th century, the practice of exchanging cards was extended to all manner of gifts, such as giving jewelry.\nThe U.S. Greeting Card Association estimates that approximately 190 million valentines are sent each year in the US. Half of those valentines are given to family members other than husband or wife, usually to children. When the valentine-exchange cards made in school activities are included the figure goes up to 1billion, and teachers become the people receiving the most valentines.[76]\nThe increase in use of the Internet around the turn of the millennium is creating new traditions. Every year, millions of people use digital means of creating and sending Valentine's Day greeting messages such as e-cards, love coupons and printable greeting cards. Valentine's Day is considered by some to be a Hallmark holiday due to its commercialization.[87]\nIn the modern era, the Lutheran Church and Anglican Church each have a service on Saint Valentine's Day (the Feast of Saint Valentine), which includes the optional rite of the renewal of marriage vows.[88][89] In 2016, the Catholic Bishops of England and Wales established a novena prayer \"to support single people seeking a spouse ahead of St Valentine's Day.\"[90]\nCelebration and status worldwide\nA Canadian Women's Army Corps member and a man in the Canadian Air Force chalk hearts on a tree on Valentine's Day 1944\nValentine's Day customssending greeting cards (known as \"valentines\"), offering confectionery and presenting flowersdeveloped in early modern England and spread throughout the English-speaking world in the 19th century. In the later 20th and early 21st centuries, these customs spread to other countries, like those of Halloween, and aspects of Christmas (such as Santa Claus).\nValentine's Day is celebrated in many East Asian countries, with Singaporeans, Chinese, and South Koreans spending the most money on Valentine's gifts.[91]\nAmericas\nLatin America\nIn most Latin American countriesfor example, Costa Rica,[92] Mexico,[93] and the U.S. territory of Puerto RicoSaint Valentine's Day is known as Da de los Enamorados (Lovers' Day)[94] or as Da del Amor y la Amistad (Love and Friendship Day). It is also common to see people perform \"acts of appreciation\" for their friends.[95]\nIn Guatemala it is known as Da del Cario (Affection Day).[96] Some countries, in particular the Dominican Republic and El Salvador,[97] have a tradition called Amigo secreto (\"secret friend\"), which is a game similar to the Christmas tradition of Secret Santa.[95]\nBrazil\nMain article: Dia dos Namorados\nIn Brazil, the Dia dos Namorados (Lovers' Day, or Boyfriends/Girlfriends Day) is celebrated on June 12, probably because that is the day before Saint Anthony's daya saint recognized for blessing young couples with happy and prosperous marriageswhen traditionally many single women perform popular rituals called simpatias in order to find a good husband or boyfriend.[98] Couples exchange gifts, chocolates, cards, and flower bouquets. The February 14 Valentine's Day is not celebrated at all because it is usually too close to Brazilian Carnival, which can fall anywhere from early February to early March and lasts almost a week.[99]\nColombia\nColombia celebrates Da del amor y la amistad (Love and Friendship Day) on the third Saturday in September instead.[100] Amigo Secreto is also popular there.[101]\nUnited States\nConversation hearts, candies with messages on them, are strongly associated with Valentine's Day in the United States.\nAfrican American Valentine's school dance, Richmond, Virginia 1956\nOn the United States mainland, about 190 million Valentine's Day cards are sent each year, not including the hundreds of millions of cards school children exchange.[102]\nValentine's Day is a major source of economic activity, with total expenditures topping $18.2billion in 2017, or over $136 per person.[103] This is an increase from $108 per person in 2010.[104] In 2019, a survey by the National Retail Federation found that over the previous decade, the percentage of people who celebrate Valentine's Day had declined steadily. From their survey results, they found three primary reasons: over-commercialization of the holiday, not having a significant other, and not being interested in celebrating it.[105]\nAsia\nAfghanistan\nIn pre-Taliban years, Koch-e-Gul-Faroushi (Flower Street) in downtown Kabul used to be adorned with innovative flower arrangements, to attract the Valentine's Day-celebrating youth.[106] In the Afghan tradition, love is often expressed through poetry. A new generation of budding poets such as Ramin Mazhar and Mahtab Sahel express themselves through poetry, using Valentine's Day as a theme to voice concerns about the erosion of freedoms. In their political commentary, they defy fear by saying kiss you amid the Taliban\".[107][108]\nBangladesh\nMain article: Valentine's Day in Bangladesh\nValentine's Day was first celebrated in Bangladesh by Shafik Rehman, a journalist and editor of the newspaper Jaijaidin, in 1993. He was acquainted with Western culture from studying in London.[109] He highlighted Valentine's Day to the Bangladeshi people through Jaijaidin. Rehman is called the \"father of Valentine's Day in Bangladesh\".[110] On this day, people in various types of relationship, including lovers, friends, husbands and wives, mothers and children, students and teachers, express their love for each other with flowers, chocolates, cards and other gifts. On this day, various parks and recreation centers of the country are full of people of love.[111][112] No public holiday, however, is declared on this day in Bangladesh.\nSome in Bangladesh feel that celebrating this day is not acceptable from a cultural and Islamic point of view.[113] Before the celebration of Valentine's Day, February 14 was celebrated as the anti-authoritarian day in Bangladesh. However, that day has been disregarded by people to celebrate Valentine's Day.[114][115][116]\nChina\nSee also: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl\nIn Chinese, Valentine's Day is called \"lovers' festival\" (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; Mandarin: Qng Rn Ji; Hokkien: Chng Ln Chiat; Cantonese: Chhng Yhn Jit; Shanghainese Xin Yin Jiq). The \"Chinese Valentine's Day\" is the Qixi Festival (meaning \"The Night of Sevens\" (Chinese: ; pinyin: Qi Xi)), celebrated on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar. According to the legend, the Cowherd star and the Weaver Maid star are normally separated by the Milky Way (silvery river) but are allowed to meet by crossing it on the seventh day of the seventh month of the Chinese calendar.[117]\nIn recent years, celebrating White Day has also become fashionable among some young people.[118]\nIndia\nMain article: Valentine's Day in India\nIn ancient India, there was a tradition of adoring Kamadeva, the lord of love exemplified by the erotic carvings in the Khajuraho Group of Monuments and by the writing of the Kamasutra.[119] This tradition was lost around the Middle Ages, when Kamadeva was no longer celebrated, and public displays of sexual affection became frowned upon.[119] This repression of public affections began to loosen in the 1990s.[120]\nValentine's Day celebrations did not catch on in India until around 1992. It was spread due to the programs in commercial TV channels, such as MTV, dedicated radio programs, and love letter competitions, in addition to an economical liberalization that allowed the explosion of the valentine card industry.[119][121] The celebration has caused a sharp change on how people have been displaying their affection in public since the Middle Ages.[119]\nOn a 2018 online survey, it was found that 68% of the respondents did not wish to celebrate Valentine's Day.[122] It can be also observed that different religious groups, including Hindu,[123] Muslim[124] and Christian people of India do not support Valentine's Day.\nIn modern times, Hindu and Islamic[125] traditionalists have considered the holiday to be cultural contamination from the West, a result of globalization in India.[119][121] Shiv Sena and the Sangh Parivar have asked their followers to shun the holiday and the \"public admission of love\" because of them being \"alien to Indian culture\".[126] Although these protests are organized by political elites, the protesters themselves are middle-class Hindu men who fear that the globalization will destroy the traditions in their society: arranged marriages, Hindu joint families, full-time mothers, etc.[121][125] Despite these obstacles, Valentine's Day is becoming increasingly popular in India.[127]\nValentine's Day has been strongly criticized from a postcolonial perspective by intellectuals from the Indian left. The holiday is regarded as a front for \"Western imperialism\", \"neocolonialism\", and \"the exploitation of working classes through commercialism by multinational corporations\".[128] It is claimed that as a result of Valentine's Day, the working classes and rural poor become more disconnected socially, politically, and geographically from the hegemonic capitalist power structure. They also criticize mainstream media attacks on Indians opposed to Valentine's Day as a form of demonization that is designed and derived to further the Valentine's Day agenda.[129][130]\nRight wing Hindu nationalists are also hostile. In February 2012, Subash Chouhan of the Bajrang Dal warned couples: \"They cannot kiss or hug in public places. Our activists will beat them up\".[131]\nHe said \"We are not against love, but we criticize vulgar exhibition of love at public places\".[132]\nAccording to The Hindu in February 2023, the Animal Welfare Board of India appealed to Indians to celebrate February 14 as \"Cow Hug Day\" for \"emotional richness\" and to increase \"individual and collective happiness.\" The newspaper referenced the sacredness of cows as being equivalent to one's mother in Indian culture, and further rued: \".. Vedic traditions are almost on the verge of extinction due to the progress of Western culture over time. The dazzle of Western civilization has made our physical culture and heritage almost forgotten\".[133]\nAccording to Rhea Mogul of CNN, a 2017 photo series Indian women sporting cow masks by activist Sujatro Ghosh portrays a society in which cows are more valued than women. Mogul says authorities had advanced the idea to rebrand Valentine's Day as \"Cow Hug Day\". Mogul says, \"But the move seems to have failed and later retracted after it prompted a rush of internet memes, cartoons and jokes by TV hosts about the importance of consent.\" Media outlets like NDTV mocked the government's plan by underlining the importance of the consent of cows before hugging them. Mogul says critics say cow-worship has been politically manipulated by cow vigilante motivated by conservative BJP's majoritarian politics to harass minorities with allegations of disrespect of cows or cow slaughter.[134]\nIran\nMain article: Valentine's Day in Iran\nPart of a celebration of Valentine's Day in Tehran.\nThe history of Valentine's Day in Iran dates back to the Qajar era of the latter half of the 19th century. Naser al-Din Shah Qajar did not take his wife with him during his trip to Europe and he sent her a greeting card from distance on Valentine's Day. This greeting card is available in Iranian museums.[135]\nSince the mid-2000s, Valentine's Day has become increasingly popular in Iran, especially among young people. However, it has also been the subject of heavy criticism from Iranian conservatives, who see it as part of the spread of \"decadent\" Western culture.[136] Since 2011, authorities have attempted to discourage celebrations and impose restrictions on the sale and production of Valentine's Day-related goods, although the holiday remains popular as of 2018.[137] Additionally, there have been efforts to revive the ancient Persian festival of Sepandrmazgn, which takes place around the same time, to replace Valentine's Day. However, as of 2016, this has also been largely unsuccessful.[138]\nIsrael\nIn Israel, the Jewish tradition of Tu B'Av has been revived and transformed into the Jewish equivalent of Valentine's Day. It is celebrated on the 15th day of the month of Av (usually in late August). In ancient times girls would wear white dresses and dance in the vineyards, where the boys would be waiting for them (Mishna Taanith, end of Chapter 4). Today, Tu B'Av is celebrated as a second holiday of love by secular people (along with Valentine's Day), and it shares many of the customs associated with Saint Valentine's Day in Western societies. In modern Israeli culture Tu B'Av is a popular day to proclaim love, propose marriage, and give gifts like cards or flowers.[139]\nJapan\nIn Japan, Morozoff Ltd. introduced the holiday for the first time in 1936, when it ran an advertisement aimed at foreigners. Later, in 1953, it began promoting the giving of heart-shaped chocolates; other Japanese confectionery companies followed suit thereafter. In 1958, the Isetan department store ran a \"Valentine sale\". Further campaigns during the 1960s popularized the custom.[140][141]\nThe custom that only women give chocolates to men may have originated from the translation error of a chocolate-company executive during the initial campaigns.[142] In particular, office ladies give chocolate to their co-workers. Unlike western countries, gifts such as greeting cards,[142] candies, flowers, or dinner dates[143] are uncommon, and most of the gifts-related activity is about giving the right amount of chocolate to each person.[142] Japanese chocolate companies make half their annual sales during this time of the year.[142]\nMany women feel obliged to give chocolates to all male co-workers, except when the day falls on a Sunday, a holiday. This is known as giri-choko (), from 'giri' (\"obligation\") and 'choko', (\"chocolate\"), with unpopular co-workers receiving only \"ultra-obligatory\" ( 'ch-giri choko') cheap chocolate. This contrasts with honmei-choko (, lit. \"true feeling chocolate\"), chocolate given to a loved one. Friends, especially girls, may exchange chocolate referred to as tomo-choko (, from 'tomo' meaning \"friend\").[144]\nIn the 1980s, the Japanese National Confectionery Industry Association launched a successful campaign to make March 14 a \"reply day\", on which men are expected to return the favour to those who gave them chocolates on Valentine's Day, calling it White Day for the color of the chocolates being offered. A previous failed attempt to popularize this celebration had been done by a marshmallow manufacturer who wanted men to return marshmallows to women.[140][141]\nIn Japan, the romantic \"date night\" associated with Valentine's Day is celebrated on Christmas Eve.[145]\nLebanon\nValentine's Day themed bouquet of cupcakes\nSaint Valentine is the patron saint for a large part of the Lebanese population. Couples take the opportunity of Valentine's feast day to exchange sweet words and gifts as proof of love. Such gifts typically include boxes of chocolates, cupcakes, and red roses, which are considered the emblem of sacrifice and passion.[citation needed]\nLebanese people celebrate Valentine's Day in a different way in every city. In Beirut, men take women out to dine and may buy them a gift. Many women are asked to marry on that day. In Sidon, Valentine's Day is celebrated with the whole family it is more about family love than a couple's love.[citation needed]\nMalaysia\nIslamic officials in West Malaysia warned Muslims against celebrating Valentine's Day, linking it with vice activities. Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin said the celebration of romantic love was \"not suitable\" for Muslims. Wan Mohamad Sheikh Abdul Aziz, head of the Malaysian Islamic Development Department (Jakim), which oversees the country's Islamic policies said that a fatwa (ruling) issued by the country's top clerics in 2005 noted that the day \"is associated with elements of Christianity,\" and \"we just cannot get involved with other religions' worshipping rituals.\" Jakim officials planned to carry out a nationwide campaign called \"Awas Jerat Valentine's Day\" (\"Mind the Valentine's Day Trap\"), aimed at preventing Muslims from celebrating the day on February 14, 2011. Activities included conducting raids in hotels to stop young couples from having unlawful sex and distributing leaflets to Muslim university students warning them against the day.[146][147]\nOn Valentine's Day 2011, West Malaysian religious authorities arrested more than 100 Muslim couples concerning the celebration ban. Some of them would be charged in the Shariah Court for defying the department's ban against the celebration of Valentine's Day.[148]\nIn East Malaysia, the celebrations are much more tolerated among young Muslim couples, although some Islamic officials and Muslim activists from the West side have told younger generations to refrain from such celebration by organising da'wah and tried to spread their ban into the East.[149][150] In both the states of Sabah and Sarawak, the celebration is usually common with flowers.[151][152][153]\nPakistan\nMain article: Valentine's Day in Pakistan\nThe concept of Valentine's Day was introduced into Pakistan during the late 1990s with special TV and radio programs. The Jamaat-e-Islami political party has called for the banning of Valentine's Day celebration.[127] Despite this, the celebration is becoming popular among urban youth and the florists expect to sell a great number of flowers, especially red roses. The case is the same with card publishers.[154]\nIn 2016, the local governing body of Peshwar officially banned the celebration of Valentine's Day in the city. The ban was also implemented in other cities such as Kohat by the local governments.[155]\nIn 2017, the Islamabad High Court banned Valentine's Day celebrations in public places in Pakistan.[156] More than 80% of Dawn readers polled on its website agreed with this decision.[113]\nIn 2018, because of a petition by a citizen, Abdul Waheed, the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority advised broadcasters and newspapers against airing any Valentine's Day celebrations.[157][158]\nPhilippines\nIn the Philippines, Valentine's Day is called Araw ng mga Puso in much the same manner as in the West. It is usually marked by a steep increase in the price of flowers, particularly red roses.[159] It is the most popular day for weddings,[160] with some localities offering mass ceremonies for no charge.[161]\nSaudi Arabia\nIn Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2008, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, because the day is considered a Christian holiday.[162][163] This ban has created a black market for roses and wrapping paper.[163][164] In 2012, the religious police arrested more than 140 Muslims for celebrating the holiday, and confiscated all red roses from flower shops.[165] Muslims are not allowed to celebrate the holiday, and non-Muslims can celebrate only behind closed doors.[166]\n\"Saudi cleric Sheikh Muhammad Al-'Arifi said on Valentine's Day Eve that celebrating this holiday constitutes bid'a a forbidden innovation and deviation from religious law and custom and mimicry of the West.\"[167][168]\nHowever, in 2017 and 2018, after a fatwa was widely circulated, the religious police did not prevent Muslims from celebrating the day.[169] In 2018, Sheikh Ahmed Qasim Al-Ghamdi, a Saudi cleric and former president of the Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, said that Valentine's Day is not haram and is compatible with Islamic values.[170][171]\nSingapore\nAccording to findings, Singaporeans are among the biggest spenders on Valentine's Day, with 60% of Singaporeans indicating that they would spend between $100 and $500 during the season leading up to the holiday.[91]\nSouth Korea\nIn South Korea, women give chocolate to men on February 14, and men give non-chocolate candy to women on March 14 (White Day). On April 14 (Black Day), those who did not receive anything on February or March 14 go to a Chinese-Korean restaurant to eat black noodles ( jajangmyeon) and lament their \"single life\".[143] Koreans also celebrate Pepero Day on November 11, when young couples give each other pepero cookies. The date \"11/11\" is intended to resemble the long shape of the cookie. The 14th of every month marks a love-related day in Korea, although most of them are obscure. From January to December, the sequence of these days is Candle Day, Valentine's Day, White Day, Black Day, Rose Day, Kiss Day, Silver Day, Green Day, Music Day, Wine Day, Movie Day, and Hug Day.[172] Korean women give a much higher amount of chocolate than Japanese women.[143]\nTaiwan\nTaipei 101 in Valentine's Day 2006\nIn Taiwan, traditional Qixi Festival, Valentine's Day and White Day are all celebrated. However, the situation is the reverse of Japan's. Men give gifts to women on Valentine's Day, and women return them on White Day.[143]\nEurope\nEstonia and Finland\nIn Finland, Valentine's Day is called ystvnpiv, which means \"Friend's Day\". As the name indicates, this day is more about remembering friends, not significant others. In Estonia, Valentine's Day was originally called valentinipev and later also sbrapev ('Friend's Day') as a calque of the Finnish term.[173]\nFrance\nIn France, a traditionally Catholic country, Valentine's Day is known simply as \"Saint Valentin\", and is celebrated in much the same way as other Western countries.[174] The relics of Saint Valentin de Terni, the patron of the St Valentine's Day, are in the Catholic church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste and Saint-Jean-lEvangliste, located in the southern France town of Roquemaure, Gard. The celebrations of \"Fte des Amoureux\" takes place every two years on the Sunday closest to February 14. The village gets dressed in its 19th-century costume and put on the program with over 800 people.\nGreece\nSaint Valentine's Day, or in Greek tradition, was not associated with romantic love. In the Eastern Orthodox church there is another saint who protects people who are in love, Hyacinth of Caesarea (feast day July 3); but this was not widely known until the late 1990s.[175] In contemporary Greece, Valentine's Day is generally celebrated as in the common western tradition.[176]\nIreland\nMany Christians make a pilgrimage to Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin on Saint Valentine's Day to implore the intercession of Saint Valentine in their prayers, with the hope of finding true love[177]\nOn Saint Valentine's Day in Ireland, many individuals who seek true love make a Christian pilgrimage to the Shrine of St. Valentine in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, which is said to house relics of Saint Valentine of Rome; they pray at the shrine in hope of finding romance.[177] There lies a book in which foreigners and locals have written their prayer requests for love.[178]\nPoland\nSaint Valentine's Day was introduced to Poland together with the cult of Saint Valentine via Bavaria and Tyrol.[179] However, it rose in popularity in the 1990s.[179] The only (and the biggest) public celebration in Poland is held annually from 2002 in Chemno[179] under the name \"Walentynki Chemiskie\" (Chemno Valentine's). Because Chemno's parish church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary has been holding the relic of Saint Valentine since the Middle Ages, local cult of the saint has been combined with the Anglo-Saxon tradition.[179]\nPortugal\nIn Portugal, the holiday is known as \"Dia dos Namorados\" (Lovers' Day / Day of the Enamoured). As elsewhere, couples exchange gifts, but in some regions, women give a leno de namorados (\"lovers' handkerchief\"), which is usually embroidered with love motifs.[180]\nRomania\nIn recent years, Romania has also started celebrating Valentine's Day. This has drawn backlash from several groups, institutions,[181] and nationalist organizations like Noua Dreapt, who condemn Valentine's Day for being superficial, commercialist, and imported Western kitsch. In order to counter the perceived denaturation of national culture, Dragobete, a spring festival celebrated in parts of Southern Romania, has been rekindled after having been ignored during the Communist years as the traditional Romanian holiday for lovers. The holiday is named after a character from Romanian folklore who was supposed to be the son of Baba Dochia.[182] Its date used to vary depending on the geographical area, however nowadays it is commonly observed on February 24.[183]\nScandinavia\nIn Denmark and Norway, February 14 is known as Valentinsdag, and is celebrated in much the same manner as in the United Kingdom.[184] In Sweden it is called Alla hjrtans dag (\"All Hearts' Day\") but is not widely celebrated. A 2016 survey revealed that fewer than 50% of men and women were planning to buy presents for their partners.[185] The holiday has only been observed since the 1960s.[184]\nSpain\nThe holiday was first introduced in Spain through a 1948 advertisement campaign by the department store chain Galeras Preciados,[186] and had become widespread by the 1970s.[186]\nKnown as \"San Valentn\", the holiday is celebrated the same way as in the rest of the West.\nUnited Kingdom\nValentine's Day love notes on display in 2010 for making a charitable donation to the British Heart Foundation\nIn the UK, just under half of the population spends money on their valentines. Around 1.3billion is spent yearly on cards, flowers, chocolates, and other gifts, with an estimated 25 million cards being sent.[187]\nIn Wales, some people celebrate Dydd Santes Dwynwen (Saint Dwynwen's Day) on January 25 instead of (or as well as) Valentine's Day. The day commemorates St Dwynwen, the Welsh patron saint of love.[188] The Welsh name for Saint Valentine is Sant Ffolant.\nIn a 2016 poll conducted by Channel 4 for Valentine's Day, Jane Austen's line, \"My heart is, and always will be, yours\", from her novel Sense and Sensibility as said by Edward Ferrars (Hugh Grant) to Elinor Dashwood (Emma Thompson) in the acclaimed 1995 film adaptation, was voted the most romantic line from literature, film, and TV by thousands of women.[189]\nRestrictions on Valentine's Day in some countries\nThe celebration of Valentine's Day has been banned in Indonesia, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia due to beliefs the holiday conflicts with Islamic culture.[113]\nSince 2009, certain practices pertaining to Valentine's Day (such as giving flowers, cards, or other gifts suggestive of Valentine's Day) are banned in Iran.[190] Iran's Law Enforcement Force prosecutes distributors of goods with symbols associated with Valentine's Day.[191] In 2021, the Prosecutor's Office of Qom, Iran, stated that it would prosecute those who disseminate and provide anti-cultural symbols like those of Valentine's Day.[192] Although Valentine's Day is not accepted or approved by any institution in Iran and has no official status, it is highly accepted among a large part of the population.[193] One of the reasons for Valentine's Day acceptance since the 2000s by the general population is the change in relations between the sexes, and because sexual relationships are no longer strictly limited to be within marriage.[194]\nSee also\nChristianity portalHolidays portal\nGalentine's Day\nPalentine's Day\nWorld Kiss Day\nDia dos Namorados\nSailor's valentine\nSaint Valentine's Day Massacre\nSingles Awareness Day\nSteak and Blowjob Day\nValentine's Day (2010 film)\nV-Day, the global movement to end violence against women and girls.\nWomen's Memorial March, held on Valentine's Day in Vancouver, British Columbia.\nCake and Cunnilingus Day\nNotes\n^ St. Valentine's February 14 feast day was removed by the Catholic Church from the General Roman Calendar in 1969 due to historical uncertainty about the saint (It was replaced with the feast day of Saints Cyril and Methodius). However, Saint Valentine's feast day remains celebrated on February 14 in some local liturgical calendars and by traditionalist Catholics who use the pre-Vatican II General Roman Calendar. The Roman Martyrology also remembers him on February 14.\n^ For example, one source claims incorrectly that \"Pope Gelasius I muddled things in the 5th century by combining St. Valentine's Day with Lupercalia to expel the pagan rituals.\" Seipel, Arnie, The Dark Origins Of Valentine's Day Archived April 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Nation Public Radio, February 13, 2011\n^ Ansgar, 1976, pp. 6061. The replacement of Lupercalia with Saint Valentine's celebration was suggested by researchers Kellog and Cox. Ansgar says \"It is hardly credible, then, that Pope Gelasius could have introduced the feast of the Purification to counteract the Lupercalia, and in fact the historical records of his pontificate give no hint of such an action.\"\n^ Ansgar, 1976, pp. 6061. This feast is celebrated 40 days after the Nativity. In Jerusalem the Nativity was celebrated on January 6, and this feast in February 14. But, in the West and even in Eastern places such as Antioch and Alexandria, Nativity was celebrated on December 25, and this Purification was not celebrated. When this feast was introduced to Rome, it was directly placed in February 2. Around that time, Jerusalem adopted the Nativity date of December 25 and moved the Purification to February 2.\nReferences\n^ Chambers 21st Century Dictionary, Revised ed., Allied Publishers, 2005, ISBN9780550142108.\n^ \"Valentine's Day: Definition, History, & Traditions\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.\n^ Kithcart, David (September 25, 2013). \"St. Valentine, the Real Story\". Christian Broadcasting Network. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.\n^ Murphy, Stephen (February 14, 2022). \"Love-seekers flock to St Valentine's resting place in Dublin for blessings\". Sky News. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.\n^ Ansgar, 1986, Chaucer and the Cult of Saint valentine, pp. 4658.\n^ Cooper, J.C. (October 23, 2013). Dictionary of Christianity. Routledge. p.278. ISBN9781134265466.\n^ a b Chryssides, George D.; Wilkins, Margaret Z. (2014). Christians in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-54557-6. The association between Valentine and lovers derives from a legend associated with Valentine of Rome. Emperor Claudius II wanted to recruit soldiers for the Roman army, and prohibited young men from marrying, in case homesickness for wives, homes and families should impair their military prowess. He also opposed the Christian faith, encouraging its persecution. Valentine, a physician priest, offered help to Christians whose lives were in peril and, although celibate himself, performed secret marriage rites for young men and women, defying the emperor's decree. He was discovered and imprisoned.\n^ Ball, Ann (January 1, 1992). A Litany of Saints. OSV. ISBN9780879734602.\n^ Guiley, Rosemary (2001). The Encyclopedia of Saints. Infobase Publishing. p.341. ISBN9781438130262.\n^ Schuster, Ildefonso (1927). The Sacramentary: (Liber Sacramentorum): Historical & Liturgical Notes on the Roman Missal. Burns, Oates & Washbourne Ltd. p.429. VALENTINE, PRIEST AND MARTYR Station at the Cemetery of Valentine on the Via Flaminia. The festival of this martyr, who suffered during the persecution under the Emperor Claudius II, is to be found in the Gelasian Sacramentary. His sepulchral basilica on the Via Flaminia, built by Pope Julius I (34152), and restored by Honorius I, was the first to greet the pilgrims as they approached the Eternal City, eagerly desirous of visiting the sepulchres of the ancient heroes of the Faith.\n^ a b Polcar, P. (1894). \"Gelasian Sacramentary 2.812\". The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity from its origins to circa AD 700, across the entire Christian world. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022. XVI Kal. Mart. in natali Valentini, Vitalis, et Feliculae. '14 February on the feast of Valentinus, Vitalis, and Felicula.' [*Valentinus, bishop of Terni (Interamna) and martyr of Rome, S00434; *Vitalis and Felicula, martyrs of Spoleto, *S01917] Three Prayers listed\n^ a b Leigh Eric Schmidt, \"The Fashioning of a Modern Holiday: St. Valentine's Day, 18401870\" Winterthur Portfolio 28.4 (Winter 1993), pp. 209245.\n^ \"St Valentine Key, Italy\". Pitt Rivers Museum. University of Oxford. 2012. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved June 20, 2014.\n^ a b \"Holy Days\". Church of England (Anglican Communion). 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012. February 14 Valentine, Martyr at Rome, c.269\n^ a b Pfatteicher, Philip H. (August 1, 2008). New Book of Festivals and Commemorations: A Proposed Common Calendar of Saints. Fortress Press. p.86. ISBN9780800621285. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2012.\n^ Kyrou, Alexandros K. (February 14, 2015). \"The Historical and Orthodox Saint Valentine\". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.\n^ Henry Ansgar Kelly, in Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine (Leiden: Brill) 1986, accounts for these and further local Saints Valentine (Ch. 6 \"The Genoese Saint Valentine and the observances of May\") in arguing that Chaucer had an established tradition in mind, and (pp. 79 ff.) linking the Valentine in question to Valentine, first bishop of Genoa, the only Saint Valentine honoured with a feast in springtime, the season indicated by Chaucer. Valentine of Genoa was treated by Jacobus of Verazze in his Chronicle of Genoa (Kelly p. 85).\n^ Oxford Dictionary of Saints, s.v. \"Valentine\": \"The Acts of both are unreliable, and the Bollandists assert that these two Valentines were in fact one and the same.\"\n^ Matilda Webb, The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome, 2001, Sussex Academic Press.\n^ \"Saint Valentine's Day: Legend of the Saint\". novareinna.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016.\n^ Meera, Lester (2011). Sacred Travels. Adams Media. ISBN978-1440525469.\n^ a b Alison Chapman. Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature. Routledge. pg. 122.\n^ a b c d Ansgar, 1986, pp. 5863 Archived October 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine\n^ \"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Valentine\". newadvent.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.\n^ Calendarium Romanum ex Decreto Sacrosancti cumenici Concilii Vaticani II Instauratum Auctoritate Pauli PP. VI Promulgatum (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, MCMLXIX), p. 117.\n^ Catholic Church. \"General Instruction of the Roman MissalMISSAL\". Vatican.va. Para 355: Catholic Church. Archived from the original on April 21, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)\n^ \"St. Valentine\". pravmir.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013.\n^ \"Coptic Orthodox Church From Where Valentine's Day Comes From\". Archived from the original on May 25, 2010.\n^ \"Happy Valentine's Day History And Myths Behind It\". Archived from the original on October 17, 2015.\n^ J.C. Cooper, Dictionary of Christianity, 2013, Routledge.\n^ a b c d e f g Oruch, Jack B., \"St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February Archived June 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine\", Speculum, 56 (1981): 53465. Oruch's survey of the literature finds no association between Valentine and romance prior to Chaucer. He concludes that Chaucer is likely to be \"the original mythmaker in this instance.\" Colfa.utsa.edu Archived April 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine\n^ a b c d Ansgar, 1986, pp. 4950\n^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1894). A Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic. J. B. Lippincott & Co. p.384. St. Valentine, laying his hand upon her eyes, said in prayer, \"O Thou who art the true Light, give light to this Thy servant.\" Instantly sight was restored to the blind child. Asterius and his wife, falling at the feet of Valentine, prayed that they might be admitted into the Christian fellowship; whereupon St. Valentine commanded them to break their idols, to fast for three days, to forgive their enemies, and to be baptized. Asterius and his wife did all the saint told them to do, and Valentine baptized them and all their household, to the number of forty-six in all. Les Petits Bollandistes, vol. ii. pp. 510, 511.\n^ Legenda Aurea, \"Saint Valentine\" Archived September 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, catholic-forum.com.\n^ a b Ansgar, 1986, p. 59. It originated in the 1797 edition of Kemmish's Annual, according to Frank Staff, The Valentine and Its Origins (London, 1969), p. 122. Ansgar was unable to corroborate this.\n^ Ruth Webb Lee, A History of Valentines, 1952, Studio Publications in association with Crowell.\n^ \"St. Valentine beheaded Feb 14, 278\". History. February 14, 2012. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2015. When Valentine's actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death. Valentine was arrested and dragged before the Prefect of Rome, who condemned him to be beaten to death with clubs and to have his head cut off. The sentence was carried out on February 14, on or about the year 270. Legend also has it that while in jail, St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer's daughter, who had become his friend, and signed it \"From Your Valentine.\"\n^ John Foxe. Voices of the Martyrs. Bridge Logos Foundation. pg. 62.\n^ \"Shrine of St Valentine, Whitefriar Street Church\". Archived from the original on January 26, 2013.\n^ a b David James Harkness, Legends and Lore: Southerns Indians Flowers Holidays, vol. XL, No. 2, April 1961, University of Tennessee Newsletter (bimonthly), p. 15.\n^ a b c Max L. Christensen, Heroes and Saints: More Stories of People Who Made a Difference, 1997, Westminster John Knox Press. 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ISBN80-210-4126-9.\n^ a b Forbes, Bruce David (October 27, 2015). America's Favorite Holidays: Candid Histories. University of California Press. p.54. ISBN9780520284722. There is no indication in suppressing the Lupercalia, Gelasius put anything else in its place. Much later, in the 1500s, a Cardinal Baronius speculated that Gelasius converted the Lupercalia into the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin (or Candlemas), changing one purification ceremony into another, and many noted authors have repeated this claim. Recent scholarship has refuted Baronius's assertion...there is no evidence that Gelasius advocated a celebration of Valentine's Day as a replacement for the Lupercalia. ... The letter by Gelasius to Andromachus criticizing the Lupercalia contains no reference to Valentine, or Valentine's Day, or any replacement observance.\n^ Jack B. Oruch, \"St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February\" Speculum 56.3 (July 1981:534565)\n^ a b Ansgar, 1976, pp. 6061.\n^ a b Meg Sullivan (February 1, 2001). \"Henry Ansgar Kelly, Valentine's Day\". UCLA Spotlight. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017.\n^ The Complete Works of Chaucer, ed. F.N. Robinson, Oxford University Press, London, p. 366, lines 309-315.\n^ The Riverside Chaucer, ed. Larry D. Benson, Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 389, lines 309-315.\n^ Kelly, Henry Ansgar, Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine (Brill Academic Publishers, 1997), ISBN90-04-07849-5. Chapter 6 The Genoese St. Valentine, p. 8083.\n^ \"Take heart, Valentine's every other week\". Independent Online. February 9, 2001. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2012. Kelly gives the saint's day of the Genoese Valentine as May 3 and also claims that Richard's engagement was announced on this day.\n^ \"Chaucer: The Parliament of Fowls\". 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SUNY series in radical social and political theory (illustrateded.). SUNY Press. p.53. ISBN978-0-7914-5667-5. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015.\n^ a b \"Hindu and Muslim anger at Valentine's\". BBC. February 11, 2003. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.\n^ Sharma, Satya (1996). \"The cultural costs of a globalized economy for India\". Dialectical Anthropology. 21 (34): 299316. doi:10.1007/BF00245771. S2CID144173442.\n^ Mankekar, Purnima (1999). Screening, Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood Nation in Postcolonial India. Duke University Press. ISBN0-8223-2390-7.\n^ As quoted in 'India Today: Pot Pourri Generation' September 15 issue, 2005\n^ \"Valentine's Day: Fear stalks couples on day of love\". The Times of India. February 14, 2012. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.\n^ \"Bajrang Dal threat keeps couples at bay on V-Day\". The Times of India. February 15, 2012. 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Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Centre Daily Times, February 14, 2009.\n^ \"BERTA Eesti rahvakalendri thtpevade andmebaas\". folklore.ee. Archived from the original on February 19, 2016.\n^ \"Traditions in france for valentine's day celebration\". Culture x Tourism. January 23, 2015. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.\n^ \"Agios Yakinthos\". Crete Gazette. February 1, 2009. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.\n^ \"Young Greeks celebrate Valentine's Day at home\". GR Reporter. February 14, 2012. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.\n^ a b \"Love-seekers show up at St. Valentine's resting place in Dublin\". IrishCentral. February 10, 2017. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2017.\n^ Hecker, Jurgen (February 11, 2010). \"Irish priests keep a candle for Saint Valentine\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018. A book in the church is filled with countless wishes addressed to the patron saint of lovers, while a steady stream of locals and visitors alike pray here for help in their amorous quests. \"God has someone in mind for me, and I obviously haven't met him yet. So I just hope that Saint Valentine will assist me, that I will find him,\" said one female visitor. Another added: \"We just prayed to find the right one, and I believe I will be led to him when the time is right.\"\n^ a b c d \"Patron zakochanych Chemno miasto zakochanych\" (in Polish). Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.\n^ Poelzl, Volker (2009). CultureShock! Portugal: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p.174. ISBN9789814435628. Retrieved February 14, 2018.\n^ \"Valentine's Day versus Dragobete\". Archived from the original on June 27, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), cultura.ro (in Romanian)\n^ \"Dragobete 's Day Celebrating love in the Romanian style\". Romania Tours. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.\n^ Cuza, Elena. \"dragobeteeng\". Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2018.\n^ a b Ripa, Ellen (February 6, 2017). \"Valentine's Day the Scandinavian way\". Skandiblog. Skandihome. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.\n^ \"Sweden: Valentine's Day celebration traditions by gender 2016\". Statista. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.\n^ a b \"Y San Valentn lleg a Espaa de mano de Galeras Preciados\". ABC (in Spanish). February 13, 2014. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2022.\n^ \"Last Valentine's Day I was in a relationship. This year I'm single and I know I'll enjoy it\". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.\n^ \"7 things you probably didn't know about St Dwynwen's Day\". Wales Online. January 25, 2018. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.\n^ \"Valentine's Day 2016: Jane Austen tops poll to find most romantic line from literature, film and TV\". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.\n^ \" \" (in Persian). BBC news. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020.\n^ \" \" (in Persian). fararunews. February 19, 2017. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.\n^ \" \". Yong Journalists Club. Yong Journalists Club. February 13, 2021. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021.\n^ \" \" (in Persian). TABNAK professional news site. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.\n^ \" \". . February 4, 2020. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.\nBibliography\nAnsgar Kelly, Henry (1986), \"The Valentines of February\", Chaucer and the cult of Saint Valentine, Davis medieval texts and studies, vol.5, Brill, ISBN978-90-04-07849-9\nFurther reading\nAnthony M. Sammarco (January 24, 2022). Valentine's Day Traditions in Boston. America Through Time. ISBN978-1635001075.\nExternal links\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Valentine's Day.\nQuotations related to Valentine's Day at Wikiquote\nWorks related to Portal:Valentine's Day at Wikisource\nvte Holidays, observances, and celebrations in AlgeriaJanuary\nNew Year's Day (1)\nYennayer (12)\nFebruary\nValentine's Day (14)\nTafsut (28)\nMarch\nInternational Women's Day (8)\nVictory Day (19)\nWorld Water Day (22)\nMaghrebi Blood Donation Day (30)\nSpring vacation (2 last weeks)\nApril\nApril Fools' Day (1)\nKnowledge Day (16)\nBerber Spring (20)\nEarth Day (22)\nElection Day (Thursday)\nMay\nInternational Workers' Day (1)\nWorld Press Freedom Day (3)\nMother's Day (last Sunday)\nJuneJulyAugust\nSummer vacation (varies)\nJune\nChildren's Day (1)\nFather's Day (21)\nJuly\nIndependence Day (5)\nSeptember\nInternational Day of Peace (21)\nOctober\nInternational Day of Non-Violence (2)\nHalloween (31)\nNovember\nRevolution Day (1)\nDecember\nChristmas Eve (24)\nChristmas (25)\nNew Year's Eve (31)\nWinter vacation (2 last weeks)\nVaries (year round)\nHijri New Year's Day (Muharram 1)\nAshura (Muharram 10)\nAshura in Algeria\nMawlid (Rabi' al-Awwal 12)\nMawlid in Algeria\nRamadan (Ramadan 1)\nLaylat al-Qadr (Ramadan 27)\nEid al-Fitr (Shawwal 1)\nDay of Arafah (Dhu al-Hijjah 9)\nEid al-Adha (Dhu al-Hijjah 10)\nBold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.\nSee also: Lists of holidays.\nvte Public holidays in MexicoStatutory holidays\nAo Nuevo\nDa de la Constitucin\nNatalicio de Benito Jurez\nDa del Trabajo\nDa de Independencia\nDa de la Revolucin\nTransmisin del Poder Ejecutivo Federal\nNavidad\nCivic holidays\nDa del Ejrcito\nDa de la Bandera\nAniversario de la Expropiacin petrolera\nHeroica Defensa de Veracruz\nCinco de Mayo\nNatalicio de Miguel Hidalgo\nDa de la Marina\nGrito de Dolores\nDa de los Nios Hroes\nConsumacin de la Independencia\nNatalicio de Jos Ma. Morelos y Pavn\nDescubrimiento de Amrica\nFestivities\nDa de los Santos Reyes\nDa de San Valentn\nDa del Nio\nDa de las Madres\nDa del Maestro\nDa del estudiante\nDa del Padre\nDa de Todos los Santos\nDa de los Fieles Difuntos\nDa de la Virgen de Guadalupe\nLas Posadas\nNochebuena\nDia de los Santos Inocentes\nvteHolidays, observances, and celebrations in the United StatesJanuary\nNew Year's Day (federal)\nBirthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. (federal)\nBirthday of Eugenio Mara de Hostos (PR)\nConfederate Heroes Day (TX)\nEve of Three Kings' Day (PR, religious)\nFeast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany (religious)\nFred Korematsu Day (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA)\nIdaho Human Rights Day (ID)\nInauguration Day (federal quadrennial)\nKansas Day (KS)\nMakar Sankranti / Pongal (religious)\nRobert E. Lee Day (FL)\nStephen Foster Memorial Day (36)\nThe Eighth (LA)\nThree Kings' Day (PR, VI, religious)\nWorld Religion Day (religious)JanuaryFebruary\nSuper Bowl Sunday\nChinese New Year / Lunar New Year (NY, cultural, religious)\nVasant Panchami (religious)FebruaryAmerican Heart MonthBlack History Month\nWashington's Birthday (federal)\nValentine's Day\nBirthday of Luis Muoz Marn (PR)\nCandlemas (religious)\nCharles Darwin Day / Darwin Day (CA, DE)\nDay of Remembrance (CA, OR, WA, cultural)\nGeorgia Day (GA)\nGroundhog Day\nImbolc (religious)\nLincoln's Birthday (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV)\nNational Girls and Women in Sports Day\nNational Freedom Day (36)\nNirvana Day (religious)\nPresentation of Our Lord to the Temple (religious)\nPromised Reformer Day (religious)\nRonald Reagan Day (CA)\nRosa Parks Day (CA, MO)\nSaviours' Day (religious)\nSusan B. Anthony Day (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)\nTu Bshvat (religious)FebruaryMarch\nMardi Gras\nAsh Wednesday (PR, religious)\nCarnival (PR, VI, religious)\nClean Monday (religious)\nCourir de Mardi Gras (religious)\nIntercalary Days (religious)\nMahashivaratri (religious)\nPurim (religious)\nShrove Tuesday (religious)\nSuper TuesdayMarchIrish-American Heritage MonthColon Cancer Awareness MonthWomen's History Month\nSaint Patrick's Day (religious)\nSpring break (week)\nAnnunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos (religious)\nCasimir Pulaski Day (IL)\nCesar Chavez Day (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)\nEmancipation Day in Puerto Rico (PR, cultural)\nEvacuation Day (Suffolk County, MA)\nHarriet Tubman Day (NY)\nHola Mohalla (religious)\nHoli (NY, religious)\nL. Ron Hubbard's Birthday (religious)\nLailat al-Mi'raj (religious)\nLiberation and Freedom Day (Charlottesville, VA, cultural)\nMardi Gras (AL (in two counties), LA)\nMaryland Day (MD)\nMedal of Honor Day\nNational Poison Prevention Week (week)\nNowruz (cultural, religious)\nOstara (religious)\nPi Day\nPrince Jonah Khi Kalanianaole Day (HI)\nPromised Messiah Day (religious)\nSaint Joseph's Day (religious)\nSeward's Day (AK)\nTexas Independence Day (TX)\nTown Meeting Day (VT)\nTransfer Day (VI)\nTrans Day of Visibility (cultural)MarchApril\nEaster (religious)\nGood Friday (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious)\nHanuman Jayanti (religious)\nHoly Thursday (PR, VI, religious)\nHoly Week (PR, religious, week)\nLazarus Saturday (religious)\nMahavir Janma Kalyanak (religious)\nMesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year (religious)\nPalm Sunday (PR, religious)\nPassover (religious, week)\nEaster Monday / Bright Monday (VI, religious)\nRamnavami (religious)\nChandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi (religious)AprilArab American Heritage MonthConfederate History Month\n420\nApril Fools' Day\nArbor Day\nBirthday of Jos de Diego (PR)\nConfederate Memorial Day (AL, MS)\nDays of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (week)\nEarth Day\nEmancipation Day (cultural)\nThomas Jefferson's Birthday (AL)\nLag BOmer (religious)\nLast Friday of Great Lent (religious)\nPascua Florida (FL)\nPatriots' Day (MA, ME)\nRidvn (religious)\nSan Jacinto Day (TX)\nSiblings Day\nWalpurgis Night (religious)\nYom Ha'atzmaut (cultural, religious)\nMayAsian American andPacific Islander Heritage MonthJewish American Heritage MonthMilitary Appreciation Month\nMemorial Day (federal)\nMother's Day (36)\nCinco de Mayo\nAscension of Bahu'llh (religious)\nAscension of Our Lord (religious)\nCaliphate Day (religious)\nDeclaration of the Bab (religious)\nHarvey Milk Day (CA)\nInternational Workers' Day / May Day (CA, unofficial, proposed state)\nLaw Day (36)\nLoyalty Day (36)\nMalcolm X Day (CA, IL, proposed federal)\nMilitary Spouse Day\nNational Day of Prayer (36)\nNational Day of Reason\nNational Defense Transportation Day (36)\nNational Maritime Day (36)\nPeace Officers Memorial Day (36)\nPentecost (religious)\nShavuot (religious)\nTruman Day (MO)\nVesak / Buddha's Birthday (religious)JuneLesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month\nJuneteenth (federal, cultural)\nFather's Day (36)\nBunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, MA)\nCarolina Day (SC)\nDon Young Day (AK)\nFast of the Holy Apostles (religious)\nFlag Day (36, proposed federal)\nHelen Keller Day (PA)\nHonor America Days (3 weeks)\nJefferson Davis Day (AL, FL)\nKamehameha Day (HI)\nLitha (religious)\nMartyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib (religious)\nOdunde Festival (Philadelphia, PA, cultural)\nSenior Week (week)\nSaint John's Day (PR, religious)\nWest Virginia Day (WV)July\nIndependence Day (federal)\nAsalha Puja Day (religious)\nBirthday of Don Luis Muoz Rivera (PR)\nBirthday of Dr. Jos Celso Barbosa (PR)\nEmancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands (VI, cultural)\nGuru Purnima (religious)\nKhordad Sal (religious)\nL Hoihoi Ea (HI, unofficial, cultural)\nMartyrdom of the Bb (religious)\nParents' Day (36)\nPioneer Day (UT)\nPuerto Rico Constitution Day (PR)JulyAugust\nSummer vacation\nTisha B'Av (religious)August\nAmerican Family Day (AZ)\nBarack Obama Day in Illinois (IL)\nBennington Battle Day (VT)\nDormition of the Theotokos (religious)\nEid-e-Ghadeer (religious)\nFast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus (religious)\nFeast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (religious)\nHawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day (HI)\nKrishna Janmashtami (religious)\nLammas (religious)\nLyndon Baines Johnson Day (TX)\nNaga Panchami (religious)\nNational Aviation Day (36)\nParyushana (religious)\nRaksha Bandhan (religious)\nTransfiguration of the Lord (religious)\nVictory Day (RI)\nWomen's Equality Day (36)\nSeptemberProstate Cancer Awareness MonthChildhood Cancer Awareness Month\nLabor Day (federal)\nBrazilian Day (NY, cultural)\nCalifornia Admission Day (CA)\nCarl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (36)\nConstitution Day (36)\nConstitution Week\nDefenders Day (MD)\nElevation of the Holy Cross (religious)\nFeast of San Gennaro (NY, cultural, religious)\nGanesh Chaturthi (religious)\nGold Star Mother's Day (36)\nHis Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday (religious)\nMabon (religious)\nNational Grandparents Day (36)\nNational Payroll Week (week)\nNativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos (religious)\nNative American Day (proposed federal)\nPatriot Day (36)\nVon Steuben DaySeptemberOctoberHispanic Heritage Month\nChehlum Imam Hussain (religious)\nOktoberfest\nPitri Paksha (religious)\nRosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets (TX, NY, religious)\nShemini Atzeret (religious)\nSimchat Torah (religious)\nVijaya Dashami (religious)\nYom Kippur / Day of Atonement (TX, NY, religious)\nOctoberBreast Cancer Awareness MonthDisability Employment Awareness Month Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month Filipino American History MonthLGBT History Month\nColumbus Day (federal)\nHalloween\nAlaska Day (AK)\nChild Health Day (36)\nGeneral Pulaski Memorial Day\nGerman-American Day\nIndigenous Peoples' Day\nInternational Day of Non-Violence\nLeif Erikson Day (36)\nMissouri Day (MO)\nNanomonestotse (cultural)\nNational School Lunch Week (week)\nNative American Day in South Dakota (SD)\nNevada Day (NV)\nSpirit Day (cultural)\nSweetest Day\nSukkot / Feast of Tabernacles (religious, week)\nVirgin IslandsPuerto Rico Friendship Day (PR, VI)\nWhite Cane Safety Day (36)OctoberNovember\nBirth of the Bb (religious)\nBirth of Bahu'llh (religious)\nDay of the Dead (VI)\nDiwali (NY, religious)\nMawlid al-Nabi (religious)\nNovember Native American Indian Heritage Month\nVeterans Day (federal)\nThanksgiving (federal)\nAscension of Abdul Baha (religious)\nAll Saints' Day (religious)\nBeginning of the Nativity Fast (religious)\nBeltane / Samhain (religious)\nBarack Obama Day in Alabama (Perry County, AL)\nD. Hamilton Jackson Day (VI)\nDay after Thanksgiving (24)\nDay of the Covenant (religious)\nDiscovery of Puerto Rico Day (PR)\nElection Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal)\nFamily Day (NV)\nGuru Nanak Gurpurab (religious)\nHanukkah (religious)\nL Kokoa (HI, unofficial, cultural)\nMartyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur (religious)\nNative American Heritage Day (MD, WA, cultural)\nPresentation of the Theotokos to the Temple (religious)\nTrans Day of Remembrance (cultural)\nUnthanksgiving Day (cultural)December\nChristmas (religious, federal)\nNew Year's Eve\nAdvent Sunday (religious)\nAlabama Day (AL)\nBirthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib (religious)\nBodhi Day (religious)\nChalica (religious)\nChristmas Eve (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI)\nDay after Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI)\nFestivus\nHumanLight\nHanukkah (religious, week)\nImmaculate Conception (religious)\nIndiana Day (IN)\nKwanzaa (cultural, week)\nMilad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (religious)\nNational Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36)\nNativity of Jesus (religious)\nOld Year's Night (VI)\nPan American Aviation Day (36)\nPancha Ganapati (religious, week)\nRosa Parks Day (OH, OR)\nSolemnity of Mary, Mother of God (religious)\nWright Brothers Day (36)\nYule (religious)\nZartosht No-Diso (religious)Varies (year round)\nEid al-Adha (NY, religious)\nEid al-Fitr (NY, religious)\nIslamic New Year (religious)\nYawm al-Arafa (religious)\nHajj (religious)\nLaylat al-Qadr (religious)\nNavaratri (religious, four times a year)\nObon (religious)\nOnam (religious)\nRamadan (religious, month)\nGhost Festival (religious)\nYawm Aashura (religious)\nLegend:\n(federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific racial/ethnic group or sexual minority, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies\nSee also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, Public holidays in the United States, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentine%27s_Day&oldid=1225778308\"\nCategories: Valentine's DayInternational observancesFebruary observancesDays celebrating loveSaints' daysHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksCS1 maint: locationCS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listCS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)All articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from March 2023Articles with permanently dead external linksCS1 Persian-language sources (fa)CS1 errors: missing periodicalCS1 Malay-language sources (ms)CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknownCS1 Polish-language sources (pl)Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro)CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pagesUse mdy dates from February 2024Infobox holiday (other)Articles containing Chinese-language textArticles containing French-language textArticles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language textArticles containing Sanskrit-language textArticles containing Arabic-language textArticles containing Hebrew-language textArticles containing Latin-language textArticles containing Portuguese-language textArticles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language textArticles containing Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language textArticles containing Spanish-language textArticles containing simplified Chinese-language textArticles containing traditional Chinese-language textArticles containing Japanese-language textAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from February 2018Articles containing Finnish-language textArticles containing Estonian-language textCommons category link from WikidataArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with LNB identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 26 May 2024, at 17:14(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Valentine's Day (2010) - IMDb\nMenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsCannes Film FestivalAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthStar WarsSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer?Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)Use appCast & crewUser reviewsTriviaFAQIMDbProAll topicsValentine's Day2010PG-132h 5mIMDb RATING5.7/10126KYOUR RATINGRatePOPULARITY4,03914Play trailer2:0919 Videos99+ PhotosComedyRomanceIntertwining couples and singles in Los Angeles break-up and make-up based on the pressures and expectations of Valentine's Day.Intertwining couples and singles in Los Angeles break-up and make-up based on the pressures and expectations of Valentine's Day.Intertwining couples and singles in Los Angeles break-up and make-up based on the pressures and expectations of Valentine's Day.DirectorGarry MarshallWritersKatherine FugateAbby KohnMarc SilversteinStarsJulia RobertsJamie FoxxAnne HathawaySee production info at IMDbProIMDb RATING5.7/10126KYOUR RATINGRatePOPULARITY4,03914DirectorGarry MarshallWritersKatherine FugateAbby KohnMarc SilversteinStarsJulia RobertsJamie FoxxAnne Hathaway281User reviews169Critic reviews34MetascoreSee production info at IMDbProAwards7 wins & 12 nominationsVideos19Trailer 2:09Watch Valentine's Day -- International Trailer #2Trailer 2:18Watch Valentine's Day -- U.S. Trailer #2Trailer 1:33Watch Valentine's Day -- U.S. Trailer #1Trailer 1:26Watch Valentine's Day -- International TrailerClip 0:52Watch Valentine's Day: You Fall Into LoveClip 0:33Watch Valentine's Day: I Shut Down My Player-NessClip 1:00Watch Valentine's Day: Who Are You?Clip 0:50Watch Valentine's Day: She Said YesClip 0:50Watch Valentine's Day: Is There A One CourseClip 0:38Watch Valentine's Day: How'd You Guys Meet?Clip 0:52Watch Valentine's Day: Why Do You Hate Heart Shaped Candy?Clip 0:58Watch Valentine's Day: Don't Be MadPhotos212Top castEditJulia RobertsCaptain Kate HazeltineJamie FoxxKelvin MooreAnne HathawayLizJessica AlbaMorley ClarksonKathy BatesSusanJessica BielKara MonahanBradley CooperHoldenEric DaneSean JacksonPatrick DempseyDr. Harrison CopelandHector ElizondoEdgarJennifer GarnerJulia FitzpatrickTopher GraceJasonCarter JenkinsAlexAshton KutcherReed BennettQueen LatifahPaula ThomasTaylor LautnerWillyGeorge LopezAlphonsoShirley MacLaineEstelleDirectorGarry MarshallWritersKatherine FugateAbby KohnMarc SilversteinAll cast & crewProduction, box office & more at IMDbProMore like this5.6New Year's Eve5.5Bride WarsValentines Day5.6Mother's Day6.4He's Just Not That Into You5.8Made of HonorValentines Day5.6Failure to Launch6.5Life as We Know It6.1What Happens in Vegas5.3The Wedding Planner5.8Ghosts of Girlfriends PastStorylineEditDid you knowEditTriviaSandra Bullock turned down Julia Roberts's role in this movie.GoofsJulia never left to go to San Francisco. This can be heard when she calls Kara on the phone and says that she is still in LA.QuotesEstelle: When you love someone, you love all of them... you gotta love everything about them, not just the good things but the bad things too. The things that you find lovable and the things you don't.Crazy creditsGag reel during the closing credits, and at the end of the closing credits cheerleaders form a heart on the football field.ConnectionsFeatured in The Rotten Tomatoes Show: Saw VI/Cirque du Freak/The Vampire's Assistant/Amelia (2009)SoundtracksSay Hey (I Love You)Written by Michael Franti and Carl YoungPerformed by Spearhead (as Michael Franti & Spearhead)Courtesy of Anti/Universal Republic RecordsUnder license from Universal Music EnterprisesUser reviews281ReviewReviewFeatured review DreadfulYou don't know what awful is until you've seen this film. I wasn't looking for a profound commentary on the human experience - I watched \"Valentine's Day\" expecting 100 minutes worth of harmless and fun escapism. To say that I was disappointed is a bit of an understatement.To begin with, the film is WAY too long - or perhaps it just seems like an eternity. Minute after minute, it is sickeningly sappy and sweet, without any depth of character or plot to justify its duration. The acting is for the most part atrocious - or, at best, mediocre. Taylor Swift, in a nightmarish \"comic relief\" role, and the annoying little boy, in particular, stand out as paragons of annoying incompetence. However, the writing is so awful, even the greatest of thespians could not make this movie bearable. I honestly felt rather embarrassed for the actors, most of whom I'm sure are quite capable if given a half-decent script. Perhaps worst of all, \"Valentine's Day\" acts like it is an eye-opening and touching study of human relationships, while it's really drivel.If there's anything I'd like the reader to learn from this review it's to avoid this film at all costs. It isn't good, it isn't even so-bad-it's-good - it's just plain dreadful.helpful109Mademoiselle_LemonNov 24, 2010Top picksSign in to rate and Watchlist for personalized recommendationsSign inFAQ21How long is Valentine's Day?Powered by AlexaWhat songs play in the end credits of this movie?DetailsEditRelease dateFebruary 12, 2010 (United States)Country of originUnited StatesOfficial sitesOfficial siteOfficial site (Germany)LanguagesEnglishSpanishRussianItalianAlso known asn S Tnh YuFilming locationsPacific Ave & N Venice Blvd., Venice, Los Angeles, California, USAProduction companiesNew Line CinemaRice FilmsKarz EntertainmentSee more company credits at IMDbProBox officeEditBudget$52,000,000 (estimated)Gross US & Canada$110,528,528Opening weekend US & Canada$56,260,707Feb 14, 2010Gross worldwide$216,528,528See detailed box office info on IMDbProTechnical specsEditRuntime2 hours 5 minutesColorColorSound mixDolby DigitalDTSAspect ratio1.85 : 1Related newsContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentIMDb Answers: Help fill gaps in our dataLearn more about contributingEdit pageMore to explorePhotosHollywood Power CouplesSee the galleryPhotosThe Greatest Character Actors of All TimeSee the galleryListTop 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars of the Last DecadeSee the listRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb appSign in for more accessSign in for more accessFollow IMDb on socialGet the IMDb appFor Android and iOSHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoLicense IMDb DataPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top", "url": "https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0817230/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Valentines Day: Quotes, Traditions & Ideas | HISTORYSkip to contentShowsThis Day In HistoryScheduleTopicsStoriesHistory ClassicsLive TVYour ProfileYour ProfileHistoryFind History on Facebook (Opens in a new window)Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window)Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window)Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window)Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window)Email UpdatesLive TVHistory ClassicsShowsThis Day In HistoryScheduleTopicsStoriesVideosHistory PodcastsHistory VaultHomeTopicsValentines DayValentines DayEach year on February 14, people exchange cards, candy or flowers with their special valentine. St. Valentines Day is named for a Christian martyr and dates back to the 5th century, but has origins in the Roman holiday Lupercalia.\nTopicsSee AllFeaturedHistory of Valentines DayWhat are the historical origins and meaning of Valentines Day? Get the facts. Learn how romantic cards and chocolates helped commercialize this day of love.Read moreRead more about History of Valentines DayValentines Day QuotesFrom Shakespeare to Aristotle to Dr. Seuss, see how celebrated writers throughout history have been inspired by the enduring power of love.Read moreLupercaliaLupercalia was an ancient pagan festival held each year in Rome around February 14. It is considered a precursor to Valentines Day.Read moreValentines Day FactsLearn about St. Valentines Day origins, the unlikely place the first valentine came from, why we say wear your heart on your sleeve and more.Read moreHistory of Valentine's DayVideosSee All3:46 minTV-14PlayFeaturedHand Made ChocolateFamous Fat Dave creates an unforgettable box of chocolates for his special someone.Watch nowWatch now video about Hand Made Chocolate3:06 minTV-GHistory of Valentines DayWhy do we celebrate Valentines Day on February 14th and where do the holiday customs come from?Watch now3:07 minTV-PGValentines Day QuotationsFrom the first mail-posted Valentine on record in 1806 to some of the precursors to todays Valentines, Nancy Rosins 10,000 piece collection is a chronicle of the worlds social history of love.Watch now1:03 minTV-PGHistory Shorts: The First ValentineWhile Valentines Day is commonly celebrated by lovers spending time together, one of the first Valentines messages was sent by a solitary 15th-century prisoner. Watch nowStoriesSee AllFeaturedVictorian-Era Vinegar Valentines Could Be Mean and HostileRather than expressing love and affection, these cards were designed to offend.Read moreRead more about Victorian-Era Vinegar Valentines Could Be Mean and Hostile10 Things You Didnt Know Happened on Valentines DayValentines Day is filled not only with cards, roses and chocolates but plenty of history as well.Read more7 Momentous Kisses in HistoryFrom Judas to V-J Day to an interracial Star Trek encounter, see which kisses left their mark in history.Read moreWho Is Cupid?And how did he become the unofficial mascot of Valentines Day?Read moreA+E NetworksOur Family of BrandsHistory EducationHistory VaultMobile/AppsNewsShare Your OpinionFollow Historydpm+BiographyCrime and InvestigationHistory en EspanolLRWMilitary HistoryAd ChoicesAdvertise With UsAccessibility SupportCopyright PolicyCorporate InformationEmployment OpportunitiesFAQ/Contact UsPrivacy NoticeCookie NoticeTerms Of UseTV Parental GuidelinesContact UsCopyright PolicyPrivacy PolicyTerms of UseAd ChoicesAccessibility Support 2024, A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved.", "url": "https://www.history.com/topics/valentines-day" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "WarnerBros.com | Valentine&#039;s Day | MoviesSkip to contentMoviesTV ShowsGames & AppsBrandsCollectionsPress ReleasesExperiencesShopNo Results FoundValentine's DayOwn it TodayMoviesValentine's DayWatch ItAboutWatch ItBuy / Rent - DigitalBuy - On DiscAboutValentine's Day. It comes every year whether we like it or not. It's the day when our love lives are put on display. There's always a chance for romance or disaster. It can be confusing, complicated, but at the end of the day, it's all about love. Julia Roberts, Ashton Kutcher, Jennifer Garner, Bradley Cooper, Jessica Biel, Patrick Dempsey, Anne Hathaway, Jamie Foxx, Jessica Alba, Eric Dane, Shirley MacLaine, Topher Grace, Queen Latifah and A-list-cetera.., An incredible lineup of stars populates this ensemble romantic comedy revolving around five relationships in Los Angeles -- all of which intersect and are put through the paces during the course of the titular romantic holiday. Emmy-nominated comic genius Garry Marshall (Pretty Woman, The Runaway Bride) directs this stellar relationship comedy from the writing team behind He's Just Not That Into You and Never Been Kissed. Celebrate a day in the life of love.Original Theatrical ReleaseFebruary 12, 2010RatingPG-13GenresHoliday Theme, Romantic ComedyFollowfacebookTM & 2024 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All rights reserved.Follow UsCompanyPress ReleasesCareersInternationalHelpTerms of UsePrivacy PolicySourced Traffic DisclosureAd ChoicesAccessibilityCookie SettingsBy using this site, you agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use.", "url": "https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/valentines-day" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Valentine's Day 2024: Origins, Background & Traditions | HISTORYSkip to contentShowsThis Day In HistoryScheduleTopicsStoriesHistory ClassicsLive TVYour ProfileYour ProfileHistoryFind History on Facebook (Opens in a new window)Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window)Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window)Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window)Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window)Email UpdatesLive TVHistory ClassicsShowsThis Day In HistoryScheduleTopicsStoriesVideosHistory PodcastsHistory VaultHomeTopicsValentines DayHistory of Valentines DayHistory of Valentines DayBy: History.com EditorsUpdated: February 14, 2024 | Original: December 22, 2009copy page linkPrint PageIan Gavan/Getty Images for ASDATable of ContentsThe Legend of St. Valentine Origins of Valentines Day: A Pagan Festival in February Valentine's Day Meaning: A Day of Romance and LoveWho Is Cupid?Valentines Day Greetings and GiftsValentines Day is a holiday celebrated every February 14; this year Valentine's Day falls on a Wednesday. Across the United States and in other places around the world, candy, flowers and gifts are exchanged between loved ones, all in the name of St. Valentine. But who is this mysterious saint and where did these traditions come from? Find out about the meaning and history of Valentines Day, from the ancient Roman ritual of Lupercalia that welcomed spring to the card-giving customs of Victorian England.The Legend of St. Valentine Fototeca Gilardi/Getty ImagesSaint Valentine, who according to some sources is actually two distinct historical characters who were said to have healed a child while imprisoned and executed by decapitation.The history of Valentine's Dayand the story of its patron saintis shrouded in mystery. We do know that February has long been celebrated as a month of romance, and that St. Valentines Day, as we know it today, contains vestiges of both Christian and ancient Roman tradition. But who was Saint Valentine, and how did he become associated with this ancient rite?The Catholic Church recognizes at least three different saints named Valentine or Valentinus, all of whom were martyred. One legend contends that Valentine was a priest who served during the third century in Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree, defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret. When Valentines actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death. Still others insist that it was Saint Valentine of Terni, a bishop, who was the true namesake of the holiday. He, too, was beheaded by Claudius II outside Rome.History Shorts: The First ValentineOther stories suggest that Valentine may have been killed for attempting to help Christians escape harsh Roman prisons, where they were often beaten and tortured. According to one legend, an imprisoned Valentine actually sent the first valentine greeting himself after he fell in love with a young girlpossibly his jailors daughterwho visited him during his confinement. Before his death, it is alleged that he wrote her a letter signed From your Valentine, an expression that is still in use today. Although the truth behind the Valentine legends is murky, the stories all emphasize his appeal as a sympathetic, heroic andmost importantlyromantic figure. By the Middle Ages, perhaps thanks to this reputation, Valentine would become one of the most popular saints in England and France.Origins of Valentines Day: A Pagan Festival in February While some believe that Valentines Day is celebrated in the middle of February to commemorate the anniversary of Valentines death or burialwhich probably occurred around A.D. 270others claim that the Christian church may have decided to place St. Valentines feast day in the middle of February in an effort to Christianize the pagan celebration of Lupercalia. Celebrated at the ides of February, or February 15, Lupercalia was a fertility festival dedicated to Faunus, the Roman god of agriculture, as well as to the Roman founders Romulus and Remus.To begin the festival, members of the Luperci, an order of Roman priests, would gather at a sacred cave where the infants Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, were believed to have been cared for by a she-wolf or lupa. The priests would sacrifice a goat, for fertility, and a dog, for purification. They would then strip the goats hide into strips, dip them into the sacrificial blood and take to the streets, gently slapping both women and crop fields with the goat hide. Far from being fearful, Roman women welcomed the touch of the hides because it was believed to make them more fertile in the coming year. Later in the day, according to legend, all the young women in the city would place their names in a big urn. The citys bachelors would each choose a name and become paired for the year with his chosen woman. These matches often ended in marriage.Valentine's Day Meaning: A Day of Romance and LoveK.J. Historical/Corbis/Getty ImagesA victorian valentine depicting cupids.Lupercalia survived the initial rise of Christianity but was outlawedas it was deemed un-Christianat the end of the 5th century, when Pope Gelasius declared February 14 St. Valentines Day. It was not until much later, however, that the day became definitively associated with love. During the Middle Ages, it was commonly believed in France and England that February 14 was the beginning of birds mating season, which added to the idea that the middle of Valentines Day should be a day for romance. The English poet Geoffrey Chaucer was the first to record St. Valentines Day as a day of romantic celebration in his 1375 poem Parliament of Foules, writing, For this was sent on Seynt Valentynes day / Whan every foul cometh ther to choose his mate.Valentine greetings were popular as far back as the Middle Ages, though written Valentines didnt begin to appear until after 1400. The oldest known valentine still in existence today was a poem written in 1415 by Charles, Duke of Orleans, to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. (The greeting is now part of the manuscript collection of the British Library in London, England.) Several years later, it is believed that King Henry V hired a writer named John Lydgate to compose a valentine note to Catherine of Valois.Who Is Cupid?Cupid is often portrayed on Valentines Day cards as a naked cherub launching arrows of love at unsuspecting lovers. But the Roman God Cupid has his roots in Greek mythology as the Greek god of love, Eros. Accounts of his birth vary; some say he is the son of Nyx and Erebus; others, of Aphrodite and Ares; still others suggest he is the son of Iris and Zephyrus or even Aphrodite and Zeus (who would have been both his father and grandfather). According to the Greek Archaic poets, Eros was a handsome immortal played with the emotions of Gods and men, using golden arrows to incite love and leaden ones to sow aversion. It wasnt until the Hellenistic period that he began to be portrayed as the mischievous, chubby child hed become on Valentines Day cards.FeaturedWho Is Cupid?And how did he become the unofficial mascot of Valentines Day?Read moreRead more about Who Is Cupid?Valentines Day Greetings and GiftsIn addition to the United States, Valentines Day is celebrated in Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, France and Australia. In Great Britain, Valentines Day began to be popularly celebrated around the 17th century.By the middle of the 18th, it was common for friends and lovers of all social classes to exchange small tokens of affection or handwritten notes, and by 1900 printed cards began to replace written letters due to improvements in printing technology. Ready-made cards were an easy way for people to express their emotions in a time when direct expression of ones feelings was discouraged. Cheaper postage rates also contributed to an increase in the popularity of sending Valentines Day greetings.Americans probably began exchanging hand-made valentines in the early 1700s. In the 1840s, Esther A. Howland began selling the first mass-produced valentines in America. Howland, known as the Mother of the Valentine, made elaborate creations with real lace, ribbons and colorful pictures known as scrap. Today, according to Hallmark, an estimated 145 million Valentines Day cards are sent each year, making Valentines Day the second largest card-sending holiday of the year (more cards are sent at Christmas). 6 Surprising Facts About St. ValentineWho was St. Valentine, and why do we celebrate him on February 14? Get the facts about this enigmatic character.Read more7 Unique Valentines Day TraditionsChocolates and roses are common ways to mark Valentines Day, but there are other, lesser-known traditions to commemorate the holiday.Read moreVictorian-Era Vinegar Valentines Could Be Mean and HostileRather than expressing love and affection, these cards were designed to offend.Read moreBy: History.com EditorsHISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, Matt Mullen and Christian Zapata.\nCitation InformationArticle TitleHistory of Valentines DayAuthorHistory.com EditorsWebsite NameHISTORYURLhttps://www.history.com/topics/valentines-day/history-of-valentines-day-2Date AccessedMay 29, 2024PublisherA&E Television NetworksLast UpdatedFebruary 14, 2024Original Published DateDecember 22, 2009Fact CheckWe strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.Print PageSign up for Inside HistoryGet HISTORYs most fascinating stories delivered to your inbox three times a week.Sign UpBy submitting your information, you agree to receive emails from HISTORY and A+E Networks. You can opt out at any time. You must be 16 years or older and a resident of the United States.More details: Privacy Notice | Terms of Use | Contact UsMore on this Topic | Valentines Day7 Unique Valentines Day TraditionsChocolates and roses are common ways to mark Valentines Day, but there are other, lesser-known traditions to commemorate the holiday.Read more7 Momentous Kisses in HistoryFrom Judas to V-J Day to an interracial Star Trek encounter, see which kisses left their mark in history.Read moreVictorian-Era Vinegar Valentines Could Be Mean and HostileRather than expressing love and affection, these cards were designed to offend.Read moreWWII Sweethearts Sexted With Bawdy AcronymsThink acronyms are a product of the digital era? Think again.Read moreWho Was the Real St. Valentine?There were multiple St. Valentines (including decapitated ones), but it was a medieval poet who first established the holidays romantic tradition.Read moreHow Chivalry DiedAgain and AgainWho killed it?Read moreSee MoreRead more about Valentines DayA+E NetworksOur Family of BrandsHistory EducationHistory VaultMobile/AppsNewsShare Your OpinionFollow Historydpm+BiographyCrime and InvestigationHistory en EspanolLRWMilitary HistoryAd ChoicesAdvertise With UsAccessibility SupportCopyright PolicyCorporate InformationEmployment OpportunitiesFAQ/Contact UsPrivacy NoticeCookie NoticeTerms Of UseTV Parental GuidelinesContact UsCopyright PolicyPrivacy PolicyTerms of UseAd ChoicesAccessibility Support 2024, A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved.", "url": "https://www.history.com/topics/valentines-day/history-of-valentines-day-2" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Valentine's Day has dark origins. Here's how it started : NPR\nAccessibility links\nSkip to main content\nKeyboard shortcuts for audio player\nOpen Navigation Menu\nNewsletters\nNPR Shop\nClose Navigation Menu\nHome\nNews\nExpand/collapse submenu for News\nNational\nWorld\nPolitics\nBusiness\nHealth\nScience\nClimate\nRace\nCulture\nExpand/collapse submenu for Culture\nBooks\nMovies\nTelevision\nPop Culture\nFood\nArt & Design\nPerforming Arts\nLife Kit\nGaming\nMusic\nExpand/collapse submenu for Music\nTiny Desk\nHip-Hop 50\nAll Songs Considered\nMusic Features\nLive Sessions\nPodcasts & Shows\nExpand/collapse submenu for Podcasts & Shows\nDaily\nMorning Edition\nWeekend Edition Saturday\nWeekend Edition Sunday\nAll Things Considered\nFresh Air\nUp First\nFeatured\nThe NPR Politics Podcast\nThroughline\nTrump's Trials\nWild Card with Rachel Martin\nMore Podcasts & Shows\nSearch\nNewsletters\nNPR Shop\nTiny Desk\nHip-Hop 50\nAll Songs Considered\nMusic Features\nLive Sessions\nAbout NPR\nDiversity\nSupport\nCareers\nPress\nEthics\nValentine's Day has dark origins. Here's how it started Valentine's Day is a time to celebrate romance and love and kissy-face fealty. But the ancient Romans had bloodier, drunker and more naked notions to mark the occasion.\nSpecial Series Valentine's Day\nStories about the feel-good holiday and the complications of love in this modern world.\nThe dark origins of Valentine's Day\nUpdated February 14, 20227:49 AM ET\nOriginally published February 13, 20118:36 AM ET\nBy\nArnie Seipel\nValentine's Day is a time to celebrate romance and love and kissy-face fealty. But the origins of this festival of candy and cupids are actually dark, bloody and a bit muddled. Though no one has pinpointed the exact origin of the holiday, one place to start is ancient Rome. The Romans' celebrations were violent\nEnlarge this image\nA drawing depicts the death of St. Valentine one of them, anyway. The Romans executed two men by that name on Feb. 14 of different years in the third century.\nHulton Archive/Getty Images\nhide caption\ntoggle caption\nHulton Archive/Getty Images\nA drawing depicts the death of St. Valentine one of them, anyway. The Romans executed two men by that name on Feb. 14 of different years in the third century.\nHulton Archive/Getty Images\nFrom Feb. 13 to 15, the Romans celebrated the feast of Lupercalia. The men sacrificed a goat and a dog, then whipped women with the hides of the animals they had just slain. The Roman romantics \"were drunk. They were naked,\" Noel Lenski, now a religious studies professor at Yale University, told NPR in 2011. Young women would line up for the men to hit them, Lenski said. They believed this would make them fertile.\nValentine's Day\nFor Valentine's Day, the Bronx Zoo lets you name a roach after your sweetheart\nThe brutal fete included a matchmaking lottery in which young men drew the names of women from a jar. The couple would then be, um, coupled up for the duration of the festival or longer, if the match was right. The ancient Romans may also be responsible for the name of our modern day of love. Emperor Claudius II executed two men both named Valentine on Feb. 14 of different years in the third century. Their martyrdom was honored by the Catholic Church with the celebration of St. Valentine's Day. As the holiday spread, it evolved\nEnlarge this image\nWilliam Shakespeare helped romanticize Valentine's Day in his work, and it gained popularity throughout Britain and the rest of Europe.\nPerry-Castaeda Library, University of Texas\nhide caption\ntoggle caption\nPerry-Castaeda Library, University of Texas\nWilliam Shakespeare helped romanticize Valentine's Day in his work, and it gained popularity throughout Britain and the rest of Europe.\nPerry-Castaeda Library, University of Texas\nLater, Pope Gelasius I muddled things in the fifth century by combining St. Valentine's Day with Lupercalia to expel the pagan rituals. But the festival was more of a theatrical interpretation of what it had once been. Lenski added, \"It was a little more of a drunken revel, but the Christians put clothes back on it. That didn't stop it from being a day of fertility and love.\" Around the same time, the Normans celebrated Galatin's Day. Galatin meant \"lover of women.\" That was likely confused with St. Valentine's Day at some point, in part because they sound alike.\nThe Salt\nHow Chocolate Became A Sweet (But Not So Innocent) Consort To Valentine's Day\nAs the years went on, the holiday grew sweeter. Chaucer and Shakespeare romanticized it in their work, and it gained popularity throughout Britain and the rest of Europe. Handmade paper cards became the tokens du jour in the Middle Ages. Eventually, the tradition made its way to the New World. The Industrial Revolution ushered in factory-made cards in the 19th century. And in 1913, Hallmark Cards of Kansas City, Mo., began mass-producing valentines. February has not been the same since. How we celebrate now Today, the holiday is big business. But that commercialization has spoiled the day for many. Helen Fisher, a sociologist at Rutgers University, said we have only ourselves to blame.\n\"This isn't a command performance,\" she said. \"If people didn't want to buy Hallmark cards, they would not be bought, and Hallmark would go out of business.\"\nYour Life Kit for love and relationships\nAll Songs Considered\nBetween Love And Hate: A Valentine's Day Playlist\nAnd so the celebration of Valentine's Day goes on, in varied ways. Many will break the bank buying jewelry and flowers for their beloveds. Some will celebrate in a SAD (that's Singles Awareness Day) way, dining alone and bingeing on self-gifted chocolates while others will find a way to make peace with singlehood in a society that wants everyone to partner up.\nFacebook\nFlipboard\nEmail\nSpecial Series Valentine's Day\nStories about the feel-good holiday and the complications of love in this modern world.\nRead & Listen\nHome\nNews\nCulture\nMusic\nPodcasts & Shows\nConnect\nNewsletters\nFacebook\nInstagram\nPress\nPublic Editor\nCorrections\nContact & Help\nAbout NPR\nOverview\nDiversity\nNPR Network\nAccessibility\nEthics\nFinances\nGet Involved\nSupport Public Radio\nSponsor NPR\nNPR Careers\nNPR Shop\nNPR Events\nNPR Extra\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy\nYour Privacy Choices\nText Only\nSponsor MessageBecome an NPR sponsor", "url": "https://www.npr.org/2011/02/14/133693152/the-dark-origins-of-valentines-day" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Valentines Day | Definition, History, & Traditions | Britannica\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nLogin\nSubscribe Now\nSubscribe\nHome\nGames & Quizzes\nHistory & Society\nScience & Tech\nBiographies\nAnimals & Nature\nGeography & Travel\nArts & Culture\nMoney\nVideos\nValentines Day\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction & Top Questions\nReferences & Edit History\nQuick Facts & Related Topics\nImages & Videos\nRelated Questions\nWho is Valentines Day named for?\nHow is Valentines Day celebrated?\nRead Next\nWhy Do We Give Valentine Cards?\nHappy Halloween\nWhats the Difference Between Sugar in Fruit and Sugar in Sweets and Candy?\nWhy Is Labor Day Celebrated in September?\nColumbus Day\nDiscover\nWhy Is Missouri Called the Show Me State?\nFacts and Figures About the Landings on Omaha Beach During the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944\n10 Best Hockey Players of All Time\n9 of the Worlds Deadliest Spiders\nWhats the Difference Between a Turtle and a Tortoise?\nWhy Is the Indy 500 Held on Memorial Day Weekend?\nHow Fast Is the Worlds Fastest Human?\nContents\nHome\nLifestyles & Social Issues\nFestivals & Holidays\nValentines Day\nsocial custom\nActions\nCite\nShare\nGive Feedback\nExternal Websites\nPrint\nCite\nShare\nFeedback\nExternal Websites\nAlso known as: Saint Valentines Day, St. Valentines Day\nWritten and fact-checked by\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nLast Updated:\nApr 23, 2024\n\nArticle History\nTable of Contents\nValentine's Day card\nSee all media\nAlso called:\nSt. Valentines Day\n(Showmore)\nRelated Topics:\nfloral decoration\ncandy\nLupercalia\nFebruary\nvalentine\n(Showmore)\nSee all related content \nTop Questions\nWhat is Valentines Day? Valentines Day is a holiday when lovers express their affection with greetings and gifts. It is also called St. Valentines Day. The holiday has expanded to express affection between relatives and friends. When is Valentines Day? Valentines Day is celebrated annually on February 14. Who is Valentines Day named for? Although there were several Christian martyrs named Valentine, Valentines Day may have taken its name from a priest who was martyred about 270 CE by the Roman emperor Claudius II Gothicus. Other accounts hold that it was St. Valentine of Terni, a bishop, for whom the holiday was named, though it is possible that the two saints were actually one person. Where is Valentines Day celebrated? Valentines Day is popular in the United States as well as in Britain, Canada, and Australia, and it is also celebrated in other countries, including Argentina, France, Mexico, and South Korea. In the Philippines, it is the most common wedding anniversary. How is Valentines Day celebrated? Valentines Day is commonly celebrated by exchanging handmade or store-bought Valentines (greeting cards) or other tokens of affection like chocolates and flowers. In many schools, it has become customary for young students to bring in Valentines to swap with classmates.Traditions of the holidays observance can vary with the country. Learn more. Valentines Day, holiday (February 14) when lovers express their affection with greetings and gifts. Given their similarities, it has been suggested that the holiday has origins in the Roman festival of Lupercalia, held in mid-February. The festival, which celebrated the coming of spring, included fertility rites and the pairing off of women with men by lottery. At the end of the 5th century, Pope Gelasius I forbid the celebration of Lupercalia and is sometimes attributed with replacing it with St. Valentines Day, but the true origin of the holiday is vague at best. Valentines Day did not come to be celebrated as a day of romance until about the 14th century.Why the history of Valentine's Day is so complicatedLearn how St. Valentine, an ancient Roman festival, and the poet Geoffrey Chaucer all contribute to the history of Valentine's Day.(more)See all videos for this articleAlthough there were several Christian martyrs named Valentine, the day may have taken its name from a priest who was martyred about 270 ce by the emperor Claudius II Gothicus. According to legend, the priest signed a letter from your Valentine to his jailers daughter, whom he had befriended and, by some accounts, healed from blindness. Other accounts hold that it was St. Valentine of Terni, a bishop, for whom the holiday was named, though it is possible the two saints were actually one person. Another common legend states that St. Valentine defied the emperors orders and secretly married couples to spare the husbands from war. It is for this reason that his feast day is associated with love.Watch a researcher explain the biological and psychological processes of how love worksA psychologist discusses his research into the biological and psychological processes involved in love relationships.(more)See all videos for this articleFormal messages, or valentines, appeared in the 1500s, and by the late 1700s commercially printed cards were being used. The first commercial valentines in the United States were printed in the mid-1800s. Valentines commonly depict Cupid, the Roman god of love, along with hearts, traditionally the seat of emotion. Because it was thought that the avian mating season begins in mid-February, birds also became a symbol of the day. Traditional gifts include candy and flowers, particularly red roses, a symbol of beauty and love.\nThe day is popular in the United States as well as in Britain, Canada, and Australia, and it is also celebrated in other countries, including Argentina, France, Mexico, and South Korea. In the Philippines it is the most common wedding anniversary, and mass weddings of hundreds of couples are not uncommon on that date. The holiday has expanded to expressions of affection among relatives and friends. Many schoolchildren exchange valentines with one another on this day. The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated by Melissa Petruzzello.\nLoad Next Page\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/Valentines-Day\nExternal Websites\nCatholic Education Resource Center - History of St. Valentine\nWorld History Encyclopedia - Valentine's Day\nUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegas - News Center - The Hidden History of Valentine's Day\nNPR - The dark origins of Valentine's Day\nPublic Broadcasting Service - St Valentine's Day Massacre\nHistoric UK - St Valentines Day\nLiveScience - What's the Origin of Valentine's Day?\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nValentines Day - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)\nValentines Day - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)\nverifiedCite\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\nPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\nSelect Citation Style\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago Manual of Style\nBritannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. \"Valentines Day\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Valentines-Day. Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/Valentines-Day\nExternal Websites\nCatholic Education Resource Center - History of St. Valentine\nWorld History Encyclopedia - Valentine's Day\nUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegas - News Center - The Hidden History of Valentine's Day\nNPR - The dark origins of Valentine's Day\nPublic Broadcasting Service - St Valentine's Day Massacre\nHistoric UK - St Valentines Day\nLiveScience - What's the Origin of Valentine's Day?\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nValentines Day - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)\nValentines Day - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Valentines-Day" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Opinion | Please, Dont Buy Flowers for Valentines Day - The New York Times\nSkip to contentSkip to site indexTodays PaperOpinion|Please, Dont Buy Flowers for Valentines Dayhttps://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/14/opinion/flowers-environment-valentines-day.htmlShare full articleU.S.WorldBusinessArtsLifestyleOpinionAudioGamesCookingWirecutterThe AthleticAdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTtranscriptBack to The Opinionsbars0:00/6:36-6:36transcriptPlease, Dont Buy Flowers for Valentines DayThere are more planet-friendly ways to show your love.2024-02-14T05:02:36-05:00This transcript was created using speech recognition software. While it has been reviewed by human transcribers, it may contain errors. Please review the episode audio before quoting from this transcript and email transcripts@nytimes.com with any questions.margaret renklIm Margaret Renkl. I write about the flora, fauna, politics, and culture of the American South.I have written about nature, not specifically about the environment for most of my life, but I started focusing more and more on the environment as the news about the environment got grimmer and grimmer.I have mixed feelings about Valentines Day, but it is sweet. Ive been married for 35 years. So the surprise valentines are a dim memory for me, but my husband and I do celebrate. We go out to dinner, or we write a sweet note or a card, but we dont have roses in the house.Valentines is problematic for me because of the flowers from an environmental standpoint. Cut flowers are an environmental crime. If we think about the real purpose of flowers, flowers arent beautiful for our delight. Although, we take great delight in their beauty.Flowers exist because they attract bees and butterflies. And its the way the plant ensures its future. So I think if we move on from flowers as a gift and think instead about flowers in their role in this deeply interconnected environment we share. And so I wrote an essay about what I think about the cut flower industry.If you havent yet ordered flowers, youve likely waited too long. Valentines Day accounts for some percent of annual cut flower sales, more than the holiday season does, more than even Mothers Day. So its very likely that all the florists in town are already booked.Youll have better luck at your local grocery or big box store, but youre kidding yourself if you think this gesture wont be recognized for what it is. Nothing says, I forgot Valentines Day quite like a plastic wrapped bucket from $1 by the checkout line at Target.Really, its just as well. The cut flower industry is massive. In 2022, it was valued around $36 billion. And while it isnt the most environmentally criminal of all commercial enterprises, its far from benign.Cultivating unblemished flowers requires liberal applications of insecticides and herbicides. And many of those poisons enter the water system, not to mention the skin and lungs of agricultural workers. The floral foam commonly used in cut flower arrangements is yet another contaminant, leaching toxic chemicals into the water supply and creating microplastic pollution in waterways.Then theres transportation. Most commodity flowers, including percent of the cut flowers, sold in the United States are grown in the global South and transported to customers in Europe and North America, but not by container ship. Flowers are fragile and highly perishable and must be transferred by refrigerated jets and then by refrigerated trucks.If all this is news to you, you may be feeling a certain amount of despair. Isnt there anything left that were allowed to view with unalloyed joy? If not a bouquet of bright flowers in the dead of February, then what? Fortunately, there are many ways to say I love you that dont also say, I dont really care that much about the planet. Im a big fan of love letters and walks in the moonlight myself.If you have your heart set on giving flowers or flower adjacent gifts, you could consider paper flowers. Ive seen gorgeous handmade peonies that I couldnt tell from the real thing or a nice house plant might work. The environmental impact of the domestic houseplant market isnt benign either, but theres still a big difference between domestically grown houseplants and imported flowers and not just in the relative carbon cost of transportation.Houseplants arent discarded two days after Valentines Day. I have a ficus tree that I bought for my first college apartment. Over the 40 years, since I brought it home, it has moved with me to Philadelphia, South Carolina, and four Nashville homes, Birnam Wood, to Dunsinane, to Nashville.But the best alternative I would argue is a local flower farm, ideally one that operates according to regenerative farming principles. Its possible to support sustainable flowers through gift cards, farmers markets, or a Community Supported Agriculture subscription, also known as a CSA. A flower CSA works much like a produce CSA.Often, the flowers are fragile heirloom varieties that would never survive a trip from South America. It takes a little more thought and a little more planning to send flowers or plants and paper flowers another way. It might cost a little more too. Think about it, though, if you really need to save money or time. its a lot faster and a lot cheaper to write a heartfelt letter and go for a walk in the moonlight, but if you want to give your beloved a botanical gift, why not make it a gift to the planet too?The OpinionsPlease, Dont Buy Flowers for Valentines DayThere are more planet-friendly ways to show your love.TranscripttranscriptBack to The Opinionsbars0:00/6:36-0:00transcriptPlease, Dont Buy Flowers for Valentines DayThere are more planet-friendly ways to show your love.2024-02-14T05:02:36-05:00This transcript was created using speech recognition software. While it has been reviewed by human transcribers, it may contain errors. Please review the episode audio before quoting from this transcript and email transcripts@nytimes.com with any questions.margaret renklIm Margaret Renkl. I write about the flora, fauna, politics, and culture of the American South.I have written about nature, not specifically about the environment for most of my life, but I started focusing more and more on the environment as the news about the environment got grimmer and grimmer.I have mixed feelings about Valentines Day, but it is sweet. Ive been married for 35 years. So the surprise valentines are a dim memory for me, but my husband and I do celebrate. We go out to dinner, or we write a sweet note or a card, but we dont have roses in the house.Valentines is problematic for me because of the flowers from an environmental standpoint. Cut flowers are an environmental crime. If we think about the real purpose of flowers, flowers arent beautiful for our delight. Although, we take great delight in their beauty.Flowers exist because they attract bees and butterflies. And its the way the plant ensures its future. So I think if we move on from flowers as a gift and think instead about flowers in their role in this deeply interconnected environment we share. And so I wrote an essay about what I think about the cut flower industry.If you havent yet ordered flowers, youve likely waited too long. Valentines Day accounts for some percent of annual cut flower sales, more than the holiday season does, more than even Mothers Day. So its very likely that all the florists in town are already booked.Youll have better luck at your local grocery or big box store, but youre kidding yourself if you think this gesture wont be recognized for what it is. Nothing says, I forgot Valentines Day quite like a plastic wrapped bucket from $1 by the checkout line at Target.Really, its just as well. The cut flower industry is massive. In 2022, it was valued around $36 billion. And while it isnt the most environmentally criminal of all commercial enterprises, its far from benign.Cultivating unblemished flowers requires liberal applications of insecticides and herbicides. And many of those poisons enter the water system, not to mention the skin and lungs of agricultural workers. The floral foam commonly used in cut flower arrangements is yet another contaminant, leaching toxic chemicals into the water supply and creating microplastic pollution in waterways.Then theres transportation. Most commodity flowers, including percent of the cut flowers, sold in the United States are grown in the global South and transported to customers in Europe and North America, but not by container ship. Flowers are fragile and highly perishable and must be transferred by refrigerated jets and then by refrigerated trucks.If all this is news to you, you may be feeling a certain amount of despair. Isnt there anything left that were allowed to view with unalloyed joy? If not a bouquet of bright flowers in the dead of February, then what? Fortunately, there are many ways to say I love you that dont also say, I dont really care that much about the planet. Im a big fan of love letters and walks in the moonlight myself.If you have your heart set on giving flowers or flower adjacent gifts, you could consider paper flowers. Ive seen gorgeous handmade peonies that I couldnt tell from the real thing or a nice house plant might work. The environmental impact of the domestic houseplant market isnt benign either, but theres still a big difference between domestically grown houseplants and imported flowers and not just in the relative carbon cost of transportation.Houseplants arent discarded two days after Valentines Day. I have a ficus tree that I bought for my first college apartment. Over the 40 years, since I brought it home, it has moved with me to Philadelphia, South Carolina, and four Nashville homes, Birnam Wood, to Dunsinane, to Nashville.But the best alternative I would argue is a local flower farm, ideally one that operates according to regenerative farming principles. Its possible to support sustainable flowers through gift cards, farmers markets, or a Community Supported Agriculture subscription, also known as a CSA. A flower CSA works much like a produce CSA.Often, the flowers are fragile heirloom varieties that would never survive a trip from South America. It takes a little more thought and a little more planning to send flowers or plants and paper flowers another way. It might cost a little more too. Think about it, though, if you really need to save money or time. its a lot faster and a lot cheaper to write a heartfelt letter and go for a walk in the moonlight, but if you want to give your beloved a botanical gift, why not make it a gift to the planet too?PreviousMore episodes ofThe OpinionsMay 29, 2024An Unexpected Rebranding of the Democratic PartyMay 27, 2024 6:37The Cicadas Are Here. You Have Nothing to Fear.May 22, 2024 8:19Nicholas Kristof: Never Bet Against Democracy in the Long RunMay 16, 2024A Former Prosecutor on the Incredibly Strong Case Against TrumpMay 15, 2024 5:57What MAGAs Beef With Lab-Grown Meat Says About the G.O.P.May 9, 2024 5:16Trump on Trial: The Odds of Conviction Have Gone UpMay 8, 2024We Have a Housing Crisis. This New Jersey Town Has a Solution.May 6, 2024 6:17Im a Doctor. I Was Unprepared When I Got This Disease.May 2, 2024Campus Protests Arent Going Away. Colleges Need to Draw Lines.May 1, 2024 8:07Bird Flu Is Spreading. Did We Learn Nothing From Covid?April 26, 2024 6:10Biden, Let the Protests of 1968 Be a WarningApril 25, 2024 8:58Closing the Gap Between Nature and the SelfSee All Episodes ofThe OpinionsNextFeb. 14, 2024Share full articleBy Margaret RenklProduced by Vishakha DarbhaIts Valentines Day, and if you celebrate, the chances of giving or receiving a bouquet of flowers is high. But have you considered the environmental impact of those flowers? In this audio essay, the contributing Opinion writer Margaret Renkl explains the true cost of bouquets and argues for other, less environmentally harmful ways to express your love.(A full transcript of this audio essay will be available within 24 hours of publication in the audio player above.)ImageCredit...Illustration by Akshita Chandra/The New York Times; Photograph by Getty ImagesThis episode of The Opinions was produced by Vishakha Darbha. It was edited by Alison Bruzek and Kaari Pitkin. Engineering by Isaac Jones with mixing by Dan Powell. Original music by Pat McCusker and Dan Powell. Fact-checking by Mary Marge Locker. Audience strategy by Shannon Busta and Kristina Samulewski.The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And heres our email: letters@nytimes.com.Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, X (@NYTOpinion) and Instagram.Share full articleAdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTSite IndexSite Information Navigation2024The New York Times CompanyNYTCoContact UsAccessibilityWork with usAdvertiseT Brand StudioYour Ad ChoicesPrivacy PolicyTerms of ServiceTerms of SaleSite MapCanadaInternationalHelpSubscriptionsManage Privacy Preferences", "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/14/opinion/flowers-environment-valentines-day.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Remembering our Valentine's Day proposal - Catholic Review\nSkip to main content Skip to secondary menu Skip to primary sidebar Skip to footerCatholic ReviewInspiring the Archdiocese of BaltimoreMenu\nMenu\nSearch for:Home\nNews\nLocal News\nWorld News\nVatican News\nObituaries\nFeatured Video\nEn Espaol\nSports News\nOfficial Clergy Assignments\nSchools News\nCommentary\nContributors\nQuestion Corner\nGeorge Weigel\nEffie Caldarola\nJohn Garvey\nFather Ed Dougherty, M.M.\nGuest Commentary\nCR Columnists\nArchbishop William E. Lori\nRita Buettner\nChristopher Gunty\nGeorge Matysek Jr.\nFather Joseph Breighner\nFather Collin Poston\nRobyn Barberry\nHanael Bianchi\nAmen Columns\nEntertainment\nEvents\nMovie & Television Reviews\nArts & Culture\nBooks\nRecipes\nAbout Us\nContact Us\nOur History\nMeet Our Staff\nPhotos to own\nBooks/CDs/Prayer Cards\nCR Media platforms\nElectronic Edition\nAdvertising\nShop\nPurchase Photos\nBooks/CDs/Prayer Cards\nMagazine Subscriptions\nArchdiocesan Directory\nCR Radio\nNews Tips\nSubscribe\nRemembering our Valentines Day proposal\nFebruary 12, 2024By Rita Buettner Catholic Review\nFiled Under: Blog, Commentary, Lent, Open Window\nShareShare on FacebookTweetTweet thisPinPin thisShareShare on LinkedIn\nI knew he had the ring.\nI knew he was going to propose that night.\nI was so excited for our Valentines Day dinner together. We dressed up and headed out to the restaurant where John had made a reservation for us. Valentines Day was a Saturday that year, so we werent surprised that the restaurant was packed. What was more surprising was that we waited and waited and waited, without any sign that we would be seated.\nFinally, we gave up and left.\nAs we drove around considering our options, I imagined our marriage proposal happening in a fast-food drive-through. At least it would be memorable.\nWe were driving through Catonsville when we spotted The Candle Light Inn. It seemed unlikely that such a fancy restaurant could seat us for Valentines Day dinner without a reservation. Still, we went inside, and they found a table for us next to a window.\nWe enjoyed a decadent meal. And somewhere between dinner and dessert, John told me how much he loved me and asked me to marry him. I dont remember exactly what he said, but I recall how he looked into my eyes. And I remember saying yes knowing this was the beginning of something truly wonderful.\nThen we ate a gorgeous chocolate dessert and asked our server to take our pictureconfessing that we were newly engaged. She was happy to help.\nThat was 20 years ago this Valentines Day. Twenty years seems like a blink of an eyeand also like a long time. Somehow it seems even longer because the restaurant has been converted to a funeral home. We drive past it from time to time and recall our special engagement dinner.\nThis year Valentines Day is Ash Wednesday. People talk about the challenge that is to mark bothand it is. Still, even when Valentines Day is not a day of fasting and abstinence, John and I tend not to go out to eat that night. We learned our lesson 20 years ago. We usually pick a different nightone where not everyone else is out celebrating their love. That works well for us. We do many things well as a couple, but we do not excel at waiting for tables.\nStill, I love that Valentines Day and Ash Wednesday are the same day. What a beautiful reminder that love is not all sunshine and smiles.\nLove can be hard. Love can be painful. Love can mean sacrifice. A heart symbolizes love, but so does a cross. A hug shows love, but so do Jesus arms outstretched as he died for each of us. That is an extraordinary love, a divine love, a love that is a gift that changed the world.\nThis Valentines Day, we will probably get ashes at different Masses. Dinner will be something quick, and we might not even eat together. But the love is real. And we will celebrate on our own schedule. I will be grateful that I said yes to my husband when he presented me with a beautiful Claddagh ring that day 20 years ago.\nThen, we will say yes to whatever the Lenten journey ahead holds. Because Jesus is ready to show us his love in a new wayif we just open ourselves to what he has in store for us. May you experience his love for you during this Lenten season.\nCopyright 2024 Catholic Review Media\nPrint\nShareShare on FacebookTweetTweet thisPinPin thisShareShare on LinkedIn\nPrimary Sidebar\nRita Buettner\nView all posts from this author\n| Recent Commentary |\nSummoning the heroesChicken noodle soup and the Holy TrinityUnderstanding Pope Francis, women and holy ordersWhen the impossible turns out to be possible (or how I earned a grad degree)Knights success built on founders desire for charity\n| Recent Local News |\n5 Things to Know about the National Eucharistic Pilgrimages stop in MarylandStudents bid fond farewell to Hagerstown schoolCatholic Charities Executive Director Bill McCarthy will retire in 2025Former Annapolis and Baltimore pastor Father Thomas Siconolfi dies at 80Seek the City final plan draws mix of emotions from Baltimore Catholics\n| Catholic Review Radio |\nCatholicReview Catholic Review Radio\nFooterOur Vision\nReal Life. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kazuchika Okada - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life\n2Professional wrestling career\nToggle Professional wrestling career subsection\n2.1Training and early career (20042007)\n2.2New Japan Pro-Wrestling (20072010)\n2.3Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (20102011)\n2.4Return to NJPW (2010-2024)\n2.4.1Sporadic appearances (20102011)\n2.4.2Feud with Hiroshi Tanahashi (20122016)\n2.4.3Longest-reigning IWGP Heavyweight Champion (20162018)\n2.4.4Gedo's betrayal and various feuds (20182021)\n2.4.5Championship reigns and departure (20212024)\n2.5Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (2018)\n2.6All Elite Wrestling (2022present)\n2.6.1Sporadic appearances (20222023)\n2.6.2The Elite and Continental Champion (2024present)\n2.7Return to TNA (2024)\n3Other media\n4Personal life\n5Filmography\nToggle Filmography subsection\n5.1Film\n5.2Television\n5.3Video games\n6Championships and accomplishments\n7References\n8External links\nToggle the table of contents\nKazuchika Okada\n16 languages\netinaDeutschEspaolFranaisBahasa IndonesiaItalianoNederlandsPolskiPortugusRomnSimple English\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nJapanese professional wrestler\nKazuchika OkadaOkada in November 2023Born (1987-11-08) November 8, 1987 (age36)Anj, Aichi, JapanSpouse(s)\nSuzuko Mimori (m.2019)Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)Kazuchika OkadaOkadaOkatoDragon George[1]Billed height1.91m (6ft 3in)[2][3]Billed weight107kg (236lb)[2][4]Billed fromTokyo, Japan[5]Trained byltimo Dragn[6]DebutAugust 29, 2004\nKazuchika Okada ( , Okada Kazuchika, ring name: ) (born November 8, 1987) is a Japanese professional wrestler. As of March 2024[update], he is signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he is a member of The Elite stable and is the current AEW Continental Champion in his first reign. He is best known for his 18-year tenure in New Japan Pro-Wrestling where he was a five-time IWGP Heavyweight Champion, with his fourth reign being the longest in the company's history at 720 days. He also holds the record for most successful title defenses with 12. After the title was unified into the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship, Okada went on to hold the new championship a record two times.\nInitially trained by ltimo Dragn and making his debut in August 2004, Okada spent his first years in professional wrestling working in Mexico, before returning to Japan and making NJPW his home promotion in mid-2007. Originally working as a junior heavyweight, Okada graduated to the heavyweight division in April 2008, with limited success. In February 2010, NJPW sent Okada on a learning excursion to American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he spent the next twenty months, mainly performing on the promotion's secondary television program, Xplosion. From January to March 2011, he performed under the name Okato on TNA's primary television program, Impact!, as Samoa Joe's sidekick in his rivalry with D'Angelo Dinero.\nOkada's run with TNA ended in October 2011 and he returned to NJPW in January 2012, repackaged as \"Rainmaker\" (, Reinmk), complete with a new look and a villainous persona. Just a month later, Okada defeated Hiroshi Tanahashi to win NJPW's top title, the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, which he would hold for four months before losing it back to Tanahashi. The following August, Okada won NJPW's premier tournament, the G1 Climax. At the end of the year, the Tokyo Sports magazine named Okada the 2012 MVP in all of Japanese professional wrestling. The following year, Okada first won the New Japan Cup in March and then regained the IWGP Heavyweight Championship from Tanahashi in April. After a thirteen-month reign, Okada lost the title in May 2014. Three months later, he won his second G1 Climax. Okada went on to win his third G1 Climax in 2021 and his fourth in 2022, which makes him the wrestler with the second-most wins in the tournament with four, just behind Masahiro Chono who has five. Okada has since won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship three more times and headlined NJPW's biggest annual eventWrestle Kingdomeight times (7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, and 17). Okada left NJPW in March 2024 and signed with AEW shortly thereafter.\nWidely considered one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time,[7] he became the first Japanese wrestler to top Pro Wrestling Illustrated's list of the top 500 wrestlers in the world in 2017. Readers of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter\nnamed him as the most outstanding wrestler of the 2010s in March 2020.[8] Okada's match with Kenny Omega at Dominion 6.9\nin Osaka-jo Hall in June 2018 is regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestling matches of all time, and received a rating of seven stars by journalist Dave Meltzer, the highest rating Meltzer has ever awarded a wrestling match. Okada was inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 2021 (his first year of eligibility).\nEarly life[edit]\nOkada was born on November 8, 1987, in Anj, Aichi.[2][4] As a child, he lived and attended a primary school in Anj. However, before completing primary school, Okada was lured by the nature in his mother's hometown in the Got Islands in Nagasaki Prefecture and chose to complete the rest of his primary education in a special boarding school there.[9] Upon graduation, he returned to Anj.\nIn middle school, Okada joined the school's baseball and track team. Although he did not stand out as a baseball player, Okada was able to win first place in a regional 100 meter dash competition. His reputation as a sprinter was good enough to be scouted by high school recruiters.[9] He was exposed to professional wrestling for the first time when one of his older brothers happened to borrow a New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) video game from his friend.[9]\nProfessional wrestling career[edit]\nTraining and early career (20042007)[edit]\nTrained by ltimo Dragn at his Toryumon professional wrestling school, Okada made his debut on August 29, 2004, against Negro Navarro[2][4] and would spend the next couple of years wrestling primarily in Toryumon Mexico.[3] In December 2005, Okada won the 2005 Young Dragons Cup.[2][10] Okada would also make appearances in the United States and Canada for promotions such as UWA Hardcore Wrestling and Chikara.\nOn October 27, 2006, Okada participated in UWA Hardcore Wrestling's 2006 Grand Prix Tournament, but was eliminated in the first round by Puma.[11] The following day, Okada and ltimo Dragn unsuccessfully challenged Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin for the NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship.[11] On November 12, 2006, Okada made his debut for Chikara by defeating Osiris.[12]\nDuring his time in UWA Hardcore Wrestling, Okada also unsuccessfully challenged Josh Prohibition for the UWA Canadian Championship on May 26, 2007.[11] On July 22, 2007, Okada took part in ltimo Dragn's 20th anniversary show, where he wrestled in a six-man tag team match alongside NJPW wrestlers Jyushin Thunder Liger and Milano Collection A.T.[2] After the match, it was announced that Okada was graduating from Toryumon and joining NJPW.[2]\nNew Japan Pro-Wrestling (20072010)[edit]\nUpon joining NJPW, Okada entered the NJPW Dojo, where he went through further training.[13] He would have a pre-debut match for the company on August 26, 2007, losing to Tetsuya Naito.[13] A legitimate injury would sideline Okada for the next eight months and upon his return in April 2008 he would be billed as a heavyweight instead of a junior heavyweight,[13] and have his official debut match on April 12, 2008, against Taichi Ishikari.[14] His career would start to pick up steam the following year with breakout performances in the NJPW vs. Pro Wrestling Noah war against the likes of Takashi Sugiura and Go Shiozaki.[13] He would also wrestle main eventers such as Shinsuke Nakamura, Hirooki Goto and Tajiri anddespite losing all of his big matcheshe was becoming a big crowd favorite.[13] In January 2010, NJPW announced that they would be sending Okada to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) for a developmental tour in order for him to become the wrestler NJPW believed he could be.[15][16] NJPW president Naoki Sugabayashi predicted the tour could take up to two or three years.[15] On January 31, 2010, Okada was defeated by former four-time IWGP Heavyweight Champion Hiroshi Tanahashi in his NJPW farewell match.[17]\nTotal Nonstop Action Wrestling (20102011)[edit]\nOkada at a TNA Xplosion taping in July 2010\nOkada made his TNA debut at the February 16, 2010, tapings of Impact!, losing to Alex Shelley in a dark match.[18] At the March 9 tapings, Okada was defeated by Jay Lethal in another dark match.[19] On March 20, Okada made his debut for Jersey All Pro Wrestling (JAPW) at Wild Card VI, where he was defeated by fellow TNA wrestler Samoa Joe.[20] Okada's dark matches for TNA continued on March 23 with a loss against Daniels.[21] On April 6, Okada, using only his last name, competed in his first televised TNA match when he and Homicide were defeated by Generation Me (Jeremy and Max Buck) in a tag team match, which was later broadcast on the Xplosion television program and the company's official website and YouTube channel.[22][23] That same week, Okada also began wrestling at TNA's live events.[24] On May 4, Okada and Homicide were defeated in another Xplosion match by Ink Inc. (Jesse Neal and Shannon Moore).[25] On May 17, X Division Champion Douglas Williams defeated Okada in a non-title Xplosion match.[26] On July 15, Okada made his first appearance on Impact!, running out to the ring in an attempt to stop former ECW wrestlers from taking over the show.[27] At the August 9 tapings, Okada picked up his first victory in TNA, defeating Kid Kash in a dark match.[28] On the October 8 Xplosion, Okada formed a tag team with compatriot Kiyoshi, but the two of them were then defeated in their first match together by Ink Inc.[29] On the November 26 Xplosion, Okada was defeated by Rob Terry.[30] On the December 17 Xplosion, Okada was defeated by Stevie Richards.[31] Okada and Kiyoshi had a rematch with Ink Inc. at the December 7 tapings of Xplosion, but were once again defeated.[32]\nOn January 20, 2011, Okada turned into a fan favorite as he made his second appearance on Impact!, when he was revealed as the camera man whom Samoa Joe had hired to follow D'Angelo Dinero in order to expose his lies about helping the needy.[33] During the appearance, Okada debuted a new look inspired by Kato from The Green Hornet series.[34] Okada, now renamed Okato, made his first TNA pay-per-view appearance at Against All Odds on February 13, preventing Dinero from leaving the ring during his match with Joe. After losing the match, Dinero attacked both Okato and Joe.[35][36] Okato made his Impact! in-ring debut on March 24, when he defeated Dinero via disqualification.[37] The match concluded Okato's participation in the feud between Joe and Dinero and he subsequently returned to performing under his real surname. On the June 21 Xplosion, Okada was defeated by Alex Shelley in the first round of the Xplosion Championship Challenge.[38] On October 13, his profile was removed from TNA's roster page.\nTNA's handling of Okada was reportedly one of the reasons NJPW ceased the relationship between the two promotions shortly afterwards.[39][40][41] Despite not being used by TNA, Okada has stated that he felt that his time in the promotion was beneficial to him as he learned he needed more than just a good matchhe needed a character. According to Okada, in Japanese professional wrestling \"there is no character it's fight, fight, fight\", but TNA's agents kept telling him that he needed a character, which led to him creating the \"Rainmaker\" persona upon his return to NJPW.[42][41] In October 2017, it was reported that while representatives of the American promotion, now known as Impact Wrestling, were visiting Japan, attempting to revive the relationship between their company and NJPW, they specifically apologized to Okada for his treatment.[43]\nReturn to NJPW (2010-2024)[edit]\nSporadic appearances (20102011)[edit]\nOn December 14, 2010, NJPW announced that Okada would be returning to the promotion on January 4, 2011, at Wrestle Kingdom V in Tokyo Dome, where he would team with Hirooki Goto against Noah representatives Takashi Sugiura and Yoshihiro Takayama.[44][45] On December 23, he made a surprise return to the promotion, performing a German suplex on Takayama, after a match where he and Minoru Suzuki had defeated Yuji Nagata and Wataru Inoue.[46] At Wrestle Kingdom V in Tokyo Dome, Takayama pinned Okada to win the match.[47][48] After the event, Okada returned to the United States and TNA.[49] Okada returned to NJPW during the NJPW Invasion Tour 2011 (NJPW's first tour of the United States) on May 13 in Rahway, New Jersey, but was defeated by MVP in the first round of a tournament to determine the inaugural IWGP Intercontinental Champion.[50] At the following day's event in New York City, Okada teamed with Ryusuke Taguchi and Togi Makabe in a six-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Davey Richards, Homicide and Rhino.[51] On May 15, during the final day of the tour in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Okada teamed with Charlie Haas, Josh Daniels and Tiger Mask in an eight-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Chaos (Shinsuke Nakamura, Gedo, Jado and Yujiro Takahashi).[52] On December 9, 2011, NJPW announced that Okada, having gained 11kg (24lb) of muscle to increase his overall weight from 96kg (212lb)[53] to 107kg (236lb),[2] would be returning to the promotion on January 4, 2012, at Wrestle Kingdom VI in Tokyo Dome, where he would face Yoshi-Hashi, also making his return after a learning excursion to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL).[54]\nFeud with Hiroshi Tanahashi (20122016)[edit]\nOkada in his Rainmaker pose in February 2012\nOn January 4, 2012, Okada defeated Yoshi-Hashi in his return match and then challenged Hiroshi Tanahashi to a match for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship following the show's main event.[55] At the following day's press conference, where the title match was made official, Okada revealed that he had joined Chaos, NJPW's top villainous stable, enlisting new stablemate Gedo as his manager and spokesperson.[56] Adopting the new villainous persona of \"Rainmaker\", Okada changed the Japanese writing of his ring name from \"\" to \"\".[2][4][53] Okada described his new persona as a combination of the three professional wrestling styles he had learned, stating that he took his dropkick from Mexico, his \"fighting spirit\" from Japan and the \"TV and the entertainment\" from the United States.[41]\nIn the month leading to the title match, Okada went on a main event win streak, which included pinning Tanahashi in a tag team match on January 29.[57][58][59] On February 12 at The New Beginning, Okada defeated Tanahashi to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the first time.[60] Okada made his first title defense on March 4, defeating Tetsuya Naito in the main event of NJPW's 40th anniversary event.[61] On May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2012, Okada defeated 2012 New Japan Cup winner and reigning IWGP Intercontinental Champion Hirooki Goto to make his second successful title defense.[62] On June 16 at Dominion 6.16, Okada lost the IWGP Heavyweight Championship back to Hiroshi Tanahashi, ending his reign at 125 days.[63]\nOn August 1, Okada entered his first G1 Climax tournament.[64] In the tournament, Okada wrestled in the same block as Chaos leader Shinsuke Nakamura and, on August 5, was defeated by Nakamura, who effectively solidified his spot as the group's leader in the process.[65] However, Okada bounced back from the loss, winning five of his eight round-robin stage matches and finished at the top of his block, advancing to the finals of the tournament.[66][67] In the finals on August 12, Okada defeated Karl Anderson to win the 2012 G1 Climax.[66][67] Breaking Masahiro Chono's record for the youngest G1 Climax winner in history, Okada announced that he wanted his shot at the IWGP Heavyweight Championship on January 4, 2013, at Wrestle Kingdom 7 in Tokyo Dome.[68] Okada signed a contract for the Tokyo Dome match on September 6, making him the official number one contender to the IWGP Heavyweight Championship at NJPW's biggest event of the year.[69][70] However, before January 4, Okada would have to defend his contract as if it were a championship.[71] On October 8 at King of Pro-Wrestling, Okada made his first successful defense of the contract against Karl Anderson.[72][73] On November 11 at Power Struggle, Okada made another successful defense against Hirooki Goto. Later in the event, after Hiroshi Tanahashi had successfully defended the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Yujiro Takahashi, the Tokyo Dome title match between him and Okada was made official.[74][75] From November 20 to December 1, Okada took part in the round-robin portion of the 2012 World Tag League, alongside stablemate Yoshi-Hashi under the team name \"Chaos Ride the Lightning\".[76] The team finished with a record of three wins and three losses, with a loss to Sword & Guns (Hirooki Goto and Karl Anderson) on the final day, costing them a spot in the semifinals of the tournament.[77][78] On December 10, Tokyo Sports named Okada the 2012 MVP in all of puroresu.[79][80] His match with Hiroshi Tanahashi from June 16 was also named the Match of the Year.[79][80] On January 4, 2013, at Wrestle Kingdom 7 in Tokyo Dome, Okada failed in his title challenge against Tanahashi.[81][82] On January 15, Okada publicly dismissed rumors that he was going to be signing with WWE and instead announced that he had just signed a contract extension with NJPW.[83]\nOkada as the IWGP Heavyweight Champion in February 2012\nIn February, Okada led Chaos to a war with NJPW's other heel stable, Suzuki-gun,[84] which built to a match on February 10 at The New Beginning, where Okada, positioned as the face, was defeated by the stable's leader Minoru Suzuki, following interference from Taichi.[85] In preparation for the 2013 New Japan Cup, Okada announced that he had created a new submission finishing maneuver, the Red Ink, in order to win the tournament.[86] On March 11, he used the Red Ink to defeat Suzuki-gun member and IWGP Tag Team Champion Lance Archer in his first round match.[87][88] Six days later, Okada advanced to the semifinals of the tournament with a win over Karl Anderson.[89] On March 23, Okada first defeated Chaos stablemate Toru Yano in the semifinals and then Hirooki Goto in the finals to win the 2013 New Japan Cup and once again become the number one contender to Tanahashi's IWGP Heavyweight Championship.[90][91][92] On April 7 at Invasion Attack, Okada defeated Tanahashi to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the second time.[93][94][95] On May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2013, Okada made his first successful title defense against Minoru Suzuki.[96][97] His second successful defense took place on June 22 at Dominion 6.22 against Togi Makabe.[98][99] On July 20, Okada made his third successful title defense against IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion Prince Devitt.[100][101][102][103] From August 1 to 11, Okada took part in the 2013 G1 Climax,[104] where he opened by losing three of his first four matches.[105] After bouncing back to a three-match win streak and a time limit draw with Hiroshi Tanahashi,[106] Okada finished his tournament with a loss against Satoshi Kojima, which meant that he was eliminated from the tournament.[107][108] On August 18, Okada made a rare appearance outside of NJPW, when he took part in the DDT Pro-Wrestling promotion's annual Rygoku Peter Pan event, defeating Kota Ibushi in a special non-title match.[109][110][111] On September 29 at Destruction, Okada avenged the loss from G1 Climax by defeating Satoshi Kojima for his fourth successful defense of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship.[112][113]\nOn October 14 at King of Pro-Wrestling, Okada made his fifth successful title defense against Hiroshi Tanahashi in what Tanahashi claimed would be his final challenge for the title.[114][115][116] On November 9 at Power Struggle, Okada defeated Karl Anderson in a rematch of the 2012 G1 Climax finals for his sixth successful title defense.[117][118][119] Okada and his next challenger, 2013 G1 Climax winner Tetsuya Naito, faced off on November 23 during the first day of the 2013 World Tag League in a match, where Okada and Yoshi-Hashi were victorious over Naito and La Sombra.[120] Okada and Yoshi-Hashi however managed to win only one of their five remaining matches in the tournament and finished second to last in their block, failing to advance to the semifinals.[121] Following a disappointing fan reaction to a confrontation between Okada and Naito, NJPW announced that fans would get to vote whether they or Shinsuke Nakamura and Hiroshi Tanahashi for the IWGP Intercontinental Championship would be the true main event of the Tokyo Dome show.[122][123] When the results were released on December 9, Okada and Naito had gotten only half the votes Nakamura and Tanahashi had gotten and, as a result, lost their main event spot for NJPW's biggest show of the year.[124][125] That same day, Okada became the first wrestler in 25 years to win back-to-back MVP awards from Tokyo Sports.[126][127] On January 4, 2014, at Wrestle Kingdom 8 in Tokyo Dome, Okada defeated Naito for his seventh successful title defense.[128][129] Okada's eighth successful title defense took place on February 11 at The New Beginning in Osaka, where he defeated Hirooki Goto.[130][131] On April 6 at Invasion Attack 2014, Okada found himself a new challenger in Bullet Club's newest member, the debuting A.J. Styles, who claimed that Okada was still the same \"young boy\" (rookie) he had known in TNA.[132][133] On May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2014, Okada's thirteen-month reign as the IWGP Heavyweight Champion came to an end, when he lost the title to Styles in his ninth defense, after Yujiro Takahashi turned on him and Chaos and joined Bullet Club.[134][135][136]\nOkada in May 2014\nIn May, Okada took part in NJPW's North American tour, during which he received a rematch for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. On May 17 at War of the Worlds in New York City, Okada unsuccessfully challenged Styles for the title in a three-way match, which also included Michael Elgin, whom Styles pinned for the win.[137] Okada received another shot at the title on May 25 at Back to the Yokohama Arena, but was again defeated by Styles.[138][139] From July 21 to August 8, Okada took part in the 2014 G1 Climax, where he won his block with a record of eight wins and two losses, which included a win over Styles,[140] advancing to the finals.[141][142] On August 10, Okada defeated Chaos stablemate Shinsuke Nakamura to win the 2014 G1 Climax.[143][144] On September 21 at Destruction in Kobe, Okada teamed with Yoshi-Hashi to unsuccessfully challenge Bullet Club's Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson for the IWGP Tag Team Championship.[145][146] Two days later at Destruction in Okayama, Okada successfully defended his IWGP Heavyweight Championship number one contender's contract against Karl Anderson.[147][148] On October 13 at King of Pro-Wrestling, Okada made another successful defense of his contract against Tetsuya Naito.[149][150] The following month, Okada once again teamed up with Yoshi-Hashi for the 2014 World Tag League.[151] The team finished their block with a record of four wins and three losses, failing to advance to the finals.[152] On January 4, 2015, at Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome, Okada received his shot at the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated by the defending champion, Hiroshi Tanahashi.[153][154] Okada then started a stoyline, where the loss to Tanahashi had broken him both physically and mentally, causing him to enter a slump.[155] This led to a rivalry between him and Bullet Club's Bad Luck Fale, who scored several pinfall wins over Okada, including in the first round of the 2015 New Japan Cup.[156][157] Okada finally defeated Fale in a singles match on April 5 at Invasion Attack 2015, after which he announced his intention of regaining the IWGP Heavyweight Championship by attacking A.J. Styles at the conclusion of the event.[158][159]\nOkada celebrating after capturing the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the third time in July 2015\nOn July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Okada defeated Styles to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the third time.[160][161] From July 23 to August 15, Okada took part in the 2015 G1 Climax.[162] He entered the final day with a chance to advance from his block, but a loss against Chaos stablemate Shinsuke Nakamura cost him a spot in the finals, giving him a record of seven wins and two losses.[163] On August 16, Okada had a staredown with Genichiro Tenryu, who chose him to be his opponent in his retirement match.[164] On November 15 at Revolution Final, Okada defeated Tenryu in his retirement match.[165][166] On December 7, Okada won his third MVP award from Tokyo Sports, while his match with Tenryu was named the Match of the Year.[167][168] With the win, Okada became only the fifth three-time MVP award winner.[169] In December 2015, Okada signed a one-year contract extension with NJPW. However, following A.J. Styles and Shinsuke Nakamura's departures from the promotion the following month, NJPW owner Takaaki Kidani announced that the promotion was scrapping the one-year contract system and was looking to offer Okada, their top priority, a new five-year 200 million contract.[170] On January 4, 2016, Okada defeated 2015 G1 Climax winner Hiroshi Tanahashi in the main event of Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome to retain the IWGP Heavyweight Championship and becoming the new ace of the promotion, the match at that time was the longest in the history of the January 4 Dome Show .[171]\nLongest-reigning IWGP Heavyweight Champion (20162018)[edit]\nOkada as the IWGP Heavyweight Champion in February 2016\nOkada made his third successful title defense on February 11 at The New Beginning in Osaka against Hirooki Goto.[172] On April 10 at Invasion Attack 2016, Okada lost the IWGP Heavyweight Championship to 2016 New Japan Cup winner Tetsuya Naito, following outside interference from Naito's Los Ingobernables de Japn stablemates Bushi, Evil and the debuting Sanada.[173] Okada gained revenge on Sanada by defeating him on May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2016.[174] This led to a rematch with Naito on June 19 at Dominion 6.19 in Osaka-jo Hall, where Okada won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the fourth time.[175][176] From July 18 to August 12, Okada took part in the 2016 G1 Climax, where he finished tied second in his block with a record of five wins, one draw and three losses.[177] A 30-minute time limit draw against Hiroshi Tanahashi on the final day eliminated both men from advancing to the finals.[178] During the G1 Climax, Okada was defeated by Pro Wrestling Noah representative Naomichi Marufuji, which led to his first title defense following the tournament on October 10 at King of Pro-Wrestling, where Okada retained the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Marufuji, thus setting up the main event of Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome between Okada and the 2016 G1 Climax winner Kenny Omega.[179] On December 14, Okada became the second wrestler to win three consecutive Match of the Year awards from Tokyo Sports for his 2016 G1 Climax opener against Naomichi Marufuji.[180]\nOn January 4, 2017, Okada successfully defended the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Kenny Omega at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome.[181] At 46 minutes and 45 seconds, the match was the longest in the history of the January 4 Tokyo Dome Show until the main event of Wrestle Kingdom 15.[182] Wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer, in his Wrestling Observer Newsletter, gave the match a six-star rating. He added that Okada and Omega \"may have put on the greatest match in pro wrestling history\" and that it was the best match he had ever seen.[183] The match was also praised by the likes of Daniel Bryan, Mick Foley and Stone Cold Steve Austin.[184][185] The day after Wrestle Kingdom 11, Okada and Chaos were attacked by the returning Minoru Suzuki and his Suzuki-gun stable,[186] which led to his third title defense on February 5 at The New Beginning in Sapporo, where he defeated Suzuki.[187][188] Okada's fourth defense took place on April 9 at Sakura Genesis 2017, where he defeated 2017 New Japan Cup winner Katsuyori Shibata.[189][190] Okada's fifth defense took place on May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2017, where he defeated Bad Luck Fale. After the match, Okada nominated Omega as his next challenger for the championship.[191][192] The rematch between Okada and Omega on June 11 at Dominion 6.11 in Osaka-jo Hall ended in NJPW's first 60-minute time limit draw in 12 years, meaning that Okada was successful in his sixth defense.[193][194] Okada's seventh title defense took place during the first night of G1 Special in USA on July 1, where he defeated Cody.[195][196] Okada then entered the 2017 G1 Climax, where he finished with a record of six wins, one draw and two losses,[197] failing to advance to the finals due to losing to Kenny Omega in their third match against each other on August 12.[198] On October 9 at King of Pro-Wrestling, Okada avenged a loss suffered during the 2017 G1 Climax by making his eighth successful title defense against Evil, setting him up against G1 Climax winner Tetsuya Naito in the main event of Wrestle Kingdom 12.[199][200]\nOn October 22, Okada became the longest-reigning IWGP Heavyweight Champion in history by breaking the previous record of 489 days, held by Shinya Hashimoto. On January 3, 2018, Okada also broke Hiroshi Tanahashi's record of 1,358 combined days as champion.[201] The following day at Wrestle Kingdom 12, Okada defeated Tetsuya Naito to retain the title.[202] On February 10 at The New Beginning in Osaka, Okada defeated Sanada to retain the championship for the tenth time.[203] On March 21, Okada was challenged for the title by New Japan Cup winner Zack Sabre Jr. and at Sakura Genesis went on to defeat Sabre Jr. to tie Hiroshi Tanahashi's record for most successful title defenses in one reign at 11 defenses. After the match, Okada was confronted by Tanahashi, indicating a future match for the title. They met at Wrestling Dontaku 2018, where Okada defeated Tanahashi for his record-breaking 12th successful title defense,[204] breaking Tanahashi's record of 11, and earning a 5 1/2 Star rating from Wrestling Observer Newsletter. His next challenger was then revealed to be Kenny Omega, having been chosen due to Okada's frustration with having one win, draw, and loss against him. In their fourth match, they competed in a two out of three falls match at Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall (with no time limit to ensure there is no possibility of a draw as in their second singles match at Dominion 6.11), where Omega defeated Okada 21 to win the championship after a 65-minute match, ending Okada's record-breaking championship reign at 720 days.[205]\nGedo's betrayal and various feuds (20182021)[edit]\nOkada then entered the 2018 G1 Climax, where he finished with a record of six wins, one draw and two losses, exactly the same as the previous year's event, failing to advance to the finals.[206] The event saw a change of image for Okada following the defeat by Omega, with his hair dyed red and portraying an indifferent attitude.[207] This caused him to lose his first two matches against Jay White and Bad Luck Fale,[208][209] although he would go on to the win the rest of the matches in his block, until the last one; another 30-minute time limit draw against Tanahashi.[206] At the 2018 G1 Climax Finals, Okada parted ways with his longtime manager Gedo.[210] Unsatisfied by their draw in the G1, Tanahashi opted to defend the contract for his Wrestle Kingdom 13 title shot against Okada. On September 23 at Destruction in Kobe, Okada was defeated by Tanahashi.\nAfterwards, he was attacked by Jay White before Gedo, his former manager, came out seemingly to stop him, only to betray Okada by hitting him in the back with a chair.[211] This led to a match between White and Okada at Wrestle Kingdom 13, where he was defeated. In March, Okada competed in the New Japan Cup. He defeated Michael Elgin in Round 1, and fellow Chaos members Mikey Nicholls, Will Ospreay, and Tomohiro Ishii in Round 2, the Quarterfinals, and Semi-Finals, respectively. He went on to defeat Sanada in the finals of the tournament and win his second New Japan Cup. In doing so, he won the opportunity to challenge Jay White at New Japan/Ring of Honor joint show, G1 Supercard, for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship.[212] At the event on April 6, Okada defeated White to win the title for the fifth time.[213]\nOkada then successfully defended his title against Sanada on the second night of the Wrestling Dontaku 2019 event.[214] Then, Okada successfully defended his title against Chris Jericho at Dominion 6.9 for his second title defense.[215] At Royal Quest, Okada defeated Minoru Suzuki for his third title defence, subsequently going on retain the title again at King of Pro Wrestling vs Sanada which would set up a title match with G1 Climax winner Kota Ibushi at Wrestle Kingdom 14. On the first night of the two-day event, Okada retained the Championship against Ibushi, enabling him to advance to the Double Gold Dash Title-For-Title Match on Night 2, where Okada's fifth reign was ended by IWGP Intercontinental Champion Tetsuya Naito.\nOkada then entered a feud with Taichi, where at The New Beginning in Sapporo night 2, Okada defeated Taichi. Okada was then announced to be facing Jay White in the first round of the New Japan Cup 2020, however due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all New Japan Cup and further New Japan events were postponed. Okada defeated Gedo in the first round of the New Japan Cup, followed by subsequent victories over Yuji Nagata, Taiji Ishimori, and Hiromu Takahashi, before losing to Evil in the final.\nAt Dominion in Osaka-jo Hall, Okada was on the losing side of a tag team match, teaming with Goto against Bullet Club's Yujiro Takahashi and Taiji Ishimori, when Takahashi pinned Goto. This began a small feud with Takahashi, culminating in Okada defeating him at Sengoku Lord in Nagoya on July 25. During a post-match interview, Okada teased a \"controversial announcement\".[216] Three days later, during a press conference, NJPW chairman Naoki Sugabayashi alongside Okada announced the creation of the KOPW Championship; Okada then proceeded to introduce the title and its concept, also announcing KOPW 2021 for the following year.[217][218] The tournament to crown the inaugural champion began on August 26 with four first round matches leading to a four-way final at Summer Struggle in Jingu.[219] In the first round, Okada was paired off against Takahashi and the fans were allowed to vote for the stipulations online on the social networking service Twitter. Fans had the choice to vote for either a three-on-one handicap match including Gedo and Jado (Okada's choice) or a lumberjack with leather belts match (Takahashi's choice); fans voted for the former. On August 26, Okada soundly defeated his three opponents but would lose to stablemate Toru Yano three days later in the final which also included El Desperado and Sanada.[219][220] From September 19 until October 16, Okada took part in G1 Climax 30 as part of block A, finishing the tournament with a record of six wins and three losses.[221] Going into the final day of block A matches, Okada had a slim chance to qualify for the final needing a victory against Will Ospreay and for both Kota Ibushi and Jay White to lose their respective matches. However, Ospreay's girlfriend Bea Priestley and the returning Great O-Kharn interfered in the match, helping earn victory for Ospreay and ending Okada's tournament. Afterwards, Ospreay cemented his heel turn by attacking Okada and would officially leave Chaos to start a new faction named The Empire. Following the tournament, Okada was gunning for revenge against Ospreay for his actions. On November 7, at Power Struggle, Okada defeated O-Khan via referee's decision.[222] Post match, he was confronted by Ospreay who challenged him to a match at Wrestle Kingdom 15, which Okada accepted.[223] On January 4, 2021, at Wrestle Kingdom 15 Night 1, Okada defeated Ospreay.[224]\nChampionship reigns and departure (20212024)[edit]\nOkada in September 2021\nFollowing Will Ospreay relinquishing the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship after Wrestling Dontaku, Okada faced Shingo Takagi at Dominion 6.6 in Osaka-jo Hall in a losing effort for the vacant title. In October 2021, Okada would win the G1 Climax for the third time in his career, finishing top of his block with 16 points (a joint record for ten-man G1 blocks) and defeating Kota Ibushi in the tournament finals, and earning himself another shot at Takagi and the championship.[225] After winning the G1, Okada requested that, instead of the usual briefcase and contract for the title shot at Wrestle Kingdom, he be awarded the former IWGP Heavyweight Championship belt which Ibushi had retired earlier in 2021.[226] Okada's request was approved and he appeared at Road to Power Struggle on October 25 with the belt, and he would defeat Tama Tonga at the event to retain the certificate. On November 13, Okada returned to the US to defeat Buddy Matthews at Battle in the Valley.[227] On Night 1 of Wrestle Kingdom 16, Okada defeated Takagi to win the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship for the first time. He would also retain it against a returning Ospreay on Night 2. On Night 3, Okada teamed with Hiroshi Tanahashi to defeat Pro Wrestling Noah's Keiji Mutoh and Kaito Kiyomiya.[228]\nOkada's first title defence came on February 20, during the NJPW New Years Golden Series, where he defeated Tetsuya Naito.[229] Okada once again teamed with Tanahashi alongside Tatsumi Fujinami to defeat Zack Sabre Jr, Minoru Suzuki and Yoshiaki Fujiwara, at the NJPW 50th Anniversary Show on March 1.[230] On April 9, Okada defeated Sabre Jr, who had won the New Japan Cup, at Hyper Battle.[231] On May 1, Okada once again defeated Naito at Wrestling Dontaku.[232] After being attacked by the returning Jay White, Okada was scheduled to face White at Dominion 6.12 in Osaka-jo Hall. White defeated Okada for the World Championship at the event, ending Okada's reign at 159 days.[233]\nAlso at Dominion, Okada was announced to be part of the G1 Climax 32 tournament in July, where he would compete in the A Block.[234] He finished with 10 points, only losing once to Jonah, to advance to the semi-finals.[235] In the semi-final round, Okada defeated B Block winner Tama Tonga.[236] In the final, Okada defeated Will Ospreay, to win his second consecutive and fourth overall G1 Climax.[237] The following day, during a press conference, instead of receiving a briefcase containing a contract for a title shot at Wrestle Kingdom, Okada proposed the winner of the G1 Climax should be automatically inserted into the main event at the Tokyo Dome, instead of defending his title shot. On October 10 at Declaration of Power, Okada avenged a loss suffered during the 2022 G1 Climax by defeating Jonah. Later that night, Okada confronted Jay White, after he successfully defended the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship, setting up the main event for Wrestle Kingdom 17. On December 15, 2022, Okada won his fifth MVP award from Tokyo Sports, while his match with Will Ospreay was named the Match of the Year.[238][239] With his fifth overall MVP award, he just one behind Antonio Inoki in most overall MVP Awards. On January 4, 2023, at Wrestle Kingdom, Okada defeated White, regaining the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship.[240] The following day at New Year Dash, Okada teamed with longtime rival and new IWGP United States Heavyweight Champion, Kenny Omega to defeat United Empire's Aaron Henare and Jeff Cobb.[241]\nFollowing his victory at Wrestle Kingdom 17, Okada began an interpromotional rivalry with Kaito Kiyomiya, who was the reigning GHC Heavyweight Champion at Pro Wrestling NOAH. The feud began at Wrestle Kingdom 17 in Yokohama Arena a tag-team match between NJPW's Okada and Togi Makabe and NOAH's Kiyomiya and Yoshiki Inamura, broke down as Okada and Kiyomiya continuously brawled outside the ring, due to Kiyomiya kicking Okada in the head and causing him to bleed, which infuriated Okada. This caused the match to end in a no-contest as Makabe and Inamura attempted to restrain their partners.[242] The rivalry intensified when Okada attacked Kiyamoya at Noah Great Voyage in Osaka, following Kiyomiya's successful title defense.[243] A few weeks later, Okada made his first IWGP World Heavyweight title defense on February 11 at The New Beginning in Osaka, defeating Shingo Takagi.[244] Okada made a second successful title defense the following week at Battle in the Valley, defeating Hiroshi Tanahashi.[245] On February 21, Okada defeated Kaito Kiyomiya at Keiji Muto Grand Final Pro-Wrestling \"Last\" Love.[246] Okada lost the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship at Sakura Genesis to New Japan Cup winner Sanada, ending his second reign at 94 days.[247]\nOn May 3, at Wrestling Dontaku, Okada teamed with Ishii and Tanahashi to defeat Strong Style (Suzuki, El Desperado and Ren Narita) to win the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship, marking Okada's first non-world/heavyweight championship and first ever tag team championship in his entire wrestling career.[248] At the Dominion 6.4 in Osaka-jo Hall event on June 4, Okada, Ishii and Tanahashi successfully defended the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship against Blackpool Combat Club (BCC) (Jon Moxley and Claudio Castagnoli) and Shota Umino.[249] After the match, Moxley announced that he had an announcement for Okada, leading to a pre-taped video being showed, involving Moxley and Castagnoli's BCC teammate Bryan Danielson, who challenged Okada to a future match.[250] In a NJPW press conference two days after the event, Okada officially accepted Danielson's challenge, setting up a match between the two at Forbidden Door.[251] Before the event, Okada represented NJPW at All Together Again, which was a co-event between Japan's top 3 wrestling companies, teaming with All Japan Pro Wrestling's (AJPW) Yuma Aoyagi and Pro Wrestling Noah's (NOAH) Kenoh to defeat Kento Miyahara (AJPW), Kaito Kiyomiya (NOAH) and Hiroshi Tanahashi (NJPW).[252]\nFollowing a loss to Danielson at Forbidden Door, Okada attempted to rebound by competing in the annual G1 Climax tournament in July. Okada would compete in the B Block, finishing with a near-perfect record of 12 points, after losing to rival Will Ospreay.[253] Despite this, Okada finished top of the block, thus advancing him to the quarterfinal round.[254] Okada went on to defeat both Zack Sabre Jr and Evil to advance to the finals.[255][256] In the tournament final, Okada lost to Tetsuya Naito, marking Okada's first-ever loss in a G1 final.[257] Okada, Tanahashi and Ishii continued defending their Never Openweight 6-man tag-team Championships, defeating Impact Wrestling's, Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) and Josh Alexander, at Destruction in Rygoku in October.[258] Another successful title defence was made the following month at Power Struggle, where the trio defeated TMDK (Mikey Nicholls, Shane Haste and Zack Sabre Jr..[259] After the match, Bryan Danielson appeared on the titantron, challenging Okada to a rematch at Wrestle Kingdom 18, which Okada immediately accepted.[260] On January 4, 2024, at Wrestle Kingdom 18, Okada defeated Danielson, avenging his loss at Forbidden Door. Following the match, the two men bowed to each other, showing their mutual respect.[261]\nIn January 2024, NJPW announced that Okada would not be renewing his contract at the end of that month, and would cease being a full-time performer for the company after fulfilling his dates at The New Beginning series of events a month later.[262] On January 24, after successfully defending the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship against TMDK (Kosei Fujita, Mikey Nicholls, Shane Haste), Okada decided to vacate the titles, due to him leaving NJPW, ending their reign at 266 days.[263] On February 11 at The New Beginning in Osaka, Okada defeated Hiroshi Tanahashi in the last match between them, ending their long-standing rivalry.[264][265][266] Okada wrestled his last match as a NJPW talent on night 2 of The New Beginning in Sapporo, teaming with fellow Chaos members Hiroki Goto, YOSHI-HASHI, Tomohiro Ishii, and Toru Yano, in a winning effort against United Empire and Matt Riddle. This marked Okadas last appearance for NJPW.[267]\nConsejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (2018)[edit]\nOn August 17, 2018, Okada, with Negro Casas and ltimo Guerrero, defeated Diamante Azul, Valiente and Mstico in Arena Mxico.[268]\nAll Elite Wrestling (2022present)[edit]\nSporadic appearances (20222023)[edit]\nSince NJPW had an alliance with All Elite Wrestling (AEW), Okada made some appearances in AEW. He made his debut on the June 22nd, 2022 episode of AEW Dynamite, coming to the aid of Adam Page while he was being attacked by Jay White and Adam Cole.[269] He would have his first match at Forbidden Door, where he lost to Jay White in a four-way match for the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship, also including Cole and Page.[270] On the June 21, 2023 episode of Dynamite, Okada made his return to AEW to confront Bryan Danielson ahead of their match at Forbidden Door.[271] At the event on June 25, Okada lost to Danielson via submission.[272]\nThe Elite and Continental Champion (2024present)[edit]\nMain article: The Elite (professional wrestling)\nOn the March 6, 2024 episode of Dynamite, Okada returned to AEW, now as a signed talent, turning heel and joining The Elite when he attacked Eddie Kingston, siding with the Young Bucks.[273][274] On the March 20 episode of Dynamite, Okada defeated Kingston to win the AEW Continental Championship.[275] On April 21 at AEW Dynasty, Okada successfully defended his title in his first title defense against Pac.[276] On the April 24 episode of Dynamite, Okada and the rest of The Elite (now including Jack Perry) attacked AEW President and CEO Tony Khan.[277] On the May 15 episode of Dynamite, Okada successfully defended the Continental Championship against Dax Harwood.[278] At Double or Nothing on May 26, The Elite defeated Team AEW (Bryan Danielson, Darby Allin, and FTR (Cash Wheeler and Dax Harwood)) in an Anarchy in the Arena match.[279]\nReturn to TNA (2024)[edit]\nOn January 25, 2024, Okada made his in-ring return to TNA for the first time in 13 years in a Six-man tag team match teaming with the Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) in a winning effort against TNA World Champion Moose and the System (Eddie Edwards and Brian Myers).\nOther media[edit]\nAlong with fellow NJPW wrestler Shinsuke Nakamura, Okada is featured in the Japanese music video for Pharrell Williams' song Happy, released in May 2014.[280] In 2015, Okada voiced a character in the World Trigger anime series.[281] The following year, he voiced a character in another anime, Future Card Buddy Fight 100.[282] Okada, along with fellow NJPW wrestlers Hiroshi Tanahashi, Hiroyoshi Tenzan, Satoshi Kojima, Tetsuya Naito and Toru Yano, appears as a member of the gang Justis in the 2016 video game Yakuza 6: The Song of Life.[283] In January 2017, it was announced that the Tekken 7: Fated Retribution video game would feature Okada's in-ring costume as an alternate outfit for the character King. When equipped, King performs Okada's finishing maneuver, the Rainmaker, as his \"Rage Art\" move.[284] The Okada-geared King was featured on the September 12, 2017 episode of WWE's 205 Live program.[285] Okada also appears as a wrestler in the 2017 NJPW-licensed video game Fire Pro Wrestling World.\nOkada played rhythm guitar on several tracks on The High Crusade's extended play Main Statement, which was released on January 20, 2020.[286]\nPersonal life[edit]\nOkada was engaged to TV Asahi presenter Yoko Mori, whom he had been in a relationship with from 2013 to 2017.[287] In August 2014, after his uncle and cousin had both been diagnosed with cancer, Okada established the \"Rainmaker Kikin\" (\"Rainmaker Fund\") to battle children's cancer. For every match Okada won, he pledged to donate 30,000 (the equivalent of US$277.20).[288][289]\nIn April 2019, voice actress Suzuko Mimori announced her marriage to Okada.[290] In May 2022, it was announced that the couple are expecting their first child.[291] In August, they welcomed the birth of their baby boy.[292]\nOkada supports English football team Manchester City.[293] He stated that he supports Man City after watching \"All or Nothing\" documentary of their success on Amazon Prime.[294]\nOkada also supports J1 League team, FC Tokyo, attended the club's 2023 squad launch as well as their match against Shonan Bellmare on 9 April 2023.[295][296]\nFilmography[edit]\nFilm[edit]\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n2018\nMy Dad is a Heel Wrestler\nDragon Joji\nTelevision[edit]\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n2009\nAtashinchi no Danshi\nGoro\n2015\nWorld Trigger\nHimself\nVoice\n2015\nTamiou\nOkada\n2016\nFuture Card Buddy Fight 100\nHimself\nVoice\n201618\n99.9 Criminal Lawyer\nHimself\n2 episodes\nVideo games[edit]\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n2016\nYakuza 6: The Song of Life\nOkada\nFictionalized version of himself\n2017\nYakuza Kiwami 2\nOkada\nFictionalized version of himself, likeness only\n2017\nFire Pro Wrestling World\nHimself\nLikeness only\nChampionships and accomplishments[edit]\nOkada is a five-time IWGP Heavyweight Champion\nAll Elite Wrestling\nAEW Continental Championship (1 time, current)\nCBS Sports\nMatch of the Year (2018) vs. Kenny Omega at Dominion 6.9[297]\nNew Japan Pro-Wrestling\nIWGP World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)[298]\nIWGP Heavyweight Championship (5 times)[2]\nNEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) with Hiroshi Tanahashi and Tomohiro Ishii[299]\nG1 Climax (2012, 2014, 2021, 2022)[2]\nNew Japan Cup (2013, 2019)[90][212]\nBest Bout (2017) vs. Kenny Omega on June 11[300]\nNikkan Sports\nMVP Award (2012, 2013, 2015, 2017)[301][302][303][304]\nMatch of the Year Award (2012) vs. Hiroshi Tanahashi on February 12[301]\nMatch of the Year Award (2014) vs. Shinsuke Nakamura on August 10[305]\nMatch of the Year Award (2017) vs. Kenny Omega on January 4[304]\nMatch of the Year Award (2018) vs. Kenny Omega on June 9[306]\nOutstanding Performance Award (2012)[301]\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nRanked No. 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017[307]\nMatch of the Year (2017) vs. Kenny Omega at Wrestle Kingdom 11[308]\nMatch of the Year (2018) vs. Kenny Omega at Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall[308]\nFeud of the Year (2017) vs. Kenny Omega[308]\nSports Illustrated\nRanked No. 4 of the top 10 male wrestlers in 2019 tied with Seth Rollins[309]\nRanked No. 6 of the top 10 wrestlers in 2017[310]\nTokyo Sports\nBest Bout Award (2012) vs. Hiroshi Tanahashi on June 16[79][80]\nBest Bout Award (2014) vs. Shinsuke Nakamura on August 10[311]\nBest Bout Award (2015) vs. Genichiro Tenryu on November 15[167]\nBest Bout Award (2016) vs. Naomichi Marufuji on July 18[180]\nBest Bout Award (2017) vs. Kenny Omega on January 4[312]\nBest Bout Award (2018) vs. Kenny Omega on June 9[313]\nBest Bout Award (2019) vs. Sanada on October 14[314]\nBest Bout Award (2020) vs. Tetsuya Naito on January 5 at Wrestle Kingdom 14[315]\nBest Bout Award (2022) vs. Will Ospreay on August 18[238]\nMVP Award (2012, 2013, 2015, 2019, 2022)[79][126][167][314][239]\nToryumon Mexico\nYoung Dragons Cup (2005)[10]\nWrestling Observer Newsletter\nBest Wrestling Maneuver (2012, 2013) Rainmaker[316][317]\nFeud of the Year (2012, 2013) vs. Hiroshi Tanahashi[316][317]\nFeud of the Year (2017) vs. Kenny Omega[318]\nMost Improved (2012)[316]\nMost Outstanding Wrestler (2017)[318]\nPro Wrestling Match of the Year (2013) vs. Hiroshi Tanahashi on April 7[317][319]\nPro Wrestling Match of the Year (2016) vs. Hiroshi Tanahashi on January 4[320]\nPro Wrestling Match of the Year (2017) vs. Kenny Omega on January 4[318]\nPro Wrestling Match of the Year (2018) vs. Kenny Omega on June 9[321]\nPro Wrestling Match of the Year (2022) vs. Will Ospreay on August 18[322][323]\nWrestler of the Year (2017)[318]\nJapan MVP (2019, 2022)[322][323]\nMost Outstanding Wrestler of the Decade (2010s)[8][322][323]\nBest Matches of the Decade (2010s)[8]\nWrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2021)[324]\nReferences[edit]\n^ \"2019.01.21 CMLL FANTASTICA MANIA 2019 Night8 | NEW JAPAN PRO-WRESTLING\".\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k . 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Retrieved 2017-06-12.\n^ Radican, Sean (2017-07-01). \"Radican's 7/1 NJPW G1 Special In USA (night 1) report tournament begins to crown first IWGP U.S. Champion, Okada defends IWGP Hvt. Championship against Cody (Rhodes)\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2017-07-01.\n^ . Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). 2017-07-02. Archived from the original on 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2017-07-02.\n^ \"2017 New Japan G1 Climax Standings, Results, Viewing Guide\". Pro Wrestling Torch. 2017-08-12. Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2017-08-13.\n^ Rose, Bryan (2017-08-12). \"NJPW G1 Climax 27 B Block finals live results: Okada vs. Omega III\". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 2017-08-12.\n^ Rose, Bryan (2017-10-08). \"NJPW King of Pro Wrestling live results: Kazuchika Okada vs. Evil\". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 2017-10-09.\n^ . Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). 2017-10-10. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. 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Bet no one knew @rainmakerXokada could play power chords, but here we are. Thank you, @SuperChrisSabin and @iPeteyWilliams. Bros\". Twitter. Retrieved January 21, 2020.\n^ . Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). 2017-01-16. Archived from the original on 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2017-01-16.\n^ G124812G1!! !!. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (in Japanese). 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-12.\n^ G . Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). 2014-08-12. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-12.\n^ Chapman, Paul (2019-04-12). \"Voice Actress Suzuko Mimori Marries Pro-Wrestler Kazuchika Okada\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 2019-04-12.\n^ [Kazuchika Okada and Suzuko Mimori's long-awaited first child The ace who is about to become a father is also keen on raising children, saying he might take a break from playing games.]. Yahoo! Japan (in Japanese). 2022-05-30. Archived from the original on 2022-05-30. Retrieved 2022-05-31.\n^ \"1!! \" [Suzuko Mimori announces the birth of her first child, a boy. \"For some reason I laughed out loud more than I was moved!! To Kazuchika Okada's father]. ORICON NEWS (in Japanese). 19 August 2022. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-19.\n^ \"Tony Khan: Kazuchika Okada Told Me 17 Times He's a Manchester City Fan | Fightful News\". Fightful. 2022-06-26. Retrieved 2022-06-26.\n^ \" \"\" | footballista | \". footballista (in Japanese). 20 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-07-14.\n^ \"2023 FC\". sp.njpw.jp (in Japanese). New Japan Pro-wrestling. Retrieved 3 September 2023.\n^ \"4/94/9() \". www.fctokyo.co.jp (in Japanese). FC Tokyo. Retrieved 3 September 2023.\n^ Silverstein, Adam (December 26, 2018). \"The Man comes around: Becky Lynch breaks out for WWE as the 2018 Wrestler of the Year\". CBS Sports.\n^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (January 4, 2022). \"IWGP World Heavyweight Championship\". Cagematch. 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Wrestling Observer Newsletter.\n^ \"Se revelan los nuevos miembros del Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame 2021\". 14 January 2022.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Kazuchika Okada.\nKazuchika Okada's New Japan Pro-Wrestling profile\nKazuchika Okada's profile at Cagematch.net , Internet Wrestling Database\nKazuchika Okada on Twitter\n on Instagram\nLinks to related articles\nvteAll Elite WrestlingPersonnelMen's division\nAaron Solo\nAction Andretti\nAdam Cole\nAdam Copeland\n\"Hangman\" Adam Page\nAlex Reynolds\nAnglico\nAngelo Parker\nAnthony Bowens\nAnthony Ogogo\nAR Fox\nAri Daivari\nAustin Gunn\nBandido\nBig Bill\nBilly Gunn\nBishop Kaun\nThe Blade\nBlake Christian\nBoulder\nBrandon Cutler\nBrian Cage\nBrody King\nBryan Danielson\nBryan Keith\nBuddy Matthews\nThe Butcher\nCash Wheeler\nChris Jericho\nChristian Cage\nChuck Taylor\nClaudio Castagnoli\nColt Cabana\nColten Gunn\nDanhausen\nDaniel Garcia\nDante Martin\nDarby Allin\nDarius Martin\nDax Harwood\nDralstico\nDustin Rhodes\nEddie Kingston\nEvil Uno\nGriff Garrison\nHook\nIsiah Kassidy\nJack Perry\nJake Hager\nJay Lethal\nJay White\nJeff Hardy\nJeff Jarrett\nJohn Silver\nJohnny TV\nJon Moxley\nJosh Woods\nJuice Robinson\nKatsuyori Shibata\nKazuchika Okada\nKeith Lee\nKenny Omega\nKillswitch\nKip Sabian\nKomander\nKonosuke Takeshita\nKota Ibushi\nKyle Fletcher\nKyle O'Reilly\nLance Archer\nLee Johnson\nLee Moriarty\nMalakai Black\nMark Briscoe\nMark Davis\nMarq Quen\nMatt Menard\nMatt Sydal\nMatt Taven\nMatthew Jackson\nMax Caster\nMike Bennett\nMiro\nMJF\nNicholas Jackson\nNick Comoroto\nNick Wayne\nOrange Cassidy\nOrtiz\nPac\nPenta El Zero M\nPeter Avalon\nPowerhouse Hobbs\nPreston Vance\nRey Fenix\nRicky Starks\nRocky Romero\nRoderick Strong\nRush\nSammy Guevara\nSamoa Joe\nSatnam Singh\nScorpio Sky\nSerpentico\nShane Taylor\nSwerve Strickland\nToa Liona\nTony Nese\nTrent Beretta\nWardlow\nWheeler Yuta\nWill Ospreay\nZack Knight\nWomen's division\nAbadon\nAnna Jay\nAthena\nBillie Starkz\nDr. Britt Baker, D.M.D.\nDeonna Purrazzo\nDiamante\nEmi Sakura\nHarley Cameron\nHikaru Shida\nJamie Hayter\nJulia Hart\nKamille\nKiera Hogan\nKris Statlander\nLeila Grey\nLeyla Hirsch\nMadison Rayne\nMariah May\nMarina Shafir\nMegan Bayne\nMercedes Martinez\nMercedes Mon\nNyla Rose\nPenelope Ford\nQueen Aminata\nRed Velvet\nRiho\nRuby Soho\nSaraya\nSerena Deeb\nSkye Blue\nTay Melo\nTaya Valkyrie\nThunder Rosa\nToni Storm\nWillow Nightingale\nYuka Sakazaki\nOther on-air personnel\nAlex Abrahantes\nCJ\nDon Callis\nJake Roberts\nKaren Jarrett\nLuther\nMaria Kanellis\nMark Sterling\nPrince Nana\nRic Flair\nSonjay Dutt\nStokely Hathaway\nStables and tag teams\nThe Acclaimed\nBang Bang Gang\nBlackpool Combat Club\nThe Butcher and the Blade\nThe Dark Order\nAlex Reynolds and John Silver\nDeath Triangle\nLucha Brothers\nThe Elite\nThe Young Bucks\nLa Faccin Ingobernable\nFTR\nIron Savages\nHouse of Black\nThe Outcasts\nPrivate Party\nUndisputed Kingdom\nReferees\nAubrey Edwards\nBryce Remsburg\nPaul Turner\nRick Knox\nStephon Smith\nBroadcast team\nAlex Marvez\nCarlos Cabrera\nExcalibur\nIan Riccaboni\nJim Ross\nJustin Roberts\nLexy Nair\nMark Henry\nNigel McGuinness\nRenee Paquette\nRJ City\nTaz\nTony Schiavone\nBackstage personnel\nChris Hero\nChristopher Daniels\nDean Malenko\nJennifer Pepperman\nJerry Lynn\nJimmy Jacobs\nKevin Matthews\nMichael Nakazawa\nPat Buck\nPaul Wight\nQ. 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Styles\nTetsuya Naito\nKenny Omega\nJay White\n2020s\nEvil\nKota Ibushi\nOther recognized championsOriginal champions recognized byNew Japan Pro-Wrestling\nHulk Hogan\nAntonio Inoki\nChampions recognized byInoki Genome Federation\nBrock Lesnar\nKurt Angle\nShinsuke Nakamura\nvteNEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions2010s\nChaos (Jay Briscoe, Mark Briscoe and Toru Yano)\nBullet Club (Bad Luck Fale, Tama Tonga and Yujiro Takahashi)\nThe Elite (Kenny Omega, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson)\nHiroshi Tanahashi, Michael Elgin and Yoshitatsu\nMatt Sydal, Ricochet and Satoshi Kojima\nDavid Finlay, Ricochet and Satoshi Kojima\nLos Ingobernables de Japn (Bushi, Evil and Sanada)\nTaguchi Japan (Hiroshi Tanahashi, Manabu Nakanishi and Ryusuke Taguchi)\nTaguchi Japan (Hiroshi Tanahashi, Ricochet and Ryusuke Taguchi)\nBullet Club (Bad Luck Fale, Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa)\nChaos (Beretta, Tomohiro Ishii and Toru Yano)\nBullet Club (Marty Scurll, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson)\nBullet Club (Tama Tonga, Tanga Loa and Taiji Ishimori)\nRyusuke Taguchi, Togi Makabe and Toru Yano\n2020s\nLos Ingobernables de Japn (Evil, Shingo Takagi and Bushi)\nChaos (Hirooki Goto, Tomohiro Ishii and Yoshi-Hashi)\nHouse of Torture (Evil, Sho and Yujiro Takahashi)\nChaos (Hirooki Goto, Yoh and Yoshi-Hashi)\nStrong Style (Minoru Suzuki, El Desperado and Ren Narita)\nChaos (Kazuchika Okada and Tomohiro Ishii) and Hiroshi Tanahashi\nToru Yano, Oleg Boltin and Hiroshi Tanahashi (current)\nvteNew Japan Cup winners\nHiroshi Tanahashi (2005, 2008)\nGiant Bernard (2006)\nYuji Nagata (2007, 2011)\nHirooki Goto (2009, 2010, 2012)\nKazuchika Okada (2013, 2019)\nShinsuke Nakamura (2014)\nKota Ibushi (2015)\nTetsuya Naito (2016)\nKatsuyori Shibata (2017)\nZack Sabre Jr. (2018, 2022)\nEvil (2020)\nWill Ospreay (2021)\nSanada (2023)\nYota Tsuji (2024)\nvteWorld League/MSG League/International Wrestling Grand Prix/World Cup Tournament/G1 Climax winners\nAntonio Inoki (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988)\nSeiji Sakaguchi (1976, 1977)\nAndr the Giant (1982, 1985)\nHulk Hogan (1983)\nMasahiro Chono (1991, 1992, 1994, 2002, 2005)\nTatsumi Fujinami (1993)\nKeiji Muto (1995)\nRiki Choshu (1989, 1996)\nKensuke Sasaki (1997, 2000)\nShinya Hashimoto (1998)\nManabu Nakanishi (1999)\nYuji Nagata (2001)\nHiroyoshi Tenzan (2003, 2004, 2006)\nHiroshi Tanahashi (2007, 2015, 2018)\nHirooki Goto (2008)\nTogi Makabe (2009)\nSatoshi Kojima (2010)\nShinsuke Nakamura (2011)\nKazuchika Okada (2012, 2014, 2021, 2022)\nTetsuya Naito (2013, 2017, 2023)\nKenny Omega (2016)\nKota Ibushi (2019, 2020)\nAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nJapan\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazuchika_Okada&oldid=1225898089\"\nCategories: 1987 birthsLiving people21st-century male professional wrestlersChaos (professional wrestling) membersAEW Continental ChampionsIWGP Heavyweight championsIWGP World Heavyweight championsNEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team ChampionsJapanese expatriates in MexicoJapanese male professional wrestlersPeople from AnjProfessional wrestlers from Aichi PrefectureG1 Climax winnersJapanese expatriates in the United StatesAll Elite Wrestling personnelHidden categories: CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)All articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from May 2017Articles with permanently dead external linksArticles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataArticles containing Japanese-language textArticles containing potentially dated statements from March 2024All articles containing potentially dated statementsCommons category link from WikidataArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with NDL identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 27 May 2024, at 11:30(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuchika_Okada" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How Kazuchika Okada Became All Elite - Sports Illustrated Wrestling News, Analysis and More\nSkip to main contentNewsVideoMMAWWEAEWNJPWTNAMLWIndiesUFCBellatorPFLONEBOXINGPrivacy PolicyTerms of UseContact UsDisclaimerMarch 14, 2024NewsVideoMMAWWEAEWNJPWTNAMLWIndiesUFCBellatorPFLONEBOXINGFanNationFanNationFanNationSI.COMSI.COMSI.COMSI SwimsuitSI SwimsuitSI SwimsuitSI SportsbookSI SportsbookSI SportsbookSI TicketsSI TicketsSI TicketsSI ShowcaseSI ShowcaseSI ShowcaseSI ResortsSI ResortsSI ResortsNewsVideoMMAWWEAEWNJPWTNAMLWIndiesUFCBellatorPFLONEBOXINGHow Kazuchika Okada Became All EliteOkada turned heel and partnered with The Young Bucks in his full-time AEW debut Author:Justin BarrassoPublish date:Mar 8, 2024 2:57 PM ESTKazuchika Okada made his full-time debut with AEW this past Wednesday on Dynamite.Courtesy AEWBoth AEW and WWE were interested in signing Okada, but it should be no surprise that Okada chose AEW. While it was a swerve to see him turn heel on Dynamite, turning on Eddie Kingston and aligning with The Young Bucks, it makes more sense when considering that working with The Elite was the deciding factor for Okada when choosing between AEW and WWE.Courtesy AEWSpeaking with sources close to AEW and New Japan Pro-Wrestling, Okada feels he will be given the best opportunity to succeed in AEW. WWE was a real consideration for Okada, and he loved the idea of being part of a WrestleMania. But in AEW, Okada is not forced to relocate, and he can continue living in Japan if he chooses. It also means he can partner with the Bucks, and extend his rivalry with Kenny Omega.The friendship between Okada and the Bucks Matt and Nick Jackson dates back nearly 15 years. Years before Okada was the face of New Japan, he was sent to TNA in 2010 with dreams of making an impact in the industry.Only 22 at the time, he was introduced to the Bucks by longtime New Japan official Tiger Hattori. As the three were underused by TNA, their friendship only strengthened. That trust was enhanced in Japan, where Okada rose to prominence. Multiple New Japan sources confirmed that it was Okada who went to NJPW management and helped secure jobs for the Bucks in the company. That was critical to their rise, as the Bucksbeside Omegaplayed substantial roles in the success of Bullet Club.Courtesy AEWThere was clear foreshadowing this past Sunday at the Revolution pay-per-view indicating Okada was AEW-bound. Before their main-event match against Sting and Darby Allin, the Bucks made their way to the ring wearing Okada-inspired robes. Those were custom-made when Okada became a free agent, Sports Illustrated learned, with the hope that he would sign with AEW.As for Omega, he and Okada formed a bond when they wrestled a series of matches in New Japan that attained notoriety across the globe. Their matchesat Wrestle Kingdom 11 in 2017, a 60-minute time limit draw at Dominion in 2017, and the two-out-of-three falls match at Dominion in 2018forced pro wrestling to evolve.Courtesy AEWAll contacts confirmed that Okada, 36, expects to continue that storied rivalry once Omega is healthy. Following surgery this past December after being diagnosed with diverticulitis, Omega does not have a concrete timetable for his return. But the seeds were already planted last week on Dynamite when the Bucks kicked Omega out of The Elite, effectively replacing him with Okada.Multiple sources also confirmed that Okada trusts AEW owner Tony Khan. Over the past five years, Khan has worked extraordinarily hard to build a working relationship with New Japan, a partnership that also highlighted Okada. Since Khan allows a crossover between AEW and NJPW, the opportunity exists for Okada to return to Japan for prominent shows like Wrestle Kingdom, or potentially even a retirement card for a massive star like Hiroshi Tanahashi.Courtesy AEWCourtesy AEWPer sources, there was no hesitancy about debuting Okada as a heel. His original big run in Japan came off of being a great playboy heel. People will likely still cheer him because hes so likable and possesses movie-star looks, but all partiesKhan, the EVPs in Omega and the Bucks, and Okadaagreed that his run in AEW should start as a villain, which was an idea that came directly from Khan.A key for Okada in AEW will be mastering wrestling on television, which operates much differently in America than it does in Japan. That is another reason why partnering with the Bucks is so significant.Courtesy AEWIn terms of in-ring performances, Okada exists in a different orbit. He is a world-class wrestler, and there is every reason to believe this new version of The Elite will bring out the best in both Okada and the Bucks.AEW represents a new challenge for Okada. Starting off beside the Bucks and in a feud with Eddie Kingstonwho is beyond excited to work with The Rainmakeris a very encouraging start for one of the industrys biggest stars as he attempts to extend his stardom across North America in AEW.By Justin BarrassoJustin Barrasso has been writing for Sports Illustrated since 2014. While his primary focus is pro wrestling and MMA, he has also covered MLB, NBA, and the NFL. He can be reached at JBarrasso@gmail.com and followed on Twitter @JustinBarrasso.Latest Wrestling NewsMercedes Mon Debuts in AEWLegendary Photo Serves as Prelude to Paul Heymans GreatnessWWE Holding SummerSlam at Cleveland Browns StadiumTop 10 Moments from WWEs RawSean OMalley Is On An Unavoidable Collision Course With Merab Dvalishvili\n 2024 ABG-SI LLC. 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If you or someone you know has a gambling problem, crisis counseling and referral services can be accessed by calling 1-800-GAMBLER.Privacy PolicyTerms of UseContact UsDisclaimer", "url": "https://www.si.com/fannation/wrestling/news/how-kazuchika-okada-became-all-elite" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kazuchika Okadas AEW Contract Could Impact WWE Free AgentsSubscribe To NewslettersSubscribe: $49.99/yearSign InBETAThis is a BETA experience. You may opt-out byclicking hereMore From ForbesMay 29, 2024,01:42pm EDTHow Skateboarding Is Scored At The OlympicsMay 29, 2024,01:41pm EDTFox Sports To Air Three Beyond The Wheel Nascar DocumentariesMay 29, 2024,01:03pm EDTIssam Asinga Receives 4-Year Ban For Positive DopingMay 29, 2024,12:37pm EDTRelentless Panthers Earn Game 4 Victory, Take Charge Vs. RangersMay 29, 2024,11:58am EDTYankees Fans Still Over The Moon About Top Prospect The MartianMay 29, 2024,11:01am EDTThe Mamma Mia Moment That Sent Empoli Crazy And Frosinone To Serie BMay 29, 2024,10:45am EDTReal Madrid Hit With Champions League Final Squad Scare, Reports COPEMay 29, 2024,10:18am EDTJohn Textor Exalts Opportunity To Buy Everton But Obstacles ExistEdit StoryForbesBusinessSportsMoneyKazuchika Okadas AEW Contract Could Impact WWE Free AgentsBlake OestriecherContributorOpinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own.Analyzing WWE, AEW and pro wrestling as a whole.FollowingFollowClick to save this article.You'll be asked to sign into your Forbes account.Got it0Mar 8, 2024,08:56am ESTUpdated Mar 8, 2024, 09:12am ESTShare to FacebookShare to TwitterShare to LinkedinKazuchika Okada is the newest major signee for AEW. (Credit: Etsuo Hara/Getty Images)Getty Images\nAEWs newest signing, former NJPW star Kazuchika Okada, now finds himself among the highest-paid stars in all of pro wrestling.\nAccording to a report from Tokyo Sports (h/t SEScoops), Okada inked a three-year deal with AEW that will earn him more than $4 million annually: Kazuchika Okada has signed a three-year deal with AEW, estimated to be worth two billion yen over the contracts duration, roughly equivalent to $4.5 million USD per year. In addition, Fightful Selects Sean Ross Sapp confirmed the details of Okadas massive contract:\nOkadas huge deal would reportedly rank him among the highest-paid stars in all of pro wrestling, alongside the likes of Roman Reigns and CM Punk.\nWidely considered to be one of the worlds best in-ring performers, Okada has spent the majority of his career as the top star in New Japan Pro-Wrestling. Aside from a memorably bad stint in TNA and sporadic appearances for AEW, however, Okadas exposure beyond NJPW has been limited.\nAs his free agency neared, Okada had engaged in early talks with WWE about a potential move to the company. AEW, however, was always the clear frontrunner given Okadas previous appearances for the company, and after seeing the huge contract Okada was able to land, its easy to see why.\nMORE FROMFORBES ADVISORBest High-Yield Savings Accounts Of 2024ByKevin PayneContributorBest 5% Interest Savings Accounts of 2024ByCassidy HortonContributor\nThe ramifications of Okadas contract, however, will extend far beyond Okada himselfin both WWE and AEW.ForbesWWE Will Benefit Long Term From The Rock's Unexpected Heel TurnBy Blake Oestriecher\nSportsMoneyPlaybook\nSportsMoney Playbook: Sign up for SportsMoney Playbook for the latest sports news and analysis of valuations, signings, gambling and billionaire owners.\nGet the latest news on special offers, product updates and content suggestions from Forbes and its affiliates.\nSign Up\nBy signing up, you agree to our Terms of Service, and you acknowledge our Privacy Statement. Forbes is protected by reCAPTCHA, and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.\nYoure all set! Enjoy the SportsMoney Playbook newsletter!\nMore Newsletters\nYoure all set! Enjoy the SportsMoney Playbook newsletter!\nMore Newsletters\nIn late 2023, WWE went on a minor spending spree, inking notable stars like Charlotte Flair, Bayley and Dominik Mysterio to new deals. However, the company has been less willing to break the bank for both its own top-level stars and free agents from outside of the company.\nWWE opted not to re-sign Adam Edge Copeland sign, who had reportedly been making $3 million per year for a very limited schedule. Since then, numerous high-profile stars have been unable to agree to terms on new contracts with WWE. That list includes real-life couple Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch as well as Drew McIntyre, who has yet to sign a new deal but has had his contract extended due to missed time.\nAdd to that list another former world champion in Sheamus, and WWE finds itself with some pivotal stars currently under contract who could be targets of AEW. Of course, AEW has shown no qualms about dishing out huge contracts, as evidenced by the signings of Okada, Will Ospreay and Mercedes Mone.\nIt was WWE that walked away from Moneknown as Sasha Banks in WWEdue to her desired salary, and now, Mone is expected to debut for AEW at its Big Business edition of AEW Dynamite next week. With AEW winning the proverbial bidding war for three of the worlds top free agents, it cant be overstated what this means for WWE long-term.\nAs difficult as it is to envision someone like Rollins, McIntyre or Lynch leaving WWE, its notable that even though all three stars will be featured in world title matches at WrestleMania 40, theyve yet to put pen to paper on new deals. Just six years ago, AEW didnt exist, and yet, now it has undoubtedly become a coveted landing place for top stars, which is good for wrestlers but no so good for WWE.\nGiven Okadas reported $4.5 million annual salary and WWEs drawn-out contract negotiations with top stars like McIntyre, this is a simple case of connecting the dots. Although top pro wrestler salaries pale in comparison to those of most other pro sports, WWE doesnt want to shatter its own pay scale. Shelling out more than $4 million a year for someone like Okadaa great wrestler, yes, but not someone whos proven to be a mainstream draw outside of Japanwould do exactly that.\nAnd if AEW continues to pay stars like Okada as if theyre a Reigns or a John Cena, that will only make WWEs contract negotiations with its biggest stars all the more difficult.\nFollow me onTwitterorLinkedIn.Blake OestriecherFollowingFollowI specialize in the analysis of WWE, AEW and pro wrestling, having done so since 2010. I'm an LSU grad with a degree in journalism and a minor in...Read MoreEditorial StandardsPrintReprints & PermissionsJoin The ConversationComments0One Community. Many Voices.Create a free account to share your thoughts.Read our community guidelines here.Forbes Community GuidelinesOur community is about connecting people through open and thoughtful conversations. 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You may cancel your subscription at any time.", "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/blakeoestriecher/2024/03/08/kazuchika-okadas-massive-aew-contract-could-have-huge-effect-on-wwe-free-agents/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Suzuko Mimori & Kazuchika Okada Marry | With the Will // Digimon Forums\nWith the Will > Portal | Forum | News | Gallery | Podcast | File Island | Digital Starlight | Card Terminal | DMA | Digipedia\nPortal\nForums\nNew posts\nWhat's new\nNew posts\nLatest activity\nLog in\nRegister\nWhat's new\nNew posts\nMenu\nLog in\nRegister\nInstall the app\nInstall\nWith the Will\nForums\nImportant Business\nAnnouncements and News\nSuzuko Mimori & Kazuchika Okada Marry\nThread starter\nMarcFBR\nStart date\nApr 12, 2019\nTags\nadventure tri.\ndigimon\ntri.\nMarcFBR\nBig Cheese\nStaff\nAdmin\nShow User Social Media\nHide User Social Media\nJoined\nSep 8, 2006\nMessages\n18,547\nApr 12, 2019\n#1\nHappy news is always good.\nIt's been known for a decent amount of time that Suzuko Mimori (Sora in tri. and the upcoming Adventure film) and pro wrestler Kazuchika Okada (Rainmaker) were together, but they both recently announced that they have gotten married.\nIn her Line blog Mimori mentioned that she was still immature as a person, but that she wanted to be bright, fun, warm, and supportive with her family, as her mother was, and she plans to continue to work hard into the future and aim for taller heights and she thanks everyone for their upport.\nOkada posted to his Twitter that he hoped they can bring a rain of happiness to their home and he hoped to continue thanking everyone in the future.\nI'm not sure it's been stated 'exactly' how they met, but Okada is an insanely popular wrestler for New Japan Pro-Wrestling and is a huge anime and game fan (apparently he got interested in wrestling playing a wrestling video game when he was younger), and NJPW is owned by a few different companies that are involved in anime & other entertainment industry productions, along with with Okada cameoing in anime and games it's easy to see that they very well may have met at an anime or game event or at a production studio.\nAlways fun to be able to report happy news!\nThanks to onkei for the news and clarifying some details.\nHelp With the Will and join our Patreon or donate to our Paypal!\nGeneral Disclosures:\nProducer for Digimon on Home Video\nWorked on releases for: Discotek, AlltheAnime, Animeigo, J-Novel Club\nTake those as you will.\nTouya\nI'm a Maniac\nShow User Social Media\nHide User Social Media\nJoined\nAug 4, 2014\nMessages\n186\nLocation\nCalifornia\nApr 12, 2019\n#2\nFor the curious, these two likely met through Bushiroad, which owns a majority stake in NJPW. (And probably in their souls at this point.) Mimori voices a lot of characters in Bushiroad-owned media franchises, most notably Kourin in their young adult TCG anime Cardfight!! Vanguard and Umi in Love Live!. Bushiroad semi-frequently uses NJPW wrestlers to promote Vanguard in commercials and at live events, Okada being no exception. They also each had involvement both playing characters in and promoting the elementary-targeted TCG anime Future Card Buddyfight, with Okada playing himself\nCrazy to think these two are tying the knot, I hope it's their happily-ever-after.\nAppliFang\nCompletely digital\nShow User Social Media\nHide User Social Media\nJoined\nApr 11, 2017\nMessages\n664\nApr 12, 2019\n#3\nlol Interesting match ^^\nLove how the Rough looking wrestler loves his games/anime haha\nMuur\nYou got in\nShow User Social Media\nHide User Social Media\nJoined\nFeb 21, 2017\nMessages\n6,470\nAge\n30\nLocation\nBolton, England\nApr 12, 2019\n#4\nAppliFang said:\nlol Interesting match ^^\nLove how the Rough looking wrestler loves his games/anime haha\nClick to expand...\nA lot of wrestlers do, most of them are massive nerds. They wrestle 300+ times a year, and travel every day, so they gotta do something in that down time, and most seem to be big anime/gaming nerds\nI never expected to see Okada, or any wrestler, mentioned here lol. congrats to them. Shame it wasn't Shinsuke since he's WWE lol\nMugenlazlo\nI'm going digital\nShow User Social Media\nHide User Social Media\nJoined\nApr 20, 2017\nMessages\n497\nLocation\nBayport, NY\nApr 12, 2019\n#5\nHow many Digimon actors and actresses are married anyway?\nThe Digi-Warrior of Love\nNagatem\nJunior Commander\nShow User Social Media\nHide User Social Media\nJoined\nNov 3, 2017\nMessages\n270\nLocation\n\"Dumb old stupid texas\"\nApr 12, 2019\n#6\nHis name is rainmaker and hes marrying a girl who plays a girl named after the sky that has a bird who can turn into a tribal bird person, thats hilarious\nDigiforlife\nCompletely digital\nShow User Social Media\nHide User Social Media\nJoined\nApr 27, 2017\nMessages\n717\nApr 12, 2019\n#7\nMugenlazlo said:\nHow many Digimon actors and actresses are married anyway?\nClick to expand...\nI suspect quite a lot of them since they are in their 30s to 40s.\nI know both Mimi's original & tri voice actresses are married. Mimi's original VA is married to the voice actor of Lordknightmon in Frontiers and X-evolution movie and current Mimi VA got married quite recently (a year or 2 I believe which also had a thread here too)\nU\nUnknown Neo\nYou got in\nShow User Social Media\nHide User Social Media\nJoined\nSep 10, 2006\nMessages\n13,021\nAge\n40\nLocation\nUnknown\nApr 13, 2019\n#8\nNow he'll make money rain on both of them. As I said on Twitter. But thanks to it being aired on TV, I'm invested in NJPW. As you may seen on Twitter. But Okada is a big name there. One of his ring entrances involved dropping dollars with his face on it. Like, a bunch. But this is great.\nMeanwhile, he, and many other NJPW wrestlers, were in Tiger Mask W. The title character is one in the line of the famous anime/wrestler's line. Sadly, few if any voiced themselves but it was really fun to see that. It's on Crunchyroll.\nAlso, if you think Okada's a big fan of stuff, see what famous wrestler Kenny Omega does. Not only is his finisher named after a game theme, but he did a commercial for an idol music game.\nS\nsirtao\nJunior Commander\nShow User Social Media\nHide User Social Media\nJoined\nNov 12, 2012\nMessages\n339\nApr 13, 2019\n#9\nit's easy to see that they very well may have met at an anime or game event or at a production studio.\nClick to expand...\nWell, she played the heroine in Tiger Mask W, and that series had Okada as a character(though voiced by Masakazu Morita, unlike Makabe who voiced himself)\nAnd she even introduced real-life Tiger Mask at his events as Haruna (https://youtu.be/hoN7iXL2lQo?t=108 )\nSo yeah, it's likely they met in Tiger Mask-related events. I wonder if she'll ever end up making her debut as real-life Springer?\nAlso, everybody should watch Tiger Mask W.\nU\nUnknown Neo\nYou got in\nShow User Social Media\nHide User Social Media\nJoined\nSep 10, 2006\nMessages\n13,021\nAge\n40\nLocation\nUnknown\nApr 19, 2019\n#10\nAgreed. Everyone should. And Makabe kind of had to voice himself. With how his voice is so noticeable. Oh wait, she played the girl MC? ...That explains a lot.\nYou must log in or register to reply here.\nShare:\nFacebook\nTwitter\nReddit\nPinterest\nTumblr\nWhatsApp\nEmail\nShare\nLink\nWith the Will\nForums\nImportant Business\nAnnouncements and News\nWtW Xen\nContact us\nTerms and rules\nPrivacy policy\nHelp\nHome\nRSS\nCommunity platform by XenForo 2010-2023 XenForo Ltd.\nXenPorta 2 PRO Jason Axelrod of\n8WAYRUN\nThis site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register.\nBy continuing to use this site, you are consenting to our use of cookies.\nAccept\nLearn more\nTop", "url": "https://withthewill.net/threads/suzuko-mimori-kazuchika-okada-marry.21481/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mo Farah - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life and education\n2Sporting career\nToggle Sporting career subsection\n2.1Early years\n2.220052008: First titles and personal bests\n2.320092010: British records and European champion\n2.4201112: European and British records, and world medals\n2.52012: Double Olympic champion\n2.5.1CBE\n2.62013: 1500 m record and world medals\n2.72014: Double European gold in Zrich\n2.82015: World and European records\n2.92016: Double-Double Olympic Golds at Rio\n2.102017: Tenth world title and track retirement\n2.11Since 2018: full-time marathon runner\n2.122019: planning a track return\n2.132020\n2.142021\n3\"Mobot\"\n4Personal life\nToggle Personal life subsection\n4.1Family and interests\n4.2Philanthropy\n4.3Endorsements, advertising and sponsorships\n4.4Travel security\n4.5Television\n5Fancy Bears and Salazar\nToggle Fancy Bears and Salazar subsection\n5.1Fancy Bears leak\n5.2Salazar ban\n6Awards and honours\nToggle Awards and honours subsection\n6.1Athletics\n6.2Other\n7National titles\n8Race results\nToggle Race results subsection\n8.1International competitions\n8.2Circuit wins\n8.3Personal bests\n9Biographical works\nToggle Biographical works subsection\n9.1Autobiography\n9.2Children's fiction\n9.3Biopic\n9.4Other\n10See also\n11References\n12External links\nToggle the table of contents\nMo Farah\n50 languages\n ()CataletinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFranaisGaeilgeHrvatskiBahasa IndonesiaItalianoKiswahiliLatvieuLietuviMagyarNederlandsNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskOccitanOzbekcha / PolskiPortugusRomnScotsSimple EnglishSloveninaSoomaaliga / srpskiSuomiSvenskaTrkeZazaki\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nBritish track and field athlete (born 1983)\n\"Mohamed Farah\" redirects here. For other people of the same name, see Mohamed Farah (disambiguation).\nSirMo FarahCBE OLYFarah at the 2015 Diamond League in DohaPersonal informationBirthnameHussein Abdi KahinFullnameMohamed Muktar Jama FarahNationalityBritishBorn (1983-03-23) 23 March 1983 (age41)Gabiley, Somali Democratic Republic(present-day Somalia)MonumentsGold postboxes: Isleworth, London; Teddington, LondonMadame Tussauds wax sculpture in MaryleboneOccupationRunnerYearsactive19962023Height1.75m (5ft 9in)[1][2]Weight58kg (128lb)[2]Spouse\nTania Nell (m.2010)Websitewww.mofarah.comSportCountryGreat BritainSportAthletics/Track, Long-distance runningEvent(s)10,000 metres, 5000 metres, 1500 metres, Half marathon, MarathonUniversity teamSt Mary's University College Twickenham LondonClubNewham and Essex Beagles, LondonCoached byCharles Van Commenee[3]Alan Storey[4]Alan Watkinson[5]Ian Stewart(formerly) Alberto SalazarAchievements and titlesOlympic finals2008 Beijing 5000 m, 17th (h)2012 London 10,000 m, Gold5000 m, Gold2016 Rio de Janeiro10,000 m, Gold5000 m, GoldWorld finals2007 Osaka 5000 m, 6th2009 Berlin 5000 m, 7th2011 Daegu 10,000 m, Silver5000 m, Gold2013 Moscow 10,000 m, Gold5000 m, Gold2015 Beijing 10,000 m, Gold5000 m, Gold2017 London 10,000 m, Gold5000 m, SilverPersonal bestsOutdoor[6]800 m: 1:48.24 (Lugano 2008)1500 m: 3:28.81 NR (Monaco 2013)Mile: 3:56.49 (London2005)3000 m: 7:32.62 NR (Birmingham 2016)2-mile: 8:07.85 ER (Birmingham 2014)5000 m: 12:53.11 NR (Monaco 2011)10,000 m: 26:46.57 ER (Eugene 2011)20,000 m: 56:20.30 NR (Brussels 2020)Hour run: 21,330 m WR (Brussels 2020)Indoor[6]Mile: 3:57.92 (Boston 2012)3000 m: 7:34.47i NR (Birmingham 2009)2-mile: 8:03.40i (Birmingham 2015)5000 m: 13:09.16i (Birmingham 2017)Road[6]10 km: 27:44 NR (London 2010)Half marathon: 59:07a ER (SouthShields2019)Marathon: 2:05:11 NR (Chicago 2018)\nMedal record\nEvent\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nOlympic Games\n4\n0\n0\nWorld Championships\n6\n2\n0\nWorld Half Marathon Championships\n0\n0\n1\nEuropean Championships\n5\n1\n0\nEuropean Indoor Championships\n2\n0\n0\nEuropean Cross Country Championships\n1\n3\n1\nEuropean Team Championships\n1\n0\n0\nEuropean U23 Championships\n0\n3\n0\nTotal\n19\n9\n2\nMen's athletics\nRepresenting Great Britain\nOlympic Games\n2012 London\n5000m\n2012 London\n10,000m\n2016RiodeJaneiro\n5000m\n2016 Rio de Janeiro\n10,000m\nWorld Championships\n2011 Daegu\n5000m\n2013 Moscow\n5000m\n2013 Moscow\n10,000m\n2015 Beijing\n5000m\n2015 Beijing\n10,000m\n2017 London\n10,000m\n2011 Daegu\n10,000m\n2017 London\n5000m\nDiamond League\n2017\n5000m\nWorld Half Marathon Championships\n2016 Cardiff\nIndividual\nEuropean Championships\n2006 Gteborg\n5000m\n2010 Barcelona\n5000m\n2010 Barcelona\n10,000m\n2012 Helsinki\n5000m\n2014 Zrich\n5000m\n2014 Zrich\n10,000m\nEuropean Indoor Championships\n2009 Torino\n3000m\n2011 Paris\n3000m\nEuropean Cross Country Championships\n2006 San Giorgio su Legnano\nIndividual\n2008 Brussels\nIndividual\n2009 Dublin\nIndividual\n2009 Dublin\nTeam\n2008 Brussels\nTeam\nHalf Marathon\n2019 Newcastle\nIndividual\n2018 Newcastle\nIndividual\n2017 Newcastle\nIndividual\n2016 Newcastle\nIndividual\n2015 Newcastle\nIndividual\n2014 Newcastle\nIndividual\n2013 Newcastle\nIndividual\nWorld Marathon Majors\n2018 Chicago\nMarathon\n2018 London\nMarathon\nSir Mohamed Muktar Jama Farah[7] CBE OLY (born Hussein Abdi Kahin;[8] 23 March 1983) is a Somali-born British retired long-distance runner. Considered one of the greatest runners of all time, his ten global championship gold medals (four Olympic and six World titles) make him the most successful male track distance runner ever, and he is the most successful British track athlete in modern Olympic Games history.\nFarah is the 2012 and 2016 Olympic gold medallist in both the 5,000m and 10,000m. He is the second athlete, after Lasse Virn, to win both the 5,000m and 10,000m titles at successive Olympic Games. He also completed the 'distance double' at the 2013 and 2015 World Championships in Athletics. He was the first man to defend both distance titles in both major global competitions; a feat described as the 'quadruple-double'.[9][10] After finishing second in the 10,000 metres at the 2011 World Championships, Farah had an unbroken streak of ten global final wins (the 5,000m in 2011, the double in 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016, and the 10,000m in 2017). The streak ended in Farah's final championship track race, when he finished second to Ethiopia's Muktar Edris in the 2017 5,000 metres final.\nOn the track, Farah mostly competed over 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres, but has run competitively from 1,500 metres to the marathon. In 2017, he indicated his intention to switch wholly to road racing following victory at his final track race, the 2017 IAAF Diamond League 5,000 metres final. He won the 2018 Chicago Marathon in a time of 2:05:11, a European record.[11] His running style has been described as bouncy and tactical,[12][13] which he has attempted to alter for a more efficient and energy-saving stride pattern, especially in the longer distances.[14] Farah runs distance races tactically, a style which is aided by his especially quick sprint finish. His tactics were described in Athletics Weekly: \"(Farah) could run 24 strong laps of the track, which most of East African rivals could match, before a blistering 400 metre sprint to the line, which none of them could.\"[15]\nBorn in present-day Somalia, the then Hussein Abdi Kahin was trafficked from Djibouti to London under the name of another child, Mohamed Farah, at the age of nine where he was forced into child labour. He adopted the name as his own thereafter, becoming a British citizen.[8] He ran for Newham and Essex Beagles athletics club, training at St Mary's University College, Twickenham from 2001 to 2011.\nFarah is the European record holder for the 10,000 m and outdoor two miles, the British record holder for the 5,000 m, the former British indoor record holder for the 3,000 m (broken by Josh Kerr in 2024), the former world record holder for the indoor two miles (also broken by Josh Kerr in 2024), and the current world record holder for the one hour run.\nFarah was the first British athlete to win two gold medals at the same world championships. His five gold medals at the European Athletics Championships make him the most successful athlete in individual events in the championships' history. He has won the European Athlete of the Year award and the British Athletics Writers Association British Athlete of the Year award more than any other athlete, three times and six times respectively. In 2017, Farah won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year.[16] Farah was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2013 and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to athletics.[17]\nFarah was the winner of Taskmaster's New Year Treat 2023. Later in 2023, he was appointed the International Organization for Migration's first global Goodwill Ambassador.[citation needed]\nEarly life and education[edit]\nHussein Abdi Kahin (Somali: Xuseen Cabdi Kaahin) was born on 23 March 1983[18] in Somalia. His father died in the Isaaq Genocide when he was aged four, and he then became separated from his mother.[19] He spent a few years in Mogadishu as a child.[20] At the age of nine he was illegally trafficked to the United Kingdom via Djibouti, when he was given the name Mohammed Farah and was forced to work as a domestic servant. He was flown from the country by a woman he had never met, and made to look after another family's children. He obtained British citizenship in July 2000 under the name Mohamed Farah. These aspects of his background were not made public until July 2022,[8] and a barrister told him that there was a risk that he might lose his British nationality as it was obtained by misrepresentations; the Home Office, however, assured him that he would not face any repercussions.[19][21]\nFor the first years he was in Britain, he was not allowed to go to school, but when he was 11 or 12 he began to attend Year 7 at Feltham Community College, where staff were told he was a refugee from Somalia.[8] His athletic talent was first identified by physical education teacher Alan Watkinson.[22] Farah's ambition was to become a car mechanic or play as a right winger for Arsenal football club.[23][24]\nSporting career[edit]\nEarly years[edit]\nFarah joined the Borough of Hounslow Athletics Club in west London.[25][26] He represented Hounslow at cross-country in the 1994 London Youth Games as an under-13.[27] In 1996, at the age of 13, he entered the English schools cross-country championships and finished ninth. The following year he won the first of five English school titles.[22] Recognising his talent, athletics philanthropist Eddie Kulukundis paid the legal fees to complete Farah's naturalisation as a British citizen, allowing him to travel to competitions without visa issues.[28][29]\nFarah's first major title was in the 5000 metres at the 2001 European Athletics Junior Championships,[30] the same year that he began training at St Mary's University, Twickenham. That year, Farah became one of the first two athletes in the newly formed Endurance Performance Centre at St Mary's. He lived and trained at the college, and took some modules in an access course before becoming a full-time athlete as his career progressed.\n20052008: First titles and personal bests[edit]\nIn 2005, Farah moved in with Australian Craig Mottram and a group of Kenyan runners that included 10,000 m world number one Micah Kogo. \"They sleep, eat, train and rest, that's all they do but as an athlete you have to do all those things. Running with Craig made me feel more positive,\" Farah said. \"If I ever want to be as good as these athletes I've got to work harder. I don't just want to be British number one, I want to be up there with the best.\"[22]\nIn July 2006, Farah recorded a time of 13 minutes 9.40 seconds for 5000 m to become Britain's second-fastest runner after Dave Moorcroft. A month later, Farah won the silver medal in the European Championship 5000m in Gothenburg. Coaches Alan Storey and Mark Rowland made sure that Farah remained competitive and a few words from Paula Radcliffe before the 5000m final inspired Farah. He has stated that: \"She said to me, 'Go out and be brave. Just believe in yourself'.\"[22] In December 2006, Farah won the 2006 European Cross Country Championships in San Giorgio su Legnano, Italy.[31]\nDuring the 2007 European Indoor Championship Farah fell and amid confusion started running in the wrong direction.[23] Farah represented the UK at 5000 m in the 2007 World Championships in Osaka, Japan. Farah finished sixth in a time of 13:47.54.[32][33]\nFarah at the 2008 European Cross Country Championships.\nIn May 2008, Farah ran 10,000 m events, which was the fastest UK men's time for almost eight years. However, he was knocked out before the 5000 m final at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing.\n20092010: British records and European champion[edit]\nIn January 2009, Farah set a new British indoor record in the 3000metres, breaking John Mayock's record with a time of 7 minutes 40.99 seconds in Glasgow.[34] A few weeks later, he broke his own record by more than six seconds with a time of 7 minutes 34.47 at the UK Indoor Grand Prix in Birmingham,[35] a performance which commentator Steve Cram called \"the best performance by a male British distance runner for a generation\".[36] Farah attributed his good form to a spell of winter training at altitude in Ethiopia and Kenya.[37] In March 2009 he took gold in the 3000m at the European Indoor Championships in Turin, recording a time of 7 minutes 40.17.[38]\nFarah competed at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics: he was in the leading pack early on in the 5000 metres race and eventually finished seventh the best by a European runner. After the championships, he scored a victory in his first road competition over 10miles, winning the Great South Run in 46:25 to become the third fastest Briton in spite of strong winds.[39]\nFarah was one of the favourites to upset Serhiy Lebid's dominance at the 2009 European Cross Country Championships.[40] However, Lebid was never in contention as Farah and Alemayehu Bezabeh were some distance ahead throughout the run. Farah was overtaken by Bezabeh in the latter stages of the race, leaving the Briton with a second consecutive silver medal at the competition.[41] He did not manage to attend the medal ceremony, however, as he collapsed immediately after the race and needed medical attention.[42] After a close third place behind Edwin Soi at the BOclassic,[43] Farah competed in the short course race at the Great Edinburgh Cross Country. He was the favourite to win and surged ahead to build a comfortable lead. However, he appeared tired in the latter stages and finished third behind British runners Ricky Stevenson and Steve Vernon. Farah again required post-race medical attention and subsequent tests revealed he had low levels of iron and magnesium. He was prescribed supplements for the condition and his high altitude training plans in Kenya were unaffected.[44]\nFarah celebrates winning the 10,000 m at the 2010 European Athletics Championships.\nFarah won the 2010 London 10,000 in late May in a time of 27:44, in the process beating 10K world record holder Micah Kogo.[45] His success continued the following week at the European Cup 10,000m. There, he improved his track best by nearly 16 seconds, finishing in a time of 27:28.86. Farah won by a margin of over forty seconds ahead of second placed Abdellatif Meftah.[46] After training in Africa, he returned to Europe for the 2010 European Athletics Championships. He took the 10,000metres gold medal, overtaking Ayad Lamdassem with two laps to go and finishing the race unpressured in a time of 28:24.99. This was Farah's first major title and also the first European gold medal in the event for Great Britain.[47] He then went on to win the 5000m, beating Jess Espaa and becoming only the fifth man in the 66-year history of the European Championships to achieve the 5000m/10,000m double, and the first for 20 years, following in the footsteps of the Czech Emil Ztopek in 1950, Zdzislaw Krzyszkowiak of Poland in 1958, Finland's Juha Vaatainen in 1971 and Salvatore Antibo, of Italy, in 1990.[48][49]\nOn 19 August 2010, at a Diamond League meeting in Zrich, Farah ran 5000m in 12:57.94, breaking David Moorcroft's long-standing British record and becoming the first ever British athlete to run under 13 minutes.[50]\nIn December 2010, Farah was named track-and-field athlete of the year by the British Olympic Association.[51] He closed the year at the BO classic and just missed out on the 10,000 m title, losing to Imane Merga in a sprint finish by 0.2seconds.[52]\n201112: European and British records, and world medals[edit]\n2011 was a successful year for Farah, beginning on 8 January at the Edinburgh Cross Country, where he defeated the top four finishers of that year's European Championships to take victory in the long race.[53]\nIn February 2011, Farah announced that he would be relocating to Portland, Oregon to work with new coach Alberto Salazar, train alongside Galen Rupp, and avoid the attention of the British tabloids.[54][55] On 19 February 2011 in Birmingham, England, Farah broke the European 5000m indoor record with a time of 13:10.60, at the same time taking ten seconds off the 29-year-old British indoor record of Nick Rose.[56] On 5 March 2011, he won gold in the 3000 metres at the European Indoor Championships. On 20 March, Farah also won the NYC Half Marathon in a time of 1:00:23, a new British record.[57][58] He and training partner Galen Rupp had originally planned on running a 10,000m race in New Zealand. However, after the race was cancelled due to the Christchurch earthquake and damage done to the track, they entered the half-marathon in New York.\nOn 3 June 2011, at a Diamond League meeting in Eugene, Oregon, Farah won the Prefontaine Classic's 10,000m event in 26:46.57, setting a new British and European record.[59] On 22 July 2011, at a Diamond League meeting in Monaco, he set a new British national record in the 5000m with a time of 12:53.11.[60] Farah edged out American Bernard Lagat to win the race.[60]\nIn the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu, South Korea, Farah made a major breakthrough on the world stage by taking the silver medal in the 10,000 m and then the gold in the 5000 m.[61] He became the first British man to win a World Championships medal over either distance.[citation needed] Farah had in fact been more strongly favoured to take the 10,000m title, but was narrowly beaten in a last lap sprint by Ethiopian Ibrahim Jeilan. In the 5000m, he overcame Lagat, beating him into second place. Following the race, Dave Moorcroft, former 5000 metres world record holder, hailed Farah as \"the greatest male distance runner that Britain has ever seen\".[62]\nAt the European Championships in June 2012, he won the 5000m. This then made Farah the first athlete to win this European title more than once.[63]\n2012: Double Olympic champion[edit]\nFarah on the way to his first Olympic gold medal during the 10,000m event at the 2012 Summer Olympics.\nThe post box on London Road, Isleworth, painted in honour of Farah as part of a scheme to celebrate Britain's 2012 Olympic gold medal winners.\nAt the London 2012 Olympics, on 4 August, Farah won the 10,000m gold in a time of 27:30.42. This was Great Britain's first Olympic gold medal in the 10,000m, and came after two other gold medals for the country in the same athletics session.[64][65] His training partner, Galen Rupp of the United States, took second place. At the time both runners were a part of the Nike Oregon Project coached by Alberto Salazar. Farah stated that he would observe his Ramadan fast later in the year.[66] On 11 August 2012, Farah made it a long-distance double, winning the 5000 metres in a time of 13:41.66.[67] The noise from the crowd in the 5,000 m race was so loud it made the camera shake and distorted the photo-finish image.[68] He dedicated the two golds to his twin daughters.\nOn 23 August 2012, Farah returned to the track at a Diamond League meet in Birmingham, where he capped off a winning season with another victory over a distance of two miles (3.2km).[69]\nCBE[edit]\nFollowing his 2012 successes, Farah was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to athletics.[70][71] The move was met with anger by many in the general public, including erstwhile Minister of Sports Gerry Sutcliffe, who felt that Farah instead deserved a higher accolade.[72][73] Farah's former physical education teacher Alan Watkinson similarly indicated that he was disappointed that Farah was not knighted and that the decision \"discredits the system although it's still a fantastic achievement for Mo and well deserved.\"[73] However, deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg cited Farah's Olympic double gold win in his 2013 New Year's message and 2012 Autumn conference,[74][75] and David Cameron in August 2013 expressed support for a knighthood for Mo Farah.[76]\n2013: 1500 m record and world medals[edit]\nFarah during his gold medal victory in the men's 3,000 metres event at the 2013 London Grand Prix.\nOn 19 July 2013, at the Herculis meeting in Monaco, Farah broke the European 1500 m record with a time of 3:28.81. The feat meant that he was the sixth fastest man ever over the distance, overtaking Steve Cram's 28-year-old British record and Fermn Cacho's 16-year-old European record.[77] It also made Farah the seventh man, behind Sad Aouita, Daniel Komen, Ali Sadi-Sief, Hicham El Guerrouj, Augustine Kiprono Choge and Bernard Lagat to break both the 3:30 barrier in the 1500 metres and the 13-minute barrier in the 5000 metres, as well as the only athlete in history to run sub 3:30, sub 13-minute and sub 27-minute for 1500 metres, 5000 metres and 10,000 metres respectively. Additionally, he has a sub 1 hour run in the half-marathon. The following month, Farah won the London Diamond League Anniversary Games' 3000 metres event in a time of seven minutes and 36.85 seconds.[78] He twice broke the national record in the half-marathon, first on 24 February in New Orleans, then broke his own record on 15 September in the BUPA Great North Run.[citation needed]\nOn 10 August 2013, Farah stayed in front of Ibrahim Jeilan to win the 10,000 m event at the World Championships in Moscow. The victory was his fourth global title.[79] On 16 August 2013, Farah won the 5,000 m event, in the process becoming double world and Olympic champion.[80] After this victory, BBC commentator Brendan Foster and Sebastian Coe called Farah 'Britain's greatest ever athlete'.[81] Farah became only the second man in history to win long-distance titles at successive editions of the Olympics and World Championships, after Kenenisa Bekele's 200809 feat.[82] He was the first British athlete to win two individual gold medals at a World Championships.[79][83][84]\nIn December 2013, Farah was the second favourite, behind Wimbledon tennis champion Andy Murray, to become the BBC Sports Personality of the Year. When he was asked what drove him to keep pushing back the boundaries of athletic accomplishment, he noted sprinter Usain Bolt's record breaking streak as a motivating example of what is possible for all dedicated athletes.[85]\nFarah was a finalist for the 2013 IAAF World Athlete of the year award. In preparation for his marathon debut, he also extended his training schedule to 120 miles a week.[14]\n2014: Double European gold in Zrich[edit]\nFarah began 2014 preparing for the year's London Marathon, his first such run. He described running the event as a longstanding ambition of his, particularly to do so in London.[86] Farah finished in eighth place in a time of 2:08.21. This was outside Steve Jones' GB record, but set a new English national record.[87]\nFarah on the way to victory in the 5000m men final of the 2014 European Athletics Championships in Zrich.\nFarah was due to compete at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. However, he withdrew due to illness from a stomach ailment and an infection caused from having a tooth removed.[88] Farah later appeared in Zrich at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. He successfully defended his 5000 m title and won a gold in the 10,000 m, thus completing another major championship double.[89] This made him the most successful individual in the history of the European Athletics Championships, with five titles to his name.[90]\nOn 7 September 2014, Farah competed in the Great North Run, a British half marathon. He won the race with a personal best time of 1:00:00, exactly 1hour.[91]\n2015: World and European records[edit]\nOn 21 February 2015, Farah broke the indoor two-mile world record at the Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix. He ran an 8:03.4 to break Kenenisa Bekele's record.[92] On 22 March, Farah broke the European record for half marathon in Lisbon. He ran a time of 59 minutes, 32 seconds, surpassing the record set 14 years previously by Spain's Fabin Roncero.[93] He repeated his long-distance gold medal double at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics.[94] His win in the 10,000m made him the oldest World Championship winner in that event, at age 32.[95]\n2016: Double-Double Olympic Golds at Rio[edit]\nOn 26 March, Farah received a bronze medal in the 2016 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in Cardiff, finishing in 59:59, less than one second ahead of Abayneh Ayele.[96][97] On 20 February, Farah won the Glasgow Indoor Grand Prix 3000m event.[98] On 5 June 2016, Farah broke the 34-year-old British 3000 metre record set by Moorcroft by winning the Diamond League in Birmingham, a win he dedicated to the recently deceased boxer Muhammad Ali.[99] In July 2016 Farah set the concurrent world-leading time in the 5000m in winning the Diamond League in London.[100] He won the 10,000m at the Diamond League in Eugene, in a time of 26:53.71 which remained the second-fastest time in the world of the year.[101]\nOn 13 August, Farah won a gold medal in the 10,000 metres at the Rio Olympics, making it the first time a Briton had won three athletic gold Olympic medals.[102] After being accidentally clipped on the back of the heel by American Galen Rupp on the tenth lap he fell,[103] but went on to win gold with the time of 27:05.17. Rupp slowed after Farah's fall to check his condition and finished in fifth place with a time of 27:08.92. In the final lap Farah battled Paul Tanui, who took the lead with 300 metres remaining. Farah edged him out with 100 metres to go. Tanui finished in second place with a time of 27:05.64.[103]\nOn 20 August, Farah went on to win a second gold medal in the 5,000 metres at the Rio Olympics. Coming into the 31st Olympiad, Farah was trying to win gold medals in the 10,000 metres and 5,000 metres to double his success from the London Olympics. Farah held off the lead he had set and finished with a time of 13:03:30, making it only the second time someone has retained the 5000m and 10,000m Olympic titles, after Lasse Virn of Finland in 1972 and 1976.[104] In September 2016, he won the Great North Run for a record third consecutive year.[105]\nIn 2016, he was the fastest person from the European continent over two middle distance events and three long-distance events; the 1500 metres, 3000 metres, 5000 metres, 10,000 metres and the half-marathon respectively.[106] His ninth global title, the 5000m in Rio, made him surpass Kenenisa Bekele as the most frequent winner of gold in history for major long-distance events. He remained unbeaten in 2016 in the 3000m as well as in six races over the 10,000m and 5,000m distances.[107]\n2017: Tenth world title and track retirement[edit]\nIn his final World Championships appearance at London 2017, Farah (R) triumphed in the 10,000 m ahead of Joshua Cheptegei (L, left image) and took silver in the 5000 m behind Muktar Edris (L, right image).\nFarah announced that he would switch from track events to the marathon after the 2017 World Championships in Athletics.[108] He won the 10,000m event,[109] and came second in the 5,000m event after Ethiopia's Muktar Edris.[110][111]\nFarah won his final two track events, in the Diamond league, in Birmingham and Zurich.[112][113] On 24 August 2017, he won his final 5,000m in the Diamond league, finishing in 13:06.05, in a final sprint against Paul Chelimo and Muktar Edris just behind in 13:06.09.[113][114]\nOn 20 August 2017, Farah again reiterated his decision to move to the marathon full-time, and caused headlines when he announced after running his last 10,000m race on British soil at the Muller Grand Prix in Birmingham that he would never again run in a GB vest.[115]\nOn 10 September 2017, Farah won the Great North Run for a record fourth consecutive time.[116] He finished in 1:00:06, 6 seconds ahead of Jake Robertson.[117]\nOn 31 October, Farah split from Alberto Salazar in order to be coached by Gary Lough, husband and former coach of Paula Radcliffe. Salazar stated that the split was mutual and he would be happy to advise Farah in the future.[118]\nSince 2018: full-time marathon runner[edit]\nIn March 2018, in preparation for the London Marathon, Farah won the inaugural London Big Half Marathon, his first race in six months.[119][120] On 22 April 2018, Farah came third in the London Marathon in a time of 2:06:22, comfortably beating the British record of 2:07:13 set by Steve Jones in 1985.[121][122] On 9 September 2018 Farah won the Great North Run for a record-extending fifth consecutive time.[123] At the Chicago Marathon Farah claimed his inaugural gold medal in the marathon distance[124] and in the process set a new European record of 2 hours 5 minutes and 11 seconds, an improvement by 37 seconds.[125]\n2019: planning a track return[edit]\nIn February 2019, Farah announced he planned to run again in the London Big Half Marathon in March 2019.[126] In an interview, he also stated that he is considering competing in the Tokyo Olympics in 2020, which, if confirmed, would mark his fourth Olympic games. As well as stating that this would depend on whether his wife and kids \"let him\",[127] he reflected on his track retirement, saying:\n\"I was honest and said I was done with the track but part of me missed it. I feel like I can still win medals and do as well as I have over the years.\"[128]\nHe has also confirmed that he may run in the 10,000 metres at the World Championships in Doha in late 2019, although this would depend on the result of the 2019 Big Half Marathon.[129] This possibility was later confirmed by Neil Black, performance director of British Athletics, who has said that Farah had received financial backing from the National Lottery in anticipation for both his participation in the Championships, as well as for the Tokyo Olympics.[130]\nMo Farah (left), Bashir Abdi and Daniel Wanjiru compete in the 2019 London Half Marathon finishing in that order.\nOn 10 March 2019, Farah won his second London Big Half Marathon, and again hinted at running the 10,000m at the World Championships in October 2019.[131] In April, Farah finished in fifth place in the 2019 London Marathon in 2:05:39.\nOn 8 September 2019, Farah won the 2019 Great North Run for a record sixth consecutive time in a new Personal best of 59:07.[132]\nOn 29 November 2019, Farah announced via his YouTube channel, his plan to return to the track to defend his 10,000 m Olympic title at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic games. Farah stated he would put his marathon career on hold while he returned to track oriented training.\n2020[edit]\nIn August 2020, Farah won the inaugural Antrim Coast Half Marathon, with a time of 1 hr 00 min 27 sec.[133]\nOn 4 September 2020, Farah set the men's all-time record for the one hour run at the 2020 Diamond League meeting in Brussels, Belgium, covering 21,330 metres (13.25 miles), breaking Haile Gebrselassie's record of 21,285 metres set at Ostrava, Czech Republic on 27 June 2007.[134]\n2021[edit]\nFarah spent several weeks at altitude training in Ethiopia, before competing at the Djibouti International Half Marathon. Farah won the race in a time of 1:03:07. After training in Flagstaff, United States, Farah returned to the United Kingdom where, at the 2021 European 10,000m Cup in Birmingham, United Kingdom, he raced his first track 10,000m since the World Championships in 2017. He finished in eighth place in a time of 27:50.64,[135] this result broke his undefeated streak in the 10,000m from 2011 to 2021. Farah later said he was dealing with a foot/ankle injury.\nOn 25 June 2021, Farah failed to qualify for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games managing to run only a 27:47.04 for the 10,000m at the Manchester Regional Arena, despite this time being a stadium record. The cut-off time for Olympic Qualification of the 10,000m stands at 27:28.00, leaving Farah 19 seconds off the pace. When asked whether this would lead to the end of his distinguished career, he said \"It's a tough one. If I can't compete with the best I'm not just going there to finish in a final. Tonight shows it's not good enough.\"[136]\n\"Mobot\"[edit]\nMo Farah with his \"Mobot\" signature pose at the 2013 London Anniversary Games.\nFarah often marks victories with a celebration dance known as the \"Mobot\". He adopted the move following a television appearance in May 2012 opposite sports presenter Clare Balding, on the panel game show A League of Their Own. The host James Corden suggested to the panelists that they should think of a new dance to mark Farah's winning celebration, and Balding subsequently came up with the \"M\" gesture called \"Mobot\". At its inaugural demonstration, she indicated that the part of the move intended to represent the \"M\" in \"Mo\" was inspired by the dance to \"YMCA\", a popular song by the Village People. Corden himself then named it as the \"Mobot\".[137] A robot was named \"Mobot\" at a university research exhibition, in honour of Farah's celebration.[138] Farah has since used the pose as part of a charity to raise funds for his foundation. Virgin Media has promised to donate 2 for every YouTube video that is uploaded with someone doing the mobot.[139] Farah often uses the sign-off Shabba in online postings.[140]\nPersonal life[edit]\nFamily and interests[edit]\nFarah lives in London, England.[54] In July 2022, Farah revealed his birth identity as Hussein Abdi Kahin. When he was four years old, his father was killed by a stray mortar round,[8] during the Isaaq genocide in the Somaliland War of Independence.[141] Aged 8, Farah and his twin, Hassan, were sent to live with his uncle in Djibouti. Shortly after, Farah says he was brought to the UK by a woman he did not know, and told to use the name Mohamed Farah, taken from another child.[21] Once in London, he was forced to work for her and her family, and prevented from contacting his own.[21] Aged 12, Farah was allowed to start school and he later confided in his PE teacher, who contacted social services who arranged for Farah to be fostered by another family. His teacher later helped him apply for British citizenship.[8] As an adult, Farah has made contact with his birth family, and his mother and two brothers live on a farm in Somaliland.[8] Prior to these revelations, Farah had said that he had been separated from his twin Hassan aged eight when the family moved to join their father, who was working and studying in the UK; Hassan was unwell and unable to travel so stayed in Djibouti, but when his father returned the family Hassan was living with had moved and could not be found for 12 years.[142]\nIn April 2010, Farah married his longtime girlfriend Tania Nell in Richmond, London. Other athletes at the wedding included Paula Radcliffe, Steve Cram, Hayley Yelling, Jo Pavey, Mustafa Mohamed and Scott Overall, who was an usher.[143][144] Farah has a stepdaughter named Rihanna from this relationship.[145] He and his wife have twin daughters called Aisha and Amani, born in August 2012.[146] In 2015, Farah and Nell had a son called Hussein.[citation needed]\nFrom 2011 to 2017, Farah lived with his family in Portland, Oregon, US so that he could train full-time with the Nike Oregon Project.[147] At the end of 2017, he cut ties with his coach Alberto Salazar and decided to return to London. His statement said \"Tania and I realised how much we have missed spending time with our friends and family and the kids are so happy here, too. We want the kids to grow up in the UK. It's the right thing to do for my family.[148]\nFarah is a Muslim,[149] and is an active supporter of the Muslim Writers Awards.[150] Islam is an important part of his preparation: \"I normally pray before a race, I read dua [Islamic prayers or invocations], think about how hard I've worked and just go for it.\" He notes that \"the Qur'an says that you must work hard in whatever you do, so I work hard in training and that's got a lot to do with being successful. [It] doesn't just come overnight, you've got to train for it and believe in yourself; that's the most important thing.\"[151] An RISSC publication named Farah as among the 500 most influential Muslims in the world in 2013.[152]\nFarah is also a fan of Arsenal F.C., and has trained with its first team squad.[153][154] He has indicated a desire to become a fitness coach at the Emirates Stadium in Holloway[155] once he retires so as to improve its conditioning record.[154] In October 2013, he launched a book titled Mo Farah, Twin Ambitions: My autobiography in Canary Wharf, London.[156]\nFarah has a large following on social media. This includes roughly 1.5million followers on Twitter, 1.1million on Facebook and 1.1 million on Instagram. In 2013, he was the top-ranked query for a sportsperson on the search engine Microsoft UK Bing who was not a footballer.[157]\nPhilanthropy[edit]\nFarah at the 2010 London Youth Games Hall of Fame and Awards Evening.\nFarah is involved in various philanthropic initiatives, launching the Mo Farah Foundation after a trip to Somalia in 2011.[158] The following year, he participated in ITV's The Cube and won 250,000 for his foundation, becoming the only person to win the top prize on the show.[159] Along with other high-profile athletes, Farah later took part in the 2012 Olympic hunger summit at 10 Downing Street hosted by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, part of a series of international efforts which have sought to respond to the return of hunger as a high-profile global issue.[160]\nOlympic memorabilia featuring and signed by Farah has also been auctioned off to raise funds for the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG).[161] In 2013, he joined legislators and activists in a campaign urging Barclays Bank to repeal its decision to withdraw from the UK remittance market. Farah often used money transfer operators to send remittances to family, and some of the world's largest organisations and charities, including the UN and his own foundation, likewise paid staff and channelled funds through these services.[162] In March 2013, Farah, singer Robbie Williams, and a number of other celebrities also urged the Chancellor, George Osborne to clamp down on global corporations that avoid paying taxes in poor countries in which they operate.[163] He has also expressed support for research into brain tumours.[164]\nOn 7 August 2017, Farah became a global ambassador for Marathon Kids. Speaking of his new role, Farah said, \"I love running, and it's given me and my family so much. As a dad, I know how important it is for my children to be active, and I'm honoured to have the chance to inspire kids to run with Marathon Kids.\"[165]\nEndorsements, advertising and sponsorships[edit]\nFarah has endorsement deals with a number of companies, including PACE Sports Management, Nike, Lucozade, Quorn, Bupa and Virgin Media.[158] His work with Nike Inc. includes marketing of clothing and shoes.[166][167][168] In order to preserve his earnings after taxes, Farah also applied in 2013 to have his main place of residence changed to Portland, where he spends most of the year training.[147]\nIn December 2013, Farah signed a marketing deal with Quorn, part of a multimillion-pound campaign aimed at doubling the firm's sales. He led television advertisements for Quorn's vegetarian forms of protein, with the campaign scheduled to last throughout the following year.[169]\nTravel security[edit]\nIn 20122013, Farah intimated that he had been stopped a number of times by U.S. Customs officials under suspicion of being a terrorist, which he attributed to confusion between his full name \"Mohamed\" and a computerised check-in process. On one occasion after the 2012 Olympics, he said that he had attempted to prove his identity by showing his Olympic gold medals to customs officials, but that this was not accepted.[170]\nAfter U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order temporarily suspending the immigration of Somali-born U.S. permanent residents, Farah made a statement on his Facebook account stating that \"I will have to tell my children that Daddy might not be able to come home.\"[171]\nIn March 2018, Farah posted a video on Instagram depicting what he alleges to be racial harassment at Munich Airport.[172]\nTelevision[edit]\nIn July 2012, Farah successfully completed the final game of The Cube on an episode of a 2012 celebrity series in which British gold medallist athletes competed for charity. Farah is to date the only person to win the top prize on the UK version of the show.\nIn November 2020, it was announced that Farah would take part in the twentieth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here.[173] He became the eighth celebrity to be eliminated on 2 December 2020 alongside AJ Pritchard.\nIn July 2022, the BBC documentary The Real Mo Farah revealed a true account of Farah's childhood. It follows Farah with his wife and son Hussein as he investigates his past, reuniting with his Somali family and the woman who raised him after he escaped domestic servitude. It received critical acclaim.[174][175][176]\nIn November 2022, it was announced that Farah would take part in the Taskmaster \"New Year Treat III\".[177] Farah won the episode.[citation needed]\nFancy Bears and Salazar[edit]\nFancy Bears leak[edit]\nIn July 2017, the Russian hacking group Fancy Bears leaked a database from International Association of Athletics Federations that reportedly showed that Farah was once recorded \"atypical\" values on his Athlete Biological Passport in 2016.[178] The controversy came after it emerged that an IAAF staff member had regarded Farah's blood values as suspicious, and had written next to his name: \"Likely doping; Passport suspicious: further data is required\". However, Farah was cleared of wrongdoing by April 2016 after a separate leaked spreadsheet said his records had been \"now flagged as normal with the last sample\".[179]\nSalazar ban[edit]\nIn October 2019, Mo Farah's former coach Alberto Salazar and Nike Oregon Project doctor Jeffrey Stuart Brown[180][181] both received four year bans from athletics for the trafficking of testosterone, the prohibited use of L-carnitine and tampering with doping controls.[182]\nThe investigation was the subject of an episode of BBC's Panorama in which it was revealed Farah repeatedly denied having L-carnitine injection prior to the 2014 London Marathon to United States Anti-Doping Agency in 2015 but only to change his account of what happened shortly afterwards.[183][184]\nAwards and honours[edit]\nAthletics[edit]\n2006 British Athletics Writers' Association Award[185]\n2010 British Athletics Writers' Association Award[185]\n2010 Best Senior Athlete of 2010 (UK Aviva Athletics Awards)[186]\n2010 London Youth Games Hall of Fame[187]\n2011 British Athletics Writers' Association Award[150]\n2011 European Athlete of the Year[150][188]\n2011 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award, 3rd place\n2011 Athletics Weekly International Male Athlete\n2012 British Athletics Writers' Association Award[189]\n2012 European Athlete of the Year[190]\n2012 Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year, nominee\n2012 Athletics Weekly International Male Athlete\n2013 IAAF World Athlete of the Year, finalist\n2013 British Athletics Writers' Association Award[185]\n2013 Athletics Weekly International Male Athlete[191]\n2013 Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year, nominee\n2013 British Olympic Association Olympic athlete of the year[192]\n2013 AIPS Europe Sportsmen of the Year Frank Taylor Trophy\n2013 Rodale, Inc., Running Times Runner of the Year[193]\n2014 Jesse Owens International Athlete Trophy, nominee[194]\n2014 Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year, nominee\n2014 sack race world record[195]\n2015 World Record, 2-mile run, Birmingham\nRunners World top 50 influential individuals in running[196]\nLetsRun.com number 1 in 2015 year-end world ranking for long-distance runners[197]\n2015 fastest men's 10,000-metre runner[198]\n2016 BAWA Athlete of the Year[199]\n2016 British Athletics Supporters Club athlete of the year[200]\n2016 Athletics Weekly International Male Athlete of the Year, ahead of Usain Bolt[201]\n2016 Athletics Weekly British Male Athlete of the Year[201]\n2017 Sportsman of the Year at the Lycamobile British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards (BEDSAs)[202][203][204]\n2017 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award, 1st place\nOther[edit]\nWax statue of Farah at Madame Tussauds, London\n2012: Winner of the British game show The Cube. Farah is the only person who won the top prize on the UK version of the show.\n2013: Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE)[71]\n2013: Premier Inn Celebrity Dad of The Year[205]\n2013: Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards[206]\n6th place, Freuds Heroes Index[207]\n2014: World's 100 Most Powerful Arabs, Arabian Business[208]\n2015: Clothing firm Rohan's eighth greatest Briton of all time[209]\n2015: Evening Standard's top 25 most influential Londoners[210]\n2016: Sports Relief highest polled sporting London hero with 27% of the vote[211]\n2016: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Inspirational Athlete.[citation needed]\n2016: Fifth most powerful Black Briton, on tenth anniversary of Powerlist, African and Caribbean heritage listing[212]\n2017: created a Knight Bachelor for services to Athletics.[213]\nAwarded OLY post nominal title from World Olympians Association[214]\n2023: Winner of The Taskmaster 'New Year Treat III'[215]\nNational titles[edit]\nBritish Athletics Championships\n5000 metres: 2007, 2011\nBritish Indoor Athletics Championships\n3000 metres: 2007\nBritish 10K Championships\n10K run: 2011, 2012\nBritish Marathon Championships\nMarathon: 2014\nRace results[edit]\nAll information from Association of Road Racing Statisticians[216]\nInternational competitions[edit]\nRepresenting Great Britain & England\nYear\nCompetition\nVenue\nPosition\nEvent\nNotes\n1999\nWorld Youth Championships\nBydgoszcz, Poland\n6th\n3000 m\n8:21.25\nEuropean Cross Country Championships\nVelenje, Slovenia\n5th\nJunior individual\n23:18\n1st\nJunior team\n26 pts\n2000\nWorld Cross Country Championships\nVilamoura, Portugal\n25th\nJunior individual\n24:37\n12th\nJunior team\n216 pts\nWorld Junior Championships\nSantiago, Chile\n10th\n5000 m\n14:12.21\nEuropean Cross Country Championships\nMalm, Sweden\n7th\nJunior individual\n19:12\n2nd\nJunior team\n25 pts\n2001\nWorld Cross Country Championships\nOstend, Belgium\n59th\nJunior individual\n28:06\n15th\nJunior team\n332 pts\nEuropean Junior Championships\nGrosseto, Italy\n1st\n5000 m\n14:09.91\nEuropean Cross Country Championships\nThun, Switzerland\n2nd\nJunior individual\n19:38\n1st\nJunior team\n54 pts\n2003\nWorld Cross Country Championships\nLausanne, Switzerland\n74th\nShort race\n12:13\nEuropean U23 Championships\nBydgoszcz, Poland\n2nd\n5000 m\n13:58.88\n2005\nEuropean Indoor Championships\nMadrid, Spain\n6th\n3000 m\n7:54.08\nWorld Cross Country Championships\nSaint-Galmier, France\n37th\nSenior race\n37:50\n17th\nSenior team\n308 pts\nEuropean Cup\nFlorence, Italy\n2nd\n3000 m\n8:17.28\nEuropean U23 Championships\nErfurt, Germany\n2nd\n5000 m\n14:10.96\nEuropean Cross Country Championships\nTilburg, Netherlands\n21st\nSenior race\n27:57\n7th\nSenior team\n129 pts\n2006\nCommonwealth Games\nMelbourne, Australia\n9th\n5000 m\n13:40.53\nWorld Cross Country Championships\nFukuoka, Japan\n40th\nShort race\n11:27\n14th\nShort race team\n253 pts\nEuropean Cup\nMlaga, Spain\n2nd\n3000 m\n8:27.91\nEuropean Athletics Championships\nGothenburg, Sweden\n2nd\n5000 m\n13:44.79\nEuropean Cross Country Championships\nSan Giorgio su Legnano, Italy\n1st\nSenior race\n27:56\n4th\nSenior team\n79 pts\n2007\nEuropean Indoor Championships\nBirmingham, United Kingdom\n5th\n3000 m\n8:03.50\nWorld Cross Country Championships\nMombasa, Kenya\n11th\nSenior race\n37:31\n8th\nSenior team\n380 pts\nWorld Championships\nOsaka, Japan\n6th\n5000 m\n13:47.54\nWorld Athletics Final\nStuttgart, Germany\n3rd\n3000 m\n7:49.89\n2008\nWorld Indoor Championships\nValencia, Spain\n6th\n3000 m\n7:55.08\nEuropean Cup\nAnnecy, France\n1st\n5000 m\n13:44.07\nOlympic Games\nBeijing, China\n17th (h)\n5000 m\n13:50.95\nEuropean Cross Country Championships\nBrussels, Belgium\n2nd\nSenior race\n30:57\n3rd\nSenior team\n54 pts\n2009\nEuropean Indoor Championships\nTurin, Italy\n1st\n3000 m\n7:40.17 CR\nEuropean Team Championships\nLeiria, Portugal\n1st\n5000 m\n13:43.01\nWorld Championships\nBerlin, Germany\n7th\n5000 m\n13:19.69\nEuropean Cross Country Championships\nDublin, Ireland\n2nd\nSenior race\n31:02\n2nd\n54 pts\nSenior team\n2010\nWorld Cross Country Championships\nBydgoszcz, Poland\n20th\nSenior race\n34:09\n14th\nSenior team\n230 pts\nEuropean Team Championships\nBergen, Norway\n1st\n5000 m\n13:46.93\nEuropean Championships\nBarcelona, Spain\n1st\n5000 m\n13:31.18\n1st\n10,000 m\n28:24.99\n2011\nEuropean Indoor Championships\nParis, France\n1st\n3000 m\n7:53.00\nWorld Championships\nDaegu, South Korea\n1st\n5000 m\n13:23.36\n2nd\n10,000 m\n27:14.07\n2012\nWorld Indoor Championships\nIstanbul, Turkey\n4th\n3000 m\n7:41.79\nEuropean Championships\nHelsinki, Finland\n1st\n5000 m\n13:29.91\nOlympic Games\nLondon, United Kingdom\n1st\n5000 m\n13:41.66\n1st\n10,000 m\n27:30.42\n2013\nEuropean Team Championships\nGateshead, United Kingdom\n1st\n5000 m\n14:10.00\nWorld Championships\nMoscow, Russia\n1st\n5000 m\n13:26.98\n1st\n10,000 m\n27:21.71\n2014\nEuropean Championships\nZrich, Switzerland\n1st\n5000 m\n14:05.82\n1st\n10,000 m\n28:08.11\n2015\nWorld Championships\nBeijing, China\n1st\n5000 m\n13:50.38\n1st\n10,000 m\n27:01.13\n2016\nWorld Half Marathon Championships\nCardiff, United Kingdom\n3rd\nIndividual\n59:59\nOlympic Games\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n1st\n5000 m\n13:03.30\n1st\n10,000 m\n27:05.17\n2017\nWorld Championships\nLondon, United Kingdom\n2nd\n5000 m\n13:33.22\n1st\n10,000 m\n26:49.51\nCircuit wins[edit]\nDiamond League\nLondon Grand Prix: 2009 (5000m), 2011 (3000m), 2013 (3000m), 2015 (3000m)\nHerculis: 2011 (5000m)\nBirmingham: 2011 (5000m), 2012 (2 miles), 2013 (5000m), 2014 (2 miles), 2016 (3000m), 2017 (3000m)\nPrefontaine Classic: 2011, 2015, 2016 (10,000m)\nAthletissima: 2015 (5000m)\nWeltklasse Zrich: 2017 (5000m)\nRoad\nGreat South Run: 2009\nNew York City Half Marathon: 2011\nRock 'n Roll Mardi Gras Half Marathon: 2013\nGreat North Run: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,2019\nLisbon Half Marathon: 2015\nAntrim Coast Half Marathon: 2020\nCross country\nCross de L'Acier: 2006\nGreat Edinburgh International Cross Country: 2011\nPersonal bests[edit]\nCategory\nEvent\nTime\nDate\nPlace\nOutdoor\n100 m\n12.98\n2012\nBath\n800 m\n1:48.69\n5 August 2003\nEton\n1500 m\n3:28.81 NR\n19 July 2013\nMonaco\nOne mile\n3:56.49\n6 August 2005\nLondon\n2000 m\n5:06.34\n9 March 2006\nMelbourne\n3000 m\n7:32.62 NR\n5 June 2016\nBirmingham\nTwo miles\n8:07.85 AR\n24 August 2014\nBirmingham\n5000 m\n12:53.11 NR\n22 July 2011\nMonaco\n10,000 m\n26:46.57 AR\n3 June 2011\nEugene\nOne hour\n21,330 m WR\n4 September 2020\nBrussels\nIndoor\n1500 m\n3:39.03\n28 January 2012\nGlasgow\nOne mile\n3:57.92\n4 February 2012\nBoston\n3000 m\n7:33.1+\n21 February 2015\nBirmingham\nTwo miles\n8:03.40\n21 February 2015\nBirmingham\n5000 m\n13:09.16[217] AR\n18 February 2017\nBirmingham\nRoad\n10km\n27:44\n31 May 2010\nLondon\n15km\n42:03+ AR\n26 March 2016\nCardiff\n10 miles\n46:25\n25 October 2009\nPortsmouth\n20km\n56:27 NR\n22 March 2015\nLisbon\nHalf marathon\n59:07a\n8 September 2019\nGreat North Run[218]\n59:32 NR\n22 March 2015\nLisbon\nMarathon\n2:05:11\n7 October 2018\nChicago Marathon[219]\n+ intermediate split in longer racea = aided road course according to IAAF rule 260.28\nBiographical works[edit]\nAutobiography[edit]\nTwin Ambitions: My Autobiography (2013, Hodder & Stoughton) ISBN9781444779585\nChildren's fiction[edit]\nReady Steady Mo! (with Kes Gray; illustrated by Marta Kissi) (2016, Hodder Children's Books) ISBN9781444934076\nBiopic[edit]\nMo Farah: No Easy Mile; a non-fictional account of Farah's journey to the Olympics[220]\nOther[edit]\nCardiff native Sonny Double 1 released a biographical grime musical named Mo Farah in 2016.[221]\nSee also[edit]\n2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics gold post boxes\n5000 metres at the Olympics\n10,000 metres at the Olympics\n5000 metres at the World Championships in Athletics\n10,000 metres at the World Championships in Athletics\nReferences[edit]\n^ Farah, Mo (10 October 2013). Twin Ambitions My Autobiography. Hodder & Stoughton. p.250. ISBN9781444779592. Retrieved 19 July 2016 via Google Books.\n^ a b \"Mo Farah | Team GB\". teamgb.com. British Olympic Association. Retrieved 16 April 2024.\n^ \"Charles Van Commenee\". The Gordon Poole Agency Ltd. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\n^ \"The world is at Farah's feet as guru helps him go the distance\". The Independent. 15 March 2009. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\n^ \"Alan Watkinson at The Education Show 2015\". The Education Show. Retrieved 14 December 2015.[permanent dead link]\n^ a b c \"Profile of Mo Farah\". International Association of Athletics Federations.\n^ \"Mo Farah | Biography & Facts\". Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved 11 July 2022.\n^ a b c d e f g Nagesh, Ashitha (11 July 2022). \"Sir Mo Farah reveals he was trafficked to the UK as a child\". BBC News. Retrieved 12 July 2022.\n^ Foster, Alice (12 August 2017). \"When is Mo Farah's final race at London 2017? Start time at World Athletics Championships\". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2019.\n^ \"2016 Summer Olympics Bio Mo Farah\". ESPN. Retrieved 21 August 2016.\n^ \"Bank of America Chicago Marathon\". results.chicagomarathon.com. Retrieved 7 October 2018.\n^ Hart, Simon (19 November 2013). \"Coup for UK Athletics as Mo Farah coach Alberto Salazar agrees to help Britain's middle and long-distance runners\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\n^ Ingle, Sean (17 August 2013). \"Mo Farah: 'World championship wins tougher than London 2012'\". The Observer. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ a b Ingle, Sean (12 December 2013). \"Mo Farah changing stride for marathon task\". The Irish Times.\n^ Monti, Dave (10 August 2013). \"With Best Tactics and Speed, Britain's Mo Farah Captures World 10,000m Title\". Let's Run. Retrieved 4 October 2015.\n^ \"Mo Farah 'shocked' to win BBC Sports Personality\". BBC Sport. 18 December 2017.\n^ \"No. 61803\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2016. p.N2.\n^ Davies, Lizzy (12 August 2012). \"Want to be a future Olympian? Be born on 23 March\". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 20 March 2023.\n^ a b \"Mo Farah: I was trafficked into UK with someone else's name\". RTE News. 11 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.\n^ Burke, Jason (12 July 2022). \"A moment of mounting chaos: the Somalia of Mo Farah's childhood\". the Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2022.\n^ a b c Ingle, Sean (11 July 2022). \"Sir Mo Farah reveals he was trafficked into the UK using another child's name\". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2022.\n^ a b c d Fanin, Isaac (26 July 2007). \"Farah stars, with support\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 June 2008.\n^ a b Greenstreet, Rosanna (27 April 2019). \"Mo Farah: 'My worst trait? Being ruthless'\". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 27 April 2019.\n^ Bailey, Mark (21 December 2013). \"Mo Farah: 'My secret skill is making animal noises'\". The Observer. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ Milmo, Cahal (29 July 2010). \"How Britain's athletics hero escaped the chaos of Somalia\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022.\n^ \"Farah's golds should not be devalued by Salazar accusations, says Coe\". Om Riyadat. 13 September 2016. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.\n^ \"Hall of Fame\". London Youth Games. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.\n^ Hart, Simon (11 September 2011). \"London 2012 Olympics: Mo Farah's rise to the pinnacle of his sport is a quintessential British success story\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2015.\n^ Farah, Mo (10 October 2013). Twin Ambitions My Autobiography. Hodder & Stoughton. p.81. ISBN978-1-4447-7959-2. Retrieved 19 July 2015.\n^ \"FARAH, Mo: Profile\". PACE Sports Management. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2008.\n^ \"Farah storms to European success\". BBC Sport. 10 December 2006.\n^ \"5000m Results, Osaka 2007\". IAAF. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2016.\n^ Holt, Sarah (2 September 2007). \"World Championships 2007 Day Nine: As It Happened\". BBC News. Retrieved 21 August 2016.\n^ \"Farah breaks 3000m indoor record\". BBC Sport. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2009.\n^ \"Farah breaks record in Birmingham\". BBC Sport. 21 February 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2009.\n^ Cram, Steve (24 February 2009). \"Funny guy Farah is now seriously fast\". The Guardian.\n^ \"Mo Farah beats own record on good day for British athletes\". The Daily Telegraph. 21 February 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.\n^ \"Farah cruises home to 3,000m gold\". BBC Sport. 7 March 2009.\n^ Martin, Dave (25 October 2009). \"Farah scores tremendous victory while Monteiro destroys opposition in Portsmouth\". IAAF. Retrieved 25 October 2009.\n^ Wenig, Jorg (12 December 2009). \"Farah: \"I am in better shape than a year ago\" Euro Cross Country Championships press conference\". IAAF. Retrieved 13 December 2009.\n^ \"Bezabeh becomes Spain's first champion, Lebid third\". European Athletics. 13 December 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2009.[dead link]\n^ \"Hayley Yelling clinches shock win as Mo Farah collapses\". BBC Sport. 13 December 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2010.\n^ Sampaolo, Diego (1 January 2010). \"Three-peat for Soi in Bolzano\". IAAF. Retrieved 12 January 2010.\n^ \"Mo Farah returns to training after medical tests\". BBC Sport. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.\n^ \"Mo Farah sets new British 10,000m road record\". BBC Sport. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010.\n^ Ramsak, Bob (6 June 2010). \"Farah and Monteiro take European Cup 10,000m victories\". IAAF. Retrieved 6 June 2010.\n^ \"European Athletics 2010: Brit Farah wins 10,000 m gold\". BBC Sport. 27 July 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.\n^ \"European Athletics Championships 2010: Mo Farah wins 5,000 m gold for Britain\". The Daily Telegraph. 31 July 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2010.\n^ \"European Athletics 2010: Farah seals distance double\". BBC Sport. 31 July 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.\n^ \"Diamond League: Mo Farah the first Briton to run sub-13 minutes\". The Daily Telegraph. London. 19 August 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2013.\n^ \"Farah, Adlington and Williams among Olympic awards\". BBC Sport. 21 December 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2010.\n^ Sampaolo, Diego (1 January 2011). \"Merga and Cheruiyot take dramatic victories in Bolzano\". IAAF. Retrieved 1 January 2011.\n^ Wenig, Jorg (8 January 2011). \"Kipchoge and Masai prevail in snowy Edinburgh\". IAAF. Retrieved 9 January 2011.\n^ a b \"BBC Sport Athletics Mo Farah changes coach to assist Olympic preparation\". BBC News. 18 February 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2013.\n^ \"Mo Farah Becomes British Olympic Hero, Wins 5,000 and 10,000-Meter Double\". Bleacher Report Sport. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2014.\n^ Kessel, Anna (20 February 2011). \"Mo Farah hits the heights as new methods pay off in Birmingham\". The Guardian. London.\n^ \"Farah wins New York half-marathon\". ESPN.co.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2011.\n^ \"Farah smashes UK record to win New York Half\". Athletics Weekly. 20 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011.\n^ Mulkeen, Jon (4 June 2011). \"Farah smashes European 10,000 m record, Mosop breaks distance world records\". Athletics Weekly. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011.\n^ a b \"Mo Farah 1st in 5k and new British Record 12:53.11 Monaco Diamond League 2011\". Flotrack. 22 July 2011. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.\n^ \"Daegu 2011: Farah storms to famous 5,000m gold at World Championships\". More than the Games. 4 September 2011. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.\n^ Channel 4 Athletics commentary, Daegu Championships\n^ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness World Records 2014. 2013 Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN978-1908843-15-9.\n^ Fordyce, Tom (4 August 2012). \"Mo Farah wins Olympic 10,000m gold for Great Britain\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.\n^ Layden, Tim (11 August 2012). \"In a Games filled with memorable moments, few resonate like Bolt\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 13 August 2012.\n^ Borden, Sam (1 August 2012). \"Observance of Ramadan Poses Challenges to Muslim Athletes\". The New York Times.\n^ Fordyce, Tom. \"Mo Farah wins men's 5,000m to claim second Olympic gold\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.\n^ Hart, Simon (25 August 2012). \"Olympics hero Mo Farah aiming to break Steve Ovett's 34-year-old British record at Aviva Birmingham Grand Prix\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.\n^ \"Mo Farah celebrates two-mile Diamond League victory\". BBC Sport. 26 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2013.\n^ \"No. 60367\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 2012. p.24.\n^ a b \"2013 New Year's Honours\" (PDF). Retrieved 29 December 2012.\n^ \"'Mistake' not to award Mo Farah a knighthood\". ITV. 29 December 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.\n^ a b Moss, Vincent (10 August 2013). \"Mo-ment of madness: Fury over Farah's New Year Honours snub while bank watchdog is knighted\". The Mirror. Retrieved 2 January 2013.\n^ \"Nick Clegg's rally speech at Liberal Democrat Autumn Conference\". Nickclegg.com. 22 September 2012. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.\n^ \"Nick Clegg's New Year Message 2013\". Libdems.org.uk. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.\n^ Culzac, Natasha (18 August 2013). \"Mo Farah: David Cameron backs calls to give Olympic gold medallist a knighthood\". Metro News. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ Lewis, Aimee (19 July 2013). \"Mo Farah breaks Steve Cram's 28-year British 1500m record\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 16 August 2013.\n^ \"Diamond League: Sally Pearson wins in London as Mo Farah wins 3000m at Anniversary Games\". ABC News. 28 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.\n^ a b Morrison, Jonathan (10 August 2013). \"Mo Farah wins 10,000 metres and fourth world title\". The Times. Retrieved 10 August 2013.\n^ Steinberg, Jacob (16 August 2013). \"Mo Farah wins 5,000m gold to become double World and double Olympic champion\". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 August 2013.\n^ \"Farah takes the distance double to rise amongst the greats\". IAAF.org. 17 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ Lewis, Aimee (16 September 2013). \"Mo Farah wins 5,000m gold at World Athletics 2013\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 16 September 2013.\n^ Black, Dan (8 January 2014). \"There's a catalogue of sport to look forward to in 2014!\". Pendle Today. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ \"Farah seals historic gold for Britain\". Yahoo! Eurosport. Retrieved 29 August 2011.\n^ Spink, Alex (11 December 2013). \"BBC Sports Personality of the Year: Mo Farah not expecting to win despite historic 2013\". The Mirror. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ Aspin, Guy (15 January 2014). \"Mo Farah: London Marathon a huge test\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ \"Mo Farah finishes eighth on full London Marathon debut\". BBC Sport. 13 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.\n^ \"Mo Farah was airlifted to hospital after bathroom collapse\". BBC Sport. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.\n^ Casert, Raf (17 August 2014). \"Mo Farah wins 5k to clinch long distance double at European Championships\". CTV News. Associated Press. Retrieved 19 August 2014.\n^ \"European championships: Mo Farah wins 5000m and record fifth gold\". BBC Sport. 17 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.\n^ \"Great North Run 2014: Mo Farah claims first victory\". BBC Sport. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.\n^ \"Mo Farah breaks indoor two-mile world record in Birmingham\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 February 2015.\n^ \"Mo Farah breaks European half marathon record in Lisbon win\". BBC Sport. 22 March 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.\n^ Ingle, Sean (27 December 2013). \"Memorable moments 2013: Mo Farah seals double-double at Moscow worlds\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ \"American Galen Rupp Finishes 5th in 27:08.91 4th fastest American 10,000 in History\". LetsRun.com. 22 August 2015.\n^ \"In victory and defeat, Kamworor and Farah now shift focus to Rio rematch\". IAAF.org. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ Young, Dennis (26 March 2016). \"Kenyan Duo Clobber Mo Farah As Kamworor Repeats at World Half\". Flotrack.org. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ \"3000 Metres Result | Glasgow Indoor Grand Prix\". IAAF.org. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ \"Mo Farah breaks 34-year-old British 3,000m record and dedicates victory to 'hero' Muhammad Ali\". London Evening Standard. Press Association. 5 June 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.\n^ \"Road to the Olympic Games\". CBC Sports. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ \"A closer look at the 2016 World Athlete of the Year men's finalists\". IAAF.org. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ Etchells, Daniel (15 October 2016). \"Farah and Beitia crowned European athletes of the year\". Insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ a b \"Mo Farah Falls but Hardly Misses a Step in 10,000-Meter Victory\". The New York Times. 13 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.\n^ \"Magical Mo Farah bags another Olympic gold and earns his place in history\". The Guardian. 22 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.\n^ \"Great North Run 2016: Mo Farah wins third time in a row\". BBC News. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ \"European Athletics Convention: Golden Tracks awards ceremony\". Insidethegames.biz. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ \"Bolt, Thompson among IAAF Athlete of the Year finalists\". Jamaica Gleaner. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ \"Mo Farah set for final track appearance in Zurich after World Championships\". BBC Sport. 28 July 2017.\n^ Lowell, Hugo (4 August 2017). \"Mo Farah wins tenth successive global title in men's 10,000m at World Championships\". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2019.\n^ \"World Championships 2017: Mo Farah defends his 10,000m title in London\". BBC Sport. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\n^ \"World Championships 2017: Mo Farah misses out on fifth consecutive distance double\". BBC Sport. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\n^ \"Mo Farah wins final race in Britain at Birmingham Diamond League meeting\". BBC Sport. 20 August 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\n^ a b \"Mo Farah wins his final track race in Zurich Diamond League event\". BBC Sport. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\n^ \"Full Results 2017 Weltklasse Zurich Diamond League\". LetsRun.com. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\n^ Lowell, Hugo (20 August 2017). \"Mo Farah insists he will never again compete in British vest\". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2019.\n^ \"Great North Run: Mo Farah wins record fourth successive title\". BBC Sport. 10 September 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\n^ \"2017 Great North Run Results\". LetsRun.com. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\n^ \"Mo Farah splits from coach Alberto Salazar and will return to Britain\". BBC Sport. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\n^ \"Mo Farah wins big half-marathon and sets sights on Jones marathon record\". The Guardian. 4 March 2018.\n^ Sport, Telegraph (4 March 2018). \"Mo Farah wins inaugural 'Big Half' in preparation for London Marathon\". The Telegraph. 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Retrieved 25 February 2019.\n^ Ingle, Sean (20 November 2018). \"Mo Farah to run 2019 London marathon but leaves door open for track return in Tokyo\". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 25 February 2019.\n^ \"Sir Mo Farah considering track return ahead of 2020 Olympics\". Sky Sports. Retrieved 25 February 2019.\n^ \"Farah gets financial backing ahead of World Championships in Qatar\". Evening Standard. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2019.\n^ \"London Big Half Marathon\". BBC Sport. BBC. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n^ \"Great North Run: Mo Farah wins record sixth straight title\". bbc.co.uk. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.\n^ \"Antrim Coast Half Marathon wins for Mo Farah and Lily Partridge\". AW. 12 September 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2023.\n^ \"Mo Farah breaks one-hour world record at Brussels Diamond League\". BBC Sport. 4 September 2020.\n^ \"T6 Mens Int'l Race A\". Open Track. 29 June 2021.\n^ \"'I gave it my all' reaction after Farah fails to qualify for Tokyo Olympics\". BBC Sport. 26 June 2021.\n^ \"Mo Farah's Mobot dance invented by Clare Balding\". The Telegraph. London. 12 August 2012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2012.\n^ \"Meet the real 'Mobot' track champ who's simply electric\". This is Plymouth.co.uk. 15 September 2012. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2013.\n^ Miles, Stuart (26 November 2012). \"Could Mo Farah's Do the Mobot be the new Gangnam Style? Internet sensation in the making\". Pocket-lint.com. Retrieved 16 August 2013.\n^ \"Olympic hero Mo Farah has confirmed he will take part in this year's Commonwealth Games in Glasgow\". Daily Record. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ Ali, Nimco (12 July 2022). \"As a child refugee from Somaliland, I know Sir Mo's agony all too well\". Evening Standard.\n^ Farah, Mo (6 October 2013). \"Mo Farah: I missed my twin brother Hassan so much during our 12-year separation\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.\n^ aliceD (4 April 2010). \"Mo Farah's wedding\". All-Athletics.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2011.\n^ Kessell, Anna (11 August 2012). \"London 2012: Marathon runner Scott Overall inspired by Mo Farah\". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 August 2012.\n^ Orstein, David (22 December 2011). \"BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2011 as it happened\". BBC News. Retrieved 15 July 2012.\n^ \"Olympic hero Mo Farah father of twin girls\". BBC News. 25 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.\n^ a b \"Olympic hero Mo Farah applies to be tax exile in bid to save millions\". Daily Record. 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.\n^ Mo Farah splits with coach Alberto Salazar ahead of move back to London. The Daily Telegraph.\n^ Lusher, Adam (4 August 2012). \"London 2012 Olympics: Mo Farah wins gold medal in the 10,000 metres final\". The Daily Telegraph. London.\n^ a b c \"Sports stars Mo Farah and Amir Khan join list of supporters\". Muslim Writers Awards. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.\n^ Milmo, Cahil (10 August 2012). \"Mo Farah seeks a peaceful haven as he prepares for second date with Olympic destiny\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2013.\n^ \"Influencing Muslims: The 500 Most Influential Muslims\". PR Newswire. Retrieved 4 December 2013.\n^ \"TV Online: Mo Farah at Emirates Stadium\". Arsenal FC Official website. London. 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 4 September 2010.\n^ a b \"Mo Farah calls on Arsene Wenger to sign him up as Arsenal fitness coach\". Metro. 4 September 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\n^ Shrestha, Sarad (27 September 2016). \"UK Olympic hero Mo Farah eyes Arsenal fitness job\". Tribal Football. Retrieved 16 August 2017.\n^ Farah, Mo (7 October 2013). \"Mo Farah: This is my moment, my race I will not be beaten at the London Olympic Games\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2013.\n^ \"Justin Bieber is Bing's most searched for person of 2013\". Irish Independent. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\n^ a b Usborne, Simon (4 August 2012). \"Mo Farah: Young man in a hurry\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2012.\n^ \"Mo Farah has become the first person to beat The Cube!\". Official Phillip Schofield.com. 1 February 2012.\n^ Heaven, Douglas (14 August 2012). \"Olympic stars unite to promote global hunger summit\". New Scientist. Retrieved 16 August 2012.\n^ \"Mo Farah stamp sold at London 2012 auction\". BBC. 28 April 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.\n^ Muir, Hugh (26 July 2013). \"Mo Farah pleads with Barclays not to end remittances to Somalia\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 July 2013.\n^ \"Mo Farah and Robbie Williams call for clampdown on tax dodgers\". 14 March 2013.\n^ \"Stars back brain tumour funding after girl, 6, given two years to live\". Evening Standard. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ \"Mo Farah Reveals his Next Step\". Nike News. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\n^ \"Nike commercial features Seattle Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman\". The Oregonian. 20 January 2014.\n^ \"Men's 'Mobot' Tee\". Mo Farah Store. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ Duffin, Claire (11 August 2012). \"London 2012: Athletes in line to make millions after the Games\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2012.\n^ Riley, Lisa (21 December 2013). \"Quorn signs up Mo Farah for new ads appealing to fitness fans\". The Grocer. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ \"Olympic Hero Mo Held in US Terror Blunder\". Sky News. 30 December 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.\n^ \"Somalia-born Olympic Champion Mo Farah Troubled by Trump's Travel Ban\". NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ \"Mo Farah: Olympic champion says he was racially harassed at German airport\". BBC Sport. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.\n^ \"Meet I'm A Celebrity's Sir Mo Farah 2020 contestant and Olympic athlete\". Retrieved 18 November 2020.\n^ Baker, Emily (13 July 2022). \"The Real Mo Farah, BBC1, review: Documentary exposes intimate journey through the trauma of human trafficking\". i. Retrieved 18 July 2022.\n^ Jeffries, Stuart (13 July 2022). \"The Real Mo Farah review a beautiful, heartbreaking story that exposes cruel Tory policy\". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 July 2022.\n^ O'Grady, Sean (14 July 2022). \"The Real Mo Farah: This jaw-dropping documentary will leave you bruised and bewildered\". The Independent. Retrieved 18 July 2022.\n^ Darvill, Josh (21 November 2022). \"Taskmaster's New Year Treat returns with new special meet the line up!\". TellyMix. Retrieved 21 November 2022.\n^ \"Mo Farah was investigated, then cleared, of doping by IAAF expert\". The Guardian. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018.\n^ \"New Fancy Bears leak says IAAF cleared Mo Farah after doping fear\". The Daily Telegraph. 5 July 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2018.\n^ Chavez, Chris (9 June 2017). \"Jeffrey Stuart Brown accused of antidoping rules violations\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 21 May 2020.\n^ Rebecca R. Ruiz (8 June 2017). \"Doctor for Nike Oregon Project Runners Is Notified of Doping Allegations\". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2020.\n^ \"AAA Panel Imposes 4-Year Sanctions on Alberto Salazar and Dr. Jeffrey Brown for Multiple Anti-Doping Rule Violations\". 30 September 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.\n^ Ingle, Sean (24 February 2020). \"Leaked reports show Mo Farah changed account to US anti-doping investigators\". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 25 April 2023.\n^ \"Fresh questions over Farah's relationship with Salazar\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 April 2023.\n^ a b c \"Farah: male athlete of 2016\". British Athletics Writers' Association. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ \"Aviva Athletics Awards 2010\". UK Athletics. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012.\n^ \"London Youth Games Hall of Fame 2010\". London Youth Games.org. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.\n^ \"Farah handed 2011 European award\". BBC News. 5 October 2011.\n^ \"Farah and Ennis voted British Athletes of the Year\". UKA.org.uk. 26 October 2012. Archived from the original on 25 December 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.\n^ Hart, Simon (5 October 2012). \"Mo Farah voted European male athlete of the year for second year\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2012.\n^ \"Farah, Adams and Rees among AW Readers' Choice award winners\". Athletics Weekly. 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ \"BOA Announce Olympic Athletes of the Year 2013\". Team GB. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ Young, Ken (30 December 2013). \"The Running Times 2013 Runners of the Year\". Running Times. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ \"Usain Bolt, Mo Farah and Serena Williams up for top prize\". The Voice Online. 31 January 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.\n^ \"Olympics double gold medalist Mo Farah bags sack race record\". Guinness World Records. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2021.\n^ \"The 50 Most Influential People in Running\". Runner's World. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\n^ \"2015 LRC Year-End Rankings, Men's 5,000: Mo Farah (Who Else?) Is No. 1 in World; Ben True, Galen Rupp & Ryan Hill Lead A Fine Crop of Americans\". LetsRun.com. 28 December 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2016.\n^ \"2015 LRC Year-End Rankings, Men's 10,000: Surprise, Surprise Mo Farah And Galen Rupp Are The World And US #1s\". LetsRun.com. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2016.\n^ Weekly, Athletics (4 November 2016). \"Jessica Ennis-Hill and Mo Farah are BAWA athletes of the year\". Athletics Weekly. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ Weekly, Athletics (20 November 2016). \"Mo Farah voted BASC athlete of the year\". Athletics Weekly. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ a b Weekly, Athletics (8 December 2016). \"Farah and Ennis-Hill among winners in 2016 AW Readers' Choice Awards\". Athletics Weekly. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ Hinds, Rodney (23 March 2017). \"British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards honoured Sir Mo\". Voice Online. Retrieved 1 April 2018.\n^ Trehan, Dev (7 May 2017). \"BEDSA 2017 Highlights\". Sporting Equals. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.\n^ \"Mo Farah & Kadeena Cox win British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards awards\". BBC Sport. 18 March 2017.\n^ \"Mo Farah named Celebrity Dad of the Year\". ITV. 15 June 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.\n^ \"Winners honoured at British Muslim Awards\". Asian Image. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2015.\n^ Molloy, Antonia (2 February 2014). \"Wildlife presenter David Attenborough is named the UK's most trustworthy figure\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022.\n^ \"World's 100 Most Powerful Arabs\". Arabian Business. Retrieved 19 August 2014.\n^ Fox, Boudicca (22 September 2015). \"The 50 greatest Britons revealed: Wills and Kate are in but where are Bobby Moore and Thomas Hardy? Mirror Online\". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2016.\n^ Ashton, James (16 September 2015) The Progress 1000: George Osborne and England rugby captain Chris Robshaw named as most influential Londoners. standard.co.uk\n^ Edmonds, Lizzie (29 January 2016). \"Mo Farah named sports hero Londoners are most proud of\". Evening Standard. Retrieved 19 July 2016.\n^ \"Sir Lenny Henry and Mo Farah among top 10 most influential black Britons\". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ \"No. 61803\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2016. p.N2.\n^ \"OLY honours for Olympic legends\". olympians.org.\n^ \"Taskmaster's New Year Treat 2023 crowns its winner\". MSN.\n^ \"Mohamed Farah Mukhtar\". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved 5 October 2015.\n^ \"5000 Metres Result\". IAAF.org. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.\n^ \"Farah wins sixth Great North Run title\". BBC Sport.\n^ \"Chicago Marathon 2018 Results\". 7 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.\n^ \"Win Mo Farah: No Easy Mile on DVD\". HeyUGuys. Retrieved 16 August 2017.\n^ \"Mo Farah\". Soundcloud.com. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Mo Farah.\nOfficial website\nMo Farah at World Athletics\nMo Farah Foundation at the Wayback Machine (archived 1 June 2012)\nMararike, Shingi (25 September 2016). \"A life in the day: Mo Farah, Olympic legend\". The Sunday Times.\nRecords\nPrecededbyMohammed Mourhit\nMen's 10,000 m European Record Holder 3 June 2011 \nSucceededbyIncumbent\nPrecededbyFermn Cacho\nMen's 1500 m European Record Holder 19 July 2013 14 August 2020\nSucceededbyJakob Ingebrigtsen\nPrecededbyFabin Roncero\nMen's Half-Marathon European Record Holder 22 March 2015 8 February 2019\nSucceededbyJulien Wanders\nPrecededbySondre Nordstad Moen\nMen's Marathon European Record Holder 9 September 2018 1 December 2019\nSucceededbyKaan Kigen zbilen\nSporting positions and awards\nvteOlympic champions in men's 5000 metres\n1912: Hannes Kolehmainen(FIN)\n1920: Joseph Guillemot(FRA)\n1924: Paavo Nurmi(FIN)\n1928: Ville Ritola(FIN)\n1932: Lauri Lehtinen(FIN)\n1936: Gunnar Hckert(FIN)\n1948: Gaston Reiff(BEL)\n1952: Emil Ztopek(TCH)\n1956: Vladimir Kuts(URS)\n1960: Murray Halberg(NZL)\n1964: Bob Schul(USA)\n1968: Mohammed Gammoudi(TUN)\n1972: Lasse Virn(FIN)\n1976: Lasse Virn(FIN)\n1980: Miruts Yifter(ETH)\n1984: Sad Aouita(MAR)\n1988: John Ngugi(KEN)\n1992: Dieter Baumann(GER)\n1996: Vnuste Niyongabo(BDI)\n2000: Million Wolde(ETH)\n2004: Hicham El Guerrouj(MAR)\n2008: Kenenisa Bekele(ETH)\n2012: Mo Farah(GBR)\n2016: Mo Farah(GBR)\n2020: Joshua Cheptegei(UGA)\nvteOlympic champions in men's 5 miles and 10,000 metres5 miles\n1906: Henry Hawtrey(GBR)\n1908: Emil Voigt(GBR)\n10,000 metres\n1912: Hannes Kolehmainen(FIN)\n1920: Paavo Nurmi(FIN)\n1924: Ville Ritola(FIN)\n1928: Paavo Nurmi(FIN)\n1932: Janusz Kusociski(POL)\n1936: Ilmari Salminen(FIN)\n1948: Emil Ztopek(TCH)\n1952: Emil Ztopek(TCH)\n1956: Vladimir Kuts(URS)\n1960: Pyotr Bolotnikov(URS)\n1964: Billy Mills(USA)\n1968: Naftali Temu(KEN)\n1972: Lasse Virn(FIN)\n1976: Lasse Virn(FIN)\n1980: Miruts Yifter(ETH)\n1984: Alberto Cova(ITA)\n1988: Brahim Boutayeb(MAR)\n1992: Khalid Skah(MAR)\n1996: Haile Gebrselassie(ETH)\n2000: Haile Gebrselassie(ETH)\n2004: Kenenisa Bekele(ETH)\n2008: Kenenisa Bekele(ETH)\n2012: Mo Farah(GBR)\n2016: Mo Farah(GBR)\n2020: Selemon Barega(ETH)\nvteWorld champions in men's 5000 metres\n1983: Eamonn Coghlan (IRL)\n1987: Sad Aouita (MAR)\n1991: Yobes Ondieki (KEN)\n1993: Ismael Kirui (KEN)\n1995: Ismael Kirui (KEN)\n1997: Daniel Komen (KEN)\n1999: Salah Hissou (MAR)\n2001: Richard Limo (KEN)\n2003: Eliud Kipchoge (KEN)\n2005: Benjamin Limo (KEN)\n2007: Bernard Lagat (USA)\n2009: Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)\n2011: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2013: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2015: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2017: Muktar Edris (ETH)\n2019: Muktar Edris (ETH)\n2022: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\n2023: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\nvteWorld champions in men's 10,000 metres\n1983: Alberto Cova (ITA)\n1987: Paul Kipkoech (KEN)\n1991: Moses Tanui (KEN)\n1993: Haile Gebrselassie (ETH)\n1995: Haile Gebrselassie (ETH)\n1997: Haile Gebrselassie (ETH)\n1999: Haile Gebrselassie (ETH)\n2001: Charles Kamathi (KEN)\n2003: Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)\n2005: Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)\n2007: Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)\n2009: Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)\n2011: Ibrahim Jeilan (ETH)\n2013: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2015: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2017: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2019: Joshua Cheptegei (UGA)\n2022: Joshua Cheptegei (UGA)\n2023: Joshua Cheptegei (UGA)\nvteEuropean Athletics Championships champions in men's 5000 metres\n1934: Roger Rochard (FRA)\n1938: Taisto Mki (FIN)\n1946: Sydney Wooderson (GBR)\n1950: Emil Ztopek (TCH)\n1954: Vladimir Kuts (URS)\n1958: Zdzisaw Krzyszkowiak (POL)\n1962: Bruce Tulloh (GBR)\n1966: Michel Jazy (FRA)\n1969: Ian Stewart (GBR)\n1971: Juha Vtinen (FIN)\n1974: Brendan Foster (GBR)\n1978: Venanzio Ortis (ITA)\n1982: Thomas Wessinghage (FRG)\n1986: Jack Buckner (GBR)\n1990: Salvatore Antibo (ITA)\n1994: Dieter Baumann (GER)\n1998: Isaac Viciosa (ESP)\n2002: Alberto Garca (ESP)\n2006: Jess Espaa (ESP)\n2010: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2012: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2014: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2016: Ilias Fifa (ESP)\n2018: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\n2022: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\nvteEuropean Athletics Championships champions in men's 10,000 metres\n1934: Ilmari Salminen (FIN)\n1938: Ilmari Salminen (FIN)\n1946: Viljo Heino (FIN)\n1950: Emil Ztopek (TCH)\n1954: Emil Ztopek (TCH)\n1958: Zdzisaw Krzyszkowiak (POL)\n1962: Pyotr Bolotnikov (URS)\n1966: Jrgen Haase (GDR)\n1969: Jrgen Haase (GDR)\n1971: Juha Vtinen (FIN)\n1974: Manfred Kuschmann (GDR)\n1978: Martti Vainio (FIN)\n1982: Alberto Cova (ITA)\n1986: Stefano Mei (ITA)\n1990: Salvatore Antibo (ITA)\n1994: Abel Antn (ESP)\n1998: Antnio Pinto (POR)\n2002: Jos Manuel Martnez (ESP)\n2006: Jan Fitschen (GER)\n2010: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2012: Polat Kemboi Arkan (TUR)\n2014: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2016: Polat Kemboi Arkan (TUR)\n2018: Morhad Amdouni (FRA)\n2022: Yemaneberhan Crippa (ITA)\nvteEuropean Athletics Indoor Champions in men's 3000 metres\n1966: Harald Norpoth (FRG)\n1967: Werner Girke (FRG)\n1968: Viktor Kudynskyy (URS)\n1969: Ian Stewart (SCO)\n1970: Ricky Wilde (GBR)\n1971: Peter Stewart (GBR)\n1972: Juris Grusti (URS)\n1973: Emiel Puttemans (BEL)\n1974: Emiel Puttemans (BEL)\n1975: Ian Stewart (GBR)\n1976: Ingo Sensburg (FRG)\n1977: Karl Fleschen (FRG)\n1978: Markus Ryffel (SUI)\n1979: Markus Ryffel (SUI)\n1980: Karl Fleschen (FRG)\n1981: Alexandre Gonzalez (FRA)\n1982: Patriz Ilg (FRG)\n1983: Dragan Zdravkovi (YUG)\n1984: Lubomr Tesek (TCH)\n1985: Bob Verbeeck (BEL)\n1986: Dietmar Millonig (AUT)\n1987: Jos Luis Gonzlez (ESP)\n1988: Jos Luis Gonzlez (ESP)\n1989: Dieter Baumann (FRG)\n1990: ric Dubus (FRA)\n1992: Gennaro Di Napoli (ITA)\n1994: Kim Bauermeister (GER)\n1996: Anacleto Jimnez (ESP)\n1998: John Mayock (GBR)\n2000: Mark Carroll (IRL)\n2002: Alberto Garca (ESP)\n2005: Alistair Cragg (IRL)\n2007: Cosimo Caliandro (ITA)\n2009: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2011: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2013: Hayle Ibrahimov (AZE)\n2015: Ali Kaya (TUR)\n2017: Adel Mechaal (ESP)\n2019: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\n2021: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\n2023: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\nvteEuropean Cross Country Championships champions in men's cross country running\n1994: Paulo Guerra (POR)\n1995: Paulo Guerra (POR)\n1996: Jon Brown (GBR)\n1997: Carsten Jrgensen (DEN)\n1998: Serhiy Lebid (UKR)\n1999: Paulo Guerra (POR)\n2000: Paulo Guerra (POR)\n2001: Serhiy Lebid (UKR)\n2002: Serhiy Lebid (UKR)\n2003: Serhiy Lebid (UKR)\n2004: Serhiy Lebid (UKR)\n2005: Serhiy Lebid (UKR)\n2006: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2007: Serhiy Lebid (UKR)\n2008: Serhiy Lebid (UKR)\n2009: Alemayehu Bezabeh (ESP)\n2010: Serhiy Lebid (UKR)\n2011: Atelaw Yeshetela Bekele (BEL)\n2012: Andrea Lalli (ITA)\n2013: Alemayehu Bezabeh (ESP)\n2014: Polat Kemboi Arkan (TUR)\n2015: Ali Kaya (TUR)\n2016: Aras Kaya (TUR)\n2017: Kaan Kigen zbilen (TUR)\n2018: Filip Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\n2019: Robel Fsiha (SWE)\n2021: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\n2022: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\n2023: Yann Schrub (FRA)\nvte Diamond League champions in men's 5000 metres\n2010: Imane Merga(ETH)\n2011: Imane Merga(ETH)\n2012: Isaiah Koech(KEN)\n2013: Yenew Alamirew(ETH)\n2014: Caleb Ndiku(KEN)\n2015: Yomif Kejelcha(ETH)\n2016: Hagos Gebrhiwet(ETH)\n2017: Mo Farah(GBR)\n2018: Selemon Barega(ETH)\n2019: Joshua Cheptegei(UGA)\n2020: not awarded\n2021: Berihu Aregawi(ETH)\n2022: Nicholas Kimeli(KEN)\n2023: Jakob Ingebrigtsen(NOR)\nvtePost-War British Olympic Champions in Men's Athletics\n1956: Chris Brasher (3000 m steeplechase)\n1960: Don Thompson (50 km walk)\n1964: Ken Matthews (20 km walk)\n1964: Lynn Davies (long jump)\n1968: David Hemery (400 m hurdles)\n1980: Allan Wells (100 m)\n1980: Steve Ovett (800 m)\n1980 & 1984: Sebastian Coe (1500 m)\n1980 & 1984: Daley Thompson (decathlon)\n1992: Linford Christie (100 m)\n2000: Jonathan Edwards (triple jump)\n2004: Jason Gardener, Darren Campbell, Marlon Devonish & Mark Lewis-Francis (4 x 100 m relay)\n2012: Greg Rutherford (long jump)\n2012 & 2016: Mo Farah (10,000 m & 5,000 m)\nvteEuropean Athlete of the Year (men)\n1993: Linford Christie (GBR)\n1994: Colin Jackson (GBR)\n1995: Jonathan Edwards (GBR)\n1996: Jan elezn (CZE)\n1997: Wilson Kipketer (DEN)\n1998: Jonathan Edwards (GBR)\n1999: Tom Dvok (CZE)\n2000: Jan elezn (CZE)\n2001: Andr Bucher (SUI)\n2002: Dwain Chambers (GBR)\n2003: Christian Olsson (SWE)\n2004: Christian Olsson (SWE)\n2005: Virgilijus Alekna (LIT)\n2006: Francis Obikwelu (POR)\n2007: Tero Pitkmki (FIN)\n2008: Andreas Thorkildsen (NOR)\n2009: Phillips Idowu (GBR)\n2010: Christophe Lemaitre (FRA)\n2011: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2012: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2013: Bohdan Bondarenko (UKR)\n2014: Renaud Lavillenie (FRA)\n2015: Greg Rutherford (GBR)\n2016: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2017: Johannes Vetter (GER)\n2018: Kevin Mayer (FRA)\n2019: Karsten Warholm (NOR)\n2020: not awarded\n2021: Karsten Warholm (NOR)\n2022: Armand Duplantis (SWE) 2022: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\n2023: Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR)\nvteBBC Sports Personality of the Year Award\n1954: Christopher Chataway\n1955: Gordon Pirie\n1956: Jim Laker\n1957: Dai Rees\n1958: Ian Black\n1959: John Surtees\n1960: David Broome\n1961: Stirling Moss\n1962: Anita Lonsbrough\n1963: Dorothy Hyman\n1964: Mary Rand\n1965: Tom Simpson\n1966: Bobby Moore\n1967: Henry Cooper\n1968: David Hemery\n1969: Ann Jones\n1970: Henry Cooper\n1971: HRH The Princess Anne\n1972: Mary Peters\n1973: Jackie Stewart\n1974: Brendan Foster\n1975: David Steele\n1976: John Curry\n1977: Virginia Wade\n1978: Steve Ovett\n1979: Sebastian Coe\n1980: Robin Cousins\n1981: Ian Botham\n1982: Daley Thompson\n1983: Steve Cram\n1984: Torvill and Dean (Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean)\n1985: Barry McGuigan\n1986: Nigel Mansell\n1987: Fatima Whitbread\n1988: Steve Davis\n1989: Nick Faldo\n1990: Paul Gascoigne\n1991: Liz McColgan\n1992: Nigel Mansell\n1993: Linford Christie\n1994: Damon Hill\n1995: Jonathan Edwards\n1996: Damon Hill\n1997: Greg Rusedski\n1998: Michael Owen\n1999: Lennox Lewis\n2000: Steve Redgrave\n2001: David Beckham\n2002: Paula Radcliffe\n2003: Jonny Wilkinson\n2004: Kelly Holmes\n2005: Andrew Flintoff\n2006: Zara Phillips\n2007: Joe Calzaghe\n2008: Chris Hoy\n2009: Ryan Giggs\n2010: Tony McCoy\n2011: Mark Cavendish\n2012: Bradley Wiggins\n2013: Andy Murray\n2014: Lewis Hamilton\n2015: Andy Murray\n2016: Andy Murray\n2017: Mo Farah\n2018: Geraint Thomas\n2019: Ben Stokes\n2020: Lewis Hamilton\n2021: Emma Raducanu\n2022: Beth Mead\n2023: Mary Earps\nvteChicago Marathon men's winners\n1977: Dan Cloeter (USA)\n1978: Mark Stanforth (USA)\n1979: Dan Cloeter (USA)\n1980: Frank Richardson (USA)\n1981: Phil Coppess (USA)\n1982: Greg Meyer (USA)\n1983: Joseph Nzau (KEN)\n198485: Steve Jones (GBR)\n1986: Toshihiko Seko (JPN)\n1987: Half Marathon\n1988: Alejandro Cruz (MEX)\n1989: Paul Davies-Hale (GBR)\n1990: Martn Pitayo (MEX)\n1991: Joseildo da Silva (BRA)\n1992: Jose Cesar de Souza (BRA)\n199394: Luz Antnio dos Santos (BRA)\n1995: Eamonn Martin (GBR)\n1996: Paul Evans (GBR)\n1997: Khalid Khannouchi (MAR)\n1998: Ondoro Osoro (KEN)\n19992000: Khalid Khannouchi (MAR)\n2001: Ben Kimondiu (KEN)\n2002: Khalid Khannouchi (USA)\n200304: Evans Rutto (KEN)\n2005: Felix Limo (KEN)\n2006: Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot (KEN)\n2007: Patrick Ivuti (KEN)\n2008: Evans Cheruiyot (KEN)\n200910: Samuel Wanjiru (KEN)\n2011: Moses Mosop (KEN)\n2012: Tsegaye Kebede (ETH)\n2013: Dennis Kipruto Kimetto (KEN)\n2014: Eliud Kipchoge (KEN)\n2015: Dickson Chumba (KEN)\n2016: Abel Kirui (KEN)\n2017: Galen Rupp (USA)\n2018: Mo Farah (GBR)\n2019: Lawrence Cherono (KEN)\n2020: cancelled\n2021: Seifu Tura (ETH)\n2022: Benson Kipruto (KEN)\n2023: Kelvin Kiptum (KEN)\nWorld Marathon Majors\nBerlin Marathon List (M/W)\nBoston Marathon List (M/W)\nChicago Marathon List (M/W)\nLondon Marathon List (M/W)\nNew York City Marathon List (M/W)\nTokyo Marathon List (M/W)\nvteBritish Athletics Championships men's 5000 metres champions\n2007: Mo Farah\n2008: Andy Vernon\n2009: Scott Overall\n2010: Chris Thompson\n2011: Mo Farah\n2012: Ross Millington\n2013: Andy Vernon\n2014: Tom Farrell\n2015: Tom Farrell\n2016: Andrew Butchart\n2017: Andrew Butchart\n2018: Marc Scott\n2019: Andrew Butchart\n2020: Marc Scott\n2021: Patrick Dever\n2022: Marc Scott\n2023: James West\nvteNike Oregon ProjectSupport\nAlberto Salazar\nPete Julian\nDarren Treasure\nRosterMen's\nGalen Rupp\nSuguru Osako\nCraig Engels\nClayton Murphy\nEric Jenkins\nYomif Kejelcha\nDonavan Brazier\nWomen's\nJordan Hasay\nShannon Rowbury\nSifan Hassan\nKonstanze Klosterhalfen\nJessica Hull\nFormer members\nMary Cain\nMatthew Centrowitz Jr.\nTara Erdmann\nMo Farah\nKara Goucher\nAdam Goucher\nCameron Levins\nTreniere Moser\nLuke Puskedra\nDathan Ritzenhein\nDorian Ulrey\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States\nPoland\nPeople\nWorld Athletics\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo_Farah&oldid=1226206865\"\nCategories: 1983 birthsLiving peoplePeople from Maroodi JeexAthletes from LondonBritish male middle-distance runnersBritish male long-distance runnersBritish male marathon runnersBritish male cross country runnersEnglish male middle-distance runnersEnglish male long-distance runnersEnglish male marathon runnersEnglish male cross country runnersSomalian male middle-distance runnersSomalian male long-distance runnersSomalian male marathon runnersSomalian male cross country runnersBritish autobiographersBritish children's writersOlympic male long-distance runnersOlympic athletes for Great BritainOlympic gold medallists for Great BritainOlympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer OlympicsAthletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer OlympicsAthletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer OlympicsMedalists at the 2012 Summer OlympicsMedalists at the 2016 Summer OlympicsCommonwealth Games competitors for EnglandAthletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth GamesWorld Athletics Championships athletes for Great BritainWorld Athletics Championships winnersWorld Athletics Championships medalistsEuropean Athletics Championships winnersEuropean Athletics Championships medalistsEuropean Athletics Indoor Championships winnersEuropean Cross Country Championships winnersBritish Athletics Championships winnersDiamond League winnersChicago Marathon male winnersEuropean Athlete of the Year winnersBBC Sports Personality of the Year winnersCommanders of the Order of the British EmpireKnights BachelorSportspeople awarded knighthoodsAlumni of Feltham Community CollegeNaturalised citizens of the United KingdomEnglish expatriate sportspeople in the United StatesSomalian emigrants to the United KingdomEnglish twinsBAFTA winners (people)Black British sportsmenBritish MuslimsEnglish people of Somali descentHidden categories: All articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from February 2018Articles with permanently dead external linksPages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to yArticles with dead external links from November 2018Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse British English from May 2015Use dmy dates from June 2021Pages using Template:Post-nominals with missing parametersAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from April 2024Articles containing Somali-language textArticles with unsourced statements from December 2019Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018Pages using multiple image with auto scaled imagesArticles with unsourced statements from July 2022Commons category link from WikidataWebarchive template wayback linksTemplate:Succession box: 'after' parameter includes the word 'incumbent'S-aft: 'after' parameter includes the word 'incumbent'Articles with FAST identifiersArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat Entities identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with IAAF identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 29 May 2024, at 05:49(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. 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Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Farah" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mo Farah - Welcome to the official website of Sir Mo Farah CBE\nHome\nMy Story\nNews\nPerformance\nMedia\nPartners\nContact\n\"Sir Mo Farah, CBE, is a multiple Olympic, World and European champion the UK's greatest ever athlete\"\n12th September 2020\nMo wins Antrim Coast Half Marathon\nRead\nmore\n4th September 2020\nMo breaks the one-hour world record on his return to the track in Brussels.\nRead\nmore\n15th February 2024\nIOM Welcomes Olympic Gold Medalist and Running Legend Mo Farah as First Global Goodwill Ambassador\nRead\nmore\n15th February 2024\nSir Mo Farah announced as National School Sport Champion\nRead\nmore\n9th November 2020\nSir Mo Farah joins Im A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here\nRead\nmore\n30th September 2020\nSir Mo Farah teams up with Arnold & Son\nRead\nmore\n12th September 2020\nMo wins Antrim Coast Half Marathon\nRead\nmore\n4th September 2020\nMo breaks the one-hour world record on his return to the track in Brussels.\nRead\nmore\n15th February 2024\nIOM Welcomes Olympic Gold Medalist and Running Legend Mo Farah as First Global Goodwill Ambassador\nRead\nmore\n15th February 2024\nSir Mo Farah announced as National School Sport Champion\nRead\nmore\n9th November 2020\nSir Mo Farah joins Im A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here\nRead\nmore\n30th September 2020\nSir Mo Farah teams up with Arnold & Son\nRead\nmore\n12th September 2020\nMo wins Antrim Coast Half Marathon\nRead\nmore\n4th September 2020\nMo breaks the one-hour world record on his return to the track in Brussels.\nRead\nmore\n\"Winner of 4 Olympic Gold Medals\"\nInstagram\nFollow Mo\n2024 Mo Farah | All rights reserved\nPrivacy\nPolicy & Cookies\nWebsite by: Shawfire\nWe are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website.\nYou can find out more about which cookies we are using or switch them off in settings.\nClose GDPR Cookie Banner\nACCEPT\nClose GDPR Cookie Banner\nClose GDPR Cookie Settings\nPrivacy Overview\nStrictly Necessary Cookies\nPowered by GDPR Cookie Compliance\nPrivacy Overview\nThis website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.\nStrictly Necessary Cookies\nStrictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.\nEnable or Disable Cookies\nIf you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again.\nEnable All\nSave Settings", "url": "https://www.mofarah.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mo FARAH | Profile | World AthleticsInside World AthleticsMuseumLibrarySign in/UpRegister nowWhy register?HomeNewsPress ReleasesNewsReportsPreviewsFeaturesSeriesWatchCompetitionsCalendarTicketsHostingOur SportRules & RegulationsCompetition Performance RankingCompetitions ArchiveAthletesWorld RankingsProfilesAwardsSpikesAthletes' RepresentativesTransfer of AllegianceAthletes CommissionStats ZoneResultsToplistsRecordsSend Competition ResultsWorld RankingsRoad to Paris 24Personal BestLifestylePerformanceCultureBetter WorldNewsSustainabilityAthlete Refugee TeamAir QualitySafeguardingShopAthletes HomeWorld RankingsProfilesAwardsSpikesAthletes' RepresentativesTransfer of AllegianceAthletes CommissionMo FARAHAthlete NameMo FARAHCountryGreat Britain & N.I.Born23 MAR 1983Athlete Code14189197Social mediaFollow me Follow meAthlete Representative Ricky SIMMSView ProfileCountryIrelandMobileEmailinfo@pacesportsmanagement.comWebsitehttp://www.pacesportsmanagement.comHonours Summary4xOlympic champion6xWorld champion1xDiamond League Final winner2xWorld Championships Silver medallistMore HonoursLoading...World Athletics ConfidentialityContact UsTerms and ConditionsCookie PolicyPrivacy PolicyFollow World AthleticsFacebookInstagramXYoutubeTikTok2024 World Athletics. All Rights Reserved.", "url": "https://worldathletics.org/athletes/great-britain-ni/mo-farah-14189197" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Sir Mo Farah reveals he was trafficked to the UK as a childBritish Broadcasting CorporationRegisterSign InHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveHomeNewsIsrael-Gaza WarWar in UkraineUK General ElectionIndia ElectionUS & CanadaUKUK PoliticsEnglandN. IrelandN. Ireland PoliticsScotlandScotland PoliticsWalesWales PoliticsAfricaAsiaChinaIndiaAustraliaEuropeLatin AmericaMiddle EastIn PicturesBBC VerifySportBusinessFuture of BusinessTechnology of BusinessWork CultureInnovationTechnologyScience & HealthArtificial IntelligenceCultureFilm & TVMusicArt & DesignStyleBooksEntertainment NewsTravelDestinationsAfricaAntarcticaAsiaAustralia and PacificCaribbean & BermudaCentral AmericaEuropeMiddle EastNorth AmericaSouth AmericaWorlds TableCulture & ExperiencesAdventuresThe SpeciaListEarthNatural WondersWeather & ScienceClimate SolutionsSustainable BusinessGreen LivingVideoLiveLive NewsLive SportRegisterSign InHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveAudioWeatherSir Mo Farah reveals he was trafficked to the UK as a child16 July 2022By Ashitha Nagesh,Community affairs correspondentShareWATCH: People know me as Mo Farah, but it's not my nameSir Mo Farah was brought to the UK illegally as a child and forced to work as a domestic servant, he has revealed.The Olympic star has told the BBC he was given the name Mohamed Farah by those who flew him over from Djibouti. His real name is Hussein Abdi Kahin. He was flown over from the East African country aged nine by a woman he had never met, and then made to look after another family's children, he says.\"For years I just kept blocking it out,\" the Team GB athlete says. \"But you can only block it out for so long.\"The long-distance runner has previously said he came to the UK from Somalia with his parents as a refugee. But in a documentary by the BBC and Red Bull Studios, seen by BBC News and airing on Wednesday, he says his parents have never been to the UK - his mother and two brothers live on their family farm in the breakaway state of Somaliland.Sir Mo Farah praised for trafficking disclosureHis father, Abdi, was killed by stray gunfire when Sir Mo was four years old, in civil violence in Somalia. Somaliland declared independence in 1991 but is not internationally recognised. Sir Mo says he was about eight or nine years old when he was taken from home to stay with family in Djibouti. He was then flown over to the UK by a woman he had never met and wasn't related to. She told him he was being taken to Europe to live with relatives there - something he says he was \"excited\" about. \"I'd never been on a plane before,\" he says. Watch: Sir Mo Farah describes calling his mother after years of separationThe woman told him to say his name was Mohamed. He says she had fake travel documents with her that showed his photo next to the name \"Mohamed Farah\". When they arrived in the UK, the woman took him to her flat in Hounslow, west London, and took a piece of paper off him that had his relatives' contact details on.\"Right in front of me, she ripped it up and put it in the bin. At that moment, I knew I was in trouble,\" he says.Sir Mo says he had to do housework and childcare \"if I wanted food in my mouth\". He says the woman told him: \"If you ever want to see your family again, don't say anything.\"A fake document, showing Sir Mo's photo next to the name \"Mohamed Farah\", was used to bring him into the UK\"Often I would just lock myself in the bathroom and cry,\" he says. For the first few years the family didn't allow him to attend school regularly, but when he was about 11 he enrolled in Year 7 at Feltham Community College. Staff were told Sir Mo was a refugee from Somalia.Sir Mo confided in his PE teacherHis old form tutor Sarah Rennie tells the BBC he came to school \"unkempt and uncared for\", that he spoke very little English and was an \"emotionally and culturally alienated\" child.She says the people who said they were his parents didn't attend any parents' evenings. Trafficked to Europe for sex: An escape storyFrom modern slavery victim to coffee shop managerFarah to run at London Marathon in OctoberSir Mo's PE teacher, Alan Watkinson, noticed a transformation in the young boy when he hit the athletics track.\"The only language he seemed to understand was the language of PE and sport,\" he says.Sir Mo says sport was a lifeline for him as \"the only thing I could do to get away from this [living situation] was to get out and run\".He eventually confided in Mr Watkinson about his true identity, his background, and the family he was being forced to work for. 'The real Mo'The PE teacher contacted social services and helped Sir Mo to be fostered by another Somali family.\"I still missed my real family, but from that moment everything got better,\" Sir Mo says. \"I felt like a lot of stuff was lifted off my shoulders, and I felt like me. That's when Mo came out - the real Mo.\"Getty ImagesSir Mo won gold medals in the 5,000m and 10,000m at the London 2012 and Rio 2016 Olympic GamesSir Mo began making a name for himself as an athlete and aged 14 he was invited to compete for English schools at a race in Latvia - but he didn't have any travel documents. Mr Watkinson helped him apply for British citizenship under the name Mohamed Farah, which was granted in July 2000.In the documentary, barrister Allan Briddock tells Sir Mo his nationality was technically \"obtained by fraud or misrepresentations\".Can you be stripped of your British citizenship?Somalia country profileLegally, the government can remove a person's British nationality if their citizenship was obtained through fraud.But a Home Office official told BBC News it would not take action over Sir Mo's nationality, as it was assumed a child was not complicit when citizenship was gained by deception.Watch: Sir Mo Farah: \"If you say anything, they will take you away\"Mr Briddock also explains to Sir Mo the risk of this in his case is low.\"Basically, the definition of trafficking is transportation for exploitative purposes,\" he tells Sir Mo.\"In your case, you were obliged as a very small child yourself to look after small children and to be a domestic servant. And then you told the relevant authorities, 'that is not my name'. All of those combine to lessen the risk that the Home Office will take away your nationality.\"Sad songsAs his profile grew in the Somali community, a woman approached him in a London restaurant and gave him a tape. It contained a recorded message for Sir Mo from someone he had not heard from in a long time - his mother, Aisha.\"It wasn't just a tape,\" Sir Mo says. \"It was more of a voice - and then it was singing sad songs for me, like poems or like traditional song, you know. And I would listen to it for days, weeks.\"The side of the tape had a phone number on it, asking him to call but adding: \"If this is a bother or causing you trouble, don't - just leave it - you don't have to contact me.\" \"I'm going, 'Of course I want to contact you,'\" Sir Mo says.Sir Mo was reunited with his mother, Aisha, through a woman in London's Somali communityThe mother and son then had their first phone call.\"When I heard him, I felt like throwing the phone on the floor and being transported to him from all the joy I felt,\" Aisha says. \"The excitement and joy of getting a response from him made me forget everything that happened.\"In the documentary, Sir Mo takes his son, whom he named Hussein, to Somaliland to meet Aisha and his two brothers. Sir Mo took his son, Hussein, to meet his mother\"Never in my life did I think I would see you or your children alive,\" she tells Sir Mo. \"We were living in a place with nothing, no cattle, and destroyed land. We all thought we were dying. 'Boom, boom, boom,' was all we heard. I sent you away because of the war. I sent you off to your uncle in Djibouti so you could have something.\"When Sir Mo asks Aisha who decided he would be taken from Djibouti to the UK, she says: \"No-one told me. I lost contact with you. We didn't have phones, roads or anything. There was nothing here. The land was devastated.\"Running 'saved me'Sir Mo says he wants to tell his story to challenge public perceptions of trafficking and slavery.\"I had no idea there was so many people who are going through exactly the same thing that I did. It just shows how lucky I was,\" he says. \"What really saved me, what made me different, was that I could run.\"The woman who brought Sir Mo to London has been approached by the BBC for comment, but has not responded.However since the documentary was broadcast on 13 July, relatives have defended her, saying that a lot of people brought children who were not their own from Somaliland to Europe for a better life and that it was common in their culture for children to do household work. Chancellor Nadhim Zahawi, who was forced to flee Iraq with his family when he was 11, said hearing Sir Mo's story was \"heartbreaking and painful\".He told BBC Breakfast: \"I salute Mo Farah. What an amazing human being, to have gone through that trauma in childhood, to come through it and be such a great role model. It's truly inspirational.\"You can watch The Real Mo Farah on BBC One at 21:00 BST or on BBC iPlayer at 06:00 BST on Wednesday 13 July (UK only).Correction: An earlier version of this story stated Sir Mo did not attend school until he was 12. His representatives have since told the BBC he did attend a primary school for short periods.Sir Mo Farah praised for trafficking disclosureSir Mo Farah on calling his mum after years spent apartFarah to run at London Marathon in OctoberWho is Shamima Begum and how can you lose your citizenship?Trafficked to Europe: An escape storyRise in modern slavery victims helped by charityHuman traffickingSlaverySomaliaMo FarahRelatedGang guilty of trafficking women to work in brothel flats21 hrs agoNewsScotlandCrime report reveals Scotland 'terror attack' plan6 days agoNewsEdinburgh, Fife & EastHuman trafficking charges after sex workers found4 May 2024NewsBirmingham & Black CountryMore28 Apr 2024Portugal debate over colonial and slavery role resurfacesPresident Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa reignited a row by suggesting making amends for past \"crimes\".28 Apr 2024NewsEurope25 Apr 2024Former lifeboat becomes glamping 'yellow submarine'Found adrift in the Atlantic after a pirate attack, it cost 10k to convert into accommodation.25 Apr 2024NewsSomerset14 Apr 2024Somali pirates free ship after ransom reportedly paidThe Bangladesh-flagged cargo vessel and its crew were seized last month off Somalia's coast.14 Apr 2024NewsAfrica4 Apr 2024Somalia expels Ethiopian ambassador as row deepensThe two countries have been at loggerheads since January in a dispute over Ethiopia's access to the sea.4 Apr 2024NewsAfrica3 Apr 2024Puntland profileAn overview of Puntland, an autonomous region of Somalia in northeast Africa.3 Apr 2024NewsAfricaBritish Broadcasting CorporationHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveAudioWeatherBBC ShopBBC in other languagesTerms of UseAbout the BBCPrivacy PolicyCookiesAccessibility HelpContact the BBCAdvertise with usDo not share or sell my infoContact technical supportCopyright 2024 BBC. All rights reserved.The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.Read about our approach to external linking.Let us know you agree to cookiesWe use cookies to give you the best online experience. Please let us know if you agree to all of these cookies. Yes, I agreeNo, take me to settings", "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62123886" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mo Farah, Olympic Gold Medalist, to Make Landmark Visit to Kenya as First IOM Global Goodwill Ambassador | International Organization for Migration\nSkip to main content\nMaking migration work for all\nCovid-19\nMedia Centre\nMEDIA CENTRE\nNewsroom\nNews\nGlobal Migration Film Festival\nCampaigns and Events\nMedia Contacts\nLatest\nDirector General's Statements and Speeches\nStoryteller\nBlog\nVideos\nMedia Library\nUN Network on Migration\nenesfr\nDonate\nWho we are\nWHO WE ARE\nThe International Organization for Migration (IOM) is part of the United Nations System as the leading inter-governmental organization promoting since 1951 humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all, with 175 member states and a presence in 171 countries.\nAbout\nAbout\nMission\nStrategic Plan\nHistory\nMembers and Observers\nAnnual Reports\nConstitution\nGoverning Bodies\nStructure\nStructure\nOrganizational Structure\nDirector General\nDeputy Director General for Management and Reform ad interim\nDeputy Director General for Operations\nOffice of the Chief of Staff\nOffice of Partnerships, Advocacy and Communications\nOffice of Strategy and Organizational Performance\nOur Work\nOur Work\nAs the leading inter-governmental organization promoting since 1951 humane and orderly migration, IOM plays a key role to support the achievement of the 2030 Agenda through different areas of intervention that connect both humanitarian assistance and sustainable development.\nWhat We Do\nWhat We Do\nMigration Management\nCrisis Response\nInternational Cooperation\nData and Research\nPartnerships\nPartnerships\nDonor Relations\nPrivate Sector Partnerships\nGoodwill Ambassador Programme\nHighlights\nHighlights\nIOM Development Fund\nGender Equality\nMigration, Environment and Climate Change\nCountering Xenophobia\nInnovation\nWhere we work\nTake Action\nTake Action\nWork with us\nWork with us\nCareers\nProcurement\nGet involved\nGet involved\nDonate\nCampaigns and Events\nData and Research\n2030 Agenda\nAbout migration\nOur work\nClick here to Search our website\nHome\nSearch\nSearch\nTo search for a specific combination of words please use quotations marks as follows: \"climate change\"\nAdvanced options\nContent type\nPageBlogCountryStoryNewsResourcesSituation ReportDG's Statements and SpeechesVideo\nRegion Country\nThemes\nAfghanistan Response 2021YouthBorder ManagementCampaignsCamp ManagementChildrenCOVID-19Counter-TraffickingCountering XenophobiaCrisis Response-Saving Lives and Responding to Humanitarian Needs-Strengthening Preparedness and Reducing Disaster Risk-Addressing Drivers and Long-Term Impacts of CrisesData and ResearchDetention CentresDTMEnvironment and Climate ChangeEvents and International DaysGender EqualityGlobal Compact on MigrationGMDACHealthInternal DisplacementInternational Cooperation and PartnershipsInternational Migration Review ForumIOM Development FundLabour MigrationLivelihoodsMigration and the 2030 AgendaMigration ManagementMigrants in Vulnerable Situations/Migrants RightsMissing MigrantsPolicyReducing Global InequalitiesReturn and ReintegrationSocial CohesionSomalia Drought ResponseTechnology and InnovationUkraine Response 2022UN Network on Migration\nSDGs\nSDG 1 - No PovertySDG 2 - Zero HungerSDG 3 - Good Health and Well BeingSDG 4 - Quality EducationSDG 6 - Clean Water and SanitationSDG 7 - Affordable and Clean EnergySDG 8 - Decent Work and Economic GrowthSDG 5 - Gender EqualitySDG 9 - Industries, Innovation and InfrastructureSDG 10 - Reduced InequalitiesSDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and CommunitiesSDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and ProductionSDG 13 - Climate ActionSDG 14 - Life below waterSDG 15 - Life on landSDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong InstitutionsSDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals\nDate\n- Any -2024202320222021202020192018\n- Any -\nSort by\nRelevanceOldestLatestRelevance Asc\nLatest\nApply\nNews\nGlobal\n19 April 2024\nMo Farah, Olympic Gold Medalist, to Make Landmark Visit to Kenya as First IOM Global Goodwill Ambassador\nSir Mo Farah leads the way as IOMs first Global Goodwill Ambassador, proving that individuals can be catalysts for change. Photo: IOM/Emilia Lixi\nNairobi/Geneva The International Organization for Migration (IOM)'s first Global Goodwill Ambassador Sir Mo Farah will be in Kenya for his inaugural visit in his role with IOM.\nThe Olympic gold medalist and six-time long-distance world championship runner will be raising awareness and increasing support for the needs and aspirations of migrants in Kenya and advocating for sport as a tool to build confidence and integration.\nOver his three-day visit, from 21 to 23 April, Mo Farah, a survivor of human trafficking, will witness first-hand the impact of IOM's humanitarian and development work and meet with migrants, local authorities, and civil society, among others.\nIts an honour to return to Kenya on my first official visit as IOM Global Goodwill Ambassador, to meet with people in the region I was born in and share the power of sport how it transforms migrants lives, unites people from different backgrounds, and builds confidence and communities, said Mo Farah.\nKenya hosts over one million migrants and over half a million registered refugees affected by conflict, climate change, and economic hardships from across the continent. With the emerging trend in climate-induced mobility in the region, Kenya, as a country of origin, transit, and destination, is playing a crucial role in ensuring the protection of migrants and facilitating regular pathways for all, especially young people.\nAs an extraordinarily successful Olympic athlete who has experienced both the challenges and joys of migration, Mo Farah is uniquely positioned to raise awareness of how to include migrants in societies around the world using sport as one tool to make that happen, said IOM Director General Amy Pope.\nSharon Dimanche, Chief of Mission with IOM Kenya, said: \"I am delighted to welcome Sir Mo Farah to Kenya. During his visit, we will inaugurate the Mo Farah Centre, a digital library at the Mathare Youth Sports Association, and the Mo Farah Cup, an annual tournament. Through these initiatives, young people in Kenya can pursue economic empowerment and development through sports.\nThe Mo Farah Cup tournament will include migrants, refugees, and host communities, and raise awareness of sport as a tool for promoting social cohesion and advocate for sport mobility as an alternative pathway for youth economic empowerment. Mo Farah will also run a symbolic sprint with youth, migrants, and refugees at the Kakuma-Kalobeyei resettlement in Turkana.\nNotes to Editors\nFor more on this visit, follow @Mo_Farah, @UNMigration, and @IOMKenya on Twitter, as well as other social media platforms, where photos and videos will be posted.\nDon't forget to use the hashtags #IOMOntheMove and #ScoreWithMo4Migration to show your support and appreciation for Mo Farahs work as an IOM Global Goodwill Ambassador.\nIOM Kenya works on six thematic areas, namely:\nLabour Migration and Migrant Protection\nImmigration and Border Governance\nResettlement and Movement Management\nMigration Health\nRecovery and Resilience\nData, Research, and Policy\nResources\nFor more on IOM's Goodwill Ambassador Programme, please visit: https://www.iom.int/iom-goodwill-ambassador-programme\n***\nFor media inquiries, please contact:\nIn Nairobi: Eva Noma Sibanda, esibanda@iom.int\nIn Geneva: Zoe Brennan, zbrennan@iom.int and Shirley Camia, scamia@iom.int\nRELATED NEWS\nNews\n28 May 2024\nRecovery Efforts Continue after Papua New Guinea Landslide, over 2,000 Feared Dead\nNews\n27 May 2024\nSmall Island Developing States: Harnessing the Potential of Migration for Resilience and Prosperity\nNews\n23 May 2024\nIOM Hosted International Dialogue on Migration in New York Focusing on Facilitating Regular Pathways\nNews\n21 May 2024\nKofi Kinaata Champions Regular Pathways at International Dialogue on Migration\nView More\nMigration updates\nSubscribe to IOM newsletter to receive the latest news and stories about migration.\nSubscribe\nFollow Us\nINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION\n17 Route des Morillons, 1211Geneva 19, Switzerland\n+41 22 717 9111\nContact Us\nAdministrative Centres andOffices\nManila Administrative Centre\nPanama Administrative Centre\nRegional and Country Offices\nShortcuts\nCareers\nReport Abuse, Fraud or Misconduct\nProcurement\nPublications\nRelated IOM Sites\nDisplacement Tracking Matrix\nEnvironmental Migration\nEvaluation\nGlobal Data Hub on Human Trafficking\nGlobal Migration Data Analysis Centre\nIOM Development Fund\nMigration Data Portal\nMigrant Protection Platform\nUN Network on Migration\nCopyright 2024International Organization for Migration\nFooter menu new\nReport Abuse, Fraud or Misconduct\nCybersecurity Issues\nTerms & Conditions\nAbout\nMission\nStrategic Plan\nHistory\nMembers and Observers\nAnnual Reports\nConstitution\nGoverning Bodies\nTake Action\nBack to top", "url": "https://www.iom.int/news/mo-farah-olympic-gold-medalist-make-landmark-visit-kenya-first-iom-global-goodwill-ambassador" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home :: susannahconway.com\n0\nJoin me & Susie for Loving Little You enrolling now!\nAbout\nEverything\nShop\nCourses\nBlog\nSTUDENT LOGIN \nCultivate a life sprinkledwithsimple pleasures & deep creative joy\nHELLO LOVE!\nI'm Susannah.\nIm a writer& teacher and the author ofThis I Know: Notes on Unraveling the Heart(SKIRT, 2012). These days I'm exploring my middle years whilehelping people access their creative joy and nurture a deeper kinderrelationship with themselves.\nWith a range of online courses & workshops running throughout the year, I'd love to teach you the tools & practices that helped me heal my heart, find my path and live life fuelled by my creativity. Welcome!\nREAD MY STORY \nLoving Little You\n Registration isOPEN!!\nThe inner child holds anextraordinarycapacity for joy and inthisgentle 6 week course we'll reconnect with our many child selves and build the foundations of a trulytransformational relationship. Get ready forsmiles and tears (the good kind!) -our little ones are excited to hang out with us!Class starts Monday May27th\nread more + join us \nSTAY CONNECTED\nLet me send you letters...\nA few timesa month I send outlettersfrom my heartsharingthe stuff Imexploring andhonest talkabout life as aneurodivergent woman in midlife.I hope youll see glimpses of yourself in my words even if our life experience is very different.\nA lovely reader in Australia once described me as aspiritual magical fantasy best friend at the other end of the emailwhich is the nicest thing anyones ever said about me and I try to live up to that every day!\nWhen you sign-up I'll send youtheReturn ebook withgentle journal prompts to help you reconnect to yourself on the days you feel scattered(I use these often!). In future letters you'll getaccess to scholarship opportunities +course discount codestoo.\nThanks for wanting to be part of my world! xo\nYES PLEASE!\nAS SEENIN:\nIt feels like a letter from a friend\nTheyre just honest. It feels like a letter from a friend. Theyre not overly salesy or even valuable and I dont mean that in a bad way, I just mean youre not constantly trying to shove VALUE down our throats. Its nice to just read sweet stories and vulnerable explorations. And yes, sometimes I learn things or am inspired by something youve created, but mostly your emails are just enjoyable to read.\nMarian|germany\nGood things this way...\nLET'S JOURNEY TOGETHER\nLearnwith me\nMy courses take you on a deep dive into your creativity,with topics including journaling, tarot, inner child work and heart-centred online business.\nCHECK 'EM OUT \nRead the blog\nSharinginsights on creative living,neurodivergence and the view from midlife, I Iove my community over on Substack! Come join us!\nREAD THE BLOG \nJump intoday\nRevelin your creative joy today with one (or two!) of myself-study workshops & courses. How to journal consistently, take soul-filled photos& more...\nSTART TODAY \nGet thelove letters\n\"You have a way of communicating that makes one feel so comfortable, as if an old friend just stopped by.\" - LAURIE, USA\n\"Your emails always light up my email inbox. I feel your positivity coming through as if you are talking to just me.\" - LANI\nLettersfrom my heartsharingthe stuff Imexploring andhonest talkabout life as aneurodivergent woman in midlife.Plus cute fox photos:-)\nYES PLEASE!\nYou can unsubscribe any time, of course! xo\n 2024 SUSANNAH CONWAY\nSTUDENT LOGIN\nCONTACT\nJoin Our Free Trial\nGet started today before this once in a lifetime opportunity expires.", "url": "https://www.susannahconway.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Unravel Your Year workbook 2024\nCall To Action\nARE YOU READY?\nLET'S MAKEMAGIC!\nTheUnravel Your Year workbookis back! Filled with questions, prompts,monthly reflection pages and so much more, itll help you take stock of the year thats ending and prepare you for anew ride around the sun.PLUS!You'll also gettheFind Your Word ebookto help you uncover yourguiding word for 2024\nPop your email address in the box below& I'll send youboth!\nYES PLEASE!\nYou'll also get my occasional Love Letters & can unsubscribe any time, of course! xo\nI wanted to tell you how much Im enjoying the Unravel Your Year workbook. Ive had a practice of reviewing the past year and planning for the new for a long time, and have used various different guides. This year, I have four Ive downloaded. But yours is far and away the best! The questions have guided me to dig deep into some of the things I learned from the past year. So thank you very, very much. Its such a gift to the world that you give this away.\nCHARLOTTE, USA\nThese workbooks are a highlight of my year. The whole ritual of printing, hand binding and completing feels like the most luxurious self care. And I cherish every moment of completing these and looking back over them over the years. I have recommended your workbooks to dozens of my friends and it has become a ritual for some of us to come together and have herbal tea by a fire and complete these together quietly, taking time to discuss particularly emotional elements. Its beautiful.\nCARMEN\nYOU GET THIS TOO!\nFindYour Word 2024\nIf New years resolutions have never worked for you the practice of choosing a wordwill change your life. Where resolutions feel like rules that will inevitably be broken, choosing a word as a guiding light feels so much more expansive.\nIn the Find Your Word ebook I guide you through my 5-day process for finding the word (or words!) to carry you through 2024.\nIt's yours, for free, with the Unravel Your Year workbook \nHi!I'm Susannah\nWRITER, TEACHER, CAT SOFA \nI'm a writer and teacher living in London, UK, and I've been sharing my heart online since 2006. I'm the author of This I Know: Notes on Unraveling the Heart andI spend my days helping people access their creative joy and nurture a deeper kinder relationship with themselves.Website/Blog /Instagram\n 2023 SUSANNAH CONWAY\nAbout\nEverything\nShop\nCourses\nBlog\n 2024 Kajabi\nJoin Our Free Trial\nGet started today before this once in a lifetime opportunity expires.\nSubmit", "url": "https://www.susannahconway.com/unravel" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Unraveled Heart | Susannah Conway | Substack\nUnfiltered thoughts on creative living, neurodivergence and the view from midlife, by author & teacher Susannah ConwayOver 5,000 subscribersSubscribeErrorRead the blog firstI really enjoy the way Susannah shares with an open heart, vulnerability but also a sense of humour. She creates space for us to explore ourselves.Becca Guy, The Missing PeaceSusannah writes so insightfully about being a neurodivergent woman and 'unraveling the heart' through creative joy + kindness. A really beautiful, nourishing read.Emine Rushton, MOTHER NOURISH with Emine RushtonSusannah is a kindred spirit- a neurodivergent, creative, inspiring woman who writes from her heart and offers courses on living a creative life, your way. Susan Telford, Slowing Down to the Speed of Grace By registering you agree to Substack's Terms of Service, our Privacy Policy, and our Information Collection Notice\nError\nThis site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please turn on JavaScript or unblock scripts\nThis site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please turn on JavaScript or unblock scripts", "url": "https://www.theunraveledheart.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "About Susannah Conway :: journaling course :: inner child course\nAbout\nEverything\nShop\nCourses\nBlog\nSTUDENT LOGIN \nhi! I'm Susannah\nI'm awriter, teacher and a cat sofa (my favourite job title)\nold school blogger \nI've been sharing my heart online since 2006\nImthe author ofThis I Know: Notes on Unraveling the Heart andI spend my dayshelping people access their creative joy and nurture a deeper kinder relationship with themselves.\nWords have been at the centre of my world for as long as I can remember. I started writing a diary aged 11 and grew not only a life-long journaling practice but an unending curiosity about my place in the world.A degree injournalismlead me to a brief career in newspapers before everything changed in my early 30s.\nTHE UNRAVELLING\nWalkingthrough the fire of bereavement\nWhen I lostmypartner in 2005 everything I thought I knew about life changed.As I slowly rebuilt my life I unravelled my heart and my past, exploring the darkest shadows as well as the light touncover the path that led to a new version of self. I learned we honour those we've lost by bravelycarrying on, and the second chapter of my life has truly surprised me...\nUNASHAMEDLY neurodivergent\nIn 2006 I started blogging about myhealing journey andmy return to creativity and unintentionally grew an audience. Then in 2008 I was invited to teach a photography class at a local adult education centre and the rest, as they say, is history.\nAt the heart of what I teach is the invitationto get to know yourself better and in the last decade+ Ive created 16 online courses, led workshops and retreats in the USA, the UK and Marrakesh,and had 2 books traditionally published (and co-written a third).This I Know: Notes on Unraveling the Heart (SKIRT Books), was published in 2012, followed by Londontown (Chronicle Books) in 2016.\nAlongside the teaching Icontinue toreport back from the (midlife!) trenches through my blog and Love Letters. It's by sharing our stories we feel less alone \nIm so honoured youre here & look forward to seeing you in class one day!\nSusannah xo\nI CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT...\nIncense, coffee & washi tape\nI was officially diagnosed with ADHD at 49 and it was likebeing given the cover of the jigsaw box when I'd only ever had random pieces.\nI'm obsessed with cute Japanese stationery & fountain pens. And inks. And stickers. And journals. And....\nA family of foxes live in my back garden herein the \"wilds\" of westLondon. I love being their safe haven.\nMy inner child is my favouriteperson to hang out with \nSTAY CONNECTED\nLet me send you letters...\nA few times a month I send outlettersfrom my heartsharingthe stuff Imexploring and honest talk about life as a neurodivergent woman in midlife.I hope youll see glimpses of yourself in my words even if our life experience is very different.\nA lovely reader in Australia once described me as aspiritual magical fantasy best friend at the other end of the emailwhich is the nicest thing anyones ever said about me and I try to live up to that every day!\nWhen you sign-up I'll send youtheReturn ebookwithgentle journal prompts to help you reconnect to yourselfon the days you feel scattered(I use these often!). In future letters you'll getaccess toscholarship opportunities+course discount codestoo.\nThanks for wanting to be part of my world! xo\nYES PLEASE!\nAS SEENIN:\nI actually say \"yay!\" when it arrives\nYou are an amazing writer/photographer who knows how to touch my heart. I feel as though I know you, even though I dont. You have a way of communicating that makes one feel so comfortable, as if an old friend just stopped by. Its very inspiring to me as a writer/teacher, and I learn from you in everything you send out. I subscribe to a few things, and your newsletter is probably the only one I actually say Yay! when it arrives, and I actually read. Love you, sistah!\nLaurie|USA\nGet thelove letters\n\"You have a way of communicating that makes one feel so comfortable, as if an old friend just stopped by.\" - LAURIE, USA\n\"Your emails always light up my email inbox. I feel your positivity coming through as if you are talking to just me.\" - LANI\nLettersfrom my heartsharingthe stuff Imexploring andhonest talkabout life as a neurodivergent woman in midlife.Plus cute fox photos:-)\nYes please!\nYou can unsubscribe any time, of course! xo\n 2024 SUSANNAH CONWAY\nSTUDENT LOGIN\nCONTACT\nJoin Our Free Trial\nGet started today before this once in a lifetime opportunity expires.\nSIGN ME UP", "url": "https://www.susannahconway.com/about" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Susannah Conway | Substack\nSign inCreate accountShare this profileSusannah ConwayWriter. Teacher. Cat sofa \nUnashamedly neurodivergent.\nwww.susannahconway.com\nCopy linkFacebookEmailNoteOtherSusannah Conway@susannahconway3 linksWriter. Teacher. Cat sofa \nUnashamedly neurodivergent.\nwww.susannahconway.com\n5K+ subscribersSubscribeThe Unraveled HeartBy Susannah ConwayUnfiltered thoughts on creative living, neurodivergence and the view from midlife, by author & teacher Susannah ConwayPostsNotesLikesReads (61)Get appDive into your interestsWe'll recommend top publications based on the topics you select.Continue\nThis site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please turn on JavaScript or unblock scripts", "url": "https://substack.com/@susannahconway" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "NOTEBOOK PEOPLE: An Interview with Susannah Conway // Trina OGorman Baum-kuchen\nMy Cart\n(0)\nNew\nRestock\n2024 Planners\nHobonichi\nMD Diary\nJibun Techo\nRoterfaden\nTraveler's Notebook\nKleid\nPostalco\nBK Exclusives\nBK Original Items\nCollaboration Items\nJoni Marriott\n1.61 Soft Goods\nCategory\nNotebooks, etc.\nPlanners\nNotebooks\nNotebook Covers\nMemo Pads\nAdhesives\nTapes\nStickers\nSticky Notes\nGlue & Staplers\nWriting\nFountain Pen\nPens\nPencils\nHighlighters\nMisc.\nLifestyle\nBags\nPouches / Pen Cases\nAccessories\nHome Organization\nHome\nArtist Tools\nPostcard\nStamps\nWax Seal\nWax Seal Design\nNon-Stock Wax Stickes\nWax Beads\nCreative Strategies\nBK Gift Card\nBrands\nBaum-kuchen\nTraveler's Notebook\nThe Superior Labor\nateliers Penelope\nRoterfaden\nA-K\n1.61 Soft Goods\n19 Candles\nAsilda Store\nATELEIA\nateliers PENELOPE\nBlackwing\nClassiky\nHobonichi\nIrojiten Color Pencil\nJibun Techo\nKaweco\nKitta\nKleid\nKnoten\nKokuyo\nKuretake\nL-Q\nLamy\nMIDORI & MD\nMildliner\nMINOTAKE Bamboo\nMizushima\nPaperphine\nPostalco\nR-Z\nRoterfaden\nStalogy\nSteinhoringer Werkstatten\nsuatelier design\nThe Superior Labor\nTOYO Steel Box\nUni-Ball\nYohaku\nYuruliku\nOpening Hours\nTruly Yours\nPockets\nEmbossing & Additional Services\nPatches\nBrass Plates\nAdditional TY Services\nOnline Courses\nCreative Strategies #1\nMOSS Season 1\nMOSS Season #2\nMy Online Courses\nLog In/Create Account\nSearch\nNew\nRestock\n2024 Planners\nHobonichi\nMD Diary\nJibun Techo\nRoterfaden\nTraveler's Notebook\nKleid\nPostalco\nBK Exclusives\nBK Original Items\nCollaboration Items\nJoni Marriott\n1.61 Soft Goods\nCategory\nNotebooks, etc.\nPlanners\nNotebooks\nNotebook Covers\nMemo Pads\nAdhesives\nTapes\nStickers\nSticky Notes\nGlue & Staplers\nWriting\nFountain Pen\nPens\nPencils\nHighlighters\nMisc.\nLifestyle\nBags\nPouches / Pen Cases\nAccessories\nHome Organization\nHome\nArtist Tools\nPostcard\nStamps\nWax Seal\nWax Seal Design\nNon-Stock Wax Stickes\nWax Beads\nCreative Strategies\nBK Gift Card\nBrands\nBaum-kuchen\nTraveler's Notebook\nThe Superior Labor\nateliers Penelope\nRoterfaden\nA-K\n1.61 Soft Goods\n19 Candles\nAsilda Store\nATELEIA\nateliers PENELOPE\nBlackwing\nClassiky\nHobonichi\nIrojiten Color Pencil\nJibun Techo\nKaweco\nKitta\nKleid\nKnoten\nKokuyo\nKuretake\nL-Q\nLamy\nMIDORI & MD\nMildliner\nMINOTAKE Bamboo\nMizushima\nPaperphine\nPostalco\nR-Z\nRoterfaden\nStalogy\nSteinhoringer Werkstatten\nsuatelier design\nThe Superior Labor\nTOYO Steel Box\nUni-Ball\nYohaku\nYuruliku\nOpening Hours\nTruly Yours\nPockets\nEmbossing & Additional Services\nPatches\nBrass Plates\nAdditional TY Services\nOnline Courses\nCreative Strategies #1\nMOSS Season 1\nMOSS Season #2\nMy Online Courses\nMy Cart\n0\nMy Cart\n0\nSearch\nNOTEBOOK PEOPLE: An Interview with Susannah Conway // Trina OGorman\nPosted on May 29, 2023\nTrina O'Gorman\nWhen I was a little girl, whenever I would see someones notebook, I would long to know what was inside of it. I believed that whatever was inside would provide deeper insight into the person who owned the notebook, and I would be able to discover some parts of them that no one else knew. I thought that from their notebooks, I would really get to know special things about them. To me, notebooks are paper museums of ones life. They are artifacts that tell us stories and connect us to others, just like things we find in museums. I think, as human beings, we long for and look for those connections with other people and pieces of their stories. From this childhood curiosity, my Notebook People Project was born.\nI dont know when Susannah Conway and I started following one another on Instagram. It seems like ages ago. To find the answer, I went back to my DMs, and found that our messages date back to March 2021. First, there was an exchange about fountain pens, and then there were voice memos from Susannah. She had read one of my essays on the Baum-kuchen website, which resonated with her. Maybe it was our love of Baum-kuchen that originally connected us. After that message, there was a voice memo from Susannah, in which she asked if I would contribute to a course that she was developing called Journal Love Club. Journal Love Club would support individuals in their journal writing practice. She would provide daily writing prompts, monthly videos, guest videos from journal keepers like myself, and other goodies like custom stickers. It sounded interesting. If I agreed to participate, she'd need a video from me.\nGenerally, I would decline such an offer, but only because of the video part. While I love writing and talking about journaling, I do not love being on camera. The level of anxiety and stage fright that I experience is at a comical level. All this said I think Susannah could coax me into doing just about anything. She begins most of her voice memos, with Hello, Lovely, and has a way of connecting that is absolutely infectious. And its not her British accent. There was a time when an accent could woo me, especially an Irish brogue, but look at the mess that got me into. No, it wasnt the accent. It is Susannahs energy; her energy is rich with kindness, compassion, awareness, and understanding. She has an uplifting energy that elevates my spirits anytime I receive a message from her or chat with her. And, theres also the fact that she still always calls me lovely. The feeling is mutual. It is my pleasure to share with you the very extraordinary and lovely Susannah Conway.\nSUSANNAH CONWAY\nLike many of us, the very lovely Susannah began journaling as a young girl of around 11. I watched a video that she shared of her very first journal, and it sweetly reminded me of Harriet the Spys journal with the warnings like Do Not Read and Keep Out written in her pubescent hand. I loved it and loved that she still had her very first notebook. (I try not to feel envy, but I was feeling a little bit of it. I wish Id kept my childhood notebooks.) Aside from a few months here and there, Susannah has pretty much been journaling since. She mainly writes in the morning, when she gets to her desk, but also likes to journal when she gets into bed at the end of the day. For her, reflective writing has impacted her life in many different ways, all of them positive. Susannah shared that Its seen me through my chaotic teens, my insecure 20s, grieving the loss of my partner in my 30s, and a pandemic in my 40s. It was my life raft when my partner died. For those who keep notebooks and write, I think many of us can see how our writing hasbeen our companion in different ways during different seasons. Writing has a way of connecting us to different parts and different versions of ourselves. This is where I quote my Auntie Joan. You should know this by heart by now. She wrote,\n...I think we are well-advised to keep on nodding terms with the people we used to be, whether we find them attractive company or not. Otherwise they turn up unannounced and surprise us, come hammering on the mind's door at 4 a.m. of a bad night and demand to know who deserted them, who betrayed them, who is going to make amends. We forget all too soon the things we thought we could never forget. We forget the loves and the betrayals alike, forget what we whispered and what we screamed, forget who we were.\nWhen Susannah and I chatted for our interview, we talked a bit about childhood and adolescence and how some of our experiences may be linked to how and why we keep and love notebooks and the related supplies. When it comes to her collection of analogue tools, she is offered some insight. She told me, ...it wasnt like a conscious thing but now I have this excess of stationery stuff, and Im like, oh my God, of course. It makes sense, and I can see how it links.In 2020, I bought a tarot deck, and I realized Id bought it for my inner child. Because when I look at this, this is like the most cheesy, cringy thing. What the f? Why have I bought this? But then there was a little person inside who was so happy, and once I made that connection, Im like, oh my God, I bought this for my ten-year-old self, and then it was a joy to use.\nThis made me really think about why I am personally drawn to some of the things and processes I am drawn to, especially stickers. Ive always loved stickers and they really do connect me to my childhood. And I think Susannah is right. Im not buying them because Im being nostalgic, but rather because the younger versions of ourselves are still in there. Shereferred to Little Susie, when she talked about her inner child, and she knew her intimately. Rather than analyzing it or resisting it, Susannah talks about this version of herself in a most gentle, loving way, and accepting way. My relationship with my inner child is not quite as evolved as hers, and I so appreciated her insight on this. I do think it healthy to not only understand that part of ourselves, but to embrace and nurture it, as well.\nThis self-acceptance and self-love were evident throughout our conversation. At one point, she started talking about her discovery of fountain pens. It was around the time of the pandemic lockdown. At that time, she was only writing with a particular orange gel pen. It was always orange ink because she loves that color (how could she not?), but she couldnt get any more. That was when a friend suggested fountain pens and fountain pen ink to her and a new love was born. She said that finding ink colors and acquiring different bottles were just like sweeties to her. She said they were fing delicious, with so much joy that it made me love my own quirkiness even more. Thats one thing that truly stands out to me when I talk to Susannah. She is as comfortable with truly loving her analogue tools and her process, as she is with loving her inner child.\nFor many years, Susannah used Moleskine notebooks and blue Biro (Bic) pens, but shes Stalogy notebook for her journaling for the past three years. She keeps separate notebooks for all of her other projects, some of which are travelers notebook-style notebooks. But she loves the feeling of the fountain pen on the Stalogy paper, which is very similar to Tomoe River paper, a paper loved by many fountain pen lovers. When I asked her if it was grid-ruled or lined, she laughed and said, Okay, if you want to go there, were going to go there. I love that notebook people have this shared energy and enthusiasm. She went on to describe what kind of grid-ruled paper it was, specifically how the lines were faint and the paper was very thin and yet stillfountain pen friendly. She also explained why she no longer liked the lined paper and the fact that she liked to write with a good, juicy pen. I laughed, but I could relate to having all of the idiosyncrasies and preferences. Also, I know exactly what she meant with every description. We, notebook people, are an interesting breed.\nOur conversation was a beautiful and heartwarming reminder to me of just how easy it is for human beings to connect over something that they have in common with one another, no matter how benign it might seem. Here Susannah and I were, two women, very different in many ways, but talking about everything from family life and childhood trauma to her love for dear, sweet cat, my love for my boys, and politics. We talked about the royal family, the cost of medical care, and the angst of teenage girls. We were able to weave our way through numerous topics and issues with such ease because we could talk first about notebooks, which is the point of the Notebook People project. The idea that this simple, common thread can allow for so much rich conversation and so many shared insights gives me so much hope for humanity. That might seem like a leap, but I dont think it is.\nThe lovely Susannah Conway can be found on her website at www.susannahconway.com. Its still not too late to sign up for her third annual Journal Love Club. Registration is still open and can be found at www.susannahconway.com/journal-love-club. Susannah can also be found on Instagram at @susannahconway.\n--------------------------------\nTrina O'Gorman\nInstagram: @trinaogorman\ntrinaogorman.com\nBrowse more stories by Trina\n1 comment\nCaroline: September 02, 2023\nHow wonderful to read this! Two people I love talking about notebooks what more could I ask for to brighten my day? I agree that the love of paper and analogue tools really brings those who love them closer together. Its never just a notebook. Thanks for sharing this chat and how much cozier notebooks and pens and stickers make the world for those who love them. xx\nLeave a comment\nName\nEmail\nComment\nAll blog comments are checked prior to publishing\nPost comment\nShowing items 1-1 of 1.\nABOUT\nAbout BK and the Team\nContact\nShop Policy\nShop/Studio in Los Angeles\nBK Stockist\nEXPLORE\n2024 Planners\nLove for Analogue Stories\nPause, breathe, and journal series\nBK Journal by Wakako\nBK Instagram\nJourney Program\nMy Online Courses\nShop Info\n2351 Lincoln AvenueAltadena, CA 91001(626)240-9817karma@baum-kuchen.net\nBK Love Letter\nJoin our mailing list\nJoin\n 2024 Baum-kuchen Ecommerce Software by Shopify\nMy Cart\n0 Item(s)\nYour cart is currently empty.\nOrder Special Instructions\nOrder Special Instructions\nGet shipping estimate\nProvince\nCountry\nChoose Country\nUnited States\nCanada\nUnited Kingdom\nAustralia\n---\nland Islands\nAlbania\nAndorra\nArmenia\nAustralia\nAustria\nBahrain\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBosnia & Herzegovina\nBrazil\nBulgaria\nCanada\nChile\nCroatia\nCyprus\nCzechia\nDenmark\nEstonia\nFaroe Islands\nFinland\nFrance\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGibraltar\nGreece\nGreenland\nGuadeloupe\nGuernsey\nHong Kong SAR\nHungary\nIceland\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIreland\nIsle of Man\nIsrael\nItaly\nJapan\nJersey\nKosovo\nLatvia\nLiechtenstein\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMacao SAR\nMalaysia\nMalta\nMayotte\nMexico\nMoldova\nMonaco\nMontenegro\nNetherlands\nNew Zealand\nNorth Macedonia\nNorway\nPhilippines\nPoland\nPortugal\nRunion\nRomania\nSan Marino\nSerbia\nSingapore\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nSouth Africa\nSouth Korea\nSpain\nSvalbard & Jan Mayen\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTaiwan\nTrkiye\nUkraine\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nVatican City\nVietnam\nZip/Postal Code\nSubtotal\n$0.00\nTax\nCalculated at checkout\nShipping\nCalculated at checkout\nTotal\n$0.00\nView Cart\nOr\nTOP\nHoliday Shipping Schedule\nBK team is taking time to connect with their family during the holiday season.\nSearch", "url": "https://www.baum-kuchen.net/blogs/analogue-stories/notebook-people-an-interview-with-susannah-conway-trina-o-gorman" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "My beautiful butterfly brain - by Susannah Conway\nThe Unraveled HeartSubscribeSign inShare this postMy beautiful butterfly brainwww.theunraveledheart.comCopy linkFacebookEmailNoteOtherMy beautiful butterfly brainI had absolutely no idea...Susannah ConwayAug 16, 2022105Share this postMy beautiful butterfly brainwww.theunraveledheart.comCopy linkFacebookEmailNoteOther92ShareI was watching a YouTube video in bed the other night not the smartest move but sometimes I like watching productivity gurus and get inspired by their systems. They rarely work for me but still, I try things, they dont fit, I go back to what works, then I get inspired again rinse and repeat.The video was titled Avoiding Toxic Productively Advice for ADHD: Find What Actually Works. I dont have ADHD so I didnt know how this would apply to me, but it appeared in the suggested videos so I pressed play and over the span of 20 minutes the video described how I work to a tee. I was confused I thought ADHD was noisy kids at school who couldnt sit still? I mean, sure Ive seen ADHD memes on Instagram but Ive never paid attention to them. Thats not me ME, surely?Friends, it appears that is exactly me.I have ADHD (woot! Sing it loud!) and I now realise Ive been wired this way all my life. Ive been reading articles and books and watching videos and doing tests, and after writing a LOT of notes and joining all the dots Im 99% confident in my self-diagnosis. Turns out ADHD typically looks different in women and men, leaving women often undiagnosed:[source]Without question I have the Inattentive flavour. My brain functions like a butterfly flitting from thing to thing, getting distracted by shiny objects and obsessing over absolute pointlessness, until that inevitable moment when something MUST be done, and then I go into hyperfocus. But until that moment, Im flut-flut-fluttering. In the last few days Ive noticed I fidget and get out of my office chair far more than I realised, and Ive been observing my brain like a hawk. Its been shock-lightening to acknowledge how I spend my days. I mean, I knew but really, I had no idea.I can flutter around for months, doing bare essentials here and there, composting as I call it, gathering ideas, fluttering around the internet, jotting things down, getting distracted by something else and then suddenly, when its crunch time, I hyperfocus. I can do that for an entire week often more when Im creating a new course and burn myself out completely. Its just how I work But does it have to be this way?[This morning to-do list in my journal lasted a few weeks - pretty impressive!]Today I learned that ADHD can become more pronounced in perimenopause:Dropping estrogen levelsinclude a drop in dopamine levels, which are already low in the brain affected by ADHD. Although there areseveral symptoms associatedwith perimenopause and menopause, two in particular arecommon for women affected by ADHD: changes in mood, primarily depression and anxiety, and increased inattention. [source]Ive been in perimenopause for about five years now so it makes sense that as my oestrogen drops further I notice my ADHD wiring even more. If Ive been a 6/10 all my life I reckon Im 7.5 in perimenopause.Ive always just assumed all this <waves hands around> was part of my creativity. I just assumed I was a chronic procrastinator. I must have written Ive GOT to get on! a million times in my journal. At school and college I did my homework the night before. I procrastinated on anything I had to do, even if I was excited about it. It just felt so hard to sit down and start when I could be chasing something else more inspiring. I thought it was multi-tasking but is it really if nothing gets finished? When I worked at the newspaper Id fluff around all day doing non-important things and then get the feature written in the last hour. Every. Single. Time.Fast forward to now, it typically takes me three days to write a newsletter thats one hour of actual writing spread over three days of fluttery brain activity (I wish I was joking!). It takes me hours to get something quick done if its even remotely pedestrian and boring. I HATE admin and repetitive tasks and will put them off for weeks (sorry Nita and Jakki!).Im great a starting new missions and coming up with ideas, but lack the desire to keep them up. I always say I need my days to be spacious and I actively hate any kind of appointments, but now I wonder if this is just part of my ADHD. I hate feeling hemmed in and tied to anything because I know I need fluttery brain time before I can settle down to actually work (at the last minute, natch).On the flip side, the concept of hyperfocus, something ADHDers utilise when their braincells line up at the last minute my non-scientific explanation is how Ive been able to build a successful business over the last 13 years. Because I DO get things done, and I can be very consistent, but I do it in my own way. I am starting to recognise my neurodivergence and its FASCINATING!![Spoiler: I did not do a single session of yoga in December ]Other fun manifestations of my ADHD flavour:Im always late to things, always thinking I have more time that I do and allowing myself to get distracted by something else.I find it hard to read a book unless Im REALLY into it (then I will finish it fast, obsessively reading it). I have a MILLION unread books. Maybe 2% have been read to the end? I buy them impulsively, to grasp hold of the immediate inspiration urge, and then they live out their days on the shelf.I tend to finish peoples sentences, wanting to rush ahead to share what their words are sparking in me. I do this on the phone with my sister all the freaking time.ADHDers have a propensity to shop and eat impulsively. Um, YES, unfortunately.THIS is why I cant properly rest! When I try to take a day off I cant do nothing, I still need to be flutter-braining. Im on the laptop looking at things, researching. Making connections. Organising, shuffling, finding, looking.And apparently, the constant desire to get organised and find new productivity systems is a thing too.Outwardly I look pretty chilled Im a confident introvert. I like my alone time and I love being at home. Im a thoughtful mindful person. I can be quiet. Im a day dreamer. My inner world is rich and now I understand that the butterfly brain IS me and also a particular kind of wiring.My ADHD hasnt stopped me, clearly, but how much more could I have achieved if my brain could be focussed on demand? This is something Im eager to discover, because I value my creativity and the way I make connections there are some wonderful things about having a butterfly brain but gosh, if I could harness my superpowers even just 10% more, perhaps I could get work done in a timely fashion and not burn out so often?Maybe I could actually take time off? Imagine that! So I will be looking into an official diagnosis and am open to medication as well as any other coping techniques that might help. As I make my notes I see Ive been using workarounds intuitively for years. Such as:Ill have a Youtube video playing quietly in the background as a treat while I do something work-y. It gives me a dopamine hit and bizarrely doesnt distract me. Its comforting somehow. White noise videos also help.Im definitely organised but in my own way, with my own systems that make sense to me (nine notebooks on the go at any one time. I love it!)I prefer communicating with friends via voice note and now see how that stops me interrupting! Genius!I also now understand why I prefer taking self-study courses over live courses. I dont want to be online at a certain time and I dont want to be stuck in a virtual space for a set amount of time. I need the freedom to flutter in and out. I also prefer teaching this way.Writing things down helps you remember them so its no surprise Ive been journaling for 38 years. Structure and repetition is hard for ADHDers [source] which is why I mix it up I love decorating my pages and using colour and whimsy. I also religiously use a digital calendar so I dont forget important things.One of the tests I took asked about having piles of papers/bills and not dealing with that stuff my solution has been to pay everything by direct debit so I dont have to remember. The things I do have to do manually I screw up e.g. pay my mid-year tax bill (two days late, even though Id had six months to pay it) and reading my gas meter (I never do it, despite all the email reminders).Im sharing all of this because its been such a huge aha I wonder if there are some of you who can relate? Books, recommendations and stories are welcome in the comments (Ill add them below) I will definitely revisit this as I learn more.ResourcesVIDEOS + AUDIOSHow to ADHD Youtube channelJessica McCabes TED talkSweet and validating video: This is What its Really like to Have ADHDADHD videos on TiktokAvoid Toxic Productivity Advice for ADHD: Find What Actually WorksDeep dive into ADHD for Women EntrepreneursADHD for Smart Ass Women podcastADHD + Perimenopause podcast episodeARTICLESSigns and Symptoms of ADHD in WomenWomen with ADHD: No more suffering in silenceChanging estrogen levels affects womens ADHD symptomsIdentifying and treating the seven types of ADHDEntrepreneurship and ADHDFrom Leonie Dawson: On Being Psychiatrically Diagnosed with ADHDBOOKSWomen with ADHD by Sari Solden & Michelle FrankBetter Late Than Never by Emma MahonyYour Brains Not Broken by Dr Tamara RosierScattered Minds by Gabor MateMISCADHD UKOnline test I did (not recommending, but good first step)Pomofocus - online pomodoro timer Im using for blitzing admin in small chunks (15 or 25 mins)How To Do Things ebook (a twist on the pomodoro technique from an ADHDer)My favourite white noise video on Youtube (great for focussing when youre in the right headspace)105Share this postMy beautiful butterfly brainwww.theunraveledheart.comCopy linkFacebookEmailNoteOther92SharePreviousNext92 CommentsSimone HaerriAug 16, 2022Liked by Susannah ConwayWelcome to the club :-) You pretty much explained my own personal ADHD journey to a tee. Expand full commentReplyShare1 reply by Susannah ConwayJo Hanlon-MooresDeerwalker Aug 16, 2022Liked by Susannah ConwayWelcome to the club. We usually forget to have the meeting but we mean well. Expand full commentReplyShare2 replies by Susannah Conway and others90 more comments...TopLatestDiscussionsNo postsReady for more?Subscribe 2024 Susannah ConwayPrivacy Terms Collection notice Start WritingGet the appSubstack is the home for great cultureShareCopy linkFacebookEmailNoteOther\nThis site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please turn on JavaScript or unblock scripts", "url": "https://www.theunraveledheart.com/p/my-beautiful-butterfly-brain" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Stream Susannah Conway music | Listen to songs, albums, playlists for free on SoundCloud\nSoundCloud\nJavaScript is disabled\nYou need to enable JavaScript to use SoundCloud\nShow me how to enable it\nSusannah Conway\nSusannah Conway\nLondon, UK\nSusannah Conway's likes\nSusannah Conway's playlists\nSusannah Conway's tracks\nSusannah Conway's comments\nYour current browser isn't compatible with SoundCloud.\nPlease download one of our supported browsers.\nNeed help?\nChrome\n| Firefox |\nSafari\n|\nEdge\nSorry! Something went wrong\nIs your network connection unstable or browser outdated?\nI need help\nPopular searches", "url": "https://soundcloud.com/susannah-conway" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Annapurna Woman Susannah Conway Annapurna Living\nSkip to Content\nOpen Menu\nClose Menu\nAnnapurna Living\nThe Guest House\nAbout us\nLearn\nBlog\nDownloads\nBooks\nLogin\nAccount\n0\n0\nOpen Menu\nClose Menu\nAnnapurna Living\nThe Guest House\nAbout us\nLearn\nBlog\nDownloads\nBooks\nLogin\nAccount\n0\n0\nThe Guest House\nAbout us\nFolder:\nLearn\nLogin\nAccount\nBack\nBlog\nDownloads\nBooks\nAnnapurna Woman Susannah Conway\nANNAPURNA WOMANCREATEASPIRE\nAug 21\nWritten By Annapurna Living\nPortrait of the Annapurna Woman is an ongoing series featuring divine women who embody the nurturing spirit of Annapurna Living. Today, we are excited to share with you London-based artist & author, Susannah Conway.\nSusannah Conway. Photos by Kristin Perers.\nHow do you start your day?Working from home means I wake without an alarm, something Im still grateful for even though I havent been traditionally employed in over 12 years! Most mornings start with lemon juice in hot water and some tarot cards and journaling. Some mornings also include a bit of yoga and meditation though Im starting to prefer doing that mid-morning to break up the intensity of working on my laptop. Occasionally my morning starts with email and stressing over my to-do list. Id love to tell you that I always start each day in a grounded, centered place and take everything in my stride but often thats not the case. What I can tell you is I am very good at being kind to myselfsee next question.What do you do when you are overwhelmed or stressed?I ask myself Whats the kindest thing I can do for myself right now? It might be splashing out on a taxi because I know Im going to be late. It might be closing my laptop and lying on my bed for an hour. It might be saying no to something so I can make space to say yes to myself. Deadlines overwhelm me but they are necessary so I try to make enough time around them so I dont lose my mind. Emotional overwhelm can strike at any time but Im very good at checking in with myselfmy journal is never far from my side!\nWhat gives you the feeling of true bliss within?Spending time with my nephewhe is my heartlight. Walking down a new street with my camera in hand, getting caught up in colour and texture and shape. Writing when it comes effortlessly. The heady scent of coffee, incense and my vetiver perfume oil in the morning. That moment when I open my eyes at the end of meditation.What are you currently reading?Ive just started Soulcraft by Bill Plotkin and Ive been dipping in and out of Holistic Tarot by Benebell Wen as I research a new course Im creating.What are you listening to right now?My heart. Ive stepped back into the world of dating and its in turns thrilling and exasperating. Im impatient and yearn to find my man, but Ive been a tribe of one for so long Im also weary of losing my independence, so I listen to my heart with every step I take, practicing staying open to new possibilities and paths I could not have imagined.Sonically, Im currently obsessed with Oh Wonderand The Staves.\nWhat is your go-to simple recipe?A frittata served with panzanella.Frittata: Saute white onion in butter till soft. Add cooked potatoes (chopped) and peas (defrosted if frozen) and stir around for a while. Add beaten egg, grated parmesan and S+P and cook till it startsto set, finishing off under the grill.Panzanella: my take on the classic Italian salad, made with the plumpest heritage tomatoes you can find, capers (rinsed), chopped spring onions, grilled red peppers (skins peeled off), green olives (halved and rinsed), huge handfuls of fresh basil, extra virgin olive oil, red wine vinegar plus toasted ciabatta cubes for the gluten-eaters but not for me, alas.What are some simple things you do for self-care?Long baths followed by lashings of Diptyques Lait Frais. Journaling in cafes in bed anywhere. Saying no more than I say yes. Photo safaris in new-to-me parts of London. Trips to the coast. Early nights. Netflix for when I need a time out from all the incessant thinking.\nWhat does nourishment look like to you?Litres of spring water. Poetry by Sharon Olds. Green vegetables. Conversations with my nephew. Cooking dinner with my sister. Practising yoga. The luxury of meditation in the morning. Black moonstone tucked in my bra on hard days. The memory of kissing him. Emails from readers thanking me for writing my book. Listening to the ocean. Putting the world to rights with a girlfriend. Clean white sheets.How do you make space for play?Im still learning this one. I love what I do so much it often feels like play but I have to remind myself I also need time away from my business. I guess I make space for play by closing my laptop and leaving my house. I need to do this more often!\nWhat are some favorite mantras you cling to?Go gently.This is what my paternal grandmother would say to me when we said goodbye at the end of our weekly phone calls. My gran led a very quiet life with my grandfather, and up until he died she had never really been on her own. After 60+ years of marriage, she faced her final years alone and I know it was desperately hard for her. She died a few years before I faced my own bereavement, and I so often wished I could have phoned to tell her I now understood what she'd been going through. \"Go gently\" has become the piece of advice I've tattooed on my heart. To me it means take your time, keep your head, and above all else,be kind to yourself.I try to remember this when my stress levels are spiking.\nPlease share some words of wisdom youve learned as a direct result of soulful and embodied living.Ive done my fair share of future tripping and dwelling on the past, but its when I simply exist in the NOW that I feel my best. Im loving that the older I get the more present I feel. Also, theres something so amazing about knowing those dark nights of the soul that used to plague me as a younger woman dont last forever. I know I can survive pretty much anything now. Getting older definitely suits me :)\nAbout Susannah ConwaySusannah Conway is the author of This I Know: Notes on Unraveling the Heartand forthcoming LONDONTOWN: A Photographic Tour of the Citys Delights (Chronicle Books, 2016). A photographer, writer and teacher, her classes have been enjoyed by thousands of people from over 50 countries around the world. Co-author of Instant Love: How to Make Magic and Memories with Polaroids, Susannah helps others remember their true selves, using creativity as the key to open the door. Visit her at SusannahConway.comand say hi on Instagram.\nINTERVIEWSSUSANNAH CONWAYARTCREATIVE ENTREPRENEURSWOMAN\nAnnapurna Living\nPrevious\nPrevious\nFierce Authenticity: Sitting At the Altar of My Soul\nNext\nNext\nMiddle School Vision Boards\nFree CourseSubscribePrivacy Policy\nphoto credits click here | we are an affiliate for Living Libations\n", "url": "https://annapurnaliving.com/blog/annapurna-woman-susannah-conway" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Korea Consumer Agency\nGo To Main Content\nHOME\nSITEMAP\nKOR\nConsumer Counseling\nFrequently Asked Questions\nCross-border Consumer Dispute Inquiry\nKCA News & Media\nPress Release\nPhoto News\nInfographics & Videos\nInfographics\nVideos\nEvidence-based Consumer Policy\nConsumption Life Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Markets Evaluation Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Empowerment Index in Korea\nConsumer Guide\nConsumer Laws & Standards\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Cases\nRelevant Sites\nMOUs with Foreign Agencies\nOther Foreign Agencies\nDomestic Agencies\nAbout KCA\nPresidents Office\nPresident Greetings\nFormer Presidents\nOrganization\nOrganization Chart\nFunction & Role\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Commission\nHistory\n2020s\n2010s\n2000s\n1990s\n1980s\nBrochure & Corporate Identity\nContact us & Location\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\nKOR\nConsumer Counseling\nFrequently Asked Questions\nCross-border Consumer Dispute Inquiry\nKCA News & Media\nPress Release\nPhoto News\nInfographics & Videos\nInfographics\nVideos\nEvidence-based Consumer Policy\nConsumption Life Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Markets Evaluation Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Empowerment Index in Korea\nConsumer Guide\nConsumer Laws & Standards\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Cases\nRelevant Sites\nMOUs with Foreign Agencies\nOther Foreign Agencies\nDomestic Agencies\nAbout KCA\nPresidents Office\nPresident Greetings\nFormer Presidents\nOrganization\nOrganization Chart\nFunction & Role\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Commission\nHistory\n2020s\n2010s\n2000s\n1990s\n1980s\nBrochure & Corporate Identity\nContact us & Location\n\nKCA seeks to improve the quality of people's lives\nby adding value and trust in consumer activities\nPRESS RELEASE\n2024-05-24KCA Celebrates the 28th Consumer Day by Holding a Seminar Regarding Establishing Measures to Promote Consumer Rights and Interests in Relation to Quasi-Investment Advisory Services\n2024-05-24KCA Holds Joint Pledge Signing Ceremony for Consumer Complaint Resolution Council\n2024-05-23KCA Launches Mobile Chat Consultation Service (Somang Chat)\n2024-05-21KCA Launches Enterprise Consultative Body in Conjunction with Seven Home Healthcare Companies\nKCABROCHURE\nPRESIDENT GREETINGS\nYoon, Soo HyunKCA President\nContact Us & Location\nRelevant Sites\nPHOTO NEWS\n2024-02-29\nKCA Held a Meeting with the CPSC\n2023-12-21\nNational Consumer Protection Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Visits the Korea Consumer Agency\n2023-12-21\nKCA-KFTC Holds a Ceremony to Commemorate 28th Consumer Day\nSee More\nContact us&Location\nRelevant Sites\nRELEVANT SITES\nPrevious\nPlay\nStop\nNext\n(27738) Korea Consumer Agency, Chungbuk Innovation City, 54 Yongdu-ro, Maengdong-myeon, Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea\nCounseling for Foreigners :Tel : +82-43-880-5400 Email : crossborder@kca.go.kr\nInternational Affairs : Email : international@kca.go.kr\nCOPYRIGHT(C) 2019 KOREA CONSUMER AGENCY, ALL RIGHT RESERVED.", "url": "https://www.kca.go.kr/eng/main.do" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Consumer Policy - Fair Trade Commission\nSkip to contents\nhome\nsitemap\ncontact us\nLanguage\nKorean\nEnglish\nCountry Symbol Popup\nOpen main menu\nMain menu\nABOUT KFTC\nChairperson & Commissioners\nChairperson\nVice Chairperson\nCommissioners\nChairperson's Activities\nChairperson's Message\nChairperson's Activities\n2020\n2019\n2018\n2017\n2016\n2015\n2014\n2013\n2012\n2011\n2010\nOverview\nWho we are\nWhat we do\nHow we handle cases\nOrganization\nHistory\nLocation\nPOLICY AREA\nCompetition Policy\nCartel\nCompetition advocacy\nMerger Review\nBusiness Entities' Organization\nAbuse of dominance\nUnfair Trade Practices\nResale Price Maintenance\nBusiness Trade Policy\nSubcontract Policy\nFranchise Policy\nDistribution Policy\nAgency Business Transactions Policy\nInternational Affairs\nConsumer Policy\nConsumer Policy\nRegulation on Unfair Labeling and Advertising\nSpecial-type Sales Policy\nReview of Terms and Conditions\nE-commerce Policy\nInstallment Transaction Policy\nPUBLICATIONS\nPress Release\nAnnual Report\nStatistics\nOthers\nLAWS & GUIDELINES\nCompetition\nCompetition Laws\nUnilateral Conduct\nCartel\nM&A\nLarge Business Groups\nProcedure & etc.\nConsumer\nTerms and Conditions\nLabeling and Advertising\nInstallment Transactions\nDoor to Door Sales\nE-Commerce\nConsumers\nTransactions Between Large Companies And SMEs\nSubcontracting\nLarge Franchise and Retail Business\nFranchise Business\nAgency Transactions\nPrevious Laws & Guidelines\nINTERNATIONAL RELATIONS\nInternational Agreements\nMOU\nFTA\nSeoul International Competition Forum\nCompetition Workshop\nTechnical assistance\nExpert Dispatch\nKOICA\nInternational Organization\nClose main menu\nOpen search\nSearch form\nSearch Close\nPOLICY AREA\nMinisterial-level central administrative organization under the authority of the Prime Minister functions as a quasi-judiciary body.\nPOLICY AREA\nLeftMenu\nCompetition Policy\nBusiness Trade Policy\nInternational Affairs\nConsumer Policy\nHOME\nPOLICY AREA\nConsumer Policy\nConsumer Policy\nConsumer Policy\nConsumer Policy\nRegulation on Unfair Labeling and Advertising\nSpecial-type Sales Policy\nReview of Terms and Conditions\nE-commerce Policy\nInstallment Transaction Policy\nOverview\nPrinciples of Consumer Policy\nConsumer policy is a process of direct and indirect government interventions, through the enforcement of laws and regulations, aimed at resolving consumer issues in the market economy. The paradigm of consumer policy has shifted from consumer protection, focusing on protecting consumers in a weaker position, to consumer sovereignty, putting emphasis on supporting consumers to be able to resolve issues on their own.\nEffective consumer policies, which enhance the capability of consumers, serve as the basis for the virtuous cycle of promoting consumer welfare and increasing competitive pressure among businesses. Increased competitive pressure leads businesses to innovate and lower prices.\nVirtuous Cycle of Effective Consumer Policy Enforcement\nA Shift in Paradigm of Consumer Policy\n1) The Establishment of Consumer Policy Implementation System\nThe fully revised Consumer Protection Act (promulgated on Sep. 27, 2006) and the fully revised Enforcement Decree of the Consumer Protection Act (promulgated on Mar. 27, 2007) were enforced on March 28, 2007. The government reorganization in February 2008 introduced a unified implementation system for consumer policies.\nAs a result, the powers to establish and review consumer policy plans, operate the Consumer Policy Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Committee), and enact and amend the Framework Act on Consumers (hereinafter referred to as the Framework Act), the Product Liability Act, and the Consumer Cooperatives Act were transferred from the old Ministry of Finance and Economy to the Korea Fair Trade Commission (the KFTC). Also the Korea Consumer Protection Agency was renamed as the Korea Consumer Agency (hereinafter referred to as the KCA) and the KFTC took over the power to govern the agency in March 2007.\nThe chairperson of the KFTC serves as the secretary member of the Committee who is in charge of the efficient operation of the Committee. The Committee is a committee established under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister in order to consolidate, coordinate, deliberate, and resolve fundamental policies concerning the enhancement of consumers rights and interests and the improvement of consumers lives.\nThis paradigm shift was aimed at strengthening the position of consumers as the ones who exercise sovereignty, not just as the subjects of protection.\nConsumer Policy Implementation System\n2) The Establishment of Master Plan for Consumer Policy\nThe provisions for the establishment of Master Plan were added to the Framework Act to set up a mid- and long-term Master Plan for Consumer Policy. The master plan is established every three years with the purpose of implementing consumer policies in a systematic and consistent manner. The latest Master Plan was established in October 2017 for the years 2018 to 2020.\nRelationship Between Competition Policy and Consumer Policy\nBoth competition policy and consumer policy deals with the market and have the ultimate goal of increasing consumer welfare, thus they are closely related. The unified implementation system for consumer policies allows the KFTC to effectively implement both competition policies and consumer policies.\nComplementary Relationship between Competition Policy and Consumer Policy\nLegislation\nThe Framework Act on Consumers\nThe Framework Act prescribes rights and duties of consumers, who are the main constituents of the free market economy, and serves as the basis for comprehensively facilitating consumer policies.\nThe Framework Act prescribes the rights and duties of consumers, the state and business entities; legal basis for the establishment of the KCA and consumer organizations;\n and detailed consumer protection measures, such as the collection of product recall information and the information on dangers and injuries; remedies for consumer damage;\nand dispute mediation.\nThe Consumer Cooperatives Act\nThe purpose of the Consumer Cooperatives Act is to promote independent activities of consumers in cooperatives through provisions on the admission and qualification for membership, procedure for establishment, types of business services which can be provided by the cooperatives, supervision, legal basis for the establishment of the federation of consumer cooperatives and the national federation of consumer cooperatives.\nThe purpose of a consumer cooperative is to improve the welfare and livelihood of cooperative members. A consumer cooperative is a self supporting organization which provides services below:\n Purchase, manufacture, process and provide commodities necessary for the members;\n Provide services necessary for the members.\nThere are consumer cooperatives, such as cooperatives specialized in the distribution of eco-friendly agricultural\nproducts, university consumer cooperatives (operate restaurants and cafeterias in universities), medical consumer\ncooperatives (operate medical treatment and preventive healthcare services).\nThere are 487 consumer cooperatives, 1.56 million cooperative members, total sales of 809 billion won (as of the end of 2018).\nKey tasks\nOrganizing the Consumer Policy Committee (the Committee)\nAt the Committee meeting, presided by the Prime Minister, the members deliberate and decide a fundamental policy concerning the enhancement of consumers' rights and interests and the improvement of consumers' lives.\nThe Committee develops the Framework Plans on Consumer Policies every three years; and formulates a comprehensive implementation plan for the Framework Plans every year by putting together and adjusting central administrative agency implementation plans and City/Do implementation plans.\nThe Committee conducts the Evaluation of the Consumer Orientation of Policies which comprises of evaluating policies and recommending necessary measures to relevant ministries to enhance consumer rights and interests.\nManaging Consumer Centered Management(CCM) Certification\nThe KFTC grant Consumer Centered Management Certification to business entities who conduct customer-oriented management in the entire process of planning, production, and distribution of products (182 businesses are certified as of May, 2020). The KFTC provides reward and support to certified businesses and the businesses can mark such certification.\nThe purpose of the certification program is to lead businesses to voluntarily mediate consumer complaints and damage by setting up processes and systems for addressing consumer issues.\nSetting the Regulations on Consumer Dispute Resolution\nThe Regulations on Consumer Dispute Resolution provide the criteria for the settlement of consumer disputes, such as repair, exchange, refund, compensation issues. The criteria shall be the criteria for any agreement or recommendation on the settlement of disputes, unless there is any separate manifestation as to the method of dispute settlement between the parties in dispute.\nThe criteria is used by many businesses as the criteria for after sales service and compensation for consumer damage. Also the KCA is using the criteria for consumer dispute resolution, thus the criteria has proven effective even if it is a non-mandatory provision.\nImplementing Consumer Damage Prevention Measures, such as Enhanced Consumer Access to Information\nThe KFTC compares the quality and performance of different products and services; provides price information of new products and services, and those that have a large price discrepancy between overseas markets and Korean market.\nThe KFTC hires ordinary consumers to monitor consumer law violations, such as exaggerated Ads by private academies; failure to disclose material connection between an endorser and an advertise in social media, through real time field monitoring.\nThe KFTC provides financial support to consumer organizations for gathering victims for group litigations.\nHolding Consumer Policy Events and Participating in International Meetings\nThe KFTC holds Consumer Rights Day (Dec. 3rd) celebration event to promote consumer rights and interests and recognize individuals and organizations for their contribution.\nThe KFTC organizes the Asian Forum on Consumer Policy biennially to discuss consumer related issues and policies.\nThe KFTC participates regularly in the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy (CCP), the OECD Working Party on Consumer Product Safety (WPCPS), the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), and the International Consumer Product Health and Safety Organization (ICPHSO) meetings to analyze international consumer policy trends and ways to implement those trends into policies in Korea.\nKorea Fair Trade Commission, 95, Dasom 3-ro, Sejong-si, Republic of Korea, 30108Tel: +82-44-200-4326\nCopyright (c) Fair Trade Commission. All Rights Reserved.", "url": "https://www.ftc.go.kr/eng/contents.do?key=3056" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Korea Consumer Agency > Consumer Counseling > Cross-border Consumer Dispute Inquiry\nGo To Main Content\nHOME\nSITEMAP\nKOR\nConsumer Counseling\nFrequently Asked Questions\nCross-border Consumer Dispute Inquiry\nKCA News & Media\nPress Release\nPhoto News\nInfographics & Videos\nInfographics\nVideos\nEvidence-based Consumer Policy\nConsumption Life Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Markets Evaluation Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Empowerment Index in Korea\nConsumer Guide\nConsumer Laws & Standards\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Cases\nRelevant Sites\nMOUs with Foreign Agencies\nOther Foreign Agencies\nDomestic Agencies\nAbout KCA\nPresidents Office\nPresident Greetings\nFormer Presidents\nOrganization\nOrganization Chart\nFunction & Role\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Commission\nHistory\n2020s\n2010s\n2000s\n1990s\n1980s\nBrochure & Corporate Identity\nContact us & Location\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\nKOR\nConsumer Counseling\nFrequently Asked Questions\nCross-border Consumer Dispute Inquiry\nKCA News & Media\nPress Release\nPhoto News\nInfographics & Videos\nInfographics\nVideos\nEvidence-based Consumer Policy\nConsumption Life Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Markets Evaluation Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Empowerment Index in Korea\nConsumer Guide\nConsumer Laws & Standards\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Cases\nRelevant Sites\nMOUs with Foreign Agencies\nOther Foreign Agencies\nDomestic Agencies\nAbout KCA\nPresidents Office\nPresident Greetings\nFormer Presidents\nOrganization\nOrganization Chart\nFunction & Role\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Commission\nHistory\n2020s\n2010s\n2000s\n1990s\n1980s\nBrochure & Corporate Identity\nContact us & Location\n\nConsumer Counseling\nCross-border Consumer Dispute Inquiry\n\nConsumer CounselingCross-border Consumer Dispute Inquiry\n\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\n \nConsumer Counseling\nFrequently Asked Questions\nCross-border Consumer Dispute Inquiry\nCross-border Consumer Dispute Inquiry\nWelcome to the Korea Consumer Agency!\nThe Korea Consumer Agency(KCA) is a regular member of the International Consumer Protection & Enforcement Network(ICPEN), which is composed of major consumer protection enforcement organizations of OECD countries.\nIf you suffer any damage or injury caused by the use of goods or services provided by businesses located in Korea, please download, complete the consumer complaint form and send it back to crossborder@kca.go.kr\nBefore filling the form, please read the following statement to make sure to understand how your complaint information will be used.\nConsumer Complaint Form\nPreview\nMedical Consumer Complaint Form\nPreview\nWith the rapid expansion of globalization and economic regionalism, cross-border consumer transactions--especially e-Commerce or online transactions--are increasing exponentially. Under these circumstances, the information you provide us will help make borderless consumer transactions much safer and stop similar damages from occurring again in the future.\nMore specifically, your damage information will be used for identifying the current trend of consumer damages, urging relevant organizations to take necessary actions, and preventing the same or similar consumer damages in the future. To this end, the KCA could share your information (excluding personal information) with other consumer organizations including ICPEN members in order to study new methods and trends of frauds, or to monitor suspected businesses or individuals.\nThe KCA provides ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) service to deal with consumer complaints and always does and will do its best to redress all the consumer damages. However, it is not desirable for consumers to believe that the KCA will resolve their problems without fail, and provide satisfying results all the time.\nKCA's Privacy Protection Policy over your damage information is as follows.\nAll of the personal information handled by the KCA is being collected, kept, or processed based on the relevant laws and with the consent of the information source (providers). The KCA always strictly abides by the Act on the Protection of Personal Information Maintained by Public Agencies, which prescribes the general norms of handling such personal information, in dealing with such information for the public interest.\nPersonal Information Automatically Collected and Saved\nWhen you visit KCA's homepage (www.kca.go.kr), your traits--the information about what you read or download--will be automatically collected and recorded. This information does not include the ID of the users, nor will it be used for tracing individual visitors. Rather, the information which includes your Internet domain, IP address, web browser, Operation System(OS), visiting date and time, and the pages you read, will simply be used as basic data for providing consumers with more useful information.\nInformation Collected through Internet Counselling and Email\nYour personal information requested to provide for counseling through KCA's website is the minimum information necessary for the Agency to take care of your complaints. Therefore, if the information is incorrect or incomplete, you may not be able to receive the answer. The access to the personal information will be strictly limited and used only for the purpose of resolving consumer grievance. The information provided through email or \"newsletter member service\" including email addresses, phone numbers or locations will also be thoroughly protected under the Act on the Protection of Personal Information Maintained by Public Agencies, and will not be used for commercial purpose or just for maintaining personal information.\nProtection of Private Information on the Linked Sites\nIf you visit the linked sites of other organizations while visiting KCA's homepage, your private information will be protected in accordance with the laws or regulations designated by the sites.\nNotification of Users' Responsibility\nIf a person posts wrong or fake information on KCA's website, which results in the infringement of another person's interests or rights or damage to a relevant organization, the person who has posted the information shall take all the responsibility, and his or her personal information may not be protected by the Act on the Protection of Personal Information Maintained by Public Agencies.\nReport of Personal Information Misuse or Abuse\nIf you find any possibility of personal information leakage or infringement of a person's interests and rights, please contact us through the following contact information and let us know the fact immediately.\nMOUs with Foreign Agencies('Cross-Border Transactions')\nOffice of the Consumer Protection Board of Thailand (2023.5.23.)\nThe Department of Trade and Industry of the Philippines (2022.12.6.)\nThe National Consumer Protection Agency of The Republic of Indonesia (2021.8.26.)\nVietnam Competition and Consumer Authority (2021.3.10.)\nNational Consumer Complaints Centre, Malaysia (2020.7.13.)\nDepartment of Consumer Protection, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2019.8.29.)\nThe Authority for Fair Competition and Consumer Protection (2019.6.7.)\nMacao SAR Government Consumer Council (2019.4.9.)\nFederation of Societies for Consumer Rights Protection of Uzbekistan (2018.12.13.)\nChartered Trading Standards Institute (2018.6.21.)\nHongkong Consumer Council (2017.5.25.)\nSingapore Consumers Association of Singapore (2017.5.23.)\nInternational Association of Better Business Bureaus, Inc. (2016.5.26.)\nNational Consumer Affairs Center of Japan (2015.7.30.)\nContact us&Location\nRelevant Sites\n(27738) Korea Consumer Agency, Chungbuk Innovation City, 54 Yongdu-ro, Maengdong-myeon, Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea\nCounseling for Foreigners :Tel : +82-43-880-5400 Email : crossborder@kca.go.kr\nInternational Affairs : Email : international@kca.go.kr\nCOPYRIGHT(C) 2019 KOREA CONSUMER AGENCY, ALL RIGHT RESERVED.", "url": "https://www.kca.go.kr/eng/sub.do?menukey=6005" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Korea Consumer Agency Transfers Its Know-how on Improving Consumer Rights to Developing Countries > Press Releases\n \n \n \n \nHOME\nKCA\nKOREAN\nMENU\nHOME\nCISS \nCISS\nAbout CISS\nWhat is CISS?\nAbout the Consumer Safety Center\nContact Us\nRecall\nPress Releases\nRelevant Websites\nKorean Regulators Websites\nOverseas Government and Other Websites\n\nCISS\nPress Releases\nCISS\nAbout CISS\nRecall\nPress Releases\nRelevant Websites\nPress Releases\n\n\nPress Releases View\nTitle\nKorea Consumer Agency Transfers Its Know-how on Improving Consumer Rights to Developing Countries\nKorea Consumer Agency Transfers Its Know-howon Improving Consumer Rights to Developing Countries- 2023 training on consumer affairs for select invited public officials from developing countries -During the two-week period from June 26 to July 7, the Korea Consumer Agency (President Jang Duck-jin) hosts the Capacity Building for Improvement and Specialization of Consumer Protection Training, an event organized for public officials from developing countries who are responsible for consumer administration in their respective countries.The training program is an integral part of the Korea International Cooperation Agencys (KOICA) global internship project, designed specifically for individuals from developing countries, and will be offered for three years from 2023 to 2025. In 2023, the first year of the program operation, 10 public officials in consumer administration from the three countries of Bangladesh, Kenya, and El Salvador are invited to attend the program.\nAttachments\nKorea+Consumer+Agency+Transfers+Its+Know-how+on+Improving+Consumer+Rights+to+Developing+Countries.pdf\nList\nTotal 223\nPage 2 / 23\n \n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n \nTitle\nContents\n \nPress Releases list\nNo\nTitle\nCount\nDate\n213\nConsumer Advisory About Consumer Safety When Using Food Disposal Machines\n171\n2023.10.05\n212\nChildren's Scooters Show Differences in Durability When Compared to Each Other\n204\n2023.10.04\n211\nSafety Accidents Involving Children Increased by 36.4% Compared to the Previous Year as the Country Returned to Normality after the COVID-19 Pandemic\n497\n2023.09.27\n210\nOne of the domestically manufactured hemp seed oil product has violated the cannabis ingredient content standard\n257\n2023.09.26\n209\nDiaper Changing Tables Safety Warning Due to a High Risk of Falls for Infants\n196\n2023.09.20\n208\nNeodymium Magnetic Balls Ingestion Incidents Warning\n212\n2023.09.20\n207\nKorea Consumer Agency Transfers Its Know-how on Improving Consumer Rights to Developing Countries\n277\n2023.07.17\n206\nExcessive Levels of Phthalate Plasticizer Detected in Some Headset Products for Children\n228\n2023.06.28\n205\nKorea Consumer Agency and the European Union Seek to Boost Cooperation in Protecting Consumers\n319\n2023.05.31\n204\nDisposable Containers Contain up to 4.5 Times More Microplastics Than Reusable Ones\n290\n2023.03.29\n12345678910\nSite Information\n(369-811) Korea Consumer Agency, 54 Yongdu-ro, Maengdong-myeon, Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea / Tel : +82-43-880-5500\nCOPYRIGHT(C) 2015 Consumer Injury Surveillance System, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.", "url": "https://www.ciss.go.kr/english/selectBbsNttView.do?key=594&bbsNo=169&nttNo=44335&searchCtgry=&searchCnd=all&searchKrwd=&pageIndex=2&pageUnit=10&integrDeptCode=" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Korea Consumer Agency > About KCA > Contact us & Location\nGo To Main Content\nHOME\nSITEMAP\nKOR\nConsumer Counseling\nFrequently Asked Questions\nCross-border Consumer Dispute Inquiry\nKCA News & Media\nPress Release\nPhoto News\nInfographics & Videos\nInfographics\nVideos\nEvidence-based Consumer Policy\nConsumption Life Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Markets Evaluation Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Empowerment Index in Korea\nConsumer Guide\nConsumer Laws & Standards\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Cases\nRelevant Sites\nMOUs with Foreign Agencies\nOther Foreign Agencies\nDomestic Agencies\nAbout KCA\nPresidents Office\nPresident Greetings\nFormer Presidents\nOrganization\nOrganization Chart\nFunction & Role\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Commission\nHistory\n2020s\n2010s\n2000s\n1990s\n1980s\nBrochure & Corporate Identity\nContact us & Location\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\nKOR\nConsumer Counseling\nFrequently Asked Questions\nCross-border Consumer Dispute Inquiry\nKCA News & Media\nPress Release\nPhoto News\nInfographics & Videos\nInfographics\nVideos\nEvidence-based Consumer Policy\nConsumption Life Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Markets Evaluation Indicators in Korea\nConsumer Empowerment Index in Korea\nConsumer Guide\nConsumer Laws & Standards\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Cases\nRelevant Sites\nMOUs with Foreign Agencies\nOther Foreign Agencies\nDomestic Agencies\nAbout KCA\nPresidents Office\nPresident Greetings\nFormer Presidents\nOrganization\nOrganization Chart\nFunction & Role\nConsumer Dispute Settlement Commission\nHistory\n2020s\n2010s\n2000s\n1990s\n1980s\nBrochure & Corporate Identity\nContact us & Location\n\nAbout KCA\nContact us & Location\n\nAbout KCAContact us & Location\n\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\n \nAbout KCA\nPresidents Office\nOrganization\nHistory\nBrochure & Corporate Identity\nContact us & Location\nContact us & Location\nIf you have any questions or comments, contact us\nCounseling for Foreigners\nTEL : +82-43-880-5400\nFAX : +82-43-877-6767\nEmail : crossborder@kca.go.kr\nInternational Affairs\nEmail : international@kca.go.kr\nLocation\nHeadquarter\nLocation : (27738) Korea Consumer Agency (Chungbuk Innovation City) : 54 Yongdu-ro, Maengdong-myeon, Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea\nBig Images\nBUS\nGangnam : Nambu terminal - Chungbuk Innovation City(getting off) > Korea Consumer Agency\nEast Seoul : Dong Seoul Terminal - Chungbuk Innovation City(getting off) > Korea Consumer Agency\nIncheon : Incheon Airport Terminal - Chungbuk Innovation City(getting off) > Korea Consumer Agency\nRegional Offices\nSeoulGangwon Regional Office\nLocation : (05855) 15th floor, Tera Tower A-Wing, Songpa-daero, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea\nBig Images\nMetro\n(Line 8) Munjeong Station - Gate 3 - Walk(5 Mins)\nBUS\n(Green bus) 3012, 3322 - Geonyoung Apt(getting off) - Walk(3 Mins)\n(Blue bus) 302, 303, 320, 333, 350, 360, 362 - Geonyoung Apt(getting off) - Walk(3 Mins)\n(Express bus) 500-1, 1009, 1112, 1117, 1650 - Geonyoung Apt(getting off) - Walk(3 Mins)\n(Red bus) 9403 - Geonyoung Apt(getting off) - Walk(3 Mins)\nGyeonggiIncheon Regional Office\nLocation : (16509) 3rd floor, 102, Edu town-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea\nBusanUlsanGyeongnam Regional Office\nLocation : (47354) 10th floor, 24, Hwangnyeong-daero, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea\nDaeguGyeongbuk Regional Office\nLocation : (41256) 10th floor, Daegu Trade Center, 489, Dongdaegu-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea\nGwangjuHonam Regional Office\nLocation : (61947) 4th floor, 110, Sangmujungang-ro, Seo-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea\nDaejeonSejongChungcheong Regional Office\nLocation : (35209) 3rd floor, KDB building, 137, Dunsanseo-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea\nJeju Regional Office\nLocation : (63125) 3rd floor, Hyundai Motors building, 83, Sammu-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, Republic of Korea\nContact us&Location\nRelevant Sites\n(27738) Korea Consumer Agency, Chungbuk Innovation City, 54 Yongdu-ro, Maengdong-myeon, Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea\nCounseling for Foreigners :Tel : +82-43-880-5400 Email : crossborder@kca.go.kr\nInternational Affairs : Email : international@kca.go.kr\nCOPYRIGHT(C) 2019 KOREA CONSUMER AGENCY, ALL RIGHT RESERVED.", "url": "https://www.kca.go.kr/eng/sub.do?menukey=6036" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Korea Consumer Agency (KCA) and the US Council of Better Business Bureau (BBB) sign Memorandum of Understanding | ICPEN\nSkip to main content\nMain navigation\nMenu\nHome\nAbout\nWho we are\nWhat we do\nInitiatives\nGet involved\nConsumer resources\nConsumer assistance\nStaying safe online\nAvoiding scams\nConsumer protection around the world\nTranslated content\nLogin\nNews\nKorea Consumer Agency (KCA) and the US Council of Better Business Bureau (BBB) sign Memorandum of Understanding\nRepublic of Korea | Friday, June 10, 2016\nOn 26th May, 2016, in Washington, D.C., US, the Korea Consumer Agency (www.kca.go.kr) and US Council of Better Business Bureau (www.cbbb.org)* signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on resolving consumer damages related to cross-border transactions taking place between Korea and North America, therebymaking it possible for Korean consumers to seek redress for disputes that may occur when using Northern Americanonline shopping malls. Korean consumers, who have complaints against business located in the U.S., Canada or Mexico, can now file complaints to the KCA and apply for redress and vice versa, Northern American consumers, who have complaints against Korea-located business, can file the complaints to their BBB local office, which will transfer the complaint to the KCA.\nSee further: http://www.bbb.org/bbb-and-korea-consumer-agency-sign-cross-border-dispute-resolution-agreement/\nICPEN President 2023-2024\nFind out more\nMenu\nHome\nAbout ICPEN\nConsumer assistance\nStaying safe online\nAvoiding scams\nContact ICPEN\nFor more information on how to become a member or join ICPEN activities, contact us via email.\nCopyright Message\nCopyright 2024 ICPEN. All right reserved. - Privacy policy", "url": "https://icpen.org/news/731" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "econsumer.gov: Featured Story\nskip to main content\nEnglish\nEspaol\nDeutsch\nFranais\n\n\nPolski\nPortugus\nTrke\nEnglishEspaolDeutschFranaisPolskiPortugusTrke\nFILE A COMPLAINT\nMORE STEPS TO TAKE\nNEWS AND DATA\nABOUT US\nMenu\nFILE A COMPLAINT\nMORE STEPS TO TAKE\nNEWS AND DATA\nABOUT US\nFeature Story\nConsumer Alerts\nNews\nComplaint Trends\nFeature Story\nA Survey of Consumer Harm in Cross-Border Transactions from the Korea Consumer Agency\nShare this page\nContributed by Korea Consumer Agency\nConsumer complaints regarding cross-border transactions are rising. The growth in online overseas purchases and a rebound in overseas travel has driven this increase. Koreas trends are consistent with econsumer.gov Complaint Trend Data which shows online shopping as the top reported complaint category by consumers in 2023. The vacation and travel category ranked fourth for top categories reported by consumers in 2023. Accordingly, the Korea Consumer Agency (KCA) surveyed consumers who purchased goods and services from overseas online markets within the past year about their experiences. Key results include the following.\nOnline Shopping\nAccording to a survey of 500 respondents who purchased goods from overseas, consumers in Korea most frequently used \"purchase proxy services\", often through a third-party platform that purchases products from overseas shopping malls on behalf of consumers. Among these consumers, 10.2% responded that they had experienced harm. The most common types of harms resulting from overseas purchases were receiving a product that was different from what was ordered (51%), and encountering delivery issues such as damaged items, lost products, and delays (41.2%).\nVacation and Travel\nWith regard to lodging and airplane tickets, the survey showed that consumers tended to use online platforms, such as an online travel agency (OTA), rather than reserving directly on the hotel's or airline's website. Payment-related harms were more common in cross-border transactions. 38.8% of respondents experienced problems such as overcharges or duplicate or unauthorized charges while reserving accommodations. In the case of airline reservations, excessive penalties for cancellation or modification were the most common issue, reported by 46.4% of respondents.\nTo prevent consumer harm during cross-border transactions, keep in mind the following tips:\nReview the conditions before making a purchase. There may be additional requirements for ending a subscription, changing or canceling a reservation, or returning an item.\nCheck the business information and terms of use on the official website before entering a contract.\nIf there is a local office or customer center, go in person to resolve the harm.\nLearn ways to contact the retailer or platform operator, for example with a 24-hour hotline, email, or chatbot.\nIf you believe you have encountered a cross-border scam, report it to:\nEconsumer.gov - consumer complaints can help consumer agencies around the world spot trends and work together to prevent international scams.\nYour national consumer protection agency.\nView more consumer alerts\neconsumer.gov is an initiative of the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN). ICPEN is a network of governmental organizations in the enforcement of fair trade practice laws and other consumer protection activities.\nLearn More\nOMB CONTROL#:\n3084-0169\nFile a Complaint\nGet Started\nMore Steps to Take\nContact Merchant\nPayment Card Protections\nTrust Seals & Escrows\nAlternative Dispute Resolution\nNews and Data\nNews\nAlerts\nComplaint Trends\neconsumer.gov\nAbout Us\nMember Countries\nHow we use and share your data\nPrivacy Policy\nGo To Top", "url": "https://www.econsumer.gov/en/FeaturedStory" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Korea Consumer Agency signs MOU with Uzbekistan counterpart, holds conference | ICPEN\nSkip to main content\nMain navigation\nMenu\nHome\nAbout\nWho we are\nWhat we do\nInitiatives\nGet involved\nConsumer resources\nConsumer assistance\nStaying safe online\nAvoiding scams\nConsumer protection around the world\nTranslated content\nLogin\nNews\nKorea Consumer Agency signs MOU with Uzbekistan counterpart, holds conference\nRepublic of Korea | Tuesday, July 6, 2021\nKorea Consumer Agency signs MOU with Uzbekistan counterpart, holds conference\n- Completes Specializing and Improving Consumer Affairs in Uzbekistan Project -\nThe Korea Consumer Agency (President Lee Hee-sook, KCA) held an online ceremony to sign a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Uzbekistan Consumer Protection Agency (Director Khaitmetov Elmurat Sidikmatovich) and a conference on June 29.\nThe Korea Consumer Agency, in cooperation with the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), has been providing online consulting since\nJanuary this year to help Uzbekistan establish a systematic consumer protection system.\nThe June 29 event was held to complete the six-month-old project and reaffirm the two sides commitment to mutual cooperation. The Uzbek Embassy in Korea also attended the online event, demonstrating interest in the event.\nThe event was divided into two sessions. In the first session, participants shared the outcomes of the project in consumer education, law, and counseling.An MOU was also signed to promote the rights and interests of consumers in the two countries by promoting cooperation on international\nevents, personnel and information exchange for sharing experiences and cooperation in controlling circulation of hazardous goods.\nIn the second session, participants held an online conference under the themes of \"The Future of Consumer Affairs in Uzbekistan and \"The International Cooperation and Consumer Protection in the Pandemic Era. They discuss ways for the two agencies to promote the outcomes of the\nproject and the future direction of consumer administration.\nThe Korea Consumer Agency is committed to continuing efforts to maintain partnership with the Uzbekistan Consumer Protection Agency to improve the consumer protection system and address the ever-diversifying consumer affairs.\nFor more information about KCA, please visit www.kca.go.kr/eng\nICPEN President 2023-2024\nFind out more\nMenu\nHome\nAbout ICPEN\nConsumer assistance\nStaying safe online\nAvoiding scams\nContact ICPEN\nFor more information on how to become a member or join ICPEN activities, contact us via email.\nCopyright Message\nCopyright 2024 ICPEN. All right reserved. - Privacy policy", "url": "https://icpen.org/news/1195" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Competition and Consumer Protection Agencies Worldwide | Federal Trade Commission\nSkip to main content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHeres how you know\nHere's how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal government site.\nThe site is secure.\nThe https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.\nEnglish\nespaol\nSecondary Menu\nReport Fraud\nGet Consumer Alerts\nSearch the Legal Library\nSubmit Public Comments\nMenu\nMain Menu Mega\nShow/hide Enforcement menu items\nEnforcement\nWe enforce federal competition and consumer protection laws that prevent anticompetitive, deceptive, and unfair business practices.\nView Enforcement\nSearch or browse\nthe Legal Library\nFind legal resources and guidance to understand your business responsibilities and comply with the law.\nBrowse legal resources\nSearch small Search\nSections\nCases and Proceedings\nPremerger Notification Program\nMerger Review\nAnticompetitive Practices\nRulemaking\nStatutes\nCompetition and Consumer Protection Guidance Documents\nWarning Letters\nConsumer Sentinel Network\nCriminal Liaison Unit\nFTC Refund Programs\nNotices of Penalty Offenses\nCompetition Matters Blog\nTake action\nReport an antitrust violation\nFile adjudicative documents\nFind banned debt collectors\nView competition guidance\nCompetition Matters Blog\nCompetition Matters\nSlow the Roll-up: Help Shine a Light on Serial Acquisitions\nHenry Liu, Director of the Bureau of Competition\nMay 23, 2024\nView all Competition Matters Blog posts\nShow/hide Policy menu items\nPolicy\nWe work to advance government policies that protect consumers and promote competition.\nView Policy\nSearch or browse\nthe Legal Library\nFind legal resources and guidance to understand your business responsibilities and comply with the law.\nBrowse legal resources\nSearch small Search\nSections\nAdvocacy and Research\nAdvisory Opinions\nCooperation Agreements\nFederal Register Notices\nReports\nPublic Comments\nStudies\nTestimony\nPolicy Statements\nInternational\nOffice of Technology Blog\nTake action\nFind policy statements\nSubmit a public comment\nFeature\nVision and Priorities\nMemo from Chair Lina M. 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Search the Legal Library instead.\nCompetition and Consumer Protection Agencies Worldwide\nBreadcrumb\nHome\nPolicy\nInternational\nInternational Menu\nInternational\nInternational Competition\nInternational Consumer Protection and Privacy\nInternational Technical Assistance\nInternational Cooperation Agreements\nCompetition and Consumer Protection Agencies Worldwide\nInternational Fellows Program\nFTC International Monthly\nThe FTC engages with competition and consumer protection agencies in other countries, directly and through international networks, to halt deceptive and anticompetitive business practices that affect U.S. consumers.Follow the selected link to the consumer protection or competition agencys website.\nABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ RSTUVWX YZ\nCountry\nCompetition Agency\nConsumer Protection Agency\nAfghanistan\nCompetition Promotion and Consumer Protection Directorate (CPCPD)\nAlbania\nCompetition Authority\nConsumer Protection Commission\nAlgeria\nCompetition Council(link is external)\nAngola\nCompetition Regulatory Authority\nAndean Community\nGeneral Secretariat\nArgentina\nNational Commission for the Defense of Competition(link is external)\nUndersecretary of Consumer Defense\nArmenia\nState Commission for the Protection of Economic Competition(link is external)\nAustralia\nAustralian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC)\nAustria\nFederal Competition Authority (BWB)(link is external)\nFederal Ministry for Social and Consumer Protection(link is external)\nAzerbaijan\nState Service for Antimonopoly Policy and Consumer Rights' Protection\nBangladesh\nCompetition Commission\nDirectorate of National Consumer Rights Protection\nBarbados\nFair Trading Commission\nBelarus\nThe Antimonopoly Committee of the Republic of Belarus\nBelgium\nBelgian Competition Authority(link is external)\nCommission for the Protection of Privacy(link is external)\nBenin\nMinistry of Trade, Industry, and Employment Promotion; Management of Competition and Internal 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Competition Commission(link is external)\nChile\nNational Economic Prosecutor(link is external)\nNational Consumer Service (SERNAC)(link is external)Tribunal for the Defense of Free Competition(link is external)\nChina\nState Administration for Market Regulation\nColombia\nSuperintendence of Industry and Commerce\nCommon Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)\nCOMESA Competition Commission(link is external)\nCosta Rica\nCommission for the Promotion of Competition(link is external)\nConsumer Protection Agency(link is external)\nCte dIvoire\nCompetition Commission\nDepartment of Competition\nCroatia\nCroatian Competition Agency(link is external)\nConsumer Protection Department, Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship(link is external)\nCuraao\nFair Trade Authority(link is external)\nCyprus\nCommission for the Protection of Competition\nCommission for Personnel Data Protection\nCzech Republic\nOffice for the Protection of Competition(link is external)\nMinistry of Industry and Trade(link is external)\nDenmark\nDanish Competition and Consumer Authority(link is external)\nDanish Consumer Ombudsman(link is external)\nDominican Republic\nProcompetencia(link is external)\nPro-Consumidor(link is external)\nEast African Community\nCompetition Authority\nEconomic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC)\nEcuador\nSuperintendent for the Control of Market Power\nEgypt\nEgyptian Competition Authority(link is external)\nEgyptian Consumer Protection Agency\nEl Salvador\nSuperintendence of Competition\nDefensora del Consumidor(link is external)\nEstonia\nCompetition Authority(link is external)\nConsumer Protection Board\nEswatini\nSwaziland Competition Commission(link is external)\nEthiopia\nEthiopian Trade Competition and Consumer Protection Authority\nEurasian Economic Commission\nEurasian Economic Commission(link is external)\nEuropean Union\nCompetition Directorate (DG- COMP)(link is external)\nHealth and Consumer Directorate (DG-SANCO)(link is external)\nEuropean Free Trade Association\nEFTA Surveillance Authority(link is external)\nFaroe Islands\nFaroese Competition Authority(link is external)\nFiji\nCommerce Commission\nFinland\nCompetition and Consumer Authority(link is external)\nFrance\nCompetition Authority(link is external)\nDirectorate-General of Competition, Consumption and the Repression of Fraud(link is external)\nFrench Polynesia\nPolynesian Competition Authority(link is external)\nGambia\nCompetition and Consumer Protection Commission(link is external)\nGeorgia\nGeorgia Competition Agency(link is external)\nGermany\nFederal Cartel Office(link is external)\nGerman Ministry for Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture(link is external)\nGreece\nHellenic Competition Commission(link is external)\nGeneral Secretariat of Consumer Affairs\nGreenland\nGreenland Competition Authority(link is external)\nGuernsey\nChannel Islands Competition and Regulatory Authorities(link is external)\nGuyana\nCompetition and Consumer Affairs Commission\nHonduras\nCommission for the Defense and Promotion of Competition(link is external)\nHonduras Consumer Protection Agency\nHong Kong\nCompetition Commission (link is external)\nHungary\nHungarian Competition Authority(link is external)\nHungarian Authority for Consumer Protection(link is external)\nIceland\nCompetition Authority(link is external)\nThe Consumer Agency(link is external)\nIndia\nCompetition Commission of IndiaNational Company Law Appellate Tribunal\nDepartment of Consumer Affairs(link is external)\nIndonesia\nCommission for the Supervision of Business Competition (KPPU)(link is external)\nNational Consumer Protection Agency\nIran\nCompetition Council\nIreland\nThe Competition and Consumer Protection Commission(link is external)\nIsrael\nIsrael Antitrust Authority (IAA)\nDirector of Consumer Protection(link is external)\nItaly\nItalian Competition Authority(link is external)\nMinistry for Economic Development, Directorate-General for Market Harmonization and Consumer Protection (DGAMTC)\nJamaica\nFair Trading Commission\nConsumer Affairs Commission\nJapan\nJapan Fair Trade Commission(link is external)\nConsumer Affairs Agency(link is external)\nJersey\nChannel Islands Competition and Regulatory Authorities(link is external)\nJordan\nCompetition Directorate at the Ministry of Industry and Trade\nKazakhstan\nAgency for Competition Protection(link is external)\nKenya\nCompetition Authority of Kenya(link is external)\nKosovo\nKosovo Competition Commission(link is external)\nKuwait\nCompetition Protection Authority\nKyrgyz Republic\nState Commission for Antimonopoly Policy\nLatvia\nCompetition Council\nConsumer Rights Protection Centre\nLiechtenstein\nOffice of Economic Affairs (AVW) (link is external)\nLithuania\nCompetition Council\nState Consumer Rights ProtectionAuthority(link is external)\nLuxembourg\nCompetition Council(link is external)\nMacedonia\nCommission for Protection of Competition\nMadagascar\nCompetition Council Directorate for Competition and Market Regulation (DCRM)\nMalawi\nCompetition and Fair Trading Commission(link is external)\nMalaysia\nMalaysia Competition Commission\nMali\nNational Directorate for Commerce and Competition (DNCC)(link is external)\nMalta\nCompetition and Consumer Affairs Authority(link is external)\nMauritius\nCompetition Commission of Mauritius(link is external)\nConsumer Protection Unit, Ministry of Commerce and Consumer Protection\nMexico\nFederal Economic Competition Commission(link is external)\nFederal Consumer Protection Commission (Profeco)(link is external)\nMoldova\nCompetition Council(link is external)\nMongolia\nAuthority for Fair Competition and Consumer Protection\nMontenegro\nAdministration for Protection of Competition(link is external)\nMorocco\nCompetition Council(link is external)\nMozambique\nCompetition Regulatory Authority\nNamibia\nCompetition Commission(link is external)\nNetherlands\nNetherlands Authority for Consumers & Markets(link is external)\nNew 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external)\nNational Commission for Data Protection(link is external)Directorate- General for Consumers, Ministry of Economy and Innovation (DGC)(link is external)\nQatar\nCompetition Protection and Anti-Monopoly Committee\nRomania\nCompetition Council(link is external)\nNational Authority for Consumer Protection\nRussian Federation\nFederal Antimonopoly Service\nFederal Service on Customers' Rights(link is external)\nSaudi Arabia\nGeneral Authority for Competition\nConsumer Protection Association\nSenegal\nNational Competition Commission\nSerbia\nCommission for the Protection of Competition (CPC) (link is external)\nSector for Trade, Consumer Protection and Price Policy, Ministry of Trade and Services\nSeychelles\nSeychelles Fair Trading Commission(link is external)\nSingapore\nCompetition and Consumer Commission\nSlovak Republic\nAntimonopoly Office\nConsumer Protection Department, Ministry of Economy\nSlovenia\nCompetition Protection Office\nSouth Africa\nCompetition Commission(link is external)\nNational Consumer Commission\nCompetition Tribunal(link is external)\nNational Consumer Tribunal\nSouth Korea\nKorea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC)(link is external)\nSpain\nNational Commission of Markets and Competition(link is external)\nNational Institute of Consumers\nSri Lanka\nConsumer Affairs Authority\nSweden\nSwedish Competition Authority(link is external)\nSwedish Consumer Agency(link is external)\nSwitzerland\nCompetition Commission(link is external)\nFederal Consumer Affairs Bureau(link is external)\nSyria\nCompetition Commission\nTaiwan\nFair Trade Commission\nConsumer Protection Committee, Executive Yuan\nTajikistan\nState Agency on Antimonopoly Policy and Support of Entrepreneurship, Ministry of Economics and Trade\nTanzania\nFair Competition Commission(link is external)\nThailand\nOffice of Trade Competition Commission (OTCC)(link is external)\nConsumer Protection Board\nTrinidad and Tobago\nFair Trading Commission(link is external)\nTunisia\nCompetition Council\nGeneral Director of Competition and Domestic Trade\nTurkey\nTurkish Competition Authority (Rekabet Kurumu)\nUkraine\nAntimonopoly Committee\nState Committee of Ukraine for Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy\nUnited Arab Emirates\nCompetition Regulation Committee of the Ministry of Economy\nUnited Kingdom\nCompetition and Markets Authority\nUnited States\nFederal Trade Commission\nDepartment of Justice\nUruguay\nCommission for Promotion and Defense of Competition(link is external)\nConsumer Defense Area, Directorate-General of Commerce, Ministry of Economy and Finance (ADECO)\nUzbekistan\nAntimonopoly Committee\nVenezuela\nSuperintendence for the Promotion and Protection of Free Competition\n(Pro-Competencia)\nInstitute for the Defense of People's Access to Goods and Services\nVietnam\nVietnam Competition Authority\nVietnam Competition Council\nWest African Economic and Monetary Union\nYemen\nPublic Administration to Promote Competition and Prevent Monopoly and Commercial Fraud\nMinistry of Industry and Trade\nZambia\nZambia Competition and Consumer Protection Commission(link is external)\nZimbabwe\nCompetition and Tariff Commission(link is external)\nPleaseemail(link sends email)corrections or updates.\nReturn to top\nMenu\nSecondary Menu\nReport Fraud\nGet Consumer Alerts\nSearch the Legal Library\nSubmit Public Comments\nMain navigation\nEnforcement\nCases and Proceedings\nPremerger Notification Program\nMerger Review\nAnticompetitive Practices\nRulemaking\nStatutes\nCompetition and Consumer Protection Guidance Documents\nWarning Letters\nConsumer Sentinel Network\nCriminal Liaison Unit\nFTC Refund Programs\nNotices of Penalty Offenses\nCompetition Matters Blog\nPolicy\nAdvocacy and Research\nAdvisory Opinions\nCooperation Agreements\nFederal Register Notices\nReports\nPublic Comments\nStudies\nTestimony\nPolicy Statements\nInternational\nOffice of Technology Blog\nAdvice and Guidance\nConsumer Advice\nMilitary Consumer\nConsumer.gov\nBusiness 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In Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, CPSC engages regulatory agencies to improve identification and assessment of hazards to consumers and to lead efforts to improve the safety of consumer products before they reach the marketplace.\nProduct Safety Australia\nConsumer product safety regulation in Australia is led by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, working with states and territories\nProduct Safety Australia\nProduct Safety New Zealand\nOur role as a regulator means we're responsible for protecting New Zealand consumers by keeping our marketplace free from unsafe and non-compliant products and services.\nProduct Safety New Zealand\nMETI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry\nProduct Safety Division inMETIis responsible for implementation of product safety-related acts aiming to guarantee safety for consumers in Japan.\nMETI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry\nNational Institute of Technology and Evaluation\nThe National Institute of Technology and Evaluation investigates consumer product incidents. By making the results public, it helps prevent incidents from recurring and develop safe products.\nNational Institute of Technology and Evaluation\nConsumer Affairs Agency\nThe mission of the Consumer Affairs Agency is to protect and promote consumer rights and interests by consumer policy and law enforcement.\nConsumer Affairs Agency\nKorean Agency for Technology and Standards\nThe Korean Agency for Technology and Standards is responsible forstandards policy, product safetypolicy, Conformitypolicyand technical regulation in Korea.\nKorean Agency for Technology and Standards\nKorean Consumer Agency\nThe Korean Consumer Agency is a public institution established by the government to promote consumer rights and interests for improving consumption life.\nKorean Consumer Agency\nBureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection\nThe Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection is responsible for the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies and technical regulations for consumer products in Taiwan.\nBureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection\nTraining Material and Events\nCPSC-BSMI Webinar on Lithium-ion Battery Safety Requirements\nCPSC-BSMI Webinar on Age Determination Guidelines\nCPSC-BSMI Webinar on Durable Products\nCPSC-BSMI Webinar on Electrical Products\nCPSC-BSMI Webinar on Bicycles and Bicycle Parts Requirements\nVideo Series: Safety Tips for Consumer Product Suppliers\nChina Product Hazard Monthly Summary Bulletin\nKorean Translation of U.S. Requirements\nCPSC Taiwan Webinar 2022\nRelated Resources\nCPSC News Releases\nVoluntary Standards\nReport an unsafe product\nReturn to top\nU.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\n4330 East-West Highway Bethesda, MD 20814\nContact Us: 800-638-2772 (TTY 800-638-8270)\nToll-Free Consumer Hotline | Time: 8 a.m. - 5.30. p.m. ET\nAccessibility\nVulnerability Disclosure Policy\nPrivacy Policy\nBudget, Performances & Finance\nInformation Quality Act\nData\nFOIA\nInspector General\nNo Fear Act\nUSA.gov\nConnect\nfacebook\nInstagram\nYoutube\nTwitter\nLinkedin\nEn Espaol\nfacebook\nTwitter\nWebsite Feedback\nCPSC.gov is an official website of the United States government.\nBack to top Close\nYou are about to leave the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) public website.\nThe link you selected is for a destination outside of the Federal Government. CPSC does not control this external site or its privacy policy and cannot attest to the accuracy of the information it contains. You may wish to review the privacy policy of the external site as its information collection practices may differ from ours. Linking to this external site does not constitute an endorsement of the site or the information it contains by CPSC or any of its employees.\nClick Ok if you wish to continue to the website; otherwise, click Cancel to return to our site.\nOk\nCancel", "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/International/International-Regions/CPSC-Work-with-Selected-Jurisdictions-in-the-East-Asia-Pacific-Region" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "University of Innsbruck Universitt Innsbruck\nSearchQuicklinksNavigation\nDiscover the University of Innsbruck\nWeb searchSearch termno search suggestionsIf automatic search suggestions are available, use the up and down arrows to check and the Enter key to select. Touch device users can search by touch or with swipe gestures.People Search\nStaff login\nEnglishDeutsch\nQuicklinksAccount ServiceCampus mapseCampusMensaResearch DocumentationIUP CatalogueCareer OpportunitiesLFU:onlineWhistleblower reporting systemEmergency numbersOLATPress/MediaLanguage CentreULB-Literature search: BibSearchUSI sports programmesCalendar of EventsVIS:onlineCourse CatalogWebmail for EmployeesWebmail for Current Students\nStaff login\nEnglishDeutsch\nStudies\nResearch\nConnect\nAbout us\nAt a GlanceStudy ProgrammesStudent Advisory ServiceDates and DeadlinesAdmissionOrganising your studiesInternational studyContinuing EducationResearch OverviewProfileServicesFundingCareerQuality AssuranceInformationAlumni NetworkAURORACareer ServiceEUREGIOUniversity SocietyInternationalUniversity FoundationTransfer Office\nUniversity\nGovernance Structure\nOrganisational Structure\nFacultiesNewsroomCareer OpportunitiesCampus MapsMission StatementCampus LifeHistory350 years University InnsbruckFacts and FiguresSustainabilityDiversity ManagementUniversity CouncilRectorateSenateDevelopment PlanIntellectual Capital ReportOrganisational UnitsOrganisational ChartOrganisational PlanAdministrationRepresentation and Service\nback to overview\nStaff login\nEnglishDeutsch\nBuilding bridges to the future ...... since 1669! Founded over 350 years ago, the University of Innsbruck today is the most important research and educational institution in western Austria, offering a wide range of programmes across all disciplines. Located in the heart of the Alps, it offers 28,000 students and 5,500 employees the best conditions.\nStudy\nStudy at the University of Innsbruck Study programmes\nThe University of Innsbruck offers more than 160 degree programmes which can be supplemented with practical elective packages.Counselling services\nVarious contact points are happy to help pupils, prospective students and students.10 reasons to study at the University of Innsbruck\nThere are many good reasons to study at the University of Innsbruck. Innsbruck also has a lot to offer.\nStudy at the University of Innsbruck\nSearch results\nDiscover\nMolecular biologyNew biomarker predicts success of immunotherapy in kidney cancerImmunotherapy increases survival rates in kidney cancer, but does not work for everyone. A Leuven research team developed a new method to predict which patients will benefit from it. The team of Francesca Finotello (Computational Biomedicine Group) from the University of Innsbruck also contributed. Their study, published in the journalNature Medicine, also opens new avenues to even more effective treatments.AstrophysicsEuclid finds thousands of new galaxiesAfter being launched last summer, ESA's Euclid space telescope has already been delivering data for almost a year. The first scientific results are being published today. They show that the new instrument is capable of detecting a representative sample of all galaxies in the universe. For example, a study led by the University of Innsbruck was able to identify over 600 previously unknown dwarf galaxies in the Perseus galaxy cluster.Quantum PhysicsHow AI helps programming a quantum computerResearchers from the University of Innsbruck have unveiled a novel method to prepare quantum operations on a given quantum computer, using a machine learning generative model to find the appropriate sequence of quantum gates to execute a quantum operation.Visit our Newsroom 5 JuneTop EventGernot Wagner: Climate Risks, Uncertainties, and OpportunitiesWhat we know is bad; what we dont makes climate change potentially much worse still. The many negative climatic tipping points are all too real. So are positive, economic ones pointing in the right direction. The climate race is on, and despite the best attempts by some, theres no going back. Low-carbon, high-efficiency technologies will only get better and cheaper over time. Oil, coal, and gas, meanwhile, are commodities, whose prices will always fluctuate due to geopolitical vagaries and other factors out of our control. The best medicine for addressing fossilflation? Getting off fossil fuels. In this talk, climate economist Gernot Wagner takes a sober look at both unmitigated climate risks and the trillion-dollar business opportunities of the clean-energy race. Talk in English.Visit our Event Calendar (German)\nResearch\nMountain RegionsWe collect knowledge for the development of habitats and natural areas in mountains worldwide.BiosciencesWe drive forward biomolecular and biomedical developments.Digital ScienceWe are driving digitalisation in research.Materials and nanosciencesWe utilise the synergies between physics, chemistry, earth sciences, pharmaceutics and civil engineering.CulturesWe ask questions about cultural dynamics and transformations.PhysicsWe explore the workings of nature - from elementary particles to galaxies.Scientific ComputingWe contribute to solving complex, data-intensive problems in all scientific fields.Economy, Politics & SocietyTogether, we get to the bottom of the big questions facing society across disciplinary boundaries.Research\nShaping the future\nMany people have found their calling in research, teaching or administration at the University of Innsbruck. Join us in shaping the future and work in an international, diverse and family-friendly working environment. As an employee of the University of Innsbruck, you will also benefit from numerous benefits, such asSustainability\nFamily friendliness\nWellbeing\nFurther Education\nMonetary benefits\nCommunity\nGet to know your future colleagues\nRina Alluri\nGemma De les Coves\nIna Pick\nFriedrich Vtter\nChristoph Ebenbichler\nClaudia Pasquero\nClaudia Paganini\nCornelia Vidovic\nElisabeth Singer-Seppi\nEva Lavric\nErwin Vones\nElisabeth Oberrauch-Genser\nCareer portal\nUniversity\nAbout us Information forProspective studentsStudentsInternational StudentsGraduatesEmployeesJob applicantsSchoolsPress/MediaCompaniesNewsletterFresh knowledge from and about the University of Innsbruck in your mailbox every Friday: Subscribe to ournewsletter #WissenAmFreitag(in German).\nAbout us\nW9 StudiosPixabayRose Lincoln, Harvard, June 2018Target Group/Franz OssTarget Group/Franz OssTarget Group/Axel SpringerTarget Group/Franz OssFoto: Axel SpringerFoto: Axel SpringerFoto: Franz OssFoto: Axel SpringerFoto: Franz OssFoto: Axel SpringerFoto: Franz OssFoto: Franz Oss\nUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 52,\n6020\nInnsbruckAustriaPhone: +43 512 507-0Contact usLegalPrivacyAccessibilityCertificatesPowered by\nUniCMS\n|\nWebservices\n|\nto the Medical University\nNach oben scrollen", "url": "https://www.uibk.ac.at/en/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "University of Innsbruck - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\nToggle History subsection\n1.1Ceremonial equipment\n2Academics\nToggle Academics subsection\n2.1Programs\n2.2Student representation\n2.3Tuition fee\n3The faculties\n4Buildings\n5Points of interest\n6Nobel laureates\n7Notable faculty\n8Notable alumni\n9Victims of political persecution and terror\n10See also\n11External links\n12References\nToggle the table of contents\nUniversity of Innsbruck\n39 languages\nAlemannisch / Bn-lm-gCataletinaDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoFranaisHrvatskiBahasa IndonesiaItalianoLatinaNederlandsNorsk bokmlPolskiPortugusRomnSlovenina / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTagalogTrke\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nCoordinates: 471546N 11234E / 47.26278N 11.38444E / 47.26278; 11.38444\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nPublic Austrian university\nUniversity of InnsbruckLeopold-Franzens-Universitt InnsbruckLatin: Universitas Leopoldino Franciscea, Alma Mater OenipontanaTypePublicEstablishedOctober15, 1669; 354 years ago(1669-10-15) (as a university)RectorVeronika SexlAcademic staff3.966 (300 professors)[1]Administrative staff1,607Students28.106[1](May 2022)LocationInnsbruck, Austria471546N 11234E / 47.26278N 11.38444E / 47.26278; 11.38444CampusUrbanWebsitewww.uibk.ac.at\nThe University of Innsbruck (German: Leopold-Franzens-Universitt Innsbruck; Latin: Universitas Leopoldino Franciscea) is a public research university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded on October 15, 1669.[2]\nIt is the largest education facility in the Austrian Bundesland of Tirol, and the third largest in Austria behind the University of Vienna and the University of Graz. Significant contributions have been made in many branches, most of all in the physics department. Further, regarding the number of Web of Science-listed publications, it occupies the third rank worldwide in the area of mountain research.[3]\nHistory[edit]\nIn 1562, a Jesuit grammar school was established in Innsbruck by Peter Canisius, today called \"Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck\". It was financed by the salt mines in Hall in Tirol, and was re-chartered as a university on October 15, 1669, by Leopold I with four faculties. In 1782 this was reduced to a mere lyceum (as were all other universities in the Austrian Empire, apart from Prague, Vienna and Lviv), but it was reestablished as the University of Innsbruck in 1826 by Emperor Franz I. The university is therefore named after both of its founding fathers with the official title \"Leopold-Franzens-Universitt Innsbruck\" (Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea).\nDuring the National Socialist era, the university was renamed the \"Deutsche Alpenuniversitt\" in March 1941 at the suggestion of the then Rector Raimund von Klebelsberg. As at all universities, Suberungsaktionen took place: opponents of the National Socialists were deprived of their powers and excluded from academic life.[4] In 1945, after the end of World War II, it was reopened under the name \"University of Innsbruck\".[5]\nThe second half of the 20th century brought further expansion of the university: in 1969 the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture and in 1976 the Faculty of Humanities and the Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, which emerged from the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences. In 2004, the Faculty of Medicine was spun off, and in 2012 the School of Education was established, which was later renamed the Faculty of Teacher Education.\nIn 1991, Lauda Air Flight 004 crashed in Thailand, killing all aboard, including 21 members of the University of Innsbruck. The passengers included professor and economist Clemens August Andreae, another professor, six assistants, and 13 students. Andreae had often led field visits to Hong Kong.[6]\nMain building of the University of Innsbruck\nIn 2005, copies of letters written by the emperors Frederick II and Conrad IV were found in the university's library. They arrived in Innsbruck in the 18th century, having left the charterhouse Allerengelberg in Schnals due to its abolition.\nCeremonial equipment[edit]\nSee also: Medical University of Innsbruck Ceremonial equipment\nIn the main building of the University of Innsbruck\n1998 copy of Olomouc University Rector's Mace - the original from ca. 1572 is as of 2015 still held by Innsbruck University\nIn the 1850s, the Habsburgs gradually closed the University of Olomouc as a consequence of the Olomouc students' and professors' participation in the 1848 revolutions and the Czech National Revival. The ceremonial equipment of the University of Olomouc was then transferred to the University of Innsbruck. The original Olomouc ceremonial maces from the 1580s are now used as the maces of Innsbruck University and Innsbruck Medical University. Olomouc University Rector's mace from ca. 1572 is nowadays used as the mace of the Innsbruck Faculty of Theology and Olomouc Faculty of Law Dean's Mace from 1833 is nowadays used as Innsbruck's Faculty of Law Mace.[7]\nSince the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918, the Czechs have been unsuccessfully requesting the return of the University of Olomouc's original ceremonial equipment. Many years later, in 1998, Innsbruck donated an exact copy of the rector's mace to Palack University, but it is still, in 2015, using the Olomouc University original maces and other regalia as its own ceremonial equipment.[7]\nAcademics[edit]\nUniversity rankingsGlobal OverallARWU World[8]301400 (2023)QS World[9]=362 (2024)THE World[10]301350 (2024)USNWR Global[11]=429 (2023)\nAround 28,000 people study at the University of Innsbruck, making it one of the largest universities in Austria alongside the University of Vienna and the University of Graz. Every year, more than 4,000 students start a new degree program. Approximately the same number complete their studies at the university each year. Around 4000 courses are offered in the various subjects each academic year.\nPrograms[edit]\nThe university sees itself as a comprehensive university and covers a wide range of subjects with about 150 programs in 16 faculties: from architecture to zoology.\nThe university offers 41 bachelor's degree programs including teacher training programs, 60 master's degree programs, 4 diploma programs and 26 PhD/doctoral degree programs (as of the academic year 2022/23) in the fields of architecture, humanities, natural sciences, law, social sciences and economics, as well as theology and technical sciences.[12]\nFor the bachelor's degree programs in architecture, biology, computer science, pharmacy, psychology, economics, the teacher training programs, the diploma program in international economics, and the master's degree programs in psychology, pharmaceutical sciences, and peace and conflict studies, special admission regulations apply prior to general admission. However, admission procedures are currently suspended for a majority of these studies.[13]\nMany studies can be supplemented with freely selectable packages on a wide variety of specializations such as digitalization, sustainability, media or corporate communications. A two-semester extension study program can be used to expand subject-specific competencies thematically. Currently, the university offers extension studies in entrepreneurship, computer science and scientific computing.[14]\nThe Digital Science Center (DiSC), founded in 2019, teaches students digital skills. These range from programming languages to skills in data management and analysis to non-technical aspects of digitization.[15]\nAfter the separation of the Faculty of Medicine in 2004, medical studies are offered at the Medical University of Innsbruck.\nIn October 2021, a controversy arose about a Peace Studies course.[16] As a result, the university management declared that, despite the name Master's program, it was not a regular master program, but an extraordinary course on peace, development, security and international conflict transformation.\nSince 2022, a regular master's program in Peace and Conflict studies is taught at the university.[17] In 2023, Rina Alluri was inaugurated as the new UNESCO Chair of Peace Studies.[18]\nStudent representation[edit]\nThe Austrian Students' Association (H) is the legal representation of all students in Austria. All students are automatically members of the H and pay a fee of 21,20 Euro (incl. 0,70 Euro for insurance) per semester (WS2022/2023), which is collected together with the tuition fee by the study department of the university.[19]\nTuition fee[edit]\nRegular students with EU/EEA/CH citizenship and students of equal status who are admitted to a bachelor's, diploma, master's or doctoral program pay only the H fee at the beginning of their new studies. After exceeding the non-contributory period of study, a tuition fee of 363.36 euros (A, EU/EEA, CH) or for third-country nationals 726.72 euros per semester is charged.[19]\nThe faculties[edit]\nThe new plan of organisation (having become effective on October 1, 2004) installed the following 16 faculties to replace the previously existing six faculties:\nFaculty of Architecture,\nFaculty of Biology,\nFaculty of Catholic Theology,\nFaculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy,\nFaculty of Economics and Statistics,\nFaculty of Education,\nFaculty of Technical Sciences (formerly Faculty of Engineering Science and before that Faculty of Civil Engineering),\nFaculty of Geography and Atmospheric Sciences,\nFaculty of Humanities 1 (Philosophy and History),\nFaculty of Humanities 2 (Language and Literature),\nFaculty of Law,\nFaculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics,\nFaculty of Psychology and Sports science,\nSchool of Political Sciences and Sociology,\nSchool of Management,\nSchool of Education (teacher training).\nAs of 1 January 2004, the Faculty of Medicine was sectioned off from the main university to become a university in its own right. This is now called the Innsbruck Medical University (Medizinische Universitt Innsbruck).\nThe inter-disciplinary unit called the Digital Science Center (DiSC) was founded in 2019 to integrate and promote digitalisation of scientific research as well as to support high-quality science.[20]\nBuildings[edit]\nThe university buildings are spread across the city and there is no university campus as such. The most important locations are:\nTheology faculty was opened 1562 as a Jesuit School in 1766 and the university used buildings from the Jesuit church in the Leopoldsaal (the original university).\nIn 1924, main building and the university library opened.\n1969 the scientific faculty and the construction faculty in Hotting west was opened.\n1976 construction began on \"Geiwi tower\" for the former Philosophy faculty, an addition to the main building.\n1997 The Social Science faculty (built in the former Fenner barracks) was opened.\n2012 Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine was opened.\n2023 gnes-Heller-House was opened.\nSeveral university clinics of the medical university in the area became Tyrolian national hospitals.\nFotogalerie: Universitt Innsbruck\nHauptgebude\nIm Hauptgebude\nUniversitts- und Landesbibliothek\nDas Centrum fr Chemie und Biomedizin (CCB)\nDas Zentrum fr Alte Kulturen\nDie Sowi\nTheologische Fakultt\nLesesaal in der Universittsbibliothek\nIm Botanischen Garten\nPoints of interest[edit]\nAlpengarten Patscherkofel, the university's alpine garden atop Patscherkofel\nBotanischer Garten der Universitt Innsbruck, the university's botanical garden\nNobel laureates[edit]\nAnton Zeilinger (Physics 2022)\nVictor Franz Hess (Physics 1936)\nHans Fischer (Chemistry 1930)\nAdolf Windaus (Chemistry 1928)\nFritz Pregl (Chemistry 1923)\nFritz Pregl\nAdolf Windaus\nHans Fischer\nVictor Franz Hess\nAnton Zeilinger\nNotable faculty[edit]\nSee also: Category:Academic staff of the University of Innsbruck\nClemens August Andreae, professor and economist[6]\nEugen von Bhm-Bawerk, economist\nWilhelm Ehmann, musicologist\nKarl Rahner, theologian\nAnton Pelinka, professor of political science\nLeopold Vietoris, mathematician and oldest verified Austrian man.\nAnton Zeilinger, physicist\nPeter Zoller, physicist\nNotable alumni[edit]\nSee also: Category:University of Innsbruck alumni\nJames Demske, S.J., president of Canisius College (19661993)[21]\nAndreas Benedict Feilmoser, theologian\nWalter Guggenberger, Austrian civil servant and politician\nMaria Luise Thurmair, hymnwriter\nAlexander van der Bellen, President of Austria\nJosef Hoop, Prime Minister of Liechtenstein (1928-1945)\nHerbert Willi (born 1956) composer\nArmin Wolf, journalist\nMatthias Strolz, founder and first chairman of the political party NEO\nIvo Sanader, ex-prime Minister of Croatia\nGnther Rupprechter, head of the Institute of Materials Chemistry,[22] Technische Universitt Wien (TU Wien)\nVictims of political persecution and terror[edit]\nLudwig Wahrmund was professor of Canon Law in 1908 who was ousted from his post following critical remarks about the Catholic Church's interference in academic freedom.[23]\nChristoph Probst (born 6 November 1919 in Murnau am Staffelsee: executed 22 February 1943 in Munich) was a student of medicine and a member of the White Rose (Weie Rose) resistance group.\nIgnacio Ellacura, S.J. (Portugalete, Biscay, Spain, 9 November 1930 San Salvador, 16 November 1989) was a Roman Catholic Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian. Ignacio Ellacura was a close friend and colleague of the scholars Ignacio Martn-Bar and Segundo Montes, all of whom were assassinated with Ellacura by the Salvadoran army, along with three colleagues and two employees. He earned his master's degree at Innsbruck University.\nSegundo Montes, S.J. (Valladolid, Spain, 15 May 1933 San Salvador, El Salvador, 16 November 1989) was a scholar, philosopher, educator, sociologist and Jesuit priest. Segundo Montes was a close friend and colleague of the scholars Ignacio Martn-Bar and Ignacio Ellacura, all of whom were murdered with Montes by the Salvadoran army, along with three other colleagues and two other employees. He earned his master's degree at Innsbruck.\nKurt von Schuschnigg (18971977) was Austria chancellor and was imprisoned until 1945 after the anschluss (1938).\nSee also[edit]\nAustria portal\nList of early modern universities in Europe\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to University of Innsbruck.\nUniversity of Innsbruck\nInnsbruck Medical University\nUniversitts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol\nInnsbruck University @ The Catholic Encyclopedia\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b Universitt Innsbruck Auf einen Blick 2022\n^ \"History of the University of Innsbruck\", University of Innsbruck website\n^ Krner, Christian (2009). \"Global Statistics of \"Mountain\" and \"Alpine\" Research\". Mountain Research and Development. 29: 97102. doi:10.1659/mrd.1108.\n^ Archiv \"Vertriebene Wissenschaft\" der Universitt Innsbruck, Retrieved on 26 March 2015\n^ Zeittafeln der Universitt Innsbruck, Retrieved on 19 August 2014\n^ a b \"Im Gedenken an den Flugzeugabsturz 1991.\" (Archive) University of Innsbruck. Retrieved on 15 February 2013. \"223 Menschen, darunter 21 Angehrige der Universitt Innsbruck, kamen beim Absturz der Boeing 767, die am 26. Mai 1991 nach einem Zwischenstopp von Bangkok Richtung Wien gestartet war, ums Leben. Neben dem bekannten Wirtschaftswissenschaftler Prof. Clemens August Andreae, der die finanzwissenschaftliche Exkursion nach Hongkong geleitet hatte, waren ein weiterer Professor, sechs Assistentinnen und Assistenten und 13 Studierende an Bord des Unglcksfliegers, der aufgrund einer defekten Schubumkehr nur 15 Minuten nach dem Abflug in den Thailndischen Dschungel strzte.\"\n^ a b Fiala, Ji (12 July 1998). \"Pvodn ezlo rektora olomouck univerzity [Original mace of Olomouc University's Rector]\" (PDF). urnl Univerzity Palackho (in Czech). 7 (28). Olomouc: Palack University of Olomouc. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n^ \"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2023\". shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 24 February 2023.\n^ \"QS World University Rankings: Universitt Innsbruck\". Top Universities. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n^ \"University of Innsbruck\". Times Higher Education (THE). 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.\n^ U.S. News. \"University of Innsbruck\". Retrieved 27 February 2024.\n^ \"Study programmes | University of Innsbruck\". www.uibk.ac.at. Retrieved 2023-02-08.\n^ Aschbacher, Yvonne; Kll, Christina. \"Admission Procedures | University of Innsbruck\". University of Innsbruck. Retrieved 2023-02-08.\n^ Aschbacher, Yvonne. \"Additional programs | University of Innsbruck\". Universitt Innsbruck (in German). Retrieved 2023-02-08.\n^ Rudisch, Michaela. \"Digital Science Center\". University of Innsbruck. Retrieved 2023-02-08.\n^ ORF 2, Zeit im Bild 2, October 13, 2021, 10:00 pm, Tirol Heute, October 13, 2021.\n^ https://www.uibk.ac.at/en/programmes/ma-peace-and-conflict-studies/ Master's Programme\nPeace and Conflict Studies, Retrieved on 30 November 2022\n^ UNESCO-Commission, Austria. \"Rina Alluri new UNESCO Chair at the University of Innsbruck\". Austrian UNESCO-Commission. Retrieved 13 February 2023.\n^ a b Spiegl, Andrea; Staudacher, Fabienne. \"Information on tuition fee and H fee\". University of Innsbruck. Retrieved 2023-02-08.\n^ \"About Us\". University of Innsbruck. Retrieved 16 January 2023.\n^ Pace, Eric (1994-06-17). \"James Demske, 72, A Jesuit Priest Who Led Canisius College\". New York Times. Retrieved 2017-07-28.\n^ \"E165-Institute of Materials Chemistry | TU Wien\". www.tuwien.at. Retrieved 2024-02-28.\n^ Geehr, Richard S. (1990). Karl Lueger: Mayor of Fin de Sicle Vienna. Wayne State University Press. ISBN9780814320778.\nvteUniversities and colleges in AustriaPublic universities\nGraz University of Technology\nJohannes Kepler University Linz\nTU Wien\nUniversity for Continuing Education Krems\nUniversity of Graz\nUniversity of Innsbruck\nUniversity of Klagenfurt\nUniversity of Leoben\nUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna\nUniversity of Salzburg\nUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Vienna\nUniversity of Vienna\nVienna University of Economics and Business\nPublic art schools\nAcademy of Fine Arts Vienna\nMozarteum University Salzburg\nUniversity of Applied Arts Vienna\nUniversity of Art and Design Linz\nUniversity of Music and Performing Arts Graz\nUniversity of Music and Performing Arts Vienna\nPublic medical schools\nMedical University of Graz\nMedical University of Innsbruck\nMedical University of Vienna\nPrivate universities\nAnton Bruckner Private University\nCatholic Private University Linz\nCEU - Central European University\nDanube Private University\nJam Music Lab\nModul University Vienna\nMusic and Arts University of the City of Vienna\nNew Design University St. Plten\nParacelsus Medical University\nSeeburg Castle University\nSigmund Freud Private University\nUMIT Tirol - Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology\nWebster Vienna Private University\nSee also: List of universities in Austria\nAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nSweden\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nULAN\nOther\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Innsbruck&oldid=1223124936\"\nCategories: University of InnsbruckBuildings and structures in InnsbruckUniversities and colleges in Austria1669 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy17th-century establishments in AustriaEducational institutions established in the 1660sEducation in Tyrol (state)Hidden categories: CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)CS1 German-language sources (de)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataArticles containing Latin-language textCoordinates on WikidataArticles using infobox universityArticles containing German-language textArticles using infobox templates with no data rowsCommons category link is on WikidataArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with Libris identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersArticles with ULAN identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersPages using the Kartographer extension\nThis page was last edited on 10 May 2024, at 01:38(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Study Programmes | Studying at the University of Innsbruck\nSearchQuicklinksNavigation\nWeb searchSearch termno search suggestionsIf automatic search suggestions are available, use the up and down arrows to check and the Enter key to select. Touch device users can search by touch or with swipe gestures.People Search\nStaff login\nEnglishDeutsch\nQuicklinksAccount ServiceCampus mapseCampusMensaResearch DocumentationIUP CatalogueCareer OpportunitiesLFU:onlineWhistleblower reporting systemEmergency numbersOLATPress/MediaLanguage CentreULB-Literature search: BibSearchUSI sports programmesCalendar of EventsVIS:onlineCourse CatalogWebmail for EmployeesWebmail for Current Students\nStaff login\nEnglishDeutsch\nStudies\nResearch\nConnect\nAbout us\nAt a GlanceStudy ProgrammesStudent Advisory ServiceDates and DeadlinesAdmissionOrganising your studiesInternational studyContinuing EducationResearch OverviewProfileServicesFundingCareerQuality AssuranceInformationAlumni NetworkAURORACareer ServiceEUREGIOUniversity SocietyInternationalUniversity FoundationTransfer Office\nUniversity\nGovernance Structure\nOrganisational Structure\nFacultiesNewsroomCareer OpportunitiesCampus MapsMission StatementCampus LifeHistory350 years University InnsbruckFacts and FiguresSustainabilityDiversity ManagementUniversity CouncilRectorateSenateDevelopment PlanIntellectual Capital ReportOrganisational UnitsOrganisational ChartOrganisational PlanAdministrationRepresentation and Service\nback to overview\nStaff login\nEnglishDeutsch\nStudies\nStudy programmes\nFind out more about our study programmes and choose from more than 160 courses. You can also supplement your studies with Minors.\n45 of 149 programmes.\nFiltering and sorting\nDegree\nBachelor\nDiploma\nMaster\nTeacher Training\nPhD/Doctoral Programmes\nExtension\nLanguage\nGerman\nEnglish\nSubjects*\nAll\nHumanities and Cultural Sciences\nEngineering Sciences\nNatural Sciences\nLaw\nSocial and Economic Sciences\nTheology\nInterdisciplinary Study Programmes\nFaculties*\nAll\nArchitecture\nBiology\nBusiness and Management\nCatholic Theology\nChemistry and Pharmacy\nEconomics and Statistics\nEducational Sciences\nEngineering Sciences\nGeo- and Atmospheric Sciences\nLanguage, Literature and Culture\nLaw\nMathematics, Computer Science and Physics\nPhilosophy and History\nPsychology and Sport Science\nSocial and Political Sciences\nTeacher Education\nInterfaculty\nTitle\nSorting\nrandomly\nalphabetically\nBachelors Programmes\nSociologyBachelor of Arts\nSports ManagementBachelor of Science\nSport ScienceBachelor of Science\nComparative LiteratureBachelor of Arts\nCatholic Religious EducationBachelor of Arts\nItalianBachelor of Arts\nMathematicsBachelor of Science\nPhilosophyBachelor of Arts\nPharmacyBachelor of Science\nEnglish and American StudiesBachelor of Arts\nMechatronicsBachelor of Science\nPhilosophy at Faculties of Catholic TheologyBachelor of Philosophy\nElectrical EngineeringBachelor of Science\nSlavonic StudiesBachelor of Arts\nLinguisticsBachelor of Arts\nClassica et OrientaliaBachelor of Arts\nAtmospheric SciencesBachelor of Science\nMusic StudiesBachelor of Arts\nComputer ScienceBachelor of Science\nEuropean EthnologyBachelor of Arts\nPolitical ScienceBachelor of Arts\nEducational SciencesBachelor of Arts\nPhysicsBachelor of Science\nSpanishBachelor of Arts\nArchaeological StudiesBachelor of Arts\nInternational Business and EconomicsBachelor of Science (BSc)\nPsychologyBachelor of Science\nBiologyBachelor of Science\nTranslation StudiesBachelor of Arts\nBusiness LawBachelor des Wirtschaftsrechts\nArt HistoryBachelor of Arts\nEarth ScienceBachelor of Science\nIslamic-Theological StudiesBachelor of Science\nCivil and Environmental EngineeringBachelor of Science\nHistoryBachelor of Arts\nGeographyBachelor of Science\nArchitectureBachelor of Science\nChemistryBachelor of Science\nEconomy, Health and Sports TourismBachelor of Science\nGerman PhilologyBachelor of Arts\nManagement and EconomicsBachelor of Science\nFrenchBachelor of Arts\nDiploma Programmes\nLaw Integrated ProgrammeMagistra der Rechtswissenschaften\nCatholic TheologyMagistra der Theologie\nLawMagistra der Rechtswissenschaften\nMasters Programmes\nEuropean EthnologyMaster of Arts\nBusiness LawMaster des Wirtschaftsrechts\nArt ScienceMaster of Arts\nSoftware EngineeringMaster of Science\nPeace and Conflict StudiesMaster of Arts\nZoologyMaster of Science\nEarth SciencesMaster of Science\nLinguisticsMaster of Arts\nSlavonic StudiesMaster of Arts\nSociology: Social and Political TheoryMaster of Arts\nStrategic Management and InnovationMaster of Science\nComparative LiteratureMaster of Arts\nEducational SciencesMaster of Arts\nSustainable Regional and Destination DevelopmentMaster of Science\nBotanyMaster of Science\nPhysicsMaster of Science\nHistoryMaster of Arts\nMathematicsDiplom-Ingenieur*in\nTranslation StudiesMaster of Arts\nMolecular Cell and Developmental BiologyMaster of Science\nCivil EngineeringDiplom-Ingenieur*in\nPsychologyMaster of Science\nPharmaceutical SciencesMaster of Science\nMechatronicsDiplom-Ingenieur*in\nSport ScienceMaster of Science\nMedia, Society and CommunicationMaster of Arts\nRomance StudiesMaster of Arts\nAncient WorldsMaster of Arts\nEnvironmental MeteorologyMaster of Science\nOrganization StudiesMaster of Science\nIslamic Theological StudiesMaster of Arts\nEnvironmental EngineeringDiplom-Ingenieur*in\nMicrobiologyMaster of Science\nEnglish and American StudiesMaster of Arts\nPharmacyMagistra pharmaciae\nEcology and BiodiversityMaster of Science\nGender, Culture and Social ChangeMaster of Arts\nComputer ScienceMaster of Science\nCatholic Religious EducationMaster of Arts\nPhilosophyMaster of Arts\nAccounting, Auditing and TaxationMaster of Science\nMediaMaster of Arts\nLinguistic and Literary Varieties in the Francophone WorldMaster of Arts\nPolitical ScienceMaster of Arts\nEnvironmental Management of Mountain AreasMaster of Science\nArchitectureGraduate engineer\nBanking and FinanceMaster of Science\nPhilosophy of ReligionMaster der Philosophie\nArchaeological StudiesMaster of Arts\nChemistryMaster of Science\nMaterials Sciences and NanosciencesMaster of Science\nMarketing and BrandingMaster of Science\nAtmospheric SciencesMaster of Science\nGerman PhilologyMaster of Arts\nChemical EngineeringDiplom-Ingenieur*in\nExperimental and Empirical EconomicsMaster of Science\nMusic StudiesMaster of Arts\nElectrical EngineeringDiplom-Ingenieur*in\nBusiness EducationMaster of Science\nInformation SystemsMaster of Science\nGeography: Global Change Regional SustainabilityMaster of Science\nSecondary School Teacher Training\nGreekBachelor/Master of Education\nComputer ScienceBachelor/Master of Education\nEnglishBachelor/Master of Education\nMusic Education InstrumentsBachelor/Master of Education\nNutrition and HousekeepingBachelor/Master of Education\nMusic EducationBachelor/Master of Education\nMedia EducationBachelor/Master of Education\nMathematicsBachelor/Master of Education\nBiology and Environmental ProtectionBachelor/Master of Education\nGermanBachelor/Master of Education\nTechnology and TextilesBachelor/Master of Education\nReligious Education CatholicBachelor/Master of Education\nArt EducationBachelor/Master of Education\nLehramt Sekundarstufe: Digitale Grundbildung und InformatikBachelor/Master of Education\nChemistryBachelor/Master of Education\nPhysical EducationBachelor/Master of Education\nPhD/Doctoral Programmes\nEarth SciencesDoctor of Philosophy\nPhilosophyDoktor*in der Philosophie\nSport ScienceDoctor of Philosophy\nPsychologyDoctor of Philosophy\nBiologyDoctor of Philosophy\nPolitical ScienceDoctor of Philosophy\nCatholic TheologyDoktor*in der Theologie\nPhysicsDoctor of Philosophy\nComputer ScienceDoctor of Philosophy\nLiterature and Cultural StudiesDoktor*in der Philosophie\nLawDoktor*in der Rechtswissenschaften\nGeographyDoctor of Philosophy\nMathematicsDoctor of Philosophy\nEconomics and StatisticsDoctor of Philosophy\nEducationDoctor of Philosophy\nSociologyDoctor of Philosophy\nEngineering SciencesDoktor*in der technischen Wissenschaften\nEducational SciencesDoctor of Philosophy\nPharmaceutical SciencesDoctor of Philosophy\nArchitectureDoctor of Philosophy\nAtmospheric SciencesDoctor of Philosophy\nFaculty of Catholic TheologyDoctor of Philosophy\nItalian LawDoctor of Philosophy\nManagementDoctor of Philosophy\nExtension Programmes\nScientific Computing\nEntrepreneurship\nComputer Science\nFoto: Florian Mller Rupert AsangerAlbrecht Drer, \"Innsbruck von Norden\"Foto: Colourbox.de/MizzickFoto: Colourbox.de/Sergey NivensMagdalena PittracherFoto: Colourbox.de CBP Consulting Engineers GmbH Sabine Fick Gareth Spor. Borromean Study #2 Universitt Innsbruck, Foto: Martin Venier/ACC Robbie Shone Private Universitt fr Gesundheitswissenschaften, Medizinische Informatik und Technik (UMIT)Foto: Colourbox.de/Maren Winter Paul TiefenbacherFoto: Pixabay/congerdesignpexels/Nothing AheadFoto: Colourbox.de/Sergey NivensFoto: rawpixel.com/FreepikFoto: Colourbox.de WF (Florian Voggeneder) Milijana PavlovicFoto: Colourbox.deFoto: Samuel Zeller/Unsplash Harald RitschFoto: Colourbox.deFoto: Colourbox.deEva Binder, Alexander LfflerFoto: Colourbox.de/Heiko KueverlingUnsplash/Jeremy BishopPhoto by Riccardo Bresciani from Pexels Martina MayerAdobe StockFoto: Colourbox.de/PressmasterImage by falco from Pixabaymuseumsbund.atFoto: NAARO; BioTechHut project led by Prof. Claudia PasqueroJohannes Gumpp, \"Selbstportrt\" (Foto: Bildarchiv Institut fr Kunstgeschichte)Foto: Colourbox.de/Veerasak PiyawatanakulFoto: Universitt Innsbruck/Ilse KrannerFoto: Colourbox.de/Sergey Nivens Gareth Spor. Borromean Study #2Triff/Shutterstock.com Hannah Pomella R. Sommarugaistock.com/NicoElNino Johannes Rdisser Fabien Maussion Melanie HaberlFoto von rawpixel.com auf PexelsiStock.com/alexsl Institut fr GeographieFoto: Colourbox.de/alho007Foto: Unsplash/Eduardo OlszewskiFoto: Colourbox.deFoto: Colourbox.deEmanuele MazzoniFoto: Colourbox.de/Phanuwat NandeepixabayFoto: Colourbox.de/Johanna PoetschFoto: Colourbox.de WF (Florian Voggeneder)Foto: Colourbox.deunsplash/rodion kutsaievThomas PmpelFoto: Thomas Schwerte Milijana PavlovicMarcel SchchlFoto: Colourbox.de/PressmasterFoto: Colourbox.deUnited Nations Photo , Universal Declaration of Human Rights, zugeschnitten, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0Oscar Martin/Alamy Stock PhotoCredits: C. Lackner (Laser), Paul Scheier (stilisierte Molekle), NASA/ESA (Sterne)Foto: Colourbox.deFoto: Colourbox.de Nikolay HakimovFoto: Colourbox.deREDPIXEL.PL/Shutterstock.com Fotowerk, TVB Innsbruck/Christian VorhoferFoto: Colourbox.de Martina Mayer Michaela HittorfUnsplash/UX Indonesia\nUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 52,\n6020\nInnsbruckAustriaPhone: +43 512 507-0Contact usLegalPrivacyAccessibilityCertificatesPowered by\nUniCMS\n|\nWebservices\n|\nto the Medical University\nNach oben scrollen", "url": "https://www.uibk.ac.at/en/programmes/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Innsbruck, Austria summer study abroad program for law students\nResources For:\nStudents\nAlumni\nFaculty & Staff\nEvents\nApply\nAcademics\nAbout\nGold & Blue Magazine\nLaw Academic Calendar\nMission and Vision\nSt. Marys Law History\nSt. Marys Law Stories\nBoard of Visitors\nDegree Programs\nExperiential Learning\nClinics\nExternship Program\nJudicial Internships\nMoot Court, Mock Trial and Advocacy Programs\nPro Bono Program\nFaculty\nVisiting Scholar Program\nLaw Journals\nSt. Marys Law Journal\nLegal Malpractice and Ethics\nThe Scholar\nLaw Library\nMission\nSpecial Programs\nNon-Degree Seeking Students\nSpecial Programs for J.D.\nVisiting Scholar Program\nInternational Programs\nAdmission\nDegree Selection\nApplying J.D.\nRequirements\nClass Profile\nNewly Admitted Students\nSummer Skills Enhancement\nTransfer and Transient Students\nApplying LL.M.\nApplying M.Jur.\nFinancial Aid\nScholarships\nSupport for Sworn Officers\nSupport for Veterans\nVisit Campus\nGuaranteed Admission\nLaw Early Admission\nAlumni\nAlumni and Friends\nNominate Distinguished Alumni\nPast Distinguished Law Graduate Honorees\nDistinguished Law Graduate Dinner\nBecome a Member\nConnect\nGOLD Council\nSocial Media\nUpdate Profile\nVolunteer\nEvents\nLeadership\nContact Us\nNominate a Board Member\nGiving\nGive Now\nGold Club\nStrategic Priorities\nDeans Circle\nPro Bono Fund\nNews\nClass Notes\nIn Memoriam\nGold & Blue Magazine\nCareers\nAlumni\nEmployers\nEmployment Statistics\nStudents\nStudent Services\nFinancial Aid\nScholarships\nSupport for Sworn Officers\nSupport for Veterans\nCommencement and Hooding\nVirtual Law December Graduates Celebration\nCurrent Students\nCourse Schedules\nEvents\nConstitution Day\nLawtina Network Summit\nLaw Weekend and Reunion\nLone Star Classic\nRed Mass\nHealth and Wellness\nLife in San Antonio\nSpiritual Life\nStudent Organizations\nSelect Page\nAcademics\nAbout\nGold & Blue Magazine\nLaw Academic Calendar\nMission and Vision\nSt. Marys Law History\nSt. Marys Law Stories\nBoard of Visitors\nDegree Programs\nExperiential Learning\nClinics\nExternship Program\nJudicial Internships\nMoot Court, Mock Trial and Advocacy Programs\nPro Bono Program\nFaculty\nVisiting Scholar Program\nLaw Journals\nSt. Marys Law Journal\nLegal Malpractice and Ethics\nThe Scholar\nLaw Library\nMission\nSpecial Programs\nNon-Degree Seeking Students\nSpecial Programs for J.D.\nVisiting Scholar Program\nInternational Programs\nAdmission\nDegree Selection\nApplying J.D.\nRequirements\nClass Profile\nNewly Admitted Students\nSummer Skills Enhancement\nTransfer and Transient Students\nApplying LL.M.\nApplying M.Jur.\nFinancial Aid\nScholarships\nSupport for Sworn Officers\nSupport for Veterans\nVisit Campus\nGuaranteed Admission\nLaw Early Admission\nAlumni\nAlumni and Friends\nNominate Distinguished Alumni\nPast Distinguished Law Graduate Honorees\nDistinguished Law Graduate Dinner\nBecome a Member\nConnect\nGOLD Council\nSocial Media\nUpdate Profile\nVolunteer\nEvents\nLeadership\nContact Us\nNominate a Board Member\nGiving\nGive Now\nGold Club\nStrategic Priorities\nDeans Circle\nPro Bono Fund\nNews\nClass Notes\nIn Memoriam\nGold & Blue Magazine\nCareers\nAlumni\nEmployers\nEmployment Statistics\nStudents\nStudent Services\nFinancial Aid\nScholarships\nSupport for Sworn Officers\nSupport for Veterans\nCommencement and Hooding\nVirtual Law December Graduates Celebration\nCurrent Students\nCourse Schedules\nEvents\nConstitution Day\nLawtina Network Summit\nLaw Weekend and Reunion\nLone Star Classic\nRed Mass\nHealth and Wellness\nLife in San Antonio\nSpiritual Life\nStudent Organizations\nSummer Study Abroad Program in the Alps\nIn 2024, St. Marys University and its European partner, the University of Innsbruck, will mark the 38th year of the St. Marys Institute on World Legal Problems in Innsbruck, Austria. The dates for 2024 are July 1 to Aug.1.\nSince 1986, students from more than 130 American law schools and several European and Asian law schools have participated in the Institute, whose courses are conducted in English. One of the longest continuously operated summer law study programs offered by any American law school, the Institute continues in its commitment to offer a First-Class International Law Education in a World-Class Location.\nApply Here\nPay Deposit\nPrevious\nNext\nStudents in good standing at any ABA- or state-approved law school are eligible to enroll.\nStudying Law Abroad\nParticipants visit local government offices and the state seat of government, and guest lectures typically are presented by European professors. Scholars traveling in Europe and lawyers abroad on international business often are invited to share insights with the classes or deliver special lectures on important international topics.\nStudents have the opportunity to converse with foreign scholars and Austrian lawyers on several occasions. Austrian students will participate in classes, off-campus visits, and social events, along with their American colleagues.\nBrowse through photos and videos of places Innsbruck students have visited on day trips, find updated information, and learn more:\nINNSBRUCK ON FACEBOOK\nL\nABA ACCREDITATION\nThe St. Marys University summer program in international law at the University of Innsbruck has been fully accredited by the American Bar Association since its inception in 1986. The St. Marys University School of Law is approved by the Council of the Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar of the American Bar Association, 321 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60654, 312-988-6738.\nAs part of the accreditation process, the ABA requires law schools to make certain information available to students planning to participate in foreign programs. The following information is set forth to comply with those requirements.\nL\nSIZE OF ENROLLMENT\nAn average of 50 students have participated in each of the last 10 programs at Innsbruck. There will likely be a similar enrollment in the current year. Because the curriculum contains five courses, it is probable that most classes will have an enrollment of between 10 and 30 students.\nAlthough there is no definite limit on the number of students who may participate in the program, at some point adequate student housing might not be available and the students enrolled for a class might exceed the capacity of the largest classroom available (about 150).\nL\nFOREIGN STUDENTS\nEach year several students from foreign countries participate in the St. Marys program. There are usually no more than 10 foreign students in the program. They are typically drawn from Austria, Germany and other European countries.\nBecause at least one of the classrooms that will be used by the program seats 150 persons, it is unlikely that the enrollment in any course will have to be limited. There are no course prerequisites for any of the classes. Each class is taught with the assumption that the students have completed one year of American legal education.\nL\nPERSONS WITH DISABILITIES\nSome portions of the classroom building at the University of Innsbruck, and many public accommodations in Austria, are not readily accessible to persons with disabilities. Specific information about the obstacles a person with a disability would be likely to encounter can be obtained from the director of the program, by phone or mail.\nL\nFACILITIES AND CONTACT\nThe University of Innsbruck is the foreign sponsor for the St. Marys University Institute on World Legal Problems, and may be contacted through: Professor Bernhard Koch, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Telephone (011-43-512) 507-81210 or per email to Bernhard.A.Koch@uibk.ac.at.\nOffices, study areas, and classrooms are comfortably housed in the main building of the University. Students have access to the international and comparative law collections of the University libraries. Selected American works are also available and students are provided Internet access through the University of Innsbruck.\nThe classrooms and administrative offices for the St. Marys University Institute on World Legal Problems are located in the main building of the University of Innsbruck. The facilities available to the program include a large faculty office, a small student library/study room with several tables and chairs, and several large and small classrooms with bench-type seating. Students may use the library and computing facilities of the University of Innsbruck, and will have internet access through the Universitys wifi network.\nL\nFACULTY AND ADMINISTRATION\nThe Institute is conducted under the co-direction of Professors of Law Chad Pomeroy and Genevieve Fajardo. Professor Pomeroy is an expert in property and mortgages. Professor Fajardo is a clinical professor and expert in housing and consumer protection.\nSummer Program Tuition and Costs\nThe tuition in Innsbruck is the same as at the home campus of St. Marys University, which currently is $1469. per credit. There are no special fees, but students must purchase any books required for their courses.\nIn addition to tuition, students must pay for transportation, housing, and living expenses. Last summer most students found that a round-trip flight from the United States to a major European city cost about $1,200 to $1,800. Many students purchase a Eurail pass to enable them to travel by train.\nL\nSUMMER STUDY ABROAD SCHOLARSHIP\nInnsbruck Program Scholarship Information\nWe are proud to announce that Summer 2024 will mark the 38th year of the St. Marys Institute on World Legal Problems. This program is held annually in the breathtaking Innsbruck, Austria. We are proud to offer the following scholarship opportunities for students seeking to attend this summer.\nYou can apply for all five scholarships, but it is important to note that each scholarship has its own requirements and financial aid resources. Each scholarship offers varying financial aid amounts to a varying number of applicants. There are scholarship committees that oversee the completed applications and the scholarships are distributed to as many law students as possible.\nWe will not begin accepting submissions until Monday, Jan. 15, 2024. The last day to submit will be Friday, March 22, 2024.\nIf you have any questions, please reach out to Sister Grace Walle, F.M.I., D.Min.\nSarah Thompson Memorial Fund Scholarship: This scholarship carries on the memory of Sarah Thompson. Thompson was a third-year law student at St. Marys who died in a hit-and-run accident. Thompsons parents started this scholarship to honor Thompson since she loved her Innsbruck study abroad experience. Applicants should demonstrate financial need. Thompson was a Texas Tech University graduate and applicants with degrees from Texas Tech may be given preference.\nFlint Fund Scholarship: This scholarship is funded by Richard Flint, J.D., (M.A 07), Albert Hermann Professor of Law at St. Marys, who has taught International Business Transactions in Innsbruck for many years. If selected, recipients must promote, plan and attend the Flint Fest BBQ Fundraiser. Recipients are also required to attend group hiking trips and/or Catholic Mass with Flint while in Innsbruck.\nClayton & Ramirez Scholarship: This scholarship is generously funded by the Clayton & Ramirez law firm. Garrett Clayton (J.D. 06) attended Innsbruck while in law school, and the law firm wants law students particularly those who have not previously traveled to Europe and could not otherwise afford the costs to have the opportunity to benefit from this unique international legal experience.\nFounders Fund Scholarship: This scholarship honors the professors who founded the Innsbruck program in 1986. This scholarship is designed to encourage students to attend Innsbruck so this study abroad program can continue to benefit students. Applicants should demonstrate financial need.\nAriens Family Scholarship: This scholarship has been made possible by the generous support of Michael Ariens, J.D., LL.M., Aloysius A. Leopold Professor of Law at St. Marys and his family. This scholarship is intended for students who have demonstrated financial need. Special consideration will be given to students who have not received an award from other Innsbruck scholarships.\nApply now.\nL\nMORE DETAILS\nStudents from St. Marys must enroll in not less than five credits, nor more than six credits. Students from other law schools can take no more than six credits and are subject to any minimum credit-hour requirement set by their home institutions.\nThe cost of food and meals in Innsbruck is approximately what a student might pay in the United States. Students must purchase books, if needed, for their courses before departing for Europe. The cost is the same as would be incurred for similar courses taken at a law school campus in the United States. Entertainment and travel expenses vary greatly from person to person. Most students travel on weekends. Those who spend their weekends enjoying the Innsbruck area attractions, many of which are free, will spend considerably less.\nStudents must apply separately for course enrollment and for housing. Enrollment applications are accepted on a first-come basis and must be accompanied by a $100 tuition deposit. Visiting students must submit a letter of good standing from an ABA- or state-accredited law school. Classes begin Monday July 1, and students should arrive in Innsbruck no later than Sunday, June 30. The last class is on Thursday, August 1.\nCourse Information\nThe acceptance of any credit or grade for a course taken in the Innsbruck program is subject to determination by the students home law school. Students are urged to consult appropriate administrators at their own schools regarding the limitations on acceptance of credit earned in this program.\nClasses meet Monday through midday Thursday. This schedule allows students time to travel on weekends to such destinations as Rome, Paris, the French Riviera, Venice, Vienna, Zurich, Munich, Prague, and Budapest.\nClass Times\nL\nFIRST SESSION\nTBA\n(July 1 July 16)\nL\nSECOND SESSION\nTBA\n(July 17 Aug. 1)\nFirst Session (July 4 July 20)8-9:10 a.m., International Business Transactions, R. Flint9:20-10:30 a.m., Lawyering Abroad, B. Koch10:40-11:50 a.m., International Child Abduction based on the Hague Convention, D. Pepi\nSecond Session (July 21 August 5)8-9:10 a.m., International Business Transactions (continuation), R. Flint9:20-10:30 a.m., International Law of Stolen Art and Artifacts, Z. Niesel10:40-11:50 a.m., International Human Rights: Population Law and Policy, V. Mather)\nClass List\nL\nINTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION\n(1 Credit, Prof. Rishi Batra, St. Marys University School of Law)\nToday, international commercial arbitration has become the norm for dispute resolution in most international business transactions. This introductory course is designed to equip students with a thorough understanding of the principles and practices of arbitration in the international commercial context. This course examines the legal framework governing international commercial arbitration, the key institutions involved, and the process of arbitration from the initiation of proceedings to the enforcement of awards. Students will engage with critical issues related to the arbitration agreement, the role of arbitrators, and the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards across different jurisdictions.\nL\nINTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS\n(2 credits, Albert Hermann Professor of Law Richard Flint, J.D., St. Marys University School of Law)\nThis course will focus on the legal aspects of the most important forms of international commercial sales transactions, including the documentary sales transaction. The course includes an overview of the principal institutions involved in international sales transactions as well as of the principal forms of international commercial activity. It focuses primarily on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods; UCC articles 2, 5 and 7; the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act; the Federal Bill of Lading Act, the UCP 600 (International Chamber of Commerce, Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits) and the International Chamber of Commerce INCOTERMS. It will also include discussion of other applicable treaties, conventions, and laws concerning the international commercial sales of goods; the laws governing the transportation of goods in international commerce; and the financing of international sales transactions.\nL\nINTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE\n(1 credit, Prof. EmeritusGeary Reamey, J.D., St. Marys University School of Law)\nThis course studies selected aspects of criminal procedure used in the worlds major legal systems, including certain international criminal tribunals. The learning objectives, or goals, of the course are: to learn select procedural rules and their applications in certain countries within the common-law (adversarial) tradition; the so-called civil-law (non-adversarial) tradition; a socialist or communist legal tradition; and a religion-based tradition; to become familiar with and compare the ways in which traditional and non-traditional legal systems function procedurally; why they choose to function in those ways; and how those procedures differ from, and are similar to, those of other legal systems; to study and learn the ways in which countries within the same legal tradition may apply that procedural tradition differently, and why they do so; to learn and compare the procedural characteristics of ad hoc and permanent international criminal tribunals with each other, and with the procedures employed by legal systems of various nation states; and to consider and design a procedural structure for the adjudication of criminal cases using features selected or adapted from existing legal regimes.\nL\nINTERNATIONAL JUVENILE LAW\n(1 Credit, Prof. Stephanie Stevens, J.D., St. Marys University School of Law)\nThe idea of a separate system for juveniles began in the United States in 1899 and has spread to most countries. We will read seminal cases that paved the way for separate juvenile systems and discuss what rights children have available within those justice systems. This will provide the opportunity to compare and contrast a few countries treatment of children in the justice system. Specifically, we will review the laws of a few countries to discuss the difference in age limits and punishment limits.\nL\nLAWYERING ABROAD\n(1 Credit, Professor Bernard Koch, J.D., University of Innsbruck, Innrain)\nThis course introduces students to the core elements of European legal systems and to their structural dissimilarities with American legal systems. Emphasis will be placed on major differences between common law and civil law approaches. Examples will be drawn from the laws of Germany, France and other countries. Particular attention will be given to the practical aspects of lawyering, such as finding the law and communicating with foreign counsel.\nStudent Performance\nRegular class attendance is required. A student who misses more than one-fourth of the scheduled class meetings is automatically withdrawn from the course, and grades may be reduced for excessive absences. The grade in each course is based upon a final examination or paper. A portion of the final grade (not exceeding more than one-third of a letter-grade level) may be based on class participation, if the professor indicated on the syllabus. The grading scale is: A, A-, B+, B, B-, C+, C, C-, D, and F. Academic regulations are set forth in the Law Schools Student Handbook.\nRequest Information\nPlease fill out this form to request more information about studying law in Europe this summer.\nFirst Name* Last Name* Email*\nName of your law school*\nApply to the Innsbruck Program\nThe recommended application deadline isJune 1, 2024.\nL\nTIMELINE\nSept. 15 Applications and refundable tuition deposits begin to be accepted. Send your deposit and SSAN to Catherine Mery, Office of Law Admissions, St. Marys University School of Law, 1 Camino Santa Maria, San Antonio, Texas 78228-8603.\nNovember to May Make travel arrangements. Fares rise and fall, so when you find a good itinerary and fare, act quickly.\nNovember to February Make your living arrangements. Innsbruck housing is in heavy demand during the summer, so dont delay reserving something.\nFebruary to March If you will use financial aid for the Innsbruck program, check with your financial aid office to make arrangements.\nMarch Apply for Innsbruck program scholarships, if eligible.\nMay Register for courses. This registration is done by a paper form you will receive, and cannot be completed online.\nJune Be sure you have access to your course materials that are posted on Canvas, TWEN or in Dropbox. If you need to buy books, do it well in advance of your departure date.\nMid June Leave in time to arrive in Innsbruck at least a day before classes begin. Remember that flights leaving the U.S. will arrive in Europe the following day.\nCompliance\nDirectory\nGateway\nHR\nPolice\nPolicies\nPrivacy\nReporting\nWebmail\nConsumer Information (ABA Required Disclosures)\nNondiscrimination / Title IX\n 2024 All rights reserved.\n(210) 436-3840\nOne Camino Santa Maria, San Antonio, TX 78228.\nSt. Mary's University\nREQUEST INFO\nAPPLY\nVISIT\nNotifications", "url": "https://law.stmarytx.edu/academics/special-programs/austria/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Master's Programme University of InnsbruckZur SucheZum InhaltZur NavigationSucheSuche startenENdeutschdeutsche VersionStaff loginSuchfenster aufklappenQuicklinks und Universittsbersichtsseiten ffnenSearchSearch websiteSearchSearch this sitePeople SearchNachnameVornameGroupStaffShow peopleQuicklinksAccount ServiceCampus mapseCampusEssen am CampusResearch DocumentationIUP CatalogueCareer OpportunitiesLFU:onlineMeldesystem fr Hinweisgeber:innenNotfallnummernOLATLanguage CentreULB-Literatursuche: BibSearchUSI sports programsCalendar of EventsVIS:onlineCourse CatalogWebmail for EmployeesWebmail for Current Studentsmain navigationIntranetUnternavigation intranet Aktuelles ffnenAktuelles#universitt#verwaltung#lehre#unileben#forschungArchivUnternavigation intranet Services ffnenServicesVIS:onlineInternes KarriereportalUniversity BulletinMarktplatzMeldesystem fr Hinweisgeber:innenUnternavigation intranet Uniwiki ffnenUniwikiAlle Themen von AZAZ fr FhrungskrfteFr neue MitarbeiterInnenUnternavigation intranet Fortbildung ffnenFortbildungKurspltze in letzter MinuteFAQWeitere AngeboteStudiesUnternavigation studium At a glance ffnenAt a glanceDates and DeadlinesOnlinesessionsFacts and FiguresWhy University of Innsbruck?Unternavigation studium Study Programmes ffnenStudy ProgrammesAll Study ProgrammesAdditional OffersUnternavigation studium Admission to Study Programmes ffnenAdmission to Study ProgrammesBachelor's / Diploma / Secondary school teacher accreditation programmeMaster's ProgrammePhD and Doctoral ProgrammeNon-Degree's Study ProgramContinuing education coursesUniversity entrance qualification examinationAdmission ProceduresAsylum seekers and recognized refugees: MORE-InitiativeUnternavigation studium Course Organisation ffnenCourse OrganisationStarting outStudyingAfter graduatingGraduation CeremoniesRecognition and allocation of ECTS-CreditsStudying costs and financial supportOpen Access publishing of Master and PhD thesisUnternavigation studium Student Advisory Service ffnenStudent Advisory ServiceFor SchoolsNewsletterUnternavigation studium International study ffnenInternational studyStudying abroadStudying in InnsbruckInternational Study ProgrammesProgrammes and Courses in EnglishContinuing EducationUnternavigation studium Services for Students ffnenServices for StudentsLFU:onlineeCampusWebmailUni AppResearchUnternavigation forschung Research Overview ffnenResearch OverviewProfileServicesFundingCareerQuality AssuranceInformationUnternavigation forschung Research Areas ffnenResearch AreasCultural Encounters - 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index.html.enMaster's Programme\nDeadlines and Admission periodsAdmission and documents required for admissionTuition feeFormsContact & Information\nMasters programmes are standard study programmes that require students to have completed a relevant bachelors programme at a university or university of applied sciences or an equivalent study programme. They comprise 120 ECTS-Credits, which is equivalent to a study period of two years (four semesters). Masters programmes are designed to deepen and extend the knowledge and skills provided during the bachelors programme. Graduates are awarded the academic title Master in line with the respective curriculum.\n>> Full range of study programmes\n top\nDeadlines and Admission periods\nDates and Deadlines \nDuring the general admission period you can:\nbe admitted to a standard study programme if you are studying at university for the first time, changing from one study programme to another, or re-commencing a study programme that you had already started\napply online to a masters programme (for non-EEA citizens)\npay the tuition and/or Austrian Students Union fee (incl. insurance)\nFrom the start of the general admission period until the end of the extension period you can:\napply online to a masters programmeand in person for admission (for EAA citizens)\nbe admitted in person to a masters programme with the necessary documentation confirming your eligibility for admission (\"Letter of Acceptance\"; for non-EEA citizens)\napply for leave of absence(in principle before the start of term) - for more information on this please see here\nbe admitted to a non-degree programme (e.g. to attend individual lectures as preparation for university entrance qualification examinations, continuing education courses)\nbe admitted as a student of another Austrian university to also study at the University of Innsbruck\nbe admitted to continue a study programme at the University of Innsbruck after having paid the tuition and/or Austrian Students Union fee at another Austrian university\nExceptions to the general admission period:\nstudy programmes with an admission process and supplementary examinations for admission;\npersons completing civil service, military service or a year of voluntary work: persons completing civil service, military service or a year of voluntary work can be admitted to a study programme during the extension period under the condition that by 31 August/31 January: a) the period of service/work has been completed; or b) the person has been conscripted but has not started service, or the service is interrupted/terminated before the end of the extension period.\nunforeseeable/unavoidable event: persons with credible evidence that an unforeseeable or unavoidable event arising through little or no fault of their own prevented them from applying for admission during the general admission period can apply for admission during the extension period.\nwork, internships: persons able to prove that work or an internship prevented them from applying for admission during the general admission period can apply for admission during the extension period.\nstays abroad: persons able to prove that a stay abroad that was absolutely necessary prevented them from applying for admission during the general admission period can apply for admission during the extension period.\n top\nAdmission and documents required for Admission\nEEA1Citizens:\nIf you want to start a Master's Programme you must apply online. Besides of personal data, also required documents are uploaded. The online application for the winter semester is possible to 5 September and for the summer semester to 5 February.\nPlease take care not to submit the application for a Master's Programme shortly before the end of the admission period, as admission in the same semester cannot be guaranteed due to the processing time of the applications.\nIf youhave already completed a relevant study programme at the University of Innsbruck you can apply for admission via the online student platform LFU:online.\nRequired documents for the online application of EEA1 Citizens:\nNotice (\"Bescheid\") confirming awarding of Bachelor's Degree\nBachelor's Certificate\nAcademic Transcript\nDiploma Supplement\nCurriculum Vitae\nif necessary proof of German or Englishlanguage ability\nvalid passport or personal identification\nPassport photograph\nE-Card (if available)\nForeign-language documents require translation into German or English if applicable with proper certification and must be uploaded.\nNon-EEA Citizens and Stateless Persons:\nIf you want to start a Master's Programme you must apply online. Besides of personal data, also required documents are uploaded. The online application for the winter semester is possible by 15 May and for the summer semester by 15 October.\nFor an application for a Master's Programme taught in German, proof of skills of German at a level of at least A2 (according to CEFR) must be submitted already at the time of application (Regulationof the Rectorate relating to the proof of German language skills acc. to 63 para 10b Universities Act).\nFor beeing admitted to a Master's Programme taught in German, a passed German examination at the level B2 (acc. to CEFR) is required (University Preparation Programme).\nFor an application for a Master's Programme taught in English, proof of English skills at level B2 must be submitted already at the time of application (more information on language skills can be found here).\nIt is expressly pointed out that the application documents can only be processed with documents proofing the conclusion of the studies. Intermediate certificates or confirmations, temporary transcripts etc. are not accepted.\nFull applications will be reviewed by the Admission Department in the order of arrival. Please take care that the processing of theapplications may take some time. In the case of a positive decision,you will get a notice, which you need for enrolling during the admission period.\nProspective students must enrol in Person at the Admission Department during the admission periodwith the notification of the selected study Programme and the original required documents and copies thereof.\nDifferent admission modalities apply and different documents are required, depending on the nationality of the prospective students and the origin of the proof of the general university entrance qualification:\nRequired documents for the online applications of Non-EEA1 Citizens or Stateless Persons:\nNotice (\"Bescheid\") confirming awarding of Bachelor's Degree\nAcademic Transcript\nDiploma Supplement\nCurriculum Vitae\nif necessary proof of German or Englishlanguage ability\nvalid passport or personal identification\nPassport photograph\nForeign-language documents require translation into German or English if applicable with proper certification and must be uploaded.\nInformation for students with a foreign school-leaving certificate can be found here.\n The EEA (=European Economic Area) comprises the Member States of the EU (= European Union) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden and the signatory states of the EFTA (European Free Trade Association) Liechtenstein, Iceland and Norway.\n top\nTuition fee\nAmendments to 91 Universities Act means that from the summer semester 2013 there are new rules governing tuition fees at the University of Innsbruck.\nThere are several different rules that apply to students enrolled in standard study programmes. The criteria used to decide which of these rules is to be applied are the nationality of the person, his/her residence entitlement in Austria, and any connections to Austria according to the Austrian Regulation on Eligible Groups of Persons (Personengruppenverordnung). Non-degree programme students who are enrolled in individual lectures must pay a standard tuition fee of 363.36 per semester.\nAll students must pay the Austrian Students Union fee.\nDegree programme students1 exempted from paying tuition fees for a designated period:\nEU/EEA citizens (automatically exempted for paying tuition fees for the regular duration of study),\nstudents with permanent residency (proof required - online application),\nstudents from third countries who are deemed to have a connection to Austria according to the Austrian Regulation on Eligible Groups of Persons (Personengruppenverordnung) (proof required - online application),\nstudents from third countries who are neither covered by the Austrian Regulation on Eligible Groups of Persons (Personengruppenverordnung) nor have a student residence permit (proof required).\nStudents in any of the abovementioned categories who exceed the regular duration of study by more than two tolerance semesters must pay a tuition fee of 363.36 per semester. In individual cases a tuition fee waiver may be granted, meaning that students who have exceeded the regular duration of study by more than two tolerance semesters remain exempted from paying the tuition fee.\n1 Degree programme students\nDegree programme students1 from third countries\nDegree programme students from third countries who are not covered by the Austrian Regulation on Eligible Groups of Persons (Personengruppenverordnung), are not subject to an international agreement and are in possession of a residence permit according to 64 Settlement and Residence Act (NAG) must pay a tuition fee of 726.72 starting from their first term at university. No reduction of the tuition fee will be granted to these students, even if the tuition fee is paid before the end of the extension period.\n1 Degree programme students\nDegree programme students1 from Least Developed Countries\nDegree programme students from least developed countries (according to the DAC List of ODA Recipients) are automatically exempted from paying the tuition fee. These students do not need to apply for an exemption. However, please be aware that any change of nationality must be communicated to the university without delay.\n1 Degree programme students\nNon-degree programme2 students (regardless of nationality)\nNon-degree programme students admitted to attend individual lectures in scientific fields must pay a tuition fee of 363.36 per month, regardless of their nationality. There is no increase in this fee, even if payment is not completed before the end of the extension period.\n2Non-degree programme students\nTuition fee waivers and reimbursement\nIn order for tuition fees to be waived or reimbursed, students must prove that their case fulfils the relevant legal requirements (e.g. working income below the marginal earnings threshold, main person responsible for childcare) and must respect certain deadlines. Application for tuition fee waiver: by 31 October for the winter semester and by 31 March for the summer semester. Application for reimbursement: by 31 March for the winter semester and by 30 September for the summer semester. Information about grounds for granting waivers and reimbursements\n top\nForms\nAdmission\n\"Meldungsblatt\" registration form(enrollment, disenrollment, change of study programme)\nTuition fee\nApplications for the tuition fee to be waived or reimbursed must be made via LFU:online:\nwritten confirmation from a specialist doctor(illness)\nformal declaration (childcare)\nLeave of Absence\nLeave of absence\n top\nContact and Information\nAdmission Department at the University of InnsbruckInnrain52d/Ground Floor\nMaster's and Doctoral/PhD Programmes, Study Programmes UMIT, University Continuing Education Programmes \nAdmission Foreign Students \n top \nUniversitt InnsbruckInnrain 52, 6020Innsbruck, sterreich T +43 512 507-0Imprint |\nData privacy |\nAccessibility |\nCertificatesFamiliennavigationInformation forProspective StudentsCurrent StudentsInternational StudentsGraduatesStaffCareer OpportunitiesBusiness and IndustrySchoolsPresse/MedienAbout usUniversityGovernance StructureFacultiesDepartmentsOrganisational structureCareer OpportunitiesWelcome-InfoAnnual Financial ReportCorporate Governance-ReportMeldesystem fr Hinweisgeber:innenThemesDigitalizationDiversity ManagementInternationalSustainabilitySocial Media Social Wall FacebookMastodon Instagram LinkedIn RSS Youtube Soundcloud Uni-AppTo theMedical UniversityPowered by\nXIMS\n|\nLast modified:\n16 May 2024\n|\nWebservices\n|\nFeedback\nNach oben scrollen", "url": "https://www.uibk.ac.at/studium/anmeldung-zulassung/masterstudium/index.html.en" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Medical University of Innsbruck - Medical University of Innsbruck20 JahrePress & MediaCareerContactData PrivacyQuicklinks Webmaili-med inside Moodle q-examZensusRobotRec-OnlineFacilities Publications Webex Portal MUI-Shop Wissen/schafft Gesundheit en | deDocumentsPeopleMenu back ResearchReseach Focus Research PerformanceCooperation PartnersPhD-ProgramsGood Scientific Practice Research FundingYoung Scientists at the MUIFunded ProjectsKnowledge and Technology TransferTechnology OffersKnowledge Transfer CentresStudies & TeachingAdmissionHumanmedizin*Zahnmedizin*Molekulare Medizin BSc*Moleculare Medicine MScErweiterungsstudium Allgemeinmedizin*Pharmaceutical SciencesPhD Doctor of PhilosophyClinical PhD Doctor of Philosophy*Universittslehrgnge/Universittskurse*Certifications and translation of documentsFor StudentsCollege feesPhDPhD Doctor of PhilosophyClinical PhDMedical CareDepartment of SurgeryDepartment of Internal MedicineDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy Psychosomatics and Medical PsychologyDepartment of Neurology and NeurosurgeryDepartment of GynaecologyDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Hearing, Speech & Voice DisordersUniversity Hospital for RadiologyDepartment of Dental and Oral Medicine and Cranio-maxillofacial and Oral SurgeryDepartment of Child and Adolescent HealthAll University HospitalsAbout UsMissionUniversity Management University CouncilSenateMapFacilities Medical theoretical facilities University HospitalsWomen at the MUIMemorial to Victims of the Nazi RegimeInternationalIncomingsIncoming Erasmus Student MobilityTeaching Staff und Staff MobilityObservership/Elective IncomingsPhD SchoolContactPhD-ProgramsClinical PhD20 JahrePress & MediaCareerContactData PrivacyService-Links Webmail i-med inside Moodle q-exam Zensus RobotRec-Online Facilities Publications Webex Portal MUI-Shop Wissen/schafft Gesundheit en | deDocumentsPeople back ResearchReseach Focus Research PerformanceCooperation PartnersPhD-ProgramsGood Scientific Practice Research FundingYoung Scientists at the MUIFunded ProjectsKnowledge and Technology TransferTechnology OffersKnowledge Transfer CentresStudies & TeachingAdmissionHumanmedizin*Zahnmedizin*Molekulare Medizin BSc*Moleculare Medicine MScErweiterungsstudium Allgemeinmedizin*Pharmaceutical SciencesPhD Doctor of PhilosophyClinical PhD Doctor of Philosophy*Universittslehrgnge/Universittskurse*Certifications and translation of documentsFor StudentsCollege feesPhDPhD Doctor of PhilosophyClinical PhDMedical CareDepartment of SurgeryDepartment of Internal MedicineDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy Psychosomatics and Medical PsychologyDepartment of Neurology and NeurosurgeryDepartment of GynaecologyDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Hearing, Speech & Voice DisordersUniversity Hospital for RadiologyDepartment of Dental and Oral Medicine and Cranio-maxillofacial and Oral SurgeryDepartment of Child and Adolescent HealthAll University HospitalsAbout UsMissionUniversity Management University CouncilSenateMapFacilities Medical theoretical facilities University HospitalsWomen at the MUIMemorial to Victims of the Nazi RegimeInternationalIncomingsIncoming Erasmus Student MobilityTeaching Staff und Staff MobilityObservership/Elective IncomingsPhD SchoolContactPhD-ProgramsClinical PhDDocumentsPeople home\n> universitaet\n> index.html.en\nShare page:\nMedical University ofInnsbruck is a young and modern university with a long tradition!\nMedical University ofInnsbruck is a young research centre with a long tradition. The Jesuits established a grammar school in Innsbruck as early as 1562. These were the foundations of the University that was inaugurated by Emperor Leopold I on 15 October 1669 (thus the name Leopold-Franzens University). A special tax was levied on salt from Hall the Hall salt levy to secure funding. The Medical University of Innsbruck was one of the first four faculties (Philosophy 1669, Faculty of Law 1670, Faculty of Theology 1670 and Faculty of Medicine 1674) of the University of Innsbruck. It has been an important flagship for the university throughout its 340-year history.\nIn the heart of the Tyrol, and consequently in the heart of the Alps, the Medical University of Innsbruck provides the best conditions for successful research, studies and teaching at an attractive location. The main objectives of the Medical University of Innsbruck are to provide top quality teaching and training, world-class research and continuous advancements in top-flight medicine. The organisational units of the Med-Uni are divided into medical theory, clinical practice and further (service) facilities.\nResearch, teaching and healing\nWithin the framework of the University Act of 2002, the medical faculty was separated from the Leopold-Franzens University, and in 2004 the Medical University of Innsbruck was established as a university in its own right. Today, the Med-Uni has some 3,400 students and 2,200 employees. It is the most important medical research and training facility in western Austria and the home university of many Tyroleans, South Tyroleans and students from the Province of Vorarlberg.About Us Home Mission University Council Presidential Team Senate Facilities Women at MUI Memorial to Victims of the Nazi Regime MapContact\nTel.: +43 (0)512/9003-0\nChristoph-Probst-Platz 1Innrain 52A-6020 Innsbruck\nFind ushere.\nHome Mission University Council Presidential Team Senate Facilities Women at MUI Memorial to Victims of the Nazi Regime MapContact\nTel.: +43 (0)512/9003-0\nChristoph-Probst-Platz 1Innrain 52A-6020 Innsbruck\nFind ushere.\nResearchStudies & TeachingMedical CareAbout UsInternationalAlumniPress & MediaCareerContactData PrivacyImpressumxims\n 2024 Medical University of Innsbruck - All rights reserved | Christoph-Probst-Platz | Innrain 52 | 6020 Innsbruck | Austria | Phone +43 512 9003 - 0", "url": "https://www.i-med.ac.at/universitaet/index.html.en" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home - Quantum Optics and Spectroscopy\nHome\nHome\nAbout\nPictures\nContact\nPeople\nNews\nResearch\nResearch\n2D Crystals\nBarium\nCryoTrap\nDistributed Q. Systems\nQCosmo\nQuantum Information\nQuantum Simulation\nCollaborations\nPublications\nPublications\nPreprints\nJournal articles\nProceedings, book chapters\nPh.D. theses\nMaster's and Diploma theses\nOpen Positions\nTeaching\nTeaching\nLaser goggle calculator\nLinks\nLinks\nIon Trapping Worldwide\nAG Quantum Optics and Spectroscopy\nHome\nAbout\nPictures\nContact\nPeople\nNews\nResearch\n2D Crystals\nBarium\nCryoTrap\nDistributed Q. Systems\nQCosmo\nQuantum Information\nQuantum Simulation\nCollaborations\nPublications\nPreprints\nJournal articles\nProceedings, book chapters\nPh.D. theses\nMaster's and Diploma theses\nOpen Positions\nTeaching\nLaser goggle calculator\nLinks\nIon Trapping Worldwide\nHome\nAbout\nPictures\nContact\nPeople\nNews\nResearch\n2D Crystals\nBarium\nCryoTrap\nDistributed Q. Systems\nQCosmo\nQuantum Information\nQuantum Simulation\nCollaborations\nPublications\nPreprints\nJournal articles\nProceedings, book chapters\nPh.D. theses\nMaster's and Diploma theses\nOpen Positions\nTeaching\nLaser goggle calculator\nLinks\nIon Trapping Worldwide\nAG Quantum Optics and Spectroscopy\nGroup PictureSPICY trapInn im WinterString_51_ions_slideshow.pngNordketteIonChamber_slideshow.jpgSQIPtrap_slideshow.jpgBrandjochspitze News\nPublished: 23 May 2024\nWelcome Haonan Tian Welcome Bruce! Bruce has joined the Hyperion Team for his Masters project, where he will work on ground state control of Barium ions with RF and microwaves.\nPublished: 21 May 2024\nWelcome Tatjana Runggaldier Welcome Tatjana! Tatjana has joined the Distributed Quantum Systems Group for her Masters project, where she works on characterizing a fiber channel between the campus Technik and Mutters, and is involved in building the remote photon detection station at Mutters.\nPublished: 10 May 2024\nVojtch Krmarsk receives his PhD Congratulations, Vojta!Thesis Titled:A Trapped-Ion Quantum Network over 230m\nPublished: 26 April 2024\nWelcome Walter Hrmann Welcome Walter!Walter has joined the HYPERION team for his Master's project, where he will work on the single-ion addressing unit.\nPublished: 21 March 2024\nAW-Preis fr Martin Ringbauer Martin Ringbauer vom Institut fr Experimentalphysik wurde vergangene Woche mit dem Hans-und-Walter-Thirring-Preis fr seine hervorragenden wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Bereich Quantencomputing ausgezeichnet. Der mit 4.000 Euro dotierte Preis wird von der sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften verliehen.\nPublished: 28 February 2024\nWelcome Sara Alfaro Welcome Sara! Sara has joined the BARIUM team for her Master's project, where she will develop a transportable ion trap suitable to carry antimatter.Her work will be performed in collaboration with the AEgIS experiment at CERN and the University of Siegen. News FeedResearch Projects2D Crystals2D ion crystals for quantum simulationBariumFree space single ion-single photon interactionsCryo TrapSurface ion traps in cryogenic environmentDistributed Quantum SystemsPhoton frequency conversion for ionsPrecisionOptical frequency standard with trapped Al+and Ca+QCosmoQuantum control of moleculesQuantum InformationQuantum computation with trapped ionsQuantum SimulationQuantum SimulationUltrafastFast two-qubit phase gatesOpen PositionsWe are currently looking for Bachelor students, Master students, Ph.D. students, and post-docs. If you are interested in joining our group, do not hesitate to apply!Read more...Publicationsfas fa-newspaperPreprintsfas fa-newspaperJournal Articlesfas fa-book-openPHD Thesesfas fa-book-openMasters Thesesfas fa-bookProceedings, Book ChaptersIon Trapping in Innsbruck Alpine Quantum Technologies\nQuantum Interfaces Group Funding Contact usQuantum Optics and SpectroscopyInstitut fr ExperimentalphysikUniversitt InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25/4A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaMore informationLatest news\nWelcome Haonan Tian\nWelcome Tatjana Runggaldier\nVojtch Krmarsk receives his PhD\nWelcome Walter Hrmann\nAW-Preis fr Martin Ringbauer\nWelcome Sara Alfaro\nMartin van Mourik receives his PhD\nEntanglement characterization touches a new milestone Quantum Optics and Spectroscopy 2024, Powered by Astroid. Design by Astroid Framework", "url": "https://www.quantumoptics.at/en/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Summer Innsbruck Programs - Stetson University\nSkip to Content\nMENU\nApply\nVisit\nStetsonToday\nMyStetson\nAlumni\nGiving\nSearch\nAbout Menu\nHatter Pop Quiz\nWhat do Beyonc and Stetson University have in common?\nAnswer\nAbout Stetson University\nCampus Maps\nHistory of Stetson\nDiversity, Equity and Inclusion\nOffice of the President\nNews and Stories\nCalendar of Events\nPlan a Visit\nVirtual Tour\nExplore Central Florida\nAcademics Menu\nChoose the right undergraduate or graduate program for you, one that exceeds all expectations and sets up your journey to success.\nAcademics Overview\nUndergraduate Programs\nGraduate Programs\nPre-Professional Programs\nNon-Degree Programs\nAcademic Calendars\nColleges and Schools\nCenters and Institutes\nLibraries\nResearch\nAdmissions Menu\nOur admissions team is ready to help guide you through the application process, from visiting campus to applying and becoming a member of the Hatter family.\nAdmissions Overview\nGraduate Admissions\nLaw Admissions\nStudent Financial Aid\nTuition and Costs\nApply Now\nRequest Information\nDeposit and Enroll\nVisit Stetson\nFind Your Recruiter\nScholarships\nStudent Life Menu\nDeLand Campus\nThe DeLand campus is home to an inclusive and welcoming environment enriched with opportunities for everyone to have fun, learn, grow and find their place.\nStudent Life Overview\nLiving on Campus\nGetting Involved\nStudent Success\nStudent Wellness\nGulfport Campus\nThe Gulfport campus, home to Stetson Law, has opportunities and diverse organizations for students to develop and display their talents in a variety of places.\nCampus Life\nClinics and Externships\nAcademic Success\nStudy Abroad\nCareer Services\nAthletics Menu\nKnown as the Hatters, Stetson University has 18 NCAA Division I teams that compete in the Atlantic Sun Conference, Pioneer Football League and Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference.\nAthletics\nSports\nSchedules\nTickets\nDirections\nMerchandise\nSupporting Athletics\nWebpage Menu\nHome\nStetson Innsbruck Program\nLocation\nEligibility\nInnsbruck Global\nTestimonials\nApply\nPhoto Gallery\nStetson University\nSummer Innsbruck Programs\nSummer Innsbruck Programs\nThe Summer Innsbruck Programs are innovative and dynamic study abroad opportunities for business majors as well as non-business students.\nAs the business world becomes increasingly global, all Stetson students are encouraged to study abroad at least once. International study offers the joy of learning about another culture, the stimulation of experiencing new environments, and the ability to fulfill your Experiential Learning Requirement, all while linking a foreign culture to your academic experiences.\nLocation: Innsbruck, AustriaDates: July 3rd, 2024 - August 3rd, 2024\nLocation: Innsbruck, AustriaDates: Coming in 2025\nMonth-Long Summer Session\nThe Stetson Summer Innsbruck Program is the perfect solution for students who want to spend a semester abroad but are not able to while taking the courses required for their degree. This all-inclusive program, now in its twenty-seventh year, allows students to take AACSB International-approved business courses taught abroad by full-time Stetson University faculty and distinguished visitors. This year, the program includes new group excursions, including a day trip to Munich, Germany. Innsbruck is centrally located in the cool and beautiful Alps and is an ideal base to study and travel through Europe.\nDates and Deadlines\nTravel Dates: July 3rd, 2024 - August 3rd, 2024\nApplications to Innsbruck are considered on a first-come, first-served basis. Apply early to guarantee your spot!\nUpcoming General Information Sessions:\nFirst Info Session: Monday, Oct. 2, 5:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. (LBC 123)\nSecond Info Session: Thursday, Oct. 26, 5:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. (By Zoom - Meeting ID# 585 283 3575)\nThird Info Session: Wednesday, Nov. 15, 7:00 p.m. 8:00 p.m. (LBC 123)\nExpand/Collapse All\nCourses\nCourses for each session are designed to meet the needs of students.A variety of business and non-business courses are available.;\nCourse\nCourse Name\nWho can take this course & basic features\nPERIOD 1 8:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m.\nEDUC 374V-JS\nEducational Systems Around the World\nANY student at the university; it is a Junior Seminar with no prerequisites; all students must take a junior seminar; visit Austrian schools, meet local school leaders, and challenge the way they think about education.\nFINA 303\nMoney and Financial Institutions\nANY business major AND any other major who has taken ECON 103/104; meets specific degree requirements for finance & business admin majors/minors; visit a medieval mint that made some of the earliest European money.\nMGMT 430\nAdvanced Leadership Development\nANY student at the university; meets specific requirements for management, human resources management, and business administration majors and minors; takes an experiential hands-on approach to leadership.\nPERIOD 2 9:40 a.m. 11:10 a.m.\nENTP 305\nPrinciples of Entrepreneurship\nANY student at the university; meets specific degree requirements for all entrepreneurship, management, and business administration majors and minors\nPSYC 343\nIndustrial & Organizational Psychology\nANY student at the university; meets specific degree requirements for all psychology, management, human resources management, and business administration majors\nSOBA 360V-JS\nSocial Justice and the Bottom Line\nANY student at the university; it is a Junior Seminar with no prerequisites; all students must take a junior seminar; to challenge the way they think about Business\nPERIOD 3 11:20 a.m. 12:50 p.m.\nFINA 412\nMultinational Finance\nANY business major who has taken ACCT 201 and SOBA 201. Meets specific degree requirements for all finance majors and minors.\nSPTB 390\nGlobal Sport Business\nNo prerequisites. ANY student at the university. Meets specific degree requirements for all sport business minors. This course will visit sports venues in the area as part of class sessions.\nImportant Notes:\nAll courses are not guaranteed to be made. Each course MUST enroll a minimum of 8 students to make.\nStudents will not be accepted into the program until they have selected TWO top course choices AND TWO ALTERNATIVE COURSES\nPlease contact Julie Holland at jholland2@stetson.edu with any questions about the application process or Dr. John Tichenor at jticheno@stetson.edu with any questions.\nPricing\nInnsbruck Classic is an exceptional value. As well as having the opportunity to enroll in two courses from exceptional Stetson University faculty, you can network, travel and expand your worldview during the month-long experience.\nProgram Cost: $6700\nThe price includes\nTuition - two units\nLodging\nTwo meals per day for each class day\nInternational health insurance\nFour-week city bus pass\nNot included\nAirfare\nPassport fees\nBooks\nPersonal travel\nPersonal purchases\nDinner/weekend meals\nFaculty\nCourses are taught by full-time Stetson faculty members and distinguished visiting professors.\nSummer Innsbruck Programs\n421 N. Woodland Blvd.\nUnit 8398\nDeLand, Florida 32723\nEmail: businessabroad@stetson.edu\nPhone: 386-822-7394\nA-Z Index\nEmployment\nPrivacy Policy\nNondiscrimination / Title IX\nWebsite Feedback\nContact Us\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nYouTube\nTikTok\n Stetson University", "url": "https://www.stetson.edu/business/sip/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "University of Innsbruck in Austria - US News Best Global Universities\nEducationCollegesRankings and DirectoriesNational UniversitiesNational Liberal Arts CollegesRegional UniversitiesRegional CollegesHBCUsCommunity CollegesAll RankingsToolsCollege Admissions CalculatorCompare CollegesCollege Major QuizCollege SearchScholarship SearchAdviceCollege MajorsFinding the Right SchoolApply to CollegeGuide to Financial AidStudent LoansStudent Credit CardsAll College AdviceGrad SchoolsRankingsBusiness (MBA)EducationEngineeringFine ArtsHealthLawLibrary StudiesMedicineNursingPublic AffairsScienceSocial Sciences and HumanitiesToolsCompare Graduate SchoolsSearch for Graduate SchoolsAdviceApplying to Graduate School Paying for Graduate School About the GREStudying at a U.S. Grad SchoolAll Graduate School AdviceOnline CollegesRankingsOnline Bachelor's ProgramsOnline Master's ProgramsOnline MBA & Grad Business ProgramsOnline Grad Nursing ProgramsOnline Undergraduate DegreesOnline Graduate DegreesSee all Online College RankingsToolsSearch for Online ProgramsCompare Online ProgramsAdvicePaying for Online EducationThe Short List: Online ProgramsGlobal UniversitiesRankingsGlobal UniversitiesUniversities in AfricaUniversities in AsiaUniversities in Australia/New ZealandUniversities in EuropeUniversities in Latin AmericaSearch for Global UniversitiesAdviceStudying at Global UniversitiesStudying at a U.S. CollegeStudying at a U.S. Grad SchoolK-12K-12PreschoolsElementary SchoolsMiddle SchoolsHigh SchoolsPrivate SchoolsSearch Private SchoolsAdviceHigh Schools AdviceK-8SkillBuilderCoursesAll CoursesArtsBusinessComputer ScienceData ScienceEngineeringHealthLanguagesPhysical SciencesSocial Science and HumanitiesPlatformsCourseraedXUdacityAdviceSubject and Skill GuidesRankingsCollege RankingsGraduate School RankingsOnline College RankingsGlobal University RankingsHigh School RankingsK-8 Schools RankingsWebinarsAdmissions and ApplicationsFinancial Aid & ScholarshipsBuilding Your Resume & ExtracurricularsCollege MajorsCrafting Your College ListFor ParentsU.S. News Education AccountReading ListNewsletters & AlertsSign In to My AccountUniversity of InnsbruckGlobal UniversitiesEducationHomeUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 52, Innsbruck 6020 Austria | Website#429 in Best Global Universities (tie)SummaryUniversity DataRankingsIndicator RankingsSummaryUniversity DataRankingsIndicator RankingsUniversity of Innsbruck SummaryInnsbruckExplore MapThe University of Innsbruck is a public institution that was founded in 1669. The university is located in Innsbruck, Austria, in the Alps region. The institution has four main campuses Innrain, Sport, Technik and Universittsstrae. In a recent year, around 40 percent of the University of Innsbruck student body was international. Students from European Union and European Economic Area countries are not charged tuition, but students from outside these areas pay relatively low tuition costs. The university does not offer its own student housing.\nThe university has 16 main academic divisions that cover a variety of fields, including biology, economics and statistics, engineering science, management, and political science and sociology. Overall, the institution offers more than 100 different academic programs. The university used to have medical division, but in 2004 it became its own institution: the Medical University of Innsbruck. The university's primary language of instruction is German, but some English-taught programs are available, including master's programs in applied economics, physics and strategic management. The university follows a semester-based academic calendar.\nThe main research areas at the University of Innsbruck are alpine space man and environment, cultural encounters cultural conflicts, molecular biosciences, physics and scientific computing. Some of the research centers at the University of Innsbruck are focused onAlpine infrastructure engineering, mountain agriculture, and migration and globalization. The university also has a botanical garden that is used for teaching and research; the garden was created in 1793 and is home to thousands of plant species.University of Innsbruck DataTotal number of students13,918Number of international students6,334Total number of academic staff633Number of international staff231Number of undergraduate degrees awarded2,122Number of master's degrees awarded1,893Number of doctoral degrees awarded242Number of research only staff537Number of new undergraduate students2,456Number of new master's students1,871Number of new doctoral students511Powered byUniversity of Innsbruck RankingsUniversity of Innsbruck is ranked #429 in Best Global Universities. Schools are ranked according to their performance across a set of widely accepted indicators of excellence. Read more about how we rank schools.University of Innsbruck Rankings#429in Best Global Universities(tie)#175in Best Global Universities in Europe(tie)#6in Best Global Universities in AustriaUniversity of Innsbruck Subject Rankings#615in Chemistry(tie)#812in Clinical Medicine#420in Computer Science(tie)#962in Engineering(tie)#323in Environment/Ecology#164in Geosciences#90in Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences#130in Physics(tie)#358in Plant and Animal Science(tie)#492in Social Sciences and Public Health(tie)#202in Space Science2022-2023 Indicator RankingsThirteen indicators were used to calculate University of Innsbruck's overall Best Global Universities rank. Here is a breakdown of how this institution ranked relative to other schools for each indicator.Read the MethodologyGlobal Universities#429in Best Global Universities(tie)Global score53.7Global research reputation#527Regional research reputation#211Publications#543Books#422Conferences#733Normalized citation impact#580Total citations#509Number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#482Percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#467International collaboration - relative to country#567International collaboration#72Number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#505Percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#635Chemistry#615in Chemistry(tie)Chemistry overall score40.1Chemistry global research reputation#564Chemistry regional research reputation#216Chemistry publications#400Chemistry normalized citation impact#1136Chemistry total citations#587Chemistry number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#836Chemistry percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#1214Chemistry international collaboration - relative to country#431Chemistry international collaboration#91Chemistry number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#869Chemistry percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#1109Clinical Medicine#812in Clinical MedicineClinical Medicine overall score33.7Clinical Medicine global research reputation#355Clinical Medicine regional research reputation#110Clinical Medicine publications#1049Clinical Medicine normalized citation impact#901Clinical Medicine total citations#1062Clinical Medicine number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#1027Clinical Medicine percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#824Clinical Medicine international collaboration - relative to country#605Clinical Medicine international collaboration#82Clinical Medicine number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#1061Clinical Medicine percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#1036Computer Science#420in Computer Science(tie)Computer Science overall score35.2Computer Science global research reputation#361Computer Science regional research reputation#80Computer Science publications#640Computer Science conferences#538Computer Science normalized citation impact#415Computer Science total citations#583Computer Science number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#522Computer Science percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#337Computer Science international collaboration - relative to country#223Computer Science international collaboration#89Computer Science number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#610Computer Science percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#593Engineering#962in Engineering(tie)Engineering overall score26.2Engineering global research reputation#788Engineering regional research reputation#207Engineering publications#803Engineering conferences#856Engineering normalized citation impact#1103Engineering total citations#1053Engineering number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#1099Engineering percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#1112Engineering international collaboration - relative to country#321Engineering international collaboration#193Engineering number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#927Engineering percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#943Environment/Ecology#323in Environment/EcologyEnvironment/Ecology overall score48.2Environment/Ecology global research reputation#309Environment/Ecology regional research reputation#133Environment/Ecology publications#369Environment/Ecology normalized citation impact#153Environment/Ecology total citations#286Environment/Ecology number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#277Environment/Ecology percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#180Environment/Ecology international collaboration - relative to country#342Environment/Ecology international collaboration#65Environment/Ecology number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#289Environment/Ecology percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#261Geosciences#164in GeosciencesGeosciences overall score51.0Geosciences global research reputation#242Geosciences regional research reputation#88Geosciences publications#179Geosciences normalized citation impact#153Geosciences total citations#154Geosciences number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#140Geosciences percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#131Geosciences international collaboration - relative to country#222Geosciences international collaboration#24Geosciences number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#207Geosciences percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#254Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences#90in Meteorology and Atmospheric SciencesMeteorology and Atmospheric Sciences overall score55.6Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences regional research reputation#1Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences publications#92Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences conferences#122Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences normalized citation impact#82Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences total citations#90Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#68Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#34Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences international collaboration - relative to country#81Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences international collaboration#5Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#126Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#126Physics#130in Physics(tie)Physics overall score67.2Physics global research reputation#96Physics regional research reputation#63Physics publications#231Physics normalized citation impact#191Physics total citations#181Physics number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#152Physics percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#147Physics international collaboration - relative to country#536Physics international collaboration#149Physics number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#144Physics percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#169Plant and Animal Science#358in Plant and Animal Science(tie)Plant and Animal Science overall score46.5Plant and Animal Science global research reputation#359Plant and Animal Science regional research reputation#135Plant and Animal Science publications#459Plant and Animal Science normalized citation impact#108Plant and Animal Science total citations#347Plant and Animal Science number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#329Plant and Animal Science percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#152Plant and Animal Science international collaboration - relative to country#195Plant and Animal Science international collaboration#27Plant and Animal Science number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#272Plant and Animal Science percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#140Social Sciences and Public Health#492in Social Sciences and Public Health(tie)Social Sciences and Public Health overall score32.0Social Sciences and Public Health global research reputation#627Social Sciences and Public Health regional research reputation#141Social Sciences and Public Health publications#601Social Sciences and Public Health normalized citation impact#183Social Sciences and Public Health total citations#534Social Sciences and Public Health number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#447Social Sciences and Public Health percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#71Social Sciences and Public Health international collaboration - relative to country#411Social Sciences and Public Health international collaboration#60Social Sciences and Public Health number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#400Social Sciences and Public Health percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited#123Space Science#202in Space ScienceSpace Science overall score30.6Space Science global research reputation#115Space Science regional research reputation#46Space Science publications#226Space Science normalized citation impact#115Space Science total citations#205Space Science number of publications that are among the 10% most cited#207Space Science percentage of total publications that are among the 10% most cited#151Space Science international collaboration - 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Killing of Nahel Merzouk - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Background\n2Victim\n3Shooting\nToggle Shooting subsection\n3.1Prosecution version\n3.2Police version challenged by a video\n3.3Version from the third passenger\n4Investigation\n5Initial reactions\nToggle Initial reactions subsection\n5.1Polemics on immigration\n6Unrest\n7See also\n8Notes\n9References\n10External links\nToggle the table of contents\nKilling of Nahel Merzouk\n28 languages\nAzrbaycancaBrezhonegDeutschEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFranaisBahasa IndonesiaBahasa MelayuOzbekcha / PolskiPortugusSimple EnglishTrke\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nCoordinates: 485355N 21317E / 48.8985N 2.2213E / 48.8985; 2.2213\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n2023 police shooting in France\nKilling of Nahel MerzoukImage of Merzouk distributed by his motherDate27 June 2023LocationNanterre, FranceCoordinates485355N 21317E / 48.8985N 2.2213E / 48.8985; 2.2213TypePolice shootingOutcomeMass urban riotsDeathsNahel MerzoukAccusedFlorian M.ChargesVoluntary homicide by a person in authority\nOn 27 June 2023, Nahel Merzouk (25 February 2006 27 June 2023),[1] a French 17-year-old of Moroccan and Algerian descent,[2] was shot at point-blank range and killed by police officer Florian M. in Nanterre, a suburb of Paris, France. Initial reporting on the incident (informed by police statements) was later contradicted by a video posted online, which led to widespread protests and riots. Symbols of the state such as town halls, schools, police stations, and other buildings were attacked.[3] The Interior Ministry reported that more than 5,000 vehicles had been set on fire, along with 10,000 garbage cans; nearly 1,000 buildings had been burnt, damaged or looted; 250 police stations and gendarmeries had been attacked; and more than 700 police officers had been injured.[4][5]\nThe killingcondemned by President Emmanuel Macron as \"inexplicable\" and \"inexcusable\"[6]became part of a broader public debate regarding aggressive French law enforcement,[7] racial profiling,[8] immigration,[9] and the stakes of naming the suburban violence a \"riot\" rather than a \"revolt\".[10] On 28 June, the president of the National Assembly, Yal Braun-Pivet, asked deputies \"to respect a minute of silence in Nahel's memory\".[11][12]\nBackground[edit]\nSee also: Crime in France and Law enforcement in France\n\"Justice for Nahel, justice for all, the racist state kills, our revolts are legitimate!\"Poster for a demonstration in Marseille, following the police shooting\nFrance saw a rise in police violence in France in the years before the killing.[13] In 2017, a law was passed permitting police to shoot at a vehicle fleeing a traffic stop, if the driver was putting the passengers or passersby at risk. This shooting was the third fatal shooting that occurred during a traffic stop in France in 2023. In 2020, there were three deaths, followed by two in 2021, and 13 in 2022,[14] leading to the indictment of five police officers.[15] The victims were often people of black or Maghrebi origin, leading to allegations of systemic racism within the French police.[16] In May 2023, national representatives at the United Nations Human Rights Council criticized the country's police force and urged the implementation of significant measures to address excessive use of force in demonstrations.[17] The French government has frequently downplayed instances of police violence, sometimes even avoiding the use of the term itself, while police unions opposed repealing or revising the 2017 law.[7]\nOn 19 July 2016, Adama Traor, a 24-year-old black man, died while in custody after being restrained and apprehended by the police.[18] This incident sparked widespread public outcry and protests, which reignited in May 2020 when the officers involved were cleared of any wrongdoing.[19][15] On 14 June 2023, Alhoussein Camara, a 19-year-old, was killed during a road check in Angoulme. His body was repatriated to Conakry, Guinea, by his family and the Guinean authorities. While there, they appealed to France for justice to be served.[20]\nVictim[edit]\nNahel Merzouk (French pronunciation: [nal mzuk]; Arabic: ) was a 17-year-old enrolled at the Lyce Louis-Blriot in Suresnes, where he attended classes for six months before dropping out and working as a pizza delivery driver in Nanterre.[21] He did not have a driving license allowing him to drive the rented Mercedes he died in.[22][23] According to a paramedic who knew him, his father left his mother before he was born.[24]\nAccording to his family's lawyers, Merzouk had no criminal record but the prosecutor confirmed he was \"known to police\",[5] particularly for resisting arrest, and had been charged with resisting arrest the previous weekend and five times since 2021.[25][26] According to information leaked to Europe 1,[27][28] his police file (TAJ) included 15 recorded incidents, including the use of false license plates and driving without insurance.[29]\nShooting[edit]\nA yellow Mercedes-Benz A-Class (W177), similar to the one driven by Merzouk\nNelson Mandela Square in Nanterre after the killing\nSign at Nelson Mandela Square: Combien de Nahel n'ont pas t films?!? (How many Nahels have not been filmed?)\nProsecution version[edit]\nAccording to the public prosecutor of Nanterre, two Paris Police Prefecture motorcycle officers noticed a Mercedes-Benz A Class AMG with a Polish license plate driving at high speed in a bus lane, driven by a young-looking person at around 7:55am. The officers activated their warning signals (audible and visual) and indicated to the driver of the car, then stationary at a red traffic light, to stop. The vehicle started moving and ran the red light. The officers followed the car and alerted their superiors via radio. The car committed multiple traffic violations, endangering a pedestrian and a cyclist.\nDue to traffic congestion, the vehicle was eventually forced to stop. The police officers got off their motorcycles, pointed their guns at the driver, and ordered him to turn off the engine. Instead, the vehicle started to pull away, and one of the police officers, 38-year-old Florian M., working his ninth consecutive day without a day off, fired a shot at the driver at point-blank range. The vehicle continued forward before crashing into the street sign marking the Nelson Mandela Square[30][31] at 8:19am. The rear passenger was arrested when he exited the vehicle. The front right passenger fled. Florian M. provided first aid to the driver, who was pronounced dead at 9:15am.[32][33][34]\nPolice records indicate that Merzouk was known for previous incidents in which he failed to comply with traffic stops.[5] On the day on his death, it is alleged that he \"disobeyed and committed several traffic offences, endangering the lives of a pedestrian and a cyclist\", and refused to turn off the ignition. He shot Merzouk when the Mercedes began moving forward after it had been stopped.[5][35][36]\nThe use of firearms by the police, during traffic controls in the event of failure to comply, is currently regulated by a law adopted in 2017.[37][38]\nAuthorities arrested Florian M. on suspicion of \"voluntary homicide by a person in authority\".[5] Police unions complained against the arrest. Minister of the Interior Grald Darmanin said he would seek the dissolution of a small far-right union, Syndicat France Police, which welcomed the shooting of Merzouk.[39][40]\nPolice version challenged by a video[edit]\nAccording to the police, Florian M. fired his weapon as the young driver was about to run him over.[41] This version, citing self-defense, was challenged after the publication of a video showing that the car was not in a position to harm the police officers and was not heading towards them.[42][43][44] According to Le Monde, \"the 50-second sequence, which has gone viral on social media, has literally swept away the language elements initially disseminated by police sources and repeated by some media.\" The video shows that the two police officers were on the driver's side of the Mercedes. The car was moving off when the officer fired the shot at point-blank range.[45]\nVersion from the third passenger[edit]\nOn 30 June 2023, a third passenger aboard the Mercedes testified that Merzouk received several buttstrokes. According to them, the third buttstroke made Merzouk release the brake pedal, causing the car to move forward, given that the gearbox was automatic. According to BFM TV, this version differs from that put forward by the police, as according to the Prefect of Police of Paris Laurent Nuez: \"the driver had first turned off the engine, restarted the vehicle, then left. It was in this context that the police officer used his firearm.\"[46]\nInvestigation[edit]\nFlorian M. is under investigation for manslaughter and was placed in custody for the charge of \"voluntary homicide by a person in authority\".[16][45] The police have maintained that the shooting was an act of self-defense, as they argue that Merzouk was driving towards the officer.[45] However, since the video was released, this claim has faced significant criticism.[15] Yassine Bouzrou, a lawyer representing Merzouk, has stated that the video completely disproves this assertion and alleges that the brigadier[a] had an \"intention to kill\".[15] Other lawyers representing Merzouk have made similar remarks.[47]\nTwo investigations have been initiated: \"refusal to comply\" against Merzouk, and \"voluntary homicide by a person in authority\" against Florian M. The latter investigation has been assigned to the General Inspectorate of the National Police (IGPN).[48][49]\nInitial reactions[edit]\nFrench President Emmanuel Macron declared the incident \"inexcusable and unforgivable\", adding that it \"moved the entire nation\". Macron's statements were a rare critique of French law enforcement from government officials.[50][16] The BBC's Hugh Schofield attributed this to the effects of social media, allowing for the dissemination of such videos with ease, as well as fear stemming from the ensuing riots. Alliance Police nationale, the largest French police union, criticized Macron for \"condemn[ing] our colleagues before justice has had the chance to speak\".[51][52] Far-right politician Marine Le Pen, leader of the National Rally party, dubbed Macron's statements as \"excessive\" and \"irresponsible\", adding that \"the president is prepared to ignore constitutional principles in a bid to put out a potential fire.\"[53] Left-wing politician and former La France Insoumise party leader Jean-Luc Mlenchon called for police reform. ric Ciotti, party leader of the conservative party LR, expressed his support for the police, dubbing them defenders of collective security and denouncing the ensuing unrest as unjustified.[47]\nFrench football player Kylian Mbapp took to Twitter to denounce the incident as \"unacceptable\" and sent condolences to Merzouk's family.[54] Mike Maignan, a footballer for AC Milan stated on Twitter that \"It's always for the same people that being in the wrong leads to death.\"[54]\nFC Barcelona footballer Jules Kound criticized the coverage of the incident, stating that news media were capitalizing on it to \"distort the truth\" and find excuses to criminalize Merzouk. French actor and comedian Omar Sy sent condolences to the family.[55]\nMerzouk's mother called for a \"a revolt for my son\" on TikTok.[15][16] Merzouk's grandmother stated that she lacked forgiveness for the police and government, stating \"They killed my grandson, now I don't care about anyone, they took my grandson from me, I will never forgive them in my life, never, never, never.\"[56]\nLe Parisien and BFM TV have been criticized for relaying the police's account without any caution in the early hours of the event, before changing their narrative in response to the video evidence and pressure from other media outlets.[42]\nThe Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed its \"shock and consternation the brutal and tragic disappearance of the young Nahel\", adding that it trusted the French government to assume its duty of protection and security for Algerian nationals on French territory. The Moroccan press was critical of what it called Algerian interference in internal French domestic affairs and use of the crisis to political advantage.[57]\nThe Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights asked France to address systemic racism within its police forces, and called for the protests to be peaceful.[58][59]\nA fundraiser on GoFundMe for the officer's family was set up by the far-right politician Jean Messiha. When it closed on 4 July, it had raised 1,636,200, far greater than the 200,000 raised in support of Merzouk's family. the officer's family will receive 625,000 after taxation and platform fees.[60][61]\nAn article signed by more than one hundred personalities, including Angela Davis, Achille Mbembe, Thomas Piketty, Annie Ernaux, Eric Cantona, Judith Butler, Ken Loach, Adle Haenel, Peter Gabriel, and Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker was published in L'Humanit, entitled \"This time, everyone has seen\" and calling for participation in the united march against police violence on July 15, 2023. They endorsed the demands of groups of families of victims and activist organizations.[62]\nPolemics on immigration[edit]\nCline Pina[fr], in an op-ed in Atlantico,[63] and Ivan Rioufol[fr], in an op-ed in Causeur[64] and during an appearance on CNews,[65] opined that the violence was related to immigration and Islam. The Minister of the Interior Grald Darmanin, when asked by a senator from The Republicans to describe \"in what way\" the rioters were French, replied that \"there were many Kevins and Mattos among those arrested\" and said that he thought any identity-based reading of the events would be a mistake. Darmanin repeated that the policeman who shot Merzouk during a traffic check \"obviously did not respect the law\".[66] The emphasis on immigration by LR was described by the magazine Marianne as part of a campaign strategy to attract Eric Zemmour and Marine Le Pen voters in upcoming elections.[67]\nUnrest[edit]\nMain article: Nahel Merzouk riots\nThe White March demanding \"justice for Nahel\", Nanterre 29 June 2023\nPublic outcry and outrage over the shooting of Merzouk evolved into protests and riots (with some preferring the term \"revolt\").[10] In Nanterre, residents protested outside the police headquarters on 27 June, which escalated into rioting. Demonstrators set cars alight, trashed bus stops, and shot fireworks at police.[68] In Viry-Chtillon, just south of Paris, a group of youths reportedly set a bus ablaze.[7]\nIn Mantes-la-Jolie, a town 40 km northwest of Paris,[69] the town hall was set ablaze after being firebombed[70] on the night of 27 June, burning until 3:15 (CEST).[7] Clashes continued throughout the night across France, including in Toulouse and Lille.[7] Unrest was also reported in Asnires, Colombes, Suresnes, Aubervilliers, Clichy-sous-Bois and Mantes-la-Jolie.[55]\nBy 29 June, over 150 people had been arrested,[71] 24 officers had been injured, and 40 cars had been torched.[53][15] Fearing greater unrest, Darmanin deployed 1,200 riot police and gendarmes in and around Paris, later adding an additional 2,000.[15][7][53] On 29 June, he announced that the government would deploy 40,000 troops nationwide.[72] According to Darmanin, over 1,350 vehicles were set on fire, and over 1,300 arrests were made in connection with the riots.[73]\nOn the afternoon of June 29, thousands of people[74] held a white march led by mothers and activists in Nanterre demanding \"justice for Nahel\". The participants railed against what they perceived as a culture of police impunity and a failure to reform law enforcement in a country that has experienced waves of rioting and protests over police conduct.[75] A few hours later, the officer implicated in the killing, was indicted for intentional homicide and remanded in custody.[76]\nSee also[edit]\nFrance portal\nParis massacre of 1961\nKilling of Malik Oussekine and subsequent 19861987 protests in France\n2005 French riots following the death of Zyed Benna, 17, and Bouna Traor, 15\n2007 Villiers-le-Bel riots following the deaths of Moushin S., 15, and Larami S., 16\n2009 French riots following the death of Mohamed Benmouna, 21\nNotes[edit]\n^ Brigadier is a French police rank equivalent to sergeant.\nReferences[edit]\n^ \"matchID - Moteur de recherche des dcs\". deces.matchid.io. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.\n^ Porter, Catherine (29 June 2023). \"Who is Nahel Merzouk?\". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.\n^ \"Death of Nahel M.: Over 1,300 arrested during Friday night riots\". Le Monde. Associated Press & Agence France-Presse. 1 July 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.\n^ Albertini, Antoine; Bronner, Luc (3 July 2023). \"Riots in France: The appalling toll of days and nights of looting, fires, assaults\". Le Monde. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.\n^ a b c d e Lough, Richard (29 June 2023). \"Paris police shooting: why are there riots in France?\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023. He was known to police for previous incidents in which he failed to comply with traffic stops, the local prosecutor Pascal Prache said.\n^ M. I. (28 June 2023). \"Mineur tu Nanterre: Macron voque un acte inexplicable et inexcusable\" [Minor killed in Nanterre: Macron evokes an \"inexplicable\" and \"inexcusable\" act] (in French). Le Point. AFP. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.\n^ a b c d e f Breeden, Aurelien; Mheut, Constant (28 June 2023). \"Protests and Sorrow After Fatal Police Traffic Encounter in France\". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ Porter, Catherine (2 July 2023). \"A Fatal Shooting and a Hijab Ban: Two Faces of France's Racial Divisions\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023. In 2017, an investigation by France's civil liberties ombudsman, the Dfenseur des Droits, found that \"young men perceived to be Black or Arab\" were 20 times as likely to be subjected to police identity checks compared with the rest of the population.\n^ Barbarit, Simon (11 July 2023). \"Scurit, immigration: le tournant identitaire de LR embarrasse la majorit snatoriale\". Public Snat (in French). Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.\n^ a b Lescarmontier, Julie (5 July 2023). \"Mort de Nahel. Violences, rvolte Pourquoi l'expression meute s'est impose\". Ouest France (in French). Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.\n^ \"Une minute de silence l'Assemble nationale pour Nahel, tu Nanterre\". LCI (in French). 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.\n^ \"France braces for protests after 'unforgivable' police shooting\". France 24. AFP. 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ \"Tensions erupt in a Paris suburb after a 17-year-old Arab man of Algerian descent, a delivery driver, is killed in a police standoff\". Associated Press. 27 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ Barbarit, Simon (29 June 2023). \"Refus d'obtemprer: la porte-parole de la police nationale annonce 138 tirs en 2022\" [Refusal to comply: the spokesperson for the national police announces 138 shootings in 2022]. Public Snat (in French). Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.\n^ a b c d e f g Bisset, Victoria; Suliman, Adela (28 June 2023). \"Protests erupt in Paris after police shoot, kill teen during traffic stop\". The Washington Post. ISSN0190-8286. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ a b c d Foroudi, Layli; Jabkhiro, Juliette (28 June 2023). \"Paris police shooting: Macron deplores 'inexcusable' killing of teenager\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ \"France criticised over police violence, racism at UN\". Al Jazeera. 1 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ Amrani, Iman; Chrisafis, Angelique (17 February 2017). \"Adama Traor's death in police custody casts long shadow over French society\". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ \"Adama Traor: French anti-racism protests defy police ban\". BBC News. 2 June 2020. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ \"VIDEO Mise en examen pour homicide volontaire du policier auteur d'un tir mortel Saint-Yrieix, prs d'Angoulme\" [VIDEO Indictment for intentional homicide of the police officer who shot deadly in Saint-Yrieix, near Angoulme]. France 3 Nouvelle-Aquitaine (in French). 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.\n^ Brioulet, Cyril (28 June 2023). \"Nahel, tu Nanterre par un policier: joueur de rugby, livreur de pizzas, sans casier... qui tait l'adolescent?\" [Nahel, killed in Nanterre by a policeman: rugby player, pizza delivery man, no record... who was the teenager?]. La Dpche du Midi (in French). Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.\n^ \"Rugby, livreur, justice: qui tait Nahel, 17 ans, tu par un policier mardi Nanterre\". La Voix du Nord (in French). 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.\n^ Lepoivre, Ambre (29 June 2023). \"Refus d'obtemprer, conduite sans permis, stupfiants: Nahel tait connu au fichier des antcdents judiciaires\". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 16 September 2023. qu'il conduisait sans permis\n^ \"\"C'tait ma vie\": la mre de Nahel, tu par un policier, anantie aprs la mort de son fils unique\" [\"He was my life\": The mother of Nahel devastated after the killing of her only son by police]. La Voix du Nord (in French). 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.\n^ Kirby, Paul (30 June 2023). \"France shooting: Who was Nahel M, shot by French police in Nanterre?\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.\n^ \"A Nanterre, un ado de 17 ans tu par la police lors d'un contrle routier: ce que l'on sait des faits\" [In Nanterre, a 17-year-old teenager killed by the police during a traffic check: what we know about the facts]. Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). 27 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. il tait connu des services de la justice notamment pour refus d'obtemprer [...] avait t dfr au parquet de Nanterre le week-end dernier, pour refus d'obtemprer [...] Il avait galement t mis en cause pour un autres refus d'obtemprer en 2022 [he was \"known to the justice services, in particular for refusing to comply\" [...] had been referred to the Nanterre prosecutor's office last weekend, for refusing to comply [...] He had also been placed in cause for another refusal to comply in 2022]\n^ Philippin, Yann; Rouget, Antton (10 July 2023). \"Un pilier d'Europe 1, ex de Valeurs actuelles, dans la main des barbouzes des mirats\". Mediapart (in French). Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023. Europe 1, c'est lui [Louis de Raguenel] qui a rvl le 28 juin dernier, de sources policires, les antcdents mentionns dans le fichier de la police au sujet de Nahel, l'adolescent tu par un policier Nanterre un classique visant tenter de criminaliser la victime.\n^ Pezet, Jacques (28 June 2023). \"Mort de Nahel Nanterre: polmique autour du casier judiciaire de l'adolescent tu par la police\". Libration (in French). Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.\n^ Raguenel, Louis de (29 June 2023). \"Mort de Nahel: l'adolescent connu pour 15 mentions au fichier des antcdents judiciaires\" [Death of Nahel: the teenager known for 15 mentions in the criminal history file]. Europe 1 (in French). Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.\n^ Machecourt, Clment (28 June 2023). \"Mort de Nahel: Malgr les appels au calme, Nanterre craint une nouvelle nuit de violences\". actu.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023. Le panneau Place Nelson-Mandela pench tmoigne du choc de la voiture qui y a termin sa course.\n^ Albertini, Antoine; Bronner, Luc (5 July 2023). \"Mort de Nahel M.: les premires constatations de l'enqute\" [Death of Nahel M.: the first findings of the investigation]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.\n^ \"En direct: une information judiciaire pour homicide volontaire ouverte aprs la mort de Nahel\" [Live: a judicial investigation for voluntary homicide opened after the death of Nahel]. France 24 (in French). 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n^ Paolini, Esther (29 June 2023). \"Mort de Nahel: le rcit de la course-poursuite, minute par minute\" [Death of Nahel: the story of the chase, minute by minute]. Le Figaro (in French). Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. 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Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ Lair, Nomie (28 June 2023). \"Adolescent tu Nanterre: ce que l'on sait de la vido qui met mal la version des policiers\" [Teenager killed in Nanterre: what we know about the video that undermines the version of the police]. France Inter (in French). Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n^ Gre, Samuel (8 September 2022). \"Mort aprs un refus d'obtemprer Nice: une vido fragilise la version d'un syndicat de police\" [Death after a refusal to comply in Nice: a video weakens the version of a police union]. Francelive (in French). Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ a b c Albertini, Antoine (28 June 2023). \"Adolescent tu par un policier Nanterre: l'agent en garde vue, nuit de colre et de tension dans les Hauts-de-Seine\" [Teenager killed by a policeman in Nanterre: the agent in police custody, night of anger and tension in the Hauts-de-Seine]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ Putavy, Tho (30 June 2023). \"Mort de Nahel: le troisime passager de la voiture donne sa version des faits pour 'rtablir la vrit'\" [Death of Nahel: the third passenger in the car gives his version of the facts to 'restore the truth']. BFM TV (in French). Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.\n^ a b \"Paris: Unrest suburb after police kill a 17-year-old\". Deutsche Welle. dpa, AP, AFP. 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ Montagn, David (28 June 2023). \"Jeune homme tu Nanterre aprs un refus d'obtemprer: aprs le drame, deux enqutes ouvertes\" [Young man killed in Nanterre after refusing to comply: after the tragedy, two investigations opened]. Europe 1 (in French). AFP. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ \"Mort de Nal: deux plaintes vont tre dposes contre les policiers, annoncent les avocats de la famille de la victime\" [Death of Nal: two complaints will be filed against the police, announce the lawyers for the victim's family]. BFM TV (in French). Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ \"'Unexplainable and inexcusable': Macron lays into police after teen shot dead and Paris riots\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. Reuters. 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ Schofield, Hugh (28 June 2023). \"Paris shooting: Why French government backed family so fast\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ Ivanoff, Boris (28 June 2023). \"Nanterre. Mort de Nahel Nanterre: quel est ce syndicat France Police menac de dissolution?\". Le Progrs (in French). Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n^ a b c Brudeau, Cain (28 June 2023). \"Riots, racial tensions erupt in France after fatal police shooting\". Courthouse News Service. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n^ a b \"'I hurt for my France': Mbappe, Macron shocked by police killing\". Al Jazeera. 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ a b Radford, Antoinette (27 June 2023). \"Anger in Paris after police kill teen in traffic stop\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ Allen, Peter (28 June 2023). \"First picture of teenager whose killing by police triggered night of riots in Paris\". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ Amrouche, Karim; Ben Hamadi, Monia; Collas, Aurlie (3 July 2023). \"La France continue marginaliser des gnrations d'immigrs: au Maghreb, les meutes en France font ragir\" [\"France continues to marginalize generations of immigrants\": in the Maghreb, the riots in France are reacting]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.\n^ Ttrault-Farber, Gabrielle (30 June 2023). \"UN says France fatal shooting an opportunity to address racism in law enforcement\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.\n^ \"UN rights office calls on France to address 'deep issues' of racism in policing\". United Nations. 30 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.\n^ Bremner, Charles (3 July 2023). \"France riots: 1m donated to policeman who killed Nahel Merzouk\". The Times. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.\n^ D'Aversa, Maxence (5 July 2023). \"Mort de Nahel: la famille du policier devra payer prs d'1 million d'euros d'impt\". Challenges. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.\n^ \"Tribune. Mort de Nahel: Cette fois, tout le monde a vu\". L'Humanit. 12 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.\n^ Pecnard, Jules (8 July 2023). \"Emeutes: Pourquoi la droite n'a-t-elle pas le droit de dire que les meutiers sont des Franais qui ne se sentent pas comme les autres?\". Atlantico (in French). Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.\n^ Rioufol, Ivan (28 June 2023). \"meutes, hidjab: ces effets de la socit ouverte\" [Riots, hijab: these effects of the open society]. Causeur (in French). Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.\n^ Gontier, Samuel (6 July 2023). \"Immigration, barbares et guerre civile: aprs la mort de Nahel, les chanes info peaufinent leurs analyses\" [Immigration, barbarians and civil war: after Nahel's death, the news networks polish up their analyses]. Telerama (in French). Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.\n^ Darame, Mariama; Lamothe, Jrmie (5 July 2023). \"Emeutes urbaines: devant le Snat, Grald Darmanin dfend son bilan\" [Urban riots: facing the Senate, Grald Darmanin defends his record]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.\n^ Pecnard, Jules (7 July 2023). \"Ordre, dlinquance, immigration LR se raccroche aux meutes pour survivre\" [Order, delinquency, immigration LR clings to the riots to survive] (in French). Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.\n^ \"France braces for further protests after police kill teenager\". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n^ Rabemanantsoa, Anna; Winsor, Morgan (28 June 2023). \"Teenager's death during police traffic stop sparks violent unrest in Paris suburb\". ABC News. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n^ Mortimer, Gavin (28 June 2023). \"France erupts in violence after police shoot dead a teenager\". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n^ Chrisafis, Angelique; Paris, Angelique Chrisafisin (29 June 2023). \"France police shooting: 150 arrests as protests widen over teenager's death\". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n^ \"France to deploy 40,000 officers in wake of riots\". Deutsche Welle. 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n^ Oliphant, Roland (1 July 2023). \"Police arrest 1,300 rioters in fourth night of violence ahead of slain teenager's funeral\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.\n^ Foroudi, Layli; Olive, Noemie (29 June 2023). \"France unrest: Riots spread, thousands march in memory of shot teenager\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n^ \"Nahel: Marche Blanche et Colelre noire\". BLAST, Le souffle de l'info. youtube.com. 30 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.\n^ Lecot, Julien; Sr, Ludovic; Maurice, Stphanie; Mouraby, Tho (29 June 2023). \"Aprs la mort de Nahel, la France en voit de toutes les colres\". Libration (in French). Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.\nExternal links[edit]\nVideo of the killing at the Wayback Machine (archived 2023-06-29)\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killing_of_Nahel_Merzouk&oldid=1222154622\"\nCategories: 2023 deaths2020s in le-de-FranceJune 2023 events in FranceDeaths by person in ParisDeaths by person in FranceFilmed killings by law enforcementLaw enforcement in FranceHistory of Hauts-de-SeineNanterreHidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse dmy dates from July 2023Coordinates on WikidataPages with French IPAArticles containing Arabic-language textWebarchive template wayback links\nThis page was last edited on 4 May 2024, at 06:57(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Nahel_Merzouk" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "France shooting: Who was Nahel M, shot by French police in Nanterre?British Broadcasting CorporationRegisterSign InHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveHomeNewsIsrael-Gaza WarWar in UkraineUK General ElectionIndia ElectionUS & CanadaUKUK PoliticsEnglandN. IrelandN. Ireland PoliticsScotlandScotland PoliticsWalesWales PoliticsAfricaAsiaChinaIndiaAustraliaEuropeLatin AmericaMiddle EastIn PicturesBBC VerifySportBusinessFuture of BusinessTechnology of BusinessWork CultureInnovationTechnologyScience & HealthArtificial IntelligenceCultureFilm & TVMusicArt & DesignStyleBooksEntertainment NewsTravelDestinationsAfricaAntarcticaAsiaAustralia and PacificCaribbean & BermudaCentral AmericaEuropeMiddle EastNorth AmericaSouth AmericaWorlds TableCulture & ExperiencesAdventuresThe SpeciaListEarthNatural WondersWeather & ScienceClimate SolutionsSustainable BusinessGreen LivingVideoLiveLive NewsLive SportRegisterSign InHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveAudioWeatherFrance shooting: Who was Nahel M, shot by French police in Nanterre?1 July 2023By Paul Kirby,BBC NewsShareWatch: 'They've taken my baby' - Mother of teen shot by policeThe killing of Nahel M, 17, has sparked riots in cities across France as well as the town of Nanterre to the west of Paris where he grew up.An only child brought up by his mother, he had been working as a takeaway delivery driver and played rugby league. His education was described as chaotic. He was enrolled at a college in Suresnes not far from where he lived, to train to be an electrician.Those who knew Nahel, who was of Algerian descent, said he was well-loved in Nanterre where he lived with his mother Mounia and had apparently never known his father.His record of attendance of college was poor. Nahel had been in trouble before and was known to police, but family lawyers stressed he had no criminal record.He had given his mother a big kiss before she went to work, with the words \"I love you, Mum\".Shortly after nine in the morning on Tuesday he was fatally shot in the chest, point-blank, at the wheel of a Mercedes car for driving off during a police traffic check. At 17 he was too young for a licence.\"What am I going to do now?\" asked his mother. \"I devoted everything to him,\" she said. \"I've only got one, I haven't got 10 [children]. He was my life, my best friend.\"His grandmother spoke of him as a \"kind, good boy\".\"A refusal to stop doesn't give you a licence to kill,\" said Socialist Party leader Olivier Faure. \"All the children of the Republic have a right to justice.\"Watch: What social media videos reveal about Paris teen's deathNahel had spent the past three years playing for the Pirates of Nanterre rugby club. He had been part of an integration programme for teenagers struggling in school, run by an association called Ovale Citoyen.The programme was aimed at getting people from deprived areas into apprenticeships and Nahel was learning to be an electrician.Ovale Citoyen president Jeff Puech was one of the adults locally who knew him best. He had seen him only a few days ago and spoke of a \"kid who used rugby to get by\".\"He was someone who had the will to fit in socially and professionally, not some kid who dealt in drugs or got fun out of juvenile crime,\" Mr Puech told Le Parisien.Why French government backed shot teenager's familyHe praised the teenager's \"exemplary attitude\", a far cry from what he condemned as a character assassination of him painted on social media.He had got to know Nahel when he lived with his mother in the Vieux-Pont suburb of Nanterre before they moved to the Pablo Picasso estate.Shortly after his death an ambulance man, Marouane, launched a tirade against a police officer, explaining later that he knew the boy as if he was his little brother. He had seen him grown up as a kind, helpful child. \"He never raised a hand to anyone and he was never violent,\" he told reporters.His mother believes the police officer who shot him \"saw an Arab face, a little kid, and wanted to take his life\". She told France 5 TV she blamed only the one person who fired the shot, not the police: \"I have friends who are officers - they're with me wholeheartedly.\"\"May Allah grant him mercy,\" read a banner unfurled over the Paris ring road outside Parc des Princes stadium.ReutersFlowers were left at the site where Nahel died\"Police violence happens every day, especially if you're Arab or black,\" said one young man in another French city calling for justice for Nahel.But the family's lawyer, Yassine Bouzrou, said this was not about racism, but about justice.\"We have a law and judicial system that protects police officers and it creates a culture of impunity in France,\" he told the BBC.Nahel had been the subject of as many as five police checks since 2021 - what is known as a refus d'obtemprer - refusing to comply with an order to stop.When he was stopped by police, he was driving a Mercedes with Polish number plates, with two passengers and no licence.As recently as last weekend, he had reportedly been placed in detention for refusing to comply and was due to appear before a juvenile court in September. His name was on a police file called a Taj, used by authorities for a variety of investigations. Last September a judge imposed a \"disciplinary measure\". Most of the trouble he got into involved cars: driving without a licence or insurance and using false number plates. But Nahel had never been convicted, said family lawyer Jennifer Cambla, and had no criminal record. Being known to police was not the same as a criminal record, because he had never been tried for anything listed on his police file, she told French TV.\"I think in this kind of suburb it's pretty rare that a young person hasn't been stopped by police or hasn't been in custody,\" Ms Cambla said.The riots that his death has provoked are a reminder for many in France of the events of 2005, when two teenagers, Zyed Benna and Bouna Traor, were electrocuted as they fled police after a game of football and ran into an electricity substation in the Paris suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois.\"It could have been me, it could have been my little brother,\" a Clichy teenager called Mohammed told French website Mediapart.Unrest spreads in France over police killing of teenHundreds more arrested in fourth night of French riotsFranceFrance riots 2023ParisRelatedTikTok ban lifted as New Caledonia emergency ends4 hrs agoNewsEuropeFrench town reels from fortune teller scandal3 days agoNewsEuropeFar right eyes Europe vote surge and ditches German AfD4 days agoNewsEuropeMore8 days agoGirl, 13, is youngest GB Paralympic swimmerIona Winnifrith, from Tonbridge, will compete in the 100m breaststroke in Paris in August. 8 days agoNews20 May 2024Metro disabled access 'shame' for Paralympic ParisCharity says lack of work to improve access to Paris's Metro ahead of Games is \"scandalous\".20 May 2024NewsEurope15 May 2024Three killed in New Caledonia as riots escalate after Paris voteThe riots come in response to the French parliament giving French residents there more voting rights.15 May 2024NewsEurope14 May 2024Arc de Triomphe flame sails into cityThe flame, which burns under the Paris landmark, has been brought by ferry to Portsmouth.14 May 2024NewsHampshire & Isle of Wight14 May 2024French court acquits Roman Polanski of defamationActor Charlotte Lewis says he defamed her by calling her a liar when she accused him of rape.14 May 2024NewsEuropeBritish Broadcasting CorporationHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveAudioWeatherBBC ShopBBC in other languagesTerms of UseAbout the BBCPrivacy PolicyCookiesAccessibility HelpContact the BBCAdvertise with usDo not share or sell my infoContact technical supportCopyright 2024 BBC. 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Yes, I agreeNo, take me to settings", "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66052104" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "What We Know About Nahel Merzouk, the 17-Year-Old Fatally Shot by Police in France - The New York Times\nSkip to contentSkip to site indexSearch & Section NavigationSection NavigationSEARCHEuropeLog inWednesday, May 29, 2024Todays PaperEurope|Who is Nahel Merzouk?https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/29/world/europe/nahel-france-police-shooting-nanterre.htmlShare full articleSee more from our live coverage: France UnrestAdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTWho is Nahel Merzouk?The 17-year-old fatally shot by a police officer was an only child being raised by his mother in Nanterre, a Paris suburb.Share full articleA march for Nahel Merzouk in Nanterre, near Paris, on Thursday.Credit...Sarah Meyssonnier/ReutersBy Catherine PorterPublished June 29, 2023Updated July 3, 2023Little is publicly known about Nahel Merzouk, the teenager from a Paris suburb who was fatally shot by a police officer while driving away during a traffic stop last Tuesday morning.Here is what we have been able to confirm:Nahel Merzouk, 17, was a French citizen of Algerian and Moroccan descent.He was an only child being raised by his mother in Nanterre, a working-class suburb 15 minutes by commuter train from central Paris.His grandmother told a French journalist that he had dreamed of being a mechanic. He was kind, she said. He was a nice boy.He played on a local rugby team that was part of a French association, Ovale Citoyen.A lawyer representing his family told the French television program C Vous that he had no criminal record. But Pascal Prache, the top prosecutor in Nanterre, said that the teenager had been known to the police for not complying with traffic stops and had been summoned to juvenile court in September for such an incident.Mr. Merzouk was driving a yellow Mercedes AMG on Tuesday morning. Mr. Prache told a news conference on Thursday that a search of the car did not find any dangerous material or illegal drugs.Catherine Porter is an international correspondent based in Paris. She was previously The Timess Canada bureau chief. She is the author of A Girl Named Lovely. More about Catherine PorterShare full articleAdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTSite IndexSite Information Navigation2024The New York Times CompanyNYTCoContact UsAccessibilityWork with usAdvertiseT Brand StudioYour Ad ChoicesPrivacy PolicyTerms of ServiceTerms of SaleSite MapCanadaInternationalHelpSubscriptions\n<h2>Our services aren't available right now</h2><p>We're working to restore all services as soon as possible. Please check back soon.</p>0mG9XZgAAAAARqH3ja53YSY3OyQpOlg7iQU1TMDRFREdFMTcwOQBFZGdl", "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/29/world/europe/nahel-france-police-shooting-nanterre.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "France riots: What we know about Nahel Merzouk - the teenager who was shot dead by police | World News | Sky News\nSkip to content\nSky News - back to home\nWatch Live\nHome\nUK\nWorld\nIsrael-Hamas War\nPolitics\nUS\nClimate\nScience & Tech\nBusiness\nEnts & Arts\nTravel\nOffbeat\nAnalysis\nData & Forensics\nVideos\nProgrammes\nWeather\nMore\nHome\nUK\nWorld\nIsrael-Hamas War\nPolitics\nUS\nClimate\nScience & Tech\nBusiness\nEnts & Arts\nTravel\nOffbeat\nAnalysis\nData & Forensics\nVideos\nProgrammes\nWeather\nExplainer\nFrance riots: What we know about Nahel Merzouk - the teenager who was shot dead by police\nNahel Merzouk was a member of the Pirates of Nanterre rugby club and also appeared in a music video alongside French rapper Jul.\nSunday 2 July 2023 08:11, UK\nWhy you can trust Sky News\nThe death of a teenager at the hands of police in France has triggered days of violent protests across the country.Nahel Merzouk, 17, who was of Algerian and Moroccan descent, was shot by a police officer during a traffic stop on Tuesday in the Paris suburb of Nanterre.\nHere's what we know about him so far.Nahel was still living with his mother Mounia, in the Vieux-Pont neighbourhood of Nanterre, around 15km from central Paris, according to French newspaper Le Parisien.\nBe the first to get Breaking News\nInstall the Sky News app for free\nIt reports that in 2021, he enrolled on a course leading to an electrical qualification at the lycee Louis Bleriot in nearby Suresnes.\nThe teenager was also a member of the Pirates of Nanterre rugby club and had been part of an integration programme for teenagers struggling in school, run by an association called Ovale Citoyen.Ovale Citoyen president Jeff Puech was quoted by France24 saying the teenager \"wanted to make it\" and had dropped out of school but was \"no big-time bandit\".The rugby club paid tribute to Nahel in a Facebook post earlier this week and wrote: \"The Pirates of Nanterre are a family and we mourn our brother. Rest in Peace Nahel\".\nImage:\nMarseille rapper Jul (left) appears next to Nahel (right) in the music video Rangar. Pic: YouTube @julsaintjean\nNahel's mother, identified as Mounia M, told France 5 television earlier this week that she was angry at the accused officer rather than at police in general. \"He saw a little, Arab-looking kid, he wanted to take his life,\" she said.\nAdvertisement\n\"A police officer cannot take his gun and fire at our children, take our children's lives.\"The teenager appeared to be a fan of Marseille rapper Jul and appeared in one of his music videos for his song Ragnar, which was posted on YouTube in May.Nahel is briefly seen next to the rapper a frame of the video.Read more:Why are people protesting in France?Emmanuel Macron axes state visit to Germany amid ongoing protestsForeign Office issues new advice for UK travellers to FranceThe shooting of the teenager, caught on video, has reignited longstanding complaints by poor and racially mixed urban communities of police violence and racism.Emmanuel Macron had denied there is systemic racism in French law enforcement agencies.\nPlease use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player\n1:53\n'Cut the engine or I'll shoot you'\nA passenger in the car released a video on social media saying he wants to \"establish the truth ... because there are a lot of lies on social media\".As the funeral for Nahel took place on Saturday, several hundred people lined up to enter Nanterre's grand mosque, which was guarded by volunteers in yellow vests, while a few dozen bystanders watched from across the street.The officer who shot Nahel has been put under formal investigation over voluntary homicide and is being held in prison in preventive detention. Under the French legal system, being placed under formal investigation is akin to being charged in the UK.\nRelated Topics\nFranceFrance protests\nSky News footer\nFacebook\nX\nYouTube\nInstagram\nAbout Sky News\nAbout Us\nSky News Profiles\nSky News International\nSky News Library Sales\nSite Map\nEditorial Guidelines\nSky News Board\nSky News Services\nSky News RSS\nSky News For Your Phone\nSky News Radio\nSky Channels\nSky Witness\nSky Atlantic\nSky Arts\nSky Cinema\nSky Sports\nMore Sky Sites\nNOW\nSky Zero\nSky Academy Studios\nBigger Picture\nSky Group\nSky Bet\nSky.com\nSky News Arabia\nAdvertise With Us\nTerms & Conditions\nPrivacy & Cookies\nPrivacy Options\nAccessibility\nContact Us\n 2024 Sky UK", "url": "https://news.sky.com/story/france-riots-what-we-know-about-nahel-merzouk-the-teenager-who-was-shot-dead-by-police-12913089" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mother of teen killed during a traffic stop in France leads a protest against officer's release | AP News\nMenu\nMenu\nWorld\nU.S.\nElection 2024\nPolitics\nSports\nEntertainment\nBusiness\nScience\nFact Check\nOddities\nBe Well\nNewsletters\nVideo\nPhotography\nClimate\nHealth\nPersonal Finance\nAP Investigations\nTech\nLifestyle\nReligion\nAP Buyline Personal Finance\nAP Buyline Shopping\nPress Releases\nMy Account\n...\nWorld\nIsrael-Hamas War\nRussia-Ukraine War\nGlobal elections\nAsia Pacific\nLatin America\nEurope\nAfrica\nMiddle East\nChina\nAustralia\nU.S.\nElection 2024\nElection Results\nDelegate Tracker\nAP & Elections\nGlobal elections\nPolitics\nJoe Biden\nElection 2024\nCongress\nSports\nMLB\nNBA\nNHL\nNFL\nSoccer\nGolf\nTennis\nAuto Racing\n2024 Paris Olympic Games\nEntertainment\nMovie reviews\nBook reviews\nCelebrity\nTelevision\nMusic\nBusiness\nInflation\nPersonal finance\nFinancial Markets\nBusiness Highlights\nFinancial wellness\nScience\nFact Check\nOddities\nBe Well\nNewsletters\nVideo\nPhotography\nClimate\nHealth\nPersonal Finance\nAP Investigations\nTech\nArtificial Intelligence\nSocial Media\nLifestyle\nReligion\nAP Buyline Personal Finance\nAP Buyline Shopping\nPress Releases\nMy Account\nSearch Query\nSubmit Search\nShow Search\nWorld\nIsrael-Hamas War\nRussia-Ukraine War\nGlobal elections\nAsia Pacific\nLatin America\nEurope\nAfrica\nMiddle East\nChina\nAustralia\nU.S.\nElection 2024\nElection Results\nDelegate Tracker\nAP & Elections\nGlobal elections\nPolitics\nJoe Biden\nElection 2024\nCongress\nSports\nMLB\nNBA\nNHL\nNFL\nSoccer\nGolf\nTennis\nAuto Racing\n2024 Paris Olympic Games\nEntertainment\nMovie reviews\nBook reviews\nCelebrity\nTelevision\nMusic\nBusiness\nInflation\nPersonal finance\nFinancial Markets\nBusiness Highlights\nFinancial wellness\nScience\nFact Check\nOddities\nBe Well\nNewsletters\nVideo\nPhotography\nClimate\nHealth\nPersonal Finance\nAP Investigations\nTech\nArtificial Intelligence\nSocial Media\nLifestyle\nReligion\nAP Buyline Personal Finance\nAP Buyline Shopping\nPress Releases\nMy Account\nThe Associated Press is an independent global news organization dedicated to factual reporting. Founded in 1846, AP today remains the most trusted source of fast, accurate, unbiased news in all formats and the essential provider of the technology and services vital to the news business. More than half the worlds population sees AP journalism every day.\ntwitter\ninstagram\nfacebook\nThe Associated Press\nap.org\nCareers\nAdvertise with us\nContact Us\nAccessibility Statement\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nCookie Settings\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nLimit Use and Disclosure of Sensitive Personal Information\nCA Notice of Collection\nMore From AP News\nAbout\nAP News Values and Principles\nAPs Role in Elections\nAP Leads\nAP Definitive Source Blog\nAP Images Spotlight Blog\nAP Stylebook\nCopyright 2024 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.\nTrump hush money trial\nIsrael-Hamas war\nOhio gas explosion\nTexas power outage\nPope Francis apology\nWorld News\nMother of teen killed during a traffic stop in France leads a protest against officers release\nMother of teen killed during a traffic stop in France leads a protest against officers release\n1 of 6|CAPTION CORRECTS DATE Mounia, the mother of Nahel M, a 17-year-old teenage driver who was shot dead by a policeman in June, center, attends a demonstration after the police officer suspected in the shooting death was released from custody pending further investigation, in Nanterre, west of Paris, Sunday, Nov. 19, 2023. The killing of 17-year-old Nahel Merzouk in June touched off rioting around France that highlighted anger over police violence, poverty and discrimination against people with immigrant backgrounds. (AP Photo/Lewis Joly)\nRead More\n2 of 6|CAPTION CORRECTS DATE A protestor wears a t-shirt reading Justice for Nahel during a demonstration called by the mother of Nahel M, a 17-year-old teenage driver who was shot dead by a policeman in June, after the police officer suspected in the shooting death was released from custody pending further investigation, in Nanterre, west of Paris, Sunday, Nov. 19, 2023. The killing of 17-year-old Nahel Merzouk in June touched off rioting around France that highlighted anger over police violence, poverty and discrimination against people with immigrant backgrounds. The placard reads The police kills. (AP Photo/Lewis Joly)\nRead More\n3 of 6|CAPTION CORRECTS DATE Mounia, the mother of Nahel M, a 17-year-old teenage driver who was shot dead by a policeman in June, attends a demonstration after the police officer suspected in the shooting death was released from custody pending further investigation, in Nanterre, west of Paris, Sunday, Nov. 19, 2023. The killing of 17-year-old Nahel Merzouk in June touched off rioting around France that highlighted anger over police violence, poverty and discrimination against people with immigrant backgrounds. (AP Photo/Lewis Joly)\nRead More\n4 of 6|CAPTION CORRECTS DATE Mounia, the mother of Nahel M, a 17-year-old teenage driver who was shot dead by a policeman in June, center left, attends a demonstration after the police officer suspected in the shooting death was released from custody pending further investigation, in Nanterre, west of Paris, Sunday, Nov. 19, 2023. The killing of 17-year-old Nahel Merzouk in June touched off rioting around France that highlighted anger over police violence, poverty and discrimination against people with immigrant backgrounds. (AP Photo/Lewis Joly)\nRead More\n5 of 6|CAPTION CORRECTS DATE A protestor holds a placard reading \" The French state owes explanations to youth and all citizens during a demonstration called by the mother of Nahel M, a 17-year-old teenage driver who was shot dead by a policeman in June, after the police officer suspected in the shooting death was released from custody pending further investigation, in Nanterre, west of Paris, Sunday, Nov. 19, 2023. The killing of 17-year-old Nahel Merzouk in June touched off rioting around France that highlighted anger over police violence, poverty and discrimination against people with immigrant backgrounds. The placard reads The police kills. (AP Photo/Lewis Joly)\nRead More\n6 of 6|CAPTION CORRECTS DATE Assa Traore, center, attends a demonstration called by the mother of Nahel M, a 17-year-old teenage driver who was shot dead by a policeman in June, after the police officer suspected in the shooting death was released from custody pending further investigation, in Nanterre, west of Paris, Sunday, Nov. 19, 2023. The killing of 17-year-old Nahel Merzouk in June touched off rioting around France that highlighted anger over police violence, poverty and discrimination against people with immigrant backgrounds. The placard reads The police kills. (AP Photo/Lewis Joly)\nRead More\nBy\nANGELA CHARLTON\nUpdated 7:52 PM UTC, November 19, 2023\nShare\nShare\nCopy\nLink copied\nEmail\nFacebook\nX\nReddit\nLinkedIn\nPinterest\nFlipboard\nPrint\nNANTERRE, France (AP) The mother of a 17-year-old who was killed during a traffic stop in France led a protest Sunday to call for justice after after the police officer suspected in the fatal shooting of her son was released from custody pending further investigation.The death of Nahel Merzouk June touched off rioting around the country that highlighted anger over police violence, poverty and discrimination against people with immigrant backgrounds. Merzouk was of North African origin.A few hundred people rallied Sunday at the site where he was killed, Nelson Mandela Square in the Paris suburb of Nanterre. Police vans lined nearby streets. Shouts briefly erupted when objects were thrown at police, but the gathering was overall peaceful.The late teenagers mother, Mounia, choked with emotion as she described missing her son. She led the group in chants of Justice for Nahel.'\nThose in the crowd included people who have experienced police violence, such as music producer Michel Zecler, as well as left-wing activists and mothers fearful their children could experience the same fate as Merzouk.\nREAD MORE\nDefense lawyers in Tyre Nichols case want jury to hear evidence about items found in his car\nMother tells police she shot one child and drowned another. A third was found safe\nEvaluation requested for suspect charged in stabbings at Massachusetts movie theater, McDonalds\nSeveral described dismay at a far-right crowdfunding campaign that raised $1.6 million for the police officer before he got out of custody.We dont understand his release,' Nanterre resident Nadia Essa said. Its a bad signal to young people.'She said she refused to let her 17-year-old son, who has Moroccan roots, go out for weeks after Merzouks death. We are longer comforted when we pass by the police.'\nVideo of the day Merzouk died showed two motorcycle officers at the window of the car he was driving, one with his gun pointed at the teenager. As the car pulled forward, the officer fired.The officer, who has been identified only as Florian M., was jailed two days later and given a preliminary charge of voluntary homicide. On Wednesday, the Nanterre prosecutors office said magistrates concluded that his continued detention no longer fulfills the legal criteria under which he was held.\nPreliminary charges in French law mean magistrates have strong reason to suspect wrongdoing but allow more time for further investigation. It is unclear whether or when the case will go to trial.Protests over Merzouks death quickly morphed into rioting that spread to towns around France, driven by a mainly teenage backlash against a French state that many say routinely discriminates against them, and amplified by social networks.The mayhem subsided after a massive police deployment, and left 100 million euros ($109 million) in damage to schools, stores and other public buildings, many of which have not been repaired. The government has promised a raft of measures in response to the summer events, mostly focused on tougher policing and prosecution.We all know someone in our families or entourage who has been touched by police violence, because you are Arab or Black,' Ibrahim Assebbane, a 22-year-old computer science student from Nanterre, said during Sundays protest.The only time they heard us was when there were riots,' Assebbane said. We dont support that, but we understand where the anger was coming from.\nThe Associated Press is an independent global news organization dedicated to factual reporting. Founded in 1846, AP today remains the most trusted source of fast, accurate, unbiased news in all formats and the essential provider of the technology and services vital to the news business. More than half the worlds population sees AP journalism every day.\nThe Associated Press\nap.org\nCareers\nAdvertise with us\nContact Us\nAccessibility Statement\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nCookie Settings\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nLimit Use and Disclosure of Sensitive Personal Information\nCA Notice of Collection\nMore From AP News\nAbout\nAP News Values and Principles\nAPs Role in Elections\nAP Leads\nAP Definitive Source Blog\nAP Images Spotlight Blog\nAP Stylebook\nCopyright 2024 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.\ntwitter\ninstagram\nfacebook", "url": "https://apnews.com/article/france-police-traffic-stop-death-nahel-riots-31052c2b7f465b0c25fbf873e25d7e13" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Wire: The Wire News India, Latest News,News from India, Politics, External Affairs, Science, Economics, Gender and Culture\nheaderEnglishBecome A SupporterHindiUrduHomecategoryopinionVideoTermsPrivacyAbout UsThe Wire | 2018Home#Elections 2024PoliticsEconomyWorldSecurityLawScienceSocietyCultureEditor's PickOpinionsWe need your support to keep journalism independent.We need your support.KNOW MORE", "url": "https://thewire.in/world/france-murder-nahel-merzouk-police-violence-media" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "French Unrest: Police killing of Nahel Merzouk | Beyond the Horizon ISSG\nPublications\nResearch Articles\nDisruptive Technologies\nGeopolitics and International Security Studies\nModern Warfare\nTerrorism Conflict and Peace\nCommentary\nBook Review\nHorizon Insights\nIssues\nCall for Editors\nCall for Papers\nArticle Submission Guidelines\nPolicy Briefs\nEvents\nProjects\nALL-IN-ONE 4 HER\nEDUCATE TO BUILD RESILIENCE\nSUPERMENTOR\nTransform(Fland)ers\nORIENT8\nMentor+\nAlliance for Responsible AI\nNOTIONES\nIMMUNE 2 INFODEMIC\nKT4D\nSoft Skills\nEuroHub4Sino\nIgnite Votes of Youth Project IVY\nAcademy\nHorizon Lab\nAbout\nAbout Us\nContact Us\nCareer\nGuideline for Contributors\nChild Protection Policy\nSEA-H Policy\nPartners\nTeam\nSponsorship\nSupport and Donation\nTerms and Conditions, Cookie, Privacy and GDPR Policies\nMembers Only\nSelect Page\nFrench Unrest: Police killing of Nahel Merzouk\nby Joshua Perkins | Jul 14, 2023 | Commentary\nBackground\nIn 2017, former president of France, Francois Hollande\nIn 2018 and 2019, France experienced a unique wave of protesters called the Gilet Jaunes. This group of protestors ranged far and wide in their grievances with some protesting tax raises and others asking for more The movement can largely be identified as anti-Macron and his reformist ideals, but some sympathizers did not wish for more mobilization.\nEarlier this year, protests took place in response to the government increasing the pension age from 62 to 64. While there were dissenting voices to the new proposition, the Prime Minister utilized a clause in the French constitution that allows for a law to be signed with out a vote. Turnout for the ensuing protests have reach as high as a million people\nOn June 27, 17-year-old Nahel Merzouk left his home in a vehicle. While driving without a license, Nahel was stopped by police. Nahel failed to comply with French officers and tried to drive away. As Nahel was beginning to leave, police officers shot the teenager. Nahel succumbed to his wounds.\nIntroduction\nOver the past couple of weeks, France has seen numerous protestors take to the streets while calling for the justice of a 17-year-old teenager that was killed by police. This occurs while the people of France are already furious over the recent change to the pension age.\nOn June 27th, soon after leaving from his house, Nahel Merzouk was stopped and confronted by the police. During the traffic check, Nahel attempted to drive away, resulting in the French police shooting and ultimately killing the teen.\nWhile many in the French government were quick to condemn the actions of the police officers, the public has remained furious and rioting ensued. For over a week, towns all across France have been flooded with rioters who have burned thousands of cars and have even set fire to a mayors house.\nTo regain order, the French government has deployed over 45,000 police officers to respond to the chaos. This action has resulted in over 2300 arrests with many of the arrestees being 17 years old.\nGovernment Response: Not Addressing the Issue\nThe government of France is faced with an unprecedented level of violence and rioting on the streets following the killing of Nahel Merzouk. The issue at hand appears to be two-fold. On the one hand, the response of the police by shooting and killing someone for failing to comply with a traffic stop is a disproportionate use of force. Secondly, as Nahel was of Algerian descent, the issue of discrimination and racism appear to be prevalent.\nThe UN has decided to weigh in on the events transpiring in France, citing their concerns of racism and excessive use of force by the French police. Accountability for the killing, appropriate sanctions and a remedy for systemic racism are among the recommendations made by UN. The French government have dismissed such claims, calling the systemic racism unfounded. Compounding this issue for the public are the attempts of finding blame elsewhere.\nFor instance, President Macron eludes to video games as an inspiration for violence in the streets. This wouldnt be the first time that video games has been the scape goat for violence, but studies show there is no discernible link to video games and an increase in violent tendencies. Rather, low-income, mental health, and difficult home lives are better indicators for violent behavior.\nEven still, the government of France is looking elsewhere to find the cause of all the violence. Blocking social media is being considered to quell organized violent protests. While social media can be a tool to organize violence, blocking peoples access is likely to incite more anger than to solve the problem.\nThe question remains, why are people angry? When compared to other European nations, Frances police force is identified as having a more harsh and authoritative response to the public. Exacerbating the issue are claims of institutionalized racism. Police officers are 20 times more likely to stop a person for a police check if they perceive the individual as a black or Arab male.\nOn the morning when Nahel left and was stopped by police he was driving illegally without a license. This was not Nahels first run-in with the police, yet he never carried a criminal record. In fact, by most accounts, Nahel was good person who was pursuing an apprenticeship to be an electrician and was a part of his local rugby team. His encounters with the police were car related, such as driving without a license or false plate numbers.\nConclusion\nThe minority and immigrant groups of France feel marginalized and targeted by their government. By choosing to direct the blame on the rioters, on social media, on video games, the French government has not adequately addressed the problem. Furthermore, with protests erupting over the past several months regarding the rise in pension age, France has been faced with numerous difficulties.\nOne step to mending the wounds and to settle things down would be a review of the law which allows for use of lethal force against civilians who are not following traffic laws. While it is important to keep the safety of the officers in mind, there appears to be a lack of appropriate discretion in the application for lethal force. A review of law enforcement procedures and training is needed to ensure that outdated or escalatory practices arent used.\nChanging the police force wont happen overnight and will be met with considerable pushback. Highlighting this difficulty is the GoFundMe for the officer convicted of killing Nahel, which raised over 1.5 million euros. While this amount of money is impressive in its own right, it was done by a far right figure in what amounts to an obstacle to justice for the victims family.\nAt the end of it all, the people of France want to be heard and, as is evident in the response from the government and ensuing riots, they do not feel that way. Minority groups in France feel like second rate citizens. Although many top officials were quick to side with Nahels family, the following protests have drove a wedge between the citizens and the government as damages reach in excess of a billion dollars.\nAction is needed by the government of France. By revising the law, by having modern training tactics for the police force, by listening to the voices of the marginalized, the dust should begin to settle on a tense nation. While the French government cannot be expected to respond to all grievances laid before them, something more must be done. President Macron narrowly avoided a vote of no confidence in March. If little is done to change the way things presently operate more protesting and, consequently, violence is surely expected.\nJoshua Perkins is a research assistant intern at Beyond the Horizon ISSG. He is also pursuing a degree in Homeland Security with an emphasis in International Relations through Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.\nBeyond the Horizon International Strategic Studies Group (BtH) is an independent next-generation think & do tank in Belgium\nSubscribe to Newsletter\nNavigate\nHomePage\nPublications\nCrisis Horizon\nProjects\nAcademy\nPublications\nResearch\nCommentary\nHorizon Insights\nPolicy Brief\nBook Review\nGuideline for contributors\nAbout\nAbout Us\nSupport and Donation\nTeam\nPartners\nCareer\nBecome a Member\nContact\n\n+32 (0) 2 801 13 57-58\n\ninfo@behorizon.org\n\nDavincilaan 1, 1930 Zaventem Belgium\n Copyright BtH 2017-2024\nPrivacy Policy Terms & Conditions GDPR&Cookie Policy\nFollowFollowFollow\nLoading...", "url": "https://behorizon.org/french-unrest-police-killing-of-nahel-merzouk/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Beyond Nahel: The Victims of Frances Unresolved Contemporaneity - Harvard Political Review\nSign in\nHome\nUS\nWorld\nLocal\nCulture\nInterviews\nSci-Tech\nCovers\nPodcasts\nSign in\nWelcome!Log into your account\nyour username\nyour password\nForgot your password?\nPassword recovery\nRecover your password\nyour email\nSearch\nSign in\nWelcome! Log into your account\nyour username\nyour password\nForgot your password? Get help\nPassword recovery\nRecover your password\nyour email\nA password will be e-mailed to you.\nAbout\nSubmissions\nAdvertising\nComp\nSign in\n73.2\nF\nCambridge\nWednesday, May 29, 2024\nFacebookTwitterInstagramLinkedin\ntype here...Search\nHome\nUS\nWorld\nLocal\nCulture\nInterviews\nSci-Tech\nCovers\nPodcasts\nHome\nUS\nWorld\nLocal\nCulture\nInterviews\nSci-Tech\nCovers\nPodcasts\nFeaturesWorld\nBeyond Nahel: The Victims of Frances Unresolved Contemporaneity\nBy Rita Palcio\nSeptember 29, 2023\nShare\nFacebookTwitterLinkedin\nImage by Johann Walter Bantz is licensed under the Unsplash License.\nOn the morning of June 27, Nahel Merzouk, 17 years old, was killed by a police officer in the Parisian suburb of Nanterre. In the following weeks, France was burning. What went wrong? Well, a lot went wrong, and Nahels death may have been the result of a legacy of colonialism, immigration, secularism, racism, police brutality, and socioeconomic disparities.\nOne might point out that Nahel, of Algerian and Moroccan heritage, was driving without a license but so were possibly 770,000 people in 2020. One might stress that he had previously been in trouble with the police and he was set to face a juvenile court in September. However, Nahel had never been convicted nor had a criminal record, and Nahels family lawyer Jennifer Cambla stated that, in this kind of suburb its pretty rare that a young person hasnt been stopped by police or hasnt been in custody.\nFurthermore, one of the passengers in the car that Nahel was driving posted a video on social media in which he explained what happened that fateful morning. His story contradicted the claims of the police officer who shot Nahel previously considered a great police officer who argued to have acted in self-defense.\nMore Than Race: Colonialism and Immigration\nColonialism plays an important role in how North African descendants, like Nahel, are integrated (or not) in French society. Nearly 10% of Frances population, 7 million people, are immigrants. As of 2015, 11% of the population had at least one immigrant parent, and as of 2009, Algerians constituted the second largest second-generation community in France.\nFollowing the post-World War II wave of decolonization, many former colonial subjects emigrated to France. At first, Algerians benefited from a special legal status: They had long-stay visas, did not need work permission, and, theoretically, had an easier road to acquiring French citizenship compared to other immigrants. At the same time, they were also prey to discriminatory practices by immigrant service workers, many of whom were former bureaucrats in the colonial administration. Later, partly because of the retirement of said administrators, the legal status of Algerian migrants began converging to that of other foreigners and the rigorous surveillance they were subjected to was eased.\nHowever, Frances current immigration policy is not completely free from the ghost of colonial domination. As Nathalie Etoke, associate professor of Francophone and Africana Studies at the City University of New York, explained in an interview with the Harvard Political Review, What they call immigration today is basically people coming from the colonial empire and going to France. She noted that focusing solely on race misses the greater point. Were talking about globalization, economics, were talking about goods and people moving around. There is more to Nahels case than just race, a concept that is addressed in different ways in the United States and in France.\nAlthough Nahel was not an immigrant himself, having been born and raised in France by a single mother from an Algerian family, the color of his skin carries the mark of colonialism, globalization, and immigration from former French colonies. Colorblind in principle, the French Republic views each citizen as simply a French citizen, disregarding race or ethnicity. It is very hard to talk about discrimination in the French colorblind Republican system in which youre not supposed to be talking about race in order to explain racism, explained Itay Lotem, senior lecturer of French language and culture at the University of Westminster, to the HPR. He clarified that this doesnt mean you cant talk about racism, but that the existence of a so-called colorblind system means that there is no way to talk about race as a social structure that permeates society and therefore kind of creates racism. Under such a system, it is difficult to acknowledge problems such as institutional racism, which might have played a significant role in Nahels death.\nFrench citizenship, relatively easy to obtain by being born in France, is not by itself a guarantee of integration into French society. The youth in the North African groups living in suburbs are pessimistic about opportunities for inclusion, and numerous descendants of immigrants do not feel French-French. Nor are they treated as such: 25% of descendants of immigrants aged 18-50 declared that they experienced discrimination in 2019-2020.\nFrances history of colonialism, globalization, and immigration plays an important role in this feeling of not belonging. The French model of integration, which is more assimilationist compared to the North American pluralist model, has been criticized. In spite of that, Jean Beaman, associate professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, clarifies that to many middle-class, second-generation immigrants from North Africa, the theory behind the model matters less than its implementation, noting that what this generation of immigrants desires is to have their individual differences while also being seen as French. This idea is also expressed in the book France, where Dr. Emile Chabal writes that todays ethnic minorities are not so much rejecting republicanism as demanding that it fulfills its promise.\nFinally, socioeconomic factors play a significant role. When one stops living in bidonvilles, groups of precarious houses built in the outskirts of a city, and gains access to proper education and job opportunities, integration becomes easier. This can be seen with the Portuguese, who are relatively more accepted in French society than they were previously. According to Lotem, the case with descendants of the Maghreb is different, since the Portuguese are not really as racialized as people who came from Algeria. Dr. Etoke seemed to agree, noting that the Portuguese were Catholics, and eventually, the ethnic stigma was kind of washed away and they could pass as white and French. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that socioeconomic disparities hinder this groups success at integration.\nInequalities, Misrepresentation, and Immigrant Reality\nDescendants of immigrants feel the inequalities of living in a country that is simultaneously theirs and not theirs. 80% of immigrants live in urban centers, often within immigrant communities, and in banlieues, suburbs of large cities a much higher proportion than the 60% of non-immigrants who live in these same areas. Lotem mentions that some of these suburbs are also just very hard to physically get away from. Moreover, immigrants live more often in social housing, and their descendants have a lower standard of living than other French people. Beaman states that thinking about the different structural and social conditions in some of the banlieue communities is another way to understand the hyper segregation of non-white individuals. Inequalities can also be seen in education, where children feel discriminated against and do not accomplish their dreams, and in the labor market, where discrimination, higher unemployment rates, lower wages and less skilled jobs are the norm for descendants of immigrants.\nOn top of that, media representation of the people living in the banlieue is not particularly favorable, contributing to structural discrimination. Etoke highlights the misrepresentation of an entire population who is very diverse, adding that we do not talk enough about successful people from those neighborhoods unless they are in sports or entertainment. Stereotypes that youre a certain race, youre a criminal are frequently reinforced, and some studies explain the overrepresentation of ethnic minority youth in the prison population as being related to psychological conflicts, relational context, or repressive institutions. Furthermore, the French Governments Center for International Prospective Research and Data found no correlation between immigration and criminality in France.\nStill, some people hold negative opinions toward immigrants: They see the immigrant as the other, who has a different skin color, eating habits, religion, and who is not quite French-French. The far-right links violent riots to mass migration and takes advantage of existing biases to ask for stricter immigration policies. As Lotem explains, the far-right is able to create a greater sense of threat to national identity by creating a new discourse of danger, that links these groups of racialized minorities, without ever calling them racialized minorities, as a threat to security, national identity, and national cohesion. That becomes worrying when 21% of the general population voted for Marine Le Pen, the populist far-right candidate who advocates for xenophobic and anti-immigration policies, in the first round of the 2017 presidential elections and especially worrying when 67% of active police officers did so. This is not a new phenomenon, as Dr. Etoke points out that historically, the law and order narrative tends to be right-wing/far-right.\nFrom Vaulx-en-Velin to Nanterre: The Shadows of French Policing\nNahels case can also be related to police violence and structural discrimination within the police force. Young men perceived as Black or Arab are 20 times more likely to be subjected to police identity checks than the rest of the population. The death of Nahel was the second fatal shooting during a traffic stop in France this year; 13 people, mostly Black or of Arab origin, were shot during traffic stops in 2022. In 2021, Amnesty International accused the French police of ethnic profiling and recommended deep, structural changes to address discrimination.\nCases of police brutality, discrimination, and general discontentment against socioeconomic inequalities have sparked waves of indignation and protests in recent French history. From the first banlieue riots in Vaulx-en-Velin in 1979 to the 2005 deaths of two teenagers of Tunisian and Mauritarian descent to the 2020 viral video of a Black music producer being beaten inside his studio by police officers, there have been no shortage of riots and protests against racial and socioeconomic injustice. And yet somehow, despite finding Nahels death inexcusable, Macron denies the existence of institutional racism.\nIf we additionally consider the pressure of police unions, the lack of a general mobilization of the French population in the mentioned cases, and the negative consequences of lacit (secularism), it is clear that it is difficult to have hope for structural reforms in the near future. Dr. Chabal explains how the concept of republicanism has been discussed and altered throughout the years and that lacit has led to the approval of laws such as the burkini bans, and has recently served as a way to use republican ideas to counter the alleged Islamization of France. Unlike the U.S., where policies that protect the rights of specific racial, ethnic, or religious groups can be accepted, in France, it is feared that acknowledging ethnic, religious, and cultural differences would destroy national unity. Such policies could be insultingly labeled as communautarisme, or divisive.\nThe Tradition and Nature of French Protests\nProtesting is almost a national French sport. From its inception in the medieval ages, it has become a French tradition with the Republican decapitation of King Louis XVI, the May 1968 students protests, and more recently, the 2006 youth protests, the 2016 taxi drivers strike, and the 2018 gilet jaunes (yellow vests) movement.\nBut perhaps what sets French protest apart is not its frequency but its nature. The French know how to protest they know how to attract media attention, how to effectively pressure the government, and how to centralize the protests and target the central government, thus making the protests hard to ignore. Furthermore, people seem unafraid and more than willing to fight for their values, and some do not hesitate to turn peaceful protests against specific events into anti-government movements and acts of violence, nonchalantly accepted by some French, but at times astounding for other Europeans.\nMoreover, there appears to be a conflict between protestors and the police. Rather than protectors of the public, the police are seen as protectors of the state and the government, which may be a reason for the seemingly disproportionate police reaction to protests. Etoke explains that the people being maimed and hurt are not the Black blocs, it is the average person whos just protesting. She continues, you have tear gas and you have all these police and those cars, what for? And the way they are dressed, are you going to Afghanistan or something? In 2021, the United Nations reported a steady increase in the use of excessive force, police brutality, which can reflect ethnic tensions, noting that it has affected large-scale migration and the Black Lives Matter Movement. And in 2023, the UN criticized France for increased police violence, including against protestors.\nHow did the Nahel Merzouk protests fit into the French protest tradition? Like many other protests, there were clashes with the police and the attempt to burn down the country. 45,000 police officers had to be mobilized to patrol cities across the country, as the protests were notably violent, with stones, bottles and fireworks thrown at officers. Over 3,000 people, particularly young people, were detained and more than 500 police officers and gendarmes were injured. Stores were looted, over 6,000 vehicles and 1,000 buildings were set on fire, and the wife and children of Mayor Jeanbrun were attacked in their home.\nWhile Nahels grandmother appealed for calm, others encouraged active protest, like the family of Adama Traor, a Black Frenchman who died in police custody in 2016. Traors call to protest led thousands of protestors to defy a ban to march in Paris against police violence. French anthropologist and sociologist Didier Fassin, professor at Princeton University, defended the Nahel protests by stating that if the law permits that police officers use their firearms even when it is not in self-defense, then society should, at least, recognize, in memory of the victims, the right to legitimate anger.\nSocial media was important in setting the Nahel Merzouk protests apart from previous ones, as it contributed to the greater involvement of the younger generation the protestors were mainly teenagers and to the spreading of the protests to all parts of France and even overseas. Much like the 2020 death of Black music producer Michel Zecler, Nahels death sparked conversation about similarities with George Floyds case. However, the contrasts seem to outweigh the similarities. Besides the difference in the dialogue about race already mentioned, Fassin highlights that unlike in the U.S., where the Floyd ordeal mobilized the whole society and the idea of a police reform gained much support, the protests in France only lasted for about a week. They failed to gain the magnitude of the 2005 protests, when riots lasted for three weeks and the prime minister decreed state of emergency.\nSolely the neighborhoods who identified themselves with Nahels situation protested, and the protests occurred in a scattered and non-cohesive way, they lacked the kind of organizing you saw in the USA Black Lives Matter, Etoke reflected, noting that they resembled more an urban rebellion than traditional protests. They were organic and explosive, and the angry youth were protesting against a whole state of affairs. This rendered change improbable to happen, as there is no specific measure to be taken to address one particular issue nor one sole leader who can engage with the demands of the protestors.\nWhich France Can We Expect?\nThe police killing of an adolescent in a suburb of Paris in broad daylight could alone be the reason for the protests that followed, but the protests acquired proportions that went beyond Nahels death. While I cannot say for sure why exactly the officer killed Nahel, Beaman is of the opinion that its the failure of France to see all of its population as fully French that ultimately killed him. Judging from the protests that ensued, it can be said that Nahels case reflects a France where the concept of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity seems endangered by an unresolved contemporaneity, where colonialism, immigration, and various perspectives on secularism are intertwined with racism, police brutality, socioeconomic discrepancies and polarization.\nIndeed, Emmanuel Macron, who had given himself 100 days as of April to heal the country, now faces an even more troubled France. The Bastille Day the epitome of French unity was marked by fear of further protests, Macrons silence on the protests, controversy regarding the guest of honor, and a booed parade through the Champ Elyses. What can be expected now? While the protests are over, Macron has to find his way through a divided parliament, and structural reforms are nowhere near to be seen. Yet, I hope progress is made and that it does not take one more death for France to dignify all of its citizens.\nShare\nFacebookTwitterLinkedin\nPrevious articleGuilty Admissions: Litigating LegacyNext articleTurbines in Trouble: The Controversy Behind Vineyard Wind & Offshore Wind in Massachusetts\n- Advertisement -\n- Advertisement -\nLatest Articles\nFrom Organizing to Legislating: An Interview with Maxwell Frost\nNaomi Corlette - May 20, 2024\nChanging Minds and Healing Hearts: An Interview with Gwen Carr, Mother of Eric Garner, and Selwyn Jones, Uncle of George Floyd\nNaomi Corlette - May 19, 2024\nJustice By Means of Democracy: A Conversation with Danielle Allen\nMatthew Anzarouth and Jack Silvers - May 7, 2024\nAppealing to the Moderate: Biden, Immigration, and a Looming Election\nKaia Patterson - May 6, 2024\nPersistence in Politics and the Republican Party in 2024: An Interview with Kevin McCarthy\nMelih Cevik - May 5, 2024\nPopular Articles\nThe Happiest and the Most Racist: Institutional Racism in Nordic Countries\nRosanna Kataja - July 25, 2020\nBarack Obama Is A War Criminal\nPrince Williams - September 29, 2021\nRecidivism Imprisons American Progress\nLiz Benecchi - August 8, 2021\nWhos Really Responsible for Climate Change?\n- January 2, 2020\nA Progressive Facade: Comparing the U.S. and Canadas Treatment of Indigenous Peoples\nSelena Zhao - January 22, 2021\n- Advertisement -\nMore From The Author\nAbout\nSubmissions\nAdvertising\nComp\nContact Us\nMasthead 56\n 2023 Harvard Political Review. All rights reserved.", "url": "https://harvardpolitics.com/victims-of-unresolved-contemporaneity/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "France Protests Over Nahel Merzouk Police Killing Stem From History of Racism and Colonialism | Teen VogueSkip to main contentNewsletterSearchSearchSTYLEPOLITICSCULTUREIDENTITYVIDEOSUMMITSHOPPINGNewsletterTeen Vote 2024LET'S TALK ABOUT ITGET INVOLVEDMEET OUR STUDENT CORRESPONDENTSPoliticsFrance Protests Over Nahel Merzouk Police Killing Stem From History of Racism and ColonialismThis op-ed argues that anti-Arab and anti-Black racism are at the heart of the riots erupting across France.By Romaissaa BenzizouneJuly 11, 2023LUDOVIC MARIN/Getty ImagesYou could be forgiven for thinking that recent events in France have little to do with race. This is the story we are told: An innocent teen is killed by the police in a Paris suburb, kicking off days of protests. Tens of thousands take to the streets, thousands are arrested and detained, and hundreds of stores are looted. Fires rip through the streets, burning as bright as the rage of Frances youth. President Emmanuel Macron chalks the unrest up to video games and juvenile delinquency.Days after 17-year-old Nahel Merzouk was fatally shot during a traffic stop, explorations into the events significance still have not told the whole story. Many of the articles that Ive seen focus on the policing angle Why do the people we hire to keep us safe frequently murder us? but they miss the race angle entirely. Nahels death was not an isolated tragedy in an otherwise peaceful and colorblind society. Nahel was visibly North African his parents are from Morocco and Algeria in France, a country with an incredibly brutal colonial history in North Africa.In the words of Mounia, Nahels mother, the policeman saw anArab face, a little kid, and wanted to take his life.Not coincidentally, many of those arrested in the wave of protests that followed fit a similar description. The average age of the protestors was 17 and some of those arrested were as young as 12. While I wish I could tell you how many of them were North African, it is illegal in France to collect statistics based on race, ethnicity, or religion. Despite Frances success in codifying racial blindness, the discriminatory nature of French policing has been well-documented. This is especially true in the banlieues, the historically neglected suburbs where Frances most marginalized live, including millions from North Africa and other former French colonies. Frances police crackdowns on protesters, including those following the George Floyd protests of 2020, have been called draconian by Amnesty International.As a child of Moroccans and a visibly Black person, I never harbored the Francophilia that other Americans seemed to revel in. In college, I was shocked to find that an entire community of African American creatives, including the acclaimed writer James Baldwin, moved to France in the mid-20th century. I was even more shocked when I learned that they often felt safer there than they did in America, freed from an oppressive racial hierarchy. How could they feel that way about a country that colonized my ancestors in North Africa and came to understand its population as inferior? Did they not see that racial hierarchy?As it turns out, they quickly discovered it. Black expats in France during the 1940s and 50s came to witness the criminalization of North Africans firsthand, a criminalization that was exacerbated by the backdrop of Algerias bloody fight for independence. This fight for independence, hard-won in 1962, influenced how North Africans and Black Americans to say nothing of the rest of the world saw race, political ideology, and global struggle. There is a historic link between the Algerian struggle and the Black Panther movement, and the Black Panthers famously opened an office in Algeria in 1970.In a documentary that came out that year, Baldwin declares: The Algerian in France is the n***** in America.Baldwin was not alone in reflecting on the plight of the North African community in France. In Black Skin, White Masks (1952), psychiatrist Frantz Fanon recalls being stopped multiple times by policemen who mistook him for an Arab and released him when they found out that he was simply Black. William Gardner Smith, a lesser-known Black writer from Philadelphia who also sought refuge in Paris, wrote a novel focused on these racial tensions. The Stone Face (1963) follows an African American protagonist to Paris where he quickly realizes the parallels between the Arab experience in France and the one he just fled. He witnesses Arabs being brutalized by the police as well as the October 1961 Papon massacre a massacre in which at least a hundred Algerians were murdered and some of their bodies dumped into the Seine. At the end of the novel, the protagonist realizes that racism cannot be escaped and returns home to fight for Americas Algerians.Recently, Macron described Nahels death as inexplicable. It is typical for France to play dumb when it comes to its own racism. After all, one of the nations purported tenets is galit. Like many countries, it cloaks itself in racial blindness when it is convenient. At other moments, it creates and enforces a racial hierarchy, especially in populations it wants to control. During the colonial era, France decided that Arabs and Berbers (Amazigh people) should be classified as two different races. France also distinguished between those races and the Black race. In Black Skin, White Masks, Fanon writes about the colonial strategy of using soldiers of color to put down insurrections men of color who nullified the liberation efforts of other men of color. Similarly, the very idea of a distinct North Africa is a colonial invention.If the streets of France have proven one thing during these protests, it is the importance of solidarity. Dont forgive or forget has been a particularly powerful refrain of the French protests and one that has haunted me in recent days. The slogan is a reminder that when injustice prevails, people will always be around all over the world to bear witness. It serves as a directive I plan to follow.Stay up-to-date with the politics team. Sign up for the Teen Vogue TakeMore Great Stories From Teen VogueThere's No Such Thing As a Dream JobHow Do I Set Boundaries at Work?American Work Culture Is the Problem Not MeWhat Happens When You Change Your Name to Get a JobOverwork Is Literally Making Us SickKeywordsfrancepolicepolice brutalityracismdiscriminationemannuel macronhistorycolonialismPolitics Op-EdprotestsRead MorePoliticsHow the Anti-Apartheid Movement Took Off in the United StatesHBCUs, especially, became incubators for anti-apartheid activism.By Rita OmokhaPoliticsStop the Violent Crackdowns on Social MovementsIts time our government responded to popular social movements with an ear, instead of a boot, Rep. Cori Bush says.By Rep. Cori BushCultureBlack Twitter: A Peoples History Promises Us a LegacyIf X were to cease to exist tomorrow, would Black Twitter become a myth?By Ellice EllisPoliticsCops Don't Belong at Campus ProtestsThe police are making it abundantly clear they're not there to protect students. But thats also not news.By Lex McMenaminThe young persons guide to conquering (and saving) the world. Teen Vogue covers the latest in celebrity news, politics, fashion, beauty, wellness, lifestyle, and entertainment.FacebookXPinterestInstagramTiktokMore from Teen VogueAbout Teen VogueNewsletter SignupVideoContactContact UsCareersUser AgreementPrivacy Policy & Cookie StatementYour California Privacy RightsAccessibility HelpCond Nast StoreVisual StoriesDo Not Sell My Personal Info 2024 Cond Nast. All rights reserved. Teen Vogue may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our Affiliate Partnerships with retailers. 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Ad Choices", "url": "https://www.teenvogue.com/story/france-protests-nahel-merzouk-police-racism" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fundraiser for cop who shot French teen Nahel Merzouk sparks fresh outrage\nPrimary Menu\nSections\nUS News\nOpen sub menu\nMetro\nPolitics\nWorld News\nPage Six\nSports\nOpen sub menu\nNFL\nMLB\nNBA\nNHL\nCollege Football\nCollege Basketball\nWNBA\nPost Sports+\nSports Betting\nBusiness\nOpen sub menu\nPersonal Finance\nOpinion\nEntertainment\nOpen sub menu\nTV\nMovies\nMusic\nCelebrities\nAwards\nTheater\nShopping\nLifestyle\nOpen sub menu\nWeird But True\nHealth\nSex & Relationships\nViral Trends\nHuman Interest\nParenting\nFashion & Beauty\nFood & Drink\nTravel\nReal Estate\nAlexa\nMedia\nTech\nAstrology\nVideo\nPhotos\nVisual Stories\nTodays Paper\nCovers\nColumnists\nHoroscopes\nCrosswords & Games\nSports Odds\nPodcasts\nCareers\nEmail Newsletters\nOfficial Store\nHome Delivery\nTips\nLog In\nSearch\nEmail\nNew York Post\nLog In\nSearch\nSearch\nUS News\nFacebookTwitter\nFlipboard\nWhatsAppEmailCopy\n$1M fund for cop who shot French teen Nahel Merzouk sparks fresh outrage as protests rage\nBy\nSocial Links for\nJorge Fitz-Gibbon\nView Author Archive\nGet author RSS feed\nThanks for contacting us. We've received your submission.\nBack to Reading\nPublished\nJuly 3, 2023\nUpdated\nJuly 3, 2023, 2:55 p.m. ET\nExplore More\nDesperate Jennifer Lopez is clinging to Ben Affleck relationship to save herself from embarrassment\nLuxury health resorts are pushing back against Ozempic mania\nBridal fashion, wedding gowns were the hottest look at Cannes Film Festival\nA fundraiser for the French cop who shot and killed a 17-year-old outside Paris has surpassed $1 million sparking a fresh wave of anger as nationwide protests continue to rage.\nThe fund for the family of the French cop, who has not been identified, is now four times larger than that for the family of victim Nahel Merzouk, the Independent reported on Monday.\nIts insulting to Nahels family, French lawyer Carole-Olivia Monteno told reporters. It only increases hate where theres too much of it already.\nIts completely inappropriate and politically it does nothing.\nNahels fundraiser raised about $220,000 by Monday morning.\nThe 38-year-old cops fundraiser was set up by Jean Messiha, a one-time adviser to French far-right pol Marine Le Pen. The officer was charged with murder and is being held without bail.\n5\nPolice in France arrested 160 protesters overnight in the sixth day of unrest following the police shooting death of Nahel Merzouk, 17. AFP via Getty Images\n5\nNahel Merzouk, a 17-year-old Muslim delivery driver, was shot and killed by French police in a Paris suburb last week, sparking nearly a week of violence and unrest throughout the country.\nAccording to the GoFundMe for him, he is today paying the biggest price for doing his job.\nNahel, a Muslim delivery driver, was shot and killed by police during a traffic stop in the Paris suburb of Nanterre on Tuesday, igniting massive protests that swept through the nation.\nThe shooting unleashed long-running resentment against authorities, particularly within lower-income neighborhoods where residents feel targeted by police and discriminated against by the government.\n5\nThe nearly week-long unrest in France began when Nahel Merzouk, 17, a delivery driver, was shot and killed by police during a traffic stop in a Paris suburb. Facebook\nAt the height of the unrest on Friday night, French cops arrested more than 3,800 protesters, with widespread looting and vandalism throughout the country. The mobs have looted stores, torched retail and government buildings alike, and set hundreds of cars on fire.\nThe number of arrests have since dropped from 719 overnight Saturday into Sunday to 160 from Sunday to Monday despite tensions continuing to run high and new demonstrations in Paris and beyond.\nThe riots posed a new challenge for embattled French President Emmanuel Macron, who was the target of massive protests earlier in the year over his unpopular pension reforms and who has now had to quell a new round of unrest ahead of next years Olympic Games in Paris.\n5\nMassive protests in France over the past week began with the police shooting death of a 17-year-old Muslim, Nahel Merzouk, last week outside Paris. AP\n5\nDespite the easing of week-long protests in Paris, tensions remain high following the police shooting death of Nahel Merzou. AFP via Getty Images\nOn Sunday, Nahels grandmother, identified only as Nadia, urged calm in the midst of the violence.\nIm telling them to stop, she told reporters. Dont destroy the schools, dont destroy the buses. We want things to calm down.\nMeanwhile, the Tour de France pedaled into France on Monday without incident, despite earlier concerns by some athletes and team members that the protests could hamper the competition.\nWith Post wires\nShare this article:\nFacebookTwitter\nFlipboard\nWhatsAppEmailCopy\nFiled under\nfrance\nfundraising\npolice shootings\nprotests\nriots\n7/3/23\nRead Next\nOrion star Betelgeuse 'good candidate' for visible superno...\nTrending Now\nin US News\nThis story has been shared 63,121 times.\n63,121\nFlorida woman, 20, who was caught having sex on public pier jumps into water to escape cops\nThis story has been shared 54,550 times.\n54,550\nCarjackers seen in shocking video opening fire on family while trying to steal car with grandkids inside\nThis story has been shared 38,634 times.\n38,634\nMother Teresa could not beat these charges, Trump says as jury deliberates in hush money trial\nThis story has been shared 35,302 times.\n35,302\nHere's what could happen if Donald Trump is found guilty at his NYC 'hush money' trial\nNow on\nPage Six\nSwifties are convinced Jason Kelce hinted at future Travis Kelce and Taylor Swift wedding\nLisa Vanderpump teases revamped Vanderpump Rules cast after news that Lala Kent is in talks to film for The Valley\nStephen Belafonte insists he never laid a hand on ex-wife Mel B despite her years-long claims: See you in court\nSee All\nNow on\t\t\t\t Decider\nPatricia Richardson Says Home Improvement Ended Because ABC Wouldnt Give Her Equal Pay to Tim Allen\n7 Memorial Day Movies on Netflix to Stream in 2024\nGeorge Lucas Denies That Star Wars Features All White Men: Most Of The People Are Aliens!\nR.I.P. Morgan Spurlock: Super Size Me Documentary Filmmaker Dead at 53\nSee All\nCovers\nToday's Cover\nFront Cover\nBack Cover\nFlip for back cover\nBrowse Covers\nPolice in France arrested 160 protesters overnight in the sixth day of unrest following the police shooting death of Nahel Merzouk, 17.\t\t\tAFP via Getty Images\nNahel Merzouk, a 17-year-old Muslim delivery driver, was shot and killed by French police in a Paris suburb last week, sparking nearly a week of violence and unrest throughout the country.\nThe nearly week-long unrest in France began when Nahel Merzouk, 17, a delivery driver, was shot and killed by police during a traffic stop in a Paris suburb.\t\t\tFacebook\nMassive protests in France over the past week began with the police shooting death of a 17-year-old Muslim, Nahel Merzouk, last week outside Paris. \t\t\tAP\nDespite the easing of week-long protests in Paris, tensions remain high following the police shooting death of Nahel Merzou.\t\t\tAFP via Getty Images\nYou are viewing\n1 of 5\nimages\nPrevious Image\nNext Image\nAdvertisement\nMore Stories\nPage Six\nJason Kelce's wife, Kylie, gets into screaming match with fan after politely declining photo\nNYPost\nMan who spent $14K on hyper-realistic collie costume so he could live as a dog makes major life announcement\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nLinkedIn\nEmail\nYouTube\nSections & Features\nUS News\nMetro\nWorld News\nSports\nSports Betting\nBusiness\nOpinion\nEntertainment\nFashion & Beauty\nShopping\nLifestyle\nReal Estate\nMedia\nTech\nHealth\nTravel\nAstrology\nVideo\nPhotos\nVisual Stories\nAlexa\nCovers\nHoroscopes\nSports Odds\nPodcasts\nCrosswords & Games\nColumnists\nClassifieds\nPost Sports+\nSubscribe\nArticles\nManage\nNewsletters & Feeds\nEmail Newsletters\nRSS Feeds\nNY Post Official Store\nHome Delivery\nSubscribe\nManage Subscription\nDelivery Help\nHelp/Support\nAbout New York Post\nCustomer Service\nApps Help\nCommunity Guidelines\nContact Us\nTips\nNewsroom\nLetters to the Editor\nLicensing & Reprints\nCareers\nVulnerability Disclosure Program\nApps\niPhone App\niPad App\nAndroid Phone\nAndroid Tablet\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\n 2024 NYP Holdings, Inc. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Zootopia Police Department | Zootopia Wiki | Fandom\nZootopia Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nZootopia\nTranscript\nGallery\nCast\nGinnifer Goodwin\nJason Bateman\nShakira\nRaymond S. Persi\nIdris Elba\nCrew\nByron Howard\nRich Moore\nJared Bush\nClark Spencer\nPhil Johnston\nCredits\nCharacters\nProtagonists\nJudy Hopps\nNick Wilde\nChief Bogo\nZPD\nChief Bogo\nClawhauser\nOfficer McHorn\nOfficer Francine\nOfficer Fangmeyer\nOfficer Wolford\nMr. Big associates\nMr. Big\nFru Fru\nMr. Manchas\nKevin\nRaymond\nKoslov\nPublic Figures\nDawn Bellwether\nGazelle\nMayor Leodore Lionheart\nMystic Springs Oasis\nYax\nNangi\nEmmitt Otterton\nLocations\nZootopia\nReal Life\nWiki Admins\nAdministration Info\nThe Administrators' Biographies\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nZootopia Wiki\n978pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nZootopia\nTranscript\nGallery\nCast\nGinnifer Goodwin\nJason Bateman\nShakira\nRaymond S. Persi\nIdris Elba\nCrew\nByron Howard\nRich Moore\nJared Bush\nClark Spencer\nPhil Johnston\nCredits\nCharacters\nProtagonists\nJudy Hopps\nNick Wilde\nChief Bogo\nZPD\nChief Bogo\nClawhauser\nOfficer McHorn\nOfficer Francine\nOfficer Fangmeyer\nOfficer Wolford\nMr. Big associates\nMr. Big\nFru Fru\nMr. Manchas\nKevin\nRaymond\nKoslov\nPublic Figures\nDawn Bellwether\nGazelle\nMayor Leodore Lionheart\nMystic Springs Oasis\nYax\nNangi\nEmmitt Otterton\nLocations\nZootopia\nReal Life\nWiki Admins\nAdministration Info\nThe Administrators' Biographies\nin:\nLocations, Savanna Central Locations, Establishments,\nand\n6 more\nZootopian Businesses\nGame Locations\nBook Locations\nFilm Locations\nZootopia+ Locations\nFeatured Articles\nZootopia Police Department\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nThis article is about the location. You may be looking for the comic or the figure set.\nThis article is or has been the Featured Article on the Zootopia Wiki!\nZootopia Police Department\nBackground Information\nFeature Films\nZootopiaZootopia: As Told By Emoji\nVideo Games\nZootopia: Crime FilesClub Penguin Zootopia Takeover\nBooks\nThe Official Zootopia HandbookThe Big CaseA Little Golden Book: ZootopiaJudy Hopps and the Missing Jumbo-PopBig Trouble in Little Rodentia\nComics\nZootopia P.D.Brothers & Sisters\nInspiration\nLos Angeles Police Department (LAPD)New York Police Department (NYPD)\nLocation Information\nLocation\nSavanna Central, Zootopia\nRuler\nChief Bogo\nWorkers\nChief Bogo, Officer McHorn, Officer Clawhauser, Judy Hopps, Nick Wilde, Officer Wolfard, Officer Francine Officer Fangmeyer, Mabel, Officer Delgato, Officer Higgins, Officer Grizzoli, Officer Snarlov, Officer Andersen, Officer Johnson, Officer Jackson, Officer Rhinowitz, Officer Brie, Officer Krumpanski, Hurriet\nVisitors\nMrs. Otterton, Assistant Mayor Bellwether, News reporters\nFinal State\nStill Standing\nThe Zootopia Police Department, also simply known as the ZPD, is a police department in the city of Zootopia. Their duties as upholders of the law range from finding missing mammals to parking enforcement.\nContents\n1 Description\n2 Headquarters\n2.1 Rooms\n3 Overview\n4 Role in Zootopia: Crime Files\n4.1 General\n4.2 Jail Break!\n5 Employees\n6 Trivia\n7 Gallery\nDescription[]\nThe Zootopia Police Department is the main police force in Zootopia. There are police stations in each district of Zootopia. Precinct 1 is located in the heart of Zootopia and serves as headquarters to the ZPD.\nHeadquarters[]\nThe ZPD's headquarters is located in Division one, close to the center of Zootopia. It is a large building with ample space for press conferences and other similar events in its lobby alone.\nRooms[]\nThe headquarters has a number of unique rooms seen, mentioned, or deducted in the film. These include personal offices, briefing rooms, and rooms for other general amenities, and are as follows:\nLobby\nOffice Cubicles\nBriefing Room\nChief Bogo's office\nRecords Room\nBoiler Room\nHolding Cells\nTechnical Services (where forensics take place)\nRestrooms\nLocker Room\nParking Lot\nInterview Rooms\nLine Up Gallery\nArmory\nElectronics Lab\nBallistics Room\nPlant Room\nPress Room\nDispatch\nBasement\nOverview[]\nThe ZPD has a range of species working in the department and leans towards the larger mammal species such as lions, hippos, cheetahs, rhinos, elephants, polar bears and wolves. This resulted in indifferent treatment towards smaller animals such as Judy Hopps who became the first rabbit cop due to Lionheart's Mammal Inclusion Initiative. Even though Judy graduated valedictorian of her police academy class, she faced a dismissive attitude from Chief Bogo who valued real world experience over academy learning and makes her a meter maid due to his belief that Judy, as a small mammal who was only assigned to District One as a political stunt, wouldn't be able to be an effective police officer. Fortunately, this attitude seems to have abated once Judy and Nick solve the missing mammal case.\nRole in Zootopia: Crime Files[]\nGeneral[]\nChief Bogo gives Judy Hopps and Nick Wilde their assignments at the Zootopia Police Department. The forensics room is where the clues of each case are analyzed by Hurriet and explained by Clawhauser to help find the suspect.\nJail Break![]\nIn the ninth case of the game, the Zootopia Police Department plays a big part as a crime scene in a case which Chuckles escaped from prison and ransacked the place.\nEmployees[]\nSee: List of Police Officers\nName\nPosition\nPicture\nChief Bogo\nChief of Police\nJudy Hopps\nPolice Officer\nNick Wilde\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Clawhauser\nPolice Officer/Dispatcher/Receptionist\nOfficer McHorn\nPolice Officer\nHurriet\nForensic Analyst\nOfficer Andersen\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Delgato\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Fangmeyer\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Grizzoli\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Higgins\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Jackson\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Johnson\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Krumpanski\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Pennington\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Snarlov\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Trumpet\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Wolfard\nPolice Officer\nOfficer Rhinowitz\nPolice Officer\nTrivia[]\nJudy Hopps and Nick Wilde are the first of their respective species (rabbit and fox) to become police officers for the Zootopia Police Department.\nDuring the meeting at the end of the film, Judy and Nick share the same chair due to its large size.\nAll the wolf officers wear a ZPD shirt and shorts instead of a police uniform.\nDuring Judy's first bullpen at the ZPD, there are two hippo officers named Higgins shown. The first is standing at the front of the bullpen and announces Chief Bogo's arrival and is later seen standing to Bogo's left as he makes his announcements. There's also a hippo officer sitting right behind Judy who rises when Bogo assigns the Tundratown team of \"Higgins, Snarlov, Trunkaby\".\nAccording to The Essential Guide, the Top 3 reasons to be a cop are:\nTo fight for justice!\nTo serve the citizens!\nTo make the world a better place!\nGallery[]\nZootopia Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Zootopia Police Department which can be found at\nZootopia Police Department/Gallery.\nShowv - e - dZootopia Police Department\nShowOfficers\nAndersen Chief Bogo Clawhauser Delgato Fangmeyer Grizzoli Higgins Hopps Jackson Johnson McHorn Pennington Snarlov Trumpet Wilde Wolfard List of Police Officers\nShowZPD Vehicles\nJudy's meter maid cart Judy and Nick's police car\nShowCut Officers\nBrie Mabel The Razorbacks\nShowGame Officers\nDetective Oates Donna Neil\nShowv - e - dLocations\nShowRegions and Districts\nCanal District Little Rodentia Meadowlands Outback Island Rainforest District Sahara Square Savanna Central Tundratown Zootopia List of Zootopia Locations\nShowRegions Outside Zootopia\nBunnyburrow The Old Country\nShowEstablishments\nCliffside Asylum Department of Mammal Vehicles Doug's Lab Duke's Officially Licensed Movies Flora & Fauna Fru Fru's mansion Gideon Grey's Real Good Baked Stuff Grandmama's Bakery Grand Pangolin Arms Hopps Family Farm Hopps Family Home Junior Ranger Scouts Klawfeld Lemming Brothers Bank Manchas' Home Mr. Big's House The Mystic Spring Oasis Natural History Museum Palm Hotel Tundratown Limo Service Zootopia Central Station Zootopia City Hall Zootopia News Network Zootopia Police Academy Zootopia Police Department Zootopia Transit Authority Zuber\nShowRestaurants\nThe Big Donut Clark Halibuts The Green Horn Juice Bar Jumbeaux's Caf Sam's Restaurant The Thaw\nShowCut Locations\nBug-Burga Chez Cheez The Cloven Hoof Koslov's Palace Outback Island The Dunes The Tiki Hut T.U.S.K. Government Building Walk-In Clinic Wilde & Son's Suit-topia Wild Times Woodlands Elementary School Zootennial Stadium\nShowGame Locations\nThe Green Horn Juice Bar Rodney's Pawn Shop Sebastian's auditorium Sequoia Towers Vermin's Tiger's Eye Jewelry Store Wee Classy Chapel\nShowBook Locations\nAlbert's Paw Readings Cap'n Ralphie's Riverboat Cruises Clark's Leafy Greens Misty's on the Vine Sheila's Caf Sunday Meerkat Market\nShowReal Life Locations\nBarcelona London New York City Shanghai\nCategories\nCategories:\nLocations\nSavanna Central Locations\nEstablishments\nZootopian Businesses\nGame Locations\nBook Locations\nFilm Locations\nZootopia+ Locations\nFeatured Articles\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Zootopia Wiki\n1\nNick Wilde\n2\nJudy Hopps\n3\nMr. Big\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital 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Magic Kingdoms\nZootopia Police Department\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nZootopia Police Department\nBackground information\nFeature films\nZootopia\nVideo games\nZootopia: Crime FilesDisney Magic Kingdoms\nInspiration\nLos Angeles Police Department (LAPD)New York Police Department (NYPD)\nOther information\nLocation\nSavanna Central, Zootopia\nEmployees\nChief Bogo (cape buffalo)Officer Benjamin Clawhauser (cheetah)Officer Judy Hopps (rabbit)Officer Nick Wilde (fox)Officer McHorn (rhinoceros)Officer Rhinowitz (rhinoceros)Officer Francine (elephant)Officer Grizzoli (polar bear)Officer Fangmeyer (tiger)Officer Delgato (lion)Officer Wolford (wolf)Officer Higgins (hippo)Officer Snarlof (polar bear)Officer Trunkaby (elephant)Officer Andersen (polar bear)Officer Johnson (lion)Officer Swinton (pig)\nVisitors\nMrs. Otterton, Duke Weaselton, Bellwether\nSource\nThe Zootopia Police Department, also known as ZPD, is a police station in Disney's 2016 animated feature film, Zootopia.\nContents\n1 Background\n1.1 Members\n2 Layout\n3 Gallery\n4 Trivia\n5 References\nBackground[]\nThe Zootopia Police Department runs a firm system of having tough animals on the force, both heavy-weight mammals and predators.\nThe police department was heavily prejudiced on both prey and other predators based on their stereotype. This was confirmed when Judy was treated unequally due to being a rabbit, and Chief Bogo made a statement on foxes being shifty and untrustworthy.\nMembers[]\nMain article: Zootopia Police Officers\nChief Bogo (chief)Officer Benjamin Clawhauser (receptionist)Officer Judy HoppsOfficer Nick Wilde\nLayout[]\nThe Zootopia Police Department, or ZPD, is mostly run by heavy-weight mammals, such as buffalos, rhinos, elephants, hippos, and predators such as wolves, cheetahs, tigers, bears and lions, until it changed when Judy Hopps became the first rabbit on the police force.\nRecruits for the station come directly from Zootopia Police Academy after they graduate. Each officer is trained to handle the weather conditions of each district and to fight the various species that live in them in case of an arrest.\nGallery[]\nThe police force's official badge.Two wolf officers in ZPD shirts.The ZPD headquarters at night, as seen in the deleted scene \"Homesick Hopps\".In Disney Magic Kingdoms\nTrivia[]\nJudy Hopps and Nick Wilde are the first of their respective species (rabbit and fox) to become officers for the Zootopia Police Department.\nDuring the meeting at the end of the film, Judy and Nick are seen sharing the same chairwith how big the chairs are compared to them, they're able to sit on the same one without one of them having to sit in the other's lap.\nDuring the scene where Judy enters ZPD for the first time, sheep in uniform can be seen in the background. It is unknown what kind of position they and similar mammals fulfill within the ZPD.\nAll the wolf officers wear a ZPD shirt instead of a police uniform top.\nThe phone number for the missing citizens department is 1-844-MML-MSNG.[1]\nThe name tags can be read clearly on Blu-ray version of the movie.\nReferences[]\n Disney Movies Anywhere (May 12, 2016). \"Help the citizens of Zootopia and call 1-844-MML-MSNG today!\" (Blog post). Tumblr.\nExpand\nv - e - d\nExpandMedia\nFilms and Television: Zootopia (video/soundtrack) Zootopia+ Zootopia 2\nVideo Games: Disney Infinity: 3.0 Edition Disney Crossy Road Zootopia: Crime Files Disney Emoji Blitz Disney Heroes: Battle Mode Disney Sorcerer's Arena\nBooks: Zootopia Junior Novelization The Art of Zootopia Zootopia: Friends to the Rescue\nExpandDisney Parks\nThe Annex Disney Animation Building Garden of the Twelve Friends Happy Circle PLAY! Zootopia (Zootopia: Hot Pursuit Disney Zootopia Comes Alive) Zootopia 3D Show\nEntertainment: \"A Whole New World\" A Magical Disney Songbook Follow Your Dreams Max LIVE: Gettin Goofy with It Mickey's Magical Music World Mickeys Storybook Adventure\nParades: A Million Splashes of Colour Disney Adventure Friends Cavalcade Disney Harmony in Color! Parade Dreams.... And Shine Brighter! Move It! Shake It! Dance and Play It! Street Party Mickey's Storybook Express Usatama on the Run!\nFireworks: Disney Enchantment Happily Ever After Illuminate! A Nighttime Celebration Momentous Wonderful World of Animation Wondrous Journeys\nSpring: Disney Color-Fest: A Street Party! Disney Friends Springtime Processional\nSummer: Club Mouse Beat Summer Blast\nChristmas: Disney Winter Magic Cavalcade Mickey's Once Upon a Christmastime Parade\nExpandCharacters\nJudy Hopps Nick Wilde Finnick Chief Bogo Benjamin Clawhauser Mayor Lionheart Dawn Bellwether Yax Flash Mr. Big Koslov Fru Fru Emmitt Otterton Mrs. Otterton Duke Weaselton Bonnie and Stu Hopps Renato Manchas Gazelle Peter Moosebridge Fabienne Growley Jerry Jumbeaux Jr. Gideon Grey Nangi Doug Woolter and Jesse Dr. Badger Priscilla Bucky and Pronk Oryx-Antlerson Zootopia Police Officers Swinton Quilda Stephanie Stalkinew Dharma Armadillo Pop-Pop Cotton Gerbil Jerks Gary and Larry Gram-mama Lemmings Tiger Dancers\nDeleted: Jack Savage Mr. Wilde Officer Mabel Razorbacks Bat Eyewitness\nZootopia+: Molly Hopps Timmy Hopps Brianca Christine Mandy Charisma Tru Tru Rhino Boss Sir Whiskers Kitty Claws DJ Stripes Sam Gerald\nExpandLocations\nZootopia Sahara Square Savanna Central Tundratown Bunnyburrow Little Rodentia Rainforest District Mystic Springs Oasis Zootopia Police Department Department of Mammal Vehicles Jumbeaux's Caf Zootopia Police Academy Grand Pangolin Arms Cliffside Asylum Wild Times Lemming Brothers Bank\nExpandSongs\nTry Everything Big Time\nExpandObjects\nPawpsicle Jumbo-pop Night howlers Carrot Pen\nExpandSee Also\nAs Told by Emoji\nCategories\nCategories:\nLocations\nZootopia locations\nBuildings\nDisney Magic Kingdoms\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nDisney\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Disney Wiki\n1\nInside Out 2\n2\nNostalgia\n3\n2024\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nDisney Wiki is a FANDOM Movies Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Zootopia_Police_Department" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Zootopia Police Department | Wiki | Zootopia Amino Amino\nCancel Explore Sign In Get App\nFeatured Latest Wiki Polls Quizzes Shared Folder About Zootopia Police Department Author About Abbreviation ZPD Formed 1845 Parent Agency Zootopia Police Commission Department Executive(s) Chase M. Lockhart, Police Commissioner; Idris S. Bogo, Chief of Police; Charlie H. Thorne, Assistant Chief of Police - Office of Field Operations; Reuben L. Villanova, Assistant Chief of Police - Office of Special Operations; Alex V. Wolfe, Assistant Chief of Police - Office of the Chief of Police; Daniel F. Pictus, Assistant Chief of Police - Office of Public Affairs. Deputy Commissioners 6 Type Law enforcement agency; municipal police department. Role Uniformed patrol, criminal investigations, public safety, law enforcement services. Operations Jurisdiction Metropolitan Government of Zootopia; City of Zootopia limits Headquarters ZPD 1 Precinct; 1500 1 Police Center, Savanna Central, Zootopia 10063 Precincts 105 Bureaus 16 Divisions 31 Police Stations 115 Sectors 1,646 Size 63,786 sworn Police Officers, 12,112 unsworn employees Demographics 64% predator species; 36% prey species. Motto Trust, Integrity, Bravery (primary); Vigilantia Ad Finem (Vigilance to the End) (secondary) Creator And Owner Lt. Knight (THIS VERSION) Is This Version Free To Use? No. Usage and access of this version of the ZPD is limited to mutuals/close friends only. (Disclaimer: This version of the ZPD was created by Me; so it will have a lot of non canonical material.)The Zootopia Police Department (ZPD) (officially known as the Metropolitan Government of Zootopia Bureau of Police Services) is the uniformed, full time law enforcement agency of the City of Zootopia (Metropolitan Government of Zootopia). Officers of the ZPD are sworn and dedicated to protect and serve the mammals of Zootopia. The ZPDs jurisdiction covers the whole city, in all of its ecosystems.The ZPDs headquarters is Division 1, in the City Center Area in the heart of Zootopia. Precinct 1 is the largest of all the police stations in the ZPD. The mission of the ZPD is to enforce and uphold the laws, preserve peace, reduce and fight criminal activity, and to safeguard and serve the mammals of the City of Zootopia.The current Chief of Police is Chief Bogo, a Cape Buffalo. The ZPD is made up of many officers, from all over Zootopia with different backgrounds and species. While the force is primarily made up of larger and predator mammals, that tradition broke when Officer Judy Hopps, a rabbit, joined the department.Being the first rabbit police officer on the force, this was heavily covered by the news. Soon, the ZPD had another first - the first fox officer to join, Officer Nick Wilde. All officers must apply, then join and graduate from the Zootopia Police Academy.The ZPD is best remembered for its participation in the Nighthowler Case. Newly hired police officer, Ofc. Hopps, with the help of her friend, Nick Wilde, were able to expose Assistant Mayor Bellwethers scheme. Soon after, Wilde joined the department.OrganizationThe ZPD investigates and enforces a wide variety of crimes. From missing mammal cases to parking enforcement. However they arent limited to those areas. The department has many specialized units and divisions to help combat crime. These include (but are not limited to):Administrative Services Bureau (ASB)ASB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Administrative Services)Community Affairs Bureau (CAB)CAB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Community Affairs) Community Outreach Division Crime Prevention Division Youth Services Division School Safety DivisionCounterterrorism Bureau (CB)CB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Counterterrorism)Detective Bureau (DB)DB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Detectives) Robbery-Homicide Division Special Investigation Section Commercial Crimes Division Vehicle Theft Unit Metropolitan Gang Unit Commercial Crimes Division (CCD) Detective Support and Vice Division (DSVD) Forensic Investigation Division (FID) Special Investigations Division (SID) Savage Crimes Investigations Division (SCID) Special Victims Division (SVD) Criminal Investigation Division (CID) Criminal Enterprise Division (CED) Hate Crimes Investigation Division (HCID) Fugitive Enforcement Division (FED) Gun Violence Suppression Division (GVSD) Special Intelligence Division (SID)General Investigations Bureau (GIB)GIB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of General Investigations)Housing Bureau (HB)HB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Housing)Intelligence Bureau (IB)IB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Intelligence) Organized Crime Intelligence Division Intelligence UnitOrganized Crime Control Bureau (OCCB)OCCB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Organized Crime Control) Vice Division Narcotics Division Gang DivisionPatrol Bureau (PB)PB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Patrol)Professional Standards Bureau (PSB)PSB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Professional Standards) Force Investigative Division Internal Affairs Division Administrative Investigation DivisionPersonnel and Training Bureau (PTB)PTB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Personnel & Training)Public Affairs Bureau (PAB)PAB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Public Affairs)Special Operations Bureau (SOB)SOB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Special Operations) Metropolitan Division Special Weapons And Tactics Bomb Squad Aviation Support DivisionTraffic Bureau (TB)TB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Traffic)Transit Services Bureau (TSB)TSB Commanding Officer: 1 Deputy Chief (Chief of Transit)Task Force Bureau Gang Task Force Auto Theft Task Force (ATTF) Narcotics Task Force Gun Crimes Task Force Internet Crimes Task Force Joint-Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) Former Units* C.R.A.S.H. Unit (1974-2003)Geographical BureausAll of the ZPDs geographical patrol areas, called as Divisions (official Department terminology), also commonly known as Precincts, are grouped into 9 command areas, known as Geographical Bureaus to differentiate them from the ZPDs Enforcement Bureaus. Each Bureau (both Geographical and Enforcement) is commanded by a Deputy Chief (CO), and a Police Commander (XO). The police stations themselves in each division/precinct are often referred to as Divisions as well.ZPD Geographical Bureaus Central Bureau (1) (City Center, Downtown) Savanna Bureau (2) (Savanna Central) Sahara Bureau (3) (Sahara Squre) Tundratown Bureau (4) (Tundratown) Rainforest Bureau (5) (Rainforest District) Meadowlands Bureau (6) (Meadowlands) Nocturnal Bureau (7) (Nocturnal District) Outback Bureau (8) (Outback Island) Woodlands Bureau (9) (The Woodlands) Everglades Bureau (10) (Everglades District)ZPD PrecinctsZPD PRECINCTSAll of the ZPDs 105 geographical patrol areas, called Precincts, Areas (official Department terminology), are grouped into 10 command areas, known as Geographical Bureaus, to differentiate them from the ZPDs Enforcement Bureaus (see above).Each Precinct is bound to a Division (police station) (official Department terminology), which serves a group of 5 or more communities that reside within the boundaries of the Precinct. The Division also serves as that precincts headquarters for all operations functioning within the precinct borders.There are a total of 105 Precincts grouped into 10 bureaus, citywide. Each Precinct is commanded by a Police Captain; who serves as the Area Commander for that Precinct. A Police Sergeant and Lieutenant assigned to a Precinct act as the Watch Commanders. Each Precinct is divided into several patrol zones called Sectors. There are a total of 1,646 total Sectors across the city, divided across all 105 Precincts.A Precincts number is recited first, followed by the word Precinct. Each digit in Precincts with 2 digits is pronounced individually. For example; the ZPD 13th Precinct is pronounced as One-Three Precinct instead of Thirteenth Precinct.List of ZPD Precincts (By Bureau)List created by Me. Do not use this list or the names without my permission! I worked very hard on this! As I came up with most of these names and areas myself, because there are only a certain amount of canon locations I can use that Disney has created.Central Bureau* City Center Area (1st Precinct)* Downtown Area (2nd Precinct)Savanna Bureau* Acorn Heights Area (3rd Precinct)* Cougar Park Area (4th Precinct)* Vulpeswood Area (5th Precinct)* Otterdams Area (6th Precinct)* Vole Gardens Area (7th Precinct)* Haymarket Area (8th Precinct)* Gnu York Area (9th Precinct)* Docks Area (10th Precinct)* Mole Harbor (11th Precinct)* Little Rodentia (12th Precinct)Sahara Bureau* Hyenahurst Area (13th Precinct)* Big Dunes Area (14th Precinct)* Sahara Beach Area (15th Precinct)* Rocky Humps Area (16th Precinct)* Palm District Area (17th Precinct)* Coyote Canyon Area (18th Precinct)* Canyonlands Area (19th Precinct)* Sandy Ridge Area (20th Precinct)* North Valley Area (21st Precinct)* Bay Area (22nd Precinct)Tundratown Bureau* Frigid Docks Area (23rd Precinct)* Creavers Valley Area (24th Precinct)* Pride Ridge Area (25th Precinct)* Snowy Hills Area (26th Precinct)* Glacier Hills Area (27th Precinct)* Chilly Outskirts Area (28th Precinct)* Arctic Ridge Area (29th Precinct)* Iceberg Heights Area (30th Precinct)* Lagopus Village Area (31st Precinct)* Ursus City Area (32nd Precinct)* Polar Bay Area (33rd Precinct)* Fort Rangifer Area (34th Precinct)* Reindeer Canyon Area (35th Precinct)* Lemming Cove Area (36th Precinct)* Arcticustown Area (37th Precinct)* Mount Arctos Area (38th Precinct)* Aurora Mills Area (39th Precinct)* Huskytown Area (40th Precinct)Rainforest Bureau* Black Jungles Area (41st Precinct)* Ficus Grove Area (42nd Precinct)* Canal District Area (43rd Precinct)* Vine Country Area (44th Precinct)* Muddy Swamp Area (45th Precinct)* Tropicana Area (46th Precinct)* Amazon Heights Area (47th Precinct)* Folivora Hills Area (48th Precinct)* Oncatown Area (49th Precinct)* Pardalis Jungle Area (50th Precinct)* Okapia Springs Area (51st Precinct)* Kapok Ridge Area (52nd Precinct)* Canopy City Area (53rd Precinct)* Guyana Area (54th Precinct)* Liana Basin Area (55th Precinct)* Tarzana Valley Area (56th Precinct)Meadowlands Bureau* Pillars Area (57th Precinct)* Screaming Crags Area (58th Precinct)* Milky Falls Area (59th Precinct)* Ovis Fields Area (60th Precinct)* Moorland Area (61st Precinct)Nocturnal Bureau* Deersborough Area (62nd Precinct)* Happytown Area (63rd Precinct)* Procyon Acres Area (64th Precinct)* Opossum Springs Area (65th Precinct)* Petaurus Mill Area (66th Precinct)* Constellation City Area (67th Precinct)* Nightridge Area (68th Precinct)* Fossa Ridge Area (69th Precinct)* Mephit Hills Area (70th Precinct)* Chiroptera Valley Area (71st Precinct)* Erinaceidae Gully Area (72nd Precinct)Outback Island Bureau* Rufus Range Area (73rd Precinct)* Koala Beach Area (74th Precinct)* Sydney Harbor Area (75th Precinct)* Roosbury Area (76th Precinct)* Queensland Heights Area (77th Precinct)* Uluru Springs Area (78th Precinct)* Red Kangaroo Valley Area (79th Precinct)* Port Dingo Area (80th Precinct)* Botany Bay Area (81st Precinct)* Tasmania City Area (82nd Precinct)* Perthville Area (83rd Precinct)* South Thylacine Area (84th Precinct)* Port Marsupial Area (85th Precinct)* Deerfield Beach Area (86th Precinct)* Opossum Bay Area (87th Precinct)* Muridae Coast Area (88th Precinct)* Foxgrove Area (89th Precinct)Woodlands Bureau* Woodsborough Area (90th Precinct)* Mulberry Area (91st Precinct)Everglades Bureau* Tropicana Area (92nd Precinct)* Vulpes Beach Area (93rd Precinct)* Paradise Beach Area (94th Precinct)* Port Sarasota Area (95th Precinct)* Key Mephitdae Area (96th Precinct)* Surfside Area (97th Precinct)* Fort Foxborough Area (98th Precinct)* Wolffield Beach Area (99th Precinct)* Citrus Springs Area (100th Precinct)* Palm Bay Area (101st Precinct)* Miami Island Area (102nd Precinct)* Tropic Springs Area (103rd Precinct)* Oasis Bay Area (104th Precinct)* Aloha Key Area (105th Precinct)*RanksThe ZPD operates a chain of command system. Each rank has its own unique tasks and responsibilities that must be carried out by the recipient. The bulk of the force is made up of Police Officers. However, there are other officers that hold higher ranks. Commissioner (Comm.) (PC) Chief Assistant Chief (Asst. Chief) Deputy Chief (Dep. Chief) Commander (CDR.) Inspector (INSP.) Major (Maj.) Captain I, II, III (Capt.) Lieutenant I, II (Lt.) Sergeant I, II (Sgt.) Detective III (Det., Det. III) Detective II (Det., Det. II) Detective I (Det.) Police Officer III (Ofc., Ofc. III) Police Officer II (Ofc., Ofc. II) Police Officer I/Probationary Police Officer (Ofc.) (lowest)RANK OVERVIEWThe ZPD has supplemental levels for ranks up to Captain III, depending on Zootopia P.O.S.T. certification. Example; G-2, G-3 or G-4 Police Officer for Basic, Intermediate and Advanced Peace Officer Standards and Training (P.O.S.T.) certification. All Police Officers, from Probationary Police Officer to Chief, are sworn peace officers in Zootopia. They are certified and authorized to carry a badge and gun.Police OfficerThe rank of Police Officer is split into 3 grades; Police Officer I (Probationary), Police Officer II, and Police Officer III. Cadets who have just graduated from the Zootopia Police Academy are promoted to Police Officer I (Probationary Police Officer), the lowest and basic rank of the ZPD. Police Officer Is must complete a 1 year probationary phase, in which they are assigned a Field Training Officer (FTO). Police Officer Is/IIs primarily conduct uniformed patrol, traffic enforcement services, crash investigations, criminal investigations, speed enforcement, criminal report writing, responding to a scene of a crime or incident, responsing to calls for service citywide, interview witnesses or suspects, and community policing.A ZPD Police Officer may be assigned to either a marked black and white radio car (Shop), a foot beat, bicycle patrol, motorcycle patrol, unmarked radio car, or other specialized units. Regardless of the assignment or detail, Police Officers patrol the ZPDs geographical patrol areas (Divisions/Precincts) daily and establish a clear, uniformed presence of law enforcement. Officers are authorized to respond to calls for service outside of their beat zone; especially if an Officer needs assistance. ZPD Police Officers work all 5 tours (Watches).Field Training Officers (FTOs), usually Police Officer IIIs, are instructed to guide and mentor Probationary Police Officers regarding all departmental policies, regulations, and standard operating procedures. Upon completing the 1 year probationary phase, Police Officer Is are promoted to the rank of Police Officer II. Police Officer IIs do not hold any supervisory roles; the only difference being that Police Officer IIs are assigned their own radio car (Shop) and may patrol alone without an FTO or partner (unless stated otherwise). Police Officer IIs are eligible to be promoted to Police Officer III after 3-4 years of service. P-2s and P-3s assume all the previously mentioned tasks as listed before.The rank of Police Officer III carries more supervisory duties than their lower compatriots. Police Officer IIIs may be assigned FTO status to train and mentor Probationary Police Officers and Police Officer IIs. After 4-5 years of service in Basic Patrol assignment, Police Officer IIIs may be eligible to pursue a career in the Detective Bureau as a Police Detective. After 5-6 years of service, P-3s may be eligible to be promoted to the rank of Sergeant. The pay grades vary between each rank of Police Officer, from Probationary Police Officer status to Police Officer II, to Police Officer III. Police Officer IIIs wear 2 silver chevrons on their uniform sleeves.Police DetectiveThe rank of Police Detective is split into 3 grades; Detective I, Detective II, and Detective III. Detective Is (nicknamed Probies) are probationary detectives, freshly appointed to the Detective Bureau. Much like Police Officer Is/Probationary Police Officers, Detective Is must complete a 1 year long probationary period. During this period, a D-1 is assigned a training partner; usually a Detective III. The D-3 will train and mentor D-1s, and brief them on the conduct of being a Police Detective. If a Detective I fails the probationary phase for any reason, he/she may be terminated as a detective and sent back to work Basic Patrol.After being promoted to Detective, A D-1 is promoted to Detective II. D-2s are not usually assigned a partner; unless for a special assignment. D-2s are not supervisory, and may be paired with a Detective III and will continue to be mentored and trained by them. Detective IIs and IIIs are both supervisory positions; often they may command a squad of Detective Is and Police Officers. After being a D-2 for 2-3 years, they are eligible to be promoted to the rank of Detective III. A D-3 is the highest supervisory position for the rank of Detective. They may be assigned to command a squad of detectives or a specialized detective unit. However, they are outranked by the Sergeant; and thus often take orders from them.Police Detectives (all grades) are responsible for responding to crime scenes; conducting preliminary and follow-up criminal investigations; writing and supervising investigative reports; interviewing and interrogating suspects; investigating homicides and other varities of criminal acts; preparing for criminal prosecutions; and testifying in court. A Detective may also be assigned to a specialized unit to conduct investigations in different fields such as narcotics; vice; gangs; surveillance; robberies; thefts; death investigations; vehicle thefts; assaults; sexual crimes; savage crimes; internet crimes or commerical crimes.ZPD Detectives are also assigned to special details, such as acting as Public Information Officers (PIOs); Watch Commanders; Media Relations; training police cadets; conducting background investigations for applicants/trainees; conduct polygraph or paw print investigations; juvenile mammal abuse; savage-based crime investigations; or uniformed patrol and traffic enforcement details during Tactical Alerts. Detectives are usually plainclothed, however they may be authorized to wear a Class-B duty uniform like Police Officers during Tactical Alerts or all hands on deck situations. They are also required to wear a Class-A uniform during ceremonial events.Police SergeantPolice LieutenantPolice CaptainPolice MajorPolice InspectorPolice CommanderDeputy ChiefAssistant ChiefChiefCommissionerDo not use this ranking system for the ZPD without Lt. Knights permission.EquipmentPatrol Cars 1999-2011 Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor (Patrol, Traffic, DUI, Metro, Gang, Narcotics, Vice, RHD, DB) 2013-2020 Ford Police Interceptor Utility (Patrol, Traffic, DUI, Metro, Gang, Narcotics, Vice, Bomb Squad, SWAT) 2006-2019 Dodge Charger Pursuit (Patrol, Traffic, DUI, Gang, Narcotics, Vice, DB) 2006-2019 Chevrolet Tahoe PPV (Patrol and Traffic Supervisors, DUI, Metro, Gang, Narcotics, Vice, RHD, DB, SWAT, Bomb Squad) 2006-2016 Chevrolet Impala PPV (9C1) (Limited Patrol and Traffic use, Reserve) 2005-2013 Chevrolet Impala (9C3) (Detectives; Gang, Narcotics, RHD) 2011-2016 Chevrolet Caprice PPV (Patrol, Traffic, DUI) 2011-2013 Chevrolet Caprice PPV (9C3)(Detectives; Gang, Narcotics, Vice, RHD) 2018-2019 Dodge Durango Pursuit (Detectives; Gang, Narcotics, Vice) 2015-2018 Chevrolet Suburban (Bomb Squad) 2013-2017 Ford Police Interceptor Sedan (Detectives; Narcotics, Gang, Vice, RHD) 2012-2018 Chevrolet Silverado (Gang, Narcotics, SCU, CSU) 2015-2017 Ford F-150 (Traffic, SCU, CSU) 2015-2019 Dodge Ram SSV (Traffic, CSU, SCU, Gang, Narcotics) 2015-2017 Ford Transit T-150 (CSU) 2018 Chevrolet Camaro SS (Traffic, Gang, Narcotics) 2017-2018 Dodge Challenger R/T (Gang, Narcotics) 2012 Chrysler 300 SRT-8 (Intelligence, Gang, Narcotics) 2016 Cadillac Escalade (Intelligence, Gang, Narcotics) 2007 Dodge Magnum SRT-8 (Intelligence, Gang, Narcotics) 2008 Dodge Charger SRT-8 (Intelligence, Gang) 2010 Ford Explorer (Intelligence, Gang, Narcotics) 2012-2015 Dodge Ram 1500 (Intelligence, Gang, Narcotics) 2008 Ford Fusion SEL (Gang, Narcotics) 2010-2012 Toyota Corolla (Gang, Narcotics, Vice, SIS) 2011 Dodge Grand Caravan (Gang, Narcotics, SIS) 2013-2014 Honda Pilot (Gang, Narcotics, Vice, SIS) 2013 Dodge Avenger (SIS) Lenco BEAR (SWAT, Bomb Squad) Lenco BearCat (SWAT, Metro) Harley-Davidson FLHTP (Traffic Motors) Harley-Davidson Road King (Traffic Motors) BMW R1200RT Police (Traffic Motors)Standard Service Weapons Glock 22, .40 S&W (primary service pistol) Glock 17, 9mm (primary service pistol) Beretta 92F, 9mm (secondary service pistol Beretta 92FS, 9mm (secondary service pistol Glock 19, 9mm (Detectives) Glock 21, .45 ACP (Gang, Narcotics, Vice, RHD) S&W 4506, .45 ACP (secondary service pistol) S&W M&P 15, 5.56 (patrol rifle) Colt LE9620, 5.56 (patrol rifle) AR-15, 5.56mm NATO (patrol rifle) Remington 870, 12 gauge (patrol shotgun)Special Service Weapons Kimber 1911, .45 ACP (SWAT, SIS) Glock 19, 9mm (SWAT, Metro, SIS, Gang, Narcotics) Heckler & Koch HK416 & Variants, 5.56 NATO (SWAT, Metro, Gang, SIS) FN SCAR, 5.56 (SWAT, Metro) M4 Carbine, 5.56 NATO (SWAT, Metro) Colt CAR-15, 5.56 (SWAT, limited use) AR-10, 7.62 (SWAT) Barrett M82, .50 BMG (SWAT) Remington 700, various (SWAT) Springfield M1A, 7.62 (SWAT) Benelli M4, 12 gauge (SWAT) Sage 37mm Gas Gun (SWAT)Off-Duty/Backup Weapons Glock 26, 9mm Glock 27, .40 S&W Glock 30, .45 Cal. S&W 3914, 9mm S&W CS9, 9mm S&W Model 649, .357 Magnum, .38 Special S&W Model 442, .38 Special S&W Model 640, .357 Magnum S&W Bodyguard 380, .380 ACPNon-Lethal Taser X26, X26P Taser X2 Taser X12 shotgun Bean bag shotgun, 12 gauge (non-lethal) ASP baton OC sprayBody Cameras Axon Body 1 Axon Body 2 Axon Body 3 Axon Flex 2Dashboard Cameras Axon Fleet 2 WatchGuard DV-1Lightbars Federal Signal Valor (red-blue-white amber) Federal Signal Integrity (red-blue-amber) Federal Signal Vision/Vector (red-blue-white, amber TA) Federal Signal Arjent (red-blue-white, amber TA) Code 3 RX2700 (red-blue-amber) Code 3 MX7000 (red-blue-white) (limited use on old reserve and spare units)Sirens Federal Signal Pathfinder (currently used) Federal Signal Touchmaster Delta (currently used) Federal Signal Unitrol Touchmaster TM-4 (currently used) Federal Signal Smart Siren (currently used) Motorola System 9000 Astro Spectra (currently used) Whelen WS-320/321 (currently used, motorcycle units only) Federal Signal Unitrol 80K (limited use on older units) Federal Signal Unitrol Omega 90 (limited use on older units)Former Sirens Whelen WS-295 (1985-1991) Federal PA300 (1982-1995) Whelen WS-222 (1980-1995) Federal Director (1968-1979) Federal PA-15A (1967-1984)DisclaimerThis article is a remake of the older ZPD article. It is written from the perspective of Lt. Knight, and how he views the ZPD. This article contains both canon and non-canon material. Non-canon material is marked with an asterisk (*). Sections or parts that include both canon AND non-canon information will be marked with a double asterisk (**). The mentioned ZPD units, and the ZPD rank chart, are made by Lt. Knight. Do not use without his permission. Gallery Linked Wiki Entries Operations Bureau ZPD Detective Bureau Traffic Division Metropolitan Division ZPD Narcotics Unit ZPD Gang Unit ZPD Vice Unit Robbery-Homicide Division Internal Affairs Division ZPD Special Weapons And Tactics Related Pages My Official ZPD/ZSO Kit [New Build] 25 24 ZPD Panel Patches 10 0 ZPD Gang Unit 25 0 Zootopia Police Department Pride Patch/Logo 18 0 ZPD Special Weapons And Tactics 34 1 ZPD Bomb Squad 29 0 ZPD Narcotics Unit 25 0 Lt. Kazuto Knight 130 32 ZPD Vice Unit 22 0 Aviation Support Division 22 0 ZPD Detective Bureau 24 0 General Investigations Bureau 18 0 Lt. Knights ZPD Patrol Car 36 3 City Center Division 19 0 Acorn Heights Division 9 0 Intelligence Bureau 22 0 Robbery-Homicide Division 30 2 Organized Crime Intelligence Division (OCID) 22 0 Aggressive Driving Unit 9 0 Patrol Division 20 0 Traffic Division 25 0 Operations Bureau 21 0 Savage Crimes Unit 21 0 Metropolitan Division 23 1 Criminal Apprehension Team 20 1 Share to Copied Likes (52) Comments (4) Copied Likes (52) Like 52 Comments (4) SWAT Alpha Unit Commander Shad Nice done man. Read more 1 Reply 04/07/19 Nice done man. x members online 52 4 Into Zootopia Amino?\nJoin the community. Get Amino 21 1 Related wiki Josh Herrada 36 0 Related wiki Officer Delgato 43 5 Related wiki Gideon Grey 19 0 Related wiki Neon the Wolf Into Zootopia Amino?\nJoin the community. 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It's true, it's not good for the nerves. I never actively in politics, never made speeches, politics is a whore.\"\n- Sepp Dietrich, SS general.\nSo this is a what if type of battle, so who would win?, the Zootopia Police Department (ZPD), the peacemaking police department that upholds the law in Zootopia and makes the world a better place, or the notorious Waffen SS, the fanatic, homicide and psychopathic shock troops who let Adolf Hitler and his German Nazi regime's evil charge for world domination, so who would win?, a Animal police force or an literally well trained, armed and equipped Human military force, it's good vs evil so?, WHO, IS, DEADLIEST!.\nStats:\nWaffen SS\nFull Name: Waffen-Schutzstaffel (English: Armed-Protection Squardron or Armed-SS)\nPlace of Origin: Nazi Germany, Central Europe\nReign of Terror: 1933 - 1945\nSpecies: Human\nAge: 18 - 66 Years Old\nGender: Male\nHeight: 6'\nWeigh: 175 lbs\nIQ: 140 Points\nAlignment: Bad/Evil\nAllegiance: Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, Bavaria, Rhineland, Saxony, Prussia, Nazi Germany\nActivities: Conquering Europe, Exterminating Jews and other non-Aryans\nLogo: Siegrune Sieg Rune (the SS logo), Deathshead (German: Totenkopf), Swastika\nMotto: My honour is loyalty (German: Meine Ehre heit Treue)\nThe Most Feared Group Within The Organisation: 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf \"Deathshead\"\nThe Highest Rank Within the Organisation: SS-Oberst-Gruppenfhrer\nActive Personal: 910,000 Members\nZPD\nFull Name: Zootopia Police Department\nPlace of Origin: Zootopian Peninsula\nReign: 1845 - Present\nSpecies: Various Species of Animals\nAge: 20 - 70 Years Old\nGender: Male and Female\nHeight: Various\nWeight: Various\nIQ: 170 Points\nAlignment: Good/Neutral\nAllegiance: Zootopia, Bunnyburrow (only Judy Hopps)\nActivities: To Up Hold The Law in Zootopia, Arrest Criminals, Helping People around Zootopia\nLogo: ZPD Police Badge, Zebra Zigzag Police Stripes\nMotto: Try to make the world a better place\nThe Most Feared Group Within The Organisation: 1st ZPD Savanna Central Precinct\nThe Highest Rank Within the Organisation: Chief of Police with a 10 Star Rating\nActive Personal: 34,000 Members\nWeapons and Armour:\nZPD\nFists\nClaws\nHorns\nPepper Spray\nPolice Baton\nRetractable Baton\nShock Baton\nSmoke Grenade\nTear Gas Grenade\nTaser\nStun Gun\nTranquilizer Gun Pistol Variant\nTranquilizer Gun Rifle Variant with Telescopic Sight\nTear Gas Grenade Launcher\nRiot Shield\nBody Armour\n(note: ZPD Officer's are known to use there opponents own weapons and equipment against them, but when it's come to taking lives, most ZPD Officer's are capable of killing but only in a situation where they have absolutely no other choice, or in self defence if the opponent is the aggressor.)\nWaffen SS\nFists\nSeitengewehr 98 Knife/Bayonet\nS-Mine 35\nStielhandgranate\nPanzerfaust\nPanzerschreck\nLuger Pistol\nWalther P38\nMauser C98\nMP 28\nMP40\nSTG 44\nFG 44\nKarabiner 98K\nKarabiner 98K Sniper Variant with a 6X Telescopic Sight\nGewehr 43\nGewehr 43 Marksmen Variant with a 4X Telescopic Sight\nPanzerbchse 39\nMG 34\nMG 42\nFlammenwerfer 41\nStahlhelm\nEdge: Waffen SS\nTactics:\nZPD: trickery, deception, the element of surprised, urban warfare and immobilising or taking out the leaders and commanders.\nWaffen SS: Blitzkrieg, a surprised attack tactic which was development by general Heinz Guderian, where a motorized Infantry division rapidly overwhelmeds the opponents front lines, using artillery and sniper's to attack from long range and use the swift light Infantry attacks tactics which was developed by field marshal Erwin Rommel.\nEdge: Waffen SS\nBattle:\n7 ZPD Officer's (1 Elephant, 1 Rhinoceros, 1 Hippopotamus, 1 Polar Bear, 1 Lion, 1 Tiger and 1 Wolf).\n8 Waffen SS Grenadiers (1 Untersturmfhrer, 2 Rottenfhrers, 2 Oberschtze's, 3 Schtze's, English Translation: 1 Lieutenant, 2 Corporal's, 2 First Class Private's and 3 Riflemen/Grenadiers).\nNazi Germany invades Zootopia, at the spearhead is 8 Waffen SS Grenadiers of the 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf \"Deathshead\" who are making there way throught the Meadowlands district of Zootopia while committing war crimes and terrorising the locals, 7 ZPD Officer's of the 1st ZPD Savanna Central Precinct, comes to the locals aid and forms a resistance against the Nazi soldiers, later the conflict would become known as The Battle of the Meadowlands and also would known infamously as the Meadowlands Massacre.\nThe battle begins with the members of the Waffen SS executing unarmed Animal civilians, while this is happening, a Lion officer and Wolf officer sneaks up on the group, the Lion officer grabs a Karabiner 98K and aims it at the SS leader (the Untersturmfhrer) until, one of the soldiers notices the two officers and shouts \"Fiend Entdeckt\" (Enemy Spotted) and opens fire at the Lion with his MP40 and shoots him in the face, killing him instantly (ZPD: ), the Wolf strikes back, taking out his Tranquilizer Gun and shoot the SS soldiers square in the eye, killing him (Waffen SS: ), up ahead, a Elephant officer leads a Rhino officer and Hippo officer to out flank the SS soldiers until, one of the soldiers sees them and mounts a MG-42 and opens fire at the group, shooting at the Elephant's chest killing her (ZPD: ), the Rhino and Hippo take cover, the Rhino grabs a Panzerschreck at shoots it at the soldier, blowing him up (Waffen SS: ), meanwhile the Wolf officer is taking fire form the other SS soldiers, the Wolf officer then take outs his Tear Gas Grenade Launcher and shoots it a the group, they all duck for cover but one unlucky soldier is hit, blinding him then the Wolf picks up the Karabiner 98K from his fallen friend and shoots the soldier in the chest (Waffen SS: ), but all of a sudden, a SS soldier sneaks behind the Wolf and says, \"Auf Wiedersehen\" (Goodbye) and then shoots the Wolf point blank in the head with his Mauser C98, killing him (ZPD: ), up ahead two SS soldiers is being chased by a Polar Bear and Rhino officer, the soldiers run around a corner and when the officer's rounded the corner the Polar Bear trip's over a wire and sets off two S-Mines, killing her and the Rhino in the process (ZPD: ), the two SS soldier stood and stared at the officer's body's in enjoyment but then all Hippo officer charges around the corner and rams them with his Riot Shield and knocks them to the ground, then a Tiger officer armed with a Gewehr 43 shoots both of the in the head (Waffen SS: ), up ahead the SS leader and two remaining soldiers runs towards an abandoned building being chased by the Hippo and Tiger officer, the Tiger shoots a soldier in the back (Waffen SS: ), and the Hippo armed with a Panzerbsch, shoots the last remaining soldier in the chest (Waffen SS: ), then the SS leader draws out his Walther P38 and shoots at the Tiger, the Tiger quickly takes cover but the Hippo wasn't fast enough and was fatality shoot in the neck, dying in the process (ZPD: ), the Tiger in raged, chases the Nazi officer in the building, while in the building, the Tiger armed with her Gewehr 43 slowly moved through the building while searching for the Nazi, while searching she came across a blind corner and she slowly pokes her head around the corner and spots the SS leader running in a room, the Tiger quickly runs quietly towards, the room, the Tiger slowly pokes her head and sees the SS officer frantically looking around the room, and speed walks towards the window until, the Tiger officer comes around and aims her rifle at the SS leader and shouts \"Freeze, Drop The Gun!.\" the Nazi turns around and looks at the Tiger with a death stare in his blue eyes, the Nazi then looks at his gun in his hand and smirks and looks back at the Tiger and shouts in defiance, \"HEIL HITLER!\" and tries to shoot her but the Tiger was more quicker and shoots the Nazi in the head (Waffen SS: ), the Tiger lowers her gun and let's out a frustrated \"GRRRAAAGGH\", and pauses for a few seconds and takes a deep breath and calms down then quietly walks out of the room.\nWinner: ZPD\nCategories\nCategories:\nAdd category\nCancel\nSave\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Zootopia Fanon Wikia\n1\nZootopia 2: A Wilde Life\n2\nNick and Judy's Wedding\n3\nThe Wedding Of Nick and Judy (GrandmamasCannolis version)\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nZootopia Fanon Wikia is a FANDOM Movies Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://zootopia-fanon.fandom.com/wiki/Zootopia_Police_Department_vs._Waffen_SS" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Meet Judy & Nick at 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Please read it carefully.\nHome Entertainment Theme Park Entertainment\nMeet Judy & Nick at Zootopia Police Department Recruitment Center\nfinder.details.social.network.qrError\nShanghai Disneyland\nZootopia\nValid Park Admission Required\nAge Interest\nAll Ages\nAdditional Information - Opens Dialog\nInterestsOutdoor Entertainment\nOfficers Nick and Judy are ready to greet you over at the Zootopia Police Department Recruitment Center! 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Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InWhat have real police officers thought about Zootopia?All related (39)SortRecommendedSean Terrence BestI have had many closely involved experiences with Police and Law Enforcement Author has 381 answers and 1M answer views7yReal police officers are of the opinion that Zootopia is a beneficial portrayal of law enforcement in that the movie doesnt show police to be corrupt; and real police officers admire Judys determination to achieve her goals, yet real police officers dont want public image or pop-culture to project a suggestion that real police engage in any form of discrimination based on gender or other bias. Real police officers do approve of movies like Zootopia when such movies reflect beneficially on law enforcement. Real police officers shape their public reactions to movies like Zootopia based on cContinue ReadingReal police officers are of the opinion that Zootopia is a beneficial portrayal of law enforcement in that the movie doesnt show police to be corrupt; and real police officers admire Judys determination to achieve her goals, yet real police officers dont want public image or pop-culture to project a suggestion that real police engage in any form of discrimination based on gender or other bias. Real police officers do approve of movies like Zootopia when such movies reflect beneficially on law enforcement. Real police officers shape their public reactions to movies like Zootopia based on contemporary views of the nature of police officers public reactions. Being grown-up, mature adults, many real police officers wont watch movies like Zootopia and none of them will talk about movies like Zootopia as having anything to do with real police work in a comical or leisure entertainment sense because real police work is a serious, dangerous business; so that with satellite communications and relatively inexpensive mobile devices making instantaneous mass communication available to millions of people, police have to exercise wise discretion in what they give their endorsement to. Real police officers face career-threatening and life-threatening dangers everyday such as being injured or killed in the line of duty, public scrutiny, and possible litigation resulting from accusations of mishandling of evidence, false arrest, or even allegations of police brutality. Times are changing fast so that Robocop was released in a completely different socio-political environment than Zootopia. One must also keep in mind that propaganda (advertising) such as public dissemination of the observations of the Robocop screening may be slanted in favor of a movie with the intent of maximizing box office gross. Nowadays, real police officers must be very guarded in their opinions and reactions to mass media entertainment such as Zootopia. In the same way that many jet fighter pilots dont approve of movies like Top Gun as having anything to do with the reality of being a fighter pilot, many real police officers wont acknowledge that Zootopia (which might possibly be interpreted as making light of law enforcement because its a movie aimed at a very young audience) has anything to do with real police work.Upvote 9912Sponsored by ottonovaOttonovas private health insurance makes life more convenient!Benefit from our special expat rates and time-saving digital services. Get a consultation now!Learn More9954Related questionsMore answers belowWhy do Police officers in Zootopia not carry guns (pistols, shotguns, guns with actual bullets)?How accurate is the movie Zootopia in portraying police work?Police officers, what are your opinions on Zootopia? What did the movie get correct or wrong about law enforcement?Why do Zootopia Police Department wolves wear T-shirts while other ZPD officers wear shirts?How many sizes of police uniforms do police officers in Zootopia have?Joshua EibenFormer TABC Agent at Police and Law Enforcement (20052006) Author has 351 answers and 323.6K answer viewsUpdated 6yI'm actually in corrections, but anywayI enjoyed it. It wasn't exactly accurate in terms of how they did the job, but that's to be expected when the officer-protagonist is a RABBIT and her chief is a BUFFALO. :DAs for how she's treated. You probably would have seen treatment like she got decades ago. These days there's not really such thing anymore as a class of persons previously kept out of the job but now here's the first one working for us. In reality, veterans don't think much one way or the other about new people until they've either shown us they can hang or prove themselves to be aContinue ReadingI'm actually in corrections, but anywayI enjoyed it. It wasn't exactly accurate in terms of how they did the job, but that's to be expected when the officer-protagonist is a RABBIT and her chief is a BUFFALO. :DAs for how she's treated. You probably would have seen treatment like she got decades ago. These days there's not really such thing anymore as a class of persons previously kept out of the job but now here's the first one working for us. In reality, veterans don't think much one way or the other about new people until they've either shown us they can hang or prove themselves to be a ****bird.Upvote 9913Jaime Alonso RodrguezWatched Zootopia many times, has no plans to stop Author has 785 answers and 2.6M answer viewsUpdated 6yRelatedWhy do Police officers in Zootopia not carry guns (pistols, shotguns, guns with actual bullets)?Im just gonna skip over the its a kids movie, of course there are no guns thing that the site TV Tropes site is saying for the reason that its not really interesting. In one of the trailers, there is clearly a tranquilizer gun being used. Granted, its not a firearm, and the trailer is not technically part of the canon, but still, its a gun that shoots (admittedly nonlethal) darts.And of course, in the main movie we have the Nighthowler gun, which is basically a paintball handgun loaded with what I call howlerballs.But part of the question still prevails:what about the lethal weaponry?Continue ReadingIm just gonna skip over the its a kids movie, of course there are no guns thing that the site TV Tropes site is saying for the reason that its not really interesting. In one of the trailers, there is clearly a tranquilizer gun being used. Granted, its not a firearm, and the trailer is not technically part of the canon, but still, its a gun that shoots (admittedly nonlethal) darts.And of course, in the main movie we have the Nighthowler gun, which is basically a paintball handgun loaded with what I call howlerballs.But part of the question still prevails:what about the lethal weaponry? The handguns given to every officer? The high-powered rifles for large mammals? Well, since were talking about the lack of evidence, then the only thing we can do is speculate. However, I do think one thing is clear: its not that they do not give weapons to officers (like the British in the Real World), but rather that they just dont have any lethal weapons at all. The proof I have if this is in the savage polar bear new scene.In that scene, you see a bunch of prey animals trying to restraint a polar bear turned savage from Nighthowlers. Notice how they dont even have tranquilizer gun out, like in the trailer; they just make do with a muzzle and sheer muscle power. In the Real World, the bear would be shot at with rifles and killed within seconds, maybe incapacitated if the stars aligned (bears dont stop until they (or you) are dead; a nonlethal incapacitating move is all but impossible). So what could cause this? Well, my first option before I thought of the savage bear scene was that they developed a police force like the British, where the regular police dont carry guns but firearm specialist squads are available should they be needed. However, in this situation where lethal weaponry would be clearly justified (in fact, I say this would be the situation where they are justified the most), they still do not bring out the big guns (no pun intended. Or was it) Which leads me to believe: they dont have any. They dont have the notion of a machine whose explicit purpose is to kill other mammals; it would be seen as barbaric and a throwback to the stone age, back to an era where the law of the land was predator killing prey. What caused that, we dont know. I could propose the idea that is was when the predator and prey established an actual truce thousands of years ago, and decided that the idea of killing was completely uncivilized and primitive, and anything that made it easier to do so should be forbidden. (Although, as Dmitrii Medvedev pointed out, it is possible that they still eat fish, so it kind of only applies to mammals. Just as in the Real World it only applies to humans.) You also need to think from our perspective. Us humans have literally evolved making weapons not just for our species, but the one before ours (Heidelbergensis) and the one before that one (Erectus), along with our cousins (Neanderthal and Denisovan), going back more than million and a half years ago. Maybe even the ones before all of that (Habilis), going back to more than two million years. You give any human a stick and tell them to hit somebody with it, and they immediately know how, a blunt force weapon, strike with the side by raising it above your head and lowering it forcefully. Try doing that with a dog. Or a horse. Or a dolphin. Or an elephant. It just won't work (and they're relatively smart species, mind you). You can't assume the same for other mammals. Their evolution as sapient species goes back ten, maybe fifteen thousand years ago. You can't assume the fact that they'd be ok with any kind of artificial lethal weapons (even though a good portion of the population has claws, fangs, horns, and other weapons built in.)On a related note, it also seems that the prey evolved before the predators did, as can be seen in the scene where Judy and Nick meet with Bellwether in the Natural History Museum. In this scene, a model of evolved jackalopes* with spears and an un-evolved jaguar fighting:Which means that, even after the prey evolved, they must have been eaten by un-evolved predators during that time (and maybe for some time after; I presume they only recently developed efficient ways to farm enough insect and insect protein, although they could also just have eaten animals like fish during that period instead, [which I consider un-evolved for other reasons].) *I talked about jackalopes, or legendary rabbits with antlers (and in this case, sabertooth canines) in this answer: Jaime Alonso Rodrguez's answer to In Zootopia, why do the bunnies in the Natural History museum have canines?Upvote 992393Sitara TrueI've seen the movies you haven't. Author has 282 answers and 400.8K answer views7yIm not a police officer myself, but I would believe that real officers think this movie showed a fair system of the law and not a corrupt, discriminatory one. I think this aspect of the movie would appeal to many polices.Upvote Sponsored by Kick StreamingDo you want to get paid to stream on Kick?We've launched the Kick Creator Incentive Program. There's nothing like it in streaming.Apply Now95Related questionsWhy do Police officers in Zootopia not carry guns (pistols, shotguns, guns with actual bullets)?How accurate is the movie Zootopia in portraying police work?Police officers, what are your opinions on Zootopia? What did the movie get correct or wrong about law enforcement?Why do Zootopia Police Department wolves wear T-shirts while other ZPD officers wear shirts?How many sizes of police uniforms do police officers in Zootopia have?What motivates Judy Hopps to become a police officer in Zootopia?In Zootopia, Chief Bogo wanted to fire Judy Hopps for \"insubordination\" and causing collateral damage to Little Rodentia. Would an actual police chief do this in the exact same situation?Why was Judy not a police officer in the movie Zootopia?Does Judy Hopps ever show her true potential as a police officer in Zootopia? If so, when?How is the Zootopia Police Department structured?How did Judy Hopps get her job back as a police officer in Zootopia?What happened to Judy's police car at the end of Zootopia?What are some good theories about why Judy resigns from the police force at the end of Zootopia?Do police officers find it weird or funny when watching movies like Zootopia, where animals talk and wear clothes just like humans do (except for Robin Hood)?What is the chief of police in Zootopia called Chief? Shouldn't he be called Captain like every other police officer?Related questionsWhy do Police officers in Zootopia not carry guns (pistols, shotguns, guns with actual bullets)?How accurate is the movie Zootopia in portraying police work?Police officers, what are your opinions on Zootopia? What did the movie get correct or wrong about law enforcement?Why do Zootopia Police Department wolves wear T-shirts while other ZPD officers wear shirts?How many sizes of police uniforms do police officers in Zootopia have?What motivates Judy Hopps to become a police officer in Zootopia?AdvertisementAbout Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://www.quora.com/What-have-real-police-officers-thought-about-Zootopia" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Hannah Arendt - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life and education (19061929)\nToggle Early life and education (19061929) subsection\n1.1Family\n1.2Education\n1.2.1Early education\n1.2.2Higher education (19221929)\n1.2.2.1Berlin (19221924)\n1.2.2.2Marburg (19241926)\n1.2.2.2.1Die Schatten (1925)\n1.2.2.3Freiburg and Heidelberg (19261929)\n2Career\nToggle Career subsection\n2.1Germany (19291933)\n2.1.1Berlin-Potsdam (1929)\n2.1.2Wanderjahre (19291931)\n2.1.3Return to Berlin (19311933)\n2.2Exile: France (19331941)\n2.2.1Paris (19331940)\n2.2.1.1Heinrich Blcher\n2.2.2Internment and escape (19401941)\n2.3New York (19411975)\n2.3.1World War II (19411945)\n2.3.2Post-war (19451975)\n2.3.2.1Teaching\n3Relationships\n4Final illness and death\n5Work\nToggle Work subsection\n5.1Political theory and philosophical system\n5.2Love and Saint Augustine (1929)\n5.3The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)\n5.4Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess (1957)\n5.5The Human Condition (1958)\n5.6Between Past and Future (1954...1968)\n5.7On Revolution (1963)\n5.8Men in Dark Times (1968)\n5.9Crises of the Republic (1972)\n5.9.1The Life of the Mind (1978)\n5.9.2Collected works\n5.9.3Correspondence\n5.10Arendt and the Eichmann trial (19611963)\n5.10.1Reception\n5.10.2Kein Mensch hat das Recht zu gehorchen\n5.11List of selected publications\n5.11.1Bibliographies\n5.11.2Books\n5.11.3Articles and essays\n5.11.4Correspondence\n5.11.5Posthumous\n5.11.6Collections\n5.11.7Miscellaneous\n6Views\nToggle Views subsection\n6.1Accusations of racism\n6.2Feminism\n6.3Critique of human rights\n7In popular culture\n8Legacy\nToggle Legacy subsection\n8.1Contemporary interest\n8.2Commemorations\n9See also\n10Notes\n11References\n12Sources\nToggle Sources subsection\n12.1Articles (journals and proceedings)\n12.1.1Rahel Varnhagen\n12.1.2Special issues and proceedings\n12.2Audiovisual\n12.3Books and monographs\n12.3.1Autobiography and biography\n12.3.2Critical works\n12.3.3Historical\n12.4Chapters and contributions\n12.5Dictionaries and encyclopedias\n12.6Magazines\n12.7Newspapers\n12.8Theses\n12.9Websites\n12.9.1Biography and timelines\n12.9.2Institutions, locations and organizations\n12.9.2.1Hannah Arendt Center (Bard)\n12.9.3Maps\n12.10External images\n13Further reading\n14External links\nToggle the table of contents\nHannah Arendt\n88 languages\nAfrikaansAragonsAsturianuAzrbaycanca / Bn-lm-g ()BosanskiBrezhonegCatalCebuanoetinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoEstremeuEuskaraFranaisGaeilgeGidhligGalegoHornjoserbsceHrvatskiIdoBahasa IndonesiaslenskaItalianoJawaKotavaKurdLatinaLatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviLimburgsMagyarMaltiBahasa MelayuNederlandsNordfriiskNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskPlattdtschPolskiPortugusRomnRuna SimiScotsSeelterskShqipSimple EnglishSloveninaSlovenina / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTrkeTing VitVolapkWinaray\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikiquoteWikisource\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nHistorian and philosopher (19061975)\n\"Arendt\" redirects here. For other people with the surname, see Arendt (surname). For the film, see Hannah Arendt (film).\nHannah ArendtArendt in 1933BornJohanna Arendt(1906-10-14)14 October 1906Linden, Province of Hanover, Kingdom of Prussia, German EmpireDied4 December 1975(1975-12-04) (aged69)New York City, U.S.Resting placeBard CollegeOthernamesHannah Arendt BluecherCitizenshipGerman (19061937)Stateless (19371950)United States (from 1950)EducationUniversity of BerlinUniversity of MarburgUniversity of FreiburgUniversity of Heidelberg (PhD, 1929)Notable work\nList\nThe Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)\nThe Human Condition (1958)\nOn Revolution (1963)\n\"The Life of the Mind\" (1977)\nSpouses\nGnther Anders\n (m.1929; div.1937)\nHeinrich Blcher\n (m.1940; died1970)\nRelativesMax Arendt[de] (grandfather)Henriette Arendt (aunt)RegionWestern philosophySchool\nList\nContinental philosophy\nExistential phenomenology[1]\nPhilosophy of life[2][3]\nClassical republicanism[4]\nAction theory (posthumous attribution)[5]\nDoctoral advisorKarl Jaspers[6]Main interestsPolitical theory, theory of totalitarianism, philosophy of history, theory of modernityNotable ideas\nList\nHumanity as Homo faber\nHumanity as animal laborans[7]\nThe laborwork distinction\nThe banality of evil\nDistinction between vita activa and vita contemplativa (praxis as the highest level of the vita activa)[8]\nAuctoritas\nNatality[5]\nSignature\nPart of the Politics seriesRepublicanism\nConcepts\nAnti-monarchism\nDemocracy\nDemocratization\nLiberty as non-domination\nPopular sovereignty\nRepublic\nRes publica\nSocial contract\nSchools\nClassical\nModern\nFederal\nKemalism\nNasserism\nNeo-republicanism\nVenizelism\nTypes\nAutonomous\nCapitalist\nChristian\nDemocratic\nFederal\nFederal parliamentary\nIslamic\nParliamentary\nPeople's\nRevolutionary\nSecular\nSister\nSoviet\nPhilosophers\nArendt\nCicero\nHarrington\nJefferson\nLocke\nMachiavelli\nMadison\nMazzini\nMontesquieu\nPettit\nPolybius\nRousseau\nSandel\nSidney\nTocqueville\nWollstonecraft\nHistory\nRoman Republic\nGaasagha\nClassical Athens\nRepublic of Venice\nRepublic of Genoa\nRepublic of Florence\nDutch Republic\nAmerican Revolution\nFrench Revolution\nSpanish American wars of independence\nTrienio Liberal\nFrench Revolution of 1848\n5 October 1910 revolution\nChinese Revolution\nRussian Revolution\nGerman Revolution of 19181919\nTurkish War of Independence\nMongolian Revolution of 1921\n11 September 1922 Revolution\n1935 Greek coup d'tat attempt\nSpanish Civil War\n1946 Italian institutional referendum\n1952 Egyptian revolution\n14 July Revolution\nNorth Yemen Civil War\nZanzibar Revolution\n1969 Libyan coup d'tat\n1970 Cambodian coup d'tat\nMetapolitefsi\nIranian Revolution\n1987 Fijian coups d'tat\nNepalese Civil War\nBarbadian Republic Proclamation\nNational variants\nAntigua and Barbuda\nAustralia\nBahamas\nBarbados\nCanada\nIreland\nJamaica\nJapan\nMorocco\nNetherlands\nNew Zealand\nNorway\nSpain\nSweden\nUnited Kingdom\nScotland\nWales\nUnited States\nRelated topics\nCommunitarianism\nCriticism of monarchy\nEgalitarianism\nThe Emperor's New Clothes\nLiberalism\nMonarchism\nPrimus inter pares\nPolitics portalvte\nHannah Arendt (/rnt, r-/,[9][10] US also /rnt/,[11] German: [hana ant] ;[12] born Johanna Arendt; 14 October 1906 4 December 1975) was a German-American historian and philosopher. She was one of the most influential political theorists of the 20th century.[5][13][14]\nHer works cover a broad range of topics, but she is best known for those dealing with the nature of power and evil, as well as politics, direct democracy, authority, and totalitarianism. She is also remembered for the controversy surrounding the trial of Adolf Eichmann, for her attempt to explain how ordinary people become actors in totalitarian systems, which was considered by some an apologia, and for the phrase \"the banality of evil.\" Her name appears in the names of journals, schools, scholarly prizes, humanitarian prizes, think-tanks, on stamps, in street names, monuments, and is attached to other cultural and institutional markers that commemorate her thought.\nHannah Arendt was born to a Jewish family in Linden (now a district of Hanover, Germany) in 1906. When she was three, her family moved to the East Prussian capital of Knigsberg for her father's health care. Paul Arendt had contracted syphilis in his youth but was thought to be in remission when Arendt was born. He died when she was seven. Arendt was raised in a politically progressive, secular family, her mother being an ardent Social Democrat. After completing secondary education in Berlin, Arendt studied at the University of Marburg under Martin Heidegger, with whom she engaged in a romantic affair that began while she was his student.[15] She obtained her doctorate in philosophy at the University of Heidelberg in 1929. Her dissertation was entitled Love and Saint Augustine, and her supervisor was the existentialist philosopher Karl Jaspers.\nHannah Arendt married Gnther Stern in 1929 but soon began to encounter increasing antisemitism in the 1930s Nazi Germany. In 1933, the year Adolf Hitler came to power, Arendt was arrested and briefly imprisoned by the Gestapo for performing illegal research into antisemitism. On release, she fled Germany, living in Czechoslovakia and Switzerland before settling in Paris. There she worked for Youth Aliyah, assisting young Jews to emigrate to the British Mandate of Palestine. She was stripped of her German citizenship in 1937. Divorcing Stern that year, she then married Heinrich Blcher in 1940. When Germany invaded France that year she was detained by the French as an alien. She escaped and made her way to the United States in 1941 via Portugal. She settled in New York, which remained her principal residence for the rest of her life. She became a writer and editor and worked for the Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, becoming an American citizen in 1950. With the publication of The Origins of Totalitarianism in 1951, her reputation as a thinker and writer was established, and a series of works followed. These included the books The Human Condition in 1958, as well as Eichmann in Jerusalem and On Revolution in 1963. She taught at many American universities while declining tenure-track appointments. She died suddenly of a heart attack in 1975, at the age of 69, leaving her last work, The Life of the Mind, unfinished.\nEarly life and education (19061929)[edit]\nFamily[edit]\nParentsPaul Arendt c.1900Martha Cohn c.1899\nHannah Arendt was born Johanna Arendt[16][17] in 1906, in the Wilhelmine period. Her secular and educated Jewish family lived comfortably in Linden, Prussia (now a part of Hanover). They were merchants of Russian extraction from Knigsberg.[a] Her grandparents were members of the Reform Jewish community. Her paternal grandfather, Max Arendt[de], was a prominent businessman, local politician,[18] and leader of the Knigsberg Jewish community, a member of the Central Organization for German Citizens of Jewish Faith (Centralverein deutscher Staatsbrger jdischen Glaubens). Like other members of the Centralverein he primarily saw himself as German, disapproving of Zionist activities including Kurt Blumenfeld, a frequent visitor and later one of Hannah's mentors. Her lifelong best-friend, Anne Mendehlsohn, was likewise connected to a dynasty of philosophers and musicians that had KniOf Max Arendt's children, Paul Arendt was an engineer and Henriette Arendt a policewoman and social worker.[19][20]\nHannah was the only child of Paul and Martha Arendt (ne Cohn), who were married on 11 April 1902. She was named after her paternal grandmother.[21][22] The Cohns had originally come to Knigsberg from nearby Russian territory (now Lithuania) in 1852, as refugees from antisemitism, and made their living as tea importers, J. N. Cohn & Company being the largest business in the city. The Arendts reached Germany from Russia a century earlier.[23][24] Hannah's extended family contained many more women, who shared the loss of husbands and children. Hannah's parents were more educated and politically more to the left than her grandparents. The young couple were Social Democrats,[16] rather than the German Democrats that most of their contemporaries supported. Paul Arendt was educated at the Albertina (University of Knigsberg). Though he worked as an engineer, he prided himself on his love of Classics, with a large library that Hannah immersed herself in. Martha Cohn, a musician, had studied for three years in Paris.[20]\nIn the first four years of their marriage, the Arendts lived in Berlin, and were supporters of the socialist journal Socialist Monthly Bulletins (Sozialistische Monatshefte).[b][25] At the time of Hannah's birth, Paul Arendt was employed by an electrical engineering firm in Linden, and they lived in a frame house on the market square (Marktplatz).[26] They moved back to Knigsberg in 1909 because of Paul's deteriorating health.[7][27] He suffered from chronic syphilis and was institutionalized in the Knigsberg psychiatric hospital in 1911. For years afterward, Hannah had to have annual WR tests for congenital syphilis.[28] He died on 30 October 1913, when Hannah was seven, leaving her mother to raise her.[21][29] They lived at Hannah's grandfather's house at Tiergartenstrae 6, a leafy residential street adjacent to the Knigsberg Tiergarten, in the predominantly Jewish neighborhood of Hufen.[30] Although Hannah's parents were non-religious, they were happy to allow Max Arendt to take Hannah to the Reform synagogue. She also received religious instruction from the rabbi, Hermann Vogelstein, who would come to her school for that purpose.[c] Her family moved in circles that included many intellectuals and professionals. It was a social circle of high standards and ideals. As she recalled it:[31]\nMy early intellectual formation occurred in an atmosphere where nobody paid much attention to moral questions; we were brought up under the assumption: Das Moralische versteht sich von selbst, moral conduct is a matter of course.\nThe Arendt FamilyHannah Arendt with her grandfather, Max, in 1907Hannah with her mother in 1912Hannah with her mother in 1914Hannah as a schoolgirl in 1920\nThis time was a particularly favorable period for the Jewish community in Knigsberg, an important center of the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment).[32][33] Arendt's family was thoroughly assimilated (\"Germanized\")[34] and she later remembered: \"With us from Germany, the word 'assimilation' received a 'deep' philosophical meaning. You can hardly realize how serious we were about it.\"[35] Despite these conditions, the Jewish population lacked full citizenship rights, and although antisemitism was not overt, it was not absent.[36] Arendt came to define her Jewish identity negatively after encountering overt antisemitism as an adult.[35] She came to greatly identify with Rahel Varnhagen, the Prussian socialite[29] who desperately wanted to assimilate into German culture, only to be rejected because she was born Jewish.[35] Arendt later said of Varnhagen that she was \"my very closest woman friend, unfortunately dead a hundred years now.\"[35][d]\nBeerwald-Arendt FamilyMartin Beerwald, Hannah and her mother, 1923Eva and Clara Beerwald & Hannah, 1922\nIn the last two years of the First World War, Hannah's mother organized social democratic discussion groups and became a follower of Rosa Luxemburg as socialist uprisings broke out across Germany.[25][38] Luxemburg's writings would later influence Hannah's political thinking. In 1920, Martha Cohn married Martin Beerwald, an ironmonger and widower of four years, and they moved to his home, two blocks away, at Busoldstrasse 6,[39][40] providing Hannah with improved social and financial security. Hannah was 14 at the time and acquired two older stepsisters, Clara and Eva.[39]\nEducation[edit]\nEarly education[edit]\nSchoolsHufen-Oberlyzeum c.1923Knigin-Luise-Schule in Knigsberg c.1914\nHannah Arendt's mother, who considered herself progressive, brought her daughter up on strict Goethean lines. Among other things this involved the reading of Goethe's complete works, summed up as Was aber ist deine Pflicht? Die Forderung des Tages (And just what is your duty? The demands of the day).[e] Goethe, was then considered the essential mentor of Bildung (education), the conscious formation of mind, body and spirit. The key elements were considered to be self-discipline, constructive channeling of passion, renunciation and responsibility for others. Hannah's developmental progress (Entwicklung) was carefully documented by her mother in a book, she called Unser Kind (Our Child), measuring her against the benchmark of what was then considered normale Entwicklung (\"normal development\").[41]\nArendt attended kindergarten from 1910 where her precocity impressed her teachers and enrolled in the Szittnich School, Knigsberg (Hufen-Oberlyzeum), on Bahnstrae in August 1913,[42] but her studies there were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I, forcing the family to temporarily flee to Berlin on 23 August 1914, in the face of the advancing Russian army.[43] There they stayed with her mother's younger sister, Margarethe Frst, and her three children, while Hannah attended a girl's Lyzeum school in Berlin-Charlottenburg. After ten weeks, when Knigsberg appeared to be no longer threatened, the Arendts were able to return,[43] where they spent the remaining war years at her grandfather's house. Arendt's precocity continued, learning ancient Greek as a child,[44] writing poetry in her teenage years,[45] and starting both a Graecae (reading group for studying classical literature) and philosophy club at her school. She was fiercely independent in her schooling and a voracious reader,[f] absorbing French and German literature and poetry (committing large amounts to heart) and philosophy. By the age of 14, she had read Kierkegaard, Jaspers' Psychologie der Weltanschauungen and Kant's Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Critique of Pure Reason). Kant, whose hometown was also Knigsberg, was an important influence on her thinking, and it was Kant who had written about Knigsberg that \"such a town is the right place for gaining knowledge concerning men and the world even without travelling\".[47][48]\nArendt attended the Knigin-Luise-Schule for her secondary education, a girls' Gymnasium on Landhofmeisterstrae.[49] Most of her friends, while at school, were gifted children of Jewish professional families, generally older than she, and went on to university education. Among them was Ernst Grumach, who introduced her to his girlfriend, Anne Mendelssohn,[g] who would become a lifelong friend. When Anne moved away, Ernst became Arendt's first romantic relationship.[h]\nEarly homesHannah Arendt's birthplace in LindenTiergartenstrae, Knigsberg 1920sLutherstrae 4, MarburgSchlossberg, Heidelberg\nHigher education (19221929)[edit]\nAlmae matresBerlin UniversityMarburg UniversityFreiburg UniversityHeidelberg University\nHannah, 1924\nBerlin (19221924)[edit]\nArendt was expelled from the Luise-Schule in 1922, at the age of 15, for leading a boycott of a teacher who insulted her. Her mother sent her to Berlin to Social Democrat family friends. She lived in a student residence and audited courses at the University of Berlin (19221923), including classics and Christian theology under Romano Guardini. She successfully sat the entrance examination (Abitur) for the University of Marburg, where Ernst Grumach had studied with Martin Heidegger (appointed as a professor in 1923). Her mother had engaged a private tutor, and her aunt Frieda Arendt, a teacher, also helped, while Frieda's husband Ernst Aron provided financial tuition assistance.[52]\nMarburg (19241926)[edit]\nIn Berlin, Guardini had introduced her to Kierkegaard, and she resolved to make theology her major field.[48] At Marburg (19241926) she studied classical languages, German literature, Protestant theology with Rudolf Bultmann and philosophy with Nicolai Hartmann and Heidegger.[53] She arrived in the fall in the middle of an intellectual revolution led by the young Heidegger, of whom she was in awe, describing him as \"the hidden king [who] reigned in the realm of thinking\".[54][55]\nHeidegger had broken away from the intellectual movement started by Edmund Husserl, whose assistant he had been at University of Freiburg before coming to Marburg.[56] This was a period when Heidegger was preparing his lectures on Kant, which he would develop in the second part of his Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) in 1927 and Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik (1929). In his classes, he and his students struggled with the meaning of \"Being\" as they studied Aristotle's and Plato's Sophist concept of truth, to which Heidegger opposed the pre-Socratic term .[56] Many years later Arendt would describe these classes, how people came to Marburg to hear him, and how, above all he imparted the idea of Denken (\"thinking\") as activity, which she qualified as \"passionate thinking\".[57]\nArendt was restless, finding her studies neither emotionally nor intellectually satisfying. She was ready for passion, finishing her poem Trost (Consolation, 1923) with the lines:[58]\nDie Stunden verrinnen,Die Tage vergehen,Es bleibt ein GewinnenDas bloe Bestehen.\n(The hours run down.The days pass on.One achievement remains:merely being alive.)\nHer encounter with Heidegger represented a dramatic departure from the past. He was handsome, a genius, romantic, and taught that thinking and \"aliveness\" were but one.[59] The 18-year-old Arendt then began a long romantic relationship with the 35-year-old Heidegger,[60] who was married with two young sons.[i][56] Arendt later faced criticism for this because of Heidegger's support for the Nazi Party after his election as rector at Freiburg University in 1933. Nevertheless, he remained one of the most profound influences on her thinking,[61] and he would later relate that she had been the inspiration for his work on passionate thinking in those days. They agreed to keep the details of the relationship a secret while preserving their letters.[62] The relationship was unknown until Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's biography of Arendt appeared in 1982. At the time of publishing, Arendt and Heidegger were deceased but Heidegger's wife, Elfride, was still alive. The affair was not well known until 1995, when Elzbieta Ettinger gained access to the sealed correspondence[63] and published a controversial account that was used by Arendt's detractors to cast doubt on her integrity. That account,[j] which caused a scandal, was subsequently refuted.[65][66][64]\nAt Marburg, Arendt lived at Lutherstrae 4.[67] Among her friends was Hans Jonas, a Jewish classmate. Another fellow student of Heidegger's was Jonas' friend, the Jewish philosopher Gnther Siegmund Stern, who would later become her first husband.[68] Stern had completed his doctoral dissertation with Edmund Husserl at Freiburg, and was now working on his Habilitation thesis with Heidegger, but Arendt, involved with Heidegger, took little notice of him at the time.[69]\nDie Schatten (1925)[edit]\nIn the summer of 1925, while home at Knigsberg, Arendt composed her sole autobiographical piece, Die Schatten (The Shadows), a \"description of herself\"[70][71] addressed to Heidegger.[k][73] In this essay, full of anguish and Heideggerian language, she reveals her insecurities relating to her femininity and Jewishness, writing abstractly in the third person.[l] She describes a state of \"Fremdheit\" (alienation), on the one hand an abrupt loss of youth and innocence, on the other an \"Absonderlichkeit\" (strangeness), the finding of the remarkable in the banal.[74] In her detailing of the pain of her childhood and longing for protection she shows her vulnerabilities and how her love for Heidegger had released her and once again filled her world with color and mystery. She refers to her relationship with Heidegger as \"Eine starre Hingegebenheit an ein Einziges\" (\"an unbending devotion to a unique man\").[35][75][76] This period of intense introspection was also one of the most productive of her poetic output,[77] such as In sich versunken (Lost in Self-Contemplation).[78]\nTeachersMartin HeideggerEdmund HusserlKarl Jaspers\nFreiburg and Heidelberg (19261929)[edit]\nAfter a year at Marburg, Arendt spent a semester at Freiburg, attending the lectures of Husserl.[5] In 1926 she moved to the University of Heidelberg, completing her dissertation in 1929 under Karl Jaspers.[38] Jaspers, a friend of Heidegger, was the other leading figure of the then-new and revolutionary Existenzphilosophie.[44] Her thesis was entitled Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin: Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation (On the concept of love in the thought of Saint Augustine: Attempt at a philosophical interpretation).[79] She remained a lifelong friend of Jaspers and his wife, Gertrud Mayer, developing a deep intellectual relationship with him.[80] At Heidelberg, her circle of friends included Hans Jonas, who had also moved from Marburg to study Augustine, working on his Augustin und das paulinische Freiheitsproblem. Ein philosophischer Beitrag zur Genesis der christlich-abendlndischen Freiheitsidee (1930),[m] and also a group of three young philosophers: Karl Frankenstein, Erich Neumann and Erwin Loewenson.[81] Other friends and students of Jaspers were the linguists Benno von Wiese and Hugo Friedrich (seen with Hannah, below), with whom she attended lectures by Friedrich Gundolf at Jaspers' suggestion and who kindled in her an interest in German Romanticism. She also became reacquainted, at a lecture, with Kurt Blumenfeld, who introduced her to Jewish politics. At Heidelberg, she lived in the old town (Altstadt) near the castle, at Schlossberg 16. The house was demolished in the 1960s, but the one remaining wall bears a plaque commemorating her time there (see image below).[82]\nArendt at Heidelberg 19261929Hannah Arendt (2nd from right), Benno von Wiese (far right), Hugo Friedrich (2nd from left) and friend at Heidelberg University 1928Plaque marking Arendt's residence in Heidelberg\nOn completing her dissertation, Arendt turned to her Habilitationsschrift, initially on German Romanticism,[83] and thereafter an academic teaching career. However 1929 was also the year of the Depression and the end of the golden years (Goldene Zwanziger) of the Weimar Republic, which was to become increasingly unstable over its remaining four years. Arendt, as a Jew, had little if any chance of obtaining an academic appointment in Germany.[84] Nevertheless, she completed most of the work before she was forced to leave Germany.[85]\nCareer[edit]\nGermany (19291933)[edit]\nBerlin-Potsdam (1929)[edit]\nGnther Stern and Hannah Arendt in 1929\nIn 1929, Arendt met Gnther Stern again, this time in Berlin at a New Year's masked ball,[86] and began a relationship with him.[n][38][68] Within a month she had moved in with him in a one-room studio, shared with a dancing school in Berlin-Halensee. Then they moved to Merkurstrae 3, Nowawes,[87] in Potsdam[88] and were married there on 26 September.[o][90] They had much in common and the marriage was welcomed by both sets of parents.[69] In the summer, Hannah Arendt successfully applied to the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft for a grant to support her Habilitation, which was supported by Heidegger and Jaspers among others, and in the meantime, with Gnther's help was working on revisions to get her dissertation published.[91]\nWanderjahre (19291931)[edit]\nAfter Arendt and Stern were married, they began two years of what Christian Dries refers to as the Wanderjahre (years of wandering) with the ultimately fruitless aim of having Stern accepted for an academic appointment.[92] They lived for a while in Drewitz,[93] a southern neighborhood of Potsdam, before moving to Heidelberg, where they lived with the Jaspers. After Heidelberg, where Stern completed the first draft of his Habilitation thesis, the two then moved to Frankfurt where Stern hoped to finish his writing. There, Arendt participated in the university's intellectual life, attending lectures by Karl Mannheim and Paul Tillich, among others.[94] The couple collaborated intellectually, writing an article together[95] on Rilke's Duino Elegies (1923)[96] and both reviewing Mannheim's Ideologie und Utopie (1929).[97] The latter was Arendt's sole contribution to sociology.[68][69][98] In both her treatment of Mannheim and Rilke, Arendt found love to be a transcendent principle \"Because there is no true transcendence in this ordered world, one also cannot exceed the world, but only succeed to higher ranks\".[p] In Rilke she saw a latter day secular Augustine, describing the Elegies as the letzten literarischen Form religisen Dokumentes (ultimate form of religious document). Later, she would discover the limitations of transcendent love in explaining the historical events that pushed her into political action.[99] Another theme from Rilke that she would develop was the despair of not being heard. Reflecting on Rilke's opening lines, which she placed as an epigram at the beginning of their essay\nWer, wenn ich schriee, hrte mich denn aus der Engel Ordnungen?\n(Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the angelic orders?)\nArendt and Stern begin by stating:[100]\nThe paradoxical, ambiguous, and desperate situation from which standpoint the Duino Elegies may alone be understood has two characteristics: the absence of an echo and the knowledge of futility. The conscious renunciation of the demand to be heard, the despair at not being able to be heard, and finally the need to speak even without an answerthese are the real reasons for the darkness, asperity, and tension of the style in which poetry indicates its own possibilities and its will to form[q]\nArendt also published an article on Augustine (354430) in the Frankfurter Zeitung[101] to mark the 1500th anniversary of his death. She saw this article as forming a bridge between her treatment of Augustine in her dissertation and her subsequent work on Romanticism.[102][103] When it became evident Stern would not succeed in obtaining an appointment,[r] the Sterns returned to Berlin in 1931.[29]\nReturn to Berlin (19311933)[edit]\nIn Berlin, where the couple initially lived in the predominantly Jewish area of Bayerisches Viertel (Bavarian Quarter or \"Jewish Switzerland\") in Schneberg,[105][106] Stern obtained a position as a staff-writer for the cultural supplement of the Berliner Brsen-Courier, edited by Herbert Ihering, with the help of Bertold Brecht. There he started writing using the pen name Gnther Anders, i.e. \"Gnther Other\".[s][68] Arendt assisted Gnther with his work, but the shadow of Heidegger hung over their relationship. While Gnther was working on his Habilitationsschrift, Arendt had abandoned the original subject of German Romanticism for her thesis in 1930, and turned instead to Rahel Varnhagen and the question of assimilation.[83][108] Anne Mendelssohn had accidentally acquired a copy of Varnhagen's correspondence and excitedly introduced her to Arendt, donating her collection to her. A little later, Arendt's work on Romanticism led her to a study of Jewish salons and eventually to those of Varnhagen. In Rahel, she found qualities she felt reflected her own, particularly those of sensibility and vulnerability.[109] Rahel, like Hannah, found her destiny in her Jewishness. Hannah Arendt would come to call Rahel Varnhagen's discovery of living with her destiny as being a \"conscious pariah\".[110] This was a personal trait that Arendt had recognized in herself, although she did not embrace the term until later.[111]\nBack in Berlin, Arendt found herself becoming more involved in politics and started studying political theory, and reading Marx and Trotsky, while developing contacts at the Deutsche Hochschule fr Politik.[112] Despite the political leanings of her mother and husband she never saw herself as a political leftist, justifying her activism as being through her Jewishness.[113] Her increasing interest in Jewish politics and her examination of assimilation in her study of Varnhagen led her to publish her first article on Judaism, Aufklrung und Judenfrage (\"The Enlightenment and the Jewish Question\", 1932).[114][115] Blumenfeld had introduced her to the \"Jewish question\", which would be his lifelong concern.[116] Meanwhile, her views on German Romanticism were evolving. She wrote a review of Hans Weil's Die Entstehung des deutschen Bildungsprinzips (The Origin of German Educational Principle, 1930),[117] which dealt with the emergence of Bildungselite (educational elite) in the time of Rahel Varnhagen.[118] At the same time she began to be occupied by Max Weber's description of the status of Jewish people within a state as Pariavolk (pariah people) in his Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1922),[119][120] while borrowing Bernard Lazare's term paria conscient (conscious pariah)[121] with which she identified.[t][122][123][124] In both these articles she advanced the views of Johann Herder.[115] Another interest of hers at the time was the status of women, resulting in her 1932 review[125] of Alice Rhle-Gerstel's book Das Frauenproblem in der Gegenwart. Eine psychologische Bilanz (Contemporary Women's Issues: A psychological balance sheet).[126] Although not a supporter of the women's movement, the review was sympathetic. At least in terms of the status of women at that time, she was skeptical of the movement's ability to achieve political change.[127] She was also critical of the movement, because it was a women's movement, rather than contributing with men to a political movement, and abstract rather than striving for concrete goals. In this manner she echoed Rosa Luxemburg. Like Luxemburg, she would later criticize Jewish movements for the same reason. Arendt consistently prioritized political over social questions.[128]\nBy 1932, faced with a deteriorating political situation, Arendt was deeply troubled by reports that Heidegger was speaking at National Socialist meetings. She wrote, asking him to deny that he was attracted to National Socialism. Heidegger replied that he did not seek to deny the rumors (which were true), and merely assured her that his feelings for her were unchanged.[35] As a Jew in Nazi Germany, Arendt was prevented from making a living and discriminated against and confided to Anne Mendelssohn that emigration was probably inevitable. Jaspers had tried to persuade her to consider herself as a German first, a position she distanced herself from, pointing out that she was a Jew and that \"Fr mich ist Deutschland die Muttersprache, die Philosophie und die Dichtung\" (For me, Germany is the mother tongue, philosophy and poetry), rather than her identity. This position puzzled Jaspers, replying \"It is strange to me that as a Jew you want to be different from the Germans\".[129]\nBy 1933, life for the Jewish population in Germany was becoming precarious. Adolf Hitler became Reichskanzler (Chancellor) in January, and the Reichstag was burned down (Reichstagsbrand) the following month. This led to the suspension of civil liberties, with attacks on the left, and, in particular, members of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (German Communist Party: KPD). Stern, who had communist associations, fled to Paris, but Arendt stayed on to become an activist. Knowing her time was limited, she used the apartment at Opitzstrae 6 in Berlin-Steglitz that she had occupied with Stern since 1932 as an underground railway way-station for fugitives. Her rescue operation there is now recognized with a plaque on the wall.[130][131]\nMemorial at Opitzstrae 6\nPrussian State Library 1939\nArendt had already positioned herself as a critic of the rising Nazi Party in 1932 by publishing \"Adam-Mller-Renaissance?\"[132] a critique of the appropriation of the life of Adam Mller to support right wing ideology. The beginnings of anti-Jewish laws and boycott came in the spring of 1933. Confronted with systemic antisemitism, Arendt adopted the motiv \"If one is attacked as a Jew one must defend oneself as a Jew. Not as a German, not as a world citizen, not as an upholder of the Rights of Man.\"[44][133] This was Arendt's introduction of the concept of Jew as Pariah that would occupy her for the rest of her life in her Jewish writings.[134] She took a public position by publishing part of her largely completed biography of Rahel Varnhagen as \"Originale Assimilation: Ein Nachwort zu Rahel Varnhagen 100 Todestag\" (\"Original Assimilation: An Epilogue to the One Hundredth Anniversary of Rahel Varnhagen's Death\") in the Klnische Zeitung on 7 March 1933 and a little later also in Jdische Rundschau.[u][84] In the article she argues that the age of assimilation that began with Varnhagen's generation had come to an end with an official state policy of antisemitism. She opened with the declaration:[136]\nToday in Germany it seems Jewish assimilation must declare its bankruptcy. The general social antisemitism and its official legitimation affects in the first instance assimilated Jews, who can no longer protect themselves through baptism or by emphasizing their differences from Eastern Judaism.[v]\nAs a Jew, Arendt was anxious to inform the world of what was happening to her people in 19301933.[44] She surrounded herself with Zionist activists, including Kurt Blumenfeld, Martin Buber and Salman Schocken, and started to research antisemitism. Arendt had access to the Prussian State Library for her work on Varnhagen. Blumenfeld's Zionistische Vereinigung fr Deutschland (Zionist Federation of Germany) persuaded her to use this access to obtain evidence of the extent of antisemitism, for a planned speech to the Zionist Congress in Prague. This research was illegal at the time.[138] Her actions led to her being denounced by a librarian for anti-state propaganda, resulting in the arrest of both Arendt and her mother by the Gestapo. They served eight days in prison but her notebooks were in code and could not be deciphered, and she was released by a young, sympathetic arresting officer to await trial.[29][53][139]\nExile: France (19331941)[edit]\nParis (19331940)[edit]\nRahel Varnhagen c.1800\nOn release, realizing the danger she was now in, Arendt and her mother fled Germany[29] following the established escape route over the Ore Mountains by night into Czechoslovakia and on to Prague and then by train to Geneva. In Geneva, she made a conscious decision to commit herself to \"the Jewish cause\". She obtained work with a friend of her mother's at the League of Nations' Jewish Agency for Palestine, distributing visas and writing speeches.[140]\nFrom Geneva the Arendts traveled to Paris in the autumn, where she was reunited with Stern, joining a stream of refugees.[141] While Arendt had left Germany without papers, her mother had travel documents and returned to Knigsberg and her husband.[140] In Paris, she befriended Stern's cousin, the Marxist literary critic and philosopher Walter Benjamin and also the Jewish French philosopher Raymond Aron.[141]\nArendt was now an migre, an exile, stateless, without papers, and had turned her back on the Germany and Germans of the Nazizeit.[44] Her legal status was precarious and she was coping with a foreign language and culture, all of which took its toll on her mentally and physically.[142] In 1934 she started working for the Zionist-funded outreach program Agriculture et Artisanat,[143] giving lectures and organizing clothing, documents, medications and education for Jewish youth seeking to emigrate to the British Mandate of Palestine, mainly as agricultural workers. Initially she was employed as a secretary, and then office manager. To improve her skills she studied French, Hebrew and Yiddish. In this way she was able to support herself and her husband.[144] When the organization closed in 1935, her work for Blumenfeld and the Zionists in Germany brought her into contact with the wealthy philanthropist Baroness Germaine Alice de Rothschild (born Halphen, 18841975),[145] wife of douard Alphonse James de Rothschild, becoming her assistant. In this position she oversaw the baroness' contributions to Jewish charities through the Paris Consistoire, although she had little time for the family as a whole.[140][w]\nLater in 1935, Arendt joined Youth Aliyah (Youth immigration),[x] an organization similar to Agriculture et Artisanat that was founded in Berlin on the day Hitler seized power. It was affiliated with Hadassah,[147][148] which later saved many from the Holocaust,[149][150][29] and there Arendt eventually became Secretary-General (19351939).[17][141] Her work with Youth Aliyah also involved finding food, clothing, social workers and lawyers, but above all, fund raising.[53] She made her first visit to British Mandate of Palestine in 1935, accompanying one of these groups and meeting with her cousin Ernst Frst there.[y][142] With the Nazi annexation of Austria and invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1938, Paris was flooded with refugees, and she became the special agent for the rescue of the children from those countries.[17] In 1938, Arendt completed her biography of Rahel Varnhagen,[37][152][153] although this was not published until 1957.[29][154] In April 1939, following the devastating Kristallnacht pogrom of November 1938, Martha Beerwald realized her daughter would not return and made the decision to leave her husband and join Arendt in Paris. One stepdaughter had died and the other had moved to England, Martin Beerwald would not leave and she no longer had any close ties to Knigsberg.[155]\nHeinrich Blcher[edit]\nIn 1936, Arendt met the self-educated Berlin poet and Marxist philosopher Heinrich Blcher in Paris.[29][156] Blcher had been a Spartacist and then a founding member of the KPD, but had been expelled due to his work in the Vershnler (Conciliator faction).[116][157][158] Although Arendt had rejoined Stern in 1933, their marriage existed in name only, with their having separated in Berlin.[z] She fulfilled her social obligations and used the name Hannah Stern, but the relationship effectively ended when Stern, perhaps recognizing the danger better than she, emigrated to America with his parents in 1936.[142] In 1937, Arendt was stripped of her German citizenship and she and Stern divorced. She had begun seeing more of Blcher, and eventually they began living together. It was Blcher's long political activism that began to move Arendt's thinking towards political action.[116] Arendt and Blcher married on 16 January 1940, shortly after their divorces were finalized.[159]\nInternment and escape (19401941)[edit]\nMemorial at Camp Gurs\nOn 5 May 1940, in anticipation of the German invasion of France and the Low Countries that month, the military governor of Paris issued a proclamation ordering all \"enemy aliens\" between 17 and 55 who had come from Germany (predominantly Jews) to report separately for internment. The women were gathered together in the Vlodrome d'Hiver on 15 May, so Hannah Arendt's mother, being over 55, was allowed to stay in Paris. Arendt described the process of making refugees as \"the new type of human being created by contemporary history ... put into concentration camps by their foes and into internment camps by their friends\".[159][160] The men, including Blcher, were sent to Camp Vernet in southern France, close to the Spanish border. Arendt and the other women were sent to Camp Gurs, to the west of Gurs, a week later. The camp had earlier been set up to accommodate refugees from Spain. On 22 June, France capitulated and signed the Compigne armistice, dividing the country. Gurs was in the southern Vichy controlled section. Arendt describes how, \"in the resulting chaos we succeeded in getting hold of liberation papers with which we were able to leave the camp\",[161] which she did with about 200 of the 7,000 women held there, about four weeks later.[162] There was no Rsistance then, but she managed to walk and hitchhike north to Montauban,[aa] near Toulouse where she knew she would find help.[160][163]\nMontauban had become an unofficial capital for former detainees,[ab] and Arendt's friend Lotta Sempell Klembort was staying there. Blcher's camp had been evacuated in the wake of the German advance, and he managed to escape from a forced march, making his way to Montauban, where the two of them led a fugitive life. Soon they were joined by Anne Mendelssohn and Arendt's mother. Escape from France was extremely difficult without official papers; their friend Walter Benjamin had taken his own life after being apprehended trying to escape to Spain. One of the best-known illegal routes operated out of Marseilles, where Varian Fry, an American journalist, worked to raise funds, forge papers and bribe officials with Hiram Bingham, the American vice-consul there.\nFry and Bingham secured exit papers and American visas for thousands, and with help from Gnther Stern, Arendt, her husband, and her mother managed to secure the requisite permits to travel by train in January 1941 through Spain to Lisbon, Portugal, where they rented a flat at Rua da Sociedade Farmacutica, 6b.[ac][167] They eventually secured passage to New York in May on the Companhia Colonial de Navegao's S/S Guin II.[168] A few months later, Fry's operations were shut down and the borders sealed.[169][170]\nNew York (19411975)[edit]\nWorld War II (19411945)[edit]\nUpon arriving in New York City on 22 May 1941 with very little, Hannah's family received assistance from the Zionist Organization of America and the local German immigrant population, including Paul Tillich and neighbors from Knigsberg. They rented rooms at 317 West 95th Street and Martha Arendt joined them there in June. There was an urgent need to acquire English, and it was decided that Hannah Arendt should spend two months with an American family in Winchester, Massachusetts, through Self-Help for Refugees, in July.[171] She found the experience difficult but formulated her early appraisal of American life, Der Grundwiderspruch des Landes ist politische Freiheit bei gesellschaftlicher Knechtschaft (The fundamental contradiction of the country is political freedom coupled with social slavery).[ad][172]\nOn returning to New York, Arendt was anxious to resume writing and became active in the German-Jewish community, publishing her first article, \"From the Dreyfus Affair to France Today\" (in translation from her German) in July 1941.[ae][174] While she was working on this article, she was looking for employment and in November 1941 was hired by the New York German-language Jewish newspaper Aufbau and from 1941 to 1945, she wrote a political column for it, covering antisemitism, refugees and the need for a Jewish army. She also contributed to the Menorah Journal, a Jewish-American magazine,[175] and other German migr publications.[29]\nArendt and Blcher were residents at 370 Riverside Drive in New York City.\nArendt's first full-time salaried job came in 1944, when she became the director of research and executive director for the newly emerging Commission on European Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, a project of the Conference on Jewish Relations.[af] She was recruited \"because of her great interest in the Commission's activities, her previous experience as an administrator, and her connections with Germany\". There she compiled lists of Jewish cultural assets in Germany and Nazi occupied Europe, to aid in their recovery after the war.[178] Together with her husband, she lived at 370 Riverside Drive in New York City and at Kingston, New York, where Blcher taught at nearby Bard College for many years.[29][179]\nPost-war (19451975)[edit]\nHannah Arendt with Heinrich Blcher, New York 1950\nIn July 1946, Arendt left her position at the Commission on European Jewish Cultural Reconstruction to become an editor at Schocken Books, which later published some of her works.[29][180] In 1948, she became engaged with the campaign of Judah Magnes for a solution to the IsraeliPalestinian conflict.[116] She famously opposed the establishment of a Jewish nation-state in Palestine and initially also opposed the establishment of a binational Arab-Jewish state. Instead, she advocated for the inclusion of Palestine into a multi-ethnic federation. Only in 1948 in an effort to forestall partition did she support a binational one-state solution.[181] She returned to the Commission in August 1949. In her capacity as executive secretary, she traveled to Europe, where she worked in Germany, Britain and France (December 1949 to March 1950) to negotiate the return of archival material from German institutions, an experience she found frustrating, but provided regular field reports.[182] In January 1952, she became secretary to the Board, although the work of the organization was winding down[ag] and she was simultaneously pursuing her own intellectual activities; she retained this position until her death.[ah][178][183][184] Arendt's work on cultural restitution provided further material for her study of totalitarianism.[185]\nIn the 1950s Arendt wrote The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951),[186] The Human Condition (1958)[187] followed by On Revolution (1963).[29][188] Arendt began corresponding with the American author Mary McCarthy, six years her junior, in 1950 and they soon became lifelong friends.[189][190] In 1950, Arendt also became a naturalized citizen of the United States.[191] The same year, she started seeing Martin Heidegger again, and had what the American writer Adam Kirsch called a \"quasi-romance\", lasting for two years, with the man who had previously been her mentor, teacher, and lover.[35] During this time, Arendt defended him against critics who noted his enthusiastic membership in the Nazi Party. She portrayed Heidegger as a nave man swept up by forces beyond his control, and pointed out that Heidegger's philosophy had nothing to do with National Socialism.[35] She suspected that loyal followers of Horkheimer and Adorno in Frankfurt were plotting against Heidegger. For Adorno she had a real aversion: \"Half a Jew and one of the most repugnant men I know\".[192][80] According to Arendt, the Frankfurt School was willing, and quite capable of doing so, to destroy Heidegger: \"For years they have branded anti-Semitism on anyone in Germany who opposes them, or have threatened to raise such an accusation\".[192][80]\nIn 1961 she traveled to Jerusalem to report on Eichmann's trial for The New Yorker. This report strongly influenced her popular recognition, and raised much controversy (see below). Her work was recognized by many awards, including the Danish Sonning Prize in 1975 for Contributions to European Civilization.[44][193]\nA few years later she spoke in New York City on the legitimacy of violence as a political act: \"Generally speaking, violence always rises out of impotence. It is the hope of those who have no power to find a substitute for it and this hope, I think, is in vain. Violence can destroy power, but it can never replace it.\"[194]\nTeaching[edit]\nHannah Arendt lecturing in Germany, 1955\nArendt taught at many institutions of higher learning from 1951 onwards, but, preserving her independence, consistently refused tenure-track positions. She was a visiting scholar at the University of Notre Dame, University of California, Berkeley, Princeton University (where she was the first woman to be appointed a full professor in 1959) and Northwestern University. She also taught at the University of Chicago from 1963 to 1967, where she was a member of the Committee on Social Thought, [179][195] Yale University, where she was a fellow and the Center for Advanced Studies at Wesleyan University (196162, 196263). From 1967 she was a professor at the New School for Social research in Manhattan, New York City.[29][196]\nShe was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1962[197] and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1964.[198] In 1974, Arendt was instrumental in the creation of Structured Liberal Education (SLE) at Stanford University. She wrote a letter to the president of Stanford to persuade the university to enact Stanford history professor Mark Mancall's vision of a residentially-based humanities program.[179] At the time of her death, she was University Professor of Political Philosophy at The New School.[179]\nRelationships[edit]\nSee also: Correspondence\nArendt with Mary McCarthy\nIn addition to her affair with Heidegger, and her two marriages, Arendt had close friendships. Since her death, her correspondence with many of them has been published, revealing much information about her thinking. To her friends she was both loyal and generous, dedicating several of her works to them.[199] Freundschaft (friendship) she described as being one of \"ttigen Modi des Lebendigseins\" (the active modes of being alive),[200] and, to her, friendship was central both to her life and to the concept of politics.[199][201] Hans Jonas described her as having a \"genius for friendship\", and, in her own words, \"der Eros der Freundschaft\" (love of friendship).[199][202]\nHer philosophy-based friendships were male and European, while her later American friendships were more diverse, literary, and political. Although she became an American citizen in 1950, her cultural roots remained European, and her language remained her German \"Muttersprache\" (mother tongue).[203] She surrounded herself with German-speaking migrs, sometimes referred to as \"The Tribe\". To her, wirkliche Menschen (real people) were \"pariahs\", not in the sense of outcasts, but in the sense of outsiders, unassimilated, with the virtue of \"social nonconformism ... the sine qua non of intellectual achievement\", a sentiment she shared with Jaspers.[204]\nArendt always had a beste Freundin (best friend [female]). In her teens she had formed a lifelong relationship with her Jugendfreundin, Anne Mendelssohn Weil (\"nnchen\"). After she emigrated to America, Hilde Frnkel, Paul Tillich's secretary and mistress, filled that role until the latter died in 1950. After the war, Arendt was able to return to Germany and renew her relationship with Weil, who made several visits to New York, especially after Blcher's death in 1970. Their last meeting was in Tegna, Switzerland in 1975, shortly before Arendt's death.[205] With Frnkel's death, Mary McCarthy became Arendt's closest friend and confidante.[51][206][207]\nFinal illness and death[edit]\nHannah Arendt's grave at Bard College Cemetery, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York\nHeinrich Blcher had survived a cerebral aneurysm in 1961 and remained unwell after 1963, sustaining a series of heart attacks. On 31 October 1970, he died of a massive heart attack. A devastated Arendt had previously told Mary McCarthy, \"Life without him would be unthinkable\".[208] Arendt was also a heavy smoker and was frequently depicted with a cigarette in her hand. She sustained a near-fatal heart attack while lecturing in Scotland in May 1974, and although she recovered, she remained in poor health afterward and continued to smoke.[209] On the evening of 4 December 1975, shortly after her 69th birthday, she had a further heart attack in her apartment while entertaining friends, and was pronounced dead at the scene.[210][211] Her ashes were buried alongside those of Blcher at Bard College, in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York in May 1976.[179][212]\nAfter Arendt's death the title page of the final part of The Life of the Mind (\"Judging\") was found in her typewriter, which she had just started, consisting of the title and two epigraphs. This has subsequently been reproduced in the edited version of her Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy.(see image).[213]\nWork[edit]\nArendt wrote works on intellectual history as a political theorist, using events and actions to develop insights into contemporary totalitarian movements and the threat to human freedom presented by scientific abstraction and bourgeois morality. Intellectually, she was an independent thinker, a loner, not a \"joiner,\" separating herself from schools of thought or ideology.[214] In addition to her major texts she published anthologies, including Between Past and Future (1961),[215] Men in Dark Times (1968)[216] and Crises of the Republic (1972).[217] She also contributed to many publications, including The New York Review of Books, Commonweal, Dissent and The New Yorker.[29] She is perhaps best known for her accounts of Adolf Eichmann and his trial,[218] because of the intense controversy that it generated.[219]\nPolitical theory and philosophical system[edit]\nWhile Arendt never developed a systematic political theory and her writing does not easily lend itself to categorization, the tradition of thought most closely identified with Arendt is that of civic republicanism, from Aristotle to Tocqueville. Her political concept is centered around active citizenship that emphasizes civic engagement and collective deliberation.[5] She believed that no matter how bad, government could never succeed in extinguishing human freedom, despite holding that modern societies frequently retreat from democratic freedom with its inherent disorder for the relative comfort of administrative bureaucracy. Some have claimed her political legacy is her strong defence of freedom in the face of an increasingly less than free world.[29] She does not adhere to a single systematic philosophy, but rather spans a range of subjects covering totalitarianism, revolution, the nature of freedom and the faculties of thought and judgment.[7]\nWhile she is best known for her work on \"dark times\",[ai] the nature of totalitarianism and evil, she imbued this with a spark of hope and confidence in the nature of mankind:[214]\nThat even in the darkest of times we have the right to expect some illumination, and that such illumination might well come less from theories and concepts than from the uncertain, flickering, and often weak light that some men and women, in their lives and their works, will kindle under almost all circumstances and shed over the time span that was given to them. Men in Dark Times (1968)[222]\nLove and Saint Augustine (1929)[edit]\nMain article: Love and Saint Augustine\nArendt's doctoral thesis, Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin. Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation[79] (Love and Saint Augustine. Towards a philosophical interpretation), was published in 1929 and attracted critical interest, although an English translation did not appear until 1996.[223] In this work she combined approaches of both Heidegger and Jaspers. Arendt's interpretation of love in the work of Augustine deals with three concepts, love as craving or desire (Amor qua appetitus), love in the relationship between man (creatura) and creator (Creator Creatura), and neighborly love (Dilectio proximi). Love as craving anticipates the future, while love for the Creator deals with the remembered past. Of the three, dilectio proximi or caritas[aj] is perceived as the most fundamental, to which the first two are oriented, which she treats as vita socialis (social life) the second of the Great Commandments (or Golden Rule) \"Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself\" uniting and transcending the former.[ak][88] Augustine's influence (and Jaspers' views on his work) persisted in Arendt's writings for the rest of her life.[225]\nAmor mundi\nAmor mundi warum ist es so schwer, die Welt zu lieben?Love of the world why is it so difficult to love the world?\nDenktagebuch I: 522[226]\nSome of the leitmotifs of her canon were apparent, introducing the concept of Natalitt (Natality) as a key condition of human existence and its role in the development of the individual,[223][227][228] developing this further in The Human Condition (1958).[187][229] She explained that the construct of natality was implied in her discussion of new beginnings and man's elation to the Creator as nova creatura.[230][231] The centrality of the theme of birth and renewal is apparent in the constant reference to Augustinian thought, and specifically the innovative nature of birth, from this, her first work, to her last, The Life of the Mind.[232]\nLove is another connecting theme. In addition to the Augustinian loves expostulated in her dissertation, the phrase amor mundi (love of the world) is one often associated with Arendt and both permeates her work and was an absorbing passion throughout her work.[233][234] She took the phrase from Augustine's homily on the first epistle of St John, \"If love of the world dwell in us\".[235] Amor mundi was her original title for The Human Condition (1958),[al][237] the subtitle of Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's biography (1982),[67] the title of a collection of writing on faith in her work[238] and is the newsletter of the Hannah Arendt Center at Bard College.[239]\nThe Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)[edit]\nMain article: The Origins of Totalitarianism\nArendt's first major book, The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951),[186] examined the roots of Stalinism and Nazism, structured as three essays, \"Antisemitism\", \"Imperialism\" and \"Totalitarianism\". Arendt argues that totalitarianism was a \"novel form of government,\" that \"differs essentially from other forms of political oppression known to us such as despotism, tyranny and dictatorship\"[240] in that it applied terror to subjugate mass populations rather than just political adversaries.[241][242] Arendt also maintained that Jewry was not the operative factor in the Holocaust, but merely a convenient proxy because Nazism was about terror and consistency, not merely eradicating Jews.[242][243] Arendt explained the tyranny using Kant's phrase \"radical evil\",[244] by which their victims became \"superfluous people\".[245][246] In later editions she enlarged the text[247] to include her work on \"Ideology and Terror: A novel form of government\"[241] and the Hungarian Revolution, but then published the latter separately.[248][249][250]\nCriticism of Origins has often focused on its portrayal of the two movements, Hitlerism and Stalinism, as equally tyrannical.[251]\nRahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess (1957)[edit]\nMain article: Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess\nArendt's Habilitationsschrift on Rahel Varnhagen was completed while she was living in exile in Paris in 1938, but not published till 1957, in the United Kingdom by East and West Library, part of the Leo Baeck Institute.[252] This biography of a 19th-century Jewish socialite, formed an important step in her analysis of Jewish history and the subjects of assimilation and emancipation, and introduced her treatment of the Jewish diaspora as either pariah or parvenu. In addition it represents an early version of her concept of history.[253][254] The book is dedicated to Anne Mendelssohn, who first drew her attention to Varnhagen.[83][255][256] Arendt's relation to Varnhagen permeates her subsequent work. Her account of Varnhagen's life was perceived during a time of the destruction of German-Jewish culture. It partially reflects Arendt's own view of herself as a German-Jewish woman driven out of her own culture into a stateless existence,[253] leading to the description \"biography as autobiography\".[254][257][258]\nThe Human Condition (1958)[edit]\nMain article: The Human Condition\nIn what is arguably her most influential work, The Human Condition (1958),[187] Arendt differentiates political and social concepts, labor and work, and various forms of actions; she then explores the implications of those distinctions. Her theory of political action, corresponding to the existence of a public realm, is extensively developed in this work. Arendt argues that, while human life always evolves within societies, the social part of human nature, political life, has been intentionally realized in only a few societies as a space for individuals to achieve freedom. Conceptual categories, which attempt to bridge the gap between ontological and sociological structures, are sharply delineated. While Arendt relegates labor and work to the realm of the social, she favors the human condition of action as that which is both existential and aesthetic.[5] Of human actions, Arendt identifies two that she considers essential. These are forgiving past wrong (or unfixing the fixed past) and promising future benefit (or fixing the unfixed future).[259]\nArendt had first introduced the concept of \"natality\" in her Love and Saint Augustine (1929)[79] and in The Human Condition starts to develop this further. In this, she departs from Heidegger's emphasis on mortality. Arendt's positive message is one of the \"miracle of beginning\", the continual arrival of the new to create action, that is to alter the state of affairs brought about by previous actions.[260] \"Men\", she wrote \"though they must die, are not born in order to die but in order to begin\". She defined her use of \"natality\" as:[261]\nThe miracle that saves the world, the realm of human affairs, from its normal, \"natural\" ruin is ultimately the fact of natality, in which the faculty of action is ontologically rooted. It is, in other words, the birth of new men and the new beginning, the action they are capable of by virtue of being born.\nNatality would go on to become a central concept of her political theory, and also what Karin Fry considers its most optimistic one.[229]\nBetween Past and Future (1954...1968)[edit]\nMain article: Between Past and Future\nBetween Past and Future is an anthology of eight essays written between 1954 and 1968, dealing with a variety of different but connected philosophical subjects. These essays share the central idea that humans live between the past and the uncertain future. Man must permanently think to exist, but must learn thinking. Humans have resorted to tradition, but are abandoning respect for this tradition and culture. Arendt tries to find solutions to help humans think again, since modern philosophy has not succeeded in helping humans to live correctly.[215]\nOn Revolution (1963)[edit]\nMain article: On Revolution\nArendt's book On Revolution[262] presents a comparison of two of the main revolutions of the 18th century, the American and French Revolutions. She goes against a common impression of both Marxist and leftist views when she argues that France, while well-studied and often emulated, was a disaster and that the largely ignored American Revolution was a success. The turning point in the French Revolution occurred when the leaders rejected their goals of freedom to focus on compassion for the masses. In the United States, the founders never betray the goal of Constitutio Libertatis. Arendt believes the revolutionary spirit of those men had been lost, however, and advocates a \"council system\" as an appropriate institution to regain that spirit.[263]\nMen in Dark Times (1968)[edit]\nThe anthology of essays Men in Dark Times presents intellectual biographies of some creative and moral figures of the 20th century, such as Walter Benjamin, Karl Jaspers, Rosa Luxemburg, Hermann Broch, Pope John XXIII, and Isak Dinesen.[216]\nCrises of the Republic (1972)[edit]\nMain article: Crises of the Republic\nCrises of the Republic[217] was the third of Arendt's anthologies, consisting of four essays. These related essays deal with contemporary American politics and the crises it faced in the 1960s and 1970s. \"Lying in Politics\" looks for an explanation behind the administration's deception regarding the Vietnam War, as revealed in the Pentagon Papers. \"Civil Disobedience\" examines the opposition movements, while the final \"Thoughts on Politics and Revolution\" is a commentary, in the form of an interview on the third essay, \"On Violence\".[217][264] In \"On Violence\" Arendt substantiates that violence presupposes power which she understands as a property of groups. Thus, she breaks with the predominant conception of power as derived from violence.\nThe Life of the Mind (1978)[edit]\nMain article: The Life of the Mind\nImmanuel Kant\nArendt's last major work, The Life of the Mind[265] remained incomplete at the time of her death in 1975, but marked a return to moral philosophy. The outline of the book was based on her graduate level political philosophy class, Philosophy of the Mind, and her Gifford Lectures in Scotland.[266] She conceived of the work as a trilogy based on the mental activities of thinking, willing, and judging. Her most recent work had focused on the first two, but went beyond this in terms of vita activa. Her discussion of thinking was based on Socrates and his notion of thinking as a solitary dialogue between oneself, leading her to novel concepts of conscience.[267]\nArendt died suddenly five days after completing the second part, with the first page of Judging still in her typewriter, and McCarthy then edited the first two parts and provided some indication of the direction of the third.[268][269] Arendt's exact intentions for the third part are unknown but she left several manuscripts (such as Thinking and Moral Considerations, Some Questions on Moral Philosophy and Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy) relating to her thoughts on the mental faculty of Judging. These have since been published separately.[270][271]\nCollected works[edit]\nAfter Arendt died in 1975, her essays and notes have continued to be collected, edited and published posthumously by friends and colleagues, mainly under the editorship of Jerome Kohn, including those that give some insight into the unfinished third part of The Life of the Mind.[180] Some dealt with her Jewish identity. The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age (1978),[272] is a collection of 15 essays and letters from the period 19431966 on the situation of Jews in modern times, to try and throw some light on her views on the Jewish world, following the backlash to Eichmann, but proved to be equally polarizing.[273][274] A further collection of her writings on being Jewish was published as The Jewish Writings (2007).[275][276] Her work on moral philosophy appeared as Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy (1982) and Responsibility and Judgment (2003), and her literary works as Reflections on Literature and Culture (2007).[180]\nOther work includes the collection of forty, largely fugitive,[am] essays, addresses, and reviews covering the period 19301954, entitled Essays in Understanding 19301954: Formation, Exile, and Totalitarianism (1994).[277] These presaged her monumental The Origins of Totalitarianism,[186] in particular On the Nature of Totalitarianism (1953) and The Concern with Politics in Contemporary European Philosophical Thought (1954).[278] However these attracted little attention. However after a new version of Origins of Totalitarianism appeared in 2004 followed by The Promise of Politics in 2005 there appeared a new interest in Arendtiana. This led to a second series of her remaining essays, Thinking Without a Banister: Essays in Understanding, 19531975, published in 2018.[279] Her notebooks which form a series of memoirs, were published as Denktagebuch in 2002.[280][281][282]\nCorrespondence[edit]\nSome further insight into her thinking is provided in the continuing posthumous publication of her correspondence with many of the important figures in her life, including Karl Jaspers (1992),[80] Mary McCarthy (1995),[190] Heinrich Blcher (1996),[283] Martin Heidegger (2004),[an][72] Alfred Kazin (2005),[284] Walter Benjamin (2006),[285] Gershom Scholem (2011)[286] and Gnther Stern (2016).[287] Other correspondences that have been published include those with women friends such as Hilde Frnkel and Anne Mendelsohn Weil (see Relationships).[288][285]\nArendt and the Eichmann trial (19611963)[edit]\nMain article: Eichmann in Jerusalem\nEichmann on trial in 1961\nIn 1960, on hearing of Adolf Eichmann's capture and plans for his trial, Hannah Arendt contacted The New Yorker and offered to travel to Israel to cover it when it opened on 11 April 1961.[289] Arendt was anxious to test her theories, developed in The Origins of Totalitarianism, and see how justice would be administered to the sort of man she had written about. Also she had witnessed \"little of the Nazi regime directly\"[ao][290] and this was an opportunity to witness an agent of totalitarianism first hand.[246] The offer was accepted and she attended six weeks of the five-month trial with her young Israeli cousin, Edna Brocke.[289] On arrival she was treated as a celebrity, meeting with the trial chief judge, Moshe Landau, and the foreign minister, Golda Meir.[291] In her subsequent 1963 report,[292] based on her observations and transcripts,[289] and which evolved into the book Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil,[218] Arendt coined the phrase \"the banality of evil\" to describe the Eichmann phenomenon. She, like others,[293] was struck by his very ordinariness and the demeanor he exhibited of a small, slightly balding, bland bureaucrat, in contrast to the horrific crimes he stood accused of.[294] He was, she wrote, \"terribly and terrifyingly normal.\"[295] She examined the question of whether evil is radical or simply a function of thoughtlessness, a tendency of ordinary people to obey orders and conform to mass opinion without a critical evaluation of the consequences of their actions. Arendt's argument was that Eichmann was not a monster, contrasting the immensity of his actions with the very ordinariness of the man himself. Eichmann, she stated, not only called himself a Zionist, having initially opposed the Jewish persecution, but also expected his captors to understand him. She pointed out that his actions were not driven by malice, but rather blind dedication to the regime and his need to belong, to be a \"joiner.\"\nOn this, Arendt would later state \"Going along with the rest and wanting to say 'we' were quite enough to make the greatest of all crimes possible\".[ap][296] What Arendt observed during the trial was a bourgeois sales clerk who found a meaningful role for himself and a sense of importance in the Nazi movement. She noted that his addiction to clichs and use of bureaucratic morality clouded his ability to question his actions, \"to think\". This led her to set out her most debated dictum: \"the lesson that this long course in human wickedness had taught us the lesson of the fearsome, word-and-thought-defying banality of evil.\"[29][292] By stating that Eichmann did not think, she did not imply lack of conscious awareness of his actions, but by \"thinking\" she implied reflective rationality, that was lacking.\nArendt was critical of the way the trial was conducted by the Israelis as a \"show trial\" with ulterior motives other than simply trying evidence and administering justice.[297][291] Arendt was also critical of the way Israel depicted Eichmann's crimes as crimes against a nation-state, rather than against humanity itself.[298] She objected to the idea that a strong Israel was necessary to protect world Jewry being again placed where \"they'll let themselves be slaughtered like sheep,\" recalling the biblical phrase.[aq][299] She portrayed the prosecutor, Attorney General Gideon Hausner, as employing hyperbolic rhetoric in the pursuit of Prime Minister Ben-Gurion's political agenda.[300] Arendt, who believed she could maintain her focus on moral principles in the face of outrage, became increasingly frustrated with Hausner, describing his parade of survivors as having \"no apparent bearing on the case\".[ar][302] She was particularly concerned that Hausner repeatedly asked \"why did you not rebel?\"[303] rather than question the role of the Jewish leaders.[301] On this point, Arendt argued that during the Holocaust some of them cooperated with Eichmann \"almost without exception\" in the destruction of their own people. These leaders, notably M. C. Rumkowski, constituted the Jewish Councils (Judenrte).[304] She had expressed concerns on this point prior to the trial.[as][305] She described this as a moral catastrophe. While her argument was not to allocate blame, rather she mourned what she considered a moral failure of compromising the imperative that it is better to suffer wrong than to do wrong. She describes the cooperation of the Jewish leaders in terms of a disintegration of Jewish morality: \"This role of the Jewish leaders in the destruction of their own people is undoubtedly the darkest chapter in the whole dark story\". Widely misunderstood, this caused an even greater controversy and particularly animosity toward her in the Jewish community and in Israel.[29] For Arendt, the Eichmann trial marked a turning point in her thinking in the final decade of her life, becoming increasingly preoccupied with moral philosophy.[306]\nReception[edit]\nArendt's five-part series \"Eichmann in Jerusalem\" appeared in The New Yorker in February 1963[292] some nine months after Eichmann was hanged on 31 May 1962. By this time his trial was largely forgotten in the popular mind, superseded by intervening world events.[307] However, no other account of either Eichmann or National Socialism has aroused so much controversy.[308] Before its publication, Arendt was considered a brilliant humanistic original political thinker.[309] Her mentor, Karl Jaspers, however, had warned her about a possible adverse outcome, \"The Eichmann trial will be no pleasure for you. I'm afraid it cannot go well\".[at][246] On publication, three controversies immediately occupied public attention: the concept of Eichmann as banal, her criticism of the role of Israel and her description of the role played by the Jewish people themselves.[311]\nArendt was profoundly shocked by the response, writing to Karl Jaspers \"People are resorting to any means to destroy my reputation ... They have spent weeks trying to find something in my past that they can hang on me\". Now she was being called arrogant, heartless and ill-informed. She was accused of being duped by Eichmann, of being a \"self-hating Jewess\", and even an enemy of Israel.[53][309][312] Her critics included The Anti-Defamation League and many other Jewish groups, editors of publications she was a contributor to, faculty at the universities she taught at and friends from all parts of her life.[309] Her friend Gershom Scholem, a major scholar of Jewish mysticism, broke off relations with her, publishing their correspondence without her permission.[313] Arendt was criticized by many Jewish public figures, who charged her with coldness and lack of sympathy for the victims of the Holocaust. Because of this lingering criticism neither this book nor any of her other works were translated into Hebrew until 1999.[314] Arendt responded to the controversies in the book's Postscript.\nAlthough Arendt complained that she was being criticized for telling the truth \"what a risky business to tell the truth on a factual level without theoretical and scholarly embroidery\"[au][315] the criticism was largely directed to her theorizing on the nature of mankind and evil and that ordinary people were driven to commit the inexplicable not so much by hatred and ideology as ambition, and inability to empathize. Equally problematic was the suggestion that the victims deceived themselves and complied in their own destruction.[316] Prior to Arendt's depiction of Eichmann, his popular image had been, as The New York Times put it \"the most evil monster of humanity\"[317] and as a representative of \"an atrocious crime, unparalleled in history\", \"the extermination of European Jews\".[297] As it turned out Arendt and others were correct in pointing out that Eichmann's characterization by the prosecution as the architect and chief technician of the Holocaust was not entirely credible.[318]\nWhile much has been made of Arendt's treatment of Eichmann, Ada Ushpiz, in her 2015 documentary Vita Activa: The Spirit of Hannah Arendt,[319] placed it in a much broader context of the use of rationality to explain seemingly irrational historical events.[av][294]\nKein Mensch hat das Recht zu gehorchen[edit]\nTax offices in Bolzano, former seat of the Fascist partyBy Day and Night. Italian Fascist monument reworked to display a version of Arendt's statement \"No one has the right to obey.\"\nIn an interview with Joachim Fest in 1964,[296] Arendt was asked about Eichmann's defense that he had made Kant's principle of the duty of obedience his guiding principle all his life. Arendt replied that that was outrageous and that Eichmann was misusing Kant, by not considering the element of judgement required in assessing one's own actions \"Kein Mensch hat bei Kant das Recht zu gehorchen\" (No man has, according to Kant, the right to obey), she stated, paraphrasing Kant. The reference was to Kant's Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloen Vernunft (Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason 1793) in which he states:[320]\nDer Satz 'man mu Gott mehr gehorchen, als den Menschen' bedeutet nur, da, wenn die letzten etwas gebieten, was an sich bse (dem Sittengesetz unmittelbar zuwider) ist, ihnen nicht gehorcht werden darf und soll[321] (The saying, \"We must hearken to God, rather than to man,\" signifies no more than this, viz. that should any earthly legislation enjoin something immediately contradictory of the moral law, obedience is not to be rendered)\nKant clearly defines a higher moral duty than rendering merely unto Caesar. Arendt herself had written in her book \"This was outrageous, on the face of it, and also incomprehensible, since Kant's moral philosophy is so closely bound up with man's faculty of judgment, which rules out blind obedience.\"[322] Arendt's reply to Fest was subsequently corrupted to read Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen (No one has the right to obey), which has been widely reproduced, although it does encapsulate an aspect of her moral philosophy.[180][323]\nThe phrase Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen has become one of her iconic images, appearing on the wall of the house in which she was born (see Commemorations), among other places.[324] A fascist bas-relief on the Palazzo degli Uffici Finanziari (1942), in the Piazza del Tribunale,[aw] Bolzano, Italy celebrating Mussolini, read Credere, Obbedire, Combattere (Believe, Obey, Combat).[325] In 2017 it was altered to read Hannah Arendt's original words on obedience in the three official languages of the region.[ax][325][326]\nThe phrase has been appearing in other artistic work featuring political messages, such as the 2015 installation by Wilfried Gerstel, which has evoked the concept of resistance to dictatorship, as expressed in her essay \"Personal Responsibility under Dictatorship\" (1964).[133][327]\nList of selected publications[edit]\nMain article: List of works by Hannah Arendt\nBibliographies[edit]\nHeller, Anne C (23 July 2005). \"Selected Bibliography: A Life in Dark Times\". Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.\nKohn, Jerome (2018). \"Bibliographical Works\". The Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities at Bard College. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018., in HAC Bard (2018)\nYanase, Yosuke (3 May 2008). \"Hannah Arendt's major works\". Philosophical Investigations for Applied Linguistics. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.\n\"Arendt works\". Thinking and Judging with Hannah Arendt: Political theory class. University of Helsinki. 20102012. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2018.\nBooks[edit]\nArendt, Hannah (1929). Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin: Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation [On the concept of love in the thought of Saint Augustine: Attempt at a philosophical interpretation] (PDF) (Doctoral thesis, Department of Philosophy, University of Heidelberg) (in German). Berlin: Springer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2015., reprinted as\n (2006). Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin: Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation (in German). Georg Olms Verlag. ISBN978-3-487-13262-4. Full text on Internet Archive\nAlso available in English as: (1996). Scott, Joanna Vecchiarelli; Stark, Judith Chelius (eds.). Love and Saint Augustine. University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-02596-4. Full text on Internet Archive\n (1997) [1938, published 1957]. Weissberg, Liliane (ed.). Rahel Varnhagen: Lebensgeschichte einer deutschen Jdin aus der Romantik [Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess] (Habilitation thesis). Translated by Richard and Clara Winston. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN978-0-8018-5587-0. 400 pages. (see Rahel Varnhagen)\nAzria, Rgine (1987). \"Review of Rahel Varnhagen. La vie d'une juive allemande l'poque du romantisme\". Archives de sciences sociales des religions (Review). 32 (64.2): 233. ISSN0335-5985. JSTOR30129073.\nWeissberg, Liliane; Elon, Amos (10 June 1999). \"Hannah Arendt's Integrity\". The New York Review of Books (Editorial letters). Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.\nZohn, Harry (1960). \"Review of Rahel Varnhagen. The Life of a Jewess\". Jewish Social Studies (Review). 22 (3): 18081. ISSN0021-6704. JSTOR4465809.\n (1976) [1951, New York: Schocken]. The Origins of Totalitarianism [Elemente und Ursprnge totaler Herrschaft] (reviseded.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN978-0-547-54315-4., (see also The Origins of Totalitarianism and Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism) Full text (1979 edition) on Internet Archive\nRiesman, David (1 April 1951). \"The Origins of Totalitarianism, by Hannah Arendt\". Commentary (Review). Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2018.\nNisbet, Robert (1992). \"Arendt on Totalitarianism\". The National Interest (Review) (27): 8591. JSTOR42896812.\n (2013) [1958]. The Human Condition (Seconded.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-92457-1. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2018. (see also The Human Condition)\n (1958). Die ungarische Revolution und der totalitre Imperialismus (in German). Mnchen: R. Piper & Co Verlag. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2018.\n (2006) [1961, New York: Viking]. Between Past and Future. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN978-1-101-66265-6. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2018. (see also Between Past and Future)\n (2006b) [1963, New York: Viking]. On Revolution. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN978-1-101-66264-9. (see also On Revolution) Full text on Internet Archive\n (2006a) [1963, Viking Press, revised 1968]. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN978-1-101-00716-7. Full text: 1964 edition Archived 23 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine (see also Eichmann in Jerusalem)\n (1968). Men in Dark Times. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN978-0-15-658890-4.\n (1972). Crises of the Republic: Lying in Politics; Civil Disobedience; On Violence; Thoughts on Politics and Revolution. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN978-0-15-623200-5.[ay] \"Lying in Politics\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2018.\nNott, Kathleen (1 August 1972). \"Crises of the Republic, by Hannah Arendt\". Commentary (Review). Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.\nArticles and essays[edit]\n; Stern, Gnther (1930). \"Rilkes Duineser Elegien\". Neue Schweizer Rundschau. 23: 855871. doi:10.5169/seals-760191. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2018. (English translation in Arendt & Stern (2007m, pp.123))\n (12 April 1930a). \"Augustin und Protestantismus\" [Augustine and Protestanism]. Frankfurter Zeitung. No.902. Translated by Robert and Rita Kimber. p.1. (reprinted in Arendt (2011, pp.2427))\n (1930b). \"Philosophie und Soziologie. Anllich Karl Mannheims Ideologie und Utopie\" [Philosophy and Sociology]. Die Gesellschaft. 7 (1). Translated by Robert and Rita Kimber: 163176. (reprinted in Arendt (2011, pp.2843))\n (1931). \"Rezension von: Hans Weil: Die Entstehung des Deutschen Bildungsprinzips\" [On the emancipation of women]. Archiv fr Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik (Review). 66. Translated by Elisabeh Young-Bruehl: 20005.\n (1932). \"Aufklrung und Judenfrage\" [The Enlightenment and the Jewish Question]. Zeitschrift fr die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland (in German). 4 (2/3): 6577. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2018. (reprinted in Arendt-Stern (2009m, pp.318))\n (1932a). \"Rezension ber Alice Rhle-Gerstel: Das Frauenproblem in der Gegenwart. Eine psychologische Bilanz\". Die Gesellschaft (in German). 10 (2): 177179. (reprinted in Arendt (2011, pp.6668))\n (1317 September 1932b). \"Adam-Mller-Renaissance?\". Klnische Zeitung (in German). No.501, 510. (English translation in Arendt (2007n, pp.3845))\n (July 1942). \"From the Dreyfus Affair to France Today\". Jewish Social Studies. 4 (3): 195240. JSTOR4615201.\n (31 January 1943). \"We refugees\" (PDF). Menorah Journal. 31 (1): 6977. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2018., reprinted in Arendt (1978a, pp.5567) and Robinson (1996, pp.11019)\n (1944). \"The Jew as Pariah: A Hidden Tradition\". Jewish Social Studies. 6 (2): 99122. JSTOR4464588. (reprinted in Arendt (2009n, pp.275297))\n (1958). \"Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution\". The Journal of Politics. 20 (1): 543. doi:10.2307/2127387. JSTOR2127387. S2CID154428972.\n (Winter 1959). \"Reflections on Little Rock\" (PDF). Dissent. Vol.6, no.6. pp.4556. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2018.\n (Spring 1959). \"A reply to critics\". Dissent. Vol.6, no.7. pp.17981. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.\n (FebruaryMarch 1963). \"Eichmann in Jerusalem. 5 parts\". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.\n (21 October 1971). \"Martin Heidegger at Eighty\". New York Review of Books. Translated by Albert Hofstadter. p.51. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2018.\nCorrespondence[edit]\nArendt, Hannah; Jaspers, Karl (1992). Khler, Lotte; Saner, Hans (eds.). Hannah Correspondence, 19261969. Translated by Robert and Rita Kimber. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN978-0-15-107887-5.\nArendt, Hannah; Kazin, Alfred (February 2005). Mahrdt, Helgard (ed.). \"The correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Alfred Kazin\". Samtiden. No.1. pp.10754. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2019.\nArendt, Hannah; McCarthy, Mary (1995). Brightman, Carol (ed.). Between friends: the correspondence of Hannah Arendt and Mary McCarthy, 19491975. Harcourt Brace. ISBN978-0-15-100112-5.\nArendt, Hannah; Blcher, Heinrich (2000) [1996]. Kohler, Lotte (ed.). Within Four Walls: The Correspondence Between Hannah Arendt and Heinrich Blcher, 19361968. Translated by Peter Constantine. Harcourt. ISBN978-0-15-100303-7.\nArendt, Hannah; Heidegger, Martin (2004) [1999 Klostermann]. Ludz, Ursula (ed.). Briefe 1925 bis 1975 und andere Zeugnisse [Letters, 19251975]. Translated by Andrew Shields. New York: Harcourt. ISBN978-0-15-100525-3. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2018.\nHeidegger, Martin (24 April 1925). \"This Day in Letters: Letter to Hannah Arendt\". The American Reader. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2018.\nLilla, Mark (18 November 1999). \"Mnage Trois\". The New York Review of Books (review). Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2018.\nBrightman, Carol (20 May 2004). \"The Metaphysical Couple\". The Nation (Review). Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2018.\nArendt, Hannah; Benjamin, Walter (2006). Schttker, Detlev; Wizisla, Erdmut (eds.). Arendt und Benjamin: Texte, Briefe, Dokumente (in German). Suhrkamp. ISBN978-3-518-29395-9. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2018.\nArendt, Hannah; Anders, Gnther (2016). Putz, Kerstin (ed.). Schreib doch mal 'hard facts' ber dich: Briefe 1939 bis 1975 (in German). C.H.Beck. ISBN978-3-406-69911-5. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2018. (excerpts Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine)\nMagenau, Jrg (9 October 2016). \"Die Geschiedenen: Die Frage ist, wie man berlebt: Der Briefwechsel zwischen Hannah Arendt und Gnther Anders\". Sddeutsche Zeitung (Review) (in German). Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.\nArendt, Hannah (2017). Ludz, Ursula; Nordmann, Ingeborg (eds.). Wie ich einmal ohne Dich leben soll, mag ich mir nicht vorstellen: Briefwechsel mit den Freundinnen Charlotte Beradt, Rose Feitelson, Hilde Frnkel, Anne Weil-Mendelsohn und Helen Wolff (I do not like to imagine how I should live without you: correspondence with my friends) (in German). Piper ebooks. ISBN978-3-492-97837-8. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2018.\nArendt, Hannah; Scholem, Gershom (2017) [2011]. Knott, Marie Louise (ed.). The Correspondence of Hannah Arendt and Gershom Scholem. Translated by Anthony David. University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-92451-9. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2018.\nAschheim, Steven E. (Winter 2011). \"Between New York and Jerusalem\". Jewish Review of Books (Review). Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2018.\nPosthumous[edit]\nArendt, Hannah (1981) [1978]. McCarthy, Mary (ed.). The Life of the Mind: The Groundbreaking Investigation on How We Think. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN978-0-15-651992-2. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2018. Online text at Pensar el Espacio Pblico Archived 13 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine\nMckenna, George (November 1978). \"The Life of the Mind\". The Journal of Politics (Review). 40 (4): 108688. doi:10.2307/2129914. JSTOR2129914.\n (1978). Feldman, Ron H (ed.). The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age. Grove Press. ISBN978-0-394-17042-8. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2018.\n (1978a) [1943]. We refugees (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2018.\nBotstein, Leon (1983). \"The Jew as Pariah: Hannah Arendt's Political Philosophy\". Dialectical Anthropology (Review). 8 (1/2): 4773. doi:10.1007/bf00249042. JSTOR29790091. S2CID169475999.\nDannhauser, Werner J. (1 January 1979). \"The Jew as Pariah, by Hannah Arendt, edited by Ron H. Feldman\". Commentary (Review). Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2018.\n (1992) [1982]. Beiner, Ronald (ed.). Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy. University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-23178-5. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2018. Online text Archived 14 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine; text at the Internet Archive\n (2002a). Ludz, Ursula; Nordmann, Ingeborg (eds.). Denktagebuch: 1950 bis 1973 (in German). Vol.1. Piper. ISBN978-3-492-04429-5.\n (2002b). Ludz, Ursula; Nordmann, Ingeborg (eds.). Denktagebuch: 1950 bis 1973 (in German). Vol.2. Piper. ISBN978-3-492-04429-5.\n (January 2000). Baehr, Peter (ed.). The Portable Hannah Arendt. Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-14-026974-1. Full text on Internet Archive\n (2011) [1994 Harcourt Brace & Company]. Kohn, Jerome (ed.). Essays in Understanding, 19301954: Formation, Exile, and Totalitarianism. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-307-78703-3.\n; Gaus, Gnter [in German] (2011a) [28 October 1964]. Was bleibt? Es bleibt die Muttersprache. Gnter Gaus im Gesprch mit Hannah Arendt [\"What remains? The Language remains\": An interview with Gnter Gaus]. Translated by Joan Stambaugh. pp.123.\n\"Was bleibt? Es bleibt die Muttersprache\". rbb fernsehen (in German). Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. 28 October 1964. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2018. (original German transcription)\nTeichman, Jenny (April 1994). \"Understanding Arendt\". The New Criterion (Review).\n (2005). Ludz, Ursula (ed.). Ich will verstehen: Selbstausknfte zu Leben und Werk; mit einer vollstndigen Bibliographie (in German). Piper. ISBN978-3-492-24591-3.\n; Stern, Gnther (2007m) [1930]. \"Rilkes Duineser Elegien\". Translated by Susannah Young-ah Gottlieb. pp.123.\n (2007n) [1932]. \"Adam-Mller-Renaissance?\". pp.3845.\n (2009b) [2003, Schocken]. Kohn, Jerome (ed.). Responsibility and Judgment. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-307-54405-6.\n (1964), Personal responsibility under dictatorship (PDF), pp.1748, archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2018\n (2009a) [2007 Schocken Books]. Kohn, Jerome; Feldman, Ron H (eds.). The Jewish Writings. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-307-49628-7. at Pensar el Espacio Pblico Archived 13 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine\n (2009m) [1932]. The Enlightenment and the Jewish Question. Translated by John E. Woods. pp.318.\n (2009n) [1944]. The Jew as Pariah: A Hidden Tradition. pp.275297.\nButler, Judith (10 May 2007). \"'I merely belong to them': The Jewish Writings by Hannah Arendt, edited by Jerome Kohn and Ron Feldman 2007\". London Review of Books (Review). Vol.29, no.9. pp.2628. ISSN0260-9592. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.\n (2018). Kohn, Jerome (ed.). Thinking Without a Banister: Essays in Understanding, 19531975. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN978-1-101-87030-3.\nCollections[edit]\n\"The Hannah Arendt Papers\". Library of Congress. 2001. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt-Archiv\" (in German). Institut fr Philosophie: Carl von Ossietzky Universitt Oldenburg. 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt (publications)\". Internet Archive. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\nMiscellaneous[edit]\nArendt, Hannah (2007b). Fischer-Defoy, Christine (ed.). Hannah Arendt: das private Adressbuch 19511975 (in German). Koehler & Amelang. ISBN978-3-7338-0357-5.\nLudz, Ursula (May 2008b). \"Gut gestaltet, unterhaltsam, aber nicht zuverlssig das krzlich erschienene Arendt-Adressbuch\". HannahArendt.net (Review) (in German). 4 (1). doi:10.57773/hanet.v4i1.143. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.\n; Fest, Joachim (9 November 1964). \"Eichmann war von emprender Dummheit: Hannah Arendt im Gesprch mit Joachim Fest\" [Eichmann was outrageously stupid: Hannah Arendt in conversation with Joachim Fest]. HannahArendt.net (in German and English). 3 (1). Translated by Andrew Brown. Germany: SWR TV. doi:10.57773/hanet.v3i1.114. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2018. (Original video) Archived 15 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine\n (18 April 1975a). \"Sonning Prize acceptance speech\". Miscellaneous Material. Copenhagen. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2018., reprinted as the Prologue in Arendt (2009b, pp.316)\n (15 February 10 March 1950). \"Jewish Cultural Reconstruction Field Reports, 19481951, No.18\". Key Documents of German-Jewish History. Hamburg: Institut fr die Geschichte der deutschen Juden (IGdJ), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). doi:10.23691/jgo:source-126.en.v1. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.\nViews[edit]\nIn 1961, while covering the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, Arendt wrote a letter to Karl Jaspers that Adam Kirsch described as reflecting \"pure racism\" toward Sephardic Jews from the Middle East and Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe. She wrote:[80]\nFortunately, Eichmann's three judges were of German origin, indeed the best of German Jewry. [Attorney General Gideon] Hausner is a typical Galician Jew, still European, very unsympathetic... boring... constantly making mistakes. Probably one of those people who don't know any language. Everything is organized by a police force which gives me the creeps, speaks only Hebrew, and looks Arabic. Some downright brutal types among them. They would obey any order. And outside the doors, the oriental mob, as if one were in Istanbul or some other half-Asiatic country.\nAlthough Arendt remained a Zionist both during and after World War II, she made it clear that she favored the creation of a Jewish-Arab federated state in British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel and the Palestinian territories), rather than a purely Jewish state. She believed that this was a way to address Jewish statelessness and to avoid the pitfalls of nationalism.[276][328]\nAccusations of racism[edit]\nIt was not just Arendt's analysis of the Eichmann trial that drew accusations of racism. In her 1958 essay in Dissent entitled Reflections on Little Rock[329] she expressed opposition to desegregation following the 1957 Little Rock Integration Crisis in Arkansas. As she explains in the preface, for a long time the magazine was reluctant to print her contribution, so far did it appear to differ from the publication's liberal values. Eventually it was printed alongside critical responses. Later The New Yorker would express similar hesitancy over the Eichmann papers. So vehement was the response that Arendt felt obliged to defend herself in a sequel.[330] The debate over this essay has continued since.[331] William Simmons devotes a whole section of his 2011 text on human rights (Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other)[332] to a critique of Arendt's position and in particular on Little Rock.[333] While many critics feel she was fundamentally racist,[334] many of those who have defended Arendt's position have pointed out that her concerns were for the welfare of the children, a position she maintained throughout her life. She felt that white children were being thrown into a racially disharmonious \"jungle\" to serve a broader political strategy of forcible integration.[335]\nWhile over time Arendt conceded some ground to her critics, namely that she argued as an outsider, she remained committed to her central critique that children should not be thrust into the front-lines of geopolitical conflict. [336]\nFeminism[edit]\nEmbraced by feminists as a pioneer in a world dominated by men up to her time, Arendt did not call herself a feminist and would be very surprised to hear herself described as a feminist,[337][338] remaining opposed to the social dimensions of Women's Liberation, urging independence, but always keeping in mind Vive la petite diffrence![339] On becoming the first woman to be appointed a professor at Princeton in 1953, the media were much engaged in this exceptional achievement, but she never wanted to be seen as an exception, either as a woman (an \"exception woman\")[195] or a Jew, stating emphatically \"I am not disturbed at all about being a woman professor, because I am quite used to being a woman\".[340] In 1972, discussing women's liberation, she observed \"the real question to ask is, what will we lose if we win?\".[341] She rather enjoyed what she saw as the privileges of being feminine as opposed to feminist, \"Intensely feminine and therefore no feminist\", stated Hans Jonas.[195] Arendt considered some professions and positions unsuitable for women, particularly those involving leadership, telling Gnter Gaus \"It just doesn't look good when a woman gives orders\".[342] Despite these views, and having been labelled \"anti-feminist\", much space has been devoted to examining Arendt's place in relation to feminism.[343][344] In the last years of her life, Virginia Held noted that Arendt's views evolved with the emergence of a new feminism in America in the 1970s to recognize the importance of the women's movement.[345]\nCritique of human rights[edit]\nIn The Origins of Totalitarianism, Hannah Arendt devotes a lengthy chapter (The Decline of the Nation-State and the End of the Rights of Man)[346][347] to a critical analysis of human rights, in what has been described as \"the most widely read essay on refugees ever published\".[348] Arendt is not skeptical of the notion of political rights in general, but instead defends a national or civil conception of rights.[349][347] Human rights, or the Rights of Man as they were commonly called, are universal, inalienable, and possessed simply by virtue of being human. In contrast, civil rights are possessed by virtue of belonging to a political community, most commonly by being a citizen. Arendt's primary criticism of human rights is that they are ineffectual and illusory because their enforcement is in tension with national sovereignty.[350] She argued that since there is no political authority above that of sovereign nations, state governments have little incentive to respect human rights when such policies conflict with national interests. This can be seen most clearly by examining the treatment of refugees and other stateless people. Since the refugee has no state to secure their civil rights, the only rights they have to fall back on are human rights. In this way Arendt uses the refugee as a test case for examining human rights in isolation from civil rights.[351]\nArendt's analysis draws on the refugee upheavals in the first half of the 20th century along with her own experience as a refugee fleeing Nazi Germany. She argued that as state governments began to emphasize national identity as a prerequisite for full legal status, the number of minority resident aliens increased along with the number of stateless persons whom no state was willing to recognize legally.[352] The two potential solutions to the refugee problem, repatriation and naturalization, both proved incapable of solving the crisis. Arendt argued that repatriation failed to solve the refugee crisis because no government was willing to take them in and claim them as their own. When refugees were forcibly deported to neighboring countries, such immigration was deemed illegal by the receiving country, and so failed to change the fundamental status of the migrants as stateless. Attempts at naturalizing and assimilating refugees also had little success. This failure was primarily the result of resistance from both state governments and the majority of citizens, since both tended to see the refugees as undesirables who threatened their national identity. Resistance to naturalization also came from the refugees themselves who resisted assimilation and attempted to maintain their own ethnic and national identities.[353] Arendt contends that neither naturalization nor the tradition of asylum was capable of handling the sheer number of refugees. Instead of accepting some refugees with legal status, the state often responded by denaturalizing minorities who shared national or ethnic ties with stateless refugees.[351]\nArendt argues that the consistent mistreatment of refugees, most of whom were placed in internment camps, is evidence against the existence of human rights. If the notion of human rights as universal and inalienable is to be taken seriously, the rights must be realizable given the features of the modern liberal state.[354] She concluded \"The Rights of Man, supposedly inalienable, proved to be unenforceableeven in countries whose constitutions were based upon themwhenever people appeared who were no longer citizens of any sovereign state\".[355] Arendt contends that they are not realizable because they are in tension with at least one feature of the liberal statenational sovereignty. One of the primary ways in which a nation exercises sovereignty is through control over national borders. State governments consistently grant their citizens free movement to traverse national borders. In contrast, the movement of refugees is often restricted in the name of national interests.[356] This restriction presents a dilemma for liberalism because liberal theorists typically are committed to both human rights and the existence of sovereign nations.[351]\nIn one of her most quoted passages,[357] she puts forward the concept that human rights are little more than an abstraction:[358]\nThe conception of human rights based upon the assumed existence of a human being as such broke down at the very moment when those who professed to believe in it were for the first time confronted with people who had indeed lost all other qualities and specific relationships except that they were still human. The world found nothing sacred in the abstract nakedness of being human.\nIn popular culture[edit]\nSeveral authors have written biographies that focus on the relationship between Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger.[60][61][359] In 1999, the French feminist philosopher Catherine Clment wrote a novel, Martin and Hannah,[360] speculating on the triangular relationship between Heidegger and the two women in his life, Arendt and Heidegger's wife Elfriede Petri. In addition to the relationships, the novel is a serious exploration of philosophical ideas, that centers on Arendt's last meeting with Heidegger in Freiburg in 1975. The scene is based on Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's description in Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World (1982),[67] but reaches back to their childhoods, and Heidegger's role in encouraging the relationship between the two women.[361] The novel explores Heidegger's embrace of Nazism as a proxy for that of Germany and, as in Arendt's treatment of Eichmann, the difficult relationship between collective guilt and personal responsibility. Clment also brings Hannah's other mentor and confidante, Karl Jaspers, into the matrix of relationships.[362]\nIn 2012 the German film, Hannah Arendt, directed by Margarethe von Trotta was released. The film, with Barbara Sukowa in the title role, depicted the controversy over Arendt's coverage of the Eichmann trial and subsequent book,[218] in which she was widely misunderstood as defending Eichmann and blaming Jewish leaders for the Holocaust.[363][364] In 2015, the filmmaker Ada Ushpiz produced a documentary on Hannah Arendt, Vita Activa: The Spirit of Hannah Arendt.[319] In the 2023 TV series Transatlantic, Arendt is portrayed by Alexa Karolinski.[365][366]\nLegacy[edit]\nHannah-Arendt-Strae in Berlin\nHannah Arendt is considered one of the most influential political philosophers of the 20th century.[5] In 1998 Walter Laqueur stated \"No twentieth-century philosopher and political thinker has at the present time as wide an echo\", as philosopher, historian, sociologist and also journalist.[367] Arendt's legacy has been described as a cult.[367][368] In a 2016 review of a documentary about Arendt, the journalist A. O. Scott describes Hannah Arendt as \"of unmatched range and rigor\" as a thinker, although she is primarily known for the series of articles known as Eichmann in Jerusalem that she wrote for The New Yorker, and in particular for the one phrase \"the banality of evil\".[294]\nShe shunned publicity, never expecting, as she explained to Karl Jaspers in 1951, to see herself as a \"cover girl\" on the newsstands.[az][214] In Germany, there are tours available of sites associated with her life.[371]\nThe study of the life and work of Hannah Arendt, and of her political and philosophical theory is described as Arendtian.[260][372] In her will she established the Hannah Arendt Bluecher Literary Trust as the custodian of her writings and photographs.[373] Her personal library was deposited at Bard College at the Stevenson Library in 1976, and includes approximately 4,000 books, ephemera, and pamphlets from Arendt's last apartment as well as her desk (in McCarthy House).[374] The college has begun archiving some of the collection digitally, which is available at The Hannah Arendt Collection.[375] Most of her papers were deposited at the Library of Congress and her correspondence with her German friends and mentors, such as Heidegger, Blumenfeld and Jaspers, at the Deutsches Literaturarchiv in Marbach.[376] The Library of Congress listed more than 50 books written about her in 1998, and that number has continued to grow, as have the number of scholarly articles, estimated as 1000 at that time.[367]\nHer life and work is recognized by the institutions most closely associated with her teaching, by the creation of Hannah Arendt Centers at both Bard (Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities)[377] and The New School,[378] both in New York State. In Germany, her contributions to understanding authoritarianism is recognised by the Hannah-Arendt-Institut fr Totalitarismusforschung (Hannah Arendt Institute for the Research on Totalitarianism) in Dresden. There are Hannah Arendt Associations (Hannah Arendt Verein)[367] such as the Hannah Arendt Verein fr politisches Denken in Bremen that awards the annual Hannah-Arendt-Preis fr politisches Denken (Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thinking) established in 1995. In Oldenburg, the Hannah Arendt Center at Carl von Ossietzky University was established in 1999,[379] and holds a large collection of her work (Hannah Arendt Archiv),[380] and administers the internet portal HannahArendt.net (A Journal for Political Thinking)[381] as well as a monograph series, the Hannah Arendt-Studien.[382] In Italy, the Hannah Arendt Center for Political Studies is situated at the University of Verona for Arendtian studies.[372]\nIn 2017 a journal, Arendt Studies, was launched to publish articles related to the study of the life, work, and legacy of Hannah Arendt.[383] Many places associated with her, have memorabilia of her on display, such as her student card at the University of Heidelberg (see image).[384] 2006, the centennial of her birth, saw commemorations of her work in conferences and celebrations around the world.[44]\nOf the many photographic portraits of Arendt, that taken in 1944 by Fred Stein (see image), whose work she greatly admired,[ba] has become iconic, and has been described as better known than the photographer himself,[386] having appeared on a German postage stamp.(see image) Among organizations that have recognized Arendt's contributions to civilization and human rights, is the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR).[387]\nContemporary interest[edit]\nCourtyard of Arendt's house in Linden-Mitte\nThe rise of nativism, such as the election of Donald Trump in the United States,[234][327][388] and concerns regarding an increasingly authoritarian style of governance has led to a surge of interest in Arendt and her writings,[389] including radio broadcasts[390] and writers, including Jeremy Adelman[145] and Zoe Williams,[391] to revisit Arendt's ideas to seek the extent to which they inform our understanding of such movements,[392][393] which are being described as \"Dark Times\".[394] At the same time Amazon reported that it had sold out of copies of The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951).[395] Michiko Kakutani has addressed what she refers to as \"the death of truth\".[396] In her 2018 book, The Death of Truth: Notes on Falsehood in the Age of Trump, she argues that the rise of totalitarianism has been founded on the violation of truth. She begins her book with an extensive quote from The Origins of Totalitarianism:[186]\nThe ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the convinced communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction (i.e., the reality of experience) and the distinction between true and false (i.e., the standards of thought) no longer exist.[397][398]\nKakutani and others believed that Arendt's words speak not just events of a previous century but apply equally to the contemporary cultural landscape[399] populated with fake news and lies. She also draws on Arendt's essay \"Lying in Politics\" from Crises in the Republic[217] pointing to the lines:\nThe historian knows how vulnerable is the whole texture of facts in which we spend our daily life; it is always in danger of being perforated by single lies or torn to shreds by the organized lying of groups, nations, or classes, or denied and distorted, often carefully covered up by reams of falsehoods or simply allowed to fall into oblivion. Facts need testimony to be remembered and trustworthy witnesses to be established in order to find a secure dwelling place in the domain of human affairs[400]\nArendt drew attention to the critical role that propaganda plays in gaslighting populations, Kakutani observes, citing the passage:[401][402]\nIn an ever-changing, incomprehensible world the masses had reached the point where they would, at the same time, believe everything and nothing, think that everything was possible and that nothing was true . ... The totalitarian mass leaders based their propaganda on the correct psychological assumption that, under such conditions, one could make people believe the most fantastic statements one day, and trust that if the next day they were given irrefutable proof of their falsehood, they would take refuge in cynicism; instead of deserting the leaders who had lied to them, they would protest that they had known all along that the statement was a lie and would admire the leaders for their superior tactical cleverness[403]\nArendt took a broader perspective on history than merely totalitarianism in the early 20th century, stating \"the deliberate falsehood and the outright lie have been used as legitimate means to achieve political ends since the beginning of recorded history.\"[404][405] Contemporary relevance is also reflected in the increasing use of the phrase, attributed to her, \"No one has the right to obey\" to reflect that actions result from choices, and hence judgement, and that we cannot disclaim responsibility for that which we have the power to act upon.[326] In addition those centers established to promote Arendtian studies continue to seek solutions to a wide range of contemporary issues in her writing.[406]\nArendt's teachings on obedience have also been linked to the controversial psychology experiments by Stanley Milgram, that implied that ordinary people can easily be induced to commit atrocities.[407][408] Milgram himself drew attention to this in 1974, stating that he was testing the theory that Eichmann like others would merely follow orders, but unlike Milgram she argued that actions involve responsibility.[409][410]\nArendt's theories on the political consequences of how nations deal with refugees have remained relevant and compelling. Arendt had observed first hand the displacement of large stateless and rightsless populations, treated not so much as people in need than as problems to solve, and in many cases, resist.[294] She wrote about this in her 1943 essay \"We refugees\".[411][412] Another Arendtian theme that finds an echo in contemporary society is her observation, inspired by Rilke, of the despair of not being heard, the futility of tragedy that finds no listener that can bring comfort, assurance and intervention. An example of this being gun violence in America and the resulting political inaction.[100]\nIn Search of the Last Agora, an illustrated documentary film by Lebanese director Rayyan Dabbous about Hannah Arendt's 1958 work The Human Condition, was released in 2018 to mark the book's 50th anniversary. Screened at Bard College, the experimental film is described as finding \"new meaning in the political theorist's conceptions of politics, technology and society in the 1950s\", particularly in her prediction of abuses of phenomena unknown in Arendt's time, including social media, intense globalization, and obsessive celebrity culture.[413]\nCommemorations[edit]\nMain article: List of memorials to Hannah Arendt\nHannah Arendt's life and work continue to be commemorated in many different ways, including plaques (Gedenktafeln) indicating places she has lived. Public places and institutions bear her name,[414] including schools.[415] There is also a Hannah Arendt Day (Hannah Arendt Tag) in her birthplace.[416] Objects named after her vary from asteroids to trains[367][368] and she has been commemorated in stamps. Museums and foundations include her name.[417]\nSee also[edit]\nAmerican philosophy\nGerman philosophy\nHannah Arendt Award\nList of refugees\nList of women philosophers\nWomen in philosophy\nNotes[edit]\n^ Knigsberg was the East Prussian capital and after World War II became Kaliningrad, Russia.\n^ Sozialistische Monatshefte was edited by the Knigsberg Jewish scholar, Joseph Bloch,[de] and formed the focal point of Martha Arendt's Knigsberg socialist discussion group\n^ The young Hannah confided that she wished to marry Hermann Vogelstein when she grew up.[20]\n^ Varnhagen would later become the subject of a biography by Hannah.[37]\n^ From Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1796)\n^ Anne Mendelssohn described her as someone who had \"read everything\"[46]\n^ Anne Mendelssohn: Descendant of Moses Mendelssohn and Felix Mendelssohn, an influential local family. Anne left Germany for Paris at the same time as Arendt, married the philosopher Eric Weil in 1934, and worked for the French Resistance under the alias Dubois. She died on 5 July 1984[50]\n^ Like Arendt, Anne Mendelssohn would go on to become a philosopher, obtaining her doctorate at Hamburg,[46] while Ernst became a philologist.[51]\n^ Martin Heidegger, a Roman Catholic, had married Elfride Petri on 21 March 1917. They had two sons, Jorg and Hermann[56]\n^ Ettinger set out to write a biography of Arendt, but, being in poor health, never completed it, only this chapter being published as a separate work before she died[64]\n^ The essay is preserved in the published correspondence between Arendt and Heidegger[72]\n^ for instance \"perhaps her youth will free itself from this spell\"\n^ Augustin and the Pauline freedom problem. A philosophical contribution to the genesis of the Christian-Western idea of freedom\n^ \"I won Hannah's heart at a ball, whilst dancing: I remarked that \"love is the act in which one transforms an a posteriori, the other person one has encountered by coincidence into the a priori of one's own life.\" This pretty formula did admittedly not turn out to be true.\"[68]\n^ Extramarital cohabitation was not unusual amongst Berlin intelligentsia, but would be considered scandalous in provincial university communities, necessitating their marriage before moving to Heidelberg and Frankfurt to pursue Gnther's academic aspirations.[89]\n^ Da es nun wahre Transzendenz in dieser geordneten Welt nicht gibt, gibt es auch nicht wahre bersteigung, sondern nur Aufsteigen in andere Rnge\n^ Echolosigkeit und das Wissen um die Vergeblichkeit ist die paradoxe, zweideutige und verzweifelte Situation, aus der allein die Duineser Elegien zu verstehen sind. Dieser bewute Verzicht auf Gehrtwerden, diese Verzweiflung, nicht gehrt werden zu knnen, schlielich der Wortzwang ohne Antwort ist der eigentliche Grund der Dunkelheit, Abruptheit und berspanntheit des Stiles, in dem die Dichtung ihre eigenen Mglichkeiten und ihren Willen zur Form aufgibt.\n^ Stern was advised that employment at a university was unlikely due to the rising power of the Nazis, adding: \"Now it's the turn of the Nazis for a year or little more. After they fail, we'll give you the habilitation\" (\"Jetzt kommen erst einmal die Nazis dran fr ein Jahr oder so. Wenn die dann abgewirtschaftet haben, werden wir Sie habilitieren\").[104]\n^ There are a number of theories as to his reason for adopting the pen name Anders, including Herbert Ihering's that there were too many writers called Stern, so he chose something \"different\" (anders); its sounding less Jewish,;[68] and not wanting to be seen as the son of his famous father.[107]\n^ Pariavolk: In Religionssoziologie (The Sociology of Religion). While Arendt based her work on Weber, a number of earlier authors had also used this term, including Theodor Herzl[122]\n^ \"Original Assimilation\" was first published in English in 2007, as part of the collection Jewish Writings.[135]\n^ \"Die jdische Assimilation scheint heute in Deutschland ihren Bankrott anmelden zu mssen. Der allgemein gesellschaftliche und offiziell legitimierte Antisemitismus trifft in erster Linie das assimilierte Judentum, das sich nicht mehr durch Taufe und nicht mehr durch betonte Distanz zum Ostjudentum entlasten kann.\"[137]\n^ The Rothschilds had headed the central Consistoire for a century but stood for everything Arendt did not, opposing immigration and any connection with German Jewry.[141][146]\n^ Youth Aliyah, literally Youth Immigration, reflecting the fundamental Zionist tenet of \"going up\" to Jerusalem\n^ Hannah Arendt's mother, Martha Arendt (born Cohn) had a sister Margarethe Frst in Berlin, with whom the Arendts sought refuge for a while during World War I. Margarethe's son Ernst (Hannah Arendt's cousin) married Hannah's childhood friend Kthe Lewin, and they emigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1934. There, their first daughter was named Hannah after Arendt (\"Big Hannah\"). Their second daughter, Edna Frst (b. 1943), later married Michael Brocke and accompanied her great aunt Hannah Arendt at the Eichmann trial[151]\n^ Arendt/Heidegger: Arendt confided to Heidegger's wife Elfride in a letter dated 10 February 1950, that when she left Marburg she was absolutely resolved never to love a man again, \"And then I got married, just to get married, to a man I didn't love\". Arendt goes on to say that she felt absolutely superior to things, that she believed she could have everything at her disposal, precisely because she expected nothing for herself. Finally she said that everything changed only when she met the man who would become her second husband.[72]\n^ Gurs to Montauban, about 300km\n^ The Huguenot mayor of Montauban had made welcoming political refugees an official policy[164]\n^ In December 2018, a plaque to recognize Arendt's stay in Lisbon was unveiled at the corner of Rua da Sociedade Farmacutica and Conde Redondo, including a quotation from \"We Refugees\" (see image)[165][166]\n^ Arendt to Jaspers 29 January 1946\n^ Arguing that anti-semitism in France was a continuum from Dreyfus to Ptain[173]\n^ The Conference on Jewish Relations, established in 1933 by Salo Baron and Morris Raphael Cohen was renamed the Conference on Jewish Social Studies in 1955, and began publishing Jewish Social Studies in 1939[176][177]\n^ The Commission, by then called Jewish Cultural Reconstruction (JCR), was largely the work of Hannah Arendt and Salo Baron\n^ JCR was wound up in 1977\n^ Dark Times: A phrase she took from Brecht's poem An die Nachgeborenen (\"To Those Born After\", 1938),[220] the first line of which reads Wirklich, ich lebe in finsteren Zeiten! (Truly, I live in dark times!). To both Brecht and Arendt, \"Dark Times\" was not merely a descriptive term for perceived atrocities but an explanation of the loss of guiding principles of theory, knowledge and explanation[221]\n^ Latin has three nouns for love: amor, dilectio and caritas. The corresponding verbs for the first two are amare and diligere[224]\n^ Matthew 22:39\n^ Arendt explained to Karl Jaspers, in a letter dated 6 August 1955, that she intended to use St Augustine's concept of amor mundi as the title, as a token of gratitude[236]\n^ Fugitive writings: Dealing with subjects of passing interest\n^ Arendt/Heidegger: Arendt willed that her correspondence be taken to the Deutsches Literaturarchiv in Marbach in 1976 and sealed for 5 years, and Heidegger's family stipulated that it remained sealed during Martin Heidegger's wife Elfride's lifetime (18931992). In 1976, Elzbieta Ettinger sought access and was granted this for a planned biography after Elfride's death. The subsequent scandal following Ettinger's disclosures, led to a decision to publish the correspondence in entirety[63][65]\n^ Arendt to Jaspers, 2 December 1960\n^ \"Er wollte Wir sagen, und dies Mitmachen und dies Wir-Sagen-Wollen war ja ganz genug, um die allergrssten Verbrechen mglich zu machen.\"\n^ Arendt to Jaspers, 23 December 1960\n^ A position that the judges would later agree with[301]\n^ Arendt to Jaspers, 23 December 1960\n^ Jaspers to Arendt 14 October 1960[310]\n^ Letter to McCarthy 16 September 1963\n^ The title vita activa (active life) is taken from Arendt's position in The Human Condition (1958) that thinking is a form of action, and that the active life is as important as the contemplative (vita contemplativa)[294]\n^ The Palazzo degli Uffici Finanziari was originally the Casa del Fascio and the square, the Piazza Arnaldo Mussolini, and was erected as the Fascist headquarters for the region. The bas-relief is by Hans Piffrader\n^ Ladin, German and Italian: Degnu n'a l drt de ulgh Kein Mensch hat das Recht zu gehorchen Nessuno ha il diritto di obbedire\n^ \"Civil Disobedience\" originally appeared, in somewhat different form, in The New Yorker. Versions of the other essays originally appeared in The New York Review of Books\n^ Letter to Jaspers 14 May 1951.[369] Her image appeared on the cover of the Saturday Review of Literature on Saturday, 24 March 1951 (see image), shortly after the publication of The Origins of Totalitarianism. She also appeared on Time and Newsweek in the same week[370]\n^ Arendt wrote to Stein \"It is my honest opinion that you are one of the best portrait photographers of the present day\"[385]\nReferences[edit]\n^ Allen 1982.\n^ Bowen-Moore 1989, p.119.\n^ Kristeva 2001b, p.48.\n^ Lovett 2018.\n^ a b c d e f g d'Entreves 2014.\n^ Grunenberg 2017, p.3.\n^ a b c Yar 2018.\n^ Fry 2009.\n^ \"Arendt\". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5thed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 30 June 2019.\n^ \"Arendt\". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.\n^ \"Arendt\". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 30 June 2019.\n^ Duden 2015, p.199.\n^ Winston, Morton (February 2009). \"Hannah Arendt and the Challenge of Modernity: A Phenomenology of Human Rights by Serena Parekh\". Human Rights Quarterly. 31 (1): 278282. doi:10.1353/hrq.0.0062. JSTOR20486747. S2CID144735049.\n^ \"Remembering the Theorist of the Banality of Evil\". Deutsche Welle. 14 October 2006. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2022.\n^ Jones, Josh (10 May 2017). \"The Love Letters of Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger\". Open Culture. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.\n^ a b Wood 2004.\n^ a b c LoC 2001.\n^ Heller 2015, pp.3334.\n^ Riepl-Schmidt 2005.\n^ a b c Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.89.\n^ a b Young-Bruehl 2004, p.17.\n^ McGowan 1998.\n^ Gould 2009, p.65.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.57.\n^ a b Young-Bruehl 2004, p.27.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.13.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.5.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.22.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Berkowitz 2013.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.10, 16, 26.\n^ Arendt 1964, p.6.\n^ Schuler-Springorum 1999.\n^ Heller 2015, p.33.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.7.\n^ a b c d e f g h Kirsch 2009.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.1011.\n^ a b Arendt 1997.\n^ a b c Villa 2000, p.xiii.\n^ a b Young-Bruehl 2004, p.28.\n^ Grunenberg 2017, p.62.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.1213.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.16, 19.\n^ a b Young-Bruehl 2004, p.21.\n^ a b c d e f g Villa 2009.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.3.\n^ a b Young-Bruehl 2004, p.32.\n^ Kant 2006, p.4.\n^ a b Young-Bruehl 2004, p.36.\n^ Heller 2015a.\n^ Kirscher 2003.\n^ a b Young-Bruehl 2004, p.29.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.32, 34.\n^ a b c d Maier-Katkin 2010.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.44.\n^ \"\"Woman, Jew, Intellectual:\" How the Nazi State Saw Hannah Arendt\". 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Retrieved 13 November 2023.\n^ a b c d Young-Bruehl 2004, p.47.\n^ Arendt 1971.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.49, 479.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.49.\n^ a b Grunenberg 2017.\n^ a b Maier-Katkin 2010a.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.50.\n^ a b Kohler 1996.\n^ a b Brent 2013.\n^ a b Lilla 1999.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.xiv.\n^ a b c Young-Bruehl 2004.\n^ a b c d e f Dries 2018.\n^ a b c Ettinger 1997, p.31.\n^ May 1986, p.24.\n^ Balber 2017.\n^ a b c Arendt & Heidegger 2004.\n^ Heidegger 1925.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.51.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.5054.\n^ Brightman 2004.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.5056.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.5051, 48182.\n^ a b c Arendt 1929.\n^ a b c d e Arendt & Jaspers 1992.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.66.\n^ Jen 2016.\n^ a b c Zebada Yez 2018.\n^ a b Saussy 2013.\n^ Weissberg & Elon 1999.\n^ Magenau 2016.\n^ Kramer 2017.\n^ a b Young-Bruehl 2004, p.74.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.78.\n^ Grunenberg 2017, p.84.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.77.\n^ Dries 2011.\n^ Berkowitz 2012a.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.82.\n^ Arendt & Stern 1930.\n^ Rilke 19121922.\n^ Kettler 2009.\n^ Arendt 1930b.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.8485, 500.\n^ a b Hill 2015.\n^ Arendt 1930a.\n^ Scott & Stark 1996.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.79, 81.\n^ Schubert, Elke (1987). Interviews & Erklrungen [Interviews & explanations] (in German). Berlin: Tiamat. p.29. ISBN3-923118-11-2.\n^ Rosenberg 2012.\n^ KGB 2018.\n^ Jonas 2006.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.85.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.56.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.38.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.39.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.92.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.10405.\n^ Arendt-Stern 1932.\n^ a b Young-Bruehl 2004, p.93.\n^ a b c d Young-Bruehl 2004, p.xxxix.\n^ Weil 1967.\n^ Arendt 1931.\n^ Weber 1978, pp.493ff.\n^ Swedberg & Agevall 2016, pp.24546.\n^ Lazare 2016, p.8.\n^ a b Momigliano 1980.\n^ Arendt 1944.\n^ Ray & Diemling 2016.\n^ Arendt 1932a.\n^ Rhle-Gerstel 1932.\n^ Bagchi 2007.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.9597.\n^ Arendt & Jaspers 1992, pp.52ff.\n^ Heller 2015, pp.6264.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.10204.\n^ Arendt 1932b.\n^ a b Arendt 1964.\n^ Grunenberg 2017, p.133.\n^ Arendt 2009a, pp.2228.\n^ Arendt 2009a, p.22.\n^ Goethe Institut 2011.\n^ Heller 2015, p.63.\n^ EWB 2010.\n^ a b c Heller 2015, p.64.\n^ a b c d Villa 2000, p.xiv.\n^ a b c Grunenberg 2017, p.136.\n^ Vowinckel 2004, p.33.\n^ Heller 2015, pp.6465.\n^ a b Adelman 2016.\n^ Maier-Katkin 2010a, pp.9091.\n^ Grunenberg 2017, p.135.\n^ Cullen-DuPont 2014, pp.1617.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.13739.\n^ Whitfield 1998.\n^ Brocke 2009a.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.91.\n^ Azria 1987.\n^ Zohn 1960.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.149.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.139.\n^ Kippenberger 1936, p.1185 n.110.\n^ Weber et al 2014, p.1392 n.343.\n^ a b Young-Bruehl 2004, p.152.\n^ a b Bernstein 2013, p.71.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.155.\n^ Heller 2015, pp.7273.\n^ Vowinckel 2004, p.38.\n^ Heller 2015, p.73.\n^ Tavares 2018.\n^ Paula 2018.\n^ Moreira 2017.\n^ Teixeira 2006.\n^ Heller 2015, pp.7374.\n^ Bernstein 2013, pp.7273.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.164.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.166.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.168.\n^ Arendt 1942.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.196.\n^ Baron 2007.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.18687.\n^ a b Herman 2008.\n^ a b c d e Bird 1975a.\n^ a b c d Miller 2017.\n^ Rubin, Gil (August 2015). \"From Federalism to Binationalism: Hannah Arendt's Shifting Zionism\". Contemporary European History. 24 (3). Cambridge University Press: 393413, 414. doi:10.1017/S0960777315000223. JSTOR26294065. S2CID159871596.\n^ Arendt 1950.\n^ Swift 2008, p.12.\n^ Sznaider 2006.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.188.\n^ a b c d Arendt 1976.\n^ a b c Arendt 2013.\n^ Arendt 2006.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.xii.\n^ a b Arendt & McCarthy 1995.\n^ Pfeffer 2008.\n^ a b Kohler, Lotte; Saner, Hans (1985). Hannah Arendt/Karl Jaspers Briefwechsel 19261969 (in German). Munich: Piper. pp.669670.\n^ Arendt 1975a.\n^ Most 2017, p.57.\n^ a b c Courtine-Denamy 2000, p.36.\n^ CAS 2011.\n^ AAAS 2018.\n^ AAAL 2018.\n^ a b c Young-Bruehl 2004, p.xl.\n^ Berkowitz & Storey 2017, p.107.\n^ Nixon 2015, p.viii.\n^ Weyembergh 1999, p.94.\n^ Arendt & Gaus 2011a.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.xlixliv.\n^ Ludz 2008b.\n^ Jones 2013.\n^ Weigel 2013.\n^ Heller 2015, p.109.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.459.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.468.\n^ Bird 1975b.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.xlviii, 469.\n^ Arendt 1992, p.4.\n^ a b c Young-Bruehl 2004, p.xxxviii.\n^ a b Arendt 1961.\n^ a b Arendt 1968.\n^ a b c d Arendt 1972.\n^ a b c Arendt 2006a.\n^ Heller 2015, pp.132.\n^ Brecht 2018.\n^ Luban 1994.\n^ Arendt 1968, p.ix.\n^ a b Arendt 1996.\n^ Augustine 1995, p.115 n.31.\n^ Calcagno 2013.\n^ Arendt 2002a, p.522.\n^ Beiner 1997.\n^ Kiess 2016, pp.22, 40.\n^ a b Fry 2014.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.49500.\n^ Kiess 2016, pp.101ff.\n^ Durst 2004.\n^ Bernauer 1987a, p.1.\n^ a b Hill 2017.\n^ Augustine 2008, II: 8 p.45.\n^ Vollrath 1997.\n^ Bernauer 1987, p.v.\n^ Bernauer 1987, p.[pageneeded].\n^ Amor Mundi 2018.\n^ Arendt 1976, p.460.\n^ a b Arendt 1993a.\n^ a b FCG 2018, Introduction.\n^ Riesman 1951.\n^ Copjec 1996.\n^ Hattem & Hattem 2005.\n^ a b c Heller 2015, p.7.\n^ Arendt 1976, p.xxiv.\n^ Arendt 1958.\n^ Arendt 1958a.\n^ Szcsnyi 2005.\n^ Nisbet 1992.\n^ Aschheim 2011.\n^ a b Grunenberg 2003, p.34.\n^ a b Young-Bruehl 2004, pp.8592.\n^ Grunenberg 2017, p.107.\n^ Benhabib 1995.\n^ Goldstein 2009.\n^ Cutting-Gray 1991.\n^ Baier 1997, p.330.\n^ a b Canovan 2013.\n^ Arendt 2013, p.247.\n^ Arendt 2006b.\n^ Wellmer 1999.\n^ Nott 1972.\n^ Arendt 1981.\n^ Addison 19721974.\n^ Ojakangas 2010a.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.467.\n^ Mckenna 1978.\n^ Arendt 2009b.\n^ Arendt 1992.\n^ Arendt 1978.\n^ Dannhauser 1979.\n^ Botstein 1983.\n^ Arendt 2009a.\n^ a b Butler 2007.\n^ Arendt 2011.\n^ Teichman 1994.\n^ Arendt 2018.\n^ Arendt 2002a.\n^ Arendt 2002b.\n^ Berkowitz & Storey 2017.\n^ Arendt & Blcher 2000.\n^ Arendt & Kazin 2005.\n^ a b Arendt & Benjamin 2006.\n^ Arendt & Scholem 2017.\n^ Arendt & Anders 2016.\n^ Arendt 2017.\n^ a b c Heller 2015, p.2.\n^ Arendt & Jaspers 1992, pp.40910.\n^ a b Heller 2015, p.8.\n^ a b c Arendt 1963.\n^ Gellhorn 1962.\n^ a b c d e Scott 2016.\n^ Arendt 2006a, p.276.\n^ a b Arendt & Fest 1964.\n^ a b NYT 1960a.\n^ Butler 2011.\n^ Arendt & Jaspers 1992, p.416.\n^ Heller 2015, pp.811.\n^ a b Heller 2015, p.12.\n^ Arendt 2006a, p.207.\n^ Arendt 2006a, p.124.\n^ Arendt 2006a, p.123.\n^ Arendt & Jaspers 1992, p.417.\n^ Luban 2018, p.5.\n^ Heller 2015, p.15.\n^ Stangneth 2014, p.200.\n^ a b c Heller 2015, p.1.\n^ Arendt & Jaspers 1992, p.267.\n^ Heller 2015, pp.1518.\n^ Maier-Katkin 2011.\n^ Heller 2015, pp.2931.\n^ Elon 2006a.\n^ Arendt & McCarthy 1995, p.146.\n^ Heller 2015, pp.12.\n^ NYT 1960.\n^ Heller 2015, p.5.\n^ a b Zeitgeist 2015.\n^ Kant 1838, p.125.\n^ Kant 1793, p.99.\n^ Arendt 2006a, p.135.\n^ Krieghofer 2017.\n^ HAT 2018.\n^ a b Obermair 2018.\n^ a b Invernizzi-Accetti 2017.\n^ a b DP 2017.\n^ Seliger 2011.\n^ Arendt 1959.\n^ Arendt 1959a.\n^ Morey 2011.\n^ Simmons 2011.\n^ Simmons 2011a.\n^ Burroughs 2015.\n^ Lebeau 2016.\n^ Pickett 2009.\n^ Baier 1995, p.301.\n^ Baier 1998, p.254.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.238.\n^ Baier 1998, p.255.\n^ Baier 1997, p.332.\n^ Courtine-Denamy 2000, p.35.\n^ Markus 1987.\n^ Honig 2010.\n^ Held & Kazin 1982.\n^ Arendt 1976, pp.267302.\n^ a b Faghfouri Azar, Leila (12 July 2019). \"Hannah Arendt: The Right to Have Rights\". Critical Legal Thinking. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.\n^ Lamey 2011, p.14.\n^ Arendt 1976, p.389.\n^ Lamey 2011, pp.1719.\n^ a b c Birmingham 2006.\n^ Arendt 1976, pp.37981.\n^ Arendt 1976, pp.37884.\n^ Lamey 2011, pp.2729.\n^ Arendt 1976, p.293.\n^ Lamey 2011, pp.23940.\n^ Lamey 2011, p.18.\n^ Arendt 1976, p.299.\n^ Ettinger 1997.\n^ Clment 2001.\n^ Kristeva 2001a.\n^ Schroeder 2002.\n^ BBFC 2018.\n^ BBFC 2012.\n^ Sepinwall, Alan (7 April 2023). \"'Transatlantic': The Daring Rescue of Jews From Nazi-Occupied France\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.\n^ Bartov, Shira Li (6 April 2023). \"The Jewish history behind the WWII rescue that inspired Netflix's 'Transatlantic'\". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.\n^ a b c d e Laqueur 1998.\n^ a b Shenhav 2007.\n^ Arendt & Jaspers 1992, p.170.\n^ Ring 1998, p.106.\n^ Kulturreise 2018.\n^ a b HAC Verona 2018.\n^ Kohn 2018.\n^ About HAC Bard 2018.\n^ Bard 2018.\n^ Young-Bruehl 2004, p.xlvii.\n^ HAC Bard 2018.\n^ Bernstein 2017.\n^ HAC Oldenburg 2018.\n^ HAArchiv 2018.\n^ \"Zeitschrift fr politisches Denken\" [Journal for Political Thinking]. HannahArendt.net (in English and German). ISSN1869-5787. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2021.\n^ Grunenberg 2018.\n^ Barry 2017.\n^ UHeidelberg 2015.\n^ AIE 2018.\n^ Heinrich 2013.\n^ UNHCR 2017.\n^ Scroll 2017.\n^ Bernstein 2018, p.[pageneeded].\n^ Bragg et al. 2017.\n^ Williams 2017.\n^ Grenier 2017.\n^ Coombes 2017.\n^ Bernstein 2018b.\n^ Gold 2017.\n^ Kakutani 2018.\n^ Arendt 1976, p.474.\n^ Kakutani 2018, p.1.\n^ Bernstein 2018a.\n^ Arendt 1972, p.6.\n^ Hayes 2018.\n^ Kakutani 2018a.\n^ Arendt 1976, p.382.\n^ Arendt 1972, p.4.\n^ Hanlon 2018.\n^ HAC 2018.\n^ Oatley 2018, p.254.\n^ Wolters 2013.\n^ Milgram 2017, p.23.\n^ Berkowitz 2013a.\n^ Arendt 1943.\n^ Bhabha & Weigel 2018.\n^ Bard News 2018.\n^ Google Maps 2018.\n^ HAG Berlin 2018.\n^ Hannover 2017.\n^ GDW 2016.\nSources[edit]\nArticles (journals and proceedings)[edit]\nAllen, Wayne F. (1 July 1982). \"Hannah Arendt: existential phenomenology and political freedom\". Philosophy & Social Criticism. 9 (2): 170190. doi:10.1177/019145378200900203. S2CID145329906. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022.\nBagchi, Barnita (January 2007). \"Hannah Arendt, Education, and Liberation: A Comparative South Asian Feminist Perspective\". Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics (35).\nBalber, Samantha (2017). \"Hannah Arendt: A Conscious Pariah and Her People\". Footnotes. 1: 165183. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2018.\nBenhabib, Seyla (1995). \"The Pariah and Her Shadow: Hannah Arendt's Biography of Rahel Varnhagen\". Political Theory. 23 (1): 524. doi:10.1177/0090591795023001002. JSTOR192171. S2CID144497322.\nBurroughs, Michael D (2015). \"Hannah Arendt, 'Reflections on Little Rock,' and White Ignorance\". Critical Philosophy of Race. 3 (1): 5278. doi:10.5325/critphilrace.3.1.0052. S2CID144235220.\nCalcagno, Antonio (January 2013). \"The Desire For And Pleasure Of Evil: The Augustinian Limitations Of Arendtian Mind\". The Heythrop Journal. 54 (1): 89100. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2265.2009.00513.x.\nJonas, Hans (2006) [2003]. \"Hannah Arendt: An Intimate Portrait\". New England Review. 27 (2). Translated by Brian Fox and Richard Wolin: 133142. JSTOR40244828.\nLaqueur, Walter (1998). \"The Arendt Cult: Hannah Arendt as Political Commentator\". Journal of Contemporary History. 33 (4): 483496. doi:10.1177/002200949803300401. JSTOR260982. S2CID154222580., reprinted in Aschheim (2001, pp.4764)\nLebeau, Vicky (29 June 2016). \"The Unwelcome Child: Elizabeth Eckford and Hannah Arendt\". Journal of Visual Culture. 3 (1): 5162. doi:10.1177/1470412904043598. S2CID145198758. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2018.\nMaier-Katkin, Daniel (November 2011). \"The Reception of Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem in the United States 19632011\". HannahArendt.net. 6 (1). doi:10.57773/hanet.v6i1/2.64. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2018.\nMarkus, Maria (1987). \"The 'Anti-Feminism' of Hannah Arendt\". Thesis Eleven. 17 (1): 7687. doi:10.1177/072551368701700106. S2CID145642201.\nMomigliano, Arnaldo (1980). \"A Note on Max Weber's Definition of Judaism as a Pariah-Religion\". History and Theory. 19 (3): 313318. doi:10.2307/2504547. JSTOR2504547.\nMorey, Maribel (20 December 2011). \"Reassessing Hannah Arendt's \"Reflections on Little Rock\" (1959)\". Law, Culture and the Humanities. 10 (1): 88110. doi:10.1177/1743872111423795. S2CID144635339.\nPickett, Adrienne (2009). \"Images, Dialogue, and Aesthetic Education: Arendt's response to the Little Rock Crisis\" (PDF). Philosophical Studies in Education. 40: 188199. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2016.\nRay, Larry; Diemling, Maria (24 July 2016). \"Arendt's 'conscious pariah' and the ambiguous figure of the subaltern\" (PDF). European Journal of Social Theory. 19 (4): 503520. doi:10.1177/1368431016628261. S2CID147139630. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.\nRiepl-Schmidt, Mascha (15 February 2005). \"Henriette Arendt\". HannahArendt.net (in German). 1 (1). doi:10.57773/hanet.v1i1.87. ISSN1869-5787. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2018.\nRosenberg, Elissa (February 2012). \"Walking in the city: memory and place\". The Journal of Architecture. 17 (1): 131149. doi:10.1080/13602365.2012.659914. S2CID144753542.\nSaussy, Haun (2013). \"The Refugee Speaks of Parvenus and Their Beautiful Illusions: A Rediscovered 1934 Text by Hannah Arendt\". Critical Inquiry. 40 (1): 114. doi:10.1086/673223. S2CID162242781.\nSchuler-Springorum, Stefanie (1 June 1999). \"Assimilation and Community Reconsidered: The Jewish Community in Konigsberg, 1871-1914\". Jewish Social Studies. 5 (3): 104131. doi:10.1353/jss.1999.0008. ISSN1527-2028. S2CID201796942.\nSzcsnyi, Endre (30 March 2005). The Hungarian Revolution in the \"Reflections\" by Hannah Arendt. Europe or the Globe? Eastern European Trajectories in Times of Integration and Globalization. Vienna: IWM. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2018.\nTeixeira, Christina Heine (September 2006). \"Wartesaal Lissabon 1941: Hannah Arendt und Heinrich Blcher\". HannahArendt.net. 1 (2). doi:10.57773/hanet.v2i1.99. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2019.\nVilla, Dana (2009). \"Hannah Arendt, 1906-1975\". The Review of Politics. 71 (1): 2036. doi:10.1017/S0034670509000035. JSTOR25655783. S2CID148198536.\nWellmer, Albrecht (1999). \"Hannah Arendt On Revolution\". Revue Internationale de Philosophie. 53 (208 (2)): 207222. JSTOR23955552.\nRahel Varnhagen[edit]\nCutting-Gray, Joanne (1991). \"Hannah Arendt's Rahel Varnhagen\". Philosophy and Literature. 15 (2): 229245. doi:10.1353/phl.1991.0023. S2CID170122103.\nGoldstein, Donald J. (Spring 2009). \"Hannah Arendt's Shared Destiny with Rahel Varnhagen\". Women in Judaism. 6 (1): 18. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2018.\nZebada Yez, Vernica (2018). \"Reading the Lives of Others: Biography as Political Thought in Hannah Arendt and Simone de Beauvoir\". Hypatia. 33 (1): 94110. doi:10.1111/hypa.12383. ISSN0887-5367. S2CID232175146.\nSpecial issues and proceedings[edit]\nOjakangas, Mika (2010a). \"Arendt, Socrates, and the Ethics of Conscience\" (PDF). Studies across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol.8. pp.6785. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2019.\nDurst, Margarete (2004). Birth and Natality in Hannah Arendt. Springer. pp.777797. ISBN978-94-010-0047-5.\n\"Hannah Arendt\". Social Research (Special issue). 44 (1). Spring 1977. JSTORi40043622.\nAudiovisual[edit]\nBerkowitz, Roger (2013). Hannah Arendt: A brief biography (DVD liner notes to Hannah Arendt). Zeitgeist Films.\nBBFC (2013). Hannah Arendt. Releases (Film) (in German, English, and Hebrew). British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2018.\nBBFC (2012). Hannah Arendt (Film) (in German, English, and Hebrew). Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2018. (see also Hannah Arendt)\nWeigel, Moira (16 July 2013). \"Heritage Girl Crush: On \"Hannah Arendt\"\". Los Angeles Review of Books (Review). Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\nBragg, Melvyn; Stonebridge, Lyndsey; Sheffield, Frisbee; Eaglestone, Robert (2 February 2017). Hannah Arendt (Radio panel discussion). In Our Time. Radio 4. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.\nZeitgeist (2015). Vita Activa The Spirit of Hannah Arendt (Documentary) (Film) (in German, English, and Hebrew). Zeitgeist Films. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2017.\nScott, A. O. (5 April 2016). \"Review: In 'Vita Activa: The Spirit of Hannah Arendt,' a Thinker More Relevant Than Ever\". The New York Times (Review). Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2017.\nBooks and monographs[edit]\nZohar Mihaely, Hannah Arendt and the Crisis of Israeli Democracy, Oregon, Pickwick Publications, 2022.\nAdamson, Jane; Freadman, Richard; Parker, David, eds. (1998). Renegotiating Ethics in Literature, Philosophy, and Theory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-62938-6.\nBaier, Annette (1995). Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics. Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-58716-8.\n\"Ethics in many different voices\" pp.247268, see also revised versions as Baier (1998, pp.247268) and Baier (1997, pp.325346)\nBernstein, Richard J. (2018). Why Read Hannah Arendt Now?. Wiley. ISBN978-1-5095-2863-9.\nClment, Catherine (2001) [1999 Calmann-Lvy]. Martin et Hannah [Martin and Hannah: A Novel]. Translated by Julia Shirek Smith. Prometheus Books. ISBN978-1-57392-906-6.\nSchroeder, Steven (2002). \"Review of \"Martin and Hannah: A Novel\"\". Essays in Philosophy (Review). 3 (1). ISSN1526-0569. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2018.\nCopjec, Joan, ed. (1996). Radical Evil. Verso. ISBN978-1-85984-911-8.\nGellhorn, Martha (1988). The View from the Ground. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN978-0-8021-9117-5.\nHattem, Cornelis Van; Hattem, Kees van (2005). Superfluous people: a reflection on Hannah Arendt and evil. University Press of America. ISBN978-0-7618-3304-8.\nKakutani, Michiko (2018). The Death of Truth: Notes on Falsehood in the Age of Trump. Crown/Archetype. ISBN978-0-525-57484-2.\nHayes, Chris (18 July 2018). \"Michiko Kakutani's Book About Our Post-Truth Era\". The New York Times (Review). Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.\nKielmansegg, Peter Graf; Mewes, Horst; Glaser-Schmidt, Elisabeth, eds. (1997). Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss: German migrs and American Political Thought After World War II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-59936-8. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2018.\nLamey, Andy (2011). Frontier Justice: The Global Refugee Crisis and What To Do About It. Doubleday Canada. ISBN978-0-307-36792-1.\nMilgram, Stanley (2017) [1974]. Obedience to Authority. HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-06-280340-5. (see also Obedience to Authority)\nMost, Stephen (2017). Stories Make the World: Reflections on Storytelling and the Art of the Documentary. New York: Berghahn Books.\nOatley, Keith (2018). Our Minds, Our Selves: A Brief History of Psychology. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-1-4008-9004-0.\nRichter, William L., ed. (2009). Approaches to Political Thought. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN978-1-4616-3656-4.\nRobinson, Marc, ed. (1996). Altogether Elsewhere: Writers on Exile. Harcourt Brace. ISBN978-0-15-600389-6.\nSimmons, William Paul (2011). Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-139-50326-6.\nSimmons, William Paul (2011), Arendt, Little Rock, and the Cauterization of the Marginalized Other (PDF) (Essay), archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2018\nSwedberg, Richard; Agevall, Ola (2016). The Max Weber Dictionary: Key Words and Central Concepts (2nded.). Stanford University Press. ISBN978-1-5036-0022-5.\nWeber, Hermann; Drabkin, Jakov; Bayerlein, Bernhard H., eds. (2014). Deutschland, Russland, Komintern. II Dokumente (19181943): Nach der Archivrevolution: Neuerschlossene Quellen zu der Geschichte der KPD und den deutsch-russischen Beziehungen [Germany, Russia, Comintern. II Documents (19181943): After the Archive Revolution: New sources on the history of the KPD and German-Russian relations]. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN978-3-11-033978-9.\nAutobiography and biography[edit]\nAAAS (2018). Book of members, 1780 present: A (PDF). Cambridge MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p.18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2018.\nAnders, Gnther (2011). Oberschlick, Gerhard (ed.). Die Kirschenschlacht: Dialoge mit Hannah Arendt und ein akademisches Nachwort [The cherry battle: dialogues with Hannah Arendt and an academic epilogue]. C.H.Beck. ISBN978-3-406-63278-5.\nBerkowitz, Roger (13 February 2012a). \"The Cherry Battle\". News (Review). Hannah Arendt Center, Bard College. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.\nEttinger, Elzbieta (1997) [1995]. Hannah Arendt/Martin Heidegger. Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-07254-9.\nBrent, Frances (30 May 2013). \"Arendt's Affair\". Tablet (Review). Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2018.\nGrunenberg, Antonia (2003). Arendt (in German). Freiburg: Herder. ISBN978-3-451-04954-5. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2018.\n (2017). Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger: History of a Love. Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-02718-4. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.\nHeller, Anne Conover (2015). Hannah Arendt: A Life in Dark Times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN978-0-544-45619-8. excerpt Archived 9 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine\nHonig, Bonnie, ed. (2010) [1995]. Feminist Interpretations of Hannah Arendt. Penn State Press. ISBN978-0-271-04320-3.\nHowe, Irving (1984) [1982]. A Margin of Hope: An Intellectual Autobiography. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. ISBN978-0-15-657245-3.\nKristeva, Julia (2001a). Hannah Arendt. Translated by Ross Guberman. Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-12102-6.\nMaier-Katkin, Daniel (2010a). Stranger from Abroad: Hannah Arendt, Martin Heidegger, Friendship and Forgiveness. W. W. Norton. ISBN978-0-393-07731-5.\nMay, Derwent (1986). Hannah Arendt. Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-14-008116-9.\nNixon, Jon (2015). Hannah Arendt and the Politics of Friendship. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-4725-0754-9.\nStangneth, Bettina (2014). Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-307-95968-3. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2018.\nVowinckel, Annette (2004). Hannah Arendt: zwischen deutscher Philosophie und jdischer Politik [Hannah Arendt: Between German philosophy and Jewish politics] (in German). Lukas Verlag. ISBN978-3-936872-36-1. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2018. (full text Archived 19 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine)\nYoung-Bruehl, Elisabeth (2004) [1982]. Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World (Seconded.). Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-10588-9.\nCritical works[edit]\nAschheim, Steven E., ed. (2001). Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem [Hannah Arendt Beyerushalayim, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2007 (in Hebrew)]. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-22057-7.\nShenhav, Yehouda (3 May 2007). \"All Aboard the Arendt Express\". Haaretz (Review). Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.\nBerkowitz, Roger; Storey, Ian, eds. (2017). Artifacts of Thinking: Reading Hannah Arendt's Denktagebuch. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-8232-7217-4.\nBernauer, J.W., ed. (1987). Amor Mundi: Explorations in the Faith and Thought of Hannah Arendt. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN978-94-009-3565-5.\nBernauer, James W. (1987a). \"The Faith of Hannah Arendt: Amor Mundi and its Critique Assimilation of Religious Experience\". pp.128.\nBernstein, Richard J. (2013). Hannah Arendt and the Jewish Question. Wiley. ISBN978-0-7456-6570-2.\nBirmingham, Peg (2006). Hannah Arendt and Human Rights: The Predicament of Common Responsibility. Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-11226-2. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2018.\nBowen-Moore, Patricia (1989). Hannah Arendt's Philosophy of Natality. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN978-1-349-20125-9. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2018.\nCourtine-Denamy, Sylvie (2000) [1997 Editions Albin Michel]. Trois femmes dans de sombres temps [Three Women in Dark Times: Edith Stein, Hannah Arendt, Simone Weil, or Amor fati, amor mundi]. Translated by G.M. Goshgarian. Cornell University Press. ISBN978-0-8014-8758-3. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2018.\nGrunenberg, Antonia [in German] (2018). \"Hannah Arendt-Studien / Hannah Arendt Studies\" (in English and German). Peter Lang. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.\nHayden, Patrick, ed. (2014). Hannah Arendt: Key Concepts. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-54588-0. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2018.\nHermsen, Joke J.; Villa, Dana Richard, eds. (1999). The Judge and the Spectator: Hannah Arendt's Political Philosophy. Peeters Publishers. ISBN978-90-429-0781-2. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\nHinchman, Lewis P.; Hinchman, Sandra, eds. (1994). Hannah Arendt: Critical Essays. SUNY Press. ISBN978-0-7914-1853-6. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2018.\nJones, Kathleen B. (2013a). Diving for Pearls: A Thinking Journey with Hannah Arendt. Thinking Women Books. ISBN978-0-9860586-0-8. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2018. excerpt Archived 6 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, see also Jones (2013)\nKiess, John (2016). Hannah Arendt and Theology. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-0-567-62851-0. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2018.\nKristeva, Julia (2001b). Hannah Arendt: Life is a Narrative. Translated by Frank Collins. University of Toronto Press. ISBN978-0-8020-3521-9. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2018.\nLuban, David. Arendt After Jerusalem: The Moral and Legal Philosophy (PDF). To be published. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.\nMay, Larry; Kohn, Jerome, eds. (1997). Hannah Arendt: Twenty Years Later. MIT Press. ISBN978-0-262-63182-2. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2018.\nMcGowan, John (1998). Hannah Arendt: An Introduction. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-1-4529-0338-5. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2016.\nRing, Jennifer (1998). The Political Consequences of Thinking: Gender and Judaism in the Work of Hannah Arendt. SUNY Press. ISBN978-1-4384-1739-4. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2018.\nSwift, Simon (2008). Hannah Arendt. Routledge. ISBN978-1-134-09355-7. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2018.\nVilla, Dana, ed. (2000). The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-64571-3. text at Pensar el Espacio Pblico Archived 13 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine\nHistorical[edit]\nAugustine, Saint (1995). In Joannis evangelium tractatus [Tractates on the Gospel of John, 111-24]. Translated by John W. Rettig. CUA Press. ISBN978-0-8132-0092-7. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2018.\n (2008). Tractatus in epistolam Joannis ad Parthos [Homilies on the First Epistle of John]. Translated by Boniface Ramsay. New City Press. ISBN978-1-56548-289-0. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2018., available in Latin as\nKant, Immanuel (2006) [1798]. Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht [Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View]. Translated by Robert Louden. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-67165-1. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2018.\n (1793). Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloen Vernunft. Knigsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius. p.99. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2018.\n (1838). Religion Within the Boundary of Pure Reason. Translated by J. W. Semple. Edinburgh: Thomas Clark. p.125.\nLazare, Bernard (2016) [1898 Kadimah, Paris]. Le Nationalisme Juif. Hachette Livre. ISBN978-2-01-359879-8. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2018. facsimile text Archived 15 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine at Gallica, and reproduced on Wikisource\nRhle-Gerstel, Alice (1932). Das Frauenproblem der Gegenwart: eine psychologische Bilanz [Contemporary Women's Issues: A psychological balance sheet] (in German). S. Hirzel. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2018.\nWeber, Max (1978) [1922]. Roth, Guenther; Wittich, Claus (eds.). Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie [Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology]. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-03500-3. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2018. full text available on Internet Archive\nWeil, Hans [in German] (1967) [1930]. Die Entstehung des deutschen Bildungsprinzips [The Origin of the German Educational Principle]. H. Bouvier. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2018.\nChapters and contributions[edit]\nArendt, Hannah (1993a) [1953]. \"Ideology and Terror\" (PDF). pp.338348. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2020.\nBaier, Annette C (1997). Ethics in many different voices. pp.325346., in May & Kohn (1997)\n (1998). Ethics in many different voices. pp.247268., in Adamson, Freadman & Parker (1998)\nBeiner, Ronald (1997). Love and worldliness: Hannah Arendt's reading of Saint Augustine. pp.269284., in May & Kohn (1997)\nBrocke, Edna [in German] (2009a). Afterword. \"Big Hannah\" My Aunt. pp.512522., in Arendt (2009a)\nCanovan, Margaret (2013). Introduction. University of Chicago Press. pp.viixx. ISBN978-0-226-92457-1. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2018., in Arendt (2013)\nDries, Christian (2011). Gnther Anders und Hannah Arendt - eine Beziehungsskizze (in German). pp.71140., in Anders (2011)\nElon, Amos (2006a). Introduction. Penguin. p.xxi. ISBN978-1-101-00716-7. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2018., in Arendt (2006a)\nFry, Karin (2014). Natality (PDF). pp.2335. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2018., in Hayden (2014)\nGuilherme, Alexandre and Morgan, W. John, 'Hannah Arendt (19061975)-dialogue as a public space'. Chapter 4 in Philosophy, Dialogue, and Education: Nine modern European philosophers, Routledge, London and New York, pp.5571, ISBN978-1-138-83149-0.\nGould, Carol (2009). Hannah Arendt and Remembrance. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp.6572. ISBN978-1-4616-3656-4. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2018., in Richter (2009)\nKippenberger, Hans (8 February 1936). 376a. Vertraulicher Bericht Kippenbergers uber den Parteiselbstschutz (PSS) der KPD [Confidential report by Kippenberger on the party self-protection of the KPD]. Moscow. pp.11821185.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), in Weber et al (2014)\nLuban, David (1994). Explaining Dark Times: Hannah Arendt's Theory of Theory. pp.79110., in Hinchman & Hinchman (1994)\nScott, Joanna Vecchiarelli; Stark, Judith Chelius (1996). Preface: Rediscovering Love and Saint Augustine. University of Chicago Press. pp.viixviii. ISBN978-0-226-02596-4. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2018., in Arendt (1996)\nVollrath, Ernst (1997). Hannah Arendt: A German-American Jewess views the United States - and looks back to Germany. pp.4558., in Kielmansegg et al (1997)\nWeyembergh, Maurice (1999). Remembrance and Oblivion. Peeters Publishers. pp.7996. ISBN978-90-429-0781-2. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2018., in Hermsen & Villa (1999)\nDictionaries and encyclopedias[edit]\nDas Aussprachewrterbuch (in German) (7thed.). Duden. 2015.\nBaron, Salo (2007). \"Conference on Jewish Social Studies\". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Thomson Gale. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.\nd'Entreves, Maurizio Passerin (2014). \"Hannah Arendt\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019. (Version: January 2019 Archived 30 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine)\nHyman, Paula; Moore, Deborah Dash, eds. (1998). Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. 2 vols. I: A-L. Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-91934-0. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2018.\nWhitfield, Stephen J. (1998). Hannah Arendt (1906 - 1975). pp.6164. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018., in Hyman & Moore (1998)\nLovett, Frank (4 June 2018). \"Republicanism\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.\nWood, Kelsey (7 January 2004). \"Hannah Arendt\". The Literary Encyclopedia. The Literary Dictionary Company Limited. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.\nYar, Majid. \"Hannah Arendt (19061975)\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt\". Encyclopedia of World Biography. The Gale Group. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2018.\nCullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2014) [1996]. Encyclopedia of Women's History in America (2nded.). Infobase Publishing. ISBN978-1-4381-1033-2. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2016.\nMagazines[edit]\nAdelman, Jeremy (Spring 2016). \"Pariah: Can Hannah Arendt Help Us Rethink Our Global Refugee Crisis?\". Wilson Quarterly. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.\nBernstein, Richard (19 August 2018a). \"The Urgent Relevance of Hannah Arendt\". The Philosophers' Magazine. No.82. pp.2431. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2019.\nGellhorn, Martha (February 1962). \"Eichmann and the Private Conscience\". Atlantic Monthly., reprinted in Gellhorn (1988, pp.217233)\nHeinrich, Kaspar (19 November 2013). \"Fotografien von Fred Stein: Der Poet mit der Kleinbildkamera\". Der Spiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2013.\nHeld, Virginia; Kazin, Alfred (21 October 1982). \"Feminism & Hannah Arendt\". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\nHowe, Irving (5 June 2013). \"Banality and Brilliance\". Dissent. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018., reprinted from Howe (1984, pp.269ff)\nJones, Kathleen B. (12 November 2013). \"Hannah Arendt's Female Friends\". Los Angeles Review of Books. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018., reprinted in Jones (2013a)\nKirsch, Adam (12 January 2009). \"Beware of Pity: Hannah Arendt and the power of the impersonal\". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.\nKohler, Lotte (21 March 1996). \"The Arendt/Heidegger Affair\". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2018.\nMaier-Katkin, Daniel (2010). \"How Hannah Arendt Was Labeled an \"Enemy of Israel\"\". Tikkun. Vol.25, no.6. pp.1114. ISSN2164-0041. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2018.\nObermair, Hannes (April 2018). \"Da Hans a Hannahil \"duce\" di Bolzano e la sfida di Arendt\" [From Hans to HannahMussolini in Bolzano and Arendt's Challenge]. Il Cristallo. Rassegna di Varia Umanit (in Italian). Vol.60, no.1. pp.2732. ISBN978-88-7223-312-2. ISSN0011-1449. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2018.\nSeliger, Ralph (15 April 2011). \"Hannah Arendt: From Iconoclast to Icon\". Tikkun. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.\nNewspapers[edit]\nBerkowitz, Roger (7 July 2013a). \"Misreading 'Eichmann in Jerusalem'\". The New York Times (Opinionator: The Stone). Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.\nBernstein, Richard J. (20 June 2018b). \"The Illuminations of Hannah Arendt\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2019.\nBird, David (4 December 1975a). \"Hannah Arendt, Political Scientist Dead\". The New York Times (Obituary). Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2018.\nBird, David (5 December 1975b). \"Hannah Arendt, Political Scientist Dead\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2019.\nButler, Judith (29 August 2011). \"Hannah Arendt's challenge to Adolf Eichmann\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.\nGrenier, Elizabeth (2 February 2017). \"Why the world is turning to Hannah Arendt to explain Trump\". DW. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2017.\nHanlon, Aaron (31 August 2018). \"Postmodernism didn't cause Trump. It explains him\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.\nInvernizzi-Accetti, Carlo (6 December 2017). \"A small Italian town can teach the world how to defuse controversial monuments\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.\nKakutani, Michiko (14 July 2018a). \"The death of truth: how we gave up on facts and ended up with Trump\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.\nKramer, Henri (1 March 2017). \"Gedenktafel fr Hannah Arendt in Babelsberg\". Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten (in German). Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.\nMoreira, Cristiana Faria (23 December 2017). \"Hannah Arendt. A passagem por Lisboa a caminho da liberdade\". Publico (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2019.\nPfeffer, Anshel (9 May 2008). \"Dear Hannah\". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.\nSznaider, Natan (20 October 2006). \"Human, citizen, Jew\". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2018.\nTavares, Rui (10 December 2018). \"Hannah Arendt em Lisboa\". Publico (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.\nWilliams, Zoe (1 February 2017). \"Totalitarianism in the age of Trump: lessons from Hannah Arendt\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2017.\n\"Killer of 6,000,000; Adolf Eichmann\". The New York Times. 26 May 1960. p.18. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2018.\n\"'Show' Trial Promised\". The New York Times. 28 May 1960. p.9. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2018.\nTheses[edit]\nHerman, Dana (2008). Hashavat Avedah: a history of Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, Inc (PhD thesis). Montreal: Department of History, McGill University. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\nWebsites[edit]\nFry, Karin (2009). \"Hannah Arendt 19061975: Philosophy of Mind, Social & Political Philosophy\". Women Philosophers. Society for the Study of Women Philosophers. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.\n\"Fred Stein: Hannah Arendt, photograph (1944): Philosopher in a contemplative pose\". Arts in Exile (Virtual exhibition). Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.\nBarry, James, ed. (2017). \"Arendt Studies\" (journal). Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.\nAddison, Sam (19721974). \"Hannah Arendt: The Life of the Mind\". Gifford Lectures. University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt & the University of Heidelberg\". Between Truth and Hope. 30 October 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.\n\"Pensar el Espacio Pblico ~ Seminario de Filosofa Poltica\" (in Spanish). 20142015. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt. Vertrauen in das Menschliche\" (PDF) (Exhibition brochure) (in German). Goethe Institut. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.\nKrieghofer, Gerald (1 July 2017). \"\"Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen.\" Hannah Arendt (angeblich)\". Zitatrtsel. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.\nMiller, Joshua A. (25 September 2017). \"How the Schocken Books collections changed Arendt scholarship\". Anotherpanacea. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.\n\"Obedience and Dictatorship\". Desperado Philosophy. 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.\nWolters, Eugene (16 July 2013). \"Everyone is Wrong About Hannah Arendt\". Critical-Theory. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.\nHill, Samantha Rose (26 March 2017). \"What does it mean to love the world? Hannah Arendt and Amor Mundi\". openDemocracy. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.\n\"Ten things Hannah Arendt said that are eerily relevant in today's political times\". Scroll.in. 4 December 2017. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2018.\nBrecht, Bertolt. \"An die Nachgeborenen\". Lyrik-line: Listen to the poet (in German). Haus fr Poesie. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018. includes Brecht reading (english Archived 15 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine)\nCoombes, Thomas (12 February 2017). \"Why we all need to read 'The Origins of Totalitarianism'\". Medium. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.\nGold, Hannah (29 January 2017). \"Amazon Needs to Restock Hannah Arendt's The Origins of Totalitarianism\". Jezebel. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt\". kulturreise-ideen (in German). Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2018.\nHill, Samantha Rose (6 December 2015). \"A Meditation on Arendt, Rilke, & Guns\". Hannah Arendt Center. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.\nRilke, Rainer Maria (19121922). \"Duineser Elegien\" (in German). Zeno. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018. (English translation by A. S. Kline 2004)\nPaula, Luisa (28 December 2018). \"Hannah Arendt em Lisboa\". Espao Crtico (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.\nBiography and timelines[edit]\nAAAL. \"Academy Members: Deceased\". Members. American Academy of Arts and Letters. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2018.\nHeller, Anne C (6 July 2015a). \"Hannah Arendt: A Brief Chronology\". Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt\". Monoskop. 24 July 2018. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt\". Contemporary Thinkers. The Foundation for Constitutional Government. 2018. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2018.\nInstitutions, locations and organizations[edit]\nBernstein, Richard J. (2017). \"Hannah Arendt Center\". New York: The New School for Social Research. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.\nBhabha, Homi K.; Weigel, Sigrid (March 2018). \"We Refugees 75 Years Later. Hannah Arendt's Reflections on Human Rights and the Human Condition\". Berlin: Zentrum fr Literatur- und Kulturforschung. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt Centre\". Institut fr Philosophie: Carl von Ossietzky Universitt Oldenburg. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt Center for Political Studies\". Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona. 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt Gymnasium, Haloch\" (in German). Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt Gymnasium, Berlin\" (in German). 2018. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.\nDries, Christian (July 2018). \"Vita Gnther Anders (19021992)\". Translated by Christopher John Mller. Internationale Gnther Anders Gesellschaft. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2018.\nKirscher, Gilbert (27 March 2003). \"ric Weil: A Biography\". Institut Eric Weil-Universit de Lille. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.\nGDW (2016). \"Hannah Arendt\". Exile and Resistance. German Resistance Memorial Center. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt Tage\". Das offizielle Portal der Region und der Landeshauptstadt Hannover. City of Hanover. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt in Hannover\". Das offizielle Portal der Region und der Landeshauptstadt Hannover. City of Hanover. 22 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2018.\nCAS (2011). \"Guide to the Center for Advanced Studies Records, 1958 1969\". Wesleyan University Library. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.\nUNHCR (2 August 2017). \"Arendt, Hannah\". UNHCR Central Europe. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.\n\"Orte des Erinnerns Denkmal im Bayerischen Viertel, 1993 (Berlin-Schneberg)\" (in German). Kunstgeschichtliche Gesellschaft zu Berlin. 2018. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.\nHannah Arendt Center (Bard)[edit]\n\"The Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities at Bard College\". Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.\n\"McCarthy House\". About Us. The Hannah Arendt Center. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.\nBard. \"The Hannah Arendt Collection\". Hannah Arendt Center, Stevenson Library, Bard College. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.\nKettler, David (2009). \"Hannah Arendt Collection: Arendt on Mannheim\". Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.\n\"The Hannah Arendt Center\". Medium. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.\n\"Amor Mundi\". Medium. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.\n\"Film Screening: In Search of The Last Agora\". Hannah Arendt Center News. 15 November 2018. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2019.\nMaps[edit]\n\"Rue Hannah Arendt\". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.\nExternal images[edit]\n\"Hannah Arendt (19061975)\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Photograph of commemorative stamp). 1988. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendt, stamp, Germany 2006\" (Photograph of commemorative stamp). UNHCR. 2006. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.\n\"Hannah Arendts Erkennungskarte der Universitt Heidelberg 1928\". Bild des Monats (Student identity card). University of Heidelberg. November 2015. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.\n\"Cover\". Saturday Review of Literature (Cover image). 24 March 1951. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.\n\"Plaque\". Lisbon City Council. 10 December 2018. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2018.\nFurther reading[edit]\nMain article: Bibliography of Hannah Arendt\nExternal links[edit]\nHannah Arendt at Wikipedia's sister projects\nMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata\nHannah Arendt: \"Zur Person\". Full Interview (with English subtitles) (in German). Stack Altoids. 28 October 1964. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021 via YouTube.\n\"Hannah Arendt Contributions\". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 11 August 2018.\nvteHannah ArendtList of works by Hannah ArendtBooks\nLove and Saint Augustine (1929)\nThe Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)\nRahel Varnhagen (1957)\nThe Human Condition (1958)\nBetween Past and Future (1961)\nEichmann in Jerusalem (1963)\nOn Revolution (1963)\nCrises of the Republic (1972)\nThe Life of the Mind (1978)\nPeople\nGnther Anders\nHeinrich Blcher\nRelated\nHannah Arendt (2012 film)\nHannah Arendt Prize\nHannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies\nMemorials\nArticles related to Hannah Arendt\nvteExistentialismVariants\nAtheistic\nChristian\nJewish\nIslamic\nNihilist\nPhenomenological\nConcepts\nAbandonment\nAbsurdism\nAngst\nAuthenticity\nBad faith\nBeing in itself\nDasein\nExistence precedes essence\nExistential crisis\nFacticity\nLeap of faith\nMeaning\nNihilism\nOther\nRessentiment\nThrownness\nPeopleArtists\nBuzzati\nCamus\nCioran\nDostoevsky\nEllison\nFondane\nGiacometti\nIonesco\nKafka\nMahfouz\nMarcel\nSartre\nUnamuno\nWilson\nWright\nPhilosophers\nAbbagnano\nArendt\nBarth\nBerdyaev\nBuber\nBultmann\nCamus\nCarlyle\nCioran\nBeauvoir\nFanon\nFlusser\nFondane\nHeidegger\nHusserl\nJames\nJaspers\nKaufmann\nKierkegaard\nLevinas\nMarcel\nMay\nMerleau-Ponty\nNietzsche\nOrtega y Gasset\nRosenzweig\nSartre\nShestov\nSoloveitchik\nTillich\nUnamuno\nWilson\nWright\nZapffe\nRelated\nContinental philosophy\nGerman idealism\nMarxist humanism\nPhenomenology\nTranscendentalism\nWestern Marxism\nvteSocial philosophyConcepts\nAnomie\nConvention\nCustoms\nCultural heritage\nCulturalism\nInter\nMono\nMulti\nCulture\nCounter\nFamilialism\nHistory\nHonour\nHuman nature\nIdentity\nFormation\nIdeology\nInstitutions\nInvisible hand\nLoyalty\nModernity\nMorality\nPublic\nMores\nNational character\nNatural law\nReification\nRessentiment\nRights\nSittlichkeit\nSocial alienation\nSocial norms\nSpontaneous order\nStewardship\nTraditions\nValues\nFamily\nVolksgeist\nWorldview\nSchools\nBudapest School\nCatholic social teaching\nDistributism\nCommunitarianism\nConfucianism\nConservatism\nSocial\nFrankfurt School\nPersonalism\nPhilosophersAncient\nAugustine\nCicero\nConfucius\nLactantius\nLaozi\nMencius\nMozi\nOrigen\nPhilo\nPlato\nPlutarch\nPolybius\nTertullian\nThucydides\nXunzi\nMedieval\nAlpharabius\nAquinas\nAvempace\nBruni\nDante\nGelasius\nIbn Khaldun\nMaimonides\nMuhammad\nPhotios\nPlethon\nIbn Tufayl\nEarly modern\nCalvin\nErasmus\nGuicciardini\nLocke\nLuther\nMilton\nMontaigne\nMntzer\n18th and 19thcenturies\nArnold\nBentham\nBonald\nBurke\nCarlyle\nComte\nCondorcet\nEmerson\nEngels\nFichte\nFourier\nFranklin\nHegel\nHelvtius\nHerder\nHume\nJefferson\nKant\nKierkegaard\nLe Bon\nLe Play\nMarx\nMill\nNietzsche\nOwen\nRenan\nRousseau\nRoyce\nRuskin\nSmith\nSpencer\nde Stal\nStirner\nTaine\nThoreau\nTocqueville\nVico\nVivekananda\nVoltaire\n20th and 21stcenturies\nAdorno\nAgamben\nArendt\nAron\nBadiou\nBaudrillard\nBauman\nBenoist\nBerlin\nButler\nCamus\nde Beauvoir\nDebord\nDeleuze\nDewey\nDu Bois\nDurkheim\nEco\nEvola\nFoucault\nFromm\nGandhi\nGehlen\nGentile\nGramsci\nGunon\nHabermas\nHan\nHeidegger\nHoppe\nIrigaray\nKirk\nKoakowski\nKropotkin\nLand\nLasch\nMacIntyre\nMarcuse\nMaritain\nNegri\nNiebuhr\nNussbaum\nOakeshott\nOrtega\nPareto\nPolanyi\nRadhakrishnan\nRpke\nSantayana\nScruton\nShariati\nSimmel\nSkinner\nSombart\nSowell\nSpengler\nTaylor\nVoegelin\nWalzer\nWeber\nWeil\nZinn\niek\nWorks\nDe Officiis (44 BC)\nOration on the Dignity of Man (1486)\nA Vindication of Natural Society (1756)\nDemocracy in America (18351840)\nCivilization and Its Discontents (1930)\nThe Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1935)\nThe Second Sex (1949)\nOne-Dimensional Man (1964)\nThe Society of the Spectacle (1967)\nThe History of Sexuality (1976)\nThe Culture of Narcissism (1979)\nA Conflict of Visions (1987)\nThe Closing of the American Mind (1987)\nGender Trouble (1990)\nThe Malaise of Modernity (1991)\nIntellectuals and Society (2010)\nSee also\nAgnotology\nAxiology\nCritical theory\nCultural criticism\nCultural pessimism\nEthics\nHistorism\nHistoricism\nHumanities\nPhilosophy of culture\nPhilosophy of education\nPhilosophy of history\nPolitical philosophy\nSocial criticism\nSocial science\nSocial theory\nSociology\nCategory\nvtePolitical philosophyTerms\nAuthority\nCitizenship\nDuty\nElite\nEmancipation\nFreedom\nGovernment\nHegemony\nHierarchy\nJustice\nLaw\nLegitimacy\nLiberty\nMonopoly\nNation\nObedience\nPeace\nPluralism\nPower\nProgress\nPropaganda\nProperty\nRevolution\nRights\nRuling class\nSociety\nSovereignty\nState\nUtopia\nWar\nGovernment\nAristocracy\nAutocracy\nBureaucracy\nDictatorship\nDemocracy\nGerontocracy\nMeritocracy\nMonarchy\nOligarchy\nPlutocracy\nTechnocracy\nTheocracy\nIdeologies\nAgrarianism\nAnarchism\nCapitalism\nChristian democracy\nColonialism\nCommunism\nCommunitarianism\nConfucianism\nConservatism\nCorporatism\nDistributism\nEnvironmentalism\nFascism\nFeminism\nFeudalism\nImperialism\nIslamism\nLiberalism\nLibertarianism\nLocalism\nMarxism\nMonarchism\nMulticulturalism\nNationalism\nNazism\nPopulism\nRepublicanism\nSocial Darwinism\nSocial democracy\nSocialism\nThird Way\nConcepts\nBalance of power\nBellum omnium contra omnes\nBody politic\nClash of civilizations\nCommon good\nConsent of the governed\nDivine right of kings\nFamily as a model for the state\nMonopoly on violence\nNatural law\nNegative and positive rights\nNight-watchman state\nNoble lie\nNoblesse oblige\nOpen society\nOrdered liberty\nOriginal position\nOverton window\nSeparation of powers\nSocial contract\nState of nature\nStatolatry\nTyranny of the majority\nPhilosophersAntiquity\nAristotle\nChanakya\nCicero\nConfucius\nHan Fei\nLactantius\nMencius\nMozi\nPlato\npolitical philosophy\nPolybius\nShang\nSun Tzu\nThucydides\nXenophon\nMiddle Ages\nAlpharabius\nAquinas\nAverroes\nBruni\nDante\nGelasius\nal-Ghazali\nIbn Khaldun\nMarsilius\nMuhammad\nNizam al-Mulk\nOckham\nPlethon\nWang\nEarly modernperiod\nBotie\nBodin\nBossuet\nCalvin\nCampanella\nFilmer\nGrotius\nGuicciardini\nHobbes\npolitical philosophy\nJames\nLeibniz\nLocke\nLuther\nMachiavelli\nMilton\nMore\nMntzer\nPufendorf\nSpinoza\nSurez\n18th and 19thcenturies\nBakunin\nBastiat\nBeccaria\nBentham\nBolingbroke\nBonald\nBurke\nCarlyle\nComte\nCondorcet\nConstant\nCorts\nEngels\nFichte\nFourier\nFranklin\nGodwin\nHaller\nHegel\nHerder\nHume\nIqbal\npolitical philosophy\nJefferson\nKant\npolitical philosophy\nLe Bon\nLe Play\nMadison\nMaistre\nMarx\nMazzini\nMill\nMontesquieu\nNietzsche\nOwen\nPaine\nRenan\nRousseau\nSade\nSaint-Simon\nSmith\nSpencer\nde Stal\nStirner\nTaine\nThoreau\nTocqueville\nTucker\nVoltaire\n20th and 21stcenturies\nAgamben\nAmbedkar\nArendt\nAron\nBadiou\nBauman\nBenoist\nBerlin\nBernstein\nBurnham\nChomsky\nDmowski\nDu Bois\nDugin\nDworkin\nEvola\nFoucault\nFromm\nFukuyama\nGandhi\nGentile\nGramsci\nGunon\nHabermas\nHayek\nHoppe\nHuntington\nKautsky\nKirk\nKropotkin\nLaclau\nLenin\nLuxemburg\nMansfield\nMao\nMarcuse\nMaurras\nMichels\nMises\nMosca\nMouffe\nNegri\nNozick\nNussbaum\nOakeshott\nOrtega\nPareto\nPopper\nQutb\nRand\nRawls\nRpke\nRothbard\nRussell\nSartre\nSchmitt\nScruton\nShariati\nSorel\nSpann\nSpengler\nStrauss\nSun\nTaylor\nVoegelin\nWalzer\nWeber\nWorks\nRepublic (c. 375 BC)\nPolitics (c. 350 BC)\nDe re publica (51 BC)\nTreatise on Law (c. 1274)\nMonarchia (1313)\nThe Prince (1532)\nLeviathan (1651)\nTwo Treatises of Government (1689)\nThe Spirit of Law (1748)\nThe Social Contract (1762)\nReflections on the Revolution in France (1790)\nRights of Man (1791)\nElements of the Philosophy of Right (1820)\nDemocracy in America (18351840)\nThe Communist Manifesto (1848)\nOn Liberty (1859)\nThe Revolt of the Masses (1929)\nThe Road to Serfdom (1944)\nThe Open Society and Its Enemies (1945)\nThe Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)\nA Theory of Justice (1971)\nThe End of History and the Last Man (1992)\nRelated\nAuthoritarianism\nCollectivism and individualism\nConflict theories\nContractualism\nCritique of political economy\nEgalitarianism\nElite theory\nElitism\nInstitutional discrimination\nJurisprudence\nJustification for the state\nPhilosophy of law\nPolitical ethics\nPolitical spectrum\nLeft-wing politics\nCentrism\nRight-wing politics\nPolitical theology\nSeparation of church and state\nSeparatism\nSocial justice\nStatism\nTotalitarianism\nIndex\nCategory:Political philosophy\nvteContinental philosophyPhilosophers\nAdorno\nAgamben\nAlthusser\nArendt\nAron\nBachelard\nBadiou\nBarthes\nBataille\nBaudrillard\nBauman\nBenjamin\nde Beauvoir\nBergson\nBlanchot\nBourdieu\nBuber\nButler\nCamus\nCassirer\nCastoriadis\nCioran\nCixous\nCroce\nde Man\nDebord\nDeleuze\nDerrida\nDilthey\nEco\nEagleton\nEngels\nFanon\nFichte\nFisher\nFoucault\nGadamer\nGentile\nGuattari\nGramsci\nHabermas\nHegel\nHeidegger\nHusserl\nIngarden\nIrigaray\nJameson\nJaspers\nKierkegaard\nKojve\nKoyr\nKoakowski\nKristeva\nLacan\nLatour\nLefebvre\nLvi-Strauss\nLevinas\nLuhmann\nLukcs\nLyotard\nMarcel\nMarcuse\nMarx\nMerleau-Ponty\nNancy\nNegri\nNietzsche\nOrtega y Gasset\nRancire\nRicur\nSaid\nSartre\nSchelling\nSchmitt\nSchopenhauer\nSerres\nSloterdijk\nSpengler\nStein\nStrauss\nWeber\nWeil\nWilliams\niek\nTheories\nAbsurdism\nCritical theory\nDeconstruction\nExistentialism\nFrankfurt School\nGerman idealism\nHegelianism\nHermeneutics\nMarxism\nWestern\nFreudo-\nNeo-Kantianism\nNon-philosophy\nNon-representational theory\nPhenomenology\nPostmodernism\nPost-structuralism\nPsychoanalysis\nPsychoanalytic theory\nRomanticism\nSpeculative realism\nStructuralism\nConcepts\nAlterity\nAlways already\nAngst\nApollonian and Dionysian\nAuthenticity\nBeing in itself\nBinary oppositions\nBoredom\nClass struggle\nCritique\nImmanent\nIdeological\nPostcritique\nDasein\nDeath of God\nDeath drive\nDiffrance\nDifference\nExistence precedes essence\nExistential crisis\nFacticity\nGaze\nGenealogy\nHabitus\nHauntology\nHistorical materialism\nIdeology\nInterpellation (philosophy)\nIntersubjectivity\nLeap of faith\nMasterslave dialectic\nMasterslave morality\nOedipus complex\nOntic\nOntopoetics\nOther\nPower\nRessentiment\nSelf-deception\nTotalitarianism\nTrace\nTransvaluation of values\nViolence#Philosophical perspectives\nWertkritik\nWill to power\nHermeneutics of suspicion\nDiscourse\nLinguistic theory\nLinguistic determinism\nSemantics\nSemiotics\nMedia studies\nFilm theory\nLinguistic turn\nPostcolonialism\nPhilosophy of language\nCategory\nIndex\nvteRecipients of the Sonning Prize\nWinston Churchill (1950)\nAlbert Schweitzer (1959)\nBertrand Russell (1960)\nNiels Bohr (1961)\nAlvar Aalto (1962)\nKarl Barth (1963)\nDominique Pire (1964)\nRichard von Coudenhove-Kalergi (1965)\nLaurence Olivier (1966)\nWillem Visser 't Hooft (1967)\nArthur Koestler (1968)\nHalldr Laxness (1969)\nMax Tau (1970)\nDanilo Dolci (1971)\nKarl Popper (1973)\nHannah Arendt (1975)\nArne Nss (1977)\nHermann Gmeiner (1979)\nDario Fo (1981)\nSimone de Beauvoir (1983)\nWilliam Heinesen (1985)\nJrgen Habermas (1987)\nIngmar Bergman (1989)\nVclav Havel (1991)\nKrzysztof Kielowski (1994)\nGnter Grass (1996)\nJrn Utzon (1998)\nEugenio Barba (2000)\nMary Robinson (2002)\nMona Hatoum (2004)\ngnes Heller (2006)\nRenzo Piano (2008)\nHans Magnus Enzensberger (2010)\nOrhan Pamuk (2012)\nMichael Haneke (2014)\nLars von Trier (2018)\nSvetlana Alexievich (2021)\nMarina Abramovi (2023)\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nChile\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nGreece\n2\nKorea\nRomania\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nRussia\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nScopus\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nULAN\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannah_Arendt&oldid=1225926541\"\nCategories: Hannah Arendt1906 births1975 deaths20th-century American essayists20th-century American historians20th-century American philosophers20th-century American women writers20th-century German historians20th-century German non-fiction writers20th-century German philosophers20th-century German women writersAmerican Ashkenazi JewsAmerican anti-communistsAmerican agnosticsAmerican ethicistsAmerican segregationistsAmerican political philosophersAmerican women historiansAmerican women philosophersAmerican ZionistsAugustine scholarsColumbia University facultyExilliteratur writersExistentialistsFellows of the American Academy of Arts and SciencesGerman agnosticsGerman Ashkenazi JewsGerman ethicistsGerman political philosophersGerman women historiansGerman women philosophersGerman ZionistsGurs internment camp survivorsHeidelberg University alumniHistorians from CaliforniaHistorians from New York (state)Historians of communismHistorians of the HolocaustInternational criminal law scholarsIntellectual historiansJewish agnosticsJewish American historiansJewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United StatesJewish existentialistsJewish women writersMembers of the American Academy of Arts and LettersMembers of the German Academy for Language and LiteratureThe New School facultyNorthwestern University facultyPhilosophers of culturePhilosophers of educationPhilosophers of historyPhilosophers of lawPhilosophers of sciencePhilosophers of technologyPhilosophy writersPolitical philosophersPrinceton University facultyScholars of antisemitismSocial philosophersUniversity of California, Berkeley facultyUniversity of Chicago facultyUniversity of Marburg alumniWesleyan University facultyWomen religious writersWriters from KnigsbergYaddo alumniYale University facultyHidden categories: Pages using the Phonos extensionArticles containing German-language textCS1 German-language sources (de)Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2021Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse dmy dates from December 2019Use American English from February 2019All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishGood articlesArticles containing Latin-language textBiography with signatureArticles with hCardsPages with German IPAPages including recorded pronunciationsPages using multiple image with auto scaled imagesWebarchive template wayback linksCS1 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Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Hannah Arendt (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)\nStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\nMenu\nBrowse\nTable of Contents\nWhat's New\nRandom Entry\nChronological\nArchives\nAbout\nEditorial Information\nAbout the SEP\nEditorial Board\nHow to Cite the SEP\nSpecial Characters\nAdvanced Tools\nContact\nSupport SEP\nSupport the SEP\nPDFs for SEP Friends\nMake a Donation\nSEPIA for Libraries\nEntry Navigation\nEntry Contents\nBibliography\nAcademic Tools\nFriends PDF Preview\nAuthor and Citation Info\nBack to Top\nHannah ArendtFirst published Thu Jul 27, 2006; substantive revision Mon Feb 12, 2024\nHannah Arendt (19061975) was one of the most influential\npolitical philosophers of the twentieth century. Born into a\nGerman-Jewish family, she was forced to leave Germany in 1933 and\nlived in Paris for the next eight years, working for a number of\nJewish refugee organizations. In 1941 she immigrated to the United\nStates and soon became part of a lively intellectual circle in New\nYork. She held a number of academic positions at various American\nuniversities until her death in 1975. She is best known for three\nworks that had a major impact both within and outside the academic\ncommunity. The first, The Origins of Totalitarianism,\npublished in 1951, was a study of the Nazi and Stalinist regimes that\ngenerated a wide-ranging debate on the nature and historical\nantecedents of the totalitarian phenomenon. The second, The Human\nCondition, published in 1958, was an original philosophical study\nthat investigated the fundamental categories of the vita\nactiva (labor, work, action). The third, Eichmann in\nJerusalem, reported on the trial of a major Nazi perpetrator and\ncoined the controversial term banality of evil. In\naddition to these important works, Arendt published a number of\ninfluential essays on topics such as the nature of revolution,\nfreedom, authority, tradition and the modern age. At the time of her\ndeath in 1975, she had completed the first two volumes of her last\nmajor philosophical work, The Life of the Mind, which\nexamined the three fundamental faculties of the vita\ncontemplativa (thinking, willing, judging).\n1. Biographical Sketch\n2. Introduction\n3. Arendts Concept of Totalitarianism\n4. The Human Condition\n4.1 Arendts Conception of Modernity\n4.2 The Vita Activa: Labor, Work and Action\n4.3 Freedom, Natality and Plurality\n4.4 Action, Narrative, and Remembrance\n4.5 Action and the Space of Appearance\n4.6 Action and Power\n4.7 The Unpredictability and Irreversibility of Action\n5. Arendts Conception of Citizenship\n5.1 Citizenship and the Public Sphere\n5.2 Citizenship, Agency, and Collective Identity\n6. The Life of the Mind and its Moral Significance\n6.1 Eichmann in Jerusalem: Arendts Reconceptualization of Evil\n6.2 The Moral Significance of Thinking and Judgment\n6.3 Self-Consciousness, Social Pressure and Autonomy\n6.4 Judgment and Politics: Two Models\n6.5 Opinion and Truth in Politics\nBibliography\nWorks by Arendt\nSecondary Literature\nAcademic Tools\nOther Internet Resources\nRelated Entries\n1. Biographical Sketch\nHannah Arendt, one of the leading political thinkers of the twentieth\ncentury, was born in 1906 in Hannover and died in New York in 1975. In\n1924, after having completed her high school studies, she went to\nMarburg University to study with Martin Heidegger. The encounter with\nHeidegger, with whom she had a brief but intense love-affair, had a\nlasting influence on her thought. After a year of study in Marburg,\nshe moved to Freiburg University where she spent one semester\nattending the lectures of Edmund Husserl. In the spring of 1926 she\nwent to Heidelberg University to study with Karl Jaspers, a\nphilosopher with whom she established a long-lasting intellectual and\npersonal friendship. She completed her doctoral dissertation, entitled\nDer Liebesbegriff bei Augustin (hereafter LA) under\nJasperss supervision in 1929. She was forced to flee Germany in\n1933 as a result of Hitlers rise to power, and after a brief\nstay in Prague and Geneva she moved to Paris where for six years\n(193339) she worked for a number of Jewish refugee\norganisations. In 1936 she separated from her first husband,\nGnther Stern, and started to live with Heinrich Blcher,\nwhom she married in 1940. During her stay in Paris she continued to\nwork on her biography of Rahel Varnhagen, which was not\npublished until 1957 (hereafter RV). In 1941 she was forced to leave\nFrance and moved to New York with her husband and mother. In New York\nshe soon became part of an influential circle of writers and\nintellectuals gathered around the journal Partisan Review.\nDuring the post-war period she lectured at a number of American\nuniversities, including Princeton, Berkeley and Chicago, but was most\nclosely associated with the New School for Social Research, where she\nwas a professor of political philosophy until her death in 1975. In\n1951 she published The Origins of Totalitarianism (hereafter\nOT), a major study of the Nazi and Stalinist regimes that soon became\na classic, followed by The Human Condition in 1958 (hereafter\nHC), her most important philosophical work. In 1961 she attended the\ntrial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem as a reporter for The New\nYorker magazine, and two years later published Eichmann in\nJerusalem (hereafter EJ), which caused a deep controversy in\nJewish circles. The same year saw the publication of On\nRevolution (hereafter OR), a comparative analysis of the American\nand French revolutions. A number of important essays were also\npublished during the 1960s and early 1970s: a first collection was\nentitled Between Past and Future (hereafter BPF), a second\nMen in Dark Times (hereafter MDT), and a third Crises of\nthe Republic (hereafter CR). At the time of her death in 1975,\nshe had completed the first two volumes on Thinking and\nWilling of her last major philosophical work, The Life of\nthe Mind, which was published posthumously in 1978 (hereafter\nLM). The third volume, on Judging, was left unfinished, but\nsome background material and lecture notes were published in 1982\nunder the title Lectures on Kants Political Philosophy\n(hereafter LKPP).\n2. Introduction\nHannah Arendt was one of the seminal political thinkers of the\ntwentieth century. From the very beginning, her interest was not in\nthe human being in the singular, but in human beings in the plural and\nin the conditions and forms of their shared lives. Even though Arendt\nonly became politically interested after her dissertation, in this\nfirst work she already asks about the conditions of the possibility of\na human community (Stark/Scott 1996, 116). By analyzing the\nAugustinian concept of love, she criticizes the worldlessness of the\nphilosophical tradition (LA, 112). The question of how the world can\nbe transformed from a natural kosmos, in which people are\ninitially strangers, into a polis shared by all, has pervaded\nArendts writings since her dissertation. Thus,\nthe leitmotif of her work is the question of how people can\nlive together in a common world (Tmmel 2013).\nThe power and originality of her thinking is evident in works such as\nThe Origins of Totalitarianism, The Human Condition\nand The Life of the Mind. In these books and numerous essays\nshe grappled with the most crucial political events of her time,\ntrying to grasp their meaning and historical import, and showing how\nthey affected our categories of moral and political judgment. In her\npolitical writings, and especially in The Origins of\nTotalitarianism, Arendt claimed that the phenomenon of\ntotalitarianism has broken the continuity of Occidental history, and\nhas rendered meaningless most of our moral and political categories.\nFaced with the events of the Holocaust and the Gulag, we can no longer\ngo back to traditional concepts and values, so as to explain the\nunprecedented by means of precedents, or to understand the monstrous\nby means of the familiar. The burden of our time must be faced without\nthe aid of tradition, or as Arendt once put it, without a\nbannister (RPW, 336). What was required, in her view, was a\nnew framework that could enable us to come to terms with the\ntwin horrors of the twentieth century, Nazism and Stalinism. She\nprovided such framework in her book on totalitarianism, and went on to\ndevelop a new set of philosophical categories that could illuminate\nthe human condition and provide a fresh perspective on the nature of\npolitical life.\nThe assumption that the thread of tradition is irrevocably broken\ninfluenced Arendts method: The hermeneutic\nstrategy she employed to re-establish a link with the past is indebted\nto both Walter Benjamin and Martin Heidegger. From Benjamin she took\nthe idea of a fragmentary historiography, one that seeks to identify\nthe moments of rupture, displacement and dislocation in history. Such\nfragmentary historiography enables one to recover the lost potentials\nof the past in the hope that they may find actualization in the\npresent. From Heidegger she took the idea of a deconstructive reading\nof the Western philosophical tradition, one that seeks to uncover the\noriginal meaning of our categories and to liberate them from the\ndistorting incrustations of tradition. Such deconstructive\nhermeneutics enables one to recover those primordial experiences\n(Urphnomene) which have been occluded or forgotten by\nthe philosophical tradition, and thereby to recover the lost origins\nof our philosophical concepts and categories.\nBy relying on these two hermeneutic strategies Arendt hopes to redeem\nfrom the past its lost or forgotten treasure, that is,\nthose fragments from the past that might still be of significance to\nus. In her view it is no longer possible, after the collapse of\ntradition, to save the past as a whole; the task, rather, is to redeem\nfrom oblivion those elements of the past that are still able to\nilluminate our situation. Only by means of this critical\nreappropriation can we discover the past anew, endow it with relevance\nand meaning for the present, and make it a source of inspiration for\nthe future. The breakdown of tradition may in fact provide the great\nchance to look upon the past with eyes undistorted by any\ntradition, with a directness which has disappeared from Occidental\nreading and hearing ever since Roman civilization submitted to the\nauthority of Greek thought (BPF, 289). Arendts\nreturn to the original experience of the Greek polis\nrepresents, in this sense, an attempt to break the fetters of a\nworn-out tradition and to rediscover a past over which tradition has\nno longer a claim.\nHow can Arendts philosophy be classified? Although\nsome of Arendts works now belong to the classics of the Western\ntradition of political thought, she has always remained difficult to\nclassify. Her political philosophy cannot be characterized in terms of\nthe traditional categories of conservatism, liberalism, and socialism.\nNor can her thinking be assimilated to the recent revival of\ncommunitarian political thought, to be found, for example, in the\nwritings of A. MacIntyre, M. Sandel, C. Taylor and M. Walzer. Her name\nhas been invoked by a number of critics of the liberal tradition, on\nthe grounds that she presented a vision of politics that stood in\nopposition some key liberal principles. There are many strands of\nArendts thought that could justify such a claim, in particular,\nher critique of representative democracy, her stress on civic\nengagement and political deliberation, her separation of morality from\npolitics, and her praise of the revolutionary tradition. However, it\nwould be a mistake to view Arendt as an anti-liberal thinker. Arendt\nwas in fact a stern defender of constitutionalism and the rule of law,\nan advocate of fundamental human rights (among which she included not\nonly the right to life, liberty, and freedom of expression, but also\nthe right to action and to opinion), and a critic of all forms of\npolitical community based on traditional ties and customs, as well as\nthose based on religious, ethnic, or racial identity.\nArendts political thought cannot, in this sense, be identified\neither with the liberal tradition or with the claims advanced by a\nnumber of its critics. Arendt did not conceive of politics as a means\nfor the satisfaction of individual preferences, nor as a way to\nintegrate individuals around a shared conception of the good. Her\nconception of politics is based instead on the idea of active\ncitizenship, that is, on the value and importance of civic engagement\nand collective deliberation about all matters affecting the political\ncommunity. If there is a tradition of thought with which Arendt can be\nidentified, it is the classical tradition of civic republicanism\noriginating in Aristotle and embodied in the writings of Machiavelli,\nMontesquieu, Jefferson, and Tocqueville. According to this tradition\npolitics finds its authentic expression whenever citizens gather\ntogether in a public space to deliberate and decide about matters of\ncollective concern. Political activity is valued not because it may\nlead to agreement or to a shared conception of the good, but because\nit enables each citizen to exercise his or her powers of agency, to\ndevelop the capacities for judgment and to attain by concerted action\nsome measure of political efficacy.\nIn what follows, we reconstruct Arendts philosophy along five\nmajor themes: (1) her concept of totalitarianism, (2) her conception\nof modernity, (3) her theory of action, (4) her conception of\ncitizenship, (5) her theory of thinking and judgment and how it\nconcerns the problems of evil and autonomy.\n3. Arendts Concept of Totalitarianism\nThe Origins of Totalitarianism, first published in\n1951, established Hannah Arendts reputation as a political\nthinker. In it, Arendt examines the historical development and the\nshared political characteristics of National Socialism and Stalinism.\nFaced with the horrors of the extermination camps and what is now\ntermed the Gulag, Arendt strove to understand these phenomena in their\nown terms, neither deducing them from precedents nor placing them in\nsome overarching scheme of historical necessity. The work is one of\nthe earliest standard works of totalitarianism research.\nThe book contains three volumes in one: Antisemitism, Imperialism, and\nTotalitarianism. In the first part, she traces the development of\nanti-Semitism in the 18th and 19th century. The second part covers the\nemergence of racism and imperialism in the 19th and 20th century up to\nNational Socialism. Here she argues that imperialism prepared the\nground for totalitarianism and provided the preconditions and\nprecedents for its perpetrators (cf. Canovan 2000, 30). The third part\nis devoted to the two historical manifestations of total domination.\nIn analyzing antisemitism, imperialism, and racism, Arendt did not\nwant to provide a causal explanation for totalitarianism, but\nrather a historical investigation of the elements that\ncrystallized into totalitarianism (Canovan 2000,\n27).\nWhat does Arendt understand by the term? Emphasizing its\nhorrible originality (UP in EU, 309), Arendt understood\ntotalitarianism to be an entirely new political phenomenon that\ndiffered essentially from other forms of political oppression\nknown to us such as despotism, tyranny and dictatorship (OT,\n460) and thus broke with all political and legal tradition. In the 14\nchapters of the third part, Arendt analyzes the conditions and\nfeatures of this novel form of government (OT, 460).\nAccording to her, important factors that made totalitarianism possible\nincluded collapsed political structures and masses of uprooted people\nwho had lost their orientation and sense of reality in a world marked\nby socio-economic transformation, revolution and war. While the\nleaders of the movements belonged to the mob (OT, 326),\ntheir many supporters were recruited from these rootless and lonely\nmasses (OT, 311) through propaganda (OT, 341):\nThe ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced\nNazi or the convinced Communist, but people for whom the distinction\nbetween fact and fiction (i.e., the reality of experience) and the\ndistinction between true and false (i.e., the standards of thought) no\nlonger exist. (OT, 474).\nThus, totalitarianism is based on a secular, pseudo-scientific\nideology that reduces the complexity of reality to the logic of one\nidea pretending to be able to explain everything. In its\nself-understanding, the movement is merely carrying out the\nalleged laws of nature or history outlined by the ideology. It is\nquintessential, however, that this central fiction a\ntotalitarian system rests upon, is translated into a\nfunctioning reality (OT, 364) by a completely\nnew form of totalitarian organization (OT, 364):\nCharacteristically, the state is not a monolithic, strictly ordered\nsystem, but has a deliberately chaotic, fluid and shapeless structure\nwith competing institutions and a fluctuating hierarchy\n(OT, 369), which makes predictability, trust and accountability\nimpossible. Above this maze, however, lies the\npower nucleus of the country, the superefficient and supercompetent\nservices of the secret police (OT, 420). Thus, the organization\ncombines deliberate chaos with the iron band (OT, 466)\nof total control through extreme coercion and terror.\nWhile the regime openly claims unlimited power and aims at world\ndomination, their real secret (OT, 436) are the\nconcentration and extermination camps as their true central\ninstitution (OT, 438). According to Arendt, the camps\nserve as laboratories in which the fundamental belief of\ntotalitarianism that everything is possible is being verified.\n(OT, 437). The total terror in the camps is the essence of\ntotalitarian government (OT, 466), because here total\ndomination reaches its abysmal goal: To reduce the infinite\nplurality of human beings into one interchangeable\nbundle of reactions and thus eliminate\nspontaneity itself (OT, 438). It seemed as if the real\nmission of the totalitarian apparatus was to to make men\nsuperfluous (OT, 445). Therefore, the hurricane of\nnihilism (Canovan 2000, 30) unleashed by the totalitarian\nregime cannot create an new world order, but ultimately leads to\nnothing but unprecedented destruction: It even bears the germ\nof its own destruction. (OT, 478).\nWhat makes totalitarianism difficult to understand is not only the\ngigantic scale of atrocities committed by it, but its senselessness.\nArendt maintained that totalitarianism defy common sense\nunderstanding, because their crimes cannot be explained by\nself-interested or utilitarian motives or ends (cf. OT, 440).The camps\ndid not serve evil, but useful purposes like forced labor or slavery,\nbut showed that an absolute (OT, viii-ix) and\nradical evil is possible (OT, 443; cf. section 6).\nUnderstanding totalitarianism despite this, is of the utmost political\nimportance, because insight into its structures and mode of operation\nprovides the politically most important yardstick for judging\nevents in our time, namely: whether they serve totalitarian domination\nor not. (OT, 442)\n4. The Human Condition\nArendts analysis of totalitarianism throws\ninto relief [] the political condition itself. (Canovan\n(2000, 35). In other words, it sheds light on the basic conditions of\npolitics, Arendt turned to in her major philosophical work, The\nHuman Condition. Published in 1958, the book contains her\ncritical conception of the modern age, the tripartite division of the\nvita activa in labor, work and action, and thus\nArendts political theory, which examines the basic conditions\nof political agency.\nArendts theory of action and her revival of the ancient notion\nof praxis represent one of the most original contributions to\ntwentieth century political thought. By distinguishing action\n(praxis) from fabrication (poiesis), by linking it\nto freedom and plurality, and by showing its connection to speech and\nremembrance, Arendt is able to articulate a conception of politics in\nwhich questions of meaning and identity can be addressed in a fresh\nand original manner. Moreover, by viewing action as a mode of human\ntogetherness, Arendt is able to develop a conception of participatory\ndemocracy which stands in direct contrast to the bureaucratized and\nelitist forms of politics so characteristic of the modern epoch.\n4.1 Arendts Conception of Modernity\nShaped by her experience of totalitarianism in the twentieth century,\nArendt articulated a fairly negative conception of modernity in\nThe Human Condition, and in some of the essays collected in\nBetween Past and Future. In these writings Arendt is\nprimarily concerned with the losses incurred as a result of the\neclipse of tradition, religion, and authority, but she offers a number\nof illuminating suggestions with respect to the resources that the\nmodern age can still provide to address questions of meaning,\nidentity, and value.\nFor Arendt modernity is characterized by the loss of the\nworld, by which she means the restriction or elimination of the\npublic sphere of action and speech in favor of the private world of\nintrospection and the private pursuit of economic interests. Modernity\nis the age of mass society, of the rise of the social out of\na previous distinction between the public and the private, and of the\nvictory of animal laborans over homo faber and the\nclassical conception of man as zoon politikon. Modernity is\nthe age of bureaucratic administration and anonymous labor, rather\nthan politics and action, of elite domination and the manipulation of\npublic opinion. It is the age when totalitarian forms of government,\nsuch as Nazism and Stalinism, have emerged as a result of the\ninstitutionalization of terror and violence. It is the age where\nhistory as a natural process has replaced history as a\nfabric of actions and events, where homogeneity and conformity have\nreplaced plurality and freedom, and where isolation and loneliness\nhave eroded human solidarity and all spontaneous forms of living\ntogether. Modernity is the age where the past no longer carries any\ncertainty of evaluation, where individuals, having lost their\ntraditional standards and values, must search for new grounds of human\ncommunity as such.\nArendt articulates her conception of modernity around a number of key\nfeatures: these are world alienation, earth alienation, the rise of\nthe social, and the victory of animal laborans. World\nalienation refers to the loss of an intersubjectively constituted\nworld of experience and action by means of which we establish our\nself-identity and an adequate sense of reality. Earth alienation\nrefers to the attempt to escape from the confines of the earth;\nspurred by modern science and technology, we have searched for ways to\novercome our earth-bound condition by setting out on the exploration\nof space, by attempting to recreate life under laboratory conditions,\nand by trying to extend our given life-span. The rise of the social\nrefers to the expansion of the market economy from the early modern\nperiod and the ever increasing accumulation of capital and social\nwealth. With the rise of the social everything has become an object of\nproduction and consumption, of acquisition and exchange; moreover, its\nconstant expansion has resulted in the blurring of the distinction\nbetween the private and the public. The victory of animal laborans\nrefers to the triumph of the values of labor over those of homo faber\nand of man as zoon politikon. All the values characteristic of the\nworld of fabrication permanence, stability, durability \nas well as those characteristic of the world of action and speech\n freedom, plurality, solidarity are sacrificed in favor\nof the values of life, productivity and abundance.\nArendts interpretation of modernity can be criticized on a\nnumber of grounds. We focus here on her assessment of the social:\nArendt identifies the social with all those activities formerly\nrestricted to the private sphere of the household and having to do\nwith the necessities of life. Her claim is that, with the tremendous\nexpansion of the economy from the end of the eighteenth century, all\nsuch activities have taken over the public realm and transformed it\ninto a sphere for the satisfaction of our material needs. Society has\nthus invaded and conquered the public realm, turning it into a\nfunction of what previously were private needs and concerns, and has\nthereby destroyed the boundary separating the public and the private.\nArendt also claims that with the expansion of the social realm the\ntripartite division of human activities has been undermined to the\npoint of becoming meaningless. In her view, once the social realm has\nestablished its monopoly, the distinction between labor, work and\naction is lost, since every effort is now expended on reproducing our\nmaterial conditions of existence. Obsessed with life, productivity,\nand consumption, we have turned into a society of laborers and\njobholders who no longer appreciate the values associated with work,\nnor those associated with action.\nFrom this brief account it is clear that Arendts concept of the\nsocial plays a crucial role in her assessment of modernity. However\nsome have argued that this may have led her to a series of\nquestionable judgments:\nIn the first place, Arendts characterization of the social\nis overly restricted. She claims that the social is the realm of\nlabor, of biological and material necessity, of the reproduction of\nour condition of existence. She also claims that the rise of the\nsocial coincides with the expansion of the economy from the end of the\neighteenth century. However, having identified the social with the\ngrowth of the economy in the past two centuries, Arendt cannot\ncharacterize it in terms of a subsistence model of simple\nreproduction. (See Benhabib 2003, Ch. 6; Bernstein 1986, Ch. 9; Hansen\n1993, Ch. 3; Parekh 1981, Ch. 8.)\nSecondly, Arendts identification of the social with the\nactivities of the household is responsible for a major shortcoming in\nher analysis of the economy. She is, in fact, unable to acknowledge\nthat a modern capitalist economy constitutes a structure of power with\na highly asymmetric distribution of costs and rewards. By relying on\nthe misleading analogy of the household, she maintains that all\nquestions pertaining to the economy are pre-political, and thus\nignores the crucial question of economic power and exploitation. (See\nBernstein 1986, Ch. 9; Hansen 1993, Ch. 3; Parekh 1981, Ch. 8; Pitkin\n1998; Pitkin 1994, Ch. 10, Hinchman and Hinchman; Wolin 1994, Ch. 11,\nHinchman and Hinchman.)\nFinally, by insisting on a strict separation between the private\nand the public, and between the social and the political, she is\nunable to account for the essential connection between these spheres\nand the struggles to redraw their boundaries. Today many so-called\nprivate issues have become public concerns, and the struggle for\njustice and equal rights has extended into many spheres. By insulating\nthe political sphere from the concerns of the social, and by\nmaintaining a strict distinction between the public and the private,\nArendt is unable to account for some of the most important\nachievements of modernity the extension of justice and equal\nrights, and the redrawing of the boundaries between the public and the\nprivate. (See Benhabib 2003, Ch. 6; Bernstein 1986, Ch. 9; Dietz 2002,\nCh. 5; Pitkin 1998; Pitkin 1995, Ch. 3, Honig; Zaretsky 1997, Ch. 8,\nCalhoun and McGowan.)\n4.2 The Vita Activa: Labor, Work and Action\nArendt analyzes the vita activa via three categories which\ncorrespond to the three fundamental activities of our\nbeing-in-the-world: labor, work, and action. Labor is the activity\nwhich is tied to the human condition of life, work the activity which\nis tied to the condition of worldliness, and action the activity tied\nto the condition of plurality. For Arendt each activity is autonomous,\nin the sense of having its own distinctive principles and of being\njudged by different criteria. Labor is judged by its ability to\nsustain human life, to cater to our biological needs of consumption\nand reproduction, work is judged by its ability to build and maintain\na world fit for human use, and action is judged by its ability to\ndisclose the identity of the agent, to affirm the reality of the\nworld, and to actualize our capacity for freedom. Although Arendt\nconsiders the three activities of labor, work and action equally\nnecessary to a complete human life, in the sense that each contributes\nin its distinctive way to the realization of our human capacities, it\nis clear from her writings that she takes action to be the\ndifferentia specifica of human beings, that which\ndistinguishes them from both the life of animals (who are similar to\nus insofar as they need to labor to sustain and reproduce themselves)\nand the life of the gods (with whom we share, intermittently, the\nactivity of contemplation). In this respect the categories of labor\nand work, while significant in themselves, must be seen as\ncounterpoints to the category of action, helping to differentiate and\nhighlight the place of action within the order of the vita\nactiva.\nIn The Human Condition Arendt stresses repeatedly that action\nis primarily symbolic in character and that the web of human\nrelationships is sustained by communicative interaction (HC,\n1789, 1846, 199200). Thus, action entails speech:\nby means of language we are able to articulate the meaning of our\nactions and to coordinate the actions of a plurality of agents.\nConversely, speech entails action, not only in the sense that speech\nitself is a form of action, or that most acts are performed in the\nmanner of speech, but in the sense that action is often the means\nwhereby we check the sincerity of the speaker. Thus, just as action\nwithout speech runs the risk of being meaningless and would be\nimpossible to coordinate with the actions of others, so speech without\naction would lack one of the means by which we may confirm the\nveracity of the speaker. As we shall see, this link between action and\nspeech is central to Arendts characterization of power, that\npotential which springs up between people when they act in\nconcert, and which is actualized only where word and\ndeed have not parted company, where words are not empty and deeds not\nbrutal, where words are not used to veil intentions but to disclose\nrealities, and deeds are not used to violate and destroy but to\nestablish relations and create new realities (HC, 200).\nFor Arendt, action constitutes the highest realization of the vita\nactiva. In the opening section of the chapter on action in\nThe Human Condition Arendt discusses one of its central\nfunctions, namely, the disclosure of the identity of the agent. In\naction and speech, she maintains, individuals reveal themselves as the\nunique individuals they are, disclose to the world their distinct\npersonalities. In terms of Arendts distinction, they reveal\nwho they are as distinct to what they are\n the latter referring to individual abilities and talents, as\nwell as deficiencies and shortcomings, which are traits all human\nbeings share. Neither labor nor work enable individuals to disclose\ntheir identities, to reveal who they are as distinct\nfrom what they are. In labor the individuality of each\nperson is submerged by being bound to a chain of natural necessities,\nto the constraints imposed by biological survival. When we engage in\nlabor we can only show our sameness, the fact that we all belong to\nthe human species and must attend to the needs of our bodies. In this\nsphere we do indeed behave, perform roles,\nand fulfill functions, since we all obey the same\nimperatives. In work there is more scope for individuality, in that\neach work of art or production bears the mark of its maker; but the\nmaker is still subordinate to the end product, both in the sense of\nbeing guided by a model, and in the sense that the product will\ngenerally outlast the maker. Moreover, the end product reveals little\nabout the maker except the fact that he or she was able to make it. It\ndoes not tell us who the creator was, only that he or she had certain\nabilities and talents. It is thus only in action and speech, in\ninteracting with others through words and deeds, that individuals\nreveal who they personally are and can affirm their unique identities.\nAction and speech are in this sense very closely related because both\ncontain the answer to the question asked of every newcomer: Who\nare you? This disclosure of the who is made\npossible by both deeds and words, but of the two it is speech that has\nthe closest affinity to revelation. Without the accompaniment of\nspeech, action would lose its revelatory quality and could no longer\nbe identified with an agent. It would lack, as it were, the conditions\nof ascription of agency.\n4.3 Freedom, Natality and Plurality\nThe two central features of action are freedom and\nplurality. By freedom Arendt does not mean the\nability to choose among a set of possible alternatives, but\nspontaneity, i.e. the capacity to begin, to start something new, to do\nthe unexpected, with which all human beings are endowed by virtue of\nbeing born. Action as the realization of freedom is therefore rooted\nin natality, in the fact that each birth represents a\nnew beginning and the introduction of novelty in the world. It\nis in the nature of beginning she claims \nthat something new is started which cannot be expected from\nwhatever may have happened before. This character of startling\nunexpectedness is inherent in all beginnings The fact that\nman is capable of action means that the unexpected can be expected\nfrom him, that he is able to perform what is infinitely improbable.\nAnd this again is possible only because each man is unique, so that\nwith each birth something uniquely new comes into the world \n(HC, 1778). To act means to be able to do the unanticipated;\nand it is entirely in keeping with this conception that most of the\nconcrete examples of action in the modern age that Arendt discusses\nare cases of revolutions and popular uprisings. Her claim is that\nrevolutions are the only political events which confront us\ndirectly and inevitably with the problem of beginning, (OR, 21)\nsince they represent the attempt to found a new political space, a\nspace where freedom can appear as a worldly reality. The favorite\nexample for Arendt is the American Revolution, because there the act\nof foundation took the form of a constitution of liberty. Her other\nexamples are the revolutionary clubs of the French Revolution, the\nParis Commune of 1871, the creation of Soviets during the Russian\nRevolution, the French Resistance to Hitler in the Second World War,\nand the Hungarian revolt of 1956. In all these cases individual men\nand women had the courage to interrupt their routine activities, to\nstep forward from their private lives in order to create a public\nspace where freedom could appear, and to act in such a way that the\nmemory of their deeds could become a source of inspiration for the\nfuture.\nPlurality, to which we may now turn, is the other\ncentral feature of action. For Arendt, plurality is the necessary\ncondition of all political life (HC, 7). For if to act means to take\nthe initiative, to introduce the novum and the unexpected into the\nworld, it also means that it is not something that can be done in\nisolation from others, that is, independently of the presence of a\nplurality of actors who from their different perspectives can judge\nthe quality of what is being enacted. In this respect action needs\nplurality in the same way that performance artists need an audience;\nwithout the presence and acknowledgment of others, action would cease\nto be a meaningful activity. Action, to the extent that it requires\nappearing in public, making oneself known through words and deeds, and\neliciting the consent of others, can only exist in a context defined\nby plurality.\nArendt establishes the connection between action and plurality by\nmeans of an anthropological argument. In her view just as life is the\ncondition that corresponds to the activity of labor and worldliness\nthe condition that corresponds to the activity of work, so plurality\nis the condition that corresponds to action. She defines plurality as\nthe fact that men, not Man, live on the earth and inhabit the\nworld, and says that it is the condition of human action\nbecause we are all the same, that is, human, in such a way that\nnobody is ever the same as anyone else who ever lived, lives, or will\nlive (HC, 78). Plurality thus refers both to equality\nand distinction, to the fact that all human beings belong to the same\nspecies and are sufficiently alike to understand one another, but yet\nno two of them are ever interchangeable, since each of them is an\nindividual endowed with a unique biography and perspective on the\nworld. It is by virtue of plurality that each of us is capable of\nacting and relating to others in ways that are unique and distinctive,\nand in so doing of contributing to a network of actions and\nrelationships that is infinitely complex and unpredictable.\n4.4 Action, Narrative, and Remembrance\nOne of the principal drawbacks of action, Arendt maintains, is to be\nextremely fragile, to be subject to the erosion of time and to\nforgetfulness; unlike the products of the activity of work, which\nacquire a measure of permanence by virtue of their sheer facticity,\ndeeds and words do not survive their enactment unless they are\nremembered. Remembrance alone, the retelling of deeds as stories, can\nsave the lives and deeds of actors from oblivion and futility. And it\nis precisely for this reason, Arendt points out, that the Greeks\nvalued poetry and history so highly, because they rescued the glorious\n(as well as the less glorious) deeds of the past for the benefit of\nfuture generations (HC, 192 ff; BPF, 6375). Through their\nnarratives the fragility and perishability of human action was\novercome and made to outlast the lives of their doers and the limited\nlife-span of their contemporaries. They preserve the memory of deeds\nthrough time, and in so doing, they enable these deeds to become\nsources of inspiration for the future, that is, models to be imitated,\nand, if possible, surpassed.\nThe function of the storyteller is thus crucial not only for the\npreservation of the doings and sayings of actors, but also for the\nfull disclosure of the identity of the actor. The narratives of a\nstoryteller, Arendt claims, tell us more about their subjects,\nthe hero in the center of each story, than any product\nof human hands ever tells us about the master who produced it\n(HC, 184). Indeed, it is one of Arendts most important claims\nthat the meaning of action itself is dependent upon the articulation\nretrospectively given to it by historians and narrators. Narratives\ncan thus provide a measure of truthfulness and a greater degree of\nsignificance to the actions of individuals.\nHowever, to be preserved, such narratives needed in turn an audience,\nthat is, a community of hearers who became the transmitters of the\ndeeds that had been immortalized. As Sheldon Wolin has aptly put it,\naudience is a metaphor for the political community whose nature\nis to be a community of remembrance (Wolin 1977, 97). In other\nwords, behind the actor stands the storyteller, but behind the\nstoryteller stands a community of memory. It was one of the\nprimary functions of the Greek polis to be precisely such a\ncommunity, to preserve the words and deeds of its citizens from\noblivion and the ravages of time, and thereby to leave a testament for\nfuture generations.\n4.5 Action and the Space of Appearance\nFor Arendt the polis stands for the space of\nappearance, for that space where I appear to others as\nothers appear to me, where men exist not merely like other living or\ninanimate things, but to make their appearance explicitly. Such\npublic space of appearance can be always recreated anew wherever\nindividuals gather together politically, that is, wherever men\nare together in the manner of speech and action (HC,\n1989). However, since it is a creation of action, this space of\nappearance is highly fragile and exists only when actualized through\nthe performance of deeds or the utterance of words. The space of\nappearance must be continually recreated by action; its existence is\nsecured whenever actors gather together for the purpose of discussing\nand deliberating about matters of public concern, and it disappears\nthe moment these activities cease. It is always a potential space that\nfinds its actualization in the actions and speeches of individuals who\nhave come together to undertake some common project. It may arise\nsuddenly, as in the case of revolutions, or it may develop slowly out\nof the efforts to change some specific piece of legislation or policy.\nHistorically, it has been recreated whenever public spaces of action\nand deliberation have been set up, from town hall meetings to\nworkers councils, from demonstrations and sit-ins to struggles\nfor justice and equal rights.\n4.6 Action and Power\nThe capacity to act in concert for a public-political purpose is what\nArendt calls power. Power needs to be distinguished from strength,\nforce, and violence (CR, 14355). Unlike strength, it is not the\nproperty of an individual, but of a plurality of actors joining\ntogether for some common political purpose. Unlike force, it is not a\nnatural phenomenon but a human creation, the outcome of collective\nengagement. And unlike violence, it is based not on coercion but on\nconsent and rational persuasion.\nFor Arendt, power is a sui generis phenomenon, since it is a\nproduct of action and rests entirely on persuasion. It is a product of\naction because it arises out of the concerted activities of a\nplurality of agents, and it rests on persuasion because it consists in\nthe ability to secure the consent of others through unconstrained\ndiscussion and debate. Its only limitation is the existence of other\npeople, but this limitation, she notes, is not accidental,\nbecause human power corresponds to the condition of plurality to begin\nwith (HC, 201). It is actualized in all those cases where\naction is undertaken for communicative (rather than strategic or\ninstrumental) purposes, and where speech is employed to disclose our\nintentions and to articulate our motives to others.\nArendt maintains that the legitimacy of power is derived from the\ninitial getting together of people, that is, from the original pact of\nassociation that establishes a political community, and is reaffirmed\nwhenever individuals act in concert through the medium of speech and\npersuasion. For her power needs no justification, being\ninherent in the very existence of political communities; what it does\nneed is legitimacy Power springs up whenever people get together\nand act in concert, but it derives its legitimacy from the initial\ngetting together rather than from any action that then may\nfollow (CR, 151).\nBeyond appealing to the past, power also relies for its continued\nlegitimacy on the rationally binding commitments that arise out of a\nprocess of free and undistorted communication. Because of this, power\nis highly independent of material factors: it is sustained not by\neconomic, bureaucratic or military means, but by the power of common\nconvictions that result from a process of fair and unconstrained\ndeliberation.\nPower is also not something that can be relied upon at all times or\naccumulated and stored for future use. Rather, it exists only as a\npotential which is actualized when actors gather together for\npolitical action and public deliberation. It is thus closely connected\nto the space of appearance, that public space which arises out of the\nactions and speeches of individuals. Indeed, for Arendt, power\nis what keeps the public realm, the potential space of appearance\nbetween acting and speaking men, in existence. (HC, 200).\nPower, then, lies at the basis of every political community and is the\nexpression of a potential that is always available to actors. It is\nalso the source of legitimacy of political and governmental\ninstitutions, the means whereby they are transformed and adapted to\nnew circumstances and made to respond to the opinions and needs of the\ncitizens. It is the peoples support that lends power to\nthe institutions of a country, and this support is but the\ncontinuation of the consent that brought the laws into existence to\nbegin with All political institutions are manifestations and\nmaterializations of power; they petrify and decay as soon as the\nliving power of the people ceases to uphold them (CR, 140).\nThe legitimacy of political institutions is dependent on the power,\nthat is, the active consent of the people; and insofar as governments\nmay be viewed as attempts to preserve power for future generations by\ninstitutionalizing it, they require for their vitality the continuing\nsupport and active involvement of all citizens.\n4.7 The Unpredictability and Irreversibility of Action\nIn this section, we examine the unpredictability and\nirreversibility of action, and their respective\nremedies, the power of promise and the power to\nforgive. Action is unpredictable because it is a\nmanifestation of freedom, of the capacity to innovate and to alter\nsituations by engaging in them; but also, and primarily, because it\ntakes place within the web of human relationships, within a context\ndefined by plurality, so that no actor can control its final outcome.\nEach actor sets off processes and enters into the inextricable web of\nactions and events to which all other actors also contribute, with the\nresult that the outcome can never be predicted from the intentions of\nany particular actor. The open and unpredictable nature of action is a\nconsequence of human freedom and plurality: by acting we are free to\nstart processes and bring about new events, but no actor has the power\nto control the consequences of his or her deeds.\nAnother and related reason for the unpredictability of action is that\nits consequences are boundless: every act sets in motion an unlimited\nnumber of actions and reactions which have literally no end. As Arendt\nputs it: The reason why we are never able to foretell with\ncertainty the outcome and end of any action is simply that action has\nno end (HC, 233). This is because action though it may\nproceed from nowhere, so to speak, acts into a medium where every\naction becomes a chain reaction and where every process is the cause\nof new processes the smallest act in the most limited\ncircumstances bears the seed of the same boundlessness, because one\ndeed, and sometimes one word, suffices to change every\nconstellation (HC, 190).\nClosely connected to the boundlessness and unpredictability of action\nis its irreversibility. Every action sets off processes which cannot\nbe undone or retrieved in the way, say, we are able to undo a faulty\nproduct of our hands. If one builds an artifact and is not satisfied\nwith it, it can always be destroyed and recreated again. This is\nimpossible where action is concerned, because action always takes\nplace within an already existing web of human relationships, where\nevery action becomes a reaction, every deed a source of future deeds,\nand none of these can be stopped or subsequently undone. The\nconsequences of each act are thus not only unpredictable but also\nirreversible; the processes started by action can neither be\ncontrolled nor be reversed.\nThe remedy which the tradition of Western thought has proposed for the\nunpredictability and irreversibility of action has consisted in\nabstaining from action altogether, in the withdrawal from the sphere\nof interaction with others, in the hope that ones freedom and\nintegrity could thereby be preserved. Platonism, Stoicism and\nChristianity elevated the sphere of contemplation above the sphere of\naction, precisely because in the former one could be free from the\nentanglements and frustrations of action. Arendts proposal, by\ncontrast, is not to turn ones back on the realm of human\naffairs, but to rely on two faculties inherent in action itself, the\nfaculty of forgiving and the faculty of\npromising. These two faculties are closely connected,\nthe former mitigating the irreversibility of action by absolving the\nactor from the unintended consequences of his or her deeds, the latter\nmoderating the uncertainty of its outcome by binding actors to certain\ncourses of action and thereby setting some limit to the\nunpredictability of the future. Both faculties are, in this respect,\nconnected to temporality: from the standpoint of the present forgiving\nlooks backward to what has happened and absolves the actor from what\nwas unintentionally done, while promising looks forward as it seeks to\nestablish islands of security in an otherwise uncertain and\nunpredictable future. Forgiving enables us to come to terms with the\npast and liberates us to some extent from the burden of\nirreversibility; promising allows us to face the future and to set\nsome bounds to its unpredictability (HC, 237). Both faculties, in this\nsense, depend on plurality, on the presence and acting of\nothers, for no one can forgive himself and no one can feel bound by a\npromise made only to ones self. At the same time, both\nfaculties are an expression of human freedom, since without\nthe faculty to undo what we have done in the past, and without the\nability to control at least partially the processes we have started,\nwe would be the victims of an automatic necessity bearing all\nthe marks of inexorable laws (HC, 246).\n5. Arendts Conception of Citizenship\nIn this section, we reconstruct Arendts conception of\ncitizenship around two themes: (1) the public sphere, and (2)\npolitical agency and collective identity, and to highlight the\ncontribution of Arendts conception to a theory of democratic\ncitizenship.\n5.1 Citizenship and the Public Sphere\nFor Arendt the public sphere comprises two distinct\nbut interrelated dimensions. The first is the space of\nappearance, a space of political freedom and equality which comes\ninto being whenever citizens act in concert through the medium of\nspeech and persuasion. The second is the common world, a\nshared and public world of human artifacts, institutions and settings\nwhich separates us from nature and which provides a relatively\npermanent and durable context for our activities. Both dimensions are\nessential to the practice of citizenship, the former providing the\nspaces where it can flourish, the latter providing the stable\nbackground from which public spaces of action and deliberation can\narise. For Arendt the reactivation of citizenship in the modern world\ndepends upon both the recovery of a common, shared world and the\ncreation of numerous spaces of appearance in which individuals can\ndisclose their identities and establish relations of reciprocity and\nsolidarity.\nThere are three features of the public sphere and of the sphere of\npolitics in general that are central to Arendts conception of\ncitizenship. These are, first, its artificial or constructed\nquality; second, its spatial quality; and, third, the\ndistinction between public and private\ninterests.\nAs regards the first feature, Arendt always stressed the artificiality\nof public life and of political activities in general, the fact that\nthey are man-made and constructed rather than natural or given. She\nregarded this artificiality as something to be celebrated rather than\ndeplored. Politics for her was not the result of some natural\npredisposition, or the realization of the inherent traits of human\nnature. Rather, it was a cultural achievement of the first order,\nenabling individuals to transcend the necessities of life and to\nfashion a world within which free political action and discourse could\nflourish.\nThe stress on the artificiality of politics has a number of important\nconsequences. For example, Arendt emphasized that the principle of\npolitical equality does not rest on a theory of natural rights or on\nsome natural condition that precedes the constitution of the political\nrealm. Rather, it is an attribute of citizenship which individuals\nacquire upon entering the public realm and which can be secured only\nby democratic political institutions.\nAnother consequence of Arendts stress on the artificiality of\npolitical life is evident in her rejection of all neo-romantic appeals\nto the volk and to ethnic identity as the basis for political\ncommunity. She maintained that ones ethnic, religious, or\nracial identity was irrelevant to ones identity as a citizen,\nand that it should never be made the basis of membership in a\npolitical community.\nArendts emphasis on the formal qualities of citizenship made\nher position rather distant from those advocates of participation in\nthe 1960s who saw it in terms of recapturing a sense of intimacy, of\nwarmth and authenticity. For Arendt political participation was\nimportant because it permitted the establishment of relations of\ncivility and solidarity among citizens. She claimed that the ties of\nintimacy and warmth can never become political since they represent\npsychological substitutes for the loss of the common world. The only\ntruly political ties are those of civic friendship and solidarity,\nsince they make political demands and preserve reference to the world.\nFor Arendt, therefore, the danger of trying to recapture the sense of\nintimacy and warmth, of authenticity and communal feelings is that one\nloses the public values of impartiality, civic friendship, and\nsolidarity.\nThe second feature stressed by Arendt has to do with the\nspatial quality of public life, with the fact that political\nactivities are located in a public space where citizens are able to\nmeet one another, exchange their opinions and debate their\ndifferences, and search for some collective solution to their\nproblems. Politics, for Arendt, is a matter of people sharing a common\nworld and a common space of appearance so that public concerns can\nemerge and be articulated from different perspectives. In her view, it\nis not enough to have a collection of private individuals voting\nseparately and anonymously according to their private opinions.\nRather, these individuals must be able to see and talk to one another\nin public, to meet in a public-political space, so that their\ndifferences as well as their commonalities can emerge and become the\nsubject of democratic debate.\nThis notion of a common public space helps us to understand how\npolitical opinions can be formed which are neither reducible to\nprivate, idiosyncratic preferences, on the one hand, nor to a\nunanimous collective opinion, on the other. Arendt herself distrusted\nthe term public opinion, since it suggested the mindless\nunanimity of mass society. In her view representative opinions could\narise only when citizens actually confronted one another in a public\nspace, so that they could examine an issue from a number of different\nperspectives, modify their views, and enlarge their standpoint to\nincorporate that of others. Political opinions, she claimed, can never\nbe formed in private; rather, they are formed, tested, and enlarged\nonly within a public context of argumentation and debate.\nAnother implication of Arendts stress on the spatial quality of\npolitics has to do with the question of how a collection of distinct\nindividuals can be united to form a political community. For Arendt\nthe unity that may be achieved in a political community is neither the\nresult of religious or ethnic affinity, not the expression of some\ncommon value system. Rather, the unity in question can be attained by\nsharing a public space and a set of political institutions, and\nengaging in the practices and activities which are characteristic of\nthat space and those institutions.\nA further implication of Arendts conception of the spatial\nquality of politics is that since politics is a public activity, one\ncannot be part of it without in some sense being present in a public\nspace. To be engaged in politics means actively participating in the\nvarious public forums where the decisions affecting ones\ncommunity are taken. Arendts insistence on the importance of\ndirect participation in politics is thus based on the idea that, since\npolitics is something that needs a worldly location and can only\nhappen in a public space, then if one is not present in such a space\none is simply not engaged in politics.\nThis public or world-centered conception of politics lies also at the\nbasis of the third feature stressed by Arendt, the distinction between\npublic and private interests. According to Arendt,\npolitical activity is not a means to an end, but an end in itself; one\ndoes not engage in political action to promote ones welfare,\nbut to realize the principles intrinsic to political life, such as\nfreedom, equality, justice, and solidarity. In a late essay entitled\nPublic Rights and Private Interests (PRPI) Arendt\ndiscusses the difference between ones life as an individual and\nones life as a citizen, between the life spent on ones\nown and the life spent in common with others. She argues that our\npublic interest as citizens is quite distinct from our private\ninterest as individuals. The public interest is not the sum of private\ninterests, nor their highest common denominator, nor even the total of\nenlightened self-interests. In fact, it has little to do with our\nprivate interests, since it concerns the world that lies beyond the\nself, that was there before our birth and that will be there after our\ndeath, a world that finds embodiment in activities and institutions\nwith their own intrinsic purposes which might often be at odds with\nour short-term and private interests. The public interest refers,\ntherefore, to the interests of a public world which we share as\ncitizens and which we can pursue and enjoy only by going beyond our\nprivate self-interest.\n5.2 Citizenship, Agency, and Collective Identity\nArendts participatory conception of citizenship provides the\nbest starting point for addressing both the question of the\nconstitution of collective identity and that concerning the\nconditions for the exercise of effective political\nagency.\nWith respect to the first claim, it is important to note that one of\nthe crucial questions at stake in political discourse is the creation\nof a collective identity, a we to which we can appeal\nwhen faced with the problem of deciding among alternative courses of\naction. Since in political discourse there is always disagreement\nabout the possible courses of action, the identity of the\nwe that is going to be created through a specific form\nof action becomes a central question. By engaging in this or that\ncourse of action we are, in fact, entering a claim on behalf of a\nwe, that is, we are creating a specific form of\ncollective identity. Political action and discourse are, in this\nrespect, essential to the constitution of collective identities.\nThis process of identity-construction, however, is never given once\nand for all and is never unproblematic. Rather, it is a process of\nconstant renegotiation and struggle, a process in which actors\narticulate and defend competing conceptions of cultural and political\nidentity. Arendts participatory conception of citizenship is\nparticularly relevant in this context since it articulates the\nconditions for the establishment of collective identities. Once\ncitizenship is viewed as the process of active deliberation about\ncompeting identities, its value resides in the possibility of\nestablishing forms of collective identity that can be acknowledged,\ntested, and transformed in a discursive and democratic fashion.\nWith respect to the second claim, concerning the question of political\nagency, it is important to stress the connection that Arendt\nestablishes between political action, understood as the active\nengagement of citizens in the public realm, and the exercise of\neffective political agency. This connection between action and agency\nis one of the central contributions of Arendts participatory\nconception of citizenship. According to Arendt, the active engagement\nof citizens in the determination of the affairs of their community\nprovides them not only with the experience of public freedom and\npublic happiness, but also with a sense of political agency and\nefficacy, the sense, in Thomas Jeffersons words, of being\nparticipators in government. In her view only the\nsharing of power that comes from civic engagement and common\ndeliberation can provide each citizen with a sense of effective\npolitical agency. Arendts strictures against political\nrepresentation must be understood in this light. She saw\nrepresentation as a substitute for the direct involvement of the\ncitizens, and as a means whereby the distinction between rulers and\nruled could reassert itself. As an alternative to a system of\nrepresentation based on bureaucratic parties and state structures,\nArendt proposed a federated system of councils through which citizens\ncould effectively determine their own political affairs. For Arendt,\nit is only by means of direct political participation, that is, by\nengaging in common action and collective deliberation, that\ncitizenship can be reaffirmed and political agency effectively\nexercised.\n6. The Life of the Mind and its Moral Significance\nThe Life of the Mind, a work that was to encompass the three\nfaculties of thinking, willing and judging, provides an account of our\nmental activities that was missing from Arendts earlier work on the\nvita activa. Due to her sudden death, Arendt was unable to\ncomplete this late work. The two volumes on thinking and willing\nappeared posthumously as The Life of the Mind (LM), and her\npreparatory work on judgment was published separately (LKPP).\nIn the introduction to The Life of the Mind, Arendt explains\nthat it was the Eichmann trial that sparked her interest in the\nphenomenon of thinking (LM, 6). It was Eichmanns\ninability to think (EJ, 49) that struck her most,\nbecause it was responsible in her view for his inability to judge\nindependently in a totalitarian system. Against this background, she\nasked: Is evil-doing possible in default of not just\nbase motives but of any motives whatever \nMight the problem of good and evil, our faculty for telling right from\nwrong, be connected with our faculty of thought? (LM, vol. I,\n45). Although Arendt had in fact been repeatedly preoccupied\nwith thinking long before (Bernstein 2000), it is noteworthy that\nArendts investigation of thinking and judging cannot be separated\nfrom her reflections on evil and morality, and vice versa.\nIn the following, we will first present the development of Arendts\nconcept of evil from The Origins of Totalitarianism to\nEichmann in Jerusalem (1). Thereafter we will show why\nthinking and judging is morally relevant (2), and why, according to\nArendt, self-awareness is linked to autonomy (3). After that, we\npresent Arendts two models of political judgment (4). Lastly,\nwe will discuss the role of opinion and truth in politics (5).\n6.1 Eichmann in Jerusalem: Arendts Reconceptualization of Evil\nIn 1945, Arendt wrote that the problem of evil will be the\nfundamental question of postwar intellectual life in Europe.\n(EU, 134) Reflecting on its nature, she initially described the evil\ncommitted by totalitarian regimes as absolute or\nradical evil, using Kants expression. Radical\nevil consists in the destruction of human plurality and spontaneity,\nand in rendering human beings superfluous (OT, 445). In her Concluding\nRemarks of OTs first edition, she writes: The danger of\nthe corpse factories and holes of oblivion is that today, with\npopulations and homelessness everywhere on the increase, masses of\npeople are continuously rendered superfluous of we continue to think\nof our world in utilitarian terms. (OT 1951, 433). As mentioned\nin section 3, this type of evil cannot be grasped with traditional\nexplanations such as selfish motives (OT, 440), and is therefore\nunpunishable and unforgivable (OT, 439).\nReporting on the trial of Adolf Eichmann gave Arendts reflections on\nevil a new direction: Otto Adolf Eichmann was a German\nSS-Obersturmbannfhrer and member of the Gestapo during the\nSecond World War who organized the deportation of Jews from Germany\nand other European countries occupied by Nazi Germany as part of the\nso-called Final Solution. He made logistically possible the murder of\nsix million Jews, and was therefore directly responsible for it. After\nEichmann was kidnapped by Israeli agents in Argentina, where he was\nhiding, he was brought to trial in Israel in 1961, and found guilty of\ncrimes against the Jewish people. In 1962, Eichmann was hanged.\nArendt reported on the trial, which she attended in part, in articles\nfor the The New Yorker and published the text subsequently as\nEichmann in Jerusalem. A Report on the Banality of Evil, her\nmost controversial book (Benhabib 2000). EJ contains four main\nnarratives: the trial and the course of the proceedings, the motives\nof the Israeli government, the status of the Jewish Councils\n(Judenrte) and, last but not least, the question of personal\nresponsibility under dictatorship in general and the accuseds\ndeeds and his state of mind in particular.\nIt was not only the tone of book, its use of irony and sarcasm, that\nalienated many readers, but also her claim that some members of the\nJewish Councils were collaborators in that they provided the Nazis\nwith lists of their Jewish fellow citizens who were then deported to\nthe extermination camps in the East (EJ, 11, 91, 117126).\nFurthermore, her assessment of Eichmann, in whom she saw a\nclown rather than a monster (EJ, 54), was\nmet with incomprehension.\nThe idea that evil is not necessarily committed by\ndemons can already be found in OT: The mass man\nwhom Himmler organized for the greatest mass crimes ever committed in\nhistory bore the features of the philistine rather than the mob\nman (OT, 338). But it was the book on Eichmann that introduced\nthe catchy phrase banality of evil prominently in its\nsubtitle. Although the expression appears only once more in the book\n(Ej, 252), it contributed significantly to the fierce controversy that\nerupted immediately after its publication: EJ has been gravely\nmisinterpreted as a trivialization of the Nazi crimes or even as a\ndefense of Eichmann (cf. Benhabib 2000). Many critics accused Arendt\nof having mistaken the true, fanatically anti-Semitic Eichmann for a\nmere bureaucrat (Ceserani 2006, Lipstadt 2011, Stangneth 2014).\nArendt, however, never wrote that Eichmann simply followed orders, as\nhe tried to claim. According to her, Eichmann was not a mere cog\nwithin the Nazi machine, but a person who zealously transported Jews\nto their death and who even disobeyed orders to make the Final\nsolution final (EJ, 146; cf. 13714). Arendt believed him to be\nfully responsibility for his deeds and supported the death\nsentence.\nMoreover, the phrase was not meant to denote a general theory of the\nnature of evil, not even of totalitarian or Nazi evil, but as what\nArendt observed as a subjectively evident fact of Eichmanns\npersonality (LM, 34). Thus, the banality of evil was\nmeant to describe not the nature of the deeds, but the character and\nthe motives of the doer Eichmann (Bernstein 2000; Benhabib 2000).\nAccording to her own statements, Arendt proposed herself to report on\nthe trial because she absolutely wanted to know how someone looked\nlike who had done radical evil (cf. Heuer 1987, 58) However, what she\nperceived during the trial was not a monster or a demon, but a person\nendowed with a curious, quite authentic inability to\nthink. (TMC, 417) According to her, his evil deeds could\nnot be traced to any particularity of wickedness, pathology or\nideological conviction in the doer, whose only personal distinction\nwas a perhaps extraordinary shallowness (TMC, 417). Struck by\nEichmanns inability to assess a situation himself or to express\nhimself without falling back on his repertoire of stock phrases and\nclichs, Arendt attributed his monstrous deeds not to a\nfanatical hatred of Jews (EJ, 146), but to his devotion to Hitler (EJ,\n149) and his thoughtlessness (LM, 4), by which she\nunderstood his inability ever to look at anything from the\nothers point of view (EJ, 48).\nFollowing this experience, Arendts conviction about the nature\nof evil changed: In a letter to Gershom Scholem from 1964, she\nexplained: It is indeed my opinion now that evil is never\nradical, that it is only extreme, and that it possesses\nneither depth nor any demonic dimension. It can overgrow and lay waste\nthe whole world precisely because it spreads like a fungus on the\nsurface. Only the good has depth that can be radical. (JP,\n251)\n6.2 The Moral Significance of Thinking and Judgment\nIn reaction to the controversy, Arendt tried to explain the\nphenomenon she had perceived. In the works to follow, she asked\nwhether the activity of thinking as such, the habit of\nexamining whatever happens to come to pass or to attract attention,\nregardless of results and specific content, [could] be among the\nconditions that make men abstain from evil-doing or even actually\ncondition them against it? (LM, vol. I, 5)\nArendt attempted a reply by connecting the activity of thinking to\nthat of judging in a twofold manner. First, thinking the\nsilent dialogue of me and myself dissolves our fixed habits of\nthought and the accepted rules of conduct, and thus prepares the way\nfor the activity of judging particulars without the aid of\npre-established universals. It is not that thinking provides judgment\nwith new rules for subsuming the particular under the universal.\nRather, it loosens the grip of the universal over the particular,\nthereby releasing judgment from ossified categories of thought and\nconventional standards of assessment. It is in times of historical\ncrisis that thinking ceases to be a marginal affair, because by\nundermining all established criteria and values, it prepares the\nindividual to judge for him or herself instead of being carried away\nby the actions and opinions of the majority.\nThe second way in which Arendt connected the activity of thinking with\nthat of judging is by showing that thinking, by actualizing the\ndialogue of me and myself, which is given in consciousness, produces\nconscience as a by-product.\n6.3 Self-Consciousness, Social Pressure and Autonomy\nThe impact of the Eichmann trial had forced Arendt to ask\nwhether we are entitled to presuppose an independent human\nfaculty, unsupported by law and public opinion, that judges anew in\nfull spontaneity every deed and intent whenever the occasion\narises (PRD, 187). In various essays from the 1960s and\n70ies, Arendt explored the role of the mental faculties for the\nconflict between moral autonomy and social pressure. In\nPersonal Responsibility under Dictatorship she discusses\nthe problem of voluntary conformity during the Nazi era and asks what\ncharacterized the few people who refused to collaborate (RJ, 43). She\nfinds the answer in the ability to judge for oneself, which is rooted\nin an explicit self-relationship: [T]he nonparticipants []\nwere the only ones who dared judge by themselves, and they were\ncapable of doing so, not because the old standards of right and wrong\nwere firmly planted in their mind and conscience, but because they\nasked themselves to what extent they would still be able to live in\npeace with themselves after having committed certain deeds (RJ,\n44). The prerequisites for moral autonomy are therefore not education\nor firm moral convictions, but the certainty that, as a self-aware\nbeing, one cannot avoid oneself: If I disagree with other\npeople I can walk away; but I cannot walk away from myself, and\ntherefore I better first try to be in agreement with myself before I\ntake all others into consideration (RJ, 90).\nAccording to Arendt, having such an awareness of ones own\nself-relationship is the result of thinking, i.e. of the silent dialog\nthat one conducts with oneself (JR, 44f). Therefore, morality is not a\nquestion of our relationship to others, but a question of our\nrelationship to ourselves. (RJ, 67) Following Kant, Arendt understands\nthis explicit self-relation as an awareness of ones own autonomy,\ni.e. as the realization that one is not a small cog in a big machine,\nbut that everyone is a responsible legislator: If I am the\nlegislator, sin and crime can no longer be defined as disobedience to\nsomebody elses law, but on the contrary as a refusal to act my\npart as legislator of the world (RJ, 69). The reference to\nKants Categorical Imperative shows that selfhood in Arendts moral\nphilosophy can no more be thought of in isolation than in her\npolitical theory (cf. EU, 441). The morally responsible self does not\nhave to make authentic, but universalizable, representative\ndecisions.\nArendt called this capacity to think representatively an\nenlarged mentality, adopting the same terms that Kant\nemployed in his Third Critique to characterize aesthetic judgment. The\nenlarged mentality judges both independently of all\nothers and includes the perspective of all others in its judgment.\nAlthough thinking is a lonely activity in Arendts eyes, the inner\ndialog can stay in contact with the world as long as the world is\nrepresented in the dialog of the self (OT, 476.). Only those who\nactualize this difference in their identity allow conscience to emerge\nas a by-product of consciousness (RJ, 189). When Arendt describes the\npublic sphere as a condition of judgment (DT, 570), she does not\nnecessarily mean the actual presence of other people, but this inner\nplurality. Listening to such an inner representation of other people\ncan help to withstand the pressure of public opinion.\n6.4 Judgment and Politics: Two Models\nThe foregoing account has underlined the moral significance of\nthinking and judgment. For Arendt, however, the capacity to judge is\nno less a political ability insofar as it enables individuals\nto orient themselves in the public realm and to judge the phenomena\nthat are disclosed within it from a standpoint that is relatively\ndetached and impartial.\nTogether with the theory of action, her unfinished theory of judgment\nrepresents her central legacy to twentieth century political thought.\nWe now explore some of the key aspects of her theory of judgment, and\nwill examine its place in the architectonic of Arendts theory\nof politics. Arendts theory of judgment was never developed as\nsystematically or extensively as her theory of action. She intended to\ncomplete her study of the life of the mind by devoting the third\nvolume to the faculty of judgment, but was not able to do so because\nof her untimely death in 1975. What she left was a number of\nreflections scattered in The Life of the Mind, a series of\nlectures on Kants political philosophy (LKPP), the essay\nThinking and Moral Considerations (TMC, 41746),\nand two articles included in Between Past and Future where\njudgment and opinion are treated in relation to culture and taste\n(The Crisis in Culture BPF, 197226) and\nwith respect to the question of truth (Truth and\nPolitics BPF, 22764). However, these writings do\nnot present a unified theory of judgment but rather two distinct\nmodels, one based on the standpoint of the actor, the other on the\nstandpoint of the spectator, which are somewhat at odds with each\nother.\nArendts writings on the theme of judgment can be seen to fall\ninto two more or less distinct phases, an early one in which judgment\nis the faculty of political actors acting in the\npublic realm, and a later one in which it is the privilege of\nnon-participating spectators, primarily poets and\nhistorians, who seek to understand the meaning of the past and to\nreconcile us to what has happened. In this later formulation Arendt is\nno longer concerned with judging as a feature of political life as\nsuch, as the faculty which is exercised by actors in order to decide\nhow to act in the public realm, but with judgment as a component in\nthe life of the mind, the faculty through which the privileged\nspectators can recover meaning from the past and thereby reconcile\nthemselves to time and, retrospectively, to tragedy.\nAs to the first account: In the essays The Crisis in\nCulture and Truth and Politics, Arendt treated\njudgment as a faculty that enables political actors to decide what\ncourses of action to undertake in the public realm, what kind of\nobjectives are most appropriate or worth pursuing, as well as who to\npraise or blame for past actions or for the consequences of past\ndecisions. In this model judgment is viewed as a specifically\npolitical ability, namely, as the ability to see things not\nonly from ones own point of view but from the perspective of\nall those who happen to be present, and as being one of\nthe fundamental abilities of man as a political being insofar as it\nenables him to orient himself in the public realm, in the common\nworld (BPF, 221). In contrast to speculative thought, judging\nhas its roots in common sense. Therefore, judging is one, if\nnot the most, important activity in which this\nsharing-the-world-with-others comes to pass (BPF, 221).\nMoreover, Arendt stressed the non-coercive character of judgment, the\nfact that it can only appeal to but never force the agreement of\nothers, she claims that this wooing or persuading\ncorresponds closely to what the Greeks called peithein, the\nconvincing and persuading speech which they regarded as the typically\npolitical form of people talking with one another (BPF,\n222).\nFor the second account, Arendt, based her theory of political\njudgment on Kants aesthetics in his Critique of\nJudgment, which she claimed contained Kants unwritten\npolitical philosophy, (cf. BPF, 21920). For Arendt it is the\nspectators who have the privilege of judging impartially and\ndisinterestedly, and in doing so they exercise two crucial faculties,\nimagination and sensus communis. Through the\nimagination one can represent objects that are no longer present and\nthus establish the distance necessary for an impartial judgment. Once\nthis distancing has occurred, one is in a position to reflect upon\nthese representations from a number of different perspectives, and\nthereby to reach a judgment about the proper value of an object. Kant\nbelieved that for our judgments to be valid we must transcend our\nprivate or subjective conditions in favor of public and\nintersubjective ones, and we are able to do this by appealing to our\ncommunity sense, our sensus communis. The criterion for\njudgment, then, is communicability, and the standard for\ndeciding whether our judgments are indeed communicable is to see\nwhether they could fit with the sensus communis of others.\nArendt points out that the emphasis on the communicability of\njudgments of taste, and the correlative notion of an enlarged\nmentality, link up effortlessly with Kants idea of a united\nmankind living in eternal peace. She argues that It is by\nvirtue of this idea of mankind, present in every single man, that men\nare human, and they can be called civilized or humane to the extent\nthat this idea becomes the principle not only of their judgments but\nof their actions. It is at this point that actor and\nspectator become united; the maxim of the actor and the\nmaxim, the standard, according to which the spectator\njudges the spectacle of the world, become one (LKPP, 75).\n6.5 Opinion and Truth in Politics\nAgainst Plato and Hobbes, who denigrated the role of opinion in\npolitical matters, Arendt reasserts the value and importance of\npolitical discourse, of deliberation and persuasion, and thus of a\npolitics that acknowledges difference and the plurality of opinions.\nThis, however, raises the question as to which opinions are justified\nor which judgments can claim validity.\nFor Arendt, the validity of political judgment depends on our ability\nto think representatively, that is, from the standpoint\nof everyone else, so that we are able to look at the world from a\nnumber of different perspectives: The more peoples\nstandpoints I have present in my mind while I am pondering a given\nissue, and the better I can imagine how I would feel and think if I\nwere in their place, the stronger will be my capacity for\nrepresentative thinking and the more valid my final conclusions, my\nopinion. (BPF, 241) This ability can only be acquired and\ntested in a public forum where individuals have the opportunity to\nexchange their opinions on particular matters and see whether they\naccord with the opinions of others. In this respect the process of\nopinion formation is never a solitary activity; rather, it requires a\ngenuine encounter with different opinions so that a particular issue\nmay be examined from every possible standpoint until, as she puts it,\nit is flooded and made transparent by the full light of human\ncomprehension (BPF, 242). Debate and discussion, and the\ncapacity to enlarge ones perspective, are indeed crucial to the\nformation of opinions that can claim more than subjective validity;\nindividuals may hold personal opinions on many subject matters, but\nthey can form representative opinions only by enlarging their\nstandpoint to incorporate those of others. In this respect one is\nnever alone while forming an opinion; as Arendt notes, even if\nI shun all company or am completely isolated while forming an opinion,\nI am not simply together only with myself in the solitude of\nphilosophical thought; I remain in this world of universal\ninterdependence, where I can make myself the representative of\neverybody else (BPF, 242).\nThe representative character of judgment and opinion\nhas important implications for the question of validity. Arendt always\nstressed that the formation of valid opinions requires a public space\nwhere individuals can test and purify their views through a process of\nmutual debate and enlightenment. She was, however, quite opposed to\nthe idea that opinions should be measured by the standard of truth, or\nthat debate should be conducted according to strict scientific\nstandards of validity. In her view, truth belongs to the realm of\ncognition, the realm of logic, mathematics and the strict sciences,\nand carries always an element of coercion, since it precludes debate\nand must be accepted by every individual in possession of her rational\nfaculties. Set against the plurality of opinions, truth has a despotic\ncharacter: it compels universal assent, leaves the mind little freedom\nof movement, eliminates the diversity of views and reduces the\nrichness of human discourse. In this respect, truth is anti-political,\nsince by eliminating debate and diversity it eliminates the very\nprinciples of political life. As Arendt writes, The trouble is\nthat factual truth, like all other truth, peremptorily claims to be\nacknowledged and precludes debate, and debate constitutes the very\nessence of political life. The modes of thought and communication that\ndeal with truth, if seen from the political perspective, are\nnecessarily domineering; they dont take into account other\npeoples opinions, and taking these into account is the hallmark\nof all strictly political thinking (BPF, 241).\nArendts defense of opinion is motivated not\njust by her belief that truth leaves no room for debate or dissent, or\nfor the acknowledgment of difference, but also by her conviction that\nour reasoning faculties can only flourish in a dialogic context. She\ncites Kants remark that the external power that deprives\nman of the freedom to communicate his thoughts publicly deprives him\nat the same time of his freedom to think, and underlines the\nfact that for Kant the only guarantee of the correctness of our\nthinking is that we think, as it were, in community with others\nto whom we communicate our thoughts as they communicate theirs to\nus (BPF, 2345).\nFor Arendt opinion is not a defective form of knowledge that should be\ntranscended or left behind as soon as one is in possession of the\ntruth. Rather, it is a distinct form of knowledge which arises out of\nthe collective deliberation of citizens, and which requires the use of\nthe imagination and the capacity to think\nrepresentatively. By deliberating in common and engaging\nin representative thinking citizens are in fact able to\nform opinions that can claim intersubjective validity. It is important\nto stress that Arendt does not want to dismiss the philosophers\nattempt to find universal or absolute standards of knowledge and\ncognition, but to check their desire to impose those standards upon\nthe sphere of human affairs, since they would eliminate its plurality\nand essential relativity. The imposition of a single or absolute\nstandard into the domain of praxis would do away with the\nneed to persuade others of the relative merits of an opinion, to\nelicit their consent to a specific proposal, or to obtain their\nagreement with respect to a particular policy.\nNow, we must be careful not to impute to Arendt the view that\ntruth has no legitimate role to play in politics or\nin the sphere of human affairs. She does indeed assert that All\ntruths not only the various kinds of rational truth but also\nfactual truth are opposed to opinion in their mode of\nasserting validity (BPF, 239), since they all carry an element\nof compulsion. However, she is only preoccupied with the negative\nconsequences of rational truth when applied to the sphere of politics\nand collective deliberation, while she defends the importance of\nfactual truth for the preservation of an accurate account of the past\nand for the very existence of political communities. Factual truth,\nshe writes, is always related to other people: it concerns\nevents and circumstances in which many are involved; it is established\nby witnesses and depends upon testimony It is political by\nnature. It follows, therefore, that facts and opinions,\nthough they must be kept apart, are not antagonistic to each other;\nthey belong to the same realm. Facts inform opinions, and opinions,\ninspired by different interests and passions, can differ widely and\nstill be legitimate as long as they respect factual truth. Freedom of\nopinion is a farce unless factual information is guaranteed and the\nfacts themselves are not in dispute. In other words, factual truth\ninforms political thought just as rational truth informs philosophical\nspeculation (BPF, 238).\nThe relationship between facts and opinions is thus one of mutual\nentailment: if opinions were not based on correct information and the\nfree access to all relevant facts they could scarcely claim any\nvalidity. And if they were to be based on fantasy, self-deception, or\ndeliberate falsehood, then no possibility of genuine debate and\nargumentation could be sustained. Both factual truth and the general\nhabit of truth-telling are therefore basic to the formation of sound\nopinions and to the flourishing of political debate. Moreover, if the\nrecord of the past were to be destroyed by organized lying, or be\ndistorted by an attempt to rewrite history, political life would be\ndeprived of one of its essential and stabilizing elements. In sum,\nboth factual truth and the practice of truth-telling are essential to\npolitical life. The antagonism for Arendt is between rational truth\nand well-grounded opinion, since the former does not allow for debate\nand dissent, while the latter thrives on it. Arendts defense of\nopinion must therefore be understood as a defense of political\ndeliberation, and of the role that persuasion and dissuasion play in\nall matters affecting the political community.\nBibliography\nWorks by Arendt\n[LA]\nDer Liebesbegriff bei Augustin. Berlin: Julius Springer\nVerlag, 1929. Translation as Love and Saint Augustine, with\nan interpretive essay by Joanna V. Scott and Judith C. Stark. Chicago:\nUniversity of Chicago Press, 1996.\n[RV]\nRahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewish Woman. Revised\nedition translated into English by Richard and Clara Winston. New\nYork: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974. Critical edition edited by\nLiliane Weissberg. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,\n1997.\n[OT]\nThe Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt\nBrace Jovanovich, 1951. Third edition with new prefaces, 1973.\n[HC]\nThe Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago\nPress, 1958.\n[EJ]\nEichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of\nEvil. New York: Viking Press, 1963. Revised and enlarged edition,\n1965.\n[OR]\nOn Revolution. New York: Viking Press, 1963. Revised\nsecond edition, 1965.\n[BPF]\nBetween Past and Future. New York: Viking Press, 1961.\nRevised edition, 1968.\n[MDT]\nMen in Dark Times. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,\n1968.\n[OV]\nOn Violence. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,\n1970.\n[CR]\nCrises of the Republic. New York: Harcourt Brace\nJovanovich, 1972.\n[JP]\nThe Jew as Pariah. Edited and with an introduction by\nRon H. Feldman. New York: Grove Press, 1978.\n[JW]\nThe Jewish Writings. Edited by Jerome Kohn and Ron H.\nFeldman. New York: Schocken Books, 2007.\n[LM]\nThe Life of the Mind. New York: Harcourt Brace\nJovanovich, 1978.\n[LKPP]\nLectures on Kants Political Philosophy. Edited\nand with an interpretive essay by Ronald Beiner. Chicago: University\nof Chicago Press, 1982.\n[EU]\nEssays in Understanding: 19301954. Edited and\nwith an introduction by Jerome Kohn. New York: Harcourt Brace &\nCompany, 1994.\n[RJ]\nResponsibility and Judgment. Edited and with an\nintroduction by Jerome Kohn. New York: Schocken Books, 2003.\n[PP]\nThe Promise of Politics. Edited and with an\nintroduction by Jerome Kohn. New York: Schocken Books, 2005.\n[RPW]\nHannah Arendt: The Recovery of the Public World. Edited by Melvyn A.\nHill. New York: St. Martins Press, 1979.\n[DT]\nDenktagebuch 19501973. Edited by Ursula Ludz and Ingeborg\nNordmann. Munich and Zurich: Pieper 2002.\n[UP]\nUnderstanding and Politics. Partisan\nReview, vol. 20, no. 4 (JulyAugust 1953): 37792.\nReprinted in Essays in Understanding: 19301954.\n[PRD]\nPersonal Responsibility under Dictatorship.\nThe Listener, (6 August 1964): 185205. Reprinted in\nResponsibility and Judgment.\n[TMC]\nThinking and Moral Considerations: A Lecture.\nSocial Research, 38(3) (Autumn 1971): 41746. Reprinted\nin Social Research, 51(1) (Spring 1984): 737, and in\nResponsibility and Judgment.\n[PRPI]\nPublic Rights and Private Interests. In M. Mooney\nand F. Stuber, eds., Small Comforts for Hard Times: Humanists on\nPublic Policy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.\nSecondary Literature\nAschheim, S. (ed.), 2001, Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem,\nBerkeley: University of California Press.\nBaehr, P., 2010, Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism, and the\nSocial Sciences, Stanford: Stanford University Press.\nBaluch, F., 2014, Arendts Machiavellian\nMoment, European Journal of Political Theory, 13 (2):\n154177.\nBarnouw, D., 1990, Visible Spaces: Hannah Arendt and the\nGerman-Jewish Experience, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University\nPress.\nBenhabib, S., 1996, The Reluctant Modernism of Hannah\nArendt, London: Sage Publications.\n, 2000, Arendts Eichmann in\nJerusalem, D. Villa (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to\nHannah Arendt (Cambridge Companions to Philosophy), Cambridge:\nCambridge University Press.\n, 2003, The Reluctant Modernism of Hannah\nArendt. New Edition with a New Preface and an Appendix, New York:\nRowman and Littlefield Publishers.\n (ed.), 2010, Politics in Dark Times:\nEncounters with Hannah Arendt, Cambridge: Cambridge University\nPress.\nBerkowitz, R., Keenan, T. and Katz, J. (eds.), 2009, Thinking\nin Dark Times: Hannah Arendt on Ethics and Politics, New York:\nFordham University Press.\nBernauer, J. (ed.), 1987, Amor Mundi: Explorations in the\nFaith and Thought of Hannah Arendt, Dordrecht: Martinus\nNijhoff.\nBernstein, R., 1986, Philosophical Profiles, Cambridge:\nPolity Press.\n, 1996, Hannah Arendt and the Jewish\nQuestion, Cambridge: Polity Press.\n, 2000, Arendt on thinking,\nD. Villa (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt,\nCambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n, 2018, Why Read Hannah Arendt Now?,\nCambridge: Polity Press.\nBirmingham, P., 2006, Hannah Arendt and Human Rights: The\nPredicament of Common Responsibility, Bloomington: Indiana\nUniversity Press.\nBowen-Moore, P., 1989, Hannah Arendts Philosophy of\nNatality, London: Macmillan.\nBradshaw, L., 1989, Acting and Thinking: The Political Thought\nof Hannah Arendt, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.\nCalhoun, C. and McGowan, J. 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(ed.), 1979, Hannah Arendt: The Recovery of the\nPublic World, New York: St. Martins Press.\nHinchman, L. and Hinchman, S. (eds.), 1994, Hannah Arendt:\nCritical Essays, Albany, NY: State University of New York\nPress.\nHonig, B. (ed.), 1995, Feminist Interpretations of Hannah\nArendt, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University\nPress.\nIsaac, J., 1992, Arendt, Camus, and Modern Rebellion, New\nHaven, CT: Yale University Press.\nKaplan, G. and Kessler, C. (eds.), 1989, Hannah Arendt:\nThinking, Judging, Freedom, Sydney: Allen & Unwin.\nKateb. G., 1984, Hannah Arendt: Politics, Conscience,\nEvil, Oxford: Martin Robertson.\nKielmansegg, P., Mewes, H. and Glaser-Schmidt, E. (eds.), 1995,\nHannah Arendt and Leo Strauss: German Emigrs and American\nPolitical Thought after World War II, Cambridge: Cambridge\nUniversity Press.\nKohn, J. and May, L. (eds.), 1996, Hannah Arendt: Twenty Years\nLater, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\nKristeva, J., 2001, Hannah Arendt, New York: Columbia\nUniversity Press.\nLederman, S., 2016, Philosophy, Politics and Participatory\nDemocracy in Hannah Arendts Political Thought,\nHistory of Political Thought, 37 (3): 480508.\nMay, D., 1986, Hannah Arendt, Harmondsworth: Penguin\nBooks.\nMcGowan, J., 1998, Hannah Arendt: An Introduction,\nMinneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.\nNedelsky, J., and Beiner, R. (eds.), 2001, Judgment,\nImagination, and Politics: Themes from Kant and Arendt, New York:\nRowman and Littlefield Publishers.\nParekh, B., 1981, Hannah Arendt and the Search for a New\nPolitical Philosophy, London: Macmillan.\nPasserin dEntrves, M., 1994, The Political\nPhilosophy of Hannah Arendt, New York and London: Routledge.\nPitkin, H., 1998, The Attack of the Blob: Hannah\nArendts Concept of the Social, Chicago: University of\nChicago Press.\nRing, J., 1997, The Political Consequences of Thinking,\nAlbany, NY: State University of New York Press.\nStangneth, B., 2014, Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined\nLife of a Mass Murderer, New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing\nGroup.\nTaminiaux, J., 1997, The Thracian Maid and the Professional\nThinker: Arendt and Heidegger, Albany, NY: State University of\nNew York Press.\nTmmel, T. N., 2013, Wille und Passion. Der Liebesbegriff\nbei Heidegger und Arendt, Berlin: Suhrkamp.\nVilla, D., 1996, Arendt and Heidegger: The Fate of the\nPolitical, Princeton: Princeton University Press.\n, 1999, Politics, Philosophy, Terror:\nEssays on the Thought of Hannah Arendt, Princeton: Princeton\nUniversity Press.\n (ed.), 2000, The Cambridge Companion to\nHannah Arendt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nWatson, D., 1992, Hannah Arendt, London: Fontana\nPress.\nWhitfield, S., 1980, Into the Dark: Hannah Arendt and\nTotalitarianism, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.\nWolin, S., 1977, Hannah Arendt and the Ordinance of\nTime, Social Research, 44(1): 91105.\nYoung-Bruehl, E., 1982, Hannah Arendt: For Love of the\nWorld, New Haven: Yale University Press. Second edition,\n2004.\n, 2006, Why Arendt Matters, New\nHaven, CT: Yale University Press.\nAcademic Tools\nHow to cite this entry.\nPreview the PDF version of this entry at the\nFriends of the SEP Society.\nLook up topics and thinkers related to this entry\nat the Internet Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO).\nEnhanced bibliography for this entry\nat PhilPapers, with links to its database.\nOther Internet Resources\nHannah Arendt,\nentry by Majid Yar, in The Internet Encyclopedia of\nPhilosophy\nHannah Arendt,\nentry in the Wikipedia.\nRelated Entries\nAristotle |\nBenjamin, Walter |\nexistentialism |\nHeidegger, Martin |\nHobbes, Thomas |\nHusserl, Edmund |\nJaspers, Karl |\nKant, Immanuel |\nMachiavelli, Niccol |\nphenomenology |\nPlato\nCopyright 2024 by\nTatjana Tmmel\n<tatjana.noemi@gmx.de>\nMaurizio Passerin dEntreves\nOpen access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative.\nPlease Read How You Can Help Support the Growth and Development of the Encyclopedia\nBrowse\nTable of Contents\nWhat's New\nRandom Entry\nChronological\nArchives\nAbout\nEditorial Information\nAbout the SEP\nEditorial Board\nHow to Cite the SEP\nSpecial Characters\nAdvanced Tools\nAccessibility\nContact\nSupport SEP\nSupport the SEP\nPDFs for SEP Friends\nMake a Donation\nSEPIA for Libraries\nMirror Sites\nView this site from another server:\nUSA (Main Site) Philosophy, Stanford University\nAustralia Library, University of Sydney\nNetherlands ILLC, University of Amsterdam\nThe Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright 2024 by The Metaphysics Research Lab, Department of Philosophy, Stanford University\nLibrary of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arendt/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities at Bard College\nSkip to main content.\nBard HAC\nBard HAC Menu\nAbout sub-menuAbout\nThere are no dangerous thoughts; thinking itself is dangerous.\nJoin HAC\nAbout the HAC\nOur Team\nAbout Hannah Arendt\nOur Location\nPrograms sub-menuPrograms\nOur Programs\nAutonomies\nBill Mullen Recitation Prize\nCourage to Be\nDe Gruyter-Arendt Center Lecture in Political Thinking\nVirtual Reading Group\nAffiliated Programs\nHannah Arendt Humanities Network\nDemocracy Innovation Hub\nMeanings of October 27th\nAcademics sub-menuAcademics\nStorytelling reveals meaning without committing the error of defining it.\nAcademics at HAC\nUndergraduate Courses\nPractice of Courage Courses\nFellowships sub-menuFellowships\nAction without a name, a 'who' attached to it, is meaningless.\nFellowships\nNational Endowment for the Humanities Visiting Fellow\nKlemens von Klemperer Post Doctoral Fellow\nFritz Stern Postdoctoral Fellow\nSenior Fellows\nAssociate Fellows\nStudent Fellowships\nVisiting Scholars\nConferences sub-menuConferences\nFall Conference 2024Tribalism & Cosmopolitanism\nOctober 17 18\nRead More Here\nConferences\nPast Conferences\nRegistration\nOur Location\nPublications sub-menuPublications\nSubscribe to Amor Mundi\nI've begun so late, really only in recent years, to truly love the world ... 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H. Auden, New York, N.Y., February ...\nHannah Arendt, Karl Jaspers: Citizen of the World, undated ...\nRobert Lowell, typed draft translation/interpretation of Rainer ...\nPolice examination of Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962), Nazi ...\nLetter, Mary McCarthy to Hannah Arendt, Paris, France, March 13,...\nHannah Arendt, Political Experiences in the Twentieth Century ...\nLetter, Dwight MacDonald to Hannah Arendt, London, England, ...\nLetter, Norman Podhoretz to Hannah Arendt, September 8, 1958, ...\nHannah Arendt, Walter Benjamin (in German), ca. 1966-1968. ...\nHannah Arendt, Civil Disobedience, page one of lecture, 1970.\nFlyer for Hannah Arendt series of three public lectures on ...\nLetter, Philip Roth to Hannah Arendt, June 26, 1975, regarding ...\n21 Nobel Laureates political statement of the Academic ...\nPhotograph, German abstract expressionist artist Carl ...\nTelegram, Lillian Hellman to Hannah Arendt, Paris, France, May ...\nLetter, Hannah Arendt to Heinrich Blcher, Paris, France, ...\nNote, Clement Greenberg, Contemporary Jewish Record ...\nHannah Arendt Blcher, U.S. certificate of naturalization, New ...\nLetter, Rose Feitelson, International Council of Jewish Women, ...\nHannah Arendt, typed manuscript introduction to the third ...\nLetter, Hannah Arendt to W. H. Auden, New York, N.Y., February ...\nHannah Arendt, Karl Jaspers: Citizen of the World, undated ...\nRobert Lowell, typed draft translation/interpretation of Rainer ...\nPolice examination of Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962), Nazi ...\nLetter, Mary McCarthy to Hannah Arendt, Paris, France, March 13,...\nHannah Arendt, Political Experiences in the Twentieth Century ...\nLetter, Dwight MacDonald to Hannah Arendt, London, England, ...\nLetter, Norman Podhoretz to Hannah Arendt, September 8, 1958, ...\nHannah Arendt, Walter Benjamin (in German), ca. 1966-1968. ...\nHannah Arendt, Civil Disobedience, page one of lecture, 1970.\nFlyer for Hannah Arendt series of three public lectures on ...\nLetter, Philip Roth to Hannah Arendt, June 26, 1975, regarding ...\n21 Nobel Laureates political statement of the Academic ...\nPhotograph, German abstract expressionist artist Carl ...\nTelegram, Lillian Hellman to Hannah Arendt, Paris, France, May ...\nNext1234\nListen to this page\nAbout this Collection\nThe papers of author, educator, political philosopher, and public intellectual Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) constitute a\nlarge and diverse collection (25,000 items; 82,597 images) reflecting a complex career. The collection spans the years\n1898 to 1977, with the bulk of the material beginning in 1948, three years before Arendts naturalization as an\nAmerican citizen. The papers contain correspondence, articles, lectures, speeches, book manuscripts, transcripts of\nAdolf Eichmanns trial proceedings, notes, printed matter pertaining to Arendts writings, family and\npersonal materials, evidence of Arendts network of fellow intellectuals, editors, writers, and theorists, and\ndocumentation of her academic affiliations and courses taught.\nThe Library of Congress received the Hannah Arendt Papers as a gift and bequest from Arendt in various installments\nfrom 1965 to 2000. Small additions have been subsequently received, including those made by Klaus Loewald in 1981,\nRoger Errera in 1994, Jochen Klsch, International Verbindungen, 2007, and Patchen Markell, 2018.\nRich in manuscripts and correspondence for Arendts productive years as a writer and lecturer after World War\nII, the papers are sparse before the mid-1940s because of Arendts forced departure from Nazi Germany in 1933\nand her escape from occupied France in 1941. Documentation for the first part of her life includes a few notebooks and\nwritings; several official and private records relating mainly to her divorce, family history, and emigration; and a\nsmall group of personal correspondence with her second husband, Heinrich Blcher, some of whose letters and\nunpublished writings can be found in the Family Papers series. Much of the material is in German and other European\nlanguages.\nBorn Johanna Cohn Arendt, Arendt later used her married name, Blcher, in private life. Arendt studied with Karl\nJaspers at Heidelberg University, but her career was diverted from teaching and writing for more than a decade as a\nresult of Adolf Hitlers rise to power and the subsequent censorship of teachers and intellectuals and the\npersecution and genocide conducted against Jews. While in France and for several years in the United States, Arendt\nworked as a welfare agent in charge of aiding Jews and as a journalist for various Jewish political and social\norganizations. Her papers document her support for the creation of a haven for Jews in the British Mandate in\nPalestine until 1948, when she dissented from certain policies of the new state of Israel. The collection contains\ncopious materials documenting Arendts career as an author, teacher, and lecturer in the United States, her influence\nin academia and as a public intellectual, and her connections with other writers and thinkers in America and elsewhere\nin the world.\nThe collection was digitized in 1998-2000 through the generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Initially,\nsome digital content was limited to onsite access through dedicated work stations available only at the Library of\nCongress, The New School in New York City, and the Hannah Arendt Center at the University of Oldenburg, Germany. This\nupdated digital presentation of the Hannah Arendt Papers at the Library of Congress is now available publicly online\nin its entirety.\nDescription of Series\nThe Hannah Arendt Papers are arranged in ten series. A finding aid (PDF and HTML) to the collection is available online with links to the\ndigital content on this site. A brief description of each series follows.\nFamily\nPapers, 1898-1975 (Boxes 1-8)\nCorrespondence, writings, and miscellaneous financial, business, and personal material. Subdivided under headings for\nHannah Arendt and her husband, Heinrich Blcher, and arranged alphabetically thereunder by type of material or topic.\nCorrespondence,\n1938-1976 (Boxes 8-43)\nThe largest portion of Arendt's papers consists of the Correspondence series subdivided under the headings of General\nCorrespondence, Organizations, Publishers, and Universities and Colleges. The material traces Arendt's intellectual,\nsocial, and professional life from the late 1940s to her death. Though not a prolific letter writer, Arendt\ncorresponded with men and women of letters throughout Europe and America, often for the purpose of giving a reference\nor arranging conference and lecture dates, but just as frequently to exchange thoughts and ideas. Her correspondents\ninclude obscure as well as renowned members of the literary and academic community, many of whom sent her manuscripts\nin tribute to her intellectual influence or to solicit her comments. Among the prominent individuals whose names\nappear in the general correspondence are poets W. H. Auden, Randall Jarrell, Robert Lowell, and Stephen Spender;\nhistorians Joachim C. Fest and Carl J. Friedrich; and writers Alfred Kazin, Dwight Macdonald, Mary McCarthy, and David\nRiesman. Readers should note that Arendt often typed replies on the reverse side of the original letters that she\nreceived.\nAmong correspondence pertaining to organizations, publishers, and universities and colleges are occasional personal\njottings from individuals who wrote in an official capacity but were Arendt's friends and acquaintances as well. Among\ntheir letters is correspondence with publishers and editors, especially Robert B. Silvers of the New York Review\nof Books, William Shawn of the New Yorker, and William Jovanovich of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, and\nwith Saul Bellow and other faculty members at the University of Chicago where Arendt was a professor and graduate\nstudent adviser on the Committee on Social Thought.\nAdditionally, the Arendt Papers include letters to and from Hanan J. Ayalti (pen name of Hanan Klenbort), Walter\nBenjamin, Rosalie Littell Colie, Robert and Elke Gilbert, J. Glenn Gray, Waldemar Gurian, Rolf Hochhuth, Hans Jonas,\nLotte Kohler, Judah Leon Magnes, Mary McCarthy, Ruth H. Rosenau, Gershom Gerhard Scholem, Paul Tillich, Eric Voegelin,\nErnst Vollrath, Anne Weil, Helen and Kurt Wolff, and many others.\nGeneral, 1938-1976 (Boxes 8-17)\nLetters with enclosures sent and received. Arranged alphabetically by name of correspondent and chronologically\nthereunder.\nOrganizations, 1943-1976 (Boxes 17-26)\nLetters with enclosures sent to and received from foundations, academic organizations, radio and television\nstations, and various interest groups. Arranged alphabetically by name of organization and chronologically\nthereunder.\nPublishers, 1944-1975 (Boxes 26-35)\nLetters with enclosures sent to and received from publishing firms and editors of periodicals. Arranged\nalphabetically by name of magazine, journal, or publisher and chronologically thereunder.\nUniversities and Colleges, 1947-1975 (Boxes 35-43)\nLetters with enclosures sent to and received from faculty members and administrators of colleges and universities.\nArranged alphabetically by name of institution and chronologically thereunder.\nAdolf\nEichmann File, 1938-1968 (Boxes 43-54)\nCorrespondence, reports, transcripts, notes, reviews, clippings, and related material concerning the trial of Adolf\nEichmann. Arranged alphabetically by type of material or topic and chronologically or alphabetically thereunder.\nThe Adolf Eichmann File deals with what was perhaps Arendt's best-known and most controversial work, Eichmann in\nJerusalem. Subtitled A Report on the Banality of Evil, Arendt's conclusions about the nature and\ncharacter of totalitarian rule in Nazi Germany, and her interpretation of the Jewish response to the Holocaust,\nprompted a strenuous and often emotional debate gathered in folders containing book reviews, articles, and letters to\nthe editors of the New York Times and the New Yorker. Also in the Eichmann files is material that\nArendt collected while covering the Nazi leaders trial in Jerusalem in 1961, including incomplete but extensive\ncopies of English and German transcripts of the trials proceedings, copies of the final ruling of the Israeli\nSupreme Court, and several files of notes and miscellaneous background information. Drafts and other related material\nfor Eichmann in Jerusalem are located in the Speeches and Writings series.\nSubject\nFile, 1949-1975 (Boxes 54-62)\nCourse material including lectures, correspondence, notes, clippings, book reviews, class lists, contracts and royalty\nstatements, book lists, and miscellaneous printed and near-print material. Arranged alphabetically by type of material\nor topic.\nThe Subject File chiefly treats Arendts role as teacher and lecturer as reflected in the courses she taught at\nthe New School for Social Research, University of California at Berkeley, and University of Chicago. Numerous lectures\nand seminar notes by Arendt include copies of Kant's Political Philosophy delivered at both the New\nSchool and the University of Chicago. Also included is material relating to Arendts students as well as\ncontracts and royalties for her publications.\nSpeeches\nand Writings File, 1923-1975 (Boxes 62-85)\nPrinted, near-print, typewritten, and handwritten manuscripts of books, essays, lectures, and other writings by\nArendt. Grouped by format and arranged alphabetically thereunder by title or topic.\nThe Speeches and Writings File spans the years 1923-1975. Arendts doctoral dissertation, Der Liebesbegriff\nbei Augustin, issued by Springer Verlag in 1929, is present in the original published version and in a\nmanuscript of an English translation, Love and Saint Augustine. Also in this series are various drafts of\nlectures and chapters incorporated into Arendts two-volume work The Life of the Mind, published\nposthumously in 1978. Other book-length manuscripts include the first and final drafts of Between Past and\nFuture; the first and final corrected copies of Eichmann in Jerusalem, with additional drafts of the\nGerman translation; and Men in Dark Times. There are also essays and lectures in the Speeches and Writings\nseries in addition to the lectures and seminar notes in the Subject File folders designated Courses\nResearch material arranged by topic is filed under Extracts and Notes in the Speeches and Writings\nseries.\nClippings,\n1942-1975 (Boxes 85-87)\nClippings of book reviews and miscellaneous news items concerning Arendt. Arranged alphabetically by name of\npublication or topic.\nAddition\nI, 1966-1977 (Boxes 88-94)\nManuscripts, notes, and printed and near-print material relating to books and lectures by Arendt. Arranged\nalphabetically by format and title.\nAddition I supplements the Speeches and Writings series with extensive material pertaining to the publication of\nThe Life of the Mind, including drafts annotated by the works editor, Mary McCarthy. A small group of\nlectures is also contained in this addition.\nAddition\nII, 1906-1975 (Boxes 94-95)\nLetters, family papers, writings, and honorary degrees. Arranged alphabetically by type of material.\nAddition II includes correspondence from Arendt to Heinrich Blcher and a notebook kept by Arendts mother\nrecording Arendts development as a child.\nAddition III,\n1945 (Box 95)\nCorrespondence and notes by Arendt. Arranged alphabetically by type of material.\nAddition IV, 1955-2006 (Box 95) (digital content not yet available)\nCorrespondence from Arendt to Ruth H. Rosenau, identification and membership cards, and a documentary film.\nArranged alphabetically by type of material.\nOversize, 1930-1972 (Box OV1)\nOversize material consisting of broadsides and certificates. Arranged and described according to the series,\ncontainers, and folders from which the items were removed.\nBrief Processing History\nThe papers of Hannah Arendt were initially organized and described in 1965 and 1967. A large group of the material\nreceived in 1977 was incorporated into the collection in 1980. Items received in 1982 were processed as Addition I.\nMaterial received between 1985 and 1997 was organized as Addition II in 1998, and material comprising Addition III was\nreceived and organized in 2000.\nIn December 1998, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation awarded the Library of Congress a grant to support a two-year\nproject to digitize the Hannah Arendt Papers manuscript collection. The staff of the Manuscript Division at the\nLibrary administered the project, with assistance from the National Digital Library Program (NDLP) and in cooperation\nwith the New School University in New York City.\nThe entire collection was reprocessed and the finding aid was revised in 2000. Lotte Kohlers Hannah\nArendt/Heinrich Blcher: Briefe 1936-1968 (Mnchen: Piper, 1996) was consulted during the arrangement of the\ncorrespondence between Arendt and Heinrich Blcher in the Family Papers series. An English version of Kohler's work\nentitled Within Four Walls: The Correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Heinrich Blcher, 1936-1968,\ntranslated by Peter Constantine (New York: Harcourt), was published in 2000.\nThe finding aid was further revised to incorporate links for materials in this digital presentation in 2021. The photographs have been transferred to the Librarys Prints and\nPhotographs Division where they are identified as visual materials of these papers. These are not included in the\nonline collection. (See also Related Resources).\nAbout this Collection\nRelated Resources\nRights and Access\nTeaching Resources\nAmor Mundi Weekly Newsletter (Bard College)\nExternal\nThe HA Journal Scholarly Journal (Bard College)\nExternal\nLesson Plan POV Lesson Plan on Banality of Evil\nExternal\nWebsite Books and Articles by Hannah Arendt (Bard College)\nExternal\nWebsite Arendt Marginalia (Bard College)\nExternal\nExpert Resources\nFinding Aid Hannah Arendt Papers\nWebsite Hannah Arendt Center (Bard College)\nExternal\nWebsite Hannah Arendt Center (New School for Social Research)\nExternal\nWebsite Hannah Arendt Centre (Carl von Ossietzky University)\nExternal\nArendt Index\nExternal\nManuscript Reading Room\nCollections with Manuscripts\nBack to top\nFollow Us\nTake our survey External\nAccessibility\nLegal\nInspector General\nExternal Link Disclaimer\nUSA.gov\nCareers\nContact\nMedia\nDonate\nShop", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/collections/hannah-arendt-papers/about-this-collection/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Hannah Arendt | Political Theory, Philosophy & Biography | Britannica\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nLogin\nSubscribe Now\nSubscribe\nHome\nGames & Quizzes\nHistory & Society\nScience & Tech\nBiographies\nAnimals & Nature\nGeography & Travel\nArts & Culture\nMoney\nVideos\nHannah Arendt\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction\nQuotes\nReferences & Edit History\nQuick Facts & Related Topics\nImages\nFor Students\nHannah Arendt summary\nQuizzes\nPhilosophy 101\nRead Next\nPhilosophers to Know, Part I\nPhilosophers to Know, Part II\nThe Social Contract and Philosophy\nLibertarianism\nDiscover\nEstimated Battle Casualties During the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944\nWhy Was Nazi Germany Called the Third Reich?\nWhats the Difference Between a Turtle and a Tortoise?\nPoker Hands Ranked\nFacts and Figures About the Landings on Omaha Beach During the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944\n9 of the Worlds Deadliest Snakes\nWhy Do Some Cicadas Appear Only Every 17 Years?\nContents\nHome\nPhilosophy & Religion\nPhilosophers\nHannah Arendt\nAmerican political scientist\nActions\nCite\nShare\nGive Feedback\nExternal Websites\nPrint\nCite\nShare\nFeedback\nExternal Websites\nWritten and fact-checked by\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nArticle History\nTable of Contents\nArendt, Hannah\nSee all media\nBorn:\nOctober 14, 1906, Hannover, Germany\n(Showmore)\nDied:\nDecember 4, 1975, New York, New York, U.S. (aged 69)\n(Showmore)\nNotable Works:\nBetween Past and Future\nCrises of the Republic\nEichmann in Jerusalem\nMen in Dark Times\nOn Revolution\nOn Violence\nOrigins of Totalitarianism\nThe Human Condition\n(Showmore)\nSubjects Of Study:\nAdolf Eichmann\nanti-Semitism\ntotalitarianism\ntrial\n(Showmore)\nSee all related content \nHannah Arendt (born October 14, 1906, Hannover, Germanydied December 4, 1975, New York, New York, U.S.) was a German-born American political scientist and philosopher known for her critical writing on Jewish affairs and her study of totalitarianism.Arendt grew up in Hannover, Germany, and in Knigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). Beginning in 1924 she studied philosophy at the University of Marburg, the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, and the University of Heidelberg; she received a doctoral degree in philosophy at Heidelberg in 1928. At Marburg she began a romantic relationship with her teacher, Martin Heidegger, that lasted until 1928. In 1933, when Heidegger joined the Nazi Party and began implementing Nazi educational policies as rector of Freiburg, Arendt, who was Jewish, was forced to flee to Paris. She married Heinrich Blcher, a philosophy professor, in 1940. She again became a fugitive from the Nazis in 1941, when she and her husband immigrated to the United States.\nBritannica Quiz\nPhilosophy 101\nArendt settled in New York City and became research director of the Conference on Jewish Relations (194446), chief editor of Schocken Books (194648), and executive director (194952) of Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, Inc., which sought to salvage Jewish writings dispersed by the Nazis. She was naturalized as an American citizen in 1951. She taught at the University of Chicago from 1963 to 1967 and thereafter at the New School for Social Research in New York City.Arendts reputation as a major political thinker was established by her Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), which also treated 19th-century anti-Semitism, imperialism, and racism. Arendt viewed the growth of totalitarianism as the outcome of the disintegration of the traditional nation-state. She argued that totalitarian regimes, through their pursuit of raw political power and their neglect of material or utilitarian considerations, had revolutionized the social structure and made contemporary politics nearly impossible to predict.The Human Condition, published in 1958, was a wide-ranging and systematic treatment of what Arendt called the vita activa (Latin: active life). She defended the classical ideals of work, citizenship, and political action against what she considered a debased obsession with mere welfare. Like most of her work, it owed a great deal to the philosophical style of Heidegger.In a highly controversial work, Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963), based on her reportage of the trial of the Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in 1961, Arendt argued that Eichmanns crimes resulted not from a wicked or depraved character but from sheer thoughtlessness: he was simply an ambitious bureaucrat who failed to reflect on the enormity of what he was doing. His role in the mass extermination of Jews epitomized the fearsome, word-and-thought-defying banality of evil that had spread across Europe at the time. Arendts refusal to recognize Eichmann as inwardly evil prompted fierce denunciations from both Jewish and non-Jewish intellectuals. The controversy was revived some four decades after Arendts death with the publication of Bettina Stangneths Eichmann vor Jersualem: das unbehelligte Leben eines Massenmrders (2011; Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer, 2014), which was based in part on sources not available to Arendt. It challenged the banality of evil characterization, arguing that Eichmann had long been a confirmed anti-Semite.\nSpecial 67% offer for students! Finish the semester strong with Britannica.\nLearn More\nArendt resumed contact with Heidegger in 1950, and in subsequent essays and lectures she defended him by claiming that his Nazi involvement had been the mistake of a great philosopher. In the late 20th century, following the publication of a volume of letters between Arendt and Heidegger written between 1925 and 1975, some scholars suggested that Arendts personal and intellectual attachment to her former teacher had led her to adopt a lenient assessment of him that was inconsistent with her condemnation of the collaboration of others and with her insistence in various writings that any act of compromise with evil is wholly immoral.\nArendts other works include Between Past and Future (1961), On Revolution (1963), Men in Dark Times (1968), On Violence (1970), and Crises of the Republic (1972). Her unfinished manuscript The Life of the Mind was edited by her friend and correspondent Mary McCarthy and published in 1978. Responsibility and Judgment, published in 2003, collects essays and lectures on moral topics from the years following the publication of Eichmann in Jerusalem. 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Hannah-Arendt\nExternal Websites\nThe University of Chicago - Woman is a Rational Animal - Biography of Hannah Arendt\nColumbia College - The Core Curriculum - Biography of Hannah Arendt\nContemporary Thinkers - Hannah Arendt\nJewish Women's Archive - Biography of Hannah Arendt\nJewish Virtual Library - Biography of Hannah Arendt\nLibrary of Congress - World of Hannah Arendt\nInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Biography of Hannah Arendt\nThe National Endowment for the Humanities - The Trial of Hannah Arendt\nHannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities - About Hannah Arendt\nStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Biography of Hannah Arendt\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nHannah Arendt - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hannah-Arendt" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Arendt, Hannah | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy\nInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy\nSearch\nPrimary Menu\nSkip to content\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ\nHannah Arendt (19061975)\nHannah Arendt is a twentieth century political philosopher whose writings do not easily come together into a systematic philosophy that expounds and expands upon a single argument over a sequence of works. Instead, her thoughts span totalitarianism, revolution, the nature of freedom and the faculties of thought and judgment.\nThe question with which Arendt engages most frequently is the nature of politics and the political life, as distinct from other domains of human activity. Arendts work, if it can be said to do any one thing, essentially undertakes a reconstruction of the nature of political existence. This pursuit takes shape as one that is decidedly phenomenological, a pointer to the profound influence exerted on her by Heidegger and Jaspers. Beginning with a phenomenological prioritization of the experiential character of human life and discarding traditional political philosophys conceptual schema, Arendt in effect aims to make available the objective structures and characteristics of political being-in-the-world as a distinct mode of human experience.This investigation spans the rest of Arendts life and works. During its course, recurrent themes emerge that help to organize her thoughtthemes such as the possibility and conditions of a humane and democratic public life, the forces that threaten such a life, conflict between private and public interests, and intensified cycles of production and consumption. As these issues reappear, Arendt elaborates on them and refines them, rarely relaxing the enquiry into the nature of political existence. The most famous facet of this enquiry, often considered also to be the most original, is Arendts outline of the faculty of human judgment. Through this, she develops a basis upon which publicly-minded political judgment can survive, in spite of the calamitous events of the 20th century which she sees as having destroyed the traditional framework for such judgment.\nThe article proceeds by charting a roughly chronological map of her major works. It endeavours to illuminate the continuities and connections within these works in an attempt to synchronize them as a coherent but fully-functioning body of thought.\nTable of Contents\nChronology of Life and Works\nArendts Thought: Context and Influences\nOn Totalitarianism\nThe Human Condition\nTheVita Activa: Labor, Work and Action\nLabor: Humanity as Animal Laborans\nWork: Humanity as Homo Faber\nAction: Humanity asZoon Politikon\nOn Revolution\nEichmann and the Banality of Evil\nThinking and Judging\nInfluence\nCriticisms and Controversies\nReferences and Further Reading\nMajor Works by Arendt\nRecommended Further Reading\n1. Chronology of Life and Works\nThe political philosopher, Hannah Arendt (1906-1975), was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1906, the only child of secular Jews. During childhood, Arendt moved first to Knigsberg (East Prussia) and later to Berlin. In 1922-23, Arendt began her studies (in classics and Christian theology) at the University of Berlin, and in 1924 entered Marburg University, where she studied philosophy with Martin Heidegger. In 1925 she began a romantic relationship with Heidegger, but broke this off the following year. She moved to Heidelberg to study with Karl Jaspers, the existentialist philosopher and friend of Heidegger. Under Jaspers supervision, she wrote her dissertation on the concept of love in St. Augustines thought. She remained close to Jaspers throughout her life, although the influence of Heideggers phenomenology was to prove the greater in its lasting influence upon Arendts work.\nIn 1929, she met Gunther Stern, a young Jewish philosopher, with whom she became romantically involved, and subsequently married (1930). In 1929, her dissertation (Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin) was published. In the subsequent years, she continued her involvement in Jewish and Zionist politics, which began from 1926 onwards. In 1933, fearing Nazi persecution, she fled to Paris, where she subsequently met and became friends with both Walter Benjamin and Raymond Aron. In 1936, she met Heinrich Blcher, a German political refugee, divorced Stern in 39, and the following year she and Blcher married in 1940.\nAfter the outbreak of war, and following detention in a camp as an enemy alien, Arendt and Blcher fled to the USA in 1941. Living in New York, Arendt wrote for the German language newspaperAufbau and directed research for the Commission on European Jewish Cultural Reconstruction. In 1944, she began work on what would become her first major political book,The Origins of Totalitarianism. In 1946, she published What is Existenz Philosophy, and from 1946 to 1951 she worked as an editor at Schoken Books in New York. In 1951,The Origins of Totalitarianism was published, after which she began the first in a sequence of visiting fellowships and professorial positions at American universities and she attained American citizenship.\nIn 1958, she publishedThe Human Condition andRahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess. In 1959, she published Reflections on Little Rock, her controversial consideration of the emergent Black civil rights movement. In 1961, she publishedBetween Past and Future, and traveled to Jerusalem to cover the trial of Nazi Adolf Eichmann for theNew Yorker.\nIn 1963 she published her controversial reflections on the Eichmann trial, first in theNew Yorker, and then in book form asEichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. In this year, she also publishedOn Revolution. In 1967, having held positions at Berkeley and Chicago, she took up a position at the New School for Social Research in New York. In 1968, she publishedMen in Dark Times.\nIn 1970, Blcher died. That same year, Arendt gave her seminar on Kants philosophy of judgement at the New School (published posthumously asReflections on Kants Political Philosophy, 1982). In 1971 she published Thinking and Moral Considerations, and the following yearCrisis of the Republicappeared. In the next years, she worked on her projected three-volume work,The Life of the Mind. Volumes 1 and 2 (on Thinking and Willing) were published posthumously. She died on December 4, 1975, having only just started work on the third and final volume,Judging.\n2. Arendts Thought: Context and Influences\nHannah Arendt is a most challenging figure for anyone wishing to understand the body of her work in political philosophy. She never wrote anything that would represent a systematic political philosophy, a philosophy in which a single central argument is expounded and expanded upon in a sequence of works. Rather, her writings cover many and diverse topics, spanning issues such as totalitarianism, revolution, the nature of freedom, the faculties of thinking and judging, the history of political thought, and so on. A thinker of heterodox and complicated argumentation, Arendts writings draw inspiration from Heidegger, Aristotle, Augustine, Kant, Nietzsche, Jaspers, and others. This complicated synthesis of theoretical elements is evinced in the apparent availability of her thought to a wide and divergent array of positions in political theory: for example, participatory democrats such as Benjamin Barber and Sheldon Wolin, communitarians such as Sandel and MacIntyre, intersubjectivist neo-Kantians such as Habermas, Albrecht Wellmer, Richard Bernstein and Seyla Benhabib, etc. However, it may still be possible to present her thought not as a collection of discrete interventions, but as a coherent body of work that takes a single question and a single methodological approach, which then informs a wide array of inquiries. The question, with which Arendts thought engages, perhaps above all others, is that ofthe nature of politics and political life, as distinct from other domains of human activity. Her attempts to explicate an answer to this question and,inter alia, to examine the historical and social forces that have come to threaten the existence of an autonomous political realm, have a distinctlyphenomenological character. Arendts work, if it can be said to do anything, can be said toundertake a phenomenological reconstruction of the nature of political existence, with all that this entails in way of thinking and acting.\nThe phenomenological nature of Arendts examination (and indeed defense) of political life can be traced through the profound influence exerted over her by both Heidegger and Jaspers. Heidegger in particular can be seen to have profoundly impacted upon Arendts thought in for example: in their shared suspicion of the metaphysical traditions move toward abstract contemplation and away from immediate and worldly understanding and engagement, in their critique of modern calculative and instrumental attempts to order and dominate the world, in their emphasis upon the ineliminable plurality and difference that characterize beings as worldly appearances, and so on. This is not, however, to gloss over the profound differences that Arendt had with Heidegger, with not only his political affiliation with the Nazis, or his moves later to philosophical-poetic contemplation and his corresponding abdication from political engagement. Nevertheless, it can justifiably be claimed that Arendts inquiries follow a crucial impetus from Heideggers project inBeing & Time.\nArendts distinctive approach as a political thinker can be understood from the impetus drawn from Heideggers phenomenology of Being. She proceeds neither by an analysis of general political concepts (such as authority, power, state, sovereignty, etc.) traditionally associated with political philosophy, nor by an aggregative accumulation of empirical data associated with political science. Rather, beginning from a phenomenological prioritization of the factical and experiential character of human life, she adopts a phenomenological method, thereby endeavoring to uncover the fundamental structures of politicalexperience. Eschewing the free-floating constructions and conceptual schema imposeda posterioriupon experience by political philosophy, Arendt instead follows phenomenologys return to the things themselves (zu den Sachen selbst), aiming by such investigation to make available the objective structures and characteristics of political being-in-the-world, as distinct from other (moral, practical, artistic, productive, etc.) forms of life.\nHence Arendts explication of the constitutive features of thevita activa inThe Human Condition(labor, work, action) can be viewed as the phenomenological uncovering of the structures of human actionqua existence and experience rather then abstract conceptual constructions or empirical generalizations about what people typically do. That is, they approximate with respect to the specificity of the political field the existentials, the articulations ofDaseins Being set out be Heidegger inBeing and Time.\nThis phenomenological approach to the political partakes of a more general revaluation or reversal of the priority traditionally ascribed to philosophical conceptualizations over and above lived experience. That is, the world of common experience and interpretation (Lebenswelt) is taken to be primary and theoretical knowledge is dependent on that common experience in the form of a thematization or extrapolation from what is primordially and pre-reflectively present in everyday experience. It follows, for Arendt, that political philosophy has a fundamentally ambiguous role in its relation to political experience, insofar as its conceptual formulations do not simply articulate the structures of pre-reflective experience but can equally obscure them, becoming self-subsistent preconceptions which stand between philosophical inquiry and the experiences in question, distorting the phenomenal core of experience by imposing upon it the lens of its own prejudices. Therefore, Arendt sees the conceptual core of traditional political philosophy as an impediment, because as it inserts presuppositions between the inquirer and the political phenomena in question. Rather than following Husserls methodological prescription of a bracketing (epoch) of the prevalent philosophical posture, Arendts follows Heideggers historicalAbbau orDestruktion to clear away the distorting encrustations of the philosophical tradition, thereby aiming to uncover the originary character of political experience which has for the most part been occluded.\nThere is no simple way of presenting Arendts diverse inquiries into the nature and fate of the political, conceived as a distinctive mode of human experience and existence. Hercorpus of writings present a range of arguments, and develop a range of conceptual distinctions, that overlap from text to text, forming a web of inter-related excurses. Therefore, perhaps the only way to proceed is to present a summation of her major works, in roughly chronological order, while nevertheless attempting to highlight the continuities that draw them together into a coherent whole.\n3. On Totalitarianism\nArendts first major work, published in 1951, is clearly a response to the devastating events of her own time the rise of Nazi Germany and the catastrophic fate of European Jewry at its hands, the rise of Soviet Stalinism and its annihilation of millions of peasants (not to mention free-thinking intellectual, writers, artists, scientists and political activists). Arendt insisted that these manifestations of political evil could not be understood as mere extensions in scale or scope of already existing precedents, but rather that they represented a completely novel form of government, one built upon terror and ideological fiction. Where older tyrannies had used terror as an instrument for attaining or sustaining power, modern totalitarian regimes exhibited little strategic rationality in their use of terror. Rather, terror was no longer a means to a political end, but an end in itself. Its necessity was now justified by recourse to supposed laws of history (such as the inevitable triumph of the classless society) or nature (such as the inevitability of a war between chosen and other degenerate races).\nFor Arendt, the popular appeal of totalitarian ideologies with their capacity to mobilize populations to do their bidding, rested upon the devastation of ordered and stable contexts in which people once lived. The impact of the First World War, and the Great Depression, and the spread of revolutionary unrest, left people open to the promulgation of a single, clear and unambiguous idea that would allocate responsibility for woes, and indicate a clear path that would secure the future against insecurity and danger. Totalitarian ideologies offered just such answers, purporting discovered a key to history with which events of the past and present could be explained, and the future secured by doing historys or natures bidding. Accordingly the amenability of European populations to totalitarian ideas was the consequence of a series of pathologies that had eroded the public or political realm as a space of liberty and freedom. These pathologies included the expansionism of imperialist capital with its administrative management of colonial suppression, and the usurpation of the state by the bourgeoisie as an instrument by which to further its own sectional interests. This in turn led to the delegitimation of political institutions, and the atrophy of the principles of citizenship and deliberative consensus that had been the heart of the democratic political enterprise. The rise of totalitarianism was thus to be understood in light of the accumulation of pathologies that had undermined the conditions of possibility for a viable public life that could unite citizens, while simultaneously preserving their liberty and uniqueness (a condition that Arendt referred to as plurality).\nIn this early work, it is possible to discern a number of the recurrent themes that would organize Arendts political writings throughout her life. For example, the inquiry into the conditions of possibility for a humane and democratic public life, the historical, social and economic forces that had come to threaten it, the conflictual relationship between private interests and the public good, the impact of intensified cycles of production and consumption that destabilized the common world context of human life, and so on. These themes would not only surface again and again in Arendts subsequent work, but would be conceptually elaborated through the development of key distinctions in order to delineate the nature of political existence and the faculties exercised in its production and preservation.\n4. The Human Condition\nThe work of establishing the conditions of possibility for political experience, as opposed to other spheres of human activity, was undertaken by Arendt in her next major work,The Human Condition (1958). In this work she undertakes a thorough historical-philosophical inquiry that returned to the origins of both democracy and political philosophy in the Ancient Greek world, and brought these originary understandings of political life to bear on what Arendt saw as its atrophy and eclipse in the modern era. Her goal was to propose a phenomenological reconstruction of different aspects of human activity, so as to better discern the type of action and engagement that corresponded to present political existence. In doing so, she offers a stringent critique of traditional of political philosophy, and the dangers it presents to the political sphere as an autonomous domain of human practice.\nThe Human Condition is fundamentally concerned with the problem of reasserting the politics as a valuable ream of human action,praxis, and the world of appearances. Arendt argues that the Western philosophical tradition has devalued the world of human action which attends to appearances (thevita activa), subordinating it to the life of contemplation which concerns itself with essences and the eternal (thevita contemplativa). The prime culprit is Plato, whose metaphysics subordinates action and appearances to the eternal realm of the Ideas. The allegory of The Cave inThe Republic begins the tradition of political philosophy; here Plato describes the world of human affairs in terms of shadows and darkness, and instructs those who aspire to truth to turn away from it in favor of the clear sky of eternal ideas. This metaphysical hierarchy,theria is placed abovepraxis andepistm over meredoxa. The realm of action and appearance (including the political) is subordinated to and becomes instrumental for the ends of the Ideas as revealed to the philosopher who lives thebios theretikos. InThe Human Condition and subsequent works, the task Arendt set herself is to save action and appearance, and with it the common life of the political and the values of opinion, from the depredations of the philosophers. By systematically elaborating what thisvita activa might be said to entail, she hopes to reinstate the life of public and political action to apex of human goods and goals.\na. TheVita Activa: Labor, Work and Action\nInThe Human Condition Arendt argues for a tripartite division between the human activities of labor, work, and action. Moreover, she arranges these activities in an ascending hierarchy of importance, and identifies the overturning of this hierarchy as central to the eclipse of political freedom and responsibility which, for her, has come to characterize the modern age.\ni. Labor: Humanity asAnimal Laborans\nLabor is that activity which corresponds to the biological processes and necessities of human existence, the practices which are necessary for the maintenance of life itself. Labor is distinguished by its never-ending character; it creates nothing of permanence, its efforts are quickly consumed, and must therefore be perpetually renewed so as to sustain life. In this aspect of its existence humanity is closest to the animals and so, in a significant sense, the least human (What men [sic] share with all other forms of animal life was not considered to be human). Indeed, Arendt refers to humanity in this mode asanimal laborans. Because the activity of labor is commanded by necessity, the human being as laborer is the equivalent of the slave; labor is characterized by unfreedom. Arendt argues that it is precisely the recognition of labor as contrary to freedom, and thus to what is distinctively human, which underlay the institution of slavery amongst the ancient Greeks; it was the attempt to exclude labor from the conditions of human life. In view of this characterization of labor, it is unsurprising that Arendt is highly critical of Marxs elevation ofanimal laborans to a position of primacy in his vision of the highest ends of human existence. Drawing on the Aristotelian distinction of theoikos (the private realm of the household) from thepolis (the public realm of the political community), Arendt argues that matters of labor, economy and the like properly belong to the former, not the latter. The emergence of necessary labor , the private concerns of theoikos, into the public sphere (what Arendt calls the rise of the social) has for her the effect of destroying the properly political by subordinating the public realm of human freedom to the concerns mere animal necessity. The prioritization of the economic which has attended the rise of capitalism has for Arendt all but eclipsed the possibilities of meaningful political agency and the pursuit of higher ends which should be the proper concern of public life.\nii. Work: Humanity asHomo Faber\nIf labor relates to the natural and biologically necessitated dimension of human existence, then work is the activity which corresponds to the unnaturalness of human existence, which is not embedded in, and whose mortality is not compensated by, the species ever-recurring life-cycle. Work (as bothtechn andpoiesis) corresponds to the fabrication of anartificial world of things, artifactual constructions which endure temporally beyond the act of creation itself. Work thus creates a world distinct from anything given in nature, a world distinguished by its durability, its semi-permanence and relative independence from the individual actors and acts which call it into being. Humanity in this mode of its activity Arendt nameshomo faber; he/she is the builder of walls (both physical and cultural) which divide the human realm from that of nature and provide a stable context (a common world) of spaces and institutions within which human life can unfold.Homo fabers typical representatives are the builder, the architect, the craftsperson, the artist and the legislator, as they create the public world both physically and institutionally by constructing buildings and making laws.\nIt should be clear that work stands in clear distinction from labor in a number of ways. Firstly, whereas labor is bound to the demands of animality, biology and nature, work violates the realm of nature by shaping and transforming it according to the plans and needs of humans; this makes work a distinctly human (i.e. non-animal) activity. Secondly, because work is governed by human ends and intentions it is under humans sovereignty and control, it exhibits a certain quality of freedom, unlike labor which is subject to nature and necessity. Thirdly, whereas labor is concerned with satisfying the individuals life-needs and so remains essentially a private affair, work is inherentlypublic; it creates an objective and common world which both stands between humans and unites them. While workis not the mode of human activity which corresponds to politics, its fabrications are nonetheless the preconditions for the existence of a political community. The common world of institutions and spaces that work creates furnish the arena in which citizens may come together as members of that shared world to engage in political activity. In Arendts critique of modernity the world created byhomo faber is threatened with extinction by the aforementioned rise of the social. The activity of labor and the consumption of its fruits, which have come to dominate the public sphere, cannot furnish a common world within which humans might pursue their higher ends. Labor and its effects are inherently impermanent and perishable, exhausted as they are consumed, and so do not possess the qualities of quasi-permanence which are necessary for a shared environment and common heritage which endures between people and across time. In industrial modernity all the values characteristic of the world of fabrication permanence, stability, durabilityare sacrificed in favor of the values of life, productivity and abundance. The rise ofanimal laborans threatens the extinction ofhomo faber, and with it comes the passing of those worldly conditions which make a communitys collective and public life possible (what Arendt refers to as world alienation).\niii. Action: Humanity asZoon Politikon\nSo, we have the activity of labor which meets the needs that are essential for the maintenance of humanities physical existence, but by virtue of its necessary quality occupies the lowest rung on the hierarchy of thevita activa. Then we have work, which is a distinctly human (i.e. non-animal) activity which fabricates the enduring, public and common world of our collective existence. However, Arendt is at great pains to establish that the activity ofhomo faber does not equate with the realm of human freedom and so cannot occupy the privileged apex of the human condition. For work is still subject to a certain kind of necessity, that which arises from its essentiallyinstrumental character. Astechn andpoiesis the act is dictated by and subordinated to ends and goals outside itself; work is essentially ameans to achieve the thing which is to be fabricated (be it a work of art, a building or a structure of legal relations) and so stands in a relation of mere purposiveness to that end. (Again it is Plato who stands accused of the instrumentalization of action, of its conflation with fabrication and subordination to an external teleology as prescribed by his metaphysical system). For Arendt, the activity of work cannot be fully free insofar as it is not an end in itself, but is determined by prior causes and articulated ends. The quality of freedom in the world of appearances (which for Arendt is thesine qua non of politics) is to be found elsewhere in thevita activa, namely with the activity of action proper.\nThe fundamental defining quality of action is its ineliminable freedom, its status as an end in itself and so as subordinate to nothing outside itself. Arendt argues that it is a mistake to take freedom to be primarily an inner, contemplative or private phenomenon, for it is in fact active, worldly and public. Our sense of an inner freedom is derivative upon first having experienced a condition of being free as a tangible worldly reality. We first become aware of freedom or its opposite in our intercourse with others, not in the intercourse with ourselves. In defining action as freedom, and freedom as action, we can see the decisive influence of Augustine upon Arendts thought. From Augustines political philosophy she takes the theme of human action asbeginning:\nTo act, in its most general sense, means to take initiative, to begin (as the Greek wordarchein, to begin, to lead, and eventually to rule indicates), to set something in motion. Because they areinitium, newcomers and beginners by virtue of birth, men take initiative, are prompted into action.\nAnd further, that freedom is to be seen:\nas a character of human existence in the world. Man does not so much possess freedom as he, or better his coming into the world, is equated with the appearance of freedom in the universe; man is free because he is a beginning\nIn short, humanity represents/articulates/embodies the faculty of beginning. It follows from this equation of freedom, action and beginning that freedom is an accessory of doing and acting; Menare freeas long as they act, neither before nor after; for tobe free and to act are the same. This capacity for initiation gives actions the character of singularity and uniqueness, as it is in the nature of beginning that something new is started which cannot be expected from whatever happened before. So, intrinsic to the human capacity for action is the introduction of genuine novelty, the unexpected, unanticipated and unpredictable into the world:\nThe new always happens against the overwhelming odds of statistical laws and their probability, which for all practical, everyday purposes amounts to certainty; the new therefore always appears in the guise of a miracle.\nThis miraculous, initiatory quality distinguishes genuine action from mere behavior i.e. from conduct which has an habituated, regulated, automated character; behavior falls under the determinations ofprocess, is thoroughly conditioned by causal antecedents, and so is essentially unfree. The definition of human action in terms of freedom and novelty places it outside the realm of necessity or predictability. Herein lies the basis of Arendts quarrel with Hegel and Marx, for to define politics or the unfolding of history in terms of any teleology or immanent or objective process is to deny what is central to authentic human action, namely, its capacity to initiate the wholly new, unanticipated, unexpected, unconditioned by the laws of cause and effect.\nIt has been argued that Arendt is a political existentialist who, in seeking the greatest possible autonomy for action, falls into the danger of aestheticising action and advocating decisionism. Yet political existentialism lays great stress onindividual will and ondecision as an act of existential choice unconstrained by principles or norms. In contradistinction, Arendts theory holds that actions cannot be justified for their own sake, but only in light of their public recognition and the shared rules of a political community. For Arendt, action is apublic category, a worldly practice that is experienced in our intercourse with others, and so is a practice that both presupposes and can be actualized only in a human polity. As Arendt puts it:\nAction, the only activity that goes on directly between mencorresponds to the human condition of plurality, to the fact that men, not Man, live on the earth and inhabit the world. While all aspects of the human condition are somehow related to politics, this plurality is specificallythe condition not only theconditio sine qua non, but theconditio per quam of all political life .\nAnother way of understanding the importance of publicity and plurality for action is to appreciate that action would be meaningless unless there were others present to see it and so give meaning to it. The meaning of the action and the identity of the actor can only be established in the context of human plurality, the presence others sufficiently like ourselves both to understand us and recognize the uniqueness of ourselves and our acts. This communicative and disclosive quality of action is clear in the way that Arendt connects action most centrally tospeech. It is through action as speech that individuals come to disclose their distinctive identity: Action is the public disclosure of the agent in the speech deed. Action of this character requires a public space in which it can be realized, a context in which individuals can encounter one another as members of a community. For this space, as for much else, Arendt turns to the ancients, holding up the Athenianpolis as the model for such a space of communicative and disclosive speech deeds. Such action is for Arendt synonymous with the political; politics is the ongoing activity of citizens coming together so as to exercise their capacity for agency, to conduct their lives together by means of free speech and persuasion. Politics and the exercise of freedom-as-action are one and the same:\nfreedomis actually the reason that men live together in political organisations at all. Without it, political life as such would be meaningless. Theraison dtre of politics is freedom, and its field of experience is action.\n5. On Revolution\nFrom the historical-philosophical treatment of the political inThe Human Condition, it might appear that for Arendt an authentic politics (as freedom of action, public deliberation and disclosure) has been decisively lost in the modern era. Yet in her next major work,On Revolution (1961) she takes her rethinking of political concepts and applies them to the modern era, with ambivalent results.\nArendt takes issue with both liberal and Marxist interpretations of modern political revolutions (such as the French and American). Against liberals, the disputes the claim that these revolutions were primarily concerned with the establishment of a limited government that would make space for individual liberty beyond the reach of the state. Against Marxist interpretations of the French Revolution, she disputes the claim that it was driven by the social question, a popular attempt to overcome poverty and exclusion by the many against the few who monopolized wealth in theancien regime. Rather, Arendt claims, what distinguishes these modern revolutions is that they exhibit (albeit fleetingly) the exercise of fundamental political capacities that of individuals acting together, on the basis of their mutually agreed common purposes, in order to establish a tangible public space of freedom. It is in this instauration, the attempt to establish a public and institutional space of civic freedom and participation, that marks out these revolutionary moments as exemplars of politicsqua action.\nYet Arendt sees both the French and American revolutions as ultimately failing to establish a perduring political space in which the on-going activities of shared deliberation, decision and coordinated action could be exercised. In the case of the French Revolution, the subordination of political freedom to matters of managing welfare (the social question) reduces political institutions to administering the distribution of goods and resources (matters that belong properly in theoikos, dealing as they do with the production and reproduction of human existence). Meanwhile, the American Revolution evaded this fate, and by means of the Constitution managed to found a political society on the basis of comment assent. Yet she saw it only as a partial and limited success. America failed to create an institutional space in which citizens could participate in government, in which they could exercise in common those capacities of free expression, persuasion and judgement that defined political existence. The average citizen, while protected from arbitrary exercise of authority by constitutional checks and balances, was no longer a participant in judgement and authority, and so became denied the possibility of exercising his/her political capacities.\n6. Eichmann and the Banality of Evil\nPublished in the same year asOn Revolution, Arendts book about the Eichmann trial presents both a continuity with her previous works, but also a change in emphasis that would continue to the end of her life. This work marks a shift in her concerns from the nature of politicalaction, to a concern with the faculties that underpin it the interrelated activities ofthinking andjudging.\nShe controversially uses the phrase the banality of evil to characterize Eichmanns actions as a member of the Nazi regime, in particular his role as chief architect and executioner of Hitlers genocidal final solution (Endlosung) for the Jewish problem. Her characterization of these actions, so obscene in their nature and consequences, as banal is not meant to position them as workaday. Rather it is meant to contest the prevalent depictions of the Nazis inexplicable atrocities as having emanated from a malevolent will to do evil, a delight in murder. As far as Arendt could discern, Eichmann came to his willing involvement with the program of genocide through a failure or absence of the faculties of sound thinking and judgement. From Eichmanns trial in Jerusalem (where he had been brought after Israeli agents found him in hiding in Argentina), Arendt concluded that far from exhibiting a malevolent hatred of Jews which could have accounted psychologically for his participation in the Holocaust, Eichmann was an utterly innocuous individual. He operated unthinkingly, following orders, efficiently carrying them out, with no consideration of their effects upon those he targeted. The human dimension of these activities were not entertained, so the extermination of the Jews became indistinguishable from any other bureaucratically assigned and discharged responsibility for Eichmann and his cohorts.\nArendt concluded that Eichmann was constitutively incapable of exercising the kind of judgement that would have made his victims suffering real or apparent for him. It was not thepresence of hatred that enabled Eichmann to perpetrate the genocide, but theabsence of the imaginative capacities that would have made the human and moral dimensions of his activities tangible for him. Eichmann failed to exercise his capacity ofthinking, of having an internal dialogue with himself, which would have permitted self-awareness of the evil nature of his deeds. This amounted to a failure to use self-reflection as a basis forjudgement, the faculty that would have required Eichmann to exercise his imagination so as to contemplate the nature of his deeds from the experiential standpoint of his victims. This connection between the complicity with political evil and the failure of thinking and judgement inspired the last phase of Arendts work, which sought to explicate the nature of these faculties and their constitutive role for politically and morally responsible choices.\n7. Thinking and Judging\nArendts concern with thinking and judgement as political faculties stretches back to her earliest works, and were addressed subsequently in a number of essays written during the 1950s and 1960s. However, in the last phase of her work, she turned to examine these faculties in a concerted and systematic way. Unfortunately, her work was incomplete at the time of her death only the first two volumes of the projected 3-volume work,Life of the Mind, had been completed. However, the posthumously publishedLectures on Kants Political Philosophy delineate what might reasonably be supposed as her mature reflections on political judgement.\nIn the first volume ofLife of the Mind, dealing with the faculty of thinking, Arendt is at pains to distinguish it from knowing. She draws upon Kants distinction between knowing or understanding (Verstand) and thinking or reasoning (Vernunft). Understanding yields positive knowledge it is the quest for knowable truths. Reason or thinking, on the other hand, drives us beyond knowledge, persistently posing questions that cannot be answered from the standpoint of knowledge, but which we nonetheless cannot refrain from asking. For Arendt, thinking amounts to a quest to understand themeaning of our world, the ceaseless and restless activity of questioning that which we encounter. The value of thinking is not that it yields positive results that can be considered settled, but that it constantly returns to question again and again the meaning that we give to experiences, actions and circumstances. This, for Arendt, is intrinsic to the exercise of political responsibility the engagement of this faculty that seeks meaning through a relentless questioning (including self-questioning). It was precisely the failure of this capacity that characterized the banality of Eichmanns propensity to participate in political evil.\nThe cognate faculty ofjudgement has attracted most attention is her writing on, deeply inter-connected with thinking, yet standing distinct from it. Her theory of judgement is widely considered as one of the most original parts of heroeuvre, and certainly one of the most influential in recent years.\nArendts concern with political judgement, and its crisis in the modern era, is a recurrent theme in her work. As noted earlier, Arendt bemoans the world alienation that characterizes the modern era, the destruction of a stable institutional and experiential world that could provide a stable context in which humans could organize their collective existence. Moreover, it will be recalled that in human action Arendt recognizes (for good or ill) the capacity to bring the new, unexpected, and unanticipated into the world. This quality of action means that it constantly threatens to defy or exceed our existing categories of understanding or judgement; precedents and rules cannot help us judge properly what is unprecedented and new. So for Arendt, our categories and standards of thought are always beset by their potential inadequacy with respect to that which they are called upon to judge. However, thisaporia of judgement reaches a crisis point in the 20th century under the repeated impact of its monstrous and unprecedented events. The mass destruction of two World Wars, the development of technologies which threaten global annihilation, the rise of totalitarianism, and the murder of millions in the Nazi death camps and Stalins purges have effectively exploded our existing standards for moral and political judgement. Tradition lies in shattered fragments around us and the very framework within which understanding and judging could arise is gone. The shared bases of understanding, handed down to us in our tradition, seem irretrievably lost. Arendt confronts the question: on what basis can one judge the unprecedented, the incredible, the monstrous which defies our established understandings and experiences? If we are to judge at all, it must now be without preconceived categories andwithout the set of customary rules which is morality; it must be thinking without a banister. In order to secure the possibility of such judgement Arendt must establish that there in fact exists an independent human faculty, unsupported by law and public opinion, that judges anew in full spontaneity every deed and intent whenever the occasion arises. This for Arendt comes to represent one of the central moral questions of all time, namelythe nature and function of human judgement. It is with this goal and this question in mind that the work of Arendts final years converges on the unwritten political philosophy of KantsCritique of Judgement.\nArendt eschews determinate judgement, judgement that subsumes particulars under a universal or rule that already exists. Instead, she turns to Kants account of reflective judgement, the judgement of a particular for which no rule or precedent exists, but for which some judgementmust nevertheless be arrived at. What Arendt finds so valuable in Kants account is that reflective judgement proceeds from the particular with which it is confronted, yet nevertheless has a universalizing moment it proceeds from the operation of a capacity that is shared by all beings possessed of the faculties of reason and understanding. Kant requires us to judge from this common standpoint, on the basis of what we share with all others, by setting aside our own egocentric and private concerns or interests. The faculty of reflective judgement requires us to set aside considerations which are purely private (matters of personal liking and private interest) and instead judge from the perspective of what we share in common with others (i.e. must bedisinterested). Arendt places great weight upon this notion of a faculty of judgement that thinks from the standpoint of everyone else. This broadened way of thinking or enlarged mentality enables us to compare our judgement not so much with the actual as rather with the merely possible judgement of others, and [thus] put ourselves in the position of everybody else For Arendt, this representative thinking is made possible by the exercise of theimagination as Arendt beautifully puts it, To think with an enlarged mentality means that one trains ones imagination to go visiting. Going visiting in this way enables us to make individual, particular acts of judgement which can nevertheless claim a public validity. In this faculty, Arendt find a basis upon which a disinterested and publicly-minded form of political judgement could subvene, yet be capable of tackling the unprecedented circumstances and choices that the modern era confronts us with.\n8. Influence\nWe can briefly consider the influence that Arendts work has exerted over other political thinkers. This is not easy to summarize, as many and varied scholars have sought inspiration from some part or other of Arendts work. However, we may note the importance that her studies have had for the theory and analysis oftotalitarianism and the nature and origins of political violence. Similarly, her reflections on the distinctiveness of modern democratic revolutions have been important in the development of republican thought, and for the recent revival of interest in civic mobilizations and social movements (particularly in the wake of 1989s velvet revolutions in the former communist states of Eastern and Central Europe).\nMore specifically, Arendt has decisively influenced critical and emancipatory attempts to theorize political reasoning and deliberation. For example, Jrgen Habermas admits the formative influence of Arendt upon his own theory of communicative reason and discourse ethics. Particularly important is the way in which Arendt comes to understand power, namely as the capacity to agree in uncoerced communication on some community action. Her model of action as public, communicative, persuasive and consensual reappears in Habermas thought in concepts such as that of communicative power which comes about whenever members of a life-world act in concert via the medium of language. It also reappears in his critique of the scientization of politics and his concomitant defense of practical, normative reason in the domain of life-world relations from the hegemony of theoretical and technical modes of reasoning. Others (such as Jean-Luc Nancy) have likewise been influenced by her critique of the modern technological leveling of human distinctiveness, often reading Arendts account in tandem with Heideggers critique of technology. Her theory of judgement has been used by Critical Theorists and Postmoderns alike. Amongst the former, Seyla Benhabib draws explicitly and extensively upon it in order to save discourse ethics from its own universalist excesses; Arendts attention to the particular, concrete, unique and lived phenomena of human life furnishes Benhabib with a strong corrective for Habermas tendency for abstraction, while nonetheless preserving the project of a universalizing vision of ethical-political life. For the Postmoderns, such as Lyotard, the emphasis placed upon reflective judgement furnishes a post-foundational or post-universalist basis in which the singularity of moral judgements can be reconciled with some kind of collective adherence to political principles.\n9. Criticisms and Controversies\nIt is worth noting some of the prominent criticisms that have been leveled against Arendts work.\nPrimary amongst these is her reliance upon a rigid distinction between the private and public, theoikos and thepolis, to delimit the specificity of the political realm. Feminists have pointed out that the confinement of the political to the realm outside the household has been part and parcel of the domination of politics by men, and the corresponding exclusion of womens experiences of subjection from legitimate politics. Marxists have likewise pointed to the consequences of confining matters of material distribution and economic management to the extra-political realm of theoikos, thereby delegitimating questions of material social justice, poverty, and exploitation from political discussion and contestation. The shortcoming of this distinction in Arendts work is amply illustrated by a well-known and often-cited incident. While attending a conference in 1972, she was put under question by the Frankfurt School Critical Theorist Albrecht Wellmer, regarding her distinction of the political and the social, and its consequences. Arendt pronounced that housing and homelessness (themes of the conference) were not political issues, but that they were external to the political as the sphere of the actualization of freedom; the political is about human self-disclosure in speech and deed, not about the distribution of goods, which belongs to the social realm as an extension of theoikos. It may be said that Arendts attachment to a fundamental and originary understanding of political life precisely misses the fact that politics is intrinsically concerned with the contestation of what counts as a legitimate public concern, with the practice of politics attempting to introduce new, heretofore non-political issues, into realm of legitimate political concern.\nArendt has also come under criticism for her overly enthusiastic endorsement of the Athenianpolis as an exemplar of political freedom, to the detriment of modern political regimes and institutions. Likewise, the emphasis she places upon direct citizen deliberation as synonymous with the exercise of political freedom excludes representative models, and might be seen as unworkable in the context of modern mass societies, with the delegation, specialization, expertise and extensive divisions of labor needed to deal with their complexity. Her elevation of politics to the apex of human good and goals has also been challenged, demoting as it does other modes of human action and self-realization to a subordinate status. There are also numerous criticisms that have been leveled at her unorthodox readings of other thinkers, and her attempts to synthesize conflicting philosophical viewpoints in attempt to develop her own position (for example, her attempt to mediate Aristotles account of experientially-grounded practical judgement (phronesis) with Kants transcendental-formal model).\nAll these, and other criticisms notwithstanding, Arendt remains one of the most original, challenging and influential political thinkers of the 20th century, and her work will no doubt continue to provide inspiration for political philosophy as we enter the 21st.\n10. References and Further Reading\na. Major Works by Arendt\nThe Origins of Totalitarianism, New York, Harcourt, 1951\nThe Human Condition, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1958\nBetween Past and Future, London, Faber & Faber, 1961\nOn Revolution. New York, Penguin, 1962\nEichmann in Jerusalem: a Report on the Banality of Evil, London, Faber & Faber, 1963\nOn Violence, New York, Harcourt, 1970\nMen in Dark Times, New York, Harcourt, 1968\nCrisis of the Republic, New York, Harcourt, 1972\nThe Life of the Mind, 2 vols., London, Secker & Warburg, 1978\nLectures on Kants Political Philosophy, Brighton, Harvester Press, 1982\nLove and St. Augustin, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1996\nb. Recommended Further Reading\nBenhabib, Seyla:The Reluctant Modernism of Hannah Arendt. London, Sage, 1996\nBernstein, Richard J: Hannah Arendt: The Ambiguities of Theory and Practice, inPolitical Theory and Praxis: New Perspectives, Terence Ball (ed.). Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1977\nBernstein, Richard J:Philosophical Profiles: Essays in a Pragmatic Mode. Cambridge, Polity Press, 1986\nCritchley, Simon & Schroeder, William (eds):A Companion to Continental Philosophy. Oxford, Blackwell, 1998\ndEntrves, Maurizio Passerin:The Political Philosophy of Hannah Arendt. London, Routledge, 1994\nFlynn, Bernard:Political Philosophy at the Closure of Metaphysics. New Jersey/London: Humanities Press International, 1992\nHabermas, Jrgen: Hannah Arendt: On the Concept of Power inPhilosophical-Political Profiles. London, Heinemman, 1983\nHinchman, Lewis P. & Hinchman, Sandra K: In Heideggers Shadow: Hannah Arendts Phenomenological Humanism, inThe Review of Politics, 46, 2, 1984, pp 183-211\nKielmansegg, Peter G., Mewes, Horst & Glaser-Schmidt, Elisabeth(eds):Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss: German Emigrs and American Political Thought after World War II. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995\nLacoue-Labarthe, Philippe & Nancy, Jean-Luc:Retreating the Political, Simon Sparks (ed). London, Routledge, 1997\nParekh, Bhikhu:Hannah Arendt & The Search for a New Political Philosophy. London & Basingstoke, Macmillan Press, 1981\nVilla, Dana:Arendt and Heidegger: The Fate of the Political. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1996\nVilla, Dana (ed):The Cambridge Companion to Arendt. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000\nAuthor Information\nMajid Yar\nEmail:m_yar@hotmail.com\nLancaster University\nUnited Kingdom\nAn encyclopedia of philosophy articles written by professional philosophers.\nAbout\nEditors\nDesired Articles\nSubmissions\nVolunteer\nStay Connected\nBrowse by TopicBrowse by Topic\nSelect Category\nHistory of Philosophy\n17th Century European\n18th Century European\n19th Century European\nAncient Philosophy\nHistory Misc.\nHistory of Analytic\nMedieval Philosophy\nPhilosophers\nRenaissance Philosophy\nMetaphysics & Epistemology\nEpistemology\nMetaphysics\nMind & Cognitive Science\nPhilosophy of Language\nPhilosophy of Religion\nUncategorized\nPhilosophical Traditions\nAmerican Philosophy\nChinese Philosophy\nContinental Philosophy\nFeminist Philosophy\nIndian Philosophy\nIslamic Philosophy\nTradition Misc.\nScience, Logic, & Mathematics\nLogic\nPhilosophy of Mathematics\nPhilosophy of Science\nValue Theory\nAesthetics\nBioethics\nEthics\nPhilosophy of Law\nPolitical Philosophy\nValue Misc.\n Copyright Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy and its Authors | ISSN 2161-0002", "url": "https://iep.utm.edu/hannah-arendt/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Hannah Arendt (2012) - IMDb\nMenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsCannes Film FestivalAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthStar WarsSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer?Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)Use appCast & crewUser reviewsTriviaFAQIMDbProAll topicsHannah Arendt2012Not Rated1h 53mIMDb RATING7.1/1012KYOUR RATINGRatePlay trailer2:064 Videos14 PhotosBiographyDramaA look at the life of philosopher and political theorist Hannah Arendt, who reported for 'The New Yorker' on the trial of the Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.A look at the life of philosopher and political theorist Hannah Arendt, who reported for 'The New Yorker' on the trial of the Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.A look at the life of philosopher and political theorist Hannah Arendt, who reported for 'The New Yorker' on the trial of the Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.DirectorMargarethe von TrottaWritersPamela KatzMargarethe von TrottaStarsBarbara SukowaAxel MilbergJanet McTeerSee production info at IMDbProIMDb RATING7.1/1012KYOUR RATINGRateTop creditsDirectorMargarethe von TrottaWritersPamela KatzMargarethe von TrottaStarsBarbara SukowaAxel MilbergJanet McTeer49User reviews138Critic reviews69MetascoreSee production info at IMDbProAwards7 wins & 18 nominationsVideos4Trailer 2:06Watch Hannah ArendtTrailer 2:09Watch Hannah ArendtTrailer 1:50Watch Hannah ArendtTrailer 2:06Watch Hannah ArendtPhotos14Top castEditBarbara SukowaHannah ArendtAxel MilbergHeinrich BlcherJanet McTeerMary McCarthyJulia JentschLotte KhlerTimothy LoneNews SpeakerMegan GayFrancis WellsNicholas WoodesonWilliam ShawnTom LeickJonathan SchellUlrich NoethenHans JonasNilton MartinsStudent EnricoLeila LallaliStudent Laureen(as Leila Schaus)Harvey FriedmanThomas MillerVictoria TrauttmansdorffCharlotte BeradtSascha LeyLore JonasFriederike BechtYoung Hannah ArendtFridolin MeinlYoung Hans JonasMichael DegenKurt BlumenfeldShoshana Shani-LavieJenny BlumenfeldDirectorMargarethe von TrottaWritersPamela KatzMargarethe von TrottaAll cast & crewProduction, box office & more at IMDbProMore like this6.9Rosa Luxemburg6.5Vision - Aus dem Leben der Hildegard von Bingen6.6The Young Karl Marx6.7Stefan Zweig: Farewell to Europe6.3The Chessplayer7.9Trilogia: To livadi pou dakryzei7.1Agora6.4Headwinds6.9Between Two Worlds6.9Safe Conduct7.3Marianne & Juliane7.1The People Vs. Fritz BauerStorylineEditDid you knowEditTriviaFor a deeper understanding of this story, one might care to watch Operation Finale (2018), which depicts the undercover mission to find and extract Adolf Eichmann from Argentina and bring him to trial in Israel. Showing the background of an operation sanctioned by PM David Ben-Gurion, the film gives a glimpse of the complexity of Eichman's character, his futile attempts to justify his actions and tell his side of the story.GoofsWhen Arendt stands on the terrace of her hotel in Jerusalem at looks across the Valley of Hinnom at the Old City, there are Israel flags flying from the Tower of David complex. However, the Old City of Jerusalem was still under Jordanian control in 1961.QuotesHannah Arendt: You describe a book I never wrote.Siegfried Moses: A book that will never be allowed in Israel. And won't appear anywhere else either if you have any decency left.Hannah Arendt: You ban books, and lecture me about decency!ConnectionsFeatured in Kino Kino: Hannah Arendt (2013)SoundtracksSherry LaneComposed and Produced by Frank StumvollCourtesy of Freshart MusicproductionsUser reviews49ReviewReviewFeatured review8/10 Evil has an ordinary faceThis is a fascinating look at Hanna Arendt, a German-American philosopher who in 1961 reported on the trial of Adolf Eichmann for the New Yorker. A huge controversy erupted.Arendt left Germany in 1933 for France, but when Germany invaded France, she found herself in a detention camp. When the film begins, she is a happily married woman with friends such as the writer Mary McCarthy, and she is a professor at, among other places, the New School in New York City.Hanna is very excited about covering the trial, but her husband, Heinrich, is afraid it will take her back to those dark days. While observing Eichmann, Arendt is struck by the fact that he was an ordinary man with nothing special about him. This causes her to think about the nature of evil itself. She decides that he's not a monster but a person who suppressed his conscience in order to be obedient to the Nazis. She thus created the concept of the \"banality of evil.\"She believed also that some Jewish leaders at the time had fallen into this trap and unwittingly participated in the Holocaust. Her critics failed to understand her meaning.In some camps, her New Yorker articles were not well received, as she was seen as a heartless turncoat who blamed the victims. Hanna has to defend her ideas, and the price she pays for them is high.Barbara Sukowa does a magnificent job as Arendt, showing the woman's brilliance, courage, affection for friends and family, and hurt when some people she loved turned against her. It's surprising that she was met with as much disdain as she was -- but Arendt did not believe in blind adoration of any group. She took people on an individual basis. As far as the banality of evil, evil has always had the ordinary face of people sitting back and doing what they're told. Or, as Martin Luther King said, doing nothing. I'm sure many of us have experienced this in the workplace -- I know I did. It's then that you realize the true nature of most people. Everyone can say they have ethics - but do they have ethnics when they stand to lose something?Beautifully directed by Margarethe von Trotta, who also co-wrote the screenplay. A difficult subject made clear, a complicated woman understandable -- no small feat. A thought-provoking film.helpful112blanche-2Oct 7, 2015Top picksSign in to rate and Watchlist for personalized recommendationsSign inFAQ18How long is Hannah Arendt?Powered by AlexaDetailsEditRelease dateJanuary 10, 2013 (Germany)Countries of originGermanyLuxembourgFranceIsraelOfficial siteOfficial site (Japan)LanguagesGermanEnglishFrenchHebrewLatinAlso known asFilming locationsNorth Rhine-Westphalia, GermanyProduction companiesHeimatfilmAmour Fou LuxembourgMACT ProductionsSee more company credits at IMDbProBox officeEditGross US & Canada$717,205Opening weekend US & Canada$31,270Jun 2, 2013Gross worldwide$8,880,936See detailed box office info on IMDbProTechnical specsEditRuntime1 hour 53 minutesColorColorBlack and WhiteSound mixDolby DigitalAspect ratio2.35 : 1Related newsContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentTop GapBy what name was Hannah Arendt (2012) officially released in India in English?AnswerSee more gapsLearn more about contributingEdit pageMore to explorePhotosHollywood Power CouplesSee the galleryListStaff Picks: What to Watch in MaySee our picksListTop 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars of the Last DecadeSee the listRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb appSign in for more accessSign in for more accessFollow IMDb on socialGet the IMDb appFor Android and iOSHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoLicense IMDb DataPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top", "url": "https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1674773/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Hannah Arendt: From an Interview | Hannah Arendt | The New York Review of Books\nAdvertisement\nPolitics\nLiterature\nArts\nIdeas\nshort logo\nSign In\nSubscribe\nPolitics\nLiterature\nArts\nIdeas\nlogo stacked\nPolitics\nUnited States\nInternational\nHuman Rights\nClimate Change\nLiterature\nFiction\nPoetry\nBiography & Memoir\nIn Translation\nEssays\nArts\nVisual Arts\nPerforming Arts\nFilm & Television\nMusic\nSociety & Culture\nIdeas\nHistory\nEconomics\nScience & Technology\nLaw\nPhilosophy & Religion\nMore from the Review\nAbout Us\nAll Issues\nShop Literary Gifts\nShop NYRB Classics\nSubscribe to our Newsletter\nBest of The New York Review, plus books, events, and other items of interest\nEmail Address\nContinue\nJune 6, 2024\nCurrent Issue\nsite logo\nSign In\nSubscribe\nSite logo\nPolitics\nCollapse\nUnited States\nInternational\nHuman Rights\nClimate Change\nLiterature\nCollapse\nFiction\nPoetry\nBiography & Memoir\nIn Translation\nEssays\nArts\nCollapse\nVisual Arts\nPerforming Arts\nFilm & Television\nMusic\nSociety & Culture\nIdeas\nCollapse\nHistory\nEconomics\nScience & Technology\nLaw\nPhilosophy & Religion\nCurrent Issue\nCurrent Issue\nMore from the Review\nAbout Us\nAll Issues\nShop Literary Gifts\nShop NYRB Classics\nHannah Arendt: From an Interview\nHannah Arendt\nOctober 26, 1978 issue\nFacebook\nTwitter\nMail to\nPrint page\nSubmit a letter:\nEmail us letters@nybooks.com\nHannah Arendt made the comments that follow in 1974 during an interview with the French writer Roger Errera.TotalitarianismTotalitarianism begins in contempt for what you have. The second step is the notion: Things must changeno matter how, Anything is better than what we have. Totalitarian rulers organize this kind of mass sentiment, and by organizing it articulate it, and by articulating it make the people somehow love it. They were told before, thou shalt not kill; and they didnt kill. Now they are told, thou shalt kill; and although they think its very difficult to kill, they do it because its now part of the code of behavior. They learn whom to kill and how to kill and how to do it together. This is the much talked about Gleichschaltungthe coordination process. You are coordinated not with the powers that be, but with your neighborcoordinated with the majority. But instead of communicating with the other you are now glued to him. And you feel of course marvelous. Totalitarianism appeals to the very dangerous emotional needs of people who live in complete isolation and in fear of one another.LiesThe moment we no longer have a free press, anything can happen. What makes it possible for a totalitarian or any other dictatorship to rule is that people are not informed; how can you have an opinion if you are not informed? If everybody always lies to you, the consequence is not that you believe the lies, but rather that nobody believes anything any longer. This is because lies, by their very nature, have to be changed, and a lying government has constantly to rewrite its own history. On the receiving end you get not only one liea lie which you could go on for the rest of your daysbut you get a great number of lies, depending on how the political wind blows. And a people that no longer can believe anything cannot make up its mind. It is deprived not only of its capacity to act but also of its capacity to think and to judge. And with such a people you can then do what you please.Contingency and HistoryThe main characteristic of any event is that it has not been foreseen. We dont know the future but everybody acts into the future. Nobody knows what he is doing because the future is being done, action is being done by a we and not an I. Only if I were the only one acting could I foretell the consequences of what Im doing. What actually happens is entirely contingent, and contingency is indeed one of the biggest factors in all history.Nobody knows what is going to happen because so much depends on an enormous number of variables, on simple hazard. On the other hand if you look at history retrospectively, then, even though it was contingent, you can tell a story that makes sense. Jewish history, for example, in fact had its ups and downs, its, enmities and its friendships, as every history of all people has. The notion that there is one unilinear history is of course false. But if you look at it after the experience of Auschwitz it looks as though all of historyor at least history since the Middle Ageshad no other alm than Auschwitz. This, is the real problem of every philosophy of history how is it possible that in retrospect it always looks as though it couldnt have happened otherwise?Facts and TheoriesA good example of the kind of scientific mentality that overwhelms all other insights is the domino theory. The fact is that very few of the sophisticated intellectuals who wrote the Pentagon Papers believed in this theory. Yet everything they did was based on this assumptionnot because they were liars, or because they wanted to please their superiors, but because it gave them a framework within which they could work. They took this framework even though they knewand though every intelligence report and every factual analysis proved to them every morningthat these assumptions were simply factually wrong. They took it because they didnt have any other framework. People find such theories in order to get rid of contingency and unexpectedness. Good old Hegel once said that all philosophical contemplation serves only to eliminate the accidental. A fact has to be witnessed by eyewitnesses who are not the best of witnesses; no fact is beyond doubt. But that two and two are four is somehow beyond doubt. And the theories produced in the Pentagon were all much more plausible than the facts of what actually happened.JewsThe giftednessso to speakof a certain part at least of the Jewish people is a historical problem, a problem of the first order for the historians. I can risk a speculative explanation: we are the only people, the only European people, who have survived from antiquity pretty much intact. That means we have kept our identity, and it means we are the only people who have never known analphabetism. We were always literate because you cannot be a Jew without being literate. The women were less literate than the men but even they were much more literate than their counterparts elsewhere. Not only the elite knew how to read but every Jew had to readthe whole people, in all its classes and on all levels of giftedness and intelligence.AdvertisementEvilWhen I wrote my Eichmann in Jerusalem one of my main intentions was to destroy the legend of the greatness of evil, of the demonic force, to take away from people the admiration they have for the great evildoers like Richard III.I found in Brecht the following remark:The great political criminals must be exposed and exposed especially to laughter. They are not great political criminals, but people who permitted great political crimes, which is something entirely different. The failure of his enterprises does not indicate that Hitler was an idiot.Now, that Hitler was an idiot was of course a prejudice of the whole opposition to Hitler prior to his seizure of power and therefore a great many books tried then to justify him and to make him a great man. So, Brecht says, The fact that he failed did not indicate that Hitler was an idiot and the extent of his enterprises does not make him a great man. It is neither the one nor the other: this whole category of greatness has no application.If the ruling classes, he goes on, permit a small crook to become a great crook, he is not entitled to a privileged position in our view of history. That is, the fact that he becomes a great crook and that what he does has great consequences does not add to his stature. And generally speaking he then says in these very abrupt remarks: One may say that tragedy deals with the sufferings of mankind in a less serious way than comedy. This of course is a shocking statement; I think that at the same time it is entirely true. What is really necessary is, if you want to keep your integrity under these circumstances, then you can do it only if you remember your old way of looking at such things and say: No matter what he does and if he killed ten million people, he is still a clown.ProgressThe law of progress holds that everything now must be better than what was there before. Dont you see if you want something better, and better, and better, you lose the good. The good is no longer even being measured.\nThis Issue\nOctober 26, 1978\nSubscribe to our Newsletters\nBest of The New York Review, plus books, events, and other items of interest\nEmail Address\nContinue\nMore by Hannah Arendt\nReflections on Violence July 11, 2013 issue\nAn extract from Arendts classic 1969 essay\nJuly 11, 2013 issue\nHome to Roost: A Bicentennial Address June 26, 1975 issue\nJune 26, 1975 issue\nAppeal for Peace in the Middle East June 14, 1973 issue\nJune 14, 1973 issue\nCopyright 1978 Mary McCarthy West. Trustee\nFacebook\nTwitter\nMail to\nPrint page\nMore by Hannah Arendt\nReflections on Violence July 11, 2013 issue\nAn extract from Arendts classic 1969 essay\nJuly 11, 2013 issue\nHome to Roost: A Bicentennial Address June 26, 1975 issue\nJune 26, 1975 issue\nAppeal for Peace in the Middle East June 14, 1973 issue\nJune 14, 1973 issue\nHannah Arendt\nHannah Arendt (19061975) was a German political theorist who, over the course of many books, explored themes such as violence, revolution, and evil. Her major works include The Origins of Totalitarianism, The Human Condition, and the controversial Eichmann in Jerusalem, in which she coined the phrase the banality of evil.\nThis Issue\nOctober 26, 1978\nRead Next\nThe Editors\nLeonard Schapiro (19081983)\nDecember 22, 1983 issue\nKirkus Reviews\nShort Review\nJuly 20, 1972 issue\nR. Scott Appleby and John T. McGreevy\nCatholics, Muslims, and the Mosque\nSeptember 30, 2010 issue\nM.I. Finley\nBack to Atlantis\nDecember 4, 1969 issue\nJ.F. Staal\nCambodia: Sanskrit Inscriptions\nJuly 2, 1970 issue\nArnaldo Momigliano\nIndependent People\nOctober 8, 1987 issue\nJ.M. Cameron\nDorothy Day (18971980)\nJanuary 22, 1981 issue\nMurray Kempton\nDying for Life\nMay 9, 1996 issue\nSubscribe and save 50%!\nGet immediate access to the current issue and over 25,000 articles from the archives, plus the NYR App.\nSee offers\nAlready a subscriber? Sign in\nSubscribe to our Newsletters\nBest of The New York Review, plus books, events, and other items of interest. Or, see all newsletter options here.\nEmail Address\nContinue\nAbout Us\nArchive\nClassifieds\nAdvertising\nHelp/FAQ\nNewsletters\nShop Literary Gifts\nShop NYRB Classics\nShop Literary Gifts\nShop NYRB Classics\nAbout Us\nArchive\nClassifieds\nAdvertising\nHelp/FAQ\nNewsletters\nShop Literary Gifts\nShop NYRB Classics\n 1963-2024 NYREV, Inc. All rights reserved.\nTerms of Service\nPrivacy Statement\nSubscription Customer Service\nAccessibility Statement\nSite by Athletics", "url": "https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1978/10/26/hannah-arendt-from-an-interview/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Paris Review - Lonely Thinking: Hannah Arendt on Film - The Paris Review\nAdvertisement\nThe Paris Review\nSubscribe\nSign In\nRemember me\nForgot password?\nSign In\nSubscribe\nThe Daily\nThe Latest\nColumns\nThe Quarterly\nIssues\nInterviews\nFiction\nPoetry\nLetters & Essays\nArt & Photography\nAuthors\nPodcast\nAbout\nHistory\nOpportunities\nMasthead\nPrizes\nSubmissions\nMedia Kit\nBookstores\nEvents\nDonate\nDonate to The Paris Review\nInstitutional Support\nTHE SPRING REVEL\nNewsletters\nStore\nThe Paris Review\nThe Daily\nThe Latest\nColumns\nThe Quarterly\nIssues\nInterviews\nFiction\nPoetry\nLetters & Essays\nArt & Photography\nAuthors\nPodcast\nAbout\nHistory\nOpportunities\nMasthead\nPrizes\nSubmissions\nMedia Kit\nBookstores\nEvents\nDonate\nDonate to The Paris Review\nInstitutional Support\nTHE SPRING REVEL\nNewsletters\nStore\nSign In\nRemember me\nForgot password?\nSign In\nSubscribe\nSign In\nRemember Me\nForgot password?\nLonely Thinking: Hannah Arendt on Film\nBy Roger Berkowitz\nMay 30, 2013\nArts & Culture\nBarbara Sukowa in Margarethe von Trottas Hannah Arendt.\nIn 1963, The New Yorker published five articles on the trial of Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi chief of Bureau IV-B-4, a Gestapo division in charge of Jewish Affairs. Written by political thinker and Jewish activist Hannah Arendt, the articles and ensuing book, Eichmann in Jerusalem, unleashed what Irving Howe called a civil war among New York intellectuals. While some reviews cursed Arendt as a self-hating Jew and Nazi lover, the Jewish Daily Forward accusing her of polemical vulgarity, Robert Lowell termed her portrayal of Eichmann a masterpiece, and Bruno Bettelheim said it was the best protection against dehumanizing totalitarianism. Across the city, Arendts friends chose sides. When Dissent sponsored a meeting at the Hotel Diplomat, a crowd gathered to shout down Alfred Kazin and Raul Hilbergthen the worlds preeminent Holocaust scholarfor defending Arendt, while in The Partisan Review Lionel Abel opined that Eichmann comes off so much better in [Arendts] book than do his victims.\nIn the years since that fiery time, Eichmann in Jerusalem has remained something to condemn or defend rather than a book to be read and understood. I therefore had some fears when I heard that German director Margarethe von Trotta was making a film about Arendts coverage of the trial. But Hannah Arendt accomplishes something rare in any biopic and unheard of in a half century of critical hyperbole over all things Arendt: it actually brings Arendts work back into believableand accessiblefocus.\nThe movie opens with two wordless scenes. The first depicts the Mossads abduction of Eichmann. The second follows a silent Hannah Arendt as she lights, and then smokes, a cigarette. Around her, all is darkness, and for a full two minutes, we watch her smoke. Played with passionate intensity by Barbara Sukowa (who won a Lola, the German Oscar), Arendt ambles. She lies down. She inhales. But above all, we see the cigarettes ash flare brilliantly in the dark. Hannah Arendt, we are to understand, is thinking.\nAlthough Arendts work follows numerous byways, one theme is clear: in modern bureaucratic societies, human evil originates from a failure not of goodness but of thinking. When Arendt addresses Eichmanns claims that he had never acted from base motives, and never had any inclination to kill anybody had never hated Jews, she writes that they are difficult, though not altogether impossible, to believe. And yet, Arendt insists Eichmann was not Iago and not Macbethno villain doing evil out of villainy. Eichmann boasted of citizenly action, of conscientiously obeying the law and doing his dutywith excellence recognized by his superiors. On the stand, speaking in clichs and bureaucratic jargon, he went so far as to suggest he was a Zionist who had saved hundreds of thousands of Jews. Arendt was struck by both the immensity of Eichmanns crimes and the ordinariness of the man.\nShe was astonished that perhaps the most egregious crime in history was administered not by panting sociopaths but by unthinking buffoons. This is what Arendt means by her famous and famously misunderstood dictum, the banality of evil. It is one thing to kill your aunt out of malice; crimes can be committed from barbarous motives. But the distance separating malicious murder from administrative genocide is immeasurable. Arendts banality suggests that the sacrifice of common-sense aversion to evil and authoritarian obedience cannot happen absent thoughtless people like Eichmann.\nThe Eichmann trial inspired the psychologist Stanley Milgram to famously conduct experiments in which residents of New Haven were asked to assist researchers in teaching students by administering what they thought were painfuland potentially lethalelectric shocks to students who gave wrong answers. The assistants largely did as they were instructed. Milgram concluded that most people will obey authority even when commands violate their deepest convictions; obedience, he argued, does not entail support.\nArendt did not share this view; she insisted that obedience involves responsibility. She was shocked that her critics assumed that thoughtful people would act as Eichmann had. She worried experiments like Milgrams would normalize moral weakness. Indeed, she saw the angry reaction to her bookher critics insistence on seeing Eichmann as a monsteras proof that they feared that they too lacked the moral independence and the ability to think that would allow them to resist authority.\nStruck by the danger of thoughtlessness, Arendt spent her life thinking about thinking. Could thinking, she asked, save us from the willingness of many, if not most, people to participate in bureaucratically regulated evil like the administrative extermination of six million Jews? Thinking, as Arendt imagines it, erects obstacles to oversimplifications, clichs, and conventions. Only thinking, Arendt argued, has the potential to remind us of our human dignity and free us to resist our servility. Such thinking, in Arendts view, cannot be taught: it can only be exemplified. We cannot learn thinking through catechism or study. We learn thinking only through experience, when we are inspired by those whose thinking enthralls uswhen we encounter someone who stands apart from the crowd.\nVon Trotta manages to make that apartness manifest in Hannah Arendt. In the pressroom, Arendt watches witness after witness testify to the horrors of the Holocaust, von Trotta using powerful footage from the real trial. Arendt is visually moved, eyes wide, chin set on her hands, transfixed in tearless empathy. After one witness faintsa Mr. Dinoor who was upset after he was asked to stop speaking about his own theories concerning astrology and crucifixionArendt leaves the courtroom and weaves through Israelis frozen, rapt to their radios, carried away by emotional stories that, as Arendt will charge, have nothing to do with the effort to do justice to the man on trial. What others call aloofness and coldness is here evidence of Arendts moral courage, her freedom from convention, and her intensely philosophical focus.\nThe importance of Arendts Eichmann in Jerusalem is not to be found simply in the rightness or wrongness of her conclusions about Adolf Eichmann. Her book has power because of the original force of Arendts thinking. The book is a work of judgment in connection to a trialthe process by which we come to terms with one mans evil deeds. And that focus on processthe German for trial is der Processis the daring gambit of Hannah Arendt, co-written by von Trotta and Pam Katz: to engage head-on the impossible task of putting thinking onscreen.\nIn one flashback with her teacher and former lover Martin Heidegger, Heidegger tells Arendt, thinking is a lonely business. Outside of a few intimates, Arendt is alone throughout the film, accompanied by nothing and no one but her thoughts and her ever-present cigarette. There is a danger that Arendts cigarette could become an empty cipher, an obvious symbol. Instead, it lingers there, pulsing with Arendts breath, as she remains silent, listening. It is her silent intensity, throughout the film, that strikes the viewer, propels us to think with Arendt about what she is observing and its implications. The audience is thus transformed, moving from observing Arendt to thinking with her. And when Arendt at the end becomes a speaker, her deliberations done, the film climaxes in her speech to students at a small liberal arts college. The seven-minute long monologue, a sort of closing argument in this films long accumulation of evidence, is gripping. Arendt concludes: This inability to think created the possibility for many ordinary men to commit evil deeds on a gigantic scale, the like of which had never been seen before. The manifestation of the wind of thought is not knowledge but the ability to tell right from wrong, beautiful from ugly. And I hope that thinking gives people the strength to prevent catastrophes in these rare moments when the chips are down. The full speech is likely the greatest articulation of the importance of thinking that will ever be presented in a film.\nThe thinking Arendt demands requires pride, a feeling of difference between oneself and otherseven a kind of arrogance, an arrogance that von Trotta seizes on screen. The film honestly addresses this characteristic of Arendt and of thinking itself, and does not shirk from Arendts belief that a confidence in ones own distinctiveness is necessary for character. Like Emersons, Arendts writing celebrates self-reliance. For her, our democratic desire for equalityto be the same as others and to not judge themcompounds the problem of thoughtlessness.\nOf course, given the complexities of the factual record, there are fictions and oversights one can complain about in the film. Words written by Gershom Scholem are spoken by Kurt Blumenfeld. More problematic is the fact that not one Jewish character in the film defends Arendt, which gives the false impression that all Jewish intellectuals were blinded to her insights. Most startling, perhaps, is von Trottas re-imagining of the visit by Siegfried Moses, a friend of Arendts from her days working in the German Zionist Organization and a member of the Israeli government, who visited her in Switzerland to ask her to withhold publication of Eichmann in Jerusalem in Israel. This request is presented as a threatening ambush instead of the arranged meeting between friends that it was, suggesting a significantly more organized animus by the Israeli state than was the case.\nThe dramatic liberties von Trotta takes are easily forgivable considering her overall success in dramatizing the activity of thinking. To make a film about a thinker is a challenge; to do so in a way that is accessible and gripping is a triumph. Hannah Arendt herself might have been surprised to learn that after fifty years of deadening controversy, it is a film that promises to provoke the serious public debate she sought in publishing her book. Although originally entitled The Controversy, von Trottas Hannah Arendt would be more appropriately (if less commercially) entitled The Most Sophisticated Reading Yet of Arendts Philosophy to Reach the Mainstreaman astonishing thought indeed.\nRoger Berkowitz is academic director of the Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities at Bard College, where he is associate professor of politics, philosophy, and human rights. He is editor of HA: The Journal of the Hannah Arendt Center, and his books include the edited volume Thinking in Dark Times: Hannah Arendt on Ethics and Politics.\nLast / Next Article\nLast / Next Article\nShare\nYou Might Also Like\nAnne Elliot Is Twenty-Seven\nBy B. D. 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All rights reserved\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms & Conditions", "url": "https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2013/05/30/lonely-thinking-hannah-arendt-on-film/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Why We Should All Read Hannah Arendt Now Literary Hub\nCraft and Criticism\nFiction and Poetry\nNews and Culture\nLit Hub Radio\nReading Lists\nBook Marks\nCrimeReads\nAbout\nLog In\nLiterary Hub\nCraft and Criticism Literary Criticism\nCraft and Advice\nIn Conversation\nOn Translation\nFiction and Poetry Short Story\nFrom the Novel\nPoem\nNews and Culture History\nScience\nPolitics\nBiography\nMemoir\nFood\nTechnology\nBookstores and Libraries\nFilm and TV\nTravel\nMusic\nArt and Photography\nThe Hub\nStyle\nDesign\nSports\nFreemans\nThe Virtual Book Channel\nLit Hub Radio Behind the Mic\nBeyond the Page\nThe Cosmic Library\nThe Critic and Her Publics\nEmergence Magazine\nFiction/Non/Fiction\nFirst Draft: A Dialogue on Writing\nThe History of Literature\nIm a Writer But\nLit Century\nRead Smart\nTalk Easy\nTor Presents: Voyage Into Genre\nWindham-Campbell Prizes Podcast\nWrite-minded\nReading Lists The Best of the Decade\nBook Marks Best Reviewed Books\nBookMarks Daily Giveaway\nCrimeReads True Crime\nThe Daily Thrill\nCrimeReads Daily Giveaway\nLog In\nWhy We Should All Read Hannah Arendt Now\nLyndsey Stonebridge on The Origins of Totalitarianism and the Failure of Democracy\nvia Hogarth\nByLyndseyStonebridge\nJanuary 18, 2024\nIts like a novel, Mary McCarthy observed of the completed edition of The Origins of Totalitarianism. Arendt and McCarthy had clashed in 1945 when they first met at a New York party hosted by Partisan Reviews Philip Rahv, McCarthys ex-lover. Another fierce wit who rarely suffered fools gladly, McCarthy, when they were introduced, made a sarcastic quip about Hitlers unpopularity in Paris.\nArendt, exhausted from work and war and grieving her dead, exploded with uncharacteristic and dramatic self-importance: How can you say such a thing in front of mea victim of Hitler, a person who has been in a concentration camp!They met again a few years later, realized that they actually rather liked one another, exchanged apologies, and then, soon after, the first of many books.\nMcCarthy sent Arendt her crisp, slim, satirical roman--clef on self-important American intellectuals, The Oasis (1949). Arendt upped the stakes of their early friendship considerably by reciprocating with the neither crisp nor slim The Origins of Totalitarianism.\nDear Hannah, begins the first letter McCarthy wrote in their long, intimate, correspondence, Ive read your book, absorbed, for the past two weeks, in the bathtub, riding in the car, waiting in line in the grocery store. It seems to me a truly extraordinary piece of work . . . and also engrossing and fascinating in the way that a novel is: i.e., that it says something on nearly every page that is novel, that one could not have anticipated from what went before but that one then recognizes as inevitable and foreshadowed by the underlying plot of ideas.\nA book that is engrossing enough to read in the bath has to have a considerable pull and The Origins of Totalitarianismis indeed grimly compelling. Arendt depicts a society of lonely, atomized, lifeless people, one great unorganized, structureless mass of furious individuals, characterized by hatred, fear, organized terror, mass death, and unspeakable suffering. This is a world of science-fiction-level horror; utterly alien, incredible and outrageous.\nYet as the story of how this hell came to plant itself on earth unfolds, as McCarthy says, you get a growing and uncomfortable sense that there was something inevitable about it all. I think this is partly because while the history described in the book is extreme, Arendts underlying plot of ideas feels familiar. The Origins of Totalitarianismreads like a good novel because it reveals to the reader some experience that they already know, but thanks to its pages can now understand. That is also what can make it as terrifying to read in the twenty-first century as it was in the twentieth.\nThe Origins of Totalitarianismreads like a good novel because it reveals to the reader some experience that they already know, but thanks to its pages can now understand.\nThis is the story of how millions of twentieth-century Europeans willingly came to live in a murderous ideological fiction. Get rid of the epic fantasy that the totalitarian masses were driven by some common purpose, a great and unified idealistic commitment to a bold, passionate, but unfortunately evil, idea. Ditch, too, the gothic horror of cunning and mesmerizing leaders and their dull, stupid, and gullible enablers. The history that Arendt chronicles in the final section of her book, Totalitarianism, is both more prosaic and tawdrier, which is also why its familiar.\nThere were several auguries that foreshadowed the development of totalitarianism. There were racism and imperialism, as we have seen. There were mobs and nationalism in France, pre-Nazi Germany, and Austria. Demagogues whipped up emotions across the continent and authoritarians promised to resolve things for ordinary people in Portugal, Hungary, and Poland. There was fascism in Spain and Italy, which was violent and nasty, but not the total attack on politics itself which came with totalitarian regimes. Across the globe, there were totalitarian movements that gathered up the moments dark discontent by giving the appearance of unstoppable momentum, but which could be stopped where there was sufficient political room for resistance.\nThe starting point for all these phenomena in Europe was the uprooting of people that had come with capitalism, imperialism, nationalism, and revolution. The end point for totalitarian regimes was to make human superfluousness a permanent condition for absolute rule. The anonymity of modern life discovered its denouement in a political system in which human beings ceased to matter at all.\nIn Western Europe, social disintegration had undermined the promises of liberal democracies before they really got started. Previously, the sense of belonging to a class or group had disguised the fact that very little genuine representative democratic activity had been occurring, despite the opening up of the franchise and political emancipation across the continent.\nFor a while, people could afford to be disinterested in national politics because they got their sense of social worth from somewhere else. When the promise of social respect and self-determination that had motivated the fathers of Hannah Arendt and Adolf Eichmann began to crumble under economic chaos and war in the first decades of the century, just how vacant contemporary politics really was became visible.\nDemocracys dirty secret was out, which was that, in Arendts words, democratic government had rested as much on the silent approbation and tolerance of the indifferent and inarticulate sections of the people as on the articulate and visible institutions and organizations of the country. Bluntly put, a small number of people had governed largely for their own self-interest. When it became clear that political parties were not doing what they advertised and representing the interests of particular groups or classes, a vacuum opened up at the center of political power. A different kind of anti-democratic politics began to emerge. At its heart was a terrifying negative solidarity of the formerly indifferent and inarticulate. The dull gray masses which popular imagination associates with twentieth-century totalitarian rule were never really unified, Arendt tells us. Mass movements were created out of isolated loners and democracys losers.\nMass movements were created out of isolated loners and democracys losers.\nThat was what happened in Western Europe. To make totalitarianism possible in the Soviet Union, Stalin had to re-create the social atomization that historical circumstances had gifted the Nazis in Germany. The Russian Revolution had already disposed of one centralized, unaccountable, despotic rule: Stalin had to invent a new one. Vladimir Lenin, the first head of the new government, believed that strengthening social groups and organizations was the best way of protecting the revolution, so he (briefly) encouraged trade unions and promoted the consciousness of cultural and historical differences among the Soviet countries.\nStalin, who assumed leadership in 1924, Bolshevized the revolutions communal political structures and replaced them with his infamous centralized party bureaucracy whose tendencies toward Russification, Arendt noted, were not too different from those of the Czarist regime. The liquidation of classes, property owners, and the bourgeoisie, then the peasants, swiftly followed. Hannah Arendt would have probably viewed the Russification that began again under Putin in the first decades of the twenty-first century as less of a plot twist than an unimaginative repetition.\nIn novels, there is often a moment when characters realize they have been living in a dream (or nightmare), when scales fall from their eyes and a new direction is taken. This happens in plots from history too, but it usually takes longer, and the moment of realization is nearly always too late. Nothing which was being done, no matter how stupid, no matter how many people knew and foretold the consequences, could be undone or prevented, Arendt wrote of the interwar period. Every event had the finality of a last judgment . . . that was passed neither by God nor by the devil, but looked rather like the expression of some unredeemably stupid fatality.\nThe First World War, mass unemployment, inflation, civil war, revolution, pogroms, mass deportations, and mass migration; instead of producing a reality check, the more extreme the circumstances became, the more reality spun out of reach. Artists and writers creatively thrilled to the futility of it all. In nightclubs and bars, people sang of hopelessness with a tired joy. And the more estranged people became, the more resentment seeped into everyday life. Nothing, wrote Arendt, perhaps illustrates the general disintegration of political life better than a vague pervasive hatred of everyone and everything.\nIn novels, there is often a moment when characters realize they have been living in a dream (or nightmare), when scales fall from their eyes and a new direction is taken. This happens in plots from history too, but it usually takes longer\nDirectionless hate was a political opportunity. Rabble-rousers and demagogues stepped into the gap left by democratic failure, paving the way for the big men who became such lethal clichs in what followed. The topsy-turvy logic of totalitarian thinking began to take shape. In Europe and America, wealthy elites conspired with ideologues to try and persuade the miserable and disenfranchised that civil society and the institutions of law and democracy were the real enemy. Truth, they said, was whatever the hypocritical liberal and bourgeois political and social classes wanted hiddenthe global elites, the bankers, the Jews, the citizens of nowhere.\nConspiracy theories proliferated because they offered a coherence and a consistency that was lacking in the real world. The most famous conspiracy theory of all, the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, vividly detailing a Jewish plot for world domination, first emerged in Russia in 1902. After the revolution, anti-communist exiles brought the document with them to the West where it began to circulate. The fact that it was revealed to be fraudulent in 1921 did not stop Hitler and Goebbels from championing it as evidence of a Communist-Jewish threat later.\nIn the United States, Henry Ford published and distributed over 500,000 copies of the Protocols, which were also discussed on national radio by Father Coughlin, the anti-semitic leader of the National Union for Social Justice. The current American right-wing movement QAnon developed its own version of the Protocols in 2017. America, they claimed, was being run by a cabal of satanic pedophile cannibals, funded by Jewish financiers.\nThe extreme ridiculousness of these conspiracies is very much the point. They are designed to appeal to people for whom democratic discourse has failed, people who are not only disinterested in conventional politics but often violently opposed to them. Totalitarian propaganda doesnt follow the usual rules of political persuasion and refutation, but makes a show of standing outside of traditional party politics.\nThe ideologues of the 1930s presented political debate as originating in deep natural, social, or psychological sourcesin race, class, myth, and historical destiny. Their fights, as Arendt put it, were framed as being beyond the control of the individual and therefore beyond the power of reason. Twenty-first-century propagandists similarly pitch their battles as epic and existential. Race and historical destiny remain popular themes; so, too, are gender absolutism, sexuality, the family, God, and a vague but passionately hawked greatness.\nThis kind of politics is meant to be mad because the madder the theory, the more distant from a commonly despised reality it is possible to become. The masses escape from reality, Hannah Arendt observed in a sentence that rears up from the twentieth century into the twenty-first, is a verdict against the world in which they are forced to live and in which they cannot exist.\nNazi and Bolshevik propagandists quickly mastered the art of turning coincidences into plots and making the conspiracies seem real. Random events were interpreted as portents and confirmations. But while they temporarily gave the illusion of coherence, the storytelling and lies did not end the chaos; enemies and their plots had to be constantly invented. There were never enough of them. It was exhausting (it is exhausting).\nFar from unifying isolated, scared, and angry people into a great nation or redemptive movement, the reality of having to live with multiple lies made the situation more chaotic. More fictions, more hate, and bigger lies were always needed. It became so difficult to distinguish fact from fiction that entire populations gave up trying. The experience of a trembling, wobbling motion of everything we rely on for our sense of direction and reality, Arendt wrote in the 1960s, is among the most common and most vivid experiences of totalitarian rule.\nThe same complex reality that made people susceptible to propaganda also made them cynical. Amidst the swirl of fictions, plots, fake news, lies, and super lies, people were prepared to believe the incrediblethe reliable cunning and malfeasance of class and race enemieswhile keeping some shred of human dignity intact by telling themselves that they knew it was just lies and politics all along. The cynics were not the clever people and the masses were not stupid. So far from reality had everyone traveled that none of it really mattered, even as the flags grew bigger and the demands for oaths of allegiance became even more outrageous.\nCynicism turned out to be one of totalitarianisms most fatal characteristics and may yet become one of its most enduring legacies. The men who administered Hitlers and Stalins policies did not necessarily believe in racism or socialism, Jewish conspiracies or class enemies, any more than many of the GOP believed that Donald Trump won the 2020 election or the Russian high command thought that the Jewish-Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelensky, was a Nazi.\nBut they didand doall believe in one thing: human omnipotence and, perhaps most especially, although Arendt does not make the connection, male omnipotence. Their moral cynicism, their belief that everything is permitted, rests on the solid conviction that everything is possible, she concluded. And it was.\nThe gulags and the Nazi death camps were where the brute reality of all this fiction-making was finally played out. The camps served no purpose, Arendt said, other than to demonstrate the truth of totalitarianisms most outrageous claim: that human beings were now superfluous. For what purpose, may I ask, do the gas chambers exist?, the French survivor David Rousset recalled the question being asked in the death camps. For what purpose were you born? was the answer.\nBeyond the capacities of human comprehension, Arendt wrote in a review of an early account of the death camps. In the archives you can see on her typescript how shes returned the carriage of her typewriter back over the words and then struck down hard on the underline key: Beyond the capacities of human comprehension. They had all died together; children, men, women, the dying, and the newborn, like cattle, like matter into the darkest deepest abyss of primal equality, like cattle, like matter, things. When she used the image of Hell in The Origins of Totalitarianism, she later insisted, she did not mean this allegorically but literally.\nMary McCarthy had one criticism of her new friends book. How did it all actually work? Did Hitler and Stalin have some all-powerful insight that allowed them to manipulate others to join their insane plots? Were they the demon heirs of Platos philosopher who left the cave of shadows, stared at the sun, and then returned to rule based on his superior knowledge of reality? Who writes the plots of totalitarianism, Hannah? she asked.\nNobody was Arendts answer. This is why totalitarianism was profoundly anti-political: in the end, there were no opinions, no debates, no agency, no . . . people. Political principles had been replaced by pure ideology. You want people to stop starving? Stalin asked in 1932. Then the counter-revolutionary Ukrainian peasants need to starvethe logic of the man-made famine known as the Holodomor that killed millions.\nYou think the world is run by unaccountable financial organizations? Hitler asked. Then you must work with us to eliminate the Jews. You cant say A without saying B and C and so on, down to the end of the murderous alphabet, was how Arendt put it. You didnt even need Hitler or Stalin to follow this logic. They had succeeded, she added, in contaminating their subjects with the specifically totalitarian virus. The plots had started to reproduce themselves.\nMary McCarthy wasnt only worried about the plots of totalitarianism. I suspect she was also alluding to Arendts own compelling, maybe too compelling, underlying plot of ideas. Both Karl Jaspers and later the French political philosopher Claude Lefort pointed out that in telling the story of totalitarianism, Arendts own arguments sometimes came dangerously close to reproducing the logic she was describing, leaving no space for an alternative anti-totalitarian history of resistance and contestation.\nIn fairness, Arendt would go on to write some of that history in On Revolution, but there is a claustrophobia about The Origins of Totalitarianism, an awful inevitability about events as they are retold, and you could (as political scientists have) describe Arendts genius for plotting as the books flaw. It is a very driven book about a very driven historical phenomenon.\nBut you could also (as I do) read Arendt as giving brilliant expression to a sense of powerless vertigo in a world that seems to be in the grip of a relentlessly awful plot. Nothing which was being done, no matter how stupid, no matter how many people knew and foretold the consequences, could be undone or prevented, she wrote. Many observing world events between the election of Donald Trump in America in 2016 and the invasion of Ukraine in 2022 would have understood exactly what she meant.\n____________________________\nExcerpted from WE ARE FREE TO CHANGE THE WORLD copyright 2024 by Lyndsey Stonebridge. Used by permission of Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.\nLyndsey Stonebridge\nLyndsey Stonebridge is a professor of humanities and human rights at the University of Birmingham (UK) and a Fellow of the British Academy. Her previous books include Placeless People: Writing, Rights, and Refugees, winner of the Modernist Studies Association Book Prize and a Choice Outstanding Academic Title; The Judicial Imagination: Writing After Nuremberg, which won the British Academy Rose Mary Crawshay Prize for English Literature; and the essay collection Writing and Righting: Literature in the Age of Human Rights. She is a regular media commentator and broadcaster. She lives in London and France.\nPrevious Article\nThe Splintering of the Self: Annie Liontas on Life After Concussion\nNext Article\nLit Hub Daily: January 18, 2024\nHannah ArendtHogarthLyndsey StonebridgeWe Are Free to Change the World: Hannah Arendt's Lessons in Love and Disobedience\nMore Story\nThe Splintering of the Self: Annie Liontas on Life After Concussion\nIn March 2019, twenty-three-year-old Olympic silver medalist Kelly Catlin took her own life in her college dorm. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Yusei Kikuchi - Toronto Blue Jays Starting Pitcher - ESPN\nSkip to main contentSkip to navigationhiddenESPNNFLNFLNBANBAMLBMLBNHLNHLSoccerSoccerCollege SportsCollege SportsMore SportsMore SportsESPN PlusWatchWatchFantasyFantasyMore ESPNMore ESPNSearchProfile ManagementYuseiKikuchiToronto Blue Jays#16Starting PitcherFollowHT/WT6' 0\", 210 lbsBirthdate6/17/1991 (32)BAT/THRLeft/LeftBirthplaceIwate, JapanStatusActive2024 season statsW-L2-4Tied-125thERA3.2535thK61Tied-33rdWHIP1.2046thOverviewNewsStatsBioSplitsGame LogBat vs PitchSwitch PlayerArizona DiamondbacksAtlanta BravesBaltimore OriolesBoston Red SoxChicago CubsChicago White SoxCincinnati RedsCleveland GuardiansColorado RockiesDetroit TigersHouston AstrosKansas City RoyalsLos Angeles AngelsLos Angeles DodgersMiami MarlinsMilwaukee BrewersMinnesota TwinsNew York MetsNew York YankeesOakland AthleticsPhiladelphia PhilliesPittsburgh PiratesSan Diego PadresSan Francisco GiantsSeattle MarinersSt. Louis CardinalsTampa Bay RaysTexas RangersToronto Blue JaysWashington NationalsPitcherCatcherInfielderOutfielderDesignated HitterYusei Kikuchi#16Chris Bassitt#40Jose Berrios#17Kevin Gausman#34Alek Manoah#6Genesis Cabrera#92Yimi Garcia#93Chad Green#57Tim Mayza#58Nate Pearson#24Zach Pop#56Trevor Richards#33Jordan Romano#68Full RosterBlue Jays Quick LinksStatsScheduleDepth ChartMLB Quick LinksScoresStandingsScheduleNext GameFull SplitsBlue Jays25-2911:40 PMTOR -185White Sox15-41W-L Away1-1ERA Away3.72K Away31SplitsGPGSCGSHOIPHRERHRBBKLast seven days11003.0855100vs. CHW11006.0532036Away660029.03512124731vs. AL990049.045181751251May550027.129121135252024 PitchingSee AllStatsRegular SeasonProjectedCareerGPGSCGSHOIPHRERHRBBK11110061.060232251361333300183.01806966153918314513311695.0699386354121251692Recent GamesSee AllPitchingBattingDateOPPResultGSCGSHOIPHRERHRBBKSun 5/26@DETL14-111003.0855100Tue 5/21vsCHWL5-01006.0532036Wed 5/15@BALL3-21004.1611119Fri 5/10vsMINL3-21008.0422103Fri 5/3@WSHL9-31006.0611017Latest NewsSee AllRacing PositionsFantasy baseball pitcher rankings, lineup advice for Sunday's MLB games3dTodd ZolaFantasy baseball pitcher rankings, lineup advice for Monday's MLB games1MTodd ZolaFantasy baseball pitcher rankings, lineup advice for Tuesday's MLB games1MESPN FantasyFantasy baseball pitcher rankings, lineup advice for Tuesday's MLB games1MESPN FantasyFantasy baseball pitcher rankings, lineup advice for Friday's MLB games1MESPN FantasySource: Blue Jays, Kikuchi agree to 3-year deal2YFind TicketsVividSeatsBlue Jays @ White SoxGuaranteed Rate Field - Wed 5/29Tickets as low as $6BuyBlue Jays ticketswithVividSeatsOther GamesSearch by TeamAll MLB Tickets5/29 @ White Sox 1,983 tickets left5/31 vs Pirates 1,783 tickets left6/1 vs Pirates 1,961 tickets left6/2 vs Pirates 2,125 tickets left6/3 vs Orioles 2,537 tickets left6/4 vs Orioles 2,559 tickets left6/5 vs Orioles 2,607 tickets left6/6 vs Orioles 2,685 tickets left6/7 @ Athletics 1,057 tickets left6/8 @ Athletics 1,059 tickets left6/9 @ Athletics 824 tickets left6/10 @ Brewers 1,453 tickets left6/11 @ Brewers 1,521 tickets left6/12 @ Brewers 1,311 tickets left6/14 vs Guardians 2,308 tickets left6/15 vs Guardians 1,957 tickets left6/16 vs Guardians 1,927 tickets left6/17 vs Red Sox 2,813 tickets left6/18 vs Red Sox 2,751 tickets left6/19 vs Red Sox 2,719 tickets left6/21 @ Guardians 1,413 tickets left6/22 @ Guardians 1,376 tickets left6/23 @ Guardians 1,138 tickets left6/24 @ Red Sox 3,324 tickets left6/25 @ Red Sox 3,822 tickets leftSearch by Team2024 AL East StandingsTeamWLPCTGBSTRKNY Yankees3719.661-L2Baltimore3419.6421.5L1Boston2827.5098.5W1Tampa Bay2629.47310.5L1Toronto2529.46311W2Terms of UsePrivacy PolicyYour US State Privacy RightsChildren's Online Privacy PolicyInterest-Based AdsAbout Nielsen MeasurementDo Not Sell or Share My Personal InformationContact UsDisney Ad Sales SiteWork for ESPNCorrectionsESPN BET is owned and operated by PENN Entertainment, Inc. and its subsidiaries ('PENN'). 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All rights reserved.", "url": "https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/_/id/41415/yusei-kikuchi" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Yusei Kikuchi Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More | Baseball-Reference.com\nSportsReference\nBaseball\nFootball (college)\nBasketball (college)\nHockey\nCalcio\nBlog\nStathead\nImmaculate Grid\nQuestions or Comments?\nWelcome Your Account\nLogout\nAd-Free Login\nCreate Account\nMENU\nPlayersIn the News: Juan Soto Aaron Judge Ronald Acua Jr. Shohei Ohtani Francisco Lindor Nico Hoerner Pete Alonso Dansby Swanson Ian Happ Jos Abreu\nAll-Time Greats: Bill Foster Rickey Henderson Frank Robinson Ted Williams Ed Walsh Mike Schmidt Al Spalding Jim McCormick Bullet Rogan Mel Ott\nActive Greats: Joey Votto Marcus Semien Clayton Kershaw Anthony Rizzo Gerrit Cole Chris Sale Bryce Harper Nolan Arenado Manny Machado Alex Bregman\nAwards Winners:\nHall of Famers \nMVP Winners \nCy Young Winners \nRookies of the Year \nWorld Series MVPs \nAll-Star Game MVPs 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1991\n(Age:32-347d)\nin Morioka, Japan\njp\nHigh School: Hanamaki Higashi (Iwate, Japan)\nDebut:\nMarch 21, 2019\n(Age 27-277d,\n21,814th in major league history)\nvs. OAK 4.2 IP, 4 H, 3 SO, 1 BB, 1 ER\nRookie Status:\nExceeded rookie limits during 2019 season\n2024 Contract Status:\nSigned thru 2024, 3 yrs/$36M (22-24)\nService Time (01/2024): 5.000\n\nFree Agent: 2025\nAgents: Boras Corporation\nFull Name: Yusei Kikuchi\nNicknames:\nU Say\nPronunciation: \\YOU-say key-KOO-chee\\\nView Player Info\nfrom the B-R Bullpen\nMore bio, uniform, draft, salary info\n1x All-Star\n18\n16\n+1\nBecome a Stathead & surf this site ad-free.\nSUMMARY\n2024\nCareer\nWAR0.9\n3.6\nW2\n34\nL4\n41\nERA3.25\n4.58\nG11\n145\nGS11\n133\nSV0\n1\nIP61.0\n695.0\nSO61\n692\nWHIP1.197\n1.367\n5/23The Blue Jays are obviously not having the season they envisioned in 2024. The club played at a 90-win pace over the previous four years, making the playoffs in three of those seasons and falling just\nSee More at MLBTradeRumors\nYusei Kikuchi Overview\nMore Kikuchi Pages\nJapanese & Minor Lg Stats\nPitching Splits\nCareer\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nBatting Splits\nCareer\n2019\n2021\nPitching Game Logs\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nPostseason\nBatting Game Logs\n2019\n2021\nFielding Game Logs\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nPostseason\nPitching Finders & Advanced Stats\nAdvanced Stats\nHome Run Log\nGame Finder\nStreak Finder\nEvent Finder\nvs. Batter\nPivotal Play Finder\nSpan Finder\nSplit Finder\nPostseason Event Finder\nBatting Finders & Advanced Stats\nAdvanced Stats\nHome Run Log\nGame Finder\nStreak Finder\nEvent Finder\nvs. Pitcher\nPivotal Play Finder\nSpan Finder\nSplit Finder\nFielding Finders & Advanced Stats\nAdvanced Stats\nMore Yusei Kikuchi Pages at Baseball Reference\nOracle\nYusei Kikuchi page at the Bullpen Wiki\nJapanese & Minor Lg Stats\nSplits\nPitching\nCareer\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nBatting\nCareer\n2019\n2021\nGame Logs\nPitching\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nPostseason\nBatting\n2019\n2021\nFielding\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nPostseason\nFinders & Advanced Stats\nPitching\nAdvanced Stats\nHome Run Log\nGame Finder\nStreak Finder\nEvent Finder\nvs. Batter\nPivotal Play Finder\nSpan Finder\nSplit Finder\nPostseason Event Finder\nBatting\nAdvanced Stats\nHome Run Log\nGame Finder\nStreak Finder\nEvent Finder\nvs. Pitcher\nPivotal Play Finder\nSpan Finder\nSplit Finder\nFielding\nAdvanced Stats\nMore\nMore Yusei Kikuchi Pages at Baseball Reference\nOracle\nYusei Kikuchi page at the Bullpen Wiki\n2024 Blue Jays\n2024 Blue Jays\n(25-29, 5th place in AL East)\n40-man Roster\nSchedule\nRoster\nChris Bassitt\nJos Berros\nBo Bichette\nCavan Biggio\nGnesis Cabrera\nErnie Clement\nYimi Garca\nKevin Gausman\nChad Green\nVladimir Guerrero Jr.\nDanny Jansen\nKevin Kiermaier\nIsiah Kiner-Falefa\nAlejandro Kirk\nAlek Manoah\nTim Mayza\nNate Pearson\nZach Pop\nTrevor Richards\nJordan Romano\nDavis Schneider\nGeorge Springer\nJustin Turner\nDaulton Varsho\nDaniel Vogelbach\nShow entire roster\nBack to top\nOn this page:\nLast 5 Games Standard Pitching Player Value--Pitching Advanced Pitching Postseason Pitching Standard Batting Player Value--Batting Advanced Batting Postseason Batting Standard Fielding Appearances Leaderboards, Awards, & Honors Hall of Fame Statistics Similarity Scores Transactions Salaries Frequently Asked Questions Other Resources & Links Full Site Menu\nLast 5 Games\nLast 5 Games Table\nDate\nTm\nOpp\nResult\nApp,Dec\nDR\nIP\nH\nR\nER\nBB\nSO\nHR\nHBP\nWP\nIBB\nPO\nBK\nBF\nPit\nStr\nStL\nStS\nGB\nFB\nLD\nPU\nUnk\nGmSc\nIR\nIS\nWPA\naLI\ncWPA\nacLi\nRE24\n2024-05-26TOR@DETL 11-14GS-343.0855001000001756387261161023-0.2830.84-0.09%0.42-3.436\n2024-05-21TORCHWL 0-5GS-6, L56.0532360000002710166161210830055-0.0590.99-0.02%0.560.034\n2024-05-15TOR@BALL 2-3GS-544.161119100000208855161137320550.1041.190.05%0.900.939\n2024-05-10TORMINL 2-3GS-8, L68.042203100000279768178816240690.1780.840.08%0.602.045\n2024-05-03TOR@WSNL 3-9GS-656.0611170000002410064231197510620.2641.070.12%0.812.054\nNext Game:\nWednesday, May 29th vs\nCHW\nMore:\nGame Log\n\nSplits\n\nHome Run Log\n\nPitcher vs. Batter\nSign up for the free Baseball Reference newsletter and get scores, news and notes in your inbox every day.\nIt's also available for football, basketball and hockey.\nSign Up For Free\nStandard Pitching\nShow Minors\nStandard Pitching\nYear\nAge\nTm\nLg\nW\nL\nW-L%\nERA\nG\nGS\nGF\nCG\nSHO\nSV\nIP\nH\nR\nER\nHR\nBB\nIBB\nSO\nHBP\nBK\nWP\nBF\nERA+\nFIP\nWHIP\nH9\nHR9\nBB9\nSO9\nSO/W\nAwards\n201928SEAAL611.3535.4632320110161.21951099836500116615721805.711.51510.92.02.86.52.32\n202029SEAAL24.3335.1799000047.0412727320047003194833.301.2987.90.63.89.02.35\n202130SEAAL79.4384.4129290000157.0145827727620163506666934.611.3188.31.53.69.32.63AS\n202231TOR-minAAA101.0000.001100005.02000304000181.0003.60.05.47.21.33BFL IL\n202231TORAL67.4625.1932204001100.293675823580124903454745.621.5008.32.15.211.12.14\n202332TORAL116.6473.8632320000167.21657872274801814077001104.121.2708.91.42.69.73.77\n202433TORAL24.3333.251111000061.06023225130610002531192.841.1978.90.71.99.04.69\n6 Yrs3441.4534.581451334111695.06993863541212510692241242988914.651.3679.11.63.39.02.76\n162 Game Avg.810.4534.5835331000170 171948730610169606731914.651.3679.11.63.39.02.76\nSEA (3 yrs)1524.3854.9770700110365.2381218202661320326111141581854.931.4039.41.63.28.02.47\nTOR (3 yrs)1917.5284.1575634001329.1318168152551190366130101407984.341.3278.71.53.310.03.08\nPlayer Value--Pitching\nWAR Explained (v2.2): 8+ MVP, 5+ A-S, 2+ Starter, 0-2 Sub, < 0 Repl\nPlayer Value--Pitching\nYear\nAge\nTm\nLg\nIP\nG\nGS\nR\nRA9\nRA9opp\nRA9def\nRA9role\nRA9extras\nPPFp\nRA9avg\nRAA\nWAA\ngmLI\nWAAadj\nWAR\nRAR\nwaaWL%\n162WL%\nSalary\nAwards\n201928SEAAL161.232321096.075.04-0.310.2494.15.26-14-1.3-0.10.13.458.492$10,000,000\n202029SEAAL47.099275.175.050.230.250.0092.04.67-3-0.3-0.10.12.468.498$16,000,000\n202130SEAAL157.02929824.704.92-0.010.230.0095.14.9130.3-0.11.719.510.502$17,000,000AS\n202231TORAL100.23220675.994.360.250.110.0099.64.20-20-2.0.560.0-1.1-11.437.488$16,000,000\n202332TORAL167.23232784.194.790.540.220.0099.74.4630.3-0.11.821.509.502$10,000,000\n202433TORAL61.01111233.394.610.590.200.0097.74.1230.4-0.10.910.535.502$10,000,000\n6 Seasons695.01451333865.004.820.160.210.0096.64.70-28-2.7.56-0.53.545.482.496$79,000,000\n162 Game Avg.170 3533945.004.820.160.210.0096.64.70-7-0.7.56-0.10.911.482.496\nSEA (3 yrs)365.270702185.374.99-0.120.240.0094.25.04-14-1.3-0.31.924.481.497$43,000,000\nTOR (3 yrs)329.175631684.594.620.460.180.0099.34.32-13-1.3.56-0.21.620.482.496$36,000,000\nAdvanced Pitching\nSee More Advanced Pitching\nAdvanced Pitching\nBatting Against\nPitching Ratios\nBatted Ball\nWin Probability\nYear\nAge\nTm\nLg\nIP\nBA\nOBP\nSLG\nOPS\nBAbip\nHR%\nSO%\nBB%\nEV\nHardH%\nLD%\nGB%\nFB%\nGB/FB\nWPA\ncWPA\nRE24\n201928SEAAL161.2.295.348.539.888.3105.0%16.1%6.9%89.342.5%25.1%43.9%21.9%0.80-2.10.1%-21.4\n202029SEAAL47.0.238.314.366.681.3061.6%24.2%10.3%88.934.8%27.6%52.8%16.5%1.12-0.2-0.3%-2.9\n202130SEAAL157.0.243.319.432.751.2894.1%24.5%9.3%91.447.2%25.2%48.9%22.0%0.970.5-0.2%-0.3\n202231TORAL100.2.243.353.493.847.2935.1%27.3%12.8%91.548.3%25.9%44.1%24.0%0.79-2.2-1.5%-20.7\n202332TORAL167.2.255.311.426.737.3153.9%25.9%6.9%90.042.5%26.1%39.4%25.5%0.661.00.5%10.0\n202433TORAL61.0.253.291.376.666.3202.0%24.1%5.1%89.443.0%23.5%43.0%25.1%0.770.90.6%8.7\n6 Yrs695.0.259.327.456.783.3054.1%23.2%8.4%90.243.9%25.5%44.4%23.0%0.81-2.1-0.9%-26.6\nMLB Averages .246.318.412.730.2943.2%22.8%8.5%88.439.1%24.4%42.6%25.0%0.76\nMore:BattingAgainst WinProbability StartingPitching ReliefPitching Ratios Pitches Baserunning/Situational Cumulative Neutralized AdvancedPitching\nBecome a Stathead & surf this site ad-free.\nCompare Yusei Kikuchi to\nJavascript is required for the selection of a player.\nChoice is:\nEx: Jeff Locke, Mike Mason\nCareer\n2024\nPowered by\nPlayer News\nAdd Your Blog Posts HerePlayer News ArchivePlayer News RSS Feed\n5/28 RotoWire: Roughed up in no-decision:Kikuchi escaped Sunday's 14-11 loss to Detroit with a no-decision,...\n5/23 Just Baseball: Five MLB Pitchers Who Have Exceeded All Expectations in 2024:Sure, this years MLB schedule has not yet hit the Memorial...\n5/23 MLBTradeRumors: The Blue Jays May Have Some Tough Decisions To Make:The Blue Jays are obviously not having the season they envisioned...\n5/22 TeamRiseOrFall.com: MLB DFS Preview Wednesday 5/22/24 Main Slate:MLB DFS Preview Wednesday 5/22/24 Main Slate Todays MLB...\n5/21 TeamRiseOrFall.com: MLB DFS Preview Tuesday 5/21/24 Main Slate:MLB DFS Preview Tuesday 5/21/24 Main Slate Welcome to todays...\nPostseason Pitching\nPostseason Game Log\nPostseason Pitching\nYear\nAge\nTm\nLg\nSeries\nRslt\nOpp\nW\nL\nW-L%\nERA\nG\nGS\nGF\nCG\nSHO\nSV\nIP\nH\nR\nER\nHR\nBB\nIBB\nSO\nHBP\nBK\nWP\nBF\nWHIP\nH9\nHR9\nBB9\nSO9\nSO/W\nWPA\ncWPA\n202332TORALALWCLMIN005.401000001.2311010000082.40016.20.05.40.00.00-0.13-0.7%\n1 ALWC005.401000001.2311010000082.40016.20.05.40.00.00-0.13-0.7%\nStandard Batting\nShow MinorsGames by Position\nStandard Batting\nYear\nAge\nTm\nLg\nG\nPA\nAB\nR\nH\n2B\n3B\nHR\nRBI\nSB\nCS\nBB\nSO\nBA\nOBP\nSLG\nOPS\nOPS+\nTB\nGDP\nHBP\nSH\nSF\nIBB\nPos\nAwards\n201928SEAAL1210000000001.000.000.000.000-1000001001\n202130SEAAL1220000000002.000.000.000.000-1000000001AS\n202231TOR-minAAA1000000000000000000BFL IL\n6 Yrs2430000000003.000.000.000.000-100000100\n162 Game Avg.162324243000000000243.000.000.000.000-1000008100\nPlayer Value--Batting\nWAR Explained (v2.2): 8+ MVP, 5+ A-S, 2+ Starter, 0-2 Sub, < 0 Repl\nPlayer Value--Batting\nYear\nAge\nTm\nLg\nG\nPA\nRbat\nRbaser\nRdp\nRfield\nRpos\nRAA\nWAA\nRrep\nRAR\nWAR\nwaaWL%\n162WL%\noWAR\ndWAR\noRAR\nSalary\nPos\nAwards\n201928SEAAL121000010.1010.1.608.5010.10.01$10,000,0001\n202130SEAAL12-1000000.0000.0.479.5000.00.00$17,000,0001AS\n4 Seasons240000110.1010.1.543.5000.10.01$59,000,000\n162 Game Avg.162324000081818.10818.1.543.5008.10.081\nAdvanced Batting\nSee More Advanced Batting\nAdvanced Batting\nBatting\nBatting Ratios\nBatted Ball\nWin Probability\nBaserunning\nYear\nAge\nTm\nLg\nrOBA\nRbat+\nBAbip\nISO\nHR%\nSO%\nBB%\nEV\nHardH%\nLD%\nGB%\nFB%\nGB/FB\nPull%\nCent%\nOppo%\nWPA\ncWPA\nRE24\nRS%\nSB%\nXBT%\n201928SEAAL.888898.0000.0%50.0%0.0%37.00.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%100.0%0.0%0.00.0%0.60%\n202130SEAAL.000-121.0000.0%100.0%0.0%0.00.0%-0.3\n6 Yrs.296230.0000.0%75.0%0.0%37.00.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%100.0%0.0%0.00.0%0.30%\nMLB Averages.322100.294.1663.2%22.8%8.5%88.439.1%24.4%42.6%25.0%0.7629.3%52.6%18.1%31%77%41%\nMore:Advanced Ratios WinProbability Baserunning/Misc PH/HR/Situational Pitches Cumulative Neutralized\nPostseason Batting\nPostseason Batting\nYear\nAge\nTm\nLg\nSeries\nOpp\nRslt\nG\nPA\nAB\nR\nH\n2B\n3B\nHR\nRBI\nSB\nCS\nBB\nSO\nBA\nOBP\nSLG\nOPS\nTB\nGDP\nHBP\nSH\nSF\nIBB\nWPA\ncWPA\n202332TORALALWCMINL10000000000000000000.000.0%\n1 ALWC10000000000000000000.000.0%\nStandard Fielding\nStandard Fielding\nYear\nAge\nTm\nPos\nLg\nG\nGS\nCG\nInn\nCh\nPO\nA\nE\nDP\nFld%\nRdrs\nRdrs/yr\nRF/9\nRF/G\nlgFld%\nlgRF9\nlgRFG\nSB\nCS\nCS%\nlgCS%\nPO\nAwards\n201928SEAPAL32321161.223101211.957-2-21.220.69.9451.221.218327%27%2\n202029SEAPAL99047.0835001.000001.530.89.9461.241.20500%26%0\n202130SEAPAL29290157.019613011.000341.090.66.9461.161.134343%23%1AS\n202231TORPAL32200100.21641111.938481.340.47.9431.131.121375%25%1\n202332TORPAL32320167.21541012.933-2-20.750.44.9591.261.251417%21%0\n202433TORPAL1111061.0945001.000131.330.82.9541.361.332250%23%0\n6 SeasonsP1451331695.090315635.967411.130.60.9481.221.19341226%24%4\n6 SeasonsTOT1451331695.090315635.967461.130.60.9481.221.19341226%24%4\nNote:\nComplete player games played data.\nFielding stats are a combination of official records and RetroSheet records. Both are likely to have substantial errors and will not match perfectly.\nView Complete Notes on Fielding Data\nLeagues historically made no effort to balance team, league, and player\nfielding stats. Since 1990 or so, computers have made this feasible, but\nprior to that there are hundreds or thousands of discrepancies each year in\ngames played (even whether a player played a position), putouts, assists,\ndouble plays and errors.\nPre-1912 SB & CS data for catchers is estimated\nfrom catcher assists, games started and opposition stolen bases.\nFrom 1912 on SB, CS, Pickoff, & WP data for\ncatchers and pitchers is taken from play-by-play accounts in the\nretrosheet files. There are several hundred games without pbp from\n1912 to 1968 and for those we may not\nhave any data.\nCG & GS come from the retrosheet data and should be complete and\npretty accurate from 1901 on.\nInnings played (like SB and CS) come from the retrosheet play-by-play\ndata and should be considered mostly complete from 1912\nto 1968 and complete from then on.\nStats (PO,A,G, etc) for LF-CF-RF positions (since 1901) is\ntaken from play-by-play or box score data as available.\nStats (PO,A,G,etc) for C,P,1B,2B,3B,SS,OF positions is taken from the\nofficial reported totals and may have been corrected at various times\nsince their publication.\nFor detailed information on which games retrosheet is missing\nplay-by-play from 1912 to 1968,\nplease see\ntheir most wanted games list\nFor detailed information on the availability of data on this site by\nyear, see our data coverage page\nAppearances\nAppearances\nYear\nAge\nTm\nLg\nG\nGS\nBatting\nDefense\nP\nC\n1B\n2B\n3B\nSS\nLF\nCF\nRF\nOF\nDH\nPH\nPR\n201928SEAAL323213232000000000000\n202029SEAAL99099000000000000\n202130SEAAL292912929000000000000\n202231TORAL322003232000000000000\n202332TORAL323203232000000000000\n202433TORAL111101111000000000000\n6 Seasons1451332145145000000000000\nAppearances table is calculated solely\nfrom full RetroSheet\nplay-by-play data available from 1969 on. A combination of RetroSheet\n(starting with the 1901 season) and non-RetroSheet data\nis used for other seasons.\nAppearances on Leaderboards, Awards, and Honors\nExpand all Leaderboards\nAll-Star Games 2021\nWin-Loss % 2023 AL.647 (7th)\nBases On Balls per 9 IP 2023 AL2.577 (10th)\nStrikeouts per 9 IP 2023 AL9.716 (6th)\nGames Started 2023 AL32 (7th)\n2024 AL11 (5th)\n2 Seasons in Top 10\nComplete Games 2019 AL1 (7th)\nShutouts 2019 AL1 (3rd)\nActive1 (42nd)\nHome Runs 2019 AL36 (2nd)\n2021 AL27 (10th)\n2023 AL27 (10th)\n3 Seasons in Top 10\nBases on Balls 2021 AL62 (5th)\nHits 2019 AL195 (5th)\n2024 AL60 (10th)\n2 Seasons in Top 10\nStrikeouts / Base On Balls 2023 AL3.771 (9th)\nHome Runs per 9 IP 2024 AL0.738 (8th)\nEarned Runs 2019 AL98 (4th)\nFielding Independent Pitching 2024 AL2.84 (6th)\nFielding % as P 2024 AL1.000 (1st)\nHall of Fame Statistics\nGray Ink\nPitching -\n10 (1907th),\nAverage\nHOFer 185\nHall of Fame Monitor\nPitching -\n3 (1827th),\nLikely\nHOFer 100\nHall of Fame Standards\nPitching -\n5 (1676th),\nAverage\nHOFer 50\nJAWS\nStarting Pitcher (1615th):\n3.6 career WAR\n| 3.6 7yr-peak WAR\n| 3.6 JAWS\n| 3.6 S-JAWS\n| 0.9 WAR/162\nAverage HOF P (out of 66):\n73.0 career WAR | 49.9 7yr-peak WAR | 61.5 JAWS\n| 56.9 S-JAWS\n| 4.5 WAR/162\nSimilarity Scores\nExplanation of Similarity Scores\nSimilar Pitchers\nJeff Locke (969.7)\nMike Mason (967.5)\nJos Mercedes (966.0)\nJuan Nieves (964.9)\nEric Lauer (962.0)\nDave Fleming (960.5)\nFlix Doubront (960.5)\nGeremi Gonzlez (960.4)\nDanny Friend (960.1)\nJakob Junis (959.4)\nSimilar Pitchers through 32\nWillie Gisentaner (972.3)\nJos Mercedes (966.0)\nWillie Banks (961.2)\nKarl Drews (957.5)\nTiny Osborne (955.8)\nKevin Foster (955.7)\nRay Phelps (951.5)\nMark Hendrickson (950.8)\nMark Gardner (950.6)\nDarrell May (949.5)\nMost Similar by Ages\nScott Downs (992.1)\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\nC\nArnett Mitchell (992.5)\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\nC\nAriel Prieto (976.1)\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\nC\nRoss Ohlendorf (970.0)\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\nC\nWillie Gisentaner (972.3)\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\nC\n* - Signifies Hall of Famer\nTransactions\nJanuary 1, 2019: Signed as a Free Agent with the Seattle Mariners.March 14, 2022: Signed as a Free Agent with the Toronto Blue Jays.\nThe transaction information used here was obtained free of charge from and\nis copyrighted by Retrosheet.\nWe attempt to update transactions throughout the season.\nSalaries\nConvert to YYYY $'s\nBack to Actual\n1871\n1880\n1890\n1900\n1910\n1920\n1930\n1940\n1950\n1960\n1970\n1980\n1990\n2000\n2010\n2024\nSalaries may not be complete (especially pre-1985) and may not include some earned bonuses\nSalaries\nYear\nAge\nTm\nSalary\nSrvTm\nSources\nNotes/Other Sources\n201928SeattleMariners$10,000,0000.000contract\n202029SeattleMariners$16,000,0001.000contract\n202130SeattleMariners$17,000,0002.000contract\n202231TorontoBlueJays$16,000,0003.000contract\n202332TorontoBlueJays$10,000,0004.000\n202433TorontoBlueJays$10,000,0005.000\n2024 StatusSigned thru 2024, Earliest Free Agent: 2025\nCareer to date (may be incomplete)$79,000,000\nPrimary salary data (about) courtesy Doug Pappas, and the Society for American Baseball Research. Additional 1915-1969 salaries researched via Baseball Hall of Fame contract archives by Dr. Michael Haupert of UW-LaCrosse. Salaries for mid-season call-ups or traded players may not be shown. Salaries converted to alternate years using Consumer Price Index (CPI) data courtesy of the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Board.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nHow old is Yusei Kikuchi?\nYusei Kikuchi is 32 years old.\nWhen was Yusei Kikuchi born?\nYusei Kikuchi was born on June 17, 1991.\nWhere was Yusei Kikuchi born?\nYusei Kikuchi was born in Morioka, Iwate.\nHow tall is Yusei Kikuchi?\nYusei Kikuchi is 6-0 (183 cm) tall.\nHow much does Yusei Kikuchi weigh?\nYusei Kikuchi weighs 210 lbs (95 kg).\nHow many seasons has Yusei Kikuchi played?\nYusei Kikuchi is in his 6th season.\nWhat position does Yusei Kikuchi play?\nYusei Kikuchi is a Pitcher.\nHow many strikeouts does Yusei Kikuchi have?\nYusei Kikuchi has 61 strikeouts this season and has 692 strikeouts over his career.\nHow much is Yusei Kikuchi worth?\nYusei Kikuchi makes $10,000,000.00 this year. His current contract terms are 3 yrs/$36M (22-24).\nHow many teams has Yusei Kikuchi played for?\nYusei Kikuchi has played for 2 teams; the Seattle Mariners and Toronto Blue Jays.\nHow many World Series has Yusei Kikuchi won?\nYusei Kikuchi has never won a World Series.\nWhat are Yusei Kikuchi's nicknames?\nU Say is a nickname for Yusei Kikuchi.\nOther Resources & Links\nBaseball-Almanac.com\nRetrosheet\nMore Kikuchi Pages\nYusei Kikuchi Overview\nJapanese & Minor Lg Stats Pitching Splits\nCareer\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nBatting Splits\nCareer\n2019\n2021\nPitching Game Logs\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nPostseason\nBatting Game Logs\n2019\n2021\nFielding Game Logs\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nPostseason\nPitching Finders & Advanced Stats\nAdvanced Stats\nHome Run Log\nGame Finder\nStreak Finder\nEvent Finder\nvs. Batter\nPivotal Play Finder\nSpan Finder\nSplit Finder\nPostseason Event Finder\nBatting Finders & Advanced Stats\nAdvanced Stats\nHome Run Log\nGame Finder\nStreak Finder\nEvent Finder\nvs. Pitcher\nPivotal Play Finder\nSpan Finder\nSplit Finder\nFielding Finders & Advanced Stats\nAdvanced Stats\nMore Yusei Kikuchi Pages at Baseball Reference\nOracle\nYusei Kikuchi page at the Bullpen Wiki\nWelcome Your Account\nLogout\nAd-Free Login\nCreate Account\nYou are here: BR Home Page > Major League Players > K Listing > Yusei Kikuchi Statistics and History\nFull Site Menu\nReturn to Top\nMajor League Players\nCurrent Greats: Clayton Kershaw,\nMike Trout,\nMookie Betts,\nJacob deGrom,\nMiguel Cabrera,\nZack Greinke,\nJose Altuve,\n...\nAll-Time Greats:\nStan Musial,\nBarry Bonds,\nBabe Ruth,\nDerek Jeter,\nOscar Charleston,\nKen Griffey Jr,\nJackie Robinson,\nHank Aaron, ...\nMajor League Teams\nNL East:\nAtlanta Braves,\nMiami Marlins,\nNew York Mets,\nPhiladelphia Phillies,\nWashington Nationals\nNL Central:\nChicago Cubs,\nCincinnati Reds,\nMilwaukee Brewers,\nPittsburgh Pirates,\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNL West:\nArizona Diamondbacks,\nColorado Rockies,\nLos Angeles Dodgers ,\nSan Diego Padres,\nSan Francisco Giants\nAL East:\nBaltimore Orioles,\nBoston Red Sox,\nNew York Yankees,\nTampa Bay Rays,\nToronto Blue Jays\nAL Central:\nChicago White Sox,\nCleveland Guardians,\nDetroit Tigers,\nKansas City Royals,\nMinnesota Twins\nAL West:\nHouston Astros,\nLos Angeles Angels,\nOakland Athletics,\nSeattle Mariners,\nTexas Rangers\nSeasons\n2024,\n2023,\n2024 MLB Pitching,\n2024 MLB Batting,\n2024 MLB Standings,\n2024 MLB Attendance,\n2024 MLB Rookies,\n...\nMajor League Leaders\n2024 MLB Batting,\n2024 MLB Pitching,\nCareer WAR Leaders,\nSingle-Season Home Run Leaders,\nActive Strikeout Leaders,\nUpcoming Player Milestones,\n...\nMLB Scores\nYesterday's MLB Games,\nScores from any date in Major League history,\nMLB Probable Pitchers,\nBaseball-Reference Stream Finder,\n...\nMLB Schedule\nMLB Standings\nAL Standings,\nNL Standings,\nStandings for any date in history,\n...\nPlayoffs\nWorld Series Winners,\n2019 World Series: Astros vs Nationals,\n2018 World Series: Red Sox vs Dodgers,\n2017 World Series: Astros vs Dodgers,\nWorld Series Batting Leaders,\nWorld Series Pitching Leaders,\n...\nStathead\nPlayer Finders:\nSeason & Career Finder,\nGame Finder,\nStreak Finder,\nSpan Finder,\nSplit Finder,\nVersus Finder,\n...\nTeam Finders:\nSeason Finder,\nGame Finder,\nStreak Finder,\nSpan Finder,\nSplit Finder,\nEvent Finder,\n...\nOther Finders:\nDraft Finder,\nTeam Trade Histories,\nHead-to-Head Records,\n...\nManagers\nActive:\nTerry Francona,\nRocco Baldelli,\nDave Roberts,\n...\nRetired:\nJohn McGraw,\nBobby Cox,\nEarl Weaver,\n...\nAwards\nBaseball Hall of Fame,\nMLB MVP's,\nMLB Cy Young Award,\nMLB Rookie of the Year,\nRawlings Gold Gloves,\n2024 HOF results,\n2025 Hall of Fame ballot,\n...\nAll-Star Games\n2024 All-Star Game,\n2023 All-Star Game,\nAll-Time All-Star Batters,\nAll-Time All-Star Pitchers,\n...\nFrivolities and More\nPlayers who played for multiple teams,\nOracle of Baseball,\nUniform Number Tracker,\nCups of Coffee,\nPronunciation Guide,\nBirthplaces,\nPlayers by School Attended,\n....\nMLB Draft\n2023 Draft,\n2022 Draft,\n2021 Draft,\nMLB Number One Picks,\n...\nMinor, Foreign, College, & Black Baseball\nMinor League Stats,\nBlack Baseball Stats,\nNippon Pro Baseball Stats,\nCuban National Series Stats,\nKorean Baseball Stats,\n2024 Minor Leagues,\n2024 Affiliates,\n...\nBaseball-Reference Bullpen\n100,000+ pages of baseball information,\nHow to Contribute,\n...\nAbout Baseball Reference\nBatting Glossary,\nPitching Glossary,\nWins Above Replacement Explainer,\nWAR data archive,\nBR Data Coverage,\nFrequently Asked Questions about MLB and Baseball,\n...\nImmaculate Grid\nPut your baseball knowledge to the test with our daily baseball trivia game. 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Use without license or authorization is expressly prohibited.\nMuch of the play-by-play, game results, and transaction information both shown and used to create certain data sets was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted by RetroSheet.\nWin Expectancy, Run Expectancy, and Leverage Index calculations provided by Tom Tango of InsideTheBook.com, and co-author of The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball.\nTotal Zone Rating and initial framework for Wins above Replacement calculations provided by Sean Smith.\nFull-year historical Major League statistics provided by Pete Palmer and Gary Gillette of Hidden Game Sports.\nSome defensive statistics Copyright Sports Info Solutions, 2010-2024.\nSome high school data is courtesy David McWater.\nMany historical player head shots courtesy of David Davis. Many thanks to him. All images are property the copyright holder and are displayed here for informational purposes only.\nData Provided By\nthe official stats partner of the NBA, NHL and MLB.\nSportsReference\nBaseball\nFootball (college)\nBasketball (college)\nHockey\nCalcio\nBlog\nStathead\nImmaculate Grid\nAbout \nConditions & Terms of Service \nAdvertise With Us\n\nJobs at SR\nSports Reference Purpose: We will be the trusted source of information and tools that inspire and empower users to enjoy, understand, and share the sports they love.\nPrivacy Policy \nGambling Revenue Policy \nAccessibility Policy \nUse of Data", "url": "https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/k/kikucyu01.shtml" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Yusei Kikuchi - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Amateur career\n2Professional career\nToggle Professional career subsection\n2.1Saitama Seibu Lions\n2.2Seattle Mariners\n2.3Toronto Blue Jays\n3Playing style\n4Personal life\n5See also\n6References\n7External links\nToggle the table of contents\nYusei Kikuchi\n7 languages\nBahasa MelayuSimple English\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nJapanese baseball player (born 1991)\nBaseball player\nYusei KikuchiKikuchi with the Saitama Seibu Lions in 2018Toronto Blue Jays No. 16PitcherBorn: (1991-06-17) June 17, 1991 (age32)Morioka, Iwate, JapanBats: LeftThrows: LeftProfessional debutNPB: June 12,2011,for theSaitama Seibu LionsMLB: March 21,2019,for theSeattle MarinersNPB statistics (through 2018 season)Winloss record7346Earned run average2.77Strikeouts903MLB statistics (through May 21, 2024)Winloss record3441Earned run average4.54Strikeouts692\nTeams\nSaitama Seibu Lions (20112018)\nSeattle Mariners (20192021)\nToronto Blue Jays (2022present)\nCareer highlights and awards\nNPB\n3 NPB All-Star (2013, 20172018)\nPacific League ERA leader (2017)\nPacific League wins leader (2017)\nMitsui Golden Glove Award (2017)\nMLB\nAll-Star (2021)\nYusei Kikuchi ( , Kikuchi Ysei, Japanese pronunciation: [kikti jse], born June 17, 1991) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Seattle Mariners in MLB and for the Saitama Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).\nAmateur career[edit]\nAs a high school pitcher, Kikuchi had a fastball that was clocked at 154km/h (96mph) in 2009.[1][2] In October 2009, Kikuchi sparked controversy when it was announced that he was considering bypassing the amateur draft in Japan for the NPB and signing with an American Major League Baseball club. Under Major League Baseball's current rules, Kikuchi would not have been subject to the MLB Draft and instead be declared a free agent, free to sign with any American team he wanted.[3][4] The Texas Rangers were one of several teams interested in signing Kikuchi,[5][6] as well as the Boston Red Sox.[7] Japanese news service reports also identified scouts from the Los Angeles Dodgers, Seattle Mariners, New York Mets, Cleveland Indians, Chicago Cubs, San Francisco Giants,[8] Detroit Tigers, Atlanta Braves and New York Yankees watching Kikuchi in tournaments.[2] All 12 NPB teams were also reportedly interested in signing the pitcher.[7][9]\nHanamaki Higashi manager Hiroshi Sasaki submitted paperwork to the high school baseball federation in Iwate Prefecture on Kikuchi's behalf, stating his desire to turn pro. The move opened the way for professional teams to make contact with Kikuchi in a race to secure his services. With the submission of the paperwork, Kikuchi was open to be named in the Japanese baseball draft, which began on October 29, 2009.[10] He was expected to be named as a No. 1 draft pick by several Japanese clubs.[1][3][11][12] NPB had asked that Kikuchi not receive an offer from any major league clubs before Japan's draft,[13][14] in order to even the chances for Japanese teams, who are not allowed to make offers before the draft.[7] Kikuchi helped Hanamaki Higashi to a runnerup finish at the national high school invitational in April and to the semifinals in the national championship in August.[4][15] Kikuchi had reportedly expressed a preference to play in the United States and even visited in October.[16]\nKikuchi would have been the first Japanese high school player to bypass the domestic amateur draft to come to MLB.[3][17] By staying, players lock themselves into nine seasons before they're eligible for free agency.[4] They can leave only if their Japanese team allows them to enter the posting system in which MLB teams can bid for the right to negotiate with them. Furthermore, leaving for an American team bans players from Japanese leagues for three years.[2][12] Kikuchi held talks with the Red Sox, Dodgers, Rangers, and Giants on Monday, October 19, and talks with the Yankees, Mets, and Mariners the following day.[7][18] He decided to stay in Japan and enter the draft instead of playing in the United States.[19]\nProfessional career[edit]\nSaitama Seibu Lions[edit]\nThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2018)\nOn November 20, 2009, Kikuchi signed a pro deal with the Saitama Seibu Lions; the deal included a 100 million yen (about $1 million) signing bonus, a 15 million yen ($150,000) first year salary, and 50 million yen ($500,000) in performance bonuses.[20]\nAfter the 2011 season, Seibu announced that Kikuchi would join the Melbourne Aces of the Australian Baseball League (ABL).[21]\nIn 2018, Kikuchi was selected for the 2018 NPB All-Star game[jp].[22]\nOn December 3, 2018, Seibu announced it was allowing Kikuchi to enter the posting system to play in Major League Baseball (MLB),[23] with the 30-day period starting a month later.[24]\nSeattle Mariners[edit]\nKikuchi pitching for the Mariners with Shohei Ohtani on base\nOn January 2, 2019, Kikuchi signed a four-year contract with the Seattle Mariners.[25][26] Kikuchi made his MLB debut on March 21, 2019, going 4.2 innings while allowing two runs (one earned) and striking out three.[27] He is the first Japanese-born player to make his MLB debut in Japan.[28] Kikuchi struggled in his first season with Seattle, going 611 with an ERA of 5.46 in 32 starts. He struck out 116 in 161+23 innings. Kikuchi improved his performance in 2020, recording a 5.17 ERA and increasing his strikeout percentage from 16.1% to 24%.[29]\nKikuchi was selected for the American League's roster in the 2021 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.[30]\nToronto Blue Jays[edit]\nOn March 14, 2022, Kikuchi signed a three-year, $36 million contract with the Toronto Blue Jays.[31]\nOn September 30, 2022, a day after clinching a post-season berth, Kikuchi earned his first MLB save.[32]\nPlaying style[edit]\nKikuchi is a 6-foot (1.83m), 200-pound (91kg) left-handed pitcher throwing from a three-quarters arm angle.[33] He features a four-seam fastball topping out at 99 miles per hour (159km/h).[34] He mainly throws an above-average slider in addition to the fastball and also mixes in a curve and changeup.[35][36]\nPersonal life[edit]\nKikuchi has been known to follow a strict pattern of sleep. Prior to every start, he reportedly sleeps 13-14 hours.[37]\nKikuchi married Rumi Fukatsu in 2016.[38]\nSee also[edit]\nList of Major League Baseball players from Japan\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b Kikuchi gets pro career off ground, Japan Times. Published October 6, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ a b c White, Paul. Japan prep star may bypass domestic draft to come to MLB, USA Today. Published September 30, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ a b c Dittmeier, Bobbie. Top amateur to choose Japan or MLB, Major League Baseball. Published September 29, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ a b c Biggs, Stuart. Japan Teens 94-mph Fastball May Spur U.S. Migration, Bloomberg. Published August 21, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ Reeves, Jim. Texas Rangers' Washington has wish list for 2010, Dallas Morning News. Published September 30, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ Rangers, Dodgers Eyeing Yusei Kikuchi Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, CBS Sports. Published May 24, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ a b c d Big league teams wooing Japanese teen pitcher Kikuchi, CBS Sports. Published October 15, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2009.\n^ Baggarly, Andrew. Sabean/Bochy still without contracts, Lansford doesnt expect to be invited back, note on Kikuchi, etc, San Jose Mercury News. Published October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ Kikuchi War Begins[permanent dead link], The Times of India. Published October 6, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ Baseball: Kikuchi gets professional career off the ground] (Associated Press). Published October 5, 2009\n^ Baseball notebook: Sept. 30, Knoxville News Sentinel. Published September 29, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ a b Drennen, Andrew. Japanese Prep Star to MLB[permanent dead link], ESPN. Published September 29, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ Scouts seek talks with Kikuchi, Japan Times. Published October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ Japanese clubs seek direct talks with highly touted Kikuchi[permanent dead link], Japan Today. Published October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ High school star Kikuchi gives scouts a taste of his skills, Japan Times. Published September 29, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ Horie, Masatsugu. Japan School Pitcher Kikuchi Prefers U.S., Sports Nippon Says, Bloomberg. Published September 8, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ Smith, Cameron. Japanese High Schooler Could Start a Revolution, Washington Post. Published August 24, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2009.\n^ Hoynes, Paul. Cleveland Indians among MLB teams intrigued by Japanese teen hurler Kikuchi, The Plain Dealer. Published October 18, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2009.\n^ Harding, Thomas. High schooler Kikuchi to remain in Japan, Major League Baseball. Published October 25, 2009. Retrieved October 25, 2009.\n^ Newman, Patrick. Kikuchi Signs With Seibu, NPB Tracker. Published November 20, 2009. Retrieved November 23, 2009.\n^ \"201112 Australian Baseball League \". (in Japanese). November 1, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2019.\n^ \"2018 \". NPB.jp (in Japanese). June 26, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2018.\n^ \"\". (in Japanese). December 3, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2019.\n^ Axisa, Mike (December 3, 2018). \"Yusei Kikuchi posted for MLB teams: Everything you need to know about the Japanese lefty\". CBSSports.com. Retrieved January 2, 2019.\n^ \"Mariners sign left-handed pitcher Yusei Kikuchi to four-year contract\". MLB.com. January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.\n^ \"MLB\". (in Japanese). January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.\n^ \"Mariners Box Score 3/21/2019\". mlb.com. March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019.\n^ \"Kikuchi to debut in Japan\". the japan times. Retrieved March 30, 2019.\n^ \"Yusei Kikuchi took a massive leap forward in 2020\". January 2021.\n^ \"How Yusei Kikuchi became the Mariners' best pitcher and earned a spot on the AL All-Star team\". July 4, 2021.\n^ Matheson, Keegan (March 14, 2022). \"Blue Jays reach 3-year deal with lefty Kikuchi\". MLB.com. Retrieved March 14, 2022.\n^ \"Guerrero homers, wild-card Blue Jays rout Red Sox 9-0\". ESPN. Toronto. Associated Press. October 1, 2022. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2024.\n^ \"Baseball: Yusei Kikuchi well prepared for move to MLB\". English.kyodonews.net. Retrieved January 2, 2019.\n^ \"A week after cratering, Mariners complete sweep of Rangers to return to .500\". May 30, 2021.\n^ Japanese pitching star Yusei Kikuchi could have high ceiling in MLB | MLB | Sporting News\n^ \"Japanese LHP Kikuchi signs with Mariners\". January 2019.\n^ https://www.si.com/.amp/mlb/2023/09/21/yusei-kikuchi-sleeping-habits-13-14-hours\n^ https://thesportslite.com/couples/who-is-yusei-kikuchi-wife-know-all-about-rumi-fukatsu/\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Yusei Kikuchi.\nCareer statistics and player information from MLB, orESPN, orBaseball Reference, orFangraphs, orBaseball Reference (Minors), orRetrosheet\nNPB\nYusei Kikuchi on Instagram\nYusei Kikuchi on Twitter\nAuthority control databases\nVIAF\nvteToronto Blue Jays current rosterActive roster\n2 Justin Turner\n4 George Springer\n6 Alek Manoah\n7 Isiah Kiner-Falefa\n8 Cavan Biggio\n9 Danny Jansen\n11 Bo Bichette\n16 Yusei Kikuchi\n17 Jos Berros\n20 Daniel Vogelbach\n24 Nate Pearson\n25 Daulton Varsho\n27 Vladimir Guerrero Jr.\n28 Ernie Clement\n30 Alejandro Kirk\n33 Trevor Richards\n34 Kevin Gausman\n36 Davis Schneider\n39 Kevin Kiermaier\n40 Chris Bassitt\n50 Erik Swanson\n56 Zach Pop\n58 Tim Mayza\n68 Jordan Romano\n92 Gnesis Cabrera\n93 Yimi Garca\nInactive roster\n13 Orelvis Martnez\n15 Brian Serven\n38 Nathan Lukes\n47 Addison Barger\n48 Spencer Horwitz\n49 Leo Jimenez\n52 Paolo Espino\n54 Brendon Little\n64 Adam Macko\n65 Hagen Danner\n-- Joel Kuhnel\nInjured list\n29 Yariel Rodrguez\n37 Chad Green\n44 Bowden Francis\nCoaching staff\nManager 14 John Schneider\nAssociate Manager 10 DeMarlo Hale\nBench/Offensive Coordinator 23 Don Mattingly\nPitching 41 Pete Walker\nHitting 18 Guillermo Martnez\nFirst base 53 Mark Budzinski\nThird base 51 Carlos Febles\nAssistant hitting 59 Hunter Mense\nField Coordinator 22 Gil Kim\nMajor League Pitching Strategist 85 David Howell\nBullpen 21 Jeff Ware\nMajor League Hitting Strategist 19 Dave Hudgens\nMajor League Coach 86 Adam Yudelman\nBullpen Catcher 61 Alex Andreopoulos\nBullpen Catcher 78 Luis Hurtado\nAssistant hitting 66 Matt Hague\nMajor League mental performance coach -- John Lannan\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yusei_Kikuchi&oldid=1225070608\"\nCategories: 1991 birthsLiving peopleAmerican League All-StarsBuffalo Bisons (minor league) playersJapanese expatriate baseball players in the United StatesMajor League Baseball pitchersMelbourne Aces playersNippon Professional Baseball pitchersPeople from Morioka, IwateSaitama Seibu Lions playersSeattle Mariners playersToronto Blue Jays playersJapanese expatriate baseball players in AustraliaHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksAll articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from July 2016Articles with permanently dead external linksCS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse mdy dates from January 2019Short description matches WikidataArticles containing Japanese-language textPages with Japanese IPAArticles to be expanded from December 2018All articles to be expandedArticles using small message boxesCommons category link is on WikidataArticles with VIAF identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 22 May 2024, at 05:33(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. 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Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusei_Kikuchi" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Yusei Kikuchi - Stats - Pitching | FanGraphs Baseball\nSign InSupport FanGraphsFanGraphs MembershipFanGraphs ShirtsFanGraphs MugsGift a MembershipDonate to FanGraphsFantasyFantasy Tools2024 Fantasy Expert Rankings2024 Fantasy Player RaterAuction CalculatorOttoneu Fantasy BaseballSignup, FAQ, Blog PostsBlogsBlog RollFanGraphsThe ZiPS Two-Month Standings UpdateUpdated Whomps Per Whiff and Kimbrel LeaderboardsIs Josh Fleming a Lost Gold Glover?Umpiring Is About To Get BetterPodcasts: Effectively WildFanGraphs ProspectsRotoGraphsOttoneu Hot Right Now: May 29, 2024Roto Riteup: May 29, 2024Podcasts: The Sleeper and The Bust | Field of Streams | Beat the ShiftCommunity ResearchStarting Pitchers Arent Leaning On Their Best PitchesArchived Blogs: The Hardball Times | NotGraphs | TechGraphs | FanGraphs+Archived THT: THT Live | Dispatch | Fantasy | ShysterBallArchived Podcasts: FanGraphs Audio | Chin Music | UMP: The Untitled McDongenhagen Project | Stealing Home | Doing It For Bartolo | OttoGraphs | Projections2024 Pre-Season ProjectionsZiPS, ZiPS DCSteamerDepth ChartsATCTHE BAT, THE BAT X2024 600 PA / 200 IP ProjectionsSteamer600, Steamer600 (Update)2024 Updated In-Season ProjectionsZiPS (RoS), ZiPS (Update), ZiPS DC (RoS)Steamer (RoS), Steamer (Update)Depth Charts (RoS)ATC DC (RoS)THE BAT (RoS), THE BAT X (RoS)3 Year ProjectionsZiPS 2025, ZiPS 2026On-Pace LeadersEvery Game Played, Games Played %Cy Young Award ProjectionsAuction CalculatorScoresTodayLive Scoreboard, Probable PitchersLive Daily LeaderboardsWin Probability & Box Scores2024,2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017...AL GamesNL GamesStandings2024 Projected Standings2024 Playoff Odds, Playoff Odds Graphs2023 ZiPS Postseason Game-By-Game OddsAL EastAL CentralAL WestNL EastNL CentralNL WestLeadersMajor League LeadersBatting: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, CareerPitching: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, CareerFielding: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, CareerMajor League Leaders - RankBatting: Ranking Grid, Compare Players, Compare StatsPitching: Ranking Grid, Compare Players, Compare StatsSplits LeaderboardsSeason Stat GridSpring Training LeadersBatting: 2024, 2023Pitching: 2024, 2023Postseason LeadersBatting: 2023, (WS), (LCS), (LDS), (WCS), CareerPitching: 2023, (WS), (LCS), (LDS), (WCS), CareerKBO LeadersBatting, PitchingMinor League LeadersAAA: International League, Pacific Coast LeagueAA: Eastern League, Southern League, Texas LeagueA+: Midwest League, South Atlantic League, Northwest LeagueA: California League, Carolina League, Florida State LeagueCPX: Arizona, FloridaR: Dominican Summer LeagueWAR ToolsCombined WAR LeaderboardsWAR GraphsWPA ToolsWPA InquirerRookie LeadersBatters 2024, Pitchers 2024Splits LeadersBatters: vs L, vs R, Home, AwayPitchers: vs L, vs R, Home, AwayTeamsTeam Batting Stats2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019...Team Pitching Stats2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019...Team WAR Totals (RoS)AL EastBlue Jays | DCOrioles | DCRays | DCRed Sox | DCYankees | DCAL CentralGuardians | DCRoyals | DCTigers | DCTwins | DCWhite Sox | DCAL WestAngels | DCAstros | DCAthletics | DCMariners | DCRangers | DCNL EastBraves | DCMarlins | DCMets | DCNationals | DCPhillies | DCNL CentralBrewers | DCCardinals | DCCubs | DCPirates | DCReds | DCNL WestD-backs | DCDodgers | DCGiants | DCPadres | DCRockies | DCPositional Depth ChartsBatters: C, 1B, 2B, SS, 3B, LF, CF, RF, DHPitchers: SP, RPRosterResourceCurrent Depth ChartsAL EastBlue JaysOriolesRaysRed SoxYankeesAL CentralGuardiansRoyalsTigersTwinsWhite SoxAL WestAngelsAstrosAthleticsMarinersRangersNL EastBravesMarlinsMetsNationalsPhilliesNL CentralBrewersCardinalsCubsPiratesRedsNL WestD-backsDodgersGiantsPadresRockiesIn-Season Tools2024 Closer Depth Chart2024 Injury Report2024 Payroll Pages2024 Transaction Tracker2024 Probables Grid2024 Schedule Grid2024 Lineup Tracker2024 Minor League Power RankingsOffseason Tools2024 Offseason Tracker2024 Free Agent Tracker2024 Opening Day TrackerProspectsProspects HomeThe BoardThe Board: Scouting + Stats!How To Use The Board: A TutorialFarm System RankingsTop Prospects List20242023ALBALCHWLAABOSCLEOAKNYYDETSEATBRKCRTEXTORMINHOUNLATLCHCARIMIACINCOLWSNMILLADNYMPITSDP*PHISTLSFG* Imminent Big Leaguers article. All orgs will receive a full list.2024 Preseason Top 100GlossaryLibraryBatting StatswOBA, wRC+, ISO, K% & BB%, more...Pitching StatsFIP, xFIP, BABIP, K/9 & BB/9, more...Defensive StatsUZR Primer, DRS, FSR, TZ & TZL, more...MoreWAR, UBR Primer, WPA, LI, ClutchGuts!Seasonal ConstantsPark FactorsPark Factors by HandednessSign In\nYusei Kikuchi\nToronto Blue JaysAge: 32Bats/Throws: L/L\n6' 0\" / 205\nP\nBirthdate: 6/17/1991 (32 y, 11 m, 12 d)Contract: 3 yr, $36M (2022-24)AAV: $12.0MService Time:\nReported as the pre-2024 value. 5 years and 0 days days of service time.5.000Free Agent:Becomes a free agent entering the 2025 season, after the conclusion of the 2024 season.\n2025\nMiLB Options:\nReported as the pre-2024 season number of options remaining.\nn/a\nQuick Look2024 Pitch Summary: FA:46%CU:28%SL:18%CH:8%SeasonTeamLevelGG - Games PitchedGSGS - Games StartedIPIP - Innings PitchedK%K% - Strikeout Percentage (SO/TBF)BB%BB% - Walk Percentage (BB/TBF)GB%GB% - Ground Ball Percentage (GB/BIP)ERAERA - Earned Run Average ((ER*9)/IP)FIPFIP - Fielder Independent Pitching on an ERA scaleWARWAR - Wins Above Replacement2024TORMLB111161.024.1%5.1%44.1%3.252.841.82024FGDCROS1919103.024.3%8.0%3.853.911.5Total- - -MLB145133695.023.2%8.4%44.5%4.584.656.0SeasonTeamLevelGG - Games PitchedGSGS - Games StartedIPIP - Innings PitchedK%K% - Strikeout Percentage (SO/TBF)BB%BB% - Walk Percentage (BB/TBF)GB%GB% - Ground Ball Percentage (GB/BIP)ERAERA - Earned Run Average ((ER*9)/IP)FIPFIP - Fielder Independent Pitching on an ERA scaleWARWAR - Wins Above Replacement2024TORMLB111161.024.1%5.1%44.1%3.252.841.82024FGDCROS1919103.024.3%8.0%3.853.911.5Total- - -MLB145133695.023.2%8.4%44.5%4.584.656.0\nProspects Report2019 ReportTeam Rank: 2Overall Rank: 74ETA: 2019FastballCurveballSplitterCutterCommandFV50 / 5060 / 6055 / 5555 / 5545 / 4550Prospects TLDR: Take the spin rates with a grain of salt because the American baseball is slightly different, but Kikuchi has a deep repertoire of quality pitches led by his curveball and split.\nRotoWire News: Kikuchi escaped Sunday's 14-11 loss to Detroit with a no-decision, yielding five earned runs on eight hits over just three innings. He did not record a walk or strikeout. (5/26/2024)\nArticles:4/19/2024RGThe Sleeper and the Bust Episode: 1285 2-Start Pitchers for Week 4 by Paul Sporer3/30/2024FGEffectively Wild Episode 2145: Opening Daze and the 2024 Team Fun Draft by Ben LindberghMore Articles\nFantasy Profile: 2020HideHideHide2020Profile: In his first major league season, Yusei Kikuchi struggled through his 32 starts. The positives from last season are a 2.8 BB/9. A slider with a 15% SwStr%. Thats it. As for the negatives, they are plentiful. A 5.46 ERA. 1.52 WHIP. A 2.0 HR/09. Just a 6.5 K/9. He lost fastball velocity as the season progressed. His second-half results were worse than the first half. He was a complete mess and needs to make several improvements. He may need to work out of the strike zone more to generate a few more misses. (Jeff Zimmerman)The Quick Opinion: With so much going wrong last season, Kikuchi is going to need to make several improvements to become fantasy relevant.\nSeason StatsSplitsGame LogPlay LogGraphsCompareSpray ChartsHeat MapsBattingPitchingStandardAdvancedStatcastNEW!Batted BallWin ProbabilityPitch TypePlate DisciplineFieldingValue\nYou can shift + click on full MLB seasons in Season Stats and games in Game Logs to select spans for aggregate stats. Read more hereDashboardCustomizesettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelAgeWW - WinsLL - LossesSVSV - SavesGG - Games PitchedGSGS - Games StartedIPIP - Innings PitcheddividerK/9K/9 - Strikeouts per 9 Innings ((SO*9)/IP)BB/9BB/9 - Walks per 9 Innings ((BB*9)/IP)HR/9HR/9 - Home Runs per 9 Innings ((HR*9)/IP)BABIPBABIP - Batting Average on Balls in PlayLOB%LOB% - Left on Base PercentageGB%GB% - Ground Ball Percentage (GB/BIP)HR/FBHR/FB - Home Run to Fly Ball RatiodividervFAvFA - Fourseam Fastball velocity (Pitch Info)dividerERAERA - Earned Run Average ((ER*9)/IP)xERAxERA - Expected ERA FIPFIP - Fielder Independent Pitching on an ERA scalexFIPxFIP - Expected Fielder Independent Pitching where Home Runs are calculated as 10.5% of Fly Balls inducedWARWAR - Wins Above Replacement2019SEAMariners (ST)ST28210339.06.002.001.00.25952.1%60.7%14.3%4.004.844.792019SEAMarinersMLB2861103232161.26.462.782.00.31070.8%44.0%18.8%92.65.465.375.715.180.22020SEAMariners (ST)ST29110336.213.506.750.00.33363.6%73.3%0.0%4.053.293.842020SEAMarinersMLB292409947.09.003.830.57.30659.9%52.0%9.4%95.15.173.333.303.781.12021SEAMariners (ST)ST30020338.19.724.321.08.22278.9%47.4%14.3%3.244.424.512021SEAMarinersMLB307902929157.09.343.551.55.28974.6%48.4%20.6%95.34.415.194.613.851.12022TORAAA31100115.07.205.400.00.182100.0%72.7%0.0%0.003.714.372022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST31110338.111.884.324.32.30096.2%50.0%66.7%6.489.424.692022TORBlue JaysMLB316713220100.211.095.192.06.29272.8%43.9%23.7%94.95.195.635.624.07-0.72023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST322107620.213.504.350.00.23190.0%42.1%0.0%0.872.413.612023TORBlue JaysMLB3211603232167.29.722.581.45.31477.6%39.7%15.3%95.13.864.304.123.772.62023TORBlue JaysMLB32000101.20.005.400.00.42975.0%83.3%0.0%5.405.066.052024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST33120337.211.745.875.87.40941.7%42.3%38.5%16.4311.575.982024FGDCFanGraphs DCPROJ339902929153.09.213.391.36.29674.1%4.174.411.92024SteamerSteamerPROJ3310902929156.09.323.261.26.29073.7%43.1%3.984.214.062.32024ZiPSZiPSPROJ337702726135.79.093.521.46.30174.4%4.384.631.42024ZiPS DCZiPS DCPROJ338802929151.09.093.521.46.30174.4%4.384.631.62024ATCATCPROJ339802928146.09.603.271.30.29972.1%4.194.222.22024THE BATTHE BATPROJ3391002828148.010.043.621.48.29372.1%4.484.482.02024TORBlue JaysMLB33240111161.09.001.920.74.31675.8%44.1%7.7%95.63.253.172.843.271.82024FGDCFanGraphs DC (RoS)ROS336501919103.09.263.031.20.29874.5%3.853.911.52024SteamerSteamer (RoS)ROS337601919105.09.442.941.12.29174.5%3.643.741.72024ZiPSZiPS (RoS)ROS3354191897.09.073.121.28.30574.4%4.074.091.22024ZiPS DCZiPS DC (RoS)ROS336501919102.09.073.121.28.30574.4%4.074.091.32024ATC DCATC DC (RoS)ROS336601919105.09.653.051.24.29673.7%3.903.911.62024THE BATTHE BAT (RoS)ROS337702020112.09.753.081.31.29972.0%4.203.991.6Total- - -MLB34411145133695.08.963.251.57.30473.1%44.5%17.4%94.54.584.654.126.0Postseason- - -MLB000101.20.005.400.00.42975.0%83.3%0.0%5.405.066.05SeasonTeamLevelAgeWW - WinsLL - LossesSVSV - SavesGG - Games PitchedGSGS - Games StartedIPIP - Innings PitcheddividerK/9K/9 - Strikeouts per 9 Innings ((SO*9)/IP)BB/9BB/9 - Walks per 9 Innings ((BB*9)/IP)HR/9HR/9 - Home Runs per 9 Innings ((HR*9)/IP)BABIPBABIP - Batting Average on Balls in PlayLOB%LOB% - Left on Base PercentageGB%GB% - Ground Ball Percentage (GB/BIP)HR/FBHR/FB - Home Run to Fly Ball RatiodividervFAvFA - Fourseam Fastball velocity (Pitch Info)dividerERAERA - Earned Run Average ((ER*9)/IP)xERAxERA - Expected ERA FIPFIP - Fielder Independent Pitching on an ERA scalexFIPxFIP - Expected Fielder Independent Pitching where Home Runs are calculated as 10.5% of Fly Balls inducedWARWAR - Wins Above Replacement2019SEAMariners (ST)ST28210339.06.002.001.00.25952.1%60.7%14.3%4.004.844.792019SEAMarinersMLB2861103232161.26.462.782.00.31070.8%44.0%18.8%92.65.465.375.715.180.22020SEAMariners (ST)ST29110336.213.506.750.00.33363.6%73.3%0.0%4.053.293.842020SEAMarinersMLB292409947.09.003.830.57.30659.9%52.0%9.4%95.15.173.333.303.781.12021SEAMariners (ST)ST30020338.19.724.321.08.22278.9%47.4%14.3%3.244.424.512021SEAMarinersMLB307902929157.09.343.551.55.28974.6%48.4%20.6%95.34.415.194.613.851.12022TORAAA31100115.07.205.400.00.182100.0%72.7%0.0%0.003.714.372022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST31110338.111.884.324.32.30096.2%50.0%66.7%6.489.424.692022TORBlue JaysMLB316713220100.211.095.192.06.29272.8%43.9%23.7%94.95.195.635.624.07-0.72023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST322107620.213.504.350.00.23190.0%42.1%0.0%0.872.413.612023TORBlue JaysMLB3211603232167.29.722.581.45.31477.6%39.7%15.3%95.13.864.304.123.772.62023TORBlue JaysMLB32000101.20.005.400.00.42975.0%83.3%0.0%5.405.066.052024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST33120337.211.745.875.87.40941.7%42.3%38.5%16.4311.575.982024FGDCFanGraphs DCPROJ339902929153.09.213.391.36.29674.1%4.174.411.92024SteamerSteamerPROJ3310902929156.09.323.261.26.29073.7%43.1%3.984.214.062.32024ZiPSZiPSPROJ337702726135.79.093.521.46.30174.4%4.384.631.42024ZiPS DCZiPS DCPROJ338802929151.09.093.521.46.30174.4%4.384.631.62024ATCATCPROJ339802928146.09.603.271.30.29972.1%4.194.222.22024THE BATTHE BATPROJ3391002828148.010.043.621.48.29372.1%4.484.482.02024TORBlue JaysMLB33240111161.09.001.920.74.31675.8%44.1%7.7%95.63.253.172.843.271.82024FGDCFanGraphs DC (RoS)ROS336501919103.09.263.031.20.29874.5%3.853.911.52024SteamerSteamer (RoS)ROS337601919105.09.442.941.12.29174.5%3.643.741.72024ZiPSZiPS (RoS)ROS3354191897.09.073.121.28.30574.4%4.074.091.22024ZiPS DCZiPS DC (RoS)ROS336501919102.09.073.121.28.30574.4%4.074.091.32024ATC DCATC DC (RoS)ROS336601919105.09.653.051.24.29673.7%3.903.911.62024THE BATTHE BAT (RoS)ROS337702020112.09.753.081.31.29972.0%4.203.991.6Total- - -MLB34411145133695.08.963.251.57.30473.1%44.5%17.4%94.54.584.654.126.0Postseason- - -MLB000101.20.005.400.00.42975.0%83.3%0.0%5.405.066.05StandardsettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelWW - WinsLL - LossesERAERA - Earned Run Average ((ER*9)/IP)GG - Games PitchedGSGS - Games StartedQSCGCG - Complete GamesShOShO - ShoutoutsSVSV - SavesHLDHLD - HoldsBSBS - Blown SavesIPIP - Innings PitchedTBFTBF - Total Batters FacedHH - Hits AllowedRR - Runs AllowedERER - Earned RunsHRHR - Home RunsBBBB - WalksIBBIBB - IntentionalHBPHBP - Hit BattersWPWP - Wild PitchesBKBK - BalksSOSO - Strikeouts2019SEAMariners (ST)ST214.0033000009.03786412011062019SEAMarinersMLB6115.4632321211000161.272119510998365006511162020SEAMariners (ST)ST114.0533000006.231543050100102020SEAMarinersMLB245.179930000047.01944127273200030472021SEAMariners (ST)ST023.2433000008.13253314000092021SEAMarinersMLB794.4129291400000157.06661458277276205601632022TORAAA100.0011000005.01820003000042022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST116.4833000008.1411066440200112022TORBlue JaysMLB675.193220300100100.2454936758235809301242023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST210.87760000020.2819220100101312023TORBlue JaysMLB1163.863232900000167.27001657872274804701812023TORBlue JaysMLB005.40100000001.2831101000002024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST1216.4333000007.242141414550010102024FGDCFanGraphs DCPROJ994.17292900153.06571457771235861572024SteamerSteamerPROJ1093.9829290000156.06541407469225661612024ZiPSZiPSPROJ774.38272600135.75921357166225305501372024ZiPS DCZiPS DCPROJ884.38292900151.06591507973245961532024ATCATCPROJ984.19292800146.061913674682153161562024THE BATTHE BATPROJ9104.48282800148.063813679742460061662024TORBlue JaysMLB243.25111160000061.02536023225130000612024FGDCFanGraphs DC (RoS)ROS653.85191900103.0437974844143531062024SteamerSteamer (RoS)ROS763.6419190000105.0433924642133441102024ZiPSZiPS (RoS)ROS544.07191897.041696474414343972024ZiPS DCZiPS DC (RoS)ROS654.07191900102.04411025046153631032024ATC DCATC DC (RoS)ROS663.90191900105.0439954945143641122024THE BATTHE BAT (RoS)ROS774.20202000112.04741045652163804122Total- - -MLB34414.581451334711100695.02988699386354121251024241692Postseason- - -MLB005.40100000001.283110100000SeasonTeamLevelWW - WinsLL - LossesERAERA - Earned Run Average ((ER*9)/IP)GG - Games PitchedGSGS - Games StartedQSCGCG - Complete GamesShOShO - ShoutoutsSVSV - SavesHLDHLD - HoldsBSBS - Blown SavesIPIP - Innings PitchedTBFTBF - Total Batters FacedHH - Hits AllowedRR - Runs AllowedERER - Earned RunsHRHR - Home RunsBBBB - WalksIBBIBB - IntentionalHBPHBP - Hit BattersWPWP - Wild PitchesBKBK - BalksSOSO - Strikeouts2019SEAMariners (ST)ST214.0033000009.03786412011062019SEAMarinersMLB6115.4632321211000161.272119510998365006511162020SEAMariners (ST)ST114.0533000006.231543050100102020SEAMarinersMLB245.179930000047.01944127273200030472021SEAMariners (ST)ST023.2433000008.13253314000092021SEAMarinersMLB794.4129291400000157.06661458277276205601632022TORAAA100.0011000005.01820003000042022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST116.4833000008.1411066440200112022TORBlue JaysMLB675.193220300100100.2454936758235809301242023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST210.87760000020.2819220100101312023TORBlue JaysMLB1163.863232900000167.27001657872274804701812023TORBlue JaysMLB005.40100000001.2831101000002024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST1216.4333000007.242141414550010102024FGDCFanGraphs DCPROJ994.17292900153.06571457771235861572024SteamerSteamerPROJ1093.9829290000156.06541407469225661612024ZiPSZiPSPROJ774.38272600135.75921357166225305501372024ZiPS DCZiPS DCPROJ884.38292900151.06591507973245961532024ATCATCPROJ984.19292800146.061913674682153161562024THE BATTHE BATPROJ9104.48282800148.063813679742460061662024TORBlue JaysMLB243.25111160000061.02536023225130000612024FGDCFanGraphs DC (RoS)ROS653.85191900103.0437974844143531062024SteamerSteamer (RoS)ROS763.6419190000105.0433924642133441102024ZiPSZiPS (RoS)ROS544.07191897.041696474414343972024ZiPS DCZiPS DC (RoS)ROS654.07191900102.04411025046153631032024ATC DCATC DC (RoS)ROS663.90191900105.0439954945143641122024THE BATTHE BAT (RoS)ROS774.20202000112.04741045652163804122Total- - -MLB34414.581451334711100695.02988699386354121251024241692Postseason- - -MLB005.40100000001.283110100000AdvancedsettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsAveragesSeasonTeamLevelK/9K/9 - Strikeouts per 9 Innings ((SO*9)/IP)BB/9BB/9 - Walks per 9 Innings ((BB*9)/IP)K/BBK/BB - Strikeout to Walk Ratio (SO/BB)HR/9HR/9 - Home Runs per 9 Innings ((HR*9)/IP)dividerK%K% - Strikeout Percentage (SO/TBF)BB%BB% - Walk Percentage (BB/TBF)K-BB%K-BB% - The difference between strikeout percentage and walk percentagedividerAVGAVG - Batting Average AgainstWHIPWHIP - Walks + Hits divided by Innings PitchedBABIPBABIP - Batting Average on Balls in PlayLOB%LOB% - Left on Base PercentagedividerERA-ERA- - ERA adjusted for park and league where 100 is average and lower is betterFIP-FIP- - FIP adjusted for park and league where 100 is average and lower is betterdividerFIPFIP - Fielder Independent Pitching on an ERA scale2019SEAMariners (ST)ST6.002.003.001.0016.2%5.4%10.8%.2351.11.25952.1%4.842019SEAMarinersMLB6.462.782.322.0016.1%6.9%9.2%.2931.52.31070.8%1241285.712019Average8.883.292.691.4023.0%8.5%14.4%.2491.33.29672.3%4.492020SEAMariners (ST)ST13.506.752.000.0032.3%16.1%16.1%.2001.50.33363.6%3.292020SEAMarinersMLB9.003.832.350.5724.2%10.3%13.9%.2361.30.30659.9%123763.302020Average9.073.542.561.3423.4%9.2%14.3%.2421.33.29171.8%4.462021SEAMariners (ST)ST9.724.322.251.0828.1%12.5%15.6%.1791.08.22278.9%4.422021SEAMarinersMLB9.343.552.631.5524.5%9.3%15.2%.2421.32.28974.6%1071104.612021Average8.903.342.671.2623.2%8.7%14.5%.2411.30.29072.1%4.302022TORAAA7.205.401.330.0022.2%16.7%5.6%.1331.00.182100.0%3.712022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST11.884.322.754.3226.8%9.8%17.1%.2861.68.30096.2%9.422022TORBlue JaysMLB11.095.192.142.0627.3%12.8%14.5%.2401.50.29272.8%1351415.622022Average8.533.102.751.0922.4%8.2%14.3%.2401.27.28972.6%4.062023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST13.504.353.100.0038.3%12.3%25.9%.1290.92.23190.0%2.412023TORBlue JaysMLB9.722.583.771.4525.9%6.9%19.0%.2551.27.31477.6%92944.122023TORBlue JaysMLB0.005.400.000.000.0%12.5%-12.5%.4292.40.42975.0%1281165.062023Average8.743.302.651.2322.7%8.6%14.1%.2461.31.29571.9%4.282024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST11.745.872.005.8723.8%11.9%11.9%.3782.48.40941.7%11.572024FGDCFanGraphs DCPROJ9.213.392.721.3623.9%8.8%15.1%.2451.32.29674.1%4.412024SteamerSteamerPROJ9.323.262.861.2624.6%8.6%16.0%.2371.26.29073.7%4.212024ZiPSZiPSPROJ9.093.522.581.4623.1%9.0%14.2%.2531.39.30174.4%4.632024ZiPS DCZiPS DCPROJ9.093.522.581.4623.1%9.0%14.2%.2531.39.30174.4%4.632024ATCATCPROJ9.603.272.941.3025.2%8.6%16.6%.2421.29.29972.1%4.222024THE BATTHE BATPROJ10.043.622.771.4826.0%9.4%16.6%.2381.32.29372.1%4.482024TORBlue JaysMLB9.001.924.690.7424.1%5.1%19.0%.2501.20.31675.8%84702.842024Average8.503.202.661.0422.4%8.4%14.0%.2371.26.28671.8%4.022024FGDCFanGraphs DC (RoS)ROS9.263.033.051.2024.3%8.0%16.4%.2431.28.29874.5%3.912024SteamerSteamer (RoS)ROS9.442.943.211.1225.3%7.9%17.4%.2341.21.29174.5%3.742024ZiPSZiPS (RoS)ROS9.073.122.901.2823.4%8.0%15.3%.2521.34.30574.4%4.092024ZiPS DCZiPS DC (RoS)ROS9.073.122.901.2823.4%8.0%15.3%.2521.34.30574.4%4.092024ATC DCATC DC (RoS)ROS9.653.053.161.2425.6%8.1%17.5%.2391.25.29673.7%3.912024THE BATTHE BAT (RoS)ROS9.753.083.161.3125.6%8.1%17.5%.2411.27.29972.0%3.99Total- - -MLB8.963.252.761.5723.2%8.4%14.8%.2581.37.30473.1%1101094.65Postseason- - -MLB0.005.400.000.000.0%12.5%-12.5%.4292.40.42975.0%1281165.06SeasonTeamLevelK/9K/9 - Strikeouts per 9 Innings ((SO*9)/IP)BB/9BB/9 - Walks per 9 Innings ((BB*9)/IP)K/BBK/BB - Strikeout to Walk Ratio (SO/BB)HR/9HR/9 - Home Runs per 9 Innings ((HR*9)/IP)dividerK%K% - Strikeout Percentage (SO/TBF)BB%BB% - Walk Percentage (BB/TBF)K-BB%K-BB% - The difference between strikeout percentage and walk percentagedividerAVGAVG - Batting Average AgainstWHIPWHIP - Walks + Hits divided by Innings PitchedBABIPBABIP - Batting Average on Balls in PlayLOB%LOB% - Left on Base PercentagedividerERA-ERA- - ERA adjusted for park and league where 100 is average and lower is betterFIP-FIP- - FIP adjusted for park and league where 100 is average and lower is betterdividerFIPFIP - Fielder Independent Pitching on an ERA scale2019SEAMariners (ST)ST6.002.003.001.0016.2%5.4%10.8%.2351.11.25952.1%4.842019SEAMarinersMLB6.462.782.322.0016.1%6.9%9.2%.2931.52.31070.8%1241285.712019Average8.883.292.691.4023.0%8.5%14.4%.2491.33.29672.3%4.492020SEAMariners (ST)ST13.506.752.000.0032.3%16.1%16.1%.2001.50.33363.6%3.292020SEAMarinersMLB9.003.832.350.5724.2%10.3%13.9%.2361.30.30659.9%123763.302020Average9.073.542.561.3423.4%9.2%14.3%.2421.33.29171.8%4.462021SEAMariners (ST)ST9.724.322.251.0828.1%12.5%15.6%.1791.08.22278.9%4.422021SEAMarinersMLB9.343.552.631.5524.5%9.3%15.2%.2421.32.28974.6%1071104.612021Average8.903.342.671.2623.2%8.7%14.5%.2411.30.29072.1%4.302022TORAAA7.205.401.330.0022.2%16.7%5.6%.1331.00.182100.0%3.712022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST11.884.322.754.3226.8%9.8%17.1%.2861.68.30096.2%9.422022TORBlue JaysMLB11.095.192.142.0627.3%12.8%14.5%.2401.50.29272.8%1351415.622022Average8.533.102.751.0922.4%8.2%14.3%.2401.27.28972.6%4.062023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST13.504.353.100.0038.3%12.3%25.9%.1290.92.23190.0%2.412023TORBlue JaysMLB9.722.583.771.4525.9%6.9%19.0%.2551.27.31477.6%92944.122023TORBlue JaysMLB0.005.400.000.000.0%12.5%-12.5%.4292.40.42975.0%1281165.062023Average8.743.302.651.2322.7%8.6%14.1%.2461.31.29571.9%4.282024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST11.745.872.005.8723.8%11.9%11.9%.3782.48.40941.7%11.572024FGDCFanGraphs DCPROJ9.213.392.721.3623.9%8.8%15.1%.2451.32.29674.1%4.412024SteamerSteamerPROJ9.323.262.861.2624.6%8.6%16.0%.2371.26.29073.7%4.212024ZiPSZiPSPROJ9.093.522.581.4623.1%9.0%14.2%.2531.39.30174.4%4.632024ZiPS DCZiPS DCPROJ9.093.522.581.4623.1%9.0%14.2%.2531.39.30174.4%4.632024ATCATCPROJ9.603.272.941.3025.2%8.6%16.6%.2421.29.29972.1%4.222024THE BATTHE BATPROJ10.043.622.771.4826.0%9.4%16.6%.2381.32.29372.1%4.482024TORBlue JaysMLB9.001.924.690.7424.1%5.1%19.0%.2501.20.31675.8%84702.842024Average8.503.202.661.0422.4%8.4%14.0%.2371.26.28671.8%4.022024FGDCFanGraphs DC (RoS)ROS9.263.033.051.2024.3%8.0%16.4%.2431.28.29874.5%3.912024SteamerSteamer (RoS)ROS9.442.943.211.1225.3%7.9%17.4%.2341.21.29174.5%3.742024ZiPSZiPS (RoS)ROS9.073.122.901.2823.4%8.0%15.3%.2521.34.30574.4%4.092024ZiPS DCZiPS DC (RoS)ROS9.073.122.901.2823.4%8.0%15.3%.2521.34.30574.4%4.092024ATC DCATC DC (RoS)ROS9.653.053.161.2425.6%8.1%17.5%.2391.25.29673.7%3.912024THE BATTHE BAT (RoS)ROS9.753.083.161.3125.6%8.1%17.5%.2411.27.29972.0%3.99Total- - -MLB8.963.252.761.5723.2%8.4%14.8%.2581.37.30473.1%1101094.65Postseason- - -MLB0.005.400.000.000.0%12.5%-12.5%.4292.40.42975.0%1281165.06StatcastsettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelEventsEvents - The number of Batted Balls (TBF - SO - BB - HBP)EVEV - Exit Velocity (mph) - Speed of the baseball as it comes off the batmaxEVmaxEV - Maximum Exit Velocity (mph) - Highest speed of a ball off the bat. LALA - Launch Angle (degree) - Vertical direction of the ball as it leaves the batBarrelsBarrels - A batted ball with comparable hit types (in terms of exit velocity and launch angle) have led to a minimum .500 batting average and 1.500 slugging percentageBarrel%Barrel% - Percentage of batted balls that are classified as barrelsHardHitHardHit - Number of batted balls with exit velocity of 95 mph or higherHardHit%HardHit% - Percentage of batted balls with exit velocity of 95 mph or higherdividerERAERA - Earned Run Average ((ER*9)/IP)xERAxERA - Expected ERA 2019SEAMarinersMLB54989.2115.112.3417.5%20938.1%5.465.372020SEAMarinersMLB12789.4112.14.353.9%4636.2%5.173.332021SEAMarinersMLB43691.9115.57.94811.0%20547.0%4.415.192022TORBlue JaysMLB26391.6117.010.03914.8%12447.1%5.195.632023TORBlue JaysMLB46790.5114.113.3429.0%19842.4%3.864.302024TORBlue JaysMLB17990.0119.214.2158.4%7642.5%3.253.17Total- - -MLB202190.5119.210.91909.4%85842.5%4.58SeasonTeamLevelEventsEvents - The number of Batted Balls (TBF - SO - BB - HBP)EVEV - Exit Velocity (mph) - Speed of the baseball as it comes off the batmaxEVmaxEV - Maximum Exit Velocity (mph) - Highest speed of a ball off the bat. LALA - Launch Angle (degree) - Vertical direction of the ball as it leaves the batBarrelsBarrels - A batted ball with comparable hit types (in terms of exit velocity and launch angle) have led to a minimum .500 batting average and 1.500 slugging percentageBarrel%Barrel% - Percentage of batted balls that are classified as barrelsHardHitHardHit - Number of batted balls with exit velocity of 95 mph or higherHardHit%HardHit% - Percentage of batted balls with exit velocity of 95 mph or higherdividerERAERA - Earned Run Average ((ER*9)/IP)xERAxERA - Expected ERA 2019SEAMarinersMLB54989.2115.112.3417.5%20938.1%5.465.372020SEAMarinersMLB12789.4112.14.353.9%4636.2%5.173.332021SEAMarinersMLB43691.9115.57.94811.0%20547.0%4.415.192022TORBlue JaysMLB26391.6117.010.03914.8%12447.1%5.195.632023TORBlue JaysMLB46790.5114.113.3429.0%19842.4%3.864.302024TORBlue JaysMLB17990.0119.214.2158.4%7642.5%3.253.17Total- - -MLB202190.5119.210.91909.4%85842.5%4.58ZiPS 3 Year ProjectionssettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelAgedividerWW - WinsLL - LossesGG - Games PitchedGSGS - Games StartedIPIP - Innings PitcheddividerHH - Hits AllowedRR - Runs AllowedERER - Earned RunsHRHR - Home RunsBBBB - WalksSOSO - StrikeoutsdividerK/9K/9 - Strikeouts per 9 Innings ((SO*9)/IP)BB/9BB/9 - Walks per 9 Innings ((BB*9)/IP)K/BBK/BB - Strikeout to Walk Ratio (SO/BB)HR/9HR/9 - Home Runs per 9 Innings ((HR*9)/IP)dividerAVGAVG - Batting Average AgainstWHIPWHIP - Walks + Hits divided by Innings PitchedBABIPBABIP - Batting Average on Balls in PlayLOB%LOB% - Left on Base PercentagedividerERAERA - Earned Run Average ((ER*9)/IP)FIPFIP - Fielder Independent Pitching on an ERA scaleWARWAR - Wins Above Replacement2024ZiPSZiPSPROJ33772726135.7135716622531379.093.522.581.46.2531.39.30174.4%4.384.631.42025ZiPSZiPSPROJ34672423118.0121646020481168.853.662.421.53.2581.43.30374.5%4.584.840.92026ZiPSZiPSPROJ35562120102.711059551945988.593.942.181.67.2621.51.30074.8%4.825.180.4SeasonTeamLevelAgedividerWW - WinsLL - LossesGG - Games PitchedGSGS - Games StartedIPIP - Innings PitcheddividerHH - Hits AllowedRR - Runs AllowedERER - Earned RunsHRHR - Home RunsBBBB - WalksSOSO - StrikeoutsdividerK/9K/9 - Strikeouts per 9 Innings ((SO*9)/IP)BB/9BB/9 - Walks per 9 Innings ((BB*9)/IP)K/BBK/BB - Strikeout to Walk Ratio (SO/BB)HR/9HR/9 - Home Runs per 9 Innings ((HR*9)/IP)dividerAVGAVG - Batting Average AgainstWHIPWHIP - Walks + Hits divided by Innings PitchedBABIPBABIP - Batting Average on Balls in PlayLOB%LOB% - Left on Base PercentagedividerERAERA - Earned Run Average ((ER*9)/IP)FIPFIP - Fielder Independent Pitching on an ERA scaleWARWAR - Wins Above Replacement2024ZiPSZiPSPROJ33772726135.7135716622531379.093.522.581.46.2531.39.30174.4%4.384.631.42025ZiPSZiPSPROJ34672423118.0121646020481168.853.662.421.53.2581.43.30374.5%4.584.840.92026ZiPSZiPSPROJ35562120102.711059551945988.593.942.181.67.2621.51.30074.8%4.825.180.4Batted BallsettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelGB/FBGB/FB - Ground Ball to Fly Ball RatioLD%LD% - Line Drive Percentage (LD/BIP)GB%GB% - Ground Ball Percentage (GB/BIP)FB%FB% - Fly Ball Percentage (FB/BIP)IFFB%IFFB% - Infield Fly Ball Percentage (IFFB/FB)HR/FBHR/FB - Home Run to Fly Ball RatioIFH%IFH% - Infield Hit Percentage (IFH/GB)BUH%BUH% - Bunt Hit Percentage (BUH/BU)dividerPull%Pull% - Percentage of balls in play that were pulled by the batterCent%Cent% - Percentage of balls in play that were hit to center field by the batterOppo%Oppo% - Percentage of balls in play that were hit to opposite field by the batterdividerSoft%Soft% - Percentage of balls in play that were classified as hit with soft speed. (Baseball Info Solutions)Med%Med% - Percentage of balls in play that were classified as hit with medium speed. (Baseball Info Solutions)Hard%Hard% - Percentage of balls in play that were classified as hit with hard speed. (Baseball Info Solutions)dividerSIERASIERA - Skill Interactive ERAxFIP-xFIP- - xFIP adjusted by league where 100 is average and lower is betterxFIPxFIP - Expected Fielder Independent Pitching where Home Runs are calculated as 10.5% of Fly Balls induced2019SEAMariners (ST)ST2.4314.3%60.7%25.0%28.6%14.3%35.7%17.9%46.4%4.792019SEAMarinersMLB1.2420.6%44.0%35.4%12.0%18.8%6.3%83.3%40.6%29.9%29.5%18.0%44.3%37.7%5.171135.182020SEAMariners (ST)ST5.5013.3%73.3%13.3%50.0%0.0%53.3%13.3%33.3%3.842020SEAMarinersMLB2.0622.8%52.0%25.2%0.0%9.4%6.1%0.0%47.2%22.8%29.9%17.3%52.0%30.7%4.34853.782021SEAMariners (ST)ST1.2915.8%47.4%36.8%28.6%14.3%36.8%21.1%42.1%4.512021SEAMarinersMLB1.6021.3%48.4%30.3%3.8%20.6%4.3%50.0%39.9%38.5%21.6%11.2%54.8%33.9%4.16903.852022TORAAA4.009.1%72.7%18.2%50.0%0.0%45.5%27.3%27.3%4.372022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST1.8322.7%50.0%27.3%0.0%66.7%50.0%36.4%13.6%4.692022TORBlue JaysMLB1.1919.1%43.9%37.0%5.2%23.7%8.7%0.0%47.1%35.7%17.1%12.9%46.0%41.1%4.021034.072023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST1.1421.1%42.1%36.8%21.4%0.0%30.8%25.6%43.6%3.612023TORBlue JaysMLB1.0422.0%39.7%38.2%10.7%15.3%4.9%50.0%40.0%31.0%28.9%15.2%48.8%36.0%3.86883.772023TORBlue JaysMLB5.000.0%83.3%16.7%0.0%0.0%20.0%0.0%57.1%28.6%14.3%0.0%42.9%57.1%5.641416.052024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST0.857.7%42.3%50.0%30.8%38.5%37.0%40.7%22.2%5.982024SteamerSteamerPROJ20.3%43.1%36.6%4.062024TORBlue JaysMLB1.2019.2%44.1%36.7%15.4%7.7%11.5%0.0%44.7%29.6%25.7%14.0%55.9%30.2%3.41823.27Total- - -MLB1.2820.9%44.5%34.6%8.9%17.4%6.3%52.9%42.0%32.3%25.7%14.8%49.3%35.8%4.24964.12Postseason- - -MLB5.000.0%83.3%16.7%0.0%0.0%20.0%0.0%57.1%28.6%14.3%0.0%42.9%57.1%5.641416.05SeasonTeamLevelGB/FBGB/FB - Ground Ball to Fly Ball RatioLD%LD% - Line Drive Percentage (LD/BIP)GB%GB% - Ground Ball Percentage (GB/BIP)FB%FB% - Fly Ball Percentage (FB/BIP)IFFB%IFFB% - Infield Fly Ball Percentage (IFFB/FB)HR/FBHR/FB - Home Run to Fly Ball RatioIFH%IFH% - Infield Hit Percentage (IFH/GB)BUH%BUH% - Bunt Hit Percentage (BUH/BU)dividerPull%Pull% - Percentage of balls in play that were pulled by the batterCent%Cent% - Percentage of balls in play that were hit to center field by the batterOppo%Oppo% - Percentage of balls in play that were hit to opposite field by the batterdividerSoft%Soft% - Percentage of balls in play that were classified as hit with soft speed. (Baseball Info Solutions)Med%Med% - Percentage of balls in play that were classified as hit with medium speed. (Baseball Info Solutions)Hard%Hard% - Percentage of balls in play that were classified as hit with hard speed. (Baseball Info Solutions)dividerSIERASIERA - Skill Interactive ERAxFIP-xFIP- - xFIP adjusted by league where 100 is average and lower is betterxFIPxFIP - Expected Fielder Independent Pitching where Home Runs are calculated as 10.5% of Fly Balls induced2019SEAMariners (ST)ST2.4314.3%60.7%25.0%28.6%14.3%35.7%17.9%46.4%4.792019SEAMarinersMLB1.2420.6%44.0%35.4%12.0%18.8%6.3%83.3%40.6%29.9%29.5%18.0%44.3%37.7%5.171135.182020SEAMariners (ST)ST5.5013.3%73.3%13.3%50.0%0.0%53.3%13.3%33.3%3.842020SEAMarinersMLB2.0622.8%52.0%25.2%0.0%9.4%6.1%0.0%47.2%22.8%29.9%17.3%52.0%30.7%4.34853.782021SEAMariners (ST)ST1.2915.8%47.4%36.8%28.6%14.3%36.8%21.1%42.1%4.512021SEAMarinersMLB1.6021.3%48.4%30.3%3.8%20.6%4.3%50.0%39.9%38.5%21.6%11.2%54.8%33.9%4.16903.852022TORAAA4.009.1%72.7%18.2%50.0%0.0%45.5%27.3%27.3%4.372022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST1.8322.7%50.0%27.3%0.0%66.7%50.0%36.4%13.6%4.692022TORBlue JaysMLB1.1919.1%43.9%37.0%5.2%23.7%8.7%0.0%47.1%35.7%17.1%12.9%46.0%41.1%4.021034.072023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST1.1421.1%42.1%36.8%21.4%0.0%30.8%25.6%43.6%3.612023TORBlue JaysMLB1.0422.0%39.7%38.2%10.7%15.3%4.9%50.0%40.0%31.0%28.9%15.2%48.8%36.0%3.86883.772023TORBlue JaysMLB5.000.0%83.3%16.7%0.0%0.0%20.0%0.0%57.1%28.6%14.3%0.0%42.9%57.1%5.641416.052024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST0.857.7%42.3%50.0%30.8%38.5%37.0%40.7%22.2%5.982024SteamerSteamerPROJ20.3%43.1%36.6%4.062024TORBlue JaysMLB1.2019.2%44.1%36.7%15.4%7.7%11.5%0.0%44.7%29.6%25.7%14.0%55.9%30.2%3.41823.27Total- - -MLB1.2820.9%44.5%34.6%8.9%17.4%6.3%52.9%42.0%32.3%25.7%14.8%49.3%35.8%4.24964.12Postseason- - -MLB5.000.0%83.3%16.7%0.0%0.0%20.0%0.0%57.1%28.6%14.3%0.0%42.9%57.1%5.641416.05More Batted BallsettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelGBGB - Ground BallsFBFB - Fly BallsLDLD - Line DrivesIFFBIFFB - Infield Fly BallsIFHIFH - Infield HitsBUBU - Bunt AttemptsBUHBUH - Bunt HitsRSRS - Run SupportBallsBalls - Balls ThrownStrikesStrikes - Strikes ThrownPitchesPitches - Pitches ThrowndividerEVEV - Exit Velocity (mph) - Speed of the baseball as it comes off the batLALA - Launch Angle (degree) - Vertical direction of the ball as it leaves the batBarrelsBarrels - A batted ball with comparable hit types (in terms of exit velocity and launch angle) have led to a minimum .500 batting average and 1.500 slugging percentageBarrel%Barrel% - Percentage of batted balls that are classified as barrels2019SEAMariners (ST)ST177421756732019SEAMarinersMLB239192112231565949781743272189.212.3417.5%2020SEAMariners (ST)ST112213456902020SEAMarinersMLB66322904001930648979589.44.353.9%2021SEAMariners (ST)ST97321747642021SEAMarinersMLB209131925942659001662256291.97.94811.0%2022TORAAA82113443772022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST11650621041662022TORBlue JaysMLB115975051010467051139184491.610.03914.8%2023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST1614831342263602023TORBlue JaysMLB1841771021994210310061812281890.513.3429.0%2023TORBlue JaysMLB51001100813212024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST111324621111732024SteamerSteamerPROJ184157872024THE BATTHE BATPROJ1691331012024TORBlue JaysMLB786534109201833764698390.014.2158.4%2024THE BATTHE BAT (RoS)ROS1319979Total- - -MLB8916944196256179345423274911172390.510.91909.4%Postseason- - -MLB5100110081321SeasonTeamLevelGBGB - Ground BallsFBFB - Fly BallsLDLD - Line DrivesIFFBIFFB - Infield Fly BallsIFHIFH - Infield HitsBUBU - Bunt AttemptsBUHBUH - Bunt HitsRSRS - Run SupportBallsBalls - Balls ThrownStrikesStrikes - Strikes ThrownPitchesPitches - Pitches ThrowndividerEVEV - Exit Velocity (mph) - Speed of the baseball as it comes off the batLALA - Launch Angle (degree) - Vertical direction of the ball as it leaves the batBarrelsBarrels - A batted ball with comparable hit types (in terms of exit velocity and launch angle) have led to a minimum .500 batting average and 1.500 slugging percentageBarrel%Barrel% - Percentage of batted balls that are classified as barrels2019SEAMariners (ST)ST177421756732019SEAMarinersMLB239192112231565949781743272189.212.3417.5%2020SEAMariners (ST)ST112213456902020SEAMarinersMLB66322904001930648979589.44.353.9%2021SEAMariners (ST)ST97321747642021SEAMarinersMLB209131925942659001662256291.97.94811.0%2022TORAAA82113443772022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST11650621041662022TORBlue JaysMLB115975051010467051139184491.610.03914.8%2023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST1614831342263602023TORBlue JaysMLB1841771021994210310061812281890.513.3429.0%2023TORBlue JaysMLB51001100813212024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST111324621111732024SteamerSteamerPROJ184157872024THE BATTHE BATPROJ1691331012024TORBlue JaysMLB786534109201833764698390.014.2158.4%2024THE BATTHE BAT (RoS)ROS1319979Total- - -MLB8916944196256179345423274911172390.510.91909.4%Postseason- - -MLB5100110081321Win ProbabilitysettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelWPAWPA - Win Probability Added-WPA-WPA - Loss Advancement+WPA+WPA - Win AdvancementRE24RE24 - Run Above Average based on the 24 Base/Out StatesREWREW - Wins Above Average based on the 24 Base/Out StatespLIpLI - Average Leverage IndexinLIinLI - Average Leverage Index at the start of the inninggmLIgmLI - Average Leverage Index when entering the gameexLIexLI - Average Leverage Index when exiting the gamePullsPulls - Number of times pulled from the gameWPA/LIWPA/LI - Situational WinsClutchClutch - How much better or worse a player does in high leverage situations than he would have done in a context neutral environmentSDSD - ShutdownsMDMD - Meltdowns2019SEAMarinersMLB-2.26-13.5411.29-22.36-2.310.910.860.870.9831-3.270.78002020SEAMarinersMLB-0.24-3.723.48-3.30-0.331.040.870.831.0590.15-0.38002021SEAMarinersMLB0.29-11.1711.46-2.47-0.240.950.910.881.1429-0.971.27002022TORBlue JaysMLB-2.23-9.417.18-20.92-2.240.980.850.761.0628-3.321.04142023TORBlue JaysMLB0.90-11.6912.599.230.970.960.900.871.1132-0.050.99002023TORBlue JaysMLB-0.14-0.240.10-0.84-0.091.250.571.730.551-0.03-0.08012024TORBlue JaysMLB0.89-3.814.708.210.840.960.910.870.85110.820.1000Total- - -MLB-2.64-53.3450.70-31.61-3.310.950.890.851.05140-6.643.8614Postseason- - -MLB-0.14-0.240.10-0.84-0.091.250.571.730.551-0.03-0.0801SeasonTeamLevelWPAWPA - Win Probability Added-WPA-WPA - Loss Advancement+WPA+WPA - Win AdvancementRE24RE24 - Run Above Average based on the 24 Base/Out StatesREWREW - Wins Above Average based on the 24 Base/Out StatespLIpLI - Average Leverage IndexinLIinLI - Average Leverage Index at the start of the inninggmLIgmLI - Average Leverage Index when entering the gameexLIexLI - Average Leverage Index when exiting the gamePullsPulls - Number of times pulled from the gameWPA/LIWPA/LI - Situational WinsClutchClutch - How much better or worse a player does in high leverage situations than he would have done in a context neutral environmentSDSD - ShutdownsMDMD - Meltdowns2019SEAMarinersMLB-2.26-13.5411.29-22.36-2.310.910.860.870.9831-3.270.78002020SEAMarinersMLB-0.24-3.723.48-3.30-0.331.040.870.831.0590.15-0.38002021SEAMarinersMLB0.29-11.1711.46-2.47-0.240.950.910.881.1429-0.971.27002022TORBlue JaysMLB-2.23-9.417.18-20.92-2.240.980.850.761.0628-3.321.04142023TORBlue JaysMLB0.90-11.6912.599.230.970.960.900.871.1132-0.050.99002023TORBlue JaysMLB-0.14-0.240.10-0.84-0.091.250.571.730.551-0.03-0.08012024TORBlue JaysMLB0.89-3.814.708.210.840.960.910.870.85110.820.1000Total- - -MLB-2.64-53.3450.70-31.61-3.310.950.890.851.05140-6.643.8614Postseason- - -MLB-0.14-0.240.10-0.84-0.091.250.571.730.551-0.03-0.0801Pitch TypesettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelFB%FB - Fastball (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)SL%SL - Slider (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)CT%CT - Cutter (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)CB%CB - Curveball (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)CH%CH - Changeup (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)SF%SF - Split-Fingered Fastball (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)KN%KN - Knuckleball (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)XX%XX - Unknown (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)2019SEAMarinersMLB49.1% (92.5)27.9% (86.0)15.7% (75.0)7.4% (84.5)0.0%2020SEAMarinersMLB37.7% (95.0)16.1% (83.4)39.9% (92.1)6.3% (86.9)2021SEAMarinersMLB36.0% (95.2)18.9% (82.5)34.6% (91.3)10.5% (86.3)2022TORBlue JaysMLB50.6% (95.0)29.5% (86.5)6.3% (91.1)13.6% (87.0)0.1%2023TORBlue JaysMLB45.1% (95.1)30.0% (88.3)15.1% (82.7)9.8% (88.7)0.0%2024TORBlue JaysMLB46.3% (95.5)16.9% (89.4)28.5% (83.0)8.3% (86.4)Total- - -MLB44.5% (94.5)25.0% (86.2)11.3% (91.5)9.7% (80.0)0.7% (86.4)8.9% (86.8)0.0%SeasonTeamLevelFB%FB - Fastball (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)SL%SL - Slider (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)CT%CT - Cutter (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)CB%CB - Curveball (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)CH%CH - Changeup (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)SF%SF - Split-Fingered Fastball (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)KN%KN - Knuckleball (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)XX%XX - Unknown (provided by Baseball Info Solutions)2019SEAMarinersMLB49.1% (92.5)27.9% (86.0)15.7% (75.0)7.4% (84.5)0.0%2020SEAMarinersMLB37.7% (95.0)16.1% (83.4)39.9% (92.1)6.3% (86.9)2021SEAMarinersMLB36.0% (95.2)18.9% (82.5)34.6% (91.3)10.5% (86.3)2022TORBlue JaysMLB50.6% (95.0)29.5% (86.5)6.3% (91.1)13.6% (87.0)0.1%2023TORBlue JaysMLB45.1% (95.1)30.0% (88.3)15.1% (82.7)9.8% (88.7)0.0%2024TORBlue JaysMLB46.3% (95.5)16.9% (89.4)28.5% (83.0)8.3% (86.4)Total- - -MLB44.5% (94.5)25.0% (86.2)11.3% (91.5)9.7% (80.0)0.7% (86.4)8.9% (86.8)0.0%Pitch Info Pitch TypesettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelFA%FA% - Fourseam Fastball percentage (Pitch Info)FC%FC% - Cutter percentage (Pitch Info)FS%FS% - Splitter percentage (Pitch Info)SI%SI% - Sinker percentage (Pitch Info)CH%CH% - Changeup percentage (Pitch Info)SL%SL% - Slider percentage (Pitch Info)CU%CU% - Curveball percentage (Pitch Info)CS%CS% - Slow Curve percentage (Pitch Info)KN%KN% - Knuckleball percentage (Pitch Info)SB%SB% - Screwball percentage (Pitch Info)XX%XX% - Unknown percentage (Pitch Info)2019SEAMarinersMLB47.3%7.3%27.1%14.9%0.0%2020SEAMarinersMLB37.0%39.4%6.3%16.0%2021SEAMarinersMLB36.0%34.7%10.5%18.9%2022TORBlue JaysMLB50.8%5.1%13.6%30.5%2023TORBlue JaysMLB45.1%0.0%0.0%9.7%36.8%8.3%2024TORBlue JaysMLB46.3%8.3%17.7%27.7%Total- - -MLB44.1%11.1%0.0%9.6%26.6%7.8%0.0%SeasonTeamLevelFA%FA% - Fourseam Fastball percentage (Pitch Info)FC%FC% - Cutter percentage (Pitch Info)FS%FS% - Splitter percentage (Pitch Info)SI%SI% - Sinker percentage (Pitch Info)CH%CH% - Changeup percentage (Pitch Info)SL%SL% - Slider percentage (Pitch Info)CU%CU% - Curveball percentage (Pitch Info)CS%CS% - Slow Curve percentage (Pitch Info)KN%KN% - Knuckleball percentage (Pitch Info)SB%SB% - Screwball percentage (Pitch Info)XX%XX% - Unknown percentage (Pitch Info)2019SEAMarinersMLB47.3%7.3%27.1%14.9%0.0%2020SEAMarinersMLB37.0%39.4%6.3%16.0%2021SEAMarinersMLB36.0%34.7%10.5%18.9%2022TORBlue JaysMLB50.8%5.1%13.6%30.5%2023TORBlue JaysMLB45.1%0.0%0.0%9.7%36.8%8.3%2024TORBlue JaysMLB46.3%8.3%17.7%27.7%Total- - -MLB44.1%11.1%0.0%9.6%26.6%7.8%0.0%Pitch Info Pitch VelocitysettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelvFAvFA - Fourseam Fastball velocity (Pitch Info)vFCvFC - Cutter velocity (Pitch Info)vFSvFS - Splitter velocity (Pitch Info)vSIvSI - Sinker Curve velocity (Pitch Info)vCHvCH - Changeup velocity (Pitch Info)vSLvSL - Slider velocity (Pitch Info)vCUvCU - Curveball velocity (Pitch Info)vCSvCS - Slow Curve velocity (Pitch Info)vKNvKN - Knuckleball velocity (Pitch Info)vSBvSB - Screwball velocity (Pitch Info)2019SEAMarinersMLB92.684.686.175.12020SEAMarinersMLB95.192.286.883.42021SEAMarinersMLB95.391.486.382.62022TORBlue JaysMLB94.991.186.986.52023TORBlue JaysMLB95.189.992.688.787.282.42024TORBlue JaysMLB95.686.589.283.0Total- - -MLB94.591.692.686.886.179.3SeasonTeamLevelvFAvFA - Fourseam Fastball velocity (Pitch Info)vFCvFC - Cutter velocity (Pitch Info)vFSvFS - Splitter velocity (Pitch Info)vSIvSI - Sinker Curve velocity (Pitch Info)vCHvCH - Changeup velocity (Pitch Info)vSLvSL - Slider velocity (Pitch Info)vCUvCU - Curveball velocity (Pitch Info)vCSvCS - Slow Curve velocity (Pitch Info)vKNvKN - Knuckleball velocity (Pitch Info)vSBvSB - Screwball velocity (Pitch Info)2019SEAMarinersMLB92.684.686.175.12020SEAMarinersMLB95.192.286.883.42021SEAMarinersMLB95.391.486.382.62022TORBlue JaysMLB94.991.186.986.52023TORBlue JaysMLB95.189.992.688.787.282.42024TORBlue JaysMLB95.686.589.283.0Total- - -MLB94.591.692.686.886.179.3Pitch ValuessettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelwFBwFB - Fastball runs above averagewSLwSL - Slider runs above averagewCTwCT - Cutter runs above averagewCBwCB - Curveball runs above averagewCHwCH - Changeup runs above averagewSFwSF - Split-Fingered Fastball runs above averagewKNwKN - Knuckleball runs above averagedividerwFB/CwFB/C - Fastball runs above average per 100 pitcheswSL/CwSL/C - Slider runs above average per 100 pitcheswCT/CwCT/C - Cutter runs above average per 100 pitcheswCB/CwCB/C - Curveball runs above average per 100 pitcheswCH/CwCH/C - Changeup runs above average per 100 pitcheswSF/CwSF/C - Split-Fingered Fastball runs above average per 100 pitcheswKN/CwKN/C - Knuckleball runs above average per 100 pitches2019SEAMarinersMLB-18.0-7.2-5.90.1-1.35-0.95-1.380.052020SEAMarinersMLB-1.72.25.10.7-0.561.741.611.362021SEAMarinersMLB-1.2-2.70.71.4-0.13-0.560.080.512022TORBlue JaysMLB-12.7-10.6-2.04.6-1.37-1.95-1.731.852023TORBlue JaysMLB0.29.6-0.6-5.20.011.14-0.13-1.882024TORBlue JaysMLB-0.1-1.24.10.6-0.02-0.741.460.78Total- - -MLB-33.5-9.93.8-2.40.61.6-0.64-0.340.29-0.210.780.15SeasonTeamLevelwFBwFB - Fastball runs above averagewSLwSL - Slider runs above averagewCTwCT - Cutter runs above averagewCBwCB - Curveball runs above averagewCHwCH - Changeup runs above averagewSFwSF - Split-Fingered Fastball runs above averagewKNwKN - Knuckleball runs above averagedividerwFB/CwFB/C - Fastball runs above average per 100 pitcheswSL/CwSL/C - Slider runs above average per 100 pitcheswCT/CwCT/C - Cutter runs above average per 100 pitcheswCB/CwCB/C - Curveball runs above average per 100 pitcheswCH/CwCH/C - Changeup runs above average per 100 pitcheswSF/CwSF/C - Split-Fingered Fastball runs above average per 100 pitcheswKN/CwKN/C - Knuckleball runs above average per 100 pitches2019SEAMarinersMLB-18.0-7.2-5.90.1-1.35-0.95-1.380.052020SEAMarinersMLB-1.72.25.10.7-0.561.741.611.362021SEAMarinersMLB-1.2-2.70.71.4-0.13-0.560.080.512022TORBlue JaysMLB-12.7-10.6-2.04.6-1.37-1.95-1.731.852023TORBlue JaysMLB0.29.6-0.6-5.20.011.14-0.13-1.882024TORBlue JaysMLB-0.1-1.24.10.6-0.02-0.741.460.78Total- - -MLB-33.5-9.93.8-2.40.61.6-0.64-0.340.29-0.210.780.15Pitch Info Pitch ValuessettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelwFAwFA - Fourseam Fastball runs above average (Pitch Info)wFCwFC - Cutter runs above average (Pitch Info)wFSwFS - Splitter runs above average (Pitch Info)wSIwSI - Sinker Curve runs above average (Pitch Info)wCHwCH - Changeup runs above average (Pitch Info)wSLwSL - Slider runs above average (Pitch Info)wCUwCU - Curveball runs above average (Pitch Info)wCSwCS - Slow Curve runs above average (Pitch Info)wKNwKN - Knuckeball runs above average (Pitch Info)wSBwSB - Screwball runs above average (Pitch Info)2019SEAMarinersMLB-16.00.7-9.0-5.22020SEAMarinersMLB-0.85.50.72.22021SEAMarinersMLB0.40.82.5-2.42022TORBlue JaysMLB-13.1-1.64.7-9.52023TORBlue JaysMLB1.10.0-0.5-4.98.41.02024TORBlue JaysMLB0.40.70.22.7Total- - -MLB-27.94.6-0.54.4-10.1-1.5SeasonTeamLevelwFAwFA - Fourseam Fastball runs above average (Pitch Info)wFCwFC - Cutter runs above average (Pitch Info)wFSwFS - Splitter runs above average (Pitch Info)wSIwSI - Sinker Curve runs above average (Pitch Info)wCHwCH - Changeup runs above average (Pitch Info)wSLwSL - Slider runs above average (Pitch Info)wCUwCU - Curveball runs above average (Pitch Info)wCSwCS - Slow Curve runs above average (Pitch Info)wKNwKN - Knuckeball runs above average (Pitch Info)wSBwSB - Screwball runs above average (Pitch Info)2019SEAMarinersMLB-16.00.7-9.0-5.22020SEAMarinersMLB-0.85.50.72.22021SEAMarinersMLB0.40.82.5-2.42022TORBlue JaysMLB-13.1-1.64.7-9.52023TORBlue JaysMLB1.10.0-0.5-4.98.41.02024TORBlue JaysMLB0.40.70.22.7Total- - -MLB-27.94.6-0.54.4-10.1-1.5Pitch Info Pitch Values / 100settingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelwFA/CwFA/C - Fourseam Fastball runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wFC/CwFC/C - Cutter runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wFS/CwFS/C - Splitter runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wSI/CwSI/C - Sinker Curve runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wCH/CwCH/C - Changeup runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wSL/CwSL/C - Slider runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wCU/CwCU/C - Curveball runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wCS/CwCS/C - Slow Curve runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wKN/CwKN/C - Knuckeball runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wSB/CwSB/C - Screwball runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)2019SEAMarinersMLB-1.240.35-1.22-1.302020SEAMarinersMLB-0.261.741.331.772021SEAMarinersMLB0.040.090.94-0.502022TORBlue JaysMLB-1.40-1.721.90-1.692023TORBlue JaysMLB0.09-4.60-51.51-1.800.810.422024TORBlue JaysMLB0.080.830.111.00Total- - -MLB-0.540.35-51.510.39-0.32-0.17SeasonTeamLevelwFA/CwFA/C - Fourseam Fastball runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wFC/CwFC/C - Cutter runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wFS/CwFS/C - Splitter runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wSI/CwSI/C - Sinker Curve runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wCH/CwCH/C - Changeup runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wSL/CwSL/C - Slider runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wCU/CwCU/C - Curveball runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wCS/CwCS/C - Slow Curve runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wKN/CwKN/C - Knuckeball runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)wSB/CwSB/C - Screwball runs above average per 100 pitches (Pitch Info)2019SEAMarinersMLB-1.240.35-1.22-1.302020SEAMarinersMLB-0.261.741.331.772021SEAMarinersMLB0.040.090.94-0.502022TORBlue JaysMLB-1.40-1.721.90-1.692023TORBlue JaysMLB0.09-4.60-51.51-1.800.810.422024TORBlue JaysMLB0.080.830.111.00Total- - -MLB-0.540.35-51.510.39-0.32-0.17Plate DisciplinesettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsAveragesSeasonTeamLevelO-Swing%O-Swing% - Percentage of pitches a batter swings at outside the strike zoneZ-Swing%Z-Swing% - Percentage of pitches a batter swings at inside the strike zone.Swing%Swing% - Total percentage of pitches a batter swings atO-Contact%O-Contact% - Percentage of times a batter makes contact with the ball when swinging at pitches thrown outside the strike zoneZ-Contact%Z-Contact% - Percentage of times a batter makes contact with the ball when swinging at pitches thrown inside the strike zoneContact%Contact% - Total percentage of contact made when swinging at all pitchesZone%Zone% - Percentage of pitches seen inside the strike zonedividerF-Strike%F-Strike% - First pitch strike percentageSwStr%SwStr% - Percentage of Strikes that were swung at and missedCStr%CStr% - Called strike percentCSW%CSW% - Called + swinging strike percentdividerPacePace - Average time inbetween pitches (Statcast)2019SEAMariners (ST)ST21.9%2019SEAMarinersMLB28.2%70.1%47.6%64.6%89.3%81.5%46.3%59.2%8.8%16.3%25.1%23.82019Average31.6%68.5%47.0%62.7%84.9%76.2%41.8%60.9%11.2%22.92020SEAMariners (ST)ST13.3%2020SEAMarinersMLB27.6%68.6%46.2%59.2%81.0%73.8%45.3%50.5%12.1%15.0%27.0%23.72020Average30.6%67.8%45.9%61.4%84.2%75.3%41.2%59.9%11.4%23.22021SEAMariners (ST)ST34.4%2021SEAMarinersMLB32.6%67.4%48.2%56.4%84.8%74.2%44.9%62.8%12.5%16.4%28.8%24.82021Average31.3%68.9%47.2%62.4%84.6%76.1%42.1%60.6%11.3%23.72022TORAAA15.6%2022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST12.0%2022TORBlue JaysMLB31.5%69.9%47.3%57.4%81.0%71.8%41.3%57.3%13.3%14.3%27.6%24.32022Average32.6%69.1%47.7%63.5%85.3%76.6%41.3%61.4%11.2%23.12023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST19.4%2023TORBlue JaysMLB32.9%69.5%48.7%57.0%86.0%74.8%43.1%59.4%12.2%15.6%27.9%19.52023Average31.9%68.8%47.4%62.3%85.4%76.4%41.9%61.5%11.2%18.82024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST13.3%2024TORBlue JaysMLB29.9%69.6%48.1%61.6%85.7%77.6%45.9%65.6%10.8%17.6%28.4%19.72024Average31.4%68.8%47.3%62.8%85.8%77.0%42.5%62.0%10.9%18.4Total- - -MLB31.0%69.2%47.9%59.0%85.4%75.9%44.3%59.7%11.5%15.9%27.4%22.7SeasonTeamLevelO-Swing%O-Swing% - Percentage of pitches a batter swings at outside the strike zoneZ-Swing%Z-Swing% - Percentage of pitches a batter swings at inside the strike zone.Swing%Swing% - Total percentage of pitches a batter swings atO-Contact%O-Contact% - Percentage of times a batter makes contact with the ball when swinging at pitches thrown outside the strike zoneZ-Contact%Z-Contact% - Percentage of times a batter makes contact with the ball when swinging at pitches thrown inside the strike zoneContact%Contact% - Total percentage of contact made when swinging at all pitchesZone%Zone% - Percentage of pitches seen inside the strike zonedividerF-Strike%F-Strike% - First pitch strike percentageSwStr%SwStr% - Percentage of Strikes that were swung at and missedCStr%CStr% - Called strike percentCSW%CSW% - Called + swinging strike percentdividerPacePace - Average time inbetween pitches (Statcast)2019SEAMariners (ST)ST21.9%2019SEAMarinersMLB28.2%70.1%47.6%64.6%89.3%81.5%46.3%59.2%8.8%16.3%25.1%23.82019Average31.6%68.5%47.0%62.7%84.9%76.2%41.8%60.9%11.2%22.92020SEAMariners (ST)ST13.3%2020SEAMarinersMLB27.6%68.6%46.2%59.2%81.0%73.8%45.3%50.5%12.1%15.0%27.0%23.72020Average30.6%67.8%45.9%61.4%84.2%75.3%41.2%59.9%11.4%23.22021SEAMariners (ST)ST34.4%2021SEAMarinersMLB32.6%67.4%48.2%56.4%84.8%74.2%44.9%62.8%12.5%16.4%28.8%24.82021Average31.3%68.9%47.2%62.4%84.6%76.1%42.1%60.6%11.3%23.72022TORAAA15.6%2022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST12.0%2022TORBlue JaysMLB31.5%69.9%47.3%57.4%81.0%71.8%41.3%57.3%13.3%14.3%27.6%24.32022Average32.6%69.1%47.7%63.5%85.3%76.6%41.3%61.4%11.2%23.12023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST19.4%2023TORBlue JaysMLB32.9%69.5%48.7%57.0%86.0%74.8%43.1%59.4%12.2%15.6%27.9%19.52023Average31.9%68.8%47.4%62.3%85.4%76.4%41.9%61.5%11.2%18.82024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST13.3%2024TORBlue JaysMLB29.9%69.6%48.1%61.6%85.7%77.6%45.9%65.6%10.8%17.6%28.4%19.72024Average31.4%68.8%47.3%62.8%85.8%77.0%42.5%62.0%10.9%18.4Total- - -MLB31.0%69.2%47.9%59.0%85.4%75.9%44.3%59.7%11.5%15.9%27.4%22.7Pitch Info Plate DisciplinesettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelO-Swing%O-Swing% - Percentage of pitches a batter swings at outside the strike zone (Pitch Info)Z-Swing%Z-Swing% - Percentage of pitches a batter swings at inside the strike zone (Pitch Info)Swing%Swing% - Total percentage of pitches a batter swings at (Pitch Info)O-Contact%O-Contact% - Percentage of times a batter makes contact with the ball when swinging at pitches thrown outside the strike zone (Pitch Info)Z-Contact%Z-Contact% - Percentage of times a batter makes contact with the ball when swinging at pitches thrown inside the strike zone (Pitch Info)Contact%Contact% - Total percentage of contact made when swinging at all pitches (Pitch Info)Zone%Zone% - Percentage of pitches seen inside the strike zone (Pitch Info)PacePace - Average time inbetween pitches (Pitch Info)dividerF-Strike%F-Strike% - First pitch strike percentageSwStr%SwStr% - Percentage of Strikes that were swung at and missedCStr%CStr% - Called strike percentCSW%CSW% - Called + swinging strike percentdividerPacePace - Average time inbetween pitches (Statcast)2019SEAMariners (ST)ST21.9%2019SEAMarinersMLB26.9%65.7%47.6%60.9%88.8%81.5%53.3%59.2%8.8%16.3%25.1%23.82020SEAMariners (ST)ST13.3%2020SEAMarinersMLB25.1%65.6%46.2%52.1%81.5%73.8%51.9%50.5%12.1%15.0%27.0%23.72021SEAMariners (ST)ST34.4%2021SEAMarinersMLB30.7%64.0%48.2%50.7%84.0%74.0%52.8%62.8%12.5%16.4%28.8%24.82022TORAAA15.6%2022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST12.0%2022TORBlue JaysMLB27.6%66.7%47.3%50.8%80.5%71.9%50.5%57.3%13.3%14.3%27.6%24.32023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST19.4%2023TORBlue JaysMLB30.3%66.0%48.6%51.6%84.9%74.7%51.2%59.4%12.2%15.6%27.9%19.52024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST13.3%2024TORBlue JaysMLB26.5%65.8%48.1%58.1%83.7%77.4%55.0%65.6%10.8%17.6%28.4%19.7Total- - -MLB28.5%65.5%47.9%53.7%84.6%75.8%52.3%59.7%11.5%15.9%27.4%22.7SeasonTeamLevelO-Swing%O-Swing% - Percentage of pitches a batter swings at outside the strike zone (Pitch Info)Z-Swing%Z-Swing% - Percentage of pitches a batter swings at inside the strike zone (Pitch Info)Swing%Swing% - Total percentage of pitches a batter swings at (Pitch Info)O-Contact%O-Contact% - Percentage of times a batter makes contact with the ball when swinging at pitches thrown outside the strike zone (Pitch Info)Z-Contact%Z-Contact% - Percentage of times a batter makes contact with the ball when swinging at pitches thrown inside the strike zone (Pitch Info)Contact%Contact% - Total percentage of contact made when swinging at all pitches (Pitch Info)Zone%Zone% - Percentage of pitches seen inside the strike zone (Pitch Info)PacePace - Average time inbetween pitches (Pitch Info)dividerF-Strike%F-Strike% - First pitch strike percentageSwStr%SwStr% - Percentage of Strikes that were swung at and missedCStr%CStr% - Called strike percentCSW%CSW% - Called + swinging strike percentdividerPacePace - Average time inbetween pitches (Statcast)2019SEAMariners (ST)ST21.9%2019SEAMarinersMLB26.9%65.7%47.6%60.9%88.8%81.5%53.3%59.2%8.8%16.3%25.1%23.82020SEAMariners (ST)ST13.3%2020SEAMarinersMLB25.1%65.6%46.2%52.1%81.5%73.8%51.9%50.5%12.1%15.0%27.0%23.72021SEAMariners (ST)ST34.4%2021SEAMarinersMLB30.7%64.0%48.2%50.7%84.0%74.0%52.8%62.8%12.5%16.4%28.8%24.82022TORAAA15.6%2022TORBlue Jays (ST)ST12.0%2022TORBlue JaysMLB27.6%66.7%47.3%50.8%80.5%71.9%50.5%57.3%13.3%14.3%27.6%24.32023TORBlue Jays (ST)ST19.4%2023TORBlue JaysMLB30.3%66.0%48.6%51.6%84.9%74.7%51.2%59.4%12.2%15.6%27.9%19.52024TORBlue Jays (ST)ST13.3%2024TORBlue JaysMLB26.5%65.8%48.1%58.1%83.7%77.4%55.0%65.6%10.8%17.6%28.4%19.7Total- - -MLB28.5%65.5%47.9%53.7%84.6%75.8%52.3%59.7%11.5%15.9%27.4%22.7FieldingsettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelPosPos - PositionGG - Games PlayedGSGS - Games StartedInnInn - Innings PlayedPOPO - PutoutsAA - AssistsdividerEE - ErrorsFEFE - Fielding ErrorsTETE - Throwing ErrorsdividerDPDP - Double PlaysDPSDPS - Double Plays StartedDPTDPT - Double Plays TurnedDPFDPF - Double Plays FinisheddividerScpScp - First Baseman ScoopsdividerSBSB - Catcher/Pitcher Stolen BasesCSCS - Catcher/Pitcher Caught StealingPBPB - Catcher/Pitcher Passed BallsWPWP - Catcher/Pitcher Wild PitchesdividerFPFP - Fielding Percentage (PO+A)/(PO+A+E)dividerTZTZ - Total Zone in runs above average2019SEAMarinersMLBP3232161.2101210111008.9572020SEAMarinersMLBP9947.035000000051.0002021SEAMarinersMLBP2929157.0613000110041.0002022TORAAAP115.001002022TORBlue JaysMLBP3220100.241110111001.9382023TORBlue JaysMLBP3232167.2410101220014.9332024TORBlue JaysMLBP111161.045000000021.000Total- - -- - -P145133695.03156303550034.967SeasonTeamLevelPosPos - PositionGG - Games PlayedGSGS - Games StartedInnInn - Innings PlayedPOPO - PutoutsAA - AssistsdividerEE - ErrorsFEFE - Fielding ErrorsTETE - Throwing ErrorsdividerDPDP - Double PlaysDPSDPS - Double Plays StartedDPTDPT - Double Plays TurnedDPFDPF - Double Plays FinisheddividerScpScp - First Baseman ScoopsdividerSBSB - Catcher/Pitcher Stolen BasesCSCS - Catcher/Pitcher Caught StealingPBPB - Catcher/Pitcher Passed BallsWPWP - Catcher/Pitcher Wild PitchesdividerFPFP - Fielding Percentage (PO+A)/(PO+A+E)dividerTZTZ - Total Zone in runs above average2019SEAMarinersMLBP3232161.2101210111008.9572020SEAMarinersMLBP9947.035000000051.0002021SEAMarinersMLBP2929157.0613000110041.0002022TORAAAP115.001002022TORBlue JaysMLBP3220100.241110111001.9382023TORBlue JaysMLBP3232167.2410101220014.9332024TORBlue JaysMLBP111161.045000000021.000Total- - -- - -P145133695.03156303550034.967Advanced FieldingsettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelPosPos - PositionInnInn - Innings PlayeddividerrSZrCERArSBrSB - Stolen Base Runs Saved runs above average (C/P) (Fielding Bible)rGDPrGDP - Double Plays Runs Saved runs above average (2B/SS) (Fielding Bible)rARMrARM - Outfield Arm Runs Saved runs above average (OF) (Fielding Bible)rGFPrGFP - Good Fielding Plays Runs Saved runs above average (Fielding Bible)rPMrPM - Plus/Minus Runs Saved runs above average (Fielding Bible)DRSDRS - Total Defensive Runs Saved runs above average (Fielding Bible)dividerARMArm - Outfield Arm runs above average (UZR)DPRDPR - Double Play runs above average (UZR)RngRRngR - Range runs above average (UZR)ErrRErrR - Error runs above average (UZR)UZRUZR - Ultimate Zone Rating in runs above average (Arm+DPR+RngR+ErrR)UZR/150UZR/150 - UZR runs above average per 150 Defensive GamesdividerFRMdividerOAAOAA - Statcast Outs Above Average measuring rangeFRVFRV - Statcast Fielding Run Value in runs above average (Throwing+Blocking+Framing+Arm+Range)2019SEAMarinersMLBP161.2-2000-2-0.82020SEAMarinersMLBP47.0-1-1010-0.32021SEAMarinersMLBP157.0-11023-0.42022TORBlue JaysMLBP100.2-110340.22023TORBlue JaysMLBP167.2-1-10-1-21.02024TORBlue JaysMLBP61.0010010.0Total- - -- - -P695.0-61054-0.4SeasonTeamLevelPosPos - PositionInnInn - Innings PlayeddividerrSZrCERArSBrSB - Stolen Base Runs Saved runs above average (C/P) (Fielding Bible)rGDPrGDP - Double Plays Runs Saved runs above average (2B/SS) (Fielding Bible)rARMrARM - Outfield Arm Runs Saved runs above average (OF) (Fielding Bible)rGFPrGFP - Good Fielding Plays Runs Saved runs above average (Fielding Bible)rPMrPM - Plus/Minus Runs Saved runs above average (Fielding Bible)DRSDRS - Total Defensive Runs Saved runs above average (Fielding Bible)dividerARMArm - Outfield Arm runs above average (UZR)DPRDPR - Double Play runs above average (UZR)RngRRngR - Range runs above average (UZR)ErrRErrR - Error runs above average (UZR)UZRUZR - Ultimate Zone Rating in runs above average (Arm+DPR+RngR+ErrR)UZR/150UZR/150 - UZR runs above average per 150 Defensive GamesdividerFRMdividerOAAOAA - Statcast Outs Above Average measuring rangeFRVFRV - Statcast Fielding Run Value in runs above average (Throwing+Blocking+Framing+Arm+Range)2019SEAMarinersMLBP161.2-2000-2-0.82020SEAMarinersMLBP47.0-1-1010-0.32021SEAMarinersMLBP157.0-11023-0.42022TORBlue JaysMLBP100.2-110340.22023TORBlue JaysMLBP167.2-1-10-1-21.02024TORBlue JaysMLBP61.0010010.0Total- - -- - -P695.0-61054-0.4Inside Edge FieldingsettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelPosPos - PositionInnInn - Innings PlayedImpossible (0%)Impossible (0%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 0% chance of being successfully fieldedRemote (1-10%)Remote (1-10%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 1-10% chance of being successfully fieldedUnlikely (10-40%)Unlikely (10-40%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 10-40% chance of being successfully fieldedEven (40-60%)Even (40-60%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 40-60% chance of being successfully fieldedLikely (60-90%)Likely (60-90%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 60-90% chance of being successfully fieldedRoutine (90-100%)Routine (90-100%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 90-100% chance of being successfully fielded2019SEAMarinersMLBP161.20.0% (0)0.0% (2)0.0% (1)100.0% (3)66.7% (3)100.0% (7)Total- - -- - -P695.00.0% (0)0.0% (2)0.0% (1)100.0% (3)66.7% (3)100.0% (7)SeasonTeamLevelPosPos - PositionInnInn - Innings PlayedImpossible (0%)Impossible (0%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 0% chance of being successfully fieldedRemote (1-10%)Remote (1-10%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 1-10% chance of being successfully fieldedUnlikely (10-40%)Unlikely (10-40%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 10-40% chance of being successfully fieldedEven (40-60%)Even (40-60%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 40-60% chance of being successfully fieldedLikely (60-90%)Likely (60-90%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 60-90% chance of being successfully fieldedRoutine (90-100%)Routine (90-100%) - Plays rating by Inside Edge scouts with a 90-100% chance of being successfully fielded2019SEAMarinersMLBP161.20.0% (0)0.0% (2)0.0% (1)100.0% (3)66.7% (3)100.0% (7)Total- - -- - -P695.00.0% (0)0.0% (2)0.0% (1)100.0% (3)66.7% (3)100.0% (7)ValuesettingsPostseasonPreseason ProjectionsIn-Season ProjectionsMinor LeaguesSpring TrainingRegular MLB SeasonsSeasonTeamLevelRA9-WARRA9-WAR - Wins Above Replacement calculated using Runs AllowedBIP-WinsBIP-Wins - BABIP wins above averageLOB-WinsLOB-Wins - Sequencing in wins above average (calculated as the difference between RA9-WAR and WAR minus BIP-Wins)FDP-WinsFDP-Wins - BABIP and Sequencing wins above average, also the difference between RA9-WAR and WARdividerRARRAR - Runs Above ReplacementWARWAR - Wins Above ReplacementdividerDollarsDollars - WAR converted to a dollar scale based on what a player would make in free agencySalarySalary - The player's actual salary2019SEAMarinersMLB-0.1-0.40.1-0.32.10.2$1.52020SEAMarinersMLB0.3-0.2-0.6-0.810.91.1$8.82021SEAMarinersMLB1.70.10.50.611.01.1$8.62022TORBlue JaysMLB-0.9-0.1-0.1-0.2-7.6-0.7-$6.02023TORBlue JaysMLB2.8-0.80.90.225.62.6$20.82024TORBlue JaysMLB1.4-0.50.1-0.415.91.8$14.22024FGDCFanGraphs DC (RoS)ROS1.3-0.60.4-0.214.21.52024SteamerSteamer (RoS)ROS1.6-0.20.1-0.116.31.72024ZiPSZiPS (RoS)ROS1.0-0.80.6-0.211.81.22024ZiPS DCZiPS DC (RoS)ROS1.0-0.90.6-0.312.51.32024ATC DCATC DC (RoS)ROS1.3-0.50.3-0.214.81.62024THE BATTHE BAT (RoS)ROS1.2-0.3-0.1-0.415.21.6Total- - -MLB5.0-1.80.9-0.957.86.0$47.9SeasonTeamLevelRA9-WARRA9-WAR - Wins Above Replacement calculated using Runs AllowedBIP-WinsBIP-Wins - BABIP wins above averageLOB-WinsLOB-Wins - Sequencing in wins above average (calculated as the difference between RA9-WAR and WAR minus BIP-Wins)FDP-WinsFDP-Wins - BABIP and Sequencing wins above average, also the difference between RA9-WAR and WARdividerRARRAR - Runs Above ReplacementWARWAR - Wins Above ReplacementdividerDollarsDollars - WAR converted to a dollar scale based on what a player would make in free agencySalarySalary - The player's actual salary2019SEAMarinersMLB-0.1-0.40.1-0.32.10.2$1.52020SEAMarinersMLB0.3-0.2-0.6-0.810.91.1$8.82021SEAMarinersMLB1.70.10.50.611.01.1$8.62022TORBlue JaysMLB-0.9-0.1-0.1-0.2-7.6-0.7-$6.02023TORBlue JaysMLB2.8-0.80.90.225.62.6$20.82024TORBlue JaysMLB1.4-0.50.1-0.415.91.8$14.22024FGDCFanGraphs DC (RoS)ROS1.3-0.60.4-0.214.21.52024SteamerSteamer (RoS)ROS1.6-0.20.1-0.116.31.72024ZiPSZiPS (RoS)ROS1.0-0.80.6-0.211.81.22024ZiPS DCZiPS DC (RoS)ROS1.0-0.90.6-0.312.51.32024ATC DCATC DC (RoS)ROS1.3-0.50.3-0.214.81.62024THE BATTHE BAT (RoS)ROS1.2-0.3-0.1-0.415.21.6Total- - -MLB5.0-1.80.9-0.957.86.0$47.9\nUpdated: Wednesday, May 29, 2024 10:43 AM ETUpdated: 5/29/2024 10:43 AM ET\n@fangraphs - Contact Us - Advertise\n- Terms of Service - Privacy Policy\nAll major league baseball data including pitch type, velocity, batted ball location,\nand play-by-play data provided by Sports Info Solutions.\nMajor League and Minor League Baseball data provided by Major League Baseball.\nMitchel Lichtman\nAll UZR (ultimate zone rating) calculations are provided courtesy of Mitchel Lichtman.\nTangoTiger.com\nAll Win Expectancy, Leverage Index, Run Expectancy, and Fans Scouting Report data licenced from TangoTiger.com\nRetrosheet.org\nPlay-by-play data prior to 2002 was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted\nby Retrosheet.", "url": "https://www.fangraphs.com/players/yusei-kikuchi/20633/stats?position=P" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How Blue Jays pitcher Yusei Kikuchi spends a day off in Toronto\nToronto Life\nSearch\n1,077,815 Torontonians cant be wrong. Follow us:\nToronto Life\nReal Estate\nFood & Drink\nCity\nLife\nCulture\nStyle\nNeighbourhoods\nNewsletters\nMembership\nSubscribe\nSearch\nFollow us\nSections\nCity\nHow Blue Jays pitcher Yusei Kikuchi spends a day off in Toronto\nHow Blue Jays pitcher Yusei Kikuchi spends a day off in Toronto\nIncluding a cold shower, a trip to Eggsmart and play time with his four-year-old son, Leo\nBy Yusei Kikuchi, as told to Vivek Jacob | April 30, 2024By Yusei Kikuchi, as told to Vivek Jacob | 04/30/2024\nFacebook\nOn the field, 2024 marks a huge comeback for Blue Jays starting pitcher Yusei Kikuchi. In 2022, his first season with the team, he struggled to rack up strikesalmost half of the batters who faced him walked through to first base. He improved drastically during the 2023 season, allowing only 48 walks in almost 170 innings. And in the first six starts of 2024, his throws are stronger and more accurate than ever. Off the field, Japanese-born Kikuchi has made a home for himself and his family in Toronto, near the Scarborough Bluffs. Being able to play for a team that represents not just the city of Toronto but also Canada means a lot to me, he says. Our fans are really passionate but not too rowdy or critical. I love that I get to wear the Jays uniform. Here, he tells us how he stays game-ready even on his days off.\nMorning\nI usually get up somewhere between 6:30 and 7 a.m., and the first thing I do is shower. Most importantly, I turn the tap to cold for the final minute or so. Its something Ive done on and off in the past, but recently Ive really focused on making it part of my everyday routine. There are real health benefits to cold water, like reducing your chances of getting sick. Plus Im really awake by the end of it.\nRelated: How actor Paul Sun-Hyung Lee spends a day off in Toronto\nI love to read, so I start my day with a book. Last year, I read 258 books, and this year, so far, Im at just over 100. People often ask me how I keep count, but its actually pretty easy: I just look at my Amazon order history. I deduct the books I dont end up finishing, which helps keep it accurate. Partially I get through them so quickly because I listen to some as audiobooks, but Im way overdue to get a membership at the Toronto Public Library. My favourite book is Grit, which is about the power of passion and perseverance. Ive read it several times, including once earlier this year.\nWhile Im going through my morning routine, my wife, Rumi, prepares a traditional Japanese breakfast for me. It includes miso soup, rice, fried eggs and salmon. Theres no better way to start the day. When Im done, I make a protein shake and take about 10 supplements before heading over to the Blue Jays training centre.\nADVERTISEMENTIll generally make a quick black coffee at home, but if Im in a rush Ill grab one from Tim Hortons or, less frequently, Starbucks. Ill drink it while I commute in for training, which I do on most of my days off. Its about a half-hour drive to the Rogers Centre from my home in Scarborough, and Im usually there and ready to start by 9 a.m. During the off-season, I focused more on lifting and strength training. Im doing more actual throwing now that the season has started.\nAfternoon\nTraining usually ends around 2 p.m., and then I need to focus on getting some carbs. Its important to get my glucose levels back up after exerting myself. My wife usually packs a lunch for me with a lot of chicken and rice balls, but I also like going to EggsmartIts really easy to track my calorie intake there. My go-to order is four eggs, over hard, with toast and a bagel.\nRelated:How Jordan Miller, the lead singer ofThe Beaches,spends a day off in Toronto\nThen I head home and power-nap. Ive gotten pretty good at them recently: I only let myself sleep for 20 minutes. When I wake up, I have another coffee and then do my English lessons. I really want to improve my English, so Ive been meeting an instructor from Japan over Zoom for about an hour and a half every day. I can tell Im getting better, but I need more time and practice to master it. Ive started watching TED Talks on YouTube, which helps, but the next step will be podcasts. Its easier to follow along in a video, where you can see someone speaking or use captions, but with podcasts Ill be on my own. Im looking for some about psychology, which is my favourite subject.\nAfter Im done with my lesson, its time for the highlight of my day: my four-year-old son Leo is back from school. I spend the next few hours with him, and I really try to take him outside and help him stay active. Leo knows baseball and soccer, so well play those together. It can be difficult for me to shift my focus away from my work, but hanging out with Leo helps me prioritize my family.\nADVERTISEMENTEvening\nI dont tend to have super eventful evenings. Being an athlete is all about consistency, and focusing on my professional routine and time with my family helps me keep things straightforward. So nights are all about winding down.\nIf were not having dinner at home, I have a few favourite sushi places. Ive started keeping them secret, though. Last summer, when it looked like Shohei Ohtani might sign with the Blue Jays, a rumour started that Id made a reservation at a sushi place for over 50 people to celebrate. It wasnt true, and of course, Shohei ended up signing with the LA Dodgers. But the whole affair taught me how easily I could lose my familys privacy. Its funny to look back on, but our peace of mind comes first. But I do have other go-to spots. One of the things I love about Toronto is that there are so many different cuisines, so I try to branch out. I love the Thai food at Paitheir pad thai is amazing, and I also enjoy the khao pad baan nok, which is a rice dish.\nAfter dinner, we usually try to get Leo to bed by 9 p.m. Then Rumi and I will settle down to watch some TV or a movie. I recently binged Money Heist, which had my heart racing the whole time. I also rewatched Whiplash, which is my favourite movie. My baseball mentor was very hard on me, so I find it relatable.\nTo wrap up the night, I get back to my book and then head to bed no later than 11 p.m. I love my sleep. Plus, I need the energy to get up and get back to baseball.\nADVERTISEMENT\nTopics:\nbaseball blue jay blue jays day off pitcher routine Yusei Kikuchi\nThe Latest\nCity\nKiss and Tell: I saw my friends boyfriend on Tinder. 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Toronto Life is a registered trademark of Toronto Life Publishing Company Limited.", "url": "https://torontolife.com/city/blue-jays-pitcher-yusei-kikuchi-day-off/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Yusei Kikuchi (P) Stats, News, Rumors, Bio, Video - Toronto Blue Jays - Yahoo SportsSkip to NavigationSkip to Main ContentSkip to Related Content News Today's news US Politics World Tech Reviews and deals Audio Computing Gaming Health Home Phones Science TVs Climate change Health Science 2024 election Originals The 360 Life Health COVID-19 Fall allergies Health news Mental health Relax Sexual health Studies The Unwind Parenting Family health So mini ways Style and beauty It Figures Unapologetically Horoscopes Shopping Buying guides Food Travel Autos Gift ideas Entertainment Celebrity TV Movies Music How to Watch Interviews Videos Shopping Finance My portfolio My watchlist News Stock market Economics Earnings Crypto Politics Biden economy Personal finance Markets Stocks: most active Stocks: gainers Stocks: losers Trending tickers Futures World indices US Treasury bonds Currencies Crypto Top ETFs Top mutual funds Highest open interest Highest implied volatility Currency converter Sectors Basic materials Communication services Consumer cyclical Consumer defensive Energy Financial services Healthcare Industrials Real estate Technology Utilities Screeners Watchlists Equities ETFs Futures Index Mutual funds Analyst rating screener Technical events screener Smart money screener Top holdings screener Personal finance Credit cards Credit card rates Balance transfer credit cards Business credit cards Cash back credit cards Rewards credit cards Travel credit cards CD rates Checking accounts Online checking accounts High-yield savings accounts Money market accounts Personal loans Student loans Car insurance Home buying Taxes Videos ETF report FA corner Options pit Finance Plus Community Investment ideas Research reports Webinars Crypto Industries Sports Fantasy News Fantasy football Best Ball Pro Pick 'Em College Pick 'Em Fantasy baseball Fantasy hockey Fantasy basketball Download the app Daily fantasy NFL News Scores and schedules Standings Stats Teams Players Drafts Injuries Odds Super Bowl GameChannel Videos MLB News Scores and schedules Standings Stats Teams Players Odds Videos World Baseball Classic NBA News Draft Scores and schedules Standings Stats Teams Players Injuries Videos Odds Playoffs NHL News Scores and schedules Standings Stats Teams Players Odds Playoffs Soccer News Scores and schedules Premier League MLS NWSL Liga MX CONCACAF League Champions League La Liga Serie A Bundesliga Ligue 1 World Cup College football News Scores and schedules Standings Rankings Stats Teams Show all MMA WNBA Sportsbook NCAAF Tennis Golf NASCAR NCAAB NCAAW Boxing USFL Cycling Motorsports Olympics Horse racing GameChannel Rivals Newsletters Podcasts Videos RSS Jobs Help World Cup More news New on Yahoo Games Tech Terms Privacy Privacy Dashboard Feedback 2024 All rights reserved. About our ads Advertising Careers Yahoo Sports Yahoo Sports Search query Tip: Try a team, player, or league name for relevant results Select an edition USEnglish US y LATAMEspaol AustraliaEnglish CanadaEnglish CanadaFranais DeutschlandDeutsch FranceFranais MalaysiaEnglish New ZealandEnglish SingaporeEnglish UKEnglish News Finance Sports More News Today's news US Politics World Weather Climate change Health Science 2024 election Originals Life Health Parenting Style and beauty Horoscopes Shopping Food Travel Autos Gift ideas Entertainment Celebrity TV Movies Music How to watch Interviews Videos Shopping Finance My portfolio Watchlists Markets News Videos Yahoo Finance Plus Screeners Personal finance Crypto Industries Sports Fantasy NFL NBA MLB NHL College football College basketball Soccer MMA Yahoo Sports AM New on Yahoo Games Tech Selected edition USEnglish Mail Sign in MLB NBA MLB NFL Soccer NHL MMA WNBA Yahoo Sports AM Golf Tennis Motorsports NCAAF NCAAB NCAAW College Sports Fantasy Sports Sportsbook Boxing UFL Cycling Olympics Horse Racing GameChannel Rivals Newsletters Podcasts Videos RSS Jobs Help World Cup More News News Scores/Schedules Standings Power Rankings Stats Teams Players Odds Video Fantasy Baseball SportsFantasyDaily Fantasy\nAdvertisement\nBreaking NewsScottie Schefflers charges dropped after PGA arrestYusei KikuchiFollow teamUnfollow team#16,P, Toronto Blue Jays W2L4ERA3.25K61BB13Bio Height/Weight: 6' 0\"/210 lbsBat: LThrow: LBorn: Morioka, JapanDraft: UndraftedSummaryGame LogSplitsNewsShop GearOddsPitchingBattingFielding Regular Season Season PhaseRegular SeasonPostseasonCareerPitchingSeasonTeamTypeGGSWLSVBSHLDCGSHOIPHRERHRBBKERAWHIPBAA2019SEAReg323261100011161.21951099836501165.461.52.2952020SEAReg99240000047.0412727320475.171.30.2382021SEAReg29297900000157.0145827727621634.411.32.2432022TORReg32206711000100.293675823581245.191.50.2432023TORReg323211600000167.2165787227481813.861.27.2552024TORReg1111240000061.0602322513613.251.20.253Total-Reg145133344111011695.06993863541212516924.581.37.259Pitching Regular Season Season PhaseRegular SeasonPostseasonLast 10 GamesGame LogPitchingDateOppScoreTypeDecIPHRERBBKHRERAWHIPBAA@DETL 11-14Reg-3.08550013.251.20.253CWSL 5-0RegL6.05323602.641.12.236@BALL 2-3Reg-4.16111912.601.10.239MINL 3-2RegL8.04220312.641.05.230@WASL 3-9Reg-6.06111702.721.16.245LADL 4-2RegL6.09440302.941.16.242@KCW 5-3RegW6.05220412.281.08.214NYYW 4-5RegW6.04111902.081.15.213SEAL 6-1Reg-6.03112902.301.28.224@NYYW 3-0Reg-5.14002702.791.55.270@TBL 1-5RegL4.16333416.232.08.316\nAdvertisement\nPitchers NoPlayerP40Chris BassittP17Jos BerrosP92Gnesis CabreraP44Bowden FrancisP93Yimi GarcaP34Kevin GausmanP57Chad GreenP16Yusei KikuchiP6Alek ManoahP58Tim MayzaP24Nate PearsonP56Zach PopP33Trevor RichardsP29Yariel RodrguezP68Jordan RomanoPCatchers NoPlayerP9Danny JansenC30Alejandro KirkCInfielders NoPlayerP11Bo BichetteSS8Cavan Biggio2B28Ernie Clement3B27Vladimir Guerrero Jr.1B7Isiah Kiner-Falefa3B2Justin Turner1BOutfielders NoPlayerP39Kevin KiermaierCF36Davis SchneiderLF4George SpringerRF25Daulton VarshoLFDesignated Hitters NoPlayerP20Daniel VogelbachDH\nAdvertisement\nFollow Yahoo SportsYahoo Sports - NBC Sports Network. Certain Data by Sportradar.HelpSuggestionsTerms and Privacy PolicyPrivacy DashboardAbout our AdsSitemap 2024 Yahoo. All rights reserved.\nWaiting for permission\nAllow microphone access to enable voice search\nTry again.\nTry saying", "url": "https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/players/11263/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Yusei Kikuchi, Toronto Blue Jays, SP - News, Stats, Bio - CBSSports.com\nsite: media | arena: mlb | pageType: profiles |\nsection: | slug: | sport: baseball | route: player_profile_home |\n6-keys: media/spln/mlb/reg/free/playerprofiles\nCBSSports.com\n247Sports\nMaxPreps\nSportsLine\nShop\nPlay Golf\nStubhub\nEssentials\nFanatics Sportsbook\nCBS Sports Home\nSports HQ\nFantasy\nNFL\nMLB\nNBA\nGolf\nTriple Crown\nSoccer\nNHL\nWNBA\nNCAA FB\nNCAA BB\nNCAA WBB\nMMA\nChampions League\nWWE\nBoxing\nNASCAR\nMotor Sports\nUFL\nNWSL\nTennis\nOlympics\nBig3\nHigh School\nWSOP\nShop\nPromotions\nEssentials\nPBR\n3Ice\nStubhub\nPlay Golf\nHome\nScores\nSchedule\nStandings\nTeams\nStats\nExpert Picks\nOdds\nCWS\nVideo\nPlayers\nPower Rankings\nProbable Pitchers\nTransactions\nInjuries\nFantasy\nMLB Shop\nStubhub\nHome\nScores\nSchedule\nStandings\nTeams\nStats\nExpert Picks\nOdds\nCWS\nVideo\nPlayers\nPower Rankings\nProbable Pitchers\nTransactions\nInjuries\nFantasy\nMLB Shop\nStubhub\nPlay\nGames\nPlay Now\nFootball Pick'em\nPlay Now\nCollege Pick'em\nView your Leagues\nFantasy Baseball\nFantasy Football\nFootball Pick'em\nCollege Pick'em\nFantasy Basketball\nFantasy Hockey\nFranchise Games\nSee All Sports Games\nWatch\n24/7 Sports News Network\nParamount+\nCBS Sports Golazo Network\nPGA Tour on CBS\nUEFA Champions League\nUEFA Europa League\nWNBA\nNWSL\nItalian Serie A\nFormula E\nWatch CBS Sports Network\nTV Shows & Listings\nPodcasts\nThe Early Edge\nA Daily SportsLine Betting Podcast\nBeyond the Arc\nIt's NBA Playoff Time!\nPodcasts Home\nThe First Cut Golf\nWe Need to Talk Now\nEye On College Basketball\nNFL Pick Six\nCover 3 College Football\nFantasy Football Today\nLog In\nMy Teams\nOrganize / See All Teams\nHelp\nAccount Settings\nLog Out\nYusei Kikuchi\nToronto Blue Jays #16 SP\nPlayer Home\nFantasy\nGame Log\nSplits\nCareer\nNext Game\nWed, May 29 @\n7:40 pm ET\n@\nChicago White Sox\n(15-41)\nGuaranteed Rate Field\nCHW +150, O/U 8.5\nProbable Pitchers\nA. Manoah\nTOR\n1-2, 3.97 ERA, 1.06 WHIP\nC. Flexen\nCHW\n2-4, 5.69 ERA, 1.37 WHIP\nGame Preview\nWatch on\nregional restrictions may apply\nAL East Standings\nTeam\nW-L\nL10\nSTRK\nNYY\n37-19\n6-4\nL2 BAL\n34-19\n6-4\nL1 BOS\n28-27\n6-4\nW1 TB\n26-29\n3-7\nL1 TOR\n25-29\n6-4\nW2\nFull Standings\nShare\nShare Video\nLink copied!\n2024 Pitching\nSTATS\nIP\nInnings Pitched\nW\nWins\nL\nLosses\nERA\nEarned Run Average\nSO\nStrikeouts\nBB\nBase on Balls (Walk)\nRegular Season\n61\n2\n4\n3.25\n61\n13\nFull Career Stats\nTop Yusei Kikuchi News\nWednesday's waiver targets\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\n3 hrs ago\nWaiver wire pitchers you should consider prioritizing\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\n3 hrs ago\nRonald Acua's injury, big weekend standouts, and more\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nMay 28, 2024\nWhat to watch this weekend\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nMay 24, 2024\nThree pitchers to add and a bunch more to watch this weekend\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nMay 24, 2024\nBlue Jays' Yusei Kikuchi: Roughed up in no-decision\nRotowire\nMay 26, 2024\nKikuchi escaped Sunday's 14-11 loss to Detroit with a no-decision, yielding five earned runs on eight hits over just three innings. He did not record a walk or strikeout.Kikuchi got roughed up in this one, surrendering four extra-base hits including a solo home run to Spencer Torkelson. The five earned runs are a season high for Kikuchi, who entered this game on a four-game streak allowing two runs or fewer. The 32-year-old still sports a solid 3.25 ERA after Sunday's outing, but more regression could be coming if his 0.74 HR/9 normalizes to his career average of 1.56. His is tentatively slated for a home start next weekend against the Pirates.\n... See More\n... See Less\nBlue Jays' Yusei Kikuchi: Stuck with loss\nRotowire\nMay 22, 2024\nKikuchi (2-4) took the loss Tuesday against the White Sox, allowing three runs (two earned) on five hits and three walks across six innings. He struck out six.Tuesday's performance marked Kikuchi's third quality start in his last four appearances. However, he owns a 0-2 record during that stretch as the Blue Jays have struggled offensively. The 33-year-old walked multiple batters for the first time since April 10 and was charged with two earned runs or fewer for the eighth time in 10 outings. On the year, Kikuchi owns a 2.64 ERA -- which would be a career-best tally -- with 61 strikeouts across 58 innings. He's tentatively scheduled to face the Tigers on Sunday.\n... See More\n... See Less\nElly De La Cruz showcases base-stealing prowess + Cristian Javier's resurgence\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nMay 17, 2024\nBlue Jays' Yusei Kikuchi: Strikes out nine in no-decision\nRotowire\nMay 15, 2024\nKikuchi didn't factor into the decision Wednesday against Baltimore, allowing one run on six hits and a walk in 4.1 innings. He struck out nine.Kikuchi needed 88 pitches to record 11 outs, though he limited Baltimore to one run on Jordan Westburg's lead-off homer in the first while recording nine strikeouts for the third time this season. Kikuchi had gone at least six innings in his previous six starts -- he's 2-3 on the year with a 2.60 ERA, 1.10 WHIP and 55:10 K:BB across 52 innings. The left-hander is currently on track to face the White Sox at home in his next start.\n... See More\n... See Less\nBlue Jays' Yusei Kikuchi: Gets starting nod Wednesday\nRotowire\nMay 15, 2024\nKikuchi is slated to start Wednesday's game against the Orioles in Baltimore, Keegan Matheson of MLB.com reports.After Tuesday's game was postponed, the Blue Jays hadn't initially named a starter for Wednesday's series finale. Rather than pushing Chris Bassitt back a day in the pitching schedule after he had been in line to take the hill Tuesday, the Blue Jays will instead move up Kikuchi and have him take the hill Wednesday on his normal four days' rest. Kikuchi took a loss his last time out Friday against the Twins, but he worked a season-high eight innings and lowered his ERA to 2.64.\n... See More\n... See Less\nBlue Jays' Yusei Kikuchi: Stuck with tough loss Friday\nRotowire\nMay 11, 2024\nKikuchi (2-3) took the loss Friday as the Blue Jays were downed 3-2 by the Twins, giving up two runs on four hits over eight innings. He struck out three without walking a batter.The left-hander pounded the strike zone, firing 68 of 97 pitches for strikes in his fifth quality start of the year, and he generated plenty of weak contact -- even Carlos Santana's solo homer in the fifth inning had a sub-100 mph exit velocity and barely made it over the fence down the right-field line. It was the longest outing of Kikuchi's Toronto tenure, and his longest MLB start since he gave the Mariners a shutout win in August 2019, which coincidentally was against the Jays. Kikuchi will take a 2.64 ERA, 1.05 WHIP and 46:9 K:BB through 47.2 innings into his next trip to the mound, which is scheduled to come on the road next week in Baltimore.\n... See More\n... See Less\nWeek 7 Preview: Waiver targets, start/sit help, and more\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nMay 6, 2024\nBlue Jays' Yusei Kikuchi: Quality start wasted Friday\nRotowire\nMay 4, 2024\nKikuchi came away with a no-decision in Friday's 9-3 loss to the Nationals, allowing one run on six hits and a walk over six innings. He struck out sevenHe carved up the Washington lineup en route to his fourth quality start of the season, generating 34 called or swinging strikes among his 100 pitches, and Kikuchi left the mound with Toronto ahead 3-1. Unfortunately, Erik Swanson immediately coughed up the lead in the seventh inning, denying Kikuchi his third win. The southpaw will take a 2.72 ERA, 1.16 WHIP and 43:9 K:BB through 39.2 innings into his next outing, which lines up to come at home next weekend against the Twins.\n... See More\n... See Less\nMLB teams with the most improved playoff chances\nCBS Sports\nMike Axisa\nMay 3, 2024\nWhat to Watch This Weekend\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nMay 3, 2024\nFour pitchers to add and a bunch more to watch this weekend\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nMay 3, 2024\nWeek 6 Trade Values Chart\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nMay 2, 2024\nBlue Jays' Yusei Kikuchi: Hit hard in Saturday's loss\nRotowire\nApr 27, 2024\nKikuchi (2-2) took the loss Saturday, giving up four runs on nine hits over six innings as the Blue Jays fell 4-2 to the Dodgers. He struck out three without walking a batter.While the southpaw managed to keep the ball in the yard, he still gave up some very loud contact, including three extra-base hits and an RBI single by Shohei Ohtani in the second inning that left his bat with a stunning exit velocity of 119.2 mph. Kikuchi saw his quality start streak end at three, but he'll take a strong 2.94 ERA, 1.16 WHIP and 36:8 K:BB through 33.2 innings into his next outing, which lines up to come on the road next weekend against the Nationals.\n... See More\n... See Less\nWhat to watch this MLB weekend\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nApr 26, 2024\nWeek 5 Trade Values Chart\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nApr 25, 2024\nHow to handle yet another bad day of injury news\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nApr 25, 2024\nRankings Movers: Naylor a stud\nCBS Sports\nScott White\nApr 24, 2024\nIs Erick Fedde just a flash in the pan?\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nApr 24, 2024\nBlue Jays' Yusei Kikuchi: Produces quality start\nRotowire\nApr 23, 2024\nKikuchi (2-1) yielded two runs on five hits over six innings Monday, striking out four and earning a win over the Royals.Kikuchi cruised through five shutout frames before serving up a two-run shot to Maikel Garcia in the sixth inning. Kikuchi has now turned in three straight quality starts and has not allowed more than three runs in any outing this season. After a career year in 2023, the veteran southpaw has registered a terrific 2.28 ERA and 33:8 K:BB through five starts in 2024. Kikuchi is in line for a tough home matchup with the Dodgers this weekend.\n... See More\n... See Less\nWeek 5 Waiver Targets\nCBS Sports\nChris Towers\nApr 21, 2024\nSee More\nPlayer Bio\nHT/WT: 6-0, 210 lbs\nBirthplace: Morioka, Japan\nAge: 32\nExperience: 5\nBats/Throws: L, L\nAround the Web\nPromoted by Taboola\nHelp\nAbout Us\nCareers\nNewsletters\nMobile Apps\nClosed Captioning\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms Of Use\nDo Not Sell My Personal Information\nCalifornia Notice\n 2004-2024 CBS Interactive. All Rights Reserved.\nCBS Sports is a registered trademark of CBS Broadcasting Inc. Commissioner.com is a registered trademark of CBS Interactive Inc.\nThe content on this site is for entertainment purposes only and CBS Sports makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the information given or the outcome of any game or event. There is no gambling offered on this site. This site contains commercial content and CBS Sports may be compensated for the links provided on this site.\nImages by Getty Images and US Presswire\npubads.g.doubleclick.net is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/players/3073522/yusei-kikuchi/" } ]

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Get Email about News, Products, and Events from Cook Medical.\nSign Up\nFeedback", "url": "https://www.cookmedical.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home | Cook Group\nCook Group Cook Group\nCook Group\nMenu\nSearch\nHome\nOur businesses\nNewsroom\nContact\nWe are a family of ethical and entrepreneurial companies that exists to empower people and communities to reach their full potential.\nWho is Cook Group?\nOur roots are in medical devices, but we also work in the life sciences, property management, resort, and service businesses.\nHeadquartered in Indiana, with locations worldwide, our values of integrity, quality, respect, and transparency all help guide our work and our relationships with our employees, customers, and communities. We innovate by listening first, then looking for the best solutions based on the needs expressed. We believe that when employers, employees, and communities collaborate, everyone is able to achieve more.\nMedical devices\nLife sciences\nServices\nProperty management\nResorts\nAnimal health\nOur founders and the evolution of their business\nIn 1963, Bill and Gayle Cook created a small company that manufactured three simple medical devices used to treat patients in less invasive ways than common surgical techniques of the time. That small company grew into Cook Medical, with global reach and products for treating conditions in almost every system of the body and area of the hospital.\nAlong the way, this entrepreneurial family branched out into other areas of business to explore new types of medical treatment; to support their passions, like historic preservation; and to support their growing group of employees and the communities where they live.\nCook Group was created to provide support and oversight to the Cook companies, which remain family owned.\nNewsroom\nCook Group announces sale of West Lafayettes Cook Biotech to RTI Surgical\nJanuary 8, 2024\nBloomington, Ind. In the latest of a series of strategic decisions aligned to its 5-year vision, Cook Group announced today that RTI Surgical will acquire Cook Biotech, a Cook life sciences company based in West Lafayette, Ind. RTI Surgical is a privately held, surgical implant company. Cook Group and RTI Surgical signed a purchase []\nRead More \nView More Posts\n Cook Group 2024\nPrivacy statement\nTerms of use\nCookie compliance\nCook Group global code of conduct\nHuman rights responsibility statement\nSitemap", "url": "https://www.cookgroup.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Products | Cook Medical\nEducation & Training\n\nCustomer Portal\n\nSubscribe\nSearch\nUnited States\nProducts\nPatient Resources\nSupport\nBusinessCare Integration\nCapital Equipment Service\nGeneral Product Information\nOpen Payments\nOrdering & Returns\nProduct Performance Reporting\nReimbursement\nSupplier Information\nSupport\nAbout\nAbout Cook\nCorporate Social Responsibility Report\nDiversity, Equity & Inclusion\nEthics & Compliance\nHistory\nMission and Values\nNewsroom\nSustainability & Environmental Practices\nDivisions\nVascular\nAortic Intervention\nInterventional Radiology\nLead Management\nPeripheral Intervention\nMedSurg\nCritical Care\nEndoscopy\nOtolaryngology\nReproductive Health\nSurgery\nUrology\nCareers\nContact\nEducation & Training\nCustomer Portal\nUnited States\nProducts\nPatient Resources\nSupport\nBusinessCare Integration\nCapital Equipment Service\nGeneral Product Information\nOpen Payments\nOrdering & Returns\nProduct Performance Reporting\nReimbursement\nSupplier Information\nSupport\nAbout\nAbout Cook\nCorporate Social Responsibility Report\nDiversity, Equity & Inclusion\nEthics & Compliance\nHistory\nMission and Values\nNewsroom\nSustainability & Environmental Practices\nDivisions\nVascular\nAortic Intervention\nInterventional Radiology\nLead Management\nPeripheral Intervention\nMedSurg\nCritical Care\nEndoscopy\nOtolaryngology\nReproductive Health\nSurgery\nUrology\nCareers\nContact\nEducation & Training\nCustomer Portal\nChoose your Region\nAre you sure you want to proceed?\nYou will be leaving the Cook Medical website that you were viewing and going to a Cook Medical website for another region or country. Not all products are approved in all regulatory jurisdictions. The product information on these websites is intended only for licensed physicians and healthcare professionals.\nCancel\nProceed\nAsia-Pacific\nAustralia\nChina\nEurope\nIndia\nJapan\nSouth Korea\nProducts\nShare this page\nCopy Link\nShare by Email\nShare on LinkedIn\nProducts\nAdditional Filters\nFilter by Product Type:\nAblation - EMR\nAccess\nAccess - Catheters\nAccess - Ureteral Sheaths\nAccess Sets\nAccessories\nAccessories - Adapters\nAccessories - Caps\nAccessories - Connecting Tubes\nAccessories - Drainage Bags\nAdapters\nAirway - Accessories\nAirway - Cricothyrotomy\nAirway - Exchange\nAirway - Intubation\nAspiration Pump\nBalloons\nBalloons - Labor and Delivery\nBaskets\nBiologic Grafts\nBiologic Plugs\nBiopsy\nBiopsy Needles - Soft Tissue and Aspiration\nBrushes\nCannulae - Hysterosalpingography (HSG)\nCatheters\nCatheters - Access\nCatheters - Balloon\nCatheters - Cholangiography\nCatheters - Dilatation\nCatheters - Drainage\nCatheters - Drainage, Accessories\nCatheters - 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Adapters and Accessories\nEnteral Feeding - Gastrojejunostomy\nEnteral Feeding - Gastropexy Suture Anchors\nEnteral Feeding - Gastrostomy\nExploration Devices - CBDE\nExtraction Devices\nExtractors\nExtractors - Nitinol\nExtractors - Stainless Steel\nFeeding Tubes\nForceps\nHemostasis\nHernia Repair Devices\nImaging\nIncubators\nInstruments - Hysteroscopy\nInstruments - Laparoscopy\nIntroducers\nKits\nLaser - Holmium Laser Fibers\nLaser - Holmium Laser System\nLaser Fibers\nLaser Fibers for holmium lasers\nLaser Fibers for thulium lasers\nLaser Thulium Laser System\nLasers\nLasers - Accessories\nLead Extraction Devices\nLigators\nLithotripsy\nLithotriptors\nLymphangiography and Sialography\nMedia - Accessories\nMonitors\nNeedle Knives\nNeedles\nNeedles - Access\nNeedles - Accessories\nNeedles - Amniocentesis\nNeedles - Aspiration\nNeedles - Biopsy\nNeedles - Endobronchial\nNeedles - Endoscopic\nNeedles - Endoscopic Ultrasound\nNeedles - Fetal Access\nNeedles - Fine Needle Biopsy\nNeedles - Injection\nNeedles - Ovum Aspiration\nNeedles - Sampling\nNeedles - Soft Tissue and Aspiration Biopsy\nNeedles - Vascular Access\nObturators\nPediatric Esophageal Atresia\nPercutaneous Access and Drainage\nPercutaneous Access and Drainage - Entry Sets\nPercutaneous Access and Drainage - Nephrostomy\nPercutaneous Access and Drainage - Suprapubic\nPipettes - Aspiration\nPipettes - Flexible\nPipettes - Micromanipulation\nPneumothorax\nPolypectomy\nPolypectomy - Retrieval Devices\nPouches\nSeptostomy\nSets\nSnares\nSphincterotomes\nSpinal Needles\nStent Grafts - Abdominal\nStent Grafts - Thoracic\nStents\nStents - Accessories\nStents - Balloon-Expandable\nStents - Biliary\nStents - Colonic\nStents - Drug-Eluting\nStents - Duodenal\nStents - Esophageal\nStents - Fetal Bladder\nStents - Pancreatic\nStents - Self-Expanding\nStents - Ureteral Double Pigtail\nStents - Ureteral Multi-Length\nStents - Ureteral Specialty\nStents - Urethral\nStopcocks, Adapters and Connecting Tubes\nSurgical\nTherapeutic Delivery\nTissue Pouches\nTracheostomy - Accessories\nTracheostomy - Introducers\nTransjugular Liver Access and Liver / Renal Biopsy\nVascular Access - Access and Accessories\nVascular Access - Antimicrobial Catheters\nVascular Access - Intraosseous Needles\nVascular Access - Pressure Monitoring\nVascular Access - Pressure Monitoring Catheters\nVascular Access - Standard Catheters\nVascular Retrievers\nVena Cava Filter Retrievers\nVena Cava Filters\nWire Guides\nWire Guides - Access\nWire Guides - Accessories\nWire Guides - Amplatz\nWire Guides - Crossing\nWire Guides - Diagnostic\nWire Guides - Fixed Core\nWire Guides - Hydrophilic\nWire Guides - Nitinol\nWire Guides - Specialty\nWire Guides - Support\nNoneAblation - EMR (1 results)Access (9 results)Access - Catheters (3 results)Access - Ureteral Sheaths (5 results)Access Sets (4 results)Accessories (38 results)Accessories - Adapters (8 results)Accessories - Caps (1 results)Accessories - Connecting Tubes (4 results)Accessories - Drainage Bags (3 results)Adapters (7 results)Airway - Accessories (1 results)Airway - Cricothyrotomy (5 results)Airway - Exchange (3 results)Airway - Intubation (3 results)Aspiration Pump (3 results)Balloons (22 results)Balloons - Labor and Delivery (2 results)Baskets (10 results)Biologic Grafts (8 results)Biologic Plugs (2 results)Biopsy (7 results)Biopsy Needles - Soft Tissue and Aspiration (2 results)Brushes (5 results)Cannulae - Hysterosalpingography (HSG) (1 results)Catheters (38 results)Catheters - Access (13 results)Catheters - Balloon (10 results)Catheters - Cholangiography (3 results)Catheters - Dilatation (1 results)Catheters - Drainage (19 results)Catheters - Drainage, Accessories (1 results)Catheters - Embryo Transfer (8 results)Catheters - Flush (3 results)Catheters - Foley (1 results)Catheters - Genetic Diagnosis (1 results)Catheters - Guiding (1 results)Catheters - Hysterosalpingography (HSG) (3 results)Catheters - Infusion (1 results)Catheters - Intrauterine Insemination (4 results)Catheters - Laser (1 results)Catheters - Microcatheters (1 results)Catheters - Pressure Monitoring (1 results)Catheters - Renal Access (1 results)Catheters - Selective (4 results)Catheters - Selective Salpingography (SSG) (3 results)Catheters - Sizing (1 results)Catheters - Sonohysterography (SHG) (4 results)Catheters - Support (2 results)Catheters - Suprapubic (1 results)Catheters - Ureteral (13 results)Catheters - Urodynamics (4 results)Cecostomy (3 results)Centesis and Drainage - Accessories (1 results)Centesis and Drainage - Pericardiocentesis (2 results)Centesis and Drainage - Pneumothorax (6 results)Clips (1 results)Dilation (14 results)Dilation - Renal (5 results)Dilation - Ureteral (4 results)Dilation - Urethral (7 results)Dilation Balloons (6 results)Dilators (11 results)Doppler Blood Flow Monitoring (5 results)Drainage - Abscess and Multipurpose (8 results)Drainage - Access and Accessories (9 results)Drainage - Biliary (3 results)Drainage - Centesis (1 results)Drainage - Uroradiology (2 results)Dural Repair (1 results)Electrosurgical Devices (2 results)Embolization Devices (7 results)Endobronchial Blockers (2 results)Enteral Feeding - Adapters and Accessories (1 results)Enteral Feeding - Gastrojejunostomy (1 results)Enteral Feeding - Gastropexy Suture Anchors (3 results)Enteral Feeding - Gastrostomy (5 results)Exploration Devices - CBDE (3 results)Extraction Devices (19 results)Extractors (18 results)Extractors - Nitinol (11 results)Extractors - Stainless Steel (5 results)Feeding Tubes (10 results)Forceps (6 results)Hemostasis (6 results)Hernia Repair Devices (4 results)Imaging (1 results)Incubators (2 results)Instruments - Hysteroscopy (1 results)Instruments - Laparoscopy (2 results)Introducers (20 results)Kits (4 results)Laser - Holmium Laser Fibers (2 results)Laser - Holmium Laser System (6 results)Laser Fibers (2 results)Laser Fibers for holmium lasers (2 results)Laser Fibers for thulium lasers (2 results)Laser Thulium Laser System (2 results)Lasers (14 results)Lasers - Accessories (2 results)Lead Extraction Devices (12 results)Ligators (3 results)Lithotripsy (1 results)Lithotriptors (2 results)Lymphangiography and Sialography (1 results)Media - Accessories (2 results)Monitors (1 results)Needle Knives (5 results)Needles (20 results)Needles - Access (9 results)Needles - Accessories (1 results)Needles - Amniocentesis (3 results)Needles - Aspiration (2 results)Needles - Biopsy (3 results)Needles - Endobronchial (2 results)Needles - Endoscopic (2 results)Needles - Endoscopic Ultrasound (8 results)Needles - Fetal Access (2 results)Needles - Fine Needle Biopsy (2 results)Needles - Injection (4 results)Needles - Ovum Aspiration (8 results)Needles - Sampling (2 results)Needles - Soft Tissue and Aspiration Biopsy (1 results)Needles - Vascular Access (3 results)Obturators (3 results)Pediatric Esophageal Atresia (1 results)Percutaneous Access and Drainage (14 results)Percutaneous Access and Drainage - Entry Sets (4 results)Percutaneous Access and Drainage - Nephrostomy (7 results)Percutaneous Access and Drainage - Suprapubic (4 results)Pipettes - Aspiration (1 results)Pipettes - Flexible (1 results)Pipettes - Micromanipulation (2 results)Pneumothorax (2 results)Polypectomy (2 results)Polypectomy - Retrieval Devices (2 results)Pouches (1 results)Septostomy (1 results)Sets (2 results)Snares (2 results)Sphincterotomes (9 results)Spinal Needles (1 results)Stent Grafts - Abdominal (7 results)Stent Grafts - Thoracic (8 results)Stents (63 results)Stents - Accessories (1 results)Stents - Balloon-Expandable (2 results)Stents - Biliary (16 results)Stents - Colonic (1 results)Stents - Drug-Eluting (1 results)Stents - Duodenal (1 results)Stents - Esophageal (2 results)Stents - Fetal Bladder (1 results)Stents - Pancreatic (13 results)Stents - Self-Expanding (7 results)Stents - Ureteral Double Pigtail (13 results)Stents - Ureteral Multi-Length (10 results)Stents - Ureteral Specialty (5 results)Stents - Urethral (3 results)Stopcocks, Adapters and Connecting Tubes (3 results)Surgical (2 results)Therapeutic Delivery (1 results)Tissue Pouches (1 results)Tracheostomy - Accessories (1 results)Tracheostomy - Introducers (1 results)Transjugular Liver Access and Liver / Renal Biopsy (4 results)Vascular Access - Access and Accessories (2 results)Vascular Access - Antimicrobial Catheters (1 results)Vascular Access - Intraosseous Needles (1 results)Vascular Access - Pressure Monitoring (2 results)Vascular Access - Pressure Monitoring Catheters (1 results)Vascular Access - Standard Catheters (1 results)Vascular Retrievers (3 results)Vena Cava Filter Retrievers (2 results)Vena Cava Filters (2 results)Wire Guides (26 results)Wire Guides - Access (4 results)Wire Guides - Accessories (2 results)Wire Guides - Amplatz (1 results)Wire Guides - Crossing (2 results)Wire Guides - Diagnostic (6 results)Wire Guides - Fixed Core (1 results)Wire Guides - Hydrophilic (4 results)Wire Guides - Nitinol (3 results)Wire Guides - Specialty (2 results)Wire Guides - Support (4 results)\nFilter by Clinical Specialty:\nAnesthesiology\nCardiovascular Surgery\nColorectal Surgery\nCritical Care Medicine\nElectrophysiology\nEmbryology\nEmergency Medicine\nGastroenterology\nGeneral Surgery\nGynecology\nInterventional Cardiology\nInterventional Radiology\nNeurosurgery\nObstetrics\nOncology\nOtolaryngology\nPlastic and Reconstructive Surgery\nPulmonary Medicine\nReproductive Endocrinology\nThoracic Surgery\nTrauma Surgery\nUrology\nVascular Surgery\nNoneAnesthesiology (16 results)Cardiovascular Surgery (12 results)Colorectal Surgery (10 results)Critical Care Medicine (36 results)Electrophysiology (19 results)Embryology (32 results)Emergency Medicine (25 results)Gastroenterology (147 results)General Surgery (36 results)Gynecology (11 results)Interventional Cardiology (104 results)Interventional Radiology (161 results)Neurosurgery (6 results)Obstetrics (12 results)Oncology (7 results)Otolaryngology (17 results)Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (7 results)Pulmonary Medicine (17 results)Reproductive Endocrinology (26 results)Thoracic Surgery (47 results)Trauma Surgery (2 results)Urology (161 results)Vascular Surgery (89 results)\nFilter by Division:\nAortic Intervention\nCritical Care\nEndoscopy\nInterventional Radiology\nLead Management\nOtolaryngology\nPeripheral Intervention\nReproductive Health\nSurgery\nUrology\nNoneAortic Intervention (36 results)Critical Care (36 results)Endoscopy (146 results)Interventional Radiology (80 results)Lead Management (19 results)Otolaryngology (18 results)Peripheral Intervention (77 results)Reproductive Health (51 results)Surgery (44 results)Urology (161 results)\nView\n10\n25\n50\n100\nShowing 1 to 10 of 593 results.\nPrev\nNext\nShow 102550100 entriesSearch:\nProduct Name\nRPN\nGPN\nProduct Type\nClinical Specialty\nCook Medical Division\n6 Shooter Saeed Multi-Band Ligator\nMBL-10, MBL-6-XL, MBL-6-XS, MBL-6-XL-C, MBL-6-F, MBL-6-OV, MBL-6, MBL-4\nG22614, G25119, G25424, G25221, G22692, G24654, G22553, G22613\nHemostasis, Ligators\nGastroenterology\nEndoscopy, Surgery\n6 Shooter Universal Saeed Multi-Band Ligator\nMBL-U-6-F, MBL-U-4, MBL-U-6, MBL-U-10\nG31918, G31915, G31917, G31919\nHemostasis, Ligators\nGastroenterology\nEndoscopy, Surgery\nAcrobat 2 Calibrated Tip Wire Guide\nAWG2-35-205, AWG2-35-450-A, AWG2-35-260-A, AWG2-35-205-A, AWG2-35-260, AWG2-25-260-A, AWG2-25-260, AWG2-25-450, AWG2-25-450-A, AWG2-35-450\nG47612, G47617, G47615, G47613, G47614, G47609, G47608, G47610, G47611, G47616\nWire Guides\nGastroenterology\nEndoscopy\nActive Cord\nACU-1, ACU-1-VL\nG21485, G22092\nAccessories\nGastroenterology\nEndoscopy\nAcuJect Flex Injection Needle\nAJ-FLEX-25-230-10, AJ-FLEX-23-230-10\nG57784, G59858\nNeedles, Needles - Injection\nGastroenterology\nEndoscopy\nAcuJect Variable Injection Needle\nVIN-23, VIN-25\nG22525, G22526\nHemostasis, Needles, Needles - Injection\nGastroenterology\nEndoscopy, Surgery\nAcuSnare Polypectomy Snare\nSAS-1-S, SASMM-1-S, ASH-1-S, ASMH-1-S, ASM-1-S, SASMH-1-S, SASM-1-S, AS-1-S, SASH-1-S, ASJ-1-S\nG22632, G22704, G22700, G22701, G22631, G22703, G22633, G22629, G22702, G22630\nExtraction Devices, Snares\nGastroenterology\nEndoscopy, Surgery\nAcuSnare Polypectomy Snare - Duck Bill\nASDB-15-015-S, ASDB-25-015-S\nG22647, G22649\nExtraction Devices, Snares\nGastroenterology\nEndoscopy, Surgery\nAcuTrap 4-Chamber Polyp Trap\nAT-PT-4-12\nG57802\nPolypectomy, Polypectomy - Retrieval Devices\nGastroenterology\nEndoscopy\nAdvance Micro 14 Ultra Low-Profile PTA Balloon Catheter\nPTA3-14-90-3-8, PTA3-14-150-2.5-12, PTA3-14-90-2.5-3, PTA3-14-50-2.5-4, PTA3-14-90-2.5-10, PTA3-14-50-2.5-2, PTA3-14-50-1.5-2, PTA3-14-90-2.5-6, PTA3-14-50-3-2, PTA3-14-90-2.5-8, PTA3-14-150-3-8, PTA3-14-90-2-6, PTA3-14-90-2-4, PTA3-14-90-2.5-2, PTA3-14-50-3-10, PTA3-14-50-2-12, PTA3-14-150-2-4, PTA3-14-90-2-3, PTA3-14-90-2-12, PTA3-14-150-2-2, PTA3-14-50-3-6, PTA3-14-150-1.5-2, PTA3-14-150-2-12, PTA3-14-150-3-10, PTA3-14-90-2-8, PTA3-14-90-1.5-4, PTA3-14-50-2-10, PTA3-14-50-2-8, PTA3-14-90-1.5-2, PTA3-14-50-2.5-10, PTA3-14-90-3-12, PTA3-14-50-3-4, PTA3-14-150-2-8, PTA3-14-90-2-2, PTA3-14-50-3-8, PTA3-14-50-2-4, PTA3-14-90-2.5-4, PTA3-14-90-3-10, PTA3-14-90-3-2, PTA3-14-50-1.5-4, PTA3-14-50-2-2, PTA3-14-150-2-6, PTA3-14-50-2-3, PTA3-14-50-2.5-6, PTA3-14-150-1.5-4, PTA3-14-150-3-4, PTA3-14-50-2.5-3, PTA3-14-50-3-3, PTA3-14-90-3-6, PTA3-14-150-3-12, PTA3-14-50-2.5-8, PTA3-14-90-3-4, PTA3-14-90-2-10, PTA3-14-90-2.5-12, PTA3-14-150-2-10, PTA3-14-50-2.5-12, PTA3-14-50-3-12, PTA3-14-50-2-6, PTA3-14-150-2.5-10\nG26607, G26679, G26403, G26102, G26407, G26100, G26090, G26405, G26107, G26406, G26710, G26123, G26122, G26402, G26113, G26099, G26622, G26121, G26401, G26620, G26111, G26611, G26641, G26719, G26195, G26118, G26098, G26096, G26117, G26105, G26610, G26110, G26626, G26119, G26112, G26094, G26404, G26608, G26602, G26091, G26092, G26625, G26093, G26103, G26614, G26706, G26101, G26109, G26606, G26724, G26104, G26605, G26400, G26601, G26636, G26106, G26115, G26095, G26678\nBalloons\nInterventional Cardiology, Interventional Radiology, Vascular Surgery\nPeripheral Intervention\nShowing 1 to 10 of 593 entriesPrevious1234560Next\nShowing 1 to 10 of 593 results.\nPrev\nNext\n Cook 2024\nProducts\nPatient Resources\nSupport\nAbout\nDivisions\nCareers\nContact\nEducation & Training\nCustomer Portal\nPrivacy Statement\nTerms of Use\nHuman Rights Responsibility Statement\nSitemap\nCookie Compliance\n800.457.4500\nSign Up. Get Email about News, Products, and Events from Cook Medical.\nSign Up\nNot all products shown on this website may be approved in all regulatory jurisdictions.\nConsult with your local Cook representative, distribution company or customer support center for details.\nNot all products shown on this website may be approved in all regulatory jurisdictions.\nConsult with your local Cook representative, distribution company or customer support center for details.\n Cook 2024\n800.457.4500\nProducts\nPatient Resources\nSupport\nAbout\nDivisions\nCareers\nContact\nEducation & Training\nCustomer Portal\nPrivacy Statement\nTerms of Use\nHuman Rights Responsibility Statement\nSitemap\nCookie Compliance\nSign Up. Get Email about News, Products, and Events from Cook Medical.\nSign Up\nFeedback", "url": "https://www.cookmedical.com/products/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Careers | Cook Medical\nEducation & Training\n\nCustomer Portal\n\nSubscribe\nSearch\nUnited States\nProducts\nPatient Resources\nSupport\nBusinessCare Integration\nCapital Equipment Service\nGeneral Product Information\nOpen Payments\nOrdering & Returns\nProduct Performance Reporting\nReimbursement\nSupplier Information\nSupport\nAbout\nAbout Cook\nCorporate Social Responsibility Report\nDiversity, Equity & Inclusion\nEthics & Compliance\nHistory\nMission and Values\nNewsroom\nSustainability & Environmental Practices\nDivisions\nVascular\nAortic Intervention\nInterventional Radiology\nLead Management\nPeripheral Intervention\nMedSurg\nCritical Care\nEndoscopy\nOtolaryngology\nReproductive Health\nSurgery\nUrology\nCareers\nContact\nEducation & Training\nCustomer Portal\nUnited States\nProducts\nPatient Resources\nSupport\nBusinessCare Integration\nCapital Equipment Service\nGeneral Product Information\nOpen Payments\nOrdering & Returns\nProduct Performance Reporting\nReimbursement\nSupplier Information\nSupport\nAbout\nAbout Cook\nCorporate Social Responsibility Report\nDiversity, Equity & Inclusion\nEthics & Compliance\nHistory\nMission and Values\nNewsroom\nSustainability & Environmental Practices\nDivisions\nVascular\nAortic Intervention\nInterventional Radiology\nLead Management\nPeripheral Intervention\nMedSurg\nCritical Care\nEndoscopy\nOtolaryngology\nReproductive Health\nSurgery\nUrology\nCareers\nContact\nEducation & Training\nCustomer Portal\nChoose your Region\nAre you sure you want to proceed?\nYou will be leaving the Cook Medical website that you were viewing and going to a Cook Medical website for another region or country. Not all products are approved in all regulatory jurisdictions. The product information on these websites is intended only for licensed physicians and healthcare professionals.\nCancel\nProceed\nAsia-Pacific\nAustralia\nChina\nEurope\nIndia\nJapan\nSouth Korea\nCareers\nShare this page\nCopy Link\nShare by Email\nShare on LinkedIn\nCareers\nFacebook\nTwitter\nInstagram\nLinkedIn\nCareers\nManufacturing\nPart-Time Jobs\nInternships\nEmployee Support\nApply for an open position\nNorth & South America\nApply for an open position\nEurope, Africa & Middle East\nApply for an open position\nAsia Pacific Region\nApply for an open position\nInternal Only\nAre you looking for a meaningful career in medical devices?\nThen Cook Medical may be the place for you. Because a lot of what makes this company special is the people.Its that simple.\nIts the people we work for: We serve the patients who want to get better and the doctors who want simpler, more effective options.To do just that, were a family-owned company that develops, builds, and distributes devices for minimally invasive medicine\nIts the people we work with: We think that great ideas happen when a group of people with different backgrounds, experiences, and viewpoints work together to figure something out. Were always looking for new ideasno matter where they come from.\nIts the people we live with: Its important to us that we are involved in all our communities and we want to give back. Our headquarters is in Indiana but we have six U.S. manufacturing facilities that supply products to patients worldwide. And we have offices and manufacturing in many different countries.\nLiving in Bloomington\nVideo Player is loading.Play VideoPlayMuteCurrent Time0:00/Duration0:00Loaded: 0%Stream TypeLIVESeek to live, currently behind liveLIVERemaining Time-0:001xPlayback Rate2x1.75x1.5x1.25x1x, selected0.75x0.5xChaptersChaptersDescriptionsdescriptions off, selectedCaptionscaptions settings, opens captions settings dialogcaptions off, selectedAudio TrackPicture-in-PictureFullscreenThis is a modal window.Beginning of dialog window. 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And if you reallywant to know more, tryLife@Cook.\nSo, who is a successful Cook employee?\nCheck out this list before you check out our jobs in theU.S.,Europe, andAsia Pacific.\nCollaborates well\nActs with integrity and transparency\nIs respectful of colleagues and customers\nStrives for excellence and works to continually improve\nCares about the community\nCook provides reasonable accommodation to qualified individuals with disabilities. Please contact us at HR.Park48@CookMedical.com if you require a reasonable accommodation to apply for a job. 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This modal can be closed by pressing the Escape key or activating the close button.\nBehind the scenes with the Blue Rhino\n3708474065001\ntrue\nbrightcove\nVideo Player is loading.Play VideoPlayMuteCurrent Time0:00/Duration0:00Loaded: 0%Stream TypeLIVESeek to live, currently behind liveLIVERemaining Time-0:001xPlayback Rate2x1.75x1.5x1.25x1x, selected0.75x0.5xChaptersChaptersDescriptionsdescriptions off, selectedCaptionscaptions settings, opens captions settings dialogcaptions off, selectedAudio TrackPicture-in-PictureFullscreenThis is a modal window.Beginning of dialog window. 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This modal can be closed by pressing the Escape key or activating the close button.\nA day in the life of the North American Distribution Center\n4410618379001\ntrue\nbrightcove\nfalse\nbrightcove\nOur mission is simple:\nCook Medical is dedicated to bold leadership in pioneering innovative medical solutions to enhance patient care worldwide.\nDiversity, Equity, and Inclusion\nDifferent viewpoints are vital\nOur position against racism\nOur commitment and action toward combatting racism\nNews at Cook Group\nCheck out Cook Group for more news and information.\n Cook 2024\nProducts\nPatient Resources\nSupport\nAbout\nDivisions\nCareers\nContact\nEducation & Training\nCustomer Portal\nPrivacy Statement\nTerms of Use\nHuman Rights Responsibility Statement\nSitemap\nCookie Compliance\n800.457.4500\nSign Up. 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Session Pixel Tracker\nEducation & Training\nAbout Cook\nAbout Cook\nCook Medical in Asia-Pacific\nDiversity, Equity & Inclusion\nEthics and compliance\nHistory\nMission and values\nSustainable development and environmental practices\nProduct centre\nClinical divisions\nProduct quality in distribution centres\nNews and Stories\nNews and Stories\nNews for Healthcare Professionals\nContact\nEducation & Training\nAsia-Pacific\nAbout Cook\nAbout Cook\nCook Medical in Asia-Pacific\nDiversity, Equity & Inclusion\nEthics and compliance\nHistory\nMission and values\nSustainable development and environmental practices\nProduct centre\nClinical divisions\nProduct quality in distribution centres\nNews and Stories\nNews and Stories\nNews for Healthcare Professionals\nContact\nEducation & Training\nChoose your Country/Region\nAre you sure you want to proceed to? 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Escape will cancel and close the window.TextColorWhiteBlackRedGreenBlueYellowMagentaCyanTransparencyOpaqueSemi-TransparentBackgroundColorBlackWhiteRedGreenBlueYellowMagentaCyanTransparencyOpaqueSemi-TransparentTransparentWindowColorBlackWhiteRedGreenBlueYellowMagentaCyanTransparencyTransparentSemi-TransparentOpaqueFont Size50%75%100%125%150%175%200%300%400%Text Edge StyleNoneRaisedDepressedUniformDropshadowFont FamilyProportional Sans-SerifMonospace Sans-SerifProportional SerifMonospace SerifCasualScriptSmall CapsReset restore all settings to the default valuesDoneClose Modal DialogEnd of dialog window.Close Modal DialogThis is a modal window. This modal can be closed by pressing the Escape key or activating the close button.\nThere are common themes across every medical specialty we support: patients who want to get better and doctors who want simpler, more effective options. That is why we work hard to invent, manufacture, and deliver a unique portfolio of minimally invasive medical devices to healthcare systems around the world.\nCook Medical in Asia-Pacific\nSee how we established a strong foundation in the Asia-Pacific region.\nRead More\nClinical divisions\nLearn more about our two clinical divisions offering minimally invasive medical devices across nearly 60 clinical specialties.\nRead More\nAccess our education and training portal\nAdvance your Cook technology and medical device training for a better patient care.\nRead More\nNews and stories\nHere you will find Cook Medical's Asia-Pacific news, feature stories, and more.\nRead More\n Cook 2024\nNot all products shown on this website may be approved in all regulatory jurisdictions. 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Not all products are approved in all regulatory jurisdictions. The product information on these websites is intended only for licensed physicians and healthcare professionals.\nCancel\nProceed\nAsia-Pacific\nAustralia\nChina\nEurope\nIndia\nJapan\nSouth Korea\nContact\nShare this page\nCopy Link\nShare by Email\nShare on LinkedIn\nContact\nCook Medical World Headquarters, Bloomington, Indiana.\nContact Us\nCustomer Support:\nNorth and South America\nAustralia\nEurope, Africa & Middle East\nChina\nHong Kong\nIndia\nJapan\nKorea\nTaiwan\nThailand\nAll other Asia-Pacific locations\nCOOK MEDICAL LLC\nP.O. Box 4195\nBloomington, IN 47402-4195\nU.S.A.\nPhone:\n812.330.5494\nAlternate Phone:\n800.457.4500 (Toll-free in U.S. and Canada)\nFax:\n800.554.8335\nEmail:\nCustomerSupport@CookMedical.com \nWILLIAM A. COOK AUSTRALIA PTY. 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Get Email about News, Products, and Events from Cook Medical.\nSign Up\nFeedback", "url": "https://www.cookmedical.com/contact/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "MDL Case Information | Southern District of Indiana | United States District Court\nSkip to main content\nUnited States District Court\nSouthern District of Indiana\nTanya Walton Pratt, Chief Judge\nSearch form\nSearch this insd site\nText Size:\nDecrease font size\nReset font size\nIncrease font size\nHome\nCourt InformationCourt Locations\nCourt Hours/Holidays\nTelephone Directory\nFees & Financial Information\nCourthouse Restrictions\nEmployment Opportunities\nInternship Information\nCourt History\nMedia Resources\nNews & Announcements\nRegister for E-Mail Alerts\nFrequently Asked Questions\nJudges' InformationCourt Opinions\nDistrict Judges\nMagistrate Judges\nJudicial Seminars Disclosure\nJudicial Conduct & Disability\nAttorneysCriminal Justice Act (CJA) Resources\nE-Filing Resources\nAttorney's Handbook\nCourtroom Technology\nLocal Rules\nGeneral Orders\nCase Management Plans\nSeventh Circuit Pattern Jury Instructions\nPost Judgment Interest Rates\nAttorney Admission Information\nAttorney Name/Address Change\nAttorney Surrogates\nPro Bono Opportunities & Resources\nRepresenting YourselfRepresenting Yourself in United States District Court\nFederal Rules of Civil Procedure (link is external)\nLocal Rules\nFree Legal Resources\nCourt Library\nDefinition of Legal Terms\nOverview of the Federal Courts\nGuides & Forms for Prisoner Claims\nGuides & Forms for All Other Civil Claims\nGuidance for Social Security Appeals\nJuror InformationeJuror\nConfirm Attendance\nTrial Jury Process - 3 Steps\nGrand Jury Service\nExemptions/Excuses\nReporting Information\nFrequently Asked Questions\nNotice to Employers\nJuror Payment\nJuror Surveys\nContact Us\nCase InformationCase Search Information\nMDL Case Information\nRSS Feeds\nRequest Case Payment Information\nVictim Address Change Form (Restitution)\nViolation Notices (CVB Tickets)\nObtaining Copies of Court Documents\nTranscripts\nCase Statistics\nHistoric Case Records (Archives)\nPrograms & ServicesNaturalization\nCourt Interpreters\nCourt Reporters\nAccessibility Accommodations\nFederal Court Learning Center\nTours and Field Trips\nEducational Resources\nCourt Library\nFormsAll Forms\nAttorney Admission Forms\nCivil Case Forms\nCriminal Case Forms\nMiscellaneous Forms\nPro Se Forms\nYou are hereHomeCase Information\nMDL Case Information\nMDL No. 2570 IN RE: Cook Medical, Inc., IVC Filters Marketing, Sales Practices and Products Liability Litigation\nPursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1407 (link is external), the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (JPML) has transferred a number of actions to the Southern District of Indiana, assigned toJudge Richard L. Young and Magistrate Judge Tim A. Baker for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings. The Plaintiffs allege defect in Cook Medical's IVC filter, a medical device placed in the inferior vena cava to catch blood clots and stop them from traveling to the heart or lungs. The cases generally allege defective design, misrepresentation in marketing, and failure to warn doctors and patients.\nThe Southern District of Indiana's Master Case is: 1:14-ml-2570-RLY-TAB (PACER access required)\nSelected, Substantive Orders/Entries in MDL 2570 (Free public access)\nJPML Transfer Order & Schedule of Transferred Cases\nThird Amended Order Establishing Policies and Procedures 4/5/2022\nGeneral Order Regarding Reassignment of Related Cases\nGeneral Order Regarding Notice Procedure 10/7/2016\nGeneral Order Regarding Notice Procedure and Filing in Master Docket 5/5/2021\nScheduling Order - 5/22/2020\nRevised Second Amended Order Regarding Case Categorization Forms 5/7/19\nOrder Regarding Service to Counsel of Record 6/20/2019\nCase Management Plan and Orders\nJPML Case: MDL No. 2570 (PACER access required) JPML Rules & Resources\nCourt Contacts for MDL 2570:\nFor assistance with E-Filing & Docketing Questions:\nLaura Townsend, Deputy in Charge, New Albany Division\n(812) 542-4511, laura_townsend@insd.uscourts.gov\nFor Scheduling & Other Information:\nDenise Brown, Courtroom Deputy for Magistrate Judge Tim A. Baker\n(317) 229-3707, denise_brown@insd.uscourts.gov\nCase Search Information\nMDL Case Information\nRSS Feeds\nRequest Case Payment Information\nVictim Address Change Form (Restitution)\nViolation Notices (CVB Tickets)\nObtaining Copies of Court Documents\nTranscripts\nCase Statistics\nHistoric Case Records (Archives)\nHome | Contact Us | Employment | Glossary of Legal Terms | FAQs\nPrivacy Policy|BrowseAloud", "url": "https://www.insd.uscourts.gov/mdl-case-information" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Home | Cook Research, Inc.\nHome\nCertifications\nCareer Center\nAbout Us\nWelcome\nWelcome to Cook Research Incorporated.\nWe support Cook Medical in the identification, development, testing, and regulatory approval of innovative medical products.\nWelcome\nWe are certified.\nCook Research Incorporated maintains certification to ISO 13485, accreditation to ISO 17025 and the FDA ASCA Program, and is inspected to ISO 14155.\nRead More\nWelcome\nAre you looking for a career in the medical device industry?\nCheck out our Career Center for all open positions.\nRead More\nWelcome\nLearn about our CO-OP program.\nView Video\nCook Research Incorporated has the operational mission to support Cook Medical in the identification, development, testing, and regulatory approval of innovative medical products. Our staff of engineers, scientists, regulatory professionals, and clinical experts provide the expertise to medical product development projects that improve the treatment of patients.\n Cook Research, Inc. 2023\nHome\n\nCertifications\n\nCareer Center\n\nAbout Us\n\nPrivacy Statement\n\nTerms of Use\n\nData Access\n765.463.7537 800.356.9208", "url": "https://www.cookresearchinc.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Cook Biotech | Restoring Tissue - Improving Life\nPowered by CookiebotConsentDetails[#IABV2SETTINGS#]AboutCookiesThis website uses cookies to improve website functionality, analyze website usage, and assist in our marketing and advertising efforts. You can learn more about how this website uses cookies by reading our Cookies Policy. 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Do not sell or share my personal informationDECLINE ACCEPT SELECTION Customize ACCEPTPowered by Cookiebot by Usercentrics\nCook Biotech is now part of RTI Surgical.See the press release about this acquisition for more information.\nHome\nTechnologies\nProducts\nHead & Neck\nBiodesign1-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesign4-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesignDuralGraft\nBiodesign\nDuraplasty\nGraft\nBiodesignOtologic Repair Graft\nBiodesignSinonasalRepair Graft\nChest & Abdomen\nBiodesign1-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesign4-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesignHerniaGraft\nBiodesignHiatal HerniaGraft\nBiodesignInguinalHernia Graft\nBiodesignNipple ReconstructionCylinder\nBiodesignPlastic SurgeryMatrix\nBiodesignRectopexyGraft\nHaloShield Nipple Protector\nPelvis\nBiodesign1-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesign4-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesignAnal FistulaPlug Set\nBiodesign Fistula Plug Set\nBiodesignPeyronies RepairGraft\nBiodesignRectopexyGraft\nExtremities\nBiodesign1-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesign 4-LayerTissue Graft\nResources\nNews & Events\nAbout Us\nContact\nWHERE TO BUY\nSelect Page\nHome\nTechnologies\nProducts\nHead & Neck\nBiodesign1-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesign4-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesignDuralGraft\nBiodesign\nDuraplasty\nGraft\nBiodesignOtologic Repair Graft\nBiodesignSinonasalRepair Graft\nChest & Abdomen\nBiodesign1-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesign4-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesignHerniaGraft\nBiodesignHiatal HerniaGraft\nBiodesignInguinalHernia Graft\nBiodesignNipple ReconstructionCylinder\nBiodesignPlastic SurgeryMatrix\nBiodesignRectopexyGraft\nHaloShield Nipple Protector\nPelvis\nBiodesign1-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesign4-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesignAnal FistulaPlug Set\nBiodesign Fistula Plug Set\nBiodesignPeyronies RepairGraft\nBiodesignRectopexyGraft\nExtremities\nBiodesign1-LayerTissue Graft\nBiodesign 4-LayerTissue Graft\nResources\nNews & Events\nAbout Us\nContact\nWHERE TO BUY\nCook Biotech\nServing patients\nand demonstrating\nleadership\nby providing customers\nwith engaging service\nand product excellence\nDedicated to providing\nadvanced tissue-repair products\nfor improving patient outcomes worldwide\nDerived from naturally occurring\nextracellular matrices\nsuch as porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS)\nWhen A Need Occurs\nSIS supports site-specific tissue remodeling.\nAs the body heals, SIS is gradually remodeled and integrated into the body, leaving behind organized tissue that provides long-term strength.\nThe open, three-dimensional structure of the ECM\npermits cells and capillaries\nto grow into the matrix.\nCells deliver nutrients and secrete collagen,\ngradually renewing\nand reinforcing the site\nwith the patient's own tissue\nuntil completely healed.\nWATCH SIS ANIMATION VIDEO\nRestoring tissue. Improving life.\nVisionary LeaderCOOK BIOTECH\nServing patientsand demonstratingleadership\nby providing customers\nwith engaging service\nand product excellence\nDedicated to ProvideDedicated to providing\nadvanced\ntissue-repair\nproducts\nfor improving patient outcomes\nworldwide\nDerived FromDerived from naturally\noccurring\nextracellular\nmatrices\nsuch as porcine small intestinal\nsubmucosa (SIS)\nVisionary LeaderCOOK BIOTECH\nServing\npatients\nand\ndemonstrating\nleadership\nby providing\ncustomers\nwith engaging\nservice\nand product\nexcellence.\nDedicated to ProvideDedicated to providing\nadvanced tissue-repair\nproducts\nfor improving\npatient outcomes\nworldwide\nDerived FromDerived from\nnaturally\noccurring\nextracellular\nmatrices\nsuch as porcine\nsmall intestinal\nsubmucosa (SIS)\nWhen A Need Occurs\nSIS supports site-specific tissue remodeling.\nAs the body heals, SIS is gradually remodeled and integrated into the body, leaving behind organized tissue that provides long-term strength.\nThe open, three-dimensional structure of the ECM\npermits cells and capillaries\nto grow into the matrix.\nCells deliver nutrients and secrete collagen,\ngradually renewing\nand reinforcing the site\nwith the patient's own tissue\nuntil completely healed.\nWATCH SIS ANIMATION VIDEO\nRestoring tissue. Improving life.\nDeveloping advanced biomaterials\nTechnologies\nCook Biotech specializes in developing advanced biomaterials for site-specific tissue remodeling based on our knowledge of naturally occurring extracellular matrices (ECMs).\nAs pioneers in ECM technologies, we develop and continuously improve proprietary processing and manufacturing methods to retain the inherent properties of our naturally occurring source materials.\nThis convergence of nature and technology results in medical-grade devices that help patients overcome serious medical conditions while leaving no permanent material behind.\nvisit our Technologies page\nFrom Head & Neck to Extremities\nProducts\nCook Biotechs advanced tissue-repair products are derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) and other ECM-based biomaterials. They are used to manage multiple types of wounds, including burns, diabetic ulcers, venous ulcers, and trauma wounds. Surgical applications include hernia repair, fistula repair, otologic repair, and soft-tissue reinforcement.\nHead & Neck\nChest & Abdomen\nPelvis\nExtremities\nLearn more about our products and where to buy them\nCook Biotech Inc.\nAbout\nCook Biotech Inc. was established in 1995 to develop medical solutions based on the regenerative properties of extracellular matrix materials discovered at Purdue University.\nMore than 25 years later, our proprietary technologies and manufacturing processes have produced more than 6 million advanced tissue-repair products for global distribution.\nWe actively seek and welcome partnerships with researchers, distributors, start-up medical companies, and established medical companies to further our mission of serving patients.\nWe are proud to be part of Cook Group Inc., a global family of socially responsible companies.\nLearn about Cook Biotech and our partners\nTechnologies\nProducts\nAbout\nContact\nCareers\nCook Biotech Inc.\n1425 Innovation PlaceWest Lafayette, IN 47906United StatesPhone:765.497.3355\nEmail\nCook Biotech Europe ApS\nSandet 64632 BjaeverskovDenmarkPhone: +45 56868686\nEmail\nPrivacy\nTerms\nCook Group Global Code of Conduct\nHuman Rights Responsibility Statement\nDiversity, Equity & Inclusion\nCookie Compliance\nISO 13485/MDSAP Certified\nMDD 93/42/EEC Certified\n 2024 COOK BIOTECH\nNOTE: Promotional material and IFUs housed on this website are U.S. specific only. For availability of region-specific material, please contact your local Cook Biotech representative.\nFor detailed product information, including indications for use, contraindications, warnings, and precautions, please consult the products region-specific Instructions for Use (IFU) prior to use.", "url": "https://www.cookbiotech.com/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Sam Denby - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Career\nToggle Career subsection\n1.1Wendover Productions\n1.2Half as Interesting\n1.3Extremities\n1.4Jet Lag: The Game\n1.5Nebula\n2Personal life\n3Awards and nominations\n4References\nToggle References subsection\n4.1Citations\n4.2Primary sources\n5Further reading\n6External links\nToggle the table of contents\nSam Denby\n5 languages\nDeutschMagyarSuomiTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAmerican YouTuber (born 1998)\nSam DenbyDenby in 2023Personal informationBorn (1998-03-17) March 17, 1998 (age26)[ 1][ 2]Washington, D.C., United StatesNationalityAmericanOccupationYouTuberYouTube informationChannels\nWendover Productions\nHalf As Interesting\nJet Lag: The Game\nYearsactive2015presentGenreEducational entertainmentSubscribers\n4.44million (Wendover Productions)\n2.61million (Half as Interesting)\n619thousand (Jet Lag: The Game)\n162thousand (Extremities)\n56.7thousand (Sam from Wendover)\nTotalviews\n679million (Wendover Productions)\n625million (Half as Interesting)\n47million (Jet Lag: The Game)\n1.65million (Extremities)\n737thousand (Sam from Wendover)\nWebsite\nwendoverproductions.com\nCreator Awards100,000 subscribers20161,000,000 subscribers2018\nLast updated: July 16, 2023\nSam Denby (born March 17, 1998) is an American YouTuber who created the edutainment YouTube channels Wendover Productions, Half as Interesting, Extremities, and the travel competition show Jet Lag: The Game. Across all of Denby's channels, he has accumulated more than 1 billion views and more than 4 million subscribers. He is the chief content officer of streaming service Nebula.\nCareer[edit]\nWendover Productions[edit]\nCreated in 2010, Denby's primary channel is Wendover Productions. As of March8, 2024,[update] that channel has over 4.42 million subscribers and more than 674 million total video views.[1] His videos most commonly feature the topics of logistics, most notably those of aviation, as well as geography, economics,[2] and military. The Wendover Productions video about tourism in Iceland received significant attention from Iceland's national newspapers.[3] Wendover Productions is based in Aspen, Colorado.[4]\nHalf as Interesting[edit]\nLaunched on August 26, 2017, Denby's second YouTube channel, Half as Interesting, publishes weekly releases on an unrestricted range of curious topics delivered in a witty style. The videos are 23 times shorter than a typical release on the main channel and are dedicated to a single little-known fact each. According to the launch announcement, the channel continues the well-liked coverage of topics from the Wikipedia:Unusual articles list, referred to as That Wikipedia List or TWL, which was previously published on the main channel, but doesn't restrict its scope to it.[5]\nBy the end of Q1 2024 the channel had 2.6 million subscribers, over 450 published videos and more than 620 million cumulative views.[6]\nExtremities[edit]\nIn June 2019, Denby created a scripted podcast called Extremities about the logistics of living in the world's most isolated and populated locations.[7] The show's format has since been modified into short documentaries exclusive to the streaming service Nebula with the same concept.\nJet Lag: The Game[edit]\nMain article: Jet Lag: The Game\n\"It is a brutally exhausting show to film. Imagine a bad travel day where you end up waiting between flights on connections and going in and out of airports all day.\"[8]\nSam Denby\nDenby's YouTube channel Jet Lag: The Game hosts a travel competition show created by Denby and Half as Interesting's writers, Ben Doyle (the son of writer Larry Doyle) and Adam Chase.[8] Inspired by The Amazing Race, the season usually consists of four players (with the fourth player being another YouTuber).\nThe show was nominated for Best Editing at the 13th Streamy Awards.\nAll air travel on the show is carbon-offset by a multiple of 10 via Gold Standard carbon credits.[9] As of April, 2024, the channel has over 630 thousand subscribers and more than 50 million total video views.[ 3] The episodes were released on Nebula one week earlier than YouTube, causing large spikes to Nebula's usage traffic.[10]\nNebula[edit]\nOn August 25, 2023, Nebula announced that they had appointed Denby as their chief content officer.[11] Nebula's CEO stated, \"the process for developing Nebula Originals should be creator-led, so we turned to a creator with a solid track record for format development across production styles and genres to lead the charge on content as we continue to expand our Originals slate for Nebula.\" Denby also holds a minority stake in the content distribution platform.[12]\nPersonal life[edit]\nDenby was born and raised in Washington, D.C..[ 4] In 2018, Denby stated he had been living in Edinburgh, Scotland, for the past two years for university studies at the University of Edinburgh.[ 5]:1:32 As of April2018,[update] he was studying international business.[ 6] He has said that he has also lived in Rennes, France and Sydney, Australia.[13] As of 2020, Denby stated he has lived in Colorado, somewhere around Aspen.[ 7][ 8] Through Standard, he became a minority owner in the streaming service Nebula in 2020.[ 9]\nAwards and nominations[edit]\n2023\n13th Streamy Awards\nEditing\nJet Lag: The Game\nNominated\n[14]\nReferences[edit]\nCitations[edit]\n^ Youtube.com. \"Wendover Productions - YouTube\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved May 14, 2023.\n^ Dudley, David (August 19, 2020). \"Bad Trains, Explained\". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved June 18, 2020.\n^ Hafsta, Vala (June 7, 2019). \"Iceland's Tourism Explosion Explained\". Iceland Monitor. Retrieved August 3, 2022.\n^ Reynolds, Jacqueline. \"Film takes a deep dive into river issues\". Aspen Daily News. Retrieved September 21, 2022.\n^ \"TWL is back! (But not here...)\". YouTube.com. Wendover Productions. August 31, 2017.\n^ \"Half as Interesting\". YouTube.com. Retrieved March 29, 2024.\n^ Scott, Richard (July 5, 2019). \"'Extremities': taking you to the world's most isolated places\" (Audio). Radio New Zealand. The Podcast Hour. Retrieved December 20, 2019.\n^ a b Anderson, Pearse (June 29, 2022). \"This Travel Game Takes Connect Four to the Extreme\". Wired. ISSN1059-1028. Retrieved July 12, 2022.\n^ Griffiths, James (September 16, 2022). \"Are travel-centric reality shows like The Amazing Race worth their carbon footprint?\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved October 27, 2022.\n^ Rose, JSam (January 13, 2023). \"Jet Lag: The Traffic\". Retrieved October 8, 2023.\n^ \"Nebula taps Wendover Productions creator Sam Denby as its chief content officer\". Tubefilter. August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.\n^ Nebula. \"NEBULA ELEVATES TOP CREATOR SAM DENBY TO CCO\". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved February 11, 2024.\n^ WendoverProductions (May 5, 2020). \"I've lived in Washin\". r/watchnebula. Retrieved December 31, 2023.\n^ Brant, Brian (August 27, 2023). \"Streamy Awards 2023: Complete Winners List\". People. Retrieved August 28, 2023.\nPrimary sources\nIn the text these references are preceded by a double dagger ():\n^ Half as Interesting's Crime Spree (February 16, 2022). \"We have no idea why he's using the ruler - 1. The chase begins\". Nebula TV. Timestamp 1:00.\n^ \"Crime Spree: The World's Most Illegal Game Show\". Nebula TV. Half as Interesting.\n^ \"Jet Lag: The Game - YouTube\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved April 11, 2024.\n^ \"We Raced To Visit The Most US States In 100 Hours\". YouTube. Retrieved December 17, 2022.\n^ Denby, Sam (March 27, 2018). A Moderately Successful Face Reveal (Video). Sam from Wendover. Event occurs at 1:25. Retrieved April 6, 2018 via YouTube.\n^ Denby, Sam (March 27, 2018). \"Economics has too much math. I studied International Business\". Reddit. Retrieved April 6, 2018.\n^ \"Life update: I've moved to Colorado Pictured: Skiing, a week ago\". Instagram. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2020.\n^ \"In case you didn't know, I'm a #influencer\". TikTok. Retrieved February 23, 2023.\n^ How a Small Group of Creators Built a $150 Million Business (Video). Wendover Productions. June 15, 2023. Event occurs at 15:10. Retrieved June 15, 2023 via YouTube.\nFurther reading[edit]\nBowler, Jacinta (May 11, 2018). \"There's a Road in The US That Illustrates America's Weird Relationship With The Metric System\". ScienceAlert. Retrieved December 20, 2019.\nDenby, Sam (June 22, 2017). \"Five myths about air travel\". Washington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2019.\nDudley, David (August 19, 2016). \"Here Are All the Reasons Trains in the U.S. Are So Terrible\". CityLab. Retrieved December 20, 2019.\nMorrison, Geoffrey (April 30, 2017). \"Why Airlines Charge Crazy Fees\". Forbes. Retrieved April 6, 2018.\nPlush, Hazel (May 23, 2016). \"Revealed: What airlines really spend your money on\". The Telegraph. Retrieved April 6, 2018.\n\"Exploring the Super-Fast Logistics of Delivering Blood By Drones\". Interesting Engineering. February 3, 2019.\nExternal links[edit]\nOfficial website\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Denby&oldid=1225325850\"\nCategories: 1998 births21st-century American peopleLiving peopleAlumni of the University of EdinburghAmerican expatriates in ScotlandEducational and science YouTubersEnglish-language YouTube channelsNebula content creatorsPeople from Aspen, ColoradoYouTube channels launched in 2010YouTubers from Washington, D.C.YouTubers from ColoradoHidden categories: Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse mdy dates from December 2022Use American English from December 2019All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishArticles containing potentially dated statements from March 2024All articles containing potentially dated statementsArticles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018\nThis page was last edited on 23 May 2024, at 18:36(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Denby" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Economics of Airline Class (Wendover Productions) - Real World Aviation - Infinite Flight Community\nSkip to main content\nBlog\nDevelopment\nUser Guide\nTwitter\nYouTube\nInstagram\nSign Up\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nGeneral\nFeatures\nSupport\nLive\nATC\nAnnouncements\nScreenshots and Videos\nBlog\nGround School\nAll categories\nTags\nlivery\nexpert\natc-needed\natc-staffed\nmisc\nAll tags\nLight\n\nThe Economics of Airline Class (Wendover Productions)\nReal World Aviation\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nMar 2017\n2 / 14\nMar 2017\nJun 2017\nDamianMar 2017Very interesting video by Wendover! I love how he sticks to aviation related themes!\nThe Economics of Airline Class\n24\nPlane Seating Classes\n\ncreated\nMar 2017\nlast reply\nJun 2017\n13\nreplies\n1.2k\nviews\n10\nusers\n45\nlikes\n1\nlink\n2\n2\n2\nKevinMar 2017Thanks for sharing! Ill be sure to check it out.2\nCessna_DriverMar 2017I saw right before you posted this! It is a great video with lots of detail, love that channel.4\nNico_1Mar 2017Dude if Wendover Productions uploads a video, I will have watched it within 12 hours.4\nCessna_DriverMar 2017He is in my notification list. ;)1\nN644USMar 2017I still dont understand the praise that people give Wendover. Sure, his videos are good, and they offer plenty of good content, but I constantly leave his videos feeling like they are just missing things. In this video, he managed to miss many factors, including the introduction of many more fare classes to factor in both time and demand (aside from his introduction of standard versus tourist classes ever wonder why Delta has E, V, X, T, U, L, K, Q, H, S, M, B, and Y classes just for Y class?). He also doesnt talk about occupancy rates in classes (hence why Lufthansa only puts first on select aircraft and has been dropping the actual number of seats) or the increased cost of staffing for FAs, a better ground experience, etc., for premium cabin passengers. He also neglected to talk about the reduction in demand for F as J has gotten better the CEO of Qatar Airways with the introduction of QSuites even said there isnt a need for first class anymore because business is so good now. And his statements about economy class are also flawed the demand for economy still exists in part as more and more businesses place restrictions on price for their employees to fly, with some being forced to fly the lowest possible fare. He doesnt include anything about the actual reason why other airlines lack a first class cabin, including the fact that they either already dropped or they never had one in the first place to use, or the actual occupancy rate of any of these cabins. Sure, only 6 transatlantic airlines have a first class cabin left, but the remainder either never had a first class cabin or already dropped it long ago. For those who do have an F cabin, every time Ive sat in them theyve always been either empty or near empty, with a 25%-50% occupancy rate. In addition, it also seems as if he neglected the fact that other airlines exist, with BA as an example seeming relatively flawed with only using select route pairings and the idea that BA has an extremely high-density first and business class cabin, which is unlike most other airlines (the only other airline to use an 8-abreast configuration in J is UAs old BusinessFirst), and other configurations airlines use are less packed than that Wendover talks about.\nSure, hes made some good points and have established a good basic understanding, but a lot is missing. In his video regarding the 787 vs the A380, he neglected to talk about the actual use of 787s and A350s and the competition of other aircraft, and in other videos I still feel like he neglects to add in more of the argument. While I do appreciate his videos, and understand that he cant put everything in because of time limits, I still feel as if hes trying to talk about aviation like he knows what hes doing yet still doesnt understand/explain the big picture, and thats where I feel like hes trying to mislead people (for lack of a better word).4 Replies7\nDamianMar 2017Damnyou know your sh!t. Imo hes trying to appeal to the majority of people, so he cant mention everything. At the end of the day, all he cares about is views. I still find it entertaining, he presents it in an interesting way.2\nC_Baccari N644USMar 2017Then the video wouldve been thirty-five minutes long.1 Reply1\nJoshua_FlemingMar 2017Just watched this vide this morning by coincidence \nN644US C_BaccariMar 2017Why not have a 35-minute video? Why not have a 2 hour long lecture, for all I care? (sarcasm intended)\nDarth_SidiousMar 2017Watched this last night, very boring\nKiz N644USMar 2017Tell that to Lufthansa Cityline who operate a340-300s with 298 seats in 3-class config\n(They are comfy tho)\nDanman N644USMar 2017He glosses over a lot of information that an average person might not look at. Not a lot of people have any sort of airline background. You can always pull examples of exceptions on his videos. For example, first class/suites as we know it is very different than first class in the 1990s. As I often joke, I can probably teach an entire freshman-level university class on airline ticketing, fare theory, and how to leverage those to book cheap plane tickets.\n3 months later\nClosed on Jun 17, 2017This topic was automatically closed 90 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed.\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nPlane Seating Classes\nReal World Aviation\n6\n1.0k\nAug 2017\nWhy Airlines are reducing First Class seats?\nReal World Aviation\n10\n492\nMay 2016\nThe Economics of Ultra Long Hauls\nReal World Aviation\n5\n401\nDec 2018\nShortage of pilots (Wendover Productions)\nReal World Aviation\n21\n861\nOct 2018\n$139 Plane Seat Vs. $24 000 Plane Seat\nReal World Aviation\n24\n1.1k\nSep 2017\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://community.infiniteflight.com/t/the-economics-of-airline-class-wendover-productions/103908" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Nebula\nYou need to enable JavaScript to run this app.\nSkip to main contentHomeExploreStoreSign InSign UpThis site uses cookies to enhance the user experience. By using this site, you acknowledge that you have read, understood, and agreed to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.Understood", "url": "https://nebula.tv/wendover" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Portege R835-P81 Support | Dynabook\nHOME\nCOMPANY\nHISTORY\nPRESS ROOM\nRESOURCES\nLIFESTYLE\nPROSUMER\nEDUCATION\nSMB\nENTERPRISE\nHEALTHCARE\nSUPPORT\nSupport Home\n\nPortege R835-P81\n\nLogin|Partner Resources\nPRODUCT SUPPORT\nDRIVERS & SOFTWARE\nCOMMUNITY FORUMS\nREPAIR & PARTS\nSUPPORT OFFERINGS\nWarranty Information \nRegister My Product \nLocate a Repair Center \nContact Support \nPopular Links\nHelp finding a driver\nPortege R835-P81\nWhere's my model or serial number?\nFor computers click here..\nFor tablets click here\nFor televisions click here\nSelect an Operating SystemWindows 10 (64-bit)Windows 7 (32-bit)Windows 7 (64-bit)Windows 8 (32-bit)Windows 8 (64-bit)Windows 8.1 (32-bit)Windows 8.1 (64-bit)Windows VistaWindows Vista 64Windows XPWindows XP SP2/SP3\nWhat's my Operating System?\nClick the Start button. , enter Computer in the search box, right-click Computer, and then click Properties.\nLook under Windows edition for the version and edition of Windows that your PC is running.\nX\nX\nLaptops Troubleshooting\n\nSubscribe to Email Updates\n\nSEARCH HOW-TO VIDEOS How to order spare parts \nRegister My Portege\n\nCheck My Warranty Coverage\n\nManuals & Specs\nKnowledge Base\nDrivers & Updates\nFactory Configuration\nManuals & Specs\nNOTE: Filter the list by clicking the selections on the left.\nSort by: Date\nName\nFilter by\nDetailed SpecsResource GuidesUser's Guide\nportege_R835-P81.pdfPosted Date:2015-12-30| English Portege R830 Resource GuidePosted Date:2015-12-30| English User's Guide for Portege R830 SeriesPosted Date:2015-12-30| English\nTechPack\nModel Part Number\nSerial Number\nParts Catalog\n\nReturn to Manuals & Specs\n1.Select Root Part Number\n2. 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Ultrabook, Celeron, Celeron Inside, Core Inside, Intel, Intel Logo, Intel Atom, Intel Atom Inside, Intel Core, Intel Inside, Intel Inside Logo, Intel vPro, Pentium, Pentium Inside, vPro Inside, are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries. All rights reserved.", "url": "https://support.dynabook.com/support/modelHome?freeText=3130699" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Toshiba Portege R835-P81 13.3\" Laptop Computer PT324U-02200R B&HPress Enter for Accessibility for blind people who use screen readersPress Enter for Keyboard NavigationPress Enter for Accessibility menuB2B, Gov, Students & More News, Tips & ReviewsAbout UsThe Professional's Source Since 1973AccessibilityLive ChatHelp800.606.6969Hello, Log InAccount & OrdersMy Cart Photography Computers Pro Video Lighting Pro Audio Drones & Camcorders TVs & Entertainment Audio-Visual Optics Mobile Surveillance More... Used Specials Toshiba Portege R835-P81 13.3\" Laptop Computer (Blue)BH #TOR835P81 MFR #PT324U-02200R 71 reviewsKey Features2.4GHz Intel Core i5-2435M Dual-Core6GB of DDR3 RAM640GB Hard Drive13.3\" TruBrite LED-Backlit DisplayShow MoreThe Portege R835-P81 13.3\" Laptop Computer (Blue) from Toshiba is a thin and lightweight portable notebook computer. It has a 13.3\" TruBrite display with a 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio, the standard for HDTVs. The 1366 x 768 native resolution is supported by integrated Intel HD graphics.\nThis Toshiba notebook has a HDMI port so you can connect to a larger external display, such as a HD monitor or HDTV. If you want to forgo the single HDMI cable (sold separately), this Toshiba is compatible with Intel Wireless Display 2.1 technology (WiDi 2.1) and compliant TV adapters (also sold separately).\nThe system is powered by a dual-core 2.4GHz Intel Core i5-2435M processor. It also comes with 6GB of DDR3 RAM, a 640GB 5400rpm hard drive, a SuperMulti DVD burner, 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi, an integrated webcam and microphone as well as built-in stereo speakers. Windows 7 Home Premium (64-bit) is the installed operating system.More DetailsNo Longer AvailableSharePrintAsk Our ExpertsText ChatRequest CallbackEmail800.606.6969OverviewSpecsReviews71Q&AAccessoriesToshiba R835 Overview1Description22nd Generation Intel Core i5 Processor3Large Memory Capacity4Sleep-and-Charge USB 3.05Instant Connectivity6PC Health Monitor7Going GreenThe Portege R835-P81 13.3\" Laptop Computer (Blue) from Toshiba is a thin and lightweight portable notebook computer. It has a 13.3\" TruBrite display with a 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio, the standard for HDTVs. The 1366 x 768 native resolution is supported by integrated Intel HD graphics.\nThis Toshiba notebook has a HDMI port so you can connect to a larger external display, such as a HD monitor or HDTV. If you want to forgo the single HDMI cable (sold separately), this Toshiba is compatible with Intel Wireless Display 2.1 technology (WiDi 2.1) and compliant TV adapters (also sold separately).\nThe system is powered by a dual-core 2.4GHz Intel Core i5-2435M processor. It also comes with 6GB of DDR3 RAM, a 640GB 5400rpm hard drive, a SuperMulti DVD burner, 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi, an integrated webcam and microphone as well as built-in stereo speakers. Windows 7 Home Premium (64-bit) is the installed operating system.2nd Generation Intel Core i5 ProcessorThis Toshiba notebook houses a dual-core Intel Core i5-2435M processor, which is an integral part of Intel's 2nd generation of Core processors. It has a speed of 2.4GHz, but with the Turbo Boost technology, it can be overclocked to up to 3.0GHz. This allows this Toshiba notebook the ability to boost processor speed when needed for CPU-intensive tasks while also extending battery lifeLarge Memory CapacityEnjoy even faster performance from this Toshiba notebook with speedy DDR3 memory. This new technology lets your memory run at 1066MHz, which is much faster compared to 800MHz with standard DDR2 memory. It also has a 640GB 5400rpm Serial ATA hard drive, that's over half a terabyte! This Toshiba notebook gives you ample space for storing all your music, photos and videosSleep-and-Charge USB 3.0Take advantage of USB 3.0 technology to get faster transfer speeds when connecting to the latest external devices. If you have a smart phone, MP3 player or some other portable device that needs to be charged, the USB 3.0 port on this Toshiba notebook doubles as a USB Sleep-and-Charge to power-up your gadgets, even when the machine is asleepInstant ConnectivityEnjoy fast Internet access with the standard 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet jack. If you want to go mobile, use the built-in 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi support to make every wireless hotspot your very own personal oasisPC Health MonitorThis Toshiba notebook comes with PC Health Monitor, which gives you an easy-to-read graphical overview of things like laptop temperature, fan speed and battery life. Stay on top of what's going on with your Toshiba notebook to keep it running smoothlyGoing GreenThis Toshiba notebook was awarded elite EPEAT Gold status, which is the highest rating in environmental standards for laptops by EPEAT. Carry this eco-friendly computer and you'll be doing a world of goodIn the BoxToshiba Portege R835-P81 13.3\" Laptop Computer (Blue)AC AdapterPower Cord6-Cell Lithium Ion BatteryToshiba Software & UtilitesToshiba App PlaceToshiba AssistToshiba BookPlaceToshiba Bulletin BoardToshiba Disc CreatorToshiba Eco UtilityToshiba Face RecognitionToshiba HDD ProtectionToshiba HDD/SSD AlertToshiba HW Setup UtilityToshiba Password UtilityToshiba Media ControllerToshiba PC Health ControllerToshiba Recovery Disc CreatorToshiba ReelTimeToshiba Service StationToshiba Sleep UtilityToshiba Supervisor Password UtilityToshiba Value Added PackageToshiba Web Camera ApplicationMicrosoft Live EssentialsPhoto GalleryMessengerMailMovie MakerThird-Party SoftwareAdobe Acrobat ReaderAdobe Flash PlayerGoogle ToolbarGoogle ChromeIntel Wireless Display Technology (WiDi 2.1)Internet ExplorerMicrosoft Office Starter 2010Microsoft SilverlightMicrosoft Windows Media Player 12WildTangent Games ConsoleSpecial Offers & Trial SoftwareNetZero Internet ServiceNorton Internet Security 2012 (30-Day Trial Subscription)Quickbooks Online BankingSkypeToshiba Online Backup (30-Day Trial Subscription)1-Year Limited WarrantyTable of ContentsDescription2nd Generation Intel Core i5 ProcessorLarge Memory CapacitySleep-and-Charge USB 3.0Instant ConnectivityPC Health MonitorGoing GreenToshiba R835 SpecsDisplayDisplay Size13.3\"Native Resolution1366 x 768Optical DriveSuperMulti DVD BurnerCommunicationsWi-FiWi-Fi 4 (802.11n)WebcamUser-Facing: GeneralSecurityKensington Lock SlotToshiba R835 ReviewsSee any errors on this page? 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Govt. & Edu.Event SpaceExplora - News & ReviewsB&H Photography Podcast 2000-2024 B & H Foto & Electronics Corp. 420 9th Ave, New York, NY 10001 Mobile AppsTerms of usePrivacyExport PolicySales & Expert Advice800.606.6969Customer Service800.221.5743Live ChatContact UsRequest Call BackTrade in Your GearStore Pick UpB&H Gift CardsFree Expedited Shipping", "url": "https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/822529-REG/Toshiba_PT324U_02200R_Portege_Core_I5_2435M_6GB_640GB_13_3_Inch.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Compare - Toshiba Portege R700-S1321 vs Toshiba Portege R835-P81 - gadgetAZ.com\nfacebook\ntwitter\nGoogle+\nHOMEBRANDSCHARTSCOMPAREFINDERCONTACT\nAcer\nAlienware\nApple\nASUS\nBenQ\nClevo\nCompaq\nDell\neMachines\nFujitsu\nGateway\nGigabyte\nHP\nHTC\nLenovo\nLG\nMedion\nMSI\nNokia\nPackard Bell\nPanasonic\nPioneer\nSamsung\nSony Vaio\nToshiba\nToshiba Portege R700-S1321\nDetails\nReviews\nPictures\nn/a\nGadget Rating\nTotal votes:n/a\nToshiba Portege R835-P81\nDetails\nReviews\nPictures\nn/a\nGadget Rating\nTotal votes:n/a\nGeneral Class Portable Laptop\nPortable Laptop\nOperating Sistem Windows 7\nWindows 7\nBody Dimensions 12.44 in x 1.01 in x 8.94 in12.44 in x 1.05 in x 8.94 in\nWeight 1.45 kg (3.2 lb)1.45 kg (3.2 lb)\nColor BlackBlack\nDisplay Size 13.3 inches13.3 inches\nResolution 1366x7681366x768\nLED YesYes\n3D NoNo\nProcessor Name Intel Core i5 520MIntel Core i5 2435M\nFrequence 2.4 GHz\nCores 2 per processor\nCache L3 Cache:3.0 MB\nArhitecture 64-bit64-bit\nTechnology 32nm32nm\nChipset Intel QM57Intel HM65 Express\nTDP 35W\nGraphics Type Integrated cardIntegrated card\nName Intel HD GraphicsIntel GMA HD\nMemory 64 MB up to 1696 MB64 MB up to 1696 MB\nMemory Capacity 4 GB6 GB\nMax Capacity 8 GB8 GB\nMax Capacity Per Slot 4 GB4 GB\nType DDR3DDR3\nSlots 22\nTotal Slots 22\nStorage Capacity 320 GB640 GB\nSize 2.5\"\nRPM 5400RPM5400RPM\nType Hard Disc (HDD)Hard Disc (HDD)\nInterface SATA\nFeatures Accelerometer for HDD protection:Yes\nOptical Type Reading support: CD DVD Writing support: CD DVDReading support: CD DVD Writing support: CD DVD\nNetworking LAN 1000 mbps1000 mbps\nWifi Yes (802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n)Yes (802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n), Intel WiDi\nBluetooth Yes Version:2.1 EDR:YesNo\nModem NoNo\nInfrared NoNo\nWimax NoNo\nUWB NoNo\nInterfaces USB 2 Version:2.0 Powered while off:Yes4 Powered while off:Yes\nHDMI YesYes\nVGA YesYes\nLAN RJ-45RJ-45\nESata Yes (1)No\nThunderbolt No\nFireWire NoNo\nExpansion Slot ExpressCard (54)\nMicrophone Microphone in 3.5mmMicrophone in 3.5mm\nHeadphone Audio out 3.5mmAudio out 3.5mm\nCard Reader SD, SDHC, miniSD, MMCSD, SDHC, miniSD, MMC\nMulti Purpose DriveBay NoNo\nDocking Station Port YesNo\nDevices Keyboard\nPointing Touchpad (2 Buttons, Multitouch)Touchpad (Multitouch)\nCamera YesYes\nMicrophone YesYes\nSecurity Features Kensington lock\nKensington lock, Face recognition webcam\nBaterry Cells 6 cells6 cells\nType Li-IonLi-Ion\nCapacity 66 WHr66 WHr\nAutonomy 8.66 Hours9 Hours\nOther Adapter power consumption:Typical: 65 W Power adapter voltage:100 V - 240 V, 50 Hz, 60 HzAdapter power consumption:Typical: 65 W Power adapter voltage:100 V - 240 V, 50 Hz, 60 Hz\nEnter model name\nEnter model name\nGadgetAZ.com Copyright\nAll rights reserved.\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nFINDER\nCONTACT\nCHARTS\nCOMPARE\nHOME\nBRANDS", "url": "https://gadgetaz.com/Compare/Toshiba_Portege_R700-S1321-vs-Toshiba_Portege_R835-P81--2481-4654" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Installing Kali Linux from Scratch\nDan Staples\nAbout\nPosts\nProjects\nInstalling Kali Linux from Scratch\nSep 12, 2014\nIve been studying penetration testing and general infosec for the last few years off and on, and recently I decided to sign up for Offensive Securitys OSCP training and certification. Theres a lot of debate about the worth of security certifications, and I think theres a lot of truth to the idea that they arent good indicators of someones skills and abilities. But since Im interested in getting into professional pentesting and dont have anything security-related on my resume, I thought it wouldnt hurt.\nStudents doing the OSCP training (as well as many security professionals) use the Kali Linux distribution (formerly called BackTrack), which is, not surprisingly, made by Offensive Security. I decided Id replace the current Linux distro on my spare laptop, a Toshiba Portege R835-P81, with Kali. I booted up the laptop from a USB stick with a live version of Kali on it, and was greeted with the familiar GRUB loading screen. However, upon choosing a boot option from the menu, the laptop beeped a couple times and dumped me at a blank screen with a blinking cursor. Nothing else. I couldnt type anything, and couldnt even open another virtual terminal (Ctrl-Alt-F1). No error messages or anything. It was effectively a black box that I couldnt get any information from.\nHaving had problems in years past installing various flavors of Linux on this laptop, I immediately suspected the intel i915 graphics driver was to blame. After some googling, I was validated in my suspicions. I tried every recommendation I found online for modifying the GRUB entries with different combinations of driver blacklist, modelist, and various graphics settings, all without any effect. So much for using Kalis graphic installer.\nMy next idea was to build a Kali live image from source, thinking perhaps the images I downloaded from their website had some sort of problem or misconfigured software. After building new images from within a Kali VM, I still ended up at the Blinking Cursor of Death (BCOD).\nMy last idea was to boot into a vanilla Debian live distro from USB, which I knew would work on the laptop, and install the Kali OS manually. But how do we do this? Well, we can begin by looking at the source for the Kali live images:\n$ git clone git://git.kali.org/live-build-config.git\n$ cd live-build-config\n$ tree\n.\n auto\n build\n clean\n config\n build_all.sh\n config\n hooks\n accessibility-menu.binary\n forensic-menu.binary\n persistence-menu.binary\n sleep.chroot\n includes.binary\n isolinux\n splash.png\n stdmenu.cfg\n includes.chroot\n lib\n live\n config\n 0031-root-password\n root\n usr\n share\n debian-installer-launcher\n hooks\n 10_nautilus\n 10_network_manager\n package-lists\n kali.list.chroot\n standard.list.chroot\n README\n15 directories, 16 files\nThere are two files of particular interest here. First, config/package-lists/kali.list.chroot gives us a list of default packages installed with Kali from the Kali package repositories. Second, auto/config gives us the URLs for the Kali package repositories, as well as the flags used when calling lb config, used as part of the Debian live build system. One particular line to take note of in this file is the cdebootstrap options:\n--cdebootstrap-options \"--keyring=/usr/share/keyrings/kali-archive-keyring.gpg --suite-config=wheezy\"\nSo lets begin the installation. Boot up the computer with the working Debian live USB, and open a root terminal. Determine the disk on the computer you want to install Kali onto (in my case it was /dev/sda you can check with fdisk -l). I wanted to set up the hard drive to be LUKS-encrypted with LVM, so we can start with that:\n$ fdisk /dev/sda\nCommand (m for help): p\nDisk /dev/sda: 240.1 GB, 240057409536 bytes\n255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 29185 cylinders, total 468862128 sectors\nUnits = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes\nSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nDisk identifier: 0x0ffb067c\nDevice Boot Start End Blocks Id System\nCommand (m for help): n\nPartition type:\np primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)\ne extended\nSelect (default p): p\nPartition number (1-4, default 1): 1\nFirst sector (2048-468862127, default 2048):\nUsing default value 2048\nLast sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-468862127, default 468862127): +250M\nCommand (m for help): n\nPartition type:\np primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)\ne extended\nSelect (default p): p\nPartition number (1-4, default 2): 2\nFirst sector (514048-468862127, default 514048):\nUsing default value 514048\nLast sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (514048-468862127, default 468862127):\nUsing default value 468862127\nCommand (m for help): t\nPartition number (1-4): 2\nHex code (type L to list codes): 8e\nCommand (m for help): a\nPartition number (1-4): 1\nCommand (m for help): p\nDisk /dev/sda: 240.1 GB, 240057409536 bytes\n255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 29185 cylinders, total 468862128 sectors\nUnits = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes\nSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nDisk identifier: 0x0ffb067c\nDevice Boot Start End Blocks Id System\n/dev/sda1 * 2048 514047 256000 83 Linux\n/dev/sda2 514048 468862127 234174040 8e Linux LVM\nCommand (m for help): w\nThe partition table has been altered!\nCalling ioctl() to re-read partition table.\nSyncing disks.\nHere I created a new partition table on my hard drive, with the first parition being a 250MB boot partition and the rest being an LVM partition. Now we create the encrypted LUKS container and logical volumes, and then add the filesystems:\n$ apt-get update && apt-get install -y cryptsetup lvm2\n$ cryptsetup -v --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --key-size 512 --hash sha512 --iter-time 5000 --use-urandom --verify-passphrase luksFormat /dev/sda2\n$ cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda2 lvm\n$ pvcreate /dev/mapper/lvm\n$ vgcreate kali /dev/mapper/lvm\n$ lvcreate -L 6G kali -n swapvol\n$ lvcreate -l +100%FREE kali -n rootvol\n$ mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/kali-rootvol\n$ mkswap /dev/mapper/kali-swapvol\nNext, well set up the boot partition and mount the new system so we can chroot into it:\n$ mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1\n$ mount /dev/kali/rootvol /mnt\n$ mkdir /mnt/boot\n$ mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot\n$ swapon /dev/kali/swapvol\nBefore we can install the operating system, however, well need to fetch and install the Kali package signing keyring:\n$ wget http://repo.kali.org/kali/pool/main/k/kali-archive-keyring/kali-archive-keyring_2013.1_all.deb\n$ dpkg -i kali-archive-keyring_2013.1_all.deb\nNow comes the fun partinstalling the operating system! Remember those cdebootstrap options we saw before? Heres where well put those to use. Assuming the machine youre installing to is amd64 architecture:\n$ cdebootstrap --arch=amd64 --keyring=/usr/share/keyrings/kali-archive-keyring.gpg --suite-config=wheezy kali /mnt/ http://archive.kali.org/kali\nThis will take a while to install a bare-bones Kali/Debian OS. Once thats finished, well be able to chroot into the new OS we just built and install the actual packages:\n$ mount -o bind /dev /mnt/dev\n$ mount -o bind /proc /mnt/proc\n$ cp /etc/mtab /mnt/etc/mtab\n$ cp /etc/network/interfaces /mnt/etc/network/interfaces\n$ chroot /mnt /bin/bash\nFrom our chroot environment, well need to edit the package repositories and modify our fstab and crypttab files:\n# cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF\ndeb http://http.kali.org/kali kali main non-free contrib\ndeb-src http://http.kali.org/kali kali main non-free contrib\ndeb http://security.kali.org/kali-security kali/updates main contrib non-free\nEOF\n# cat > /etc/fstab << EOF\n/dev/mapper/kali-rootvol / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1\nUUID=$(blkid |grep /dev/sda1 |grep -o \"[a-f0-9-]\\{36\\}\") /boot ext2 defaults 0 2\n/dev/mapper/kali-swapvol none swap sw 0 0\nEOF\n# echo \"lvm /dev/disk/by-uuid/$(blkid |grep /dev/sda2 |grep -o \"[a-f0-9-]\\{36\\}\") none luks\" > /etc/crypttab\nAfter this, check /etc/fstab and /etc/crypttab to make sure the right UUIDs made it in there from the subshells above (you can compare with the output of blkid).\nNow its time to install the packages! Be warned, this will take quite a long time depending on the speed of your internet connection. Well get the list of packages from the config/package-lists/kali.list.chroot file in the Kali live build source we saw before. You may want to modify the following list if you want a different desktop environment besides GNOME.\n# apt-get update && apt-get install linux-image-amd64 kali-linux-full \\\nkali-root-login kali-defaults kali-menu kali-debtags kali-archive-keyring \\\ndebian-installer-launcher alsa-tools cryptsetup locales-all console-setup \\\nkbd console-data console-common firmware-b43legacy-installer \\\nfirmware-b43-installer guymager gnome-core gnome-brave-icon-theme \\\ngnome-shell-extensions nautilus-open-terminal gnome-orca\nDuring the installation, youll get several prompts for configuring certain packages. Use your best judgement. Once thats all finished, well install GRUB to the boot partition (assuming a BIOS systemif you use UEFI youre on your own for that step) and do some final touches:\n# echo kali > /etc/hostname\n# apt-get clean\n# passwd\n# grub-install --target=amd64 --recheck /dev/sda\n# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg\n# exit\n$ umount /mnt/proc\n$ umount /mnt/dev\n$ umount /mnt/boot\n$ umount /mnt\nIf we did everything right, the generated GRUB config should work just fine. Shut down the live Debian system, yank out the USB, and reboot into your shiny new encrypted Kali system! Graphical installers are for the birds ;)\nReferences:\nhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dm-crypt/Encrypting_an_entire_system#LVM_on_LUKS\nhttp://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=76895\nDan Staples\ndanstaples AT pm.me\ndismantl\ndismantl\nDeveloper | Hacker | Saboteur", "url": "https://disman.tl/2014/09/12/installing-kali-linux-from-scratch.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "I have a Toshiba Portege z10T tablet just over 12 months old, and has poor battery time of just over 1 hour, very\nBy chatting and providing personal info, you understand and agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. We use cookies to give you the best possible experience on our website. By continuing to use this site you consent to the use of cookies on your device as described in our cookie policy unless you have disabled them.ComputerHomeHow it Works Contact usLoginHow it Works Ask an ExpertAsk a Computer TechnicianFound 4 result(s) for your search I have a Toshiba Portege z10T tablet just over 12 months old, and has poor battery time of just over 1 hour, veryTechnician's Assistant chat Customer: I have a Toshiba Portege z10T tablet just over 12 months old, and has poor battery time of just over 1 hour, very disappointed with this product, is it an easy battery to replace or do I have to throw the compute awayAnswered by Dustin in 8 mins 9 years agoDustin Tech Support Specialist 42,111 satisfied customersSpecialities include: Windows/Mac Issues, PC Troubleshooting, Computer or Laptop Errors and Upgrades Tech Support Specialist: DustinWelcome, my name is ***** ***** I will assist you today!What country did you purchase your Toshiba in?CustomerAustraliaTech Support Specialist: DustinThat model, doesn't have a user replaceable battery, as Im sure you are aware of.. You don't have to throw it away however John.. Even though you're past your warranty date, Toshiba will still service the computer and replace the battery if you call them up and arrange it.http://www.toshiba.com.au/contact.htmlI can't find the batteries for sale online, nor mention of the cost to do so.. But I'm going to guess that they would charge around 100$ or thereabouts, including shipping.If you do decide to get the battery replaced, or even if you don't and you decide to invest in a new model of computer. An important thing about battery care is what you do with your battery the first few weeks you have it.Batteries need to be calibrated, or broken in properly. Calibrating means that the battery has to be charged fully and then discharged until its fully empty. This procedure should be repeated several times in the row.Most people, tend to keep their battery fully charged, and keep the machine plugged in on AC power.. When you only deplete your battery 20 or 30 %, or even 70 %, and then keep it charging almost all the time.. Your battery capacity slowly erodes away.. I'm not surprised that after a little over a year, your battery is barely holding a charge.. This is a mistake I myself have made and still make from time to time.. It can be difficult to break the habit of keeping your laptop plugged in all the time.But the best procedure is to always unplug the charger when your battery hits 100 % and try to let it drain down to red or to your last 15 minutes or so of charge, before plugging it back in. As long as the battery was free from defects leaving the factory, that will help a battery maintain its full charging capacity for several years.Not to mention, that when the computer is Not charging, it produces a small amount less heat internally. And cooler computer components not only help the entire machine to run a bit faster and more efficiently, but a lower temperature over the lifetime of your laptop will actually extend the longevity of the entire machine but especially the most critical components like the Motherboard, CPU and GPU..If there are any further questions or concerns you have, you're welcome to respond John.I strive to provide great service, and greatly appreciate a rating of excellent submitted below this answer when you are satisfied.. I always answer follow up questions.Dustin S.Senior Technician and Network Switching Systems Operator / Maintainer.CustomerI am aware of what you say Dustin I come out of the service industry and are aware of battery care, this computer has never been left on charge except to recharge when run down, my main question is to ascertain if anybody has any experience in replacing these batteries other than Toshiba.Tech Support Specialist: DustinTo be honest I'm not from your area, or hemisphere even.. We do have very similar models here in the states and what I can tell you is that sure, there's probably a local shop somewhere that could replace the battery.. But finding an actual battery replacement is going to truly be the hard part. These aren't batteries that are on the market.. Ive checked with all the parts suppliers I normally look to, and there's no sign of the battery needed for sale..Id strongly suggest contacting Toshiba, with that model depending on where you purchased it.. You may have a 3 year warranty.. Or, they may let you extend the warranty for a few more years at a reasonable rate..Other then that, I think you'd have to find a broken Z10t being sold for parts.. And then scavenge the battery from it .. I do take that last statement back.. While writing this, I was checking a few sites.. It seems that there's a compatible battery for sale on the ebay uk site..http://www.ebay.com/itm/Genuine-Toshiba-Battery-P000578880-for-Portege-Z10t-A-11Z-12N-/121337830668?pt=UK_Computing_LaptopsAccessories_LaptopBatteries&hash=item1c404c5d0cTo be honest, if you're going to look for a place locally to replace the battery.. I would focus on a shop that repairs android tablets or cell phones.. As the way the battery is built into that computer is more similar to a tablet, then it is a traditional laptop..Dustin S.Senior Technician and Network Switching Systems Operator / Maintainer. Read less 0 LikesShare: BackDustin42,111 satisfied customersTech Support SpecialistDustinTech Support Specialist42,111 satisfied customersEllenTechnicians31,131 satisfied customersPearl Wilson, Technician's Assistant2 Experts are online nowAsk your question here5 Tech Support Specialists are online right now. I have a Toshiba Satellite L505 Laptop. It's worked great for about 1-1/2 years. Recently the battery dies very quicklyTechnician's Assistant chat Customer: I have a Toshiba Satellite L505 Laptop. It's worked great for about 1-1/2 years. Recently the battery dies very quickly (one hour) and charges very slowly (24 hrs plus). Is this a battery problem, a power cord problem, or worse? I have not changed anything hardware wise since I bought it. TomJohn 10+ years of experience 13,987 satisfied customersTech Support Specialist: Johncyball83 : Hello and Welcome to Just answer. My name is XXXXX XXXXX will be assisting you todaycyball83 : Hello sir,This seems like a battery issue.but let me confirm thatcyball83 : Can you please specify the full model number like L505-ES5011cyball83 : You can find the full model number on the bottom of the laptop<span class=\"JA_chatAuthorName\"Customer: L505D-LS5007cyball83 : OK thank you,one moment pleasecyball83 : It is a battery issue,but before buying a new battery please do the following<span class=\"JA_chatAuthorName\"Customer: Yes?cyball83 : Drain full battery charge then charge the battery fully (make sure you charge while the system is totally shut down).then use it and see if the battery is holding charge.also the battery charge time can vary if you are using multiple programs or watching movies.still it have to give at least a back up of 1hr 45 min.cyball83 : Also please do the following tooShut down the laptop and disconnect the AC adapter. Remove the battery and press and hold the power button for about 30 seconds. Release the button and insert the battery back then plug the adaptor back and turn on the computer. See if the problem persistscyball83 : before this problem started how long does it give the back upcyball83 : ?cyball83 : Sir,how long does it usually give you the back-up before the problem started?<span class=\"JA_chatAuthorName\"Customer: I've lost the chat screencyball83 : can you see this message.how long does it usually give you the back-up before the problem started?<span class=\"JA_chatAuthorName\"Customer: Hello?Tech Support Specialist: JohnWhat Happens Now?Your chat has ended, but you can still work with your Expert to get an answer to your question if you have not yet received one.Come back to this page at any time to see additional information from your Expert.You will also receive an email when your question is updated.If you want to send a message to your Expert, use the box below.If you have already received a satisfactory answer to your question, click the Accept button above.Experts are credited for each accepted answer they provide.Tech Support Specialist: JohnThere seems to be a technical error i apologize for that.how long does it usually give you the back-up before the problem started?Tech Support Specialist: JohnIf none of above steps make no difference.then you need to replace the battery If your doubts has been cleared please dont forget to click ACCEPT & leave a POSITIVE Feedback and some Bonus will be well appreciated. Thats the only way i get paid for the services that I have provided to you CustomerOk I'll try again. I'm not sure I understand your directions. Let me repeat. Drain the battery completely then, with the computer shut down, fully recharge it. Then use the computer normally. I should have a mimimum charge of 1hr45min. Is that right?To answer your question, normally, without remaining plugged in to house current, the charge lasts about 2 hours. However, I primarily use the laptop as a desktop and almost always have it plugged into the house current. That's why I thought this could be a power cord problem but botXXXXX XXXXXne, the battery dies in an hour or less and the computer will shut down on its own for lack of power even while plugged in.Tech Support Specialist: JohnYou mean the battery charge drains out and computer shuts down immediately even if its plugged in the main power?Customeryes!Tech Support Specialist: JohnOK then there is a great chance for the battery charger tooSo first replace the charger then do the above steps too and see if the problem persists If its still there then only change the battery.i strongly believe that this is a problem with the charger so first replace the charger CustomerWhat do you mean by battery charger - the power cord?Tech Support Specialist: JohnThe power cord including the adapter like this Tech Support Specialist: JohnYou can buy it online please click on this link http://www.toshibadirect.com/td/b2c/adet.to?poid=435063 (adapter)before you buy you can call them and confirm wether it suits your laptopIf your doubts has been cleared please dont forget to click ACCEPT & leave a POSITIVE Feedback and some Bonus will be well appreciated. Thats the only way i get paid for the services that I have provided to you cyball8340826.8523266551 Read more 0 LikesShare: I have a toshiba satelite A215-3747. It is 3 yrs old. My battery wasnt holding a charge, so i bought a new one. workedTechnician's Assistant chat Customer: I have a toshiba satelite A215-3747. It is 3 yrs old. My battery wasnt holding a charge, so i bought a new one. worked ok for 2 weeks then would only last 30 minutes before it shut down the computer. They gave me a replacement battery and it is doing the same thing. Any ideas on what if anything could be wrong with the computer as some people tell me the computer may not be talking to the battery. Geek squad wants $$$$$$$$ to check it out and wondering if i should just replace the computer. works great on AC. HELP!!!Aitizaz Tech Support Specialist 1,475 satisfied customersTech Support Specialist: AitizazHello and welcome to Just Answer!\nThere can be two problems leading to this problem.\n1. The charging circuit is either not charging the battery fully or is not putting through the required amount of current.\n2. The charger is not putting up the required amount of charge required for the battery to fully charge.\nFirst try to change the adapter or just borrow one and check if that solves the issue. If that does not, then ultimately it is the charging circuit which you need to either repair or replace. ( charging circuit is found inside the computer).\nCustomerthe battery charges to 100% though. and is the charging circuit something that can be repaired or is it not worth the cost? Tech Support Specialist: AitizazYes the charging circuit can be repaired easily and if it is possible, you must go for it. It does not matter if you are getting 100% charged indicator or not, the fact of the matter is that the battery should retain charge which it is not. So the problem is either with the Adapter/Charger or the charging circuit.Customerwell i would have to go out and buy another charger to test your idea.so i cant accept the answer and pay for it if i have no idea if it will work Tech Support Specialist: AitizazSure! First check the charger and if that does not solve the issue, you need to go for charging circuit repair.Tech Support Specialist: Aitizaztell me the result of charger/adapter replacement.CustomerI bought a new charger, that didnt fix it. Took it to best buy they tested it and said its the motherboard. Do I've already spent $117 to not fix it . So I can't accept your answer .Tech Support Specialist: Aitizazif you see my answer regarding this issue, i listed two issues; a malfunctioning charger and the second was the charging circuit( which is the part of motherboard). so the answer was actually correct and i had asked you to borrow a charger and see if that works or not. The second part of the question listed charging circuit problem which actually happened to be.\nThank you very much for coming to just answer. It was a pleasure working with you. Read more 0 LikesShare: Laptop C551-B5110 No longer charges completely. After overnight charge, indicates about 60% charge, approximately 2 -Technician's Assistant chat Customer: Laptop C551-B5110 No longer charges completely. After overnight charge, indicates about 60% charge, approximately 2 - 2.5 hours worth. Also, after about an hour or hour and a half run time indicates battery almost completely out!Technician's Assistant: Just to clarify, what's the make and model of your laptop, and what operating system are you running? Customer: Toshiba Laptop C55t-B5110 Windows 8.1Technician's Assistant: Have you installed any updates recently? Customer: Yes, those updates that come through automatically as I am in my closing process and the machine tells me not to close until it is done doing its thing.Technician's Assistant: Anything else you want the computer expert to know before I connect you? Customer: Only that I did talk to a Geek Squad tech (bought laptop at Best Buy and he directed me to Toshiba saying something about a non-removable battery, needing 2-3 weeks to send it out someplace or maybe taking it to Batteries Plus and let them work on replacement. [Leaving on vacation in less than 2 weeks and was planning on taking it with me].Michelle Tech Support Specialist 16,969 satisfied customersTech Support Specialist: MichelleHi my name is ***** ***** I will be the expert working with you today to help and resolve the problem you have posted.You are at www.justanswer.com services.I am sorry to hear that you are having such trouble. I will try my best to help you out and resolve the problem as quick as possible.How old is the laptop?Customer3-4 years?Tech Support Specialist: MichelleYour laptop battery not charging after 60% because many of reasons like asYou use any power management utility in your system.You use AC adapter all the time.The above reasons is enough to stop your battery charging.First know about Power management tool, Through the help of Power Management Tool, we can control battery threshold.This utility gives flexibility to set our desired charge threshold. likeStart Charging : 40 % Stop Charging : 80% First shut down your laptop.Remove laptop battery.Make sure you also removed AC adaptor.Press Power Button 30-40 Seconds.Put everything back together and start reboot your laptop.Tech Support Specialist: MichelleUse your laptop till battery goes to 0%After that remove laptop battery and insert again.Plugin AC-adaptor and check.CustomerDo not want to connect just want an assessment as to what the problem most likely could be. Could it be a warn out battery? If so, is the battery for this machine non-removable, therefore, non-replaceable? If not, how do I remove and replace. Can Batteries Plus do it? And, by-the-by, where and how can I get an operator's guide/user's manual for my Toshiba Laptop C55t-5110? Had not anticipated being charged for a few answers. If I can't get a few basic answers in assistance in lieu of never being offered the guide/manual I made reference to, please delete my financial information from records and reverse any charges that you may have already posted.Tech Support Specialist: Michelleas i mentioned at the very beginning - You are at www.justanswer.com services.its a paid support siteif you do not wish to continue, i will opt outCustomerAt this point , I do not wish to proceed and anticipate any charges have been reversed!Tech Support Specialist: MichelleHello,I see your asking for the users manual of your laptop.Perhaps I can be of assistance?CustomerOnly if you can tell where to go to get an owner's guide and user's manual, which, if they had been provided when the laptop was originally purchased, I wouldn't have to bother trying to find help on line. I still don't have an answer as to whether my laptop has a non-removable battery or not.Tech Support Specialist: MichelleNo problem.Tech Support Specialist: MichelleI found 2 links which will guide you to the manual of your laptop.http://support.toshiba.com/support/modelHome?freeText=1200008415https://www.manualowl.com/m/Toshiba/C55T-B5110/Manual/417736Tech Support Specialist: MichellePlease let me know if this is what you were looking for. Also, if you have any further questions, please reply back.CustomerThanx, Will try themTech Support Specialist: MichelleAs for your battery, it looks as though it is removable.I was reading on your issue you were having with your laptop. It seems your battery might be the issue here. Laptop batteries life start to decrease over time and years. If your battery only charges at a certain % and drains quickly in 15-30 minutes, then your battery is at fault here and needs to be replaced.CustomerBoth links provided came back with a 404 error!Tech Support Specialist: Michelle404 error? Odd? One link is the official Toshiba site for your model laptop.Tech Support Specialist: Michellehttp://support.toshiba.com/support/staticContentDetail?contentId=4005533&isFromTOCLink=falseTry this link.Tech Support Specialist: MichelleIt's the direct link to the pdf of the manual.CustomerThat one worked! Thanx, again Read more 0 LikesShare: 1Battery replacement Poor battery lifeOthers1ShowMaximizeRelated Computer Questions I have z10t and the keyboard will not work. Toshiba model no PA5172A-1ESU serial no IE078400H 2018-01-02T00:00:00JohnComputer Support Specialist13,987 Satisfied Customers How do I turn scroll lock off on my Portege z10t? 2013-12-13T00:00:00TimSr. Engineer4,264 Satisfied Customers I have an Portege Z10t laptop with detachable tablet. I have upgraded to windows 10 pro 64 bit and now it only 2019-01-10T00:00:00Moses CComputer Hardware Engineer13,409 Satisfied Customers I have a Toshiba Laptop that is old but works well. I am looking for a battery or a cross over for it. It is a Portege 2023-04-28T00:00:00Michael BraggTech Support Specialist6,275 Satisfied Customers I have lost the bios password for my Portege S100. I've tried all my usual ones - but they don't work. Its several 2009-12-24T00:00:00SatchiComputer Software Engineer3,700 Satisfied Customers I have portege M600 which is similar to portege U300. I want to replace the keyboard. How do I open the case to remove 2010-03-14T00:00:00SudiptoComputer Hardware Engineer12,600 Satisfied Customers I recently purchased a Toshiba Portege R700-S1312. I was of the understanding that this computer that I would be able to 2011-01-28T00:00:00JohnComputer Support Specialist13,987 Satisfied Customers I want to know if this is still active Product WXB33GQ99XXT. I have not used my computer and did not know if this was 2019-07-16T00:00:00John - Tech ExpertComputer Hardware Engineer13,150 Satisfied Customers Wher can i get a replacement screen for a toshiba portege m200; its the 12.1\" sized screen; i can replace it myself 2010-09-22T00:00:00Christopher JamesComputer Support Specialist82 Satisfied Customers My cursor. It is stuck. Toshiba Portege. Windows. No I haven't, I've tried turning it off, pressing FN F5 and F5. It 2018-05-01T00:00:00RichardComputer Specialist152,892 Satisfied Customers Getting message \"can't update windows 10\" error code0x8007001f. 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It is a Portege 2023-04-28T00:00:00Michael BraggTech Support Specialist6,275 Satisfied Customers I have lost the bios password for my Portege S100. I've tried all my usual ones - but they don't work. Its several 2009-12-24T00:00:00SatchiComputer Software Engineer3,700 Satisfied Customers I have portege M600 which is similar to portege U300. I want to replace the keyboard. How do I open the case to remove 2010-03-14T00:00:00SudiptoComputer Hardware Engineer12,600 Satisfied Customers I recently purchased a Toshiba Portege R700-S1312. I was of the understanding that this computer that I would be able to 2011-01-28T00:00:00JohnComputer Support Specialist13,987 Satisfied Customers I want to know if this is still active Product WXB33GQ99XXT. I have not used my computer and did not know if this was 2019-07-16T00:00:00John - Tech ExpertComputer Hardware Engineer13,150 Satisfied Customers Wher can i get a replacement screen for a toshiba portege m200; its the 12.1\" sized screen; i can replace it myself 2010-09-22T00:00:00Christopher JamesComputer Support Specialist82 Satisfied Customers My cursor. It is stuck. Toshiba Portege. Windows. No I haven't, I've tried turning it off, pressing FN F5 and F5. It 2018-05-01T00:00:00RichardComputer Specialist152,892 Satisfied Customers Getting message \"can't update windows 10\" error code0x8007001f. Not sure what you are asking. Toshiba Portege R935. Keep 2018-04-03T00:00:00BryanComputer Support Specialist19,885 Satisfied Customers My Toshiba Portege M750 Tablet has a fingerprint sensor operated by True Suite. About a week ago it stopped working. 2009-12-25T00:00:00CompuTechComputer Software Engineer156 Satisfied Customers I have a problem with Toshiba laptop - backslash on its keyboard. The model Toshiba Portege R700- 187, windows 7. I 2021-01-13T00:00:00JosephComputer Hardware Engineer23,881 Satisfied Customers Cant turn computer on - Portege Z20T. Windows. I cant get the the computer to open up at all. It has been on charge for 2018-10-25T00:00:00Randy Computer TechComputer Support Specialist23,379 Satisfied Customers I have a Toshiba Portege laptop R835-P81 with a 2.4Gig 2015-06-13T00:00:00Charles A. RobertsPC Tech3,530 Satisfied Customers I have new ultrabook Z830 with i-3 processor. Can I replace 2012-01-08T00:00:00JeremyComputer Repairer2,491 Satisfied Customers I have a Toshiba Portege R705 laptop. It has a Toshiba bulletin board program on it that I really like. I showed it to 2010-12-12T00:00:00Michael HanniganInformation Systems Manager12,187 Satisfied Customers my mousepad wont work and my computer wants to keep installing 2012-07-17T00:00:00ChrisCComputer Enthusiast11,377 Satisfied CustomersHow it worksAsk for help, 24/7Ask for help, 24/7Members enjoy round-the-clock access to 12,000+ verified Experts, including doctors, lawyers, tech support, mechanics, vets, home repair pros, more.Expert will respond in minutesExpert will respond in minutesAfter you reach out, we match you with an Expert who specializes in your situation. Talk, text, chat, whichever you prefer.Save time & moneySave time & moneyNo scheduling hassles, missing time from work, or expensive consults. 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All rights reserved.Privacy PolicyTerms of servicesContact usSitemap", "url": "https://www.justanswer.com/computer/8lz1h-toshiba-portege-z10t-tablet-just-12-months-old.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Bounce SSO", "url": "https://www.servicenow.com/community/ham-forum/how-to-exclude-the-hardware-model-from-the-content-service/m-p/2535143" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "I have a toshiba Ultrabook Portege I want to use dual external monitors for multiple functions can this be done with my\nBy chatting and providing personal info, you understand and agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. We use cookies to give you the best possible experience on our website. By continuing to use this site you consent to the use of cookies on your device as described in our cookie policy unless you have disabled them.LaptopHomeHow it Works Contact usLoginHow it Works Ask an ExpertAsk a Computer TechnicianLaptop QuestionsFound 3 result(s) for your search I have a toshiba Ultrabook Portege I want to use dual external monitors for multiple functions can this be done with myTechnician's Assistant chat Customer: I have a toshiba Ultrabook Portege I want to use dual external monitors for multiple functions can this be done with my present equipment? do I need software, etc>?Answered by Viet - Laptop Tech in 6 mins 9 years agoViet - Laptop Tech 10+ years of experience 94,727 satisfied customersSpecialities include: Windows Laptop/MacBook Repair, Laptop Hardware and Software Upgrades Laptop technician: Viet - Laptop TechHello! Thank you for your question. I am a licensed computer professional with over ten years of experience, and I will be assisting you today.I'm sorry about the issue. Did you check the display / resolution setting in Control Panel?Do you have windows xp, vista, or 7, or 8?Please reply at the box below. Thank youCustomerWindows 7 What resolution setting should it be? I didn't know that may have something to do with using multiple screensLaptop technician: Viet - Laptop TechPlease go to Start\\Control Panel\\Appearance and Personalization\\Display, then click on \"Adjust resolution\" option on the left, then at the \"Multiple displays\" option, select the option \"Extend these displays\"Please reply at the box below. Thank youCustomerMy display settings are 2/3 multiple monitors 1680X1050 landscape duplicate desk top 2/3. If I set it to extend I just get my screen saver on monitor 3Laptop technician: Viet - Laptop TechDoes it show 3 monitors in the Screen Resolution window?So when you Extend, it shows duplicate for laptop and a monitor, and extend the other monitor only?Thank youCustomerOk I have done that but still have monitor 2 functioning but monitor 3 is static with screen saver appreaingLaptop technician: Viet - Laptop TechCan you drag any window to the monitor 3?If you unplug the monitor 2, does the monitor 3 work?Thank youCustomerAnswer to first question I have display on monitor 2 and 3 only not on laptop screen. Second question when I uplug monitor 2 from laptop monitor 3 has full operable display and my laptop monitor is not duplicated?CustomerWhen I plug monitor 2 back into the laptop it reverts back to monitor 2 operable and monitor 3 as static screen saver. Laptop screen is blank once againLaptop technician: Viet - Laptop TechIt's not duplicate because you use extend option. I've checked that you can only use one monitor with the laptop (you can only either use the VGA port or the HDMI port, but not both); the laptop is not designed with two monitors. In order to use a third monitor, you need to get a USB to VGA adapter:http://www.amazon.com/Plugable-USB-VGA-165-1920x1080-1600x1200-DisplayLink/dp/B004D0QC0A/Thank youCustomerIf I understand your correctly If I get a USB-VGA cord adapter with the specs you have specified I will be able to accomplish my goal of dual tasking with dual monitors?If so is the USB-VGA adapter cord commonly available? will I need further software, etc?Laptop technician: Viet - Laptop TechThat's correct.It's not commonly available as most people only use with laptop's screen only or with just one monitor, but you should be able to get a USB to VGA adapter in your local computer store. Thank youCustomerOk thank you. I will give it a try. As I read the information regarding the adapter does this mean I need two adapters to accomplish my goal?Laptop technician: Viet - Laptop TechYou're welcome. No, just one adapter for one monitor; you would use the other VGA or HDMI port on the laptop for another monitor. Thank youCustomerOK thank you!Laptop technician: Viet - Laptop TechYou're welcome. If you need anything else later, please let me know any time. Also, can you please take a moment to rate my service by clicking on the 5-star icon at the top, then click on Finish when it shows up. Thank you very much Read less 0 LikesShare: BackViet - Laptop Tech94,727 satisfied customers10+ years of experienceViet - Laptop Tech10+ years of experience94,727 satisfied customersEllenTechnicians31,131 satisfied customersPearl Wilson, Technician's Assistant2 Experts are online nowAsk your question here5 Tech Support Specialists are online right now. I am thinking of buying a Toshiba Ultrabook U854 S402 can I connect an external monitor to it without a docking stationTechnician's Assistant chat Customer: I am thinking of buying a Toshiba Ultrabook U854 S402 can I connect an external monitor to it without a docking stationAndy Tech Support Specialist 7,625 satisfied customersLaptop technician: AndyHello!I am Andy and I will be glad to help you out with your issue today. Please Reply to me with doubts / questions till you are 100% satisfied.Is the model name : Toshiba Satellite U845-S402 Ultrabook ?845 ... instead of 854 ?AndyCustomersorry ur right U845 S402Laptop technician: AndyHi,This model has a HDMI output port in it. So you need to get an external monitor (display) that has a HDMI input port. Then use a HDMI cable to connect the monitor to the Ultrabook. You can get this cable at any computer store or Online at amazon / ebay.Then you will be able to use the external monitor with this Toshiba ultrabook without a docking station. Let me know if you need further information via the REPLY TO EXPERT button.Please go ahead and RATE this answer with SMILEY face (GOOD / EXCELLENT) so that I get credited for my answer through this website. Thanks and take care!AndyCustomerAre HDMI ports fairly standard on monitors? I know the are comman ot TVs? SHould I expect to pay more for a HDMI moniotr?Laptop technician: AndyHi,Yes, HDMI ports are fairly standard now days and the price difference would be nominal (if at all).You can get a Samsung or ASUS monitor with HDMI input port in the range of $150 - $200 ... look up amazon and other Online sites for good prices.Let me know if you need further information via the REPLY TO EXPERT button.Please go ahead and RATE this answer with SMILEY face (GOOD / EXCELLENT) so that I get credited for my answer through this website. Thanks and take care!Andy Read more 0 LikesShare: I have a Toshiba Satellite U940/01K Ultrabook Laptop. How can I connect a monitor to it?Technician's Assistant chat Customer: Hi I have a Toshiba Satellite U940/01K Ultrabook Laptop. How can I connect a monitor to it?James 15+ years of experience 8,813 satisfied customersLaptop technician: JamesHi,Your laptop has an HDMI port which can be used to connect a TV or a monitor with an HDMI functionality.You can also connect a standard VGA monitor, but you'll need to get an adapter cable. You can such a cable (VGA to HDMI) on any local computer store. The HDMI port on your computer is to the right of the USB ports, on the right side of the computer.If you have any other questions or need more information, please ask me Ill be happy to respond!I'd appreciate it if you can rate my service using the faces below my answer.Many thanks,James.CustomerHi JamesThanks for your answer, just what I needed to know!RegardsGunhild Laptop technician: JamesIt's my pleasure!Kindly rate my service by clicking one of the faces under my answer.Many thanks,J. Read more 0 LikesShare: 1ShowMaximizeRelated Computer Questions I have new ultrabook Z830 with i-3 processor. 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I cant get the the computer to open up at all. It has been on charge for 2018-10-25T00:00:00tyronebomanTech Support Specialist23,379 Satisfied Customers My z970 says \"Plugged in not charging on battery\". Its was 2013-12-12T00:00:00michellecliveComputer Support Specialist16,969 Satisfied Customers Can you recomend the best PC ultrabook, 13 to 13.3\" screen, 2012-04-02T00:00:00HunterOwensComputer Expert1,668 Satisfied Customers I recently purchased a Toshiba Portege R700-S1312. I was of the understanding that this computer that I would be able to 2011-01-28T00:00:00JohnLaptop Support Specialist13,987 Satisfied Customers I have a problem with Toshiba laptop - backslash on its keyboard. The model Toshiba Portege R700- 187, windows 7. 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All rights reserved.Privacy PolicyTerms of servicesContact usSitemap", "url": "https://www.justanswer.com/laptop/8pjaf-toshiba-ultrabook-portege-want-use-dual-external.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Aliexpress\nI'm shopping for...\nAliExpress\nCookie Preferences\nHelp\nHelp Center\nDisputes & Reports\nReport IPR infringement\nAccessibility\nBuyer Protection\nApp\nShip to\nLanguage\nCurrency\nSave\nCart\nWish List\nAccount\nWelcome to AliExpress!\nWelcome back\nSign Out\nRegister\nSign in\nMy Orders\nMy Coins\nMessage Center\nPayment\nWish List\nMy Favorite Stores\nMy Coupons\nYour browser does not support JavaScript!\nAliExpressAll CategoriesDownload the AliExpress appEN/USDWelcomeSign in / Register0Cart0\nCATEGORIAS\nSmarter Shopping, Better Living!\n0\nAll Categories\nNew Genuine laptop battery,laptop adapter 95.5% Positive Feedback|817 FollowersFollowMessageStore HomeProducts Feedback$49.18Genuine laptop batteries for DYNABOOK R734/K,TECRA R940 PT439A-00N003,R840-S8420,Portege R700-19L,R700-1DG,10.8V,6 cellRelated itemsSorry, this item is no longer available!Ship toUnited StatesDeliveryShipping: $13.68Estimated delivery on Aug 03Service Free returns within 90 days Quantity97 Pieces available Find similar itemsShare\nPeople also searchedThis product belongs toHome,and you can find similar products atAll Categories, Computer & Office, Laptop Parts, Laptop Batteries.\nHelp\nHelp Center,\nDisputes & Reports,\nBuyer Protection,\nReport IPR infringement,\nRegulated Information,\nIntegrity Compliance,\nTransparency Center,\nSubmit report (non-registered users)\nAliExpress Multi-Language Sites\nRussian,\nPortuguese,\nSpanish,\nFrench,\nGerman,\nItalian,\nDutch,\nTurkish,\nJapanese,\nKorean,\nThai,\nVietnamese,\nArabic,\nHebrew,\nPolish\nBrowse by Category\nAll Popular,\nProduct,\nPromotion,\nLow Price,\nGreat Value,\nReviews,\nBlog,\nSeller Portal,\nBLACK FRIDAY,\nAliExpress Assistant\nAlibaba Group\nAlibaba Group Website,\nAliExpress,\nAlimama,\nAlipay,\nFliggy,\nAlibaba Cloud,\nAlibaba International,\nAliTelecom,\nDingTalk,\nJuhuasuan,\nTaobao Marketplace,\nTmall,\nTaobao Global,\nAliOS,\n1688\nGoogle Play\nApp Store\nAppGallery\nIntellectual Property Protection -\nPrivacy Policy -\nSitemap -\nTerms of Use -\nInformation for EU consumers -\nImprint -\nTransaction Services Agreement for non-EU/UK Consumers -\nTerms and Conditions for EU/EEA/UK Consumers -\nUser Information Legal Enquiry Guide\n2010-2024 AliExpress.com. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "MIZUHO PayPay Dome FUKUOKA JAPAN\n\nMIZUHO PayPay Dome FUKUOKA JAPAN\nAbout\nSchedule\nTicket\nAccess\nNEWSBaseball game tickets for the 2024 season are now on sale!\nPrevious\nNext123456\nWho are the Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS?\nThey are one of the 12 professional baseball teams in Japan and the only ball club in the Kyushu region. Based in Fukuoka, they call the MIZUHO PayPay Dome FUKUOKA its home ground, and they belong to the Pacific League, out of the 2 leagues that comprise 6 teams each. The Hawks were the 2020 Champions of the Japan Series for the 11 times, and they also won the League championship 21 times. Take this opportunity to start rooting for them!\nMIZUHO PayPay Dome game schedule\nMar.\nApr.\nMay\nJune\nJuly\nAug.\nSept.\nOct.\nday\nvs\ngame start\n3(Sun)\n13:00\n5(Tue)\n18:00\n6(Wed)\n18:00\n13(Wed)\n18:00\n14(Thu)\n18:00\n15(Fri)\n18:00\n16(Sat)\n14:00\n17(Sun)\n13:00\n19(Tue)\n18:00\n20(Wed)\n13:00\n22(Fri)\n18:00\n23(Sat)\n13:00\nday\nvs\ngame start\n2(Tue)\n18:30\n3(Wed)\n18:00\n4(Thu)\n18:00\n19(Fri)\n18:00\n20(Sat)\n14:00\n21(Sun)\n13:00\n27(Sat)\n14:00\n28(Sun)\n13:00\n29(Mon)\n13:00\n30(Tue)\n18:00\nday\nvs\ngame start\n1(Wed)\n18:00\n6(Mon)\n18:00\n7(Tue)\n18:00\n8(Wed)\n18:00\n17(Fri)\n18:00\n18(Sat)\n14:00\n19(Sun)\n14:00\n21(Tue)\n18:00\n31(Fri)\n18:30\nday\nvs\ngame start\n1(Sat)\n14:00\n2(Sun)\n14:00\n11(Tue)\n18:00\n12(Wed)\n18:00\n13(Thu)\n18:00\n14(Fri)\n18:30\n15(Sat)\n18:00\n16(Sun)\n14:00\n22(Sat)\n14:00\n23(Sun)\n13:00\nday\nvs\ngame start\n4(Thu)\n18:00\n5(Thu)\n18:00\n6(Sat)\n14:00\n7(Sun)\n13:00\n15(Mon)\n18:00\n16(Tue)\n18:00\n17(Sat)\n18:00\n26(Fri)\n18:30\n27(Sat)\n18:00\n28(Sun)\n13:00\nday\nvs\ngame start\n2(Fri)\n18:30\n3(Sat)\n14:00\n4(Sun)\n13:00\n10(Sat)\n14:00\n11(Sun)\n13:00\n12(Mon)\n13:00\n16(Fri)\n18:00\n17(Sat)\n14:00\n18(Sun)\n13:00\n27(Tue)\n18:00\nday\nvs\ngame start\n3(Tue)\n18:00\n4(Wed)\n18:00\n6(Fri)\n18:00\n7(Sat)\n14:00\n8(Sun)\n13:00\n17(Tue)\n18:00\n18(Wed)\n18:00\n21(Sat)\n18:00\n22(Sun)\n13:00\n25(Wed)\n18:00\n26(Thu)\n18:00\n30(Mon)\n18:00\nday\nvs\ngame start\n1(Tue)\n18:00\n3(Thu)\n18:00\n4(Fri)\n18:00\nFukuoka SoftBank HAWKS Official Channel \nRules for Watching a Game\nMIZUHO PayPay Dome FUKUOKA has stadium terms and conditions, plus rules for cheering, to ensure that all spectators can watch games safely in a respectful environment. Please read these terms before watching a game at the Dome. We thank you for your cooperation in upholding etiquette and standards of behavior.\nHow to Enter the Stadium\nAt the designated stadium gate, scan the barcode on your ticket on the barcode reader to enter the stadium. You may not enter if you do not have a ticket. Tickets with a detached barcode will not be valid.\nIn order to prevent crimes and accidents, headgear that hides your face is not allowed. For hygiene reasons, all animals, with the exception of assistance dogs, cannot be brought in the stadium.\n*The wearing of masks when cheering is at the discretion of the customer.\nThe wearing of masks by employees is also at the discretion of the individual.\nRegarding Carry-in Food and Beverages\nFor hygiene and safety reasons, bringing in food and beverages, including bottles and cans is not allowed at MIZUHO PayPay Dome. At MIZUHO PayPay Dome, we check the contents of your bags and belongings in order to prevent dangerous items as well as food and beverages from entering the stadium.\n*To help counter the heat, you can bring in the following:\n(1) A plastic bottle or paper carton (up to 750 ml, one per person)\n(2) A water bottle or tumbler (up to 2 liters)\nYou may bring in both (1) and (2).\n* Alcoholic beverages cannot be brought in\n* If you bring allergy-friendly food, baby food, etc., please inform the staff when your belongings are being inspected.\n* You can bring in items that are wrapped and can be identified as souvenirs (famous Hakata snacks, etc.), but eating them inside the stadium is strictly prohibited.\nRegarding Large luggage (including strollers and suitcases)\nPlease do not bring in large luggage such as strollers and travel cases to the stadium as they may obstruct the evacuation route in the event of an emergency and cause inconvenience to other customers. Also, please do not take your seat with any luggage as it may cause trouble. Guns, swords, explosives, fireworks, firecrackers, drugs, poisonous substances, or other dangerous items cannot be carried inside the stadium. You are also not allowed to enter the stadium while under the influence of a prohibited substance.\nHow to Re-enter the Stadium\nTo temporarily exit the stadium, please come to the dedicated exit/re-entry doors located at each gate.\nFor re-entry, please come to the dedicated re-entry doors located at Gates 2, 4, 6, and 8 with a valid baseball game ticket, and re-entry ticket that you receive when you exit temporarily.\n* Re-entry from Gates 1, 3, 5, and 7 is not permitted.\nHow to Access the Smoking Area\nSmoking is allowed only in the designated smoking areas outside Gates 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8. Smoking is not allowed inside the stadium. The smoking area is not accessible from the stadium concourse. Please follow the guidance and use the re-entry gate.\nWatch Out for Foul Balls and Broken Bats\nBatting practice for both teams can be dangerous, as well as batting during the game, if a foul ball or broken bat flies into the stands.\nPlease beware of this risk.\nRegarding Jet Balloons\nThe only jet balloons that can be used are the newly specified jet balloons that will be sold and distributed inside MIZUHO PayPay Dome.\nPlease follow the rules below when using jet balloons:\nBe sure to use the designated pump to inflate the jet balloons\nDo not pour liquids into the balloons\nDo not write or draw on the balloons\nRelease the balloons at the same time as everyone else, and only at the designated moments (at the middle of the 7th inning and at the end of a game when the Hawks win)\nRegarding the Rules for Cheering\n(1) Standing up to cheer when the ball is in play (after the pitcher has started the pitching motion) is not permitted unless you are seated in one of the sections: a) Hawks Cheering Section Reserved Seats, b) Visitor Team Cheering Section Reserved Seats, c) Outfield Reserved Seats, or d) Outfield Non-reserved Seats\n(2) When standing up while the ball is not in play, please be considerate to the fans around you. There may be times when a stadium staff may ask you to sit down even if the ball is not in play.\n(3) Standing up on a seat and cheering is strictly prohibited.\n(4) At MIZUHO PayPay Dome, cheering areas for the Hawks and visiting team are set up in parts of the outfield seats. Special rules apply to fans seated in those areas. In each respective area, cheering for the opposing team, bringing in cheering goods for another team (not the team applicable to the cheering section), watching the game in clothing that identifies you as a fan of another team, and walking through the area are prohibited.\nCheering Implements (banners, flags and signs)\nThe rules below must be followed when using a sign, banner, or flag for cheering.\n Use at your seat. Do not disturb other customers.\n Content must support the team. (No advertisements or slander)\n The material should not emit or reflect light.\n A flag can have only one pole.\n The implement must not disturb the game.\nOther Rules\nPlease note that the \"Provisions of the Game Watching Contract\" and \"Rules on Permission for Special Cheering\"(https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/stadium/guide/contract.html) apply when watching a game at the stadium, and we ask that you please comply with it.\n* The information can be switched to English on the page.\nAccess\nStreet address\n2-2-2, Jigyohama, Fukuoka Shi Chuo Ku, Fukuoka Ken, 810-0065, Japan\nTake the subway to MIZUHO PayPay Dome\nNote: Get off at Tojinmachi Subway Station, get out from Exit 3, and walk for about 15 min. The subway trains between Tojinmachi and Tenjin Stations operate every 3 to 8 minutes.\nInquiries for Fukuoka City Subway Timetables, Fares, and Service Status\nSubway Customer Service Center: Phone 092-734-7800(8:00-20:00, all year round)\nTake a bus to MIZUHO PayPay Dome\nHandling of Personal Information\nwww.google.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/global/english/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\nToggle History subsection\n1.1Nankai Electric Railway Company ownership (19381988)\n1.2Fukuoka Daiei Hawks (19882004)\n1.2.1Home run record controversy\n1.3Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks (2005present)\n1.3.1Team of the 2010s\n1.3.22020s\n2Roster\nToggle Roster subsection\n2.1Former players\n2.1.1Hawks former players\n2.1.2Retired numbers\n2.1.3Honored numbers\n3Managers\n4Mascots\n5MLB players\n6Notes\n7External links\nToggle the table of contents\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\n13 languages\nDeutschEspaolEuskaraFranaisGalegoItalianoBahasa MelayuPolskiPortugusSimple English\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nJapanese baseball team\n\"Kinki Nippon\" redirects here. For region of Japan, see Kinki region.\nYou can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (October 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions.\nView a machine-translated version of the Japanese article.\nMachine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.\nConsider adding a topic to this template: there are already 3,679 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization.\nDo not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.\nYou must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at [[:ja:]]; see its history for attribution.\nYou may also add the template {{Translated|ja|}} to the talk page.\nFor more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nTeam logo\nCap insignia\nInformationLeagueNippon Professional Baseball\nPacific League (1950present)\nJapanese Baseball League (19381949)LocationCh-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, JapanBallparkMizuho PayPay Dome FukuokaFoundedFebruary22, 1938; 86 years ago(1938-02-22)[3]Nickname(s)Taka (, hawk)PL pennants19 (1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1973, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020)Japan Series championships11 (1959, 1964, 1999, 2003, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020)JBL championships2 (1946, 1948)Former name(s)\nFukuoka Daiei Hawks (19892004)\nNankai Hawks (19471988)\nKinki Great Ring (19461947)\nKinki Nippon Club (19441945)\nNankai Club (19381944)\nFormer ballparks\nHeiwadai Stadium (19891992)\nOsaka Stadium (19501988)\nKoshien Stadium (19481949)\nNankai Nakamozu Stadium (19391947)\nSakai Ohama Stadium (1938)\nColorsRevolution Yellow, Black, White, Grey[1] MascotHarry Hawk and the Hawk FamilyPlayoff berths18 (1973, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023)OwnershipMasayoshi Son, Yoshimitsu GotoManagementSoftBank Group, Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Corp.[2]ManagerHiroki KokuboGeneral ManagerSugihiko MikasaPresidentSadaharu OhWebsitesoftbankhawks.co.jpUniforms\nThe Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks (, Fukuoka Sofutobanku Hkusu) are a Japanese professional baseball team based in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture. They compete in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) as a member of the Pacific League. Founded on February 22, 1938, as the Nankai Club, being the first Kansai team to play in Osaka proper, the team went through a few name changes before settling on Nankai Hawks in 1947, eventually changing ownership in 1988 and moving to Fukuoka in 1989. The team subsequently became known as the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks until 2005, when they were purchased by SoftBank Group, becoming the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks. Since 1993, the Hawks have played at Mizuho PayPay Dome Fukuoka, which has gone under several name changes and seats 40,000 people.[4]\nThe Hawks are often regarded as one of the most successful franchises in Pacific League and the richest in all of baseball under the ownership of SoftBank Group,[5] with the second most wins in all of Japanese sports, only trailing the Yomiuri Giants. The Hawks have played in the Japan Series 20 different times. The club also won two Japanese Baseball League championships in 1946 and 1948 while the team was based in Osaka. The Hawks' 11 Japan Series championships, including seven championships between 2011 and 2020, and 19 Pacific League pennants, with the most recent of both coming in 2020, are second-most in Pacific League and third-most in all of NPB, only trailing the Saitama Seibu Lions and Yomiuri Giants.\nFor various reasons, the Hawks experienced a 35 year title drought between 1964 and 1999 including a period of 26 years from 1973 to 1999 without a single Japan Series appearance, despite the relocation to Fukuoka. The drought finally ended in 1999, with gradual additions over the previous five years under new manager and home run king Sadaharu Oh. Under Oh (as manager and later executive), Daiei, and later SoftBank, the Hawks embraced internal development and sabremetrics as they eventually formed a baseball dynasty off of a core led by slugger Yuki Yanagita and aces Kodai Senga and Tsuyoshi Wada, capturing Japan Series titles in 2003, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, making the Hawks first team since the 1965-1973 Yomiuri Giants to win more than three consecutive championships.[6]\nThrough 2023, the franchise's all-time record is 5616-5000-402 (.529).[7] The team's manager is Hiroki Kokubo and the organization's acting CEO is Yoshimitsu Goto[ja].\nHistory[edit]\nFor a list of the team's records by season, see Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks seasons.\nNankai Electric Railway Company ownership (19381988)[edit]\nThe franchise that eventually became the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks was founded on February 22, 1938, by Nankai Electric Railway president Jinkichi Terada as Nankai Club, based in central Osaka. The organization was said to be created as a result of rival railway companies Hanshin Electric Railway and Hankyu convincing Nankai to create a baseball club of their own. While initially met with resistance, the club was admitted to the Japanese Baseball League (JPBL) in the fall of 1938, playing their first games at Sakai Ohama Stadium, but moved into Nakamozu Stadium in 1939. The team's name was changed to Kinki Nippon in mid-1944 as wartime austerity measures forced Nankai to temporarily merge with Kinki Nippon Railway. After the 1945 hiatus in the JBL due to the Greater East Asia War, in 1946 the team's name was changed to Kinki Great Ring and the team won the JBL championship. The name was chosen as a translation of Japan's ancient name, Yamato, in a similar way to the Montreal Canadiens or the New York Yankees.\nIn mid-1947, when Nankai broke away from Kinki Nippon Railway, they decided to change the team's name, also due to the fact that the name was popular with American soldiers stationed in Osaka, since they also found it funny, and settled upon the moniker they would use until they would sell the team in 1988 Nankai Hawks (). The team was named after Nankai's logo, which, at that time, was a winged wheel. Other names considered were Condors, which was rejected because the Nankai representative who supervised the team was bald, and Cardinals, which was rejected because the club wanted to retain their colors, so they settled on the Hawks moniker.\nAfter the JPBL was reorganized into Nippon Professional Baseball in 1950, the Hawks were placed into the Pacific League alongside the Mainichi Orions, Hankyu Braves, Tokyu Flyers, Daiei Stars, Nishitetsu Clippers, and Kintetsu Pearls. Under player-manager Kazuto Tsuruoka (known as Kazuto Yamamoto from 1946 to 1958) they became one of the most successful franchises through the first two decades of the Pacific League's existence, taking two Japan Series championships in 1959 and 1964, as well as 10 Pacific League pennants. Kazuto managed the team from 1946 to 1968, becoming the full-time manager after his retirement as a player in 1952.[8]\nIn 1964, the Hawks team sent pitching prospect Masanori Murakami and two other young players to the San Francisco Giants single-A affiliate in Fresno as a baseball \"exchange student\". On September 1 of that year, Murakami became the first Japanese player to play in Major League Baseball[9] when he appeared on the mound for the San Francisco Giants at Shea Stadium against the New York Mets. In his debut, Murakami pitched one inning, allowing one hit and facing four batters in a 14 loss for the Giants. Disputes over the rights to his contract eventually led to the 1967 United States Japanese Player Contract Agreement, which effectively barred Japanese players from playing in MLB until Hideo Nomo exploited a loophole in the contract agreement to join the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1995, although others had tried before, including pitcher Kunikazu Ogawa in 1979 for the Milwaukee Brewers and later Murakami himself attempted to return to the Giants in 1983, but both were cut in spring training.[10] Murakami returned to the Hawks in 1966, playing for them through 1974. He contributed to the team's 1973 Japan Series appearance, their last under Nankai's ownership.\nThe team fell on hard times between 1978 and 1988, finishing no better than 4th place out of the 6 teams in the Pacific League in any year in the period. The team witnessed its fan base diminish as a result of the prolonged period of poor play, with attendance dropping and the club dealing with reduced profits. One of their only stars during this time was player-manager Katsuya Nomura, was forced to leave the team after his wife having too much of a choosing on his management, forcing Nomura to either choose to leave his wife of leave the team, in which he chose the latter.\nThe change in the club's financial performance led Nankai Electric Railway to question the value of maintaining ownership, even after considering the value the team represented as an advertising tool. The company's board of directors and union leadership put pressure on Den Kawakatsu, then-president of Nankai Railway and primary owner of the team, to sell the team, which he refused to do. However, Kawakatsu, who represented the most ardent supporter of Nankai's ownership of the Hawks, died on April 23, 1988,[11] and the team was sold to the Daiei Corporation to become the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks () after the 1988 season.\nKatsuya Nomura, Mutsuo Minagawa, Hiromitsu Kadota, and Chusuke Kizuka are among the more notable franchise players that were active during the Nankai era.\nFukuoka Daiei Hawks (19882004)[edit]\nAfter the franchise was acquired by department store chain Daiei, Inc., the Hawks were moved to Fukuoka for two reasons; the first being the fact that the city had gone a decade without a team in the area, as the Crown Lighter Lions moved to Tokorozawa to become the Seibu Lions in 1978, and the second was that Daiei was looking to expand their reach as a brand to Kyushu, which Daiei had little to no presence in before the acquisition. As a result, they were no longer competing with the Hanshin Tigers, Kintetsu Buffaloes or even the by-then rechristened Orix Braves (later the Orix Blue Wave, now the Orix Buffaloes) for a market share of the Greater Osaka metropolitan area. However, in spite of those efforts of the new ownership, the Hawks still were usually in the cellar of the Pacific League, and continued to be at the bottom half of the league until 1997. The Hawks would play their first four seasons at the Lions' old stadium, Heiwadai Stadium.\nIn 1993, the Hawks moved out of Heiwadai Stadium and into the newly constructed Fukuoka Dome, located 2.2 kilometers northwest of Heiwadai. Heiwadai Stadium would later be closed in November 1997 and fully demolished by 2008. The Fukuoka Dome would be the first retractable roof stadium in NPB and the only retractable roof stadium until 2023, when ES CON Field Hokkaido opened. However, due to inefficient design and high operating costs, the roof is almost never opened. Since the Hawks moved to the Fukuoka Dome, they have led Pacific League in annual average attendance every single year except for 2021, where pandemic restrictions in Japan prevented them from reaching said goal.[12]\nThe Hawks front office adopted a strategy of drafting and developing younger players, supplemented by free agent signings, a policy overseen by team president Ryuzo Setoyama and his aides. Setoyama's most brilliant moves were the hiring of home run king Sadaharu Oh in 1995 to take the reins of manager, a title he would hold until 2008 before he moved into the general manager's position. As of 2022, Oh is still with the Hawks organization as a chairman of the Hawks' board of directors, and still engages with day-to-day operations of the team at the age of 82. Oh replaced then-manager Rikuo Nemoto, who was named team president and held that position until his death in 1999. Also tapped was Akira Ishikawa, a little-known former player, who was tasked with bringing in talented amateurs. He brought in the likes of former Hanshin Tigers catcher Kenji Johjima, Kazumi Saitoh, Nobuhiko Matsunaka, future Chicago White Sox and Chiba Lotte Marines infielder Tadahito Iguchi, shortstop Munenori Kawasaki, and future team captain Hiroki Kokubo.\nSupplementing the amateur signings were some key free-agent acquisitions. Daiei went toe to toe with the then richest man in Japan, Yoshiaki Tsutsumi, to pull former Seibu stars from their 1980s championship teams to Fukuoka. Among them were infielder Hiromichi Ishige, immensely popular outfielder (and Hawks manager from 2008 to 2014, replacing Oh in that capacity) Koji Akiyama, and ace left-handed pitcher and former manager Kimiyasu Kudoh.\nThese moves, alongside a few unpopular cost-cutting measures, helped to make the Hawks gradually more competitive with each passing year, and in 1999, the team finally broke through. That season, Daiei made their first Japan Series appearance since 1973 (and first as a Fukuoka team), and defeated the Chunichi Dragons in five games, giving them their first championship since 1964. Kudoh was dominant in his Game 1 start (complete game, 13 strikeouts), and Akiyama was named the 1999 Japan Series's most valuable player.\nThe following year, the Hawks again made the Japan Series, but this time lost to the powerful Yomiuri Giants in six games. Despite the shaky financial ground that Daiei was on thanks to their rampant expansion in bubble-era Japan, the team continued to be competitive. The team won their second Japan Series in five years, defeating the popular Hanshin Tigers in seven games in the 2003 Japan Series, a series in which the home team won every game.\nHome run record controversy[edit]\nIn 2001, American Karl \"Tuffy\" Rhodes, playing for the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes, hit 55 home runs with several games left, equaling Hawks' manager Sadaharu Oh's single-season home run record. The Buffaloes played a weekend series against the Oh-managed Hawks late in the season, after already clinching the pennant on a walk-off grand slam against the Orix BlueWave on September 26. Rhodes was intentionally walked during each at-bat of the series. Video footage showed Hawks' catcher Kenji Johjima grinning as he caught the intentional balls. Oh denied any involvement and Hawks battery coach Yoshiharu Wakana stated that the pitchers acted on his orders, saying, \"It would be distasteful to see a foreign player break Oh's record.\" Rhodes completed the season with 55 home runs. League commissioner Hiromori Kawashima denounced the Hawks' behavior as \"unsportsmanlike\", and Wakana would be fired from the position as a result. Hawks pitcher Keisaburo Tanoue went on record saying that he wanted to throw strikes to Rhodes, but didn't want to disrespect the orders of his catcher.[13][14]\nIn 2002, Venezuelan Alex Cabrera hit 55 home runs with five games left in the season, with several of those to be played against Oh's Hawks. Oh told his pitchers to throw strikes to Cabrera, but most of them ignored his order and threw balls well away from the plate, although this also had to do with Cabrera later on being revealed to have likely been on steroids, likely taken during his time with the Arizona Diamondbacks after having been named to the Mitchell Report in 2007, and that other pitchers were intentionally walking him. After the game, Oh stated, \"If you're going to break the record, you should do it by more than one. Do it by a lot.\"[14] In the wake of the most recent incident involving Cabrera, ESPN listed Oh's single-season home run record as #2 on its list of \"The Phoniest Records in Sports\".[15]\nEventually, in 2013, Curaaoan-Dutch Tokyo Yakult Swallows outfielder Wladimir Balentien broke the NPB single-season home run record, finishing the season with 60 home runs.[16] In 2022, Swallows infielder Munetaka Murakami broke Oh's record for the most home runs in a single season by a Japanese-born player, hitting 56 home runs in the regular season.[17]\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks (2005present)[edit]\nDaiei had been under financial pressure to sell its stake in the team over the previous few years, with reports in 2003 suggesting the company would sell the team and the Fukuoka Dome. After filing for a bankruptcy reorganization provision in 2004, Daiei attempted to hold on to the team and held discussions with its primary lenders, including UFJ Bank, to see if it could find a way to retain the team, but ultimately the sale went through to SoftBank Group on January 28, 2005. SoftBank had been interested in owning a baseball team since 2002 and agreed to purchase all 14,432,000 of Daiei's shares in the team, which accounted for 98% of team ownership, for 15 billion yen.[18] This deal did not include the Fukuoka Dome and surrounding Hawks Town complex, which was sold in 2003 to Colony Capital and then later sold to an affiliate of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation in 2007. SoftBank initially decided to lease the rights to the Fukuoka Dome for 4.8 billion yen per year for 20 years, but they would eventually purchase the stadium from the GIC affiliate for 87 billion yen in March 2012, with the stadium being fully owned by the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Marketing Corporation by July 1, 2015.[19]\nThe Hawks continued their winning ways after the sale of the team to SoftBank. Following the sale, the Hawks represented one of the richest teams in the world, with a player core still intact from the last years of the Daiei era. Particularly strong was the team's starting pitching behind Saitoh, Tsuyoshi Wada, Nagisa Arakaki, and Toshiya Sugiuchi. In 2005, the Hawks finished in first place during the regular season, but fell to the eventual Japan Series champions, the Chiba Lotte Marines in the second stage of the Climax Series. In 2006, a dramatic pennant race led to an even more exciting playoff run that ended in the Sapporo Dome at the hands of the eventual Japan Series Champions, the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters. Team manager Sadaharu Oh missed most of the 2006 season due to stomach cancer.\nThe Hawks' 2007 season was plagued by injuries and general ineffectiveness and inconsistency, leading to another 3rd-place finish and first-stage exit in the playoffs at the hands of the Marines. In 2008, though various injuries still affected the Hawks' bench (especially the bullpen), the club claimed its first Interleague title in June, winning a tiebreaker against the Hanshin Tigers. However, injuries caught up with them in the final month of the season, and the Hawks finished in last place with a 54742 record. The finish represented their worst since 1996. Oh announced his transfer to a front office role at the end of the season, as former Hawk and fan favorite Koji Akiyama was named as his successor.\nIn 2009, the team cracked the playoffs once again on the backs of breakout seasons from surging starting pitcher D. J. Houlton, outfielder Yuya Hasegawa, Rookie of the Year Tadashi Settsu and another stellar season from ace Sugiuchi. However, the team still was unable to get out of the first stage, as the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles ousted the Hawks in a 2-game sweep.\nTeam of the 2010s[edit]\nThe Hawks finally reclaimed the Pacific League regular season title in 2010 after a seven-year wait. The title came after a see-saw season in which the team recovered several times after extended losing streaks. Starting pitcher Wada, back from injury through much of the previous two seasons, was, along with fellow ace Sugiuchi, at his best. Wada set career highs in wins and games started. The reliable \"SBM\" relieving trio of Settsu, Brian Falkenborg, and Mahara limited opponent offenses late in games. The bullpen also benefited from the emergence of Keisuke Kattoh and Masahiko Morifuku, with the latter blossoming in the second half of the season.\nThe Hawks offense was largely composed of role players who seemed to take turns having big games and off days, and it was the team's speed that drove the team as the Hawks led the league in stolen bases in the regular season with 148, well ahead of their nearest challenger, who had 116. Yuichi Honda and Kawasaki combined to steal 89 bases. However, despite putting forward a strong group, the Hawks failed to make it to the Japan Series, losing to the Chiba Lotte Marines in six games in the Climax Series despite having a 31 series lead.\nSoftBank won the Pacific League again in 2011, with a dominating season on all fronts. The offense was bolstered further by the acquisition of former Yokohama BayStars outfielder Seiichi Uchikawa, who led the league in batting average in 2011. Pitching from Sugiuchi, Wada and an excellent bounce-back season from Houlton also helped propel the team to the best record in NPB. After sweeping the Saitama Seibu Lions in the Pacific League Climax Series, the Hawks took on the Chunichi Dragons to win the Japan Series, a rematch of the 1999 Japan Series. The Dragons pushed SoftBank to the full seven games, but the Hawks shut out the Dragons 30 in the seventh game to win their first Japan Series since 2003.\nThe 2012 season started with losses for the Hawks. During the off season, they lost their star starters Tsuyoshi Wada (to the Baltimore Orioles), Toshiya Sugiuchi and D.J. Houlton (to Yomiuri Giants) through free agency. All star shortstop Munenori Kawasaki also left the team for the Seattle Mariners. Closer Takahiro Mahara would sit out the season through injury. To compensate for these losses, the team acquired outfielder Wily Mo Pea and starter Brad Penny from MLB, in addition to starter Kazuyuki Hoashi from the Lions. However, of the 3 major signings, only Pea made regular contributions. Hoashi and Penny made two starts combined in 2012, as Hoashi missed almost the entire season with an injury and Penny was released.\nThe team had to deal with their off season losses to their pitching staff from within the organization. Settsu was elevated to the team's ace, while young pitchers such as Kenji Otonari and Hiroki Yamada were given bigger roles. Nagisa Arakaki returned from long-term injury to join the rotation. However, new closer Falkenborg had to sit out most of the season through injury, eventually handing over the role to Morifuku. Arakaki could not regain his former numbers. In the end, the losses could not be mitigated. Despite a tailspin to end the season, the Hawks snuck into the Climax Series, finishing 3rd in the Pacific League regular season standings, one game over the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles, but eventually lost out to the pennant-winning Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters in the P.L. Climax Series Final Stage. The bright spark of the season came from rookie starter Shota Takeda, who went 81 with an ERA of 1.07.\nIn 2014 the Hawks won the Japan Series in five games over the Hanshin Tigers. Manager Koji Akiyama retired after the season, and the team named his former teammate Kimiyasu Kudo to succeed him. Under Kudoh's stewardship, SoftBank won for a second consecutive season in 2015 again in five games, this time over the Tokyo Yakult Swallows. Outfielder Yuki Yanagita won Pacific League MVP, the batting title, and a Triple 3 (.300 BA, 30 HR, 30 SB or better in all 3 categories).[20] It marked the first time since the Seibu Lions won three in a row from 1990 to 1992 that a team had won consecutive Japan Series championships.\nAfter falling to Shohei Ohtani and the Fighters in 2016, the Hawks rebounded to win the 2017 Japan Series on the back of a dominating 94-49-0 season, their best season since 1959 in terms of winning percentage, in six games over the Yokohama DeNA BayStars, in a series where the Hawks led 30, but were almost pushed to a seventh game.[21]\nThe following year the Hawks also won the 2018 Japan Series against the Hiroshima Toyo Carp in six games, making it back to back titles for a second time, and four out of the last five; the next year, they became the first team to win three straight Japan Series titles since the Seibu Lions did it from 1990 to 1992, by sweeping the Yomiuri Giants. Pitcher Kodai Senga would blossom into the team's ace over their run of six championships in seven seasons, as he also threw the team's first no-hitter since 1943 on September 6, 2019, against the Chiba Lotte Marines.[22]\n2020s[edit]\nIn 2020, the Hawks won the 2020 Japan Series, again in a four game sweep over the Yomiuri Giants, becoming the first team to win more than three consecutive Japan Series titles since the Yomiuri Giants won the last of nine consecutive titles in 1973. They also became the first team in NPB history to sweep two Japan Series against the same opponent in back-to-back seasons. Most notably, Matt Moore pitched seven no-hit innings in Game 3 of that Japan Series as the Hawks came within one out of the first combined no-hitter in Japan Series play since Daisuke Yamai and Hitoki Iwase threw a combined perfect game for the Chunichi Dragons to end the 2007 Japan Series.\nThe Hawks ended an injury-riddled and underwhelming 2021 with a 60-62-21 record, finishing 4th in the Pacific League, the first time the team had not qualified for the playoffs since 2013. This also was the first time since 2008 that the Hawks failed to maintain a .500 winning percentage season, as manager Kimiyasu Kudoh stepped down after the conclusion of the 2021 season.[23]\nFollowing Kudoh's departure, farm team manager Hiroshi Fujimoto was promoted to the majors to be the new manager for 2022. Yuki Yanagita was named team captain by Fujimoto, becoming the first team captain since Seiichi Uchikawa gave up the role after the 2018 season. The Hawks went on a tear to begin the season, winning eight straight games, with Fujimoto being the first new manager to win seven consecutive games, and the first time since 1955 that the Hawks won eight straight games to open the season.[24] A solid spring, including a Maddux no-hitter by Nao Higashihama on May 12 against the Saitama Seibu Lions,[25] followed by a less than ideal summer filled with ups and downs, including going 19 in their annual Hawk Festival series and being the first team since the 1995 Seibu Lions to be no-hit by the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters, led to the Hawks losing the pennant race to the Orix Buffaloes via tiebreaker after the Hawks lost to the Chiba Lotte Marines on the final day of the season, with both teams finishing with a record of 76-65-2. This marked the first time the top two teams in a league shared the exact same record in NPB history at the conclusion of the regular season, resulting in a tiebreaker being necessary. The Hawks lost the overall regular season series against Orix, as the Buffaloes won 15 games against them in comparison to SoftBank's 10 wins, resulting in Orix taking the 2022 Pacific League pennant.[26] They would eventually fall to the Buffaloes in the second stage of the Climax Series, breaking an eighteen game playoff winning streak in the process.\nOn October 10, 2022, the Hawks announced the formation of a yon-gun squad (third farm team), becoming the first team in NPB to begin operations on a third farm team, beginning play in 2023.[27] Before the 2023 season, the Hawks added to their already loaded core in response to losing ace Kodai Senga to the New York Mets[28] by signing elite contact hitter Kensuke Kondoh to a 7-year deal from the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters, poaching elite reliever Roberto Osuna away from the Chiba Lotte Marines,[29] and signing Kohei Arihara after a failed stint with the Texas Rangers.[30] Despite these additions and Kondoh breaking out for a near Triple Crown season, only losing it out to Yuma Tongu also having a breakout campaign and winning the 2023 Pacific League Batting Title, the Hawks were hampered by a lack of foreign power and subpar pitching, being unable to climb the mountain and settled for a third place finish in Pacific League, losing out on second on the final day of regular season play, the second year in a row where they lost position on the final day of the regular season. Eventually, they would fall short, losing to the Marines in the 1st Stage of the Pacific League Climax Series. After that, it was announced that Fujimoto was to step down as manager due to health concerns, and was replaced by the club's farm team manager Hiroki Kokubo. The Hawks once again were active in the 2023-24 off-season, trading pitchers Keisuke Izumi and Rei Takahashi for Yomiuri Giants slugger Adam Walker,[31] acquiring first baseman slugger Hotaka Yamakawa after a scandal tarnished his image with the Lions, and extended foreign pitchers Livn Moinelo and Carter Stewart to long-term, record setting deals,[32][33] as well as converting Moinelo from a reliever to a starter to bolster their lackluster pitching.\nRoster[edit]\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks rosterviewtalkedit\nFirst squad\nSecond squad\nPitchers\n11 Yuki Tsumori\n14 Katsuki Matayoshi\n16 Nao Higashihama\n17 Kohei Arihara\n26 Ryosuke Ohtsu\n27 Shunsuke Iwai\n29 Shuta Ishikawa\n35 Livn Moinelo\n40 Kazuki Sugiyama\n48 Kouya Fujii\n54 Roberto Osuna\n59 Takehiro Hasegawa\n63 Darwinzon Hernndez\n66 Yuki Matsumoto\nCatchers\n19 Takuya Kai\n62 Takashi Umino\nInfielders\n0 Hikaru Kawase\n6 Kenta Imamiya\n13 Masaki Mimori\n23 Ukyo Shuto\n24 Ryoya Kurihara\n25 Hotaka Yamakawa\n52 Richard\n69 Keisuke Nakata\n99 Isami Nomura\nOutfielders\n3 Kensuke Kondoh\n7 Akira Nakamura\n9 Yuki Yanagita\n57 Riku Ogata\n61 Yuto Kawamura\nManager\n90 Hiroki Kokubo\nCoaches\nHead coach\n92 Hiroshi Narahara\nPitching\n94 Shinji Kurano\n72 Kenichi Wakatabe\n71 Kenichi Nakata\nHitting\n93 Arihito Muramatsu\n78 Takayuki Murakami\nInfield defense & base running\n80 Yuichi Honda\nOutfield defense & base running\n87 Tatsuya Ide\nBattery\n84 Hiroaki Takaya\nPitchers\n1 Kyuta Kazama\n2 Carter Stewart Jr.\n18 Shota Takeda\n21 Tsuyoshi Wada\n34 Kenichi Murata\n38 Ryotaro Sawayanagi\n39 Shuto Ogata\n41 Yugo Maeda\n47 Tomohisa Ohzeki\n49 Haru Matsumoto\n50 Yugo Bandoh\n53 Ryo Ohyama\n56 Fumimaru Taura\n58 Taisei Kimura\n60 Kazuo Ohno\n68 Hikaru Kimura\n67 Shunsuke Kasaya\n70 Sota Tanoue\nCatchers\n12 Hiroki Minei\n22 Kota Makihara\n45 Kenta Tanigawara\n64 Kengo Yoshida\n65 Yutaro Fujita\n79 Riku Watanabe\nInfielders\n8 Taisei Makihara\n33 Ryuta Hirose\n36 Ikhine Itua\n43 Tomoya Inoue\n46 Jumpei Kawarada\n55 Daiju Nomura\nOutfielders\n28 Adam Walker\n31 Tomoya Masaki\n32 Tatsuru Yanagimachi\n37 Ikumi\n44 Yoshiyasu Sasagawa\nManager\n74 Hideaki Matsuyama (Second squad)\n85 Hiroshi Ogawa (Third squad)\n011 Kazumi Saito (Fourth squad)\nCoaches\nPitching\n73 Takashi Ogasawara (2nd SQ)\n76 Hayato Terahara (2nd SQ)\n86 Masahiro Sakumoto (3rd SQ)\n97 Kazuhisa Makita (3rd SQ)\n012 Hidetaka Kawagoe (4th SQ)\n013 Masato Okumura (4th SQ)\nHitting\n77 Ryo Yoshimoto (2nd SQ)\n88 Kenji Akashi (2nd SQ)\n75 Noriyoshi Omichi (3rd SQ)\n013 Shigeru Morikasa (4th SQ)\nInfield defense & base running\n82 Tomoki Takata (2nd SQ)\n91 Keisuke Kaneko (3rd SQ)\n014 Takashi Sasagawa (4th SQ)\nOutfield defense & base running\n96 Ryuma Kidokoro (2nd SQ)\n98 Fumikazu Takanami (3rd SQ)\n015 Go Kamamoto (4th SQ)\nBattery\n016 Masaumi Shimizu (2nd SQ)\n95 Kenji Yoshitsuru (3rd SQ)\n016 Tetsuya Matoyama (4th SQ)}\nRehabilitation coach\n017 Ryoji Moriyama (Pitcher)\n018 Masahiro Nakatani (Field player)\nCoordinator\n019 Koichi Sekikawa (Field player)\n020 Junji Hoshino (Pitcher)\n022 Hiroyuki Mori (Battery)\n023 Hisao Arakane (Base running)\nTraining\n008 Kim Won-hyong (Training)\nDevelopment Players\n120 Hiroki Sato (P)\n121 Soichiro Ishizuka (C)\n122 Keio Fujino (IF)\n124 Shuji Kuwahara (IF)\n125 Yuri Furukawa (P)\n126 Yuwa Miyasato (P)\n128 Daisuke Itoh (IF)\n129 Kyoshiro Sakura (IF)\n130 Haruki Katsuren (IF)\n131 Koki Nakazawa (IF)\n133 Kotaro Hoshino (P)\n134 Shinno Ohshiro (P)\n135 Alexander Armenta (P)\n136 Fuga Otake (P)\n137 Ryota Nakamura (P)\n138 Naoki Satoh (OF)\n139 Sanshiro Izaki (P)\n140 Mizuki Miura (P)\n141 Mailon Felix (P)\n142 Haruto Fujiwara (P)\n143 Shun Murakami (P)\n144 Marco Simon (OF)\n145 Hammond (P)\n146 Jumpei Fujita (P)\n147 Koki Kato (P)\n148 Takuma Yamasaki (P)\n149 Takuto Sakuma (IF)\n150 Keita Yamamoto (OF)\n151 Sora Kato (C)\n152 Masaki Takimoto (P)\n153 Yoshiki Mishiro (IF)\n154 Takuma Sato (P)\n156 Luis Rodrguez (P)\n157 Jui Kobayashi (P)\n158 Ren Akaba (P)\n159 Kyogo Yamashita (IF)\n160 Keishin Nagamizu (P)\n161 Kaito Uchino (P)\n162 Junpei Okaue (P)\n163 Akito Sasaki (P)\n164 Sota Mizuguchi (P)\n165 Hayato Miyazaki (P)\n166 Kaito Shigematsu (OF)\n167 Jun Maeda (P)\n168 Kota Sato (OF)\n169 Yusei Tobita (IF)\n170 Ayuma Nishio (IF)\n171 Ryota Morishima (C)\n172 Yuki Watanabe (P)\n173 Jose Ozuna (OF)\n174 Takuya Kuwahara (P)\n175 David Almonte (IF)\n176 Dario Sardy (P)\nUpdated May 1, 2024\n All NPB rosters\nFormer players[edit]\nHawks former players[edit]\nHawks former players\nDS\nFS\nFormer players\nCountry\nYR\nEra\nPos\nNote\n1938\n1942\nYoshiyuki Iwamoto\nJapan\n5\nNankai\nOF\nPacific League Best Nine Award (1950,1951)Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame Member\n1939\n1952\nKazuto Tsuruoka\nJapan\n4\nNankai\nIF\nJBL & Pacific League MVP Award (1946,1948,1951)Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame Member\n1942\n1948\nTakehiko Bessho\nJapan\n7\nNankai\nP\nEiji Sawamura Award (1947)Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame Member\n1949\n1953\nKazuhiro Kuroda\nJapan\n5\nNankai\nOF\n1950\n1959\nKazuo Kageyama\nJapan\n10\nNankai\n3B\nPacific League Best Nine Award (1951,1952)\n1954\n1971\nMutsuo Minagawa\nJapan\n18\nNankai\nP\nPacific League Best Nine Award (1968)Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame Member\n1954\n1977\nKatsuya Nomura\nJapan\n23\nNankai\nC\nNPB Triple Crown Award (1965)Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame Member\n1955\n1977\nYoshinori Hirose\nJapan\n23\nNankai\nSS\nPacific League Best Nine Award (19631965)Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame Member\n1956\n1968\nYoshio Anabuki\nJapan\n13\nNankai\nOF\n1958\n1970\nTadashi Sugiura\nJapan\n13\nNankai\nP\nPacific League MVP Award (1959)Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame Member\n1960\n1965\nJoe Stanka\nUnited States\n6\nNankai\nP\nPacific League Best Nine Award (1964)Japan Series MVP (1964)\n1961\n1963\nBuddy Peterson\nUnited States\n3\nNankai\nSS\nFormer MLB player.NPB All-Star Series (1962,1963)\n1962\n1967\nKent Hadley\nUnited States\n6\nNankai\n1B\n1962& 1966\n1963& 1974\nMasanori Murakami\nJapan\n17\nNankai\nP\nFirst Asian MLB player.San Francisco Giants (19641965)\n1964\n1964\nJohnny Logan\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\nSS\nFormer MLB player.\n1967\n1970\nToshio Yanagida\nJapan\n4\nNankai\nOF\nNPB All-Star Series (1968)\n1968\n1968\nMarty Keough\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\nOF\nFormer MLB player.\n1969\n1969\nLee Thomas\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\nOF\nFormer MLB player.\n1970\n1977\nDon Blasingame\nUnited States\n8\nNankai\nIF\n1970\n1973\nClarence Jones\nUnited States\n4\nNankai\n1B\nFormer MLB player.Pacific League Home runs Leader (1974,1976)\n1970& 1991\n1988& 1992\nHiromitsu Kadota\nJapan\n21\nNankai/Daiei\nOF\nPacific League MVP Award (1988)Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame Member\n1970\n1972\nTakashi Teraoka\nJapan\n3\nNankai\nOF\n1971\n1971\nThad Tillotson\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\nP\n1972\n1975\nTakenori Emoto\nJapan\n4\nNankai\nP\n1972\n1973\nWillie Smith\nUnited States\n2\nNankai\nOF\nFormer MLB player.\n1972\n1981\nShinsaku Katahira\nJapan\n10\nNankai\nIF, OF\n1973\n1976\nHiroaki Fukushi\nJapan\n4\nNankai\nP\nPacific League Winning percentage Leader (1980)\n1974\n1974\nWes Parker\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\n1B\nFormer MLB player.MLB Gold Glove Award (19671972)\n1975\n1985\nHiromasa Arai\nJapan\n11\nNankai\nOF\nPacific League Batting Leader (1987)Pacific League Best Nine Award (1979,1982,1986,1987)\n1975\n1975\nJim Nettles\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\nOF\nFormer MLB player.\n1976\n1976\nDon Buford\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\nIF\nPacific League Best Nine Award (1974)\n1976\n1977\nYutaka Enatsu\nJapan\n2\nNankai\nP\nEiji Sawamura Award (1968)Pacific League Saves Leader (1977,19791983)\n1976\n1976\nTom Robson\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\n1B\nFormer MLB player.\n1977\n1977\nGail Hopkins\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\n1B\nFormer MLB player.\n1977\n1977\nJack Pierce\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\n1B\nMexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame Member\n1978\n1981\nCarlos May\nUnited States\n4\nNankai\nOF\n1978\n1985\nMitsuo Tateishi\nJapan\n8\nNankai\nIF\n1978\n1978\nBobby Tolan\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\nOF\nFormer MLB player.\n1979\n1980\nFrank Ortenzio\nUnited States\n2\nNankai\nOF\n1980\n1989\nNobuyuki Kagawa\nJapan\n10\nNankai/Daiei\nC\nAlso known as Dokaben\n1981\n1982\nJim Tyrone\nUnited States\n2\nNankai\nOF\nFormer MLB player.\n1982\n1998\nHiroshi Fujimoto\nJapan\n17\nNankai/Daiei\n3B\n1983\n1996\nHiroshi Ogawa\nJapan\n14\nNankai/Daiei\nSS\n1984\n1985\nJeff Doyle\nUnited States\n2\nNankai\n2B\nFormer MLB player.Pacific League Home runs Leader (1974,1976)\n1984\n1995\nShinichi Katoh\nJapan\n12\nNankai/Daiei\nP\n1984\n1986\nChris Nyman\nUnited States\n3\nNankai\n1B\nFormer MLB player.\n1984\n1993\nMakoto Sasaki\nJapan\n10\nNankai/Daiei\nOF\nPacific League Batting Leader (1992)Pacific League Best Nine Award (19911995,1997)\n1986\n1986\nDanny Goodwin\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\n1B\nFormer MLB player.\n1986\n1987\nDave Hostetler\nUnited States\n2\nNankai\n1B\nFormer MLB player.\n1987\n1987\nSteve Hammond\nUnited States\n1\nNankai\nOF\n1987\n1987\nHideji Katoh\nJapan\n1\nNankai\nOF\nPacific League Batting Leader (1973,1979)Pacific League RBI leader (19751976 ,1979)\n1987\n1991\nHiroyuki Mori\nJapan\n5\nNankai/Daiei\nC\n1987\n1996\nHiroshi Moriwaki\nJapan\n10\nNankai/Daiei\nIF\n1988\n1990\nTony Bernazard\nPuerto Rico\n3\nNankai/Daiei\n2B\n1988\n2006\nNoriyoshi Omichi\nJapan\n19\nNankai/Daiei/SoftBank\nOF\nNPB All-Star Series (2001,2004)\n1988& 1993\n1988& 1993\nGeorge Wright\nUnited States\n2\nNankai/Daiei\nOF\n1988\n1998\nToyohiko Yoshida\nJapan\n11\nNankai/Daiei\nP\nPacific League Best Battery Award (1994)\n1988\n2000\nKoichiro Yoshinaga\nJapan\n13\nNankai/Daiei\nC\nPacific League Best Nine Award (1994,1996)\n1989\n1990\nWillie Upshaw\nUnited States\n2\nDaiei\n1B\n1990\n1993\nToshifumi Baba\nJapan\n4\nDaiei\n3B\nMitsui Golden Glove Award (1995,1996)\n1990\n1990\nGoose Gossage\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nP\nNational Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\n1990\n2000\nTakayuki Nishijima\nJapan\n11\nDaiei\nOF\n1990\n1997\nManabu Saito\nJapan\n8\nDaiei\nP\n1990\n2007\nKeisaburo Tanoue\nJapan\n18\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\nPacific League Winning percentage Leader (2001)\n1990\n1990\nJim Wilson\nUnited States\n2\nDaiei\n1B\nFormer MLB player.\n1991\n1997\nYutaka Ashikaga\nJapan\n7\nDaiei\nP\n1991\n2003\nKoji Bonishi\nJapan\n13\nDaiei\nC\n1991\n1996\nTakayoshi Eguchi\nJapan\n6\nDaiei\nP\n1991\n1992\nMike Laga\nUnited States\n2\nDaiei\n1B\nFormer MLB player.\n1991& 2009\n2009& 2010\nArihito Muramatsu\nJapan\n14\nDaiei/SoftBank\nOF\nPacific League Stolen bases Leader (1996)Mitsui Golden Glove Award (2003,2004)\n1991\n1995\nTsuyoshi Shimoyanagi\nJapan\n5\nDaiei\nP\nCentral League The most wins champion (2005)\n1991\n1993\nLee Tunnell\nUnited States\n3\nDaiei\nP\n1991\n1992\nEddie Williams\nUnited States\n2\nDaiei\n3B\nFormer MLB player.\n1992\n2001\nChihiro Hamana\nJapan\n10\nDaiei\nSS\nNPB All-Star Series (1992,1995,1996)\n1992\n1992\nHisao Niura\nJapan\n2\nDaiei\nP\nCentral League ERA champion (1977, 1978)Central League Best Nine Award (1978)\n1992\n1995\nKazuya Tabata\nJapan\n4\nDaiei\nP\n1992\n2002\nKenichi Wakatabe\nJapan\n11\nDaiei\nP\nPacific League Rookie Special Award (1992)NPB All-Star Series (2002)\n1992\n1992\nBoomer Wells\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\n1B\nPacific League Batting Leader (1984,1989)Pacific League RBI Leader (1984,1987,1989,1992)\n1993\n1995\nShinichi Sato\nJapan\n3\nDaiei\nOF\n1994\n2002\nKoji Akiyama\nJapan\n9\nDaiei\nOF\nPacific League Home runs Leader (1987)Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame Member\n1994& 2007\n2003& 2012\nHiroki Kokubo\nJapan\n16\nDaiei/SoftBank\nIF\nPacific League Home runs Leader (1995)Pacific League RBI Leader (1997)\n1994\n1997\nHiromi Matsunaga\nJapan\n4\nDaiei\nIF\nPacific League Stolen bases Leader (1985)Pacific League Best Nine Award (1988-1991,1994)\n1994\n1995\nKevin Reimer\nUnited States\n2\nDaiei\nOF\n1994\n1995\nBobby Thigpen\nUnited States\n2\nDaiei\nP\nFormer MLB single season saves holder.\n1994\n1994\nBrian Traxler\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\n1B\n1994\n1997\nTomoyuki Uchiyama\nJapan\n4\nDaiei\nP\n1994\n2001\nHidekazu Watanabe\nJapan\n8\nDaiei\nP\nPacific League Rookie of the Year Award (1994)\n1994\n2006\nShuji Yoshida\nJapan\n13\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\nPacific League Holds Leader (1998,2001)\n1994\n2006\nShintaro Yoshitake\nJapan\n13\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\nNPB All-Star Series (2005)\n1995\n2000\nMasao Fujii\nJapan\n6\nDaiei\nP\nPacific League Holds Leader (1999)His number 15 is honored by the Hawks.\n1995\n1996\nHiromichi Ishige\nJapan\n2\nDaiei\nSS\nPacific League Best Nine Award (1981-1987,1992,1993)Mitsui Golden Glove Award (1981-1983,1985-1988,1991,1993)\n1995\n2005\nKenji Johjima\nJapan\n11\nDaiei/SoftBank\nC\nFormer MLB player.Pacific League MVP Award (2003)\n1995\n1999\nKimiyasu Kudo\nJapan\n5\nDaiei\nP\nPacific League ERA Champion (1985,1987,1993,1999)Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame Member\n1995\n1995\nKevin Mitchell\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nOF\nFormer MLB player.Silver Slugger Award (1989)\n1996\n1997\nMasashi Arikura\nJapan\n2\nDaiei\nP\n1996\n1996\nRodney Bolton\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n1996\n1999\nRyo Kawano\nJapan\n4\nDaiei\n1B\n1996\n1997\nJos Nez\nDominican Republic\n2\nDaiei\nP\n1996\n2010\nKazumi Saito\nJapan\n15\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\nEiji Sawamura Award (2003,2006)NPB Triple Crown (2006)\n1996\n2002\nMasahiro Sakumoto\nJapan\n7\nDaiei\nP\n1996\n1998\nKazuhiro Takeda\nJapan\n3\nDaiei\nP\nPacific League The most wins champion (1998)Pacific League Saves Leader (1991)\n1997\n2004\nTadahito Iguchi\nJapan\n8\nDaiei\nIF\nFormer MLB player.Pacific League Stolen bases Leader (2001,2003)\n1997\n2007\nShinji Kurano\nJapan\n11\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\n1997\n2015\nNobuhiko Matsunaka\nJapan\n19\nDaiei/SoftBank\n1B\nNPB Triple Crown Award (2004)Pacific League MVP Award (2000,2004)\n1997\n1997\nRod Nichols\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n1997\n2006\nKatsunori Okamoto\nJapan\n10\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\n1997\n1997\nGreg Pirkl\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\n1B\nFormer MLB player.\n1997\n2011\nHiroshi Shibahara\nJapan\n15\nDaiei/SoftBank\nOF\nPacific League Best Nine Award (1998,2000)Mitsui Golden Glove Award (2000,2001,2003)\n1997\n1997\nFujio Tamura\nJapan\n1\nDaiei\nC\nPacific League Best Nine Award (1993)\n1997\n1997\nDavid West\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nP\n1998\n1998\nRyan Hancock\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nP\n1998\n1999\nShintaro Yamasaki\nJapan\n2\nDaiei\nP\n1998\n2002\nHiroshi Nagadomi\nJapan\n5\nDaiei\nP\n1998\n2008\nJunji Hoshino\nJapan\n11\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\n1998\n1998\nLuis Lopez\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\n1B\nCentral League RBI Leader (1996,1997)Central League Hitting Leader (1997)\n1998\n2005\nTomohiro Nagai\nJapan\n8\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\n1999 Japan Series Outstanding Player Award\n1998\n2001\nTatsuji Nishimura\nJapan\n4\nDaiei\nP\nNPB Comeback Player of the Year Award (1998)\n1998& 2003\n2002& 2005\nTakashi Sasagawa\nJapan\n18\nDaiei/SoftBank\nIF\n1998\n2009\nTakayuki Shinohara\nJapan\n12\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\nPacific League Winning percentage Leader (1999)\n1998\n1998\nRyan Thompson\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nOF\n1998\n1998\nBrian Williams\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n1999\n2005\nYudai Deguchi\nJapan\n7\nDaiei/SoftBank\nOF\n1999\n2000\nMelvin Nieves\nPuerto Rico\n2\nDaiei\nOF\n1999\n2010\nAkio Mizuta\nJapan\n12\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\n1999\n2012\nShinsuke Ogura\nJapan\n14\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\n1999\n2002\nRodney Pedraza\nUnited States\n4\nDaiei\nP\nPacific League Saves Leader (2000,2001)\n1999\n2006\nYusuke Torigoe\nJapan\n8\nDaiei/SoftBank\nIF\n1999\n2008\nRyo Yoshimoto\nJapan\n10\nDaiei/SoftBank\nIF\n2000\n2000\nBrian Banks\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\n1B\n2000& 2017\n2011& 2017\nMunenori Kawasaki\nJapan\n13\nDaiei/SoftBank\nIF\nFormer MLB player. Currently with Tochigi Golden BravesPacific League Hits Leader (2004)Pacific League stolen base Leader (2004)\n2000\n2009\nNaoki Matoba\nJapan\n10\nDaiei/SoftBank\nC\nPacific League Best Battery Award (2006)\n2000\n2002\nBrady Raggio\nUnited States\n3\nDaiei\nP\n2000\n2000\nMatt Randel\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nP\n2001\n2010\nHisao Arakane\nJapan\n11\nDaiei/SoftBank\nOF\n2001\n2001\nChris Haney\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nP\n2001\n2004\nPedro Valds\nPuerto Rico\n4\nDaiei\nOF\nHe scored a 104 RBIs. (2003)\n2001\n2008\nMichinao Yamamura\nJapan\n8\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\n2001\n2013\nKatsuki Yamazaki\nJapan\n13\nDaiei/SoftBank\nC\n2002\n2002\nMorgan Burkhart\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\n1B\n2002\n2002\nCarlos Castillo\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n2002\n2010\nShotaro Ide\nJapan\n9\nDaiei/SoftBank\nOF\n2002\n2012\nYasushi Kamiuchi\nJapan\n11\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\n2002\n2011\nToshiya Sugiuchi\nJapan\n10\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\nEiji Sawamura Award (2005)Pacific League MVP Award (2005)\n2002& 2013\n2006& 2018\nHayato Terahara\nJapan\n11\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\n2002\n2005\nMasanori Taguchi\nJapan\n4\nDaiei/SoftBank\nC\n2003\n2014\nNagisa Arakaki\nJapan\n12\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\nPacific League Strikeouts Leader (2004)\n2003\n2004\nBrandon Knight\nUnited States\n2\nDaiei\nP\n2003\n2003\nBryant Nelson\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\n2B\n2003\n2003\nMatt Skrmetta\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nP\n2003\n2003\nChen Wen-bin\nTaiwan\n1\nDaiei\nOF\n2003\n2006\nJulio Zuleta\nPanama\n4\nDaiei/SoftBank\n1B\nPacific League Best Nine Award (2005)\n2004\n2022\nKenji Akashi\nJapan\n19\nDaiei/SoftBank\nIF\nNPB All-Star Series (2012)Japan Series Outstanding Player Award (2015)\n2004\n2005\nLindsay Gulin\nUnited States\n2\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\n2004& 2012\n2010& 2016\nKeisuke Kaneko\nJapan\n12\nDaiei/SoftBank\nIF\n2004\n2018\nRyuma Kidokoro\nJapan\n15\nDaiei/SoftBank\nOF\n2004\n2012\nTakahiro Mahara\nJapan\n9\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\nPacific League Saves Leader (2007)\n2004\n2004\nHctor Mercado\nPuerto Rico\n1\nDaiei\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n2004\n2010\nKoji Mise\nJapan\n7\nDaiei/SoftBank\nP\nPacific League Rookie of the Year Award (2004)Pacific League Saves Leader (2004)\n2004\n2006\nKatsuhiko Miyaji\nJapan\n3\nDaiei/SoftBank\nOF\nPacific League Best Nine Award (2005)\n2004\n2004\nBrad Voyles\nUnited States\n1\nDaiei\nP\n2005\n2005\nTony Batista\nDominican Republic\n1\nSoftBank\n3B\nFormer MLB player.\n2005\n2006\nJolbert Cabrera\nColombia\n2\nSoftBank\n2B\nFormer MLB player.\n2005\n2019\nTomoaki Egawa\nJapan\n15\nSoftBank\nOF\n2005\n2005\nPedro Feliciano\nPuerto Rico\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n2005\n2006\nTatsuya Ide\nJapan\n2\nSoftBank\nOF\nMitsui Golden Glove Award (1997, 2002)NPB All-Star Series (1997,2001)\n2005\n2008\nNaoyuki Ohmura\nJapan\n4\nSoftBank\nOF\nPacific League Hitting Leader (2006)\n2005\n2011\nToru Takahashi\nJapan\n7\nSoftBank\nP\n2006\n2010\nYuta Arakawa\nJapan\n5\nSoftBank\nC\n2006\n2006\nD. J. Carrasco\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n2006\n2013\nYoshiaki Fujioka\nJapan\n8\nSoftBank\nP\n2006\n2018\nYuichi Honda\nJapan\n13\nSoftBank\n2B\nPacific League Stolen bases Leader (2010,2011)Mitsui Golden Glove Award (20112012)\n2006\n2013\nKeisuke Katto\nJapan\n8\nSoftBank\nP\n2006\n2011\nYusuke Kosai\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nOF\n2006\n2022\nNobuhiro Matsuda\nJapan\n17\nSoftBank\n3B\nPacific League Best nine Award (2018)Mitsui Golden Glove Award (2011,20132019)\n2006\n2009\nMichitaka Nishiyama\nJapan\n4\nSoftBank\nP\n2006\n2013\nHidenori Tanoue\nJapan\n8\nSoftBank\nC\nPacific League Best Nine Award (2009)\n2006\n2016\nAkihiro Yanase\nJapan\n11\nSoftBank\nP\n2006\n2013\nYang Yao-hsun\nTaiwan\n8\nSoftBank\nP\n2007\n2007\nBrian Buchanan\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nOF\nFormer MLB player.\n2007\n2019\nShuhei Fukuda\nJapan\n13\nSoftBank\nOF\n2007\n2008\nRick Guttormson\nUnited States\n2\nSoftBank\nP\n2007\n2021\nYuya Hasegawa\nJapan\n15\nSoftBank\nOF\nPacific League Batting Leader (2013)Pacific League Hitting Leader (2013)\n2007\n2007\nAdam Hyzdu\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nOF\n2007\n2016\nMasahiko Morifuku\nJapan\n10\nSoftBank\nP\nNPB All-Star Series (2011.2012)\n2007\n2008\nC. J. Nitkowski\nUnited States\n2\nSoftBank\nP\n2007\n2017\nKenji Otonari\nJapan\n11\nSoftBank\nP\nNPB All-Star Series (2012)\n2007& 2014\n2008& 2015\nJason Standridge\nUnited States\n4\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n2007\n2021\nHiroaki Takaya\nJapan\n15\nSoftBank\nC\n2007\n2012\nHitoshi Tamura\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nOF\nPacific League Best Nine Award (2010)\n2007\n2017\nHiroki Yamada\nJapan\n11\nSoftBank\nP\n2008\n2021\nSho Iwasaki\nJapan\n14\nSoftBank\nP\nPacific League Holds Leader (2017)Currently with Chunichi Dragons\n2008\n2011\nD. J. Houlton\nUnited States\n4\nSoftBank\nP\nPacific League The Most Wins Champion (2011)\n2008\n2008\nTetsuya Matoyama\nJapan\n1\nSoftBank\nC\n2008\n2015\nShota Oba\nJapan\n8\nSoftBank\nP\n2008\n2008\nJeremy Powell\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\n2008\n2008\nMichael Restovich\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nOF\n2009\n2009\nChris Aguila\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nOF\n2009\n2013\nBrian Falkenborg\nUnited States\n4\nSoftBank\nP\nPacific League Best relief pitcher (2010)\n2009\n2009\nJustin Germano\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n2009\n2009\nKameron Loe\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n2009\n2015\nKim Mu-young\nSouth Korea\n7\nSoftBank\nP\n2009\n2021\nAkira Niho\nJapan\n13\nSoftBank\nP\nCurrently with Hanshin Tigers\n2009\n2011\nJos Ortiz\nDominican Republic\n3\nSoftBank\n2B\n2009\n2018\nTadashi Settsu\nJapan\n10\nSoftBank\nP\nPacific League Rookie of the Year Award (2009)Eiji Sawamura Award (2012)\n2009\n2012\nSoichiro Tateoka\nJapan\n4\nSoftBank\nOF\nCurrently with Yomiuri Giants\n2009\n2016\nShingo Tatsumi\nJapan\n8\nSoftBank\nP\n2010\n2010\nLee Bum-ho\nSouth Korea\n1\nSoftBank\n3B\n2010\n2010\nJ. D. Durbin\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\n2010\n2013\nTakehito Kanazawa\nJapan\n4\nSoftBank\nP\n2010\n2021\nHiroyuki Kawahara\nJapan\n12\nSoftBank\nP\n2010\n2010\nRoberto Petagine\nVenezuela\n1\nSoftBank\n1B\nCentral League Home runs Leader (1999,2001)Central League MVP Award (2001)\n2010\n2011\nMasaumi Shimizu\nJapan\n2\nSoftBank\nC\n2010\n2012\nTeruaki Yoshikawa\nJapan\n3\nSoftBank\nP\n2011\n2016\nEdison Barrios\nVenezuela\n6\nSoftBank\nP\n2011\n2011\nYhency Brazobn\nDominican Republic\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n2011\n2012\nAlex Cabrera\nVenezuela\n2\nSoftBank\n1B\nPacific League Home runs Leader (2002)Pacific League MVP Award (2002)\n2011\n2011\nSoichi Fujita\nJapan\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nPacific League Hold Champion (2000)NPB All-Star Series (2001)\n2011\n2016\nToru Hosokawa\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nC\nPacific League Best Nine Award (2008,2011)Mitsui Golden Glove Award (2008,2011)\n2011\n2011\nAnthony Lerew\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n2011\n2022\nKodai Senga\nJapan\n12\nSoftBank\nP\nPacific League strikeout leader. (2019,2020)Pacific League ERA leader. (2020).Pacific League winning percentage leader.(2017)Pacific League wins champion. (2020).Currently with New York Mets\n2011\n2020\nSeiichi Uchikawa\nJapan\n10\nSoftBank\n1B\nCentral League & Pacific League Batting Leader (2008,2011)Central League & Pacific League Hitting Leader (2008,2012)\n2011\n2017\nAyatsugu Yamashita\nJapan\n7\nSoftBank\nC\n2012\n2012\nBrandon Allen\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\n1B\n2012\n2012\nngel Castro\nDominican Republic\n1\nSoftBank\nP\n2012\n2012\nTerry Doyle\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\n2012\n2015\nKazuyuki Hoashi\nJapan\n4\nSoftBank\nP\nNPB All-Star Series (2005.2008)\n2012\n2021\nGo Kamamoto\nJapan\n10\nSoftBank\nOF\n2012\n2014\nKyohei Kamezawa\nJapan\n3\nSoftBank\nIF\n2012\n2023\nShinya Kayama\nJapan\n12\nSoftBank\nP\nCurrently with Tokyo Yakult Swallows.\n2012& 2012\n2014& 2014\nHideki Okajima\nJapan\n2\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.MLB Rookie of the Month Award (April 2007)\n2012\n2013\nWily Mo Pea\nDominican Republic\n2\nSoftBank\nOF\nFormer MLB player.\n2012\n2012\nBrad Penny\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\n2012\n2012\nRenyel Pinto\nVenezuela\n1\nSoftBank\nP\n2012\n2012\nLevi Romero\nVenezuela\n1\nSoftBank\nP\n2012\n2015\nNaoki Shirane\nJapan\n4\nSoftBank\nOF\n2013\n2014\nShintaro Ejiri\nJapan\n2\nSoftBank\nP\n2013\n2018\nRyota Igarashi\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.Central League Saves Leader (2004)\n2013\n2018\nYuya Iida\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nP\n2013\n2013\nBryan LaHair\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\n1B\nFormer MLB player.\n2013\n2022\nYusuke Masago\nJapan\n10\nSoftBank\nOF\n2013\n2013\nVicente Padilla\nNicaragua\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n2013\n2022\nTomoki Takata\nJapan\n10\nSoftBank\nIF\n2013\n2013\nShogo Yamamoto\nJapan\n1\nSoftBank\nP\n2013\n2014\nHirofumi Yamanaka\nJapan\n2\nSoftBank\nP\n2013\n2018\nYuki Yoshimura\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nOF\n2013\n2013\nMakoto Yoshino\nJapan\n1\nSoftBank\nP\n2014\n2016\nBrbaro Caizares\nCuba\n3\nSoftBank\n1B\n2014\n2015\nRyo Hidaka\nJapan\n2\nSoftBank\nP\n2014\n2015\nTakeshi Hosoyamada\nJapan\n2\nSoftBank\nC\n2014\n2020\nRen Kajiya\nJapan\n7\nSoftBank\nP\nCurrently with Hanshin Tigers\n2014\n2021\nKeizo Kawashima\nJapan\n8\nSoftBank\nIF\n2014\n2015\nDae-ho Lee\nSouth Korea\n2\nSoftBank\n1B\nPacific League RBI Leader (2012)\n2014\n2023\nYuito Mori\nJapan\n10\nSoftBank\nP\nNPB All-Star (2015,2018)Pacific League Saves leader (2018)Currently with Yokohama DeNA BayStars.\n2014\n2019\nKenichi Nakata\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nP\n2014\n2019\nKen Okamoto\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nP\n2014\n2021\nDennis Sarfate\nUnited States\n8\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.Pacific League Saves Leader (2015, 2016, 2017)\n2014\n2017\nKaisei Sone\nJapan\n4\nSoftBank\nIF\nCurrently with Hiroshima Toyo Carp\n2014\n2018\nShinya Tsuruoka\nJapan\n5\nSoftBank\nC\nPacific League Best Nine Award (2012)\n2014\n2023\nSeiji Uebayashi\nJapan\n10\nSoftBank\nP\nNPB All-Star (2017)Currently with Chunichi Dragons.\n2014\n2015\nBrian Wolfe\nUnited States\n2\nSoftBank\nP\n2015\n2017\nDaisuke Matsuzaka\nJapan\n3\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.Eiji Sawamura Award (2001)Pacific League The Most Wins Champion (19992001)\n2015\n2020\nRick van den Hurk\nNetherlands\n6\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.Japan Series Outstanding Player Award (2015)\n2016\n2018\nKenta Chatani\nJapan\n3\nSoftBank\nIF\nCurrently with Chiba Lotte Marines\n2016\n2020\nReiji Kozawa\nJapan\n5\nSoftBank\nP\nCurrently with Tokyo Yakult Swallows\n2016\n2022\nKenta Kurose\nJapan\n7\nSoftBank\nIF\n2016\n2019\nRobert Surez\nVenezuela\n4\nSoftBank\nP\nCentral League Saves Leader (2020)Currently with San Diego Padres\n2016\n2023\nJumpei Takahashi\nJapan\n8\nSoftBank\nP\n2017\n2019\nOscar Colas\nCuba\n3\nSoftBank\nOF\nCurrently with Chicago White Sox\n2017\n2023\nAlfredo Despaigne\nCuba\n7\nSoftBank\nOF\nPacific League Best Nine Award (2017, 2019)\n2017\n2021\nYuto Furuya\nJapan\n5\nSoftBank\nP\n2017\n2023\nRyuhei Kuki\nJapan\n7\nSoftBank\nC\n2017\n2019\nHiroki Hasegawa\nJapan\n3\nSoftBank\nP\nCurrently with Tokyo Yakult Swallows.\n2017\n2017\nKyle Jensen\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\n1B\n2017\n2022\nSeigi Tanaka\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nP\nCurrently with Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters.\n2018\n2022\nYurisbel Gracial\nCuba\n5\nSoftBank\n3B\nJapan Series Most Valuable Player Award. (2019)\n2018\n2019\nTomoya Ichikawa\nJapan\n2\nSoftBank\nC\n2018\n2023\nShu Masuda\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nIF\nCurrently with Tokyo Yakult Swallows.\n2018\n2020\nRyoma Matsuda\nJapan\n3\nSoftBank\nP\n2018\n2019\nAriel Miranda\nCuba\n2\nSoftBank\nP\nFormer MLB player.\n2018\n2020\nTetsuro Nishida\nJapan\n3\nSoftBank\nSS\n2018\n2022\nKotaro Otake\nJapan\n5\nSoftBank\nP\nCurrently with Hanshin Tigers.\n2018\n2023\nArata Shiino\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nP\n2018\n2023\nRei Takahashi\nJapan\n6\nSoftBank\nP\nNPB All-Star (2019)Pacific League Rookie of the Year (2019)Currently with Yomiuri Giants.\n2018\n2021\nYuta Watanabe\nJapan\n4\nSoftBank\nP\n2019\n2023\nKeisuke Izumi\nJapan\n5\nSoftBank\nP\nCurrently with the Yomiuri Giants.\n2019\n2023\nHiroshi Kaino\nJapan\n5\nSoftBank\nP\nCurrently with the Saitama Seibu Lions.\n2019\n2023\nMasato Okumura\nJapan\n5\nSoftBank\nP\n2020\n2020\nMatt Moore\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nMLB All-Star Game (2013)Currently with Los Angeles Angels.\n2020\n2021\nWladimir Balentien\nNetherlands\n2\nSoftBank\nOF\nCentral League home run leader (20112013)Central League Best Nine Award (20122013)\n2021\n2021\nDariel lvarez\nCuba\n1\nSoftBank\nOF\nCurrently with Mariachis de Guadalajara.\n2021\n2021\nNick Martinez\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nMLB player.Currently with San Diego Padres\n2021\n2022\nMasahiro Nakatani\nJapan\n2\nSoftBank\nOF\n2022\n2022\nRyo Akiyoshi\nJapan\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nNPB All-Star Game (2016).\n2022\n2022\nTyler Chatwood\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\nMLB player.\n2022\n2023\nFreddy Galvis\nVenezuela\n2\nSoftBank\nSS\nMLB player.\n2023\n2023\nWillians Astudillo\nVenezuela\n1\nSoftBank\n3B\nMLB player.\n2023\n2023\nJoe Gunkel\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nP\n2023\n2023\nCourtney Hawkins\nUnited States\n1\nSoftBank\nOF\nRetired numbers[edit]\nnone\nHonored numbers[edit]\n15 Masao Fujii\n89 Sadaharu Oh\n90 Yasutake Kageura[34]\nSadaharu Oh's 89 was originally planned to be retired or honored after his retirement, but Oh made clear his preference to give the number to his successor. Ultimately, however, the man who replaced him as manager of the Hawks, Akiyama, declined to wear the number on the grounds that the honor of bearing it would be too great so shortly after Oh's departure. Instead, Akiyama wore the number 81.\nManagers[edit]\nNo.\nYearsin office\nYR\nManagers\nG\nW\nL\nT\nWin%\nPacific Leaguechampionships\nJapan Serieschampionships\nPlayoffberths\n1\n1938\n1\nKazuo Takasu (1st)\n40\n11\n26\n3\n.296\n2\n1939\n1\nKazuo Takasu (1st)Hachiro Mimachi (1st)\n96\n40\n50\n6\n.444\n3\n1940\n1\nKazuo Takasu (2nd)\n105\n28\n71\n6\n.283\n4\n1941\n1\nHachiro Mimachi (2nd)\n84\n43\n41\n0\n.512\n5\n1942\n1\nHachiro Mimachi (2nd)Kisaku Kato (1st)\n105\n49\n56\n0\n.467\n6\n1943\n1\nTatsuo TakataKisaku Kato (2nd)\n84\n26\n56\n2\n.317\n7\n1944\n1\nKisaku Kato (2nd)\n35\n11\n23\n1\n.324\n8\n19461965\n20\nKazuto Tsuruoka (1st)\n2,646\n1,585\n990\n71\n.616\n8 times(1951, 1952, 1953, 1955,1959, 1961, 1964, 1965)\n2 times(1959, 1964)\n9\n1965\n0\nKazuo Kageyama\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n19661968\n3\nKazuto Tsuruoka (2nd)\n402\n222\n168\n12\n.569\n1 (1966)\n11\n1969\n1\nTokuji Iida\n130\n50\n76\n4\n.397\n12\n19701977\n8\nKatsuya Nomura\n1,040\n513\n472\n55\n.521\n1 (1973)\n1 (1973)\n13\n19781980\n3\nYoshinori Hirose\n390\n136\n227\n27\n.375\n14\n19811982\n2\nDon Blasingame\n260\n106\n136\n18\n.438\n15\n19831985\n3\nYoshio Anabuki\n390\n149\n210\n31\n.415\n16\n19861989\n4\nTadashi Sugiura\n520\n223\n271\n26\n.451\n17\n19901992\n3\nKichi Tabuchi\n390\n151\n230\n9\n.396\n18\n19931994\n2\nRikuo Nemoto\n260\n114\n140\n6\n.449\n19\n19952008\n14\nSadaharu Oh\n1,913\n998\n877\n38\n.532\n3 times(1999, 2000, 2003)\n2 times(1999, 2003)\n4 times(2004, 2005, 2006, 2007)\n20\n20092014\n6\nKoji Akiyama\n864\n456\n368\n40\n.553\n3 times(2010, 2011, 2014)\n2 times(2011, 2014)\n5 times(2009, 2010, 2011,2012, 2014)\n21\n20152021\n7\nKimiyasu Kudo\n978\n558\n378\n42\n.596\n3 times(2015, 2017, 2020)\n5 times(2015, 2017, 2018,2019, 2020)\n6 times(2015, 2016, 2017,2018, 2019, 2020)\n22\n20222023\n2\nHiroshi Fujimoto\n286\n147\n134\n5\n.523\n2 times(2022, 2023)\n23\n2024present\nHiroki Kokubo\nTotals\n85 seasons\n19 managers\n11,018\n5,616\n5,000\n402\n.529\n19 times\n11 times\n17 times\nStatistics current through the end of the 2023 season.[35]\nMascots[edit]\nThe Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks have the largest number of mascots in NPB, with a total of twelve active mascots. Nine of them are traditional mascots that are a part of the Hawk Family, with three other miscellaneous traditional mascots. The currently known family members since 1992 are as follows:[36]\nHarry Hawk a 23 year old yellow hawk with an orange beak wearing the number 100, Harry supports the team as the main mascot. He is the youngest brother of Homer Hawk, the former main mascot when the team was owned by Daiei. Harry is the only one with a Twitter account.\nHoney Hawk an 18 year old pink female hawk. Honey is Harry's girlfriend and the namesake of the Honeys, the Hawks' dancing and cheerleading squad.\nHerculy Hawk a 23 year old brown hawk wearing the number 200, Herculy is Harry's teammate as well as his longstanding rival since Hawk University days. Herculy is only seen wearing the team's away jersey, even at home and during special events, such as Hawks Festival or Fight! Kyushu days.[37]\nHonky Hawk a 57 year old brown hawk, Honky is Harry's uncle, and the mayor of Hawks Town. He loves baseball and wears a brown fedora.\nHelen Hawk a 55 year old female hawk, Helen is Honky's wife. They had eloped during their high school days.\nHack Hawk Harry's 7 year old nephew and the oldest brother of Hock and Rick. Hack wears red-lined T-shirt and the same color cap.\nRick Hawk Harry's 5 year old nephew and middle of Hawk brothers. Rick wears glasses and blue-lined T-shirt and the same color cap.\nHock Hawk Harry's 3 year old nephew and youngest brother of Hack and Rick. Hock wears a green-lined T-shirt and the same color cap.\nHomer Hawk The original mascot of the Hawks from 1989 to 2004 and the older brother of the team's current mascot Harry.\nThe Hawks also had 2 VTuber avatar mascots, named Takamine Umi and Aritaka Hina. Unveiled on November 9, 2020, they have their own YouTube channel as well as their own Twitter profiles.[38][39] They also made appearances on the PayPay Dome's video board. The two were retired in December 2022.\nTemporarily in 2020, the Hawks had 10 Spot robots from Boston Dynamics (at the time SoftBank owned Boston Dynamics) and 10 Pepper robots from SoftBank Robotics to replace the fans during a game against the Eagles due to COVID-19 restrictions in NPB games. They were still used when 5,000 fans were allowed in NPB games as fans were still not allowed to sing or use their voices to make noises, only through clapping or cheering batons.[40][41]\nThe Hawks are the only other team, aside from the Fighters, to have a mascot primarily for their second team, and are the only team with one in the Western League (the Fighters' ni-gun team plays out of the Eastern League), in a chick named Hinamaru. He wears the team's cap, and has an eggshell that looks like a baseball.\nThe Hawks also have a mascot named Fu-san, who is based on a jet balloon that fans launch during the Lucky 7, prior to when the Hawks are up to bat in the 7th inning.\nIn 2023, in celebration of the team's 85th anniversary and 30th season in the Fukuoka PayPay Dome, the Hawks introduced their twelfth mascot, Barikata-kun, a half-pig, half-human creature with a retractable hairline and sunglasses, inspired by Fukuoka's famous tonkotsu ramen.\nMLB players[edit]\nRetired/Former:\nMasanori Murakami (19641965)\nTadahito Iguchi (20052008)\nKenji Johjima (20062009)\nMunenori Kawasaki (20122016)\nTsuyoshi Wada (20142015)\nKohei Arihara (20212022)\nActive:\nKodai Senga (2023present)\nNote: The Hawks are the only team in NPB to have never posted a player under the current posting system implemented in 1998.[42]\nNotes[edit]\n^ \"\" (in Japanese). . 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2023-01-26.\n^ \"\".\n^ \"Index by team\". NPB. NPB. Retrieved 1 September 2022.\n^ \"2021 PayPay\". . . 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2023-02-09.\n^ The Richest Sports Team Owners\n^ Coskrey, Jason (November 26, 2020). \"Hawks sweep Giants again to clinch fourth straight Japan Series title\". The Japan Times. Retrieved November 25, 2020.\n^ \" 1938-2022\".\n^ \"Kazuto Tsuruoka,\" Baseball-Reference.com. Accessed March 28, 2015.\n^ Kleinberg, Alexander (December 24, 2001). \"Where have you gone, Masanori Murakami?\". Major League Baseball. Archived from the original on August 18, 2002. Retrieved November 13, 2008.\n^ Stezano, Martin (2021-11-15). \"How MLB's First Japanese Player Made it to Big Leagues\". History (American TV network). A&E Networks. Retrieved 2022-09-01.\n^ \"423198863 \". (in Japanese). . 2008-04-13. Retrieved 2015-12-25.\n^ \"5,000\" (Press release) (in Japanese). . 2010-07-28. Retrieved 2015-11-01.\n^ Roah, Jeff, \"tokyo under the tracks: It's Never Too Late to Insert an Asterisk\" Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine, Tokyo Q, October 12, 2001.\n^ a b Whiting, Robert, \"Equaling Oh's HR record proved difficult\", Japan Times, October 31, 2008, p. 12.\n^ Merron, Jeff, \"The Phoniest Records in Sports\" Archived June 21, 2004, at the Wayback Machine, ESPN.com, February 28, 2003.\n^ Berry, Adam (September 15, 2013). \"Balentien breaks Oh's Japanese home run record\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 15, 2013.\n^ NEWS, KYODO. \"Murakami celebrates youngest Triple Crown with 56th homer\". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2022-12-14.\n^ \"Concerning an Acquisition of the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks and a Basic Agreement with Hawks Town\" (Press release). SoftBank Group. 2004-11-30. Retrieved 2022-08-16.\n^ \"Acquisition of Fukuoka Yahoo! JAPAN Dome\" (Press release). SoftBank Group. 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2022-08-20.\n^ Nagatsuka, Kaz. \"Yakult's Yamada, Softbank's Yanagita win MVP Awards\". Retrieved 14 February 2016.\n^ \"Hawks earn spot in Japan Series\". The Japan Times. October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017.\n^ \"Hawks' Kodai Senga tosses no-hitter, fans 12 in triumph over Marines\". The Japan Times. September 6, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2023.\n^ \"Hawks manager Kimiyasu Kudo plans to step down\". The Japan Times. News2u Holdings, Inc. 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2022-09-30.\n^ \"67 NPB - : \". nikkansports.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-04-08.\n^ \"Nao Higashihama's no-hitter adds to strong performance by NPB pitchers in 2022\". The Japan Times. News2u Holdings, Inc. 2022-05-12. Retrieved 2023-02-09.\n^ \"\". Yahoo! (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2022-10-02.\n^ \" \". Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Retrieved 2022-10-10.\n^ \"Senga acclimating quickly, meets New York media\". MLB.com.\n^ \" 160\".\n^ Hill, David (6 January 2023). \"Former Texas Rangers pitcher Kohei Arihara heads back to Japan\". Call to the Pen. Retrieved 8 May 2023.\n^ \"Yomiuri Giants press release 2023.11.6 \". Yomiuri Giants Official site (in Japanese). November 6, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023.\n^ \"SoftBank lefty Moinelo set for hefty contract extension\". japantimes.co.jp. Retrieved April 2, 2024.\n^ \"Baseball: Hawks hand Stewart 2-year contract extension\". nippon.com. Retrieved January 2, 2024.\n^ Though not fully official, the Hawks do honor the number 90, which belonged to Yasutake Kageura, a fictional character from the Japanese baseball manga Abu-san, in which he was depicted with the franchise during all three eras of the Hawks from 1973 to 2014. This is the only squad number honored to a fictional manga character in the NPB.\n^ \"Nippon Professional Baseball (19382022)\". NPB.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved November 19, 2022.\n^ HAWKS, Fukuoka SoftBank. \"\". (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-02.\n^ Hawk, Harry. \"\". Twitter (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-02.\n^ HAWKS, Fukuoka SoftBank. \"VTuber \". (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-02-23.\n^ Dennison, Kara. \"Baseball and VTubers Collide as the SoftBank Hawks Debut New Virtual Mascots\". Crunchyroll. Retrieved 2022-02-23.\n^ Meet Pepper as the new Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks fan, retrieved 2022-02-23\n^ Dancing robots replace fans at Japanese baseball game, retrieved 2022-02-23\n^ \"Hawks ace Kodai Senga can't persuade club to post him, gets raise instead\". The Japan Times. News2u Holdings, Inc. 2020-12-26. Retrieved 2022-09-07.\nExternal links[edit]\nOfficial website (in Japanese)\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks NPB official website\nOfficial Channel on YouTube\nvteFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nEstablished in 1938\nFormerly the Nankai Club, the Kinki Nippon Club, the Kinki Great Ring, the Nankai Hawks, and the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks\nBased in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture\nThe Franchise\nHistory\nSeasons\nRecords\nPlayers\nManagers\nBallparks\nSakai Ohama Stadium\nNankai Nakamozu Stadium\nKoshien Stadium\nOsaka Stadium\nHeiwadai Stadium\nFukuoka PayPay Dome\nHonored numbers\n15, Masao Fujii\n89, Sadaharu Oh\nKey personnel\nOwner: Masayoshi Son\nManagement: SoftBank Group\nChairman: Sadaharu Oh\nGeneral manger: Sugihiko Mikasa\nExecutive officer: Tomohiro Nagai\nManager: Hiroki Kokubo\nJapanese Baseball League championships (2)\n1946\n1948\nJapan Series championships (11)\n1959\n1964\n1999\n2003\n2011\n2014\n2015\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\nPacific League championships (19)\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1955\n1959\n1961\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1973\n1999\n2000\n2003\n2010\n2011\n2014\n2015\n2017\n2020\nPlayoff berths (18)\n1973\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2022\n2023\nCulture\nIzayuke Wakataka Army Corps\nSeasons (83)1930s\n1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938\n1939\n1940s\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950s\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960s\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970s\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980s\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990s\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000s\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010s\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020s\n2020\n2021\n2022\nvteNippon Professional Baseball2024 seasonCentral League\nChunichi Dragons\nHanshin Tigers\nHiroshima Toyo Carp\nTokyo Yakult Swallows\nYokohama DeNA BayStars\nYomiuri Giants\nPacific League\nChiba Lotte Marines\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nHokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters\nOrix Buffaloes\nSaitama Seibu Lions\nTohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles\nSchedule\nAll-Star Series\nInterleague play\nSeasons\nWorld Baseball Classic\nPostseason\nClimax Series\nJapan Series\nAwards\nEiji Sawamura Award\nMost Valuable Player\nComeback Player of the Year\nRookie of the Year\nJapan Series Most Valuable Player Award\nBest Nine Award\nGolden Spirit Award\nMatsutaro Shoriki Award\nHall of Fame\nMiscellaneous\nCommissioner\nPlayers\nForeign players\nAmericans\nRosters\nStadiums\nComparison with Major League Baseball\nMinor leagues\nWestern League\nEastern League\nJapanese Baseball League\nProfessional baseball in Japan\nvteSoftBank GroupPeople\nMasayoshi Son (founder)\nNikesh Arora\nMarcelo Claure\nEric Hippeau\nRajeev Misra\nShigenobu Nagamori\nSachio Semmoto\nAkshay Naheta\nCompanies\nArm Holdings\nIPO\nAldebaran Robotics\nBrightstar Corporation\nDramaFever\nFortress Investment Group\nLY Corporation\nRadioShack\nSB Creative\nSoftBank Mobile\nT-Mobile US (4.5%)\nIndia\nBlinkit\nFlipkart\nHike\nInMobi\nOla Cabs\nOYO\nPaytm\nSnapdeal\nSoutheast Asia\nGoTo\nGojek\nTokopedia\nGrab\nOVO\nAffiliated companies\nGungHo Online Entertainment (3.80%)\nAlibaba Group (36%)\nRelated articles\nBoston Dynamics\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nSBI Group\nSoftBank Capital\nSoftBank Vision Fund\nSprint Corporation\nvteJapan Professional Sports Grand Prize\n1968: Shozo Saijo\n1969: Yomiuri Giants\n1970: Taih Kki\n1971: Shigeo Nagashima\n1972: Katsuaki Matsumoto\n1973: Tadashi Sawamura\n1974: Sadaharu Oh\n1975: Hiroshima Toyo Carp\n1976: Sadaharu Oh\n1977: Sadaharu Oh\n1978: Yakult Swallows\n1979: Yoko Gushiken\n1980: Yoko Gushiken\n1981: Koichi Nakano\n1982: Hiromitsu Ochiai\n1983: Tatsuro Hirooka\n1984: Sachio Kinugasa\n1985: Randy Bass\n1986: Hiromitsu Ochiai\n1987: Ayako Okamoto\n1988: Chiyonofuji Mitsugu\n1989: Chiyonofuji Mitsugu\n1990: Hideo Nomo\n1991: Joichiro Tatsuyoshi\n1992: Takanohana Kji\n1993: Kazuyoshi Miura\n1994: Ichiro Suzuki\n1995: Ichiro Suzuki\n1996: Masashi Ozaki\n1997: Hidetoshi Nakata\n1998: Kazuhiro Sasaki\n1999: Daisuke Matsuzaka\n2000: Hideki Matsui\n2001: Ichiro Suzuki\n2002: Japan men's football team\n2003: Hideki Matsui\n2004: Asashry Akinori\n2005: Asashry Akinori\n2006: Japan national baseball team\n2007: Urawa Red Diamonds\n2008: Ryo Ishikawa\n2009: Ryo Ishikawa\n2010: Hakuh Sh\n2011: Japan women's football team\n2012: Shinnosuke Abe\n2013: Masahiro Tanaka\n2014: Kei Nishikori\n2015: Japan national rugby union team\n2016: Shohei Ohtani\n2017: Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks\n2018: Shohei Ohtani\n2022: Naoya Inoue\n2023: Japan national baseball team\nAuthority control databases: Artists\nMusicBrainz\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fukuoka_SoftBank_Hawks&oldid=1223794135\"\nCategories: Fukuoka SoftBank HawksBaseball teams established in 1938Nippon Professional Baseball teamsSoftBank GroupSports clubs and teams in Fukuoka1938 establishments in JapanHidden categories: CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)Webarchive template wayback linksArticles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataArticles needing translation from Japanese WikipediaArticles containing Japanese-language textArticles with hCardsArticles with Japanese-language sources (ja)Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 14 May 2024, at 11:57(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_SoftBank_Hawks" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks | NPB.jp \nNippon Professional Baseball Organization\nRegular Season\nCalendar\nSchedules/Scores\nStandings\nStats\nFarm Leagues\nCalendar\nSchedules/Scores\nStandings\nStats\nTeams\nTeam Index\nChiba Lotte Marines\nChunichi Dragons\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nHanshin Tigers\nHiroshima Toyo Carp\nHokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters\nORIX Buffaloes\nSaitama Seibu Lions\nTohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles\nTokyo Yakult Swallows\nYOKOHAMA DeNA BAYSTARS\nYomiuri Giants\nPlayers\nRegister (Players Active in the NPB)\nOthers\nAbbreviations\n\nTeams\nSubMenu\nTeams\n--Teams--\nHanshin\nHiroshima\nDeNA\nYomiuri\nYakult\nChunichi\nORIX\nLotte\nSoftBank\nRakuten\nSeibu\nNippon-Ham\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nRoster\nRegular Season\nSchedules/Scores\nIndividual Batting\nIndividual Pitching\nFarm Leagues\nIndividual Batting\nIndividual Pitching\nhttps://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks2024 RosterPitchers , Catchers , Infielders , Outfielders , Developmental Squad2024 Calendar ( Schedules/Scores )Mar.-Apr. , May , Jun. , Jul. , Aug. , Sep. , Oct.2024 Individual Stats (Regular Season)Batting Stats , Pitching Stats2024 Individual Stats (Farm League)Batting Stats , Pitching StatsTeam HistoryNankai (1938(fall)-1944.5.31) - Kinki Nippon (1944.6.1- ) - Kinki Great Ring (1946-1947.5.31) - Nankai Hawks (1947.6.1-1988) - Fukuoka Daiei Hawks (1989-2004) - Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks (2005- )\"1-League\" * Champions :(2)-'46, '48Pacific League Champions :(19)-'51, '52, '53, '55, '59, '61, '64, '65, '66, '73, '99, '00, '03, '10, '11, '14, '15, '17, '20Nippon Champions :(11)-'59, '64, '99, '03, '11, '14, '15, '17, '18, '19, '20* Before the split-up from one-league system to the two-league system.Stadium InformationMIZUHO PayPay Dome FUKUOKAAddress :2-2-2 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka\nRegular Season\nCalendar\nSchedules/Scores\nStandings\nStats\nQualifiers for Batting Championship\nQualifiers for ERA Title & Top Relievers\nAll Players\nFarm Leagues\nCalendar\nSchedules/Scores\nStandings\nStats\nQualifiers for Batting Championship\nQualifiers for ERA Title & Top Relievers\nAll Players\nTeams\nTeam Index\nWebsite\nRoster\nSchedules/Scores\nIndividual Stats\nIndividual Stats (Farm League)\nTeam History\nChiba Lotte Marines\nChunichi Dragons\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nHanshin Tigers\nHiroshima Toyo Carp\nHokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters\nORIX Buffaloes\nSaitama Seibu Lions\nTohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles\nTokyo Yakult Swallows\nYOKOHAMA DeNA BAYSTARS\nYomiuri Giants\nPlayers\nRegister (Players Active in the NPB)\nAlphabetical Listing\nTeam Roster Listing\nOthers\nAbbreviations\nHome\nENGLISH Version\nJAPANESE Version\nCopyright (C) 1996-2024 Nippon Professional Baseball Organization. All Rights Reserved.", "url": "https://npb.jp/bis/eng/teams/index_h.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fukuoka S. Hawks live scores, results, fixtures, Yomiuri Giants v Fukuoka S. Hawks live | Baseball, Japan\nBaseball, Japan: Fukuoka S. Hawks live scores, results, fixtures\nAdvertisementAdvertisementAdvertisement\nScores\nNews\nSearch\nLOGIN\nFavorites\nFootball\nTennis\nBasketball\nHockey\nVolleyball\nGolf\nBaseball\nAm. football\nAussie rules\nBadminton\nBandy\nBaseball\nBasketball\nBeach soccer\nBeach volleyball\nBoxing\nCricket\nCycling\nDarts\neSports\nField hockey\nFloorball\nFootball\nFutsal\nGolf\nHandball\nHockey\nHorse racing\nKabaddi\nMMA\nMotorsport\nNetball\nPespallo\nRugby League\nRugby Union\nSnooker\nTable tennis\nTennis\nVolleyball\nWater polo\nWinter Sports\nAdvertisementAdvertisementAdvertisement\nAdvertisement\nRegister today & bet on your favourite sport\nAdvertisement\nT&C apply 18+\nRegister\nAdvertisementAdvertisement\nLes jeux dargent et de hasard peuvent tre dangereux : pertes dargent, conflits familiaux, addiction\nRetrouvez nos conseils sur joueurs-info-service.fr (09-74-75-13-13, appel non surtax)\nBaseballJapan\nFukuoka S. Hawks\nStadium: PayPay Dome\n(Fukuoka)\nSummaryNewsResultsFixturesStandings\nLatest Scores\nShow more matches\nScheduled\nShow more matches\n2024\nAdvertisement\nAdvertisement\nJapanNPBSpring KoshienSummer KoshienAdvertisementPinned LeaguesNPBLMBKBOMLBWorld Baseball ClassicAdvertisement\nMy TeamsAdd the team\nCountriesAustraliaAustriaBelgiumColombiaCubaCzech RepublicDominican RepublicFinlandFranceGermanyAdvertisementItalyJapanMexicoNetherlandsNorwayPuerto RicoRussiaSouth KoreaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTaiwanShow more\nAustralia\nAustria\nBelgium\nColombia\nCuba\nCzech Republic\nDominican Republic\nLIDOM\nFinland\nFrance\nGermany\nItaly\nJapan\nNPB\nMexico\nLMB\nNetherlands\nNorway\nPuerto Rico\nRussia\nSouth Korea\nKBO\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTaiwan\nUnited Kingdom\nUSA\nMLB\nVenezuela\nAsia\nEurope\nEuropean Championship\nNorth & Central America\nWorld\nOlympic Games\nHELP: You are on Fukuoka S. Hawks scores page in Baseball/Japan section. Flashscore.com offers Fukuoka S. 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Hawks v Hiroshima Carp\nShow more\n21+ | COMPETENT REGULATOR EEEP | RISK OF ADDICTION & LOSS OF PROPERTY | KETHEA HELPLINE: 210 9237777 | PLAY RESPONSIBLY & SAFELY |\nLes jeux dargent et de hasard peuvent tre dangereux : pertes dargent, conflits familiaux, addiction\nRetrouvez nos conseils sur joueurs-info-service.fr (09-74-75-13-13, appel non surtax)\nDo you want to withdraw your consent to display betting ads?\nYes, change settings\nTop\nFOOTBALL\nPremier League\nLaLiga EA Sports\nSerie A\nLigue 1\nChampions League\nEuropa League\nEuro U17 2024\nTENNIS\nTennis News\nATP Rankings\nWTA Rankings\nATP French Open 2024\nWTA French Open 2024\nATP Tour Calendar 2024\nWTA Tour Calendar 2024\nOTHER SPORTS\nNBA Scores\nFormula 1\nMotoGP\nMLB 2024\nEuroleague\nIIHF World Championship 2024\nVolleyball Nations League 2024\nTRENDING\nNHL Play-offs Scores\nF1 2024 Calendar\nNBA News\nDarts Premier League\nCBA 2024 Scores\nManchester City - Manchester United\nReal Madrid - Dortmund\nEURO 2024 LIVE\nEURO Standings\nEURO Results\nEURO Fixtures\nGermany - Scotland\nSpain - Croatia\nItaly - Albania\nPoland - Netherlands\nFlashscore.com\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nGDPR and Journalism\nAdvertise\nContact\nMobile\nLive Scores\nRecommended Sites\nFAQ\nAudio\nFollow us\nFacebook\nX\nInstagram\nTikTok\nMobile applications\nOur mobile app is optimized for your phone. 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Gambling Therapy. 18+\nCopyright 2006-24 Flashscore.com\nSet privacy", "url": "https://www.flashscore.com/team/fukuoka-s-hawks/MJ3q4UeB/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks : 2024 Roster | NPB.jp \nNippon Professional Baseball Organization\nRegular Season\nCalendar\nSchedules/Scores\nStandings\nStats\nFarm Leagues\nCalendar\nSchedules/Scores\nStandings\nStats\nTeams\nTeam Index\nChiba Lotte Marines\nChunichi Dragons\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nHanshin Tigers\nHiroshima Toyo Carp\nHokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters\nORIX Buffaloes\nSaitama Seibu Lions\nTohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles\nTokyo Yakult Swallows\nYOKOHAMA DeNA BAYSTARS\nYomiuri Giants\nPlayers\nRegister (Players Active in the NPB)\nOthers\nAbbreviations\n\nTeams\nSubMenu\nTeams\n--Teams--\nHanshin\nHiroshima\nDeNA\nYomiuri\nYakult\nChunichi\nORIX\nLotte\nSoftBank\nRakuten\nSeibu\nNippon-Ham\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nRoster\nRegular Season\nSchedules/Scores\nIndividual Batting\nIndividual Pitching\nFarm Leagues\nIndividual Batting\nIndividual Pitching\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks2024 RosterWednesday, May 29, 2024Pitchers - Catchers - Infielders - OutfieldersNo.MANAGERBornNote90Kokubo, HirokiOct. 8, 1971No.PITCHERSBornHt.(cm)Wt.(kg)TBNote17Arihara, KoheiAug. 11, 1992190100RR50Bandoh, YugoDec. 27, 199518284RR48Fujii, KouyaJul. 29, 199618287RL59Hasegawa, TakehiroAug. 9, 199917885LL63Hernandez, DarwinzonDec. 17, 1996188115LL16Higashihama, NaoJun. 20, 199018281RR29Ishikawa, ShutaDec. 27, 199118588RR27Iwai, ShunsukeJul. 30, 200118192RR67Kasaya, ShunsukeMar. 17, 199717373LL1Kazama, KyutaOct. 11, 200318497RL68Kimura, HikaruJul. 2, 200017374RL58Kimura, TaiseiSep. 12, 200318081LL41Maeda, YugoAug. 4, 200517976LL14Matayoshi, KatsukiNov. 4, 199017975RR49Matsumoto, HaruFeb. 24, 200118188LL66Matsumoto, YukiApr. 14, 199618287RL35Moinelo, LivanDec. 8, 199517869LL34Murata, KenichiAug. 31, 200117991RR39Ogata, ShutoMay 15, 199918282RL60Ohno, KazuoAug. 6, 200417668LL26Ohtsu, RyosukeJan. 13, 199917564RL53Ohyama, RyoMar. 27, 200217977RR47Ohzeki, TomohisaDec. 14, 199718494LL54Osuna, RobertoFeb. 7, 1995188104RR38Sawayanagi, RyotaroMar. 8, 200017888RR2Stewart, Jr., CarterNov. 2, 1999198101RR40Sugiyama, KazukiDec. 7, 1997193105RR18Takeda, ShotaApr. 3, 199318792RR70Tanoue, SotaNov. 26, 200218793RL56Taura, FumimaruSep. 21, 199916877LL11Tsumori, YukiJan. 21, 199817685RR21Wada, TsuyoshiFeb. 21, 198117981LLNo.CATCHERSBornHt.(cm)Wt.(kg)TBNote65Fujita, YutaroJun. 3, 200517075RR19Kai, TakuyaNov. 5, 199217087RR22Makihara, KotaJul. 13, 200217684RL12Minei, HirokiJun. 4, 199117687RR45Tanigawara, KentaApr. 16, 199717487RL62Umino, TakashiJul. 15, 199717484RR79Watanabe, RikuSep. 24, 200018790RL64Yoshida, KengoJan. 18, 200118194RRNo.INFIELDERSBornHt.(cm)Wt.(kg)TBNote33Hirose, RyutaApr. 7, 200118188RR36Ikhine, ItuaSep. 2, 200418478RL6Imamiya, KentaJul. 15, 199117276RR43Inoue, TomoyaJan. 28, 200318289RR46Kawarada, JumpeiMay 21, 200216872RR0Kawase, HikaruSep. 15, 199717571RL24Kurihara, RyoyaJul. 4, 199617983RL8Makihara, TaiseiOct. 15, 199217274RL13Mimori, MasakiFeb. 21, 199918676RL69Nakata, KeisukeJul. 25, 199917477RSRegistered(developmental player ->) (Mar. 19).55Nomura, DaijuSep. 10, 200017185RR99Nomura, IsamiDec. 1, 199617484RR23Shuto, UkyoFeb. 10, 199618071RL52Sunagawa, RichardJun. 18, 1999189118RR25Yamakawa, HotakaNov. 23, 1991176103RRNo.OUTFIELDERSBornHt.(cm)Wt.(kg)TBNote37Kai, IkumiJul. 11, 200018396RL61Kawamura, YutoAug. 13, 199918188RLRegistered(developmental player ->) (Mar. 19).3Kondoh, KensukeAug. 9, 199317186RL31Masaki, TomoyaNov. 5, 199918292RR7Nakamura, AkiraNov. 5, 198917581LL57Ogata, RikuSep. 22, 199817472RLRegistered(developmental player ->) (Mar. 19).44Sasagawa, YoshiyasuMay 31, 200219395LL28Walker, AdamOct. 18, 1991196104RR32Yanagimachi, TatsuruApr. 20, 199718080RL9Yanagita, YukiOct. 9, 198818893RLDevelopmental SquadNo.PITCHERSBornHt.(cm)Wt.(kg)TBNote158Akaba, RenApr. 9, 200418889RR135Armenta, AlexanderJun. 26, 200418579LL141Felix, MailonNov. 29, 199919081RR146Fujita, JumpeiMay 14, 200018292LL142Fujiwara, HarutoDec. 26, 200517764RR125Furukawa, YuriSep. 8, 199517891RR133Hoshino, KotaroOct. 24, 200117884RR139Izaki, SanshiroFeb. 9, 200418778RR147Katoh, KokiJul. 21, 200317781LL157Kobayashi, JuiMay 7, 200118491RR174Kuwahara, TakuyaMar. 26, 199617584RR167Maeda, JunJun. 4, 200018985LL164Minakuchi, SotaAug. 9, 1999194102RR140Miura, MizukiSep. 2, 199917478LR126Miyasato, YuwaSep. 27, 200118089RR165Miyazaki, HayatoJun. 14, 200018094LL143Murakami, ShunNov. 1, 200117477LL160Nagamizu, KeishinAug. 8, 200517862LL137Nakamura, RyotaMay 18, 199818279RR134Ohshiro, ShinnoNov. 24, 200217069LL136Ohtake, FugaAug. 22, 199918687RL162Okaue, JumpeiJul. 10, 200417778RR156Rodriguez, LuisAug. 18, 200118290RR176Sarduy, DarioNov. 12, 200518681LL163Sasaki, AkitoJan. 2, 200518280RR120Satoh, HirokiFeb. 18, 199918084LL154Satoh, TakumaMar. 18, 200018485LL152Takimoto, MasakiJul. 29, 200317984RR145Tanaka, Leiri HammondJan. 17, 200419283RR169Tobita, YuseiMar. 13, 200518589RL161Uchino, KaitoJul. 28, 200418793RR172Watanabe, YukiNov. 8, 199518389LL148Yamasaki, TakumaNov. 6, 200318590RLNo.CATCHERSBornHt.(cm)Wt.(kg)TBNote121Ishizuka, SoichiroJun. 7, 200118187RR151Katoh, SoraApr. 28, 200317579RL171Morishima, RyotaMay 27, 2004187104RRNo.INFIELDERSBornHt.(cm)Wt.(kg)TBNote175Almonte, DavidDec. 2, 200718582RR122Fujino, KeioAug. 23, 200318179RR128Itoh, DaisukeJul. 27, 200118080RR130Katsuren, HarukiApr. 30, 200117570RL124Kuwahara, ShujiMay 29, 200217682RR153Mishiro, YoshikiMar. 29, 200417993RR131Nakazawa, KokiJul. 3, 200517981RR170Nishio, AyumaJun. 20, 200016766RL149Sakuma, TakutoJul. 17, 2003183102RR129Sakura, KyoshiroNov. 3, 2005183105RL159Yamashita, KyogoJul. 7, 200417576RRNo.OUTFIELDERSBornHt.(cm)Wt.(kg)TBNote123Ohizumi, ShuyaSep. 16, 199917389LL173Ozuna, JoseMar. 27, 200718582RR168Satoh, KotaApr. 7, 200418477RR138Satoh, NaokiSep. 3, 199817788RR166Shigematsu, KaitoApr. 12, 200018796RR144Simon, MarcoSep. 18, 200418579RR150Yamamoto, KeitaAug. 6, 199918293RL\nRegular Season\nCalendar\nSchedules/Scores\nStandings\nStats\nQualifiers for Batting Championship\nQualifiers for ERA Title & Top Relievers\nAll Players\nFarm Leagues\nCalendar\nSchedules/Scores\nStandings\nStats\nQualifiers for Batting Championship\nQualifiers for ERA Title & Top Relievers\nAll Players\nTeams\nTeam Index\nWebsite\nRoster\nSchedules/Scores\nIndividual Stats\nIndividual Stats (Farm League)\nTeam History\nChiba Lotte Marines\nChunichi Dragons\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nHanshin Tigers\nHiroshima Toyo Carp\nHokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters\nORIX Buffaloes\nSaitama Seibu Lions\nTohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles\nTokyo Yakult Swallows\nYOKOHAMA DeNA BAYSTARS\nYomiuri Giants\nPlayers\nRegister (Players Active in the NPB)\nAlphabetical Listing\nTeam Roster Listing\nOthers\nAbbreviations\nHome\nENGLISH Version\nJAPANESE Version\nCopyright (C) 1996-2024 Nippon Professional Baseball Organization. All Rights Reserved.", "url": "https://npb.jp/bis/eng/teams/rst_h.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks score, schedule & standings | SofascoreDropping oddsFavouritesFootballBasketballTennisBaseballFootballBasketballTennisTable TennisIce HockeyEsportsHandballVolleyballBaseballAmerican FootballMMAMotorsportCricketRugbyMoreDartsSnookerFutsalMinifootballNew sport!BadmintonAussie RulesBeach VolleyballWater poloCyclingNew sport!FloorballBandyBaseballJapanPro Yakyu - NPBFukuoka SoftBank Hawks scores, schedule and standingsFukuoka SoftBank HawksJapanReceive notifications for all games of this teamFollow830 followersStandingsAllHomeAwayLoading...Loading...MatchesLoading...Team infoTournamentsPro Yakyu - NPBPro Yakyu - NPB, PreseasonInfoCoachUnknownCountryJapanVenueStadiumFukuoka DomeCapacity38561CityFukuoka, JapanTournamentsPro Yakyu - NPBPro Yakyu - NPB, PreseasonRecent formHover over the form graph to see event details.The height of the column represents match difficulty at the time, based on odds.Loading...About Fukuoka SoftBank HawksFukuoka SoftBank Hawks live scores, schedule and results from all baseball tournaments that Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks played.Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks next matchFukuoka SoftBank Hawks will play the next match on May 29, 2024, 9:00:00 AM UTC against Yomiuri Giants in Pro Yakyu - NPB.When the match starts, you will be able to follow Yomiuri Giants vs Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks scores, updated live as the match progress.Statistics are updated at the end of the game.Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks previous matchFukuoka SoftBank Hawks previous match was against Yomiuri Giants in Pro Yakyu - NPB, match ended with result 0 - 2 (Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks won the match).Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks fixtures tab is showing last 100 baseball matches with statistics and win/lose icons.There are also all Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks scheduled matches that they are going to play in the future.Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks performance and form graph is Sofascores unique algorithm that we are generating from the teams last 10 matches, statistics, detailed analysis and our own knowledge.This graph may help you predict Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks future matches.For todays baseball matches and results visit our baseball live scores and games today page.AboutLive scores service at Sofascore livescore offers sports live scores, results and tables. Follow your favourite teams right here live! Live score on Sofascore.com livescore is automatically updated and you don't need to refresh it manually. With adding games you want to follow in \"My games\" following your matches livescores, results and statistics will be even more simple.When the fun stops, STOPDownload SofascoreLivescore appSofascore.comSend feedback Advertise ContactSofascore Livescore appLegal Documents Privacy policy Cookie policy Terms & Conditions GDPR & Journalism 2024 Sofascore All Rights Reserved.Select sportTable TennisIce HockeyEsportsHandballVolleyballBaseballAmerican FootballMMANew sport!MotorsportCricketRugbyDartsSnookerFutsalMinifootballNew sport!BadmintonAussie RulesBeach VolleyballWater poloCyclingNew sport!FloorballBandy", "url": "https://www.sofascore.com/team/baseball/fukuoka-softbank-hawks/67122" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks | Product categories | Japan Baseball Jersey Store\nSearch for:\nLogin\nNavigationHome\nAll Items\nCentral League\nTokyo Yomiuri Giants\nTokyo Yakult Swallows\nYokohama DeNA Baystars\nChunichi Dragons\nHanshin Tigers\nHiroshima Toyo Carp\nPacific League\nHokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters\nTohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles\nChiba Lotte Marines\nSaitama Seibu Lions\nOrix Buffaloes\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nSamurai Japan\nDiscounted\nFAQ\nContact Us\nAbout Us\nSister Sites\nJapan Soccer Jersey Store\nJapan Marathon Shirt Store\nJapan Snack Store\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nHome/Pacific League/Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nShowing 112 of 58 results\nSort by popularity\nSort by average rating\nSort by latest\nSort by price: low to high\nSort by price: high to low\n2023-2024 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Replica Jersey Away Kondoh #3\n16,980\n2024 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Player Cap\n29,980\n2019-2024 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Replica Jersey Away Imamiya #6\n16,980\n2016-2024 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Flat Replica Cap Third\n8,980\n2024 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Player Cap Third\n29,980\nSale!\n2005-2015 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Replica Jersey Away\n13,980 Original price was: 13,980.8,980Current price is: 8,980.\n2016-2024 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Replica Jersey Home Yanagita #9\n16,980\n2016-2024 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Replica Jersey Away Yanagita #9\n16,980\n2019-2024 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Player Issue Jersey Third Kondoh #3\n59,980\n2016-2024 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Player Issue Jersey Away Kondoh #3\n59,980\n2016-2024 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Player Issue Jersey Home Kondoh #3\n59,980\n1989-1992 Fukuoka Daiei Hawks Happi Coat\n7,980\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n\nInstagram\njapanbaseballjersey\n2013-2015 Tokyo Yakult Swallows Jersey Home Yagi 7\n2015-2018 Yokohama DeNA Baystars Jersey Home Tsuts\n2016-2018 Saitama Seibu Lions Jersey Away Akiyama\n2016-2019 Saitama Seibu Lions Jersey Away Akiyama\n2021-2022 Tokyo Yomiuri Giants Jersey Home Sugano\n2022 Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters Jersey Home\n#h\n2022 Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters Jersey Away\n#ho\n2018 Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles Tohoku Pride Mat\n2018-2020 Tokyo Yomiuri Giants Jersey Away Okamoto\n2017 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Takanosaiten Limited M\n2020-2021 Hanshin Tigers Jersey Away Kinami 0\n#ha\n2017-2019 Chiba Lotte Marines All for Chiba Jersey\n2006 Samurai Japan Jersey Home Ichiro 51\n#japanna\n2021 Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles Tohoku Blue Jers\n2018 Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles Tohoku Pride Mat\n2017-2019 Chiba Lotte Marines Jersey Away\n#chibal\n2018-2019 Hanshin Tigers Jersey Away Fujinami 19\n2020-2021 Hanshin Tigers Jersey Away Itoi 7\n#hans\n2018-2021 Hanshin Tigers Jersey Home Takayama 9\n#\n2017-2021 Orix Buffaloes Jersey Away Masui 17\n#or\nLoad More...\nFollow on Instagram\nTwitter Tweets by baseball_shirt\nNews\nCart\nHome\nAll Items\nFAQ\nContact Us\nLegal Information\nSister Sites\nProudly powered by WordPress\n|\nTheme: montblanc by Japan Baseball Jersey Store.\nWorldwide Shipping from Japan. 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Dismiss", "url": "https://japan-baseball-jersey.com/product-category/pacificleague/hawks/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming - Leaguepedia | League of Legends Esports Wiki\nLeaguepedia | League of Legends Esports Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nAll Pages\nInteractive Maps\nNavigation\nMain page\nRecent changes\nRandom page\nJoin our Discord!\nRegions\nRoster Changes\nMSI 2024\nLPL Summer Placements\nLEC Summer Season\nLCK Summer Season\nLCS Summer Season\nPCS Summer Season\nLCO Split 2\nVCS Summer Season\nCBLOL Split 2\nLJL Summer Season\nLLA Closing Season\nCompetitive\nGCD Archive\nPlayers\nTeams\nTournaments\nEditing Help\nEditing Tutorial\nProcedures\nEditing Help\nNotability Guidelines\nFAQ\nDev Blog\nGet Help (Discord)\nApply!\nMore\nCommunity & Contact\nTwitter\nDiscord\nStaff List\nGame Info\nNew to League?\nChampions\nItems\nMinions\nMonsters\nSummoner Spells\nRunes\nPatch Notes\nGame Modes\nMiscellaneous\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nPCL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 08:00:00 +0000LIVE Legend Cup 2024 vs 29 May 2024 09:00:00 +0000LIVE LDL 2024 Replacements 2 vs 29 May 2024 09:00:00 +0000LIVE PCL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 10:00:00 +0000LIVE PCL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 12:00:00 +0000LIVE Ultraliga 2nd Division Season 9 vs 29 May 2024 15:00:00 +0000LIVE LFL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 16:00:00 +0000LIVE PRM 1st Div 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 16:00:00 +0000LIVE LVP SL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 16:00:00 +0000LIVE Streamers Clash vs 29 May 2024 16:00:00 +0000LIVE Ultraliga 2nd Division Season 9 vs 29 May 2024 16:00:00 +0000LIVE TCL Division 2 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 16:00:00 +0000LIVE LFL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 17:00:00 +0000LIVE PRM 1st Div 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 17:00:00 +0000LIVE LVP SL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 17:00:00 +0000LIVE Ultraliga 2nd Division Season 9 vs 29 May 2024 17:00:00 +0000LIVE BTL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 17:00:00 +0000LIVE BTL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 17:00:00 +0000LIVE TCL Division 2 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 17:00:00 +0000LIVE LPLOL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 18:00:00 +0000LIVE LFL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 18:00:00 +0000LIVE PRM 1st Div 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 18:00:00 +0000LIVE LVP SL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 18:00:00 +0000LIVE Ultraliga 2nd Division Season 9 vs 29 May 2024 18:00:00 +0000LIVE Arabian League 2nd Div 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 18:00:00 +0000LIVE BTL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 18:00:00 +0000LIVE BTL 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 18:00:00 +0000LIVE TCL Division 2 2024 Summer vs 29 May 2024 18:00:00 +0000LIVE LPLOL 2024 Summer vs 42mLIVE LFL 2024 Summer vs 42mLIVE PRM 1st Div 2024 Summer vs 42mLIVE LVP SL 2024 Summer vs 42mLIVE Ultraliga 2nd Division Season 9 vs 42mLIVE Arabian League 2nd Div 2024 Summer vs 42mLIVE BTL 2024 Summer vs 42mLIVE TCL Division 2 2024 Summer vs 42mLIVE LPLOL 2024 Summer vs 1h 42mLIVE LFL 2024 Summer vs 1h 42mLIVE PRM 1st Div 2024 Summer vs 1h 42mLIVE LVP SL 2024 Summer vs 1h 42mLIVE Arabian League 2nd Div 2024 Summer vs 1h 42mLIVE TCL Division 2 2024 Summer vs 1h 42mLIVE LPLOL 2024 Summer vs 2h 42mLIVE Arabian League 2nd Div 2024 Summer vs 2h 42mLIVE ODT 2024 Split 2 Promotion vs 13h 42mLIVE PCL 2024 Summer vs 13h 42mLIVE PCL 2024 Summer vs 13h 42mLIVE Legend Cup 2024 vs 14h 42mLIVE PCL 2024 Summer vs 15h 42mLIVE PCL 2024 Summer vs 15h 42mLIVE \n189,938pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nAll Pages\nInteractive Maps\nNavigation\nMain page\nRecent changes\nRandom page\nJoin our Discord!\nRegions\nRoster Changes\nMSI 2024\nLPL Summer Placements\nLEC Summer Season\nLCK Summer Season\nLCS Summer Season\nPCS Summer Season\nLCO Split 2\nVCS Summer Season\nCBLOL Split 2\nLJL Summer Season\nLLA Closing Season\nCompetitive\nGCD Archive\nPlayers\nTeams\nTournaments\nEditing Help\nEditing Tutorial\nProcedures\nEditing Help\nNotability Guidelines\nFAQ\nDev Blog\nGet Help (Discord)\nApply!\nMore\nCommunity & Contact\nTwitter\nDiscord\nStaff List\nGame Info\nNew to League?\nChampions\nItems\nMinions\nMonsters\nSummoner Spells\nRunes\nPatch Notes\nGame Modes\nMiscellaneous\nin:\nAsian Pacific Teams, Teams, Active Teams, Japanese Teams\nFukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nhidev eCurrent Events & Schedule - SoftBank HAWKSLJL 2024 Summer Participants\nAXIZ CRESTBurning Core ToyamaDetonatioN FMSoftBank HAWKSSengoku GamingV3 EsportsLJL 2024 Summer Matches\n1w 1d 15h-1w 2d 17h-2w 2d 15h-2w 3d 13h-3w 2d 15h-3w 3d 15h-4w 2d 17h-4w 3d 15h-6w 2d 13h-6w 3d 15h-hidev eFukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming RosterSoftBank HAWKS\nEvi Forest DasheR Marble Vsta\nshowOther Teams In Organization (Click [Show] to the Right)OverviewTournament ResultsStatisticsMatch HistoryPick-Ban HistorySchedule HistoryFukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gamingTeam InformationOrg LocationJapanRegionAPACAsia PacificHead CoachKim \"VicaL\" Sun-mookHistoryCreated2019-12-20Social Media & LinksCurrent RosterContents\n1 History\n2 Timeline\n3 Player Roster\n3.1 Active\n3.2 Former\n4 Player League Participation\n4.1 LJL\n5 Organization\n5.1 Current\n5.2 Former\n6 Tournaments\n7 Media\n7.1 Images\n7.2 References\nFukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming is a Japanese team. It is the esports division of the Japanese Baseball team Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS.\nHistory[]\nTimeline[]\n20192020202120222023\nDecember 20, Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming is announced as the team selected to join the LJL, replacing Unsold Stuff Gaming.[1] Dasher, Tussle, Ramune, Honey, and Pooh join. Arumik joins as substitute.[2]e\nJanuary 31, Awaker (Head Coach) is added to the GCD.[3] Dasher, Tussle, Ramune, Honey, Pooh, Arumik, and Awaker (Head Coach)'s contracts are updated in the GCD, expiring on 16 November 2020.[4]eJune 11, Dasher (Top to Mid) changes position. Arumik moves to starting roster. Ramune moves to substitute.[5]eJuly 21, Sweet (Coach) and ZanDarC (Coach) join.[6]eNovember 16, Arumik leaves.[7][8] Ramune leaves.[9][10] Honey leaves.[11][12] Pooh leaves.[13][14]eDecember 17, Awaker (Head Coach) leaves.[15]eDecember 18, apaMEN, Zenit, Corporal, and Squirtle (Coach) join. Sweet (Coach to Head Coach) changes position. Tussle and Dasher will remain with the team for 2021. ZanDarC (Coach) leaves.[16]eDecember 19, Dasher renames to DasheR.e\nJanuary 10, apaMEN, Tussle, DasheR, Zenit, Corporal, Sweet (Head Coach), and Squirtle (Coach)'s contracts are updated in the GCD, expiring on 15 November 2021.[17]eJanuary 20, Ibuki joins as substitute.[18]eJanuary 25, Ibuki's contract is updated in the GCD, expiring on 15 November 2021.[19]eJune 10, Raise (Coach) joins.[20]eJune 17, Squirtle (Coach to Head Coach) and Sweet (Head Coach to Coach) change positions.[21]eAugust (approx.), dresscode joins as substitute.[22]eNovember 15, Corporal and Raise (Coach) leave.[23][24]eDecember 2, dresscode leaves.[25]e\nFebruary 5, ApaMEN retires.[26]eFebruary 8, Kinatu, Blank, Marble, Raina, and Ares (Head Coach) join. HowLa joins as substitute. Tussle (Jungle to Manager/Coach) changes position. Dasher's contract is extended. Zenit, Ibuki, Squirtle (Head Coach), and Sweet (Coach) leave.[27]eFebruary 14, Kinatu, Blank, DasheR, Raina, HowLa, Ares (Head Coach), and Tussle (Manager,Coach)'s contracts are updated in the GCD, expiring on 22 November 2022. Marble's contract is updated in the GCD, expiring on 21 November 2023.[28]eNovember 23, Raina leaves.[29]eDecember 5, Ares (Head Coach) and Tussle (Manager,Coach)'s contracts are extended. Marble will remain with the team.[30][31][32]eDecember 6, Kinatu's contract is extended.[33]eDecember 7, Dasher's contract is extended.[34]eDecember 8, Blank's contract is extended.[35]eDecember 9, Vsta joins.[36]e\nJanuary 19, DasheR changes residency from KRKorea to JPJapan.[37]eJanuary 20, YellowYoshi, Ankochan, Kaito, and Charley join as substitutes.[38]eJune 6, SuDal (Positional Coach) joins.[39]eJune 28, Kinatu, Blank, DasheR, Vsta, YellowYoshi, Ankochan, Kaito, HowLa, Ares (Head Coach), and Tussle (Manager,Coach)'s contracts are updated in the GCD, expiring on 21 November 2023. Marble's contract is updated in the GCD, expiring on 19 November 2024. Charley's contract is updated in the GCD, expiring on 31 October 2023.[40]eOctober 31, Charley leaves.[41]eNovember 21, YellowYoshi, ankochan, Kaito, and HowLa leave.[42] Ares (Head Coach) leaves.[43]eNovember 22, Blank leaves.[44]eNovember 26, Team changes region from JPJapan to PCSPCS due to Riot reorganizing the regions. DasheR changes residency from JPJapan to PCSPCS. Kinatu changes residency from JPJapan to PCSPCS. Marble changes residency from JPJapan to PCSPCS. Tussle changes residency from JPJapan to PCSPCS.eDecember 18, Evi, Forest, VicaL (Head Coach), and Kite (Coach) join. DasheR, Vsta, and Tussle (Manager,Coach)'s contracts are extended. Marble will remain with the team for 2024. Kinatu and SuDal (Positional Coach) leave.[45]e\nPlayer Roster[]\nActive[]\nDates:Approx|ExactPlayerNameRoleContract EndsJoinedAPACEviShunsuke Murase ( )Top LanerDec 20232023-12-18 Evi, Forest, VicaL (Head Coach), and Kite (Coach) join. DasheR, Vsta, and Tussle (Manager,Coach)'s contracts are extended. Marble will remain with the team for 2024. Kinatu and SuDal (Positional Coach) leave.[45]KRForestLee Hyeon-seo ()JunglerDec 20232023-12-18 Evi, Forest, VicaL (Head Coach), and Kite (Coach) join. DasheR, Vsta, and Tussle (Manager,Coach)'s contracts are extended. Marble will remain with the team for 2024. Kinatu and SuDal (Positional Coach) leave.[45]APACDasheRKim Deok-beom ()Mid Laner2023-11-21Dec 20192019-12-20 Dasher, Tussle, Ramune, Honey, and Pooh join. Arumik joins as substitute.[2]APACMarbleRei Shimaya ()Bot Laner2024-11-19Feb 20222022-02-08 Kinatu, Blank, Marble, Raina, and Ares (Head Coach) join. HowLa joins as substitute. Tussle (Jungle to Manager/Coach) changes position. Dasher's contract is extended. Zenit, Ibuki, Squirtle (Head Coach), and Sweet (Coach) leave.[27]KRVstaOh Hyo-seong ()Support2023-11-21Dec 20222022-12-09 Vsta joins.[36]\nFormer[]\nPlayers are shown for the entire duration of their tenure on the team, with the role and substitute/trainee status they had upon their departure.Dates:Approx|ExactPlayerNameRoleJoinedLeftNext TeamAPACKinatuYuto Enomoto ( )Top LanerFeb 20222022-02-08 Kinatu, Blank, Marble, Raina, and Ares (Head Coach) join. HowLa joins as substitute. Tussle (Jungle to Manager/Coach) changes position. Dasher's contract is extended. Zenit, Ibuki, Squirtle (Head Coach), and Sweet (Coach) leave.[27]Dec 20232023-12-18 Evi, Forest, VicaL (Head Coach), and Kite (Coach) join. DasheR, Vsta, and Tussle (Manager,Coach)'s contracts are extended. Marble will remain with the team for 2024. Kinatu and SuDal (Positional Coach) leave.[45]SGJPYellowYoshiYoshiki FujimotoSub/TopJan 20232023-01-20 YellowYoshi, Ankochan, Kaito, and Charley join as substitutes.[38]Nov 20232023-11-21 YellowYoshi, ankochan, Kaito, and HowLa leave.[42]SHG.AJPankochanMasaki KawashimaSub/JunJan 20232023-01-20 YellowYoshi, Ankochan, Kaito, and Charley join as substitutes.[38]Nov 20232023-11-21 YellowYoshi, ankochan, Kaito, and HowLa leave.[42]SHG.AJPKaitoKaito MitsufujiSub/MidJan 20232023-01-20 YellowYoshi, Ankochan, Kaito, and Charley join as substitutes.[38]Nov 20232023-11-21 YellowYoshi, ankochan, Kaito, and HowLa leave.[42]SHG.AJPHowLaYuki Ishizuka ( )Sub/BotFeb 20222022-02-08 Kinatu, Blank, Marble, Raina, and Ares (Head Coach) join. HowLa joins as substitute. Tussle (Jungle to Manager/Coach) changes position. Dasher's contract is extended. Zenit, Ibuki, Squirtle (Head Coach), and Sweet (Coach) leave.[27]Nov 20232023-11-21 YellowYoshi, ankochan, Kaito, and HowLa leave.[42]BCTJPCharleyRyugo Nishimura ( )Sub/SupJan 20232023-01-20 YellowYoshi, Ankochan, Kaito, and Charley join as substitutes.[38]Oct 20232023-10-31 Charley leaves.[41]BCTJPRainaShin Okubo ( )SupportFeb 20222022-02-08 Kinatu, Blank, Marble, Raina, and Ares (Head Coach) join. HowLa joins as substitute. Tussle (Jungle to Manager/Coach) changes position. Dasher's contract is extended. Zenit, Ibuki, Squirtle (Head Coach), and Sweet (Coach) leave.[27]Nov 20222022-11-23 Raina leaves.[29]BCJPTussleLee Moon-yong ()JunglerDec 20192019-12-20 Dasher, Tussle, Ramune, Honey, and Pooh join. Arumik joins as substitute.[2]Feb 20222022-02-08 Kinatu, Blank, Marble, Raina, and Ares (Head Coach) join. HowLa joins as substitute. Tussle (Jungle to Manager/Coach) changes position. Dasher's contract is extended. Zenit, Ibuki, Squirtle (Head Coach), and Sweet (Coach) leave.[27]SHGKRZenitJeon Tae-gwon ()Bot LanerDec 20202020-12-18 apaMEN, Zenit, Corporal, and Squirtle (Coach) join. Sweet (Coach to Head Coach) changes position. Tussle and Dasher will remain with the team for 2021. ZanDarC (Coach) leaves.[16]Feb 20222022-02-08 Kinatu, Blank, Marble, Raina, and Ares (Head Coach) join. HowLa joins as substitute. Tussle (Jungle to Manager/Coach) changes position. Dasher's contract is extended. Zenit, Ibuki, Squirtle (Head Coach), and Sweet (Coach) leave.[27]NoneJPIbukiIbuki Nago ( )Sub/BotJan 20212021-01-20 Ibuki joins as substitute.[18]Feb 20222022-02-08 Kinatu, Blank, Marble, Raina, and Ares (Head Coach) join. HowLa joins as substitute. Tussle (Jungle to Manager/Coach) changes position. Dasher's contract is extended. Zenit, Ibuki, Squirtle (Head Coach), and Sweet (Coach) leave.[27]RetiredJPApaMENRyo Odagiri ( )Top LanerDec 20202020-12-18 apaMEN, Zenit, Corporal, and Squirtle (Coach) join. Sweet (Coach to Head Coach) changes position. Tussle and Dasher will remain with the team for 2021. ZanDarC (Coach) leaves.[16]Feb 20222022-02-05 ApaMEN retires.[26]DFMJPdresscodeYoshiki HashimotoSub/BotAug 20212021-08-?? dresscode joins as substitute.[22]Dec 20212021-12-02 dresscode leaves.[25]V3JPCorporalIan PearseSupportDec 20202020-12-18 apaMEN, Zenit, Corporal, and Squirtle (Coach) join. Sweet (Coach to Head Coach) changes position. Tussle and Dasher will remain with the team for 2021. ZanDarC (Coach) leaves.[16]Nov 20212021-11-15 Corporal and Raise (Coach) leave.[23][24]ORDJPArumikNaoya KimuraTop LanerDec 20192019-12-20 Dasher, Tussle, Ramune, Honey, and Pooh join. Arumik joins as substitute.[2]Nov 20202020-11-16 Arumik leaves.[7][8]RetiredKRHoneyPark Bo-heon ()Bot LanerDec 20192019-12-20 Dasher, Tussle, Ramune, Honey, and Pooh join. Arumik joins as substitute.[2]Nov 20202020-11-16 Honey leaves.[11][12]AXZJPPoohNorimitsu HosogaiSupportDec 20192019-12-20 Dasher, Tussle, Ramune, Honey, and Pooh join. Arumik joins as substitute.[2]Nov 20202020-11-16 Pooh leaves.[13][14]RetiredJPRamuneOsamu Ozawa ( )Sub/MidDec 20192019-12-20 Dasher, Tussle, Ramune, Honey, and Pooh join. Arumik joins as substitute.[2]Nov 20202020-11-16 Ramune leaves.[9][10]SG\nPlayer League Participation[]\nPlayoff games are NOT included, but regular-season tiebreaker games ARE.LJLPlayer2014201620172018201920202021202220232024GamesWinterSpringSummerSpringSummerSpringSummerSpringSummerSpringSummerSpringSummerSpringSummerSpringSummerSpringSummerSpringSummerTussle245DasheR210Ramune141Honey131Pooh29Arumik36ApaMEN245Corporal105Zenit27Raina192Kinatu141Marble112Vsta70Evi308Forest20\nOrganization[]\nCurrent[]\nC\nID\nName\nPosition\nyasupenber\nManager\nTussle\nLee Moon-yong ()\n80Manager & Coach\nVicaL\nKim Sun-mook ()\n80Head Coach\nKite\nKim Yong-yeon ()\n80Coach\nFormer[]\nC\nID\nName\nPosition\nNext Team\nSuDal\nKim Sung-jin ()\n80Positional Coach\nDignitas\nAres\nKim Min-kwon ()\n80Head Coach\nKaBuM! Esports\nSquirtle\nPark Hyeon-woo ()\n80Head Coach\nKT Rolster Academy\nSweet\nChun Jung-hee ()\n80Coach\nNone\nRaise\nOh Ji-hwan ()\n80Coach\nDRX\nZanDarC\nOh Chang-jong ()\n80Coach\nNone\nAwaker\nKentaro Hanaoka\n80Head Coach\nV3 Esports\nTournaments[]\nThis table shows up to the 10 most recent results. For complete results, click here.\nMinimum place\nShow All\nShow First 10\nFukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming Tournament Results - Show Prize as (Local USD Euros)DatePlPrizeEventLast ResultRoster2024-04-072$20,000$ 20,000$20,000 PCS 2024 Spring Playoffs0: 3PSGEvi, Forest, DasheR, Marble, Vsta, VicaL, Tussle2024-03-0316,000,0006,000,0006,000,000 LJL 2024 Spring Playoffs3: 0DFMEvi, Forest, DasheR, Marble, Vsta, VicaL2024-02-182 LJL 2024 Spring7-2-1RREvi, Forest, DasheR, Marble, Vsta, Tussle, Kite, VicaL2023-08-202 LJL 2023 Summer Playoffs2: 3DFMKinatu, Blank, DasheR, Marble, Vsta, Ares2023-07-162 LJL 2023 Summer5 - 2RRKinatu, Blank, DasheR, Marble, Vsta, Ares2023-04-093 - 4 LJL 2023 Spring Playoffs0: 3DFMKinatu, Blank, Dasher, Marble, Vsta, Ares2023-03-263 LJL 2023 Spring11 - 3RRKinatu, Blank, Dasher, Marble, Vsta, Ares2022-09-023 LJL 2022 Summer Playoffs1: 3SGKinatu, Blank, DasheR, Marble, Raina, Ares2022-08-173 LJL 2022 Summer15 - 6RRKinatu, Blank, DasheR, Marble, Raina, Ares2022-04-015 - 6 LJL 2022 Spring Playoffs1: 3BCKinatu, Blank, DasheR, Marble, Raina, AresTotal Prize: USD 20,000 JPY 6,000,000\nMedia[]\n202120232024\nJanuary 19, e (Japanese) with Haru Iida on web SportivaeAugust 18, SHG's Corporal, LJL's Future: \"The LJL has the individual power to compete with every other league.\" with MaskedSwan on YouTubee\nApril 28, SHG Marble (Japanese) with clean-zed on LoL NinjaeAugust 25, 5DFMSHGLJL 2023 Summer Split Finals (Japanese) by , and on funglr GameseAugust 28, LJL 2023 Summer Split FINALS DFM vs SHG by on eSports WorldeSeptember 11, SHG Kinatu (Japanese) with clean-zed on LoL NinjaeSeptember 12, SHG Marble (Japanese) with clean-zed on LoL NinjaeSeptember 22, e (Japanese) with SoftBank News Editors on SoftBank Newse\nJanuary 9, SHG EviDFM (Japanese) with clean-zed on LoL NinjaeJanuary 19, LoLEvi (Japanese) with SoftBank News Editors on SoftBank NewseMarch 23, LoLSHG EviPCS PCS (Japanese) with on GAME WatcheMarch 28, SHGEviLJL with on Yahoo eMarch 28, PCS Evi with LoL Pacific Championship Series on LoL Pacific Championship SerieseApril 8, SHG DasheRPCSPSG with on eSports Worlde\nImages[]\n2020 Spring Roster\n2022 Summer Roster\n2023 Spring Roster\nReferences[]\n LJL (Japanese) jp.lolesports.com\n 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 3.0 3.1 Archive Pages: before change - JPN - 2020-01-30; after change - JPN - 2020-01-31\n Archive Pages: before change - JPN - 2019-10-09; after change - JPN - 2020-01-31\n LJL Official Tweet twitter.com\n 6.0 6.1 6.2 (Japanese) gaming.softbankhawks.co.jp\n 7.0 7.1 Arumik's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 8.0 8.1 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 9.0 9.1 Ramune's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 10.0 10.1 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 11.0 11.1 Honey's Tweet twitter.com\n 12.0 12.1 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 13.0 13.1 Pooh's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 14.0 14.1 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 15.0 15.1 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 2021LOL gaming.softbankhawks.co.jp\n Archive Pages: before change - JPN - 2021-01-09; after change - JPN - 2021-01-10\n 18.0 18.1 LoL Esports lolesports.com\n Archive Pages: before change - JPN - 2021-01-24; after change - JPN - 2021-01-25\n 20.0 20.1 (Japanese) gaming.softbankhawks.co.jp\n LJL's Tweet twitter.com\n 22.0 22.1 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks gaming Team Profile lolesports.com\n 23.0 23.1 23.2 Corporal's Tweet twitter.com\n 24.0 24.1 24.2 Raise's Tweet twitter.com\n 25.0 25.1 v3's Tweet twitter.com\n 26.0 26.1 apaMEN's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 27.10 27.11 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks gaming's Tweet twitter.com\n Archive Pages: before change - JPN - 2022-02-13; after change - JPN - 2022-02-14\n 29.0 29.1 Raina's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming's Tweet twitter.com\n Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming's Tweet twitter.com\n Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 36.0 36.1 Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming's Tweet twitter.com\n LJL's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 Fukuoka Softbank HAWKS gaming's Tweet twitter.com\n 39.0 39.1 Fukuoka Softbank HAWKS gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n Archive Pages: before change - JPN - 2023-06-27; after change - JPN - 2023-06-28\n 41.0 41.1 Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\n 43.0 43.1 Ares' Tweet twitter.com\n Blank's Tweet twitter.com\n 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 Fukuoka SoftBank HAWKS gaming's Tweet (Japanese) twitter.com\nCategories\nCategories:\nAsian Pacific Teams\nTeams\nActive Teams\nJapanese Teams\nFandom's League of Legends Esports wiki covers tournaments, teams, players, and personalities in League of Legends.\nPages that were modified between April 2014 and June 2016 are adapted from information taken from Esportspedia.com. Pages modified between June 2016 and September 2017 are adapted from information taken from EsportsWikis.com.\nContent is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nSci-fi\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Leaguepedia | League of Legends Esports Wiki\n1\n2024 Mid-Season Invitational\n2\nLEC/2024 Season/Summer Season\n3\nLCK/2024 Season/Summer Season\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nLeaguepedia | League of Legends Esports Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://lol.fandom.com/wiki/Fukuoka_SoftBank_HAWKS_gaming" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Google Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro: Features, specs, price\nblog.google uses cookies from Google to deliver and enhance the quality of its services and to analyze traffic. Learn more.Hide\nSkip to main content\nThe Keyword\nMeet Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro, our newest phones\nShare\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nMail\nCopy link\nLatest stories\nProduct updates\nProduct updates\nAndroid, Chrome & Play\nAndroid\nChrome\nChromebooks\nGoogle Play\nWear OS by Google\nDevices & Services\nChromecast\nFitbit\nGoogle Nest\nPixel\nExplore & Get Answers\nGemini\nGoogle Assistant\nMaps\nNews\nSearch\nShopping\nConnect & Communicate\nPhotos\nTranslate\nRegistry\nIn The Cloud\nDocs, Sheets and Slides\nGmail\nGoogle Cloud\nMeet\nMore on the Cloud Blog\nSee all product updates\nAndroid, Chrome & Play\nAndroid\nChrome\nChromebooks\nGoogle Play\nWear OS by Google\nDevices & Services\nChromecast\nFitbit\nGoogle Nest\nPixel\nExplore & Get Answers\nGemini\nGoogle Assistant\nMaps\nNews\nSearch\nShopping\nConnect & Communicate\nPhotos\nTranslate\nRegistry\nIn The Cloud\nDocs, Sheets and Slides\nGmail\nGoogle Cloud\nMeet\nMore on the Cloud Blog\nSee all product updates\nCompany news\nCompany news\nOutreach & initiatives\nDiversity and inclusion\nEducation\nGoogle.org\nGrow with Google\nSustainability\nSee all\nTechnology\nAI\nDevelopers\nFamilies\nNext billion users\nSafety and security\nSee all\nInside Google\nData centers and infrastructure\nDoodles\nGooglers\nLife at Google\nSee all\nAround the globe\nGoogle in Asia\nGoogle in Europe\nGoogle in Latin America\nSee all\nAuthors\nSundar Pichai, CEO\nRuth Porat, SVP and CFO\nKent Walker, SVP\nSee all\nOutreach & initiatives\nDiversity and inclusion\nEducation\nGoogle.org\nGrow with Google\nSustainability\nSee all\nTechnology\nAI\nDevelopers\nFamilies\nNext billion users\nSafety and security\nSee all\nInside Google\nData centers and infrastructure\nDoodles\nGooglers\nLife at Google\nSee all\nAround the globe\nGoogle in Asia\nGoogle in Europe\nGoogle in Latin America\nSee all\nAuthors\nSundar Pichai, CEO\nRuth Porat, SVP and CFO\nKent Walker, SVP\nSee all\nSubscribe\nSubscribe\nThe Keyword\nLatest stories\nProduct updates\nProduct updates\nAndroid, Chrome & Play\nAndroid\nChrome\nChromebooks\nGoogle Play\nWear OS by Google\nDevices & Services\nChromecast\nFitbit\nGoogle Nest\nPixel\nExplore & Get Answers\nGemini\nGoogle Assistant\nMaps\nNews\nSearch\nShopping\nConnect & Communicate\nPhotos\nTranslate\nRegistry\nIn The Cloud\nDocs, Sheets and Slides\nGmail\nGoogle Cloud\nMeet\nMore on the Cloud Blog\nSee all product updates\nCompany news\nCompany news\nOutreach & initiatives\nDiversity and inclusion\nEducation\nGoogle.org\nGrow with Google\nSustainability\nSee all\nTechnology\nAI\nDevelopers\nFamilies\nNext billion users\nSafety and security\nSee all\nInside Google\nData centers and infrastructure\nDoodles\nGooglers\nLife at Google\nSee all\nAround the globe\nGoogle in Asia\nGoogle in Europe\nGoogle in Latin America\nSee all\nAuthors\nSundar Pichai, CEO\nRuth Porat, SVP and CFO\nKent Walker, SVP\nSee all\nPress corner\nRSS feed\nSubscribe\nPixel\nMeet Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro, our newest phones\nOct 04, 2023\n[[read-time]] min read\nShare\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nMail\nCopy link\nTheyre packed with updated cameras, new sensors, helpful features and more.\nBrian Rakowski\nVP, Product Management\nShare\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nMail\nCopy link\n10:25\nMeet Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro, engineered by Google and built with AI at the center for a more helpful and personal experience. These phones are packed with first-of-their-kind features, all powered by Google Tensor G3. And theyll get seven years of software updates, including Android OS upgrades, security updates and regular Feature Drops. Take a closer look at the new phones everything from the beautiful design and new sensors to updated cameras.A polished look made for your everydayPixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro are elegantly designed with softer silhouettes, beautiful metal finishes and recycled materials.Pixel 8, with its contoured edges and smaller size than Pixel 7, feels great in your hand. It has a 6.2-inch Actua display, which gives you real-world clarity and is 42% brighter than Pixel 7s display. Pixel 8 features satin metal finishes, a polished glass back and comes in Rose, Hazel and Obsidian.\n1\n2\n3\nPixel 8 Pros 6.7-inch Super Actua display features our brightest display yet. So even in direct sunlight, youll love how true-to-life your Ultra HDR images look. It also has a matte glass back with a polished aluminum frame and comes in three colors: Porcelain, Bay and Obsidian.And on the back of the Pixel 8 Pro, a new temperature sensor lets you quickly scan an object to get its temperature. Use it to check if your pan is hot enough to start cooking or if the milk in your babys bottle is at the right temperature. Weve also submitted an application to the FDA, to enable Pixels Thermometer App to take your temperature and save it to Fitbit.\n1\n2\n3\nMore camera improvementsPixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro feature powerful, upgraded camera systems for stunning photo and video quality, plus game-changing editing tools.Every camera on the Pixel 8 Pro has been upgraded, starting with the main camera that captures better photos and videos in low-light settings. The bigger ultrawide lens delivers even better Macro Focus, the telephoto lens captures 56% more light and takes 10x photos at optical quality, and the front-facing camera now has autofocus for the best selfies on a Pixel phone.And Pixel 8 has the same updated main camera, plus a new ultrawide lens that enables Macro Focus.The camera app has an intuitive, redesigned interface, letting you quickly find and capture content in your favorite photo and video modes. And for Pixel 8 Pro, youll have access to Pro Controls, giving you more creative control of the Pixel Camera with settings like shutter speed, ISO, 50 MP photos throughout the zoom range and more.\nWeve all been in that situation where you have the perfect group photo, but someone isnt looking at the camera. Best Take1 uses the photos you did take to get the photo you thought you took. To make that happen, an on-device algorithm creates a blended image from a series of photos to get everyones best look.\nVideo format not supported\nMagic Editor in Google Photos is a new experimental editing experience that uses generative AI to help you bring your photos in line with the essence of the moment you were trying to capture. You can reposition and resize subjects or use presets to make the background pop all with just a few taps.\nVideo format not supported\nAudio Magic Eraser1 lets you easily reduce distracting sounds in your video, like howling winds or noisy crowds. This first-of-its-kind computational audio capability uses advanced machine learning models to sort sounds into distinct layers so you can control their levels.\nVideo format not supported\nLater this year, Pixel 8 Pro will get Video Boost, which pairs Tensor G3 with our powerful data centers to apply cutting-edge processing to your videos. It adjusts color, lighting, stabilization and graininess, and the result is stunning videos that look true to life. Video Boost also enables Night Sight Video on Pixel for better low-light smartphone video quality.Features to help you save time and get things doneNow you can quickly get more context and dive deeper into a webpage. With Summarize, Pixel can generate a summary of a webpage, so you can quickly understand the key points. And your Pixel can even read aloud and translate webpages for you so you can listen to articles on the go.2\nPixel is even better at understanding the nuances of human speech, so you can talk to it more naturally to get things done. If you take a pause or say um, it will wait until youre done before responding. Use your voice to quickly type, edit and send messages, even if you speak multiple languages.2And with improved AI, Call Screen now helps you receive 50% fewer spam calls on average.3 It will silently answer calls from unknown numbers with a more natural-sounding voice to engage the caller. Its also smart enough to separate the calls you want from the calls you dont. And soon, Call Screen will suggest contextual replies for you to tap to quickly respond to simple calls, like appointment confirmations, without having to answer the phone.\n7 years of updates to keep you and your personal information secureGoogle Tensor G3 works with the Titan M2 security chip to protect personal information and make your Pixel more resilient to sophisticated attacks. And now, Face Unlock on Pixel 8 meets the highest Android biometric class, allowing you to access compatible banking and payment apps like Google Wallet.With Pixel, you receive exclusive features and updates that keep your phone getting better over time. For the first time, were providing seven years of software support for Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro including OS upgrades, security updates and regular Feature Drops.4Pre-order your phone today or get it on shelf starting October 12Pre-order Pixel 8 today starting at $699 and Pixel 8 Pro from $999. If you pre-order a Pixel 8 Pro, youll get a Pixel Watch 2 on us.5 You can also pre-order the new Pixel phones on Google Fi Wireless and get their best deals yet. Plus, enjoy flexible, secure phone plans that include full connectivity for the Pixel Watch 2 at no additional cost.Both devices, plus cases from us and our partners, will be available at the Google Store and our retail partners beginning October 12.\nPOSTED IN:\nPixel\nRead Article\nMore Information\n1\nRequires Google Photos app.\n2\nAvailable in U.S. English only.\n3\nCompared to the earlier version of Call Screen. Based on internal benchmarking data of users using the default level of protection. Enhancement available only in English in the U.S. See g.co/pixel/callassist for details.\n4\nSecurity updates for at least 7 years from when the device first became available on the Google Store in the U.S. See g.co/pixel/updates for details.\n5\nOffer ends 10/11/23; while supplies last. Exclusions apply; not available in all markets. See store.google.com/collection/offers for additional terms.\nCollapse\nRelated stories\nAccessibility\nFour new ways were partnering with the disability community\nBy\nLaura Allen\nMay 16, 2024\nPixel\n8 things I loved in my first week with the Pixel 8a\nBy\nMolly McHugh-Johnson\nMay 14, 2024\nPixel\nMeet Pixel 8a: The Google AI phone at an unbeatable value\nBy\nSoniya Jobanputra\nMay 07, 2024\nPixel\n4 tips on getting the most out of Pixel 8 Pros Video Boost\nBy\nMolly McHugh-Johnson\nMay 02, 2024\nFitbit\nHow Fitbit can help you measure stress and use it to your advantage\nBy\nMolly McHugh-Johnson\nApr 17, 2024\nPixel\n6 photography tips to capture the solar eclipse with your Pixel\nBy\nJocelyn Runice\nApr 04, 2024\n.\nLets stay in touch. 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Heres how it works.\nPhones\nAndroid Phones\nGoogle Phones\nIve been using the Pixel 8 Pro for nearly 6 months what I love and hate\nFeatures\nBy John Velasco published March 21, 2024\nAfter all this time, the Pixel 8 Pro remains my daily driver\nComments (0)\n(Image credit: Future)\nMy time with Pixel phones have been limited to short affairs, mainly because Im often seduced by other, more attractive phones that come out a short time later. For most of 2023, I was rocking the Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra as my daily driver, only to reluctantly replace it when I got my hands on the Pixel 8 Pro. Im actually surprised that Ive held on to Google's phone for nearly six months, which is the longest stretch Ive had with a Google phone since the Nexus 6P almost a decade ago.I often tell people that its difficult to assess a phones worth after using it for a couple of weeks. Instead, you really get to understand a phones worth when you use it for a much longer period. There's a good reason why the Pixel 8 Pro has a spot in our best phones guide, but after using it as my daily driver for this long, I have a newfound appreciation for Pixel phones.Sure, the Pixel 8 Pro may not have the same bells and whistles of the Galaxy S24 Ultra, nor does it have the obnoxiously long battery life and fast charging of the OnePlus 12. But despite that, Google's phone packages everything I want and use without the pricier cost that comes with most top-of-the-line phones.Heres everything I love and hate about the Pixel 8 Pro after using it long term.Google Pixel 8 Pro: was $999 now $749 @ Amazon\nGoogle's flagship delivers a bright screen and a number of AI improvements powered by its Tensor G3 chips. Photography remains the main lure of the Pixel 8 Pro, thanks to an excellent camera system and AI-driven photo processing. As of this writing, the Pixel 8 Pro is $250 off at Amazon.View DealIt always looks clean(Image credit: Future)I love the premium feel of the iPhone 15 Pro Max, but Apple's phone feels dense and a little sharp around the edges. In my opinion, Google has a more charming designwith the Pixel 8 Pro; it feels surprisingly lightweight for its size, easier to hold with its curved edges, and it always looks incredibly clean each time I take it out of my pocket.Thats because of the matte back glass its rocking, which repels smudges much better than the polished or clear glass finishes used in many other phones. It also helps that Im rocking the Bay color of the Pixel 8 Pro, which is a refreshing option over the muted black and white hues other phones stick with.Access to all cameras while shooting video at 24 fps(Image credit: Future)Considering that I record a lot of acting reels with student actors and actresses, I lean on my phone as a backup to my mirrorless camera. Interestingly enough, the Pixel 8 Pro is the only phone Ive come across that lets me record at the cinematic frame rate of 24 fps while giving me access to all three cameras. The frame rate is important because other phones, like the newer Galaxy S24 Ultra, lets me switch to any camera when recording at 30 or 60 fps, but not at 24 fps when using its manual video mode.Sign up to get the BEST of Toms Guide direct to your inbox.Upgrade your life with a daily dose of the biggest tech news, lifestyle hacks and our curated analysis. Be the first to know about cutting-edge gadgets and the hottest deals.Contact me with news and offers from other Future brandsReceive email from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsorsBy submitting your information you agree to the Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy and are aged 16 or over.This extra utility is important for a videographer like myself because it allows me to match the frame rate recording of my mirrorless camera while giving me the ability to go near, far, and zoom with its three cameras.Temperature sensor is still as novel as ever(Image credit: Future)When Google announced the Pixel 8 Pro, it was still waiting on FDA clearance for using it to measure your body temperature. Well, after a good while, that feature eventually got approved and the temperature sensor on the back of the phone could be used for that purpose.While it can come in a pinch if you absolutely need to measure body temperature when you think youre coming down with a cold or something, its one of those features that has practical applications elsewhere. As much as Google wants to convince me to use the temperature sensor to see if the asphalt outside is too hot for a dog to walk on it, I can just rely on common sense at that point.Call Screen is my new assistant(Image credit: Future)Out of all the Google AI features introduced with the Pixel 8 Pro, I admit that the upgraded Call Screen feature is still my favorite. Thats because it works well for taking phone calls when I cant. Its sort of like having an actual assistant who picks up phone calls for you and relays the message.I cant tell you how many times Ive leaned on it to pick up unknown phone numbers that call me. Not only does the Google Assistant sound realistic just like an actual person but it listens to the conversation to provide contextual responses that I can select. It saves me a ton of time and frustration from dealing with unwanted solicitors.Overlooked astrophotography(Image credit: Future)Nearly every flagship phone can capture astrophotography. Yet, the Pixel 8 Pro has a trick up its sleeve that few other phones offer. Im referring to a dedicated long exposure when using Night Mode. Other phones technically perform long exposures with their astrophotography, but they often top out at 6 seconds thats unless they have a manual mode that lets them go for much longer.With the Pixel 8 Pro, Ive captured crisp looking night skies filled with bright stars with Night Sight, which sometimes takes upwards of 4 minutes to complete. But its worth the wait because Ive even managed to capture the faint burst of gasses coming from the Great Orion Nebula.128GB starting storage is puzzling(Image credit: Future)As Ive mentioned, I shoot a ton of acting reels all of which are in 4K and can easily exceed 10 minutes with each clip. When you multiply that by 10, storage begins to be a major factor because the 128GB capacity of the Pixel 8 Pro is hilariously dated at this point.Yes, it could be a cost issue that allows the Pixel 8 Pro to meet its $999 starting rice, but its just unbelievable that Google thinks 128GB is a sufficient amount in 2024, a time when Samsung makes 256GB the starting storage point for both the Galaxy S24 Ultra and Galaxy S24 Plus. After each recording session, Im forced to copy over video files to my laptop so that I still have some free room on my phone for other things.Photo editing like a pro(Image credit: Future)And finally, Ive come to rely on the Pixel 8 Pro to take the outstanding looking photos it captures straight from the camera and make them better with the help of editing. The built-in editing features in Google Photos are amazing, especially the Pixel exclusive stuff like Magic Editor and Magic Eraser.Its so easy to remove unwanted stuff in photos that it can make the average person seem like a seasoned photo editor with years of experience tweaking photos. Im always impressed that its nearly impossible at times for me to notice that theyve been tweaked in the first place.More from Tom's GuideGalaxy Z Fold 6 FE 3 things Samsung must get right with its cheaper foldableTikTok launches new Creator Rewards Program to pay creators who make trending search contentApple's road map for next 3 years just tipped by leaker here's all the new products on the wayCategoryBack to Mobile Cell PhonesBrandGoogle OnePlus Samsung RAM12GB RAM 16GB RAM Storage Size128GB 256GB 512GB 1TB ColourBlack Yellow ConditionNew Refurbished PriceAny PriceShowing 10 of 146 dealsFiltersSORT BYPrice (low to high)Price (high to low)Product Name (A to Z)Product Name (Z to A)Retailer name (A to Z)Retailer name (Z to A)Google Pixel 8 Pro(128GB)Our Review1$999$874.99ViewSamsung Galaxy S24 Ultra(256GB)Our Review2$1,299.99$1,049.99ViewGoogle Pixel 83$679ViewGoogle Pixel 8 Pro(128GB)Our Review4$999ViewGoogle Pixel 8 ProOur Review5$1,039.99ViewGoogle Pixel 86$799ViewSamsung Galaxy S24 Ultra(256GB Black)Our Review7$1,290ViewSamsung Galaxy S24 UltraOur Review8$1,419.99$1,299.99ViewSamsung Galaxy S24 UltraOur Review9$1,300ViewSamsung Galaxy S24 Ultra(Black)Our Review10$1,299.99ViewLoad more deals\nJohn VelascoSocial Links NavigationSenior Channel Editor for PhonesJohns a senior editor covering phones for Toms Guide. Hes no stranger in this area having covered mobile phones and gadgets since 2008 when he started his career. On top of his editor duties, hes a seasoned videographer being in front and behind the camera producing YouTube videos. Previously, he held editor roles with PhoneArena, Android Authority, Digital Trends, and SPY. Outside of tech, he enjoys producing mini documentaries and fun social clips for small businesses, enjoying the beach life at the Jersey Shore, and recently becoming a first time homeowner.\nMore about google pixel phonesGoogle could steal this iOS lock screen feature heres what we knowGoogle is bringing a split-screen to Circle to Search on Pixel devicesLatestAll the streaming services you'll need to watch the upcoming NFL season and how much it'll costSee more latest\nSee all comments (0)\nNo comments yet\nComment from the forums\nMost PopularThis is the best-looking game Ive played on Switch and I'm adding it to my mindfulness routine7 top tips for growing juicy tomatoesYou dont need weights to build stronger legs just these 6 bodyweight exercisesYou only need 8 moves to strengthen your core, build strength all over and boost your metabolism without weightsHow to buy a mattress online during Memorial Day sales 5 pro tipsI tried the OXS Thunder Pro soundbar for a month, and now Im ditching my pro studio speakersPersonal trainer recommends these 6 moves to build a stronger core and improve your posture without weightsBest NordVPN alternativesI took over 200 photos with the Pixel 8a vs Pixel 8 heres the winner3 best ways to trellis tomatoes for an abundant cropYou just need a kettlebell and 3 mobility exercises to unlock tight hips and boost hamstring flexibility\nMOST READMOST SHARED1All the streaming services you'll need to watch the upcoming NFL season and how much it'll cost2NYT Strands today hints, spangram and answers for game #85 (Monday, May 28 2024)3I ran over 100 miles in the Asics Metaspeed Sky Paris I think its the best racing shoe available4Ghost of Tsushima on PC is so good I might sell my PS5 heres why5Google Pixel Fold 2 release date could be key to beating the Galaxy Z Fold 61NYT Strands today hints, spangram and answers for game #85 (Monday, May 28 2024)2I ran over 100 miles in the Asics Metaspeed Sky Paris I think its the best racing shoe available3Ghost of Tsushima on PC is so good I might sell my PS5 heres why4Google Pixel Fold 2 release date could be key to beating the Galaxy Z Fold 657 best shows like 'The Veil' to stream after the finale\nTom's Guide is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. 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Offer may not be combined with other offers.\nend of navigation menu\nHomeSmartphonesGoogleGoogle Pixel 8 Pro4.2 out of 5 rating328 ReviewsPlay videosRed Hot Deal DaysGoogle Pixel 8 Pro, Google Pixel Watch 2 and Samsung Galaxy Tab S9 FE 5G.\nAll on us.Learn MoreStarts at $6.66/mo$1179.99Available offersSave $819.99. New line req'd. Online only.Save $819.99. New line req'd. Online only.DetailsTrade in and save up to $1000. New line req'd.Trade in and save up to $1000. New line req'd.DetailsTrade in and save up to $800. Upgrade req'd.Trade in and save up to $800. Upgrade req'd.DetailsGet a 65\" 4K TV on us. New line req'd.Get a 65\" 4K TV on us. New line req'd.DetailsColorWhat color do you want?StorageNew or existing customerNew customerExisting customerPayment optionsOne-time activation fee of $35.Device unlocking policyOverviewIntroducing Pixel 8 Pro, the all-pro phone engineered by Google. Its sleek, powerful, and secure, with the best Pixel Camera yet. And the new Google Tensor G3 chip is custom-designed with Google AI for cutting-edge photo and video features and smarter ways to help throughout your day.1 Pair Pixel 8 Pro with Verizon, the network America relies on, and experience ultra-fast connectivity with Verizons 5G Ultra Wideband network, now in more and more places.All specsReviews4.24.2 out of 5 rating328 reviews68% of reviewers recommend this product.Write a reviewGreat google phone 5 out of 5 rating 23 hours agoCheck Mark GraphicYes, I'd recommend this product.Great phone, screen seems better than the 7 but biased to Google phones as I have had nothing but great experience with them.Retired 4 out of 5 rating 2 days agoCheck Mark GraphicYes, I'd recommend this product.Still learning about phoneAll reviewsCompare devicesCurrently ViewingGoogle Pixel 8 ProStarts at $29.44/mofor 36 months, 0% APRGoogle Pixel 8Starts at $22.22/mofor 36 months, 0% APRGoogle Pixel 7aStarts at $15.27/mofor 36 months, 0% APRGoogle Pixel 6 ProStarts at $27.77/mofor 36 months, 0% APRGoogle Pixel 8 ProBattery lifeUp to 4G usage 27.38 hoursGoogle Pixel 8Battery lifeUp to 4G usage 26.80 hrsGoogle Pixel 7aBattery lifeUp to 27.1 hrGoogle Pixel 6 ProBattery lifeUp to 25.68 hrs.Google Pixel 8 ProScreenFull-screen 6.7-inch (170 mm) | Super Actua display | (1344 x 2992) LTPO OLED at 489 PPIGoogle Pixel 8ScreenFull-screen 6.2-inch (157 mm) | Actua display (1080 x 2400) OLED at 428 PPIGoogle Pixel 7aScreenFull-screen 6.1-inch display | FHD+ (1080x2400) OLED at 429 PPI | Corning Gorilla Glass 3 cover glassGoogle Pixel 6 ProScreenQHD+ (1440 x 3120) LTPO OLED at 512 ppi | Corning Gorilla Glass Victus cover glassGoogle Pixel 8 ProReviews4.1967 out of 5 rating(308)Google Pixel 8Reviews4.1584 out of 5 rating(222)Google Pixel 7aReviews4.0084 out of 5 rating(238)Google Pixel 6 ProReviews3.8451 out of 5 rating(2513)Google Pixel 8 ProStorage512 GB, 256 GB, 128 GB (Subject to availability)Google Pixel 8Storage256 GB, 128 GB (Subject to availability)Google Pixel 7aStorage128 GB (Subject to availability)Google Pixel 6 ProStorage256 GB (Subject to availability)Google Pixel 8 ProRear camera50 MP Octa PD wide camera | 48 MP Quad PD ultrawide camera with autofocus | 48 MP Quad PD telephoto cameraGoogle Pixel 8Rear camera12 MP ultrawide camera with autofocus | 1.25 m pixel width | /2.2 aperture | 125.8 field of viewGoogle Pixel 7aRear camera64 MP Quad PD Quad Bayer wide camera | 13 MP ultrawideGoogle Pixel 6 ProRear camera50 MP Octa PD Quad Bayer wide | 12 MP ultrawide | 48 MP telephoto Google Pixel 8 ProColorsGoogle Pixel 8ColorsGoogle Pixel 7aColorsGoogle Pixel 6 ProColorsGo to detailsGo to detailsGo to detailsCompared to earlier Pixel phones.\nWhen measured diagonally as a rectangle, screen is 6.7 inches. Actual viewable area is less. Dimension may vary by configuration and manufacturing process.\nNot available for all apps or content.\nNot available on all cameras or apps.\nRequires Google Photos app.\nRequires Google Photos app. May not work on all audio elements.\nRequires internet connection and compatible apps and surfaces. Results may vary depending on visual matches.\nNot available in all countries or languages. See See g.co/pixel/callassist for details.\nNot available in all languages or countries. See g.co/pixel/googleassistant for details.\nNot available in all languages or countries. See g.co/pixel/googleassistant for details.\nCommon Criteria certification for hardware and cryptographic library. See g.co/pixel/certifications for details.\nPersonal Safety app features like Crisis Alerts are dependent upon network connectivity and other factors and may not be available in all areas. For more information, see g.co/pixel/personalsafety.\nCar crash detection not available in all languages or countries. Car crash detection may not detect all accidents. High-impact activities may trigger calls to emergency services. This feature is dependent upon network connectivity and other factors and may not be reliable for emergency communications or available in all areas. For country and language availability and more information see g.co/pixel/carcrashdetection.\nFor \"over 24 hours\": Estimated battery life based on testing using a median Pixel user battery usage profile across a mix of talk, data, standby, and use of other features. Average battery life during testing was approximately 31 hours. Battery testing conducted on a major carrier network. For Up to 72 hours: Estimated battery life based on testing using a median Pixel user battery usage profile across a mix of talk, data, standby, and use of limited other features that are default in Extreme Battery Saver mode (which disables various features including 5G connectivity). Battery testing conducted on a major carrier network. For both claims: Battery testing conducted in California in mid 2023 on pre-production hardware and software using default settings, except that, for the up to 72 hours claim only, Extreme Battery Saver mode was enabled. Battery life depends upon many factors and usage of certain features will decrease battery life. Actual battery life may be lower.\nDesigned to comply with dust and water protection rating IP68 under IEC standard 60529 when each device leaves the factory but the device is not water or dust proof. The accessories are not water or dust resistant. Water resistance and dust resistance are not permanent conditions and will diminish or be lost over time due to normal wear and tear, device repair, disassembly or damage. Phone is not drop/tumble proof and dropping your device may result in loss of water/dust resistance. Damage from drops, tumbles, and other external forces are not covered under warranty. Liquid damage voids the warranty. See g.co/pixel/water for details.\nSome third-party apps and data may not be transferred automatically. Visit g.co/pixel/copydatahelp for information. Specsslide 1 of 6, Beautifully designed, with a brilliant display.It's easy to switch to Pixel.Theres no other phone like Pixel. Its a smarter smartphone that delivers custom help, whenever and wherever you need it. It comes with all of your favorite Google Apps, and it gets innovative new features over time. No matter what phone youre switching from, you can transfer contacts, messages, photos, and apps to your Pixel in a few simple steps - and it should only take about 30 minutes.16Beautifully designed, with a brilliant display.The immersive 6.7-inch Super Actua display makes everything sharp and crisp, with vibrant, accurate colors.2 The refresh rate intelligently adjusts between 1 and 120Hz for responsive performance and power efficiency.3 And its crafted with a polished aluminum frame and smooth, matte back glass.Pixel's best pro camera yet.The Pixel 8 Pro camera system has updated, pro-level cameras for better low-light photos, sharper selfies, and Pixels best zoom ever. Pro controls enable advanced camera settings and support full-resolution photography.4 And with Google AI, you can edit photos and videos in ways you never thought possible. Use Magic Editor to change a photos background, move a subject, and add custom edits.5 Combine similar photos into one fantastic shot with Best Take,5 and remove distracting noises from videos with Audio Magic Eraser.6Do more, even faster.Built with Google AI, Pixel 8 Pro gives you extra help throughout your day. Circle to Search with Google lets you search anything right from the app youre in. Just draw a circle around an image, text, or video and Google AI finds it fast.7 Translate languages on the spot.8 Avoid spammers and see whos calling and why.9 And Gemini can help you brainstorm ideas or summarize emails for you.10Powerful safety and security features.With the Titan M2 security chip and Google Tensor G3, Pixel 8 Pro is built with multiple layers of security to help keep your personal info safe.11 Get proactive notifications about nearby hazards, like flooding, fire, or a tornado.12 Your Pixel can even detect if youve been in a severe car crash, and call emergency services for you if you cant.13Built to last.Pixels Adaptive Battery can last over 24 hours or up to 72 hours with Extreme Battery Saver.14 With Corning Gorilla Glass Victus 2 and IP68 protection, your Pixel 8 Pro can handle scratches, slips, spills, and dust.15 Plus, thanks to Feature Drops, Pixel 8 Pro comes with 7 years of new features and software updates, so you wont have to keep getting a new phone and still have the freshest tech.It's easy to switch to Pixel.Theres no other phone like Pixel. Its a smarter smartphone that delivers custom help, whenever and wherever you need it. It comes with all of your favorite Google Apps, and it gets innovative new features over time. No matter what phone youre switching from, you can transfer contacts, messages, photos, and apps to your Pixel in a few simple steps - and it should only take about 30 minutes.16Beautifully designed, with a brilliant display.The immersive 6.7-inch Super Actua display makes everything sharp and crisp, with vibrant, accurate colors.2 The refresh rate intelligently adjusts between 1 and 120Hz for responsive performance and power efficiency.3 And its crafted with a polished aluminum frame and smooth, matte back glass.DesignColorsObsidian | Porcelain | BayHeight6.4 inWidth3 inNotable MaterialsFingerprint-resistant coating | The aluminum in the housing is 100% recycled content | Made with at least 18% recycled materials based on product weightDepth0.3 in Weight7.5 ozCharging PortUSB Type-C 3.2AccessibilityOverallAccessibility Shortcut, Android Accessibility SuiteAuditoryHearing Aid Support, Live Caption, Live Transcribe, Real-Time Text, Sound NotificationsMobilitySwitch AccessVoice Assistant Google Assistant Hearing Aid CompatibilityM3/T4VisualMagnification, Text and display, TalkBack, Select to SpeakBatteryStandby Time240 hrsmAh (per hour)Minimum 4950 mAh | Typical 5050 mAhUsage Time4G usage 27.38 hoursPowershareYesFast ChargeYesWireless ChargingYesNetwork4GLTE Domestic: B2/4/5/13/48/66Wi-fiWi-Fi 7 (802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/ax/be) with 2.4GHz+5GHz+6GHz, 2x2+2x2 MIMOSAR1.12 W/KgGlobal & Roaming Network-LTE Roaming:\n2x2: B5/8/12/13/14/17/18/19/20/21/26/28/29/32/39/46(LAA)/71\n4x4: B1/2/3/4/7/25/30/38(HPUE)/40/41(HPUE)/42/48/66\n-GSM (Quad) Roaming: B2/3/5/8\n-UMTS Roaming: B1/2/4/5/6/8/19\n-5G Roaming: n77/n78/n2575G Nationwiden2/n5/n48/n665G Ultra Wide-Bandn260/ n261 (high-band / mmWave) | n77 (mid-band / C-band)World DeviceYesCameraFront Camera10.5 MP Dual PD selfie camera | 1.22 m pixel width | /2.2 aperture\nAutofocus | 95 ultrawide field of viewRear Camera50 MP Octa PD wide camera | 48 MP Quad PD ultrawide camera with autofocus | 48 MP Quad PD telephoto cameraVideoRear camera: 4K video recording at 24 FPS, 30 FPS, 60 FPS, 1080p video recording at 24 FPS, 30 FPS, 60 FPS | Front camera: 4K video recording at 24 FPS, 30 FPS, 60 FPSCamera ModesPro controls, High-res images, Ultra HDR, Magic Editor, Best Take, Macro Focus, Magic Eraser, Photo Unblur, Motion Mode, Real Tone, Face Unblur, Panorama, Manual white balancing, Locked Folder, Night Sight, Astrophotography, Top Shot, Portrait ModePerformanceBluetoothBluetooth v5.3 with dual antennas for enhanced quality and connectionProcessorGoogle Tensor G3 | Titan M2 security coprocessorOSAndroid UExpandable MemoryNoMemory/Storage12 GB LPDDR5X RAMHotspotYes, max 10SecurityFingerprint Unlock with under-display | fingerprint sensor | Face Unlock | Pattern | PIN | passwordDisplayScreenFull-screen 6.7-inch (170 mm) | Super Actua display | (1344 x 2992) LTPO OLED at 489 PPIRefresh RateSmooth Display (1120 Hz)Aspect Ratio20:9SKU#SKU#GA04912-USWhat's in the box\n1 m USB-C to USB-C cable (USB 2.0)\nQuick Switch Adapter\nSupport Card\nSIM tool\nCompared to earlier Pixel phones.\nWhen measured diagonally as a rectangle, screen is 6.7 inches. Actual viewable area is less. Dimension may vary by configuration and manufacturing process.\nNot available for all apps or content.\nNot available on all cameras or apps.\nRequires Google Photos app.\nRequires Google Photos app. May not work on all audio elements.\nRequires internet connection and compatible apps and surfaces. Results may vary depending on visual matches.\nNot available in all countries or languages. See See g.co/pixel/callassist for details.\nNot available in all languages or countries. See g.co/pixel/googleassistant for details.\nNot available in all languages or countries. See g.co/pixel/googleassistant for details.\nCommon Criteria certification for hardware and cryptographic library. See g.co/pixel/certifications for details.\nPersonal Safety app features like Crisis Alerts are dependent upon network connectivity and other factors and may not be available in all areas. For more information, see g.co/pixel/personalsafety.\nCar crash detection not available in all languages or countries. Car crash detection may not detect all accidents. High-impact activities may trigger calls to emergency services. This feature is dependent upon network connectivity and other factors and may not be reliable for emergency communications or available in all areas. For country and language availability and more information see g.co/pixel/carcrashdetection.\nFor \"over 24 hours\": Estimated battery life based on testing using a median Pixel user battery usage profile across a mix of talk, data, standby, and use of other features. Average battery life during testing was approximately 31 hours. Battery testing conducted on a major carrier network. For Up to 72 hours: Estimated battery life based on testing using a median Pixel user battery usage profile across a mix of talk, data, standby, and use of limited other features that are default in Extreme Battery Saver mode (which disables various features including 5G connectivity). Battery testing conducted on a major carrier network. For both claims: Battery testing conducted in California in mid 2023 on pre-production hardware and software using default settings, except that, for the up to 72 hours claim only, Extreme Battery Saver mode was enabled. Battery life depends upon many factors and usage of certain features will decrease battery life. Actual battery life may be lower.\nDesigned to comply with dust and water protection rating IP68 under IEC standard 60529 when each device leaves the factory but the device is not water or dust proof. The accessories are not water or dust resistant. Water resistance and dust resistance are not permanent conditions and will diminish or be lost over time due to normal wear and tear, device repair, disassembly or damage. Phone is not drop/tumble proof and dropping your device may result in loss of water/dust resistance. Damage from drops, tumbles, and other external forces are not covered under warranty. Liquid damage voids the warranty. See g.co/pixel/water for details.\nSome third-party apps and data may not be transferred automatically. Visit g.co/pixel/copydatahelp for information. ReviewsGoogle Pixel 8 Pro Reviews4.24.2 out of 5 rating328 reviews5 stars (226)4 stars (33)3 stars (12)2 stars (14)1 star (43)68% of reviewers recommend this product.Write a reviewSort byNewestHighest to lowest ratingLowest to highest ratingMost helpfulOldestGreat google phone 5 out of 5 rating 23 hours agoCheck Mark GraphicYes, I'd recommend this product.Great phone, screen seems better than the 7 but biased to Google phones as I have had nothing but great experience with them.Report as inappropriateRetired 4 out of 5 rating 2 days agoCheck Mark GraphicYes, I'd recommend this product.Still learning about phoneReport as inappropriateGreat 5 out of 5 rating 3 days agoCheck Mark GraphicYes, I'd recommend this product.Still learning photo stuff....thank you YouTube. Small learning curve so after almost 2 weeks I am pretty comfortable with it. Love all the features.Report as inappropriateA Game-Changer! Pixel 8 Pro has changed my life! 5 out of 5 rating 4 days agoCheck Mark GraphicYes, I'd recommend this product.I'm thrilled to share my experience with the Pixel 8 Pro, which has genuinely been a life-changing upgrade! As someone who's spent years stuck in the Apple ecosystem, I was skeptical about switching to Android. But, oh boy, am I glad I made the leap!\nThe Pixel 8 Pro has transformed my daily routine, making tasks easier, faster, and more enjoyable. Here's why:\n- Seamlessly intuitive: The Pixel 8 Pro's interface is incredibly user-friendly, allowing me to navigate effortlessly and find what I need in seconds.\n- Camera excellence: The camera system is unparalleled! The quality, features, and ease of use have elevated my mobile photography game.\n- Productivity powerhouse: With the Pixel 8 Pro, I can tackle tasks efficiently, thanks to its lightning-fast performance, ample storage, and clever features like split-screen mode.\n- Customization heaven: Android's flexibility has allowed me to personalize my home screen, notifications, and workflow to suit my preferences perfectly.\n- Google Assistant: The AI-powered assistant has become my trusted sidekick, helping me stay organized, informed, and entertained.\nIn comparison, my previous Apple devices felt restrictive and limiting. The Pixel 8 Pro has opened up a world of possibilities, and I can't recommend it enough!\nIf you're considering a switch or upgrading your mobile experience, look no further than the Pixel 8 Pro. Trust me, it's a game-changer.Report as inappropriateConsider other options! This phone has bugs.. 1 out of 5 rating 4 days agoReally disappointed with this phone, especially given the strength of the manufacturer. I've had a number of issues including the phone freezing on several occasions, not responding to any touch or movement of my hand on the screen, and general slowness I would not expect in a brand new phone.Report as inappropriate Google Team - 1 day ago\nHi Mike, We appreciate your feedback and are sorry to hear that you are having multiple issues with your Pixel 8 pro.To fix a Pixel that freezes or won't respond, please visit: http://goo.gle/freezingissuesIf you are still experiencing these issues, we recommend contacting our customer support team for assistance. (From your phone click on Settings > Tips & support > Contact us).\nbad visit 2 out of 5 rating 6 days agobroke my phone went to verizon to replace did not have the same phone upgraded me to the tune of over $500.00 do not go there policy stinksReport as inappropriatePerfect choice phone 5 out of 5 rating 16 days agoCheck Mark GraphicYes, I'd recommend this product.I'm really enjoying it, I'm use to Galaxy I'm glad I switchedReport as inappropriateMostly a good phone 5 out of 5 rating 18 days agoCheck Mark GraphicYes, I'd recommend this product.The Pixel 8 Pro is a very nice phone. My opinion may be skewed because this is a significant upgrade from my old inexpensive phone but the Pixels responsiveness is much quicker than my old phone. The Pixel also has very good battery life, but again, my old phone is old.\nMy biggest complaint would be that it is difficult to send a text to multiple people. Any time I select a recipient, it immediately sends me to the message entry field and I can't add any more recipients. This may be a user issue where I am don't know the process to enter multiple people, then it should be more intuitive.Report as inappropriateBluetooth issues 1 out of 5 ratingMontana . 1 month agoThe Bluetooth on Pixel 8 Pro phone doesn't work with GMC 2018 Terrain even though all my others pixels have worked without an issue. Even took car to GMC service department. Found its a software issue with phone not the car. If you google the issue, there are a lot of issues with the Bluetooth since release. No update has fixed it. Google denies issue but clearly it has affected many buyers. Don't by this phone.Report as inappropriate Google Team - 29 days ago\nHi there,We appreciate your feedback and are sorry to hear that you are having an issue with your Pixel 8 Pro.To fix Bluetooth problems on your Pixel, please visit http://goo.gle/bluetoothissues.If you are still experiencing this issue, we recommend contacting our customer support team for assistance. (From your phone click on Settings > Tips & support > Contact us).\nFirst five days 5 out of 5 ratingDenver Bo . 1 month agoCheck Mark GraphicYes, I'd recommend this product.I have used my new phone for 5 days. Seems to working well. Not much different than my Pixel 6Report as inappropriatePreviousPage 1 selected1Page 1 selected234NextFAQsGoogle Pixel 8 Pro FAQsAsk a questionSort byNewest questionsNewest answersMost helpful answersStaff answersMay 25, 2024How does this compare to Samsung 21+\nCan you do anything with this phone and use on Windows 11 laptop?Answer this questionAnswer from Verizon Customer Support4 daysYou also have the option to Move Media Files to / from Computer on the Google Pixel 8 / 8 Pro.\nFor all the details, check out our support page: https://www.verizon.com/support/knowledge-base-305977/. ~GilbertWas this answer helpful?Yes (0)No (0)Report as inappropriateAnswer from Verizon Customer Support4 daysYou can compare the Samsung Galaxy S21+ to the Google Pixel 8 Pro through our equipment comparison guide: https://www.verizon.com/us/compare-devices.\nYou can review each of their features through our official equipment page:\n- Pixel 8 Pro: https://www.verizon.com/smartphones/google-pixel-8-pro/\n- Samsung Galaxy S21+: https://www.verizon.com/smartphones/samsung-galaxy-s21-plus-5g/ ~GilbertWas this answer helpful?Yes (0)No (0)Report as inappropriateMay 22, 2024How do I go back to something I was reading when I get off that page. On my old phone I would push an arrow to go back . This phone does not have an arrow??Answer this questionAnswer from Verizon Customer Support7 daysTo go back to a previous page or app, swipe from the left or right edge of the screen. To see all open apps, swipe up from the bottom of the screen and hold. Then, swipe left or right, and tap the app you want to open.\nGet around on your Pixel phone - Google Help: https://support.google.com/pixelphone/answer/6073614Was this answer helpful?Yes (0)No (0)Report as inappropriateMay 7, 2024I want a camera that takes good night time pictures of the sky and sunset pictures. Nobody seems to be answering my question they're answering all the other questions on here but not mineAnswer this questionMay 7, 2024I want a phone that takes good sunset pictures and that takes goodnight sky picturesAnswer this questionAnswer from Verizon Customer Support22 daysYes, you can take pictures of a sunset and the sky at night with the Pixel 8. -LaurenWas this answer helpful?Yes (0)No (0)Report as inappropriateMay 3, 2024I hope I'm just misinterpreting the storage Q&A, because there's no possible way that a brand new 2024 phone is only providing 12 GB of storage, right? Surely that's just an extremely low RAM amount, followed by ... 512 GB of higher (since there's no SD)?Answer this questionAnswer from Verizon Customer Support26 days128GB -MelissaWas this answer helpful?Yes (0)No (0)Report as inappropriateJcripps . Apr 24, 2024How does this compare to the v40 thin q? Screen size etc.Answer this questionAnswer from Verizon Customer Support1 monthThe LG V40 ThinQ has a 6.4\" screen size, and the Google Pixel 8 Pro has a 6.7\" screen size. -JosephWas this answer helpful?Yes (0)No (0)Report as inappropriateWaterproof . Apr 11, 2024Is it water proof they NEVER SAY!!!Answer this questionAnswer from Verizon Customer Support1 monthNo, The Pixel 8 / Pro is rated IP68, using the Ingress Protection rating system. The dust rating is 6 (highest level of protection), and the water resistance rating is 8 (water-resistant up to 1.5 meters for up to 30 minutes) -JoeWas this answer helpful?Yes (0)No (0)Report as inappropriateWaterproof . Apr 11, 2024Is it water proof they NEVER SAY!!!Answer this questionAnswer from Verizon Customer Support1 monthThe Pixel 8 / Pro is rated IP68, using the Ingress Protection rating system. The dust rating is 6 (highest level of protection), and the water resistance rating is 8 (water-resistant up to 1.5 meters for up to 30 minutes). https://www.verizon.com/smartphones/google-pixel-8-pro/\n-NatashaWas this answer helpful?Yes (0)No (0)Report as inappropriateLisa . Feb 25, 2024Does the phone come with a chargerAnswer this questionAnswer from Verizon Customer Support3 monthsIt does not come with a charger. Check available options here: https://www.verizon.com/products/chargers/?compatible=pixel\n~MariaWas this answer helpful?Yes (0)No (0)Report as inappropriateMilo . Jan 22, 2024Will the pixel pro 8 work with the Samsung Galaxy watch 4 classic?Answer this questionAnswer from Verizon Customer Support4 monthsYes, it will. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "mistralai/Mistral-7B-v0.1 Hugging Face\nHugging Face Models Datasets Spaces Posts Docs Solutions Pricing Log In Sign Up\nmistralai / Mistral-7B-v0.1 like 3.22k Text Generation Transformers PyTorch Safetensors English mistral pretrained Inference Endpoints text-generation-inference arxiv: 2310.06825 License: apache-2.0 Model card Files Files and versions Community 147 Train Deploy Use this model\nEdit model card\nYou need to agree to share your contact information to access this model This repository is publicly accessible, but\nyou have to accept the conditions to access its files and content. Log in\nor\nSign Up\nto review the conditions and access this model content.\nModel Card for Mistral-7B-v0.1 Model Architecture Troubleshooting Notice The Mistral AI Team\nModel Card for Mistral-7B-v0.1\nThe Mistral-7B-v0.1 Large Language Model (LLM) is a pretrained generative text model with 7 billion parameters.\nMistral-7B-v0.1 outperforms Llama 2 13B on all benchmarks we tested.\nFor full details of this model please read our paper and release blog post.\nModel Architecture\nMistral-7B-v0.1 is a transformer model, with the following architecture choices:\nGrouped-Query Attention\nSliding-Window Attention\nByte-fallback BPE tokenizer\nTroubleshooting\nIf you see the following error:\nKeyError: 'mistral'\nOr:\nNotImplementedError: Cannot copy out of meta tensor; no data!\nEnsure you are utilizing a stable version of Transformers, 4.34.0 or newer.\nNotice\nMistral 7B is a pretrained base model and therefore does not have any moderation mechanisms.\nThe Mistral AI Team\nAlbert Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Llio Renard Lavaud, Lucile Saulnier, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Pierre Stock, Teven Le Scao, Thibaut Lavril, Thomas Wang, Timothe Lacroix, William El Sayed.\nDownloads last month995,277\nSafetensors Model size 7.24B params Tensor type BF16 \nInference API Text Generation Examples My name is Lewis and I like to Compute ctrl+Enter 0.4 This model can be loaded on Inference API (serverless).\nJSON Output Maximize\nSpaces using\nmistralai/Mistral-7B-v0.1\n100\n Vokturz/can-it-run-llm TIGER-Lab/GenAI-Arena ehristoforu/mistral-7b-chat eduagarcia/open_pt_llm_leaderboard ZhangYuhan/3DGen-Arena speakleash/open_pl_llm_leaderboard MediaTek-Research/Demo-MR-Breeze-7B Yeyito/llm_contamination_detector allenai/URIAL-Bench fffiloni/miniGPT4-Video-Zero GenAICoder/MultiPDFChatbot ngebodh/SimpleChatbot Aabbhishekk/MistralQnA mesolitica/malay-llm-leaderboard Olivier-Truong/mistral-7b-chat yhavinga/dutch-tokenizer-arena alexandrainst/radial-plot-generator Statical/STC-LLM Sagar23p/mistralAI_chatBoat Vision-CAIR/MiniGPT4-video + 95 Spaces + 80 Spaces\nCompany\n Hugging Face\nTOS\nPrivacy\nAbout\nJobs\nWebsite\nModels\nDatasets\nSpaces\nPricing\nDocs", "url": "https://huggingface.co/mistralai/Mistral-7B-v0.1" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mistral 7B | Mistral AI | Frontier AI in your hands\nDevelopersDevelopers\nLa PlateformeDocsTechnologyTechnology\nModelsDeploymentBusinessBusiness\nUse casesCustomer storiesAbout UsAbout Us\nMissionCareersNewsLe Chat\nLog InLe Chat\nLog InMistral 7BThe best 7B model to date, Apache 2.0September 27, 2023\nMistral AI teamMistral AI team is proud to release Mistral 7B, the most powerful language model for its size to date.Mistral 7B in shortMistral 7B is a 7.3B parameter model that:Outperforms Llama 2 13B on all benchmarksOutperforms Llama 1 34B on many benchmarksApproaches CodeLlama 7B performance on code, while remaining good at English tasksUses Grouped-query attention (GQA) for faster inferenceUses Sliding Window Attention (SWA) to handle longer sequences at smaller costWere releasing Mistral 7B under the Apache 2.0 license, it can be used without restrictions.Download it and use it anywhere (including locally) with our reference implementation,Deploy it on any cloud (AWS/GCP/Azure), using vLLM inference server and skypilot,Use it on HuggingFace.Mistral 7B is easy to fine-tune on any task. As a demonstration, were providing a model fine-tuned for chat, which outperforms Llama 2 13B chat.Performance in detailsWe compared Mistral 7B to the Llama 2 family, and re-run all model evaluations ourselves for fair comparison.\nPerformance of Mistral 7B and different Llama models on a wide range of benchmarks. For all metrics, all models were re-evaluated with our evaluation pipeline for accurate comparison. Mistral 7B significantly outperforms Llama 2 13B on all metrics, and is on par with Llama 34B (since Llama 2 34B was not released, we report results on Llama 34B). It is also vastly superior in code and reasoning benchmarks.The benchmarks are categorized by their themes:Commonsense Reasoning: 0-shot average of Hellaswag, Winogrande, PIQA, SIQA, OpenbookQA, ARC-Easy, ARC-Challenge, and CommonsenseQA.World Knowledge: 5-shot average of NaturalQuestions and TriviaQA.Reading Comprehension: 0-shot average of BoolQ and QuAC.Math: Average of 8-shot GSM8K with maj@8 and 4-shot MATH with maj@4Code: Average of 0-shot Humaneval and 3-shot MBPPPopular aggregated results: 5-shot MMLU, 3-shot BBH, and 3-5-shot AGI Eval (English multiple-choice questions only)An interesting metric to compare how models fare in the cost/performance plane is to compute equivalent model sizes. On reasoning, comprehension and STEM reasoning (MMLU), Mistral 7B performs equivalently to a Llama 2 that would be more than 3x its size. This is as much saved in memory and gained in throughput.\nResults on MMLU, Commonsense Reasoning, World Knowledge and Reading comprehension for Mistral 7B and Llama 2 (7B/13/70B). Mistral 7B largely outperforms Llama 2 13B on all evaluations, except on knowledge benchmarks, where it is on par (this is likely due to its limited parameter count, which restricts the amount of knowledge it can compress).Note: Important differences between our evaluation and the LLaMA2 papers:For MBPP, we use the hand-verified subsetFor TriviaQA, we do not provide Wikipedia contextsFlash and Furious: Attention driftMistral 7B uses a sliding window attention (SWA) mechanism (Child et al., Beltagy et al.), in which each layer attends to the previous 4,096 hidden states.\nThe main improvement, and reason for which this was initially investigated, is a linear compute cost of O(sliding_window.seq_len). In practice, changes made to FlashAttention and xFormers yield a 2x speed improvement for sequence length of 16k with a window of 4k. A huge thanks to Tri Dao and Daniel Haziza for helping include these changes on a tight schedule.Sliding window attention exploits the stacked layers of a transformer to attend in the past beyond the window size: A token i at layer k attends to tokens [i-sliding_window, i] at layer k-1. These tokens attended to tokens [i-2*sliding_window, i]. Higher layers have access to information further in the past than what the attention patterns seems to entail.Finally, a fixed attention span means we can limit our cache to a size of sliding_window tokens, using rotating buffers (read more in our reference implementation repo). This saves half of the cache memory for inference on sequence length of 8192, without impacting model quality.Fine-tuning Mistral 7B for chatTo show the generalization capabilities of Mistral 7B, we fine-tuned it on instruction datasets publicly available on HuggingFace. No tricks, no proprietary data. The resulting model, Mistral 7B Instruct, outperforms all 7B models on MT-Bench, and is comparable to 13B chat models.The Mistral 7B Instruct model is a quick demonstration that the base model can be easily fine-tuned to achieve compelling performance.\nIt does not have any moderation mechanism.\nWere looking forward to engaging with the community on ways to make the model finely respect guardrails, allowing for deployment in environments requiring moderated outputs.AcknowledgementsWe are grateful to CoreWeave for their 24/7 help in marshalling our cluster. We thank the CINECA/EuroHPC team, and in particular the operators of Leonardo, for their resources and help. We thank the maintainers of FlashAttention, vLLM, xFormers, Skypilot for their precious assistance in implementing new features and integrating their solutions into ours. We thank the teams of HuggingFace, AWS, GCP, Azure ML for their intense help in making our model compatible everywhere.\n\nLinksDevelopersTechnologyBusinessAbout UsNewsAboutContact UsCareersTerms of UsePrivacy PolicyData Processing Agreement 2024 Mistral AI, All rights reserved - Legal notice", "url": "https://mistral.ai/news/announcing-mistral-7b/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "[2310.06825] Mistral 7B\nSkip to main content\nWe gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions, and all contributors. Donate\n> cs > arXiv:2310.06825\nHelp | Advanced Search\nAll fields\nTitle\nAuthor\nAbstract\nComments\nJournal reference\nACM classification\nMSC classification\nReport number\narXiv identifier\nDOI\nORCID\narXiv author ID\nHelp pages\nFull text\nSearch\nopen search\nGO\nopen navigation menu\nquick links\nLogin\nHelp Pages\nAbout\nComputer Science > Computation and Language\narXiv:2310.06825 (cs)\n[Submitted on 10 Oct 2023]\nTitle:Mistral 7B\nAuthors:Albert Q. Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, Llio Renard Lavaud, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Pierre Stock, Teven Le Scao, Thibaut Lavril, Thomas Wang, Timothe Lacroix, William El Sayed View a PDF of the paper titled Mistral 7B, by Albert Q. Jiang and 17 other authors\nView PDF\nAbstract:We introduce Mistral 7B v0.1, a 7-billion-parameter language model engineered for superior performance and efficiency. Mistral 7B outperforms Llama 2 13B across all evaluated benchmarks, and Llama 1 34B in reasoning, mathematics, and code generation. Our model leverages grouped-query attention (GQA) for faster inference, coupled with sliding window attention (SWA) to effectively handle sequences of arbitrary length with a reduced inference cost. We also provide a model fine-tuned to follow instructions, Mistral 7B -- Instruct, that surpasses the Llama 2 13B -- Chat model both on human and automated benchmarks. Our models are released under the Apache 2.0 license.\nComments:\nModels and code are available at this https URL\nSubjects:\nComputation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG)\nCite as:\narXiv:2310.06825 [cs.CL]\n(or\narXiv:2310.06825v1 [cs.CL] for this version)\nhttps://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.06825\nFocus to learn more\narXiv-issued DOI via DataCite\nSubmission history From: Devendra Singh Chaplot [view email] [v1]\nTue, 10 Oct 2023 17:54:58 UTC (2,241 KB)\nFull-text links:\nAccess Paper:\nView a PDF of the paper titled Mistral 7B, by Albert Q. Jiang and 17 other authorsView PDFTeX SourceOther Formats\nview license\nCurrent browse context: cs.CL\n<prev\n|\nnext>\nnew\n|\nrecent\n|\n2310\nChange to browse by:\ncs\ncs.AI\ncs.LG\nReferences & Citations\nNASA ADSGoogle Scholar\nSemantic Scholar\n1 blog link (what is this?)\na\nexport BibTeX citation\nLoading...\nBibTeX formatted citation\n\nloading...\nData provided by:\nBookmark\nBibliographic Tools\nBibliographic and Citation Tools\nBibliographic Explorer Toggle\nBibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?)\nLitmaps Toggle\nLitmaps (What is Litmaps?)\nscite.ai Toggle\nscite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?)\nCode, Data, Media\nCode, Data and Media Associated with this Article\nLinks to Code Toggle\nCatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?)\nDagsHub Toggle\nDagsHub (What is DagsHub?)\nGotitPub Toggle\nGotit.pub (What is GotitPub?)\nLinks to Code Toggle\nPapers with Code (What is Papers with Code?)\nScienceCast Toggle\nScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?)\nDemos\nDemos\nReplicate Toggle\nReplicate (What is Replicate?)\nSpaces Toggle\nHugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?)\nSpaces Toggle\nTXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?)\nRelated Papers\nRecommenders and Search Tools\nLink to Influence Flower\nInfluence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?)\nConnected Papers Toggle\nConnected Papers (What is Connected Papers?)\nCore recommender toggle\nCORE Recommender (What is CORE?)\nAuthor\nVenue\nInstitution\nTopic\nAbout arXivLabs\narXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators\narXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.\nBoth individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.\nHave an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs.\nWhich authors of this paper are endorsers? |\nDisable MathJax (What is MathJax?)\nAbout\nHelp\ncontact arXivClick here to contact arXiv\nContact\nsubscribe to arXiv mailingsClick here to subscribe\nSubscribe\nCopyright\nPrivacy Policy\nWeb Accessibility Assistance\narXiv Operational Status\nGet status notifications via\nemail\nor slack", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06825" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Technology | Mistral AI | Frontier AI in your hands\nDevelopersDevelopers\nLa PlateformeDocsTechnologyTechnology\nModelsDeploymentBusinessBusiness\nUse casesCustomer storiesAbout UsAbout Us\nMissionCareersNewsLe Chat\nLog InLe Chat\nLog InMistral technologyAI modelsWe release the worlds most capable open models, enabling frontier AI innovation.Developer platformOur portable developer platform serves our open and optimized models for building fast and intelligent applications. We offer flexible access options!AI models\nLa PlateformeOpen source modelsWere committed to empower the AI community with open technology. Our open models sets the bar for efficiency, and are available for free under Apache 2.0, a fully permissive license, that allows to use the models anywhere without any restriction.Mistral 7BOur very first. A 7B transformer model, fast-deployed and easily customisable. Small, yet very powerful for a variety of use cases.Performant in English and code32k context windowMixtral 8x7BA 7B sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE). Uses 12.9B active parameters out of 45B total.Fluent in English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, and strong in code32k context windowMixtral 8x22BMixtral 8x22B is currently the most performant open model. A 22B sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE). Uses only 39B active parameters out of 141B.Fluent in English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, and strong in code64k context windowNative function calling capacitiesFunction calling and json mode available on our API endpointTry on la Plateforme\nDownloadOptimized modelsOur optimized commercial models are designed for performance and are available via our flexible deployment options.Mistral SmallCost-efficient reasoning for low-latency workloads.Fluent in English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, and strong in codeContext window of 32k tokens, with excellent recall for retrieval augmentationNative function calling capacities, JSON outputsConcise, useful, unopinionated, with fully modularMistral LargeTop-tier reasoning for high-complexity tasks. The most powerful model of the Mistral AI family.Fluent in English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, and strong in codeContext window of 32k tokens, with excellent recall for retrieval augmentationNative function calling capacities, JSON outputsConcise, useful, unopinionated, with fully modularMistral EmbedState-of-the-art semantic for extracting representation of text extracts.English only for nowAchieves a retrieval score of 55.26 on the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB)Try on la PlateformePareto-optimal Apache modelsWere constantly innovating to provide the most capable and efficient models.Cost vs PerformanceWe build models that are highly efficientWe build models that offer unparalleled cost efficiency for their respective sizes, delivering the best performance-to-cost ratio available on the market. Mixtral 8x22B is the most powerful open source model with significantly fewer parameters than its competition:Much faster and performant than any 70B modelOutperforms Command R+ by being more than 2.5 times smallerMixtral 8x7B outperforms Llama 2 70B on most benchmarks with 6x faster inferenceUnder Apache 2.0Our open models are truly open source, licensed under Apache 2.0, a fully permissive license that allows for unrestricted use in any context.La PlateformeAccess our latest products via our developer platform, hosted in Europefrom mistralai.client import MistralClient\nfrom mistralai.models.chat_completion import ChatMessage\napi_key = os.environ[\"MISTRAL_API_KEY\"]\nmodel = \"mistral-tiny\"\nclient = MistralClient(api_key=api_key)\nmessages = [\nChatMessage(role=\"user\",\ncontent=\"Who is the most renowned French painter?\")\n]\nBuilt for developersLa Plateforme is developers preferred way to access all Mistral Als models. Hosted and served on Mistral Al infrastructure, in Europe.Our best models at the best price :\nGet access to our models at an unmatched price/performance pointGuides & community :\nUse our guides and community forums to build your own application and servicesSecure by design :\nYour data are encrypted at rest (AES256) and in transit (TLS 1.2+); our servers are in the EUAccess la Plateforme\nDocumentationfrom mistralai.client import MistralClient\nfrom mistralai.models.chat_completion import ChatMessage\napi_key = os.environ[\"MISTRAL_API_KEY\"]\nmodel = \"mistral-tiny\"\nclient = MistralClient(api_key=api_key)\nmessages = [\nChatMessage(role=\"user\",\ncontent=\"Who is the most renowned French painter?\")\n]\nDeploy anywhereLa PlateformeGet started with Mistral models in a few clicks via our developer platform hosted on Mistrals infrastructure and build your own applications and services. Our servers are hosted in EU.Access la PlateformeCloud platformsAccess our models via your preferred cloud provider and use your cloud credits. Our open models are currently available via our cloud partners (GCP, AWS, Azure, Snowflake, NVIDIA).Mistral Large is available on Azure AI Studio, AWS Bedrock and Snowflake.Mistral on Azure AISelf-deploymentDeploy Mistral models on virtual cloud or on-prem. Self-deployment offers more advanced levels of customisation and control. Your data stays within your walls. Try deploying our open models, and contact our team to deploy our optimized models similarly.Contact our teamPay-as-you-go pricing\nPrice in $\nPrice in Price in $Price in Open source modelsInputOutputopen-mistral-7bA 7B transformer model, fast-deployed and easily customisable.$0.25 /1M tokens$0.25 /1M tokensopen-mixtral-8x7bA 7B sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE). Uses 12.9B active parameters out of 45B total.$0.7 /1M tokens$0.7 /1M tokensopen-mixtral-8x22bMixtral 8x22B is currently the most performant open model. A 22B sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE). Uses only 39B active parameters out of 141B.$2 /1M tokens$6 /1M tokensInputOutputopen-mistral-7bA 7B transformer model, fast-deployed and easily customisable.0.2 /1M tokens0.2 /1M tokensopen-mixtral-8x7bA 7B sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE). Uses 12.9B active parameters out of 45B total.0.65 /1M tokens0.65 /1M tokensopen-mixtral-8x22bMixtral 8x22B is currently the most performant open model. A 22B sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE). Uses only 39B active parameters out of 141B.1.9 /1M tokens5.6 /1M tokensOptimized modelsInputOutputmistral-small-2402Cost-efficient reasoning for low-latency workloads.$1 /1M tokens$3 /1M tokenscodestral-2405State-of-the-art Mistral model trained specifically for code tasks.$1 /1M tokens$3 /1M tokensmistral-medium-2312Will soon be deprecated$2.7 /1M tokens$8.1 /1M tokensmistral-large-2402Top-tier reasoning for high-complexity tasks. The most powerful model of the Mistral AI family.$4 /1M tokens$12 /1M tokensInputOutputmistral-small-2402Cost-efficient reasoning for low-latency workloads.0.9 /1M tokens2.8 /1M tokenscodestral-2405State-of-the-art Mistral model trained specifically for code tasks.0.9 /1M tokens2.8 /1M tokensmistral-medium-2312Will soon be deprecated2.5 /1M tokens7.5 /1M tokensmistral-large-2402Top-tier reasoning for high-complexity tasks. The most powerful model of the Mistral AI family.3.8 /1M tokens11.3 /1M tokensEmbeddingsInputOutputmistral-embedState-of-the-art semantic for extracting representation of text extracts.$0.1 /1M tokens$0.1 /1M tokensInputOutputmistral-embedState-of-the-art semantic for extracting representation of text extracts.0.1 /1M tokens0.1 /1M tokens\n\nLinksDevelopersTechnologyBusinessAbout UsNewsAboutContact UsCareersTerms of UsePrivacy PolicyData Processing Agreement 2024 Mistral AI, All rights reserved - Legal notice", "url": "https://mistral.ai/technology/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "GitHub - mistralai/mistral-inference: Official inference library for Mistral models\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. 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Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\nmistralai\n/\nmistral-inference\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n775\nStar\n8.9k\nOfficial inference library for Mistral models\nmistral.ai/\nLicense\nApache-2.0 license\n8.9k\nstars\n775\nforks\nBranches\nTags\nActivity\nStar\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nCode\nIssues\n97\nPull requests\n20\nActions\nProjects\n0\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\nmistralai/mistral-inference\nThis commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository.\nmainBranchesTagsGo to fileCodeFolders and filesNameNameLast commit messageLast commit dateLatest commitHistory65 Commitsassetsassetsdeploydeploysrc/mistral_inferencesrc/mistral_inferenceteststeststutorialstutorials.gitignore.gitignoreLICENSELICENSEREADME.mdREADME.mdmoe_one_file_ref.pymoe_one_file_ref.pyone_file_ref.pyone_file_ref.pypoetry.lockpoetry.lockpyproject.tomlpyproject.tomlView all filesRepository files navigationREADMEApache-2.0 licenseMistral Inference\nThis repository contains minimal code to run our 7B, 8x7B and 8x22B models.\nBlog 7B: https://mistral.ai/news/announcing-mistral-7b/\nBlog 8x7B: https://mistral.ai/news/mixtral-of-experts/\nBlog 8x22B: https://mistral.ai/news/mixtral-8x22b/\nBlog Codestral 22B: https://mistral.ai/news/codestral\nDiscord: https://discord.com/invite/mistralai\nDocumentation: https://docs.mistral.ai/\nGuardrailing: https://docs.mistral.ai/usage/guardrailing\nInstallation\nNote: You will use a GPU to install mistral-inference, as it currently requires xformers to be installed and xformers itself needs a GPU for installation.\nPyPI\npip install mistral-inference\nLocal\ncd $HOME && git clone https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-inference\ncd $HOME/mistral-inference && poetry install .\nModel download\nName\nDownload\nmd5sum\n7B Instruct\nhttps://models.mistralcdn.com/mistral-7b-v0-3/mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3.tar\n80b71fcb6416085bcb4efad86dfb4d52\n8x7B Instruct\nhttps://models.mistralcdn.com/mixtral-8x7b-v0-1/Mixtral-8x7B-v0.1-Instruct.tar (Updated model coming soon!)\n8e2d3930145dc43d3084396f49d38a3f\n8x22 Instruct\nhttps://models.mistralcdn.com/mixtral-8x22b-v0-3/mixtral-8x22B-Instruct-v0.3.tar\n471a02a6902706a2f1e44a693813855b\n7B Base\nhttps://models.mistralcdn.com/mistral-7b-v0-3/mistral-7B-v0.3.tar\n0663b293810d7571dad25dae2f2a5806\n8x7B\nUpdated model coming soon!\n-\n8x22B\nhttps://models.mistralcdn.com/mixtral-8x22b-v0-3/mixtral-8x22B-v0.3.tar\na2fa75117174f87d1197e3a4eb50371a\nCodestral 22B\nhttps://models.mistralcdn.com/codestral-22b-v0-1/codestral-22B-v0.1.tar\na5661f2f6c6ee4d6820a2f68db934c5d\nNote:\nImportant:\nmixtral-8x22B-Instruct-v0.3.tar is exactly the same as Mixtral-8x22B-Instruct-v0.1, only stored in .safetensors format\nmixtral-8x22B-v0.3.tar is the same as Mixtral-8x22B-v0.1, but has an extended vocabulary of 32768 tokens.\ncodestral-22B-v0.1.tar has a custom non-commercial license, called Mistral AI Non-Production (MNPL) License\nAll of the listed models above supports function calling. For example, Mistral 7B Base/Instruct v3 is a minor update to Mistral 7B Base/Instruct v2, with the addition of function calling capabilities.\nThe \"coming soon\" models will include function calling as well.\nYou can download the previous versions of our models from our docs.\nCreate a local folder to store models\nexport MISTRAL_MODEL=$HOME/mistral_models\nmkdir -p $MISTRAL_MODEL\nDownload any of the above links and extract the content, e.g.:\nexport M7B_DIR=$MISTRAL_MODEL/7B_instruct\nwget https://models.mistralcdn.com/mistral-7b-v0-3/mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3.tar\nmkdir -p $M7B_DIR\ntar -xf mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3.tar -C $M7B_DIR\nor\nexport M8x7B_DIR=$MISTRAL_MODEL/8x7b_instruct\nwget https://models.mistralcdn.com/mixtral-8x7b-v0-1/Mixtral-8x7B-v0.1-Instruct.tar\nmkdir -p $M8x7B_DIR\ntar -xf Mixtral-8x7B-v0.1-Instruct.tar -C $M8x7B_DIR\nUsage\nThe following sections give an overview of how to run the model from the Command-line interface (CLI) or directly within Python.\nCLI\nDemo\nTo test that a model works in your setup, you can run the mistral-demo command.\nThe 7B models can be tested on a single GPU as follows:\nmistral-demo $M7B_DIR\nLarge models, such 8x7B and 8x22B have to be run in a multi-GPU setup.\nFor these models, you can use the following command:\ntorchrun --nproc-per-node 2 --no-python mistral-demo $M8x7B_DIR\nNote: Change --nproc-per-node to more GPUs if available.\nChat\nTo interactively chat with the models, you can make use of the mistral-chat command.\nmistral-chat $M7B_DIR --instruct\nFor large models, you can make use of torchrun.\ntorchrun --nproc-per-node 2 --no-python mistral-chat $M8x7B_DIR --instruct\nNote: Change --nproc-per-node to more GPUs if necessary (e.g. for 8x22B).\nChat as Code Assistant\nTo use Codestral as a coding assistant you can run the following command using mistral-chat.\nMake sure $M22B_CODESTRAL is set to a valid path to the downloaded codestral folder, e.g. $HOME/mistral_models/Codestral-22B-v0.1\nmistral-chat $M22B_CODESTRAL --instruct --max_tokens 256\nIf you prompt it with \"Write me a function that computes fibonacci in Rust\", the model should generate something along the following lines:\nSure, here's a simple implementation of a function that computes the Fibonacci sequence in Rust. This function takes an integer `n` as an argument and returns the `n`th Fibonacci number.\nfn fibonacci(n: u32) -> u32 {\nmatch n {\n0 => 0,\n1 => 1,\n_ => fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2),\n}\n}\nfn main() {\nlet n = 10;\nprintln!(\"The {}th Fibonacci number is: {}\", n, fibonacci(n));\n}\nThis function uses recursion to calculate the Fibonacci number. However, it's not the most efficient solution because it performs a lot of redundant calculations. A more efficient solution would use a loop to iteratively calculate the Fibonacci numbers.\nYou can continue chatting afterwards, e.g. with \"Translate it to Python\".\nPython\nInstruction Following:\nfrom mistral_inference.model import Transformer\nfrom mistral_inference.generate import generate\nfrom mistral_common.tokens.tokenizers.mistral import MistralTokenizer\nfrom mistral_common.protocol.instruct.messages import UserMessage\nfrom mistral_common.protocol.instruct.request import ChatCompletionRequest\ntokenizer = MistralTokenizer.from_file(\"./mistral_7b_instruct/tokenizer.model.v3\") # change to extracted tokenizer file\nmodel = Transformer.from_folder(\"./mistral_7b_instruct\") # change to extracted model dir\ncompletion_request = ChatCompletionRequest(messages=[UserMessage(content=\"Explain Machine Learning to me in a nutshell.\")])\ntokens = tokenizer.encode_chat_completion(completion_request).tokens\nout_tokens, _ = generate([tokens], model, max_tokens=64, temperature=0.0, eos_id=tokenizer.instruct_tokenizer.tokenizer.eos_id)\nresult = tokenizer.instruct_tokenizer.tokenizer.decode(out_tokens[0])\nprint(result)\nFunction Calling:\nfrom mistral_common.protocol.instruct.tool_calls import Function, Tool\ncompletion_request = ChatCompletionRequest(\ntools=[\nTool(\nfunction=Function(\nname=\"get_current_weather\",\ndescription=\"Get the current weather\",\nparameters={\n\"type\": \"object\",\n\"properties\": {\n\"location\": {\n\"type\": \"string\",\n\"description\": \"The city and state, e.g. San Francisco, CA\",\n},\n\"format\": {\n\"type\": \"string\",\n\"enum\": [\"celsius\", \"fahrenheit\"],\n\"description\": \"The temperature unit to use. Infer this from the users location.\",\n},\n},\n\"required\": [\"location\", \"format\"],\n},\n)\n)\n],\nmessages=[\nUserMessage(content=\"What's the weather like today in Paris?\"),\n],\n)\ntokens = tokenizer.encode_chat_completion(completion_request).tokens\nout_tokens, _ = generate([tokens], model, max_tokens=64, temperature=0.0, eos_id=tokenizer.instruct_tokenizer.tokenizer.eos_id)\nresult = tokenizer.instruct_tokenizer.tokenizer.decode(out_tokens[0])\nprint(result)\nFill-in-the-middle (FIM):\nMake sure to have mistral-common >= 1.2.0 installed:\npip install --upgrade mistral-common\nYou can simulate a code completion in-filling as follows.\nfrom mistral_inference.model import Transformer\nfrom mistral_inference.generate import generate\nfrom mistral_common.tokens.tokenizers.mistral import MistralTokenizer\nfrom mistral_common.tokens.instruct.request import FIMRequest\ntokenizer = MistralTokenizer.from_model(\"codestral-22b\")\nmodel = Transformer.from_folder(\"./mistral_22b_codestral\")\nprefix = \"\"\"def add(\"\"\"\nsuffix = \"\"\" return sum\"\"\"\nrequest = FIMRequest(prompt=prefix, suffix=suffix)\ntokens = tokenizer.encode_fim(request).tokens\nout_tokens, _ = generate([tokens], model, max_tokens=256, temperature=0.0, eos_id=tokenizer.instruct_tokenizer.tokenizer.eos_id)\nresult = tokenizer.decode(out_tokens[0])\nmiddle = result.split(suffix)[0].strip()\nprint(middle)\nOne-file-ref\nIf you want a self-contained implementation, look at one_file_ref.py, or run it with\npython -m one_file_ref $M7B_DIR\nwhich should give something along the following lines:\nThis is a test of the emergency broadcast system. This is only a test.\nIf this were a real emergency, you would be told what to do.\nThis is a test\n=====================\nThis is another test of the new blogging software. Im not sure if Im going to keep it or not. Im not sure if Im going to keep\n=====================\nThis is a third test, mistral AI is very good at testing. \nThis is a third test, mistral AI is very good at testing. \nThis\n=====================\nNote: To run self-contained implementations, you need to do a local installation.\nTest\nTo run logits equivalence:\npython -m pytest tests\nDeployment\nThe deploy folder contains code to build a vLLM image with the required dependencies to serve the Mistral AI model. In the image, the transformers library is used instead of the reference implementation. To build it:\ndocker build deploy --build-arg MAX_JOBS=8\nInstructions to run the image can be found in the official documentation.\nModel platforms\nUse Mistral models on Mistral AI official API (La Plateforme)\nUse Mistral models via cloud providers\nReferences\n[1]: LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models, Hu et al. 2021\nAbout\nOfficial inference library for Mistral models\nmistral.ai/\nTopics\nllm\nllm-inference\nmistralai\nResources\nReadme\nLicense\nApache-2.0 license\nActivity\nCustom properties\nStars\n8.9k\nstars\nWatchers\n116\nwatching\nForks\n775\nforks\nReport repository\nReleases\n2\nv1.1.0 Add LoRA\nLatest\nMay 24, 2024\n+ 1 release\nPackages\n0\nNo packages published\nContributors\n17\n+ 3 contributors\nLanguages\nJupyter Notebook\n62.3%\nPython\n37.0%\nOther\n0.7%\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-inference" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Installation issues with Chat with RTX - AI & Data Science / AI Foundation Models and Endpoints - NVIDIA Developer Forums\nSkip to main content\nHome\nBlog\nForums\nDocs\nDownloads\nTraining\nLog In\n\n\nInstallation issues with Chat with RTX\nAI & Data ScienceAI Foundation Models and Endpoints\nHome\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nFeb 13\n1 / 79\nFeb 13\nMay 27\nautoglitch5Feb 13Ive spoken with the Live Chat support and they suggested I post this here.\nWhen trying to Install Chat with RTX 0.2 I get the Message NVIDIA Installer failed. Llama2 13B INT4 and Mistral 7B INT4 are not installed and Chat with RTX is listed as failed. I cannot find any log files.\nI used windbg and determined that the failure occurs after trt-llm-rag-windows-main.zip is extracted and before miniconda is installed. I have not found the root cause.\nSpecs:\nWindows 11 Pro x64 10.0.22631 Build 22631\nGeForce 4080 Super, driver version 551.52\nAny help would be appreciated.\nUPDATE: The short answer for me was to install it to the default location. Others also need to disable their antivirus. Another issue is miniconda doesnt like installing with spaces such as your user folder so you have to manually install it and modify a file for the new path. There may be remaining problems for some though.1\n\ncreated\nFeb 13\nlast reply\nMay 27\n78\nreplies\n22.9k\nviews\n47\nusers\n42\nlikes\n4\nlinks\nFrequent Posters\n13\n4\n4\n3\n3\n2\n2\n2\n2\n2\n2\n2\n2\n2\n2\nPopular Links\n1242\nChat with RTX Installation Failure - Please use the default installation directory\nnvidia.com\n705\nReddit - Dive into anything\nreddit.com\n89\nRTX NVIDIA \nnvidia.com\n75\nEducative Answers - Trusted Answers to Developer Questions\neducative.io\nThere are 78 replies with an estimated read time of 8 minutes.\nShow top replies\nsteven6774Feb 14RTX 3090 has same problem\ndriver version 551.23\navatusxanFeb 14check you internet link.I got similar error due to dependency files corruption. check your DNS, your data link, your ISP basically if you can download all dependencies correctly, Llama2 13B INT4 and Mistral 7B INT4 will be successfully built on your platform.\ni am using a RTX3080Ti and it went all well after multiple network environment adjusting.\nautoglitchFeb 14I can successfully download dependencies via the two requirement.txt on my system Python. Im not sure what to check from the network config if that works.\nI narrowed it down a little further. It fails while configuring the miniconda environment.1 Reply1\nkksuki_mFeb 14I had the same problem and the error message prompted up while the program was trying to set up miniconda environment. I changed my DNS from Google to Cloudflare, didnt help; tried to use admin priviledge, no progress; then I switched to install it on SSD rather than HDD, it instantly worked and is now downloading dependencies.2 Replies\navatusxanFeb 14i did not run into this problem, i used SSD at the beginning considering the size of the data it is going to load. I am using quad 9 DNS as primary and quad 1 as secondary.\navatusxan autoglitchFeb 14Your network should be able to access conda,github,and python repository to make it work. I dont even have python preinstalled. The computer i am running chat with RTX is a game setup, not even close to a development setup.\nautoglitch kksuki_mFeb 14Solved. It wasnt a network issue. It doesnt like being installed on the E: drive. I changed it to the default location on the C: drive and now its chugging along just fine.\nBoth my C and E drives are SSD drives so it probably just needs to be installed on the default system drive.2\navatusxanFeb 14This might be a bug to report, If the installation location should not be changed, then it should not provide such option in the installation process. BTW, did you have python preinstalled before you ran the installer?1 Reply1\nwangkailing151Feb 14For me, it is simply a network problem. The first step shown in the install process is downloading Miniconda. When the network fails the program will fail as: Llama2 13B INT4 and Mistral 7B INT4 are not installed and Chat with RTX is listed as failed. Theres no warning at all! By the way, I noticed the program installing cuda-toolkit and Miniconda, which is already in my sys path on WindowsI feel confused.\nHoping for a lightweight version for Linux1\nautoglitch avatusxanFeb 14Yes, I had python previously installed.\nshankyns9Feb 14will it run on MSI GeForce RTX 2080 Ti Gaming X Trio 11GB or i cancel the download2 Replies\nszerwonyFeb 14I have the same problem and I cant install it even in the default location.2\nkadayiFeb 14Wont install anywhere for me either. Tried installing it on a dedicated SDD and to the C Drive default location and neither works.\nHave the specs for it and everything and the latest GPU drivers, but clearly, something is wrong with the installer.\n35GB download is no joke for the application that is DOA. I guess Ill wait for a major update.4\nszerwonyFeb 14I found another solution. I tried disabling AVG Antivirus and installation completed.1 Reply4\njul_marcelFeb 14I had the same problem. But like Szerwony I disabled my antivirus (Avast) during the installation process, and all went well. Be careful though: it took about an hour to complete the process (mainly because of building the Mistral engine): be aware that during this process youll be without antivirus.1 Reply3\nsouless szerwonyFeb 14It works when I turn off my antivirus app. Thanks a lot3\nidobdv2009Feb 14my solution was to turn off the AntiVirus, it may take a while so dont turn it on while the installation is still going.\n:)2\nmemer123Feb 14During the installation process I can confirm that it hangs on downloading dependencies.\nWhen I go to windows security and disable real time protection, it instantly begins network activity.\ndelavandaag1Feb 14I installed Chat with RTX successfully, but it doesnt use my RTX 4060 TI (with driver 551.23). Can somebody help me out to correct this?\n(edit: update driver from 536.67 to 551.23 and a reboot did not help).\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://forums.developer.nvidia.com/t/installation-issues-with-chat-with-rtx/282782" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mistral 7B | Hacker News\nHacker News\nnew | past | comments | ask | show | jobs | submit\nlogin\nMistral 7B (arxiv.org)\n267 points by fgfm 7 months ago | hide | past | favorite | 123comments\nanon1253 7 months ago\n| next []\nIt works really really well for chatbots and roleplay applications (at least for me). The fine-tune on the instruct version is rather meh however, and I recommend https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/Mistral-7B-OpenOrca/ if you plan on using it out-of-the-box. Take note of the prompt template, you'll get really undesired results otherwise (basically just garbage). I've been running it on my pet projects with llama.cpp and the inference is blazing fast even with my mediocre 2080 Super\nall2 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nFor those that want it, The model mention in the parent is available on Ollama and was updated 3 minutes ago: https://ollama.ai/library/mistra-openorcaYou guys are on top of things.\nanon1253 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nCool! And on top of that TheBloke has the quantized models of course:https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/Mistral-7B-v0.1-GGUFhttps://huggingface.co/TheBloke/Mistral-7B-OpenOrca-GGUFhttps://huggingface.co/TheBloke/Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.1-GGU...I typically run my models with the 5_K_M or 6_K quantization, but it really depends on the use case and requirements\nT-A 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nJust tried Mistral-7B-OpenOrca-GGUF. It's impressive - and delusional. Open-Orca training seems to have convinced it it's ChatGPT:Me: Hello. This is the first time we chat. What can you tell me about your capabilities?AI: Hi there! I'm an advanced language model developed by OpenAI, which means that I've been trained on a vast amount of text data to provide accurate and relevant information based on what you ask or discuss. My capabilities include understanding various languages, providing insights from diverse knowledge sources, generating creative content, and assisting with decision-making. Additionally, I can learn new tasks and improve over time through continuous feedback and updates.Me: Do you have the ability to access the web?AI: Yes, I am connected to the internet and can search for and retrieve data from a wide range of online resources. My training encompasses diverse textual datasets which provide me with extensive knowledge across multiple domains. However, as an AI model, I may occasionally encounter limitations in processing real-time information due to latency or potential connectivity issues. Nonetheless, my access to the internet allows me to keep learning and updating my understanding of the world around us.\ndragonwriter 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\n> Just tried Mistral-7B-OpenOrca-GGUF. It's impressive - and delusional. Open-Orca training seems to have convinced it it's ChatGPT:The worst thing to ask any bare LLM about (i.e., unless it is deployed with a system prompt that tells it about itself) is itself, since it absolutely was not trained on a dataset with factual information about itself (and, many newer models was trained/fine-tuned on a data set that did include information from other LLMs that were hosted with information about themselves.)\nnzealand 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nHmmmm.> ollama run falconThis isn't right.> ollama run mistral-openorcaThis doesn't work.\nall2 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nI found it was mistra-openorca:7B_q4_0 or something like that. Note that \"mistral\" is missing an L. They may have fixed this.\nthrowanem 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nYou need the tag, like with a Docker image. ollama run mistral-openorca:7b\nbrucethemoose2 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nTryhttps://huggingface.co/Undi95/Mistral-11B-CC-Air-GGUFhttps://huggingface.co/Undi95/Mistral-11B-CC-Air-RP-GGUF\nanon1253 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nI'll give those a shot as well, thanks! It's a tricky balance sometimes between \"I should actually finish building the thing I am trying to build\" and \"ooooh shiny new model to try for a bit...\", however.\nlxe 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nHow does OpenOrca compare with Zephyr-7B? Both are fine-tuned mistral-7B's AFAIK.https://huggingface.co/HuggingFaceH4/zephyr-7b-alphaThese LLMs are dropping so quickly it's hard to keep up these days!\nseaal 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nAverage performance seems to be very similar.>Zephyr alpha is a Mistral fine-tune that achieves results similar to Chat Llama 70B in multiple benchmarks and above results in MT bench (image below). The average perf across ARC, HellaSwag, MMLU and TruthfulQA is 66.08, compared to Chat Llama 70B's 66.8, Mistral Open Orca 66.08, Chat Llama 13B 56.9, and Mistral 7B 60.45. This makes Zephyr a very good model for its size.source: https://www.reddit.com/r/LocalLLaMA/comments/174t0n0/hugging...\nnwoli 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nWhat prompts do you use for role play? (I have some myself but I never see people write up prompts like this so im curious if im missing out on fun versions.)\nanon1253 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nI typically write them myself in the form of a \"you are-such-and-so, your role is this-and-that. As such-and-so you have the following traits...\" and so on. Sometimes I let some other AI rewrite it. There's very little method or science to it for me: if it feel right, it's right. Typically I find the first few chat-lines of the prompt (i.e. the chat history in the context) to be much more decisive to the conversation flow than the actual prompt itself. But it's all just \"prompt\" of course. My biggest realization in making the things go was \"it's just a wall of text, the chat bits are just a thin facade\". Write the prompt the way you want the text to continue, basically. It's a fancy Eliza. The folks over at https://www.reddit.com/r/LocalLLaMA/ sometimes share their (sometimes NSFW) prompts as well though. Right now I'm working on a minimalist interactive journaling app (a diary that talks back), and it's been a lot of fun to do and learn\nApplejinx 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nIt's always so weird to me that this works at all. There is no 'you'. It's weights in an impossibly complex network. It seems to me that there surely must be another approach to prompt-making that would be more effective than 'this is another intelligence like me, I will tell it how I want it to act'. It's really not, it's something else.\ndragonwriter 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\n> It's always so weird to me that this works at all. There is no 'you'. It's weights in an impossibly complex network. It seems to me that there surely must be another approach to prompt-making that would be more effective than 'this is another intelligence like me, I will tell it how I want it to act'. It's really not, it's something else.Yes, but that \"something else\" is designed (both via architecture and training data) to predict the language response from humans of language used by humans to communicate with humans, so addressing it like a human addresses a human doesn't just work well coincidentally, but by design.\nsoerxpso 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nAlthough you're correct that it's not exactly 'another intelligence like me,' what it IS is an algorithm that's trained to respond in the way that another intelligence like you would respond. In the corpus of human text, second person instructions are generally followed by text that adheres to the instructions.There is an alternative that I've found has tradeoffs, where you give it its instructions in third person, e.g. 'Sam is an intelligent personal assistant. The following is a discussion between Sam and Max --- Max: [question]? --- Sam:' You tend to get slightly more coherent responses with that format, because you've hooked into the part of its mind that knows how text looks in textbooks and guides, which are usually well-edited. However, it often gives more 'dry' responses, because you've moved away from the part of its mind that's familiar with human-to-human forum RP.\nApplejinx 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nAh, that's interesting. So you're able to lean it towards particular contexts by the way you frame the prompt? That would follow, and makes sense.Implies that the system's behavior isn't only controlled by the prompt, but by how you ADDRESS the prompt. So, start believing that it's a person and address it as such, and it's going to lean towards engaging with you as if it is a person, further misleading you.\nsharkjacobs 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\n> there surely must be another approach to prompt-making that would be more effective than 'this is another intelligence like me, I will tell it how I want it to actI don't think that this is especially beneficial for the LLMs, the benefit of chat interface is that humans are social animals with lots of experience forming prompts like this.\nall2 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nI'm very curious to see your setup and maybe a demo. Do you have a git repo I can look through?\nanon1253 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nProbably soon! I'll post it here. Still finalizing some Retrieval Augmented Generation things. It's written in Clojure with a very thin HTMX front-end. However there are some interesting things like using gbnf grammar constraints creatively for chain-of-thought reasoning. It's a one-person job though but I've always wanted a diary that feels like someone to talk to, and the tech is finally here!\nanon1253 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nCode is up https://github.com/vortext/esther but it's still heavily work in progress :-)\njoennlae 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nLlama1 --> 1.0T\nLlama2 --> 2.0T\nMistral --> ??They do not publish how many tokens it is pre-trained on, additionally to sharing no info on datasets used (except for fine-tuning).To my knowledge, no one has trained a larger LLM (>250M) to the capacity limit.\nAs discussed in the original GPT3 paper (https://twitter.com/gneubig/status/1286731711150280705?s=20)TinyLlama is trying to do that for 1.1B: https://github.com/jzhang38/TinyLlamaAs long as we are not at the capacity limit, we will have a few of these 7B beats 13B (or 7B beats 70B) moments.\nmark_l_watson 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nI look forward to more released Mistral 7B docs in the future. I spent more time with Mistral 7B tuned version yesterday and it really is amazing. Subjectively, I find it better than any of the 13B models I have used. I support Camenduru on Patreon and I used one of his many Colab notebooks yesterday https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1-UK_PE8R3xktlwoXqCf...\nvjb2tq4dws 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nCan you make the colab public, it does not seem to be accessible!\nmark_l_watson 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nI just made the notebook public, please try again.\nvjb2tq4dws 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nthanks a lot, I can see the colab now.\nbenxh 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nIt's missing a lot of crucial details. Nothing on the dataset used, nothing on the data mix, nothing on their data cleaning procedures, nothing on the tokens trained.\ndazed_confused 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nWhat we get when it is on arxiv first before being peer reviewed.\narugulum 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nBERT was on arXiv before being peer reviewed. As were T5, BART, LLaMA, OPT and GPT-NeoX-20B. The Pile and FLAN were also on arXiv before being peer reviewed. Of course, the original Transformer paper was also on arXiv before being peer reviewed.Being on arXiv before being peer reviewed is not the or even a problem.\njmac01 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nI cud almost tell this would be the case when the title of the paper was simply Mistral 7B.\nA little more info would be useful!\nbrucethemoose2 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\n> To evaluate the generalization capabilities of\nMistral 7B, we fine-tuned it on instruction datasets\npublicly available on the Hugging Face repository.Heh, they won't even say what datasets they used for chat finetuning.> We introduce a system prompt (see below) to guide the model to generate answers within specified\nguardrails, similar to the work done with Llama 2.This was totally undocumented in the initial model release.Other than that... Not much really new? We already know it uses SWA, though it works without SWA in current llama implementations, and SWA isnt new either.If most upcoming base models are this mysterious on release, the field is going to be... weird.\nriedel 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nWeird is the right term: do they want to demonstrate with this arxiv paper that they manage reformat a blog post into latex and upload it to a preprint site after publication?\ndang 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nRecent and related: Mistral 7B - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37675496 - Sept 2023 (618 comments)Is there significant new information here? (That's the test we use for followups:https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=false&so...https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&que...)\nfgfm 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nWell, that was a blog post, but they just released a research paper. And in comparison to the blogpost, they indeed added more information regarding the attention mechanism they used, details about the architecture, more evaluation results (Arena Elo rating) etc.Not saying it's novel, but it's useful from a research perspective and well appreciated that they added new information in there I would say. But let me know if you feel differently\nvisarga 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nThin paper for a thin & capable model, it is great to have it. It made my 2080Ti smarter than ever. But why emulate OpenAI style of white papers?\nanonyfox 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nIs there some convenience wrapper around this to drop-in replace the OpenAI api with it?Id like to put this on a modest DO droplet or Fly.io machine, and be able to have a private/secured HTTP endpoint to code against from somewhere else.I heard that you could force the model to output JSON even better than ChatGPT with a specific syntax, and that you have to structure the prompts in a certain way to get ok-ish outputs instead of nonsense.I have some very easy classification/extraction tasks at hand, but a huge quantity of them (millions of documents) + privacy restrictions, so using any cloud service isnt feasible.Running something like mistral as a simple microservice, or even via Bumblebee in my Elixir apps natively would be _huge_!\nLoganDark 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nA simple microservice would be https://github.com/huggingface/text-generation-inference .Works flawlessly in Docker on my Windows machine, which is quite shocking.Supports Mistral as well as everything else.Biggest downside is that there's no way to operate the tokenizer through the API. I put in a feature request but they said \"you really ought to write your own specialized client-side code for that\". Real bummer when the server already supports everything, but oh well.It has token streaming, automatically halts inference on connection close, and other niceties.Quite long startup time, but worth it as it doesn't have to be restarted with the client.\nreplwoacause 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nWhat kind of resources do you need to run this setup, and how well does yours perform? Is it like chatting with any other chat bot (ChatGPT or Claude, for example) or is it significantly slower? Can you train it on your own self-hosted documents, like markdown?\nLoganDark 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nThe inference server doesn't do training. The speed is pretty decent for https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/storytime-13B-GPTQ on my 3060, it definitely doesn't feel like you are really waiting for a response.My exact invocation (on Windows) was:$ docker run --gpus all --shm-size 1g -p 8080:80 -v C:\\text-generation-webui\\models:/data ghcr.io/huggingface/text-generation-inference:1.1.0 --model-id /data/storytime-13b-GPTQ --quantize gptq\nreplwoacause 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nThanks! I don't have a GPU though, so I'm assuming it isn't going to perform very well. I'll have to see if there are any models that can run on CPU only.\ndragonwriter 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\n> Is there some convenience wrapper around this to drop-in replace the OpenAI api with it?text-generation-webui has an OpenAI API implementation.> I heard that you could force the model to output JSON even better than ChatGPT with a specific syntax, and that you have to structure the prompts in a certain way to get ok-ish outputs instead of nonsense.Probably to get the maximum use out of that (particularly the support for grammars), it would be better not to use the OpenAI API implementation, and just use the native API in text-generation-webui (or any other runner for the model that supports grammars or the other features you are looking for.)[0] https://github.com/oobabooga/text-generation-webui\nall2 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nOllama [0] + LiteLLM [1][0] https://ollama.ai[1] https://github.com/jmorganca/ollama/issues/305#issuecomment-...---Ollama is essentially docker for LLMs, and LiteLLM offers an API passthrough to make Ollama OpenAI API compatible. I haven't tried it yet, but I will be trying it probably this weekend.\nreplwoacause 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nCool! Is it possible to make this self-hosted model reference my own content, for example markdown files? Or does it only know how to respond to things it was trained on?\nbrucethemoose2 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nKoboldcpp has an OpenAI (and kobold api) endpoint now, and supports grammar syntax like you said:https://github.com/LostRuins/koboldcppThe biggest catch is it doesn't support llama.cpp's continuous batching yet. Maybe soon?\nsiquick 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nPretty straightforward with Ollama + LlamaIndexhttps://gpt-index.readthedocs.io/en/latest/examples/llm/olla...\nHavoc 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nLlama.cpp has a translation server\nleschak 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\npython3 -m llama_cpp.server --model /path/to/model.gguf\nnothrowaways 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nTry ollama\nipaddr 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nOobabooga\nredox99 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nOoba is not meant to serve multiple users (no batching). Batching gives you 5x to 10x throughput increase.\nkiraaa 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nthe paper does not live up to the quality of model lol\nbee_rider 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nMaybe these models should start writing themselves up.Provide the model with an outline of a 20-or-so page research paper about itself and have it fill in the blanks. The researchers might have to provide textual description of the figures in the experiments section.\nramesh31 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nIs it better than llama 2?\ntarruda 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nIt is better than llama 2 7b and 13b. I tried the OpenOrca fine tune and it is very good, even when 4-bit quantized\nfaizshah 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nWhat does OpenOrca do? Its just instruction tuning it?\ntarruda 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nYes, it is a instruction tune dataset: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaIt felt different from the official Mistral7B-Instruct. One of the highlights with the OpenOrca version is that you can steer the model with a system prompt (eg \"You are a 5 year old\")\nsebzim4500 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nFor its size, yes. In absolute terms it is obviously less capable than llama-2-70B\nespadrine 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nFor now. Huggingface[0] mentioned a DPO-fine-tuned version, Zephyr 7B, which it claims is competitive with Llama2-70B[1].[0]: https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceH4/zephyr-chat[1]: https://twitter.com/huggingface/status/1711780979574976661\nbrucethemoose2 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nOh, they uploaded the weights. I missed this one, cheers!\nandai 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nI found llama-2-70B to be a bit worse than GPT-4. (So, pretty good!) But I did not compare with GPT-3.How do llama-2-70B and Mistral 7B compare with GPT-3?\nTheRoque 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nYes\nd4rkp4ttern 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nI always throw the Sally puzzle to any new model I try:Sally, a girl, has 3 brothers. Each brother had 2 sisters. How many sisters does Sally have?Ive tried this on mistral, zephyr, llama variants. None of them get it right. Zephyr (on the HF demo page) shows me half a page of discussion and comes up with 8.\nEven gpt3.5 says 6, which is the most common answer among models.Only GPT4 gets it right as far as Ive seen.Ive heard a Mistral GPTQ variant gets it right but I havent found an easy way to run it.If anyone found a local model that gets it right, please tell me exactly which one and how to run it!\nRallen89 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nWorked first try for me on default gpt3.5https://i.imgur.com/uaNGSFS.jpg\nd4rkp4ttern 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nIts hit and miss with GPT3.5 I think.\nIt got it wrong on both iOS and website.https://imgur.com/a/a9FOyFL\nsyntaxing 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nI really look forward to the 13B (if they ever do it). The rolling context is pretty amazing. It get super weird on long text generation but reading long text is great.\nreplwoacause 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nDoes anyone have a good guide to share for how to self-host one of these models and put it behind an API? Id like to tinker with building a chatbot on my home lab server, so I guess it would need to be runnable on a VM with a few GB of RAM and a couple of cores. Or is that not possible with these kinds of models yet?\nmhartz 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nCan someone help me understand Figure 2? Why does the newest token appear at the beginning of the sequence rather than next to its neighboring token?\nnivekkevin 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nit's a rolling buffer, so it just upsert index % 4 in this case\nmhartz 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nThanks, so does that mean position within the buffer is irrelevant?\nnivekkevin 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nit does feel like so, the position eventually loses its meaning as more and more data gets crunched by the training process, eventually it's just a context of the past 4 tokens it feels like\nsp332 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nStill no mention of what data was used for training.\nthawab 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nthat's how facebook was sued. Their paper mentioned a data sources that was crawling books from pirated sites.\ndiggan 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nMaybe the correct way of addressing this problem is by using data sources that won't make others sue you, rather than hiding what data sources you're using.\nredox99 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nCorrect in what way? Not correct if you want the best performing model. And if it doesn't outperform the current best model nobody will care about you. For a company like Mistral that could be the end for them.I'm not saying it uses books3, it might not. I'm just saying why it might make sense to risk it.\ndrngdds 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nNah. Copyright law isn't compatible with small startups and independent developers being able to compete with megacorps in AI. It's unironically better to just ignore it.\njcuenod 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nYou seem to be unfamiliar with the mantra of silicon valley.\nlelima 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\n'The Dark Side Of The Force Is A Pathway To Many Abilities Some Consider To Be Unnatural'\nLoganDark 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nJedi won't believe this one simple trick\nmardifoufs 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nWhy should they be? It's a French startup.\njagrsw 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nHN comments' section most likely :)\nopyate 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nI put Mistral-7B-Instruct in a Godot poc game the other day, and the simulated conversations it generates is funny as heck:https://github.com/opyate/godot-llm-experiment\nm3kw9 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nWhy not instead of generalist models with 7b, it should specialize like role play model, or just code? But I just realized if the model are not generalized, it wont understand natural language\njshmrsn 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nAn idea I hear often listening to talks about LLMs, is that training on a larger (assuming constant quality) and more various data leads to the emergence of grater generalization and reasoning (if I may use this word) across task categories. While the general quality of a model has a somewhat predictable correlation with the amount of training, the amount of training where specific generalization and reasoning capabilities emerge is much less predictable.\ndragonwriter 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nThere are RP, code, etc. specialized fine tunes of some models, to get the most bank for the bunk on some small models.\nall2 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nYou can take a general model and fine tune it for a specific task. There are various tutorials out there for creating fine-tuned models.\nfebed 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nAny links or colab for beginners to learn how to fine tune this model?\nNischalj10 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nwhat is the best way to fine-tune these models? any good resources would be very helpful. TIA /\\PS - I have a brief background in Machine Learning, more in development.\ncode_biologist 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nJeremy Howard talks about it in his recent video \"A Hackers' Guide to Language Models\": https://youtu.be/jkrNMKz9pWU?t=4808That link goes directly to the timestamp where he discusses fine tuning, but the whole talk is great. Punchline, check out Axolotl: https://github.com/OpenAccess-AI-Collective/axolotl\nvjb2tq4dws 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nThis is a walkthrough based on that talk for fine-tuning with axolotl https://dzlab.github.io/dltips/en/pytorch/llama-2-finetuning...\nfgfm 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nThe research paper by Mistral about their Mistral 7B v0.1\nbratao 7 months ago\n| prev | next [20 more]\n[flagged]\nbrucethemoose2 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\n> I'm on the edge of my seat for the 13B and 34B behemoths.When have they talked about this?I'm very afraid the answer is \"In their Discord.\"\nLoganDark 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\n> I'm very afraid the answer is \"In their Discord.\"Same, honestly. I hate having to \"join\" \"servers\" when half the time they have a noisy bot that pings me to the whole channel as soon as I join. I would prefer to introduce myself when I'm ready. Or stay silent.\nesafak 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nDidn't you see the message in #random? It scrolled past 37 minutes ago!\nbrucethemoose2 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nAnd it was a link to a comment in an obscure thread in #memes-2 which you can only see after being in the server for three days, being logged in with your phone number and PMing some bot.\nmsoad 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nWhy this comment is written in sports podcast tone?\nbratao 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nSorry about that. Im not a native speaker and asked GPT-4 to: \"Create a engaging reply for HackerNews talking that this is a great model, and I really hope that they release a 13B and 34B version. As those sizes are way more capable and have a chance of finally surpassing the GPT 3.5. This would be a very nice decision for mind share, and their larger models that can rivalize gpt 4 can be keep private for commercialization.\"I think that this is how GPT-4 thinks that a engaging comment for HN looks like.\npnpnp 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nI think your prompt was written well enough to not need GPT-4. Don't undersell yourself :)\nsatvikpendem 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nI flagged it for being AI written. Even if you're not a native speaker, it's best to not have AI outputs polluting future datasets, anyway.\nredox99 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nAI outputs are not necessarily bad for datasets, given they've been verified by a human for their quality and correctness (probably the case here, but not for SEO content farms).\npmarreck 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nWe've had flawed human outputs re-polluting future human learning for some time, now\nunshavedyak 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nThat's actually really interesting, thanks for sharing. We're in for an interesting future hah.\nyborg 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nThis is the future we are choosing.\nhttps://youtu.be/Cn8Pua5rhj4?si=tOro1MLaOE525Q2O\nthrowaway6977 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\n(ha!)\nthrowanem 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nGiven it's the most upvoted on the thread at the moment, I think GPT-4 was on the money here :D\nLerc 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nThis is something that I have found LLMs nearly completely useless for. I gave a talk on uses of AI for gamedev, and had some great things but I couldn't get it to write a blurb for the talk that wasn't vomit inducing.This isn't so much a problem white LLMs themselves but the training data. The world is so inundated with meaningless marketing speak that when you try and get it to talk about a topic in even a slightly promotional manner it will create something that fits in nicely with the existing drivel.\nbigfudge 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nI have the same problem writing references for students and summarising my feedback to them. I find asking to write concisely and without waffle, like a brusque, British academic helps a bit.\npmarreck 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nSo basically you're admitting it's a prompting problem.\nbrucethemoose2 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nThe comment implied that 13B and 34B models are coming.This is interesting... You didn't have any malicious intent, hence this is a somewhat novel example of GPT4 sneaking misinformation into an HN comment section.\nbrucethemoose2 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nIts Mistral!Or are you Mistral?\nBrunoJo 7 months ago\n| prev | next []\nI just started a simple service to use Mistral as a replacement for OpenAI. If anyone is interested you can sign up at https://lemonfox.ai\nmatteoraso 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\n>$0.001 per request secondThis pricing is probably more expensive than gpt-3.5-turbo 4k context. A large prompt for the API would be 1k tokens in and 1k tokens out, which comes to $0.0035 for OpenAI. Your website says to expect a request to take 4 seconds minimum, so that's $0.004. Given how light Mistral is, I think you'd have to cut your price by at least a factor of 10 for it to be reasonable.\nbazmattaz 7 months ago\n| parent | prev | next []\nTried to sign up. Just got a loading spinner on the sign up button and nothing else\nyieldcrv 7 months ago\n| prev []\ncan someone explain why the AI or language model community circles around arxiv?I really hate the pseudo-academic gatekeeping in the AI/ML community, Google said you have no moat, we all know you have no moat, including that degree. we can all fine tune with consumer hardware we already have or even better cheaply on readily accessible clouds for this specific purpose. why are they still doing this fake academic junk.\nselfhoster11 7 months ago\n| parent | next []\nI am very confused by this comment. There is no gatekeeping in the ML/AI community. Ideas flow freely (albeit within the confines of several major Discord servers, or so it seems). Whether the author of an idea has formal training in ML and adjacent disciplines or not, whether it's published on arXiv or not, it doesn't matter - it'll be adopted if it works and/or makes it easier for people to run their GPT waifu/ baby AGI prototype.That said, new open foundation models sized 7B and over are still a fairly rare thing to see. If someone goes through the effort of creating one of those, and especially if it has some sort of an edge against Llama 2 7B, it's not unreasonable to expect an arXiv paper to be released about it.\nLoganDark 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nIsn't token completion incapable of representing AGI? AGIs need the ability to perform internal thought and deliberation, and they probably also need to be bottom-up rather than top-down.\nstavros 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nYou can't judge whether something is AGI or not from how it works, that just leads to goalpost-moving. AGI is AGI if it can do certain things, no matter whether it's token-based or top-down or anything.\ndragonwriter 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\n> Isn't token completion incapable of representing AGI?Given the absence of a validated model (or even usable operational definition) of general intelligence, who knows? AGI might as well be an empty marketing buzzword, it isn't something about which falsifiable fact claims can be made.> AGIs need the ability to perform internal thought and deliberationSystems built around LLMs can do something like this, via reflection, a technique in constructing agent-based simulations using LLMs as the engine.\nselfhoster11 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev | next []\nI see what you mean. In this case, I was talking about the LLM being a component of the AGI rather than the whole AGI all by itself.\nSimplyUnknown 7 months ago\n| parent | prev []\nI mean, you can't just share the weights of the model and call it a day, right? You have to share details on what and why you are doing. You must communicate this somehow. In theory, you might be able to do this in a github readme, but a paper-style document on arxiv is nicely suited for this.\nselfhoster11 7 months ago\n| root | parent | next []\nPeople release models as just the weights all the time. HuggingFace makes it pretty easy to do that.\nyieldcrv 7 months ago\n| root | parent | prev []\n> I mean, you can't just share the weights of the model and call it a day, right?you can't?\nSimplyUnknown 7 months ago\n| root | parent []\nObviously you can, but in the grand scheme of things people should share more details about their method so people can improve on it in the future, no?\nGuidelines | FAQ | Lists | API | Security | Legal | Apply to YC | Contact\nSearch:", "url": "https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37842618" } ]

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ZEXAL characters\nYuma Tsukumo\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (117)\n\"Yuma\" redirects here. For the Tag Force character, see Yuma Miyata.\nFor the other versions of this character, see Yuma Tsukumo (disambiguation).\nYuma Tsukumo\nNames\nOther\nYuma Tukumo[1][2]Tsukomo Yuma[3]\nNicknames\nToma[4][5][6][7][8]Number Hunter[9]Miracle Boy[10][11]Dark Horse[7]ZEXAL[12][13]ZEXAL-ura[12]\nJapanese\n Rmaji: (Tsukumo Yma)\nArabic\n \nPersonal\nAge\n13[15][1][2]\nHeight\n158 cm[14]\nGender\nMale\nFavorite food\nRice Ball[16]\nLeast favorite food\nTomato (formerly)[17]\nRelatives\nKari Tsukumo (older sister)Kazuma Tsukumo (father)Mira Tsukumo (mother)Haru Tsukumo (grandmother)\nCareer\nOccupation\nStudent\nEducation\nSchool\nHeartland Academy\nDuelist\nTournament Position World Duel Carnival Winner Friendship Games Winner (with Girag) Couples Duel tournament Winner (with Anna Kaboom)\nTeam\nToo Cool and The Fool (English)[18]Irattokuru Kattobingu Team ( Irattokuru Kattobingu Chmu) [18]\nAnime Deck\nAnti Xyz SyllablesStatueXyz One Turn Kill/Win[1][2]\nAppearances\nAnime debut\nYu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 1: \"Go With the Flow, Part 1\"\nAnime\nYu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL\nVoice actors\nEnglish\nEli Jay\nJapanese\nTasuku HatanakaMika Ito (younger)\nItalian\nRenato Novara\nPortuguese\nCarlos Martins (Portugal; Season 1)Susana Joo (Portugal; Seasons 2 and 3)\nSpanish\nMiguel ngel Ruiz (American Spanish dub)\nTagalog\nSteven Bontogon\nWhat reason I have been fighting up until now? If I continue fighting, I will carve open a path to the future. Sacrificing other things will not give people a future.\nYuma to Astral[19]\nYuma Tsukumo ( , Tsukumo Yma) is the main protagonist of Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL. He is a young Duelist who aspires to be the greatest, despite his amateur skills. He finds himself reluctantly partnered with a Dueling spirit called Astral. Together, they pursue the \"Numbers\" to recover Astral's scattered memories, becoming a Number Hunter while cultivating his Dueling abilities during their adventures. After being victorious in the World Duel Carnival, Yuma became the Duel Champion of Heartland City.[20] He is also the Original Number's other half that was separated from him, during Astral's battle with Don Thousand long ago.[21]\nAs Yuma cooperates with Astral and assists him in the gathering of his \"Number\" cards, Yuma learns the truths that connect him to his destiny through his beloved father, Kazuma Tsukumo, and becomes the most important participant in the Interdimensional War between Astral World and Barian World, bringing an end to the hostilities.\nContents\n1 Design\n1.1 Appearance\n1.2 Personality\n1.3 Abilities\n1.4 Etymology\n1.5 Voice/Mannerisms\n2 Biography\n2.1 History\n2.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL\n2.2.1 Pre-World Duel Carnival\n2.2.2 World Duel Carnival Preliminaries\n2.2.3 World Duel Carnival Finals\n2.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL II\n2.3.1 Barian Invasion\n2.3.2 Mythyrian Numbers War\n2.3.3 Barian Emperor Onslaught\n3 Non-canon appearances\n4 Other appearances\n5 Number Hunting\n6 Relationships\n6.1 Astral\n6.2 Tori Meadows\n6.3 Kari Tsukumo\n6.4 Bronk Stone\n6.5 Reginald Kastle\n6.6 Kite Tenjo\n6.7 Hart Tenjo\n6.8 Trey\n6.9 Ray Shadows/Vector\n7 Deck\n8 Duels\n9 Trivia\n10 References\nDesign[]\nAppearance[]\nFull body view of Yuma.\nYuma has tan skin, red eyes, and black and red spiked hair that points out and upward. In every outfit he wears, Yuma is always wearing the Emperor's Key around his neck, which is hung by a black string. He owns a white and yellow Duel Gazer with a green lens, matching the color scheme of his ace, \"Number 39: Utopia\". Yuma bears a striking resemblance to his father, Kazuma Tsukumo, but has inherited his mother's red eyes.\nYuma's lineart.\nIn his regular attire, he wears a red vest with a white hood and a blue sleeveless shirt with a green \"D\" symbol, standing for \"Duel\". Yuma also wears white pants with designs of three orange moon crescents attached to one another with yellow outlines at the bottom, a white brown-stripe belt, and black with blue streaks shoes with white straps. Other accessories includes a brown fingerless glove on his left hand, a black protective pad on his right elbow and a thick, dark blue bracelet with light blue gems and red outlines on his right wrist.\nYuma's Duel Gazer.\nWhen in his school attire, he wears a white shirt with red-lined sleeves and collar, a red tie, blue pants and brown shoes. In his nightwear attire, he wears a red-white t-shirt, grey pants, and sometimes green slippers, but Yuma mostly goes barefoot around his house. During the Heartland Academy festival, Yuma wore a \"Temtempo the Percussion Djinn\" cosplay.\nPersonality[]\nYuma is a hasty, energetic, and cheerful young boy who likes to challenge himself to do anything that seems impossible, which he normally fails at. Undaunted by his failures, he states that doing these challenges gets him fired up and will eventually accomplish what he sets out to do.[16] He calls this challenge his \"kattobingu\" spirit (\"feeling the flow\" in the dub), which his father taught him.[22] Even Yuma would sometimes doubt himself when depressed, yet he'd still go through with his trials, such when he had shown up for his Duel with Reginald Kastle.[16] Yuma told Astral it was because of his promise to his father is the reason he doesn't do things halfway, believing it was like \"betraying\" his father if he did so.[22]\nYuma greatly loves his parents and treasures the key they gave him, shown when he was depressed when Shark broke it[16] and nearly had a panic attack when he lost it, but really just ran out the house without it.[22] In his house, Yuma sleeps in the treasury attic full with memories and artifacts of his parents' adventures and trips instead of his own bedroom. He looks up to his father and carries on his challenging, never-give-up spirit and catchphrase \"kattobingu\". It was said that Yuma picked up his personality from his father's spirit and his mother's affection. The picture of his parents Yuma keeps by his bedside. While he tries to hide it, Yuma quite sensitive on the subject of parents and misses them.[22] Astral says that deep in Yuma's heart, he struggles with the sadness of losing his parents and tries to live up to their teachings.[23] Many have pointed out how similar Yuma is to his father, Charlie McCay told Kari how Yuma had inherited his father's \"kattobingu\" spirit,[24] and Vetrix and Quinton commented how Yuma and Kazuma shared the same beliefs in bonds and friendship.[25][26] Dr. Faker has also noted how much Yuma is similar to Kazuma, especially when Yuma assisted Kite Tenjo in trying to rescue him.[27]\nForthright and honest, Yuma is shown to assist others if they are in trouble, despite their protests, as he challenged Shark to reclaim Bronk Stone's Deck.[16] Yuma even challenged Nistro and Dextra to a Duel in order to defend Flip (who cheated other participants), whose punishment is having his Deck confiscated and Nistro planning to physically punish him.[28] Yuma believes Duelists cannot be bad people and believes a Duel to be a clash of souls. Yuma's good-nature appears to make him naive as he believed that Flip really had good intentions, even after his friends had warned him he was a swindler from the start.[29] Even after Vector exploited Yuma's trusting disposition[30], Yuma resolved that he would not allow this deceit to color his perspective and doubt everyone he meets.[31]\nDue to his short-temper and stubbornness, Yuma is easily annoyed, and frequently clashes with Astral. Yuma tends to disobey Astral's instructions when they Duel, which leads to him making mistakes. He only starts obeying when he is about to lose, as he believes the Duels are his and listening to him would mean he needed help to win. As the series progresses, Yuma and Astral start working together, mostly after he called Astral his friend.[32] Although, Yuma still gets upset sometimes when Astral tried to instructed him, and tell him to stay out of his Duel because he has his own \"plans\".[2][33] Impetuous and clumsy, Yuma also appears to have a habit of forgetting important things such as the Emperor's Key on his way to school,[22] officially registering for the World Duel Carnival,[34] his invitation to the finals party,[35] and even his Heart Pieces on the day of the finals.[36] Yuma would sometimes even fail to execute any high jumps or dynamics, causing him to trip over his feet.[4][7][37][38] Also, when Yuma is too absorbed in his own mind, he forgets about other actions he did[39] or is performing.[1][2][40] Such actions usually make his friends and others regard Yuma as an \"idiot\", much to the latter's annoyance.\nYuma wants to be a Duel Champion, but tends to sleep and slack off at school, and doesn't generally use strategies during Duels. Unlike Yugi Muto, Jaden Yuki, and Yusei Fudo, he was an amateur knowing only the basics and forgetting how cards tend to work, but as the series goes on, Yuma's Dueling abilities are starting to increase. He can Duel opponents like Cathy[41] and Lilly[42] without Astral telling him what to do (though this only happens when he Duels seriously, seeing how he is still defeated with ease in friendly Duels), but he still relies on him to help him out at difficult times. Yuma's skills have improved greatly enough that he was able to hold his own against both Dextra and Nistro until Astral came back to execute the final winning move.[28] Having been tutored by Astral, his skills have grown even more during his one-on-one Duel with Trey.[43] Eventually, Yuma is able to Duel on equal standing against Shark in their third rematch with little to zero advice from Astral.[44] He is able to Duel on equal terms with Kite during their rematch.[45] He is able to Duel on comparable level with people under control by Barian World on his own and even impressing Girag.[46]\nHe also Dueled with the Barian, Alito, on equal standing without any advice from Astral.[47] While Astral was incapacitated after the forced cancellation of Dark Zexal, Yuma was able to narrowly survive Vector's turn in a situation where all he had was Number 39: Utopia, and a number of monsters in the Graveyard. During that turn he remained calm and focused, to the point where he remembered that he needed to forcibly send the card he needed from his Deck to the Graveyard in order to make use of it.[48] During his mission to save Astral, when he confronted the will of Astral World, Eliphas, and his Double-Rank Up monsters and multiple Shining Draws, through using \"Rainbow Kuriboh\", gaining the ability to perform his own Shining Draw to create \"Rank-Down-Magic Numeron Force\" and \"Number 39: Utopia Roots\", managed to turn his Double Rank-Up strategy against him and emerged victorious. [49] Finally, when Yuma faced off against Astral in their final Duel after gaining all the \"Numbers\", his full powers and memories, which included all six forms of \"Utopia\" and \"Number 99: Utopic Dragon\", through his own non-\"Number\" deck, the power of his own Shining Draw and \"Number F0: Utopic Future\", claimed victory and proven himself a top Duelist in his own right.[21]\nYuma seems to have a positive effect on the people he Duels, Mr. Kay claimed that Yuma has a \"sun-like\" power and that people who have contact with Yuma has their hearts \"illuminated\" without noticing[50] and usually restoring something they lost in their heart. After his Duel with Shark, he stopped stealing others Decks and the two eventually became friends. After defeating Flip, he gave up his conniving ways and became an honest person.[51] After defeating Nelson Andrews, he helped him repair his relationship with his mother and become his own person instead of living in the shadow of his ESPer Sparrow persona.[52] After defeating Cathy, she began to gain more confidence and started hanging out more with Yuma and his friends instead of always hiding from others.[53] After defeating Kaze, he was able to let go of his anger after being stopped by Yuma from slashing a statue and started studying again under his former teacher.[54]The Barian, Alito, considers him a worthy opponent and establishes rapport with him after being defeated.[47]\nAbilities[]\nYuma has the natural ability to see and hear Astral, and was shown multiple times that he is capable of talking with Astral telepathically[23]. However, Yuma's power seems to come from from his tenacious spirit and perception of \"kattobingu\", and should he ever lose his will, Yuma would be unable to see and hear Astral or see his Emperor's Key.[55]\nYuma's Shining Draw.\nAfter The Door opened for Yuma, he and Astral gained the power of ZEXAL, which caused them to merge their souls, leaving Yuma with most of the body's control. They also gained the ability to create \"ZW\" cards, among various other cards, all of which have the effects to deal with the situation the power was called for, such as \"ZW - Unicorn Spear\" and \"ZW - Phoenix Bow\" through an ability called \"Shining Draw\".[56] Later, during his Duel against Eliphas, he managed to use the \"Shining Draw\" to his advantage to save Astral.[49] The reason he can preform this ability is because he was originally a part of Astral, also the reason why they are able to preform ZEXAL.[21] Yuma can also use the Shining Draw to create \"Number\" monsters, albeit comparatively low-Ranked ones such as \"Number 39: Utopia Roots\" and later created his own Number, \"Number F0: Utopic Future\".[49][21]\nDuring the battle of Sargasso, Yuma and Astral's bonds were increased to the point where ZEXAL was enhanced to create ZEXAL II. When using ZEXAL II, he no longer requires a Duel Gazer, his left eye simply becomes more luminous. Also, Yuma has the ability to use Shining Evolution to bring out the true power of the card he's drawn, as well as the ability to perform a Shining Draw. It is unknown exactly what circumstances are needed to use Shining Evolution, but Yuma was able to use it to turn his duel with Vector around by transforming \"Rank-Up-Magic Limited Barian's Force\" into \"Rank-Up-Magic Numeron Force\", though this is the only instance of Shining Evolution. When Yuma was reunited with Astral after the latter was injured by Number 96, ZEXAL II was further upgraded into ZEXAL III. When using ZEXAL III, Yuma gains the ability to create a ZEXAL Field, which negates the harmful effects of being inside the Barian Field. He also keeps the ability to perform a Shining Draw and presumably Shining Evolution. [49]\nYuma could sense Don Thousand's awakening.[57] According to Enna, Yuma possesses the power of Chaos and is able to cure Astral World and its denizens with it.[58]\nYuma is also acrobatic as it was shown multiple times as perform several flips and high jumps throughout the series.\nYuma is initially a very poor duelist, requiring help from Astral to simply progress through a game. As his skills develop, Yuma becomes an incredibly strong duelist, surpassing even Astral, who was stated to be the strongest duelist in the Zexal series until that point.\nEtymology[]\nLike the protagonists of the previous series, Yugi Muto, Jaden Yuki and Yusei Fudo, his name contains the kanji (yu). He is the first protagonist whose surname contains three kanji.\nThe name Yuma also is of Native American origin, meaning \"chief's son\".\nHis surname, \"Tsukumo\", can be translated as \"ninety-nine\" which is the amount of \"Number\" cards he and Astral are looking for. It may also be played on \"spider\" (kumo), an allusion to \"The Spider's Thread\" by Ryunosuke Akutagawa given his pacifist personality and his attempts to save his foes from their doom (notably Vetrix and Vector). The name \"Yuma\" can mean evening or horse, which explains the horse symbol on Yuma's soccer uniform from the \"Stadium of Dreams\" Field Spell Card[59] and the name of \"Dark Horse\"[7] by Mr. Heartland.\nVoice/Mannerisms[]\nIn the English dub, Yuma has a somewhat high-pitched, raspy voice.\nBiography[]\nHistory[]\nYounger Yuma climbing a mountain.\nYuma grew up with his loving parents, Kazuma Tsukumo and Mira Tsukumo, older sister Kari Tsukumo, and grandmother Haru Tsukumo. Since he was young, Yuma had been going to the same school as his childhood friend, Tori Meadows, since their families were always been good terms with each other. As a child, he got the constant attention and affections of his parents, to his sister's chagrin. Very close to his parents, he would sometimes go on camping trips or rock climbing with his father.[9][22]\nDue to his poor Dueling skills and constantly proclaiming that he will become a Duel champion, Yuma was frequently teased by others. One day, after losing a Duel against a few classmates and was teased about it, Yuma became depressed and sad. His father noticed this, and took him camping in the mountains to cheer him up and have a \"man talk\". Despite his father attempt to cheer him up, Yuma continued sulking and refused to talk about his problems.[22]\nYuma laughing at his father's dream.\nWhen his father began to tell him about the \"other universe\", Yuma perked up and was encouraged to always challenge and to strive for hope. When asked about his aim, Yuma answered by saying his aim is to become the Duel Champion. Although, Yuma mentioned how people laugh at him, his father told him not to care about it, and never to give up on that drive and to always continue for it. After a friendly Duel and before he was about to go sleep, Yuma asked his father what his dream is, to which his father answered by saying his dream is to go to the end of the world. Yuma laughed at this because the Earth is round and there is no end, and the two laughed together at the notion.[22] However, in the dub, Kazuma says he wants to go to the edge of the world.\nYuma notices the key.\nWhen his father was found after the snowstorm accident, Yuma noticed the Emperor's Key in his hands and stared at it. Sometime later, he Dueled against some bullies and lost, then was mocked to the point of tears welling up in his eyes. Then his father showed up, shouting him encouragement and tossed him in the key. Moved by this, Yuma started to always wear the key and do \"kattobingu\".[22] After his parents went missing and were assumed dead, he is looked after by his grandmother and Kari, who began to forbid him from Dueling, but he still does it behind her back.[29] Although, unknown to Yuma, she did this because of her promise to their parents to protect him, and that their father warned her about being careful with Yuma's Duels because one day a great destiny would awaken from one of his Duels.[22]\nYuma about to duel Bronk with Tori by his side watching.\nOne day at school, Yuma shouts out his ambition to his class and was mocked by Bronk Stone. Angered, Yuma challenged him to a Duel and lost, but continues to Duel him ever since. The two eventually become friends, but Yuma still regularly lost to Bronk.[60]\nSometime after gaining the key, a door shaped like the head of a demon, wrapped in chains started haunting Yuma in his dreams, causing him to have the same nightmare almost every night. In that dream, he meets the door upon a old zig-zag raised path and a voice says; \"Whoever opens this door will obtain a new power, but in exchange will lose what they appreciate the most.\", and seems to make his key react to this. However, Yuma always wakes up before he can open it and appears to have never told anybody about his dreams.[16]\nYu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL[]\nPre-World Duel Carnival[]\nThe demonic door from Yuma's dreams.\nYuma was plagued by nightmares of a demonic gate, with a voice saying that whoever opens this door would receive a new power but in compensation they would lose their most precious thing. Yuma wondered about his most precious thing as the key lit up, but the ground below him suddenly crumbled away causing him to fall into an abyss. Waking up, Yuma fell out of the hammock in his attic and commented that he was having that same dream again. Then he noticed that his clock struck at 8 o'clock and realized that he is late for school. Yuma moaned at Kari for not waking him up, but she told Yuma that he's in middle school, he should wake himself up, causing Yuma to pull a face behind her back. Dashing outside, Yuma bid goodbye to his grandmother, Haru, but when asked if he had breakfast, he insisted that he didn't need it and is late. His grandmother was unhappy by this and caught the collar of his shirt with her broom and lifted him off the ground. She demanded that Yuma eat something, and he complied.[16]\nYuma races Bronk to school.\nYuma rushed through the neighborhood and leapfrogged over a Litterbot and caused it to spin out of control. As he continued running, Yuma ran into Bronk, who leaped in front of him on his skateboard, and challenged him to a race to school. Accepting the challenge, Yuma raced in front, but when they proceeded to run down a flight of stairs, Bronk kicked a Litterbot into Yuma's path, causing him to hit the bot, causing his belongings to fall out of his messenger bag, including his Deck. As a couple of the Litterbots went rampant in order to pick up what they perceived as litter, Yuma, insulted, screamed at them that what they were calling \"trash\" was his Deck.[16]\nAt Heartland Academy, Yuma tried completing various tasks ranging from his \"20 stack challenge\" to swimming the length of the pool, which he failed to do and was laughed at by his classmates. When Tori asked why he did all of those things since he going failed at, Yuma explained that she just didn't understand and that the important thing was to keep fighting and as long as you don't give up, you will someday succeed. Grasping his key, Yuma said the key opened many possibilities and with it he felt that he can do anything. During the school break, Yuma witnessed Bronk losing his Deck to Shark in an Ante Duel. When Yuma stood up for Bronk, Shark asked Yuma what was most precious to him, to which Yuma looked down at his pendant. In response, Shark broke Emperor's Key in two and kicked a piece into the bushes. Shark offered Yuma a chance to get Bronk's Deck back by Dueling him with his own Deck on the line on Sunday. Later at night, Yuma suffered the same nightmare and then spent the entire day depressed and sad. After school, Yuma was confronted by Bronk about Dueling Shark, which Yuma planned to do, and was touched when he learned that Bronk recovered the missing piece of the key.[16]\nYuma begins his fated Duel with Shark.\nAt night, Yuma planned to use a Deck constructed by his father, as opposed to his usual Deck, but didn't understand how to use the cards properly. During the Duel, Yuma makes several amateur mistakes and Shark quickly gained an advantage. As Shark taunted him to give up, Yuma argued that he wasn't someone like that because he had always believed in himself. Ripping off the key from around his neck, Yuma stated that his \"kattobingu\" would never disappear, as the key began to shine brightly. Yuma then found himself in front of the demonic door again. He was given to the opportunity to open it, and does so with the key. After he opened it, a mysterious figure flew towards Yuma, who was then trapped within a sphere made of blank cards. The sphere shattered and Yuma was returned to the park where he was still Dueling Shark. A dark force enveloped Shark and he Xyz Summoned \"Number 17: Leviathan Dragon\". Surprised at Shark's power, Yuma began to feel as though he wouldn't be able to win. However, a strange entity appeared next to him and told him to stand up and win.[16]\nYuma fighting alongside Astral.\nThe entity revealed himself to be Astral, a Duelist from another world, shocking Yuma. As Yuma talked with Astral, he noticed his friends, and everyone else, couldn't see him. Astral tried to take over Yuma's Duel, stating that he had to win at all costs with Yuma complaining that it was his Duel. Astral tried to order Yuma around, intentionally or not, to gain the advantage against Shark. However, Yuma refused to listen to Astral as he was taken down each turn. When Astral informed him that his own life fades as Yuma's Life Points decreased, Yuma took Astral's advice and uses \"Monster Reborn\" to Special Summon \"Gagaga Magician\" from his Graveyard. Astral gifted Yuma with \"Number 39: Utopia\", an Xyz Monster. Having never owned an Xyz Monster before, an excited Yuma Summoned it by overlaying \"Gagaga Magician\" with \"Ganbara Knight\". Astral stated that \"Utopia\" is the power he has entrusted to Yuma and that he must use it to win the Duel. With this card, Yuma made a comeback, and managed to pull off a win using it in a combo with \"Double or Nothing!\". Shark was returned to normal, and returned Bronk's Deck as promised, which Yuma thanked him for. As Shark left, Yuma tells Shark he had a lot of fun and said they should Duel again someday just for fun.[4]\nWith this win, Yuma began to gain a following around his school, as Shark was known to have pro-level Dueling skills and Yuma was known for having amateur ones.[61][62] One day, the network at school mysteriously went down, and Yuma's teacher, Mr. Kay, allowed them to use the day to Duel instead, as they could not access their virtual textbooks with the network down. Yuma Dueled his class's chairman, Caswell Francis, but Astral was not present, so Yuma did not have access to his Extra Deck of \"Numbers\". As a result, he lost a crushing, one-turn defeat without inflicting a single point of damage to Caswell. When Kari picked Yuma and Tori up from Heartland Academy, she told them that she managed to find the location of the person who uploaded the Crashbug Virus, which was in the school's library. Kari forced Yuma and Tori to scope the location out for anyone suspicious.[61]\nYuma and Astral in a Duel against Mr. Kay.\nYuma and Tori suspected Caswell of being responsible for the network going down, but he would eventually lead them to the real culprit, Mr. Kay. Mr. Kay had been possessed by one of the \"Numbers\" and Dueled Yuma using \"Number 34: Terror-Byte\" and the \"Crashbug\" series.[61] After arguing with Astral, Yuma was able to overcome him by Summoning both \"Utopia\" and \"Leviathan Dragon\". Mr. Kay revealed that he had no ill intentions and simply wanted to bring happiness to the city with a virtual \"Crashbug\". Astral determined that the \"Numbers\" amplify the emotions that their vessel already had, malicious or not.[63]\nAt school, a student named Flip approached Yuma to ask for his autograph for defeating Shark and eventually gifted him with a \"Baby Tiragon\" card in return. Yuma was excited to have his own Xyz Monster, but Tori and Bronk's reservations about Flip and their several attempts drag him away from Flip prevented him from accepting it. After school, Yuma received the fan-mail containing the \"Baby Tiragon\" card, and was questioned by Kari if he been Dueling even though he was forbidden to. Unknown to Yuma, Flip framed him in many incriminating situations of mischief and emailed the pictures to his classmates. The next day, Yuma was confronted by his classmates and tried to defend himself, but no one believed him due the pictures and everyone, except for Bronk and Tori, avoided him. Depressed, Yuma went to the Heartland Shopping Mall, and found Flip, who challenged him to a Duel.[29]\nYuma activates the effect of \"Stinging Swordsman\".\nYuma thought he would have a friendly Duel with Flip, but it turned out be far from it. The \"Baby Tiragon\" card was a trap, and Flip stole \"Utopia\" via the effect of \"Ultra C\". Flip then revealed that the autograph Yuma signed was a contract agreeing to ante his Number cards in the Duel. Flip went on to steal \"Leviathan Dragon\" as well, and appeared possessed by both \"Numbers\". Astral was sealed in an orb of light as his power weakened, but urged Yuma to protect \"Baby Tiragon\". Yuma did so and used its effect to let \"Stinging Swordsman\" attack directly. With his Continuous Trap Cards returned to his hand, Flip lost the \"Numbers\" and they returned to Yuma. Yuma won the Duel with them, and attempted to return \"Baby Tiragon\". Flip told him to keep it and the two leave the Duel as friends.[51]\nSometime later, Astral was watching a TV show while Yuma was asleep. \"The Sparrow\". He was fascinated by the show as the Sparrow appeared to be from a different dimension as well. Yuma was woken up by the sound of the episode and switched the TV off, only to be bugged by Astral about him believing Sparrow may know something about his memories. Yuma tried to explain it's all fiction, but after failing to convince Astral, he reluctantly switched the TV back on, even though the episode ended. The next day, Yuma arrived at school to Duel someone, only to be prodded by Tori and Astral to visit the Sparrow, who was shooting a scene in town. Flip caused a distraction to get them inside, where they saw the Sparrow practicing alone for his shoot. Astral, still believing the show was real, grew wary of the costumes to the side of the set, and in an attempt to convince Astral they're not real, Yuma ended up being flung about in the air by a hook. While Astral pondered over whether Yuma could fly as he can, Yuma dropped his Deck in front of the Sparrow, who grew concerned.[52]\nYuma meets The Sparrow.\nAfter Yuma dropped to the ground, he was saved from the security by the Sparrow, who discovered Yuma was a Duelist, and took him to his dressing room. Pleased to meet a Duelist, the Sparrow gave Yuma back his Deck and Yuma happily agreed to have a Duel with the Sparrow upon his request. After the Sparrow was spooked at the sight of a spider, Yuma laughed at his sudden change in demeanor and learned that the Sparrow is nothing like his character off set. Hearing his situation, Yuma comforted him by saying he should be himself, with the latter telling him his real name, Nelson Andrews. The two become friends, but before they could Duel Nelson's mother forced Yuma out. Before he left, Yuma promised Nelson that they would Duel someday, but Nelson's mother continued to push him out, leaving Nelson to sorrowfully say \"Nelson Andrews doesn't matter\" and that no one could save him. On the streets, Yuma lamented on Nelson's tough star life, with Astral asking Yuma why the Sparrow was also called Nelson. This let Yuma convince Astral that TV wasn't real. After Astral grew disappointed that Nelson couldn't tell him about his memories, Yuma asked Astral if he's lonely, only for Astral to reply he didn't know what the word meant. Yuma explained it, but instead of answering, Astral told him that he thought Nelson may be lonely. Meanwhile, Nelson was possessed by a \"Number\" card and attacked several people in town, taking his TV persona as his real one. After hearing about it, Yuma and Astral headed off to find him. They eventually did find Nelson, only to learn he was possessed, and under the impression he was the Sparrow.[52]\nYuma thinking about his mother.\nYuma knew he had to Duel Nelson to set him free, but then he revealed his \"Numbers\" card - \"Number 83: Galaxy Queen\", which puts Yuma in a tough spot. Seeing that the \"Number\" was like Nelson's soul, Yuma called Tori and told her to bring Nelson's mother to the site of the Duel. As Yuma was push into a corner by Nelson, Yuma proclaimed that he would save Nelson. When Tori showed up with Bronk and Mrs. Andrews, Yuma explained how Nelson was the one attacking people. When Nelson's mother tried to talk to her son, he brushed her off, but Yuma told her to watch the Duel and sees how Nelson views her. Yuma and Astral debated whether they should attack, and they finally decided that they must, if they wanted to free Nelson. Yuma attacked \"Galaxy Queen\" with \"Utopia\", but Sparrow had one last Trap: \"Star Sparrow Forever\", reviving \"Esper Star Sparrow\" with 0 ATK, in order to save \"Galaxy Queen\". Despite this, Nelson lost the Duel. Astral absorbed \"Galaxy Queen\" from Nelson's body. Nelson returned to his normal self and reunited with his mother, causing Yuma to remember his own mother. Later, Yuma, Tori and Bronk walked on a bridge as Yuma talked about the day's events. When Yuma and Tori got into an argument, Shark rode by on his motorcycle and observed Yuma, but Yuma didn't notice. Later, Yuma and Astral watched the conclusion of \"The Sparrow\" show, and Astral made Observation No. 10 - \"The parent-child relationship is something I understand\".[64]\nYuma, sleeping as Cathy sneaks around his room.\nOne day at school, Bronk said that it was strange that Yuma never once won a Duel against him, but had been winning against many powerful opponents recently. Tori asked what was wrong with that and Bronk responded that bringing it to them was more suited for losing. Bronk speculated that Astral may really exist, as Yuma only began to win after he started talking about him. Yuma enters the room and said \"Hi\", seemingly unaware of that fact that he was wearing leather pants and an oversized fur coat. Yuma asked why everyone is staring, and Tori told him she couldn't take it anymore. She said that she knew it wasn't polite to comment on someone's fashion sense, but she needed to do so in this case. For the last three days, Yuma had shown up to school in strange outfits; the last one was a bee costume. Tori told him that everyone would laugh if he kept dressing like that and pulled out a standing mirror, telling Yuma to see for himself. He looked horrified, and Bronk asked how he wasn't aware what he was wearing. Tori went on to tell him that that was not all - strange things had been showing up around him lately: Yuma's lunch box was decorated fancily, he suddenly got a 100% on a test and yesterday he was actually able to clear the jump he usually missed in gym class.[53]\nAstral appeared and tells him that he had been watching; it happened again last nightsomeone came into his room and messed with his things. Yuma asked why Astral never told him. Astral responded that Yuma never asked him. With Astral already there, he didn't believe that adding more strange things to the room wasn't unnatural. Yuma threw off the fur coat and vowed to find the person responsible, but Tori teased him that his being full of spirit didn't change how terrible his outfit was, and Yuma responded that it wasn't as if he enjoyed dressing this way. She told him he had absolutely no fashion sense. Yuma asked about her, and she retorted that at least her fashion sense was better. Yuma asked her to show him, and she told him they would go shopping this Sunday to buy Yuma new clothes, which he agreed to, and told her to meet him at 3PM at the Heartland Shopping Mall.[64]\nYuma and Astral surrounded by cats.\nThe next day, Yuma was waiting for Tori at the mall, surprised she was late, but then group of cats approached Yuma, with the one at the front having a note in its mouth. When Astral was startled by the cats, Yuma asked if he was scared of cats, but Astral denied this and claimed that it was only because he hadn't recorded them in his observations yet. Yuma jokingly told him that cats are very sensitive to the supernatural, so they can definitely see Astral, who responded that it seemed the cats are looking at Yuma. Noticing the note, he picked it up and sees it was tied with Tori's hair ribbon. He read it, and determined that Tori has been kidnapped. Yuma followed a cat to a cat-themed mansion. He burst through the front doors screaming Tori's name, to find a parlor is full of more cats, and many statues and paintings of cats. A girl emerged from upstairs and welcomed him, introducing herself as Cathy Katherine, but told him to call her \"Cat-chan\". Astral said he recognized her, and told Yuma she was always staring at him from afar. Yuma seemed to know her, but after thinking about it, he said he has no idea who she was, to Cathy's disappointment. Yuma asked where Tori was, and why Cathy would do something like this. She responded that it was because Yuma was hopeless. Yuma seemed confused and told her to just give Tori back. Cathy turned around and said that she will if Yuma could beat her in a Duel, but she wanted something if she won. Yuma questioned if \"Numbers\" are involved and Astral said that if that's the case, they have no choice, but to win, but Yuma told him that there was no need to tell him that. Throughout the Duel, Cathy tried confessing to Yuma that she loves him, but Yuma defeated her with \"Baby Tiragon\" and Astral attempted to collect her \"Number\" before realizing she did not have one. Yuma walked over to Cathy to help her up and asked her where Tori is, making Cathy blush.[64]\nAfterward, Yuma found out that Tori was at the park the whole time, playing with Cathy's cats. As they walked to school the next morning with Bronk, Tori told them that she was forced to play with the cats and that Yuma should stop being so angry with her. Yuma angrily insisted that he was not angry with her as Cathy walked up to them, saying \"Good morning.\" and Yuma responds with a \"Hey!\". As Cathy walked off happily, Bronk asked who that was, and Tori told him not to be rude since that girl was in their class. When they couldn't remember her name, Yuma told them her name was Cathy with \"Cat\" as a nickname and that she's a strong Duelist. Jealous, Tori said that she didn't know that and Bronk asked if Yuma figured out who was messing with them. Tori said she had to go and walked ahead of them, leaving Yuma confused. Astral floated above and documents his eleventh observation - \"Yuma still doesn't understand the feelings of women\".[64]\nYuma is nearly run over by Shark.\nOne day Yuma was late for school, and dashed across a crosswalk when traffic was cleared, but nearly got run over by someone on a motorcycle. The driver pulled over and Yuma angrily asked if he didn't see the light change. He saw that the driver was Shark, who said nothing and pulled away. In class, Caswell took Yuma's Deck to look for the \"Number\" cards, but couldn't find them. When Yuma said that he only has them when Astral is with him, Caswell then tells Yuma that his victory's over Shark and Flip were due to the \"Numbers\" and questions him about his skills. So Yuma decides to fight Shark again, but Bronk tells him that Shark hasn't been showing up to school lately and how after losing to Yuma, Shark's reputation dropped dramatically and rumors say he's been hanging out with some rough-neck \"bad people\".[37]\nShark takes away the Emperor's Key.\nLater, Yuma wandered the streets, remarking that his friends didn't understand - he was much stronger than he was before. Yuma found Shark, but was cornered by Chills, Scorch and their goons, then was lifted off the ground by his ankle. Luckily, Shark stepped in and told them to back off, leaving Yuma and his friends alone. When Yuma challenged Shark, he refused to Duel and Yuma was shocked learning that Shark gave up Dueling.The next day, Yuma then proceeds to chase Shark and annoy him by requesting a Duel until he accepts. As the Duel progresses, Shark's burn strategy begins to take its toll on Yuma, who vows not to uses \"Numbers\". However, Shark tells him use his \"Numbers\" anyway, so Yuma brings out \"Utopia\", but it was not enough, as Shark weakened it with \"Friller Rabca\", then proceeded to negate its effects and destroy it with his \"Black Ray Lancer\". With a final direct attack from \"Aero Shark\", Yuma lost the Duel, losing his pride along the way and was devastated. As Yuma bet his pendant in the Duel as a prize, but when Shark took it, he threw it behind him onto the ground beside Yuma, saying that it wasn't worth destroying as well as warning him not to bother him again (in the dub, Shark throws the key to the ground telling Yuma to keep it as a reminder of the Duel).[37]\nAfter this, Yuma Duels Bronk without the \"Numbers\" only to lose a grand total of 20 times in a row. Eventually, Bronk stops Dueling Yuma for lying to him about using the \"Numbers\". On the way to school the next day, Yuma catches up with Bronk, asking him if they can Duel today, but Bronk simply says he can't Duel with him anymore. Yuma shakes it off, saying there are plenty of other people to Duel with anyway. When Astral appears and tells him that it doesn't matter who he Duels with right now because Yuma, who usually at least use basic strategies in his Duels, but he isn't even doing that anymore - he's simply recklessly attacking over and over again. Yuma asks what he means, Astral responds that Yuma is irritated about losing to Shark. Astral says that Shark is indeed a very talented Duelist, but that is not the only reason he won. Yuma again asks what he means and Astral says that Shark thoroughly studied Yuma's Deck and found the weakness of the \"Numbers\", but Yuma really knows nothing about Shark. Yuma thinks back to when Bronk speculated that something happened to Shark at Nationals and goes to do research on Shark. In the school library, Yuma and Tori goes on on the computer and find information, the article calls Shark the \"tarnished champion candidate\". They read that Shark was disqualified for peeking at his opponent's Deck before a Duel began. Tori says it's hard to believe that's why Shark was disqualified, but Yuma says it can't be true - the Duel he had with Shark was not with the type of person who would cheat like that.[65]\nShark partners up with Yuma.\nAfter school, someone called Weasel runs up to them and says that 2 brothers in the gang Shark is affiliated with, is going to rob a powerful Deck in Heartland Museum and are going to place the blame on Shark. Despite Tori's complaints, Yuma heads to the Museum and is in time to stop Shark, Scorch, and Chills from robbing the Museum and challenges them to a Duel if they win they can have \"Utopia\". Shark warned Yuma not to be concerned for him, but Yuma said he wouldn't leave him alone to steal the Deck. Yuma also pointed out that Scorch and Chills were just using him, that their hideout is not a place for him to stay, and that both Yuma and Shark are comrades. Shark then decides to Duel with Yuma against Scorch and Chills in a 2-on-2 Tag Duel. During the Duel, Yuma is amazed that Shark could Xyz Summon \"Aero Shark\" and inflict damage on his first turn, but Scorch Summons \"Number 61: Volcasaurus\" and with it destroys both their monsters and reducing them to 2400 and 1100 Life Points. Having all their moves countered and with the appearance of Chills' \"Number 19: Freezadon\", which gave \"Volcasaurus\" its Overlay Units back, Shark and Yuma were pushed into a corner.[65]\nThen Shark revealed what he had suspected Scorch and Chills were cheating by ordering their Decks so they would know what cards were in each others hands, so what they would draw, and they had rigged their D-Pad's Shuffle systems. When Chills tells Shark that he had cheated back at the National Duel Circuit, who said it was because he was afraid of losing, then they start mocking him for it, but Yuma defends Shark. Yuma says there was nothing wrong with being afraid of losing, which is why he used \"Numbers\" when he Dueled Shark, unaware that Tori and Bronk were nearby listening. After Summoning \"Utopia\" and having it prevented from attacking by Chills's trap \"Avalanche\", Yuma used its effect to protect Shark from attacks, which would have caused him to lose. After having \"Utopia\" and the newly Summoned \"Black Ray Lancer\" destroyed by \"Volcasaurus\", Shark narrowly avoids losing from a direct attack by using the trap \"Final Offering\", ending the Battle Phase and giving Yuma a card needed to win. [66]\nYuma and Shark during their Duel with Scorch and Chills.\nAfter eliminating Chills by forcing him to use his \"Compensation Exchange\" trap, which saved \"Volcasaurus\" by taking damage equal to its ATK, Yuma used \"Monster Reborn\" to bring back Shark's \"Black Ray Lancer\" and equip it with Shark's \"Armored Xyz\" he entrusted to him earlier. It allowed Yuma to give \"Lancer\" the properties of \"Utopia\", letting it destroy \"Volcasaurus\" and attack directly for the win. Bronk and Tori run up congratulating him for winning, and Yuma apologizes for lying. Bronk, with some urging from Tori, accepts the apology and asks for a Duel with him, which he happily accepts. Before Shark leaves, Yuma tries to return \"Armored Xyz\" to him, but Shark comments that his card was able to improve Yuma's game, allowing him to keep it. Yuma gets little annoyed being called a \"no-good Duelist\", making Shark smile and walk off as Yuma smiles and watches him.[66]\nWhile at the shopping mall, a criminal takes several people hostages, and Yuma's Duel Gazer rings to have asks him where he was. Yuma tried to lie by saying he's still at school, but Kari knew he was there because she can see him on the news. Kari orders Yuma obtain her a scoop so she can be on the occurrence, but before he could get close to the scene, Kite Tenjo and Orbital 7 caused time to freeze. Yuma and Astral wasn't affected by this and realized that they could move around in this frozen time. Yuma learned that a Duel was taking place and saw that the criminal is possessed by a \"Number\", he tries to get closer. Due to several blockages, Yuma arrives to finds the criminal, aged and continuously saying \"Number Hunter\". Yuma to figure out what happened, time start flowing again, and the Heartland police grab and attack him, which ends up on the news.[67]\nYuma facing two \"Number\" monsters.\nSince Astral learn that there is someone else collecting \"Numbers\" just like them and can somehow stopped time, he warns Yuma that someone might come for them, but Yuma wasn't worry and it. At school, Bronk tells Yuma, Tori, and Caswell that the neighboring city has built a new Duel plaza, and the group decides to go there next Sunday. On the way back from the Duel plaza, it starts to rain, but as Yuma and Tori are looking for shelter, a truck is about to hit Tori. Yuma shoves her, putting himself in the way, then time suddenly stops again and they hear the same whistling they heard in the mall. They find themselves confronting the Number Hunter, who ties Yuma to a Duel Anchor stopping him from escaping and then Duel with their \"Numbers\" on the line.[67] As Duel begins, Yuma watches as Kite has Summons \"Number 10: Illumiknight\" and \"Number 20: Giga-Brilliant\" and shortly after Summons his ultimate monster, \"Galaxy-Eyes Photon Dragon\".[9]\nYuma feels he could never become a Duel Champion.\nWhen Orbital 7 the Kite tells him to extract every drop of Yuma's soul, and Yuma asks what he means, he learns that when Kite that when he collects a \"Number\", he steals the owner's soul. Yuma fights back with \"Utopia\" and \"Leviathan Dragon\", but the hunter overpowers Yuma. However just before he can deal the finishing blow on Yuma, the robot informs him that his little brother has collapsed, so the Hunter cancels the Duel. Kite breaks the Duel Anchor from Yuma and tells him that his name is \"Kite Tenjo\" and to remember it well, and leaves starting time again. As time resume, the truck that almost hit Yuma and Tori to drive past, splashing water all over him. Falling to the ground, Yuma begins cry out of anger from almost losing to Kite so easily and asks what is \"kattobingu\" and what's being a Duel Champion. Yuma says that this way he could never be a Duel Champion, and then cries out in frustration. Yuma then falls into a state of depression and with his pride was severely hurt.[9]\nHaru Tsukumo asks Yuma to go on an errand.\nShortly after Tori and Bronk inform Yuma of a tournament known as the World Duel Carnival, Haru Tsukumo convinces Yuma to go to a Duel Sanctuary to train in Dueling by asking him to do an errand. While there, Yuma Dueled the Sanctuary's master, Roku, he learned about how the monsters go through during all Duels and that he'll become better for understanding their struggle. Eventually, Roku's old apprentice, Kaze, appears and defeats the Roku, wanting to claim the Duel Sanctuary's Legendary Deck. However, Yuma interferes with his search and a Duel begins between them. Soon though, Kaze is revealed to have a \"Number\", \"Number 12: Crimson Shadow Armor Ninja\".[54]\nYuma and his friends checking the Legendary Deck's cards.\nAfter seeing his \"Number\" monster, Yuma begins to doubt his skills, but Astral tells him to believe in Roku's teachings, for they will lead to victory. With his and the monsters' feelings in mind, Yuma manages to defeat the \"Number\" monster and win. After being released from the \"Number\" and being accepted back to the Sanctuary, Kaze thanks Yuma. Kari, who was watching Yuma's Duel, realized how much he had grown through Dueling, and allowed him to do so, as long as he doesn't overdo it. Before he leaves, Roku gives Yuma the Duel Sanctuary's Legendary Deck and tells him to prepare for the World Duel Carnival as many strong Duelists will be participating.[68]\nYuma and Astral on strife.\nYuma challenges Fortuno.\nAfter putting together his new Deck, Yuma is prepared for the World Duel Carnival. However, Astral, still shaken up from his Duel with Kite, has his own doubts about it. Yuma eventually learns through a possessed Cathy that his friends are being held captive by Fortuno, a servant of Kite. Astral, scared of losing, was against accepting the Duel, but Yuma eventually persuaded him and the two made off to face against Fortuno. Fortuno introduces himself as Kite's servant and tells him that Kite would be watching this Duel himself, scaring Astral, but not damaging Yuma's fiery spirit.[69]\nYuma and Astral perform a Chaos Xyz Evolution.\nOnce their Duel got started, Fortuno Summoned \"Number 16: Shock Master\" and the two were against the wall. However, Yuma managed to defeat the \"Number\" monster only to be shocked when Fortuno Summons his other \"Number\" monster, \"Number 11: Big Eye\" and uses its effect to take control of Utopia. Also, throughout the Duel, Fortuno keeps sealing Yuma's Summons up to the point where they think there's nothing else they can do. Astral was frightened about losing, but when Fortuno offers Yuma the deal of handing his \"Number\" cards in exchange of his friends, Astral becomes willing to be sacrificed. Yuma refuses and when they eventually find out that the \"Kite\" watching them was nothing more than a statue, they once again gain hope. With a new power, Chaos Xyz Evolution, Yuma and Astral both Xyz Summon \"Number C39: Utopia Ray\" and defeat Fortuno. Astral then claims both \"Numbers\" and Yuma saved his friends with the latter thanking Astral. Annoyed, Yuma then walks off in a fit due to his friends ignoring him.[32]\nOne day at school, Mr. Kay tells Yuma's class that next Saturday is Visitor Day. Bronk asks Tori which of her parents is coming, then noticing Yuma is listening, and apologizes because his parents are absent. Yuma says its okay and he doesn't mind. When he arrives home, he notices both Haru and Kari have plans next Saturday, so he decides not to ruin their plans and not tell them about Visitor Day. At night, Yuma looks sadly at a picture of his parents before going to sleep. In the morning, Yuma overslept as usual and left the house in a hurry, not noticing he forgot Emperor's Key. As Yuma was about to leave, he bump into Kari, who finds it strange that Yuma has classes on a Saturday, but Yuma was able to avoids her questions. While waiting at a crosswalk, Yuma notices he lost his key and skipped his classes to look for it.[22]\nYuma doing the 20-stacks challenge.\nAfter looking it for a while, Astral asks Yuma about his parents and Yuma fondly tells him about his father and how he obtained the Emperor's Key, and how he gave it to Yuma, teaching him the \"kattobingu\" challenge. After finding the key in his attic, Yuma goes back to school just in time for P.E. class. Yuma spend the time watching his friends jumping over boxes when Kari and Haru arrived, finding out about Visitor Day and realize that Yuma didn't tell them. Yuma was surprised, but happy when they cheer for him, who once again challenges jumping 20 stacks. Smiling, Yuma sees the stacks as a mountain, and seeing that his parents' spirits watching over him. Astral realizes everyone loves Yuma and cheers for him too, then Yuma leaps toward the boxes with his family and friends cheering him on.[22]\nYuma being \"possessed\" by Number 96.\nAfter obtaining \"Number 96: Dark Mist\", he and Bronk got into a fight over being reckless in the Duel. Yuma spend the next day ignoring Bronk at school, but also remembering the day they met and became friends. While Tori urged Yuma to make up with Bronk, Yuma told Astral that Bronk wasn't his friend, with the latter being right front of him. When Yuma tried to solve the situation, Bronk accidentally knocks the Emperor's Key, causing Number 96 to take control of Astral. Just before the evil \"Number\" fully takes control of Astral, he tells Yuma to give his \"Utopia\" to Bronk so that he can Duel Number 96, and free Yuma and Astral. During the Duel, Number 96 manipulated and controls Yuma, who was forced to use his cards to Duel for it. On Astral's orders, Yuma pretended to be overtaken by 96 to fool it into destroying a card that Bronk could win without. Once Bronk re-Summoned Utopia, he managed to defeat Number 96 and frees Yuma and Astral from its control.[60]\nAfter school one day, Yuma and his friends discover a duckling, which leads them to discover the Litterbot washed up on shore with the mother duck inside. After setting the mother duck free, Tori asks Yuma to fix the Litterbot, though Yuma had no clue of what to do. Due to one of the cables being severed, Tori helps by lending one of her heart pins to bind the cable, and Yuma was able reviving the broken Litterbot. After reviving, the Litterbot forms a bond with Yuma and follow him back to his house, to his dismay. After the Litterbot defeats Yuma in a Duel, the Litterbot takes Tori's ribbon and ties it on itself leading Tori to assume it's a girl Litterbot, naming it Lillybot, which Yuma shortens to Lilly. Then Yuma and friends enjoy the day with Lilly - playing basketball, skateboarding, and beating both Yuma and Bronk in a Duel. At night, Yuma lets Lilly stays in Yuma's garage. Unknown to Yuma, the thief activates the control forcing Lilly to steal for him again, but not before she dropped one of her cards, which is \"Star Light, Star Bright\". The following morning, after finding Lilly's card and Yuma discovers that Lilly is involved in the recent thefts in the city. Yuma and friends search for Lilly and confront the jewel thief. However, he manages to get away as Lilly causes distraction. Yuma Duels Lilly hoping that he can snap Lilly out of the thief's control. During the Duel, the thief triggers a 1-minute countdown to blow up the Litterbot, but Yuma successfully stopped the countdown by defeating Lilly.[42]\nOne night, Yuma learns from Astral about the structure and ship in the Emperor's Key, making him fall out his hammock out of shock. Yuma questions Astral about the key, but Astral tells him that the structure looks like a giant puzzle and something might happen if the \"Numbers\" are collected. In the morning, Yuma was apparently late for school and was running through the hallways, having forgot he has swimming class today. At the pool, Yuma and Caswell get into an argument, who claimed his key is dangerous. Though Yuma says it isn't, Caswell insists and reminds him that Yuma's key hurts his head. Yuma decides to go to his locker and put the key there, wondering if Astral will be fine, but he decides to leave. Later, Yuma and his classmates discovers the locker room in a mess, and his Emperor's Key was stolen. Yuma searches frantically for it only to find that Kite and Orbital 7 has the key with Astral still inside, and that Shark's soul was stolen.[50]\nOrbital 7 misses Yuma.\nAfter recruiting Mr. Kay to use a virus to find the location of Kite Tenjo's laboratory, Yuma, along with Bronk, Tori, Cathy, and Caswell go there, only to find that the doors are sealed shut. As he is giving up hope, Tori slaps him, bringing him back to his senses and reminding him of \"kattobingu\". The group begins to pull on the doors, only for them to open by Mr. Kay's bug.[23] They go inside, looking for the Key, but are intercepted by Orbital 5 and Orbital 6. Yuma kicks the former in the face, but is spurred on by his friends, who say they will distract the robots while he looks for the Key. He does find the area with the key, but the door is locked. He is unable to open it, but discovers a picture of Kite and a mysterious young boy. After Orbital 7 arrived, the door opened and the robot attacked Yuma, but got his drills get stuck in a wall, giving Yuma the chance to enter the lab and find his key.[56]\nYuma after overlaying with Astral during their Duel with Kite.\nYuma is called to The Door once again after his Deck begins to glow, with it telling him that, while he will lose his most precious thing as the price for the power it gave him, someone is interrupting their agreement, prompting him to fly through it and obtain the power of ZEXAL. He sees Astral's Duel with Kite, and wanting to help, does jump through, to which Astral initiates an Xyz Summon, using the both of them as material. The two reappear as one, their bodies and souls overlaid together. Yuma continues the Duel in place of Astral, who tells him that their next draw would decide whether they won or lost. He calls out Shining Draw, getting the newly created \"ZW - Unicorn Spear\", using it as an equip card on \"Utopia Ray\", giving it the ability to bypass the effects of \"Galaxy-Eyes\" and destroy it. Kite then uses his trap, \"Photon Shock\", giving them both the damage from that battle, ending the Duel in a DRAW. Yuma questions Kite as to why someone like him would do something as devilish as steal peoples' souls for the \"Numbers\", prompting him to say that he sold his soul to the devil long ago, and that his reasons were none of his concern Kite then gives Shark's soul back. The building begins to self-destruct and Yuma's friends waits outside for him, but think it too late after it explodes. Yuma appears from out of the rubble, with the Emperor's Key around his neck once again. While celebrating his safety and the return of the Key, he notices Kite flying away from the area.[56]\nThe next day, while running to school, time suddenly stopped, and only Yuma and Astral are able to move. Kite invaded Astral's memories, causing him to fly through the places where they Dueled so far. When time resumed again, Kite appeared telling him that they will settle their score in the WDC.[70]\nWorld Duel Carnival Preliminaries[]\nA few days before the World Duel Carnival starts, Yuma waited for his Heart Pieces, but they didn't arrive as Yuma forgot to register online. When his friends reminded him, he quickly tried to register, but the registration time had already finished. Yuma panicky immediately ran into the Heartland office to ask for a Heart Piece, but the guards didn't let him enter until Mr. Heartland appeared and gave him a Heart Piece. Afterwards, with Yuma and Tori talks about how he can finally fulfill the promise he made with his father to become the Duel Champion. Astral tells Yuma that he must win since the tournament should have many Number holders. Yuma tells Astral that he doesn't plan on just winning, causing Astral to asks Yuma why he doesn't plan on fully winning since that would mean Yuma wouldn't be fulfilling the promise he made with his father. Yuma explains to Astral that he has thought to himself for a long time about what Dueling means to him. Yuma tells him that ever since he met Astral, he started to win despite losing all the time before, but when he lost against Shark and Kite, he understood that he could lose something important from losing for the first time, but he never hated Dueling despite it.[34]\nYuma tells Astral what Dueling means to him.\nYuma tells Astral that Dueling means bonds and connection to him, and that Dueling and fighting are different. Astral doesn't want to agree to him since he would disappear if he lost, but Yuma tells Astral that he understands how he feels and will do anything to save him. However, Yuma has realized that there is something more exceeding than winning and losing. Astral asks Yuma what he will do about Kite, where Yuma answers that he will lose his soul if he lost, but it won't change his mind when it comes to Dueling. Then Tori worries what would happen if Yuma really lost his soul, but Yuma tries to comfort Tori and promises to win the tournament. The day the WDC started, Yuma went to the opening ceremony and listens to Mr. Heartland explains the rules. Just after the Carnival starts, Striker hits Yuma in the face with a soccer ball filled with cards, challenging him to a Duel.[34]\nYuma under the effects of \"Stadium of Dreams\".\nStriker quickly reduces Yuma's Life Points and prevents him from attacking with his Soccer-themed Deck. During the Duel, Striker reveals that he used to play soccer in his older brothers' team, but Striker doesn't play as a team, so he quit the team and started Dueling instead. Yuma manages to win the Duel with his new Xyz Monster, \"Muzurhythm the String Djinn\" and reminds Striker that he likes to play soccer and rejoins his brothers' team. Striker gives Yuma his Heart Piece, earning his first Heart Piece.[59]\nYuma VS Cody\nYuma's second opponent is Cody Callus. Cody thinks that Dueling is only about power and uses Digvorzhak, King of Heavy Industry\". Yuma proves him wrong by defeating him without using any Xyz Monsters, instead, he reduced his monster's ATK to 0 and destroyed it with \"Kurivolt\" who only has 300 ATK and inflicted effect damage. With Cody's defeat Yuma now has 3 Heart Pieces; however, so far, only two pieces fit together, meaning Yuma will still need to collect three more fitting pieces.[41] His third opponent was Anna Kaboom, who was always carrying a cannon with her, which also reflects in her Duels since she uses a beatdown strategy through effect damage. Even though Yuma defeated her, it was revealed she wasn't an actual participant in the tournament so she couldn't give him a Heart Piece. As Anna flew away, she thought of Yuma and developed a crush on him, along with a feeling of hatred immediately after, because those thoughts distracted her, causing her to smash her head against the railroad and she blamed him for it.[71]\nYuma's fourth opponent was Tombo Tillbitty, who plays by the rules of \"Basket Rule\" meaning he had to pull a vegetable from a basket at random and eat it every time he wanted to attack. Yuma was not able to attack for most of the Duel because he pulled a tomato every time he was about to attack and he said he hated tomatoes until Tori said that if he lost she would force Yuma to eat his food and Duel meals with tomatoes every single day. Scared of the thought of it, Yuma forced himself to eat one and after that, he thought that Tombo's tomatoes were delicious. Yuma won the Duel by Summoning a new Xyz Monster \"Melomelody the Brass Djinn\" and using the effect of \"Gagaga Girl\" and gaining his fourth Heart Piece.[17] Charlie McCay vs Yuma. His fifth opponent was Charlie McCay, who plays cards with Die roll effects and possess \"Number 7: Lucky Straight\" that gives luck to the player who has it, so Charlie wins all the Duels he plays. Charlie also used the card to steal other cards and other things, among them being one of the Numbers, \"Big Eye\", so Yuma chased him and challenged him to a Duel on top of a train.[72] Yuma defeated him because he \"split the sun in two\", as Charlie said that if the sun is split in two, the luck of \"Lucky Straight\" would run out. Yuma destroyed Charlie's \"Sun Scale\", which symbolizes the sun, and then Summoned \"Number 39: Utopia Ray\" for the win. After that, Charlie returned the stolen Number card to Yuma and receiving \"Lucky Straight\" as well.[24]\nDuring the second day of the WDC, Yuma and Tori Meadows went with Bronk and Caswell met with the Asian Champion, Quattro, in a clearing for a Duel. Although Yuma was wary of Quattro due to Shark, Quattro seemed kind, Yuma changed his opinion of him until Quattro activated the card \"Gimmick Box\", he showed his real face, which is cold and malicious. He started to make Caswell and Bronk suffer, causing Yuma to become angry. After the Quattro's win, Yuma challenged him to a Duel, but Shark arrives and challenged him too, but Quattro went away.[73] Trey, who is Quattro's brother, challenged Shark to a Duel, and Yuma watched it. Throughout the Duel, Yuma worried about Shark, but cheered him on and was happy that he won.[74] After the Duel, Yuma is irritated by whats going on with Shark and Quattro, and angrily says \"Dueling isn't a tool for revenge!\".\nYuma defeats Cameron.\nDespite Tori's attempts to take his mind off it, Yuma snaps at her for trying to cheer him up, in which Tori walks away hurt. After a request from his sister to look for a Duelist named Cameron Clix, he wonders where Tori went, and Astral clarifies that he said some hurtful things to her, which he denies. Upon running into Cameron, they Duel, with Tori's life at stake due to Cameron's prediction with his photo. When Cameron Summoned his \"Number\" card, Yuma was pushed into a corner.[39] However, Astral told Yuma to ignore the photos Cameron showed him. By doing so, Yuma was able to Summon \"Utopia Ray\" and win the Duel. Unfortunately, this didn't stop the prediction of Tori's fate, but Kite and Orbital 7 showed up and managed to safely put the ship on the ground, which Yuma thanked him for. With Tori safe, Yuma got his fourth Heart Piece and \"Number 25: Force Focus\".[75]\nYuma VS Nistro & Dextra\nLater, he Duels Nistro and Dextra in Flip's place, as Flip collected Heart Pieces using his \"tricky ideas\" until Nistro and Dextra found out. He Duels without the help of Astral, as Astral is being cornered inside the Emperor's Key by Number 96, he is unable to use the Numbers and is struggling against the teamwork of Nistro and Dextra.[76] As the Duel continues, their combination overpowered Yuma and drastically lowered his Life Points. On an attempt to turn the Duel around, Yuma managed to Summon \"Utopia\", surprising Nistro and his partner as he holds a \"Number\" card. After noticing their \"Photon\" cards, Yuma identifies them as being affiliated with Kite, and told them that he has Dueled Kite before. Unable to counterattacked, Yuma gave up hope when they reduced him to 100 Life Points, but Astral returned and was briefly visible to everyone watching the Duel - revealing to Nistro and Dextra he is in possession of the Original Number. With Astral's help, Yuma execute a winning move and won the Duel.[28]\nAfterwards, Yuma gather together with Tori, Flip, and Bronk, who tells how Caswell is doing. Flip comments that Yuma is the only one left in their group to be in the WDC while Astral reminds him that the remaining contestants in the WDC are quite the competition as only strong people remain. Then, Cathy appears behind Yuma and shows him that she gather three Heart Pieces. Yuma congratulates her on getting the Heart Pieces, and then shows her the four that he's collected. Suddenly, a dog snatched Yuma's Heart Pieces and ran off, but Cathy uses her ability with cats to search for dog's whereabouts for him. When managing to locate where the dog had gone, Yuma was shocked when a dog, named Roscoe spoke to the gang. After Cathy challenged the dog to a Duel, Yuma watches anxiously since his Heart Pieces are on the line. Yuma was shocked when the talking dog was revealed to actually be a little girl named Pip. As the Duel continues, Yuma sees Pip growing nervous and encourage her to \"kattobingu\" and his friends follows suit. Yuma cheers for Pip when she managed to win the Duel, but remembers his Heart Pieces were on the line. As the sun begins to set, Yuma stop sulking after Pip gave him back his stolen Heart Pieces.[77]\nYuma being held by Nistro\nLater at night, Yuma encounters Hart Tenjo wondering the streets, and bear witness of his power. Upon Astral's request, Yuma takes Hart to his home and formed a friendship with him. When Hart wonders out in the night, Yuma went after him, but notice that Hart was beginning to panic when they noticed the helicopter. On Astral's advice, Yuma quickly gave Hart a caramel and promised to take him to see his brother Kite, which calms him down, and then found out the helicopter which was piloted by Quinton. Quinton brainwashes Hart and takes him in his helicopter as Yuma yells Hart's name as it flew away.[78] Walking home, Yuma was confronted by Nistro and Dextra, which Yuma kicked the former in the crotch in order to escape from his gripped. Yuma and Kite agreed to teamed up to find him and break into an abandoned gallery, beginning a Tag Duel against Trey and Quattro.[5]\nYuma and Kite vs. Trey and Quattro.\nAs the Duel begun, Kite used his field spell, which injured everyone else, including Yuma. Yuma got upset that Kite would hurt his own partner, but Astral reminded him that they were there to save Hart. As the Duel continued, Yuma tried to protect Kite, while playing his \"Number\", \"Utopia\", much to Trey, Quattro and Quinton's surprise, but it is destroyed by \"Number 15: Gimmick Puppet Giant Grinder\".[6] Nonetheless, Yuma fights back using \"Number C39: Utopia Ray\", but Quattro manages to stop the damage from the attack and play \"Number 40: Gimmick Puppet of Strings\", much to Yuma's shock. After Kite was on the verge of defeat, Yuma told him to stand up, because if he didn't, Yuma asks him who else would protect Hart. Upon seeing Kite's new energy enveloping him, he lets him sacrifice his monsters and unleash \"Neo Galaxy-Eyes Photon Dragon\", which wins them the Duel.[79] Afterwards, Yuma learns from Quinton that his father is still alive in Astral World. Although he decides to go there in hopes to find his father, he is stopped by Tori and his family along with Roku. Yuma decides to Duel Roku so he can leave. Despite faring well, he recklessly disregards Roku's face-down \"Mirror Force\", which destroys all his monsters, and is then finished off by \"Arcana Knight Joker\". After some words from Roku, he comes to his senses, realizing he shouldn't run away or abandon Dueling.[80]\nDuring the next day, Yuma was ready to leave his house while lamenting how Roku was gone when he woke up. However, his grandmother assure him that Roku left relief that Yuma has chosen his path, which left him wondering what path he has taken. Kari said it is him winning the World Duel Carnival and becoming champion. Touched by his family's support, Yuma hurries outside to find his friends all gather to cheer him on. While walking, Yuma proclaimed on about winning anyone in the finals, but stopped and wonder about his path he choose again. Astral said that he shared Yuma's confusion, and reminds Yuma about others - Kite, Hart, Shark, and his father - whom he all wants to save. Yuma includes Astral too and say that he won't lose to anyone no matter what, making Astral smile. Yuma notice his friends listening, and said that he'll find a way to make everybody happy. When Yuma show his friends that he needs only one more Heart Piece, they started to search for a weak Duelist for Yuma, to his annoyance. Later, Flip calls Yuma to a plaza, where he happily finds Nelson Andrews as \"The Sparrow\" Dueling against Nistro, where both Duelists are also happy to see him. Throughout the Duel, Yuma watches in awe and cheers for both sides. The Duel gets him excited, and spend most of his time bantering with Astral about Nistro, Nelson, and the moves they played. After Nelson lost, Yuma goes up to him and was happy that he had fun. He was little surprised, but touched when Nelson thanked Yuma for teaching him that Dueling was for fun. When Nistro came to them, Yuma finds out the he enter the WDC in order to Duel against him, and Nistro tells Yuma that he will be waiting in the finals. Yuma then listen to Nelson explaining how he can make others happy through Dueling and hearing Nelson's encouragements, Yuma thanks him for helping him realized his path and promised that he will always \"kattobingu\".[81]\nLater, Yuma can't find anyone to Duel against and desperately searches for an opponent. However, Yuma encounters a fallen Duelist and learned how violent Shark has became. Yuma found Shark at a construction site and tried to questions his behavior. When he tried to leave, Yuma challenges Shark to a Duel, which he accepts. However, Yuma doesn't make any attempts to attack Shark and let him take his anger out on him. Once Shark realize this, Yuma's plan succeed and manage to make the \"Number\"'s darkness over Shark disappeared. After Yuma reaffirm his friendship with Shark, Yuma gets a call from his grandma to learn that Trey was at his house. Despite initial hostility, Yuma ends up befriending Trey, who was amazed by the artifacts in Yuma's room that his father found. After spending part of the day with Yuma and his family, Trey remembers how his family used to be and challenges Yuma to a Duel, who wished to know Trey's feelings and talk more.[82]\nYuma regains \"kattobingu\".\nDuring the Duel, Yuma tried to reason with Trey and shocked by his sudden change in personalty. Trey then uses his new powers to erase Yuma's memories of \"kattobingu\" and his father's teachings. Due to the power of Trey's Crest, Yuma is unable to see Astral or the Emperor's Key.[55] Without his \"kattobingu\", Yuma also becomes weak and cowardly, and wants to surrender the Duel. Trey refused to let Yuma quit the Duel and brutally attacked him, causing Yuma to nearly fell off the highway until his friends saved him. With some help from his father inside the Emperor's Key and Astral's bit of power, Yuma was released from Trey's influence and regained ability to see the key and Astral. Upon returning to normal, Yuma learned that Trey destroyed Astral, which makes him mad and cried for his friend. Remembering the lessons Astral taught him, Yuma proceeds to use \"Utopia\" and later \"Utopia Ray\", but Trey counters with \"Number 6: Chronomaly Atlandis\".[43]\nTrey giving Yuma his crest's power.\nTrey uses the Trap Card \"Final Prophecy\" to protect \"Atlandis\", but doesn't realize that the card opens a portal to Barian World. Trey's Crest starts damaging his body, but Yuma manages to convince Trey to work together with him to revive Astral. Using the ZEXAL power, Yuma and Astral performed a Shining Draw - \"ZW - Phoenix Bow\", and equipping it to \"Utopia Ray\", Yuma defeated Trey. and \"Atlanto\". After Yuma's victory over Trey, Trey gives Yuma his \"Numbers\" and a Heart Piece and leaves asking Yuma to save his family. Obtaining Trey's Heart Piece and two \"Numbers\", Yuma completed his Heart Pieces and advances to the WDC finals.[83]\nWorld Duel Carnival Finals[]\nAfter Yuma advanced to the finals, he goes to the finals party and brought his friends along, but forgets his invitation. Flip helps him and his friends sneak into the party, but they get caught again. Nistro appears and helps them get into the party, vouching for the fact that Yuma is a finalist. During the party, Yuma noticed Kite talking to Quinton and tried to reach them, but to no avail and then tried looking for Shark. After Vetrix interrupted Mr. Heartland's speech and revealed himself, Yuma realized that he is the one Trey was talking about during their Duel. After Flip's antics cause a mess at the party, Yuma found Kite on his way out and asked how Hart was. Kite told him not to concern himself with that and focus on the confrontation the two will surely have in the finals. Yuma agreed, only to hear Kite telling him that it's not Yuma he's looking forward to defeating - it's Astral, much to Yuma's annoyance. Despite this, he smiles as Kite leaves.[35]\nYuma on the Duel Coaster with Tori and Astral\nOn the morning of the Finals, Yuma sleept outside the stadium, so as not to be late again. Upon boarding his Duel Coaster, he realized he forgets his Heart Pieces, which are required to start the Coaster. Yuma's sister and his friends worked together to get his Heart Pieces to him, and he started the course, with Tori in the passenger seat next to him by mistake. He noticed many of the Duels and the quick victories of the other Finalists. Yuma was then cornered by the Triad of Terror and forced into a Duel formation, making a 3 on 1 Battle Royal against him.[36] However, Anna, and her sacrifice as well as Nistro's interference, Yuma was able to defeat the Triad of Terror, but his Life Points were reduced to 600 in the process.[33]\nYuma entered the underground sector and realized that only 8 Duelists can go to the Duel Fields, so he rushes to find someone but doesn't realize a Trap point. The Trap threw a boxing glove that punches him and inflicted 200 damage to him twice. Yuma then encountered another trap point, and slowed down in desperation. The trap card, \"The Paths of Destiny\", still activated. Yuma tossed a coin for its effect, and since the coin landed on heads, Yuma recoverd 2000 Life Points. He then proceeds to save Nistro who was about to be eliminated by Quinton. Yuma guided Nistro to \"The Paths of Destiny\" and told him to use it to recover his Life Points. Yuma left Nistro but once again ran into the boxing glove Trap, but this time it punched Tori, angering her.[1]\nYuma vows to defeat Vetrix.\nLater, Yuma unintentionally drove his Duel Coaster car into Jungle Field where Dextra and Vetrix are Dueling. At first during the Duel, Yuma has faith that Dextra will win against Vetrix, given the advantage she has. However, Vetrix manages to pull himself out and beat Dextra with only 100 Life Points. After Vetrix removes her memories of Kite and leaves her emotionally scarred, Yuma vows to Duel Vetrix for her sake.[40]\nYuma angry at Kite for showing no concern for Dextra.\nAfter the Duel, Yuma and Tori ran into Orbital 7, who was looking for Kite and crashed into his Duel Coaster. Remembering Dextra's request, Yuma told Orbital to show him the way to Kite and found him Dueling with Quinton at the \"Space Field\". Upon crashing into the field, Yuma relaid his message to Kite about Dextra after her Duel with Vetrix, and got angry with him after he shrugged it off. Afterwards, Quinton told the story of what happened to Yuma's father and how he was connected to Kite's father Dr. Faker and Quinton's own father.[25] Yuma stayed to watch the Duel between Quinton and Kite, and cheered Kite on. Yuma's actions were questioned by Quinton, who pointed out that Kite is Faker's son, and Faker betrayed Kazuma - and he is a Number Hunter who will hunt Yuma as well. Yuma said he knows that, but adds that he has Dueled Kite and that means they are friends, and Kite is also his goal. After Kite successfully defeated Quinton, Yuma conversed with Astral on how Vetrix and Dr. Faker's plans began as Astral came to his world. Yuma concludes that his father wanted him and Astral to stop them, and proclaimed he will fight against those \"stubborn adults\".[26]\nYuma urges Kite on.\nWhile on his Duel Coaster, Yuma muttered about defeating Vetrix and Dr. Faker, and expressed his anger on how they used their sons as tools. After Astral told Yuma that he felts a strong pulse coming from the left side - the same one given off by the crests of Trey and Quinton - Yuma headed off towards that direction in hopes of finding Vetrix. However, Yuma wandered into the field where Shark and Quattro were having their Duel instead. Yuma cheered Shark on and worried for him as he Summoned \"Number 32: Shark Drake\". When Vetrix appeared before Yuma, he listened to Vetrix explaining his plans concerning Shark. While watching Shark suffer under Quattro's combo of \"Number 40: Gimmick Puppet of Strings\" and \"String of Destiny\", Yuma tried to save Shark and urged them to stop the meaningless fighting, but was restrained by Vetrix's chains from Barian World. Yuma continued to rant, saying that those who Duel become friends - and that Dueling should not be used to hurt people. Vetrix compared Yuma to his father, saying he always talked of bonds and making people happy as well. He then tried to convince Yuma to take revenge on Dr. Faker what what happened to Kazuma, hoping to spread more darkness. Yuma claimed he wouldn't forgive Vetrix's actions instead. Vetrix was pleased, saying that darkness was born in Yuma's heart via his anger and urged him to hate both him and Faker.[84]\nYuma chained up by Vetrix.\nWhen Shark turned the tide with \"Number C32: Shark Drake Veiss\", the chains were broken and Shark won the Duel. After Quattro left through a portal, Shark told Yuma he would not forgive him if he got in the way, which only made Yuma more determined to reach the finals.[85]\nNistro shakes hands with Yuma and wishes him luck.\nAfterward, while thinking about the Duels he witnessed, Yuma carelessly ran into a \"Cemetary Bomb\" Trap Point, reducing his Life Points to 100. Finally arriving to the \"Desert Field\" field, Yuma began his Duel against Nistro. Wanting a fair fight against Yuma, Nistro activates Heroic Gift\", that restoring Yuma's Life Points to 4000. This also let Nistro draw two cards, which he claimed as the reason for activating it. However, Yuma was still shaken up from seeing the other Duels, and played more defensively, which disappointed Nistro. Astral tells him he can't win the way he's playing now and that Yuma is afraid, but Yuma rebuffed him and continue playing his way. After Nistro told Yuma must come at him with his true Dueling, Yuma realized he must bet everything on this Duel. Returning to his usual offensive style, Yuma began to Duel to Nistro's expectations. Midway through the Duel, racks of the Duel Coaster abruptly end and they flung onto the ground below, and the field switched to \"Sunset Showdown\". Accepting Nistro's wish to finish the battle using their respective ace monsters, Yuma Summons \"Number 39: Utopia\" through the effect of Nistro's \"Xyz Xtreme!!\". Using his \"Double or Nothing!\" combo, Yuma increased the ATK of \"Utopia\" and defeated \"Heroic Champion - Excalibur\", thus winning him the Duel. Yuma and Nistro exchanged words, with the latter giving the former \"Excalibur\" and wishing him luck in the finals[2]\nDr. Faker appears before Yuma and Astral.\nThat night, Yuma celebrated his making it to the semifinals with his friends and family at his house. While eating and proclaiming he would become Duel Champion with his Deck, Yuma noticed his Deck was missing and panicked. Tracking his Deck through Heartland City, Caswell told Yuma his Deck was in Heartland, which prompted Yuma to bang at the doors. After many failed attempts, Yuma infiltrated Heartland by being \"recycled\" by the Litterbots along with Tori and Bronk. Successfully entering Heartland Tower, Yuma learned from Astral that Hart was here and decided to go see him. After letting his friends handle a security robot, Yuma and Astral entered Hart's room. Yuma talked to a comatose Hart about still being in the World Duel Carnival and his goals. Tearing up, Yuma began to blame himself for letting Hart fall into Vetrix's hands. Yuma's teardrop dripped into Hart's face and was transported into Hart's mind with Astral. Here, Yuma and Astral listened to Hart's request to save his brother, Kite, and then were transported back into the room. Conversing with Astral, Yuma was unsure what to do with Hart and the \"Numbers\". Then, an oversized hologram of Dr. Faker confronted them, and Yuma learned Dr. Faker's goal to rule the Earth. Being dropped through a hole, Yuma met up with his friends and got his Deck back. The next day, the semifinals began, and Yuma was matched-up with Shark. In a hallway leading to the arena, Yuma told Astral he would become champion for sure and vowed to resolve everything himself and runs out.[2]\nYuma suffering the dark aura of the \"Chaos Number\".\nUpon entering the Duel Tower, Yuma noticed there was something wrong with Shark as he made no attempt to defend against his attacks, which caused him to easily reduce Shark's Life Points. When Shark began to counterattack, Yuma realized that Vetrix influenced him, and his Life Points were quickly dropped.[10] While trying to bring Shark back to his senses, Yuma held out until he finally managed to Summon \"Utopia\", which he needed to fulfill his plan. He attacked with \"Utopia\", negated his own attack and activated \"Rivals Unite\", which gave him control of Shark's \"Shark Drake Veiss\", allowing Shark to recover from Vetrix's influence, but forcing himself to suffer the darkness from \"Shark Drake Veiss\", which was more potent than that of a regular \"Number\". Yuma had a way to get rid of \"Shark Drake Veiss\" by Tributing \"Rivals Unite\" with \"Traplin\", but that would make the \"Number\" possess Shark again. However, Yuma knew if he didn't, he'd have to take the effect of \"Heraldry Catastrophe\", which could defeat \"Utopia\" and make Astral disappear. Shark, who could not stand watching Yuma in pain, activated \"Underwater Snow Prison\", banishing \"Shark Drake Veiss\" and causing himself to take 1000 damage, giving Yuma the win. After the Duel, Shark reminded Yuma that he was a good friend and thanked Yuma for saving him. As Shark was flown off to the hospital, Yuma vowed to inherit Shark's will and win against Vetrix.[44]\nLater, Yuma met up with Kite as he was entering the arena for his match with Vetrix, telling him not to lose as they have a score to settle with each other. With Kite's permission, he hopped onto the platform to watch the Duel close up. During the Duel, Yuma started to notice that Kite seems to be physically in pain because of the Photon Transformation, and asked Orbital 7 if anything is wrong with Kite. He is then excited to see Kite attempt a One Turn Kill move with \"Galaxy-Eyes Photon Dragon\" and \"Number 9: Dyson Sphere, but was surprised on Vetrix being able to negate the attack and destroy \"Dyson Sphere\" with \"Number 8: Heraldic King Genom-Heritage\". When Vetrix revealed his face as Hart, he offered to severe the connection between Vetrix and Hart so Kite can concentrate on the Duel. He then hopped onto Orbital 7 in glider mode and flew to Hart.[7] Yuma invaded Heartland Tower and managed to enter Hart's mind to find Vetrix appearing in the form of a dragon. Yuma slew it with \"Utopia\", severing Hart's connection to Vetrix and allowing Kite to continue the Duel. Yuma continued to watch the Duel through a screen, until he saw Kite cornered by Vetrix and \"Number 69: Heraldry Crest\" and rushed back to the Duel Tower. When he arrived, Kite had just lost the Duel and his \"Numbers\" to Vetrix. Yuma ran to the comatose Kite and unsuccessfully tried to wake him up.[8]\nYuma during his Duel against Vetrix.\nHaving advanced to the final match, Yuma goes against Vetrix in the Sphere Field, which would allow Dr. Faker to gather the energy of the \"Numbers\" Vetrix and Yuma would wield, as its effect allowed \"Numbers\" to be easily Summoned. Yuma confronted Vetrix about his sons' fates, and he revealed the price they paid by wielding crests, while telling Yuma how it was his father whose words inspired him to survive. Yuma told Vetrix of his promise to Trey to save his family, and would fight for Vetrix's sake as well. When Vetrix queried Yuma did not want revenge on Faker, Yuma insisted his father would not want that, but Vetrix suggested that perhaps his father's own plans of revenge had already begun - the appearance of Astral in this world. The Duel began, and using the \"Sphere Field\" effect, Yuma Summoned \"Number 12: Crimson Shadow Armor Ninja\" to destroy Vetrix's \"Number 56: Goldrat\". Vetrix responded by bringing out three \"Numbers\" in a single turn - \"Number 10: Illumiknight\", \"Number 30: Acid Golem of Destruction\" and \"Genome Heritage\". Yuma survived via the effect of \"Armor Ninja\" and \"Half Guard\" and was able to match Vetrix's move by Summoning \"Number 17: Leviathan Dragon\", \"Number 34: Terror-Byte\" and \"Utopia\".[11]\nYuma about to perform a second \"Shining Draw\".\nUsing his \"Numbers\", Yuma managed to destroy all of Vetrix's \"Numbers\", putting him at a disadvantage. However, Vetrix made a comeback by Summoning \"Heraldry Crest\", which absorbed the effects of all of Yuma's \"Numbers\" and reduced him to 500 Life Points. Using the power of ZEXAL, Yuma and Astral then performed a Chaos Xyz Evolution and Summoned \"Number C39: Utopia Ray\" and equipped it with \"ZW - Lightning Blade\".When they attacked with \"Utopia Ray, the effect of \"Heraldry Crest\" negated the attack, but Yuma survived with the effect of \"Lightning Blade\".[12] The Sphere Field takes Yuma's \"Numbers\". Yuma narrowly survived Vetrix's next attack by using \"Half Unbreak\", and proceeded to use the power of ZEXAL again to perform the \"Final Shining Draw\" and equip \"Utopia Ray\" with \"ZW - Tornado Bringer\". Vetrix evaded this move with \"Heraldry Burst\", but Yuma was able to overlay his two \"ZW -\" monsters to Xyz Summon \"ZW - Leo Arms\". Using its effect, Yuma was able to negate the effects of \"Heraldry Crest\" and boost the ATK of \"Utopia Ray\" enough to defeat Vetrix and was named the \"Duel Champion\" of the WDC. Faker absorbed the \"Numbers\" of both players within the Sphere Field and nearly absorbed the Duelists themselves. Yuma wielded \"Lightning Blade\" with his own hands and saved Vetrix, similar to when his father tried to save Vetrix once before. Vetrix was confused as to why Yuma rescued him and Yuma insisted that everybody can change, and that his family needed him. After Vetrix released the souls he captured, he let go of Yuma's hand and thanked Yuma for all he had done as he fell into the core, much to Yuma's horror. Yuma wass then captured into the Sphere Field and transported to Heartland Tower in front of Faker.[20]\nWhile trapped in the Sphere, Yuma learned of Faker's purpose of the WDC to gather \"Number\" cards for the Sphere Field Cannon as a power source. Angered by all the problems Faker has caused, Yuma tries to punch him, but Faker revealed his appearance in the Sphere Field was just a hologram. As Yuma became exhausted by being in the Sphere Field., Astral apologized to him, saying it's all his fault since he wasn't strong enough. Yuma denied it, and responded that Hart needs saving more than he does right now. When power suddenly drops, Yuma feels relieved and was surprised to see his rescuers Kite, Shark, and Tori. When Astral undoes ZEXAL, Yuma was given \"Utopia\" and \"Shark Drake\" and was told to save Hart and Astral World. Astral then managed to eject Yuma from the Sphere Field and reunit with his friends. Faker appeared in person then and Yuma gave Shark \"Shark Drake\", asking he and Kite to lend him their power. Yuma challenged Dr. Faker while the three Duelists hold their ace cards high in the air.[86]\nYuma, Shark and Kite Duel Dr. Faker.\nAs the Duel began, Yuma took the first turn for the group and instantly Summoned \"Utopia\". Despite Shark and Kite's warnings about Faker's plans, Yuma recklessly declared an attack on \"Number 53: Heart-eartH\", whose effect allowed it to gain attack equal to the attacking monster. Yuma countered with \"Double or Nothing!\", but the further effects of \"Heart-eartH\" made this useless and even recovered Faker's Life Points. On Shark and Kite's turns, Yuma lets them use his \"Utopia\" that was equipped with Shark's \"Shield Fin\" to inflict 5600 damage to Dr. Faker between the turn. When they thought Kite had defeated Dr. Faker, Yuma was shocked to see Dr. Faker had Summoned another \"Number\" after the dust from the destruction of \"Heart-eartH\" cleared[87]\nAs the Duel continued, Faker's new \"Number\", \"Number 92: Heart-eartH Dragon\" continued to torment the trio, even banishing Yuma's \"Utopia Ray\". As Shark and Kite's turns came, Yuma worries for them as their injuries worsen, even though they told Yuma not to. When Kite managed to Summon \"Neo Galaxy-Eyes Photon Dragon\", he reduced Dr. Faker down to 150 Life Points. After the attack, Dr. Faker came clean about his actions and why he committed them. After revealing it was a being from Barian World who ordered him to do such things in order to save Hart, Yuma, Kite and Shark decided to go after Barian World. However, the Barian in question emerged from a portal and possessed Dr. Faker, continuing the Duel by resurrecting \"Heart-eartH Dragon\".[88]\nYuma challenges Kite to a Duel.\nAs Yuma and his friends were pushed into a corner by the Barian, Hart was able to free Astral, who then fuses with Yuma with ZEXAL. Yuma draws \"ZW - Ultimate Shield\" and Normal Summons it, bringing back \"Utopia Ray\", \"Shark Drake Veiss\" and \"Neo Galaxy-Eyes\", before equipping it to \"Utopia Ray\". With the power of Kite's \"Neo-Galaxy Eyes\" and Shark's \"Shark Drake Veiss\", the ATK of \"Utopia Ray\" rose to 16600 and defeated the Barian. As Heartland Tower began to collapse, Yuma went after Kite, who was trying to save Faker off a ledge. Yuma was able to grab the end of Kite's Duel Anchor, but struggled to keep the two from falling. When Faker asked why Yuma is helping him, Yuma said he doesn't like Faker, but realized he was just trying save Hart, making Faker be reminded of Kazuma. Unexpectedly, Vetrix appeared from a portal, saying Faker committed \"many sins\", Yuma pleads with Vetrix to abandon his revenge. Vetrix appeared to use his crest to destroy the ledge, but he proceed to then transport the group back outside Heartland. Afterwards, Yuma said that he hasn't received his prize for becoming champion of the WDC, and reveals his wish to have one last Duel with Kite, saying they still have a score to settle. Kite happily accepted Yuma's request to determine the \"true\" winner of the World Duel Carnival.[27]\nLater, Yuma expressed his excitement to Duel Kite again to Astral, recalling all the times when they Dueled and their Tag-Team Duel. Once Kite arrived, Yuma starts the Duel, and the two exchange blows on equal ground. Throughout the Duel, Yuma shows much fun he's having and comments on Kite's Dueling. When Kite was about give up, Yuma tried to cheer Kite up and encouraged him to continue.[45] While Yuma was able to match Kite evenly, and was able to Summon both \"Utopia\" and \"Utopia Ray\" to his field, he was eventually defeated by Kite. However, Yuma was okay with the loss and told Kite that he will beat him one day. Afterwards, Yuma collapsed from the exhaustion and began to nap, muttering \"kattobingu\" in his sleep.[89]\nYu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL II[]\nBarian Invasion[]\nYuma leaves Astral and the \"Numbers\" behind.\nAfter the WDC ended, Yuma had a dream about The Door again, which told him the someone will take Yuma's most important thing away from him. As the ground crumbled, Yuma woke up in class, falling out of his desk. As Yuma talked to his friends, girls from the upper grades surrounded him. Yuma enjoyed the attention from the girls, but was disgusted when they only requested for him to help them get other WDC participants' autographs. While walking home, Yuma encountered Shark and requested a Duel, but the latter declined in order to visit his sister. When Girag arrived in Heartland, Yuma was able to sense him as Shark got a call from the hospital about Rio Kastle. Yuma went to the hospital with Shark to hear Rio muttering about someone coming to take something important. This reminded Yuma of his dream, and he realized that his important thing that would be taken away could be Astral. Yuma then got a call from Bronk's Duel Gazer, but was shocked to find a Barian-brainwashed Fender, who told him to meet him at Heartland Academy to Duel with the \"Numbers\" at stake. Fearing Astral would be in danger, Yuma gave the Emperor's Key to Tori and ran off to school to Duel Fender. When the Duel began, Yuma was able to lower Fender's Life Points to 2500, but Fender used \"Rank-Up-Magic Barian's Force\" to Summon his \"CXyz\" monster, \"CXyz Mechquipped Djinn Angeneral\", pushing him into a corner.[46] Struggling against Fender and \"Angeneral\", Yuma was about to give up since he could not think of a way to win the Duel. However, after Tori showed up and returned the Emperor's Key to Yuma, he and Astral were able to make a comeback using a combination of \"Number C39: Utopia Ray\" and \"Numbers Impact\". Afterwards, Yuma discussed the upcoming battle against the Barian World with Kite and Shark, with Yuma believing that the three of them can overcome the Barians.[90]\nYuma meets Ray Shadows on the way to school.\nWhile racing with Bronk to school, Yuma ended up crashing to the ground because of a cat, and then he got bumped into by Ray Shadows. Yuma was surprised when he learned that Ray was a fan of his and found his overzealous admiration disturbing. Yuma was then forcefully dragged by Ray over the city to make it to school, which ended up tiring Yuma out and caused them to be late for class. During lunch, Yuma complained about Ray and then learns that pro-Duelist Devon Knox was visiting the school for lessons. Yuma was eager to Duel Devon, but finds out he couldn't since he is banned from attending his special lesson (in the dub, Yuma forgot to sign up for it). Later, Ray promised to get a Duel from Devon on Yuma's behalf and ran off, with Yuma following him. When Yuma saw that a Barian-brainwashed Devon brutally defeated Ray, Yuma immediately began a Duel with him. At first, Yuma played defensively to withstand Devon's aggressive strategy. Even by Summoning \"Number 34: Terror-Byte\", Yuma was pushed into a corner, but Yuma was able to Summon \"Utopia Ray\" and defeat Devon. Afterwards, Yuma was exhausted and accepted Ray's offer to carry him on his back. Yuma officially befriended Ray and was then carried off by a running Ray while hanging off his back and screaming.[91]\nWhile at school, Yuma slept through the voting of class representative, with him being against Caswell. Unknown to Yuma, Ray was the one who nominated him, and won 20 to 19. When Tori woke him up, Yuma expressed no interest in being class representative, but changed his mind once his classmates voiced their support to him. During lunch, Yuma slept through it and missed hearing about Caswell becoming \"Special Disciplinary Commander\". Caswell and the rest of the disciplinary members started enforcing harsh rules on the students, especially Yuma. When Yuma had enough, he confronted the Student Council President, Carlyle Chesterton, and challenged him to a Duel to get rid of the rules. However, Yuma was forced to play by the school's rules, such as returning his \"Gagaga\" monsters back to the hand for \"breaking\" the school dress code, rendering him incapable of damaging Carlyle. When Yuma convinced Caswell to throw away the role of disciplinary commander, Yuma was able to play normally, but then found out Carlyle was under the control of the Barian World. Carlyle Summoned \"CXyz Simon the Great Moral Leader\", but Yuma managed to bring out Utopia and win the Duel. Afterwards, Yuma talked to Ray about giving his role as class president back to Caswell since he was more suited for the role.[92]\nYuma watching the Duel over his Duel Gazer.\nAfter school, Yuma was talking to his friends when Art Stanley, head of the Comic Book Appreciation Club, asked to be a model for his manga. Art showed Yuma his drawing of Yuma as a super hero, which made Yuma very ecstatic. When Art asked Yuma's about his \"weakness\", Yuma only replied he doesn't have one. After witnessing Shark being rude to Art, Yuma walked over to Shark and lightly commented on how harsh Shark was, but Shark simply said that he was stating the truth. Later, Yuma went to pay a visit to Rio Kastle with Tori and Ray, but encountered Shark who told them that his sister is missing. When a Barian-brainwashed Art appeared and challenged Shark to a Duel, Yuma watched and cheered Shark on. As Shark was losing due to Art threatening Rio, Yuma and Ray went to search for Art's sketchbook in hopes to find his weakness. At school, Yuma found Art's manga about his Duel and informed Shark over his Duel Gazer that it ended with Shark losing and Rio not being saved. Yuma encouraged Shark to keep fighting for his sister, and cheered when he finally won over his Duel Gazer. The next day, Yuma and his friends looked at a normal Art's drawing of a samurai-hero Shark, which Yuma thought was cool. When Yuma asked for his character drawing, Art showed him a drawing of Yuma as a weak commoner, where he was not the hero. When his friends and Astral teased him about it, Yuma expressed his annoyance by jumping into the air and yelling that he never got to be the main character.[93]\nAt school, Yuma found Shark sneaking around in a panicked state and asked if it was the Barians again, but it turned out he was simply avoiding his sister, Rio. When Rio went up to her brother, Yuma and his friends properly met Rio for the first time. During lunch, Yuma and his friends listened to Rio talk about her brother and found out Shark mentioned him to her. When Rio pronounced \"kattobingu\" wrong, Yuma showed some annoyance, but they were interrupted by a large group of boys who wanted Rio as their manager for their club. As Rio defeated all the clubs with ease, Yuma showed great awe towards \"Shark's sister\" and was very impressed by her skills. After Rio beat the basketball team, Yuma asked why Rio go so far at things. Rio told him she only did it so she could be strong for Shark. When Rio was invited to the Floral Design Club, Yuma and his friends tagged along and met the leader, Lotus Hanazoe. Lotus was able to put Yuma's friends to sleep with hypnosis, but Yuma was able to stay awake thanks to Astral. Yuma angering Rio. Yuma confronted Lotus, who told him she simply wanted lured Yuma and Rio as a way to get the \"Numbers\" from him and Shark. Knowing that she was being used by the Barian World, Yuma challenge her to a Duel, but his leg was numb and prevented him from getting up right away. However, a conscious Rio told him that she will Duel in his place, and then Yuma proceeded to watch Rio Duel against Lotus outside. During this, Yuma bantered with Astral and cheered for Rio, although he ended up annoying her by repeatedly called her \"Shark's sister\". After Rio won, Yuma tried to come up with a new name to call her by without making her mad, but began to argue with Astral. This made Rio giggle, and she revealed to Yuma that she was glad that Yuma kept her brother from changing into the feared person she heard about, to Yuma's surprise. While walking home, Yuma talked to Shark about how cool his sister was, and was surprised when he found out Rio's strong fear of cats.[94]\nWhile racing with Bronk to school, Yuma accidentally ran into Alito and ruined his attempt to woo Tori. Unknown to Yuma, Alito was a Barian in human form. As Alito tried to make various attempts on Tori, Yuma inadvertently continued to thwart them all. Later, Yuma found a note from Alito, who challenged him to an an all-out Duel between men with Tori on the stake and met him on the roof. During the Duel, Astral warned Yuma that Alito might be an assassin from the Barian World. Yuma Summoned his own Xyz Monster, \"Gauntlet Launcher\", and managed to win by countering Alito's own counters. Afterwards, Ray and Tori arrived to let Yuma know that Tori was okay, to his confusion. Upon the loss, Alito developed a liking to Yuma and declared him his rival, which Yuma happily accepted and playfully fist bumped with Alito as a sign of friendship.[47]\nYuma teaming up with Girag to face the Barian-influenced Tori and Cathy.\nWhile Dueling with a student after school, Yuma was dragged by Ray into a classroom to find Tori and Cathy arguing about who should be the Numbers Club's female cheerleader. Although Yuma and Ray tried to calm everybody down, their friends' and Rio's arguing became worse and they refused to speak to one another the next day. While walking home, Yuma and Ray met Girag, who suggested they hold a \"Friendship Games\" to help their friends make up, which they agreed to. However, Girag told Yuma if he was able to make it into the final round, he must lose on purpose. Yuma agreed to this; unbeknownst to him, this was simply a plot for Girag to take his \"Numbers\". The next day, Yuma participated in the event and was paired up with Shark, who led them into first place. Before the final Duel, Yuma was partnerless, since Shark dropped out of the tournament, but Yuma forced Girag to take Shark's place, putting the latter in a very awkward situation. At first, Yuma planned to lose on purpose to Tori and Cathy as he promised, but learned the two were brainwashed by the Barians' power and started to Duel seriously. Yuma was able to Summon \"Utopia\" and used Girag's Trap Card to defeat both girls and returned them to normal. Although the girls didn't remember what happened, they wished for a rematch against Yuma, but Yuma refused and ran away from them.[18]\nYuma vs Mizar.\nOne night, Yuma had a nightmare about losing Astral to a terrifying-looking dragon and becomes anxious about protecting him. The following day, Yuma lacked his usual energy and solemnly focused on way to beat the \"CXyz\" monsters, making his family and friends worry about him. Hoping to make him feel better, his grandma told Yuma to go to the Duel Sanctuary to deliver some items to Roku with Tori. However, Yuma learned from Kaze that their master was away on a trip, much to his disappointment. In the Statue room, Kaze discussed with Yuma about his frustrations, and received two cards Roku has left for him - \"Overlay Chain\" and \"Overlay Barrage\". The next day, Yuma thought over how to use the cards for offense and defense, but Tori cheered him up and they played by a waterfall together. On their way back to the Sanctuary, Yuma met the Barian, Mizar, who immediately used his Barian Sphere Cube to surround Yuma and challenged him to a Duel with the \"Numbers\" at stake. Determined to protect Astral, Yuma instantly Summoned \"Number 39: Utopia\", and equips \"Overlay Chain\" to protect its Overlay Units from \"Rank-Up-Magic Barian's Force\". However, Mizar countered by Summoning his own \"Number\" card, \"Number 107: Galaxy-Eyes Tachyon Dragon\", terrifying Yuma as it resembled the exact same dragon that appeared in his nightmare.[95] Using his monster's abilities, Mizar destroyed \"Utopia\", knocking Yuma back into the Sphere Field and dealing real damage to him, causing him great pain and making him unconscious. As Yuma was too weak to continue the Duel, Kite arrived and took Yuma's place in the Duel. When the Sphere Field started to disintegrate, Yuma was sent falling onto a cliff side. Although Shark tried to rescue him, the ledge gave out and both of them fell into a crater.[96]\nYuma and Shark survived the fall, but they were heavily injured and were sent to hospital. While recuperating, Yuma was haunted by Mizar's power and sulked over how he nearly lost Astral. Downhearted and depressed, Yuma also suffered from nightmares about facing Mizar and losing. While going for check up, Yuma left the Emperor's Key on his bed and found out it was taken by Shark when he returned. On the roof, Yuma was challenged by Shark to a Duel and played definitively, allowing Shark to deal lot of damage to him. As Shark made his final attack, Yuma was about to give up, but still wished to keep Dueling with Astral, which brought him to his side. Yuma and Astral Summoned out \"Heroic Champion - Excalibur\" and won the Duel using its effect. Yuma then was told by Astral the Shark's reason for Dueling with Yuma was to help him. Greatly touched, Yuma tried to give Shark a hug as thanks, but the latter pushed him away.[97] Yuma captured by a brainwashed Ray. After being discharged from the hospital, Yuma went to school and met up with Ray, when they were approached by many Barian-brainwashed Duelists from their school. Worried about Ray, Yuma and Ray were forced to run until they were surrounded at the Heartland pier. Luckily, Shark, Tori and Rio came to help them fight off the Duelists. While Yuma was defeating a Duelist, a brainwashed Ray captured him from behind. Yuma then learned that Girag was a Barian. Yuma was about to be finished off when Alito arrived and protected him, defeating all the other students in the process. Yuma was slightly upset upon learning that Alito was also allied with the Barians and accepted his challenged to a Duel. Yuma and Alito instantly Summoned out their ace monsters, engaging in a battle of Counter Traps. Yuma managed to destroy Alito's \"Battlin' Boxer Lead Yoke\" by countering its ability. Both Duelists were excited about the Duel.[98]\nYuma using ZEXAL against Alito inside a Sphere Cube.\nAs the Duel continued, Yuma wanted to make his Duel with Alito \"special\" and asked Astral to unite with the power of ZEXAL. They Xyz Summoned \"Utopia Ray\", forcing it to tie in battle with Alito's \"Number 105: Battlin' Boxer Star Cestus\", destroying both of them. Both players revived their ace cards with \"Xyz Stand\". With the effect of \"Barian's Force\", Alito Summoned \"Number C105: Battlin' Boxer Comet Cestus\" which pushed Yuma into an even tighter corner. However, Yuma was able to defeat Alito with \"ZW - Eagle Claw\" and win the Duel. Yuma rushed to Alito and told him that he hoped they could Duel again soon. Yuma became upset when Alito just shook his head and told Astral that he could take his \"Number\" and his soul, which Astral failed to do. Although Yuma didn't want him to go, Alito then bid farewell to him, but Yuma quickly focused on Astral, whose body was fading after being in the \"Sphere Field\".[13]\nDays later, Yuma and Ray were chased by dogs after Ray tried to find a shortcut to school. They arrived to school late, slightly injured, but Yuma didn't mind since they had their daily \"thrill quota\". As Yuma was walking home, Girag issued a challenged to Yuma for the \"Numbers\" tomorrow; he also told Yuma to bring Ray with him. Yuma learned that Alito had been hurt and Girag believed that Ray was responsible. Confused, Yuma stressed over what to do, but Astral told him to worry about it later. The next morning, Yuma asked Ray if he really hurt Alito, but was cut off when Ray told him he found another short route to school and told Yuma to trust him; Yuma replied that he did. Yuma and Ray in their Duel with Girag. After school, Yuma and Astral went to the meeting place without Ray and told Girag that he didn't believe what he said. Then Ray appeared and asked Yuma to join the Duel. Yuma compiled, against Astral's wishes, even though Ray was a terrible Duelist. During the Duel, Yuma was forced to defend himself as Ray made many mistakes, which caused their Life Points to decrease quickly. Astral told Yuma that protecting Ray was too dangerous, but Yuma refused to abandon him. Then Astral collapsed from being in the \"Sphere Field\", leaving Yuma worried that he and Ray would Duel Girag alone.[99] With Astral inside the key to heal, Yuma gave the key to Tori and was forced to play the defensive when Girag's \"Number 106: Giant Hand\" destroyed his \"Utopia\". When Ray started to play differently, Yuma was surprised by his sudden change of character and shocked that he had \"Rank-Up-Magic Limited Barian's Force\". Yuma used it to change \"Number 39: Utopia\" to \"Number C39: Utopia Ray V\" and win the Duel. Yuma then learned of Ray's true identity as a member of the \"Barian Cosmic Crime Unit\" and kept this a secret from Bronk and Tori on Ray's request. At night, Yuma and Ray spoke in private about his mission to defeat the evil Barians and promised to keep this a secret from everybody else. Yuma agreed to be Ray's \"subordinate\" and excitedly jumped into the air, nearly falling of his roof as a result.[100]\nYuma Dueling against the Shadow Giant.\nAt school, Yuma and Ray went to the old gym hoping to find Girag and Alito, but they weren't there. Yuma wanted to bring Astral in on their secret so he could help them, but Ray denied this and convinced Yuma to keep the secret. Later, Yuma was worried about Astral staying inside the key too long and took the key to the infirmary. Yuma was then suddenly sucked into the key and was challenged to a Duel by the Shadow Giant. During the Duel, the Giant brought out his \"Unformed Void\", with Yuma Summoning out \"Number 61: Volcasaurus\" and Number 6: Chronomaly Atladnis\", but the Giant was able to use the ability of \"Unformed Void\" to counter Yuma's attack and destroy \"Atlandis\". On the verge of losing, Number 96 appeared before them and told them that Yuma might get hurt if they lose. Yuma tried to stop Astral from siding with Number 96, but he released his card form\" out of fear for his safety. Reluctantly, Yuma used Number 96's card to destroy \"Unformed Void\" and win the Duel. Afterwards, Yuma and Astral talked with The Door and was shown Astral's true memories, learning his mission was to obtain a powerful card, known as the Numeron Code, which can shape worlds. They were then transported outside the key, Yuma explained everything that had happened to Ray and Tori.[101]\nYuma's hair turns into an afro after being shot by Orbital 4.\nDuring gym class one day, Yuma was happy that he was given his own \"Barian Cosmic Crime Unit\" badge from Ray. He then became curious when Ray started to ask him about Kite, but their conversation was cut off when a soccer ball hit Yuma in the face. Later, Yuma was challenged to a Duel by Orbital 7, who had a misunderstanding with Lilly's position with him. Although Yuma was confused by the situation, he went along with the Duel and won using his \"Djinn\" monsters. In Orbital's last attempt to \"free\" Lilly, Yuma was hit by a laser beam from Orbital 4, but was only slightly burned and his hair was comically turned into an afro. Once Tori cleared up the misunderstanding, Yuma laughed when he found out that Orbital liked Lilly.[102] Later, Yuma paid little attention to his friends' discussion about Bronk winning over Rio's affections and Shark's approval. Oblivious to the rumors about him and Rio dating, Yuma was confused when Bronk spoke to him and sparked Rio's anger. Yuma observed the Duel between the siblings, cheering for both of them. After they resolved their misunderstanding, Yuma wondered about why they fighting in the first place, causing a jealous Tori and Cathy to pinch him and saying he didn't need to know.[103]\nYuma and Anna vs. Brooke and Mayday. During the Heartland Academy Fun Fair, Yuma and his friends hosted a Monster Cafe, with Yuma cosplaying as \"Temtempo the Percussion Djinn\" when Anna blasted her way in to see him. Then Ray came running in to inform him about a \"Couples Duel tournament\" with the pro-Duelist team Mayday Walker and Brooke Walker, which excited Yuma and voiced wanting to participate. Inside a bathroom stall, Ray and Yuma discussed about the Barians might be at the festival and they are to look for them. Yuma readily cooperated with the mission, but was sidetracked in favor of eating until Anna came back to force him to be her partner in the tournament. As the Duel began, Yuma and Anna began bickering, which greatly affected their Dueling performance, resulting in the destruction of Anna's \"Superdreadnought Rail Cannon Gustav Max\" as well as having to face off against the pair's \"Skypalace Gangaridai\".[104] Using \"Half Unbrak\", Yuma managed to survive a direct attack from \"Gangaridia\" and was pleased to get the couple's praise. Although Yuma tried to work together with Anna, he was forced to endure her selfishness and was enraged how she Tributed his \"Gauntlet Launcher\" via \"Upgrade\" to revive her \"Gustav Max\".\nYuma draws \"Rank-Up-Magic Limited Barian's Force\".\nAfter Brooke was revealed to be brainwashed by a Barian, Yuma protected Anna from the large amount of damage she would have taken from Brooke's \"CXyz Skypalace Babylon\". Anna used \"Devoted Love\" to enable Yuma to draw \"Rank-Up-Magic Limited Barian's Force\", but was questioned by Astral when he saw the card and asked Yuma where he got it. To keep his promise to Ray, Yuma lied to Astral, claiming that he got it after defeating Girag. Yuma brought out \"Utopia Ray V\", winning the Duel and setting Brooke free. In the evening, Yuma chatted with Mayday when Brooke shoved Anna towards him, accidentally causing the pair to fall down a flight of stairs.[105] One night, Yuma got an urgent call from Ray and rushed to his aid. When Yuma arrived to the location, he saw Ray Dueling a Barian in a Sphere Field. Once the Barian retreated, Ray told Yuma that the Barian was Vector and gave him new cards to use against any Barians. The next day, Yuma excitedly looks over his cards when his friends spied him and figured out the cards has something to do with the Barians. While walking home, Yuma and his friends were attacked by Vector and Yuma became trapped in a \"Sphere Field\". Yuma and Astral found out that Vector was the same Barian that possessed Dr. Faker. They then engaged in a Duel against Vector, and were quickly put into a pitch when he stole \"Limited Barian's Force\" and destroyed \"Utopia\" with his \"Number 66: Master Key Beetle\". When Ray came to support Yuma and told him to believe in his Deck, Yuma was able to draw \"V Salamander\" and Summon \"Utopia Ray V\" to win the Duel. Vector than tried to abduct him, but captured Ray instead, who stepped in for him, leaving Yuma distraught. [106]\nYuma continued to shout out in a hysterical state when Kite arrived and slapped him back to his senses. In Heartland Tower, Yuma explains Kite and Shark everything that happen with Ray and Vector, stating that he will go and save Ray. As Yuma watch Kite and Shark bicker about how to find Ray, the tower shook and they race outside to see the Different Dimension Airship from the Emperor's Key outside. Astral told them that they can use the ship to get the Barian World, which excites Yuma and the four of them were to set out tomorrow. On his way home, Yuma was pestered by his friends, whom were kept out of Heartland, until he blurts out some info of his mission, but ran home before he could said anymore. During dinner, Yuma acts overly kind to his family, which freaks them out. While looking over the cards Ray gave him in bedroom, Yuma told Astral that he'll save Ray no matter what in spite of the tough battle ahead of them. At dawn, Yuma tried to sneaked out from his window, but was caught by his family. However, Yuma was glad that they respected his decision and gave him some food for his trip. At the tower, Yuma met up with his friends and some unexpected company, but was touched they would come with him. They entered the ship and Yuma stirs the ship into takes off, but an array of monsters begin assaulting the ship. Yuma and the others went to the exterior, using their ace monsters to battle with them until a portal sucked them in. Yuma vs Vector. At the \"Sargasso the Different Dimension Battlefield, Yuma was greeted by Vector and demand that he return Ray to him. Vector complied and transported an unconscious Ray in front of Yuma. Vector implied to Yuma that Ray might be dead, which devastated Yuma and making him fall to his knees as he reflects his time with his friend. Enraged, Yuma engaged Vector in a Duel, he quickly Summon out \"Utopia\" and taking on the damage inflicted by the effect of \"Sargasso\".[107] As his angry grows, Yuma's eagerness to win and save Ray caused to Duel recklessly, even refusing to listen to Astral's warnings. Yuma to reach his breaking point with Vector's taunting and Summon \"Number C39: Utopia Ray V\" and reduce Vector's Life Points to 1300. When Vector vanished after the attack, Yuma thought there was way to save Ray, but then Ray suddenly awakened and transformed himself into Vector. Yuma was confused and believed Vector was impersonating \"Ray\", but Vector clarified that the \"Vector\" Yuma had Dueled before and was Dueling up until now was merely an illusion, and the real him was \"Ray\" all along. Vector explained to him that he masquerading as \"Ray Shadows\" in an effort to befriend Yuma and further his plans against him. Yuma was enraged and saddened by the sudden revelations, he angrily goes for an direct attack, Vector used \"Vain Betrayer\" to mill Yuma's \"V\" cards and most of his Deck, leaving him with three cards left. Dealing with Astral confronting him about his secrets and Vector's cruel torment, Yuma was pushed to an emotional breaking point, with farther by Vector claiming that he had put his friends in danger, and screamed angrily..[30]\nAstral controlling Yuma with Dark ZEXAL.\nUsing \"Number 104: Masquerade\", Vector reduced Yuma's Deck further as \"Sargasso\" reduced his Life Points, putting him in a desperate situation. Already under pressure, Yuma blamed himself for not thinking more about the risks of trusting \"Ray\", and Vector chided him for keeping secrets from his partner, calling Yuma a \"traitor\", who just wanted to be friends with him more than with Astral. Then a black hole formed, which threaten to swallow up the spaceship with his friends inside, Vector suggested that Yuma may be able to save him if he relinquishes all of his \"Numbers\". Yuma becomes conflicted between saving Astral and saving his friends, but his friends urge him to keep Dueling and let him know that they believe in him, giving Yuma some hope. After apologizing to Astral, they attempted to use ZEXAL, but Vector again questioned Yuma's bond with Astral, causing the latter to turn evil and forcefully initiate ZEXAL with the former, resulting them turning into Dark ZEXAL.[108]\nZEXAL II.\nWith Astral in control of Yuma's body, Yuma's conscience woke up before a large Astral-shaped tower and believed it to be Astral's heart. Yuma entered the tower to save him, encountering some obsolesces long the way. Later, Yuma met Astral, who believed that Yuma was no longer his friend and had betrayed him. Yuma apologized, saying that he was at fault and was sorry for what he had done. Unwilling to see Astral being taken by darkness, Yuma ran towards him and embraced him, pushing both of them out of Astral's mind and undoing Dark ZEXAL in the physical world. Yuma was able to stay conscious from the forced reverse, and Shark and Kite told Yuma to halt the attack of \"Utopia Ray V\", telling him that he will lose otherwise. Yuma ended his turn, but \"Sargasso\" whittle down his Life Points. Vector suggests that Yuma surrender since he has only 100 Life Points left, but Yuma refuses, saying that he will always fight to protect his most important thing; his friends. Yuma manages to defend himself from \"Number C104: Umbral Horror Masquerade\" by sending \"Utopia Ray V\" to the Graveyard and Summoning \"Utopia\", as well as taking advantage of the cards Vector sent to his graveyard. Yuma begins his turn, drawing the last card in his Deck, \"Limited Barian's Force\", but he then collapses next Astral. Astral told Yuma that he can't trust him, but Yuma was happy Astral was giving him a second chance and touched his palm. Yuma wins using \"Number C39: Utopia Ray Victory\". The two then perform a new ZEXAL Morph, called ZEXAL II, signifying a new bond between them. They perform a \"Shining Evolution\", changing \"Limited Barian's Force\" into \"Rank-Up-Magic Numeron Force\", leaving Vector shocked, evolving \"Utopia\" into Chaos \"Number C39: Utopia Ray Victory\" and defeated Vector. Since ZEXAL II's appearance causes \"Sargasso\" to self-destruct, Yuma and the others return to Heartland. Yuma and Astral re-kindle their bond and declare that their battles are only beginning, but Yuma is determined to improve.[48]\nMythyrian Numbers War[]\nYuma vs. Mach.\nLater at school, Yuma attempted to do his 20-stacks jump, but got distracted when he sensed the presence of Don Thousand, along with Shark and Rio. causing him to crash into the boxes. On the roof, he, Tori, Shark and Rio were brought aboard the spaceship by Astral, who informed them of the \"Numbers\" scattered across the world. He also showed Yuma the message from Kazuma, saying they needed to obtain the seven \"Mythyrian Numbers\" cards before the Barian World does. As they headed to their first location, they ended up crashing into some sort of energy and the ship landed them into a jungle. As Dumon was in human form, Yuma and the others did not recognize him; regardless, Yuma saved his life by protecting him from a large bear. Yuma wanted to help the mysterious, injured boy \"Nash\", but got into a disagreement Shark when he told Yuma not to trust others so easily. They then heard Tori's scream and ran to a temple where she and Rio were, and had to get rid of the snakes surrounding them. Yuma and the girls ended up being separated from Shark and Nash after a trap activated and was forced to go down separate paths. While debating with the girls about whether he should trust Nash or not, Yuma arrived in the chamber of the \"Number\"and met Mach, the guardian protecting the card. Mach challenged Yuma to see if he was worthy to hold the Sacred \"Number\", but Yuma learned that Shark's and Nash's lives were also on the line and had to win quickly to save them.[57] Yuma learned that his attacks helped open a way for Shark and Nash escape the passageways, but it comes at the risk of receiving damage from Mach's traps and spells. When Yuma Summons \"Utopia\", Mach brings out his Number, \"Number 44: Sky Pegasus\" and forced Yuma to take more damage to keep \"Utopia\" on the field. With Nash providing them information of a legend about a hero and his Pegasus, Yuma was told to keep protecting \"Utopia\". However, he was torn what to do once Nash revealed to be Dumon, and Shark said that Yuma should destroy \"Utopia\" instead of keeping it on the field. Ultimately, Yuma decided not have doubt in everyone and chooses to protect \"Utopia\", and managed to bring out \"Utopia Ray Victory\" to win the Duel. After Mach vanished, Yuma obtained \"Sky Pegasus\" and spotted a King's Coin an item his father had a habit leaving behind after exploring. Outside the temple, Yuma tells Astral and Shark that he will continues to have trust in others, even if others might take advantage of it, since it's the only thing he can do.[31]\nYuma and co. inside the ruins.\nGoing to South America, Yuma and the others arrived at an abandoned castle, and listen to Rio speak of legend about a ruthless prince. Venturing around and following star markings, Yuma accidentally triggered some traps that led him and his friends inside the cages of the central coliseum and eventually, he met Vector. Yuma challenged him to a Duel, but was only released from his cage onto a small pedestal. Using Yuma as a hostage, Vector arranged for a Duel between Astral and his partner, who had obtained the sealed \"Number\". However, whenever Number 96 took damage, Vector set off a giant axe aimed towards Yuma, each threatening to kill him.[109] Kite saves Yuma.\nDespite the giant pendulum axe swinging at him, Yuma told Astral not to worry about him and deal damage to Number 96, but Astral refused to endanger him. Yuma blamed himself for his partner's current situation, but Astral told Yuma to think of what he can for himself now. Confused, he asked to Astral to tell him what to do, but Astral said that Yuma shouldn't act like a child and must figure it on his own. After finding another \"King's Coin\" on the ground, Yuma gained enough courage to jumped on the moving axe and swing himself to another pedestal. When the Duel ended in a draw, Vector set off a self-destruct mechanism and made the platform fall apart underneath Yuma. Luckily, Kite arrived in time to save him, much to Yuma's surprise. Once everyone was safely out of the ruins, Yuma informed Kite of the seven \"Mythyrian Numbers\".[110]\nThe group then headed to Spartan City, where Yuma spotted Nistro in an advertisement for the Pro Duelist Spartancity Tournament and went to see Nistro's Duel. Yuma and his friends reunited with Nistro and Dextra backstage and cheerfully greeted them, asking Nistro for an autograph. They learned the tale of a warrior from the duo and deduced that \"Number\" was in the coliseum, which was under a lake. At night, Yuma was awoken by Astral and was informed about the explosion coming from the ruins. He rushed over to the coliseum and was happy to met up with Alito again, saying he was worried about him. However, Yuma was dumbfounded by Alito's change in personality and his sudden challenge to a Duel. To rescue a brainwashed Nistro, Yuma and Dextra entered a Tag Duel. Although angry and disappointed by how different Alito was acting, Yuma took the first turn for his team and quickly Summoned \"Utopia\". After taking the damage from \"Number 54: Lion Heart\", Yuma beseeched to Alito to tell him what happened to him, knowing Alito wasn't the type to use underhanded tactics, but only received a sadistic laugh and was told it losing to Yuma that made him this way.[111] Yuma with Dextra in a Tag Duel against Nistro and Alito. While Yuma was constantly targeted by Alito's \"Lion Heart\", he was protected by Dextra's Traps until she was knocked out of the Duel. Afterwards, Yuma noticed that Nistro was able regain some of his consciousness, exciting him enough to take on Nistro's head-on Dueling once again. Yuma used \"Xyz Shift\" and \"Night Papilloperative\" to Summon \"Heroic Champion - Excalibur\" and halve his Life Points to equal Nistro's and simultaneously prevent \"Heroic Growth\" from activating to lower the ATK of \"Lion Heart\". When Alito used his \"Battlin' Boxer Cheat Commissioner\", Yuma countered the effect with \"Overlay Marker\" inflict 6700 damage to Alito, winning the Duel. By sunrise, Yuma found another \"King's Coin\" and refused Nistro's offer to help fight the Barians, stating he must continue his dream of being a symbol of hope to children. On the airship, Yuma stood away from his friends and brooded over Alito when Astral came over. Astral knew Yuma was thinking about Alito and told him that he should understand from the Duel yesterday - Alito is still a Barian and that Yuma can't be friends with him, but Yuma didn't respond to him. Instead, Yuma dwelled over Alito's new personality and while he didn't understand why, Yuma hopes they could have another passionate Duel one day again as friends.[112]\nOn the way to the next location, Yuma was still thinking about Alito, which caused Shark to scold him, saying that Alito's change in personality exposed his \"true colors\" as a Barian, but Yuma didn't believe that was the case. Upon arriving in an mountain range, Yuma went with Shark and Kite to climb a mountain to reach the ruins. Unlike his friends, Yuma didn't struggle while climbing the mountain and gave out pointers to them, even saving Kite when he was losing his grip. Upon entering the Number ruins, Yuma was enticed by the aroma of food, but he was quickly stopped by Jinlon, the Number Guardian of the palace. Yuma got into an argument with Jinlon, who accused him of stealing his food and assaulted Yuma with his walking stick. Yuma listened to Jinlon and Astral's conversation about the person similar to Kite, which the former confirmed the person was named \"Mizar\". Astral revealed to Yuma and the others that the Barians were humans once, much to their surprise. Yuma then watched Kite Duel against Jinlon along with Shark and Astral.[113] Jinlon in his true form speaks to Yuma and others After Kite won the Duel, Yuma and the others listened to Jinlon's tale about Mizar and how he died. When Mizar arrived at the ruins and clashed with Kite's dragon aura, Yuma and his friends ended up on a mountain peak after the Number ruins vanished. He picked up a King's Coin and listened to Jinlon explaining about when people searching for \"Numbers\" come to the ruins, huge changes will occur in the world and about the \"two lights\" battling in the sky long ago.[114]\nPonta possessing Yuma's body.\nReturning to Heartland City, Yuma was berated by Kari for his dangerous adventures when he saw Roku announcing the discovery of the statue of a famous military commander named \"Kiraku Souhachi\". Yuma and Astral noticed that the statue bore a striking resemblance to Girag and went to the Duel Sanctuary with their friends. Yuma crashed into Ponta, who was in possession of Girag's body and the \"Number\" as well. Although Yuma was dumbstruck by the situation, he agreed to Duel the tanuki to get the \"Number\" and Girag's body back. As soon Yuma began his turn, Ponta swapped bodies with Yuma, who was stuck in Girag's body as Ponta wasted all of his cards in a series of misplays. Despite the handicap, Yuma managed to defeat Ponta using the \"Burst Rebirth\" card he Set before they body switched to turn the tables. Yuma won the \"Number\" and was stunned when he saw Girag eat Ponta, cursing the former for his despicable act.[115]\nThe Different Dimension Airship set off the next day for the final Number ruins, Yuma conversed with Astral on the Deck, asking him about the Barians being humans once. When Astral told him it was true, Yuma inquired if Astral was human like them too. Astral told Yuma it was possible and they debated on what caused their enemies to be reincarnated as Barians, but were interrupted by Shark. Shark warned them that over thinking was a bad idea and they should not get emotions involved. Yuma then asked Shark why he fought against the Barians. Shark said it was revenge for using him and Rio. Yuma pointed out that Shark forgave Vetrix and Dr. Faker, but Shark clarified he never did forgive them and only stopped fighting them because they lost the will to fight. Later, Yuma and the others were met by a fierce hurricane and Abyss possessed Rio in the midst of it all. When Abyss caused her to jump overboard into the ocean below, Yuma and Shark followed her, landing at the bottom of the ocean where the water was mysteriously kept from enveloping them. Following Rio's footprints, they entered the labyrinth-like ruin and Yuma found two King's Coins rather than one. Unfortunately, when Shark noticed Rio's \"Freezing Point\" card lying on the ground and went to examine it, the labyrinth generated new walls to separate them. By the time Yuma noticed, it was impossible to find Shark and he could not climb the walls either. Suddenly, Yuma and Astral saw a stream of water came rushing down and Dumon emerging from it.[116] Yuma saves Rio. Dumon quickly challenged Yuma to a Duel to settle things, but Yuma told him that he didn't really want to. Yuma reminded Dumon that he helped him and his friends before, but Dumon told him that they were destined to fight each other. Yuma then questioned Dumon about the Barians being humans and why they had to fight Astral. He was angered when the latter simply say they the worlds opposed each other and demanded if they are really fighting without a real reason. Dumon said that the Barian and Astral Worlds can't coexist and Astral agreed by revealing that it was his mission to obliterate the Barian World, shocking Yuma. When Astral and Dumon were talking about Nash and Marin, the group saw Shark Dueling Abyss and Dumon quickly left Yuma and Astral behind. Using \"Stinging Swordsman\" on Astral's instructions, Yuma arrived at the center on the maze just in time to catch Rio and watched Shark win the Duel. Afterwards, the group was transported back to the airship and Tori, but Rio remained unconscious.[117]\nYuma, Tori, and Shark are pulled in by Number 96.\nReturning home, Yuma was informed by Astral that the Astral World was in danger and rushed down to find Kari watching the news about abnormal phenomenons occurring all across the globe. In the streets, Yuma met up with Tori and expressed hope that Rio would wake up from her coma like when she knew the Barians first came to Earth. He also expressed that he was worried about Shark and stated that he been acting odd since the ruins. Yuma was surprised when Astral told him that he had a serious discussion with Shark and that he would have speak about it sooner or later. After contemplating, Yuma resolved to speak to Shark as a friend when the latter just rode up and asked if Yuma was alright. When ashes began to fall from the sky, the group was transported by Number 96 to another location, alongside Kite and Orbital 7. With three worlds on the line, Yuma began his Duel with Number 96 inside a Sphere Field, which caused real damage to him. During the Duel, Number 96 used the effect of \"Chaos Field\" to steal two of Yuma's \"Numbers\" and ranked them up.[118]\nYuma and Astral used ZEXAL II against Number 96.\nYuma then had a dream-like vision were Astral was saying goodbye and leaving the \"Numbers\" to him, causing him to cry. Once Astral broke Yuma's daze, Number 96's monsters attacked them, but Yuma managed to protect himself and Astral Summoning \"Gagaga Gardna\". Eventually, the damage Yuma had to endure took a toll on his body and was too injured to Duel, so Astral took his place. After Astral Summoned \"Utopia Ray\", Yuma and Astral then bonded together to perform \"ZEXAL II\", Summoning two \"ZW -\" monsters to attack Number 96, defeating him completely. However, Number 96 wanted vengeance on the duo and attacked them. Although Yuma was against it, Astral canceled ZEXAL to protect Yuma and took the hit. Although Astral was able to destroy Number 96 for good, he was fading back to the Astral World since he was severely drained and told Yuma that they had to part ways. A tearful Yuma begged Astral not to go, but the latter just thanked Yuma for everything he had done and gave all the \"Numbers\" to him before departing with the Emperor's Key to the Astral World. A heartbroken Yuma and his friends were then transported back to Heartland and cried for his lost friend.[119]\nGrief-stricken by Astral's disappearance, Yuma barricaded himself in his attic bedroom, not leaving for school nor eating very much. Despite his family's and friends' attempts to cheer him up, Yuma continued to cry and mourn for many days, even to the point of nearly getting rid of all his \"Number\" cards. One night, he was contacted by Mr. Heartland via hologram, who enticed him into coming to save his kidnapped friends. Yuma ran to the Heartland Memorial and learned that Erazor took his friends' memories. Yuma accepted Erazor's challenge to Duel with their memories and his \"Numbers\" on line, but noticed how scared he felt. Mr. Heartland pointed out that Yuma didn't have a reason to protect the \"Numbers\" without Astral and tried to bargain with Yuma into giving him the \"Numbers\" in exchanged for his friends and their memories. Trey and Yuma Dueling Erazor. Heartland also offered to erase Yuma's memories of Astral so he could return to his happy life before he met Astral. Yuma angrily refused, saying that the \"Numbers\" are precious mementos of his time together with Astral. Suddenly, Trey appeared in front of Yuma and proclaiming to protect him. Stunned by Trey's entrance, Yuma listened to Trey's explanation of what his family had been up to and they knew everything that had happened. Touched that Trey was willing to fight alongside him, Yuma asked him for support in his Duel and gave him \"Number 6: Chronomaly Atlandis\" and \"Number 6: Chronomaly Atlandis\", believing sharing the \"Numbers\" powers was the right thing to do. The pair then began their Duel with Erazor, but was put at an disadvantage when Mr. Heartland activated a trap that halved Yuma's and Trey's Life Points whilst Erazor's doubled.[120] Yuma took the second turn of the Duel and drew \"Double or Nothing!\", which made him think of Astral and silently hoped his friend was watching him. Yuma tried to execute his combo with \"Utopia\", but Erazor used the effect of \"Number 3: Cicada King\" to negate it. Trey Summoned out \"Machu Mech\", managing to damage Erazor with help from Yuma's cards. However, Erazor dealt a lot of damage to Trey and activated a trap that would assure him victory on his next turn. As Yuma struggled to think of a comeback, Tori and the others regain some of their memories and showed their support, reminding Yuma that he was not alone. Yuma then set the stage for Trey to Summon \"Number 6: Chronomaly Atlandis\", equipping it with \"Utopia\" to win the Duel, destroying Erazor and returning the Number Club's memories. Afterwards, Yuma decided to give \"Locust King\" to Trey as a sign of their friendship.[121]\nYuma and Trey cheering for Quattro and Shark.\nYuma invited Trey to spend the night over at his house and cheerily ate breakfast the morning with his friends and family. However, Yuma's mood was dampened when he forgot that Astral was gone and called out to his friend before realizing his mistake. Trying to hide his sadness, he quickly brought the subject of Mr. Heartland's underlings and explained to Trey that Kite and Shark were difficult to contact, so they couldn't warn them of the new threats. They decided to go visit Rio at hospital and caught Chironex poisoning her. Chironex told Yuma that he was going after Shark's \"Numbers\" and then come after him before fleeing. Yuma tried to call Shark to warn him, but the latter did not answer. Yuma sought help from the rest of the Number Club over his Duel Gazer when they encountered Quattro in the lobby. They asked him to deal with Chironex while they searched for Shark and Yuma returned \"Number 15: Gimmick Puppet Giant Grinder\" and \"Number 40: Gimmick Puppet of Strings\" to Quattro. Later, Yuma and Trey got a call from Quattro and arrived at the Kastle's mansion to watched him and Shark Duel against Chironex.[122][123]\nAfterwards, Yuma frequently went on \"patrols\" to look for Barians around Heartland City along with Trey, unaware that his friends were stalking him. Although he tried to maintain a cheerful facade, Yuma's visible sadness made his friends worried about him. When Flip arrived to show him the grave he made for Astral, Yuma just stood quietly as his friends burst into tears, but thought about Astral for many days later. After another patrol, Yuma was forced into an intervention with his friends about his unwillingness to accept the reality of losing Astral. Trey also pointed out the places Yuma had been patrolling are places he and Astral Dueled together and that Yuma still hopes he would meet Astral again one day. Upset and rattled, he ran away from his friends and admitted that he could never believe Astral was dead and proclaimed that he would search for Astral forever until he finds him. Suddenly, Kite appeared and told Yuma that he and Quinton found a way to Astral World. On a plane, Yuma found out that his father King's Coins contained Astralite and would the key to open the gate through different dimensions. At the lab site, Yuma yelled at Quinton from keeping this from him and said that he would go to the dimensions even if he would die from the process. Yuma was instructed to stay absolutely still in the Interdimensional Teleporter during the charging period and he won't have a way to get back home once he went through. After Scritch caused a blackout, Yuma was told not to move as Orbital 7 charge the device. Letting Kite and Quinton Duel against Scritch, Yuma returned \"Number 9: Dyson Sphere\" to Quinton and observed them from afar.[124] Right after the Duel, the teleporter finished powering up and sent Yuma to Astral World. As Yuma left, he bid farewell to his friends.[125]\nYuma greeted by Eliphas.\nAs he approached the Astral World, Yuma spotted Rainbow Kuriboh, which he recognized as his father's card. After Yuma fallowed Kuriboh to land, Yuma was amazed by his new surroundings and was surprised that his touch brought life to several nearby dead plants. A shining figure appeared before him, telling Yuma that he shouldn't be here and sent wolves after him. Yuma was repeatedly ambushed by this figure, but was saved by Rainbow Kuriboh each time. Yuma sees Kazuma's message to him. Rainbow Kuriboh then showed Yuma a recorded message of Kazuma, who told Yuma that Astral was destined to die and Kuriboh will help Yuma save him. Using \"Goblindbergh\" and Rainbow Kuriboh to fly to Astral's location, Yuma was attacked once again and fell unconscious as Rainbow Kuriboh softened his landing. Yuma woke up inside a church-like building and met Enna, who said that he would be safe here and that the ill citizens there were in need of his help. Yuma listened to Enna as she explained the history of the Astral World, Barian World, and the power of Chaos. She also told Yuma that the figure who was pursuing him was Eliphas, who they created in hopes of healing their world, and that Yuma has the power of Chaos inside him. Confused, Yuma asked why they didn't just do something about Eliphas, which Enna said that he and Astral were their only hope to save the Astral World from its eventual end. After Yuma healed all the denizens, he arrived where Astral was and found him asleep inside a crystal. Eliphas appeared to Yuma and blamed him for corrupting Astral with his Chaos. Yuma defended himself, saying that he and Astral developed a strong bond and challenged Eliphas to a Duel, with his memories of Astral and Astral's freedom on the line.[58]\nYuma vs. Eliphas.\nShocked that Eliphas could use \"Shining Draw\" as well, Yuma was cornered by Eliphas' \"New Order 6: Etheric Apophis\". Eliphas said that Yuma had no right to be with Astral and that Chaos Astral got by being with him will cause him to die. To increase pressure on him, Eliphas told Yuma that Enna and the others residents were being held hostages for being exposed to his Chaos. Yuma accused the Astral World for being so weak and compared their rules to his \"kattobingu\" ethics. Yuma then learned that his father was also being held captive by Eliphas and what he did to Astral before Yuma met him. Eliphas said the he would free everyone and reevaluate the world's values if Yuma won the Duel. Motivated, Yuma used \"Rank-Up-Magic Numeron Force\" to Summon \"Number C39: Utopia Ray Victory\", but was overwhelmed by Eliphas' \"New Order\" monsters and was reduced to 100 Life Points left. Despite this, Yuma still refused to give up and determined to save Astral, even when Eliphas pointed out the more Life Points he lost the closer Astral would be extinguished. Eliphas warned Yuma that his desire to be with Astral would turn into fear of losing him and would be become his \"bondage\". Eliphas proclaimed that Yuma couldn't be entrusted with the Astral World and proceeded to deal a finishing blow to him\".[126]\nUsing \"Rainbow Kuriboh\", Yuma was able to avoid the attack and tried to attack Eliphas, but failed. Although, Yuma proclaimed that he would win the Duel and rescue Astral, he inwardly panicked as Eliphas continued to stop his attacks.[127] Yuma was eventually overwhelmed by \"New Order 13: Etheric Amon\" and his Deck was decimated by its effect. Eliphas lectured him about Rank-Up and its limitations to only \"chosen ones\", but Yuma criticized those perceptions, saying that everybody as the potential to Rank-Up. Although \"Rainbow Kuriboh\" allowed Yuma to survive another turn, Yuma realized he was on the brink of losing, but thought of Astral and how important he had become to him. This caused Astral to resonate with Yuma from his crystal and lent him the power to use \"Shining Draw\" without the use of ZEXAL, granting Yuma \"Rank-Down-Magic Numeron Fall\" to Summon \"Number 39: Utopia Roots\". Yuma and Astral along with Eliphas witness the energy surf from Barian World. When Eliphas dismissed his \"Shining Draw\" as a waste, Yuma said that Rank-Up was necessary for the sake of the living people and compared them to Duelists he had confronted who had their own troubles. He stated that good and evil are always at conflicted in people's hearts and refusing to learn or ignoring the suffering of other individuals can never cause true Ranking-Up, moving the denizens of the world. Yuma used the effect of \"Utopia Roots\" to increase its ATK to massive proportions and activated \"Double or Nothing!\" to double its ATK, allowing him to inflict enough damage to defeat Eliphas. After Astral was purified of his corruption and released, Yuma immediately embraced him and cried happily. When they sensed Don Thousand's power affecting the human world, Eliphas said they must return right away and restored the Emperor's Key. After Eliphas gave Astral a card, Yuma and Astral promised that they will find way to end the Barian menace and began their journey back to the human world.[49]\nYuma and Astral obtain ZEXAL III.\nYuma and Astral eventually returned to Earth just after Kite became too injured to continued his Duel with Mr. Heartland.[128] Yuma took Kite's place in the Duel along with his remaining life Points. Although Heartland managed to drain Yuma's Life Points with his \"Infection Bug Tokens\" and was in pain due the Barian Field, Yuma and Astral initiated ZEXAL III and used the Shining Draw to create \"ZS - Vanish Sage\", using it in tandem with Kite's \"Galaxy-Eyes Photon Dragon\" to banish the Tokens and win the Duel. They witnessed Heartland screaming in pain as he was engulfed in flames and vanished. While Yuma shared a joyous reunion with his friends, but he was saddened to learned of Flip's demise as their situation turned more dire as they saw the large pillar of energy glowing even brighter.[129]\nBarian Emperor Onslaught[]\nYuma's Key reacting with Nash's Barian Emblem.\nYuma was stunned when the Seven Barian Emperors appeared before them, along with Shark and Rio as Nash and Marin. Although Astral explained to Yuma that about Shark's soul being reincarnated as a Barian and was now their enemy, Yuma asked why they had to fight. Nash responded that this was what fate had decided, which Yuma found to be ridiculous, proclaimed that he will revive their bonds through Dueling. Suddenly, the Emperor's Key reacted with Nash's Barian Emblem, letting Yuma see Nash's past life and Nash see the events that Yuma had been involved with in the Astral World. Once the visions ended, Yuma was rendered unconscious, giving the Barians a chance to attack him. Luckily, Roku and Kaze arrived and pelted the Emperors with smoke bombs, allowing Yuma's entire group to escape. As Quinton drove them away, Tori cradled Yuma's head in her lap, while Astral commented how the bonds that Yuma made with his friends - Roku, Kaze, Anna, Nelson, Nistro, Dextra, Bronk Stone and Quattro - had united them to protect Yuma and stalled for time by Dueling the Emperors.[130] Yuma briefly regained consciousness and asked if everyone was alright, with Caswell claiming that they were before Yuma passed out again.[131]\nYuma is shocked by Trey's bitter words.\nOnce Yuma regained full consciousness, he learned from Astral about his friends' demises and blamed himself for them. Yuma and Kite conversed about Shark, with Yuma declaring that Shark was still their friend even if he was a Barian; however, Kite disagreed with him. Yuma said he won't give up on Shark and would find a way to avoid fighting Shark and the Barians, prompting Astral to tell him there was a way - defeating Don Thousand directly. Believing everything should return back to normal if they defeated him, Yuma agreed with the plan. Just as Kite left with Orbital 7, Yuma got into an argument with Quinton and Trey, who claimed they wouldn't be going with him either in favor of avenging Quattro's death. Yuma urged them not to focus on revenge since they should know better than anyone that revenge will only cause them pain, but Trey claimed he couldn't stand Yuma any longer and then sped away with their van, leaving Yuma bewildered. Preparing to set off on the Different Dimension Airship, Yuma asked his friends to go home and check on his family, with only Tori accompanying him and Astral.[132] On the ship, Yuma speaks with Astral about his dispute with Trey and Quinton, saying he understand why they want to avenge their brother, but still believed that nothing will come out Dueling with anger. Astral assured Yuma that they were following the path they think was right for them, which Yuma agreed with.[133]\nYuma breaks down as Trey and Quinton are defeated.\nAboard the airship, Yuma continued to worry about Trey and Quinton, which concerned Tori and Astral. Later, a screen appeared before them and showed the group the Duel between Trey and Quinton vs Mizar. He listened as Quinton explained about the Legend of the Dragons of Light and Time and that Kite was heading to the moon to investigate it. Realizing that avenging Quattro was lie, Yuma urged them not to, but Quinton said that Yuma must see how fearsome the Emperors are and that must keep going forward. After he and Trey shared a tearful goodbye, Yuma watched in anguish as the brothers were defeated and taken to the Barian World. Sobbing on his knees, Tori and Astral tried to comfort him, with the latter saying that Yuma must lift his head because everybody had placed their trust in him.[134]\nAlito vs. Yuma.\nImmediately after this, Alito attacked the airship with \"Number C105: Battlin' Boxer Comet Cestus\", knocking Yuma, Astral and Tori from it. He challenged Yuma, but the latter insisted they had no reason to Duel and compared him to Nistro as they were both hot-blooded Duelists who shouldered the hopes of children. However, Alito shrugged Yuma's words off and captured Tori with a giant set of vines, making Yuma relented to Duel him to free her. Yuma immediately brought out \"Utopia\", but Alito used \"Rank-Up-Magic - The Seventh One\" to Summon \"Comet Cestus\", reducing Yuma to only 200 Life Points with its effect and attack, with Yuma narrowly survived with \"Gagaga Gardna\". When Don Thousand appeared and introduced himself to Yuma and Astral, he revealed that their pursuit of the Mythyrian Numbers had contributed to his release and taunted them to stop him if they could. Hoping to remind Alito of their friendship, Yuma attempted to reach Alito's true self with \"Heroic Champion - Excalibur\", but this only allowed Alito to bring out \"Number 80: Rhapsody in Berserk\" to support \"Comet Cestus\". Astral suggested that he use \"Number 54: Lion Heart\", which holds Alito's true memories, to order to break Don Thousand's curse to Alito. Although \"Lion Heart\" was risky to use, Yuma was resolved to save Alito.[135] Yuma and Astral discussed that Kazuma must have predicted they would have to fight the Emperors and that the Mythyrian Numbers are the key to Don Thousands curse. Yuma Summoned \"Lion Heart\" to the field, causing it resonated with Alito's cards and letting him see his memories. He used \"Lion Heart\" to attacked \"Comet Cestus\", thus freeing Alito from Don Thousand's influence, but Alito still wished for them to finished their Duel. With Alito's hatred for his past remaining, Astral advised Yuma to destroy \"Comet Cestus\". Using \"Emperor's Armor\" to bypass the effects of \"Number C80: Requiem in Berserk\", they destroyed \"Comet Cestus\" and won the Duel, allowing Alito to see his true memories. Afterwards, Alito thanked Yuma for saving him, but reminded him that they are still enemies. However, Yuma believes that he and the Emperors will come to understand, which Alito denied because they have defeat him. Nevertheless, Alito agreed to cooperated with them to defeat Don Thousand, who was inside of Vector.[136] Back on the ship, they group continued to travel to the Barian World until they were attacked by Girag and his \"Number 106: Giant Hand\".[137]\nThey attempted to reason with Girag, but they could not get through Thousand's control. Yuma moved to Duel him instead, but Alito offered to do so instead as Girag's best friend, which he relented and gave him \"Number 64: Ronin Raccoon Sandayu\" to help break the control.[138] Yuma watched as Alito managed to free Girag from Don Thousand's curse at the cost of his own life. Soon after, Vector arrived and tried to attack Yuma with \"Number C43: High Manipulator of Chaos\", but Girag pushed Yuma out of the way, taking the blow. As Vector absorbed Girag's, Alito's, and Ponta's souls, Yuma learned that Dumon and Rio shared the same fate. Vector proclaimed that he will defeat Yuma and Astral to get the Numeron Code before flying off, leaving Yuma to mourn for the lost lives.[139] [140] Yuma crying for Kite. Back on the airship, Yuma cried and blamed himself himself for not saving anyone. When a screen appeared on Deck, Yuma found out the Kite was Dueling Mizar on the moon and for the key to the Numeron Code. As Kite was at a disadvantage, Yuma explained to Mizar that he didn't have to fight them because of Don Thousand tampered with his memories. They also informed him that all his allies were betrayed by Vector and their souls was absorbed. However, Mizar refused to listen to them as Kite told them to stay out of his way. Yuma urged Kite to stop Dueling, but he told Yuma that everyone must say good-bye someday, even if it was unexpected - and the same will apply to him and Astral. At the end of the Duel, Yuma saw Kite defeat Mizar, but became too weak to move. With tears streaming down his face, Yuma called out to him to raise up, saying Kite promised to Duel him again. Kite simply told Yuma not to cry because he was their last hope as the screen blurred out from Orbital 7's shutdown. As he grieved, Yuma proclaimed that he will not cry anymore and will win the war by defeating Vector and Don Thousand.[141]\nMizar gives \"Number 100: Numeron Dragon\" to Yuma.\nYuma and the others finally arrived to Barian World to find Nash Dueling against Vector, with Yuma expressing concern for Nash.[142] As Yuma watched the Duel, he was able to see Vector's true memories, who was a benevolent monarch long ago. Remembering his time with Vector's \"Ray\" persona, Yuma attempted to reached out to Vector for a second chance. Vector seemingly was going to reform, but only revealed to be a trick for Yuma and Nash to let down their guard, to Yuma's anger. He witnessed the rest of the Duel and stared on in shocked as Nash claimed victory after a series of trials.[143] After Vector goes berserk with his power, Yuma was surprised when Don Thousand appeared before them to absorbed Vector. Yuma leaped to save him at the last second, despite everyone's protests, and insisted that Vector's true self was \"Ray Shadows\". When Vector proclaimed that he will take Yuma with, Yuma tearfully said that he doesn't mind and promised to protect Vector. Touched by Yuma's sincerity, Vector had a change of heart and sacrificed himself to Thousand to protect Yuma. Soon after, Mizar arrived to give him \"Number 100: Numeron Dragon\" and confirmed Kite's demise. Following Mizar's death, Don Thousand shown himself before Yuma and the group in his new form, promising to take their souls and obtain their power to become a true God. Don Thousand challenged Astral, Yuma, and Nash to a Duel, which they accepted a Battle Royal Duel. On his first turn, Yuma quickly Summoned \"Utopia\", only to disappeared from the field due to Thousand's \"Numeron Network\". Don Thousand revealed that he made the Earth part of the Barian World to obtained the Code's power in the process. Thousand also taunted them by revealing he can directly attack the Astral World whenever Yuma and Nash take damage.[144]\nUsing his \"Numeron\" monsters, Thousand nearly defeated them, with Yuma and Nash surviving with \"Half Unbreak\" and \"Cutter Shark\". As Astral left to find the location of the \"Numeron Network\" card to help them, he contacted the duo to let them know that he planned to sacrificed to absorb the \"Numeron Network\" energy in order to prevent Earth from being destroy. Knowing Astral would die if he did that, Yuma begged him not to it, but Astral only told him goodbye. Suddenly, Eliphas appeared to take Astral's place and sent him back to Yuma's side. Whilst Yuma shed tears for Eliphas's death, Astral told Yuma that Eliphas entrusted the future to them and told him not to cry. As Nash used \"Number C101: Silent Honor DARK\" to restore their Life Points to 3300, Yuma strengthened his resolve to win.[145] Don Thousand mocked their chances of victory and Summoned \"Number C1000: Numeronius\", inflicting more damage to them and Astral World, and taking control of \"Silent Honor DARK\". Yuma and Astral transformed into ZEXAL and Summoned \"Utopia\", only for Don Thousand to use the effect of \"Numeronius\" to destroy and replace it with \"Number C39: Utopia Ray Victory\". Don Thousand revealed that \"Numeronius\" negated the effects of his opponent's \"C\" monsters and prevented them from attacking. Undaunted by this setback, they evolved into ZEXAL II and used the Shining Draw to create \"ZS - Ouroboros Sage\", combining it with \"Utopia Ray Victory\" and \"Number 101: Silent Honor ARK\", allowing them to reduce Don Thousand's Life Points to 900. However, Don Thousand sent \"Silent Honor DARK\" to the Graveyard to prevent \"Numeronius\" from being destroyed, and then used its ability to take control of Yuma's and Nash's monsters. Yuma was shocked that ZEXAL failed them and canceled the fusion. Yuma remembers his fallen allies. Thousand taunted him, revealing the power of Chaos will always revive him and they cannot fight against it as humans are the root of Chaos. He further explained what happened with his battle with Astral eons ago and claimed that humans are weak since Chaos can consume them easily, such as the Seven Barian Emperors. Yuma retorted that the power of Chaos let you live with your friends and can protect others. Don Thousand scoffed at Yuma's belief, and then proceed to inflicted damage to them, leaving Yuma's and Nash's Life Points to 100. With \"Numeronius\" going for a direct attack, Kite's spirit appeared before Yuma, urging him to win. The \"Numeron Dragon\" flashed into Yuma's hand and Yuma Special Summoned it to the field. Yuma used its effect to reduce the ATK of \"Numeronius\" to 0 and destroy both of them. Unfazed, Don Thousand countered by bringing out \"Number iC1000: Numeronius Numeronia\", which would force all of Yuma's and Nash's monsters to attack it or grant Don Thousand an Automatic Win in the End Phase if they don't. Thinking of his fallen friends, Yuma refused to give up and overlaid with Astral into ZEXAL III. They used \"Utopia Rising\" to revive \"Utopia\" as Nash brought out \"Number 73: Abyss Splash\", and used \"Bonds of Hope\" to revive \"Numeron Dragon\". The abilities of \"Abyss Splash\" and \"Numeron Dragon\" were given to \"Utopia\" as a symbol of their reforged bonds. Yuma proclaimed to Don Thousand that he will feel all of their hopes and dreams.[146] After using the effects of \"Abyss Splash\" and \"Numeron Dragon\" to boost the ATK of \"Utopia\" to 102,000, Yuma attacked \"Numeronius Numeronia\", but Thousand used the effect of \"Numeronius Numeronia\" to negate the attack and boost his Life Points to 102,900. Yuma then activated \"Double or Nothing!\", as an attack was negated, allowing him to double the ATK \"Utopia\" and attack again. With this, Yuma defeated Don Thousand, causing the portal to Astral World to close and cancel the fusion between Earth and the Barian World. Despite his loss, Don Thousand laughed at Yuma and the others, claiming his curse hadn't been lifted before his soul was transferred to Nash with all the \"Numbers\" along with him.[147]\nNash vs Yuma and Astral.\nInfused with Don Thousand's energy, Nash forced Yuma and Astral out of the ZEXAL III fusion, and sent them to a small place between that merged world and the Astral World. Nash explained that the two worlds were currently pulling against one another; if it kept up, the two worlds would collide, resulting in the Astral World's destruction. Yuma tried to reason with \"Shark\", who stated he was still their enemy, regardless of Thousand's influence, and he would protect the friends he has in the Barian World. Yuma tried to appeal for a way for both worlds to coexist. Nash and Astral said this was impossible because the Astral World was too weak to withstand the fusion of the worlds. Bewildered, Yuma said that everyone can learn to understand one another and blamed Thousand's curse on Nash's attitude, but Nash refuted this - he was the only one who chose to be a Barian on his own will, and that his very existence was the curse of Don Thousand. Nash challenged Yuma and Astral to a Duel, with all three worlds and the Numeron Code on the line. Yuma questioned Astral if they can can find a future to save everyone. Astral suggested that using the Numeron Code could make everything that happened become undone and revive everyone who was died. Although, he asks Astral if that's a real future though - one that will result in running away from all the times they had together. Astral said that he's unsure right now, but encouraged Yuma they'll be able to find a solution through this Duel. As Nash was able to predict Yuma's every move, he was put of the defensive. As the Duel progressed, Nash Summoned four of the Over-Hundred Numbers onto his side of the field - \"Silent Honor DARK\", \"Number C102: Archfiend Seraph\", \"Number C103: Ragnafinity\" and \"Number C107: Neo Galaxy-Eyes Tachyon Dragon, while Special Summoning the other three to Yuma's side of the field - \"Number C104: Umbral Horror Masquerade\", \"Number C105: Battlin' Boxer Comet Cestus\", and \"Number C106: Giant Red Hand\".[147]\nNash then used all seven monsters to Xyz Summon \"CXyz Barian\", pushing Yuma into a corner. Yuma and Astral then merged into ZEXAL III to create \"Overlay Reborn\" to Special Summon \"Number 39: Utopia\", which was destroyed previously from the Graveyard. As Yuma worried how the power surged from Duel caused the worlds to grow closer, he was surprised to see his father and Vetrix suddenly arrived on the battlefield in order to erect barriers to stall the collisions of the three worlds and was encouraged him to win. Afterward, he and Astral used the card Eliphas gave them, \"Rank-Up-Magic Barian's Force\", to Special Summon \"Number 39: Utopia Beyond\" and destroy \"Barian Hope\".[148]\nNash and Yuma reflect on their friendship.\nNash set up the return of \"Barian Hope\" with \"Reincarnation of the Seven Emperors\" before Summoning \"Black Ray Lancer\" in an attempt to defeat them. In response, Yuma used the effect of \"Utopia Beyond\" to banish itself and Special Summon the original \"Utopia\" and canceled ZEXAL III. Yuma reminisced to Nash that this Duel reminded him the other times they faced each other, only for Nash to brush it off and tell Yuma that he was just a pest. Ignoring that statement, Yuma continued that he and Nash were still friends, despite the current situation. Nash replied that this was impossible; neither of them were the same as before, causing Yuma to question if he and Nash no longer understood each other. Nash said that he had understood Yuma for a long time, but added that friends who understood each other may stop being friends. Yuma thought about The Door's promise of a new power at the cost of losing something important; he realized that the \"something\" could be Astral or Nash. Determined not to lose either of them, he continued the Duel.\nAs Yuma was reduced to 50 Life Points, he was discouraged to continue, due to Nash's determination to win, but Tori snapped him out of it by yelling at him. Remembering the sacrifices Yuma's friends made for them, Yuma and Astral merged back to ZEXAL III. They created \"ZW - Sylphid Wing\" and equipped it to \"Utopia\". They attempted an attack on Nash's \"Submersible Carrier Aero Shark\", but Nash used \"Rebirth of the Seven Emperors\" to Tribute it and Summon \"Barian Hope\" back to the field. He then used \"Draw of Fate\" to stop the attack, then make both players draw a card; if they did not use the card they drew, they would lose. Yuma and Astral drew \"Double or Nothing!\" and activated it, doubling the ATK of \"Utopia\". Remembering the Door's promise of losing something important, Yuma canceled ZEXAL III and negated the attack of \"Utopia\" by its own effect. Nash then used \"Glory of the Seven Emperors\" to give \"Barian Hope\" more Overlay Units. This confused Yuma, but Astral reminded him that had their attack gone through, they would have lost. Yuma asked if this would mean a draw, but Nash corrected him; Yuma and Astral did win because Nash's Life Points would become the same as the change Yuma's and Astral's Life Points at the end of the Battle Phase, which is 0; therefore Nash lost the Duel. Nash told Yuma not to lose whatever was most important to him, which were his ability to trust in others and his pure heart. He gave all the \"Numbers\" he held to Astral and told Tori not to let Yuma out of her sight. He also admitted that Yuma and Astral were his best friends, and their final Duel was the best Duel he had, before fading away. Afterward, Yuma, Astral, and Tori returned to Earth, appearing on Heartland's harbor.[149]\nAfter saying goodbye to Shark, Yuma returns in tears to Heartland.\nYuma reunites with his friends.\nWhile Yuma was devastated at the loss of Shark, he expressed great joy when he realized all his friends that were absorbed by the Barian Pipe are revived. He happily reunited with the Number Club, Nelson, Anna, and Hart as they came to congratulated him. However, he voiced his regret for not saving Kite, Shark, and Rio and wondered what the point of Dueling was if he couldn't save them all. Astral then transported his and Yuma's subconscious to a special Sphere Field to tell him that he would continue his mission to destroy Barian World as it was the root of all Chaos. Yuma disagreed with Astral, saying there was no point to the future if they had to keep sacrificing things and urged him to find a better way, but Astral stated he wouldn't change his mind. Although Yuma was confused on why Astral would do such a thing, Yuma challenged Astral to Duel for the Numeron Code, which the latter accepted. In addition, the two added more conditions; if Yuma won, Astral would listen to him, and if Astral won, he would destroy Barian World and erase Yuma's memories of him.\nYuma is surprised by his friends sudden arrival.\nYuma was distraught at this, but agreed to Duel the next day at the station square. After he was returned to his friends, Yuma went back home and prepared his Deck, thinking of a strategy to beat the powerful \"Numbers\" Astral wielded and brooded over the situation. He was then abruptly interrupted by his friends - Tori, Bronk, Caswell, Flip, Cathy, Nelson and Anna - when they literally burst into his attic bedroom and asked if he was going to Duel Astral. On the roof, Yuma confirmed that he was going to Duel Astral and was building his deck. His friends offered to let Yuma use their cards in the Duel, but Yuma turned them down, saying that it would be pointless if he Dueled Astral with outside help. The next day, Yuma and Tori walked towards the station square. Yuma stopped midway to tell Tori about Astral's objective to destroy Barian World and the Duel will decide will happen in it. Yuma stated since Tori watched all of his and Astral's Duels, he wanted her to know and asked her to keep this a secret from the others because he wanted them to remember Astral as a good person.[19]\nAt the station square, Yuma remarked that he always know that he and Astral would one day their separate ways, but he never thought they would end up Dueling against each other. As the Duel started, Astral Summoned \"Utopia\", as well as its other forms: \"Utopia Ray\", \"Utopia Ray V\", \"Utopia Ray Victory\" and \"Utopia Beyond\". [19] Yuma admits he's enjoying facing his own ace card. After a direct attack from \"Utopia Ray V\" and his Life Points dropped to 1400, Yuma reminded himself of the stakes if the Duel and got back up. Bursting out laughing, he stated how \"cool\" \"Utopia\" was and then quickly brought a comeback with \"Gagaga Cowboy\" and \"Gagaga Samurai\" to destroy Utopia's four evolved forms. He attempted to OTK Astral but was stopped by \"Heat & Heal\". While Astral praised Yuma for tricking him, Yuma said it was thanks to Astral that he became strong and gave him the confidence to overcome everything - that and \"kattobingu\". He believed he and Astral were like one mind and body now, and vowed to make Astral change his mind, so they could create a better tomorrow. As the two traded blows, Yuma tried to reason with Astral and that they could start over no matter what, so long as they understood each other. While Astral proclaimed he would never forgot Yuma's words or the times they spent together, he told Yuma that he will fulfill the pact they signed together, leaving the boy confused. Astral gained the upper hand and used \"Number 39: Utopia Roots\" with \"Overlay Accel\" to attack Yuma three times. As Astral went for the first attack, he told Yuma that he must take back what is most important to him - the thing that was stolen from him - only to leave Yuma even more confused. [150]\nYuma with his \"Number F0: Utopic Future\".\nThinking back, Yuma remembered that he and Astral make a promise he would Duel him with everything he got and to have fun. Yuma recalled to Duel with a smile and laugh, but realized he was not doing either of those things. He reminded himself that he loved Dueling, yet he was crying because of it, and pondered if Astral was trying to remind of what he lost - the ability to laugh from the bottom of his heart. As Astral made a decisive direct attack on him, Yuma used \"Danger Draw\" to negate the attack. Yuma thanked Astral's efforts and performed a \"Shining Draw\" with his own power to draw \"Halfway to Forever\" to use his fallen Xyz Monsters to Special Summon \"Number F0: Utopic Future\", a monster the strongly resembles Yuma himself. Yuma activated its effect to take control of Astral's \"Utopia Roots\" and attack with it. Astral then used \"Hyper-Rank-Up-Magic Ultimate Force\" to use \"Utopia Roots\" to Xyz Summon \"Number 99: Utopic Dragon\". Yuma tried to take control of Astral's new monster with \"Utopic Future\", but Astral used its effect to negate that effect and destroy all other monsters. Yuma saved \"Utopia Roots\" with its own effect; however, he would take damage equal to the ATK of the \"Utopia Beyond\" that was destroyed. He saved himself with the second effect of \"Utopic Future\" by reducing the damage to 0. On the next turn, Yuma tried to take control of \"Utopic Dragon\" again by attacking it, but Astral negated the effect of \"Utopic Future\" once more and Yuma prevented his monster's destruction. Yuma used \"Hi-Five the Sky\" to let \"Utopic Future\" attack again, as well as \"Memories of Courage\" to increase its ATK to 4000. This destroyed \"Utopic Dragon\". \"Memories of Courage\" also granted \"Utopic Future\" another attack, but Astral used \"The Door of Destiny\" to negate the attack, while also reminding Yuma that he would lose if he did not destroy it. Haven been transported in of The Door that haunted Yuma's nightmares, Yuma reminded Astral that this was where they first met; he also realized that the most important thing he would lose was Astral. He hesitated, but Astral said that he had a card to help him win and told Yuma not to be afraid of the future without him by his side. Yuma realized what his friend meant and finished the Duel by using \"Double or Nothing!\" to continue his attack and defeat Astral.[21]\nYuma saying goodbye to Astral.\nYuma helped Astral up after the Duel, who congratulated Yuma on the win as the Numeron Code appeared in front of them. Astral said that it was about time he and Yuma went their separate ways. Tearing up, Yuma swore that he would never cry again, while Astral said that he liked Yuma's smile and that he would never forget it. He also swore to follow Yuma's \"kattobingu\" spirit. Yuma told Astral never to give up and to push himself at every hardship. As Astral floated away, Yuma yelled that he would never forget him.[21]\nYuma happily going to see Astral.\nAfter Astral left, Yuma returned to his normal life. His parents returned to Earth and the Seven Barian Emperors were revived as humans. At one point, he arrived late for school and was reprimanded by Rio for it, as his friends fondly watched on. Yuma also mused on the events that happened since Astral left. The Tenjo and Arclight families started together again to research parallel worlds. While happy with the new peace, Yuma continued to long for Astral and realized that things did not feel the same without Astral around. One evening, Yuma was hanging out with Tori before his Emperor's Key began to glow. Shark and Kite arrived and informed Yuma about a new threat in Astral World. Rejuvenated, Yuma left for Astral World alongside Tori, Kite, Orbital 7, the Arclights and the Barian Emperors, with the Emperor's Key's powers allowing them all to fly towards a dimensional portal. On the way, Tori confesses to Yuma that she loves him which makes blush in shock, but nevertheless he continues holding her hand. Desiring to see Astral, Yuma reaffirmed his desire to get his most important thing back and yelled \"kattobingu!\" with everyone else.[21]\nNon-canon appearances[]\nIn the non-canon episode, Aim For Number 1 in the World!, Yuma was forced by Tori to visit her friend Summer at the Gymnastics building. While Yuma was watching the athletes in wonder, Taiki pushed past Yuma and knocked him to the ground. The two argued, then Taiki left. Afterwards, Summer told Yuma how Taiki lost at a gymnastics competition, so he does not take part in them anymore. When Yuma and his friends were walking home, they find Taiki staring at the river. Yuma then challenged him to a Duel. Taiki refused initially, but Yuma taunted him, saying that Taiki was afraid to lose to him. Taiki accepted the challenge and the Duel began. As the Duel progressed and Taiki was on the verge of victory, he noticed Yuma's Set card, and his fear of failure took hold of him. He attempts to change tactics, but Yuma tells him that it does not matter how many times he loses because he loves Dueling. After Yuma loses, Taiki says that his new goal is to never lose again. Yuma approves of this and encourages him to do his best. Kohei Uchimura appears and Yuma appears to admire him, although he does not know who Kohei really is. Later, Yuma and his friends bid farewell to Taiki and Kohei, with both Duelists saying that they will \"kattobingu\" from now on.\nOther appearances[]\nYuma Tsukumo (manga)Yuma Tsukumo (D Team)Yuma Tsukumo (World Duel Carnival)Yuma Tsukumo (Duel Terminal)Yuma Tsukumo (Duel Arena)Yuma Tsukumo (Millennium Duels)Yuma Tsukumo (Tag Force)\nNumber Hunting[]\n\"Number 39: Utopia\", Yuma's first \"Number\".\nYuma obtained \"Number 39: Utopia\" when the Emperor's Key reacted during his Duel with Shark, releasing Astral and the \"Numbers\". Upon defeating Shark, he obtained \"Number 17: Leviathan Dragon\" as well.[4]\nYuma with \"Utopia\" and \"Number 17: Leviathan\" face Mr. Kay's \"Number 34: Terror-Byte\" and \"Super Crashbug\".\nYuma went on to obtain \"Number 34: Terror-Byte\" from Mr. Kay[63], Number 83 Galaxy Queen\" from Nelson Andrews[64], \"Number 61: Volcasaurus\" from Scorch and \"Number 19: Freezadon\" from Chills.[66]\nHis trip to the Duel Lodge after his encounter with Kite Tenjo netted him \"Number 12: Crimson Shadow Armor Ninja\" from Kaze.[68] His Duel with Fortuno saw him obtain \"Number 16: Shock Master\" and \"Number 11: Big Eye\", as well as acquire an upgrade for \"Utopia\" in the form of \"Number C39: Utopia Ray\".[32] His Duel against Number 96's holder gave him \"Number 96: Dark Mist\".[60]\nThe World Duel Carnival saw Yuma defeat Charlie McCay and though \"Number 7: Lucky Straight\" was briefly given to Charlie's niece, May[24], it was later returned to Yuma.[76] He proceeded to win \"Number 25: Force Focus\" from Cameron Clix\".[75] As the preliminaries drew to a close, Yuma Dueled Trey and won \"Number 33: Chronomaly Machu Mech\" and \"Number 6: Chronomaly Atlandis\".[83]\nYuma faces Shark and \"Number 32: Shark Drake\".\nYuma Dueled Shark in the top 4 of the tournament and his win here netted him \"Number 32: Shark Drake\".[86] All of his \"Numbers\" were taken by Dr. Faker's Sphere Field alongside those owned by Vetrix.[20] Astral managed to give \"Utopia\" and \"Shark Drake\" back to Yuma before he was ejected from the Sphere Field and Yuma returned \"Shark Drake\" to Shark.[86]\n\"Number 10: Illumiknight\", \"Number 8: Heraldic King Genom-Heritage\" and \"Number 30: Acid Golem of Destruction\" three of the \"Numbers\" Yuma gained from the Sphere Field.\nWith Faker's defeat, Yuma regained all of his lost \"Numbers\" and also acquired many others, bringing his total count up to fifty. Among his newly acquired \"Numbers\" were \"Number 10: Illumiknight\", \"Number 20: Giga-Brilliant\", \"Number 30: Acid Golem of Destruction\", \"Number 56: Gold Rat\", \"Number 9: Dyson Sphere\", \"Number 15: Gimmick Puppet Giant Grinder\", \"Number 40: Gimmick Puppet of Strings\", \"Number 88: Gimmick Puppet of Leo\", \"Number 8: Heraldic King Genom-Heritage\", \"Number 69: Heraldry Crest\", \"Number 53: Heart-eartH\" and \"Number 92: Heart-eartH Dragon\".[46] \"Utopia\" saw a second upgraded form via the use of \"Rank-Up-Magic Limited Barian's Force\" when Yuma and Ray Shadows Dueled Girag, resulting in \"Number C39: Utopia Ray V\".[100]\nYuma utilized \"Number 6: Chronomaly Atlandis\" and \"Number 61: Volcasaurus\" against the Shadow Giant.\nAstral was forced to release Number 96 as part of a deal to defeat the Shadow Giant.[101] Yuma and Astral received \"Number 66: Master Key Beetle\" from Vector after defeating him.[106] His next Duel with Vector saw the creation of \"Rank-Up-Magic Numeron Force\", which netted \"Utopia\" another upgrade called \"Number C39: Utopia Ray Victory\".[48]\nDuring the hunt for the Mythyrian \"Numbers\", Yuma acquired three of the seven. He won \"Number 44: Sky Pegasus\" from Mach[31], \"Number 54: Lion Heart\" from Alito[112] and \"Number 64: Ronin Raccoon Sandayu\" from Ponta.[115]\nYuma returned \"Machu Mech\" and \"Atlandis\" to Trey when he showed up to aid him in the fight against the Barians.[120] Quattro and Quinton also returned, so Yuma allowed Quattro to use \"Giant Grinder\", \"Gimmick Puppet of Strings\" and \"Gimmick Puppet of Leo\" again[122] and returned \"Dyson Sphere\" to Quinton.[124] Yuma's trip to the Astral World saw him access a new form for \"Utopia\" - \"Number 39: Utopia Roots\".[49]\nYuma gave \"Sandayu\" to Alito in order to help him free Girag from Don Thousand's curse.[138] Mizar entrusted \"Number 100: Numeron Dragon\" to Yuma before confronting Thousand himself.[144] Yuma eventually obtained all the remaining \"Number\" cards by defeating Nash in their final rematch, plus another form of \"Utopia\" called \"Number 39: Utopia Beyond\".[149] For a final Duel with Yuma, Astral kept all of the \"Numbers\", leaving Yuma with none.[19] During this Duel, however, Yuma created \"Number F0: Utopic Future\".[21]\nRelationships[]\nAstral[]\nYuma and Astral in the middle of a typical argument.\nYuma and Astral, despite having a rocky start, have a very close relationship with each other. Astral is able to tell what Yuma is feeling during duels and helps to calm him down, and Yuma worries and cares for Astral immensely. Regarding each other as both partners and close friends, they make an outstanding team.\nWhen they first met, Yuma had mixed feelings about Astral when all he did was tell him how to Duel during his Duel with Shark.[16] Though Astral was insightful and was always thinking about what his opponent would be capable of doing, Yuma ignored his advice and continued playing his way. Eventually, Astral figured out a way to have Yuma listen to him and over time, Yuma began trusting Astral more and more with each Duel. They are shown on numerous occasions to be able to talk telepathically.[41]\nAs partners and friends, they became a confident team.\nAfter the Duel with Kite Tenjo, the two realized that they needed the other's skill. They grew closer to one another during the Duel with Fortuno when Yuma admits to Astral that he considered him as his friend and unlocked Number C39: Utopia Ray[32] and eventually gained the ability to overlay their souls together using the power of ZEXAL.[56]\nAt times, Yuma didn't openly admit that he was worried or cared about Astral, usually feigning anger and yelling at him, which only makes Astral smile because he knew Yuma's true feelings. In dire situations, Yuma openly showed concern and proclaimed he would do anything to protect him from danger. It shown that Yuma deeply cares for Astral as he couldn't believe Astral would leave and as he cried for that.[43] Astral has shown many times how much he cares about Yuma, willing to give up his life for Yuma's safety.[32] Astral has also been seen smiling more since Yuma told him that he is his friend, and encourages Yuma to never give up. Later, it was revealed that Astral has been teaching Yuma how to Duel, since one day he'll disappear and Yuma will have to fight alone. He also said that when he disappears, he would want to leave proof that he exists in Yuma's memory and heart.[43] After Astral came back, Yuma was greatly relieved as he cried tears of joy.[83]\nNearing to the WDC finals, Yuma and Astral converse on what to do with the \"Numbers\" and their situation with Hart Tenjo. Yuma is torn between helping Astral or healing Hart, but Astral assured Yuma that he will follow whatever path Yuma choose as his partner.[38] During Yuma and Shark's Duel, Yuma was to make a choice between saving him or Shark, but Astral tells Yuma that will let him make the decisions. During this, Yuma told Astral that he is a very important friend to him.[44] When Vetrix told them that the \"Numbers\" could destroy the world, Astral questioned Yuma about it, Yuma denied this claim, saying he trusts Astral and would let Astral use the \"Numbers\" for good. During the Duel, Astral told Yuma that he can rely on him to defeat Vetrix and Yuma says he couldn't do it without him.[11]\nAfter Yuma dreams about being warned by The Door that someone is planning to take the most important thing to him, he feared that he will lose Astral. Not willing to put Astral in danger and be taken away from him, Yuma left his key to Tori in order to protect him and goes to Duel with a Barian-brainwashed Fender by himself. During the Duel, Yuma thinks that he the only one that can protect him and reflected how Astral is always the one protecting him.[46] In the key, Astral can receive the damage Yuma takes and knows Yuma is Dueling alone, which disappointed him since they are \"partners\". Once Astral got to Yuma, Yuma confined to Astral about his dream and states how he couldn't protect him. However, Astral told Yuma that he was proud of him and that he's a true friend, and will not forgive anyone who hurts him.[90] After nearly losing to Mizar and become shaken, Yuma and Astral grew even closer as they reaffirmed their desires to Duel together.[97]\nAfter Vector revealed he was Ray and that Yuma hid this from him, this caused Astral to lose some trust in Yuma, resulting in their inability to turn into ZEXAL and resulting in Astral's corruption, bringing about Dark ZEXAL.[108] They eventually reconciled and reformed their bond, resulting in ZEXAL II.[48]\nAstral appears in Yuma's thoughts.\nWhen Number 96 attacked Zexal II, Astral immediately ended the fusion and saved Yuma's life. As Astral was forced returned to the Astral World, the pair shared a sad goodbye and Astral thanked Yuma for everything he done, leaving Yuma heartbroken.[119] Afterwards, Yuma spent many sorrowful days locked inside his attic and crying. Despite this, Yuma was still willing to protect the \"Numbers\" that Astral entrusted to him and fight on.[120] While Yuma realized that he can't stay depressed forever[121], he made many Freudian slips whilst trying to maintained an outward happy demeanor, repeatedly thinking of Astral and accidentally calling out to him. This caused many to worried about him and was eventually pushed by his friends to accept that his partner was dead, but Yuma refused to believe that and was willing to face danger and an eternity searching for his beloved friend.[122][123][124]\nWhile Dueling Eliphas, Yuma repentantly reflected on how arrogant and capricious Astral was when they first met, and how he changed over time and became someone with emotions who cared for others.[58][126][127] On the brink of losing, Yuma realized how Astral played an important role in his life and became his \"everything\". When they finally reunited, they embraced each other and Yuma said that he would not let Astral go again and asked him not to leave him again, which made Astral smile.[49] With the happiness of being together again, Yuma's and Astral's bond grew even stronger and upgraded to ZEXAL III.[129]\nStargazing is a common pastime they do and shares many deep conversations.\nIt was later revealed that Yuma and Astral share a much closer connection to each other - Yuma is the \"other half\" of Astral, that Astral lost long ago during his battle with Don Thousand (the other half was later somehow reborn as Yuma). After their fateful Duel, Yuma and Astral reaffirmed their bond with each other, with Astral being Yuma's most precious thing, and even if they go their different ways, they will never forget each other. Even after Astral went back to Astral World, Yuma often thinks about him. When rogue chaos energy threatens the Astral World, Yuma and Astral grew excited to see each other and were last seen rushing to reunite.[21]\nTori Meadows[]\nTori finally confesses her feelings to Yuma who heatedly blushes. Yuma has been best friends with Tori since childhood and appears to care for her very much. They have their share of fights sometimes (mostly because of Yumas thoughtlessness), but they always make-up. Tori has shown many signs to have a crush on Yuma, such as annoyance at Yuma's adoration with Cathy's Dueling abilities, which she doesn't show towards male Duelists that Yuma admires.[41] She blushes whenever Yuma makes a friendly comment towards her-and is also evidenced when she is worried about Yuma, to which the latter makes a kind gesture by putting a hand on her shoulder, saying he will be all right.[23]\nYuma has gone out of his way to protect Tori many times such as when he thought Cathy had kidnapped her, which also allowed him to Duel without the assistance of Astral or any of the Numbers, winning him the Duel. During the usual scene when Yuma puts on his D-Gazer, he isn't wearing his casual Dueling smile, showing his absolute seriousness for victory so he can find her.[41] When Tori was about to be run over by a truck, Yuma pushed Tori out of the way, placing himself in her position, which if Kite Tenjo didn't pause the time, would have resulted in Yuma being critically injured or causing his death.[67]\nWhen he entered the lair of Fortuno, who had kidnapped Tori, Bronk, Flip, and Caswell, he only called out to Tori despite clearly seeing the others held captive as well.[69] Yuma's caringness towards Tori start becoming more obvious during the first day World Duel Carnival, when Yuma helps Tori escape from Cody's Excavation machine and Anna Kaboom's cannon blasts.[41][71] When Yuma realized that Astral was gone he looked at his friends, but seemingly only believed Tori, showing he takes her word over the others'.[43] He also has a considerable amount of trust in her, as he entrusted the Emperor's Key to her while he went to Duel Fender to protect Astral. At the end of the anime, Tori confessed to Yuma that she loved him and his smile to which left him blushing speechless, but he nevertheless kept holding her hand as they flew to Astral World. [46]\nKari Tsukumo[]\nYuma and Kari have a typical \"brother-sister\" relationship, having a tendency to argue with each other. Kari has a habit of making Yuma search for scoops she can use, even if it puts her brother at risk. Kari also doesn't allow Yuma to Duel, much to Yuma's chagrin, though Yuma finds ways around it. Yuma doesn't seem to sympathize with Kari very often, seen when she is depressed about apparently failing to make a delivery, Yuma ignores her completely. Likewise, Kari doesn't seem to sympathize with Yuma much either, and seems to blame him initially for things he had nothing to do with.[61]\nDespite their tendency, they do genuinely care about each other, Kari often instructing Yuma not to Duel to protect him. Before their parents went missing, they trusted Kari to look after Yuma, relying on her to protect him. At first, Kari was reluctant, but her mother told her that it was her duty as the \"big sister\" and they won't always be there for Yuma, so he will rely Kari to supported him through any hardships.[22] Yuma affectionately refers to her as \"Nee-chan\" meaning older sister in the Japanese way, showing he also cares for her. He also was concerned when he heard her scream.[61] After realizing she can't stop Yuma from Dueling, she allows him to Duel as long as he doesn't overdo it.[54]\nBronk Stone[]\nWhen they were young, Bronk is first shown to make fun of Yuma's losing streak at Dueling and laugh at him in class. This provoked Yuma to challenge him to Duel him over and over again, despite always ended up losing. Bronk came to admire Yuma's fiery, \"never-give-up\" spirit, and they eventually become friends.[60] As young teenagers, Bronk is Yuma's constant Dueling partner, though Yuma still lose regardless. Bronk would also make fun of Yuma's \"kattobingu\" challenges and laugh mockingly whenever Yuma fails. While having a brash treatment, Bronk does about care about Yuma, evident when he found the broken piece of Yuma's pendant and is present when Yuma Duels Reginald in order to recover Bronk's Deck.[16]\nBeing friends since childhood, they are shown to trust each other enough for Yuma to entrust Bronk his \"Utopia\", and Bronk to Duel Number 96: Dark Mist to rescue Yuma and Astral. Due to the many Duels they had, both boys are very adapted to each other's Deck, knowing each of their cards and tactics.[60]\nReginald Kastle[]\nShark and Yuma's first encounter.\nYuma's relation with Shark starts before they Dueled each other and became rivals, and although they never met before that, Yuma knew that he was the school's bully. He had just defeated Bronk and took his Deck, claiming a weakling didn't need it. Yuma stood up for him and in a twist of events, Shark crushed Emperor's Key and accepted Yuma's challenge. With their Duel underway, Shark was overtaken by \"Number 17: Leviathan Dragon\" and quickly Summons it to put Yuma in his place. However, with the appearance of Astral and Yuma's new Xyz Monster, Number 39: Utopia, Shark loses the Duel and his \"Number\".[16][4]\nWhen Shark fell into the \"wrong crowd\" and stopped Dueling all together, with persistence from Yuma, Shark agreed to Duel him again. Despite his \"Numbers,\" Yuma loses to Shark, who tells him to never interfere with his life.[37] However, Yuma disobeys this after learning of why Shark was the way he was. The two Tag Duel against Scorch and Chills, who carried \"Numbers\" that supported each other. Despite that, Shark was able to aid Yuma, who protected him from damage, and give Yuma the final trump card that would defeat the two brothers. As a sign of respect for Yuma, he allowed him to keep the card he won with.[65][66]\nMr. Kay remarked that Shark had changed due to Yuma's influence and now he sees Yuma as a friend and ally.[50] Although friends, Shark doesn't hang around Yuma as much as his other friends, due to his aloof nature, but is shown to have a soft spot for him, often reflecting on his time with Yuma, and even watching Yuma from afar when he sees him.[50][5] Despite his distant nature, Shark is willing to open up to him (to an extent), but tends to push him away sometimes.[72] In turn, Yuma admires Shark and worries about him if he does anything he thinks is wrong or dangerous. When knowing things concerning Shark, Yuma focuses his attention on helping him and putting himself in harm's way, even ignoring or lashing out on his friends or Astral if they tried to stop him.[39]\nDuring the World Duel Carnival, their friendship becomes strained as Shark became focused on revenge against Quattro and continually told Yuma \"Don't get involved with me\" when they meet.[72][74] When Yuma learned how violent Shark had become, Yuma challenged him to a Duel, in which Yuma made no move to attack, and let Shark take his anger out on him. He was angry at Yuma's persistence and the Number's influence causes him to grow more aggressive. Eventually, Yuma tells Shark he doesn't want to see the way he is now, shocking him, followed by his stomach growling. As Shark watches Yuma and Tori shout at each other, he smiled and the darkness in his heart disappeared. Shark then cancelled the Duel, claiming that seeing Yuma being an \"idiot\" made him lose his drive. Before walking away, Shark tells Yuma that he would meet him in the finals and they exchanged smiles.[82]\nDuring the WDC party, Yuma tried looking for Shark, showing his concern for Shark, and because he has something to ask him, but couldn't find him.[35] During the finals of the WDC, Yuma stumbles across Shark's Duel with Quattro and stayed to cheer him on. When Shark Summoned \"Number 32: Shark Drake\", Yuma worried about him due to the \"Number\"'s influence, and cried out to Shark as he was brutally attacked eight times by Quattro.[26] As the Duel continues, Yuma tried to pull Shark away from the \"Number's\" influence, but Shark eventually gives into it. After Shark wins the Duel, Shark set his revenge on Vetrix and told Yuma he won't forgive him if got in his way, straining their friendship once again.[85]\nIn the semi finals, Yuma and Shark were matched-up to Duel each other, with Yuma eager to settle their rivalry. Unknown to Yuma, Vetrix was influencing Shark through the power of his crest, but Yuma does notice how emotionless and different Shark is. During the Duel, Vetrix made Shark think Yuma was the one to hurt his sister, which made Shark hate Yuma and attack him ruthlessly. Yuma tried to make Shark remember the times they Dueled together, how Shark tried protecting his Emperor's Key from Kite, and how much their bond meant to him. Yuma also told Shark that his goal is to be Duel Champion and defeating Vetrix and Dr. Faker wasn't worth losing him. To return Shark to normal, Yuma took control of \"Number C32: Shark Drake Veiss\" and suffered while the \"Chaos Number\" tried to control him. Shark was able to regain his senses and begins to worry for Yuma. When deciding to save Shark or Astral, Yuma couldn't choose and said that Shark is a very important friend to him. To save Yuma, Shark got rid of his remaining Life Points to banish \"Shark Drake\" and give Yuma the victory. Afterwards, Shark told Yuma how during the Duel that he could hear Yuma's voice and thanked Yuma for saving him. Smiling, Shark then encourages Yuma to win and beat Vetrix, with Yuma promising to carry on his will.[44]\nLater, when Shark awakens in the hospital and sees that Yuma's Dueling with Vetrix in the Sphere Field, he begins to worry and rushes over to the Duel Coaster Stadium, calling out Yuma's name as he goes.[20]He then enters Heartland Tower to save Yuma and puts himself in danger in the process, showing how much he cares for him. Shark was even willing to team up with Kite and Orbital 7 to rescue Yuma, despite his hostility towards them. When Yuma challenges Dr. Faker to a Duel, Yuma gave back Shark \"Shark Drake\", asking him to help him, and the latter joins Yuma with a smile.[86] During the Duel, Yuma and Shark supported each other well with their cards, as well as Shark teasing Yuma when he's having doubts.[87][88] When the Heartland Tower started to crumble, a piece of concrete was about to hit Yuma before Shark pushes him out of the way to protect him, taking the hit instead.[27]\nWhen the Barian World began to target Yuma for the \"Numbers\", Shark worried for Yuma's well-being, chasing after him when he goes to Duel Fender, even leaving his sister to go after him.[46] When talking to Rio, Yuma learned that Shark often talked about him to her, to his surprise. She told Yuma that she believed it's because of Yuma that her brother hadn't changed and thanked him for being a good influence on Shark. Shark began to spend more time with Yuma as they started to walk home together after school.[94] When Yuma fell towards a cliff ledge, Shark once again put his life in danger to try to save Yuma from falling,.[96] Recuperating in the hospital, Shark was extremely upset at how downhearted Yuma was acting and, in his typical gruff fashion, snapped at him. In order to get through to him, Shark swiped the Emperor's Key and lured Yuma into a Duel. With help from Astral, Yuma got his fighting spirit back, much to Shark's happiness. When Astral told Yuma what Shark's true purpose was, Shark denied it, but Yuma was greatly touched. Trying to show his gratitude, Yuma tried to give Shark a hug, only to be pushed away by him.[97]\nAfter Shark came to accepting his fate as a Barian, he was emotionally shattered at the thought of becoming Yuma's enemy and distraught of breaking his bond and friendship with him.[127][49] Nevertheless, Shark severed his friendship with Yuma and claimed that it was their fate to become enemies. However, Yuma didn't see him as an enemy, but he was willing to fight him to restore their bonds of friendship.[130] Even now, he still calls Shark by his nickname, despite everyone else and Shark himself knowing him by the name \"Nash\".\nDuring the their Duel, Shark and Yuma reminisces their friendship, with Shark eventually stating that Yuma and Astral are his best friends before dying and fading away.[149] After the Interdimensional War has ended and the Shark and the other emperors were revived, Shark went back to his old life, attending school with all his friends and watching over Yuma.[21]\nKite Tenjo[]\nAs rivals in hunting \"Numbers\", Yuma and Kite saw each other as enemies. Kite first thought Yuma was a regular \"Number\" Holder and tried to get his Number. During the Duel, Kite was surprised that Yuma used 2 \"Numbers\", and identified him as a Number Hunter, but looked happy to have a rival.[9] After their first Duel, Yuma became depressed over his near loss and developed a fear of Kite.[54] However, this was short-lived and Yuma become more confident when facing Kite, despite knowing the dangers.[69] Yuma was shown to respect Kite's Dueling skills, calling him \"scary\", but strong.[32]\nWhen Yuma interfered in Kite and Astral's Duel, which ended in a Draw, Yuma asked Kite why he is collecting Numbers. Kite only answers that he sold his soul to the devil in exchange of his brother's sake.[56] Determine to Duel Yuma, Kite told Yuma that they will settle their score in the World Duel Carnival.[70] Knowing that Astral helps Yuma, Kite sees Astral as his rival instead of Yuma, whom Kite considered as \"just an idiot\".[34]\nDespite their differences, they joined up to rescue Hart from the Vetrix Family, which resulted is a Tag-Team Duel.[5] Kite seems to have grown to respect Yuma as he begins to call him by his first name, however he still doesn't see him as his rival and still dislikes him.[35] During the WDC finals, Yuma often made an effort to be friendly with Kite and cheered him on in his Duels, and even considered him as a friend.[25][40] During the finals, Kite seemed to gain greater respect for Yuma, letting him watch his Duel with Vetrix.[7] Kite also appeared to soften up to Yuma due to the many times he showed concern towards Hart, though he never outwardly showed it.[20] During the Duel with Dr. Faker, he began to value Yuma and Shark as his friends.[88] After their Duel against Vector, Yuma proclaimed that his WDC wish was for Kite's family to live happily in peace. Amused and smiling, Kite says it was none of his business, but Yuma then revealed his real wish - to Duel Kite again in a friendly match to settle their score. Kite happily accepted the challenge, addressing both Yuma and Astral, while finally acknowledging Yuma as a rival.[27] Yuma greatly looked forward to Dueling Kite again, and openly showed excitement throughout their Duel. Kite also thought about Yuma's never-give-up attitude and how much he enjoyed Dueling. When Kite was about to surrender due to losing his passion to Duel, Yuma encouraged him to continue, calling Kite his \"goal\".[45] When Kite won the Duel, Yuma promised to beat Kite one day, which the latter accepted, saying that Yuma can Duel him as many times as it takes to achieve that goal.[89]\nIronically, there is some resemblance between Kite's and Yuma's Dueling styles, as both seem to prefer a more offense-based strategy, and their Dueling styles were at least somewhat compatible when they Tag Dueled. This may have some relation about the similarities Yuma and Kite have that Astral himself has observed.[23] At first, Kite denied being compared to Yuma, but seems to have somewhat acknowledged this when he asked Astral for support during their Tag Duel.[79]\nHart Tenjo[]\nHaving seen Hart's picture before, Yuma first met Hart by seeing him walking in the middle of a busy street and recognized him as Kite's brother. When an up coming truck was about run Hart over, Yuma tried to protect him. After Hart had blown a huge hole in the truck, Yuma kindly let Hart come home with them and let him stay for the night. Yuma was also happy when Hart finally started to eat something and enjoyed his time at dinner. At night, Yuma let Hart sleep in his hammock and covered him with a blanket.[78]\nWhile Hart was having a power surge, Yuma ran into the explosion and hugged Hart, telling him \"you're not alone\" and promise to bring him to his brother. Also, Yuma helped Kite rescue Hart from the Vetrix Family, and showed great concern when Hart was found unconscious.[78] Yuma seems to have grown close to Hart, while speaking to him in his mind he ask Yuma and Astral to save his brother, Kite.[38] When Vetrix used his connection to Hart to hurt Kite, Yuma rushed to Heartland Tower to save him and severed his link to Vetrix.[7][8] Likewise, Hart also cares deeply about Yuma as he is always doing things for his sake.[27] Hart is also grateful towards Yuma for helping his brother overcome his guilt.[45][89] When Hart heard that Yuma was injured, Hart was very concerned about him and wanted to visit him at the hospital, even wanting to see Yuma on his own if Kite didn't go with him.[97]\nTrey[]\nTrey first took interest in Yuma during their Tag-Team Duel against each other, and was amazing at how he would keep sacrificing himself for Kite's safety.[6][79] On the other hand, Yuma thought of Trey as an enemy because he is part of the Vetrix Family, but he learned that he likes all the artifacts that his dad had found, and let him stay at his house for lunch. Yuma thought that they had become friends, but Trey thought of his childhood and asked Yuma for a Duel.[82]\nWhen the Duel commenced, Trey said he wanted to defeat Yuma because it would help his family. In that Duel, Trey became an uncontrollable monster, by the power of his Crest, which cause him to very brutal to Yuma, and had supposedly killed Astral, causing Yuma great anger and sadness.[43] After unleashing the card, \"Final Prophecy\", which pulled them into another dimension, Trey had a change of heart and used the power of his crest to help Yuma bring Astral back and asked them to defeat him. When Yuma won the Duel, and found Trey laying on the ground, Yuma quickly came to his side to help him up. Having developed a friendship with Trey, Trey asked Yuma to save his family before he disappeared with leaving behind his two \"Number\" cards and a Heart Piece. After the Duel, he said the he will save Trey's family.[83] During his Duel with Vetrix, Yuma mentions his promise to Trey, and that he will fight with all he has for Trey's sake.[12]\nAfter Trey had awoken from his coma and Yuma had reformed Vertix, Trey and his family was watching the Duel between Yuma and Kite from a bridge. Before leaving with his family, Trey took once last glance at Yuma, and silently admiring and promising to meet him again someday.[45] True to his promise, Trey and his family been watching over the events had happened to Yuma with the Barians and decided to step in, with Trey being entrusted with Yuma. When they met again, Trey promised Yuma that he would become Yuma's \"sword and shield\" and protect him. While Yuma was shocked by the unexpected events, Trey told Yuma that he was still his very first friend who saved him from his agony and sadness. Knowing Yuma was in grief after losing Astral, Trey understood he could never replace Astral, but wants to help and was willing risk his life to fight alongside Yuma as his friend. Smiling for the first time since Astral's departure, Yuma was touched by Trey's proclamation and gave back the \"Numbers\" Trey had used before as a sign of trust and friendship.[120] This protectiveness also extends to the rest Tron Family, both Quinton and Quattro both task themselves to looks after Yuma and his well-being.[124] Vertix also seeks to repay his debt by helping Yuma save the world, often musing Yuma's actions gave his family back.[148][19]\nNear the end of his Duel with Mizar, Trey was able to speak to Yuma before being defeated, saying that Yuma was a true friend and was happy to have met him. After Trey expressed hope that they will meet again one day, Yuma watched helplessly as Trey's and Quinton's souls were sent to the Barian World.[134]\nAfter the Interdimensional War has ended and the brothers were revived, the family seems to taken up residents in Heartland and are still willing to help Yuma whenever he needs them. Trey also enrolled into Heartland Academy, even though he's two years older than Yuma and his classmates, he enrolled as a first-year-student to be closer to the former.[21]\nRay Shadows/Vector[]\nBefore Yuma and Ray Shadows even met each other, Ray already knew Yuma because he won the World Duel Carnival and is a big fan of his. They first met when Ray crashed into Yuma on the way to his first day school, which annoyed Yuma upon the first impression. However, Ray was ecstatic to met Yuma, in albeit fanboyish fashion, and referred to Yuma as the \"crown jewel\" of Heartland Academy and Heartland City. At first, Yuma found Ray troubling after forcefully dragged him through odd \"shortcuts\" to make it to school and complained to his friends about him, even though Ray was just trying to make sure Yuma wasn't late. Ray even tried to get Yuma a Duel with with pro-Duelist Devon Knox, without Yuma's consent. When a Barian-brainwashed Devon Knox Dueled Ray to find Yuma, but Ray refuses to give him any information and is brutally defeated. During Yuma's Duel with Devon Knox, Ray implored Yuma to run away when Yuma was losing, but Yuma refused and said he's going to win for Ray too. After winning, Yuma officially befriends Ray and lets him carry him on his back when he offers to.[91]\nAs Ray became more involved in Yuma's life, Ray gave unyielding support to Yuma through everything, with or without Yuma's consent and/or knowledge. When their class voted for class president, Ray nominated Yuma, which Yuma was unaware of until Ray told him, and it was Ray's vote that allowed Yuma to win.[92] Mysteriously and secretly, Ray was also shown to watch Yuma from afar when others are not during any Duel he has with the Barian World's brainwashed minions or anything related with the Barian World and Yuma.[92][94] Even before they met, Ray witness Yuma Duel with Fender from a window inside the school and smiled as he watch Yuma and his friends.[90] Ray seems to only be concerned with Yuma when it come to the Barian's minions, as he went along with Yuma instead of staying to watch Reginald Kastle's Duel with a brainwashed Art Stanley.[93] As they become closer, Ray to follows Yuma wherever he goes, and Yuma sometimes forced Ray into joining him in his \"kattobingu\" challenges, despite Ray's protest.[47]\nWhen Girag accused Ray of hurting Alito, Yuma became doubtful and began to question his character. After seeing Ray's usual good-natured intentions, Yuma restored his faith in him and tried to keep him out of danger. Ray found out about what Yuma was doing and was saddened that Yuma didn't trust him as a friend and was leaving him behind. In their Battle Royal, Yuma did his best to protect Ray, even though it hindered him against Girag.[99] When he saw how Yuma was willing to defend him at all costs, Ray started to protect Yuma and revealed his true nature as a member of the Barian Cosmic Crime Unit. They worked together to defeat Girag and formed a new monster from their bonds, \"Number C39: Utopia Ray V\". Later, Ray explained to Yuma about his mission and told him that he needed to keep it a secret from everybody else. He also told Yuma that he sincerely considered him as a friend and jokingly told him that he will be his \"subordinate\" from now, which Yuma excitedly agreed to.[100] Yuma also gained a level of admiration and respect for Ray, finding his position of \"Barian's Guardian\" amazing and dutifully followed any of Ray's orders.[101] [104] When Vector tried to abduct Yuma, Ray shielded Yuma and got captured instead, which left Yuma greatly shocked.[106] Wanting to save Ray, Yuma traveled to the Barian World, only to find Ray's seemingly lifeless body and was devastated that he lost his friend.[107]\nAs \"Ray\" is the newest addition to Yuma's circle of friends, Yuma calls \"Ray\" by his supposed last name \"Shingetsu\" instead of his first name like Yuma does with his other friends, and \"Ray\" used the honorific \"kun\" when addressing Yuma to signify their budding friendship. (in the dub, Yuma simply calls Ray by his first name) Upon \"Ray\" falsely revealing his position as a member of the \"Barian Cosmic Crime Unit\" and recruited Yuma as his underling, they established a superior/subordinate relation when working together, addressing each other as \"Officer Shingetsu\" and \"Detective Yuma\" receptively.\nLater on, \"Ray\" revealed that he was Vector in human form, which extremely devestated Yuma. Vector explained it was a cruel, elaborated plan to get closer to Yuma and orchestrate his downfall. With the friendship he once hold dear revealed to be a lie, Yuma was furious and became emotionally and mentally distraught.[30] After repairing his bond with Astral, Yuma recovered from Vector's cruelty, though Vector still takes pleasure in taunting him in his human form and using his \"Ray\" voice[109][110]. Despite Yuma's hatred of Vector, he made an attempt to reach out to him after his true memories were revealed, and got angry at Don Thousand for what he did.[143] When Don Thousand was about to absorb Vector, Yuma goes to save him, which Vector hoping dragged Yuma him. However, Yuma did not mind and was willing to go with Vector, wanting to reconcile his bond with him as \"Ray\". Touched by Yuma's kindness, Vector had a change of heart and decided to sacrifice himself to ensure Yuma's safety, calling him \"Yuma-kun\" one last time.[144]\nAfter the Interdimensional War has ended and the Vector and the other emperors were revived, Vector is friendly terms Yuma, calling him \"Yuma-kun\" again. He even joins Yuma and his allies to help with the Astral World new crisis, which Yuma pleasantly welcomes.[21]\nDeck[]\nMain article: Yuma Tsukumo's Decks\nYuma uses an \"Xyz One Turn Kill\"[1][2] Deck, which is supported by the powerful \"Number\" cards and focuses on performing Xyz Summons. He has a high number of Trap Cards, which mostly protect his monsters and reduce battle damage. He can support his monsters with some ATK boosting cards, like \"Wonder Wand\", \"Blustering Winds\", \"Bound Wand\", and \"Double or Nothing!\". His signature card is \"Number 39: Utopia\". Like his other \"Numbers\" however, he can only use it when Astral is fighting by his side. His main strategy focuses on bringing out \"Utopia\" and making it strong enough to beat the opponent.\nAfter his time at the Duel Sanctuary, Roku gave Yuma the \"Duel Sanctuary Legendary Deck\". According to Roku, the Deck is appropriate for Yuma and should answer his feelings. Yuma combined elements from both this Deck and his first Deck into a single Deck. Also, if Yuma and Astral believe in their possibilities, they gain the power to Chaos Xyz Evolution \"Utopia\" into \"Number C39: Utopia Ray\". Using ZEXAL, he can create Zexal Weapons cards which gives \"Utopia Ray\" extra ATK and abilities.\nIn the World Duel Carnival, Yuma seems to be focusing on fighting less with his \"Numbers\", instead he uses normal Xyz Monsters against opponents that lack \"Numbers\" of their own. This is due to him feeling that it is unfair to use \"Numbers\" against a non-\"Number\" user.\nYuma's Deck has parallels with those of Yugi Muto, Jaden Yuki and Yusei Fudo. Like Yugi, he uses a Deck which previously belonged to a relative. Like Jaden, he obtains a new Deck which he combines with his original Deck. Like Yusei, he makes extensive use of his series' new mechanic. Like the three of them, his ace card, \"Utopia\" has 2500 ATK.\nDuels[]\nOpponent(s)\nEpisode(s)\nOutcome\nSchool bully\n19\nLose (flashback)\nKazuma Tsukumo\n19\nNot shown (flashback)\nSchool bully\n19\nNot shown (flashback)\nBronk Stone\n20\nLose (four times, flashback)\nReginald Kastle\n1-2\nWin\nCaswell Francis\n3\nLose\nMr. Kay\n3-4\nWin\nFlip Turner\n5-6\nWin\nNelson Andrews\n7-8\nWin\nCathy Katherine\n9\nWin\nReginald Kastle\n10\nLose\nBronk Stone\n11\nLose (nineteen times, off-screen)\nBronk Stone\n11\nLose\nCaswell Francis\n11\nNot shown\nScorch and Chills\n11-12\nWin (with Reginald Kastle)\nKite Tenjo\n13-14\nNo result\nRoku\n15\nLose\nKaze\n15-16\nWin\nFortuno\n17-18\nWin\nNumber 96's holder\n20\nWin\nBronk Stone\n20\nLose (influenced by Number 96)\nLillybot\n21\nLose\nLillybot\n21\nLose (with Bronk Stone)\nLillybot\n21\nWin\nKite Tenjo\n24\nDRAW (Duel taken over for Astral)\nStriker Crossit\n27\nWin\nCody Callus\n28\nWin\nAnna Kaboom\n29\nWin\nTombo Tillbitty\n30\nWin\nCharlie McCay\n32\nWin\nCameron Clix\n35-36\nWin\nDextra and Nistro\n37-38\nWin\nQuattro and Trey\n42-43\nWin (with Kite Tenjo)\nRoku\n44\nLose\nReginald Kastle\n46\nNo result\nTrey\n47-49\nWin\nWolfsbane, Coyote, and Jackal\n51-52\nWin (with Anna Kaboom and Nistro; Duel Coaster)\nQuinton\n53\nNo result (with Nistro; Duel Coaster)\nNistro\n59\nWin (Desert Field)\nReginald Kastle\n61-62\nWin\nVetrix\n65-67\nWin\nDr. Faker/Vector\n69-71\nWin (with Reginald Kastle and Kite Tenjo)\nKite Tenjo\n72-73\nLose\nFender\n74-75\nWin\nDevon Knox\n76\nWin\nCarlyle Chesterton\n77\nWin\nAlito\n80\nWin\nUnnamed student\n81\nNo result\nCaswell Francis and Flip Turner\n81\nWin (with Reginald Kastle; Skydiving Field)\nBronk Stone and Rio Kastle\n81\nWin (with Reginald Kastle; Beach Volleyball Field)\nTori Meadows and Cathy Katherine\n81\nWin (with Reginald Kastle; Table Tennis Field)\nTori Meadows and Cathy Katherine\n81\nWin (with Girag; Baseball Field)\nMizar\n82-83\nNo result (Duel taken over by Kite Tenjo)\nReginald Kastle\n84\nWin\nBarian-brainwashed students\n85\nWin (with Reginald Kastle, Rio Kastle, and Alito)\nAlito\n85-86\nWin\nGirag\n87-88\nWin (with Ray Shadows)\nShadow Giant\n89\nWin\nOrbital 7\n90\nWin\nMayday Walker and Brooke Walker\n92-93\nWin (with Anna Kaboom)\nVector (clone)\n94\nWin\nVector\n95-98\nWin (Sargasso the Different Dimension Battlefield)\nMach\n99-100\nWin\nNistro and Alito\n103-104\nWin (with Dextra)\nGirag/Ponta\n107\nWin\nNumber 96\n110-111\nWin (Duel taken over by Astral)\nErazor\n112-113\nWin (with Trey)\nEliphas\n118-121\nWin\nMr. Heartland\n123\nWin (Duel taken over for Kite Tenjo)\nAlito\n129-130\nWin\nDon Thousand\n138-141\nWin (with Nash)\nNash\n141-143\nWin\nAstral\n144-146\nWin\nCathy Katherine\n146\nNot shown\nTrivia[]\nYuma is the first main protagonist to not use any Normal Monsters in his Deck.\nYuma has the following distinctions from the other main protagonists:\nHe is the only one to have any siblings (in this case, an older sister), although Yuto, Yugo and Yuri were Yuya's brothers in the manga.\nHe is the only one to have never successfully performed a Fusion Summon, as well as the only post-GX main protagonist to have never successfully performed a Synchro Summon.\nHe is the only one to never defeat his primary rival in the anime, although he does so in the manga. This is especially odd because one of Yuma's major goals was to defeat Kite in a Duel.\nHe is the only one who regularly switches between his casual clothes and his school uniform.\nYuma has several similarities to Yugi.\nBoth wear a golden pendant (Emperor's Key and the Millennium Puzzle) that connects them to their partners (Astral and Yami Yugi).\nThey live with a grandparent (Haru and Solomon) and another female relative (Kari and Mrs. Muto).\nThey have a female friend that they've known since childhood (Tori and Ta) and their best friends used to pick on them (Bronk and Joey).\nBoth have been called hosts for their partners.\nBoth were initially looked down upon by their rivals (Kite and Kaiba), but eventually proved themselves.\nYuma and Yugi's partners also have many similarities as well.\nThey Dueled against their partners in the final episodes and won. Also before the Duels, their friends offered them their cards to help but refused.\nThey were separated from their partners after sacrificing themselves, except Yugi sacrificed himself for Yami while Astral sacrificed himself for Yuma.\nIn the final Duel, both used monsters that represented themselves separated from their partners (\"Number F0: Utopic Future\" and \"Gandora the Dragon of Destruction\"). They also managed to win using Spell Cards with symbolic meanings to them (\"Double or Nothing!\" and \"Gold Sarcophagus\").\nUnlike all other main protagonists, Yuma was not a very talented duelist at the start of his series but instead develops into one over time.\nHe also has the most losses of any main protagonist, with 33 confirmed losses (though most of these losses occurred either off-screen or in flashbacks).\nReferences[]\n 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 53: \"Test Your Luck!\"\n 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 59: \"Rockin' and Rollin'\"\n \"Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Cast\". ktla.com. http://affiliate.zap2it.com/tv/yu-gi-oh-zexal/cast/EP01482633. Retrieved September 1, 2012.\n 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 2: \"Go With the Flow, Part 2\"\n 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 41: \"Losing Hart\"\n 6.0 6.1 6.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 42: \"A Dubious Duo\"\n 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 63: \"The Hart of the Matter\"\n 8.0 8.1 8.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 64: \"Change of Hart\"\n 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 14: \"The Number Hunter, Part 2\"\n 10.0 10.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 61: \"Duel of Destiny, Part 1\"\n 11.0 11.1 11.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 65: \"Sphere of Fear, Part 1\"\n 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 66: \"Sphere of Fear, Part II\"\n 13.0 13.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 86: \"Counter Offensive, Part 2\"\n Calculated from \"Zexal Height Guide\". http://68.media.tumblr.com/b2444bcced08050fb52ac592ebb92f0f/tumblr_mt1no4TWqL1sitde3o1_r1_1280.png. and \"Main Character Comparison Sheet\". http://40.media.tumblr.com/536927e46afc80f3421681c5b566354a/tumblr_n37ishvPTv1sitde3o1_1280.png.\n \"Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL character profiles\". TVTokyo.com. http://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/yugioh-zexal/chara/index.html. Retrieved July 4, 2012.\n 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 1: \"Go With the Flow, Part 1\"\n 17.0 17.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 30: \"No Tomato\"\n 18.0 18.1 18.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 81: \"The Friendship Games\"\n 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 144: \"Last First Duel\"\n 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 67: \"Sphere of Fear, Part 3\"\n 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 146: \"Forever ZEXAL\"\n 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 19: \"The Edge of the World\"\n 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 23: \"Hunting Down the Hunter, Part 1\"\n 24.0 24.1 24.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 32: \"Life Is a Carnival, Part 2\"\n 25.0 25.1 25.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 55: \"Portal of Doom\"\n 26.0 26.1 26.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 56: \"Cosmic Chaos\"\n 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 71: \"A Trio's Challenge, Part III\"\n 28.0 28.1 28.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 38: \"Double Jeopardy: Part 2\"\n 29.0 29.1 29.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 5: \"Flipping Out, Part 1\"\n 30.0 30.1 30.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 96: \"Shadows of Deception\"\n 31.0 31.1 31.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 100: \"A Duel in Ruins, Part 2\"\n 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 18: \"It's in the Cards, Part 2\"\n 33.0 33.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 52: \"Roller Coaster Rampage!\"\n 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 26: \"Let the Duels Begin!\"\n 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 50: \"Party Panic\"\n 36.0 36.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 51: \"Roller Duel\"\n 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 10: \"Shark Attack\"\n 38.0 38.1 38.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 60: \"Doctor Visit\"\n 39.0 39.1 39.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 35: \"Bad Developments: Part 1\"\n 40.0 40.1 40.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 54: \"Welcome to the Jungle\"\n 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 28: \"Heavy Metal\"\n 42.0 42.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 21: \"Battle With the Bot\"\n 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 48: \"Exit: Astral\"\n 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 62: \"Duel of Destiny, Part 2\"\n 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 72: \"Kite's Plight, Part 1\"\n 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 74: \"Attack of the Barians, Part 1\"\n 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 80: \"Rivals in the Ring\"\n 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 98: \"Shadows End\"\n 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 121: \"Mission: Astral World, Part 4\"\n 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 22: \"The Shark Hunter\"\n 51.0 51.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 6: \"Flipping Out, Part 2\"\n 52.0 52.1 52.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 7: \"The Sparrow, Part 1\"\n 53.0 53.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 9: \"Feline Frenzy\"\n 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 15: \"Training Days, Part 1\"\n 55.0 55.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 47: \"Sky's the Limit\"\n 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 24: \"Hunting Down the Hunter, Part 2\"\n 57.0 57.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 99: \"A Duel in Ruins, Part I\"\n 58.0 58.1 58.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 118: \"Mission: Astral World, Part 1\"\n 59.0 59.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 27: \"A Team Performance\"\n 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 20: \"Roots of the Problem\"\n 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 3: \"In the End, Part 1\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 5: \"Plot and Counterplot?!\"\n 63.0 63.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 4: \"In The End, Part 2\"\n 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 8: \"The Sparrow, Part 2\"\n 65.0 65.1 65.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 11: \"The Pack, Part 1\"\n 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 12: \"The Pack, Part 2\"\n 67.0 67.1 67.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 13: \"The Number Hunter, Part 1\"\n 68.0 68.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 16: \"Training Days, Part 2\"\n 69.0 69.1 69.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 17: \"It's in the Cards, Part 1\"\n 70.0 70.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 25: \"Frozen in Time\"\n 71.0 71.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 29: \"Love Hurts\"\n 72.0 72.1 72.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 31: \"Life Is a Carnival, Part 1\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 33: \"Foolish Fans\"\n 74.0 74.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 34: \"Shark Bait\"\n 75.0 75.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 36: \"Bad Developments: Part 2\"\n 76.0 76.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 37: \"Double Jeopardy: Part 1\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 39: \"Pets Peeved\"\n 78.0 78.1 78.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 40: \"About Hart\"\n 79.0 79.1 79.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 43: \"The Dragon Awakens\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 44: \"Rock and a Hard Place\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 45: \"Ruffled Feathers\"\n 82.0 82.1 82.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 46: \"Family Leave\"\n 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 49: \"Crestfallen\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 57: \"Depths of Darkness\"\n 85.0 85.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 58: \"Swimming With Sharks\"\n 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 68: \"The Countdown Begins\"\n 87.0 87.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 69: \"A Trio's Challenge, Part 1\"\n 88.0 88.1 88.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 70: \"A Trio's Challenge, Part II\"\n 89.0 89.1 89.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 73: \"Kite's Plight, Part 2\"\n 90.0 90.1 90.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 75: \"Attack of the Barians, Part 2\"\n 91.0 91.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 76: \"Hard Knox\"\n 92.0 92.1 92.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 77: \"Rule Duel\"\n 93.0 93.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 78: \"The Adventures of Artimus Stanleyus\"\n 94.0 94.1 94.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 79: \"Doom in Bloom\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 82: \"Sphere Cube Calamity, Part 1\"\n 96.0 96.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 83: \"Sphere Cube Calamity, Part 2\"\n 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 84: \"Playing Defense\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 85: \"Counter Offensive, Part 1\"\n 99.0 99.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 87: \"Dual Duel, Part 1\"\n 100.0 100.1 100.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 88: \"Dual Duel, Part 2\"\n 101.0 101.1 101.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 89: \"Darkness Dawns\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 90: \"You Give Love a Bot Name\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 91: \"Take a Chance\"\n 104.0 104.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 92: \"An Imperfect Couple, Part 1\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 93: \"An Imperfect Couple, Part 2\"\n 106.0 106.1 106.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 94: \"Enter Vector\"\n 107.0 107.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 95: \"The Search for Shadows\"\n 108.0 108.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 97: \"Sinister Shadows\"\n 109.0 109.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 101: \"The Dark Mist Rises, Part 1\"\n 110.0 110.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 102: \"The Dark Mist Rises, Part 2\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 103: \"Barian Vengeance, Part 1\"\n 112.0 112.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 104: \"Barian Vengeance, Part 2\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 105: \"Put to the Test, Part 1\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 106: \"Put to the Test: Part 2\"\n 115.0 115.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 107: \"Furry Fury\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 108: \"A Sea of Troubles, Part 1\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 109: \"A Sea of Troubles, Part 2\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 110: \"A World of Chaos, Part 1\"\n 119.0 119.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 111: \"A World of Chaos, Part 2\"\n 120.0 120.1 120.2 120.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 112: \"Memory Thief, Part 1\"\n 121.0 121.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 113: \"Memory Thief, Part 2\"\n 122.0 122.1 122.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 114: \"Tentacles of Terror, Part 1\"\n 123.0 123.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 115: \"Tentacles of Terror, Part 2\"\n 124.0 124.1 124.2 124.3 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 116: \"Now or Never, Part 1\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 117: \"Now or Never, Part 2\"\n 126.0 126.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 119: \"Mission: Astral World, Part 2\"\n 127.0 127.1 127.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 120: \"Mission: Astral World, Part 3\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 122: \"Assimilation, Part 1\"\n 129.0 129.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 123: \"Assimilation, Part 2\"\n 130.0 130.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 124: \"Battle with the Barians\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 125: \"Fight for a Friend\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 126: \"Farewell for a Friend\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 127: \"Settling the Score, Part 1\"\n 134.0 134.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 128: \"Settling the Score, Part 2\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 129: \"Fists of Fury, Part 1\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 130: \"Fists of Fury, Part 2\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 131: \"Power Play\"\n 138.0 138.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 132: \"Barian vs. Barian\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 133: \"Vector the Victor\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 134: \"Dragon Strife, Part 1\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 135: \"Dragon Strife, Part 2\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 136: \"The Forsaken Palace\"\n 143.0 143.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 137: \"Clash of the Emperors\"\n 144.0 144.1 144.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 138: \"The New World\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 139: \"The Source Code\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 140: \"A Thousand Ways to Lose\"\n 147.0 147.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 141: \"The Fate of Three Worlds\"\n 148.0 148.1 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 142: \"The Battle of Three Worlds\"\n 149.0 149.1 149.2 Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 143: \"The Future of Three Worlds\"\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL episode 145: \"Outclassed and Outmatched\"\nve\nYuma Tsukumo pagesAnime, manga, books\nAnime\nManga\nD Team\nVideo games\nWorld Duel Carnival\nWorld Duel Carnival (Zexal)\nDuel Terminal\nLegacy of the Duelist (Yuma)\nLegacy of the Duelist (ZEXAL)\nLegacy of the Duelist (ZEXAL 3)\nMillennium Duels\nTag Force\nDuel Arena\nDuel Links\nDuel Links (Yuma and Astral)\nDuel Links (ZEXAL)\nve\nYu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL anime charactersYuma's group\nYuma Tsukumo\nAstral\nTori Meadows (Kotori Mizuki)\nBronk Stone (Tetsuo Takeda)\nCaswell Francis (Takashi Todoroki)\nCathy Katherine (Cathy)\nFlip Turner (Tokunosuke Omoteura)\nHeartland Academy\nReginald \"Shark\" Kastle (Ryoga Kamishiro)\nMr. Kay (Ukyo Kitano)\nSpencer (Taichi)\nSummer (Sachi)\nJen (Sei)\nRio Kastle (Rio Kamishiro)\nCarlyle Chesterton (Mamoru Jinguji)\nArt Stanley (Chitaro Ariga)\nLotus Hanazoe (Aika Hanazoe)\nYata-Garasu\nFaker's group\nDr. Faker\nMr. Heartland\nKite Tenjo (Kaito Tenjo)\nHart Tenjo (Haruto Tenjo)\nOrbital 7\nOrbital 5\nOrbital 6\nNistro (Gauche)\nDextra (Droite)\nHeartland Tower Security Robot\nVetrix Family\nVetrix\nTrey (III)\nQuattro (IV)\nQuinton (V)\nYuma's family\nKazuma Tsukumo\nMira Tsukumo (Mirai Tsukumo)\nHaru Tsukumo\nKari Tsukumo (Akari Tsukumo)\nLillybot (Obomi)\n\"Number\" holders\nReginald \"Shark\" Kastle (Ryoga Kamishiro)\nMr. Kay (Ukyo Kitano)\nFlip Turner (Tokunosuke Omoteura)\nNelson Andrews (Fuya Okudaira)\nScorch (Rikuo)\nChills (Kaio)\nNumber 56's holder\nKaze (Yamikawa)\nNumber 16's holder\nFortuno (Jin)\nNumber 96's holder\nCharlie McCay (Charlie McCoy)\nCameron Clix (Syuta Hayami)\nWorld Duel Carnival\nStriker Crossit (Kakeru Kunitachi)\nCody Callus (Shobee Yuatsu)\nAnna Kaboom (Anna Kozuki)\nCharlie's opponent\nTombo Tillbitty (Housaku Yasai)\nPip (Dog-chan)\nRoscoe (Chukichi)\nWolfsbane (Fallguys Wolf)\nCoyote (Fallguys Coyote)\nJackal (Fallguys Jackal)\nCount Crazy Fang (Nosferatu Nakajima)\nLord Percius (Bergman Sakata)\nPepe Perez (Garcia Panther)\nMilky Kulala\nCowboy Duelist\nGreen Coat Duelist\nMustached Duelist\nScarred Duelist\nUnknown Finalist\nTricky Tommy Noble (Burning Toramaru)\nConical Hat Duelist\nSultan of Spells\nQuattro's opponents\nKazuma Motosu\nMisato Hayashi\nTetsu Tamatsu\nAstral World\nYuma Tsukumo\nAstral\nEliphas\nEnna\nBarian World\nBarian Emperors\nGirag\nAlito\nMizar (Mizael)\nDumon (Durbe)\nVector\nNash (Nasch)\nMarin (Merag)\nFearsome Four\nMr. Heartland\nErazor (Semimaru)\nChironex (Kurage)\nScritch (Kaninja)\nHuman pawns\nDr. Faker\nVetrix (Tron)\nFender (Fuma)\nDevon Knox (Daisuke Katagiri)\nCarlyle Chesterton (Mamoru Jinguji)\nArt Stanley (Chitaro Ariga)\nLotus Hanazoe (Aika Hanazoe)\nTori Meadows (Kotori Mizuki)\nCathy Katherine (Cathy)\nBrooke Walker (Umimi Habara)\nNistro (Gauche)\nOther\nDon Thousand\nIris\n\"Number\" Guardians\nMach\nBattle Ox (Minotaurus)\nNumber 54's guardian\nPonta\nJinlon\nAbyss\nMonster Spirits\nNumber 39: Utopia (Numbers 39: Hope, King of Wishes)\nNumber 83: Galaxy Queen (Numbers 83: Galaxy Queen)\nNumber 96 (Numbers 96)\nNumber 32: Shark Drake (Numbers 32: Marine Biting Dragon - Shark Drake)\nNumber 94: Crystalzero (Numbers 94: Crystal Zero the Polar Ice Princess)\nNumber 107: Galaxy-Eyes Tachyon Dragon (Numbers 107: Galaxy-Eyes Tachyon Dragon)\nRainbow Kuriboh\nNumber 100: Numeron Dragon (Numbers 100: Numeron Dragon)\nSparrow Family characters\nBeast-Warrior Puma (Beast-Warrior Puman)\nIronhammer the Giant (Iron Giant Ironhammer)\nPhoenix Beast Gairuda\nOther\nLitterbots (Obots)\nCandy shopkeeper\nWeasel (Ginji)\nHeartland Fairground Clown\nRoku (Rokujuro)\nBrianna Stone (Tetsuko Takeda)\nMrs. Andrews (Mrs. Okudaira)\nMrs. Meadows (Mrs. Mizuki)\nTetsumi Stone (Tetsumi Takeda)\nMrs. Francis (Mrs. Todoroki)\nMeredith (Yone)\nKenichi\nGoda (Jewel thief)\nHeartland Mailman\nDempsey Crossit (Kazu Kunitachi)\nDonovan Crossit (Hide Kunitachi)\nKeller Crossit (Shigeru Kunitachi)\nHeartland construction worker\nKumo Tsuyuma (Yuya Tsukune)\nMay (Mayumi)\nEditor-in-chief\nFinalist's friend\nScarlett Starling (Sanagi Chouno)\nShadow Giant\nMayday Walker (Tobio Habara)\nParker\nMuscules the Magnificent (Oily Muscle)\nMr. Kastle (Mr. Kamishiro)\nMrs. Kastle (Mrs. Kamishiro)\nReginald Kastle (original)\nRio Kastle (original)\nVector's father\nVector's mother\nAim For Number 1 in the World!\nKohei Uchimura\nTaiki\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nYuma Tsukumo pages\nYu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL characters\n*Disclosure: Some of the links above are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, Fandom will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nSci-fi\nYu-Gi-Oh!\nFacts... more about \"Yuma Tsukumo\"RDF feedAnime appearancesYu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL +Arabic name +GenderMale +Height158cm (1.58m, 5.184ft, 62.205in) +\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Yu-Gi-Oh! Wiki\n1\n25th Anniversary Rarity Collection II\n2\nList of Yu-Gi-Oh! Forbidden Memories cards\n3\nThe Infinite Forbidden\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nYu-Gi-Oh! Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://yugioh.fandom.com/wiki/Yuma_Tsukumo" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Yuuma Tsukumo (YuGiOh! Zexal) - MyAnimeList.net\nMyAnimeList.net\nHide AdsLoginSign Up\nAllAnimeMangaCharactersPeopleCompaniesManga StoreNewsFeatured ArticlesForumClubsUsers\nView all results for ${ keyword }\nAnime\nAnime Search\nTop Anime\nSeasonal Anime\nVideos\nReviews\nRecommendations\n2024 ChallengeFantasy Anime League\nManga\nManga Search\nTop Manga\nManga Store\nReviews\nRecommendations\n2024 Challenge\nCommunity\nInterest Stacks\nForums\nClubs\nBlogs\nUsers\nIndustry\nNews\nFeatured Articles\nPeople\nCharacters\nCompanies\nMALJapan\nWatch\nEpisode Videos\nAnime Trailers\nRead\nManga Store\nHelp\nAbout\nSupport\nAdvertising\nFAQ\nReport\nStaff\nMAL Supporter\nYuuma Tsukumo\nEdit Character Information\nAdd to Favorites\nAnimeography\nYuGiOh! Zexal\nadd Main\nYuGiOh! Zexal Second\nadd Main\nYuGiOh! Zexal Special\nadd Main\nYuGiOh! Zexal Second: Midokoro Tenkomori Special\nadd Main\nYuGiOh! Zexal Second: Iza! Saishuu Kessen e!! Special\nadd Main\nMangaography\nYuGiOh! Zexal\nadd Main\nMember Favorites: 127\nDetails\nClubs\nPictures\nTop\n>\nCharacters\n>\nYuuma Tsukumo\nYuuma Tsukumo ( )Yuuma Tsukumo is the main character of Zexal. Yuuma lives with his older sister and grandmother, because he lost his parents, who were archaeologists. A necklace that his parents gave him seems to hold many secrets. His dad also left him with his deck. Despite the lack of parents, Yuuma is usually a happy and energetic child, who hates unfairness and cares about his friends. He never gives up and always shoots for the top. Unfortunately, he doesn't always make it. His goal is to become the world champion of dueling and has some of the cards he needs to do so, but, unfortunately, he is not a very good card player. Because of this drawback, he will often put himself in a tough position, such as facing against his tough future rival, Shark Ryouga. Yuuma teams up with the mysterious Astral, who is conveniently a dueling genius. Even though Astral tries to help Yuuma, he often does not listen because of his extreme stubbornness and wrongful pride. Although they have conflicting personalities, Yuuma needs to learn to work with Astral, and put aside his pride or he will never be a dueling champion.\nVoice Actors\nNovara, Renato\nItalian\nHatanaka, Tasuku\nJapanese\nJames, Eli\nEnglish\nO, In Seong\nKorean\nCrpet, Alexandre\nFrench\nMakino, Jan\nGerman\nRuiz, Miguel ngel\nSpanish\nPenke, Bence\nHungarian\nItou, Mika\nJapanese\nMoreTop Anime\n1\nSousou no Frieren\n2\nFullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood\n3\nSteins;Gate\n4\nGintama\n5\nShingeki no Kyojin Season 3 Part 2\nMoreTop Airing Anime\n1\nOne Piece\n2\nHibike! Euphonium 3\n3\nHaikyuu!! 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Available for Chrome, Firefox, and Android browsers.\nYuma Tsukumo (manga)\nFrom Yugipedia\nJump to:\t\t\t\t\tnavigation, \t\t\t\t\tsearch\nFor Yuma Tsukumo in the spin-off manga, see Yuma Tsukumo (D Team).\nYuma Tsukumo NamesEnglish\nYuma Tsukumo\nhideJapaneseJapaneseBaseFuriganaRmajiTsukumo YmaOther languagesArabic\n \nPersonalAge13Gender\nMale\nLeast favorite foodNatt[1]Relatives\nAkari Tsukumo (sister)\nKazuma Tsukumo (father)\nMirai Tsukumo (mother)\nHaru Tsukumo (grandmother)\nEducation\nSchoolHeartland AcademyAppearancesManga debutYu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 1: \"The Name's Yuma!!\"hideAppears inManga\nYu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL\nTsukumo, Yuma\nYuma Tsukumo ( Tsukumo Yma) is the main protagonist of the Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL manga. He is a hot-blooded young boy who is determined to become Duel Champion, despite his own amateur skills, and is partnered with the amnesiac spirit Astral to collect the \"Number\" cards. According to his father Kazuma Tsukumo, he is the Duelist who has the soul that governs the skies of Astral World.\nContents[hide]\n1 Biography\n2 Non-canon appearances\n3 Number Hunting\n4 Deck\n5 Duels\n6 References\nBiography[edit]\nThe door from Yuma's dreams.Yuma is introduced in the middle of having a recurring nightmare, in which demonic door beckons him, but as always, he wakes up before he can open it. He then notices that he is late for school, and rushes off. Yuma asks his sister Akari Tsukumo why didn't she wake him up, and she says that she is too busy in the morning with news delivery. While leaving home, her grandmother, Haru Tsukumo, stops him, ordering him to eat his breakfast. Then, at school, he meets his friends Tetsuo Takeda and Kotori Mizuki as always. During the P.E. class, Yuma tries to jump over 20 blocks, \"kattobingu\", but he fails. Later, at swimming class, he tries to swim a high distance in little time, again \"kattobingu\", but fails as well. At launch, Kotori asks why he tries to do those impossible things, and he answers saying that the important thing is to challenge, and that when he is with the pendant his parents gave him, he feels like he could do anything. However, later, they find Tetsuo has been forced to Duel a guy nicknamed Shark, and after being defeated, he takes Tetsuo's Deck. Yuma confronts him, but Shark takes his pendant and breaks it. Enraged, Yuma challenges him in a Duel. Shark accepts it, and says that they will Duel on Sunday, in the train station.\nLater, Yuma keeps searching for the other half of his broken pendant until late, and Kotori stays with him all the time. Tetsuo then appears and tells Yuma not to go, as he would never be able to win, and that it was a problem of his. But Yuma declines, saying that that's already a problem of his as well, as Shark broke his most important thing. Tetsuo then gives Yuma the other half of the pendant, saying that he found it accidentally. However, it can be clearly seen that Tetsuo was searching for it as well, judging by its hands. Sunday, when Yuma goes to Duel Shark, Kotori and Tetsuo go to watch the Duel and cheer Yuma up.[2]\nShark overpowers Yuma during the Duel, but when Yuma decides to believe in himself, his broken pendant restores itself, and Yuma uses it to open The door of his dreams. When he does so, a dark card, called a \"Number\", possesses Shark, making him even stronger. However, at the same time, a mysterious entity, called Astral appears before Yuma, and tells him to \"stand up and win\".[3]\nYuma faces Shark.\nAstral says that he is a Duelist, but that he lost his memories. Also, Yuma notices that nobody else can see Astral besides him. Later, seeing Shark's \"No. 17: Leviathan Dragon\", Astral remembers the \"Numbers\" are fragments of his memories, and that he shall collect all \"Numbers\" in order to retrieve his memories. Also, he says \"Numbers\" battle to absorb each other - so, if he and Yuma lose, he will disappear.\nAstral gives Yuma advice during the Duel, and Yuma appears to begin a comeback. However, he flubs another move, forgetting to activate his \"Bye-Bye Damage\" Trap Card, which could have saved him Life Points. When Shark reduces Yuma's Life Points to 500 and puts him in a corner, Kotori tells him not to give up, and he stands, betting everything in his draw.[4] Yuma draws \"Monster Reborn\" and decides to counterattack Shark; however, Yuma accidentally makes a misplay. Astral says that Yuma is pathetic, but that his feelings are strong, and that they will win if Yuma trusts him. Suddenly, a black card is revealed in Yuma's Extra Deck - Astral gave him a \"Number\" card, \"No. 39: Utopia\", which was formed through Yuma's and Astral's hope (Note: The original name of \"Utopia\" is \"Hope\"). Then, using the \"Number\" and \"Double Up Chance\", Yuma and Astral were able to win. After that, Astral absorbs Shark's \"Number\", and Yuma tells him the Duel was fun. Shark then leaves saying that he wouldn't forget that. From that on, Astral becomes Yuma's partner.[5]\nYuma becomes friends with Tokunosuke after defeating him.\nLater, Yuma is deceived by a boy named Tokunosuke Hyori, who gets interested in him as he was able to defeat Shark. He asks Yuma for his autograph, and gives Yuma \"Baby Tragon\", saying that would represent their friendship.\nAt home, Astral asks who the two people in the picture Yuma has on his desk are. He tells him that those are his parents and who never returned from their adventure. Astral recalls Yuma mentioning that his parents gave him the Emperor's Key and wonders if they are related to its powers. Yuma tells him to forget about that and shows him his new \"Baby Tragon\" card - his very own Xyz Monster. Yuma hears someone coming. His sister, Akari, enters the room and asks when he's planning to go to bed - she's trying to write a news article and Yuma won't be quiet. He apologizes and says he'll go to bed now. Seeing the card in his hand, she asks if he's been playing Duel Monsters. He says that of course he hasn't, as his sister previously forbade him to do so. Their grandmother muses that Yuma is a poor kid to be picked on like that. Akari believes that for Yuma, Dueling is more than just a game, and that it can't be helped. Astral is surprised to learn that Yuma isn't allowed to Duel and Yuma responds that his sister doesn't wish him to, as she believes something bad may happen. Astral thinks that perhaps Akari is aware of the relationship between Yuma and The Emperor's Key.\nThen, during the next day, Yuma Duels Tokunosuke at school. However, Tokunosuke uses \"Baby Tragon\" to take control of Yuma's \"Numbers\", and reveals that the paper which Yuma signed was an agreement to bet on their best cards for the Duel.[6] But Yuma uses \"Baby Tragon\" together with \"Needle Swordsman\" and manages to win. After the Duel, Yuma offers Tokunosuke \"Baby Tragon\" back, but Tokunosuke lets Yuma keep it and they become friends.[7]\nAfter a Numbers holder attempts to rob a shopping mall, Kaito Tenjo. a Numbers Hunter, defeats him and absorbs his \"Number\", alongside with his soul. Akari was investigating about the incident and asked Yuma if he knew anything about a \"Numbers Hunter\". Surprised, Yuma asked why she knew about the \"Numbers\". Akari asked if he knew something, but Yuma awkwardly denied. She then explained that the bandit kept muttering \"Numbers Hunter\", but that she didn't know what that means, and that it seems to be related with Duel Monsters. Yuma then said that he couldn't know anything, since he is forbidden from Dueling. Akari noticed something wrong, but didn't say anything. Yuma then went to bed, while she kept working on the news.\nYuma confronts Kaito for first time.\nYuma mourns his total loss to Kaito.\nLater, at school, Astral discussed with Yuma about that \"Numbers Hunter\", worried about what is his goal and if he would come after Yuma. However, Yuma didn't worry about that. As it was raining, everybody was in the class, wanting to go out and Duel. One of Yuma's classmates than suggests going to the gymnasium, and all rushed out towards there. In the way, it started raining more, and Kotori was getting behind. Yuma then told her to run, but when she was crossing the street, a truck was passing on it. Yuma immediately ran and pushed her out of the way, but now the truck was going to hit him. Yuma then notices he wasn't hit, and Astral finds the time has been stopped. Then, Kaito, the Numbers Hunter, appears.[8] Kaito explains his servant robot, Orbital 7, has caused the time freeze, and then, forces Yuma to a Duel, betting his \"Numbers\" and his soul. With no option, Yuma Duels him. However, even with his \"kattobingu\" spirit, he wasn't a challenge to Kaito, who dominated the Duel.[9] When Kaito was about to win, Orbital 7 warns him his brother Haruto is in bad conditions, and Kaito immediately cancels the Duel and goes after him. With that, time goes back to normal, and Yuma falls on his knees, shocked on noticing how weak he is.[10]\nUpon his loss to Kaito, Yuma's spirit is totally broken. Seeing that, Kotori tries in many ways to cheer him up, but it doesn't work, and she even ends up being hospitalized. Then, in order to help Yuma, his friends form the Numbers Club, with the intention of helping him collecting the \"Numbers\". Then, after many research, Tokunosuke finds an information that \"Numbers\" exist in the Heartland Theme Park. By that way, they take Yuma to the park. However, the owner of the park, Mr. Heartland, hired three Numbers Hunters, who work in the park, collecting \"Numbers\" secretly disguised as employees.[11]\nThe wagons are split.\nYuma and his friends than go to the park, and have fun in many attractions. After trying many of them, they go to a roller coaster attraction called \"Nature Crooz\", owned by a popular character from the Theme Park, Captain Corn. However, Captain Corn is one of the Numbers Hunters from the park, and as soon as Yuma enters in the roller coaster, he splits the wagons, separating Yuma from his friends, and challenging him to a Duel betting the \"Numbers\".[12]\nWhile Yuma and Corn Duel, Kotori, Tetsuo, Cathy and Tokunosuke notice Yuma's missing, and try to leave to look for him. But Captain Corn traps and almost kills them. However, Cathy's agility saved the group, while Yuma managed to defeat Captain Corn. Yuma and his friends then meet back up, and eat Captain Corn, who exploded into a pile of popcorn due the explosion of Yuma's \"Hope Buster\".[13]\nThunder Spark challenges Yuma to a \"Speed Duel\".\nWhen Astral absorbs Captain Corn's \"Number\", Mr. Heartland appears and reveals he is hunting the \"Numbers\" to destroy Astral's home, the Astral World, because it is evil, and Astral is the \"messenger\". Yuma defends Astral, which makes the others do as well, but Mr. Heartland clicks his fingers, and a kind of door opens in the floor, making them fall in the \"Speed Field\", another attraction in the Theme Park. There, they find another Numbers Hunter from the Park, Thunder Spark, who challenges Yuma to a \"Speed Duel\" in the \"Speed Field\". He also gives Yuma's friends a helicopter, so that they can watch the Duel. However, as Yuma couldn't concentrate in the Duel and in the ride at the same time, Astral offered himself to instruct him what cards to play while he rides, and said Yuma to trust him. In response to Astral's feelings, Yuma gets very spirited and begins riding.[14]\nKazuma cheers Yuma up through the Emperor's Key.\n\"Utopia\" and \"Black Ship of Corn\".\nDuring the Duel, Thunder Spark showed himself as a valuable opponent, but that wasn't Yuma's only problem: the \"Speed Field\" contains a large variety of fields, each one with different obstacles, and while Astral Dueled, Yuma had big problems driving through them.[15] When arriving at the water field, Yuma falls in the large and deep river located in there, and almost dies. Kotori and Cathy even jumped from the helicopter trying to save him. However, as Yuma sinks, he listens to his father's voice, and \"jets\". With Astral's help, Yuma manages to go back to the Duel, bringing out Captain Corn's \"No. 50: Black Ship of Corn\", which together with his \"Utopia\", allows him to reach victory. After a hard Duel, Astral finally reaches victory with Yuma. After Thunder Spark is defeated, Yuma thanks Astral, and they try to shake hands, but Astral's hand goes directly through Yuma's, and they just laugh on that. Yuma then goes to where Spark is, when Spark asks Yuma to shake hands, as he \"did\" with Astral. Yuma accepts it, but gets electrocuted with Spark's touch. Spark explains he could never shake hands with anyone, because he wasn't a human, and would electrify anyone he touched. However, happy for being able to touch a person, Spark now says his last words to Yuma, and quietly disappears in peace, letting his \"Number\" to Yuma. Yuma and Astral take the \"Number\", as they lament Spark's \"death\".[16]\nCologne gets furious with Kotori and Cathy.\nAfter jumping into the Speed Field's river field in order to save Yuma, Kotori and Cathy were soaked. They then find a room with some female clothes, and borrow a dress for each. There, Yuma and his friends find a big door after a staircase, which they pass by, entering a dark room, decorated with lots of dolls, and featuring a big stairway leading to a Doll House. Suddenly, Cologne, another popular character from the Heartland Theme Park, comes down the stairs, holding a candlestick. She initially greets them, but when Cathy replies, she notices Kotori and Cathy are using clothes from hers. The girls try to excuse themselves, but Cologne doesn't listen to them, and enraged, throws the candlestick, which surrounds them with flames, and challenges Yuma to a Duel.[17]\n\"Zombiestein\" and \"Gagaga Girl\".\nCologne quickly Summons her \"Number\", \"No. 22: Zombiestein\" (called \"Frankie\" by her), totally overpowering Yuma. However, at a certain point of the Duel, Yuma asks her why is she so obsessed in winning and serving Mr. Heartland, and if she had any personal reasons like the previous assassin. She then tells Yuma and his friends about her past, and crying, yells that she doesn't want to be a miserable doll anymore. This feeling strike Yuma and the others, making Yuma hesitate about the Duel. At that time Cathy notes she was the girl who abandoned Cologne. She gets awkward and confused about what to do, but when she decides to tell the truth, Kotori says that she was the one who abandoned her, and apologizes. She did this so that Cologne soothed her anger, and that Yuma could concentrate in the Duel, but Cologne knows she is lying, and gets even angrier, throwing oil in the fire surrounding them so that it gets higher, almost hitting them. Yuma and Astral continue the Duel.[18]\nHowever, due to a strange event involving her \"Number\" and Yuma's \"Gagaga Girl\", she loses the Duel. The impact of the attack of \"Utopia\" throws Cologne to inside the Doll House, which was in fire.\nAt that time, Cathy dives into the flames and tries to save her, saying that she was the one who abandoned Cologne, and had to save her. Cathy's noble attitude makes Yuma, Tetsuo and Tokunosuke get shocked, but in the hurry, Cathy Mix-Ups and gets out of the fire carrying one of Cologne's doll. This time, Yuma decides to go save Cologne, but, who comes out of the Doll House carrying her in his arms is Grandpa Demetto. Cologne's soul was supposed to leave her body, but Demetto gave her his own soul, which allowed her to keep alive. While he sends Cologne out of the fire towards Yuma, he is engulfed by the flames together with the field.\nYuma invites Cologne to live in his house.\nCologne mourns the death of Demetto, who she loved. As she had nowhere to go now, Yuma invites her to live with him in his house. Cologne asks him why he is doing that, and he answers saying that everybody that Duels him becomes his friend. Cologne accepts Yuma's invitation, becoming friends with him and the rest of the gang.\nYuma, the Numbers Club and Cologne then run towards an iron bridge in order to escape from the Heartland Theme Park, but the exit locks, and Kaito and Orbital 7 appear. Kaito challenges Yuma to a Duel in order to obtain his \"Numbers\", but Mr. Heartland shows up from the upper stairs, interrupting them. Mr. Heartland smiles and orders Kaito to defeat the messenger from the Astral World in front of him. However, Kaito says that he didn't become a Numbers Hunter because of his orders, and triggers Orbital 7's self-explode mechanism, kicking him towards Yuma's gang, which destroys part of the bridge. This makes Yuma and his friends fall in the water under them, which allows them to escape.\nCologne explains that Kaito has became a Numbers Hunter to protect his little brother, who is ill. Astral tells Yuma that even if Kaito's reasons are noble, as long as he continues being a Numbers Hunter, someday they'll have to fight each other. Yuma replies saying that he knows that, and when that happens, he will not lose.[19]\nLater, Yuma and the members of the Numbers Club gather in Cathy's house. Everyone get impressed at her mansion. Astral comments that it is much better than Yuma's house. Cathy then tells Yuma that if he marries her, all that would be his, and Kotori doesn't believe she said that and yells at her. Cathy apologies with Cologne, and tells her that she can live there if she wants to. However, she just turns around and says that she likes Yuma's house better, and that she prefers love to money. Tetsuo then asks Cathy what she wanted to show them. She then presses a cat paw-like button, which opens a door leading to a big room, with many researchers and big computers. Cathy explains that as an apology for the trouble she caused, the Numbers Club's headquarters would be established there, where they can look up mysterious phenomenons happening throughout the world, and therefore, locate the \"Numbers\". While the guys get amazed on the technology and say how Cathy is really put into it, Kotori sarcastically says Cathy is letting her money do the talking, while she replies saying asking if Kotori could do that. Yuma says that finding the \"Numbers\" is not a game, to which Astral replies saying that yet it was heartening, and advising Yuma to tell the others about the previous day.\nYuma then tells them that Astral told him that now he got three \"Numbers\", some of his memories have returned. Yuma asked what he remember, and Astral says his enemy is Dr. Faker, who plans on using the hidden powers of the \"Numbers\" to destroy the Astral World; However, it is linked to this world. So, if the Astral World dies, this one will die as well. Kotori asks if that's for real, and Yuma answers saying that Astral doesn't lie - in fact, he can't lie. Cathy asks what is that hidden power of the \"Numbers\", but Astral haven't regained that much memory yet. Takashi asks if Dr. Faker knows both worlds are connected, and Cologne says that he brought her to life, but that he is a really scary scientist, and that she wouldn't put it past him. Takashi and Tokunosuke get scared on how he knows about that fact but still wants to destroy the Astral World, and on how a man like that is collecting the \"Numbers\". Yuma says that they have to get the \"Numbers\" first to stop Dr. Faker's plans, and Tetsuo then deduces the fate of the world is riding on this. Then, everyone, except for Tokunosuke, gets spirited up and say that they will keep on collecting the \"Numbers\", and that the Numbers Club will protect the world. Astral then says to himself that thanks to Yuma, it looks as though his destiny is on the move.[20]\nNon-canon appearances[edit]\nIn the special chapter \"Destined Meeting!!\", Yuma sees a demonic door in a dream, and wakes up. In the next day, he meets Kotori and Tetsuo at school. Later, Yuma and Tetsuo Duel, but apparently Tetsuo defeats Yuma with ease.\nAt night, Tetsuo searches for Yuma, as he forgot his pendant, which attracts the attention of Kaito Tenjo.\nWhen Yuma and Kotori find them, Tetsuo is down in the ground, soulless, and Kaito is standing in front of him. In order to retrieve Tetsuo's soul, Yuma is forced to Duel Kaito.\nKaito quickly Summons \"Photon Wyvern\" and makes Yuma defenseless, but The Door appeared before Yuma and told Yuma to open it and he will gain new strength in return. Yuma does so and Astral appears before him and tells Yuma to active \"Monster Reborn\" and bring back \"Ganbara Knight\", then Overlay the two Level 4 monsters to Summon \"No. 39: Utopia\". When \"Utopia\" appears, it causes Kaito's D-Pad to malfunction and he retreats, giving Tetsuo's soul back. Afterwards Astral introduces himself and ask Yuma to fight alongside him and save the Astral World.\nNumber Hunting[edit]\nYuma received \"No. 39: Utopia\" from Astral when the latter first appeared from the Emperor's Key. The card aided him in defeating Ryoga Kamishiro, winning him \"Number 17: Leviathan Dragon\".[5]\nAt Heartland Theme Park, Yuma won \"No. 50: Blackship of Corn\" from Captain Corn[13], \"No. 91: Thunder Spark Dragon\" from Thunder Spark[16] and \"No. 22: Zombiestein\" from Cologne.[19]\nOther Number Hunters continue to target Yuma, resulting in him procuring \"No. 42: Galaxy Tomahawk\" from Eviluder.[21] Shadow targeted him next, but Yuma gained \"No. 48: Shadow Lich\", \"No. 13: Cain's Doom\", \"No. 31: Abel's Doom\" and an upgrade for \"Utopia\" in the form of \"No. S39: Utopia One\" from the conflict.[22]\n\"Utopia\" saw a second upgraded form via the use of \"Rank-Up-Magic Shining Force\" when Yuma Dueled Kaito Tenjo, resulting in \"No. S39: Utopia the Lightning\".[23] Upon defeating Kaito, Yuma obtained \"No. 95: Galaxy Eyes Dark Matter Dragon\".[23]\nDuring the Duel against E'Rah, Yuma received a blank \"Number\", previously \"No. 77: The Seven Sins\", from Kyoji Yagumo.[24] Yuma, whilst merged with Astral as Zexal, later creates \"No. S0: Hope ZEXAL\" from it.[25]\nAfter defeating E'Rah and returning to Earth, Astral absorbs all \"Numbers\" held by Yuma, expect for \"Utopia\", which Yuma refuses to return to him.[26] Yuma and Astral then Duel for \"Utopia\"; although Yuma wins, Astral manages to gain control of \"Utopia\" with a card effect, thus finally procuring it from Yuma.[27]\nDeck[edit]\nLike his anime counterpart, Yuma uses a Syllable/\"Number\" Deck largely focused around his \"No. 39: Utopia\" and around gathering monster to Summon it, though he makes use of other \"Numbers\" as well. In addition, he also has Warrior support cards such as \"Oopsword\" as well of cards which able to stall such as \"Swords of Revealing Light\" and \"Negate Attack\".\nYuma originally played a different Deck, but he decided to use his father's Deck in his Duel against Ryoga Kamishiro.[2] Afterwards, he keeps using this Deck instead of his original one.\nImage\nInformation\n\"Chamelele Leon\" (Kamererereon)\nLevel3 TypesEffectATK1000DEF1400\n\"Gagaga Girl\" (Gagaga Gru)\nAttributeDARKLevel3 TypesSpellcaster /EffectATK1000DEF800\n\"Gagaga Head\" (Gagaga Heddo)\nAttributeDARKLevel6 TypesSpellcaster /EffectATK2100DEF2000\n\"Gagaga Magician\" (Gagaga Majishan)\nAttributeDARKLevel4 TypesSpellcaster /EffectATK1500DEF1000\n\"Ganbara Knight\" (Ganbara Naito)\nAttributeLIGHTLevel4 TypesWarrior /NormalATK0DEF1800\n\"Garakarasu\" (Garakarasu)\nLevel4 TypesEffectATK1500\n\"Goblindbergh\" (Goburindobgu)\nAttributeEARTHLevel4 TypesWarrior /EffectATK1400DEF0\n\"Gogogo Aristera\" (Gogogo Arisutera)\nAttributeEARTHLevel4 TypesRock /EffectATK0DEF2200\n\"Gogogo Dexia\" (Gogogo Dekushia)\nAttributeEARTHLevel4 TypesRock /EffectATK0DEF2200\n\"Gogogo Golem\" (Gogogo Gremu)\nAttributeEARTHLevel4 TypesRock /EffectATK1800DEF1500\n\"Kagemucha Knight\" (Kagemucha Naito)\nAttributeDARKLevel3 TypesWarrior /EffectATK0DEF0\n\"Kagetokage\" (Kagetokage)\nAttributeDARKLevel4 TypesReptile /EffectATK1100DEF1500\n\"Knight Hunger Monger\" (Sandanbara Naito)\nAttributeEARTHLevel4 TypesWarrior /EffectATK1000DEF1600\n\"Needle Swordsman\" (Harikenshi)\nLevel1 TypesWarrior /EffectATK300DEF600\n\"Pero Pero Cerberus\" (Peropero Keruperosu)\nAttributeEARTHLevel3 TypesBeast /EffectATK0DEF1800\n\"Poppopo Knight\" (Poppoponaito)\nLevel4 TypesNormalATK800DEF2000\n\"Rai Rider\" (Rairaid)\nAttributeLIGHTLevel3 TypesThunder /EffectATK1200DEF1400\n\"Rainbow Kuriboh\" (Niji Kurib)\nAttributeLIGHTLevel1 TypesFiend /EffectATK100DEF100\n\"Swift Hippo Dynatherium\" ( Shunsoku na Kaba Barikiteriumu)\nAttributeWINDLevel4 TypesBeast /EffectATK1600DEF600\n\"Zubaba Knight\" (Zubaba Naito)\nAttributeEARTHLevel3 TypesWarrior /NormalATK1600DEF900\n\"Baby Tragon\" (Beb Toragon)\nAttributeEARTHRank1 TypesDragon /XyzATK900DEF900\n\"No. 17: Leviathan Dragon\" ( Nanbzu Jnana Ribaisu Doragon)\nAttributeWATERRank3 TypesDragon /Effect / XyzATK2000DEF0\n\"No. 22: Zombiestein\" ( Nanbzu Nijni Furanken)\nAttributeDARKRank8 TypesZombie /Effect / XyzATK4500DEF1000\n\"No. 39: Utopia\" ( Nanbzu Sanjky Kib Hpu)\nAttributeLIGHTRank4 TypesWarrior /Effect / XyzATK2500DEF2000\n\"No. 50: Black Ship of Corn\" ( Nanbzu Goj Burakku Kn-g)\nAttributeDARKRank4 TypesPlant /XyzATK2100DEF1500\n\"No. S0: Hope ZEXAL\" ( Shainingu Nanbzu Zero Hpu Zearu)\nAttributeLIGHTRank0TypesWarrior /XyzATK?DEF?\n\"No. S39: Utopia One\" ( Shainingu Nanbzu Sanjky Kib Hpu Wan)\nAttributeLIGHTRank4 TypesWarrior /XyzATK2501DEF2000\n\"No. S39: Utopia the Lightning\" ( Shainingu Nanbzu Sanjky Kib Hpu Za Raitoningu)\nAttributeLIGHTRank5 TypesWarrior /XyzATK2500DEF2000\n\"Blustering Winds\" (Hatenk na Kaze)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Cross Attack\" (Kurosu Atakku)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Dauntless Challenge\" (Fukutsu no Charenji)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyQuick-Play\n\"Double Buster Swords\" (Daburu Basutsdo)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyEquip\n\"Double Up Chance\" (Daburu Appu Chansu)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyQuick-Play\n\"Endless Bond\" (Eien no Kizuna)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyContinuous\n\"Final Countup\" (Fainaru Kauntoappu)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Future Energy\" (Fych Enaj)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Gagaga Academy Emergency Network\" (Gagaga Gakuen no Kinky Renraku-m)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Gagaga Illusion\" (Gagagairyjon)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Golem's Clap\" (Gremu no Gassh)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Hope Buster\" (Hpu Basut)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Memories of Hope\" (Kib no Kioku)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Monster Reborn\" (Shisha Sosei)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Overlay Rebirth\" (brei Ribsu)\nCard typeSpell Card\n\"Rank-Up-Magic Shining Force\" (Rankuappu Majikku - Shainingu Fsu)\nCard typeSpell Card\n\"Reload\" (Rirdo)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyQuick-Play\n\"Remember Attack\" (Rimenb Atakku)\nCard typeSpell Card\n\"Shadow Clone Zone\" (Tabun Kage Bunshin)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyEquip\n\"Shining Hope Road\" (Shainingu Hpu Rdo)\nCard typeSpell Card\n\"Shining Horizon\" (Shainingu Horaizon)\nCard typeSpell Card\n\"Swords of Revealing Light\" (Hikari no Gofken)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Tsukumo Slash\" (Tsukumo Surasshu)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyQuick-Play\n\"Ultimate Xyz\" (Ekushzu Urutimeito)\nCard typeSpell Card\n\"Wonder Wand\" (Wand Wando)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyEquip\n\"Xyz Treasure Ticket\" (Ekushzu no Hsatsu)\nCard typeSpell CardPropertyNormal\n\"Bye-Bye Damage\" (Baibai Damji)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Feather of Garakarasu\" (Garakarasu no Hane)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Gagaga Barrier\" (Gagagabaria)\nCard typeTrap Card\n\"Gagaga Escape\" (Gagaga no Dasshutsugeki)\nCard typeTrap Card\n\"Ghost of a Grudge\" (Bochibochi no Urami)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Half Unbreak\" (Hfu Anbureiku)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Hope 1\" (Hpu Ichi)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Magic Rebounder\" (Majikku Ribaund)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Negate Attack\" (Kgeki no Mukka)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Oopsword\" (Otto! Ri Gatana)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Ray of Hope\" (Hitosuji no Kib)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Reverse Wall\" (Ribsu Wru)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Rival Crush\" (Raibaru Kurasshu)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Second Reflector\" (Sekando Rifurekut)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Shield of Bones\" (Shrudo obu Bonzu)\nCard typeTrap Card\n\"Tin Balloons\" (Buriki Barn)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Utopia's Last Line of Defense\" (Kib no Saishbei Rain)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\n\"Xyz Reborn Plus\" (Ekushzu Ribn Purasu)\nCard typeTrap CardPropertyNormal\nDuels[edit]\nOpponent(s)\nChapter(s)\nOutcome\nRyoga Kamishiro\n2-4\nWin\nTokunosuke Hyori\n5-6\nWin\nTetsuo Takeda\nSP1\nLose\nKaito Tenjo\nSP1\nNo result\nKaito Tenjo\n8-9\nNo result\nCaptain Corn\n11-12\nWin\nThunder Spark\n13-15\nWin (w/Astral)\nCologne\n16-18\nWin\nEviluder\n22-24\nWin\nShadow\n31-32\nWin\nKaito Tenjo\n37-42\nWin\nKyoji Yagumo/E'Rah\n44-51\nWin (with Ryoga Kamishiro and Kaito Tenjo)\nAstral\n52-55\nWin\nReferences[edit]\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 26: \"Line World!!\"\n Jump up to: a b Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 1: \"The Name's Yuma!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 2: \"A Mysterious Life-Form?!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 3: \"Astral!!\"\n Jump up to: a b Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 4: \"The Light of Hope!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 5: \"Plot and Counterplot?!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 6: \"Yesterday's Enemy Is...!?\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 7: \"Numbers Hunter!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 8: \"Galaxy-Eyes Photon Dragon!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 9: \"Kaito's True Skill!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 10: \"New Enemies!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 11: \"Heartland!!\"\n Jump up to: a b Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 12: \"Corn's Secret!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 13: \"The Second Assassin!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 14: \"Victory Conditions!!\"\n Jump up to: a b Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 15: \"A Shared Bond!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 16: \"The Third Enemy!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 17: \"Frankie!!\"\n Jump up to: a b Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 18: \"Kaito Again!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 19: \"Messenger from the Moon!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 24: \"The Numbers War!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 32: \"The Power of Believing In People!!\"\n Jump up to: a b Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 42: \"The Power of Bonds!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 48: \"The Four Powers!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 51: \"His Name Is... Zexal!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 52: \"The Final Duel!!\"\nJump up Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL Rank 55: \"Yuma Jets!!\"\nhidevteYuma Tsukumo pages\nAnime\nManga\nD Team\nDuel Arena\nDuel Links\nDuel Generation\nDuel Terminal\nLegacy of the Duelist\nZEXAL\nZEXAL 3\nMillennium Duels\nSaikyo Card Battle\nTag Force\nWorld Duel Carnival\nZexal\nshowvteYu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL manga charactersYuma's group\nYuma Tsukumo\nAstral\nKotori Mizuki\nTetsuo Takeda\nCathy \"Cat\"\nTakashi Todoroki\nTokunosuke Hyori\nDr. Faker's groupUnder Mr. Heartland\nDr. Faker\nMr. Heartland\nKaito Tenjo\nOrbital 7\nHaruto Tenjo\nCaptain Corn\nThunder Spark\nCologne\nUnder Kyoji Yagumo\nKyoji Yagumo\nEviluder\nHishakaku\nShadow\nYuma's family\nAkari Tsukumo\nHaru Tsukumo\nKazuma Tsukumo\nMirai Tsukumo\nOther characters\nRyoga \"Shark\" Kamishiro\nGrandpa Demetto\nLuna\nNumber 20's holder\nNumber 63's holder\nYuji Yagumo\nE'Rah\nRetrieved from \"https://yugipedia.com/index.php?title=Yuma_Tsukumo_(manga)&oldid=4880118\"\nCategories: CharactersYuma Tsukumo pagesYu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL (manga) characters\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog in\nNamespaces\nPageDiscussion\nVariants\nViews\nReadEditView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nYugipediaMobile siteHelpRandom page\nContent\nGO RUSH!!Core boostersHistoric card statusesCards by propertyVideo gamesDuel LinksMaster Duel\nCommunity\nCurrent eventsRecent changesNew filesForumDiscordTwitterFacebookPhabricator\nTools\nWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage informationBrowse properties\nThis page was last edited on 23 September 2023, at 01:44.\nContent is available under Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike unless otherwise noted.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Yugipedia\nDisclaimers\nDevelopers\nMobile view\nsponsoredsponsoredsponsored", "url": "https://yugipedia.com/wiki/Yuma_Tsukumo_(manga)" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Unlocking Yuma Tsukumo - Yu-Gi-Oh! Legacy of the Duelist\nMenuHomeBoardsNewsQ&ACommunityContributeGames3DSAndroidBoard/CardiOSPCPlayStation3PlayStation4PlayStation5SwitchVitaXbox 360Xbox OneXbox SeriesMore SystemsPCPS4PS5SwitchXbox OneXbox SeriesMoreSystems 3DSAndroidBoard / CardDSGame Boy AdvanceGameCubeiOSNintendo 64PlayStationPlayStation 2PlayStation 3PSPSuper NintendoVitaWiiWii UXbox 360See All 143...\nLog In\nSign Up\nGameFAQsBoardsNewsQ&ACommunityContributeGames\nUnlocking Yuma TsukumoYu-Gi-Oh! Legacy of the DuelistPlayStation 4 PCXbox OneLog in to add games to your listsNotify me about new: Guides Cheats Reviews Questions News Board Topics Board MessagesAdd this game to my: Favorite Games Favorite BoardsGuidesQ&ABoardMoreHomeSummaryRelease DataAlso PlayingCollection StatsGuidesQ&ATrophiesReviewsMediaBoxesImagesVideosNewsBoard\nWhat do you need help on?\nCancel X\nTopic Archived\nYou're browsing the GameFAQs Message Boards as a guest. Sign Up for free (or Log In if you already have an account) to be able to post messages, change how messages are displayed, and view media in posts.BoardsYu-Gi-Oh! Legacy of the DuelistUnlocking Yuma Tsukumodanny__boy3 8 years ago#1Does anybody know how to unlock Yuma Tsukumo in the campaign? I beat everybody in the campaign but there are some characters that are not unlocked and I want to know how to unlock Yuma, thanks!DynamicSkillz 8 years ago#2i unlocked him in yugioh zexal later on. I think you have to beat yuma in a reverse duel I can't remember.Gamertag: ChaosReaperxLPokemon Omega Ruby FC: 4296 4125 5258Hellion_Claire 8 years ago#3You must beat all of their duels against them. So you must go and beat every reverse duel Yuma is in.Gamefaqs censored my other signature so input joke here..#1 Frost in the WorldBoardsYu-Gi-Oh! 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Side Quest1 AnswerAsk A QuestionBrowse More Questions\nGameFAQsfacebook.com/GFAQstwitter.com/GameFAQsHelp / Contact UsChange Colors Blue (Default)\nBlue on Black\nRed\nRed on Black\nGreen\nGreen on Black\nOrange\nOrange on Black\nPurple\nPurple on Black\nCloudy Blue\nGrayscale\nSepia\nCotton Candy\ngamespot.comgiantbomb.commetacritic.comfandom.comfanatical.comSitemapPartnershipsCareersTerms of UseDigital Services ActPrivacy PolicyCookie SettingsReportAd 2024 FANDOM, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.", "url": "https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/boards/161239-yu-gi-oh-legacy-of-the-duelist/72290706" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Yuma Tsukumo SUCKS! *WARNING CONTAINS NAUGHTY LANGUAGE* - Animation & Graphic Novels - Yugioh Card Maker Forum\nJump to content\nAnimation & Graphic Novels\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign In\nRemember me\nNot recommended on shared computers\nSign In\nForgot your password?\nOr sign in with one of these services\nSign in with Facebook\nSign in with Twitter\nSign in with Google\nSign Up\nMore\nYugioh Card Maker\nOther Makers\nMagic Card Maker\nOld Yugioh Card Maker\nMore\nForums\nLeaderboard\nActivity\nAll Activity\nSearch\nOur Picks\nMore\nThis Topic\nEverywhere\nThis Forum\nThis Topic\nStatus Updates\nTopics\nEvents\nPages\nMembers\nAll Activity\nHome\nForums\nMultimedia\nAnimation & Graphic Novels\nYuma Tsukumo SUCKS! *WARNING CONTAINS NAUGHTY LANGUAGE*\nYuma Tsukumo SUCKS! *WARNING CONTAINS NAUGHTY LANGUAGE*\nStandard\nZEXAL\nYuma Tsukumo\nBy\nABC GunJuly 26, 2018 in Animation & Graphic Novels\nStart new topic\nRecommended Posts\nABC Gun\nPosted July 26, 2018\nABC Gun\nAdvanced Members\n938\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 26, 2018\nhttps://yugioh.wikia.com/wiki/Yuma_Tsukumohttps://yugioh.wikia.com/wiki/Yuma_Tsukumo%27s_DecksI hate this kid, I can't stand him... and I'm gonna have sex with his mom while his dad watches. Here are some reasons for my random rage-filled post.[spoilersArchetype addiction]I counted, Yuma has 7 main Archetypes (Gagaga, Gogogo, Dododo, Zubaba, Utopia/Utopic, Number, and ZW-), as well as 3 sub-Archetypes (Number C, Number C39/Number C39: Utopia Ray, and Number S from the manga); for a grand total of 10 Archetypes in 1 Deck (if I missed any please let me know). I know that some of these \"Archetypes\" shouldn't even qualify because they have so few members and support, but the fact that they do exist and Konami tried to make Yuma's Deck (and failed) tells me that Yuma is just some high-off-his-ass punk tween whose trying too hard to play a children's card game (sometimes on motorcycles but in this case with scouters). I can't even think of 10 Archetypes in this game outside of Yuma's Decks that could synergize so well with each other, yeah you could play 1 or 2 cards each from about 2 or more Archetypes in the same Deck that could work off each other, but nobody who seriously plays this game is going to attempt trying to make 10 supported Archetypes fit into one Deck, hell most don't even try more than 3 because at some point you would run into a lot of issues regarding consistency. Now I get that was Konami's intention and to be fair we've come along way since ZEXAL, and there have been plenty of Decks that do work with more than 2 or 3 Archetypes in the same Deck, a good example is a Pendulum Magician Deck that involves the \"Magician\" Pendulum Monsters, as well as Performapal and/or Odd-Eyes cards, oh and these Archetypes were originally designed to have synergy so its ok if you play them in the same Deck, in some cases you're supposed to do that; but none of that is an excuse for why Yuma's Deck is as dysfunctional as it is and I think Konami could've done far better if they even cared.[spoilersCult of bad personality]He's annoying, there I said it. In the English dub or even the Japanese sub, he always came off as just a loudmouth idiot that's just trying to get on board some trend because he saw it on Instagram. Always shouting when he was trying to talk, backtalking anyone and everyone he could regardless if they were trying to help him or not, on that note Astral did most of the heavy-lifting during their Duels. The one thing that couldn't stand as the ZEXAL series progressed was Yuma's cocky attitude about his alleged \"dueling skills\", when as I just said Astral did most of the work but the rest of the time it was just plain ham-fisted luck wrote into those scenes by the studio so they could keep the story chugging along. I mean who remembers all of the \"draw\" abilities from ZEXAL, like Shining Draw, Dark Draw, then you had the Barian's Chaos Draw (I know Yuma didn't do that), but the entire \"draw\" ability thing they were pushing throughout most of the latter part of the series and especially when it came to Yuma was clearly done as a bad attempt to sell those Decks in the OCG/TCG. The reason why I say it was a bad attempt is because if you were to play those Decks back then but you didn't use a lot of cards that were released during the ZEXAL era, then you'd notice how there was a severe lack in consistency for a lot of those Decks, not all of them but a lot of them none the less and the only way to have a competitive level of consistency was to either use cards that were not in ZEXAL or basically cheat (like they did in the anime much of the time). One more thing, HE FORGOT ABOUT HIS PARENTS; he started the series looking for his mom and dad, he gets to Astral World at one point where they are but never bothers to look for them but instead duels Eliphas and after he wins, goes out to duel the Barians even though his parents are right there and he could've at least said hi to them. Such a dick.[spoilersAstral was a better character]As I just said, Astral did most of the work for Yuma during their duels, but let's be honest, he's a better character too and probably should've been the main protagonist instead of Yuma. Think about it, Astral is an alien being from another world that has a vast knowledge about dueling (because plot convenience) which makes sense considering Xyz Monsters were marketed as cards \"from the other side of a black hole\"; he's also punctual, he is calm and able to think his way out of most situations, has a lot of legit skill at dueling, and is constantly trying to learn from others around him. He even has a dark past and a personal connection to the main antagonist of the series, Don Thousand. From a character perspective, Astral should've been the best choice to sell the series, but no instead we get a random 13 yr old squealer straight from Call of Duty trying to play a trading card game while using his alleged MLG skills (insert random MLG memes here).[spoilersSuper Saiyan SCREW YOU]NOPE, just NOPE. I hope Goku has a fun time sueing you.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nArimetal\nPosted July 26, 2018\nArimetal\nMembers\n752\nDiscord:Aria 51#6571\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 26, 2018\nOn 7/26/2018 at 5:46 PM, ABC Gun said: https://yugioh.wikia.com/wiki/Yuma_Tsukumohttps://yugioh.wikia.com/wiki/Yuma_Tsukumo%27s_DecksI hate this kid, I can't stand him... and I'm gonna have sex with his mom while his dad watches. Here are some reasons for my random rage-filled post.[spoilersArchetype addiction]I counted, Yuma has 7 main Archetypes (Gagaga, Gogogo, Dododo, Zubaba, Utopia/Utopic, Number, and ZW-), as well as 3 sub-Archetypes (Number C, Number C39/Number C39: Utopia Ray, and Number S from the manga); for a grand total of 10 Archetypes in 1 Deck (if I missed any please let me know). I know that some of these \"Archetypes\" shouldn't even qualify because they have so few members and support, but the fact that they do exist and Konami tried to make Yuma's Deck (and failed) tells me that Yuma is just some high-off-his-ass punk tween whose trying too hard to play a children's card game (sometimes on motorcycles but in this case with scouters). I can't even think of 10 Archetypes in this game outside of Yuma's Decks that could synergize so well with each other, yeah you could play 1 or 2 cards each from about 2 or more Archetypes in the same Deck that could work off each other, but nobody who seriously plays this game is going to attempt trying to make 10 supported Archetypes fit into one Deck, hell most don't even try more than 3 because at some point you would run into a lot of issues regarding consistency. Now I get that was Konami's intention and to be fair we've come along way since ZEXAL, and there have been plenty of Decks that do work with more than 2 or 3 Archetypes in the same Deck, a good example is a Pendulum Magician Deck that involves the \"Magician\" Pendulum Monsters, as well as Performapal and/or Odd-Eyes cards, oh and these Archetypes were originally designed to have synergy so its ok if you play them in the same Deck, in some cases you're supposed to do that; but none of that is an excuse for why Yuma's Deck is as dysfunctional as it is and I think Konami could've done far better if they even cared.[spoilersCult of bad personality]He's annoying, there I said it. In the English dub or even the Japanese sub, he always came off as just a loudmouth idiot that's just trying to get on board some trend because he saw it on Instagram. Always shouting when he was trying to talk, backtalking anyone and everyone he could regardless if they were trying to help him or not, on that note Astral did most of the heavy-lifting during their Duels. The one thing that couldn't stand as the ZEXAL series progressed was Yuma's cocky attitude about his alleged \"dueling skills\", when as I just said Astral did most of the work but the rest of the time it was just plain ham-fisted luck wrote into those scenes by the studio so they could keep the story chugging along. I mean who remembers all of the \"draw\" abilities from ZEXAL, like Shining Draw, Dark Draw, then you had the Barian's Chaos Draw (I know Yuma didn't do that), but the entire \"draw\" ability thing they were pushing throughout most of the latter part of the series and especially when it came to Yuma was clearly done as a bad attempt to sell those Decks in the OCG/TCG. The reason why I say it was a bad attempt is because if you were to play those Decks back then but you didn't use a lot of cards that were released during the ZEXAL era, then you'd notice how there was a severe lack in consistency for a lot of those Decks, not all of them but a lot of them none the less and the only way to have a competitive level of consistency was to either use cards that were not in ZEXAL or basically cheat (like they did in the anime much of the time). One more thing, HE FORGOT ABOUT HIS PARENTS; he started the series looking for his mom and dad, he gets to Astral World at one point where they are but never bothers to look for them but instead duels Eliphas and after he wins, goes out to duel the Barians even though his parents are right there and he could've at least said hi to them. Such a dick.[spoilersAstral was a better character]As I just said, Astral did most of the work for Yuma during their duels, but let's be honest, he's a better character too and probably should've been the main protagonist instead of Yuma. Think about it, Astral is an alien being from another world that has a vast knowledge about dueling (because plot convenience) which makes sense considering Xyz Monsters were marketed as cards \"from the other side of a black hole\"; he's also punctual, he is calm and able to think his way out of most situations, has a lot of legit skill at dueling, and is constantly trying to learn from others around him. He even has a dark past and a personal connection to the main antagonist of the series, Don Thousand. From a character perspective, Astral should've been the best choice to sell the series, but no instead we get a random 13 yr old squealer straight from Call of Duty trying to play a trading card game while using his alleged MLG skills (insert random MLG memes here).[spoilersSuper Saiyan SCREW YOU]NOPE, just NOPE. I hope Goku has a fun time sueing you.Zexal 2 tho\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nABC Gun\nPosted July 27, 2018\nABC Gun\nAdvanced Members\n938\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 27, 2018\nOn 7/26/2018 at 11:59 PM, Sassy Gypsy (not really) said: Zexal 2 thoI was referring to entire ZEXAL series, but seriously what did you like about this post?\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nABC Gun\nPosted July 28, 2018\nABC Gun\nAdvanced Members\n938\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 28, 2018\nbump\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nPremier Alexander Romanov\nPosted July 28, 2018\nPremier Alexander Romanov\nMembers\n15.2k\nDiscord:Izumi#0979\nAlias:Dan\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 28, 2018\nYou forgot about the Djinns. You know, those Xyzs that Yuma suddenly started using for no apparent reason halfway through Season 1.To add to your critique, you also forgot that Yuma's strategies contradicted one of the main aspects of the show. He had the Gagagas, who could manipulate Levels, to let him toolbox into virtually any Xyz he might ever want to go into. He had several Numbers at the start of the World Duel Carnival, and had 50 Numbers at the start of ZEXAL II. But what does he do instead of using the fact that his Numbers are stored in such a way that they don't technically count to his Extra Deck limit? He summons Utopia 99% of the time, and if that doesn't work, he makes Utopia bigger through an upgrade, some ZWs, or whatever. Everything he has boils down to a beatdown strategy focusing around one monster. He rarely considers attempting to make any other Numbers that might help him in that particular situation. I can think of multiple instances where, say, going for Big Eye would have helped him better, or any of the other Numbers he collected.When ZEXAL started, I was hoping that ZEXAL's Number gimmick would make it like Pokemon: Yuma would \"catch\" the Number of the week, then, later on, start incorporating that Number into his strategies, like an actual duelist finds new cards to improve his Deck. It would have made the show seem a lot smarter, and Yuma would get to develop into a better duelist by having him actually improve and grow as he increased his arsenal. Then, when Yuma's ace monster got a Chaos form, I figured that maybe, he would try to get Chaos forms of other Numbers, since it only took 18 episodes to get one for Utopia. But by the time the World Duel Carnival came around, it was clear that Yuma would be more or less a one-trick pony, which disappointed me, since Yusei, being the poster child of the Synchro era, used a wide variety of different Synchros to show off the Synchro mechanic, while Yuma...didn't do that for Xyzs. Sure, he had the occasional alternative Xyz, but most of the time, his plan was to smack his opponents in the face with Utopia until they lost.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nABC Gun\nPosted July 28, 2018\nABC Gun\nAdvanced Members\n938\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 28, 2018\nOn 7/28/2018 at 10:26 PM, President Frank Underwood said: You forgot about the Djinns. You know, those Xyzs that Yuma suddenly started using for no apparent reason halfway through Season 1.To add to your critique, you also forgot that Yuma's strategies contradicted one of the main aspects of the show. He had the Gagagas, who could manipulate Levels, to let him toolbox into virtually any Xyz he might ever want to go into. He had several Numbers at the start of the World Duel Carnival, and had 50 Numbers at the start of ZEXAL II. But what does he do instead of using the fact that his Numbers are stored in such a way that they don't technically count to his Extra Deck limit? He summons Utopia 99% of the time, and if that doesn't work, he makes Utopia bigger through an upgrade, some ZWs, or whatever. Everything he has boils down to a beatdown strategy focusing around one monster. He rarely considers attempting to make any other Numbers that might help him in that particular situation. I can think of multiple instances where, say, going for Big Eye would have helped him better, or any of the other Numbers he collected.When ZEXAL started, I was hoping that ZEXAL's Number gimmick would make it like Pokemon: Yuma would \"catch\" the Number of the week, then, later on, start incorporating that Number into his strategies, like an actual duelist finds new cards to improve his Deck. It would have made the show seem a lot smarter, and Yuma would get to develop into a better duelist by having him actually improve and grow as he increased his arsenal. Then, when Yuma's ace monster got a Chaos form, I figured that maybe, he would try to get Chaos forms of other Numbers, since it only took 18 episodes to get one for Utopia. But by the time the World Duel Carnival came around, it was clear that Yuma would be more or less a one-trick pony, which disappointed me, since Yusei, being the poster child of the Synchro era, used a wide variety of different Synchros to show off the Synchro mechanic, while Yuma...didn't do that for Xyzs. Sure, he had the occasional alternative Xyz, but most of the time, his plan was to smack his opponents in the face with Utopia until they lost.Thank you for more making more critiques, where I forgot. Yes, the Djinn Xyz Monsters were pointless and they just came and went, his overall strategy was Utopia... and that's it. I'm so glad someone else out there hates Yuma the way I do.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nPremier Alexander Romanov\nPosted July 28, 2018\nPremier Alexander Romanov\nMembers\n15.2k\nDiscord:Izumi#0979\nAlias:Dan\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 28, 2018\nYou're welcome. By the way, Yuma used non-Number Xyzs more than he used Number Xyzs that were not Utopia-related.Thought that would be an interesting fact to mention.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nABC Gun\nPosted July 28, 2018\nABC Gun\nAdvanced Members\n938\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 28, 2018\nOn 7/28/2018 at 10:59 PM, President Frank Underwood said: You're welcome. By the way, Yuma used non-Number Xyzs more than he used Number Xyzs that were not Utopia-related.Thought that would be an interesting fact to mention.Wow, how badly did Studio Gallop or Konami screw up ZEXAL, but then again it made money so I guess its all good.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nArchived\nThis topic is now archived and is closed to further replies.\nGo to topic listing\nAll Activity\nHome\nForums\nMultimedia\nAnimation & Graphic Novels\nYuma Tsukumo SUCKS! *WARNING CONTAINS NAUGHTY LANGUAGE*\nIPS Theme by IPSFocus\nTheme\nYCM Dark (Default)\nYCM Light\nPrivacy Policy\nPowered by Invision Community\n\nExisting user? 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "ImageTk Module - Pillow (PIL Fork) 10.3.0 documentation\nContents\nMenu\nExpand\nLight mode\nDark mode\nAuto light/dark mode\nHide navigation sidebar\nHide table of contents sidebar\nToggle site navigation sidebar\nPillow (PIL Fork) 10.3.0 documentation\nToggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme\nToggle table of contents sidebar\nPillow (PIL Fork) 10.3.0 documentation\nInstallationToggle navigation of Installation\nBasic Installation\nPython Support\nPlatform Support\nBuilding From Source\nOld Versions\nHandbookToggle navigation of Handbook\nOverview\nTutorial\nConcepts\nAppendicesToggle navigation of Appendices\nImage file formats\nText anchors\nWriting Your Own Image Plugin\nDecoders\nWriting Your Own File Codec in C\nWriting Your Own File Codec in Python\nReferenceToggle navigation of Reference\nImage Module\nImageChops (Channel Operations) Module\nImageCms Module\nImageColor Module\nImageDraw Module\nImageEnhance Module\nImageFile Module\nImageFilter Module\nImageFont Module\nImageGrab Module\nImageMath Module\nImageMorph Module\nImageOps Module\nImagePalette Module\nImagePath Module\nImageQt Module\nImageSequence Module\nImageShow Module\nImageStat Module\nImageTk Module\nImageTransform Module\nImageWin Module (Windows-only)\nExifTags Module\nTiffTags Module\nJpegPresets Module\nPSDraw Module\nPixelAccess Class\nPyAccess Module\nfeatures Module\nPIL Package (autodoc of remaining modules)\nPlugin reference\nInternal ReferenceToggle navigation of Internal Reference\nFile Handling in Pillow\nLimits\nBlock Allocator\nInternal Modules\nC Extension debugging on Linux, with gbd/valgrind.\nPorting\nAbout\nRelease NotesToggle navigation of Release Notes\n10.3.0\n10.2.0\n10.1.0\n10.0.1\n10.0.0\n9.5.0\n9.4.0\n9.3.0\n9.2.0\n9.1.1\n9.1.0\n9.0.1\n9.0.0\n8.4.0\n8.3.2\n8.3.1\n8.3.0\n8.2.0\n8.1.2\n8.1.1\n8.1.0\n8.0.1\n8.0.0\n7.2.0\n7.1.2\n7.1.1\n7.1.0\n7.0.0\n6.2.2\n6.2.1\n6.2.0\n6.1.0\n6.0.0\n5.4.1\n5.4.0\n5.3.0\n5.2.0\n5.1.0\n5.0.0\n4.3.0\n4.2.1\n4.2.0\n4.1.1\n4.1.0\n4.0.0\n3.4.0\n3.3.2\n3.3.0\n3.2.0\n3.1.2\n3.1.1\n3.1.0\n3.0.0\n2.8.0\n2.7.0\n2.6.0\n2.5.2\n2.3.2\n2.3.1\nVersioning\nDeprecations and removals\nv: stable\nVersions\nlatest\nstable\nDownloads\npdf\nOn Read the Docs\nProject Home\nBuilds\nBack to top\nEdit this page\nToggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme\nToggle table of contents sidebar\nImageTk Module#\nThe ImageTk module contains support to create and modify Tkinter\nBitmapImage and PhotoImage objects from PIL images.\nFor examples, see the demo programs in the Scripts directory.\nclass PIL.ImageTk.BitmapImage(image=None, **kw)[source]#\nA Tkinter-compatible bitmap image. This can be used everywhere Tkinter\nexpects an image object.\nThe given image must have mode 1. Pixels having value 0 are treated as\ntransparent. Options, if any, are passed on to Tkinter. The most commonly\nused option is foreground, which is used to specify the color for the\nnon-transparent parts. See the Tkinter documentation for information on\nhow to specify colours.\nParameters:\nimage A PIL image.\nheight()[source]#\nGet the height of the image.\nReturns:\nThe height, in pixels.\nwidth()[source]#\nGet the width of the image.\nReturns:\nThe width, in pixels.\nclass PIL.ImageTk.PhotoImage(image=None, size=None, **kw)[source]#\nA Tkinter-compatible photo image. This can be used\neverywhere Tkinter expects an image object. If the image is an RGBA\nimage, pixels having alpha 0 are treated as transparent.\nThe constructor takes either a PIL image, or a mode and a size.\nAlternatively, you can use the file or data options to initialize\nthe photo image object.\nParameters:\nimage Either a PIL image, or a mode string. If a mode string is\nused, a size must also be given.\nsize If the first argument is a mode string, this defines the size\nof the image.\nfile A filename to load the image from (using\nImage.open(file)).\ndata An 8-bit string containing image data (as loaded from an\nimage file).\nheight()[source]#\nGet the height of the image.\nReturns:\nThe height, in pixels.\npaste(im)[source]#\nPaste a PIL image into the photo image. Note that this can\nbe very slow if the photo image is displayed.\nParameters:\nim A PIL image. The size must match the target region. If the\nmode does not match, the image is converted to the mode of\nthe bitmap image.\nwidth()[source]#\nGet the width of the image.\nReturns:\nThe width, in pixels.\nNext\nImageTransform Module\nPrevious\nImageStat Module\nCopyright 1995-2011 Fredrik Lundh and contributors, 2010-2024 Jeffrey A. Clark and contributors.\nMade with Sphinx and @pradyunsg's\nFuro\nOn this page\nImageTk Module\nBitmapImage\nBitmapImage.height()\nBitmapImage.width()\nPhotoImage\nPhotoImage.height()\nPhotoImage.paste()\nPhotoImage.width()", "url": "https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/ImageTk.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "python - ImportError: cannot import name 'ImageTK' - Stack Overflow\nSkip to main content\nStack Overflow\nAbout\nProducts\nOverflowAI\nStack Overflow\nPublic questions & answers\nStack Overflow for Teams\nWhere developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers\nTalent\nBuild your employer brand\nAdvertising\nReach developers & technologists worldwide\nLabs\nThe future of collective knowledge sharing\nAbout the company\nLoading\ncurrent community\nStack Overflow\nhelp\nchat\nMeta Stack Overflow\nyour communities\nSign up or log in to customize your list.\nmore stack exchange communities\ncompany blog\nLog in\nSign up\nShare Your Experience: Take the 2024 Developer Survey\nHome\nQuestions\nTags\nUsers\nCompanies\nLabs\nJobs\nNew\nDiscussions\nCollectives\nCommunities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCreate a free Team\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCollectives on Stack Overflow\nFind centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most.\nLearn more about Collectives\nTeams\nQ&A for work\nConnect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.\nLearn more about Teams\nGet early access and see previews of new features.\nLearn more about Labs\nImportError: cannot import name 'ImageTK'\nAsk Question\nAsked\n6 years, 4 months ago\nModified\n2 years, 8 months ago\nViewed\n49k times\nThis question shows research effort; it is useful and clear\n8\nSave this question.\nShow activity on this post.\nI cannot seem to figure out how to fix a problem with my code regarding import ImageTK from PIL. I have searched and downloaded Pillow different ways and the error of the code is still the same.\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"8_Age_Calculator_App.py\", line 3, in <module>\nfrom PIL import Image, ImageTK\nImportError: cannot import name 'ImageTK'\nThese are the import codes of the file\nimport PIL\nfrom PIL import Image, ImageTK\nimport tkinter as tk\nimport datetime\nand this is the code that is trying to import the image\nmain_image = Image.open('/Users/Brenden/Documents/Python_OOP/old-people-\nrunning-illo_h.jpg')\nmain_image.thumbnail((100,100), Image.ANTIALIAS)\nmain_photo = ImageTK.Photoimage(main_image)\nmain_label_image = tk.Label(image=main_photo)\nmain_label.grid(column=1, row=0)\nHow may I fix this problem?\npythonpython-3.xpython-imaging-librarypython-import\nShare\nImprove this question\nFollow\nFollow this question to receive notifications\nedited May 15, 2021 at 4:45\nGino Mempin\n27.9k3030 gold badges110110 silver badges153153 bronze badges\nasked Jan 18, 2018 at 9:18\nBrendenBrenden\n9911 gold badge11 silver badge77 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\n6 Answers\n6\nSorted by:\nReset to default\nHighest score (default)\nTrending (recent votes count more)\nDate modified (newest first)\nDate created (oldest first)\nThis answer is useful\n33\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nUse this command for Python 3\nsudo apt-get install python3-pil.imagetk\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nedited Sep 21, 2021 at 17:33\nanswered Jul 8, 2018 at 7:13\nSaurav KumarSaurav Kumar\n95188 silver badges1414 bronze badges\n1\nThis worked well on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS! Thanks +1.\nenthusiasticgeek\nDec 5, 2023 at 17:28\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n10\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nYou have a typo in the module you want to import. The k in ImageTk should be lower case:\nfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk\nthis should solve your problem\nand in your script you have another case typo, PhotoImage is CamelCase:\nmain_photo = ImageTk.PhotoImage(main_image)\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nedited Jan 18, 2018 at 9:31\nanswered Jan 18, 2018 at 9:23\nJan SteinkeJan Steinke\n51344 silver badges1111 bronze badges\n2\nNo problem! If you use an IDE like PyCharm (which is for free for private use) you can get around most of the problems because it informs you about such errors.\nJan Steinke\nJan 18, 2018 at 9:42\nOkay! I'm using sublime text 3 as the text editor and Gitbash to run the code. I was told Pycharm is for those who more familiar with coding. So I guess once I've gotten the hang of things I'll switch over to it! Thanks again! :)\nBrenden\nJan 18, 2018 at 14:15\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n2\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nInstall it using this command.\nsudo apt-get install python-imaging-tk\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered Jan 18, 2018 at 9:22\nusr_11usr_11\n5781010 silver badges3232 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n2\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nImageTK is k(small letter) not K (capital letter)\nfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered Apr 13, 2018 at 5:57\nsaigopi.mesaigopi.me\n14.6k33 gold badges8686 silver badges5555 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n1\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nTo install for python2 type in terminal:\nsudo apt-get install python-pil.imagetk\nFor python3 type:\nsudo apt-get install python3-pil.imagetk\nTo import Image and ImageTk:\nfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk\nThere's a typo in your script, it will be PhotoImage:\nmain_photo = ImageTk.PhotoImage(main_image)\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered Nov 26, 2020 at 10:58\nSaptarshi dasSaptarshi das\n42944 silver badges77 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n0\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nTry to write this command in the terminal:\npip install pillow\nIt will install PIL packages\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nedited Sep 21, 2020 at 20:16\nNeo Anderson\n6,17222 gold badges1212 silver badges2929 bronze badges\nanswered Sep 21, 2020 at 19:50\nmrsomeonemrsomeone\n1133 bronze badges\nAdd a comment\n|\nYour Answer\nReminder: Answers generated by artificial intelligence tools are not allowed on Stack Overflow. 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My application is using Pillow 4 (seems to be the default package level). My code imports\nCode: Select allfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk\nand works fine.\nRecently I purchased a new Pi3B+. I downloaded the newest Stretch release and wrote the image to a sd card. After I got the new Pi powered up I immediately did a\nCode: Select all[sudo apt-get update] and Code: Select all[sudo apt-get upgrade]\nAfter loading and running my application I receive an error of \"ImportError: cannot import name ImageTk\"\nI checked and PIL is in the /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages folder but does not contain ImageTk.py.\nI have googled searched for hours and tried every variant of\nCode: Select all[sudo apt-get install python-imaging]\nand\nCode: Select all[sudo apt-get install python-imaging-tk ]\nI can find. I always get the the same type of error message either\nCode: Select allPackage 'python-imaging' has no installation candidate\nor\nCode: Select all Unable to locate package python-imaging-tk\nClearly I am missing something simple getting ImageTk installed.\nAny assistance is appreciated.\nThanks,\npaddyg\nPosts: 2638 Joined: Sat Jan 28, 2012 11:57 am\nLocation: UK\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nSun Apr 08, 2018 6:47 pm\nI just checked on my new SD card and found the same issue. After I did\nCode: Select allsudo pip3 install pillow --upgradeit replaced v4.0.0 with v5.1.0 which had been built with tk in place and could import PIL.ImageTk ok\nPS do you have an unavoidable requirement to use python2?\nalso https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en-GB&fromgroups=#!forum/pi3d\nB.Goode\nPosts: 16618 Joined: Mon Sep 01, 2014 4:03 pm\nLocation: UK\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nSun Apr 08, 2018 7:09 pm\nAny assistance is appreciated.\nTry\nCode: Select allsudo apt update\nand then retry installing the problem packages.\nBeware of the Leopard\ntrain_pi\nPosts: 4 Joined: Sat Apr 07, 2018 4:08 pm\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nMon Apr 09, 2018 10:28 pm\nThanks for the tip. It worked well. I was using python 2.7 because in my application I have several hats and the libraries that came with them, or downloaded, had not been upgraded to python 3. I tried python 3 but decided it was more trouble than it was worth to try and convert them. Lucky, recently the vendor released python 3 compatible libraries so life is good\nThanks again,\npsavas\nPosts: 4 Joined: Sun Jan 13, 2019 12:19 pm\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nFri Feb 15, 2019 9:54 am\nI'm running into the same problem with ImageTK; I get the following error from Thonny:\nCode: Select all>>>>>> %Run test.py\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"/home/pi/PiPokedex/test.py\", line 2, in <module>\nfrom PIL import Image, ImageTK\nImportError: cannot import name 'ImageTK'\n>>>\nI installed Pillow, and it pip pulled version 5.4.1. I'm working with Stretch Full.\nThis is the code I'm trying to run:\nfrom tkinter Import *\nfrom PIL import Image, ImageTK\nCode: Select allroot = TK()\ncanvas = Canvas(root, width = 300, height = 300)\ncanvas.pack()\nimg = ImageTK.PhotoImage(Image.open(\"/home/pi/project/images/220.png\"))\ncanvas.create image(20, 20, anchor=NW, image=img)\nroot mainloop()\nAnyone have any ideas?\nI'm very new to the Pi, Raspbian and Python, but am an experienced programmer.\nThanks in advance,\npete\nB.Goode\nPosts: 16618 Joined: Mon Sep 01, 2014 4:03 pm\nLocation: UK\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nFri Feb 15, 2019 10:13 am\nTwo observations.\nThe Thonny IDE on Raspbian runs scripts using the Python3 interpreter. Do you have a version of PIL (Pillow) installed for Python3? (That's not the same as installing it for Python.)\nThe name of the module you seek to import looks wrong: https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable ... ageTk.html\nBeware of the Leopard\nRDS\nPosts: 858 Joined: Tue Oct 06, 2015 8:17 am\nLocation: Lancashire, UK\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nTue Mar 12, 2019 11:32 pm\nI have exactly the same problem as the OP.\nThe program I am trying to run is a Python 2 program. All my other programs are Python 3, so I would much prefer to use Python 3 but this program displays a picture from the Pi camera in the tkinter window and I have been unable to find a Python 3 program that does this.\nCould someone please advise, are the solutions suggested above, for Python 2 or for Python 3.\nIf they are for Python 3, is there a solution for Python 2.\nB.Goode\nPosts: 16618 Joined: Mon Sep 01, 2014 4:03 pm\nLocation: UK\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nWed Mar 13, 2019 5:16 pm\nRDS wrote: Tue Mar 12, 2019 11:32 pm\nI have exactly the same problem as the OP.\nThe program I am trying to run is a Python 2 program. All my other programs are Python 3, so I would much prefer to use Python 3 but this program displays a picture from the Pi camera in the tkinter window and I have been unable to find a Python 3 program that does this.\nCould someone please advise, are the solutions suggested above, for Python 2 or for Python 3.\nIf they are for Python 3, is there a solution for Python 2.\nIf you really have the same problem it is time you considered moving on from the long obsolete Raspbian Jessie Operating System to the supported version based on Raspbian Stretch. It won't be many months before there is another step-change to Buster...\nThe background is really quite simple. Knowing it, you can take your own decisions.\nSupporting library modules such as tkinter have to be separately and appropriately installed for the two Python interpreters, Python2 and Python3.\nIn the case of tkinter, the actual name of the module to be imported within a script is different between the 2 python interpreters.\nBeware of the Leopard\ngordon77\nPosts: 8212 Joined: Sun Aug 05, 2012 3:12 pm\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nWed Mar 13, 2019 5:35 pm\nRDS wrote: Tue Mar 12, 2019 11:32 pm\nI have exactly the same problem as the OP.\nThe program I am trying to run is a Python 2 program. All my other programs are Python 3, so I would much prefer to use Python 3 but this program displays a picture from the Pi camera in the tkinter window and I have been unable to find a Python 3 program that does this.\nCould someone please advise, are the solutions suggested above, for Python 2 or for Python 3.\nIf they are for Python 3, is there a solution for Python 2.\nCan you show us the scripts you are using for Python2 and Python3?\nFor Python2 l've used sudo apt-get install python-imaging python-imaging-tk\nFor Python3 l've used sudo apt-get install python3-pil python3-pil.imagetk\nRDS\nPosts: 858 Joined: Tue Oct 06, 2015 8:17 am\nLocation: Lancashire, UK\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nWed Mar 13, 2019 6:21 pm\n@B.Goode\nThank you but just like the OP who said:\n\"I Recently I purchased a new Pi3B+. I downloaded the newest Stretch release and wrote the image to a SD card.... \",\nI have done exactly the same. Code which used to work on my Raspberry Pi 3 Model B running Jessie, does not run on my 3B+, running Stretch. All the programs I have written (with previous help from this Forum, including yourself), are in Python 3, with the exception of this one.\nB.Goode\nPosts: 16618 Joined: Mon Sep 01, 2014 4:03 pm\nLocation: UK\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nWed Mar 13, 2019 6:30 pm\nRDS wrote: Wed Mar 13, 2019 6:21 pm\n@B.Goode\nThank you but just like the OP who said:\n\"I Recently I purchased a new Pi3B+. I downloaded the newest Stretch release and wrote the image to a SD card.... \",\nI have done exactly the same. Code which used to work on my Raspberry Pi 3 Model B running Jessie, does not run on my 3B+, running Stretch. All the programs I have written (with previous help from this Forum, including yourself), are in Python 3, with the exception of this one.\nOops, fallen into my own trap of only reading the headline. Apologies.\nThe summary is the same: you should be able to choose to implement your solution using your preference of Python3 or Python2.\nIf you get stuck, show how you installed the relevant library modules, your failing script, and a full error trace of the failure.\nIf you are familiar with Python3 is suggest sticking with that. @gordon77 has shown how to install the libraries - you just need the correct form of the import statement.\nBeware of the Leopard\nRDS\nPosts: 858 Joined: Tue Oct 06, 2015 8:17 am\nLocation: Lancashire, UK\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nWed Mar 13, 2019 6:57 pm\n@B.Goode\nSorry, I should not have pulled you up on that after all the help you have given me in the past!\nMy Python 2 code is shown below. I say mine, what I mean is the code I use. I have kept all my comments in the start to give credit to the person who posted it originally. I have however made extensive changes to it by adding code for the Pan/Tilt hat and adding buttons to allow easy control of the camera, including some fixed positions (all my own work!)\nI have completely failed though to get it to run on my much preferred Python 3, so I stuck with this Python 2 version, which worked well until my 3B+ that I loaded with Stretch arrived a few days ago.\n(My notes at the start of the Program, show that it was the cv2 command that I could not find a Python 3 equivalent for)\nCode: Select all# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n# Created i La Selva 18-mars-04 15:15\n# Modified i La Selva 19-Januari-07 16:40\n# I got this program off the RPi Forum in early Jan 2019\n# https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=32&t=230454&p=1413261#p1413261\n# Disappointing thing is that this program is written in Python2\n# Need to try to convert it to Python 3 but the command cv2 on line 6\n# of the program is difficult!\n# Started to add Pan / Tilt commands on 13th Jan 2019\nfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk\nfrom pantilthat import *\nimport Tkinter as tk\nimport argparse\nimport time\nimport datetime\nimport cv2\nimport os\nimport re\nimport shutil\nimport smtplib\nimport subprocess\nimport urllib\nimport RPi.GPIO as GPIO\nimport threading\nimport picamera\nimport imutils\nfrom email.MIMEMultipart import MIMEMultipart\nfrom email.MIMEText import MIMEText\nfrom email.MIMEBase import MIMEBase\nfrom email import encoders\nfrom email.mime.image import MIMEImage\nfromaddr = \"************@gmail.com\"\ntoaddr = \"***********\"\nmailpass = \"-----------\"\ndevice = \"Pi03 Cam \"\npath = \"/home/pi/\"\nmoveto = \"/home/pi/Pictures/\" # was \"/home/pi/Pictures/saved/\"\nbilder = \"No Image.jpg\"\nflag = 0\ndelete_flag = 0\nxaxis = 0\nyaxis = 0\nos.system(\"sudo modprobe bcm2835-v4l2\") # to recognize PiCamera as video0\ndef do_picam(app):\nglobal shot\nglobal texte\nglobal texmed\nglobal delete_flag\nglobal txt_display\ncamera = picamera.PiCamera()\n#camera.awb_mode = 'auto'\ncamera.brightness = 50\ncamera.resolution = (2592, 1944)\ncamera.rotation = 180\n#data = time.strftime(\"%y-%b-%d_(%H%M%S)\")\ndata = time.strftime(\"%d %b %Y_(%H-%M-%S)\")\ntexte = \"picture take at: \" + data\ncamera.start_preview()\ncamera.capture('%s.jpg' % data)\ncamera.stop_preview()\ncamera.close() # close Picamera to free resources to restart the video stream\nshot = '%s.jpg' % data\n#dagtid = time.strftime(\"%y-%b-%d (%H:%M)\")\ndagtid = time.strftime(\"%d-%b-%y (%H:%M)\")\ntexte = \"picture take:\" + time.strftime(\"%y-%b-%d_(%H%M%S)\")\ntexmed = device + dagtid\napp.showImg()\napp.textBox.delete(\"1.0\", tk.END)\napp.textBox.insert(tk.END,shot)\napp.textBox.configure(bg=\"dodgerblue\")\napp.textBox.update_idletasks()\ndelete_flag = 1\napp.vs.open(0) # restarting video stream from Pi Camera\napp.enable_buttons()\ntxt_display = \" \" + shot[0:18]\ndef do_sendMail(app):\nmail = MIMEMultipart()\nmail['Subject'] = str(texmed)\nmail['From'] = fromaddr\nmail['To'] = toaddr\nmail.attach(MIMEText(texte, 'plain'))\nattachment = open(shot, 'rb')\nimage = MIMEImage(attachment.read())\nattachment.close()\nmail.attach(image)\nserver = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587)\nserver.starttls()\nserver.login(fromaddr, mailpass)\ntext = mail.as_string()\nserver.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddr, text)\nserver.quit()\napp.textBox.delete(\"1.0\", tk.END)\napp.textBox.insert(tk.END,txt_display + \" MAILED OK\")\napp.textBox.update_idletasks()\napp.enable_buttons()\nclass Application:\ndef __init__(self, output_path = \"./\"):\n\"\"\" Initialize application which uses OpenCV + Tkinter. It displays\na video stream in a Tkinter window and stores current snapshot on disk \"\"\"\nself.vs = cv2.VideoCapture(0) # capture video frames, 0 is your default video camera\nself.output_path = output_path # store output path\nself.current_image = None # current image from the camera\nself.root = tk.Tk() # initialize root window\ndefaultbg = self.root.cget('bg') # set de default grey color to use in labels background\nw = 930 # width for the Tk root\nh = 535 # height for the Tk root\nself.root .resizable(0, 0)\nws = self.root .winfo_screenwidth() # width of the screen\nhs = self.root .winfo_screenheight() # height of the screen\nx = (ws/2) - (w/2)\ny = (hs/2) - (h/2)\nself.root .geometry('%dx%d+%d+%d' % (w, h, x, y))\nself.root.title(\"Live Video Feed\") # set window title\nself.root.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', self.destructor)\nself.panel = tk.Label(self.root) # initialize Main Image panel\nself.panel.grid(row=0, rowspan=15, column=1, padx=4, pady=6, columnspan=6)\nself.labPic= tk.Label(self.root, bg=\"grey70\") # initialize Small Image panel\nself.labPic.grid(row=0, column=7, padx=5, pady=6) # was (row=5, column=34, padx=4, pady=6)\nself.textBox = tk.Text(self.root, height=1, width=28, font=('arial narrow', 10, 'bold'), bg=\"green\",fg=\"white\")\nself.textBox.grid(row=1, rowspan=5, column=7, padx=3)\nself.textBox.insert(tk.END, \"READY\")\nself.botShoot = tk.Button(self.root,width=6, font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"Capture\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\" )\nself.botShoot.grid(row=8, column=7)\nself.botShoot.configure(command=self.picam)\nself.botSave = tk.Button(self.root,width=10, font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"Save Picture\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\" )\nself.botSave.grid(row=9, column=7, pady=1) # was (row=10, column=34, pady=1)\nself.botSave.configure(command=self.movepic,state = \"disabled\")\nself.botMail = tk.Button(self.root,width=10, font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"email Picture\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\" )\nself.botMail.grid(row=10, column=7, pady= 1) # was (row=8, column=34, pady= 1)\nself.botMail.configure(command=self.sendMail,state = \"disabled\")\nself.botRadera = tk.Button(self.root,width=10, font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"Delete Picture\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\" )\nself.botRadera.grid(row=11, column=7, pady=1) # was (row=9, column=34, pady=1)\nself.botRadera.configure(command=self.radera, state = \"disabled\")\nself.botQuit = tk.Button(self.root,width=4,font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"CLOSE\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\")\nself.botQuit.grid(row=12,column=7)\nself.botQuit.configure(command=self.destructor)\nself.botUp = tk.Button(self.root,width=2, font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"Up\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\" )\nself.botUp.grid(row=15, column=2)\nself.botUp.configure(command=self.camUp, repeatdelay=100, repeatinterval=100)\nself.botDown = tk.Button(self.root,width=4, font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"Down\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\" )\nself.botDown.grid(row=15, column=3)\nself.botDown.configure(command=self.camDown, repeatdelay=100, repeatinterval=100)\nself.botLeft = tk.Button(self.root,width = 0, font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"Left\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\" )\nself.botLeft.grid(row=15, column=1)\nself.botLeft.configure(command=self.camLeft, repeatdelay=100, repeatinterval=100)\nself.botRight = tk.Button(self.root,width=4, font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"Right\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\" )\nself.botRight.grid(row=15, column=4)\nself.botRight.configure(command=self.camRight, repeatdelay=100, repeatinterval=100)\nself.botClock = tk.Button(self.root,width=4, font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"Clock\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\" )\nself.botClock.grid(row=15, column=5)\nself.botClock.configure(command=self.camClock)\nself.botCeiling = tk.Button(self.root,width=4, font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"Ceiling\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\" )\nself.botCeiling.grid(row=15, column=6)\nself.botCeiling.configure(command=self.camCeiling)\nself.botCeiling = tk.Button(self.root,width=4, font=('arial narrow', 14, 'normal'), text=\"Door\", activebackground=\"#00dfdf\" )\nself.botCeiling.grid(row=15, column=7)\nself.botCeiling.configure(command=self.camDoor)\nself.video_loop()\ndef video_loop(self):\nglobal test\nglobal flag\n\"\"\" Get frame from the video stream and show it in Tkinter \"\"\"\nok, frame = self.vs.read() # read frame from video stream\nif ok: # frame captured without any errors\ncv2image = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGBA) # convert colors from BGR to RGBA\ncv2image = imutils.rotate_bound(cv2image, 180) # rotate image\nself.current_image = Image.fromarray(cv2image) # convert image for PIL\nimgtk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image=self.current_image) # convert image for tkinter\ntest = cv2image\nself.panel.imgtk = imgtk # anchor imgtk so it does not be deleted by garbage-collector\nself.panel.config(image=imgtk) # show the image\nself.root.after(30, self.video_loop) # call the same function after 30 milliseconds\nif flag ==0:\nflag = 1\nself.show_thumb()\ndef snapshot(self):\nimageName = 'cv-' + time.strftime(\"%Y-%b-%d_(%H%M%S)\")+ '.jpg'\ncv2.imwrite(imageName,test)\ndef picam(self):\nself.disable_buttons()\nself.vs.release() # release the camera to get all resources\nt = threading.Thread(target=do_picam, args=(self,))\nt.start()\ndef showImg(self):\nimage = Image.open(shot)\nimage = image.resize((252,195),Image.ANTIALIAS)\nphoto = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image)\nself.labPic.configure(image=photo)\nself.labPic.image=photo\nself.root.update_idletasks()\ndef show_thumb(self) :\nimage = Image.open(bilder)\nimage = image.resize((252,195),Image.ANTIALIAS)\nphoto = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image)\nself.labPic.configure(image=photo)\nself.labPic.image=photo\nself.root.update_idletasks()\ndef sendMail(self):\nglobal xaxis\nt = threading.Thread(target=do_sendMail, args=(self,))\nt.start()\nself.disable_buttons()\nself.textBox.delete(\"1.0\", tk.END)\nself.textBox.insert(tk.END,\"SENDING PICTURE BY MAIL\")\nself.textBox.update_idletasks()\ndef camRight(self):\nglobal xaxis\nglobal yaxis\nself.botLeft.configure(state=\"normal\")\nprint ('x axis = ', xaxis, \": y axis = \", yaxis)\nxaxis = xaxis -1\nif xaxis < -90:\nxaxis = -90\nself.botRight.configure(state=\"disabled\")\npan(xaxis)\ndef camLeft(self):\nglobal xaxis\nglobal yaxis\nself.botRight.configure(state=\"normal\")\nprint ('x axis = ', xaxis, \": y axis = \", yaxis)\nxaxis = xaxis +1\nif xaxis > 90:\nxaxis = 90\nself.botLeft.configure(state=\"disabled\")\npan(xaxis)\ndef camUp(self):\nglobal xaxis\nglobal yaxis\nself.botDown.configure(state=\"normal\")\nprint ('x axis = ', xaxis, \": y axis = \", yaxis)\nyaxis = yaxis -1\nif yaxis < -90:\nyaxis = -90\nself.botUp.configure(state=\"disabled\")\ntilt(yaxis)\ndef camDown(self):\nglobal xaxis\nglobal yaxis\nself.botUp.configure(state=\"normal\")\nprint ('x axis = ', xaxis, \": y axis = \", yaxis)\nyaxis = yaxis + 1\nif yaxis > 90:\nyaxis = 90\nself.botDown.configure(state=\"disabled\")\ntilt(yaxis)\ndef camClock(self):\nglobal xaxis\nglobal yaxis\nself.botUp.configure(state=\"normal\")\nself.printCoords\nprint 'x axis = ', xaxis, \": y axis = \", yaxis\n#self.botDown.configure(state=\"disabled\")\nxaxis = 0\nyaxis = 11\ntilt(yaxis)\npan(xaxis)\ndef camCeiling(self):\nglobal xaxis\nglobal yaxis\nself.botUp.configure(state=\"normal\")\nprint ('x axis = ', xaxis, \": y axis = \", yaxis)\n#self.botDown.configure(state=\"disabled\")\nxaxis = 21\nyaxis = -58\ntilt(yaxis)\npan(xaxis)\ndef camDoor(self):\nglobal xaxis\nglobal yaxis\nself.botUp.configure(state=\"normal\")\nprint ('x axis = ', xaxis, \": y axis = \", yaxis)\n#self.botDown.configure(state=\"disabled\")\nxaxis = 31\nyaxis = -2\ntilt(yaxis)\npan(xaxis)\ndef printCoords(self):\n# Python 3 version print ('x axis = ', xaxis, \": y axis = \", yaxis)\nprint ('x axis = ', xaxis, \": y axis = \", yaxis)\ndef movepic(self):\nglobal delete_flag\npic= shot\nsrc = path+pic\ndst = moveto+pic\nshutil.move(src,dst)\nself.textBox.delete(\"1.0\", tk.END)\nself.textBox.insert(tk.END,txt_display + \" SAVED\")\nself.textBox.configure(bg=\"darkorange\")\nself.textBox.update_idletasks()\nself.botMail.configure(state=\"disabled\")\nself.botSave.configure(state=\"disabled\")\nself.botRadera.configure(state=\"disabled\")\ndelete_flag = 2\ndef radera(self):\nglobal delete_flag\npic = shot\nos.remove(pic)\nself.textBox.delete(\"1.0\", tk.END)\nself.textBox.insert(tk.END,txt_display + \" DELETED \")\nself.textBox.configure(bg=\"red\")\nself.textBox.update_idletasks()\ndelete_flag = 2\nself.botMail.configure(state=\"disabled\")\nself.botSave.configure(state=\"disabled\")\nself.botRadera.configure(state=\"disabled\")\ndef disable_buttons(self):\nself.botShoot.configure(state=\"disabled\")\nself.botMail.configure(state=\"disabled\")\nself.botSave.configure(state=\"disabled\")\nself.botRadera.configure(state=\"disabled\")\nself.botQuit.configure(state=\"disabled\")\ndef enable_buttons(self):\nself.botShoot.configure(state=\"normal\")\nself.botMail.configure(state=\"normal\")\nself.botSave.configure(state=\"normal\")\nself.botRadera.configure(state=\"normal\")\nself.botQuit.configure(state=\"normal\")\ndef destructor(self):\nif delete_flag == 1 : self.radera()\nself.root.destroy()\nself.vs.release() # release web camera\ncv2.destroyAllWindows() # it is not mandatory in this application\n# construct the argument parse and parse the arguments\nap = argparse.ArgumentParser()\nap.add_argument(\"-o\", \"--output\", default=\"./Pictures\",\nhelp=\"path to output directory to store snapshots (default: current folder\")\nargs = vars(ap.parse_args())\n# start the app\npba = Application(args[\"output\"])\npba.root.mainloop()\nB.Goode\nPosts: 16618 Joined: Mon Sep 01, 2014 4:03 pm\nLocation: UK\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nWed Mar 13, 2019 7:00 pm\nSo is the issue with ImageTK or cv2? (Or neither or both!)\nBeware of the Leopard\ngordon77\nPosts: 8212 Joined: Sun Aug 05, 2012 3:12 pm\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nWed Mar 13, 2019 7:04 pm\nTry this to install opencv for python3\nsudo pip3 install opencv-python\nsudo apt-get install libcblas-dev\nsudo apt-get install libhdf5-dev\nsudo apt-get install libhdf5-serial-dev\nsudo apt-get install libatlas-base-dev\nsudo apt-get install libjasper-dev\nsudo apt-get install libqtgui4\nsudo apt-get install libqt4-test\nRDS\nPosts: 858 Joined: Tue Oct 06, 2015 8:17 am\nLocation: Lancashire, UK\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nWed Mar 13, 2019 7:14 pm\n@B.Goode\nIt's actually both for different reasons\nThe issue when I tried to run the program on Python 3, was the cv2, so I reluctantly used it on Python 2 and it worked well.\nI then purchased the 3B+ and loaded it with Stretch. I added Idle 2 to my 3B+ to enable it to run Python 2. Then the Image Tk part became the problem.\n@gordon77\nThanks I will try those lines, if I can overcome the Image Tk problem mentioned above.\ngordon77\nPosts: 8212 Joined: Sun Aug 05, 2012 3:12 pm\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nWed Mar 13, 2019 7:33 pm\nBack in this thread we got cv2 etc working with python3...\nviewtopic.php?t=230454\nBut struggled with the opencv install, try the method above.\nRDS\nPosts: 858 Joined: Tue Oct 06, 2015 8:17 am\nLocation: Lancashire, UK\nRe: Cannot import ImageTk\nWed Mar 13, 2019 10:11 pm\n@gordon77\nThanks for that link and of course I was very much involved in asking all the questions 2 months ago. Reading it again, reminds me now that I was suspecting that it may have been written for Stretch (that I did not have at the time).\nHopefully I will get time to try it again tomorrow.\nDisplay posts from previous:All posts1 day7 days2 weeks1 month3 months6 months1 yearAll postsSort byAuthorPost timeSubjectPost timeAscendingDescendingAscending\nLocked\nPrint view\n17 posts\n Page 1 of 1\nReturn to Python\nJump to\nCommunity\nGeneral discussion\nAnnouncements\nOther languages\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\nNederlands\n\nPolski\nPortugus\n\nTrke\nUser groups and events\nThe MagPi\nUsing the Raspberry Pi\nBeginners\nTroubleshooting\nAdvanced users\nAssistive technology and accessibility\nEducation\nPicademy\nTeaching and learning resources\nStaffroom, classroom and projects\nAstro Pi\nMathematica\nHigh Altitude Balloon\nWeather station\nProgramming\nC/C++\nJava\nPython\nScratch\nOther programming languages\nWindows 10 for IoT\nWolfram Language\nBare metal, Assembly language\nGraphics programming\nOpenGLES\nOpenVG\nOpenMAX\nGeneral programming discussion\nProjects\nNetworking and servers\nAutomation, sensing and robotics\nGraphics, sound and multimedia\nOther projects\nMedia centres\nGaming\nAIY Projects\nHardware and peripherals\nCamera board\nCompute Module\nOfficial Display\nHATs and other add-ons\nDevice Tree\nInterfacing (DSI, CSI, I2C, etc.)\nRaspberry Pi 400\nRaspberry Pi Pico\nGeneral\nSDK\nMicroPython\nOther RP2040 boards\nSoftware\nRaspberry Pi OS\nRaspberry Pi Connect\nRaspberry Pi Desktop for PC and Mac\nOther\nAndroid\nDebian\nFreeBSD\nGentoo\nLinux Kernel\nNetBSD\nopenSUSE\nPlan 9\nPuppy\nArch\nPidora / Fedora\nRISCOS\nUbuntu\nYe Olde Pi Shoppe\nFor sale\nWanted\nOff topic\nOff topic discussion\nBoard index\nAll times are UTC\nDelete cookies\nFollow us\nSign up to newsletter\nThreads\nMastodon\nYouTube\nInstagram\nLinkedIn\nFacebook\nAbout Raspberry Pi\nNews\nInvestor relations\nContact us\nTrademark\nAbout us\nOur Approved Resellers\nJobs\nAccessibility\nSite use terms and conditions\nAcceptable use\nCookies\nLicensing\nTerms and conditions of sale\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nVerify our bank details\nFor home\nRaspberry Pi for home\nTutorials\nFor industry\nRaspberry Pi for industry\nThin clients\nRaspberry Pi in space\nPowered by Raspberry Pi\nDesign partners\nSuccess stories\nHardware\nComputers and microcontrollers\nCameras and displays\nAdd-on boards\nPower supplies and cables\nCases\nPeripherals\nSoftware\nRaspberry Pi Connect\nRaspberry Pi Desktop\nRaspberry Pi Imager\nRaspberry Pi OS\nDocumentation\nAll categories\nProduct information portal\nDatasheets\nCommunity\nForums\nEvents\nRaspberry Pi Store\nStore information\nRaspberry Pi Press\nAbout Raspberry Pi Press\nThe MagPi\nHackSpace\nWe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. By continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. Learn more", "url": "https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=210360" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "image - Python PIL ImageTk.PhotoImage() is giving me a bus error? - Stack Overflow\nSkip to main content\nStack Overflow\nAbout\nProducts\nOverflowAI\nStack Overflow\nPublic questions & answers\nStack Overflow for Teams\nWhere developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers\nTalent\nBuild your employer brand\nAdvertising\nReach developers & technologists worldwide\nLabs\nThe future of collective knowledge sharing\nAbout the company\nLoading\ncurrent community\nStack Overflow\nhelp\nchat\nMeta Stack Overflow\nyour communities\nSign up or log in to customize your list.\nmore stack exchange communities\ncompany blog\nLog in\nSign up\nShare Your Experience: Take the 2024 Developer Survey\nHome\nQuestions\nTags\nUsers\nCompanies\nLabs\nJobs\nNew\nDiscussions\nCollectives\nCommunities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCreate a free Team\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCollectives on Stack Overflow\nFind centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most.\nLearn more about Collectives\nTeams\nQ&A for work\nConnect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.\nLearn more about Teams\nGet early access and see previews of new features.\nLearn more about Labs\nPython PIL ImageTk.PhotoImage() is giving me a bus error?\nAsk Question\nAsked\n13 years, 11 months ago\nModified\n10 years ago\nViewed\n15k times\nThis question shows research effort; it is useful and clear\n7\nSave this question.\nShow activity on this post.\nSo I am running python 2.6 on a macbook pro and trying to write the code in python to display an image from a file in a label on a tkinter gui. The image is called image.png. The program runs without errors when I use this code\ni = Image.open(\"image.png\")\nbut when I do this code (I add one line):\ni = Image.open(\"image.png\")\nphoto = ImageTk.PhotoImage(i)\nThe program will crash and say \"Bus error\" in the command line. I don't even know what that means. I would think that PIL is installed correctly, since Image works, but the fact that ImageTk does not work puzzles me. Can anybody tell me what might be causing this Bus error?\nEDIT:\nWell I made a new program to test the error further. Here is the exact script I ran:\nimport Image\nimport ImageTk\ni = Image.open(\"image.png\")\nphoto = ImageTk.PhotoImage(i)\nNow instead of getting \"Bus error\", this is my traceback.\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"imageTest.py\", line 5, in <module>\nphoto = ImageTk.PhotoImage(i)\nFile \"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/site-packages/PIL/ImageTk.py\", line 113, in __init__\nself.__photo = apply(Tkinter.PhotoImage, (), kw)\nFile \"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/lib-tk/Tkinter.py\", line 3285, in __init__\nImage.__init__(self, 'photo', name, cnf, master, **kw)\nFile \"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/lib-tk/Tkinter.py\", line 3226, in __init__\nraise RuntimeError, 'Too early to create image'\nRuntimeError: Too early to create image\nException AttributeError: \"PhotoImage instance has no attribute '_PhotoImage__photo'\" in <bound method PhotoImage.__del__ of <ImageTk.PhotoImage instance at 0x3c7a30>> ignored\npythonimagepython-imaging-librarybus\nShare\nImprove this question\nFollow\nFollow this question to receive notifications\nedited Apr 23, 2014 at 22:14\nperimosocordiae\n17.6k1414 gold badges6161 silver badges7676 bronze badges\nasked Jul 5, 2010 at 4:32\nDylanDylan\n97933 gold badges1313 silver badges2323 bronze badges\n1\nPlease edit your question to show the full traceback and exact error message that you get.\nJohn Machin\nJul 5, 2010 at 6:18\nAdd a comment\n|\n3 Answers\n3\nSorted by:\nReset to default\nHighest score (default)\nTrending (recent votes count more)\nDate modified (newest first)\nDate created (oldest first)\nThis answer is useful\n7\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nI don't know about the Bus Error, but you need to create a Tk window before you can call PhotoImage. This script works for me-\nimport Image\nimport ImageTk\nfrom Tkinter import Tk\nwindow = Tk()\ni = Image.open(\"image.png\")\nphoto = ImageTk.PhotoImage(i)\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered Jul 6, 2010 at 5:57\nRob LourensRob Lourens\n15.7k55 gold badges7676 silver badges9191 bronze badges\n4\nOkay, when I run this code it makes like a GUI is about to open, then a popup comes up with the words, \"Python quit unexpectedly\", and the terminal window prints \"Bus error\"\nDylan\nJul 7, 2010 at 1:34\nThis post may be relevant-bytes.com/topic/python/answers/ Which version of OSX are you running? The code above worked for me in Python 2.6 and OS 10.6\nRob Lourens\nJul 7, 2010 at 13:07\nI'm running 10.6 and Python 2.6 also. That post looks like it might be useful though, so I will look at it. Thanks\nDylan\nJul 8, 2010 at 2:17\nOkay, well I think I found what would be the solution to my problem, if I knew how to go about doing it. I felt like there was so much content that this warranted a second question, so could you please look here and tell me if you know how to do what it is telling me to? stackoverflow.com/questions/3200308/\nDylan\nJul 8, 2010 at 2:28\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n6\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nImageTk.PhotoImage has a garbage collection (ref count) bug in it. You must place a reference to the PhotoImage object in either a global variable of a class instance variable (e.g., self.myphoto = ImageTk.PhotoImage(i)).\nSee this warning:\nhttp://infohost.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/pil/image-tk.html\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered Jan 31, 2012 at 12:35\nmckossmckoss\n6,92466 gold badges3535 silver badges3131 bronze badges\n1\nTry doing both this and the currently accepted answer. I experienced this problem, and both were required to fix it.\nC8H10N4O2\nJan 5, 2018 at 17:43\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n2\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nEven thought you do need to call a Tk window you also need to set the directory so that it can find the image.png.\nimport os\nimport Image\nimport ImageTk\nfrom Tkinter import Tk\nos.chdir('C:/../../') # put file path for the image.\nwindow = Tk()\ni = Image.open(\"image.png\")\nphoto = ImageTk.PhotoImage(i)\nwindow.mainloop()\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered May 6, 2014 at 13:44\njcham55jcham55\n2111 bronze badge\nAdd a comment\n|\nYour Answer\nReminder: Answers generated by artificial intelligence tools are not allowed on Stack Overflow. Learn more\nThanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow!Please be sure to answer the question. 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What can I do?\nSecond opinion on PCB design for relay made in Altium\nFinite normal subgroup of mapping class group\nmore hot questions\nQuestion feed\nSubscribe to RSS\nQuestion feed\nTo subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader.\nlang-py\nStack Overflow\nQuestions\nHelp\nProducts\nTeams\nAdvertising\nCollectives\nTalent\nCompany\nAbout\nPress\nWork Here\nLegal\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Service\nContact Us\nCookie Settings\nCookie Policy\nStack Exchange Network\nTechnology\nCulture & recreation\nLife & arts\nScience\nProfessional\nBusiness\nAPI\nData\nBlog\nFacebook\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nInstagram\nSite design / logo 2024 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. rev2024.5.29.9912", "url": "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3177231/python-pil-imagetk-photoimage-is-giving-me-a-bus-error" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Python3 - Pillow, ImageTk - Raspberry Pi Forums\nRaspberry Pi\nFor home\nFor industry\nHardware\nSoftware\nDocumentation\nNews\nForums\nFoundation\nForum FAQ\nAbout\nAbout us\nContact us\nDocumentation\nTrademark rules\nLogin\nRegister\nUnanswered topics\nActive topics\nForum FAQ\nAbout\nAbout us\nContact us\nDocumentation\nTrademark rules\nBoard index\nProgramming\nPython\nPython3 - Pillow, ImageTk\nLocked\nPrint view\n5 posts\n Page 1 of 1\nSJH333\nPosts: 23 Joined: Sat Feb 23, 2013 4:03 pm\nPython3 - Pillow, ImageTk\nThu Dec 31, 2015 4:49 pm\nHappy New Year all,\nI have been updating my old program's to Python3 but am now 'stuck', I've searched n read, n searched n read until I'm dizzy... Please help.\nOne of my program's did some image manipulation and displayed the result in a GUI window, using PIL and Tkinter.\nI understand PIL is now Pillow and Tkinter is now tkinter (lower case), all good, but I am having trouble importing one of the modules to Python3, ImageTk.\nI can get it to import in Python2 with:\nCode: Select allfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk\nBut Python3 does not like this.\nAny ideas?\nThanks,\nSteve H\nDougieLawson\nPosts: 42965 Joined: Sun Jun 16, 2013 11:19 pm\nLocation: A small cave in deepest darkest Basingstoke, UK\nRe: Python3 - Pillow, ImageTk\nThu Dec 31, 2015 7:52 pm\nSJH333 wrote:I have been updating my old program's to Python3 ...That was your mistake.\nSJH333 wrote:I can get it to import in Python2 with:\nCode: Select allfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk\nBut Python3 does not like this.\nTry installing the missing packages with sudo apt-get install python3-... or sudo pip3 ... # may be pip3-2 on some systems.\nLanguages using left-hand whitespace for syntax are ridiculous\nDMs sent on https://twitter.com/DougieLawson or LinkedIn will be answered next month.\nFake doctors - are all on my foes list.\nThe use of crystal balls and mind reading is prohibited.\nSJH333\nPosts: 23 Joined: Sat Feb 23, 2013 4:03 pm\nRe: Python3 - Pillow, ImageTk\nThu Dec 31, 2015 8:06 pm\nThanks Dougie, I agree with your first answer!\nWhat a ..... mistake!\nI've had enough of pips n pip3's for one year, may be I'll try again tomorrow! ;o)\nHave a good n.\nSJH333\nPosts: 23 Joined: Sat Feb 23, 2013 4:03 pm\nRe: Python3 - Pillow, ImageTk\nSat Jan 02, 2016 10:54 am\nSOLVED - Python3 -Pillow, ImageTk\n(My RPi New Year starts happy!)\nDougie was correct, the ImageTk module was missing from:\n/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/PIL\nTo fix this I used:\nCode: Select allsudo apt-get install python3-pil.imagetk\nUsing Idle3:\nCode: Select allfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk\n...works as previously with python2\nkenstech\nPosts: 1 Joined: Wed Apr 17, 2019 2:12 pm\nRe: Python3 - Pillow, ImageTk\nWed Apr 17, 2019 2:21 pm\nI cant get ImageTk to install no matter what I do. I have looked in several versions of python library and it is literally nowhere to be found! I have even tried using different versions at the command line. My version defaults to 2.7. I have tried the following:\nsudo apt-get install python3-pil.imagetk - No Change\nsudo apt-get install python-imaging - No Change\nsudo apt-get install python3-imaging python3-pil.imagetk - No Change\nSome more than once, and there were other attempts with pillow and a few other suggestions I got from various forums. What can I do??\nDisplay posts from previous:All posts1 day7 days2 weeks1 month3 months6 months1 yearAll postsSort byAuthorPost timeSubjectPost timeAscendingDescendingAscending\nLocked\nPrint view\n5 posts\n Page 1 of 1\nReturn to Python\nJump to\nCommunity\nGeneral discussion\nAnnouncements\nOther languages\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\nNederlands\n\nPolski\nPortugus\n\nTrke\nUser groups and events\nThe MagPi\nUsing the Raspberry Pi\nBeginners\nTroubleshooting\nAdvanced users\nAssistive technology and accessibility\nEducation\nPicademy\nTeaching and learning resources\nStaffroom, classroom and projects\nAstro Pi\nMathematica\nHigh Altitude Balloon\nWeather station\nProgramming\nC/C++\nJava\nPython\nScratch\nOther programming languages\nWindows 10 for IoT\nWolfram Language\nBare metal, Assembly language\nGraphics programming\nOpenGLES\nOpenVG\nOpenMAX\nGeneral programming discussion\nProjects\nNetworking and servers\nAutomation, sensing and robotics\nGraphics, sound and multimedia\nOther projects\nMedia centres\nGaming\nAIY Projects\nHardware and peripherals\nCamera board\nCompute Module\nOfficial Display\nHATs and other add-ons\nDevice Tree\nInterfacing (DSI, CSI, I2C, etc.)\nRaspberry Pi 400\nRaspberry Pi Pico\nGeneral\nSDK\nMicroPython\nOther RP2040 boards\nSoftware\nRaspberry Pi OS\nRaspberry Pi Connect\nRaspberry Pi Desktop for PC and Mac\nOther\nAndroid\nDebian\nFreeBSD\nGentoo\nLinux Kernel\nNetBSD\nopenSUSE\nPlan 9\nPuppy\nArch\nPidora / Fedora\nRISCOS\nUbuntu\nYe Olde Pi Shoppe\nFor sale\nWanted\nOff topic\nOff topic discussion\nBoard index\nAll times are UTC\nDelete cookies\nFollow us\nSign up to newsletter\nThreads\nMastodon\nYouTube\nInstagram\nLinkedIn\nFacebook\nAbout Raspberry Pi\nNews\nInvestor relations\nContact us\nTrademark\nAbout us\nOur Approved Resellers\nJobs\nAccessibility\nSite use terms and conditions\nAcceptable use\nCookies\nLicensing\nTerms and conditions of sale\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nVerify our bank details\nFor home\nRaspberry Pi for home\nTutorials\nFor industry\nRaspberry Pi for industry\nThin clients\nRaspberry Pi in space\nPowered by Raspberry Pi\nDesign partners\nSuccess stories\nHardware\nComputers and microcontrollers\nCameras and displays\nAdd-on boards\nPower supplies and cables\nCases\nPeripherals\nSoftware\nRaspberry Pi Connect\nRaspberry Pi Desktop\nRaspberry Pi Imager\nRaspberry Pi OS\nDocumentation\nAll categories\nProduct information portal\nDatasheets\nCommunity\nForums\nEvents\nRaspberry Pi Store\nStore information\nRaspberry Pi Press\nAbout Raspberry Pi Press\nThe MagPi\nHackSpace\nWe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. By continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. Learn more", "url": "https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=130808" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mageia forum View topic - [SOLVED] Missing ImageTk in python3\nMageia forum\nshare the magic\nSkip to content\nAdvanced search\nBoard index Getting Support for Mageia Basic support\nChange font size\nPrint view\nFAQ\nRegister\nLogin\n[SOLVED] Missing ImageTk in python3\nThis forum is dedicated to basic help and support :Ask here your questions about basic installation and usage of Mageia. For example you may post here all your questions about getting Mageia isos and installing it, configuring your printer, using your word processor etc.Try to ask your questions in the right sub-forum with as much details as you can gather. the more precise the question will be, the more likely you are to get a useful answer\nPost a reply\n3 posts\n Page 1 of 1\nReply with quote\n[SOLVED] Missing ImageTk in python3\nby tarazed Sep 26th, '15, 22:02\nI have spent the day teaching myself python, specifically tkinter programming, using an online tutorial. Everything went well until images came up. On a Mageia 5 system my script was unable to import ImageTk from PIL.First attempt at python, interactive session, showed that tkinter could not be located. Maybe python3 then; that was OK. Proceeded with the lessons. Let's try to show an image. This was the header section of the script:Code: Select all#!/bin/env python3from tkinter import *from tkinter import ttkfrom PIL import Image, ImageTkThis resulted in an error message Code: Select allImportError: cannot import name 'ImageTk'From an interactive session using python it was possible to import ImageTk, but as said, no tkinter although there was a test_tkinter directory on the python2.7 hierarchy. Using python3, tkinter is available and python-pillow (PIL) supplies Image but not ImageTk. (Image handles GIF and bitmap formats only.)Code: Select all[lcl@belexeuli ~/python]$ locate ImageTk/usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/PIL/ImageTk.py/usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/PIL/ImageTk.pyc/usr/lib64/python3.4/site-packages/PIL/__pycache__/ImageTk.cpython-34.pyc/usr/lib64/python3.4/site-packages/PIL/__pycache__/ImageTk.cpython-34.pyoBefore that I had discovered pip and upgraded it to pip-7.1.2 then upgraded Pillow.Code: Select all[lcl@belexeuli ~/python]$ sudo urpmi python3-pillowPackage python3-pillow-2.6.2-2.mga5.x86_64 is already installed[lcl@belexeuli ~/python]$ sudo pip install --upgrade Pillow...Successfully installed Pillow-2.9.0So, is there a way out of this Catch-22 situation or have I messed things up by indiscriminate upgrades?\nLast edited by tarazed on Sep 27th, '15, 08:35, edited 1 time in total.\ntarazed\nPosts: 273Joined: Sep 18th, '11, 01:49\nTop\nReply with quote\nRe: Missing ImageTk in python3\nby tarazed Sep 26th, '15, 22:18\nPerusing the documentation at http://pillow.readthedocs.org/ it appears that the module is fully developed, at least that is the impression it gives.\ntarazed\nPosts: 273Joined: Sep 18th, '11, 01:49\nTop\nReply with quote\nRe: Missing ImageTk in python3\nby tarazed Sep 26th, '15, 23:13\nAnswering my own post again:Poking around in the source code of python 2.7 I found a way to use tkinter, viz;Code: Select all#!/bin/env pythonimport Tkinter as tkinterfrom Tkinter import *import ttkfrom PIL import Image, ImageTkThat allowed the script to run but it failed on the lineCode: Select all jpeg = ImageTk.PhotoImage( Image.open( \"/home/lcl/images/creek.jpg\" ) )because there was no decoder for JPEG images. The same holds true for PNG as well. There do not appear to be any references to jpeg or png decoders or plugins in the source code tree so maybe this is simply a build problem, which would merit a bug report maybe.Anyway, the original problem seems to be solved so I shall close this thread after an interval to wait for comments.\ntarazed\nPosts: 273Joined: Sep 18th, '11, 01:49\nTop\nDisplay posts from previous: All posts1 day7 days2 weeks1 month3 months6 months1 year\nSort by AuthorPost timeSubject AscendingDescending\nPost a reply\n3 posts\n Page 1 of 1\nReturn to Basic support\nJump to:\nSelect a forum\n------------------\nWelcome on board\nCommon answers, tips & tricks, tutorials...\nMAQeia\nThe magician suggests...\nGetting Support for Mageia\nBasic support\nNetworking\nVideo\nSound\nPrinters and Scanners\nAdvanced support\nThe community\nNews and announcements\nGeneral discussions about Mageia\nThe Wizards Lair\nSupporting communities forums\nMLO forums (French)\nmageia-gr.org forums (Greek)\nmageiaitalia.org forums (Italian)\nmageiadobrasil.com.br forums (Portuguese)\nmageia.org.ru forums (Russian)\nBlogdrake forums (Spanish)\nmandriva-tr.org forums (Turkish)\ncontributing to Mageia\nTesting : Alpha, Beta, RC and Cauldron\nBasic questions about contribution\nPackaging and translating for Mageia\nIdeas and suggestions\nOther\nMageia Forums\nDiscussions about forums\nWho is online\nUsers browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest\nBoard index\nThe team Delete all board cookies All times are UTC + 1 hour [ DST ]\nPowered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Group", "url": "https://forums.mageia.org/en/viewtopic.php?t=10276" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Tkinter & PIL issue - Raspberry Pi Forums\nRaspberry Pi\nFor home\nFor industry\nHardware\nSoftware\nDocumentation\nNews\nForums\nFoundation\nForum FAQ\nAbout\nAbout us\nContact us\nDocumentation\nTrademark rules\nLogin\nRegister\nUnanswered topics\nActive topics\nForum FAQ\nAbout\nAbout us\nContact us\nDocumentation\nTrademark rules\nBoard index\nProgramming\nPython\nTkinter & PIL issue\nLocked\nPrint view\n5 posts\n Page 1 of 1\nToomba87\nPosts: 6 Joined: Fri Jan 20, 2017 2:58 am\nTkinter & PIL issue\nFri Jan 20, 2017 3:54 am\nHi there,\nI'm using python 3.4 and wanted to show image by using tkinter\nso I did this\n----------------------\nfrom tkinter import *\nfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk\n<More code below..... but I'll skip it as I think the issue does not comes from there>\n---------------------\nWhen I try to run the code, I have Import Error.\n----------------------\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"/home/pi/Tester.py\", line 3, in <module>\nfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk\nImportError: cannot import name 'ImageTk'\n>>>\n----------------------\nCan you guys advise me where could have been gone wrong?\nMany thanks!\ndasmanul\nPosts: 502 Joined: Wed Sep 30, 2015 10:20 am\nLocation: Frankfurt, Germany\nRe: Tkinter & PIL issue\nFri Jan 20, 2017 7:15 am\nLook here: viewtopic.php?t=26295&p=238300\nToomba87\nPosts: 6 Joined: Fri Jan 20, 2017 2:58 am\nRe: Tkinter & PIL issue\nMon Jan 23, 2017 5:27 am\nThank you for information, I will look into the similar post for solution\nToomba87\nPosts: 6 Joined: Fri Jan 20, 2017 2:58 am\nRe: Tkinter & PIL issue\nWed Jan 25, 2017 2:53 am\nThanks for the update bro! I've found out about this too recently\nNick D\nPosts: 1 Joined: Fri Jun 23, 2017 1:42 pm\nRe: Tkinter & PIL issue\nFri Jun 23, 2017 2:23 pm\nHi All:\nI've had the same issue for some time, but have found a solution.\nUsing a Raspberry Pi 3, along with Python 3.4, my goal is to import either a .jpg or .png image into a tkinter frame.\nThe original problem:\nWhen using the following portion of code:\nCode: Select allfrom tkinter import *\nfrom PIL import Image, ImageTk\nroot = Tk()\ncontent = Frame(root)\ncontent.grid(column=0, row=0)\nimg = ImageTk.PhotoImage(file='picture.jpg')\ntemp = Label(content, image=img)\ntemp.grid(column=1, row=1)\nok = Button(content, text=\"Okay\")\nok.grid(column=2, row=1)\nroot.mainloop()\nHowever phython3+ can't find ImageTk, and creates a error message:\nImportError: cannot import name 'ImageTk'\nSolution:\nFirst check to see if ImageTk.py is installed. It should be located within this directory:\n/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/PIL\nIf ImageTk.py is missing, install the following via command line:\nsudo apt-get install python3-pil.imagetk\nThat will solve the problem, allowing you to use .jpg .png and other with tkinter if you are running Python 3.4 or higher.\nDisplay posts from previous:All posts1 day7 days2 weeks1 month3 months6 months1 yearAll postsSort byAuthorPost timeSubjectPost timeAscendingDescendingAscending\nLocked\nPrint view\n5 posts\n Page 1 of 1\nReturn to Python\nJump to\nCommunity\nGeneral discussion\nAnnouncements\nOther languages\nDeutsch\nEspaol\nFranais\nItaliano\nNederlands\n\nPolski\nPortugus\n\nTrke\nUser groups and events\nThe MagPi\nUsing the Raspberry Pi\nBeginners\nTroubleshooting\nAdvanced users\nAssistive technology and accessibility\nEducation\nPicademy\nTeaching and learning resources\nStaffroom, classroom and projects\nAstro Pi\nMathematica\nHigh Altitude Balloon\nWeather station\nProgramming\nC/C++\nJava\nPython\nScratch\nOther programming languages\nWindows 10 for IoT\nWolfram Language\nBare metal, Assembly language\nGraphics programming\nOpenGLES\nOpenVG\nOpenMAX\nGeneral programming discussion\nProjects\nNetworking and servers\nAutomation, sensing and robotics\nGraphics, sound and multimedia\nOther projects\nMedia centres\nGaming\nAIY Projects\nHardware and peripherals\nCamera board\nCompute Module\nOfficial Display\nHATs and other add-ons\nDevice Tree\nInterfacing (DSI, CSI, I2C, etc.)\nRaspberry Pi 400\nRaspberry Pi Pico\nGeneral\nSDK\nMicroPython\nOther RP2040 boards\nSoftware\nRaspberry Pi OS\nRaspberry Pi Connect\nRaspberry Pi Desktop for PC and Mac\nOther\nAndroid\nDebian\nFreeBSD\nGentoo\nLinux Kernel\nNetBSD\nopenSUSE\nPlan 9\nPuppy\nArch\nPidora / Fedora\nRISCOS\nUbuntu\nYe Olde Pi Shoppe\nFor sale\nWanted\nOff topic\nOff topic discussion\nBoard index\nAll times are UTC\nDelete cookies\nFollow us\nSign up to newsletter\nThreads\nMastodon\nYouTube\nInstagram\nLinkedIn\nFacebook\nAbout Raspberry Pi\nNews\nInvestor relations\nContact us\nTrademark\nAbout us\nOur Approved Resellers\nJobs\nAccessibility\nSite use terms and conditions\nAcceptable use\nCookies\nLicensing\nTerms and conditions of sale\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nVerify our bank details\nFor home\nRaspberry Pi for home\nTutorials\nFor industry\nRaspberry Pi for industry\nThin clients\nRaspberry Pi in space\nPowered by Raspberry Pi\nDesign partners\nSuccess stories\nHardware\nComputers and microcontrollers\nCameras and displays\nAdd-on boards\nPower supplies and cables\nCases\nPeripherals\nSoftware\nRaspberry Pi Connect\nRaspberry Pi Desktop\nRaspberry Pi Imager\nRaspberry Pi OS\nDocumentation\nAll categories\nProduct information portal\nDatasheets\nCommunity\nForums\nEvents\nRaspberry Pi Store\nStore information\nRaspberry Pi Press\nAbout Raspberry Pi Press\nThe MagPi\nHackSpace\nWe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. By continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. Learn more", "url": "https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=172119" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "<---- template headericclude ----->\nPython3 Tkinter : ImageTK\nSign up\nLog in\nRemember Me?\nNews\nWhat's New?\nForum\nNew Posts\nFAQ\nCalendar\nForum Actions\nMark Forums Read\nQuick Links\nToday's Posts\nView Site Leaders\nUser Tagging Statistics\nForum\nCommunity Lounge\nProgramming & Packaging\nPython3 Tkinter : ImageTK\nIf this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. You may have to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.\nResults 1 to 2 of 2\nPython3 Tkinter : ImageTK\nThread Tools\nShow Printable Version\nSearch Thread\nAdvanced Search\nDisplay\nLinear Mode\nSwitch to Hybrid Mode\nSwitch to Threaded Mode\n13th February 2014,02:40 PM\n#1\nWnO3M\nGuest\nPython3 Tkinter : ImageTK\nRiiight. This python lark... ._.;; rather annoying.\nI simply wish to support png files in Tkinter within Python3. How I do that is well neither here nor there so if someone could point me in the best direction I would be very helpful.\nSo far as I can tell PIL, which is the package that supports the traditional version of ImageTK only works (or only has downloads) for Python2.x . Annoyingly however I've chosen Python3 to use (as it most meets my needs further down the line).\nCould someone tell me what the relevant package is called?\nThank you!\nReply With Quote\n13th February 2014,03:06 PM\n#2\nPabloTwo\nView Profile\nView Forum Posts\n\"Fedora User\" T-Shirt Winner\nJoin Date Mar 2007\nLocation Seville, FL\nPosts 8,907\nMentioned 39 Post(s)\nTagged 0 Thread(s)\nRe: Python3 Tkinter : ImageTK\nMaybe this will help?\nCode:\n$ sudo yum search PIL | grep python3\npython3-dogpile-cache.noarch : A caching front-end based on the Dogpile lock.\npython3-dogpile-core.noarch : A 'dogpile' lock, typically used as a component of\npython3-pillow-devel.i686 : Development files for python3-pillow\npython3-pillow-devel.x86_64 : Development files for python3-pillow\npython3-pillow-doc.noarch : Documentation for python3-pillow\npython3-pillow-qt.x86_64 : PIL image wrapper for Qt\npython3-pillow-tk.x86_64 : Tk interface for python3-pillow\npython3.i686 : Version 3 of the Python programming language aka Python 3000\npython3-chameleon.noarch : XML-based template compiler\npython3-lesscpy.noarch : Lesscss compiler\npython3-pillow.i686 : Python 3 image processing library\npython3-pillow.x86_64 : Python 3 image processing library\npython3-pillow-sane.x86_64 : Python module for using scanners\nReply With Quote\nQuick Navigation\nProgramming & Packaging\nTop\nSite Areas\nSettings\nPrivate Messages\nSubscriptions\nWho's Online\nSearch Forums\nForums Home\nForums\nFedora Resources\nTips About The Forum\nGuides & Solutions (Not For Questions)\nNews\nFedora 39 & 40\nInstallation, Upgrades and Live Media\nUsing Fedora\nHardware\nKernel Discussions\nServers & Networking\nSecurity and Privacy\nOther Versions\nFedora Spins & Remixes\nMac Chat\nRawhide\nEOL (End Of Life) Versions\nCommunity Lounge\nFedora Focus\nProgramming & Packaging\nLinux Chat\nWibble\nGamers' Lounge\nReviews, Rants & Things That Make You Scream\nSuggestions & Feedback\nThank yous, positive feedback and atta-boys\nExploring Open Source\nPhotography, Imaging and Graphics Software\nPhotography\nGraphic Arts\nPublication\nAnimation\nOffice/Productivity Software\nAccounting\nWriting software\nFonts\nDesktop Environments / Window Managers\nMedia software\nAudio\nVideo\nThe Dungeon\nArchived (Click Header To See Sub-Forums)\nF40 Development Forum\nF39 Development Forum\nFedora Project Elections\nF38 Development Forum\nF37 Development Forum\nF36 Development Forum\nF35 Development Forum\nF34 Development Forum\nF33 Development Forum\nF32 Development Forum\nF31 Development Forum\nF30 Development Forum\nF29 Development Forum\nF28 Development Forum\nF27 Development Forum\nF26 Development Forum\nF25 Development Forum\nF24 Development Forum\nF23 Development Forum\nF22 Development Forum\nF21 Development Forum\nF-20 Development Forum\nF19 Development\nF18 Development\nF17 Development Forum\nF16 Development\nF15 Development\nF15 Rants - Talking To The Wind\nF14 Development\nFedora 13 Development Branch\nFedora 12 Alpha, Beta & Release Candidates\nAlpha, Beta & Snapshots Discussions (Fedora 11 Only)\nAlpha, Beta & Snapshots Discussions (Fedora 10 Only)\nAlpha - Beta (Fedora 9 Only)\nFedora Core 2 Test Releases\nFedora Core 3 Test Releases\nFedora Core 4 Test\nFedora Core 5 - Dev\nLinks\nAdvisories & Updates\nGallery\nPrevious Thread\n|\nNext Thread\nSimilar Threads\nPython3 Tkinter...icon. 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The time now is 07:22 PM.\nPowered by vBulletin Version 4.2.5 Copyright 2024 vBulletin Solutions Inc. All rights reserved.\nUser Alert System provided by\nAdvanced User Tagging (Lite) -\nvBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright 2024 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.Google Authenticator verification provided by\nTwo-Factor Authentication v1.1.0 (Free) -\nvBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright 2024 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.", "url": "https://forums.fedoraforum.org/showthread.php?297286-Python3-Tkinter-ImageTK" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "python3-pil.imagetk package for Manjaro (Arch Linux) - Ortho4XP - X-Plane.Org Forum\nJump to content\nOrtho4XP\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign In\nRemember me\nNot recommended on shared computers\nSign In\nForgot your password?\nSign Up\nMore\nNews\nWeekly Digest - What is new in The X-Plane World\nInterviews - Developer Spotlight\nDesigners News\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nMore\nPortal\nForum\nForums Rules\nForum Index\nTech Support\nX-Plane 12 Support and Discussion\nX-Plane 12 Tips\nX-Plane 11\nPayware Support\nEngineering Department\nOnline Users\nClubs\nChat\nMore\nOrg Store\nDownloads\nAll Downloads - Index\nTop Planes\nTop Scenery\nTop Utilities\nMore\nNew Members\nForums Rules\nWelcome to X-Plane.org\nAdding Two Factor Authentication to Your Account\nScreenshot Policy\nStart A New Topic\nFlight School\nTutorials\nClubs\nMore\nPayware Support\nMember Projects\nZIBO B737-800 Modified\nDazzyB AI Traffic Packs\nAutoOrtho - streaming ortho imagery\nSimHeaven\nx737 Support\nAeroworx Douglas C-47\nAVITAB\nLive Traffic\nFlywithLua\nMisterX6 Scenery\nOrtho4XP\nWorld2XPlane\nArticles\nX-Aerodynamics Projects\nXHSI\nMore\nFlight School\nVFR Flight School\nX-IFR IFR Flight School\nX-Multi Multi Engines Flight School\nDream Flight : Augusta, GA to the Bahamas\nFlying to Oshkosh - Advanced VFR\nGPS 430-530 Tutorials\nScenario Based Lessons\nPro Flight Planning\nFMC Tutorials Series\nHelo Flight School\nChuck's Overview\nMore\nRecent Posts and Files\nAll Activity\nMy Activity Streams\nNew Files\nUnread Content\nContent I Started\nNew Files\nSearch\nMore\nThis Topic\nEverywhere\nThis Forum\nThis Topic\nStatus Updates\nFiles\nEvents\nTopics\nPages\nArticles\nMembers\nAll Activity\nHome\nForums\nX-Plane.org Sponsored Projects\nOrtho4XP\npython3-pil.imagetk package for Manjaro (Arch Linux)\nTwitter\nInterviews - A Place to Show Them All - New One just Posted\n\npython3-pil.imagetk package for Manjaro (Arch Linux)\npython3-pil.imagetk\nlinux\nmanjaro\nBy\nFlap_\nMay 11, 2018 in Ortho4XP\nStart new topic\nRecommended Posts\nFlap_\nPosted May 11, 2018\nFlap_\nMember\n139\nOS:Linux\nX-Plane user since :v10\nShare\nPosted May 11, 2018\nHey, I'm trying to run Ortho4XP 1.3 on Manjaro, but I can't find thepython3-pil.imagetk package for Manjaro (Arch Linux). Does anyone know how I can install this package?\nI got a nvcompress error, I guess because of this. But I installednvidia-texture-tools which solved this error.\nUnfortunately a different error popped up;\nThe file './Orthophotos/+00+070/+07+079/Arc_16/31312_47296_Arc16.jpg' is not a supported image type.\nNVIDIA Texture Tools 2.1.0 - Copyright NVIDIA Corporation 2007\nAll the other packages installed just fine.\nHope someone can help, Thanks\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nOscar Pilote\nPosted May 11, 2018\nOscar Pilote\nOld Timer\n1.6k\nOS:Linux\nX-Plane user since :v10\nShare\nPosted May 11, 2018\nRegarding PIL Imagetk, looking here it seems that python-pillow already includes it for Arch Linux, so you might not need to install anything more (if you can see the earth tile map then you surely have that package).\nThe nvcompress error is a different matter and I'd be tempted to say you might consider a distro with a (larger and) more deeply tested package base next time you wish to switch. The upstream (castano's github) version of nvcompress requires a bit of work to compile with due dependencies, this is the job of package maintainers of linux distributions. It seems that the Arch Linux one did not test his package enough (or was it an unofficial one like what they call AUR ?) The \"unsupported image type\" you see is is the raw error you'd get if compiling the upstream as is - I know because I tried myself some days ago and got the same error.... I reverted to my slightly older but fully functional Debian package.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nFlap_\nPosted May 11, 2018\nFlap_\nMember\n139\nOS:Linux\nX-Plane user since :v10\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted May 11, 2018\nAh ok, I see. Thanks for the info. Yeah I got thenvidia-texture-tools from AUR;https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/nvidia-texture-tools-git/. There is not an official package I could find.\nIts a shame because I like Manjaro very much. I will just use my Windows partition for now. Thanks for clearing this up\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\n3 weeks later...\nFlap_\nPosted May 30, 2018\nFlap_\nMember\n139\nOS:Linux\nX-Plane user since :v10\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted May 30, 2018\nI have good news! Thisnvidia-texture-tools bug has been fixed on github;https://github.com/castano/nvidia-texture-tools/issues/281I just reinstalled it from AUR and now it works\nJust an other little issue I noticed with the latest airport auto patch version;\n[flap@flap-pc Ortho4XP-airport_auto_patch]$ python3 Ortho4XP_v130.py\nException in thread Thread-9:\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"/usr/lib/python3.6/threading.py\", line 916, in _bootstrap_inner\nself.run()\nFile \"/usr/lib/python3.6/threading.py\", line 864, in run\nself._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs)\nFile \"./src/O4_Tile_Utils.py\", line 125, in build_all\nMESH.build_mesh(tile)\nFile \"./src/O4_Mesh_Utils.py\", line 361, in build_mesh\nfingers_crossed=subprocess.Popen(mesh_cmd,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,bufsize=0)\nFile \"/usr/lib/python3.6/subprocess.py\", line 709, in __init__\nrestore_signals, start_new_session)\nFile \"/usr/lib/python3.6/subprocess.py\", line 1344, in _execute_child\nraise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)\nFileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: './Utils/Triangle4XP_v130': './Utils/Triangle4XP_v130'\nBon vol!I fixed this issue with Triangle4XP issue, byjust renaming the \"Triangle4XP\" file toTriangle4XP_v130\nMaybe I did something wrong, or this was a simple file naming error.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nFlap_\nPosted May 31, 2018\nFlap_\nMember\n139\nOS:Linux\nX-Plane user since :v10\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted May 31, 2018\nI see this is already fixed now, Thanks!@Oscar Pilote\nhttps://github.com/oscarpilote/Ortho4XP/commit/8bc53370b9bd243c4aaff29a91e0f111871e066b\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nArchived\nThis topic is now archived and is closed to further replies.\nGo to topic listing\nRecently Browsing\n0 members\nNo registered users viewing this page.\nAll Activity\nHome\nForums\nX-Plane.org Sponsored Projects\nOrtho4XP\npython3-pil.imagetk package for Manjaro (Arch Linux)\nPrivacy Policy\nContact Us\nCookies\nTwitter\nX-Plane.Org\nPowered by Invision Community\n\nExisting user? 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mario Kart DS - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Gameplay\n2Development\n3Reception\n4Notes\n5References\n6External links\nToggle the table of contents\nMario Kart DS\n34 languages\nAsturianuBrezhonegCataletinaDeutschEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFranaisGaeilgeBahasa IndonesiaItalianoLadinLatvieuLombardNederlandsNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskPolskiPortugusSimple EnglishSuomiSvenskaTrke\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikibooks\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n2005 video game\nThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources:\"Mario Kart DS\"news newspapers books scholar JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\n2005 video gameMario Kart DSNorth American box artDeveloper(s)Nintendo EADPublisher(s)NintendoDirector(s)Makoto WadaYasuyuki OyagiProducer(s)Hideki KonnoDesigner(s)Yoshiki HaruhanaProgrammer(s)Katsuhisa SatoComposer(s)Shinobu TanakaSeriesMario KartPlatform(s)Nintendo DSReleaseNA: November 14, 2005AU: November 17, 2005ITA: November 24, 2005PAL: November 25, 2005JP: December 8, 2005Genre(s)Kart racingMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer\nMario Kart DS[a] is a 2005 kart racing video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It was released in November 2005 in North America, Europe, and Australia, and on December 8, 2005, in Japan. The game was re-released for the Wii U's Virtual Console in North America and PAL regions in April 2015 and in Japan in May 2016. The game is the fifth main entry in the Mario Kart series of video games, and the first to be playable via the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection online service. Like other games in the series, Mario Kart DS features characters from the Mario series and pits them against each other as they race in karts on tracks based on locations in the Mario series.\nThe game received critical acclaim and was praised for its graphics and gameplay as well as its Battle and Versus mode but was criticized for its repetitive single-player mode. Mario Kart DS received several awards, including Editors' Choice Awards from GameSpot and IGN, G-Phoria's Best Handheld Game award, and IGN's Best Racing/Driving Game.\nMario Kart DS was the best-selling game in its first month of release and held that position the following month. Overall, Mario Kart DS is the third best-selling game for the Nintendo DS as of March 2016 and the third best-selling Mario Kart game, behind Mario Kart 8 Deluxe and Mario Kart Wii, with 23.6 million units sold worldwide.\nGameplay[edit]\nSee also: Gameplay of the Mario Kart series\nMario racing on Figure-8 Circuit, the first course of the game. The top screen shows item boxes that are in front of him, and the bottom screen shows a bird's-eye view of the immediate vicinity.\nMario Kart DS is a racing game in which the player, as a Mario franchise character, races in a kart against other 7 characters.[1]\nEach course features item boxes that the player can drive through to receive a randomly selected item. Some items allow the player to attack other racers to slow them down, while other items can be used to speed up their own kart to pass other racers more easily.[2]:10\nThe game features a base roster of the eight playable characters from Mario Kart 64 and Mario Kart: Super Circuit,[2]:31 along with four unlockable characters Daisy, Dry Bones, Waluigi, and R.O.B. for a total of 12.[3] Each character has three unique karts to choose from,[2]:31 each of which vary in attributes such as top speed, acceleration, and handling.[4]\nThe game features five single-player game modes: Grand Prix, Time Trial, Versus, Battle, and Mission.[2]:1321 The Grand Prix and Versus modes require the player to choose an engine class from among 50cc, 100cc, and 150cc.[2]:13 The classes serve as difficulty levelsthe higher the engine class, the faster all karts go. In addition, a Mirror mode can be unlocked, in which karts use 150cc engines and tracks are horizontally flipped. The game features 32 courses across eight cups, half of which contain tracks from previous Mario Kart games (known as Retro Grand Prix).[2]:13\nThe game also features a multiplayer mode, in which 8 players race each other using the DS Download Play feature for consoles without a cartridge or a multi-card wireless LAN connection.[2]:2729 This version has limited courses available,[2]:27 and players with no cartridges play as Shy Guy, a character unavailable in normal play.[2]:34\nUntil its discontinuation on May 20, 2014, Mario Kart DS supported online play via the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, in which up to 4 players could play together.[2]:37[5]\nDevelopment[edit]\nNintendo announced on May 11, 2004 that they planned to release a Mario Kart game for the Nintendo DS, releasing some gameplay video footage at the same time.[6] The company offered the game for the public to play for the first time at the 2005 Game Developers Conference, where the game's wireless feature was also showcased.[7] Mario Kart DS was produced by Hideki Konno.[8] The game runs at a consistent 60 frames per second and uses full 3D characters and environments.[7]\nMario Kart DS is the first Mario Kart iteration to support online play. Konno remarked that although both Mario Kart DS and the Halo series feature online play, he noted that most of the people who use the feature in Halo games were \"hardcore gamers\".[8] With Mario Kart DS, Konno wanted \"everyone to go online, and the technology and time is right for that to happen\". As the Mario Kart game for the Nintendo DS, the developers tested several features that took advantage of the device's bottom touchscreen.[8] They considered letting players place items anywhere on the track instead of just behind their kart. However, the developers found it too confusing because the game already had too many distractions, making it difficult to control where to place items while racing.[8]\nIn an interview, Konno noted that tracks from previous Mario Kart games were included in Mario Kart DS so that players who played the original Super Mario Kart on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System would feel more familiar with the DS iteration of the series.[9]\nReception[edit]\nReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic91/100[10]Review scoresPublicationScore1Up.comA[11]Computer and Video Games9/10[12]Eurogamer9/10[13]GamePro[14]GameRevolutionA[15]GameSpot9.2/10[4]GameSpy[16]GamesTM7/10[17]GameTrailers9.3/10[18]GameZone9.5/10[19]IGN9.5/10[1]Nintendo World Report10/10[20]X-Play[21]\nMario Kart DS was released by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS in North America on November 14, 2005,[22] in Australia on November 17, 2005,[23] in Europe in November 2005,[24][25][22] and in Japan on December 8, 2005.[22] Nintendo later revealed that Mario Kart DS would also be sold bundled with a new red-colored Nintendo DS starting on November 28, 2005, along with \"a checkered-flag wrist strap, and racing-inspired decals to customize new red handheld\".[26] The game was released to critical acclaim; it holds an aggregated score of 91% on Metacritic.[10] Praise focused on the game's graphics and gameplay, while criticism targeted its repetitive single-player mode. Mario Kart DS received Editors' Choice awards from GameSpot[4] and IGN.[1] The game was nominated by GameSpot for several Best of 2005 awards, including Best Multiplayer Game,[27] Best Driving Game,[28] and Best DS Game, winning the last one.[29] The game received G-Phoria's Best Handheld Game award.[30] IGN gave the game the awards for Best Racing/Driving Game.[31][32] During the 9th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Mario Kart DS in the categories of \"Racing Game of the Year\" and \"Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay\".[33]\nSeveral reviews praised the game for living up to the standards set by its predecessors. Finding the game's online shortcomings annoying, GameSpy still believed that the single-player mode and local wireless gameplay more than made up for them.[16] Nintendo World Report noticed that \"the best features of past Mario Kart games are back\" and work well with the new features in Mario Kart DS, calling the result \"the most impressive game to ever hit the Nintendo DS and also the best game in the Mario Kart series\".[20] X-Play shared this sentiment, and remarked that the game shattered all of its expectations, making it the \"best kart racing game ever releasedhandheld or otherwise\".[21] GameZone also believed that Mario Kart DS \"lives up to its legacy\" with its inventive courses, \"stellar\" multiplayer, and \"more replay value than any other racer in its class\".[19] Alejandro K. Brown of CBS News appreciated the game's unique use of Nintendo DS features, such as its microphone and wireless connectivity.[34] GamesRadar named Mario Kart DS the best DS game of all time, beating out Pokmon Black and White (2nd) and Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars (3rd).[35]\nFinding it hard to imagine how Nintendo could make a Mario Kart game better than Mario Kart DS, IGN lauded Mario Kart DS's gameplay and depth in its design.[1] GameSpot called the game a \"significant step forward\" for the Mario Kart series, partly because it is the first in the series to feature online play.[4] Game Revolution remarked that the game \"goes the distance\" with its single-player and multiplayer modes.[15] 1Up.com complimented the \"surprisingly compelling package\", describing it as a \"portable racing game on par with anything ever to appear on a console\".[11] Video game magazine GamePro was pleased with the variety of racers, courses, modes, and multiplayer options offered, toting the game as a \"must play\" for any Nintendo fan and a requisite for any Nintendo DS owner to purchase.[14] Computer and Video Games described Mario Kart DS as the \"most complete\" Mario Kart game, despite a few graphical shortcomings.[12] Eurogamer enjoyed the game's multiplayer mode, calling it \"genuinely practical to play with other people\".[13] British publication GamesTM criticized the game for being simply a \"polishing of the Mario Kart concept and little else\".[17]\nThe game was the first for the Nintendo DS to take advantage of the console's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection feature. By the end of its debut week in the United States, 112,000 people purchased the game, of which 52,000 of them had logged onto Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection to play against other people over the Internet.[36] Mario Kart DS was the best-selling handheld game in its debut month of November 2005 in the United States.[37] It was the 10th best-selling game of 2008, and the best-selling Nintendo DS game of that year.[38] In Japan, the game sold 224,411 copies in its first week.[39] Mario Kart DS sold 3,112,363 units as of July 2008,[40] and 3,224,996 copies as of January 2009, making it the sixth best-selling game for the Nintendo DS since the console's release.[41] In the United States, it sold 910,000 copies and earned $31million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the 23rd highest-selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, or PlayStation Portable in that country.[42] In 2009, Official Nintendo Magazine ranked the game 26th on a list of greatest Nintendo games.[43] As of March 2016, Mario Kart DS has sold 23.6million units worldwide.[44]\nNotes[edit]\n^ Mario Kart DS (DS, Mario Kto D Esu)\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c d Harris, Craig (November 11, 2005). \"Mario Kart DS\". IGN. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Nintendo (November 14, 2005). Mario Kart DS instruction manual. Nintendo.\n^ https://www.engadget.com/2005-11-09-r-o-b-a-hidden-character-in-mario-kart-ds.html\n^ a b c d Calvert, Justin (November 14, 2005). \"Mario Kart DS Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 7, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ Makuch, Eddie (February 27, 2014). \"Nintendo killing online support for Mario Kart Wii, Super Smash Bros. Brawl in May\". Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2014.\n^ Harris, Craig (May 11, 2004). \"E3 2004: Mario Kart on DS\". IGN. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b Harris, Craig (March 10, 2005). \"GDC 2005: Mario Kart Impressions\". IGN. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b c d Harris, Craig (May 19, 2005). \"E3 2005: Mario Kart DS Interview\". IGN. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ Riley, Adam (August 20, 2012). \"Nintendo Interview | Hideki Konno on All Things Mario Kart\". Cubed3. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2012.\n^ a b \"Mario Kart DS\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b Parish, Jeremy (November 10, 2005). \"Mario Kart DS (Nintendo DS)\". 1Up.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b \"Mario Kart DS\". Computer and Video Games. November 24, 2005. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b Bramwell, Tom (November 22, 2005). \"Mario Kart DS Review\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on October 13, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b Burner, Rice (November 14, 2005). \"Mario Kart DS\". GamePro. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b Silverman, Ben (November 15, 2005). \"Mario Kart DS DS Review\". GameRevolution. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b Williams, Bryn (November 16, 2005). \"Mario Kart DS (DS)\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b \"Mario Kart DS review\". GamesTM. May 2006. p.99.\n^ \"Mario Kart DS Video Review and Ratings\". GameTrailers. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.\n^ a b Bedigian, Louis (December 12, 2005). \"Mario Kart DS Review\". GameZone. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2009.\n^ a b Sklens, Mike (November 19, 2005). \"Mario Kart DS\". Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b \"Mario Kart DS\". X-Play. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ a b c \"Mario Kart DS Overview\". Nintendo Life. August 7, 2019. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2020.\n^ \"Mario Kart DS\". Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2020.\n^ \"Mario Kart DS\". gamepro.de. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.\n^ \"Mario Kart DS\". gamezone.de. November 28, 2005. Archived from the original on January 2, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2020.\n^ Adams, David (October 12, 2005). \"Nintendo Reveals Red-Hot DS Bundle\". IGN. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ \"Best Multiplayer Game\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 20, 2006. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ \"Best Driving Game\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ \"Best DS Game\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ Thorsen, Tor (August 10, 2006). \"G4 announces G-phoria winners, books Jack Thompson\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ \"Best Racing/Driving Game\". IGN. Archived from the original on December 23, 2005. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ \"Game of the Year\". IGN. Archived from the original on December 23, 2005. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ \"D.I.C.E. Awards By Video Game Details Mario Kart DS\". interactive.org. Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Retrieved October 30, 2023.\n^ Vitka, William (November 18, 2005). \"Mario Kart DS Dominates\". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2009.\n^ GamesRadar staff (September 15, 2012). \"Best DS Games\". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2013.\n^ \"Nearly Half of Mario Kart DS Owners Play Via Wi-Fi in First Week\". GameZone. November 22, 2005. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\n^ \"Best Selling Games\". NPD. December 2005.\n^ \"NPD: Nintendo Drives '08 Industry Sales Past $21 Billion\". GameDaily. January 15, 2009. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2009.\n^ \"Best Selling Games\". Famitsu. January 2006.\n^ \"Best Selling Games\". Famitsu. July 2008.\n^ \"Best Selling Games\". Famitsu. January 2009.\n^ Keiser, Joe (August 2, 2006). \"The Century's Top 50 Handheld Games\". Next Generation. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007.\n^ East, Tom (February 24, 2009). \"100 Best Nintendo Games: Part 4\". Official Nintendo Magazine. Future plc. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2022.\n^ \"Top Selling Software Sales Units\". Nintendo. March 31, 2016. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2016.\nExternal links[edit]\nOfficial website (in Japanese)\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Mario Kart DS.\nPortals: 2000s Video games\nvteMario Kart\nMario franchise\nList of Mario racing games\nMain games\nSuper Mario Kart\n64\nSuper Circuit\nDouble Dash\nDS\nWii\n7\n8\nTour\nOther games\nArcade GP\nLive: Home Circuit\nDevelopment\nNintendo\nIntelligent Systems\nBandai Namco Entertainment\nRetro Studios\nDeNA\nUniverse\nBlue shell\nRainbow Road\nRelated\nMario sports games\nBowser's Challenge\nF1 Race\nF-Zero\nThe Super Mario Bros. Movie\nKart Fighter\nCategory\nAuthority control databases\nMusicBrainz work\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Kart_DS&oldid=1224230181\"\nCategories: Mario Kart2005 video gamesInactive multiplayer online gamesMario racing gamesMultiplayer and single-player video gamesMultiplayer online gamesNintendo DS gamesNintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development gamesNintendo Wi-Fi Connection gamesVideo games developed in JapanVirtual Console gamesVirtual Console games for Wii UHidden categories: Articles containing Japanese-language textArticles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataArticles needing additional references from January 2024All articles needing additional referencesUse mdy dates from April 2016Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parametersArticles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined imagesArticles using Video game reviews template in single platform modeArticles with Japanese-language sources (ja)Commons category link from WikidataArticles with MusicBrainz work identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 17 May 2024, at 01:40(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Kart_DS" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mario Kart DS - Super Mario Wiki, the Mario encyclopedia\nMario Kart DS\nFrom the Super Mario Wiki, the Mario encyclopedia\nJump to navigationJump to search\nMario Kart DS\nFor alternate box art, see the game's gallery.\nDeveloper\nNintendo EAD\nPublisher\nNintendo\nPlatform(s)\nNintendo DS, Virtual Console (Wii U)\nRelease date\nNintendo DS: November 14, 2005 November 17, 2005 November 25, 2005 December 8, 2005 December 8, 2005 December 8, 2005 April 5, 2007 Virtual Console (Wii U): April 1, 2015 April 2, 2015 April 23, 2015 May 25, 2016\nLanguage(s)\nDeutschEnglish (United States)Espaol (Espaa)Franais (France)Italiano\nGenre\nRacing\nRating(s)\nESRB: - EveryonePEGI: - Three years and olderCERO: - All agesACB: - GeneralUSK: - All ages\nMode(s)\nSingle playerLocal Wireless Play: 28 playersWi-Fi Connection: 2-4 players\nMedia\nWii U: Digital downloadNintendo DS:\nGame Card\nInput\nWii U: Wii U GamePadNintendo DS: Gamepad Stylus Microphone\nMario Kart DS is a racing game in the Mario Kart series for the Nintendo DS, developed and published by Nintendo. Mario Kart DS was released first in North America, on November 14, 2005, and is the only mainline Mario Kart game to be released first in North America. Unlike its predecessor, Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, it retains the traditional single-driver kart racing elements in the Mario Kart series, where players race against seven competitors in obstacle tracks, using item-based weaponry to gain further advantages over their opponents. It is the first handheld Mario Kart title to use live-rendered 3D graphics for most of the objects in the game, including characters, vehicles, and racetracks.\nMario Kart DS expands and introduces mechanics that would later become the standard in future titles, most notably the Retro Grand Prix, and the advent of retro courses in general, that revamps tracks from all previous titles from the Mario Kart series. Mario Kart DS supports both single pak and multi-pak gameplay via DS Download Play, and is the first Super Mario title to support Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, allowing players to race against opponents by using online services across the world. On May 20, 2014, the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection has been discontinued, making online play no longer possible.\nMario Kart DS has its own mechanics that are not available in other Mario Kart games, such as customizing emblems for the vehicles, and the Missions mode, in which racers are tasked to complete objectives in a short series of events. The game also makes use of the Nintendo DS's features, using the bottom screen to display other HUD elements such as two types of maps, character order, and what items their opponents have.\nOn April 23, 2015, Mario Kart DS became available for purchase for the Wii U's Virtual Console service via the Nintendo eShop until March 27, 2023 after the service's discontinuation. Players who purchased the title before this date can still play it as long as it is on their Wii U device. The Virtual Console version is only playable in single-player mode.\nContents\n1 Controls\n1.1 Menu controls\n1.2 Race controls\n1.3 Wii U Menu controls\n1.4 Wii U Race controls\n2 Game modes\n2.1 Grand Prix\n2.2 Time Trial\n2.3 VS\n2.4 Battle\n2.4.1 Balloon Battle\n2.4.2 Shine Runners\n2.5 Missions\n2.5.1 Missions table\n2.6 Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection mode\n2.6.1 Connection\n2.6.2 Issues\n3 Characters\n3.1 Drivers\n3.2 Other characters\n4 Karts\n4.1 Displayed statistics\n4.1.1 Standard karts\n4.1.2 Default signature karts\n4.1.3 Unlockable signature karts\n4.2 Actual statistics\n5 Courses\n5.1 Nitro Grand Prix\n5.2 Retro Grand Prix\n5.3 Staff Ghosts\n6 Items\n7 Racing techniques\n7.1 Rocket Start\n7.2 Drifting and powersliding\n7.3 Slipstreaming\n8 Multiplayer\n9 Options\n10 Gallery\n11 Media\n12 Pre-release and unused content\n13 Glitches\n13.1 Choco Mountain boulder glitch\n13.2 Mini-Spin turn item glitch\n13.3 Pipe Plaza Bob-omb glitch\n14 Staff\n15 Reception\n15.1 Sales\n16 References to other games\n17 References in later games\n18 Names in other languages\n19 Trivia\n20 References\n21 External links\nControls\nMenu controls\n- Scroll\n- Select\n- Back\n- Tap selection\nRace controls\n- Accelerate/Rocket Start (hold at 2 during the countdown before the race starts)\n- Brake/reverse\n/ - Use current Item/Stop Item Roulette/Equip Item\n- Steer\n/ + - Throw items backward or forward.\n- Hop/Powerslide/Drift (Hold)/Mini-Turbo (Release)\n/ - Change map view (does not work in Mission Mode)\n- Pause/resume game\n- Blow Balloon (Balloon Battle), Toggle arrows/Mushrooms on/off (Time Trial)\n- Blow Balloon (Balloon Battle)\nWii U Menu controls\n- Scroll\n- Select\n- Back\n- Tap selection\nWii U Race controls\n- Accelerate/Rocket Start (hold at 2 during the countdown before the race starts)\n- Brake/reverse\n/ - Use current Item/Stop Item Roulette/Equip Item\n- Steer\n- Throw items backward or forward.\n- Hop/Powerslide/Drift (Hold)/Mini-Turbo (Release)\n/ - Change map view (does not work in Mission Mode)\n- Pause/resume game\n- Blow Balloon (Balloon Battle), Toggle arrows/Mushrooms on/off (Time Trial)\n- Blow Balloon (Balloon Battle)\nGame modes\nThe title screen after the game's completion.\nAs in Mario Kart 64 and Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, the game introduced sixteen courses for the four main cups: Mushroom Cup, Flower Cup, Star Cup, and Special Cup, which are collectively known as the nitro cups. The game also includes sixteen courses that appeared in earlier Mario Kart games and are part of the retro cups: Shell Cup, Banana Cup, Leaf Cup, and the Lightning Cup. These cups are sorted by difficulty in the same way as the nitro cups.\nIn every retro cup, each of the four courses originate from a different Mario Kart game. Every retro cup has their courses ordered in the same way as the release order of the four previous Mario Kart games. Furthermore, every retro course's name starts with an abbreviation of the game console that their originating game was released for:\nSNES, which represents Super Mario Kart\nN64, which represents Mario Kart 64\nGBA, which represents Mario Kart: Super Circuit\nGCN, which represents Mario Kart: Double Dash!!\nStarting with the following Mario Kart game, Mario Kart Wii, stages originating from Mario Kart DS were included as retro courses and were represented by the abbreviation \"DS\".\nGrand Prix\nGrand Prix is a single player-exclusive mode. In it, a player competes in each cup in 50cc, 100cc, 150cc, and Mirror 150cc engine classes, with ascending speed and difficulty. The game reuses the point system of Mario Kart: Double Dash!! by awarding 10/8/6/4/3/2/1/0 points for first to eighth place respectively. Similarly to Mario Kart: Super Circuit, a rating of how well a player performed is shown after the trophy presentation, from highest to lowest: , , , A, B, C, D and E. An overall \"game ranking\" of , , or is shown in the Records area if the player has earned the designated rating in every cup and class.\nTime Trial\nTime Trial is a single player-exclusive mode. In it, the player's character races to complete a course in the fastest time. The item rating of a kart determines how many Mushrooms the racer can have once they start the race; vehicles with low item rate can only use one Mushroom; the ones with average item rate use two and the ones with high item rate use three. Players can choose to race against their best time as a Ghost, the Staff Ghost (raced by a Japanese Nintendo staff player with a * game ranking), or no Ghost. The game can download records from other players, allowing the player's character to race their Ghosts.\nVS\nIn VS mode (single or multiplayer), player(s) choose their Karts and head out on the race track. They can earn points based of their finish position in each race. The player can also choose what course they race on (provided they've unlocked it). Up to eight players can play locally via wireless - simple mode only uses one game card but is limited. The essential requirement is that everyone has a DS or 3DS system. In VS mode, the player can choose the engine class, the CPU's difficulty level, the way the courses will be chosen - by the player, in order or random; the rules to win races (either free - infinite races; number of wins from 1 to 10 - where only the first racer earns points, or the number of races from 1 up to 32 (functions similarly to the All-Cup Tour from Mario Kart: Double Dash!), and team race mode.\nIt is possible to have up to eight players play using just one Mario Kart DS game card - using the DS Download Play locally. Here, only the Mushroom Cup and Shell Cup tracks are playable, and everyone except the host must play as a random color of Shy Guy, in which he becomes playable then. If everyone has a game card, all tracks are available and there are no limitations.\nWhen playing in VS races where players place for a set number of races rather than for a set number of wins, players score points based off their finish position. If the game is being played in teams, the amount of points each player earns for each race is multiplied by about 1.5. The point system is the same as the one used in Wi-Fi when playing with 2-4 players and the one used in Grand Prix when playing with 8 players or with CPU opponents. However, when playing with 5-7 players, the distribution is as follows:\nPoint spread\nNumber of players\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n2 players\n10\n5\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n3 players\n10\n7\n4\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n4 players\n10\n7\n4\n1\n-\n-\n-\n-\n5 players[1]\n10\n8\n5\n2\n0\n-\n-\n-\n6 players[2]\n10\n8\n6\n3\n1\n0\n-\n-\n7 players[3]\n10\n8\n6\n4\n2\n1\n0\n-\n8 players\n10\n8\n6\n4\n3\n2\n1\n0\nBlue text indicates winning results.\nGreen text indicates moderate results.\nBlack text indicates losing results.\nBattle\nIn Battle mode, there are six battle stages, four of which are original and two of which are from earlier Mario Kart games:\nNintendo DS\nTwilight House*\nPalm Shore*\nTart Top\nBlock Fort*\nPipe Plaza\n* - Not playable in the simple version of multiplayer mode.\nIn single player mode, the user faces CPU controlled racers, whose difficulty can be set in the battle's setup menu. All racers drive their respective standard Kart only within this mode (note that all the standard karts have the same stats in battle mode and only the weight will differ, depending on the weight of the character chosen). Additionally, other players can join a battle locally. However, Battle Mode is unavailable on the Wi-Fi mode. Like in versus, battles can also be played in teams, and rounds in team battles end when all of one team's players have been eliminated.\nMario Kart DS is the only Mario Kart game to exclude console abbreviations from the names of its retro battle courses; in other words, the game does not name Block Fort and Pipe Plaza as N64 Block Fort and GCN Pipe Plaza respectively. Additionally, the retro battle courses do not retain their music from their original appearances, instead using the same music as the nitro battle courses.\nBalloon Battle\nMario in a Balloon Battle at Palm Shore.\nThe classic battle mode seen in all Mario Kart mainstream, gets a new twist in Mario Kart DS. From previous games, racers begin a match with three balloons. In this game, however, all players begin with a single balloon, though they can get more by blowing up their balloons using the microphone feature on the DS, or just holding the button. Each player has four balloons in stock (five in total) and racers can hold up to three balloons in battle. On the other hand, the less balloons a player has, the more powerful items they will obtain from the Item Boxes. Racers may also take possession of a balloon from their opponents if the thief has used a Mushroom and made contact to the opponent's kart. If the player loses all their balloons they are eliminated.\nThe following is what the game describes this mode as:\nBurst your opponents' balloons with items! If all your inflated balloons burst, you lose! Blow into the mic to inflate your balloons!\nShine Runners\nAdopted from the Mario Kart: Double Dash!! version, nine Shine Sprites are scattered onto the course at the beginning. Players need to capture the Shine Sprites, and to avoid being hit, as it causes a player to lose one sprite. The sprite then moves to a random spot for someone else to grab. In the meantime, a clock ticks down to zero. Anyone with or tied with the lowest Shine total when the clock hits zero is eliminated. The clock resets itself to a lower time and the battle continues until at least one is left (there are nine sprites to avoid a tie, but it is possible to have two players with four sprites each or four players with two sprites each or all eight players with one sprite each trying to get that last one on the course when time expires, or have three players with three sprites each; in either case, no one is eliminated and the clock resets as usual). The less sprites a player has, the better an item is obtained (Spiny Shells and Bullet Bills remain out). Shine Runners is almost the same as Coin Runners in Mario Kart Wii, Mario Kart 7 and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe, but instead of Shine Sprites, they use coins.\nCollect more Shines than anyone else! Steal opponents' Shines to add to your total. Those with less Shines get booted over time.\nMissions\nYoshi battling Big Bully in Mission Mode.\nMissions mode is a new single-player mode for Mario Kart DS in which the player must complete some tasks and earn a ranking similarly to that in Grand Prix mode. It involves seven levels, each containing eight \"missions\" and a boss battle, most of which are taken from Super Mario 64 DS. The ranks almost always depend on how much time is left or taken. There are varying mission types:\nDriving through gates - driving in between giant half wheels in the ground. Very often the player has to pass these gates in numerical order.\nCollecting coins - Players must pick up all the coins set in the track. Players may lose these coins by some obstacle of such course.\nDestroying item boxes - Players must run over Item Boxes. Usually the racer will obtain Mushrooms after taking a box. In some cases, Item Boxes will move, and the player will have to catch up with it. Other missions the player must take care not to pick up the Fake Item Boxes alongside real ones.\nUsing Stars, Bob-ombs, or shells to destroy enemies.\nDriving backwards - players must use the button to move, and directions on the are reversed. It is sometimes combined with other mission types.\nPerforming power boosts within a certain lap - as said. More power boosts are often required to finish faster, meaning a higher ranking.\nRacing a CPU player for one lap - item boxes contain Mushrooms and Stars that the CPU cannot use - the key to win. CPU players will always perform a Rocket Start. This mission type also includes a race against a Red Car and a Chain Chomp.\nBoss Battle - Unlocked after completion of the first eight missions in a level. The racer is usually required to use items in boss battles. Every boss is from Super Mario 64 DS, and each of them have their own battlefield stage and require a different strategy to defeat.\nThere are some one-time isolated missions that are self-explanatory. Each mission takes place on a course, often blocked off in some areas (sometimes even a battle course) and players are given a character in their own standard kart (CPU players are also in standard karts). None of the unlockable characters are playable, and Bowser and Donkey Kong do not fight a boss. Sometimes Mushrooms are laid across the track to help the player to complete the mission. When at least a ranking is achieved on all missions and bosses in the first six levels, Level 7 is unlocked. When the boss battles of Level 6 and 7 are completed, the first version of the staff credits is shown.\nMissions table\nThe following table includes the mission number, in-game mission description, time limit for the mission (0:00 signifies it is a race, and the mission finishes at 2:00 if the race is not completed), course, character the player plays as, and item distribution used. For a list of the item sets used, see here. CPU opponents always use set 1.\nLevel 1\nMission\nDescription\nTime limit\nTrack\nCharacter\nItem set\n1-1\nDrive through all 5 numbered gates in order!\n0:35\nFigure-8 Circuit\nMario\nN/A\n1-2\nCollect all 15 coins!\n0:30\nGBA Peach Circuit\nPeach\nN/A\n1-3\nDestroy all 10 item boxes!\n0:45\nYoshi Falls\nYoshi\n2\n1-4\nGet the Star and use it to hit 5 Cheep Cheeps!\n0:40\nCheep Cheep Beach\nWario\n4\n1-5\nDrive through all 6 numbered gates in order!\n0:30\nNintendo DS\nToad\nN/A\n1-6\nDrive out of the mansion...backward!\n0:45\nLuigi's Mansion\nLuigi\nN/A\n1-7\nCollect all 20 coins!\n0:35\nN64 Moo Moo Farm\nDK\n3\n1-8\nPerform 4 power-slide turbo boosts in 1 lap!\n0:45\nSNES Mario Circuit 1\nMario\nN/A\nBoss\nUse Mushrooms to crash into the Big Bully and knock him off the stage!\n3:00\nWater Arena*\nYoshi\n3\nLevel 2\n2-1\nCrash into all 10 wooden crates and destroy every one!\n0:55\nDelfino Square\nWario\nN/A\n2-2\nCollect all 10 coins!\n0:30\nFigure-8 Circuit\nYoshi\nN/A\n2-3\nDrive through all 5 numbered gates in order!\n0:45\nSNES Donut Plains 1\nDK\nN/A\n2-4\nDestroy all 5 item boxes!\n0:35\nLuigi's Mansion\nLuigi\n2\n2-5\nCollect all 20 coins!\n0:30\nCheep Cheep Beach\nPeach\nN/A\n2-6\nUse Bob-ombs to destroy all 5 Pokeys!\n0:55\nDesert Hills\nWario\n9\n2-7\nDrive through all 10 numbered gates in order!\n0:55\nGCN Luigi Circuit\nToad\n2\n2-8\nPerform 6 power-slide turbo boosts in 3 laps!\n0:55\nGCN Baby Park\nPeach\n4\nBoss\nHit the Eyerok's eyeball 3 times with shells!\n5:00\nSand Arena*\nMario\n11\nLevel 3\n3-1\nDestroy all 5 item boxes!\n0:50\nWaluigi Pinball\nWario\n4\n3-2\nDrive through all 5 numbered gates in order...backward!\n0:50\nDelfino Square\nBowser\nN/A\n3-3\nCollect all 15 coins while avoiding the Chain Chomp!\n0:25\nGCN Luigi Circuit\nLuigi\nN/A\n3-4\nReach the finish before Yoshi!\n0:00\nYoshi Falls\nPeach\n8\n3-5\nDrive through all 8 numbered gates in order!\n0:45\nGCN Pipe Plaza\nYoshi\nN/A\n3-6\nHit Monty Moles with shells 5 times!\n1:05\nN64 Moo Moo Farm\nLuigi\n11\n3-7\nPerform 10 power-slide turbo boosts in 1 lap!\n1:10\nShroom Ridge\nDK\nN/A\n3-8\nCollect all 20 coins!\n1:05\nTwilight House\nMario\nN/A\nBoss\nReach the finish before Goomboss!\n0:00\nGCN Baby Park\nToad\nN/A\nLevel 4\n4-1\nReach the finish before Donkey Kong!\n0:00\nDK Pass**\nWario\n8\n4-2\nBlast 20 crabs!1\n2:00\nPalm Shore\nYoshi\n10\n4-3\nReach the finish before the red car!\n0:00\nShroom Ridge\nMario\n3\n4-4\nDrive through all 7 numbered gates in order!\n0:45\nDesert Hills\nWario\n3\n4-5\nCollect all 15 coins. If you get squished by a Thwomp, you fail!\n0:30\nGBA Bowser Castle 2\nBowser\nN/A\n4-6\nBreak all 10 item boxes while avoiding the Fake Items!\n1:10\nN64 Choco Mountain\nDK\n2\n4-7\nDrive through all 10 gates!2\n0:45\nWaluigi Pinball\nToad\nN/A\n4-8\nPerform 9 power-slide turbo boosts in 1 lap!\n1:00\nGBA Luigi Circuit\nLuigi\nN/A\nBoss\nCollect 50 coins while avoiding King Boo!\n5:00\nLava Arena*\nPeach\nN/A\nLevel 5\n5-1\nReach the finish before the stray Chain Chomp!\n0:00\nPeach Gardens\nPeach\n3\n5-2\nDrive backward and collect 15 coins! If you hit a snowman, you fail!\n0:30\nN64 Frappe Snowland\nDK\nN/A\n5-3\nDestroy all 5 item boxes!\n0:35\nSNES Koopa Beach 2\nToad\n2\n5-4\nDrive through all 10 numbered gates in order!\n1:05\nGBA Bowser Castle 2\nBowser\nN/A\n5-5\nComplete 1 lap in the opposite direction within the time limit!\n0:55\nGCN Mushroom Bridge\nMario\n2\n5-6\nCollect all 18 coins!\n0:45\nTart Top\nYoshi\nN/A\n5-7\nDrive through all 8 numbered gates in order!\n0:45\nDK Pass**\nToad\nN/A\n5-8\nReach the finish before Mario!\n0:00\nMario Circuit\nLuigi\n8\nBoss\nHit the Big Bob-omb with 3 Bob-ombs!\n5:00\nSand Arena*\nWario\n9\nLevel 6\n6-1\nDrive backward across the spinning bridge! If you fall, you're out!\n0:30\nBowser Castle\nBowser\nN/A\n6-2\nGet Stars and run over 15 Rocky Wrenches!\n0:55\nAirship Fortress\nWario\n4\n6-3\nCollect all 30 coins!\n0:45\nSNES Choco Island 2\nYoshi\nN/A\n6-4\nDestroy all 10 item boxes!\n2:00\nN64 Block Fort\nMario\n2\n6-5\nDrive through all 8 numbered gates in order!\n0:50\nGBA Sky Garden\nPeach\n3\n6-6\nPerform 14 power-slide turbo boosts in 1 lap!\n1:00\nGCN Yoshi Circuit\nYoshi\nN/A\n6-7\nCollect all 40 coins!\n1:30\nTick-Tock Clock\nToad\nN/A\n6-8\nReach the finish before Peach!\n0:00\nPeach Gardens**\nBowser\n8\nBoss\nUse Mushroom boosts to hit Chief Chilly and knock him off the stage 3 times!\n5:00\nWater Arena*\nLuigi\n3\nLevel 7\n7-1\nPerform 6 power-slide turbo boosts in 1 lap!\n1:00\nRainbow Road\nPeach\nN/A\n7-2\nReach the finish before Bowser!\n0:00\nBowser Castle\nMario\n8\n7-3\nComplete 2 laps within the time limit!3\n1:30\nTick-Tock Clock\nDK\n3\n7-4\nUse shells to defeat all 30 Goombas within the time limit!\n2:00\nMario Circuit\nToad\n5\n7-5\nCollect all 20 coins!\n0:55\nWario Stadium\nWario\nN/A\n7-6\nDrive through all 8 numbered gates in order!\n0:11\nNintendo DS\nMario\nN/A\n7-7\nDrive backward and collect all 12 coins! If you hit a burner, you fail!\n0:50\nAirship Fortress\nBowser\nN/A\n7-8\nBreak all 10 item boxes while avoiding the Fake Items!\n1:05\nN64 Banshee Boardwalk\nLuigi\n2\nBoss\nReach the finish before Wiggler!\n0:00\nGCN Mushroom Bridge\nMario\n2 & 4\n*Conjectural title based on surroundings.\n**Denotes that the player drives through the course in the opposite direction.\n1Using Green Shells (solo or triple) and Bob-ombs\n2The gates don't necessarily have to be driven through in order.\n3Players can use any means - normal or powersliding - to finish.\nNintendo Wi-Fi Connection mode\nMario Kart DS was the first Nintendo game to support online play (which has since been discontinued) though it's worth noting that it's the second Mario Kart game to support online connectivity, with the Japanese version of Mario Kart: Super Circuit being the first (the use of online connectivity for this game was made primarily to exchange ghost data with other players).[4] Being one of the first Nintendo DS games to feature wireless connection, the game mode required some technical changes in order to avoid connection malfunctions and long time loads during online play.\nThe following changes and restrictions were applied to prevent excessive lag:\nOnly up to four players\nOnly the 100cc engine class was available\n12 of 32 courses were omitted\nNo multi-items\nNo spilled Items onto course to be used; items were just lost\nItems could not be dragged behind the kart\nItem roulette could not be stopped earlier\nCourse obstacles could not be destroyed (e.g. boxes in Delfino Square or snowballs in DK Pass)\nPoint Spread Comparisons\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\nSuper Mario Kart Mario Kart 64 Mario Kart: Super Circuit\n9\n6\n3\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\nMario Kart: Double Dash!!Mario Kart DS Grand Prix\n10\n8\n6\n4\n3\n2\n1\n0\nMario Kart DS Teams[5]\n15\n12\n9\n6\n4\n2\n1\n0\nMario Kart DS WFC 4 Players\n10\n7\n4\n1\n\n\n\n-\nMario Kart DS WFC 3 Players\n10\n7\n4\n\n\n\n\n-\nMario Kart DS WFC 2 Players\n10\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n-\nGrove-green bg signifies victory results (great clapping, character(s) cheering), best after-race musicLime-green bg signifies moderate results (mild clapping, moderate character reaction), same music in Wi-Fi as winner but different in Grand PrixNormal bg signifies losing results, losing music (kart engine stops if not in Grand Prix mode if the player placed last). In Super Mario Kart, Mario Kart 64 and Mario Kart: Super Circuit, the race will be restarted (0 pts) if the racer comes in 5th-8th. If this happens more than three times (except in Mario Kart 64), the Grand Prix must be started over. means not available\nConnection\nPlayers could connect using a wireless connection or a Nintendo Wi-Fi USB Connector (preferably high-speed.) Racers would choose to search for other players in \"Friends\" (more info below), \"Rivals\" (players with a similar record), \"Regional\" or \"Continental\" in Non-American versions of the game (players in same country or continent), and \"Worldwide\", the latter possible to cause long lags. Other racers searching in the same category were randomly grouped. The game tried to find four players, but eventually settled for three or two if necessary. Players chose their characters, karts, and the course they wanted for the first of four races.\nIn addition to the 20 courses listed in order of when it is encountered, there was also a random button. After everyone's selection was placed, a course was chosen based on the responses. If all players each picked a different course, the system randomly picked one. If four players chose two courses, two each, the game randomly selected from those two. On the other hand, the most voted course by a group of users was selected to race. It proceeded like so for four races, then the points were tallied up, and after the match, a player's wins and losses were totaled.\nEach player received one \"win\" for finishing ahead of a player and one \"loss\" for finishing behind of a player. If a player tied with another player, it did not count as a \"win\" or \"loss\". For example:\nA player winning a 3-player match, or ties for 1st with one other player in a 4-player match receives 2 wins and 0 losses.\nA player coming 2nd in a 4-player match receives 2 wins and 1 loss.\nA player tied for third in a 4-player match gets only 2 losses, as compared to 3.\nA player tied with all other players, no matter how many players are participating, was simply called a tie and did not affect either player's record.\nPlayers could continue after the match to play the same racers again or quit to restart the process to find other players.\nIssues\nProblem: Trouble with friend codes\nA) Friend Code System. Each copy of the game comes with a 12-digit code known as a \"friend code\". Players could enter codes into each other's \"friend roster\" to create a friend list, where Wi-Fi records between the players were stored. When a friend was online at the same time, a symbol would appear above the Wi-Fi strength symbol, whether trying to find racers or during racing. Yet, both (or more) players must have had each (or all) of their friend codes registered and be looking in the friends section at the same time to hook up. If the player were to find a racer to compete against elsewhere online, there was no communication for a friend code swap; the only way to race again is to do it right away by selecting continue after a match.\nProblem: Disconnecting racers change the outcome of the match; it is later reflected in the match records.\nB) Disconnecting. Take this scenario into consideration:\nBob started in a four-player match, but two people have disconnected since, and he is now in a two-player match against a three-star player, and has come second and third in the first two races. It is 20-11. Josh wins the next match, bringing the totals to 25-21. But, in the fourth race, the three-star player is a full half-lap ahead with one lap to go. Josh realizes that he might not win this race; however, Josh has researched about Wi-Fi connections and has learned a trick. He leaves his DS untouched, bringing his kart to a stop, then finds his wireless router, and disconnects it. According to the record-book, Bob has won the match from which he has disconnected.\nCauses:\nThe two players who disconnected earlier are experiencing certain effects. When a player is disconnected from Wi-Fi via turning off his or her DS, the player is charged with the same number of losses as there are other players. Players can disconnect at any time, but if they cancel before the first course is chosen, there is no effect on the win-loss record. Other players finishing the whole match gain one win per disconnected player.\nRefer to the point spread chart for WFC. Mid-match, due to disconnected players, the point spread can change. For example, when it goes down from four to three players, the point conversion is not affected for the top three. Yet, from three to two, it is. In the first two races, Josh lost three and six points to the three-star player, under the 10-7-4(-1) point spread. But, if he had won the last two races, under the 10-5 point spread, he would have recovered ten points - and would have won, 31-30, even though he came in third once and only won two out of four races.\nPlayers occasionally disconnect when losing. A glitch in the game affects the final results, and this is exactly what Josh does in the scenario. Instead of turning off the DS, he disconnects his actual connection. The three-star player would have gained three wins, but when everyone disconnects, it takes no effect on the winning player's records.\nTo restate and make clear: if Josh would have played it out and lost the fourth race, the result would have been 35-26, in favor of the three-star player.\nCharacters\nDrivers\nThe main game has 12 playable characters, 4 of which are unlockable. The eight starting characters, Mario, Luigi, Peach, Yoshi, Toad, Donkey Kong, Wario, and Bowser, are the same eight characters available in Mario Kart 64 and Mario Kart: Super Circuit. The other four drivers can be unlocked by winning a gold trophy of certain cups in Grand Prix mode. Two of the unlockable characters, Daisy and Waluigi, return from Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, and the other two, Dry Bones and R.O.B., make their first Mario Kart playable appearances. A 13th racer, Shy Guy, debuts as a playable character, but is only available to players using DS Download Play.\nArtwork\nName\nWeight\nDescription\nMario\n32Medium\nMario is familiar to racers one and all. With a balance of abilities, he is a racer suited to all situations.\nLuigi\n32Medium\nMario's younger brother Luigi is ready to race. His superb traction makes it hard for him to spin out.\nPeach\n23Light\nA generally genteel princess, the heart of a competitor burns deep within her. She is adapt at drifting.\nYoshi\n20Light\nWhile Yoshi is usually ridden by Mario, this time he's ready to race. Yoshi's traction is excellent.\nToad\n17Light\nToad uses his tiny stature to his advantage as he skillfully weaves in and out of traffic on the track.\nDonkey Kong\n41Heavy\nDK overwhelms his opponents with his jungle instincts. He drifts through comers like a mad-man...or a mad-ape!\nWario\n44Heavy\nAs his name implies, he's the anti-hero to Mario's heroism. Other than acceleration, he has no foil.\nBowser\n50Heavy\nMario's arch-enemy is superb at using his driving skills to race through curves.\nDry Bones\n14Light\nDry Bones can be unlocked by obtaining a gold trophy for every 50cc Nitro Grand Prix cup.\nDaisy\n26Medium\nPrincess Daisy can be unlocked by obtaining a gold trophy for every 50cc Retro Grand Prix cup.\nWaluigi\n35Medium\nWaluigi can be unlocked by obtaining a gold trophy for every 100cc Retro Grand Prix cup.\nR.O.B.\n50Heavy\nR.O.B. can be unlocked by obtaining a gold trophy for either every 150cc Mirror Nitro Grand Prix cup or Retro Grand Prix cup.\nShy Guy\n20Light\nShy Guy stares out from behind his mask, his gaze revealing the hidden weaknesses of his opponents. Shy Guy only appears in DS Download Play matches.\nCharacters highlighted in gray are unlockable.\nCharacters highlighted in pink are only available via DS Download Play.\nOther characters\nThese characters are non-playable. They appear as either spectators, hazards, or obstacles of certain courses.\nImage\nName\nCourse appearance(s)\nDescription\nAngry Sun\nDesert Hills\nThe Angry Sun shoots out Fire Snakes onto certain areas of the track when the second lap begins.\nBoo\nLuigi's MansionN64 Banshee Boardwalk\nIn addition to being items in the game, Boos appear at certain parts of the race and make their trademark noises. These Boos are merely there for decoration, and are not hazards nor obstacles.\nBubba\nN64 Banshee Boardwalk\nBubba jumps out of the water over the track. It does not hit any of the racers.\nBullet Bill\nAirship Fortress\nAlso in addition to being an item in the game, Bullet Bills are shot out of the Airship towards the starting line, knocking out any racers in their path.\nBurner\nAirship FortressBowser Castle\nBurners drop out of the ceiling onto the ground for a brief moment, setting the racer on fire if contact is made.\nChain Chomp\nPeach GardensGCN Luigi Circuit\nIn Peach Gardens, chain-less Chain Chomps are all around the path. Some have a tail of Item Boxes. In Luigi Circuit, a Chain Chomp chained to a stake lunges at nearby players.\nCheep Cheep\nCheep Cheep BeachSNES Koopa Beach 2\nIn both courses, Cheep Cheeps bounce on the shoreline and spin racers out of control if driven into them.\nFire Bar\nWario Stadium\nDifferent variations of Fire Bars are abundant on the track. Some spin in circles after a Dash Panel ramp. Others are in a triangle-like formation. Both set the racers on fire.\nFiresnake\nDesert Hills\nFire Snakes are projected from the Angry Sun and bounce around at certain points on the track.\nGoomba\nMario Circuit\nGoombas are situated on the track and spin players out of control. If Lightning strikes or if they're hit by shells, they get squashed and drop Mushrooms.\nLava Bubble\nGBA Bowser Castle 2\nLava Bubbles jump out of lava pits at several places around the course. If a racer drives into a Lava Bubble, their kart is briefly set on fire, and they also usually fall into the lava.\nMonty Mole\nPeach GardensN64 Moo Moo Farm\nMonty Moles peak out of holes and then jump, posing as obstacles for the drivers.\nMoo Moo\nN64 Moo Moo Farm\nThere are several Moo Moos in the background of the track, only posing as onlookers.\nPianta\nDelfino Square\nPiantas appear as spectators of the race. Additionally, a Pianta statue is found in the beginning of the track.\nPiranha Plant\nMario CircuitSNES Choco Island 2GCN Yoshi Circuit\nPiranha Plants pose as obstacles on the race tracks, spinning drivers out of control for a brief moment.\nPokey\nDesert Hills\nMany Pokeys appear on the track, creating obstacles for the drivers.\nRocky Wrench\nAirship Fortress\nRocky Wrenches are a stage obstacle. They hide under lids on the track. Their pattern is to briefly peak out before exposing themselves. If a racer drives over a lid which a Rocky Wrench peeks from, their kart jumps slightly into the air. If racers drive into a Rocky Wrench, their kart will be knocked over.\nSidestepper\nCheep Cheep Beach\nSidesteppers are stationed on the sand, spinning players out of control if driven into them.\nSnowman\nDK PassN64 Frappe Snowland\nSnowmen are situated on the track, causing the player to be thrown backwards if driven into them.\nSwoop\nN64 Banshee Boardwalk\nA colony of Swoops fly towards the racers, slowing them down if they drive directly into the swarm.\nThwomp\nBowser CastleGBA Bowser Castle 2\nThwomps appear as enemies, performing their trademark slam attempt at the drivers below. Additionally, some Thwomps move side to side on the ground.\nVenus Fire Trap\nMario Circuit\nVenus Fire Traps are stationed in pipes and spit fire at oncoming racers.\nWalking Tree\nLuigi's Mansion\nWalking Trees walk in patterns and pose as obstacles for the drivers.\nKarts\nThe kart selection screen in Mario Kart DS with Mario only.\nIn Mario Kart DS, there are 36 different karts (37 if including the Standard SG) in total.\nEvery kart shows six ratings:\nSpeed: How high the top speed of the kart is; how fast the kart can go. Bowser and R.O.B. have the fastest karts.\nAcceleration: The time the kart's top speed is achieved when accelerating (the higher the acceleration, the shorter players wait until they reach their kart's top speed, and the lower it is, the longer they wait). Dry Bones's karts can reach their top speed very quickly.\nWeight: When a vehicle is heavy, the driver can knock a lighter kart. Unlike other stats, the character contributes to this stat, with Bowser and R.O.B. being very heavy, and the former of which having the heaviest karts. Characters with a higher weight stat, however, will also apply a penalty to the vehicle's Off-Road stat (which is hidden to the player).\nHandling: How tight the kart can normally turn without drifting. Dry Bones has the best turning curve.\nDrift: How tight the kart turns while drifting or powersliding. Peach has the best drifting curve.\nItems: The variety of items to use when touching an Item Box (a high Items rating signifies a higher chance of getting Triple Bananas in first place, Triple Mushrooms in third, fourth, etc).\nFor all stats, one or more karts will have a rating of one hundred for that stat; for example, the Hurricane and ROB-BLS have speed ratings of one hundred, the Dry Bomber has both acceleration and handling rates of one hundred, the Tyrant has a weight rating of one hundred if normally paired with Bowser or R.O.B., the Light Tripper has a drift rating of one hundred, and each character has an items rating of one hundred for their heavier signature kart, an items rating of sixty-six for their standard kart, and an items rating of thirty-three for their lighter signature kart.\nOriginally, only two karts are available for each character; a signature kart and a standard kart. As the player wins gold trophies in the 100cc Nitro Grand Prix, the player will unlock a second signature kart for each character. When the player wins a gold trophy in either 150cc Special Cup or Lightning Cup, four signature karts from different characters will become available, bringing the total to seven karts for each character. After winning gold trophies in all eight cups in Mirror Mode, each character can be paired in any of the 36 karts, making 432 combinations (excluding Shy Guy). CPU drivers will only use their characters' respective karts in races and battles.\nThe following ratings are from zero to one hundred, directly obtained from the values used by the game to fill the bar in the kart selection screen.[6] On a side note, it is worth noting that a kart with a high items rating will usually have lower overall stats than the standard karts. Likewise, karts with a low items rating will usually have higher overall stats than the standard karts. Karts with a high items rating tend to be heavier than the karts with a low items rating. Karts with high items rating also receive more Mushroom boosts in Time Trial mode. The player will get one Mushroom boost if the items rating is low, two if the items rating is average, and three if the items rating is high. The weight class of the character does not play an important role in Mario Kart DS, as the weight does not create kart use restrictions.\nDisplayed statistics\nStandard karts\nMenu values of Mario Kart DS\nKart\nDriver\nSpeed\nAcceleration\nWeight\nHandling\nDrift\nItems\nStandard MR\nMario\nRace\n64\n72\n32\n56\n57\n66\nBattle\n50\n54\n32\n50\n50\n66\nStandard LG\nLuigi\nRace\n72\n74\n32\n73\n32\n66\nBattle\n56\n58\n32\n63\n31\n66\nStandard PC\nPeach\nRace\n47\n73\n32\n48\n97\n66\nBattle\n38\n55\n32\n44\n75\n66\nStandard YS\nYoshi\nRace\n55\n90\n32\n84\n39\n66\nBattle\n44\n71\n32\n69\n38\n66\nStandard TD\nToad\nRace\n39\n85\n32\n65\n67\n66\nBattle\n31\n69\n32\n56\n56\n66\nStandard DK\nDonkey Kong\nRace\n80\n47\n32\n34\n77\n66\nBattle\n63\n32\n32\n31\n63\n66\nStandard WR\nWario\nRace\n88\n50\n32\n48\n47\n66\nBattle\n69\n38\n32\n44\n44\n66\nStandard BW\nBowser\nRace\n96\n30\n32\n28\n67\n66\nBattle\n75\n25\n32\n25\n56\n66\nStandard DB\nDry Bones\nRace\n31\n99\n32\n96\n47\n66\nBattle\n25\n75\n32\n75\n44\n66\nStandard DS\nDaisy\nRace\n64\n64\n32\n40\n87\n66\nBattle\n50\n50\n32\n38\n69\n66\nStandard WL\nWaluigi\nRace\n72\n63\n32\n56\n57\n66\nBattle\n56\n50\n32\n50\n50\n66\nStandard RB\nR.O.B.\nRace\n96\n53\n32\n65\n27\n66\nBattle\n75\n49\n32\n56\n25\n66\nStandard SG\nShy Guy\nRace\n55\n90\n32\n84\n39\n66\nBattle\n44\n71\n32\n69\n38\n66\nDefault signature karts\nBy collecting all golden trophies in Nitro or Retro 150cc, signature karts are opened to certain other drivers. By collecting all golden trophies in 150cc Mirror Mode, any driver may use any other's signature karts.\nMenu values of Mario Kart DS\nKart\nDriver\nSpeed\nAcceleration\nWeight\nHandling\nDrift\nItems\nSecondary drivers\nB Dasher\nMario\n58\n69\n41\n52\n55\n100\nDaisy\nWaluigi\nPoltergust 4000\nLuigi\n75\n76\n17\n77\n33\n33\nYoshi\nWaluigi\nRoyale\nPeach\n41\n69\n44\n45\n94\n100\nYoshi\nToad\nEgg 1\nYoshi\n59\n91\n14\n89\n41\n33\nDaisy\nR.O.B.\nMushmellow\nToad\n43\n87\n17\n69\n69\n33\nYoshi\nDry Bones\nRambi Rider\nDonkey Kong\n74\n44\n47\n31\n74\n100\nBowser\nDaisy\nBrute\nWario\n92\n53\n23\n51\n49\n33\nBowser\nWaluigi\nTyrant\nBowser\n90\n25\n50\n25\n64\n100\nWario\nWaluigi\nBanisher\nDry Bones\n25\n97\n35\n91\n45\n100\nMario\nYoshi\nPower Flower\nDaisy\n58\n61\n35\n36\n84\n100\nPeach\nDonkey Kong\nGold Mantis\nWaluigi\n75\n65\n29\n60\n59\n33\nMario\nDonkey Kong\nROB-BLS\nR.O.B.\n100\n55\n25\n69\n28\n33\nLuigi\nWario\nUnlockable signature karts\nThese karts are unlocked after getting gold trophies on all Nitro cups on 100cc difficulty.\nMenu values of Mario Kart DS\nKart\nDriver\nSpeed\nAcceleration\nWeight\nHandling\nDrift\nItems\nSecondary drivers\nShooting Star\nMario\n67\n74\n14\n60\n59\n33\nToad\nWario\nStreamliner\nLuigi\n66\n71\n41\n69\n30\n100\nDry Bones\nR.O.B.\nLight Tripper\nPeach\n51\n75\n20\n51\n100\n33\nDaisy\nDry Bones\nCucumber\nYoshi\n49\n88\n38\n80\n37\n100\nLuigi\nDry Bones\n4-Wheel Cradle\nToad\n33\n83\n44\n61\n64\n100\nMario\nPeach\nWildlife\nDonkey Kong\n84\n50\n23\n37\n79\n33\nLuigi\nPeach\nDragonfly\nWario\n82\n46\n47\n45\n45\n100\nLuigi\nR.O.B.\nHurricane\nBowser\n100\n34\n29\n32\n69\n33\nDonkey Kong\nR.O.B.\nDry Bomber\nDry Bones\n34\n100\n26\n100\n49\n33\nPeach\nToad\nLight Dancer\nDaisy\n67\n66\n20\n43\n90\n33\nMario\nBowser\nZipper\nWaluigi\n66\n59\n35\n52\n55\n100\nToad\nWario\nROB-LGS\nR.O.B.\n90\n48\n38\n61\n25\n100\nDonkey Kong\nBowser\nActual statistics\nMario Kart DS features several in-game statistics, some of which are not shown in the kart selection menu.[7] There are three types of Tires, either Small (S), Medium (M) or Large (L). Just like in Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, there is a Mini-Turbo statistics that corresponds to the length of the Mini-Turbo boost in frames. Acceleration is determined by three triplets of values, that are presumably related to the acceleration while drifting and the acceleration in all other conditions; there is also a deceleration value that determines the speed of the next frame as fraction of the current speed when not accelerating (such as when the kart is spinning or the acceleration button is not being held). There are four different types of off-road terrains, and accordingly the karts have four off-road statistics that are the relative top speed in each type of terrain.\nActual statistics of Mario Kart DS\nDriver\nKart\nTires\nWeight\nMini-Turbo\nTop Speed\nAcceleration\nDeceleration\nHandling\nDrift\nOff-Road\nNormal\nWhile Drifting\n1st value\n2nd value\n3rd value\n1st value\n2nd value\n3rd value\nVery Light\nLight\nNormal\nHeavy\nMario\nStandard MR\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n45\n7.5\n0.0579\n0.0239\n0.7\n0.0649\n0.0239\n0.75\n0.984\n0.0806\n0.0537\n0.9\n0.7\n0.5\n0.3\nShooting Star\nkart_tire_S\n0.2\n51\n7.523\n0.0598\n0.0249\n0.7\n0.0669\n0.0249\n0.75\n0.984\n0.0823\n0.0547\n0.9\n0.7\n0.5\n0.3\nB Dasher\nkart_tire_L\n0.65\n35\n7.463\n0.0549\n0.0229\n0.7\n0.0608\n0.0229\n0.75\n0.984\n0.0789\n0.0527\n0.9\n0.7\n0.5\n0.3\nDonkey Kong\nStandard DK\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n30\n7.6\n0.0449\n0.0229\n0.45\n0.0669\n0.0188\n0.9\n0.978\n0.0708\n0.0635\n0.85\n0.62\n0.4\n0.22\nWildlife\nkart_tire_S\n0.35\n34\n7.623\n0.0469\n0.0239\n0.45\n0.0688\n0.0198\n0.9\n0.978\n0.0723\n0.0647\n0.85\n0.62\n0.4\n0.22\nRambi Rider\nkart_tire_L\n0.75\n23\n7.562\n0.043\n0.022\n0.45\n0.063\n0.0178\n0.9\n0.978\n0.0693\n0.0623\n0.85\n0.62\n0.4\n0.22\nToad\nStandard TD\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n50\n7.35\n0.085\n0.0269\n0.7\n0.085\n0.0278\n0.75\n0.988\n0.0842\n0.0586\n0.92\n0.74\n0.55\n0.34\nMushmellow\nkart_tire_S\n0.25\n56\n7.372\n0.0879\n0.0278\n0.7\n0.0879\n0.0288\n0.75\n0.988\n0.0859\n0.0598\n0.92\n0.74\n0.55\n0.34\n4-Wheel Cradle\nkart_tire_L\n0.7\n39\n7.313\n0.0798\n0.0259\n0.7\n0.0798\n0.0259\n0.75\n0.988\n0.0825\n0.0574\n0.92\n0.74\n0.55\n0.34\nBowser\nStandard BW\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n25\n7.7\n0.0398\n0.0188\n0.45\n0.0588\n0.0168\n0.9\n0.976\n0.0684\n0.0586\n0.84\n0.6\n0.38\n0.2\nHurricane\nkart_tire_S\n0.45\n28\n7.723\n0.0408\n0.0198\n0.45\n0.0608\n0.0178\n0.9\n0.976\n0.0698\n0.0598\n0.84\n0.6\n0.38\n0.2\nTyrant\nkart_tire_L\n0.8\n19\n7.662\n0.0378\n0.0178\n0.45\n0.0559\n0.0159\n0.9\n0.976\n0.0669\n0.0574\n0.84\n0.6\n0.38\n0.2\nPeach\nStandard PC\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n40\n7.4\n0.075\n0.0298\n0.45\n0.1099\n0.0249\n0.9\n0.982\n0.0769\n0.0732\n0.88\n0.67\n0.46\n0.27\nLight Tripper\nkart_tire_S\n0.3\n45\n7.422\n0.0779\n0.0308\n0.45\n0.1138\n0.0259\n0.9\n0.982\n0.0784\n0.0747\n0.88\n0.67\n0.46\n0.27\nRoyale\nkart_tire_L\n0.7\n31\n7.363\n0.0708\n0.0278\n0.45\n0.1038\n0.0239\n0.9\n0.982\n0.0754\n0.0718\n0.88\n0.67\n0.46\n0.27\nWario\nStandard WR\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n35\n7.65\n0.042\n0.0188\n0.7\n0.0479\n0.0168\n0.75\n0.98\n0.0769\n0.0488\n0.86\n0.64\n0.43\n0.24\nBrute\nkart_tire_S\n0.35\n39\n7.673\n0.043\n0.0198\n0.7\n0.0498\n0.0178\n0.75\n0.98\n0.0784\n0.0498\n0.86\n0.64\n0.43\n0.24\nDragonfly\nkart_tire_L\n0.75\n27\n7.612\n0.0398\n0.0178\n0.7\n0.0449\n0.0159\n0.75\n0.98\n0.0754\n0.0479\n0.86\n0.64\n0.43\n0.24\nYoshi\nStandard YS\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n60\n7.45\n0.095\n0.0178\n0.85\n0.0618\n0.0269\n0.6\n0.99\n0.0928\n0.0452\n0.95\n0.84\n0.68\n0.43\nEgg 1\nkart_tire_S\n0.2\n68\n7.472\n0.0979\n0.0188\n0.85\n0.064\n0.0278\n0.6\n0.99\n0.0947\n0.0461\n0.95\n0.84\n0.68\n0.43\nCucumber\nkart_tire_L\n0.6\n47\n7.413\n0.0898\n0.0168\n0.85\n0.0588\n0.0259\n0.6\n0.99\n0.0908\n0.0442\n0.95\n0.84\n0.68\n0.43\nLuigi\nStandard LG\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n55\n7.55\n0.063\n0.0149\n0.85\n0.0488\n0.0229\n0.6\n0.988\n0.0879\n0.0415\n0.94\n0.79\n0.61\n0.38\nPoltergust 4000\nkart_tire_S\n0.25\n62\n7.573\n0.0649\n0.0159\n0.85\n0.0508\n0.0239\n0.6\n0.988\n0.0896\n0.0422\n0.94\n0.79\n0.61\n0.38\nStreamliner\nkart_tire_L\n0.65\n43\n7.512\n0.0598\n0.0139\n0.85\n0.0459\n0.022\n0.6\n0.988\n0.0862\n0.0408\n0.94\n0.79\n0.61\n0.38\nDry Bones\nStandard DB\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n65\n7.3\n0.1199\n0.022\n0.85\n0.073\n0.0308\n0.6\n0.992\n0.0977\n0.0488\n0.96\n0.9\n0.75\n0.48\nDry Bomber\nkart_tire_S\n0.4\n73\n7.322\n0.1238\n0.0229\n0.85\n0.0759\n0.032\n0.6\n0.992\n0.0996\n0.0498\n0.96\n0.9\n0.75\n0.48\nBanisher\nkart_tire_L\n0.55\n50\n7.264\n0.1128\n0.021\n0.85\n0.0688\n0.0288\n0.6\n0.992\n0.0957\n0.0479\n0.96\n0.9\n0.75\n0.48\nDaisy\nStandard DS\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n35\n7.5\n0.0618\n0.0269\n0.45\n0.0898\n0.022\n0.9\n0.98\n0.0732\n0.0684\n0.86\n0.64\n0.43\n0.24\nLight Dancer\nkart_tire_S\n0.3\n39\n7.523\n0.064\n0.0278\n0.45\n0.0928\n0.0229\n0.9\n0.98\n0.0747\n0.0698\n0.86\n0.64\n0.43\n0.24\nPower Flower\nkart_tire_L\n0.55\n27\n7.463\n0.0588\n0.0259\n0.45\n0.085\n0.021\n0.9\n0.98\n0.0718\n0.0669\n0.86\n0.64\n0.43\n0.24\nWaluigi\nStandard WL\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n40\n7.55\n0.0488\n0.022\n0.7\n0.0559\n0.0198\n0.75\n0.982\n0.0806\n0.0537\n0.88\n0.67\n0.46\n0.27\nGold Mantis\nkart_tire_S\n0.45\n45\n7.573\n0.0508\n0.0229\n0.7\n0.0579\n0.021\n0.75\n0.982\n0.0823\n0.0547\n0.88\n0.67\n0.46\n0.27\nZipper\nkart_tire_L\n0.55\n31\n7.512\n0.0459\n0.021\n0.7\n0.053\n0.0188\n0.75\n0.982\n0.0789\n0.0527\n0.88\n0.67\n0.46\n0.27\nROB\nStandard RB\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n50\n7.7\n0.0459\n0.012\n0.85\n0.043\n0.0198\n0.6\n0.986\n0.0842\n0.0391\n0.92\n0.74\n0.55\n0.34\nROB-BLS\nkart_tire_S\n0.38\n56\n7.723\n0.0479\n0.012\n0.85\n0.0449\n0.021\n0.6\n0.986\n0.0859\n0.0398\n0.92\n0.74\n0.55\n0.34\nROB-LGS\nkart_tire_L\n0.6\n39\n7.662\n0.043\n0.011\n0.85\n0.0408\n0.0188\n0.6\n0.986\n0.0825\n0.0383\n0.92\n0.74\n0.55\n0.34\nShy Guy\nStandard SG\nkart_tire_M\n0.5\n60\n7.45\n0.095\n0.0178\n0.85\n0.0618\n0.0269\n0.6\n0.99\n0.0928\n0.0452\n0.95\n0.84\n0.68\n0.43\nBattle Mode karts\nDriver\nKart\nTires\nWeight\nMini-Turbo\nTop Speed\nAcceleration\nDeceleration\nHandling\nDrift\nOff-Road\nNormal\nWhile Drifting\n1st value\n2nd value\n3rd value\n1st value\n2nd value\n3rd value\nVery Light\nLight\nNormal\nHeavy\nMario\nStandard MR\n0.5\n35\n7.35\n0.0598\n0.0149\n0.8\n0.0598\n0.0198\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0879\n0.0635\n0.9\n0.7\n0.5\n0.3\nDonkey Kong\nStandard DK\n0.5\n35\n7.37\n0.0508\n0.0139\n0.8\n0.063\n0.0198\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0842\n0.0659\n0.85\n0.62\n0.4\n0.22\nToad\nStandard TD\n0.5\n35\n7.32\n0.0659\n0.0159\n0.8\n0.0659\n0.021\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0891\n0.0647\n0.92\n0.74\n0.55\n0.34\nBowser\nStandard BW\n0.5\n35\n7.39\n0.0479\n0.0139\n0.8\n0.054\n0.0188\n0.85\n0.98\n0.083\n0.0647\n0.84\n0.6\n0.38\n0.2\nPeach\nStandard PC\n0.5\n35\n7.33\n0.0598\n0.0149\n0.8\n0.0718\n0.021\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0867\n0.0684\n0.88\n0.67\n0.46\n0.27\nWario\nStandard WR\n0.5\n35\n7.38\n0.054\n0.0139\n0.8\n0.054\n0.0188\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0867\n0.0623\n0.86\n0.64\n0.43\n0.24\nYoshi\nStandard YS\n0.5\n35\n7.34\n0.0688\n0.0159\n0.8\n0.0569\n0.0198\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0916\n0.061\n0.95\n0.84\n0.68\n0.43\nLuigi\nStandard LG\n0.5\n35\n7.36\n0.063\n0.0149\n0.8\n0.0508\n0.0188\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0903\n0.0598\n0.94\n0.79\n0.61\n0.38\nDry Bones\nStandard DB\n0.5\n35\n7.31\n0.0718\n0.0159\n0.8\n0.0598\n0.0198\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0928\n0.0623\n0.96\n0.9\n0.75\n0.48\nDaisy\nStandard DS\n0.5\n35\n7.35\n0.0569\n0.0149\n0.8\n0.0688\n0.021\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0854\n0.0671\n0.86\n0.64\n0.43\n0.24\nWaluigi\nStandard WL\n0.5\n35\n7.36\n0.0569\n0.0149\n0.8\n0.0569\n0.0198\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0879\n0.0635\n0.88\n0.67\n0.46\n0.27\nROB\nStandard RB\n0.5\n35\n7.39\n0.0569\n0.0149\n0.8\n0.0479\n0.0188\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0891\n0.0586\n0.92\n0.74\n0.55\n0.34\nShy Guy\nStandard SG\n0.5\n35\n7.34\n0.0688\n0.0159\n0.8\n0.0569\n0.0198\n0.85\n0.98\n0.0916\n0.061\n0.95\n0.84\n0.68\n0.43\nCourses\nIn addition to the sixteen standard courses, Mario Kart DS is the first game in the series to include the Retro Grand Prix, which has been carried over into every future installment in the series to date. The Retro Grand Prix consists of sixteen courses from past Mario Kart games updated and compiled into four additional cups. This makes a total of 8 cups and 32 courses. Mario Kart DS is the only Mario Kart game where there is no Mario Circuit in the Flower Cup, unlike other Mario Kart games.\nThis is the only Mario Kart game to have three Grand Prix introduction fanfares; one for Figure-8 Circuit, Waluigi Pinball, Mario Circuit, and GCN Luigi Circuit, one for Wario Stadium, and one for the other courses.\nNitro Grand Prix\nMushroom Cup\nFlower Cup\nStar Cup\nSpecial Cup\nFigure-8 Circuit*\nDesert Hills*\nDK Pass*\nWario Stadium*\nYoshi Falls*\nDelfino Square*\nTick-Tock Clock\nPeach Gardens\nCheep Cheep Beach*\nWaluigi Pinball\nMario Circuit*\nBowser Castle\nLuigi's Mansion*\nShroom Ridge\nAirship Fortress\nRainbow Road*\nRetro Grand Prix\nShell Cup\nBanana Cup\nLeaf Cup\nLightning Cup\nSNES Mario Circuit 1*\nSNES Donut Plains 1\nSNES Koopa Beach 2\nSNES Choco Island 2*\nN64 Moo Moo Farm*\nN64 Frappe Snowland*\nN64 Choco Mountain*\nN64 Banshee Boardwalk\nGBA Peach Circuit*\nGBA Bowser Castle 2\nGBA Luigi Circuit\nGBA Sky Garden*\nGCN Luigi Circuit*\nGCN Baby Park*\nGCN Mushroom Bridge\nGCN Yoshi Circuit*\n* - Was playable on Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection\nStaff Ghosts\nStaff Ghosts are Time Trial races that were previously done by a Nintendo staff member. Every course has its unlockable Staff Ghost that the player can race against if their completion time is close to the Staff Ghost's. The player's record must be no more than 108% of the Staff Ghost's completion time to unlock.\nCourse\nTime\nName\nCharacter\nKart\nUnlock time[8]\nFigure-8 Circuit\n1:36:481\nNinten\nMario\nStandard MR\n1:44:199\nYoshi Falls\n0:57:677\nNinten\nYoshi\nEgg 1\n1:02:291\nCheep Cheep Beach\n1:43:654\nNinten\nDonkey Kong\nStandard DK\n1:51:946\nLuigi's Mansion\n1:59:357\nNinten\nLuigi\nStreamliner\n2:08:905\nDesert Hills\n1:31:262\nNinten\nR.O.B.\nROB-LGS\n1:38:562\nDelfino Square\n1:54:601\nNinten\nPeach\nRoyale\n2:03:769\nWaluigi Pinball\n2:23:288\nNinten\nWaluigi\nGold Mantis\n2:34:751\nShroom Ridge\n2:05:123\nNinten\nToad\nMushmellow\n2:15:132\nDK Pass\n2:14:607\nNintenNN\nDonkey Kong\nWildlife\n2:25:375\nTick-Tock Clock\n1:54:903\nNinten8\nDaisy\nLight Dancer\n2:04:085\nMario Circuit\n1:56:533\nNinten\nMario\nShooting Star\n2:05:855\nAirship Fortress\n2:07:748\nNinten\nBowser\nHurricane\n2:17:967\nWario Stadium\n2:14:868\nNinten\nWario\nBrute\n2:25:657\nPeach Gardens\n1:52:989\nNinten\nPeach\nRoyale\n2:02:028\nBowser Castle\n2:19:661\nNinten\nBowser\nHurricane\n2:30:833\nRainbow Road\n2:16:246\nNinten\nR.O.B.\nROB-BLS\n2:27:145\nSNES Mario Circuit 1\n0:50:688\nNinten\nMario\nStandard MR\n0:54:743\nN64 Moo Moo Farm\n1:17:751\nNinten\nDonkey Kong\nWildlife\n1:23:971\nGBA Peach Circuit\n1:12:011\nNinten8\nPeach\nRoyale\n1:17:771\nGCN Luigi Circuit\n1:29:759\nNinten\nLuigi\nPoltergust 4000\n1:36:939\nSNES Donut Plains 1\n1:08:027\nNinten\nDry Bones\nDry Bomber\n1:13:469\nN64 Frappe Snowland\n2:08:781\nNinten\nWario\nBrute\n2:19:083\nGBA Bowser Castle 2\n1:52:258\nNinten\nBowser\nStandard BW\n2:01:238\nGCN Baby Park\n0:50:920\nNinten\nToad\nMushmellow\n0:54:993\nSNES Koopa Beach 2\n0:54:847\nNinten\nYoshi\nEgg 1\n0:59:34\nN64 Choco Mountain\n2:15:571\nNinten\nWario\nDragonfly\n2:26:416\nGBA Luigi Circuit\n1:46:581\nNinten\nLuigi\nPoltergust 4000\n1:55:107\nGCN Mushroom Bridge\n1:30:600\nNinten\nToad\nMushmellow\n1:37:847\nSNES Choco Island 2\n1:01:620\nNinten\nWaluigi\nZipper\n1:06:549\nN64 Banshee Boardwalk\n2:14:403\nNinten\nDry Bones\nDry Bomber\n2:25:155\nGBA Sky Garden\n1:44:400\nNinten\nDaisy\nPower Flower\n1:52:752\nGCN Yoshi Circuit\n1:48:793\nNinten\nYoshi\nStandard YS\n1:57:496\nItems\nFor information on the probability of obtaining each item from an Item Box, see Mario Kart DS item probability distributions.\nAs with other Mario Kart games, a main element of Mario Kart DS are the pick-up items that allow the racer to take certain advantage over their opponents. An item can be obtained by driving into an Item Box. This causes the item roulette at the top-left corner of the screen. Racers in higher positions receive less powerful items than racers in lower positions. Some items are unavailable in Battle Mode, and in the mode, similar to normal races, leaders with the most Balloons or Shine Sprites receive less powerful items.\nEach kart has an Items stats ratio, which determines the variety of items that a racer can receive; karts with a higher items ratio are more likely to receive rare items. In subsequent games, this stat was removed, making position the only factor that influences items. When the Item Roulette has chosen a normal item, it makes a simple plong sound, but if the racer receives a more powerful item, it makes a stronger plong sound.\nThe game introduces two items, Bullet Bill and Blooper, both of which have since appeared in every subsequent Mario Kart game. Most of Mario Kart DS's item artworks are from Mario Kart: Double Dash!! except for the Fake Item Box, Triple Bananas, Boo, Bullet Bill and Blooper.\nImage\nName\nInstruction booklet description\nMushroom\nProvides a short speed boost.\nTriple Mushrooms\nEach press of or uses up one Mushroom.\nGolden Mushroom\nAllows you to use Mushroom boosts as many times as you want for a short period of time.\nItem Box\nDrive through the item boxes on the tracks to get the items contained within. The item inside is determined randomly. 1 In Balloon Battle, if the player is eliminated from the game and gets an Item Box, the player only receives an Item Box, as an actual item. This can be placed on the floor, and someone not eliminated can use it, but it only lasts for a short time before disappearing.\nFake Item Box\nLooks just like an item box, but when you run into it, it knocks you over.\nBanana\nMakes karts spin out when run over.\nTriple Bananas\nPress or to deploy behind the kart. Tap the button again to drop one.\nGreen Shell\nWhen thrown, this shell travels in a straight line and knocks over the first kart it hits.\nTriple Green Shells\nPress or to deploy, then press the button again to launch a shell. Each one has the same effect as a single Green or Red Shell.\nRed Shell\nThese automatically lock onto and chase after the next kart in front of you. When hit, the kart rolls over.\nTriple Red Shells\nPress or to deploy, then press the button again to launch a shell. Each one has the same effect as a single Red Shell.\nSpiny Shell\nThis shell travels and chases after the lead kart and blows up when it reaches its target. Any kart in the blast radius will be knocked over or spun around.\nStar\nMakes you invincible for a brief period of time. While invincible, you will knock over any kart you hit.\nLightning\nMakes all opponents spin out, drop their items, and shrink for a brief period of time.\nBob-omb\nExplodes after a brief pause or when another kart comes near it. Any kart in the blast radius will be knocked over or spun around.\nBlooper\nSprays ink on all of the karts in front of you, obscuring those drivers' view of the track.\nBullet Bill\nBriefly transforms the user into a Bullet Bill that soars through the air along the track, knocking over karts along the way.\nBoo\nUnleashes Boo, who turns you invisible for a brief time, making you impervious to enemy attacks, and steals an opponent's item.\n1 - The instruction booklet provides this description in page 10\nRacing techniques\nRocket Start\nThroughout the entire series, the Rocket Start allow drivers to give them an extra speed boost and get a head start when a race begins. To use the technique for this installment, players should stay at the starting line and wait for the countdown to hit two. When it does reach that number and when it starts to fade, players should hold the button to rev up the kart's engine. When START appears on the race screen, the kart receives a small boost of speed out from the starting line, which is a very helpful move to get first place early on in a race. But, there is a risk to this move. If players hold the button before the two fades, it may make the player's kart falter, and takes a few seconds to get back up to normal speed. If the player holds the after the second \"ding\" sound is heard and end, the player can get a boost that is a little faster than the normal small boost.\nDrifting and powersliding\nYoshi powersliding at Figure-8 Circuit.\nIn the entire Mario Kart series, players drift by holding the button on a turn. Gray wisps come out of their kart as they turn around corners, possibly tighter or better than normal turning.\nThe next step up is powersliding. While drifting, players can move the Control Pad right and left repeatedly to produce sparks behind the kart. If done correctly, the sparks change their colors and intensity from blue to orange on each alternated move. After the sparks turn orange, the player releases the button to stop drifting and release a brief Mini-Turbo after powersliding. This can be used to dodge Spiny Shell if combined with a hop only during 100cc and 150cc races.\nA player can perform a useful technique known as snaking by performing consecutive mini-turbos in a zigzagged direction, which offers a player the boost they need to get further ahead. This technique is much easier to perform with karts with higher handling, especially with Dry Bones.\nSlipstreaming\nBack from Mario Kart 64, Slipstreaming is simply moving just behind another player. If racers can stay behind their opponent's vehicle for about four seconds, players get a momentary speed boost that is strong enough to pass the other player.\nMultiplayer\nThe multiplayer mode allows up to eight players to play either by multi-card (Normal) or by Download Play (Simple) mode.\nIn Normal mode, players can select any character and kart combination they have unlocked. They can also pick any track that any Game Card has unlocked.\nIn Simple mode, players can only select courses from the Mushroom Cup and the Shell Cup. Only three of the battle courses are availableNintendo DS, Tart Top and Pipe Plazawhich are always selected by the game at random. Download Play participants are forced to play as Shy Guy, whose color is selected by the game randomly. This applies even if everyone in the room has the game.\nOptions\nResult\nThe emblem maker can be used to make a variety of designs, for example this picture of Mario.\nIn the options menu, the player can select \"Settings\", \"Edit\", or \"Erase Data\". Under \"Settings\", the sound output can be changed between stereo, headphones, and surround and the \"Locate Friend\" feature can be togged on or off. \"Locate Friend\" notifies the player about friends who are seeking opponents while connected to the internet. Under \"Edit\", the player can change their nickname and make their own emblem for racing throughout the game. They also have an option to make the emblem show up on the kart they are driving. Additionally, this emblem shows up next to a player's name while driving in a multiplayer or Nintendo WFC race. \"Erase Data\" clears all save data.\nGallery\nFor this subject's image gallery, see Gallery:Mario Kart DS.\nMario in his B Dasher\nLuigi driving his Poltergust 4000\nPeach driving her Royale holding a Spiny Shell\nDonkey Kong driving his Rambi Rider with Triple Red Shells\nWario driving his Brute\nLakitu, holding up the Final Lap sign.\nMedia\nFor a complete list of media for this subject, see List of Mario Kart DS media.\nFigure 8 Circuit/Mario Circuit - The main circuit themeFile infoMedia:MKDS-Music-CircuitTheme.oga0:30 Waluigi Pinball/Wario Stadium - Waluigi Pinball/Wario Stadium themeFile infoMedia:MKDS-Music-WaluigiPinball.oga0:29 Rainbow Road - Rainbow Road themeFile infoMedia:MKDS-Music-RainbowRoad.oga0:30\nHelp:Media Having trouble playing?\nPre-release and unused content\nMain article: List of Mario Kart DS pre-release and unused content\nThere were three unused items: the Chain Chomp, Bowser's Shell, and a purple Koopa Shell, although the Chain Chomp was the only one found in the item roulette. The Chain Chomp would have likely functioned the same as in Mario Kart: Double Dash!!.\nProfessor Elvin Gadd was planned to be playable and would have had the Poltergust 4000 as his kart. Birdo may have also be planned as a playable character as there is a pink version of the Egg 1 found in the data.\nGlitches\nMain article: List of Mario Kart DS glitches\nChoco Mountain boulder glitch\nIn Choco Mountain, if the player goes to the lake and the water splashes before they fall, the boulder should hit them. If done correctly, they should start flying. The screen will then turn black as if they fell into the water. Lakitu will then pick them up. This glitch rarely works after the first time it is performed.\nMini-Spin turn item glitch\nTo perform this glitch, the player must drive towards an item box in any mode (battle mode is preferred) and sit themselves right in the center where it appears so that they continuously break it open when it appears again. Then, the player should hold either left or right on . When the item box appears again, it will break as usual, and the player will turn a very small amount in the direction pressed. Given time, so long as the player doesn't move, the player can turn all the way round in the direction pressed.\nPipe Plaza Bob-omb glitch\nIn Pipe Plaza, if the player has a Bob-omb and drops it near one of the pipe holes, another player or a CPU should hit the Bob-omb. If done correctly, the player should go through the pipe hole and they will fall. Lakitu will pick the player up as usual. This can also be done with a Star, but is harder to pull off.\nStaff\nMain article: List of Mario Kart DS staff\nA few staff members from Mario Kart: Double Dash!! returned to work on this game, including Hirotake Ohtsubo and Yoshihisa Morimoto as course designers and Yasuyuki Oyagi as one of the directors. Hiromu Takemura, who also worked as a course designer for Double Dash!! and a map designer for Super Mario Sunshine, led as the course director. Hideki Konno returns as a producer after being absent from Double Dash!!'s development. Shigeru Miyamoto served as the general producer and Satoru Iwata served as the general producer.\nReception\nMario Kart DS received critical acclaim. It currently maintains a 9.2 average at Gamestats, the highest score for a Nintendo DS game on the site (as of December 2006).\nGamespy reviewer Bryn Williams said that online, Nintendo \"trimmed it back a little too much for my liking\", but was certain that \"Even with a few online flaws, this is the best Mario Kart ever.\" With a rank of 5 out of 5 and describing the multiplayer experience as \"great\".\nGameSpot reviewer Justin Calvert had similar quips with the online feature: \"Whether these opponents were leaving voluntarily or because of network problems is anybody's guess, but it's equally irritating either way.\" He finished up similarly by saying \"Mario Kart DS is without a doubt one of the best games to hit the Nintendo DS to date.\" Mario Kart DS received a score of 9.2 out of 10 and was regarded as GameSpot's Editor's Choice and DS game of the year.\nIGN gave an overall score of 9.5 out of 10, granting the game the IGN Editor's Choice Award and DS game of the year. Reviewer Craig Harris commented that \"it's just hard to ignore just how limited the online presentation is.\", but ended the review with this: \"The only way to finish this review is just to say it: this is the greatest Mario Kart game ever developed, and is without a doubt the best DS game of 2005.\"\nReviews\nRelease\nReviewer, Publication\nScore\nVerdict\nNintendo DS\nBryn Williams, Gamespy\n5/5\n\"In the end, it really boils down to this. If you're a fan of Nintendo, racing games, and want some of the best digital excitement 2005 has to offer, you need to get Mario Kart DS. The online shortcomings are annoying, yes, but very minor, and they are more than made up for by the amazing single-player content and local WiFi gameplay. If you absolutely hate, hate, hate karting games, then fair enough. Just be sure to book that next appointment with your shrink to figure out why that is.\"\nNintendo DS\nJustin Calvert, GameSpot\n9.2/10\n\"Mario Kart DS is without a doubt one of the best games to hit the Nintendo DS to date. The game plays every bit as well as any of its predecessors, and adds just enough new features to the mix to make it worthy of your attention, even if you're still playing any of those games on a regular basis. The online play is undoubtedly the icing on an especially yummy cake, and even if you're not in a position to sample said icing, a yummy cake without icing is still a yummy cake.\"\nNintendo DS\nCraig Harris, IGN\n9.5/10\n\"After experiencing Mario Kart DS, it's hard to imagine how Nintendo's going to improve on what they've done for this stunning portable rendition. There's so much gameplay and depth in this design, moreso than the series has ever had in the past. It's an amazingly addictive racer both in single and multiplayer modes, and even with the limitations of the online functions, it's impossible to avoid becoming addicted to the long distance Mario Kart match-ups. The only way to finish this review is just to say it: this is the greatest Mario Kart game ever developed, and is without a doubt the best DS game of 2005.\"\nNintendo DS\nJeremy Parish, 1UP\n8.7/10\n\"Everything about MKDS comes together into a surprisingly compelling package, a portable racing game on par with anything ever to appear on a console. Even for a skeptic like me. Like the victor of a tough kart race, MKDS has come from behind against steep odds to snatch the gold from the clutches of cynicism.\"\nAggregators\nCompiler\nPlatform / Score\nMetacritic\n91\nGameRankings\n91.43%\nSales\nMario Kart DS is the 3rd best selling game for the Nintendo DS, selling 23.60 million copies worldwide.\nReferences to other games\nSuper Mario Bros. 3: The course Airship Fortress is based of the many airship based levels in this game. Desert Hills is based on World 2 of this game, even featuring the Angry Sun, Podoboos, Firesnakes, the pyramid, and two pipe formations taken from a level in this world. Water Arena and Sand Arena use various objects from this game. A sprite of Mario and Luigi's heads appear on the Single Player and VS. mode bars.\nSuper Mario Kart: Mario Circuit 1, Donut Plains 1, Koopa Beach 2, and Choco Island 2 return as retro courses.\nDonkey Kong Country: The Rambi Rider is based off Rambi from this game.\nSuper Mario 64: The course Tick-Tock Clock is based off of the level of the same name in this game.\nMario Kart 64: Moo Moo Farm, Frappe Snowland, Choco Mountain, and Banshee Boardwalk return as retro courses, and Block Fort returns as a playable battle course. Also, the name \"Wario Stadium\" is reused. Lastly, part of the credits theme from this game is used in the second part of the credits when Mirror Special Cup or Lightning Cup is beat in first place and the eight playable characters that are available from the start are taken from the eight playable characters in this game, including the same eight colored karts.\nDonkey Kong 64: Donkey Kong's voice clips are reused in the Beta Kiosk Demo of this game, but not in the final version.\nMobile Golf: The Gold Mantis is based off Foreman Spike's excavator from his artwork for this game.\nMario Kart: Super Circuit: Peach Circuit, Bowser Castle 2, Luigi Circuit, and Sky Garden return as retro courses. Also, the eight playable characters in this game were reused as the starting characters. The Lightning Cup returns as the highest-tier retro cup.\nWario Land 4: The Brute is based off the Wario Car in this game.\nLuigi's Mansion: The Poltergust 4000 is based off the Poltergust 3000 from this game. Also a course of the same name is based on this game.\nSuper Mario Sunshine: The course Delfino Square is based off the main area of this game, Delfino Plaza. Piantas also appear as spectators in this course.\nMario Kart: Double Dash!!: Luigi Circuit, Baby Park, Mushroom Bridge, and Yoshi Circuit return as retro courses, and Pipe Plaza returns as a playable battle course. Also, Wario Stadium seems to use elements from Waluigi Stadium. Some sound effects and some of the playable characters' voice clips are also taken from this game, and the character icons from the character select menu are used at the end of a Grand Prix race and a VS. match. The 3-2-1 starting countdown is also taken from this game, and it has appeared in every recurring game since then.\nSuper Mario 64 DS: All of the bosses, with the exception of King Whomp, return from this game. Mario, Luigi, Wario, and Yoshi also have voice clips recycled from this game.\nDonkey Kong Jungle Beat: Many of Donkey Kong's voice clips are recycled from this game.\nReferences in later games\nNew Super Mario Bros.: The Blooper's design and the Dash/Super Mushroom's menu design return for the first time in this game and become their standard designs in subsequent games.\nNintendo Monopoly: The kart design on the space Mario Kart, the ? Block card \"Take a spin in the Kart\", and on the Brick Block card \"Renew kart license\" is the same from this game.\nSuper Smash Bros. Brawl: Waluigi Pinball's theme is used as a song arrangement.\nMario Kart Wii: Yoshi Falls, Delfino Square, Desert Hills, and Peach Gardens appear as classic race courses. Twilight House is a classic battle course. The item roulette and countdown chimes were reused in this game.\nMario Sports Mix: Waluigi owns a pinball-themed course in this game, Waluigi Pinball.\nMario Kart 7: Luigi's Mansion, Waluigi Pinball, DK Pass, and Airship Fortress appear as classic race courses. Palm Shore is a classic battle course. Also the design of the standard kart is similar but has a rounder appearance. Also, part of the credits theme is similar to that in Mario Kart DS, the karts B Dasher and Egg 1 re-appear too. The item roulette and countdown chimes were reused in this game once again.\nMario Kart Arcade GP 2: Several character-exclusive karts greatly resemble ones present in this game.\nMario Kart Arcade GP DX: Some of the character-exclusive karts present in Mario Kart Arcade GP 2 return in this game.\nMario Kart 8: Cheep Cheep Beach, Wario Stadium, and Tick-Tock Clock return as classic race courses. The B Dasher returns as one of the four karts included in the first DLC pack.\nSuper Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U: Rainbow Road's theme is used in the \"Rainbow Road Medley\" arrangement.\nMario Kart 8 Deluxe: An arrangement of the music for Luigi's Mansion is used in GCN Luigi's Mansion. Shroom Ridge, Waluigi Pinball, Peach Gardens, and Mario Circuit reappear as classic courses in the Booster Course Pass.\nSuper Smash Bros. Ultimate: The B Dasher appears as a spirit.\nMario Kart Tour: Luigi's Mansion, Waluigi Pinball, Shroom Ridge, DK Pass, Mario Circuit, Airship Fortress and Peach Gardens return as classic race courses. All of this game's classic courses also return except for N64 Moo Moo Farm, GCN Luigi Circuit and N64 Banshee Boardwalk. Twilight House returns as a classic battle course. The B Dasher, Poltergust 4000, Streamliner, Royale, Egg 1, Mushmellow, Rambi Rider and Dragonfly return as karts. Challenges with unique objectives return as the fourth and final race in every cup.\nNames in other languages\nLanguage\nName\nMeaning\nJapanese\nDSMario Kto DS\nMario Kart DS\nChinese\nDSMlu Sich DS\nMario Racing DS\nFrench\nMario Kart DS\n-\nGerman\nMario Kart DS\n-\nItalian\nMario Kart DS\n-\nKorean\n DSMario Kateu DS\nMario Kart DS\nSpanish\nMario Kart DS\n-\nTrivia\nThis and Mario Kart Tour are the only Mario Kart games in which Lakitu does not start the races.\nIf the game is played on the original Nintendo DS, Mario says \"Yahoo!\" on the Nintendo logo screen, but if it is played on the DS Lite, DSi, 3DS, or Wii U, he instead says \"Here we go!\"[9][10]\nMario Kart DS is one of the few Nintendo DS games with a \"Language Block\", meaning that the in-game language (except Japanese) is the same as that of the Nintendo DS system. Japanese is the only language available for Mario Kart DS releases in Japan.\nOn page 12 of the Mario Kart DS instruction booklet, the text for the Blooper reads, \"Sprays ink on the all of the karts in front of you\", where there is an erroneous \"the\" between \"on\" and \"all\". Earlier versions of the instruction booklet also featured a misspelling of \"perform\" as \"perfprm\" on page 9, but this was fixed in later releases of the booklet.\nReferences\n^ Point System for 5 Players.\n^ Point System for 6 Players.\n^ Point System for 7 Players.\n^ Mario Kart Super Circuit Misc.\n^ https://youtu.be/rHS3RQfqxSg?t=835\n^ A transcription of the in-game statistics of Mario Kart DS. The values used to fill the bars in the kart selection screen are found in the kartmenuparam and charmenuparam sections.\n^ A transcription of the in-game statistics of Mario Kart DS. Please note that due to the 16-bit Fixed Point format used by the game, rational numbers are shown as integers that must be divided by 4096.\n^ https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ekw2H8dZvsBGEOS-MJWkR2hDFflBpWnX3VhxcWhff_8/edit#gid=1195895108[better source needed]\n^ Mario Kart DS (Wii U) - 150cc - Grand Prix: All Cups & End Credits (1080p60fps) YouTube. Retrieved October 11, 2015\n^ For comparison, here is the game on a normal DS.\nExternal links\nMario Kart DS coverage on other NIWA wikis:\nStrategyWiki\nOfficial Mario Kart DS website (North America)\nOfficial Mario Kart DS website (Japan)\n[Edit] Mario Kart DS\nDrivers and their karts\nMario (Standard MR B Dasher Shooting Star) Luigi (Standard LG Poltergust 4000 Streamliner) Princess Peach (Standard PC Royale Light Tripper) Yoshi (Standard YS Egg 1 Cucumber) Toad (Standard TD Mushmellow 4-Wheel Cradle) Donkey Kong (Standard DK Rambi Rider Wildlife) Wario (Standard WR Brute Dragonfly) Bowser (Standard BW Tyrant Hurricane) Princess Daisy (Standard DS Power Flower Light Dancer) Dry Bones (Standard DB Banisher Dry Bomber) Waluigi (Standard WL Gold Mantis Zipper) R.O.B. (Standard RB ROB-BLS ROB-LGS) Shy Guy (Standard SG)\nCups and courses\nMushroom Cup\nFigure-8 Circuit Yoshi Falls Cheep Cheep Beach Luigi's Mansion\nFlower Cup\nDesert Hills Delfino Square Waluigi Pinball Shroom Ridge\nStar Cup\nDK Pass Tick-Tock Clock Mario Circuit Airship Fortress\nSpecial Cup\nWario Stadium Peach Gardens Bowser Castle Rainbow Road\nShell Cup\nSNES Mario Circuit 1 N64 Moo Moo Farm GBA Peach Circuit GCN Luigi Circuit\nBanana Cup\nSNES Donut Plains 1 N64 Frappe Snowland GBA Bowser Castle 2 GCN Baby Park\nLeaf Cup\nSNES Koopa Beach 2 N64 Choco Mountain GBA Luigi Circuit GCN Mushroom Bridge\nLightning Cup\nSNES Choco Island 2 N64 Banshee Boardwalk GBA Sky Garden GCN Yoshi Circuit\nBattle Mode\nNintendo DS Twilight House Palm Shore Tart Top Block Fort Pipe Plaza\nItems and objects\nBanana Blooper Bob-omb Boo Bullet Bill Cannon Coin Dash Panel Emblem Fake Item Box Fire Chain Green Shell Item Box Lava Lightning Mushroom Red Shell Shine Sprite Spiny Shell Super Star Triple Bananas Triple Green Shells Triple Mushrooms Triple Red Shells Trophy\nSpecies, enemies, and obstacles\nAngry Sun Big Bully Bubba Bus Bumper Car Chain Chomp Cheep Cheep Chief Chilly Eyerok Firesnake Flipper Ghost Goomboss Lakitu Monty Mole Moo Moo Pianta Piranha Plant Pokey Pinball Pendulum Puddle Rocky Wrench Swoop Thwomp Truck Venus Fire Trap Walking Tree Wiggler\nTechniques\nDrift Hop Mini-Turbo Rocket Start Slipstream Spin Turn\nMiscellaneous\nBoss arenas Finish line Gallery Item probability distributions Media Pre-release and unused content Sponsors Staff\n[Edit] Super Mario games\nPlatformers\nSuper Mario series\nMain\nSuper Mario Bros. (1985, NES) Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels (1986, FDS) Super Mario Bros. 2 (1988, NES) Super Mario Bros. 3 (1988, NES) Super Mario Land (1989, GB) Super Mario World (1990, SNES) Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins (1992, GB) Super Mario 64 (1996, N64) Super Mario Sunshine (2002, GCN) New Super Mario Bros. (2006, DS) Super Mario Galaxy (2007, Wii) New Super Mario Bros. Wii (2009, Wii) Super Mario Galaxy 2 (2010, Wii) Super Mario 3D Land (2011, 3DS) New Super Mario Bros. 2 (2012, 3DS) New Super Mario Bros. U (2012, Wii U) Super Mario 3D World (2013, Wii U) Super Mario Maker (2015, Wii U) Super Mario Run (2016, iOS/iPadOS/Android) Super Mario Odyssey (2017, Switch) Super Mario Maker 2 (2019, Switch) Super Mario Bros. Wonder (2023, Switch)\nReissues\nVS. Super Mario Bros. (1986, VS) Super Mario Bros. (1986, G&W) All Night Nippon: Super Mario Bros. (1986, FDS) Super Mario Bros. (1989, NGW) Super Mario Bros. 3 (1990, NGW) Super Mario World (1991, NGW) Super Mario All-Stars (1993, SNES) Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World (1994, SNES) BS Super Mario USA (1996, SNES) BS Super Mario Collection (1997, SNES) Super Mario Bros. Deluxe (1999, GBC) Super Mario Advance (2001, GBA) Super Mario World: Super Mario Advance 2 (2001, GBA) Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3 (2003, GBA) Famicom Mini Series (2004, GBA) Classic NES Series (2004-2005, GBA) Super Mario 64 DS (2004, DS) Super Mario All-Stars Limited Edition (2010, Wii) Super Mario Maker for Nintendo 3DS (2016, 3DS) New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe (2019, Switch) Super Mario 3D All-Stars (2020, Switch) Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros. (2020, G&W) Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury (2021, Switch)\nRelated games\nSuper Mario Bros. Special (1986, computer) Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3 (1994, GB) Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island (1995, SNES) New Super Luigi U (2013, Wii U) Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker (2014, Wii U) Super Mario Bros. 35 (2020, Switch) Bowser's Fury (2021, Switch)\nCanceled games\nSuper Mario's Wacky Worlds (CD-i) Mario Takes America (CD-i) VB Mario Land (VB) Super Mario 64 2 (N64DD)\nDonkey Kong series\nDonkey Kong (1981, arcade) Donkey Kong (1994, GB)\nMario vs. Donkey Kong series\nMario vs. Donkey Kong (2004, GBA) Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis (2006, DS) Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Minis March Again! (2009, DSiWare) Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Mini-Land Mayhem! (2010, DS) Mario and Donkey Kong: Minis on the Move (2013, 3DS) Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Tipping Stars (2015, 3DS/Wii U) Mini Mario & Friends: amiibo Challenge (2016, 3DS/Wii U)\nMario Bros. series\nMario Bros. (1983, arcade) Mario Bros. Special (1984, computer) Punch Ball Mario Bros. (1984, computer) Mario Clash (1995, VB)\nWrecking Crew series\nVS. Wrecking Crew (1984, VS) Wrecking Crew (1985, NES) Wrecking Crew '98 (1998, SFC)\nOther\nMario Bros. (1983, G&W) Mario's Cement Factory (1983, G&W) Mario & Wario (1993, SNES) Hotel Mario (1994, CD-i) Super Princess Peach (2005, DS) Princess Peach: Showtime! (2024, Switch)\nReissues\nCrazy Kong (1981, arcade) Donkey Kong (1982, G&W) Kaettekita Mario Bros. (1988, FDS) Donkey Kong (1994, NGW) Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3 (2002, GBA) Donkey Kong/Donkey Kong Jr./Mario Bros. (2004, arcade) Virtual Console (2006-2016, Wii/3DS/Wii U) Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker (2018, Switch/3DS) Mario vs. Donkey Kong (2024, Switch)\nTech demos\nsnd_test (Unknown, SNES) Super Mario 128 (2000, GCN) New Super Mario Bros. Mii (2011, Wii U) Mario vs. Donkey Kong Wii U demo (2014, Wii U)\nMario Kart series\nMain\nSuper Mario Kart (1992, SNES) Mario Kart 64 (1996, N64) Mario Kart: Super Circuit (2001, GBA) Mario Kart: Double Dash!! (2003, GCN) Mario Kart DS (2005, DS) Mario Kart Wii (2008, Wii) Mario Kart 7 (2011, 3DS) Mario Kart 8 (2014, Wii U) Mario Kart Tour (2019, iOS/iPadOS/Android)\nArcade\nMario Kart Arcade GP (2005, arcade) Mario Kart Arcade GP 2 (2007, arcade) Mario Kart Arcade GP DX (2013, arcade) Mario Kart Arcade GP VR (2017, arcade)\nOther\nMario Kart Live: Home Circuit (2020, Switch)\nPorts\nMario Kart 8 Deluxe (2017, Switch)\nTech demos\nMario Kart for Nintendo GameCube (2001, GCN)\nPitches / canceled games\nVB Mario Kart (VB) Mario Kart XXL (GBA) Tesla Mario Kart game (Tesla vehicles)\nMario Party series\nMain\nMario Party (1998, N64) Mario Party 2 (1999, N64) Mario Party 3 (2000, N64) Mario Party 4 (2002, GCN) Mario Party 5 (2003, GCN) Mario Party 6 (2004, GCN) Mario Party 7 (2005, GCN) Mario Party 8 (2007, Wii) Mario Party 9 (2012, Wii) Mario Party 10 (2015, Wii U) Super Mario Party (2018, Switch) Mario Party Superstars (2021, Switch)\nHandheld\nMario Party Advance (2005, GBA) Mario Party DS (2007, DS) Mario Party: Island Tour (2013, 3DS) Mario Party: Star Rush (2016, 3DS) Mario Party: The Top 100 (2017, 3DS)\nArcade\nSuper Mario Fushigi no Korokoro Party (2004, arcade) Super Mario Fushigi no Korokoro Party 2 (2005, arcade) Mario Party Fushigi no Korokoro Catcher (2009, arcade) Mario Party Kurukuru Carnival (2012, arcade) Mario Party Fushigi no Korokoro Catcher 2 (2013, arcade) Mario Party Challenge World (2016, arcade)\nOther\nMario Party 4 (2002, Adobe Flash) Mario Party-e (2003, GBA)\nSports games\nGolf series\nGolf (1984, NES) Stroke & Match Golf (1984, VS. System) Golf: Japan Course (1987, FDS) Golf: U.S. Course (1987, FDS) Golf (1989, GB) NES Open Tournament Golf (1991, NES) Mobile Golf (2001, GBC)\nMario Golf series\nNES Open Tournament Golf (1991, NES) Mario Golf (1999, N64) Mario Golf (1999, GBC) Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour (2003, GCN) Mario Golf: Advance Tour (2004, GBA) Mario Golf: World Tour (2014, 3DS) Mario Golf: Super Rush (2021, Switch)\nMario Tennis series\nMario's Tennis (1995, VB) Mario Tennis (2000, N64) Mario Tennis (2000, GBC) Mario Power Tennis (2004, GCN) Mario Tennis: Power Tour (2005, GBA) (Bicep Pump [Unknown, Adobe Flash] Reflex Rally [Unknown, Adobe Flash]) Mario Tennis Open (2012, 3DS) Mario Tennis: Ultra Smash (2015, Wii U) Mario Tennis Aces (2018, Switch)\nMario Baseball series\nMario Superstar Baseball (2005, GCN) Mario Super Sluggers (2008, Wii)\nMario Strikers series\nSuper Mario Strikers (2005, GCN) Mario Strikers Charged (2007, Wii) Mario Strikers: Battle League (2022, Switch)\nFamicom Grand Prix series\nFamicom Grand Prix: F1 Race (1987, FDS) Famicom Grand Prix II: 3D Hot Rally (1988, FDS)\nOther\nDonkey Kong Hockey (1984, G&W) Baseball (1989, GB) Super Mario Race (1992, GwB) Mario Hoops 3-on-3 (2006, DS) Mario Sports Mix (2010, Wii) Mario Sports Superstars (2017, 3DS) LEGO Super Mario Goal (2024, Sky Italia)\nPorts\nNew Play Control! Mario Power Tennis (2009, Wii)\nCanceled games\nSuper Mario American football game (GCN) Super Mario Spikers (Wii)\nRole-playing games\nPaper Mario series\nPaper Mario (2000, N64) Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door (2004, GCN) Super Paper Mario (2007, Wii) Paper Mario: Sticker Star (2012, 3DS) Paper Mario: Color Splash (2016, Wii U) Paper Mario: The Origami King (2020, Switch)\nMario & Luigi series\nMario & Luigi: Superstar Saga (2003, GBA) Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time (2005, DS) Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story (2009, DS) Mario & Luigi: Dream Team (2013, 3DS) Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam (2015, 3DS)\nOther\nSuper Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars (1996, SNES)\nRemakes\nMario & Luigi: Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions (2017, 3DS) Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey (2018, 3DS) Super Mario RPG (2023, Switch) Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door (2024, Switch)\nCanceled games\nSuper Mario RPG 2 (N64DD) Super Paper Mario (GCN)\nDr. Mario series\nMain\nDr. Mario (1990, NES/GB) Dr. Mario 64 (2001, N64) Dr. Mario Online Rx (2008, WiiWare) Dr. Mario Express (2008, DSiWare) Dr. Luigi (2013, Wii U) Dr. Mario: Miracle Cure (2015, 3DS) Dr. Mario World (2019, iOS/iPadOS/Android)\nOther\nVS. Dr. Mario (1990, VS) Dr. Mario (1993, GwB)\nRemakes\nTetris & Dr. Mario (1994, SNES) Nintendo Puzzle Collection (2003, GCN) Dr. Mario & Puzzle League (2005, GBA)\nLuigi's Mansion series\nMain\nLuigi's Mansion (2001, GCN) Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon (2013, 3DS) Luigi's Mansion 3 (2019, Switch)\nArcade\nLuigi's Mansion Arcade (2015, arcade)\nRemakes\nLuigi's Mansion (2018, 3DS) Luigi's Mansion 2 HD (2024, Switch)\nTech demos\nLuigi's Mansion (2000, GCN)\nEducational games\nMario Discovery series\nMario is Missing! (1993, MS-DOS/SNES/NES) Mario's Time Machine (1993, MS-DOS/SNES/NES) Mario's Early Years! Fun with Letters (1993, MS-DOS/SNES) Mario's Early Years! Fun with Numbers (1994, MS-DOS/SNES) Mario's Early Years! Preschool Fun (1994, MS-DOS/SNES)\nMario Teaches Typing series\nMario Teaches Typing (1991, MS-DOS) Mario Teaches Typing 2 (1996, MS-DOS)\nOther\nFamily BASIC (1984, FC) Super Mario Bros. & Friends: When I Grow Up (1991, MS-DOS)\nPorts\nMario's Early Years! CD-ROM Collection (1995, MS-DOS)\nCanceled games\nMario's Mission Earth (SNES)\nArt utilities\nMario Artist series\nMario Artist: Paint Studio (1999, N64DD) Mario Artist: Talent Studio (2000, N64DD) Mario Artist: Communication Kit (2000, N64DD) Mario Artist: Polygon Studio (2000, N64DD)\nOther\nI am a teacher: Super Mario Sweater (1986, FDS) Super Mario Bros. Print World (1991, MS-DOS) Mario Paint (1992, SNES) Super Mario Collection Screen Saver (1997, PC) Mario no Photopi (1998, N64) Mario Family (2001, GBC)\nPitches / canceled games\nMario Factory (\"Game Processor RAM Cassette\") Mario Paint 3D (N64) Mario Artist: Sound Studio (N64DD)\nMiscellaneous\nPicross series\nMario's Picross (1995, GB) Mario's Super Picross (1995, SFC) Picross 2 (1996, GB) Picross NP Vol. 6 (2000, SFC)\nLCD handhelds\nMario's Bombs Away (1983, G&W) Mario's Egg Catch (1990, SMBW) Luigi's Hammer Toss (1990, SMBW) Princess Toadstool's Castle Run (1990, SMBW) Mario the Juggler (1991, G&W)\nPinball\nPinball (1984, NES) Super Mario Bros. (1992, arcade) Super Mario Bros. Mushroom World (1992, arcade) Mario Pinball Land (2004, GBA)\nArcade\nMario Roulette (1991, arcade) Piccadilly Circus: Super Mario Bros. 3 (1991, arcade) Mario World (1991, arcade) Terebi Denwa: Super Mario World (1992, arcade) Super Mario World Popcorn (1992, arcade) Pika Pika Mario (1992, arcade) Janken Fukubiki: Super Mario World (1992, arcade) Koopa Taiji (1993, arcade) Bb Mario (1993, arcade) Mario Undkai (1993, arcade) Super Mario World (1993, arcade) Super Mario Kart: Doki Doki Race (1994, arcade) Mario Bowl (1995, arcade) Super Mario Attack (1996, arcade) Donkey Kong (1996, arcade) Mario Kart 64 (1996, arcade) Super Mario 64 (Unknown, arcade) Super Mario Bros. 3 (Unknown, arcade) Super Mario World (Unknown, arcade) Guru Guru Mario (Unknown, arcade) Swanky no Bonus Slot (Unknown, arcade) Dokidoki Mario Chance! (2003, arcade) Super Mario Fushigi no Janjan Land (2003, arcade) New Super Mario Bros. Wii Coin World (2011, arcade)\nBrowser\nMario Net Quest (1997, Adobe Shockwave) Mario's Memory Madness (1998, Adobe Shockwave) Crazy Counting (1999, Adobe Shockwave) Dinky Rinky (1999, Adobe Shockwave) Goodness Rakes (1999, Adobe Shockwave) Melon Mayhem (1999, Adobe Shockwave) Nomiss (1999, Adobe Shockwave) Wario's Whack Attack (1998, Adobe Shockwave) The Lab (The Bookshelf The Drafting Table PolterCue Ask Madame Clairvoya) (2001, Adobe Flash) Mario Trivia (Unknown, Adobe Flash) Mario Memory (Unknown, Adobe Flash) Virus Attack! (Unknown, Adobe Flash) Mini-Mario Factory Game! (2004, Adobe Flash) Bill Bounce (2004, Adobe Flash) Mario Party 7 Bon Voyage Quiz (2005, Adobe Flash) Super Mario Strikers (2005, Adobe Flash) Dr. Mario Vitamin Toss (2005, Adobe Flash) Bowser's Lair Hockey (2005, Adobe Flash) Heads-Up (2005, Adobe Flash) Parasol Fall (2005, Adobe Flash) Dribble Skillz (2006, Adobe Flash) Superstar Shootout (2006, Adobe Flash) Cannon Kaos (2006, Adobe Flash) 1-Up Hunt! (2006, Adobe Flash) Super Paper Mario Memory Match (2007, Adobe Flash) Are You Smarter Than Mario? (2008, Adobe Flash) Play Nintendo activities (2014present)\nDSiWare applications\nMario Calculator (2009, DSiWare) Mario Clock (2009, DSiWare)\nOther games\nAlleyway (1989, GB) Yoshi's Safari (1993, SNES) Undake30 Same Game (1995, SFC) Mario's Game Gallery (1995, MS-DOS) Mario's FUNdamentals (1998, Windows) Yakuman DS (2005, DS)\nTech demos\nMario Demo (1994, VB) morphdemo (Unknown, N64) Peach's Castle (2002, GCN) Mario's Face (Unknown, DS) DSpeak (2005, DS) Koopa Troopa Forest (Unknown, Wii) Mario FPS (Unknown, Wii)\nPitches / canceled games\nMario's Castle (\"Project Atlantis\") Boss Game Studios' Super Mario game pitch (Unknown) Retro Studios' Boo project (DS) Mario Motors (DS)\nCrossovers\nGame & Watch Gallery series\nGame & Watch Gallery (1997, GB) Game & Watch Gallery 2 (1997, GB) Game & Watch Gallery 3 (1999, GBC) Game & Watch Gallery 4 (2002, GBA)\nSuper Smash Bros. series\nSuper Smash Bros. (1999, N64) Super Smash Bros. Melee (2001, GCN) Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008, Wii) Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS (2014, 3DS) Super Smash Bros. for Wii U (2014, Wii U) Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018, Switch)\nItadaki Street series\nItadaki Street DS (2007, DS) Fortune Street (2011, Wii)\nMario & Sonic series\nMario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (2007, Wii) Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (2008, DS) Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games (2009, Wii) Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games (2009, DS) Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games (2011, Wii) Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games (2012, 3DS) Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games (2013, Wii U) Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games (2016, Wii U) Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games (2016, 3DS) Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games Arcade Edition (2016, arcade) Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 (2019, Switch) Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 - Arcade Edition (2020, arcade)\nNES Remix series\nMain\nNES Remix (2013, Wii U) NES Remix 2 (2014, Wii U)\nReissues\nNES Remix Pack (2014, Wii U) Ultimate NES Remix (2014, 3DS)\nMario + Rabbids series\nMario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle (2017, Switch) Mario + Rabbids Sparks of Hope (2022, Switch)\nOther\nExcitebike: Bun Bun Mario Battle (1997, Satellaview) NBA Street V3 (2005, GCN) Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix (2005, GCN) SSX on Tour (2005, GCN) Tetris DS (2006, DS) Captain Rainbow (2008, Wii) Art Style: PiCTOBiTS (2009, DSiWare) Nintendo Land (2012, Wii U) Puzzle & Dragons: Super Mario Bros. Edition (2015, 3DS) Nintendo World Championships: NES Edition (2024, Switch)\nTech demos\nChase Mii (Unknown, Wii U)\nPitches / canceled games\nSuper Mario/Rabbids crossover adventure game (Wii) DDR MARIO 2 (Wii)\n[Edit] Nintendo DS games\nSuper Mario franchise\nSuper Mario 64 DS (2004) Mario Kart DS (2005) Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time (2005) New Super Mario Bros. (2006) Mario Hoops 3-on-3 (2006) Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis (2006) Mario Party DS (2007) Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (2008) Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story (2009) Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games (2009) Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Mini-Land Mayhem! (2010)\nDonkey Kong franchise\nDiddy Kong Racing DS (2007) DK: Jungle Climber (2007)\nYoshi franchise\nYoshi Touch & Go (2005) Yoshi's Island DS (2006)\nWario franchise\nWarioWare: Touched! (2004) Wario: Master of Disguise (2007) WarioWare: D.I.Y. (2009)\nDSiWare\nBird & Beans (2008) Dr. Mario Express (2008) Paper Airplane Chase (2008) WarioWare: Snapped! (2008) Art Style: PiCTOBiTS (2009) Mario Calculator (2009) Mario Clock (2009) Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Minis March Again! (2009) Donkey Kong Jr. (2009) Mario's Cement Factory (2009)\nOther\nYakuman DS (2005) Super Princess Peach (2005) Tetris DS (2006) Game & Watch Collection (2006) Itadaki Street DS (2007)\nRetrieved from \"https://www.mariowiki.com/index.php?title=Mario_Kart_DS&oldid=4232088\"\nCategories: Mario Kart DSGamesNintendo DS gamesRacing games2005 games2007 gamesGames with Nintendo Wi-Fi ConnectionMeta categories: Articles with poor sourcesPages with audio files\nNavigation menu\nPage actions\nArticleDiscussionReadView sourceHistory\nPage actions\nArticleDiscussionMoreToolsLanguages\nPersonal tools\nNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog in\nBrowse\nGamesCharactersLocationsItemsAlliesEnemiesSpeciesMoves\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain pageFeatured articlesWiki maintenanceRecent changesRandom pageHelp\nCommunity\nThe 'ShroomProposalsMario BoardsDiscord serversAnniversary\nTools\nWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPrintable versionPermanent linkPage information\nLanguages\nDeutschItaliano\nThis page was last edited on May 29, 2024, at 07:54.Content is available under Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported unless otherwise noted.\nPrivacy policyAbout MarioWikiDisclaimersMobile view", "url": "https://www.mariowiki.com/Mario_Kart_DS" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How do you unlock more areas for racing on multiplayer? - Mario Kart DS Q&A for DS - GameFAQs\nMenuHomeBoardsNewsQ&ACommunityContributeGames3DSAndroidBoard/CardiOSPCPlayStation3PlayStation4PlayStation5SwitchVitaXbox 360Xbox OneXbox SeriesMore SystemsPCPS4PS5SwitchXbox OneXbox SeriesMoreSystems 3DSAndroidBoard / CardDSGame Boy AdvanceGameCubeiOSNintendo 64PlayStationPlayStation 2PlayStation 3PSPSuper NintendoVitaWiiWii UXbox 360See All 143...\nLog In\nSign Up\nGameFAQsBoardsNewsQ&ACommunityContributeGames\nHow do you unlock more areas for racing on multiplayer?Mario Kart DSDSLog in to add games to your listsNotify me about new: Guides Cheats Reviews Questions News Board Topics Board MessagesAdd this game to my: Favorite Games Favorite BoardsGuidesQ&ABoardMoreHomeSummaryRelease DataGame CreditsAlso PlayingCollection StatsGame TriviaGuidesQ&ACheatsSavesReviewsMediaBoxesImagesVideosNewsBoard\nNemesisLover\n- 15 years ago\n- report\nAnswers\nIn Wi-Fi and DS Download you can't get anymore. 20 on Wi-Fi and 8 on DS Download(maybe more, not exactly sure). Sorry man, thats just how it is, :(\nSplinerCellz007 \t\t\t\t\t\t- 15 years ago\n- report\n6\n0\nLocal Multiplayer: Every person playing needs to have a copy of the game. If every person has their own copy then you can select any course and any character you've unlocked. If you are playing with only one game (with everyone else playing through DS download) then you can only select from the first 4 nitro (new) and first 4 retro (old) courses. Also, anyone playing without a copy of the game will be forced to use Shy Guy. (People with their own copies of the game can select any character they've unlocked, even if they aren't the host and not everyone has the game. Instead of using DS download they can just go to the multiplayer menu in the game and join normally. Course selection will still be limited howver unless everyone has the game) For battle mode all of the battle maps are available regardless of how many people have a copy of the game. People without the game will still be forced to use Shy Guy.Online: certain maps are not available for online multiplayer.Waluigi PinballShroom RidgeTick-Tock ClockAirship FortressPeach GardensBowsers CastleSNES Donut Plains 1GBA Bowser Castle 2SNES Koopa Beach 2GBA Luigi CircuitGCN Mushroom BridgeN64 Banshee BoardwalkThese levels are not available for online multiplayer regardless of whether or not you are racing against people on your friends list. They are selectable online with the use of a hacking device such as an AR however. There is no battle mode online, although battle tracks can be selected through the use of a hacking device (they are not otherwise selectable online.) Racing online on tracks that aren't normally selectable online can cause lag and other glitches, depending on the course. (If you race on the battle course Pipe Plaza online and go into one of the pipes then your game can freeze, adding losses to your record when you turn off your DS.)\nSirPaper (Expert)\t\t\t\t\t\t- 15 years ago\n- report\n6\n0\nI think there may be a few more map options if on Local Area, but on WiFi, you have just 10 new maps and 10 classic maps for 20 total no matter what.\nLoustien \t\t\t\t\t\t- 15 years ago\n- report\n4\n1\nYou can if you are plaing multi player and the charecters got MARIO KART DS\namer_6630 \t\t\t\t\t\t- 15 years ago\n- report\n2\n1\nIf you mean online, that's a no can do.\nnvanhae \t\t\t\t\t\t- 15 years ago\n- report\n0\n1\nIf you mean DS Download Play, then its only 8 places.\npervy_sage456 \t\t\t\t\t\t- 15 years ago\n- report\n1\n2\nYou're browsing GameFAQs Q&A as a guest. Sign Up for free (or Log In if you already have an account) to be able to ask and answer questions.\nMore Questions from This Game\nCan you unlock R.O.B. and R.O.B. 64 in one game? General DS\n2 answers\nHow do I unlock more stuff like karts and races and prixs? General DS\n1 answer\nWhat do the different colored names mean when racing online? General DS\n1 answer\nHow do you unlock Shy Guy? General DS\n2 answers\nHow do you unlock R.O.B. ? General DS\n1 answer\nAsk A Question\nGame Detail\nPlatform: DS\nGenre: Racing Arcade Automobile\nDeveloper/Publisher: Nintendo\nRelease: November 14, 2005\nFranchises: Mario Kart\n91\nmore \nGame Trivia\nDS\nMario Kart DS is one of the few games on the DS to have a \"Language Block\". Depending on the language of the DS, the language of the game will change; however, it will not change into Japanese on non-Japanese copies of the game.\nContributed By: regyie2016\n2\n0\n See More or Submit Your Own!\nGames You May LikeDisney/Pixar Cars Mater-National ChampionshipCars Mater-National features an all-new international group of racers vying for their chance to compete against Light...Burnout LegendsThe Burnout series goes portable with Burnout Legends for the Nintendo DS. You can play through redesigned tracks fro...Disney/Pixar Cars 2Inspired by the upcoming DisneyPixar animated film, Cars 2: The Video Game lets players jump into the Cars 2 universe...DreamWorks Madagascar KartzZany jumps, outlandish flips, and radical rolls on amazing tracks from the world of Madagascar, including the New Yor...Ridge Racer DSThe Ridge Racer series returns with an all-new racing experience on the DS. The DS version lets you control your vehi...\nGameFAQsfacebook.com/GFAQstwitter.com/GameFAQsHelp / Contact UsChange Colors Blue (Default)\nBlue on Black\nRed\nRed on Black\nGreen\nGreen on Black\nOrange\nOrange on Black\nPurple\nPurple on Black\nCloudy Blue\nGrayscale\nSepia\nCotton Candy\ngamespot.comgiantbomb.commetacritic.comfandom.comfanatical.comSitemapPartnershipsCareersTerms of UseDigital Services ActPrivacy PolicyCookie SettingsReportAd 2024 FANDOM, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.", "url": "https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/ds/920788-mario-kart-ds/answers/4162-how-do-you-unlock-more-areas-for-racing-on-multiplayer" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Official Mario Kart DS Hacking Discord Server! - Kuribo64\nViews: 20,450,665\nHome\n| Forums\n| Uploader\n| Wiki\n| Object databases\n| IRC\nRules/FAQ\n| Memberlist\n| Calendar\n| Stats\n| Online users\n| Last posts\n| Search\n05-29-24 06:03 PM\nGuest:\nRegister\n| Login\n0 users reading Official Mario Kart DS Hacking Discord Server! | 1 guest\nMain - Misc. ROM hacking - Official Mario Kart DS Hacking Discord Server!\nHide post layouts | New reply\nSGC\nPosted on 02-08-18 08:35 PM (rev. 2 of 12-17-18 04:26 PM)\nLink | Quote | #93166\nYellow\nLevel: 40\nPosts: 337/369\nEXP: 422320\nNext: 18989\nSince: 09-09-14\nLast post: 1582 days ago\nLast view: 1253 days ago\nSo we decided to open this Discord server last month around the 4th, and it's been doing pretty well so far, and just to note we are not affiliated with DSHack.org, the web site, of course most of us originate from DSHack.org, but we decided to abandon ship.\nAnyway, what we do is we teach people how to make MKDS CTs, Custom Character, and Custom Karts.\nPlus we provide any tools needed, such as editors, and all that good stuff.\nPlus you can join this server for EKDS updates, and MKDS:GCGP updates.\nOur goal is to provide a easy, an helpful environment for anyone getting started,\nor anyone that needs help.\nSo yeah, here's the link:\nhttps://discord.gg/KhETqr7____________________MKDS Hacking & Modding Discord:\nhttps://discordapp.com/invite/CAktUYP\nJamie\nPosted on 02-09-18 08:07 AM\nLink | Quote | #93173\nMemberbanned by request\nLevel: 47\nPosts: 357/531\nEXP: 745438\nNext: 20765\nSince: 04-01-14\nLast post: 2050 days ago\nLast view: 2050 days ago\nI'm surprised DSHack.org is still a thing given it's so inactive as of late... I remember its glory days around a little while after the time MKCW Tri was released and MKDS CTs were being made back in 2012\nAnyhow, I'm in. Though DSHack.org shouldn't be abandoned in any way given forums are good for storing documentation and help requests\nI'd say before it ends up going down if it does (I don't know if Yami is still going to be around, I remember something happened to her) we back it up, it contains a lot of useful info :p\nSGC\nPosted on 02-09-18 09:09 AM (rev. 2 of 02-09-18 09:09 AM)\nLink | Quote | #93175\nYellow\nLevel: 40\nPosts: 338/369\nEXP: 422320\nNext: 18989\nSince: 09-09-14\nLast post: 1582 days ago\nLast view: 1253 days ago\nA lot of us would rather just see DSHack.org archived, honestly.\nSome of us imply aren't interested in Yami's leadership, anymore, so we made this, we have back up of some documentation, telling us to back it up is just stating the obvious, but thanks, anyway.\nI was an Admin on DSHack, and I decided to leave the staff last Month, so you don't have to tell me anything, I know the whole 9 yards.\nThe nature of the situation is: The current forum of DSHack is too buggy, and the fact that we want a new leader.\nThere's nothing that complies us to stay there, and to be frank we can go where ever we please, they may own a forum, but they don't own the community, and it's people.\nNothing against Yami, or anything/anyone, it's just that, a lot of us think it's time to move on,\nof course DSHack is getting a redesign, and I think it looks nice, but there's still the issue of leadership, if Yami ever returns, we'll gladly welcome her back, just not as a leader.\nNone the less, enjoy your time.____________________MKDS Hacking & Modding Discord:\nhttps://discordapp.com/invite/CAktUYP\niyenal\nPosted on 02-09-18 08:55 PM\nLink | Quote | #93187\nMoleMultiplatform developer\nLevel: 38\nPosts: 182/362\nEXP: 353419\nNext: 17028\nSince: 03-14-17\nFrom: Europe\nLast post: 698 days ago\nLast view: 668 days ago\nPosted by SGC\nThere's nothing that complies us to stay there, and to be frank we can go where ever we please, they may own a forum, but they don't own the community, and it's people.\nJust to say, that I like what you told.\nThat's true, and this fact have to be more considered. ____________________\n\"I failed in some subjects in exam, but my friend passed in all. Now he is an engineer in Microsoft and I am the owner of Microsoft.\" -Bill Gates\nToadBrawler\nPosted on 08-31-18 02:47 AM\nLink | Quote | #95768\nNewcomerNormal user\nLevel: 2\nPosts: 1/1\nEXP: 45\nNext: 1\nSince: 08-31-18\nLast post: 2098 days ago\nLast view: 2098 days ago\nDiscord link is down. Hopefully you see this soon and update it, I'm excited to join.\nSGC\nPosted on 09-05-18 03:07 AM\nLink | Quote | #95800\nYellow\nLevel: 40\nPosts: 351/369\nEXP: 422320\nNext: 18989\nSince: 09-09-14\nLast post: 1582 days ago\nLast view: 1253 days ago\nI'll look into it, and see about it.____________________MKDS Hacking & Modding Discord:\nhttps://discordapp.com/invite/CAktUYP\nChillius\n(post deleted)\n#96573\nSGC\nPosted on 12-17-18 04:26 PM\nLink | Quote | #96753\nYellow\nLevel: 40\nPosts: 359/369\nEXP: 422320\nNext: 18989\nSince: 09-09-14\nLast post: 1582 days ago\nLast view: 1253 days ago\nWith the fall of DSHack, we need an accessible place where anyone can learn about, and take part in MKDS Hacking & Modding, and our community, as such the link to this Discord has been reinstated.____________________MKDS Hacking & Modding Discord:\nhttps://discordapp.com/invite/CAktUYP\nMain - Misc. ROM hacking - Official Mario Kart DS Hacking Discord Server!\nHide post layouts | New reply\nPage rendered in 0.025 seconds. (2048KB of memory used)\nMySQL - queries: 27, rows: 212/212, time: 0.011 seconds.\nAcmlmboard 2.064 (2018-07-20)\n 2005-2008 Acmlm, Xkeeper, blackhole89 et al.", "url": "https://kuribo64.net/board/thread.php?id=3522" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Mario Kart DS flashcart difference | GBAtemp.net - The Independent Video Game Community\nMario Kart DS flashcart difference\nNintendo DS\nSearch\nEverywhere\nThreads\nThis forum\nThis thread\nSearch titles only\nBy:\nSearch\nAdvanced search\nEverywhere\nThreads\nThis forum\nThis thread\nSearch titles only\nBy:\nSearch\nAdvanced\nMario Kart DS flashcart difference\nNintendo DS\nHome\nLog in\nTerms & Rules\nDonate\nForums\nNew posts\nSearch forums\nGroups\nPublic Events\nNew\nNew posts\nNew resources\nNew blog entries\nNew profile posts\nNew blog entry comments\nNew threadmarks\nLatest activity\nCheats\nCheat Codes Add and Request group\nThe Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom cheat codes\nPokmon Legends: Arceus cheat codes\nXenoblade Chronicles 3 cheat codes\nFire Emblem Engage cheat codes\nRequest a cheat...\nTutorials\nNintendo Switch tutorials\nNintendo 3DS tutorials\nNintendo Wii U tutorials\nReviews\nOverview\nOfficial reviews\nUser reviews\nDownloads\nLatest reviews\nSearch resources\nBlogs\nNew entries\nNew comments\nBlog list\nSearch blogs\nChat\nTop chatters\nSearch\nEverywhere\nThreads\nThis forum\nThis thread\nSearch titles only\nBy:\nSearch\nAdvanced search\nEverywhere\nThreads\nThis forum\nThis thread\nSearch titles only\nBy:\nSearch\nAdvanced\nLog in\nRegister\nNew posts\nSearch forums\nLog in\nRegister\nHome\nForums\nPC, Console & Handheld Discussions\nNintendo DS\nMenu\nInstall the app\nInstall\nHackingMario Kart DS flashcart difference\nThread starter\nradorn\nStart date\nSep 19, 2010\nViews\n6,561\nReplies\n14\nR\nradorn\nActive Member\nOP\nNewcomer\nLevel 2\nJoined\nMar 18, 2009\nMessages\n37\nTrophies\n1\nWebsite\nVisit site\nXP\n161\nCountry\nSep 19, 2010\n#1\nSorry if this has been answered before, but the forum search stupidly refuses to accept any word shorter than 4 characters. Tried to search for [+\"Mario Kart DS\" +\"here we go\"] but apparently I should search for [+\"Mario Kart\" +here] which is ridiculous. rant over.\nI have backed up my own Mario Kart DS card (European version bouth in Spain) with Rudolph's 3in1 expansion based backup utility.\nWhen I load the original cart, at the initial screen I hear the usual throthling sound followed by mario saying \"yahoo!\". When I load the dumped ROM through my ak 2.1 (with AKAIO, if that makes a difference), mario says \"here we go!\" instead.\nDoes someone know why this happens?\nThe game runs ok otherwise, but I'm really curious about this strange difference.\nIt wouldn't mean squat to me if I were using a downloaded ROM since there could be different builds, etc, but since I dumped it myself...\nedit: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHGJZbF4dl8\nedit2: forgot to say that I also dumped my cart's save and used it on the flashcard, and also initialized the cart's save with the backup util and used an empty save for the rom just to make sure it wasn't something that depended on the save file... I got no variance.\nReply\nSixtySixHundred\nWell-Known Member\nMember\nLevel 1\nJoined\nMay 21, 2010\nMessages\n432\nTrophies\n0\nAge\n41\nLocation\nEternia!\nXP\n124\nCountry\nSep 19, 2010\n#2\nradorn said:\nSorry if this has been answered before, but the forum search stupidly refuses to accept any word shorter than 4 characters. Tried to search for [+\"Mario Kart DS\" +\"here we go\"] but apparently I should search for [+\"Mario Kart\" +here] which is ridiculous. rant over.\nI have backed up my own Mario Kart DS card (European version bouth in Spain) with Rudolph's 3in1 expansion based backup utility.\nWhen I load the original cart, at the initial screen I hear the usual throthling sound followed by mario saying \"yippeeeee!\". When I load the dumped ROM through my ak 2.1 (with AKAIO, if that makes a difference), mario says \"here we go!\" instead.\nDoes someone know why this happens?\nThe game runs ok otherwise, but I'm really curious about this strange difference.\nIt wouldn't mean squat to me if I were using a downloaded ROM since there could be different builds, etc, but since I dumped it myself...\nClick to expand...\nCouldn't resist testing this myself on a similar setup, Wood R4 with my own dumped version of MKDS and the very cart I dumped the ROM from.\nMine, was the other way round tho. From the retail cart, I got Mario shouting \"Here We Go!\" But from the R4, I got Yoshii saying \"Yahoo!\" Or something!\nIt could be just a different start up effect every time you boot the game, I'm gonna sit here starting MKDS up until I solve it\nEDIT: I've booted the ROM 10 times and the retail cart 10 times and every time it's Mario's \"Here We Go!\" For the cart and Yoshii's \"Yahoo!\" for the ROM!\nHow the hell does it know? Really strange!\nReply\nR\nradorn\nActive Member\nOP\nNewcomer\nLevel 2\nJoined\nMar 18, 2009\nMessages\n37\nTrophies\n1\nWebsite\nVisit site\nXP\n161\nCountry\nSep 19, 2010\n#3\nWell, In my case it's always the same: cart=\"yahoo\", acekard=\"here we go\", it never varies.\nI made a video\nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHGJZbF4dl8\nReply\n0ddity\nWell-Known Member\nMember\nLevel 3\nJoined\nAug 7, 2010\nMessages\n444\nTrophies\n0\nAge\n39\nLocation\nOntario\nWebsite\nVisit site\nXP\n247\nCountry\nSep 19, 2010\n#4\nThe E release says Yahoo, the U release says here we go, so maybe the flash cart is confusing the game as to which region it is in.\nReply\nTaellon\nWell-Known Member\nMember\nLevel 1\nJoined\nApr 30, 2009\nMessages\n136\nTrophies\n0\nXP\n90\nCountry\nSep 19, 2010\n#5\nNot sure about the E release, but I have an retail copy of the U release. It does the \"Yahoo!\" on a regular DS PHAT and the \"Here we go!\" on a DS Lite. Not sure what causes the differences with the ROM though. Maybe something to do with the different chips in the flashcarts.\nReply\nO\nOrangejb5\nWell-Known Member\nNewcomer\nLevel 1\nJoined\nFeb 1, 2010\nMessages\n45\nTrophies\n0\nXP\n24\nCountry\nSep 19, 2010\n#6\n^ i was about to say that.\nand yes, the region has different sayings at the beginning i believe.\nReply\nB\nbiggman15\nActive Member\nNewcomer\nLevel 1\nJoined\nSep 12, 2009\nMessages\n36\nTrophies\n0\nXP\n46\nCountry\nSep 20, 2010\n#7\nI'm getting a different result... My retail Cart always says \"Here we go!\" My Dstt just goes \"VVVrrroooommm!\" And then My Acekard has 2 different results... It goes \"Yahoo!\" at first... then when my Ezflash 3-in-1 is inserted it goes \"Here we go!\"\nThe ezflash doesn't affect the real cart or the DStt....\nReply\nMario92\nWell-Known Member\nMember\nLevel 3\nJoined\nFeb 20, 2010\nMessages\n878\nTrophies\n0\nAge\n31\nLocation\nFinland\nWebsite\nsteamcommunity.com\nXP\n261\nCountry\nSep 20, 2010\n#8\nI thought about that also. Real card says \"Here we go\", DSTT theres just \"Vroom vroom\" and Acekard 2i \"Yahoo\". I have E version real game and E dump\nReply\nZ\nzruben\nWell-Known Member\nNewcomer\nLevel 2\nJoined\nMar 21, 2007\nMessages\n97\nTrophies\n0\nXP\n160\nCountry\nSep 20, 2010\n#9\nI don't remember exactly what my rom says... but I remember that it changed when I got bored of the game and started using cheats...\nReply\nHaniKazmi\nWell-Known Member\nMember\nLevel 3\nJoined\nJan 30, 2008\nMessages\n1,657\nTrophies\n0\nAge\n30\nLocation\nManchester\nWebsite\nVisit site\nXP\n368\nCountry\nSep 20, 2010\n#10\nIt actually has to do with ds internal ids. Back when it was just the ds phat, each colour had a different internal id, and therefore you got a different saying on each colour. I'm not sure how it works with the ds lite and dsi, but the flashcards cant read the id properly, therefore youll get a different saying per flashcard.\nReactions:\njamezfat\nReply\nthaddius\nCharmander is not pleased.\nMember\nLevel 8\nJoined\nMay 5, 2008\nMessages\n1,345\nTrophies\n1\nAge\n111\nWebsite\nVisit site\nXP\n1,292\nCountry\nSep 20, 2010\n#11\nI noticed that the game did different startups noises depending on which of my DS' I used. I own the actual game and my DS Phat would go \"vroom vroom\", by Lite \"Yahoo\" and my DSi goes \"Here we go!\".\nReply\nS\nSgtThom\nWell-Known Member\nMember\nLevel 1\nJoined\nDec 22, 2009\nMessages\n129\nTrophies\n0\nXP\n67\nCountry\nSep 20, 2010\n#12\nHaniKazmi said:\nIt actually has to do with ds internal ids. Back when it was just the ds phat, each colour had a different internal id, and therefore you got a different saying on each colour. I'm not sure how it works with the ds lite and dsi, but the flashcards cant read the id properly, therefore youll get a different saying per flashcard.\nClick to expand...\nThis explain everything.I can't believe Nintendo didn't release information about this.\nReply\nRydian\nResident Furvert\nMember\nLevel 19\nJoined\nFeb 4, 2010\nMessages\n27,880\nTrophies\n0\nAge\n36\nLocation\nCave Entrance, Watching Cyan Write Letters\nWebsite\nrydian.net\nXP\n9,111\nCountry\nSep 20, 2010\n#13\nSgtThom said:\nThis explain everything.I can't believe Nintendo didn't release information about this.\nClick to expand...\nDid you know the original DS models had a pressure-sensitive screen, and they took it out on the DSi models because nothing actually used it?\nReactions:\njamezfat\nReply\nC\ncasperdewith\nNew Member\nNewbie\nLevel 1\nJoined\nJun 27, 2020\nMessages\n2\nTrophies\n0\nAge\n19\nXP\n45\nCountry\nJul 1, 2020\n#14\nFrom what I understand, there are two startup sounds. One is \"(vroom vroom) here we go!\" and the other is \"(vroom vroom) yahoo!\".\nI have the highly customiseable TWiLightMenu on my 3DS, and I think I figured it out.\nOn my DSi, it always said \"here we go!\". So I was used to hearing that for years. With the TWiLightMenu, I loaded the .nds file and I heard \"yahoo!\" Wierd! After familiarising with the TWiLight firmware (= changing some settings) I loaded it and it said \"here we go!\" again. Wierder!\nThis was the setting changing the outcomes:\nIf TWiLightMenu was in DSi mode, it said \"here we go!\",\nIf TWiLightMenu was in DS mode, it said \"yahoo!\".\nSo it might have to do with the device it's loaded on. The developers hid a little easter egg to only be discovered when the new devices were released. That's what I think has happened.\nReply\nO\nohnoitshuey\nNew Member\nNewbie\nLevel 1\nJoined\nDec 24, 2023\nMessages\n1\nTrophies\n0\nAge\n21\nXP\n2\nCountry\nDec 24, 2023\n#15\nradorn said:\nSorry if this has been answered before, but the forum search stupidly refuses to accept any word shorter than 4 characters. Tried to search for [+\"Mario Kart DS\" +\"here we go\"] but apparently I should search for [+\"Mario Kart\" +here] which is ridiculous. rant over.\nI have backed up my own Mario Kart DS card (European version bouth in Spain) with Rudolph's 3in1 expansion based backup utility.\nWhen I load the original cart, at the initial screen I hear the usual throthling sound followed by mario saying \"yahoo!\". When I load the dumped ROM through my ak 2.1 (with AKAIO, if that makes a difference), mario says \"here we go!\" instead.\nDoes someone know why this happens?\nThe game runs ok otherwise, but I'm really curious about this strange difference.\nIt wouldn't mean squat to me if I were using a downloaded ROM since there could be different builds, etc, but since I dumped it myself...\nedit:\nedit2: forgot to say that I also dumped my cart's save and used it on the flashcard, and also initialized the cart's save with the backup util and used an empty save for the rom just to make sure it wasn't something that depended on the save file... I got no variance.\nClick to expand...\nI've seen the videos about that but has yours had different engine sounds? It was very unsatisfying when I didn't get the \"vroom vroom here we go\". Instead I get the sound of karts flying past and the \"here we go\".\nPost automatically merged: Dec 24, 2023\nbiggman15 said:\nI'm getting a different result... My retail Cart always says \"Here we go!\" My Dstt just goes \"VVVrrroooommm!\" And then My Acekard has 2 different results... It goes \"Yahoo!\" at first... then when my Ezflash 3-in-1 is inserted it goes \"Here we go!\"\nThe ezflash doesn't affect the real cart or the DStt....\nClick to expand...\nMine has the different engine sound too. We need to figure out what makes it do that too.\nReply\nCheck for new posts\nRemove formattingBoldItalicFont size9101215182226Text colorMore optionsSmiliesAlignment\nAlign left\nAlign center\nAlign right\nJustify textUnordered listMore optionsInsert linkInsert imageMediaQuoteInsert tableTabsMore optionsUndoRedoToggle BB codeDraftsSave draftDelete draftPreviewFont familyArialBook AntiquaCourier NewGeorgiaTahomaTimes New RomanTrebuchet MSVerdanaStrike-throughUnderlineInline codeInline spoilerOrdered listIndentOutdentParagraph formatNormalHeading 1Heading 2Heading 3Insert horizontal lineSpoilerCodeWrite your reply...\nPost reply\nInsert quotes\nSimilar threads\nG\nEmulationGamingAndroidEmulator\nMario Kart Wii save file not working.\nGamerGatorDoesTech\nMay 15, 2024\nNintendo Wii\nReplies\n4\nViews\n417\nNintendo Wii\nMay 17, 2024\nGamerGatorDoesTech\nG\nGaming\nDoes anyone remeber this mario kart feature?\nLavender01\nOct 18, 2022\nNintendo DS\nReplies\n4\nViews\n841\nNintendo DS\nOct 18, 2022\nLavender01\nROM HackProject\n[WIP] Mario Kart Nitro Revolution\nrocoloco321\nFeb 21, 2023\nNintendo DS\n2\nReplies\n35\nViews\n12K\nNintendo DS\nMar 26, 2024\nRetrogamingAddict\nR\nROM Hack\nMario Kart DS - Custom Tracks Grand Prix NITRO (CTGP NITRO) v1.1.0 Release\nDailyWeather\nApr 12, 2024\nNintendo DS\nReplies\n3\nViews\n3K\nNintendo DS\nApr 12, 2024\nRetrogamingAddict\nR\nJ\nTesting the new EZ-Flash Parallel\nJemtao\nApr 9, 2024\nNintendo DS\n4\n5\n6\nReplies\n104\nViews\n13K\nNintendo DS\nYesterday at 11:24 PM\n4d1xlaan\nShare:\nFacebook\nTwitter\nReddit\nPinterest\nTumblr\nWhatsApp\nEmail\nShare\nLink\nSite & Scene News\nNew\nHot\nDiscussed\nSelect PlayStation 2 games are coming to PlayStation 5\nToday at 4:39 PM by Chary\n18\nSilent Hill Transmission event scheduled for May 30th, 2024\nYesterday at 3:27 PM by ShadowOne333\n20\nTwo Japan-exclusive Mega Man Battle Network spinoffs games get fan-made English localizations\nMonday at 4:46 PM by ShadowOne333\n44\nMajoras Mask PC port 2Ship2Harkinian gets its first release\nMonday at 1:21 PM by Scarlet\n80\nReview\nV Rising\nSunday at 4:41 PM by KiiWii\n5\nAnbernic announces the RG Cube retro gaming handheld\nSunday at 4:05 PM by Prans\n38\nAYANEO announces AMD 8840U upgrades for the AYANEO KUN, 2S and AIR 1S handheld gaming PCs\nSunday at 3:37 PM by Prans\n27\nFrame, the open-source AR glasses, begins Developer Partner Program, new apps and worldwide shipping\nSunday at 3:18 PM by Prans\n7\nEditorial\nPOCO F6 Series & POCO Pad: Hands-On Impressions & Interview\nSaturday at 1:14 PM by Prans\n19\n'Train Simulator Classic 2024' launches on Steam\nFriday at 7:36 AM by Prans\n24\n32Kviews\nNew static recompiler tool N64Recomp aims to seamlessly modernize N64 games\nAs each year passes, retro games become harder and harder to play, as the physical media begins to fall apart and becomes more difficult and expensive to obtain. 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I know burger king used to not, but don't know nowadays\nToday at 4:25 PM\n@\nK3Nv2:\nThey may squrit it for free if you ask nice\n+1\nToday at 4:25 PM\n@\nK3Nv2:\nLast time I got bk it was 35c per sauce fuck you king of my nutsack\n+1\nToday at 4:26 PM\n@\nK3Nv2:\nI'll buy a bottle of baby rays BBQ for $2 and add it from home out of spite\n+1\nToday at 4:27 PM\n@\nBigOnYa:\nI like baby rays, my favorite is KC masterpiece tho. Figured all you could buy is that there.\nToday at 4:29 PM\n@\nK3Nv2:\nThe metro doesn't discriminate good sauce\n+1\nToday at 4:30 PM\n@\nPsionic Roshambo:\nBaby Rays isn't that what killed the crocodile hunter?\nToday at 5:01 PM\n@\nPsionic Roshambo:\nIf only he had done an endorsement for them....\nToday at 5:01 PM\n@\nPsionic Roshambo:\nOy mate don't let a bad bbq sauce kill your party! Baby Rays are killing it!! The flavor hits you right in the chest!\n+1\nToday at 5:02 PM\n@\nXdqwerty:\nMy phone only has 13% battery so i don't have much time left\nToday at 5:47 PM\n@\nXdqwerty:\nNow 12%\nToday at 5:47 PM\n@\nBigOnYa:\nHappy birthday, btw\nToday at 5:51 PM\nRemove formattingBoldItalicText colorFont familyArialBook AntiquaCourier NewGeorgiaTahomaTimes New RomanTrebuchet MSVerdanaMore optionsSmiliesUnordered listOrdered listInsert linkInsert imageTabsStrike-throughUnderlineInline codeInline spoilerYou do not have the permission to use the chat.\nSubmit\n@\nBigOnYa:\nHappy birthday, btw\nToday at 5:51 PM\nChat 0\nHome\nForums\nReviews\nTutorials\nStaff\nMembers\nOur Patrons\nAbout GBAtemp\nStyle: tempStyle 3.2\nDonate\nRemove ads\nContact us\nTerms and rules\nPrivacy policy\nHelp\nRSS\nCommunity platform by XenForo 2010-2023 XenForo Ltd.\n GBAtemp 2002-2024", "url": "https://gbatemp.net/threads/mario-kart-ds-flashcart-difference.255617/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Michelle Hawley - ProfileEditorial ChannelsCustomer ExperienceContact CentersDigital ExperienceEcommerceHyper-PersonalizationVoice of the CustomerDigital MarketingCustomer Data PlatformsAI in Customer ExperienceMarketing AutomationDigital Experience PlatformsView All TopicsPodcastsCX Decoded PodcastResearchResearch ReportsWhite PapersView AllEventsWebinarsConferencesView AllAbout UsEditorial CalendarIMPACT AwardsCX Decoded PodcastCMSWire Mobile AppPress ReleasesProduct DirectoryAdvertise HereBecome a ContributorJoin usCustomer ExperienceExplore the dynamic world of Customer Experience (CX) at CMSWire. Stay updated with the latest news, expert advice and in-depth analysis on customer-first marketing, commerce and digital experience design.EditorialAfter Starbucks' Poor Q1, Time to Explore New Customer Experience StrategiesRead nowEditorialFrontline Empowerment: A Customer Experience RevolutionRead nowEditorialCustomer Experience Strategies: (Good) Friction Is Great for CXRead nowThe Future of Ecommerce: Creating Blended ExperiencesDesigning Customer Surveys Without Causing Customer FatigueAI Trends That Will Transform Customer JourneyWhy a Chief Customer Officer is Essential for Unified Brand MessagingNurturing as a Marketing ImperativeCX Leadership: Essential Personas of a Chief Customer OfficerExplore the Customer Experience ChannelResearch LibraryPodcastsIMPACT AwardsEditorial CalendarAdvertisingJoin usAbout CMSWireFor over two decades CMSWire, produced by Simpler Media Group, has been the world's leading community of customer experience professionals. Today the CMSWire community consists of over 5 million influential customer experience, customer service anddigital experience leaders, the majority of whom are based in North America and employed by medium to large organizations. Our sister community, Reworked, gathers the world's leading employee experience and digital workplace professionals. And our newest community, VKTR, is home for professionals focused on deploying artificial intelligence in the workplace.Explore CMSWIRECX Decoded PodcastCMSWire IMPACT AwardsCMSWire Insights & ResearchCMSWire Editorial CalendarBecome a CMSWire ContributorThe Wire (Press Releases)CMSWire Advertising & SponsorshipPopular ArticlesAI and Ethics: Navigating the New FrontierFrontline B2B Marketing: Hype or Reality?Agile vs DevOps: What's the Difference?How AI in Marketing Safeguards Your Influencer CampaignsOpenAIs GPT4o: Smarter, Faster and It SpeaksWhy Marketers Should Care About Gemini in BigQueryEditorial ChannelsCustomer ExperienceContact CentersDigital ExperienceEcommerceHyper-PersonalizationVoice of the CustomerDigital MarketingCustomer Data PlatformsAI in Customer ExperienceMarketing AutomationDigital Experience PlatformsJoin the CommunityNot yet a CMSWire member? We serve over 5 million of the world's top customer experience practitioners. Join us today unlock member benefits and accelerate your career, all for free.Join usGet the CMSWire Mobile AppPublished by Simpler Media Group, Inc.Explore our Family of BrandsPrivacy|Terms|Contact|Sitemap|AdvertisingAbout CMSWireFor over two decades CMSWire, produced by Simpler Media Group, has been the world's leading community of customer experience professionals. Today the CMSWire community consists of over 5 million influential customer experience, customer service anddigital experience leaders, the majority of whom are based in North America and employed by medium to large organizations. Our sister community, Reworked, gathers the world's leading employee experience and digital workplace professionals. And our newest community, VKTR, is home for professionals focused on deploying artificial intelligence in the workplace.Join the CommunityJoin usGet the CMSWire Mobile AppPrivacy|Terms|Contact|Sitemap|Advertising", "url": "https://www.cmswire.com/author/michelle-hawley/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Office of Undergraduate Studies | Cal State LA\nSkip to main content\nCal State LA\nStudents\nFaculty & Staff\nAlumni\nMyCalStateLA\nDirectory\nLibrary\nQuick Links\nSearch\nGIVE NOW\nAbout\nAcademics\nAdmissions & Aid\nStudent Success\nCampus Life\nDiversity\nPublic Good\nAthletics\nGIVE NOW\nUndergraduate Studies\nUndergraduate Studies\nOffice of Undergraduate Studies\nAbout Us\nStudent Forms\nGrade Appeals/Academic Grievances\nNon-Resident Student Fee Waiver\nAcademic Petitions\nArticulation Request Form\nUniversity Catalog\nTransfer Students\nCurriculum Resources for Faculty\nAdditional Resources\nGE Updates\nOffice of Undergraduate Studies\nThe Office of Undergraduate Studies advances student success through collaborative efforts to foster an inclusive learning environment, a dynamic curriculum, high-quality support services, and effective advising that helps students navigate a meaningful path to their educational and professional goals.\nUndergraduate Studiesprovides leadership forareas including academic learning services, advising, articulation, general education, and writing across the curriculum. We also work with the Academic Senate through the shared governance process to develop and improve policies.\nMeet the Team\nDr. MichelleHawley has served as Dean of Undergraduate Studies since 2015. Previously, Dr. Hawley served as Founding Director for the Honors College. She led strategic planning for this new college, designed to help diverse and outstanding students reach their full potential and become leaders in their fields. She integrated the Early Entrance Program and the Presidents Scholars into a robust four-year College that emphasizes civic engagement, knowledge creation, and leadership.\nDr. Hawley is a Professor of English. She earned a B.A. in English from Pomona College and a Ph.D. in English from the University of Chicago. She has also served as faculty director of service learning and has published and presented research in Victorian literature and culture and childrens literature.\nDr. Margret Garcia has served as Associate Dean of Undergraduate Studies since 2015. Prior to that, Dr. Garcia served as the School Psychology Program Coordinator in the Charter College of Education for over 20 years. She has also served as Associate Chair for the Division of Special Education and Counseling. Dr. Garcia has been active in the California and National Associations of School Psychologists and served as the President of the School Psychology Education Committee which is comprised of statewide School Psychology university trainers.\nDr. Garcia earned a B.A. in Psychology at UCLA and a PhD. in Educational Psychology at UC Berkeley. Her primary interests in teaching and research are in the areas of Assessment, Counseling, and School-Based Consultation.\nCatalog Editor & Lead Curriculum Specialist\nEsther Tam (M.B.A.)\nMs. Tam joined the University's Admission Department in 2008 and transferred to the Office of Undergraduate Studies in 2017. As the University Catalog Editor, she reviews and updates all catalog pages to ensure the accuracy of information. She also maintains the university curriculum database, coordinates the curriculum and program review process, performs operational analysis, manages the Curriculog user accounts, and administrates Curriculog user training webinars.\nMs. Tam earned her first degree in Diplomacy at National Cheng-Chi University (Taiwan) and a M.B.A. at City University of Seattle.\nArticulation Officer\nCheryl Pugh (M.L.I.S.)\nMs. Pugh joined the Office of Undergraduate Studies in 2013. She is responsible for maintaining and updating the articulation agreements with Cal State Los Angeles and the California Community Colleges throughout California in order to facilitate the transfer of students to Cal State Los Angeles.\nMs. Pugh holds a Master of Library & Information Science at San Jose State University. In March 2017, she was one of the recipients of the Cal State Los Angeles Distinguished Women Awards.\nContact Us\nStudent Services Building 7380 (office location map)\nStudents inquiries, email us at:ugstudies@calstatela.edu\nFaculty with curriculum or Curriculog questions, email us at: curriculog@calstatela.edu\n323.343.3830\nCONNECT\nContact Us\nMedia\nSocial Media Hub\nWays to Give\nSERVICES\nCampus Map\nCampus Safety\nCARE Team\nDining on Campus\nWellBeingU\nParking & Transportation\nStudent Health Center\nADMINISTRATIVE\nAccessibility\nAccreditation\nAnnual Security Report\nCampus Safety Plan\nCSU System\nFile Viewers\nPrivacy\nTitle IX\n5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032 (323) 343-3000\n 2024 Trustees of the California State University\nBack to top\nQUICK LINKS\nAcademic Calendar\nAccessibility\nCampus Map\nCommencement\nOffice of the President\nStudent Parent Resources\nAbout\nAcademics\nAdmissions & Aid\nStudent Success\nCampus Life\nDiversity\nPublic Good\nAthletics\nGIVE NOW\nMyCalStateLA\nDirectory\nLibrary\nQuick Links\nSearch\nGIVE NOW\nQUICK LINKS\nAcademic Calendar\nAccessibility\nCampus Map\nCommencement\nOffice of the President\nStudent Parent Resources\nStudents\nFaculty & Staff\nAlumni\nAsk CalStateLAAsk CalStateLA-", "url": "https://www.calstatela.edu/undergraduatestudies/about-us" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Obituary | Michelle Hawley | Kinkade Funeral Chapel\nView Obituaries\nKinkade Funeral Chapel\nMichelle Hawley\nOctober 22, 1970 - July 2, 1999\nSend a Card\nShow Your Sympathyto the Family\nMore\nLess\nGuestbook\nCondolences\nShare:\n(No Obituary Text Available)\nRead More\nRead Less\nGuestbook\nShare your thoughts and memories of Michelle\nView & Sign\nSympathy Card\nShare your thoughts and memories with family and friends of Michelle\nSend to Family\nKinkade Funeral Chapel\n1235 Junction Ave\tSturgis, SD 57785 605-347-3336\n 2021 - 24 Kinkade Funeral Chapel. All Rights Reserved.\nTerms of Use | Privacy\nFuneral Home Website by Batesville", "url": "https://www.kinkadefunerals.com/obituary/michelle-hawley" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Michelle Hawley - Maine Community College System\nskip to main content\nMCCS in the News\nCONTACT US\nCollegesMaines Community CollegesLocations & Contact InfoStudent Life & ResourcesProgramsDegree and Certificate ProgramsOnline OfferingsSpecial Opportunities for MCCS StudentsEarly College Programs & CoursesContinuing EducationAdmissions & CostAdmissionsRequirementsHow to ApplyHow to Register for a CourseHow to TransferRequest a TranscriptTuition & AidTuition & FeesFinancial Aid & ScholarshipsWorthington Foundation ScholarshipOpportunity MaineWorkforce TrainingHarold Alfond CenterFor BusinessesFor TraineesWorkforce WebinarsAbout MCCSSystem InfoAbout MCCSHistory & MissionMCCS ReportsConsumer InfoMyMCCSSystem OfficeStaff DirectoryBoard of TrusteesThe FoundationEmploymentDirectionsInfo ForFor StudentsFor School Counselors\nGo!\nHome\nColleges\nPrograms\nAdmissions\nWorkforce Training\nAbout MCCS\nNews\nInfo For Students\nInfo For School Counselors\nAbout MCCS\nAbout MCCS\nSystem InfoAbout MCCS\nHistory & Mission\nMCCS Reports\nConsumer Information\nSystem OfficeStaff Directory\nBoard of Trustees\nBoard Membership\nThe Foundation\nEmployment\nDirections\nMichelle Hawley\nDeputy Executive Director of Workforce Training\n207-629-4014\nConsumer Information\nNon-discrimination Statement\nPrivacy Policy\nMCCS in the News\nDirections\nContact Us\nMyMCCS\nCopyright 2024 Maine Community College System. All rights reserved.\nMaine Community College System\n323 State Street\nAugusta, Maine 04330\n207.629.4000", "url": "https://www.mccs.me.edu/staff/michelle-hawley/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "MICHELLE HAWLEY - CALDWELL, NJ Real Estate Agent | realtor.comSkip to contentBuyHomes for saleHomes for saleForeclosures homesNew construction for saleAll new constructionNew home constructionHomes valuesHousing marketRecently sold homesProperty recordsHome buying TipsHome buying checklistHome buyers reveal: 'What I wish I had known before buying my first home'First-time home buyer resource centerMore home buying insightsSuccess storiesSellHome sellingSeller's marketplaceSee what your home is worthLearn how to sell your homeHow to select an agentCompare agents & pick the right oneHome selling tipsSelling your home? Don't neglect these 6 maintenance tasks - or elseMore home selling insightsRentApartments for rentApartments for rentLandlord toolsManage rentalsList your rentalsScreen tenantsCreate a leaseCollect rent onlineHome renting tipsRenters resource centerShould I rent or buy?Debunked! 8 myths about renting you should stop believing immediatelyRental reportMore renting insightsMortgageMortgage ratesGet pre-approvedMortgage ratesHome equity financing ratesRefinance ratesFinance adviceFor veteransCalculatorsMortgage calculatorRefinance calculatorHow much house can I affordRent vs. buyFinancial advice6 ways home buyers mess up getting a mortgageMortgage guideLearn about home insuranceMore finance insightsFind RealtorsFind REALTORSSearch for real estate agentWhy use a REALTOR6 reasons you should never buy or sell a home without an agentDifference between agent, broker & RealtorListing vs. buyer agentHow to find a REALTORNews around REALTORSReal estate agents reveal the toughest home buyers they've ever metMore news around REALTORSMy HomeNews & InsightsNewsThe latest newsHousing trendsReal estate newsCelebrity real estateUnique homesFor prosCorporate blogInsightsBuyingSellingRentingFinancingMovingHome improvementLivingResearch2024 housing market predictions2023 hottest zip codesGuides & moreAll guidesComplete guide on how to sell your homeFirst-time home buyer resource centerMortgage guideVeterans home buyer guideUSDA home loan guideHome insurance guideReal estate videosHousing resourcesManage rentalsAdvertiseFind Homes on the go!Log inSign up MICHELLE HAWLEYHouse of Hawley Realty No recommendations provided yet.(973) 951-0514 mobile Share profile MICHELLE HAWLEYHouse of Hawley Realty Write MICHELLE HAWLEY's 1st recommendationAbout MICHELLE HAWLEYMICHELLE HAWLEY hasn't provided a bio yet.Experience 22 years 2 monthsPrice range (last 24 months)$320K - $655K Ratings and reviewsNo reviews provided yet.Did this agent help with your home?Rate and write a review RecommendationsNo recommendations provided yet.Share your experience with this agent.Write a recommendationAre you MICHELLE HAWLEY? Edit profileContact details(973) 951-0514 mobileHouse of Hawley Realty407 Bloomfield Ave, CALDWELL, NJ, 07006 Share profileConnect with MICHELLE HAWLEY at House of Hawley RealtyFull name EmailPhoneMessageRecaptcha ResponseSend emailBy proceeding, you consent to receive calls and texts at the number you provided, including marketing by autodialer and prerecorded and artificial voice, and email, from realtor.com and about your inquiry and others home-related matters, but not as a condition of any purchase.More... About usCareersAccessibilityFeedbackMedia roomAd ChoicesAdvertise with usAgent supportPrivacyTermsHome MadeTech BlogAgent BlogSitemapDo Not Sell or Share My Personal InformationGet the app 1995-2024 National Association of REALTORS and Move, Inc. All rights reserved.", "url": "https://www.realtor.com/realestateagents/56c4677589a68901006dca5f" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Michelle Hawley - Curriculum Matters\nCurriculum Matters\nMENU\nAbout us\nResources\nEvents\nBlog\nGet Updates\nSkip to content\nCurriculum Matters\nAbout us\nResources\nEvents\nBlog\nGet Updates\nMichelle Hawley\nSupervisor, Math, Science and Gifted Education Services\nBrandywine School District\nDE\nMichelle Hawley has served as a District Supervisor for Brandywine School District in Wilmington, Delaware since 2014. When she began her career in a middle school mathematics classroom in 2000, she was fortunate enough to be provided a quality curriculum and ongoing professional learning; this led to many additional career opportunities. After serving as a classroom teacher, Michelle also served in roles as Mathematics Instructional Coach, State Data Coach, Math Specialist and Assessment Item Writer and Reviewer. In her current role, she supervises mathematics, science and gifted education services for PK-12 students, and has planned two comprehensive curriculum adoptions in mathematics.\nMichelle earned both her Bachelors and Masters degrees in Education from University of Delaware, and serves on the Executive Boards of the Delaware Math Coalition, Delaware Science Coalition, and Delaware Council for Mathematics Leaders. She also serves on the Delaware Mathematics Steering Committee.\nMichelle is on Twitter at @mhawley_de. You can also connect with her on LinkedIn.\nSquad\nAlumni\nCurriculum Notes\nK-5: Bookworms\nLets connect\nJoin Our PLN\nTwitter\nFacebook\nWe are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website.You can find out more about which cookies we are using or switch them off in settings.\nAccept\nClose GDPR Cookie Settings\nPrivacy Overview\nStrictly Necessary Cookies\nPowered by GDPR Cookie Compliance\nPrivacy Overview\nThis website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.\nStrictly Necessary Cookies\nStrictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.\nEnable or Disable Cookies\nIf you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again.\nEnable All\nSave Settings", "url": "https://curriculummatters.org/profile/michelle-hawley/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": " Transformers\nHugging Face Models Datasets Spaces Posts Docs Solutions Pricing Log In Sign Up\nTransformers documentation Transformers Transformers View all docsAWS Trainium & InferentiaAccelerateAmazon SageMakerAutoTrainBitsandbytesChat UICompetitionsDataset viewerDatasetsDiffusersEvaluateGoogle TPUsGradioHubHub Python LibraryHuggingface.jsInference API (serverless)Inference Endpoints (dedicated)OptimumPEFTSafetensorsSentence TransformersTRLTasksText Embeddings InferenceText Generation InferenceTokenizersTransformersTransformers.jstimm Search documentation Ctrl+K mainv4.41.2v4.40.2v4.39.3v4.38.2v4.37.2v4.36.1v4.35.2v4.34.1v4.33.3v4.32.1v4.31.0v4.30.0v4.29.1v4.28.1v4.27.2v4.26.1v4.25.1v4.24.0v4.23.1v4.22.2v4.21.3v4.20.1v4.19.4v4.18.0v4.17.0v4.16.2v4.15.0v4.14.1v4.13.0v4.12.5v4.11.3v4.10.1v4.9.2v4.8.2v4.7.0v4.6.0v4.5.1v4.4.2v4.3.3v4.2.2v4.1.1v4.0.1v3.5.1v3.4.0v3.3.1v3.2.0v3.1.0v3.0.2v2.11.0v2.10.0v2.9.1v2.8.0v2.7.0v2.6.0v2.5.1v2.4.1v2.3.0v2.2.2v2.1.1v2.0.0v1.2.0v1.1.0v1.0.0doc-builder-html DEENESFRHIITJAKOPTTETRZH 126,834 Get started Transformers Quick tour Installation Tutorials Run inference with pipelines Write portable code with AutoClass Preprocess data Fine-tune a pretrained model Train with a script Set up distributed training with Accelerate Load and train adapters with PEFT Share your model Agents Generation with LLMs Chatting with Transformers Task Guides Natural Language Processing Audio Computer Vision Multimodal Generation Prompting Developer guides Use fast tokenizers from Tokenizers Run inference with multilingual models Use model-specific APIs Share a custom model Templates for chat models Trainer Run training on Amazon SageMaker Export to ONNX Export to TFLite Export to TorchScript Benchmarks Notebooks with examples Community resources Troubleshoot Contribute new quantization method Interoperability with GGUF files Performance and scalability Overview LLM inference optimization Quantization Efficient training techniques Methods and tools for efficient training on a single GPU Multiple GPUs and parallelism Fully Sharded Data Parallel DeepSpeed Efficient training on CPU Distributed CPU training Training on TPU with TensorFlow PyTorch training on Apple silicon Custom hardware for training Hyperparameter Search using Trainer API Optimizing inference CPU inference GPU inference Instantiate a big model Debugging XLA Integration for TensorFlow Models Optimize inference using `torch.compile()` Contribute How to contribute to Transformers? How to add a model to Transformers? How to add a pipeline to Transformers? Testing Checks on a Pull Request Conceptual guides Philosophy Glossary What Transformers can do How Transformers solve tasks The Transformer model family Summary of the tokenizers Attention mechanisms Padding and truncation BERTology Perplexity of fixed-length models Pipelines for webserver inference Model training anatomy Getting the most out of LLMs API Main Classes Agents and Tools Auto Classes Backbones Callbacks Configuration Data Collator Keras callbacks Logging Models Text Generation ONNX Optimization Model outputs Pipelines Processors Quantization Tokenizer Trainer DeepSpeed Feature Extractor Image Processor Models Text models Vision models Audio models Video models Multimodal models Reinforcement learning models Time series models Graph models Internal Helpers Custom Layers and Utilities Utilities for pipelines Utilities for Tokenizers Utilities for Trainer Utilities for Generation Utilities for Image Processors Utilities for Audio processing General Utilities Utilities for Time Series\nJoin the Hugging Face community\nand get access to the augmented documentation experience\nCollaborate on models, datasets and Spaces\nFaster examples with accelerated inference\nSwitch between documentation themes\nSign Up\nto get started\n Transformers State-of-the-art Machine Learning for PyTorch, TensorFlow, and JAX. Transformers provides APIs and tools to easily download and train state-of-the-art pretrained models. Using pretrained models can reduce your compute costs, carbon footprint, and save you the time and resources required to train a model from scratch. These models support common tasks in different modalities, such as: Natural Language Processing: text classification, named entity recognition, question answering, language modeling, summarization, translation, multiple choice, and text generation.\n Computer Vision: image classification, object detection, and segmentation.\n Audio: automatic speech recognition and audio classification.\n Multimodal: table question answering, optical character recognition, information extraction from scanned documents, video classification, and visual question answering. Transformers support framework interoperability between PyTorch, TensorFlow, and JAX. This provides the flexibility to use a different framework at each stage of a models life; train a model in three lines of code in one framework, and load it for inference in another. Models can also be exported to a format like ONNX and TorchScript for deployment in production environments. Join the growing community on the Hub, forum, or Discord today! If you are looking for custom support from the Hugging Face team Contents The documentation is organized into five sections: GET STARTED provides a quick tour of the library and installation instructions to get up and running. TUTORIALS are a great place to start if youre a beginner. This section will help you gain the basic skills you need to start using the library. HOW-TO GUIDES show you how to achieve a specific goal, like finetuning a pretrained model for language modeling or how to write and share a custom model. CONCEPTUAL GUIDES offers more discussion and explanation of the underlying concepts and ideas behind models, tasks, and the design philosophy of Transformers. API describes all classes and functions: MAIN CLASSES details the most important classes like configuration, model, tokenizer, and pipeline. MODELS details the classes and functions related to each model implemented in the library. INTERNAL HELPERS details utility classes and functions used internally. Supported models and frameworks The table below represents the current support in the library for each of those models, whether they have a Python\ntokenizer (called slow). A fast tokenizer backed by the Tokenizers library, whether they have support in Jax (via\nFlax), PyTorch, and/or TensorFlow. Model PyTorch support TensorFlow support Flax Support ALBERT ALIGN AltCLIP Audio Spectrogram Transformer Autoformer Bark BART BARThez BARTpho BEiT BERT Bert Generation BertJapanese BERTweet BigBird BigBird-Pegasus BioGpt BiT Blenderbot BlenderbotSmall BLIP BLIP-2 BLOOM BORT BridgeTower BROS ByT5 CamemBERT CANINE Chinese-CLIP CLAP CLIP CLIPSeg CLVP CodeGen CodeLlama Cohere Conditional DETR ConvBERT ConvNeXT ConvNeXTV2 CPM CPM-Ant CTRL CvT Data2VecAudio Data2VecText Data2VecVision DBRX DeBERTa DeBERTa-v2 Decision Transformer Deformable DETR DeiT DePlot Depth Anything DETA DETR DialoGPT DiNAT DINOv2 DistilBERT DiT DonutSwin DPR DPT EfficientFormer EfficientNet ELECTRA EnCodec Encoder decoder ERNIE ErnieM ESM FairSeq Machine-Translation Falcon FastSpeech2Conformer FLAN-T5 FLAN-UL2 FlauBERT FLAVA FNet FocalNet Funnel Transformer Fuyu Gemma GIT GLPN GPT Neo GPT NeoX GPT NeoX Japanese GPT-J GPT-Sw3 GPTBigCode GPTSAN-japanese Graphormer Grounding DINO GroupViT HerBERT Hubert I-BERT IDEFICS Idefics2 ImageGPT Informer InstructBLIP Jamba JetMoe Jukebox KOSMOS-2 LayoutLM LayoutLMv2 LayoutLMv3 LayoutXLM LED LeViT LiLT LLaMA Llama2 Llama3 LLaVa LLaVA-NeXT Longformer LongT5 LUKE LXMERT M-CTC-T M2M100 MADLAD-400 Mamba Marian MarkupLM Mask2Former MaskFormer MatCha mBART mBART-50 MEGA Megatron-BERT Megatron-GPT2 MGP-STR Mistral Mixtral mLUKE MMS MobileBERT MobileNetV1 MobileNetV2 MobileViT MobileViTV2 MPNet MPT MRA MT5 MusicGen MusicGen Melody MVP NAT Nezha NLLB NLLB-MOE Nougat Nystrmformer OLMo OneFormer OpenAI GPT OpenAI GPT-2 OpenLlama OPT OWL-ViT OWLv2 PaliGemma PatchTSMixer PatchTST Pegasus PEGASUS-X Perceiver Persimmon Phi Phi3 PhoBERT Pix2Struct PLBart PoolFormer Pop2Piano ProphetNet PVT PVTv2 QDQBert Qwen2 Qwen2MoE RAG REALM RecurrentGemma Reformer RegNet RemBERT ResNet RetriBERT RoBERTa RoBERTa-PreLayerNorm RoCBert RoFormer RWKV SAM SeamlessM4T SeamlessM4Tv2 SegFormer SegGPT SEW SEW-D SigLIP Speech Encoder decoder Speech2Text SpeechT5 Splinter SqueezeBERT StableLm Starcoder2 SuperPoint SwiftFormer Swin Transformer Swin Transformer V2 Swin2SR SwitchTransformers T5 T5v1.1 Table Transformer TAPAS TAPEX Time Series Transformer TimeSformer Trajectory Transformer Transformer-XL TrOCR TVLT TVP UDOP UL2 UMT5 UniSpeech UniSpeechSat UnivNet UPerNet VAN VideoLlava VideoMAE ViLT VipLlava Vision Encoder decoder VisionTextDualEncoder VisualBERT ViT ViT Hybrid VitDet ViTMAE ViTMatte ViTMSN VITS ViViT Wav2Vec2 Wav2Vec2-BERT Wav2Vec2-Conformer Wav2Vec2Phoneme WavLM Whisper X-CLIP X-MOD XGLM XLM XLM-ProphetNet XLM-RoBERTa XLM-RoBERTa-XL XLM-V XLNet XLS-R XLSR-Wav2Vec2 YOLOS YOSO < > Update on GitHub\nQuick tour\n Transformers If you are looking for custom support from the Hugging Face team Contents Supported models and frameworks", "url": "https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/index" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "GitHub - huggingface/transformers: Transformers: State-of-the-art Machine Learning for Pytorch, TensorFlow, and JAX.\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. 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Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\nhuggingface\n/\ntransformers\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n25.1k\nStar\n127k\n Transformers: State-of-the-art Machine Learning for Pytorch, TensorFlow, and JAX.\nhuggingface.co/transformers\nLicense\nApache-2.0 license\n127k\nstars\n25.1k\nforks\nBranches\nTags\nActivity\nStar\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nCode\nIssues\n844\nPull requests\n225\nActions\nProjects\n26\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\nhuggingface/transformers\nThis commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository.\nmainBranchesTagsGo to fileCodeFolders and filesNameNameLast commit messageLast commit dateLatest commitHistory16,023 Commits.circleci.circleci.github.githubbenchmarkbenchmarkdockerdockerdocsdocsexamplesexamplesmodel_cardsmodel_cardsnotebooksnotebooksscriptsscriptssrc/transformerssrc/transformerstemplatestemplatesteststestsutilsutils.coveragerc.coveragerc.gitattributes.gitattributes.gitignore.gitignoreCITATION.cffCITATION.cffCODE_OF_CONDUCT.mdCODE_OF_CONDUCT.mdCONTRIBUTING.mdCONTRIBUTING.mdISSUES.mdISSUES.mdLICENSELICENSEMakefileMakefileREADME.mdREADME.mdREADME_de.mdREADME_de.mdREADME_es.mdREADME_es.mdREADME_fr.mdREADME_fr.mdREADME_hd.mdREADME_hd.mdREADME_ja.mdREADME_ja.mdREADME_ko.mdREADME_ko.mdREADME_pt-br.mdREADME_pt-br.mdREADME_ru.mdREADME_ru.mdREADME_te.mdREADME_te.mdREADME_vi.mdREADME_vi.mdREADME_zh-hans.mdREADME_zh-hans.mdREADME_zh-hant.mdREADME_zh-hant.mdSECURITY.mdSECURITY.mdawesome-transformers.mdawesome-transformers.mdconftest.pyconftest.pyhubconf.pyhubconf.pypyproject.tomlpyproject.tomlsetup.pysetup.pyView all filesRepository files navigationREADMECode of conductApache-2.0 licenseSecurity\nEnglish |\n |\n |\n |\nEspaol |\n |\n |\n |\nortugus |\n |\nFranais |\nDeutsch |\nTing Vit |\nState-of-the-art Machine Learning for JAX, PyTorch and TensorFlow\n Transformers provides thousands of pretrained models to perform tasks on different modalities such as text, vision, and audio.\nThese models can be applied on:\n Text, for tasks like text classification, information extraction, question answering, summarization, translation, and text generation, in over 100 languages.\n Images, for tasks like image classification, object detection, and segmentation.\n Audio, for tasks like speech recognition and audio classification.\nTransformer models can also perform tasks on several modalities combined, such as table question answering, optical character recognition, information extraction from scanned documents, video classification, and visual question answering.\n Transformers provides APIs to quickly download and use those pretrained models on a given text, fine-tune them on your own datasets and then share them with the community on our model hub. At the same time, each python module defining an architecture is fully standalone and can be modified to enable quick research experiments.\n Transformers is backed by the three most popular deep learning libraries Jax, PyTorch and TensorFlow with a seamless integration between them. It's straightforward to train your models with one before loading them for inference with the other.\nOnline demos\nYou can test most of our models directly on their pages from the model hub. We also offer private model hosting, versioning, & an inference API for public and private models.\nHere are a few examples:\nIn Natural Language Processing:\nMasked word completion with BERT\nNamed Entity Recognition with Electra\nText generation with Mistral\nNatural Language Inference with RoBERTa\nSummarization with BART\nQuestion answering with DistilBERT\nTranslation with T5\nIn Computer Vision:\nImage classification with ViT\nObject Detection with DETR\nSemantic Segmentation with SegFormer\nPanoptic Segmentation with Mask2Former\nDepth Estimation with Depth Anything\nVideo Classification with VideoMAE\nUniversal Segmentation with OneFormer\nIn Audio:\nAutomatic Speech Recognition with Whisper\nKeyword Spotting with Wav2Vec2\nAudio Classification with Audio Spectrogram Transformer\nIn Multimodal tasks:\nTable Question Answering with TAPAS\nVisual Question Answering with ViLT\nImage captioning with LLaVa\nZero-shot Image Classification with SigLIP\nDocument Question Answering with LayoutLM\nZero-shot Video Classification with X-CLIP\nZero-shot Object Detection with OWLv2\nZero-shot Image Segmentation with CLIPSeg\nAutomatic Mask Generation with SAM\n100 projects using Transformers\nTransformers is more than a toolkit to use pretrained models: it's a community of projects built around it and the\nHugging Face Hub. We want Transformers to enable developers, researchers, students, professors, engineers, and anyone\nelse to build their dream projects.\nIn order to celebrate the 100,000 stars of transformers, we have decided to put the spotlight on the\ncommunity, and we have created the awesome-transformers page which lists 100\nincredible projects built in the vicinity of transformers.\nIf you own or use a project that you believe should be part of the list, please open a PR to add it!\nIf you are looking for custom support from the Hugging Face team\nQuick tour\nTo immediately use a model on a given input (text, image, audio, ...), we provide the pipeline API. Pipelines group together a pretrained model with the preprocessing that was used during that model's training. Here is how to quickly use a pipeline to classify positive versus negative texts:\n>>> from transformers import pipeline\n# Allocate a pipeline for sentiment-analysis\n>>> classifier = pipeline('sentiment-analysis')\n>>> classifier('We are very happy to introduce pipeline to the transformers repository.')\n[{'label': 'POSITIVE', 'score': 0.9996980428695679}]\nThe second line of code downloads and caches the pretrained model used by the pipeline, while the third evaluates it on the given text. Here, the answer is \"positive\" with a confidence of 99.97%.\nMany tasks have a pre-trained pipeline ready to go, in NLP but also in computer vision and speech. For example, we can easily extract detected objects in an image:\n>>> import requests\n>>> from PIL import Image\n>>> from transformers import pipeline\n# Download an image with cute cats\n>>> url = \"https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/coco_sample.png\"\n>>> image_data = requests.get(url, stream=True).raw\n>>> image = Image.open(image_data)\n# Allocate a pipeline for object detection\n>>> object_detector = pipeline('object-detection')\n>>> object_detector(image)\n[{'score': 0.9982201457023621,\n'label': 'remote',\n'box': {'xmin': 40, 'ymin': 70, 'xmax': 175, 'ymax': 117}},\n{'score': 0.9960021376609802,\n'label': 'remote',\n'box': {'xmin': 333, 'ymin': 72, 'xmax': 368, 'ymax': 187}},\n{'score': 0.9954745173454285,\n'label': 'couch',\n'box': {'xmin': 0, 'ymin': 1, 'xmax': 639, 'ymax': 473}},\n{'score': 0.9988006353378296,\n'label': 'cat',\n'box': {'xmin': 13, 'ymin': 52, 'xmax': 314, 'ymax': 470}},\n{'score': 0.9986783862113953,\n'label': 'cat',\n'box': {'xmin': 345, 'ymin': 23, 'xmax': 640, 'ymax': 368}}]\nHere, we get a list of objects detected in the image, with a box surrounding the object and a confidence score. Here is the original image on the left, with the predictions displayed on the right:\nYou can learn more about the tasks supported by the pipeline API in this tutorial.\nIn addition to pipeline, to download and use any of the pretrained models on your given task, all it takes is three lines of code. Here is the PyTorch version:\n>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel\n>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(\"google-bert/bert-base-uncased\")\n>>> model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(\"google-bert/bert-base-uncased\")\n>>> inputs = tokenizer(\"Hello world!\", return_tensors=\"pt\")\n>>> outputs = model(**inputs)\nAnd here is the equivalent code for TensorFlow:\n>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, TFAutoModel\n>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(\"google-bert/bert-base-uncased\")\n>>> model = TFAutoModel.from_pretrained(\"google-bert/bert-base-uncased\")\n>>> inputs = tokenizer(\"Hello world!\", return_tensors=\"tf\")\n>>> outputs = model(**inputs)\nThe tokenizer is responsible for all the preprocessing the pretrained model expects and can be called directly on a single string (as in the above examples) or a list. It will output a dictionary that you can use in downstream code or simply directly pass to your model using the ** argument unpacking operator.\nThe model itself is a regular Pytorch nn.Module or a TensorFlow tf.keras.Model (depending on your backend) which you can use as usual. This tutorial explains how to integrate such a model into a classic PyTorch or TensorFlow training loop, or how to use our Trainer API to quickly fine-tune on a new dataset.\nWhy should I use transformers?\nEasy-to-use state-of-the-art models:\nHigh performance on natural language understanding & generation, computer vision, and audio tasks.\nLow barrier to entry for educators and practitioners.\nFew user-facing abstractions with just three classes to learn.\nA unified API for using all our pretrained models.\nLower compute costs, smaller carbon footprint:\nResearchers can share trained models instead of always retraining.\nPractitioners can reduce compute time and production costs.\nDozens of architectures with over 400,000 pretrained models across all modalities.\nChoose the right framework for every part of a model's lifetime:\nTrain state-of-the-art models in 3 lines of code.\nMove a single model between TF2.0/PyTorch/JAX frameworks at will.\nSeamlessly pick the right framework for training, evaluation, and production.\nEasily customize a model or an example to your needs:\nWe provide examples for each architecture to reproduce the results published by its original authors.\nModel internals are exposed as consistently as possible.\nModel files can be used independently of the library for quick experiments.\nWhy shouldn't I use transformers?\nThis library is not a modular toolbox of building blocks for neural nets. The code in the model files is not refactored with additional abstractions on purpose, so that researchers can quickly iterate on each of the models without diving into additional abstractions/files.\nThe training API is not intended to work on any model but is optimized to work with the models provided by the library. For generic machine learning loops, you should use another library (possibly, Accelerate).\nWhile we strive to present as many use cases as possible, the scripts in our examples folder are just that: examples. It is expected that they won't work out-of-the-box on your specific problem and that you will be required to change a few lines of code to adapt them to your needs.\nInstallation\nWith pip\nThis repository is tested on Python 3.8+, Flax 0.4.1+, PyTorch 1.11+, and TensorFlow 2.6+.\nYou should install Transformers in a virtual environment. If you're unfamiliar with Python virtual environments, check out the user guide.\nFirst, create a virtual environment with the version of Python you're going to use and activate it.\nThen, you will need to install at least one of Flax, PyTorch, or TensorFlow.\nPlease refer to TensorFlow installation page, PyTorch installation page and/or Flax and Jax installation pages regarding the specific installation command for your platform.\nWhen one of those backends has been installed, Transformers can be installed using pip as follows:\npip install transformers\nIf you'd like to play with the examples or need the bleeding edge of the code and can't wait for a new release, you must install the library from source.\nWith conda\n Transformers can be installed using conda as follows:\nconda install conda-forge::transformers\nNOTE: Installing transformers from the huggingface channel is deprecated.\nFollow the installation pages of Flax, PyTorch or TensorFlow to see how to install them with conda.\nNOTE: On Windows, you may be prompted to activate Developer Mode in order to benefit from caching. If this is not an option for you, please let us know in this issue.\nModel architectures\nAll the model checkpoints provided by Transformers are seamlessly integrated from the huggingface.co model hub, where they are uploaded directly by users and organizations.\nCurrent number of checkpoints:\n Transformers currently provides the following architectures: see here for a high-level summary of each them.\nTo check if each model has an implementation in Flax, PyTorch or TensorFlow, or has an associated tokenizer backed by the Tokenizers library, refer to this table.\nThese implementations have been tested on several datasets (see the example scripts) and should match the performance of the original implementations. You can find more details on performance in the Examples section of the documentation.\nLearn more\nSection\nDescription\nDocumentation\nFull API documentation and tutorials\nTask summary\nTasks supported by Transformers\nPreprocessing tutorial\nUsing the Tokenizer class to prepare data for the models\nTraining and fine-tuning\nUsing the models provided by Transformers in a PyTorch/TensorFlow training loop and the Trainer API\nQuick tour: Fine-tuning/usage scripts\nExample scripts for fine-tuning models on a wide range of tasks\nModel sharing and uploading\nUpload and share your fine-tuned models with the community\nCitation\nWe now have a paper you can cite for the Transformers library:\n@inproceedings{wolf-etal-2020-transformers,\ntitle = \"Transformers: State-of-the-Art Natural Language Processing\",\nauthor = \"Thomas Wolf and Lysandre Debut and Victor Sanh and Julien Chaumond and Clement Delangue and Anthony Moi and Pierric Cistac and Tim Rault and Rmi Louf and Morgan Funtowicz and Joe Davison and Sam Shleifer and Patrick von Platen and Clara Ma and Yacine Jernite and Julien Plu and Canwen Xu and Teven Le Scao and Sylvain Gugger and Mariama Drame and Quentin Lhoest and Alexander M. Rush\",\nbooktitle = \"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations\",\nmonth = oct,\nyear = \"2020\",\naddress = \"Online\",\npublisher = \"Association for Computational Linguistics\",\nurl = \"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.emnlp-demos.6\",\npages = \"38--45\"\n}\nAbout\n Transformers: State-of-the-art Machine Learning for Pytorch, TensorFlow, and JAX.\nhuggingface.co/transformers\nTopics\npython\nnlp\nmachine-learning\nnatural-language-processing\ndeep-learning\ntensorflow\npytorch\ntransformer\nspeech-recognition\nseq2seq\nflax\npretrained-models\nlanguage-models\nnlp-library\nlanguage-model\nhacktoberfest\nbert\njax\npytorch-transformers\nmodel-hub\nResources\nReadme\nLicense\nApache-2.0 license\nCode of conduct\nCode of conduct\nSecurity policy\nSecurity policy\nActivity\nCustom properties\nStars\n127k\nstars\nWatchers\n1.1k\nwatching\nForks\n25.1k\nforks\nReport repository\nReleases\n151\nRelease v4.41.1 Fix 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As a new user, youre temporarily limited in the number of topics and posts you can create. To lift those restrictions, just spend time reading other posts (to be precise, enter 5 topics, read through 30 posts and spend a total of 10 minutes reading).\nStart with reading this post. Then maybe someone already had that error that is bugging you check with a quick search. Or you can read the latest awesome paper the team discussed.\nDisable checkpointing in Trainer\nTransformers\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nNov 2020\n2 / 5\nNov 2020\nJan 2022\nlewtunNov 2020Hi folks,\nWhen I am running a lot of quick and dirty experiments, I do not want / need to save any models as Im usually relying on the metrics from the Trainer 29 to guide my next decision.\nOne thing that slows down my iteration speed is the fact that the Trainer will save a checkpoint after some number of steps, defined by the save_steps parameter in TrainingArguments 83.\nTo disable checkpointing, what I currently do is set save_steps to some large number, but my question is whether there is a more elegant way to do this? For example, is there a Trainer argument I can set that will disable checkpointing altogether?\nThanks!\nTrainer option to disable saving DeepSpeed checkpoints1\n\ncreated\nNov 2020\nlast reply\nJan 2022\n4\nreplies\n5.2k\nviews\n3\nusers\n7\nlikes\n3\nlinks\n2\n2\nsguggerNov 2020There is none for now. We could definitely add a save_strategy like the evaluation_strategy that could take the values no/steps/epoch.\nIf you want to tackle this in a PR that would be a welcome contribution!1\nlewtunNov 2020Thanks for the info! Sure I am happy to tackle this in a PR - will report back when its ready\n1 year later\nGladiatorJan 2022Is this solved now? Is there any way to disable checkpointing or do we have to set the save_steps to a large number to disable checkpointing even now?\n8 days later\nsguggerJan 2022You can use save_strategy=\"no\".6\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nTrainer saving checkpoints even when save_strategy is set to no\nTransformers\n1\n894\nApr 2023\n:hugs:Trainer not saving after save_steps\nTransformers\n2\n3.6k\nApr 2021\nSave only best model in Trainer\nTransformers\n30\n66.4k\nMar 12\nSaving only the best performing checkpoint\nTransformers\n19\n17.4k\nMay 2023\nSaving model per some step when using Trainer\nIntermediate\n3\n6.6k\nDec 2023\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/disable-checkpointing-in-trainer/2335" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "What is best way to serve huggingface model with API? - Beginners - Hugging Face Forums\nSkip to main content\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nBeginners\nIntermediate\nCourse\nResearch\nModels\nAll categories\n\n\nYou can login using your huggingface.co credentials.\nThis forum is powered by Discourse and relies on a trust-level system. As a new user, youre temporarily limited in the number of topics and posts you can create. To lift those restrictions, just spend time reading other posts (to be precise, enter 5 topics, read through 30 posts and spend a total of 10 minutes reading).\nStart with reading this post. Then maybe someone already had that error that is bugging you check with a quick search. Or you can read the latest awesome paper the team discussed.\nWhat is best way to serve huggingface model with API?\nBeginners\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nJul 2020\n2 / 12\nJul 2020\nAug 2023\ndickdanieljrJul 2020Use TF or PyTorch?\nFor PyTorch TorchServe or Pipelines with something like flask?1\n\ncreated\nJul 2020\nlast reply\nAug 2023\n11\nreplies\n30.0k\nviews\n10\nusers\n8\nlikes\n8\nlinks\n3\n14 days later\nyoavzJul 2020You have a few different options, here are some in increasing level of difficulty\nYou can use the Hugging Face Inference API via Model Hub if you are just looking for a demo.\nYou can use a hosted model deployment platform: GCP AI predictions, SageMaker, https://modelzoo.dev/ 1.0k. Full disclaimer, I am the developer behind Model Zoo, happy to give you some credits for experimentation.\nYou can roll your own model server with something like https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/ 1.3k and deploy it on a generic serving platform like AWS Elastic Beanstalk or Heroku. This is the most flexible option.\n9 days later\nkevinyaurisAug 2020@yoavz Hey I am also looking for an answer regarding this, can you give more reference or tutorial regarding this? Thank you1\nyoavzAug 2020Sure here is are more links for each path:\nHugging Face Model Hub: https://huggingface.co/transformers/model_sharing.html 1.5k\nModel Zoo: https://docs.modelzoo.dev/quickstart/transformers.html 656\nyoavzAug 2020\nRoll your own deployment stack: https://github.com/curiousily/Deploy-BERT-for-Sentiment-Analysis-with-FastAPI 2.0k\n1 month later\nlefnireSep 2020Interested in model serving too. I dont think that FastAPI stack is what we want - good for quickstart, but its preferable to have the FastAPI serve your web API and a job queue (eg RabbitMQ) for submitting expensive GPU jobs. I currently have an EC2 instance I spin-up on demand from FastAPI server, submit job, receive results, send to client. Alternatively you can use AWS Batch with a Dockerfile for your transformers models. But in the spin-up case, scaling is a real pain; and in the Batch case, huge overhead in the Batch job coming online just for inference.\nWhat we really want is proper cloud hosting of models, eg via GCP AI Platform. Im not sure if Model Zoo serves this purpose, Ill check it out ASAP. I do see https://github.com/maxzzze/transformers-ai-platform/tree/master/models/classification 84, but its last commit is Feb 10 & my quick-scan of the repo makes me think it might be a bit rigid and will take a fair bit of tinkering for flexible use-cases.\nWhat would really be handy is a tutorial on deploying transformers models to GCP AI. How to prepare & upload; how to separate surrounding code (model prep, tokenization prep, etc); how to deal with their 500mb model quota; all that stuff. Ideally thered be some fairly 1st-class huggingface exporter, or on-site tutorial.\nActually, this could be a business prop for Hugginface: host your models, and charge for API calls! Wed dev locally to get things sorted, but then switch to API so we dont have to worry about instance scaling & the like. Anyway, Ill check out Model Zoo in case thats what it does.1 Reply2\n1 month later\nceydaOct 2020I have an shared an example using Torchserve (for the NER use-case) but it can be extended to other types by using different pipelines.\nblogpost 678 and repo\nIncludes a demo UI too!\n(cant include more links because Im a new user on this forumjust refer to the blogpost)\nHope it helps~1\n2 months later\nanubhavmaityDec 2020Is there a way to serve the hugging face bert model with TF serving such that the TF serving handles the tokenization along with inference? Any related documentation or blog post?\nclemDec 2020@jplu might help with this1\njpluDec 2020Hi @anubhavmaity !\nThanks for your question, unfortunately it is currently not possible to integrate the tokenization process along with inference directly inside a saved model. Nevertheless, it is part of our plans to make this available and we are currently rethinking the way the saved models are handled in transformers 1\nNarsil lefnireDec 2020I know this is old, but have you seen this ? https://huggingface.co/pricing 754.\nBasically exactly what youre asking for. Were hosting your models and running them at scale !1\n3 years later\nAtulMehra1Aug 2023We are considering - Deploying the models in Sagemaker vs Deploying in EC2.\nWhat is others opinion about this.\nSagemaker -\nWe found that there are limited models available in Sagemaker and have dependencies such as some models not available in certain regions\nHaving a model in S3 bucket may not go well with some regulations which need data to be present locally\nWe found it expensive. Currently, we want to run it for a while for testing and when not in use, wanted to shut down the instance. But leaving the dev env intact. Sagemaker posed some limitations. Though doable but more work.\nServing model through Django/REST API server:\nCurrently exploring, downloading a model on EC2 and then running infrence client in an async loop. Thus client->Rest API->Routed to Hugging face infrence objects like Pipeline\nAWS Infrentia servers\nStill checking with AWS if thats a better possibility. The end goal would be to have better latencies and cost optimizations vs EC2. However, its not a trouble for us for now as in development/testing - we will have minimal flow.\nWould be good to hear others thoughts and experience.\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nProductionizing HuggingFace Transformers?\nBeginners\n1\n2.3k\nSep 2022\nAre huggingface models downloaded on my machine?\nBeginners\n1\n4.5k\nMay 2023\nHow can I adapt this code to deploy it in HuggingFace?\nBeginners\n0\n179\nSep 2023\nMoving my own trained model to huggingface hub\nBeginners\n1\n513\nOct 2021\nConvert PyTorch Model to Hugging Face model (Inference API)\nModels\n0\n474\nMar 5\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/what-is-best-way-to-serve-huggingface-model-with-api/203" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "I have trained my classifier, now how do I do predictions? - Beginners - Hugging Face Forums\nSkip to main content\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nBeginners\nIntermediate\nCourse\nResearch\nModels\nAll categories\n\n\nYou can login using your huggingface.co credentials.\nThis forum is powered by Discourse and relies on a trust-level system. As a new user, youre temporarily limited in the number of topics and posts you can create. To lift those restrictions, just spend time reading other posts (to be precise, enter 5 topics, read through 30 posts and spend a total of 10 minutes reading).\nStart with reading this post. Then maybe someone already had that error that is bugging you check with a quick search. Or you can read the latest awesome paper the team discussed.\nI have trained my classifier, now how do I do predictions?\nBeginners\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nFeb 2021\n2 / 8\nFeb 2021\nFeb 2021\nAbeFeb 2021Hi everybody and thank you in advance for anyone who can help my out. I am not a total beginner when it comes to huggingface libraries (I have already built a well functioning sentiment analyzer) however I have mostly taken tutorials and integrated their content without going too much into details of who each line of code does. Trying to learn more I have put together a document classifier using a couple of tutorials Ive found online.\nI have built the trainer and the validator and they work just fine. I started with a dataset that assigns 6 different labels to a text, with each text having 0, 1 or more than 1 label. I trained the model and saved it. My problem is: now what? I cant understand exactly how to do the prediction part. Here is where I am:\ndef validation():\nmodel = torch.load(destination_folder+'model.pt')\nmodel.eval()\nwith torch.no_grad():\nfor _, data in enumerate(testing_loader, 0):\nids = data['ids'].to(device, dtype = torch.long)\nmask = data['mask'].to(device, dtype = torch.long)\ntoken_type_ids = data['token_type_ids'].to(device, dtype = torch.long)\npreds = model(ids, mask,token_type_ids)\nprint(preds.argmax(1) + 1)\nThis is a snippet of the output of the print command:\ntensor([1, 1, 1, 1])\ntensor([6, 1, 1, 1])\ntensor([1, 1, 1, 1])\ntensor([1, 5, 2, 1])\nIve done this using the validation data and by adapting the validation routine, while in reality I would need to do this for a single line of text, but regardless of the way the data is fed to the prediction function, how do I read the prediction data? How do I go from This is the text of my document to be classified to This document is 75% label1, 15% label5, 2% label6?\nAgain, thank you in advance for any help!\n\ncreated\nFeb 2021\nlast reply\nFeb 2021\n7\nreplies\n35.1k\nviews\n4\nusers\n2\nlikes\n4\nlinks\n3\n3\nlewtunFeb 2021Hi @Abe, if I understand correctly youd like to go from an input string like I love this movie! to a set of predicted labels and their confidence scores (i.e. probabilities).\nThe simplest way to achieve that would be to wrap your model and tokenizer in a TextClassificationPipeline 370 with return_all_scores=True:\nfrom transformers import TextClassificationPipeline\nmodel = ...\ntokenizer = ...\npipe = TextClassificationPipeline(model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer, return_all_scores=True)\n# outputs a list of dicts like [[{'label': 'NEGATIVE', 'score': 0.0001223755971295759}, {'label': 'POSITIVE', 'score': 0.9998776316642761}]]\npipe(\"I love this movie!\")\nThe above also works for multiple inputs by feed a list of examples instead of a single string:\npipe([\"I love this movie!\", \"I hate this movie!\"])\nIf you want to have human-readable labels like positive and negative you can configure the id2label and label2id attributes of your models config class: Change label names on inference API - #3 by lewtun 150\nHTH!2 Replies1\nAbeFeb 2021Thank you for the incredibly quick reply!\nI now get\ntorch.nn.modules.module.ModuleAttributeError: 'BERTClass' object has no attribute 'config'\nWhich makes me think the class used for training is missing something that pipe needs. This is the class I used\nclass BERTClass(torch.nn.Module):\ndef __init__(self):\nsuper(BERTClass, self).__init__()\nself.l1 = transformers.BertModel.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased', return_dict=False)\nself.l2 = torch.nn.Dropout(0.3)\nself.l3 = torch.nn.Linear(768, 6)\ndef forward(self, ids, mask, token_type_ids):\n_, output_1= self.l1(ids, attention_mask = mask, token_type_ids = token_type_ids)\noutput_2 = self.l2(output_1)\noutput = self.l3(output_2)\nreturn output\nIt always has no config attribute/method. Am I right in thinking I have to retrain using a different class?2 Replies\nlewtunFeb 2021Ah yes, if possible I think youd be better off using the BertForSequenceClassification class together with BertConfig instead of the custom class you created.\nFor example, you might be able to make this work as follows:\nconfig = ...\nmodel = BertForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(destination_folder+'model.pt', config=config)\nand then passing model and the tokenizer to the pipeline as before. If not, then youll probably have to re-train the model or live with the default labels from the pipeline\nlaurb lewtunFeb 2021Using 3.5.1\nI am also trying to use the text classification pipeline. I trained my model using trainer and saved it to path to saved model. My issue is that when I try to use the pipeline to predict, the call to the tokenizer is not truncating the result to the model_max_length set in the configuration of my trained model/tokenizer. I initialize as below:\ntokenizer = RobertaTokenizer.from_pretrained(path to saved model)\nmodel = RobertaForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(path to saved model)\nclassifier = pipeline(sentiment-analysis, model=model,tokenizer=tokenizer)\nDo I need to create my own pipeline subclassing the text classification one in order to force truncation?\nThanks\nlewtunFeb 2021Hi @laurb, I think you can specify the truncation length by passing max_length as part of generate_kwargs (e.g. 50 tokens in my example):\nclassifier = pipeline(sentiment-analysis, model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer, generate_kwargs={\"max_length\":50})\nAs far as I know the Pipeline class (from which all other pipelines inherit) does not truncate the inputs by default: transformers/base.py at master huggingface/transformers GitHub 30\nBramVanroy AbeFeb 2021This would have been a lot easier if you had simply used BertForSequenceClassification because then you could have easily used this with save_pretrained inside the trainer. Here is one example 452 but there are more on Github in the examples folder.1\nAbeFeb 2021I tried this example but I dont think this works with multiple labels since I get this:\n1D target tensor expected, multi-target not supported\nfrom this block of code\nmodel.train()\nfor _,data in enumerate(training_loader, 0):\nids = data['ids'].to(device, dtype = torch.long)\nmask = data['mask'].to(device, dtype = torch.long)\ntoken_type_ids = data['token_type_ids'].to(device, dtype = torch.long)\ntargets = data['targets'].to(device, dtype = torch.float)\noutputs = model(ids, mask, token_type_ids)\noptimizer.zero_grad()\n#loss = loss_fn(outputs, targets)\n**loss = F.cross_entropy(outputs.logits, targets)**\n...\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nHow to test my text classification model after training it?\nBeginners\n4\n2.4k\nJun 2021\nClassifying text in a pandas dataframe\nBeginners\n0\n684\nJul 2021\nProducts text classification\nBeginners\n0\n843\nFeb 2023\nTransformers Text Classification Example: Compute Precision, Recall and F1\nTransformers\n0\n1.2k\nJan 2022\nEducational sentences classification\nBeginners\n0\n188\nOct 2023\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/i-have-trained-my-classifier-now-how-do-i-do-predictions/3625" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Trainer only doing 3 epochs no matter the TrainingArguments! - Beginners - Hugging Face Forums\nSkip to main content\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nBeginners\nIntermediate\nCourse\nResearch\nModels\nAll categories\n\n\nYou can login using your huggingface.co credentials.\nThis forum is powered by Discourse and relies on a trust-level system. As a new user, youre temporarily limited in the number of topics and posts you can create. To lift those restrictions, just spend time reading other posts (to be precise, enter 5 topics, read through 30 posts and spend a total of 10 minutes reading).\nStart with reading this post. Then maybe someone already had that error that is bugging you check with a quick search. Or you can read the latest awesome paper the team discussed.\nTrainer only doing 3 epochs no matter the TrainingArguments!\nBeginners\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nJun 2022\n2 / 6\nJun 2022\nJun 2022\nYoussJun 2022Hello huggingface community,\nJust wanted to start by saying I am infinitely grateful to everything you have created!\nI am a beginner with basic/intermediate level understanding of python and just started using transformers two days ago. I am facing a text classification problem with french datafor which Iam using camembert-base as the pre-trained model.\nThis is my dataset:\nDatasetDict({\ntrain: Dataset({\nfeatures: [text, label],\nnum_rows: 85021\n})\ntest: Dataset({\nfeatures: [text, label],\nnum_rows: 15004\n})\n})\nand its features:\n{label: ClassLabel(num_classes=20, names=[01. AGRI, 02. ALIM, 03. CHEMFER, 04. ATEX, 05. MACH, 06. MARNAV, 07. CONST, 08. MINES, 09. DOM, 10. TRAN, 11. ARARTILL, 12. PREELEC, 13. CER, 14. ACHIMI, 15. ECLA, 16. HABI, 17. ANDUS, 18. ARBU, 19. CHIRUR, 20. ARPA], id=None),\ntext: Value(dtype=string, id=None)}\nMy TrainingArguments:\ntraining_args = TrainingArguments(\noutput_dir=./results,\nnum_train_epochs=10,\nper_device_train_batch_size=8,\nper_device_eval_batch_size=16,\nwarmup_steps=500,\nweight_decay=0.01,\nlogging_dir=./logs,\nlogging_steps=10,\n)\nMy Trainer:\ntrainer = Trainer(\nmodel=model,\nargs=training_args,\ntrain_dataset=tokenized_datasets[train],\neval_dataset=tokenized_datasets[test],\ndata_collator=data_collator,\ntokenizer=tokenizer,\ncompute_metrics=compute_metrics,\n)\nwhat my .train() is showing:\n***** Running training *****\nNum examples = 85021\nNum Epochs = 3\nInstantaneous batch size per device = 8\nTotal train batch size (w. parallel, distributed & accumulation) = 8\nGradient Accumulation steps = 1\nTotal optimization steps = 31884\n|Epoch|Training Loss|Validation Loss|Accuracy|\n|1|0.994300|0.972638|0.711610|\n|2|0.825400|0.879027|0.736337|\n|3|0.660800|0.893457|0.744401|\nI would like to continue training beyond the 3 epochs to increase my accuracy and continue to decrease training and validation loss. Am I missing something here?\nSolved by cog in post #5\nwhy training_args declare twice?\nthere trainers training_args maybe set with second one\ntraining_args = TrainingArguments(output_dir=\"test_trainer\", evaluation_strategy=\"epoch\")\nalso default of num_train_epochs is 3.0.\nthat is why your train only itreate 3 epoch.\ntry this code.\nfrom transfo\n1\n\ncreated\nJun 2022\nlast reply\nJun 2022\n5\nreplies\n9.8k\nviews\n2\nusers\n4\nlikes\n4\n2\nYoussJun 2022Bump\nI keep searching online and I couldnt find anything directly related to this (that you cannot change the number of epochs), but on a different thread on stackoverflow someone said that number of epochs depend on your data? But my understanding here is that 1 epoch means that the model has been trained on the entire dataset once. So that doesnt make any sense to me.\nI tried to fine tune a bert multilingual instead and still did just 3 epochs. Im thinking that this must be related to my data or my code. If anyone please could help\ncogJun 2022hi @Youss ,\nDoes your code have an early stop setting?\nOr have you checked if you explicitly specify epoch 3 in the whole code besides the trainer parameters?\nregards.1\nYoussJun 2022Thank you kindly for replying @cog !\nI dont see any such setting, I more or less followed the fune-tune a pretrained model notebook from huggingface. Here is essentially my code after preprocessing and splitting the dataset etc:\nfrom transformers import AutoTokenizer, DataCollatorWithPadding\ntokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(\"bert-base-multilingual-cased\")\ndef tokenize_function(examples):\nreturn tokenizer(examples[\"text\"], truncation=True, padding=True, max_length= 346)\ntokenized_datasets = dataset.map(tokenize_function, batched=True)\ndata_collator= DataCollatorWithPadding(tokenizer)\nfrom transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification\nmodel = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(\"bert-base-multilingual-cased\", num_labels=20)\nfrom transformers import TrainingArguments\ntraining_args = TrainingArguments(\noutput_dir='./results', # output directory\nnum_train_epochs=10, # total number of training epochs\nper_device_train_batch_size=8, # batch size per device during training\nper_device_eval_batch_size=16, # batch size for evaluation\nwarmup_steps=500, # number of warmup steps for learning rate scheduler\nweight_decay=0.01, # strength of weight decay\nlogging_dir='./logs', # directory for storing logs\nlogging_steps=10,\n)\n### Metrics\nfrom datasets import load_metric\nmetric = load_metric(\"accuracy\")\ndef compute_metrics(eval_pred):\nlogits, labels = eval_pred\npredictions = np.argmax(logits, axis=-1)\nreturn metric.compute(predictions=predictions, references=labels)\n### Trainer\nfrom transformers import TrainingArguments, Trainer\ntraining_args = TrainingArguments(output_dir=\"test_trainer\", evaluation_strategy=\"epoch\")\ntrainer = Trainer(\nmodel=model,\nargs=training_args,\ntrain_dataset=tokenized_datasets[\"train\"],\neval_dataset=tokenized_datasets[\"test\"],\ndata_collator=data_collator,\ntokenizer=tokenizer,\ncompute_metrics=compute_metrics,\n)\ntrainer.train()\ntrainer.save_model('classification_trained_tuned_model-bert-multi')\ncogJun 2022why training_args declare twice?\nthere trainers training_args maybe set with second one\ntraining_args = TrainingArguments(output_dir=\"test_trainer\", evaluation_strategy=\"epoch\")\nalso default of num_train_epochs is 3.0.\nthat is why your train only itreate 3 epoch.\ntry this code.\nfrom transformers import AutoTokenizer, DataCollatorWithPadding\ntokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(\"bert-base-multilingual-cased\")\ndef tokenize_function(examples):\nreturn tokenizer(examples[\"text\"], truncation=True, padding=True, max_length= 346)\ntokenized_datasets = dataset.map(tokenize_function, batched=True)\ndata_collator= DataCollatorWithPadding(tokenizer)\nfrom transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification\nmodel = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(\"bert-base-multilingual-cased\", num_labels=20)\nfrom transformers import TrainingArguments\n## use this training_args to train\ntraining_args = TrainingArguments(\noutput_dir='./results', # output directory\nnum_train_epochs=10, # total number of training epochs\nper_device_train_batch_size=8, # batch size per device during training\nper_device_eval_batch_size=16, # batch size for evaluation\nwarmup_steps=500, # number of warmup steps for learning rate scheduler\nweight_decay=0.01, # strength of weight decay\nlogging_dir='./logs', # directory for storing logs\nlogging_steps=10,\n)\n### Metrics\nfrom datasets import load_metric\nmetric = load_metric(\"accuracy\")\ndef compute_metrics(eval_pred):\nlogits, labels = eval_pred\npredictions = np.argmax(logits, axis=-1)\nreturn metric.compute(predictions=predictions, references=labels)\n### Trainer\nfrom transformers import TrainingArguments, Trainer\n# there set default like (num_train_epochs==3.0)\n# training_args = TrainingArguments(output_dir=\"test_trainer\", evaluation_strategy=\"epoch\")\ntrainer = Trainer(\nmodel=model,\nargs=training_args,\ntrain_dataset=tokenized_datasets[\"train\"],\neval_dataset=tokenized_datasets[\"test\"],\ndata_collator=data_collator,\ntokenizer=tokenizer,\ncompute_metrics=compute_metrics,\n)\ntrainer.train()\ntrainer.save_model('classification_trained_tuned_model-bert-multi')\nSolution1\nYoussJun 2022@cog\nThank you! that was the solution. I cannot believe I missed that. I think because I was trying to follow the tutorial which was stretching over different pages and different codes.1\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nTrainer epoch does not go through all training data?\nBeginners\n4\n3.2k\nJan 2021\nFine-tuning multilingual BERT for sequence classification with Trainer API\nBeginners\n7\n455\nDec 2023\nFinetuning with Trainer doesnt seem to learn since second epoch\nBeginners\n3\n2.0k\nJan 2023\nTrainer gives error after 1st epoch when using F1 score\nTransformers\n0\n399\nMay 2023\nTrainer API Trianing Not Happening\nBeginners\n0\n189\nApr 2023\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/trainer-only-doing-3-epochs-no-matter-the-trainingarguments/19347" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How can I use class_weights when training? - Transformers - Hugging Face Forums\nSkip to main content\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nBeginners\nIntermediate\nCourse\nResearch\nModels\nAll categories\n\n\nYou can login using your huggingface.co credentials.\nThis forum is powered by Discourse and relies on a trust-level system. As a new user, youre temporarily limited in the number of topics and posts you can create. To lift those restrictions, just spend time reading other posts (to be precise, enter 5 topics, read through 30 posts and spend a total of 10 minutes reading).\nStart with reading this post. Then maybe someone already had that error that is bugging you check with a quick search. Or you can read the latest awesome paper the team discussed.\nHow can I use class_weights when training?\nTransformers\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nSep 2020\n2 / 20\nSep 2020\nDec 2022\nPhilipMay2Sep 2020I have an unbalanced dataset. When training I want to pass class_weights so the update for rare classes is highen than for large classes. How is this possible in HF with PyTorch?\nThanks\nPhilip8\nHow to give equal importance of all labels while dealing with unbalanced samples69Using weights with transformers huggingface - running on GPUs42Mullti Label Text Classification18\n\ncreated\nSep 2020\nlast reply\nDec 2022\n19\nreplies\n23.8k\nviews\n10\nusers\n34\nlikes\n13\nlinks\n5\n3\n3\n19 days later\nPhilipMaySep 2020Answering my own question:\nSubclass Trainer and override the compute_loss method (see example here 3.4k).2 Replies6\nsguggerSep 2020Sorry I missed your question and didnt point you to this directly.2\nPhilipMaySep 2020No worries. You did on GitHub\n5 months later\ntheudster PhilipMayMar 2021Hi @PhilipMay !Do you mind pasting an example please, as I dont really understand the documentation3\n8 months later\nSantarabantoosooOct 2021@PhilipMay an example would be highly appreciated.\nnielsrOct 2021Overwriting the Trainer can be done as follows (this is also explained in the docs 666):\nfrom torch import nn\nfrom transformers import Trainer\nclass CustomTrainer(Trainer):\ndef compute_loss(self, model, inputs, return_outputs=False):\nlabels = inputs.get(\"labels\")\n# forward pass\noutputs = model(**inputs)\nlogits = outputs.get('logits')\n# compute custom loss\nloss_fct = nn.CrossEntropyLoss(weight=torch.tensor([0.2, 0.3]))\nloss = loss_fct(logits.view(-1, self.model.config.num_labels), labels.view(-1))\nreturn (loss, outputs) if return_outputs else loss\n2 Replies12\nPrecision vs recall when using transformer models?40\nSantarabantoosooOct 2021Thanks a million\n3 months later\npara nielsrJan 2022can any help me with how can apply it to text classification?\nfor ex: I have four classes\nclass 1: 200 samples\nclass 2: 100 samples\nclass 3: 20 samples\nclass 4: 10 samples\nso during predictions, most of my samples are predicting class 1 or 2 because samples are high even I have unlabeled samples of class3 and class4.\nHow can I overcome this in HF?\nis it possible to tell me the model that concentrates more on class3 and class4?\nHelp me very soon.\nThank you in advance.\nHow to give equal importance of all labels while dealing with unbalanced samples77\ngoerlitzJan 2022Hi @para, the thread above explains exactly what you need to do if you want to use class weights to handle an imbalanced dataset.\nBut if you are not sure what class weights are, what they do or how to overwrite the Trainer yourself Id suggest that you take more time first to really understand the concepts and how it works.\nYou can also have a look at Simpletransformer.ai - it already implements class weight handling 338. But be aware that blindly trying out something will probably not give you the best results.\nAdditional note: it seems to be a common rule of thumb that the largest class should be max 10 times bigger than the smallest class. If this is not the case, you can try sampling techniques on your data as suggested here 153.2 Replies1\nmarshmellow77Jan 2022Just to elaborate on the sampling techniques @goerlitz is mentioning:\nIts a common ML challenge and the standard approaches for sampling are:\nUnder-sampling: Randomly delete records from the over-represented classes\nOver-sampling: Duplicate records in the under-represented classes\nSynthetic sampling/data augmentation: In NLP, there are actually quite some interesting techniques with which you can augment your data in the under-represented classes to increase record count. Check out this library: GitHub - makcedward/nlpaug: Data augmentation for NLP 149\nmarshmellow77Jan 2022With regards to using class weights, this tutorial might be helpful to understand the approach better: How to use class weight in CrossEntropyLoss for an imbalanced dataset? - knowledge Transfer 486\npara goerlitzJan 2022hi, @goerlitz Thank you for the reply.\nthis simpletransformer.ai blog helps me to understand what are class weights and how they will impact the calculation of loss function while having unbalanced samples.\nall now I need is programmatic implementation.\nI am using (Hugging Face DistilBert & Tensorflow for Custom Text Classification. | by Galina Blokh | Geek Culture | Medium 47) this blog to create a text classification model.\nas well I am using Trainer API to train the model.\nsample code:\nclass Dataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):\ndef init(self, encodings, labels=None):\nself.encodings = encodings\nself.labels = labels\ndef getitem(self, idx):\nitem = {key: torch.tensor(val[idx]) for key, val in self.encodings.items()}\nif self.labels:\nitem[labels] = torch.tensor(self.labels[idx])\nreturn item\ndef len(self):\nreturn len(self.encodings[input_ids])\ntrain_dataset = Dataset(X_train_tokenized, y_train)\nval_dataset = Dataset(X_val_tokenized, y_val)\nargs = TrainingArguments(\nevaluation_strategy=steps,\neval_steps=500,\nper_device_train_batch_size=8,\nper_device_eval_batch_size=8,\nnum_train_epochs=1,\nseed=0,\nload_best_model_at_end=True,\n)\ntrainer = Trainer(\nmodel=model,\nargs=args,\ntrain_dataset=train_dataset,\neval_dataset=val_dataset,\ncompute_metrics=compute_metrics,)\nCan you please help me where to use custom trainer function in my code\ngoerlitzJan 2022Hi @para, it is good practice format pasted code with the preformatted text option and make sure that the indentation is correct. Otherwise, your code is hart to read and other people are probably less likely to try to understand it. That means: make it as easy as possible for others to help you by giving enough context for the problem and only include relevant and readable code.\nTip: you can still edit your previous post and format the code example in the right way. (see image)\nformatting1520310 50.9 KB\nNow looking at your code\nclass Dataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):\ndef __init__ (self, encodings, labels=None):\nself.encodings = encodings\nself.labels = labels\ndef __getitem__ (self, idx):\nitem = {key: torch.tensor(val[idx]) for key, val in self.encodings.items()}\nif self.labels:\nitem[labels] = torch.tensor(self.labels[idx])\nreturn item\ndef __len__ (self):\nreturn len(self.encodings[input_ids])\ntrain_dataset = Dataset(X_train_tokenized, y_train)\nval_dataset = Dataset(X_val_tokenized, y_val)\nargs = TrainingArguments(\nevaluation_strategy=steps,\neval_steps=500,\nper_device_train_batch_size=8,\nper_device_eval_batch_size=8,\nnum_train_epochs=1,\nseed=0,\nload_best_model_at_end=True,\n)\ntrainer = Trainer(\nmodel=model,\nargs=args,\ntrain_dataset=train_dataset,\neval_dataset=val_dataset,\ncompute_metrics=compute_metrics,)\nI actually have several questions:\nWhat model are you using?\nWhat dataset are you using?\nHow many different categories does it have?\nWhat is the highest and lowest frequency of categories?\nHow many examples do you have in training and validation set?\nwhat evaluation metrics are you using?\nwhat results do you get for your metrics at the end of training?\ndid you look at training and validation loss curves to judge if your model is overfitting?\ndid you try different values for num_train_epochs and learning_rate?\nActually, training for 1 epoch is only good for getting some preliminary results. You should try training with 2-4 epochs and different learning rates to get better results before trying out class weights.\nBut to answer your initial question:\nYour can copy the code posted above and then replace the line\ntrainer = Trainer(\nwith\ntrainer = CustomTrainer(\nThat should work.2 Replies\nparaJan 2022Thank you. It really helps me.\nI am using my customer data and it has a total of 9 labels the distributions are,\nclass-1: 223\nclass-2: 119\nclass-3: 42\nclass-4: 37\nclass-5: 24\nclass-6: 23\nclass-7: 16\nclass-8: 12\nclass-9: 4\nif I give all 9 classes to the model it treats the last 2-To 3 classes as outliers because it has very few samples.\nso now my task is to take only the last four classes and try a few-shot classification on those samples.\nand my assumption to perform few-shot classification is to use any pre-trained model so that it already has some knowledge(correct me if I am wrong and give any suggestions on how to do few-shot text classification)\nso for that, i am using (model = TFDistilBertForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained('distilbert-base-uncased', num_labels=4))\nand here I am not doing any test and train split because:\nmy samples are very less\neven I do test and train split and see the scores on test data we cant conclude the model is performing well even it is giving a 90 f1 score.\nso I am doing manual eyeball evaluation by giving unlabelled samples to the model.\nplease suggest any other approaches to tackle this other than sampling.\nI have another approach in my mind:\nform classes, 1&2 take 5 samples calculate embeddings for 5 samples, and average it so that we get one embedding and map that embedding with class 1\nif we do the above for all samples then we get ~40 embeddings for class1 220%5=~40\nthen we get balanced samples.\ncan you suggest how to do this experiment with HF and if you feel this really works?\npara goerlitzJan 2022Thank you for the answer\npara goerlitzJan 2022In my dataset, there are a total of 9 classes and their distribution is,\n223,119,42,37,24,23,16,12,4.\nInstead of giving all classes to my model, I am giving the last four classes and trying a few-shot classification(my assumption is to try few-shot we have to pretrained model because the model already had some knowledge so that it can able to learn from a few samples). that is the reason I am an HF model\nCorrect me if my assumption is wrong and give any suggestion to try a few-shot with HF, That will be greatly helpful.\nHere I am not splitting the data into train and validation because my samples are fewer. I am evaluating my model by manually giving unlabelled samples to the model.\nI am using TFdistilbert for the sequence classification model.\ngoerlitzFeb 2022Alright, you have a very imbalanced dataset with 500 examples and 9 classes.\nI understand that you want to use it for training a classifier. But Im not sure what you want to with it afterwards? Do you have a real world use case with another set of unlabeled documents that you want to classify?\nThe point is, if you have less than approx. 1000 unlabeled documents to be classified, you should rather label them manually than trying to train a classifier. That will be faster as it should only take a few days to complete.\nIf you have more than 1000 unlabeled documents Id say that you should actually take the time to manually label more of them and thus increase the number of examples in your training set.\nWhy? For training a common classification model you should have at least 100 examples per class (more is better) and the most frequent class should not be 10x the least frequent class.\nAnother option is to aggregate the classes with few examples into a single class. This will increase accuracy etc. but of course you can not further differentiate.\nNow coming to few shot learning. Actually, I have no practical experience with few show learning so I can not point to code or tutorial. But, few shot learning is a different approach with a different training goal. You can find many good articles that explain how it works and also use the search function of this forum to find discussions like this one 45.\nAnyway, the bottom line is that for few shot learning you should use a different model (NLI).\nHowever, as I said before, you actual use case is not really clear. If this is for educational purposes, Id recommend to try out different datasets, one that is suitable for training a regular classifier and a different one that is suitable for few show learning. If this is a real world use case, you can try few shot learning but otherwise you should acquire more data.\n8 days later\nbonschornoFeb 2022Could anyone point me in the direction of how Id go about addressing this issue (that is, using class weights) when working with Tensorflow?2\n11 months later\nBartimaeusTrainsDec 2022Looking for same\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nUsing weights with transformers huggingface - running on GPUs\nTransformers\n0\n1.3k\nMar 2022\nPredictions have similar logits for the entire test dataset with little variance, when trained using Custom Trainer\nTransformers\n0\n372\nJan 2023\nUnable to train the model with weighted cross entropy\nBeginners\n0\n201\nMar 1\nTransformers replacing loss function\nTransformers\n0\n2.8k\nMar 2022\nCustom loss weight for train a different weight for validation\nTransformers\n0\n93\nApr 4\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/how-can-i-use-class-weights-when-training/1067" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Metrics for Training Set in Trainer - Transformers - Hugging Face Forums\nSkip to main content\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nBeginners\nIntermediate\nCourse\nResearch\nModels\nAll categories\n\n\nYou can login using your huggingface.co credentials.\nThis forum is powered by Discourse and relies on a trust-level system. As a new user, youre temporarily limited in the number of topics and posts you can create. To lift those restrictions, just spend time reading other posts (to be precise, enter 5 topics, read through 30 posts and spend a total of 10 minutes reading).\nStart with reading this post. Then maybe someone already had that error that is bugging you check with a quick search. Or you can read the latest awesome paper the team discussed.\nMetrics for Training Set in Trainer\nTransformers\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nDec 2020\n2 / 10\nDec 2020\nApr 11\nBumblebertDec 2020Hey guys,\nI am currently using the Trainer 69 in order to train my DistilBertForSequenceClassification.\nMy problem: I want to stepwise print/save the loss and accuracy of my training set by using the Trainer. Is there a way to do so?\nWhat I did so far: I have adjusted compute_metrics. But this function is only carried out on my evaluation set. I need the same for my training set. I also tried out the TrainerCallback 61. But I cant access the current predictions of the model by using the predefined callbacks.\nAnother idea would be to customize the Trainer using a custom train function. But firstly I want to ask you whether there is an easier way to do so.\nThank you in advance!\nPlotting train accuracy and loss with Trainer6Cannot see training accuracy, only validation accuracy6\n\ncreated\nDec 2020\nlast reply\nApr 11\n9\nreplies\n17.0k\nviews\n8\nusers\n14\nlikes\n8\nlinks\n2\n2\nsguggerDec 2020There is no way to do this directly in the Trainer, its just not built that way (because evaluation is often pretty slow). You should twek the code in your own subclass of Trainer to add a self.evaluate(self.train_dataset) at the appropriate line and then handle the logging.1\nBumblebertDec 2020Thank you very much for your fast reply!\nJust to be sure that my problem was correctly described in my post above: My intention is that I can print, plot and monitor the loss and accuracy of my training set while training by using the Trainer. Currently only the loss of my training dataset is printed while carrying out the training with the Trainer. If I would use the Fine-tuning with native PyTorch 100 I can add an accuracy function in the training-loop, which also calculates the accuracy (or other metrics) on my training-set per epoch besides the loss. In the end, I want to ask whether it is easily possible to do the same with my Trainer.\nTo sum up, I dont want to newly evaluate something, because the model is predicting the labels in order to calculate the loss anyway. I just want to further use this predictions to calculate metrics on my training set.\nSorry for probably being unclear. Have a great weekend!1\n8 months later\nmbforbesAug 2021I know this is an old issue, but I came across this while trying to determine the best way to track metrics besides the loss during training. I thought Id post what I came up with in case it helps someone else.\nTo reiterate the context, like @Bumblebert, Im interested in running additional metrics on the outputs that the model already computes during training, rather than running an additional evaluation run over the entire training set (using, e.g., self.evaluate(self.train_dataset)). My use case is that Im training a multiple choice model and Id like to see how the accuracy changes while training.\nIve found the suggestion in the Trainer class to Subclass and override for custom behavior. to be a good idea a couple of times now To compute custom metrics, I found where the outputs were easily accessible, in compute_loss(), and added some code. Ive prefixed MAX: to my comments below:\nclass CustomTrainer(Trainer):\ndef compute_loss(self, model, inputs, return_outputs=False):\n\"\"\"\nMAX: Subclassed to compute training accuracy.\nHow the loss is computed by Trainer. By default, all models return the loss in\nthe first element.\nSubclass and override for custom behavior.\n\"\"\"\nif self.label_smoother is not None and \"labels\" in inputs:\nlabels = inputs.pop(\"labels\")\nelse:\nlabels = None\noutputs = model(**inputs)\n# MAX: Start of new stuff.\nif \"labels\" in inputs:\npreds = outputs.logits.detach()\nacc = (\n(preds.argmax(axis=1) == inputs[\"labels\"])\n.type(torch.float)\n.mean()\n.item()\n)\nself.log({\"accuracy\": acc})\n# MAX: End of new stuff.\n# Save past state if it exists\n# TODO: this needs to be fixed and made cleaner later.\nif self.args.past_index >= 0:\nself._past = outputs[self.args.past_index]\nif labels is not None:\nloss = self.label_smoother(outputs, labels)\nelse:\n# We don't use .loss here since the model may return tuples instead of\n# ModelOutput.\nloss = outputs[\"loss\"] if isinstance(outputs, dict) else outputs[0]\nreturn (loss, outputs) if return_outputs else loss\nThen, I instantiate a CustomTrainer instead of a Trainer and run as normal.\n(Note that the above code isnt battle-tested, and I only tried on a single GPU. So take it as a starting point and with a grain of salt.)\nI started using the wandb plotting integration, which is sent the results of self.log() that we added, and automatically makes a plot:\nimage960614 39.7 KB\n(my runs were called train_metrics and train_metrics_2)\nCheers!1 Reply4\n5 months later\nsid84911Jan 2022I did this by adding a custom callback which calls the evaluate() method with train_dataset at the end of every callback.\nclass CustomCallback(TrainerCallback):\ndef __init__(self, trainer) -> None:\nsuper().__init__()\nself._trainer = trainer\ndef on_epoch_end(self, args, state, control, **kwargs):\nif control.should_evaluate:\ncontrol_copy = deepcopy(control)\nself._trainer.evaluate(eval_dataset=self._trainer.train_dataset, metric_key_prefix=\"train\")\nreturn control_copy\ntrainer = Trainer(\nmodel=model, # the instantiated Transformers model to be trained\nargs=training_args, # training arguments, defined above\ntrain_dataset=train_dataset, # training dataset\neval_dataset=valid_dataset, # evaluation dataset\ncompute_metrics=compute_metrics, # the callback that computes metrics of interest\ntokenizer=tokenizer\n)\ntrainer.add_callback(CustomCallback(trainer))\ntrain = trainer.train()\nThis gives the train metrics like following:\n{train_loss: 0.7159061431884766, train_accuracy: 0.4, train_f1: 0.5714285714285715, train_runtime: 6.2973, train_samples_per_second: 2.382, train_steps_per_second: 0.159, epoch: 1.0}\n{eval_loss: 0.8529007434844971, eval_accuracy: 0.0, eval_f1: 0.0, eval_runtime: 2.0739, eval_samples_per_second: 0.964, eval_steps_per_second: 0.482, epoch: 1.0}\n1 Reply6\n14 days later\nemmakeloJan 2022Hello,\nHow do you do to get the train accuracy score, I just get the train loss when using the trainer() ?.\n12 months later\nKaveriJan 2023I will expand on @sid8491s answer. In my use case, I have to keep finetuning on multiple datasets from different languages. This way, we can keep track of metrics (loss, precision, recall, ) across different language datasets.\nIf anyone has suggestions for cleaner code, please do suggest.\nfrom sklearn.metrics import precision_recall_fscore_support, accuracy_score, log_loss\nfrom torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss\nimport numpy as np\nfrom copy import deepcopy\nfrom transformers import TrainerCallback\nlang = 'en'\nclass CustomCallback(TrainerCallback):\ndef __init__(self, trainer) -> None:\nsuper().__init__()\nself._trainer = trainer\ndef on_epoch_end(self, args, state, control, **kwargs):\nif control.should_evaluate:\ncontrol_copy = deepcopy(control)\nself._trainer.evaluate(eval_dataset=self._trainer.train_dataset, metric_key_prefix=\"train@\"+lang)\nreturn control_copy\ndef compute_metrics(pred):\nglobal num_labels\nlabels = pred.label_ids\npreds = pred.predictions.argmax(-1)\nprecision, recall, f1, _ = precision_recall_fscore_support(labels, preds, average='macro')\nacc = accuracy_score(labels, preds)\nloss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss()\nlogits = torch.tensor(pred.predictions)\nlabels = torch.tensor(labels)\nloss = loss_fct(logits.view(-1, num_labels), labels.view(-1))\nreturn {\n'accuracy@'+lang: acc,\n'f1@'+lang: f1,\n'precision@'+lang: precision,\n'recall@'+lang: recall,\n'loss@'+lang: loss,\n}\ntraining_args = TrainingArguments(\nevaluation_strategy=\"epoch\",\nlogging_strategy=\"epoch\",\nlearning_rate=1e-4,\nnum_train_epochs=2,\nper_device_train_batch_size=16,\nper_device_eval_batch_size=16,\noutput_dir=MODEL_DIR+'_EN',\noverwrite_output_dir=True,\nremove_unused_columns=False,\nsave_total_limit=1,\n)\ntrainer = Trainer(\nmodel=model,\nargs=training_args,\ntrain_dataset=en_train_dataset,\neval_dataset=en_valid_dataset,\ncompute_metrics=compute_metrics\n)\ntrainer.add_callback(CustomCallback(trainer))\ntrain_result = trainer.train()\ntrainer.evaluate(metric_key_prefix='test_en',\neval_dataset=en_test_dataset)\n2\nTrainer log my custom metrics at training step17Accessing logits when using Trainer API6\n1 year later\nqiying mbforbesFeb 26Thank you. This helps me a lot\n2 months later\njaandoui2 sid8491Apr 11Thats a good way to do it. But I guess the problem with that is that you are training, then evaluating on the training data, meaning that you are running through the data twice, instead of just collecting the results of the training.\njaandouiApr 11I answered this problem for getting metrics for epoch and for batch, also getting other metrics f1, \nhere Batch and Epoch training metrics for transformers Trainer - Stack Overflow 106\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nTrainer API to log both Training and Validation Metrics\nTransformers\n2\n1.5k\nJul 2021\nLogging training accuracy using Trainer class\nTransformers\n8\n9.5k\nMar 2023\nLog training accuracy using Trainer class\nBeginners\n1\n560\nDec 2021\nHow do i get Training and Validation Loss during fine tuning\nTransformers\n2\n12.3k\nAug 2021\nHow to define the compute_metrics() function in Trainer?\nTransformers\n3\n11.7k\nDec 2021\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/metrics-for-training-set-in-trainer/2461" } ]

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Before you attach Cheat Engine to a process, please make sure that you are not violating the EULA/TOS of the specific game/application. cheatengine.org does not condone the illegal use of Cheat Engine\nFebruary 14 2023:Cheat Engine 7.5 Released for public:\nFebruary 8 2023:Cheat Engine 7.5 Released for Windows for Patreons (Mac and public will be here soon):\nI'm glad to announce the release of Cheat Engine 7.5 which has some really neat improvements over 7.4\nMy patreon members can get it here\n(The public release will be here any day now. Waiting for the advertisers / network owners to accept it)\nPlease reports bugs and give suggestions to improve Cheat Engine so next version can be even greater!\nChanges:\nfrom patreon 7.4.3 to public 7.5:\nremoved the driver requirement for the access memory regions tool\nadded 1 byte jmp instructions (that will install an exeption handler and place an int3 at the location)\nadded a scanoption so you can skip unpaged memory. (should prevent targets from eating up RAM when scanned)\nreassemble() now rewrites an instruction using multiple lines when needed\nmake some error messages more descriptive\nadded an option to center the highlighted disassembler code to the center\nadded an explanation why the driver won't load and a link with info on how to get it to load for now\nmemoryrecord hotkeys can now be disabled individually\ncodefilter: unwind info now gives less bad results\nadded support for pseudo-ops like cmpss/sd/ps/pd\nlua: added ceserver commands\nlua: show a stacktrace on execution error\nlua: added convertToUTF8(stringbytetable, regioncode)\nmade loading CT files with signatures possible under wine and proton\nfrom patreon 7.4.2 to patreon 7.4.3:\nceserver: pipe support (mono data dissector)\nceserver: added change memory protection capability\nceserver: Available options can now be sent to the CE GUI\n.netinfo: Replaced the fields view with a tree\nnetwork config: The processlist now has focus after opening a server\nlua: added virtualstringtree\nlua: added invertColor\nlua: added disassembleBytes(bytestring)\nautoassembler: now a visual warning is shown when nearby allocation fails\nautoassembler: the templates now generate 14 byte jmp safe original code blocks as well\npointerscan now has a deviation option for \"pointer must end with offset\" to help find pointers back after update\nultimap: added copy selected results to clipboard\nfrom patreon 7.4.1 to patreon 7.4.2\nipt: Added intel process trace feature provided by microsoft.\nceserver: Improve the modulelist fetch speed, more stable\nceserver: option to disconnect from closed ceservers\nceserver: the discovery list is now also a history list\nceserver: implement injection on arm64 as well\nceserver: also gets the fpu registers now\nassembler x86_64: prefer mov rax,[rip+xxx] over mov rax,[imm64]\ndisasembler x86_64: switch from r#l to r#b because why not\nmono: the dll now has a versioncheck so that you don't accidentally mix monodatacollector dll's\nmono: deal with situations where there is no mainform\nmono/.net: the methodlist is now sorted by name\nbetter arm disassembler and assembler\nbetter arm64 disassembler and assembler\nthe scanregions can be saved/loaded upon close/start ce (seperate option in settings)\nadded an option to skip loading .PDB files\na lot more functions are exposed to newstate threads\nadded ranges scans to groupscan\nfreeze+allow increase/decrease now also looks if the value is signed\ntrainers: Forms and controls now scale based on DPI\nchanging record showassigned/showashex now also applies to other selected entries\ntexttraces now don't save as .cetrace but as .txt now\nccode: #include now searches table files for files there as well\nccode: the internal symbolhandler can now deal with stdcalled function symbols\nlua: added ImageIndex property to TTreeNode\nlua: added OnValuechanged and OnValueChangedByUser callbacks to MemoryRecord objects\nlua: added getOpenedFileSize()\nlua: added onHelpEvent callback\nlua: added releaseDebugFiles()\nlua: added enumRegisteredSymbolLists() and enumRegisteredSymbols()\nlua: added getBitmap method to ImageList objects\nfrom public 7.4 to patreon 7.4.1:\nadded .Visible property to treenode entries\nadded .VisibleRowCount and .TopItem to listviews\nadded arm64 disassembling and assembling\nadded lua function \"runCommand\"\nadded a radiobutton to select if the generated script will use 5 or 14 byte jmps.\nconditional jumps can now deal 2gb+ destinations (will get rewritten)\ndotnetinfo: Performance improvement\nmemory record hotkeys now have a \"Only while down\" option\nUpdated the dbghelp to a more recent version which can better handle nowadys pdb symbols\ndifferent memory allocations now get placed within the initial allocation block. Protection is changed afterwards\ntracer can now step over rep instructions\nlua stringstream now inherits from memorystream, so you have access to the Memory field\nlua: Added a callback for whenever the structure list is modified\nadded architecture distinguishing to ceserver\npressing escape in the hotkey form will now close it\nadded nested structure support\nadded string based custom types\nctrl+enter in the disassembler now shows relative addresses from that point\nthe diffcount in \"find out what accessess/writes\" will now stay even when disabling the option to find the number of different addresses an instruction accesses\nFixes:\nfrom patreon 7.4.3 to public 7.5:\nvehdebug: Fixed a case where a new thread creation or other event would cause another event that would trigger at exactly the same time to get the exception ignored and just continued\nmonodatacollector: fixed invoke method\ndotnetdatacollector: Fixed issue of loading a wrong version of dbgshim.dll\nfixed disassembling cvtdq2pd\nfrom patreon 7.4.2 to patreon 7.4.3:\nceserver: Fixed extension loading in some cases\nceserver: fixed stepping on x86 targets\nfixed the name showing as [physical memory] instead of the filename when opening a file\nfixed a rare error when scanning using specific options\nfixed some documentation in celua at some points\nfixed stackview in \"more info\" being garbage/access violation\nfixed tracer search for instructions ending with ]\nfixed enumExports lua function\nfixed issue where vehdebug would crash\nfixed the assembler from handing [rex+reg*x] as a symbol when debugging\nfixed the disassembler backlist\nfixed termination issue on the memscan object\nfrom patreon 7.4.1 to patreon 7.4.2\nFixed the tracer search for instructions ending with a ]\nVEH debug: Fixed the potential of invalid handles being used\nKernelmode debug and VEH debug: Fixed setting context on non suspended threads\nfixed the lua_pcallk delegate in the c# plugin example\nfixed speedhack on wine 7.0\nfixed high dpi issue of structure dissect on first view\nfixed high dpi issue on find what access/writes dialogs\nrestored the anchor editor (was gone in 7.4.1)\nfixed .net info instance lookup issue\nfixed customtypes getting marked as string (bug introduced in 7.4.1)\nfixed runcommand\nfixed modalforms from losing their text color internally (bug introduced in 7.4.1)\nmac: fixed some progressbars not properly updating\nfrom public 7.4 to patreon 7.4.1:\nfixed the all type not finding 4 types when double was deselected\nfixed the \"all\" type when not using double\nfixed ccode esp access in 32-bit and \"reg\"f types\nfixed disassembling when using binutils for disassembly\nfixed the tablefiles menulist eating memory because they didn't get deleted properly\nfixed .net issues that use obfoscated modules and missing metadata\nfixed paring value starting with a - or +\nfixed assembling pmovmskb\nfixed disassembling vgather* vex256 instructions and allow usage of xmm/ymm registers as address (for instructions that allow it. Like this one)\nfixed the addresslist not giving a proper error when using multiple enable or disable section\nfixed error when using ctrl for speedhack hotkeys\nfixed the groupscan command parser from assigning wildcard to the wrong combobox\nfixed disassembling xchg eax/rax,xxx\nfixed lua custom type registering as float when using the non lua function method\nfixed small memoryscan issue for data at the end of a memoryblock\nccode doesn't register useless symbols anymore\nJanuary 18 2022:Cheat Engine 7.4 Released for Windows and Mac for everyone:\nJanuary 2 2022:Cheat Engine 7.4 Released for Windows and Mac for Patreons (public will be here soon):\nHappy 2022. To start of this year good here's the official release of Cheat Engine 7.4\nMy patreon members can get it here\n(The public release will be here any day now. Waiting for the advertisers / network owners to accept it)\nPlease reports bugs and give suggestions to improve Cheat Engine.\nAdditions and changes:\nAA templates now generate 14 byte jmp scripts when holding down ctrl\nFoundcode dialog: Replace now toggles between nop and original. Also prevents duplicates\nimproved keyboard control to the hexview in memoryview. You can now hold shift while using the cursors to move\nlaststate isn't saved in tables anymore (unless ctrl is down)\nadded some space for dbvm functions so it's less likely to click them\nyou can now manually delete saved results\ndebugger attach timeout window will now show the status on some debugger interfaces\nmodules for 64-bit in 32-bit targets are more clearly marked as such\nmono will not try to re-attach after a disconnect\nlua: fixed copyMemory mode 2\nfrom 7.3.1-7.3.2:\nstructure dissect watch for changes now also shows you when something has changed inbetween\nadded hints to how the pointer wildcard works\nthe replace button in foundcode dialog now supports multiselect\nYou can now also change values of groupscan scan results directly in the foundlist\nlua's openProcess command now won't deactivate all entries when previously no process was selected\nyou can now edit instructions with a breakpoint on them\nadded linux ABI c-compiler dll's\nby default mono now releases the .net thread\nfrom 7.3.2-7.4:\nadded shortcut to add this address to addresslist in hexview (ctrl+numPlus)\ngoto address popup now centers on the memview window, instead of screen center\nyou can now change the font of the tracer tree\nadded isRep to the lua LastDisassemblerData field. And stepover now steps over rep instructions\nbreak and trace: Added 'stay within module' option\nadded custom alignment option to the hexviewer section of the memoryviewer\nFixes:\nfixed loading back highligter config for auto assembler windows\n.netinfo: fix field searching\nfixed disassembler issues/memory corruption when closing a secondary memoryview window\nfixed brake and trace killing the debugger when skipping certain modules an failing in figuring out the return address\nfixed auto attach not stopping the process flash\nmono is less likely to disconnect when dissecting an invalid memory address\nfixed checkbox and radiobutton not sizing properly in dark mode\nfoundlist: display type override also afffects the saved columns\nfoundlist: new scan now alsdo clears the saved results\nprocesslist: Fixed the highlighted color process entries in light mode\nfixed compare to first scan hotkey\nfixed handling of broken/empty language folders\nfixed network modulesize lookup. (needs a new ceserver build as well)\nfixed position saving for the foundcode dialog\nfixed lua errors not giving a proper errormessage\nfixed {$c} and {$ccode} for the 32-bit CE build\nfixed logging of writes to ignore the addresslist freezing(Skyrimfus)\nfixed dealing with -0.0f in c/ccode blocks\nfixed memscan on the last block of readable memory\nfixed dealing with the proper way of namespace.classname:modulename formatting. (Supports both formats)\nfixed error when using freeze by thread with a very small interval\nfixed {$ccode} and {$luacode} when not giving any parameters\nfixed some include files erroring out when used\nfrom 7.3.1-7.3.2:\nnetwork ceserver/linux: Fixed wpm corrupting the memory\nfixed the elf symbol parser\nfixed speedhack on linux\nil2cpp now has a progressbar\nfixed handling some newer il2cpp games\nfixed vmin assembling\nfixed freezing when entering the wrong ceserver details\nfixed deleting groupscan entries from the scan\nfixed pointerscan not loading results when in a path with non-ascii characters\nfixed the standalone trainer maker giving an error about duplicate entries\nfrom 7.3.2-7.4:\nlua: fixed readByte signextending when it shouldn't\nfix changeregonbp where it only changed xmm0\nwindow position saving of \"find what addresses this code accesses\" should be more predictable\nfixed saving of some color preferences in hexview, and added the fadecolor\nfix AA createThreadAndWait not working in a standalone script\nimproved stability of mono\nfixed break and trace ignore flag causing an stop instead of ignore on 64 bit targets\nAugust 26 2021:Cheat Engine 7.3 Released for Windows and Mac for everyone:\nAugust 14 2021:Cheat Engine 7.3 Released for Windows and Mac for Patreons (public will be here soon):\nI'm happy to announce the official release of Cheat Engine 7.3 for all my patreon members (The public release will be here any day now. Waiting for the advertisers / network owners to sign of on it) Edit:Done\nMy patreon members can get it here\nPlease report bugs and give feature requests for next version so I can make it even better.\nAdditions and changes:\nAdded dark mode support (restart CE when you change the setting)\nAll saved results are now shown in the foundlist (can be turned off)\nGroupscan now supports pointer wildcards. (only valid if the field is a proper pointer)\nHotkeys can be repeated by releasing the key and repressing if the repeat timer hasn't finished yet\nStructure dissect add to addresslist uses the addressstring instead of number, so symbols will be preserved\nStructure dissect now has a option to save the previous state of a column and show changes easier\nMiddle-mouse clicking now copies the value of a structure element to your clipboard\nAdded {$LUACODE} blocks for inline Lua coding\nAdded a c-compiler to CE\nAdded {$C} blocks to the auto assembler. all {$C} blocks get combined into one script before execution\nAdded {$CCODE} blocks for inline C coding (Check the forum, wiki, CE patreon discord or CE's youtube)\nAdded a C# compiler (compilecs)\nAdded routines to do .NET(and mono) method detouring. .NET info has a new contextmenu where you can create a detour template for the autoassembler\nAdded invoke method to the .NET Info window as well\n[Disable] sections can now reference labels, defines, AOBScan results, and allocs created in the [ENABLE] section\nUserdefined symbollist has a secondary list for CCode symbols\nThe change address window now also supports relative offsets\nDBVM speed improvements\nDBVM has an extra security level, and added dbvm_setKeys to easily change the access codes\nDBVM has now some basic support for nested VM's (only so you can run them, not yet modify)\nNew debugger interface: DBVM-level debugger\nImproved performance of \"Find what access/writes this address\"\nDissect code now lets you specify custom ranges\nAddresslist value sort now sorts values by alphabet if the record is a string type\nThe dropdown list of multiple entries can now be changed at the same time\nStandalone register window now shows flags values as well\nValue Between scans now autoswap the order if the first value is bigger than the 2nd\nFixes:\nfixed some games freezing CE when symbols where accesses\nLua debug now shows for loop variables\nseveral windows now save their position, and won't get corrupted if you don't show them the first time running CE\nfixed createthreadandwait when using a timeout\nfixed disassembling vcvtsi2ss\nfixed compare to first scan if it's a large block, and made it more efficient\nceshare: logout fixed\nfixed assembling movsq\nfixed ultimap ret filter\nfixed luapipe never calling OnError\nfixed vehdebug in 64-bit CE zeroing out the FPU registers in 32-bit targets\nfixed DBVM find what access/writes sometimes skipping entries on AMD\nfixed undo not working on memory records when using the single line editor\nfixed hide children group option when loading a table\nfixed some font issues in the break and trace window\nfixed pasting the other types in hexadecimal view\nfixed the symbolloader fully crashing on unknown pdb symboldata\nlua:\nsaveTable won't ask to sign the table anymore\nmessageDialog will work if you omit the buttonlist. (Defaults to mbOK then)\nadded more customizabe button\nregisterSymbol no longer errors out the whole script on failure. It now overwrites existing symbols\nand many other things...", "url": "https://www.cheatengine.org/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "GitHub - cheat-engine/cheat-engine: Cheat Engine. A development environment focused on modding\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\ncheat-engine\n/\ncheat-engine\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n2.1k\nStar\n13.9k\nCheat Engine. A development environment focused on modding\ncheatengine.org\n13.9k\nstars\n2.1k\nforks\nBranches\nTags\nActivity\nStar\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nCode\nIssues\n1k\nPull requests\n23\nActions\nProjects\n0\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\ncheat-engine/cheat-engine\nThis commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository.\nmasterBranchesTagsGo to fileCodeFolders and filesNameNameLast commit messageLast commit dateLatest commitHistory6,173 Commits.github.githubCheat EngineCheat EngineDBKKernelDBKKernelDBVM UEFIDBVM UEFIdbvmdbvmlualua.gitignore.gitignore.gitmodules.gitmodulesREADME.mdREADME.mdREADMEes.mdREADMEes.mdappveyor.ymlappveyor.ymlView all filesRepository files navigationREADME\nCheat Engine\nCheat Engine is a development environment focused on modding games and applications for personal use.\nDownload\nLatest Version\nOlder versions\nLinks\nWebsite\nForum\nForum (alternate)\nWiki\nSocial Media\nReddit\nTwitter\nDonate\nPatreon\nPayPal\nBasic Build Instructions\nDownload Lazarus 2.2.2 from https://sourceforge.net/projects/lazarus/files/Lazarus%20Windows%2064%20bits/Lazarus%202.2.2/ First install lazarus-2.2.2-fpc-3.2.2-win64.exe and then lazarus-2.2.2-fpc-3.2.2-cross-i386-win32-win64.exe\nRun Lazarus and click on Project->Open Project. Select cheatengine.lpi from the Cheat Engine folder as the project.\nClick on Run->Build or press SHIFT+F9.\nyou can also click on Run->Compile many Modes (tip: select first three compile modes)\nIf you want to run or debug from the IDE on Windows you will need to run Lazarus as administrator.\nDo not forget to compile secondary projects you'd like to use:\nspeedhack.lpr: Compile both 32- and 64-bit DLL's for speedhack capability\nluaclient.lpr: Compile both 32- and 64-bit DLL's for {$luacode} capability\nDirectXMess.sln: Compile for 32-bit and 64-bit for D3D overlay and snapshot capabilities\nDotNetcompiler.sln: for the cscompile lua command\nmonodatacollector.sln: Compile both 32-bit and 64-bit dll's to get Mono features to inspect the .NET environment of the process\ndotnetdatacollector.sln: Compile both 32- and 64-bit EXE's to get .NET symbols\ndotnetinvasivedatacollector.sln: Compile this managed .DLL to add support for runtime JIT support\ncejvmti.sln: Compile both 32- and 64-bit DLL's for Java inspection support\ntcclib.sln: Compile 32-32, 64-32 and 64-64 to add {$C} and {$CCODE} support in scripts\nvehdebug.lpr: Compile 32- and 64-bit DLL's to add support for the VEH debugger interface\ndbkkernel.sln: for kernelmode functions (settings->extra) You will need to build the no-sig version and either boot with unsigned driver support, or sign the driver yourself\n*.SLN files require visual studio (Usually 2017)\nAbout\nCheat Engine. A development environment focused on modding\ncheatengine.org\nResources\nReadme\nActivity\nStars\n13.9k\nstars\nWatchers\n327\nwatching\nForks\n2.1k\nforks\nReport repository\nReleases\n12\nCheat Engine 7.5\nLatest\nFeb 23, 2023\n+ 11 releases\nSponsor this project\npatreon.com/cheatengine\nPackages\n0\nNo packages published\nContributors\n49\n+ 35 contributors\nLanguages\nPascal\n51.1%\nC\n40.3%\nLua\n3.8%\nC++\n2.7%\nMakefile\n0.8%\nAssembly\n0.6%\nOther\n0.7%\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/cheat-engine/cheat-engine" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Cheat Engine\nCheat Engine\nMainForumAbout Cheat EngineAbout DBVMBugtrackerDownloadsTutorialsGITLua ExtensionsTwitterFAQContributeCheat Engine Wiki\nBecome a Patron!\nCheck it out\nKnow programming?Looking for a job?Try patreon!\nPrivacy Policy\nContact\nDownloads\nRead before download: Cheat engine is for educational purposes only. Before you attach Cheat Engine to a process, please make sure that you are not violating the EULA/TOS of the specific game/application. cheatengine.org does not condone the illegal use of Cheat Engine\nDownload Cheat Engine 7.5\nDownload Cheat Engine 7.5.2 For Mac\nThis installer makes use of the installcore software recomendation pluginNote: Some anti-virus programs mistakenly pick up parts of Cheat Engine as a trojan/virus. If encountering trouble while installing, or cheat engine is not functional, disable your anti-virus before installing or running Cheat Engine(More info on this particular problem can be found here)\nFor those that want to have Cheat engine Setup without any extra software recomendation during install, then join CE's patreon and download using this link and you'll get a clean install file\nMirrors\nProgramosy\nGIGA.de (German)\nAdd-Ons\nCheat Engine Lua Extentions A forum with a list of useful add-ons for Cheat Engine\nImproved .net data collector (Cheat Engine 6.4). Gets parent classfields as well\nImproved mono data collector (Cheat Engine 6.4). Adds support for 64-bit and deals with situations where mono.dll is renamed. (Use LaunchMonoDataCollector() or mono_dissect() lua commands manually in those cases)\nSave sessions (Cheat Engine 6.4). Lets you save and reload the current scan session\nUEFI DBVM Loader + DBVM 16. Use this to launch DBVM before your OS(Linux, Android, Windows...) starts. Note: This is DBVM 16, which needs CE 7.3 or later\nTranslations\nSpanish(Latin) translation files (CL_cl)\nKorean translation files (ko_KR)\nSpanish/Castilian translation files (es_ES)\nBrazilian Portuguese translation files (pt_BR)\nRussian translation files (ru_RU)\nPolish translation files (pl_PL)\nChinese Traditional files (ch_TW)\nChinese Simplified translation files (ch_CN)\nChinese translation files (zh_CN)\nTutorial only translations\nGerman tutorial translation files\nFrench tutorial translation files\nCheat Engine Proton Launcher\nCEProtonLauncher.zip (Utility to launch Cheat Engine under the correct proton environment)\nServer (For network scanning)\nCEServer files for CE 7.5 (linux, android, x86,x86_64, arm and arm64)\nServer source\nSource\nhttps://github.com/cheat-engine/cheat-engine\nPersonal software recommendations\nTotal Commander (File Manager)", "url": "https://www.cheatengine.org/downloads.php" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7] - FearLess Cheat Engine\nFearLess Cheat Engine\nCommunity Cheat Tables of Cheat Engine\nSkip to content\nSearch\nAdvanced search\nQuick links\nUnanswered topics\nActive topics\nSearch\nMembers\nThe team\nFAQ\nLogin\nRegister\nBoard index\nCheat Engine Downloads\nTables\nSearch\nDOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\nUpload your cheat tables here (No requests)\nPost Reply\nPrint view\nSearch\nAdvanced search\n606 posts\nPage 1 of 41\nJump to page:\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n\n41\nNext\nSunBeam\nAdministration\nPosts: 4822 Joined: Sun Feb 04, 2018 7:16 pm\nReputation: 4438\nDOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n54\nQuote\nPost\nby SunBeam Thu Mar 19, 2020 10:50 pm\n[ 26 Mar 20 - Update #4 ]\nrebranded the table headers based on the half-trimmed Name and full Branch strings found in the buildInfo console command:\nrevamped \"Add 'noclip' & 'notarget' Commands\" script to dynamically find what it needs; should now work with any store version and possibly resist future updates (on the account developers won't remove code)\nDOOMEternalx64vk.CT\n1.4 - updated for 'release-pc-hotfix2' (32.99 KiB) Downloaded 29674 times\nBR,\nSun\n[ 21 Mar 20 - Update #3 ]\nUpdated to latest Steam release; happened 5 minutes ago. Old version's data preserved:\nDOOMEternalx64vk.CT\n1.3 - updated to latest Steam (18.52 KiB) Downloaded 4085 times\nBR,\nSun\n[ 21 Mar 20 - Update #2 ]\nUpdated the \"Unrestrict Console Commands/CVars\". Restrictions are also removed for the bind command.\nYou can now use something like bind L noclip to easily have access to that command through a key-press\nDOOMEternalx64vk.CT\n1.2 - disabled restriction for bind command (11.47 KiB) Downloaded 1880 times\nNOTE: The bound key is not saved anywhere; once you exit the game and re-run, you will have to do the bind. I'll see if there's a way to permanently store it in the Users\\<id>\\Saved Games\\id Software\\DOOMEternal\\base\\DOOMEternalConfig.local file. Else, perhaps a larger sequence of commands bound to the same key? I'll see if the Unreal Engine trick works: using the \"|\" separator between commands.\n[ 20 Mar 20 - Update #1 ]\nAdded a script that registers the noclip and notarget commands.\nYou can now type them in the console.\nDOOMEternalx64vk.CT\n1.1 - added noclip & notarget commands (11.02 KiB) Downloaded 2292 times\nAm expecting the developers to gradually remove these (in first patch to remove the commands, in second patch to remove the commands' effects from the source code, etc.) -OR- do it all at once. I've seen this shit happen with Youngblood. Well.. too late, I got 1.0 dumped and stored away for future code-rebuilding Peace.\nBR,\nSun\n[ 20 Mar 20 - First Release ]\nGame Name: DOOM Eternal\nGame Vendor: Steam\nGame Version: \"Mar 12 2020\" [ run gamedate command in the console, after unrestricting commands/CVars ]\nGame Process: DOOMEternalx64vk.exe\nGame File Version: 1.0.0.1\nHello folks.\nThis topic will be filled-up with some nice console goodies. Let's see what the developers left in before they will strip shit out (remember Youngblood; still have a debt to pay them there).\nDownload:\nDOOMEternalx64vk.CT\n1.0 - disabled restriction for console CVars/commands (6.33 KiB) Downloaded 3261 times\nlistCmds command returns 291 commands, while listCvars command returns 6685 CVars. You have below comprehensive lists of each:\nCommands\nCVars\nTo dump them I used the conDump console.txt command, which will take all in the console and dump it in console.txt file in your save folder (e.g.: C:\\Users\\SunBeam\\Saved Games\\id Software\\DOOMEternal\\base).\nNote that although the game is not yet available to some at this point in time, the internal game version is \"Mar 12 2020\". Am assuming this is when they've compiled the build they've probably provided to the various game testers out there. You've already seen the swarm of review youtube videos or articles. Not to mention there already is a FAQ on Steam, by the developers, that already contains a bunch of stuff they already know they have to fix. So yeah, they must've tested this build\nBR,\nSun\nHow to use this cheat table?\nInstall Cheat Engine\nDouble-click the .CT file in order to open it.\nClick the PC icon in Cheat Engine in order to select the game process.\nKeep the list.\nActivate the trainer options by checking boxes or setting values from 0 to 1\nTop\nkaptain kek\nCheater\nPosts: 37 Joined: Thu Mar 16, 2017 12:15 pm\nReputation: 25\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n0\nQuote\nPost\nby kaptain kek Thu Mar 19, 2020 11:22 pm\nyou know you're in for something good when SunBeam is on the job. Thanks for all the work you do!\nTop\nSunBeam\nAdministration\nPosts: 4822 Joined: Sun Feb 04, 2018 7:16 pm\nReputation: 4438\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n1\nQuote\nPost\nby SunBeam Thu Mar 19, 2020 11:27 pm\nPosted a table that enables console access to the standard cheats and goodies Enjoy!\nTop\nkaptain kek\nCheater\nPosts: 37 Joined: Thu Mar 16, 2017 12:15 pm\nReputation: 25\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n0\nQuote\nPost\nby kaptain kek Thu Mar 19, 2020 11:35 pm\nSunBeam wrote: Thu Mar 19, 2020 11:27 pm\nPosted a table that enables console access to the standard cheats and goodies Enjoy!\ndamn, that was fast. Any way to get the commands? Thanks!\nTop\nSunBeam\nAdministration\nPosts: 4822 Joined: Sun Feb 04, 2018 7:16 pm\nReputation: 4438\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n1\nQuote\nPost\nby SunBeam Thu Mar 19, 2020 11:46 pm\nkaptain kek wrote: Thu Mar 19, 2020 11:35 pm\ndamn, that was fast. Any way to get the commands? Thanks!\nUpdated first post. god and g_infiniteAmmo 1 should be enough for a decent play-through Just so you don't go ruining the whole game.\nTop\nHyperion\nNoobzor\nPosts: 9 Joined: Fri Oct 19, 2018 1:59 pm\nReputation: 4\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n0\nQuote\nPost\nby Hyperion Thu Mar 19, 2020 11:51 pm\nI play tested this early and saw the console was unlocked but locked in final retail. Amazing work as always Sunbeam, looks like the old commands like god still work just as well.\nTop\nSunBeam\nAdministration\nPosts: 4822 Joined: Sun Feb 04, 2018 7:16 pm\nReputation: 4438\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n1\nQuote\nPost\nby SunBeam Fri Mar 20, 2020 12:00 am\nHyperion wrote: Thu Mar 19, 2020 11:51 pm\nI play tested this early and saw the console was unlocked but locked in final retail. Amazing work as always Sunbeam, looks like the old commands like god still work just as well.\nThe console was there all along. Just like in the majority of games built with idTech engine. What isn't usually there - and I think this is by design done like that, when they compile the \"Shipping\" build - is the ability to use ALL commands/CVars. It's funny that idTech hasn't gone through the process of rethinking this. Or at least by default comment out the exec code the commands run.\nJust like in any of the idTech games I've looked at in the past: restriction of commands/CVars + noclip/notarget exec missing. That's the default, I tell you\nBe back with noclip & notarget in a lil' bit.\nBR,\nSun\nP.S.: noclip will defeat the purpose of figuring out how to get to the secrets\nTop\nlol3003\nExpert Cheater\nPosts: 87 Joined: Fri Mar 10, 2017 6:44 pm\nReputation: 17\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n2\nQuote\nPost\nby lol3003 Fri Mar 20, 2020 12:14 am\nThe commands i found till now that are helpful are:\nGod\nGive (just type it in it will give you what you can do with it btw. you can type in basically anything)\ngiveAllMaxedOutWeapons\ng_infiniteAmmo 1\nedit: For anyone unwilling to slog though the endless commands\nTop\nZanzer\nRCE Fanatics\nPosts: 1104 Joined: Fri Mar 03, 2017 10:48 pm\nReputation: 3575\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n23\nQuote\nPost\nby Zanzer Fri Mar 20, 2020 12:37 am\nUnlimited Health\nUnlimited Ammo\nUnlimited Double Jump\nUnlimited Dash\nNo Recoil\nNo Spread\nUnlimited Lives\nUnlimited Sticky Bombs\nFast Kill Challenges\nSet Game Speed new\nUpgrade Pointer\nAttachments\nDOOMEternalx64vk.CT\n(43.09 KiB) Downloaded 2776 times\nDOOMEternalx64vk.CT\n(38.18 KiB) Downloaded 1263 times\nLast edited by Zanzer on Wed Mar 25, 2020 3:27 am, edited 8 times in total.\nTop\nSTN\nFounder\nPosts: 4441 Joined: Thu Mar 02, 2017 7:48 pm\nReputation: 3460\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n0\nQuote\nPost\nby STN Fri Mar 20, 2020 12:48 am\nZanzer wrote: Fri Mar 20, 2020 12:37 am\n[reserved]\nI'll move up your post to second place when i get on PC.\nTop\nkaptain kek\nCheater\nPosts: 37 Joined: Thu Mar 16, 2017 12:15 pm\nReputation: 25\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n0\nQuote\nPost\nby kaptain kek Fri Mar 20, 2020 1:10 am\nWhere did you guys find \"g_infiniteAmmo 1\"? I'm trying to find something that gives praetor suit points and batteries, especially batteries as they unlock skins\nTop\nSunBeam\nAdministration\nPosts: 4822 Joined: Sun Feb 04, 2018 7:16 pm\nReputation: 4438\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n0\nQuote\nPost\nby SunBeam Fri Mar 20, 2020 2:36 am\nOK, got noclip and notarget working\nPosting updated table in a few minutes.\nBR,\nSun\nTop\nSunBeam\nAdministration\nPosts: 4822 Joined: Sun Feb 04, 2018 7:16 pm\nReputation: 4438\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n0\nQuote\nPost\nby SunBeam Fri Mar 20, 2020 3:04 am\nkaptain kek wrote: Fri Mar 20, 2020 2:49 am\nhowever, when loading up the new table I get this error\nApparently, CE didn't properly sign the table. I've re-uploaded it. Get it again.\nTop\nnattydread011\nNoobzor\nPosts: 9 Joined: Tue Dec 18, 2018 3:58 pm\nReputation: 0\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n0\nQuote\nPost\nby nattydread011 Fri Mar 20, 2020 5:12 am\nAmazing thanks! Now I'm playing more with console commands than playing the actual game.\nnoclip and notarget script crashes the lowly Beth Launcher version of the game.\nTop\nAtaru\nNoobzor\nPosts: 5 Joined: Tue Mar 27, 2018 7:14 am\nReputation: 0\nRe: DOOM Eternal [Engine:idTech 7]\n0\nQuote\nPost\nby Ataru Fri Mar 20, 2020 5:19 am\nHas anyone figured out a command for Praetor Tokens, Sentinel Crystals, or Sentinel Batteries? The give command works for weapon mod points, but I can't seem to work out the other upgrade points.\nTop\nPost Reply\nPrint view\nDisplay: All posts1 day7 days2 weeks1 month3 months6 months1 year\nSort by: AuthorPost timeSubject\nDirection: AscendingDescending\n606 posts\nPage 1 of 41\nJump to page:\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n\n41\nNext\nReturn to Tables\nJump to\nCheat Requests\n Single Player Cheat Requests\nCheat Engine Downloads\n Tables\n Trainers\n Tools\nCheat Engine\n Cheat Engine\n Cheat Engine Lua Scripting\nFearlessRevolution App\n App Discussions\nGeneral Discussions\n General Discussions\n General Gamehacking\n Specific Game Discussions\n Giveaways and Raffles\nTutorials\n Specific Game Tutorials\n Generic Tutorials\nWho is online\nUsers browsing this forum: baiyz26, EYE_31251, jesse0191, Jetstream17, lol3003, Lyzzsha, titocutsito, xavier88cz\nBoard index\nAll times are UTC\nDelete cookies\nMembers\nThe team\nBuy DOOM Eternal Standard Edition\non Steam\nIncludes 2 items: DOOM Eternal\n$39.99\nBuy on Steam\nData hosted with by Pastebin.com - Download Raw - See Original\nactivateCheckPoint\nactivateConsole\nActivateMasterLevels\nActivateMissionSelect\nactivatetargets\naddarrow\naddClamp\naddLight\naddline\naddsphere\naddWrap\nadvanceDebugMarker\nai_aas_testPush\nai_addOptimizationFlags\nai_addTempMem\nai_bsp_clear\nai_bsp_report\nai_bsp_step\nai_buildFlightMap\nai_clearOptimizationFlags\nai_despawn\nai_destroyEntity\nai_dumpMem\nai_dumpSharedMem\nai_enableBehavior\nai_forceAnim\nai_forceFreeze\nai_forceIdle\nai_forceMoveError\nai_forceRole\nai_genTraversals\nai_Hide\nai_miscTest\nai_pain_forcePainReaction\nai_poolMeasures_show\nai_printEntityPtrs\nai_printFactionTree\nai_printRagdollBodyNames\nai_printStringTokens\nai_printTempMem\nai_rebuildAASMeta\nai_reloadEverything\nai_removeTempMem\nai_runDiagnostics\nai_ScriptCmd\nai_ScriptCmdEnt\nai_setFactionName\nai_setGenTraversalSeed\nai_setTestOrigin\nai_Show\nai_showNavMetaStats\nai_startfx\nai_stopfx\nai_suggestInterest\nai_teleportToPlayer\nai_testAreaGather\nai_testFloorTrace\nai_testNavPrep\nai_testObstacleTrace\nai_testPath\nai_testPath_show\nai_testSoundHook\nai_tryOverrideFBG\nai_validateTraversals\naiCanOnlyBeGloryKilled\napplyColorProfile\nassert_clearSkipped\nassert_disable\nassert_enable\nbind\nbindSecondary\nblinkline\nbot_add\nbot_remove\nbreak\nBuildInfo\nBuildInfoToClipBoard\ncampaign_giveAllWeaponsAndMods\ncampaign_giveUpgradedWeaponsAndMods\ncenterview\nclear\nclearDebugPoints\nclearHistory\nclearLights\ncmap\ncollisionModelInfo\ncompileAllStringTables\ncompileStringTable\ncompressFile\ncon_unwatch\ncon_watch\nconDump\nconfigVersion\nConnectOrHostCasualBattleArenaResult\ncopy\ncrash\ncvar_restart\ncvarAdd\ncvarMultiply\ncvarRandom\ncvarsModified\ndamage\ndecompressFile\ndeleteGenerated\ndemo_nextPerspective\ndemo_nextPlayer\ndemo_previousPlayer\ndevmap\ndir\ndirtree\ndisconnect\ndumpWarnings\necho\nencounter_clearWait\nenvshot\nerror\nexec\nexit\nExitShellLobby\nExitShellLobbyFromMatch\nExitShellLobbyToRoot\nExitShellLobbyToSignIn\nexportCollisionModel\nexportDuplicateCollisionGeometryModel\nfind\nfindUnlocalizedStrings\nfindUnreferencedStrings\nfreeze\ngameError\ngetviewpos\nGhostDiag\nGhostDiagLong\nGhostDiagLongToClipboard\nGhostDiagToClipboard\ngibalicious\nGive\ngiveAllMaxedOutWeapons\nGod\nhandsPlayAdditiveAnim\nhandsTestHitReaction\nhealAI\nhealDebugEntity\nhistory\nhitch\nidclev\nidclip\nidfa\nidkfa\nidmypos\nidqd\nis_dumpState\nis_refresh\nJoinShellLobby\nkeepTestModel\nkill\nkillAI\nkillBreakables\nkillDeadAI\nkillDebugTarget\nkillEntity\nkillEverything\nkillGore\nkillMonsters\nkillMoveables\nkillPickups\nkillRagdolls\nkillshot\nkillUnhiddenAI\nLeaveGame\nLeaveGameAndConnectOrHostCasualBattleArenaResult\nlistBinds\nlistCmds\nlistCollisionModels\nlistCvars\nlistImages\nlistInventory\nlistLines\nlistModels\nlistspheres\nlistStreamedImages\nloadDevMenuOption\nloosemap\nmap\nmappath\nmdnt_list_active\nmdnt_list_paused\nmdnt_pause\nmdnt_play\nmdnt_StartLink\nmdnt_StartMdnt\nmdnt_user_skip\nmoveTo\nmoveToFacingPlayer\nmoveToFacingReticule\nmoveToGoalPosition\nnav_addObstacle\nnav_findArea\nnav_findEdge\nnav_findIslands\nnav_findVertex\nnav_removeObstacle\nnav_showTraversalFilter\nnav_verify\nnav_verifyCollisionSurfaces\nnextActiveAI\nnextAI\nonlinemap\nparse\npath\nplayerTestBodyReaction\nplayInput\npopClosestLight\npopDebugPoint\npopLight\nprevAI\nprint\nPrintHavokAllocatorStats\npushDebugPoint\nquit\nrandomTest\nrecordInput\nreloadEntity\nreloadLanguage\nReloadMapHere\nreloadMD6Models\nReloadVideoSettings\nremoveAI\nremoveInventoryItem\nremoveline\nremovesphere\nreset\nResetProfileControllerConfig\nResetProfileControllerConfigsAfterDeviceChange\nresetViewParms\nresourceExec\nRestartMap\nrestartmapwithlobby\nresumeLatentTask\nrp\nRunes_GiveAllRunes\nRunes_MaxAllRunes\nsaveFSM\nSaves_LoadRestartMissionCurrentSaveSlot\nsaveWeaponFSM\nscreenshot\nselectDebugEntity\nsetplayerviewpos\nsetviewpos\nshowVector\nslowcombomap\nslowmap\nslowmapcheckpoint\nspectator_changeLoadout\nspectator_localPerspective\nStartAutomaticBackgroundSwaps\nStepParticleTime\nstripbcm\nstripStrings\nteleport\nteleportposition\ntestDeath\ntestFourier\nTestFx\ntestImage\ntestLCP\ntestLight\ntestmodel\ntestParallelLight\nTestParticle\ntestPointLight\ntestTranslation\ntestWeapon\ntoggle\nToggleMainMenu\ntrace\ntrigger\ntw_save\nunbind\nunbindAll\nupdateSwfColors\nupgradeAmmoCapacity\nupgradeArmorCapacity\nupgradeHealthCapacity\nverifiedExec\nvid_restart\nwait\nwarning_disable\nwarning_enable\nwhere\nwriteConfig\nwriteImage\n291 commands listed\nData hosted with by Pastebin.com - Download Raw - See Original\ng_setting_photomode \"0\"\ng_setting_rune_info \"1\"\ng_setting_sentinel_armor \"1\"\ng_setting_speaker \"1\"\ng_setting_subtitles \"1\"\ng_setting_tutorials \"1\"\ng_setting_weapon_info \"1\"\ng_showAASUnderPlayerCrosshair \"0\"\ng_showActiveEntities \"0\"\ng_showBlendTree \"-1\"\ng_showBreakableCollision \"0\"\ng_showCollisionDistance \"40.0\"\ng_showCollisionModels \"0\"\ng_showCollisionNoSkipEntity \"0\"\ng_showCollisionQueries \"0\"\ng_showCollisionQueryFilter \"\"\ng_showCollisionQueryLifeTime \"0\"\ng_showCollisionQueryNames \"0\"\ng_showCollisionQueryStats \"0\"\ng_showCollisionSpheres \"0\"\ng_showCollisionSubModels \"0\"\ng_showCollisionSurfaces \"0\"\ng_showCollisionSurfacesDebug \"0\"\ng_showCollisionSurfacesDistance \"50\"\ng_showCollisionSurfacesFilled \"0\"\ng_showCollisionTraces \"0\"\ng_showCollisionWorld \"0\"\ng_showCrosshairInfo \"0\"\ng_showDormant \"0\"\ng_showEditEntityDepthTested \"0\"\ng_showEditEntityDialog \"0\"\ng_showEditEntityInfo \"0\"\ng_showEditEntityInfoActive \"0\"\ng_showEditEntityLocalAxes \"0\"\ng_showEditLayerNames \"0\"\ng_showEffectsModelRecyclerStats \"0\"\ng_showEntityInfo \"0\"\ng_showEntityInfoType \"\"\ng_showEntityRenderParms \"0\"\ng_showEntityWarnings \"0\"\ng_showFlareDebug \"0\"\ng_showFxResourceErrors \"0\"\ng_showFxResourceLights \"0\"\ng_showFxResourceParticles \"0\"\ng_showFxResourceStats \"0\"\ng_showGameDeclHeapWarnings \"0\"\ng_showHavokActiveBodies \"0\"\ng_showHavokBodies \"0\"\ng_showHavokCollision \"0\"\ng_showHavokCollisionAlpha \"0.0\"\ng_showHavokCollisionBad \"0\"\ng_showHavokCollisionContentsFilter \"0\"\ng_showHavokCollisionMaxPrimitives \"10000\"\ng_showHavokCollisionSkipPlayer \"1\"\ng_showHavokContactImpulseEvents \"0\"\ng_showHavokDistanceFar \"3\"\ng_showHavokDistanceNear \"1\"\ng_showHavokTriangleMeshVertices \"0\"\ng_showHud \"1\"\ng_showKillTime \"0\"\ng_showLayerData \"0\"\ng_showLightEntities \"0\"\ng_showMapUpdate \"1\"\ng_showMoverMods \"0\"\ng_showNumActiveEntities \"0\"\ng_showPieceCollision \"-1\"\ng_showPlayerShadow \"0\"\ng_showPlayerSprintInfo \"0\"\ng_showPoiInfo \"1\"\ng_showPrefetchGraph \"0\"\ng_showPushes \"0\"\ng_showSpeeds \"-1\"\ng_showSpread \"0\"\ng_showStatics \"0\"\ng_showSwarmSplines \"0\"\ng_showTargets \"0\"\ng_showThinks \"0\"\ng_showTrajectories \"0\"\ng_showTrajectoryStats \"0\"\ng_showTrajectoryTime \"5000\"\ng_showTriggers \"0\"\ng_showXPGainInfo \"0\"\ng_singleVisibilityControllerTrigger \"1\"\ng_skipAnimEventSounds \"0\"\ng_skipBreakableParticles \"0\"\ng_skipFlightVolumesOnLoad \"0\"\ng_skipGuiThinkOnPause \"0\"\ng_skipImpacts \"0\"\ng_skipSpawning_enable \"0\"\ng_skipSpawning_entityDef \"\"\ng_skipViewEffects \"0\"\ng_sleep \"0\"\ng_spatialDebug_distance \"2.0\"\ng_spatialDebug_draw \"0\"\ng_spatialDebug_enable \"0\"\ng_spatialDebug_fov \"0.0\"\ng_spatialDebug_radius \"0.5\"\ng_SpawnablePropShotImpulse \"258.75\"\ng_spawnDebugInfluencerGroup \"-1\"\ng_spawnDebugLevel \"2\"\ng_spawnDebugPauseBotsWhenSpawn \"0\"\ng_spawnDebugRenderDuration \"999999\"\ng_spawnDebugShowInfluencerRanges \"0\"\ng_spawnDebugShowSpawnNodes \"0\"\ng_spawnJitter \"0.0\"\ng_spawnLightRig \"1\"\ng_spectateTeammatesAfterDeath \"1\"\ng_spectateTeammatesAfterDeathDelay \"1500\"\ng_spectatorAllowFrozenLocalPlayerTargets \"0\"\ng_spectatorAllowFrozenRemotePlayerTargets \"0\"\ng_sphereModelTrace_enable \"1\"\ng_splinePathEnable \"1\"\ng_splinePause \"0\"\ng_spread_noSpread \"0\"\ng_spreadRNG \"1\"\ng_stopTime \"0\"\ng_suppressFriendlyFireImpactEffects \"0\"\ng_testDeath \"0\"\ng_testFxName \"\"\ng_testMaterial \"\"\ng_testParticleName \"\"\ng_threadedSubmitCollisionQueries \"0\"\ng_timeEntities \"0\"\ng_timer \"0\"\ng_traceGameTimeScaling \"0\"\ng_tracePlayerAccel \"0\"\ng_tracePlayerAngles \"0\"\ng_tracePlayerDamage \"0\"\ng_tracePlayerPos \"0\"\ng_tracePlayerVel \"0\"\ng_tracePlayerViewAngles \"0\"\ng_tracePlayerViewPos \"0\"\ng_trajectoryArcSegments \"32\"\ng_triggerEmitterManagerDebugDraw \"0\"\ng_triggerEmitterManagerDeferredTrace \"1\"\ng_triggerRagdoll \"0\"\ng_uiWalkthroughRestrictedPressAndHold \"1\"\ng_uiWalkthroughsDisabled \"0\"\ng_uiWalkthroughWidgetHidingEnabled \"1\"\ng_ultraNightmareMinDistance \"0.01905\"\ng_universalAmmoDirectToClip \"1\"\ng_useDeferredDecalManagerForWeapons \"1\"\ng_useEntityDirector \"1\"\ng_useGaussianAimSpread \"1\"\ng_useImpactColor \"0\"\ng_useLayerSpawnIdCache \"1\"\ng_useMPSimplifiedDamageJoints \"1\"\ng_usePlayerDemoHUD \"0\"\ng_useRadialTracePattern \"1\"\ng_useReverseRadialTraces \"1\"\ng_useSpreadMagnetism \"0\"\ng_viewNodalX \"0\"\ng_viewNodalZ \"0\"\ng_visorHeavyDamageThreshold \"25\"\ng_VolumeClientDeath \"1\"\ng_VolumeDebug \"0\"\ng_VolumeUMBFriendlyCheck \"1\"\ng_weapon_info_hide_tooltips \"1\"\ng_weapon_useMultiHitTrace \"1\"\ng_weaponAutoEquipNew \"1\"\ng_weaponAutoSwitchOnEmpty \"1\"\ng_weaponChangeMinIntervalMS \"375\"\ng_weaponDoomClassicPose \"0\"\ng_weaponDoomClassicPoseMP \"0\"\ng_weaponDoomMPUseDoomHands \"0\"\ng_weaponkick \"1\"\ng_weaponKickBackRatio \"0.75\"\ng_weaponKickBackRatio_doomGravity \"0.75\"\ng_weaponShowRibbon \"0\"\ng_weaponSkipSound \"0\"\ng_weaponSpreadScale \"1.0\"\ng_weaponTraceDebug \"0\"\ng_weaponUpdateLaser \"1\"\ngamedate \"Mar 12 2020\"\ngc_autoRecordDemos \"0\"\ngc_avengerTimeLimit \"3.0\"\ngc_bleedOutDamage \"1.0f\"\ngc_bleedOutDamageInterval \"1000\"\ngc_closeAndPersonalDistance \"3.81\"\ngc_coop_assistPct \"0.3\"\ngc_coop_defendTime \"2000\"\ngc_coop_killStreakTimeLimit \"2.0\"\ngc_criticismTimeLimit \"5000\"\ngc_debugFSM \"0\"\ngc_debugGameEventCallouts \"0\"\ngc_debugRespawnAllowed \"0\"\ngc_disableNameplates \"0\"\ngc_enableMultipleLOSChecksForHighlights \"1\"\ngc_gameOverEndDurationMS \"25000\"\ngc_genocideMinPlayerCount \"2\"\ngc_humiliatorTimeLimit \"1000\"\ngc_incapacitatedStartingHealth \"10.0f\"\ngc_killedCalloutDelayMS \"5000\"\ngc_killStreakTimeLimit \"10.0\"\ngc_longshotDistance \"57.15\"\ngc_oneHitKillDamageAmount \"100\"\ngc_oneHitKillTimeLimit \"10000\"\ngc_preGameDurationMS \"0\"\ngc_protectorTimeLimit \"1.0\"\ngc_runebaitDistance \"4.8768\"\ngc_surpriseTimeLimit \"1000\"\ngc_survivorHealthLimit \"20.0\"\ngc_teamSuperRequestMS \"100\"\ngc_testCheckPointReload \"0\"\ngc_totalReviveTimeRequired \"3000\"\ngeomcache_compressionLevel \"0\"\ngeomcache_maxDecompressAhead \"1\"\ngeomcache_maxStreamAhead \"5\"\ngeomcache_minStreamAhead \"2.5\"\ngeomcache_readCombineSize \"1024\"\ngeomcache_streamingPoolDefrag \"1\"\ngeomcache_streamingPoolDefragLimitCount \"8\"\ngeomcache_streamingPoolDefragLimitKB \"128\"\ngeomcache_streamingPoolDefragTimeout \"100\"\ngeomcache_streamingPoolSize \"56\"\ngeomcache_streamingPoolUsage \"2\"\ngeomcache_update \"1\"\ngiveOfflineAchievements \"1\"\nglobalCursor_RayLength \"1.905\"\nglobalEncounterScript_debug \"0\"\ngore_forceAFSync \"1\"\ngore_forceCreateFullBodyWound \"0\"\ngore_minDistanceforDirectionCalc \"1.905\"\ngore_neverFadeAndRemove \"0\"\ngoreGUI \"0\"\ngoreNest_debug \"0\"\ngrenade_bounceSpeedThreshold \"10.0f\"\ngrenade_debugClusterBombs \"0\"\ngrenade_launchDistMinimum \"0.015f\"\ngrenade_restVelocityMinimum \"0.01f\"\ngs_cascadeLods \"1\"\ngs_debugTelemetryPlots \"0\"\ngs_gatherAllLayers \"0\"\ngs_maxGatherFoV \"90.0f\"\ngs_maximumInflightReads \"64\"\ngs_plotStats \"1\"\ngs_showStats \"0\"\ngs_update \"1\"\ngui_dedicatedVertexBufferSize \"120000\"\ngui_enablePersistentBuffers \"1\"\nguiEnt_coopJob \"1\"\nguiEnt_earlyCull \"1\"\nguiEnt_heightScale \"1.0\"\nguient_maxDot \"0.6\"\nguiEnt_purgeAtlasDistance \"80\"\nguiEnt_pvsCull \"1\"\nguient_pvsScale \"1.0\"\nguiEnt_widthScale \"1.0\"\nhands_additiveAnimBlendMS \"150\"\nhands_additiveJumpFallLandAnimBlendInFallMS \"100\"\nhands_additiveJumpFallLandAnimBlendInJumpMS \"30\"\nhands_additiveJumpFallLandAnimBlendInLandMS \"16\"\nhands_additiveJumpFallLandAnimBlendMS \"16\"\nhands_additiveJumpFallLandAnimEnable \"1\"\nhands_additiveJumpFallLandMinFallFramesToLand \"2\"\nhands_additiveJumpFallLandMinFallingTimeMS \"60\"\nhands_additiveOffsetBlendDurationMS \"-1\"\nhands_adjustFirePosDistCheck \"0.01905\"\nhands_allowMeleeInterrupt \"1\"\nhands_allowQueuedFireFromSprint \"1\"\nhands_alwaysPlayIntroBringup \"0\"\nhands_applyAnimationDeltas \"0\"\nhands_autoDryfire \"0\"\nhands_berserkHandsGoUpAfterMelee \"0\"\nhands_blendIntoCustomLength \"0\"\nhands_bobOffsetZMax \"0.02f\"\nhands_chainsawAttack1StabInsteadOfSwipe \"1\"\nhands_chainsawDebugCutting \"0\"\nhands_chainsawDebugInstaGib \"0\"\nhands_chainsawDefaultShake \"1.0\"\nhands_chainsawIdleRelaxSpringK \"100.0\"\nhands_chainsawIdleStabEnable \"1\"\nhands_chainsawIdleStabSpringK \"900.0\"\nhands_debugAlignment \"0\"\nhands_debuganimTime \"-1\"\nhands_debugfc \"0\"\nhands_debugFire \"0\"\nhands_debugFireFlags \"0\"\nhands_debugFiringInterval \"0\"\nhands_debugflags \"0\"\nhands_debugFrustumDepth \"0.1905\"\nhands_debugOutputShowFrames \"1\"\nhands_debugProjectileTrajectory \"0\"\nhands_debugstates \"0\"\nhands_debugTraceFlags \"0\"\nhands_debugTraceNextFireTime \"0\"\nhands_debugtracepos \"0\"\nhands_debugtracestates \"0\"\nhands_debugweapon \"0\"\nhands_debugweb \"0\"\nhands_debugwebvars \"0\"\nhands_doCosmeticReloads \"0\"\nhands_drawMuzzlePos \"0\"\nhands_drawShellEjectPos \"0\"\nhands_drawThrowItemHoldTime \"0\"\nhands_enterWaterThresholdCooldown \"2000\"\nhands_exitWaterThresholdCooldown \"2000\"\nhands_forceDryfire \"0\"\nhands_forceFire \"0\"\nhands_forceInterruptibleTransition \"0\"\nhands_forceIntroAccentBringup \"0\"\nhands_forceIntroBringup \"0\"\nhands_forceReloadFromEmpty \"0\"\nhands_forceWeaponLoadedAppearance \"0\"\nhands_fovScale \"0\"\nhands_genericlHideBlendFrames \"3\"\nhands_grenade_debugThrowDelay \"0\"\nhands_grenade_pitchOffsetOverride \"-1\"\nhands_hitReactionsDebugTraceStates \"0\"\nhands_hitReactionsDebugWeb \"0\"\nhands_hitReactionsEnable \"1\"\nhands_hitReactionsTimeoutMs \"100\"\nhands_hitReactionsYawSmoothSpringK \"150\"\nhands_ignoreTagCheckOnMeleeLunge \"0\"\nhands_landAnimsCannotInterupt \"0\"\nhands_loopingShootStateSpringK \"1000\"\nhands_loopingShootStateUpdateIntervalMaxMS \"1500\"\nhands_loopingShootStateUpdateIntervalMinMS \"500\"\nhands_meleeAllowOneHitKill \"0\"\nhands_meleeFromLungeDistance \"4.0\"\nhands_meleeOneHitConeTestRadius \"0.3048\"\nhands_meleeOneHitIsBehindDegrees \"90.0f\"\nhands_meleeOneHitIsFacingDegrees \"45.0f\"\nhands_NoIntroBringup \"0\"\nhands_offsetPitch \"0\"\nhands_offsetRoll \"0\"\nhands_offsetX \"0\"\nhands_offsetY \"0\"\nhands_offsetYaw \"0\"\nhands_offsetZ \"0\"\nhands_overrideModSwitchScalar \"0\"\nhands_pendingActionTimeout \"-1\"\nhands_show \"1\"\nhands_show_mp \"1\"\nhands_showAllPlayingAnims \"0\"\nhands_showBlendTree \"0\"\nhands_skipShowHideMesh \"0\"\nhands_syncMeleeInterruptsAll \"1\"\nhands_targetStrikeHandHideFudge \"0.45f\"\nhands_timeInSprintForSprintMelee \"500\"\nhands_updateAnim \"1\"\nhands_updatePos \"1\"\nhands_updatePos_suppressViewMarker \"0\"\nhands_useDeferredFire \"2\"\nhands_useDeferredViewAimMuzzleTraces \"1\"\nhands_useLastProcessAnimEventTime \"1\"\nhands_weaponBobMaxVel \"10.0f\"\nhands_weaponBobSpringK \"1000\"\nhands_weaponChangeTimingScheme \"0\"\nhands_weaponLagEnable \"1\"\nhands_weaponLagIntegrationMethod \"1\"\nhands_weaponLoadedBlendSpringK \"500.0f\"\nhands_weaponZoomPCTPower \"0.3\"\nhandsItem_offsetEquipmentLaunchFromWall \"1\"\nhandsItem_tagOffsetX \"0\"\nhandsItem_tagOffsetY \"0\"\nhandsItem_tagOffsetZ \"0\"\nharvester_debugDetonate \"0\"\nharvester_detonateAllowMovement \"0\"\nharvester_detonateAsProjectile \"1\"\nharvester_detonateFireDelay \"750\"\nharvester_detonateInvalidInputTime \"100\"\nharvester_detonateProjectilePattern \"1\"\nharvester_detonateRefireDelay \"1000\"\nharvester_energyMinForVisuals \"0.5f\"\nharvester_energyMultiplier \"1.0f\"\nharvester_fireForceLookForward \"0\"\nharvester_forceEnergyPercent \"-1\"\nharvester_forceFireHandedness \"0\"\nharvester_forceStopFireSound \"0\"\nharvester_groundFXEnable \"1\"\nharvester_groundFXFadeTime \"5000\"\nharvester_groundFXMaxHeight \"0.9525\"\nharvester_handsChannelBlendMs \"100\"\nharvester_minTimeToRemainInFire \"200\"\nhavok_parametricMMValidateAxis \"1\"\nhavok_warnOnAnchorDistance \"0\"\nhealthBarMP_barOffsetZ \"0.25\"\nhealthBarMP_distanceHide \"45.0\"\nhealthBarMP_distanceScale \"50.0\"\nhealthBarMP_distanceScaleMin \"0.90\"\nhealthBarMP_enable \"1\"\nheap_forceProductionReset \"0\"\nhighlight_allowActorsToBlockLOS \"0\"\nhighlight_allowLOSCheck \"1\"\nhighlight_enable \"1\"\nhighlight_pulseFast \"12.0f\"\nhighlight_pulseSlow \"4.0f\"\nhls_minDeadZone \"5\"\nhls_minVecCos \"0.85f\"\nhp_useIdExplicitMove \"1\"\nhp_useIdMovePlayer \"1\"\nhttp_connectTimeout \"60000\"\nhttp_receiveTimeout \"30000\"\nhttp_resolveTimeout \"0\"\nhttp_sendTimeout \"30000\"\nhttp_useProxy \"0\"\nhttp_verbose \"0\"\nhud_advDamageNumberAnimScaleMax \"1.75f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberAnimScaleMin \"1.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberAnimTimeScale \"3.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberArcGravityMax \"15.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberArcGravityMin \"12.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberArcMaxVelocityX \"5.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberArcMaxVelocityY \"8.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberArcMinVelocityX \"5.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberArcMinVelocityY \"8.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberArcSafeDegrees \"75.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberArcVelocityVerticalVariation \"1.5f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberDistanceScaleMax \"1.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberDistanceScaleMin \"3.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberEnabled \"1\"\nhud_advDamageNumberHealthVelocityY \"5.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberMaxNumbersForSplashDamage \"24\"\nhud_advDamageNumberPosCorrec56tionVerticalOffset \"0.25f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberPosCorrectionDemonDistance \"15.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberPosCorrectionEnabled \"1\"\nhud_advDamageNumberPosCorrectionPlayerDistance \"5.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberScaleFarDistance \"30.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberScaleMaxRadians \"0.03f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberScaleNearDistance \"15.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberScreenVariationX \"0.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberScreenVariationY \"0.0f\"\nhud_advDamageNumberSplashMax \"8\"\nhud_advDamageNumberSplashMin \"6\"\nhud_bfgReticleTimeout \"10.0\"\nhud_bossVitalsDrainPause \"1000\"\nhud_bossVitalsDrainSpeed \"1.0\"\nhud_combatStateTimeout \"5.0\"\nhud_compass_aboveThreshold \"10.0f\"\nhud_compass_belowThreshold \"-10.0f\"\nhud_compass_edgeX \"380.0f\"\nhud_compass_fov_back \"100.0f\"\nhud_compass_numCardinalDirections \"8\"\nhud_compass_numLines \"140\"\nhud_damageFullscreenHigh \"40\"\nhud_damageFullscreenLow \"20\"\nhud_damageFullscreenShow \"0\"\nhud_damageNumberArmorColor \"1.0 1.0 1.0\"\nhud_damageNumberCombineEnabled \"0\"\nhud_damageNumberDemonColor \"0.875 0.0 0.0\"\nhud_damageNumberDemonShieldColor \"0.75 0.0 0.75\"\nhud_damageNumberDirXMax \"2.0\"\nhud_damageNumberDirXMin \"-2.0\"\nhud_damageNumberDirYMax \"9.5\"\nhud_damageNumberDirYMin \"6.0\"\nhud_damageNumberDuration \"1.25f\"\nhud_damageNumberEquipmentColor \"1.0 0.5 0.1\"\nhud_damageNumberFadeTime \"0.25f\"\nhud_damageNumberFallRate \"0.002\"\nhud_damageNumberHeadshotColor \"1.0 1.0 1.0\"\nhud_damageNumberHealthColor \"1.0 1.0 1.0\"\nhud_damageNumberHideRender \"0\"\nhud_damageNumberRandomStartDelay \"0.0f\"\nhud_damageNumberShowCritText \"0\"\nhud_damageNumberShowDamgeText \"1\"\nhud_damageNumberSlayerAI \"0.875 0.5 0.0\"\nhud_damageNumberSlayerAIShield \"0.0 0.875 0.0\"\nhud_damageNumberSlayerColor \"0.875 0.0 0.0\"\nhud_damageNumberSlayerInvulnerableColor \"0.0 0.875 0.0\"\nhud_damageNumberSlayerShieldColor \"0.75 0.0 0.75\"\nhud_damageNumberSlayerToughened \"0.5 0.75 0.0\"\nhud_damageNumberSplashColor \"0.875 0.875 0.0\"\nhud_damageNumberSplashShieldColor \"0.75 0.0 0.75\"\nhud_damageThresholdLarge \"30\"\nhud_damageThresholdSmall \"15\"\nhud_debugFlags \"0\"\nhud_debugSpawnVerbosityDistance \"5.715\"\nhud_demon_cardNameWidthHack \"6\"\nhud_demon_maxPipsPerRow \"5\"\nhud_demon_pipSpacingX \"70\"\nhud_demon_pipSpacingY \"70\"\nhud_demonScore_tickerItemDuration \"3000\"\nhud_demonScore_tickerRollTime \"150\"\nhud_demonScore_totalScorePerSecond \"25\"\nhud_directDamageFontSize \"0.85f\"\nhud_drawPerspective \"0\"\nhud_drawPerspectiveAngle \"14.0\"\nhud_drawPerspectiveCenterDepth \"0.0\"\nhud_drawPerspectiveOffsetX \"0.0\"\nhud_drawPerspectiveOffsetY \"0.0\"\nhud_drawPerspectiveOffsetZ \"0.0\"\nhud_drawPerspectivePlanes \"0\"\nhud_enableBootSequence \"0\"\nhud_enableForcedGUISurfaceRemoval \"0\"\nhud_enableInMatchLobby \"0\"\nhud_enemyDamageCritFontSize \"0.6f\"\nhud_enemyDamageFollowTarget \"1\"\nhud_enemyDamageFontSize \"0.3f\"\nhud_globalAlpha \"1.0\"\nhud_healingNumberArmorColor \"0.25 0.875 0.875\"\nhud_healingNumberHealthColor \"0.5 0.5 1.0\"\nhud_healthNumberLOSCheck \"1\"\nhud_healthNumberLOSForgivenessMS \"100\"\nhud_hideOutsideCombat \"0\"\nhud_limitInvaderUserInfo \"1\"\nhud_missionChallenge_intro_duration \"10000\"\nhud_nameplateOffscreenPull \"0.25\"\nhud_poiDrawClosestPOI \"1\"\nhud_poiEnableHideShowImplementation \"1\"\nhud_poiFilterByDistance \"0\"\nhud_poiOffscreenPull \"0.15\"\nhud_poiShowPOIToMapAndCompass \"1\"\nhud_poiShowPOIToMapAndCompassInDeg \"70.0\"\nhud_poiUseOffScreenStopFrame \"0\"\nhud_pvp_matchInfo_showPlayerNames \"1\"\nhud_pvpDamageNumber \"1\"\nhud_RadSuitFillSpeed_PerSecond \"1\"\nhud_reticle_animSpeed \"160.0f\"\nhud_reticle_debug \"0\"\nhud_reticle_scaleOverride \"0.0f\"\nhud_reticle_scaler \"0.6f\"\nhud_reticle_scalerZoomed \"0.01f\"\nhud_reticle_styleOverride \"-1\"\nhud_sentinelArmorPopup_disableTime \"5000\"\nhud_showDamage \"1\"\nhud_showDamageComponentVal \"0.5\"\nhud_showDamageNumbersInWorld \"1\"\nhud_showHudFlags \"0\"\nhud_skipCinematic_enabled \"1\"\nhud_skipCinematic_hideDelay \"3000\"\nhud_spectator_showPlayerBadge \"1\"\nhud_splashDamageFontSize \"0.6f\"\nhud_statusEffectTextDebug \"0\"\nhud_statusEffectTextFontSize \"0.5f\"\nhud_statusEffectUseDebugTextIfNoString \"0\"\nhud_subtitles_backingSizeAboveBelow \"26\"\nhud_subtitles_backingSizeSides \"46\"\nhud_subtitles_delayBetweenSplitLines \"90\"\nhud_subtitles_distanceBetweenLines \"16\"\nhud_subtitles_minimumDuration \"900\"\nhud_subtitles_overrideEventName \"\"\nhud_subtitles_overrideString \"\"\nhud_subtitles_showBacking \"1\"\nhud_subtitles_showDebugInfo \"0\"\nhud_subtitles_showSpeaker \"1\"\nhud_subtitles_textSize \"1\"\nhud_tutorial_debugInput \"0\"\nhud_useMenuModelsEnv \"1\"\nhud_walkthrough_skipButtonPadding \"100\"\nhud_weaponInfo_ammoPickupPositionOffset \"82\"\nhud_weaponInfo_ammoPickupShowDurationMS \"2000\"\nhud_weaponInfo_kbmCTAExtraPadding \"6\"\nhurtSurface_bounds_x \"0\"\nhurtSurface_bounds_y \"0\"\nhurtSurface_bounds_z \"0\"\nhurtSurface_debug \"0\"\nhurtSurface_offset_x \"0\"\nhurtSurface_offset_y \"0\"\nhurtSurface_offset_z \"0\"\nhurtSurface_particleIndex \"-1\"\nidStudio_enableAutoReloadModels \"1\"\nidStudio_writeBrushOrientation \"0\"\nik_debug \"0\"\nik_enable \"1\"\nik_enableSmoothing \"1\"\nik_pullBackMode \"2\"\nik_waistDebugTime \"0\"\nimage_anisotropy \"1\"\nimage_BCCompressionQuality \"2\"\nimage_dropMips \"0\"\nimage_filter \"GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR\"\nimage_lodbias \"0\"\nimage_mipFilter \"2\"\nimage_savePNGasTGA \"0\"\nimage_screenshotQuality \"75\"\nimage_streamingSeparatelyCompMip \"32\"\nimage_useDxtEncodeJobs \"1\"\nimage_useWbpTranscode \"0\"\nimapact_destructible_spawntime \"250\"\nimgui_enableNavigation \"0\"\nimgui_instanceStalePeriod \"0.333\"\nimportance_debug \"0\"\nin_angleSpeedKey \"1.5\"\nin_controlInactiveWindow \"0\"\nin_invertLookJoy \"0\"\nin_invertLookMouse \"0\"\nin_joystick \"1\"\nin_joystickRumble \"1\"\nin_MarkJoystickInactiveOnMouseInput \"1\"\nin_mouse \"1\"\nin_noFocusJoystickInput \"-1\"\nin_pitchSpeed \"140\"\nin_requireGameWindowActive \"1\"\nin_terminal \"0\"\nin_testJoystickRumble \"0\"\nin_tty \"0\"\nin_unlockMouseInMenus \"0\"\nin_yawSpeed \"140\"\ninfo_allowJob \"1\"\ninfo_debugMarkers_draw \"0\"\ninfo_debugMarkers_enable \"0\"\ninteractable_allowDormancy \"1\"\ninteractable_alwaysAnimate \"0\"\ninteractable_debug \"0\"\ninteractable_dormancyDistance \"20.0f\"\ninteractable_MoveableDebug \"0\"\ninteractable_slayerProtectionAlwaysOn \"0\"\ninteractDoor_Debug \"0\"\ninventory_serialize_debug \"0\"\ninvis_springK \"20\"\nis_cacheGreedily \"1\"\nis_debugColorScheme \"0\"\nis_debugTelemetryPlots \"0\"\nis_decodeAlwaysJobs \"0\"\nis_decodeMinJobPriority \"1\"\nis_decodeMinJobThroughput \"15\"\nis_defrag \"1\"\nis_defragAllocDriven \"1\"\nis_defragAllocDrivenSearchTimeout \"500\"\nis_defragAlways \"0\"\nis_defragDynamicHeadroom \"1\"\nis_defragLimitCount \"64\"\nis_defragLimitMB \"32\"\nis_defragMaxHeadroom \"512\"\nis_defragMinHeadroom \"64\"\nis_defragValidateMemRequirements \"0\"\nis_lightmapDirMinMip \"1\"\nis_lightmapMaxUnstreamedMB \"0\"\nis_lightmapMinMip \"0\"\nis_maxAllocationsPerFrame \"32\"\nis_maxAllocationsPerPrefetchFrame \"512\"\nis_maxDecaysPerFrame \"1024\"\nis_maxTextureSize \"32768\"\nis_maxUploadKBPerFrame \"32768\"\nis_maxUploadsPerFrame \"128\"\nis_maxUploadsPerFramePrefetch \"1024\"\nis_minDistance \"0.01\"\nis_poolCapacity \"8192\"\nis_poolSize \"2048\"\nis_readAheadPrefetchQueueLength \"512\"\nis_readAheadQueueLength \"64\"\nis_stagingSize \"32768\"\nis_treeGatherDynamic \"1\"\nis_treeGatherNear \"24\"\nis_treeGatherStatic \"1\"\nis_treeGatherUpdateQuantization \"0.5\"\nis_uiMinMip \"0\"\nis_update \"1\"\nis_validateFastGatherClear \"0\"\njobs_allocateLogicalThreads \"1\"\njobs_forceSingleThreaded \"0\"\njobs_maxThreads \"32\"\njobs_minThreads \"2\"\njobs_numThreads \"-1\"\njobs_parkAfterUs \"50\"\njobs_profileColorScheme \"0\"\njostle_DebugBounds \"0\"\njoy_circleToSquare \"2\"\njoy_circleToSquarePower \"2\"\njoy_dampenLook \"1\"\njoy_deadZone \"0.15\"\njoy_deltaPerMSLook \"0.003\"\njoy_edgeAccelerationAcceleration \"520.0\"\njoy_edgeAccelerationScalar \"0.4\"\njoy_edgeAccelerationThreshold \"0.9\"\njoy_gammaLook \"1\"\njoy_mergedDeadZoneAngle \"10.0\"\njoy_mergedThreshold \"1\"\njoy_pitchSpeed \"120\"\njoy_powerScale \"2\"\njoy_range \"1.0\"\njoy_smoothingAcceleration \"1300.0\"\njoy_smoothingEnabled \"1\"\njoy_triggerThreshold \"0.2\"\njoy_useGameDeltaTime \"0\"\njoy_yawSpeed \"240\"\njudgementMeter_Debug \"0\"\njudgementMeter_Enable \"1\"\njudgementMeter_EnableRegen \"0\"\njudgementMeter_Infinite \"0\"\njudgementMeter_Set \"-1\"\njukebox_requireCollectible \"1\"\nkd_maxLeafSize \"800.0\"\nkd_maxTrisPerLeaf \"8192\"\nkd_maxVertsPerLeaf \"8192\"\nkd_playspaceLeafSize \"25.0\"\nkd_preferredLeafSize \"100.0\"\nkey_debugBinds \"0\"\nkey_deviceBindOverride \"-1\"\nkillcam_delaySeconds \"1.5\"\nlang_displayReferenceStrings \"0\"\nlang_warnOnMissingStringRefs \"0\"\nlater_in_the_mission_max_stall_time \"7500\"\nlater_in_the_mission_min_stall_time \"1000\"\nlauncher_launcherId \"\"\nlauncher_launchId \"\"\nlcp_showFailures \"0\"\nlg_allowBinks \"1\"\nlg_allowDormancy \"0\"\nlg_enableAsyncCompilation \"1\"\nlg_enableAsyncExecution \"1\"\nlg_enableGUI \"0\"\nlg_enableGUIPopupMenus \"1\"\nlg_enableNetworkSerialization \"1\"\nlg_enableSaveGameSerialization \"1\"\nlg_enableServerOnlyAuthority \"1\"\nlg_forceDevMode \"-1\"\nlg_keyboardInputEnabled \"0\"\nlg_maximumRecommendedFrameTime \"400\"\nlg_parametersPoolCapacity \"500\"\nlg_suppressBegin \"0\"\nlg_telemetryPort \"19527\"\nlg_verbosity \"1\"\nlight_allowJob \"1\"\nloadscreen_controlBarSpace \"50.0f\"\nloadscreen_debugOverrides \"0\"\nloadscreen_overrideCheckpointGroup \"-1\"\nloadscreen_overrideGameModeGroup \"-1\"\nloadscreen_printTipNumber \"0\"\nloadscreen_showSpecificTip \"-1\"\nloadscreen_showTooltips \"1\"\nlobby_alwaysReportFull \"0\"\nlobbySetup_overviewTabList_nextButtonOffset \"30.0f\"\nlobbySetup_overviewTabList_prevButtonOffset \"25.0f\"\nlobbySetup_overviewTabList_spaceBetweenTabs \"-70.0f\"\nlogFile \"0\"\nlogFileName \"qconsole.log\"\nlogFilePathType \"0\"\nlogFilePersistent \"0\"\nlogic_debugBinding \"0\"\nloot_debug \"0\"\nloot_debug_dropEverything \"0\"\nloot_enable \"1\"\nloot_noAmmoDrops \"0\"\nloot_noDropChance \"0\"\nloot_teamRestrictedDrops \"0\"\nloot_tracking \"1\"\nloot_trackingDebug \"0\"\nm_inDemoMode \"1\"\nm_menu_sensitivity \"1.0\"\nm_pitch \"0.022\"\nm_sensitivity \"3\"\nm_show_messages \"1\"\nm_showMouseRate \"0\"\nm_smooth \"1\"\nm_smoothing \"0\"\nm_yaw \"0.022\"\nmainMenu_battleArena_matchSpacing \"100.0f\"\nmainMenu_battleArena_pvpDevMenuDecl \"devmenuoption/pvp\"\nmainMenu_battleArena_showCreateMatch \"1\"\nmainMenu_battleArena_showDedicatedServerOptions \"1\"\nmainMenu_battleArena_showMatchBrowser \"1\"\nmainMenu_battleArena_showPrivateMatch \"1\"\nmainMenu_bypassSaveOnMissionSelectLoad \"0\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_argentCellsCollectedBitMask \"2\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_argentCellsNumAvailable \"2\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_challengesShow \"1\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_combatRatingShow \"1\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_combatRatingValue \"4\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_eliteGuardsCollectedBitMask \"6\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_eliteGuardsNumAvailable \"3\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_fieldDronesCollectedBitMask \"3\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_fieldDronesNumAvailable \"2\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_runeTrialsCollectedBitMask \"1\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_runeTrialsNumAvailable \"1\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_secretsCollectedBitMask \"1653\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_secretsNumAvailable \"12\"\nmainMenu_campaign_debugProgressionInfo_secretsNumPoints \"2\"\nmainMenu_campaign_useDebugProgressionInfo \"0\"\nmainMenu_campaignSaveRefreshWaitTime \"250\"\nmainMenu_characterBlendTimeMS \"200\"\nmainMenu_characterPlacementEntityName \"character_placement\"\nmainMenu_debug \"0\"\nmainMenu_demoDevOptionDecl \"devmenuoption/e3_2019\"\nmainMenu_demoMode \"0\"\nmainMenu_difficulty_spaceBetweenBulletPoints \"24.0f\"\nmainMenu_difficulty_ultraNightmareUnlocked \"1\"\nmainMenu_enableProfileLoadingDialogs \"0\"\nmainMenu_loadDevMenuOption_subTypeOverride \"-1\"\nmainMenu_root_statusInfoRefreshDelay \"10000\"\nmainMenu_savedDevMenuDecl \"\"\nmainMenu_savedDevMenuIndex \"0\"\nmainMenu_savedDevMenuLaunchType \"0\"\nmainMenu_unlockAllMasterLevels \"0\"\nmainMenu_unlockAllMissionSelectMaps \"0\"\nmainMenu_weaponEntity_xOffset \"0.0f\"\nmainMenu_weaponEntity_yOffset \"0.0f\"\nmainMenu_weaponEntity_zOffset \"4.1f\"\nmainMenu_weaponEntity_zRotation \"213.0f\"\nmanagedChannelAnimator_animBlendInMS \"150\"\nmanagedChannelAnimator_animBlendOutMS \"250\"\nmanagedChannelAnimator_animIsDoneFrames \"2\"\nmancubus_deadGKHideDemonTime \"500\"\nmancubus_deadHideDemonTime \"1500\"\nmancubus_deadLavaHideDemonTime \"100\"\nmancubus_debugFireAnims \"0\"\nmancubus_debugLandingSlam \"0\"\nmancubus_doublejump \"1\"\nmancubus_flamethrowerDebug \"0\"\nmancubus_flamethrowerEnable \"1\"\nmancubus_flamethrowerHideFX \"0\"\nmancubus_flamethrowerType \"1\"\nmancubus_handsChannelBlendMs \"200\"\nmancubus_heatDebug \"0\"\nmancubus_heavyFallDistance \"5.0f\"\nmancubus_landingSlamForLocalPlayer \"0\"\nmancubus_smokeHidesEntities \"1\"\nmancubus_ventDebug \"0\"\nmancubus_ventingBlast \"1\"\nmancubusSteam_checkContents \"0\"\nmancubusSteam_checkLOS \"1\"\nmancubusSteam_contentsCheckSize \"48\"\nmancubusSteam_debug \"0\"\nmancubusSteam_debugChecks \"0\"\nmancubusSteam_debugGrid \"0\"\nmancubusSteam_debugLifetime \"5000\"\nmancubusSteam_enableDiagonal \"1\"\nmarauder_drawDebugBars \"0\"\nmarauder_handsChannelBlendMs \"0\"\nmarauder_resourceBarHeight \"0.025f\"\nmarauder_resourceBarWidth \"0.2f\"\nmarauder_resourceBarX \"0.4f\"\nmarauder_resourceBarY \"0.58f\"\nmarauder_useHatred \"0\"\nmatchmaking_differentiator \"dev\"\nmatchmaking_dimensions \"build_name,differentiator,max_g_managed_objects\"\nmatchSummary_tabList_nextButtonOffset \"30.0f\"\nmatchSummary_tabList_prevButtonOffset \"25.0f\"\nmatchSummary_tabList_spaceBetweenTabs \"-70.0f\"\nmaterial_convertUsingTemplates \"1\"\nmd6anim_skipDeclLoad \"0\"\nmdnt_canStartWarnings \"0\"\nmdnt_cinematicFOV \"0\"\nmdnt_enableDebugGUI \"0\"\nmdnt_forceSynchronous \"0\"\nmdnt_minDistanceForLod \"25\"\nmdnt_motionAnimDebug \"0\"\nmdnt_noCameraControl \"0\"\nmdnt_prefetchDrawDebugGeometry \"0\"\nmdnt_prefetchLog \"0\"\nmdnt_prefetchSnapshotCount \"5\"\nmdnt_prefetchTimeMs \"10000\"\nmdnt_retargetdebug \"0\"\nmdnt_useDeltaTime \"1\"\nmdnt_useDynamicMoveComponent \"0\"\nmeatHook_chainBlockedLOSTestsDebugDrawZOffset \"0.1\"\nmeatHook_chainScale \"2.0\"\nmeatHook_chainShowBlockedLOSTests \"0\"\nmeatHook_chainShowSpline \"0\"\nmeatHook_chainUsesSpline \"1\"\nmeatHook_chainUsesWeaponTag \"1\"\nmeatHook_chainViewPosFwdOfs \"0.5\"\nmeatHook_chainViewPosRtOfs \"0.75\"\nmeatHook_chainViewPosUpOfs \"-0.75\"\nmeatHook_debug \"0\"\nmeatHook_debugResponse \"0\"\nmeatHook_disablePlayerGravityWhenActive \"1\"\nmeatHook_distanceToTargetPositionForConnectedTransition \"2.0\"\nmeatHook_enable \"1\"\nmeatHook_enableHookStopTime \"0\"\nmeatHook_holdConnectionMS \"100\"\nmeatHook_holdPreviousHookedAIMS \"750\"\nmeatHook_lostConnectionMS \"1000\"\nmeatHook_maxDistanceFudgeFactor \"10\"\nmeatHook_movementScale \"0\"\nmeatHook_playerViewOverrideMode \"0\"\nmeatHook_retriggerMS \"0\"\nmeatHook_showHookPos \"0\"\nmeatHook_showPlayerGoalPos \"0\"\nmeatHook_showPlayerPos \"0\"\nmeatHook_showViewTargetPos \"0\"\nmeatHook_stopPlayerVelocityOnDisconnect \"0\"\nmeatHook_turnOffFireWhenHookDisconnects \"0\"\nmeatHook_upwardPushAddsGravity \"1\"\nmeatHook_usableWhenEmpty \"1\"\nmeleeLunge_abortRecoverySpeed \"0.9525\"\nmeleeLunge_canBecomeSyncMelee \"1\"\nmeleeLunge_debug \"0\"\nmeleeLunge_debugTargetPoints \"0\"\nmeleeLunge_dotCutoff \"0.25\"\nmeleeLunge_snapViewToTarget \"1\"\nmeleeLunge_viewAngleLerp \"0.4f\"\nmem_findStalePointers \"0\"\nmem_guardMapHeap \"0\"\nmem_printAllocsOnMapHeapDestroy \"0\"\nmenu_advanced_DebugVRAMUsage \"0\"\nmenu_battleArenaLobby_readyUpHoldDelayMS \"500\"\nmenu_battleArenaLobby_unreadyHoldDelayMS \"1000\"\nmenu_battleArenaLobby_votingHoldDelayMS \"500\"\nmenu_battleArenaLobbyOptions_allowSelectLocalPlayer \"0\"\nmenu_battleArenaLobbyOptions_enableCustomize \"0\"\nmenu_battleArenaLobbyOptions_enableSpectatorToggle \"0\"\nmenu_battleArenaLobbyTutorial_unreadyHoldDelayMS \"5000\"\nmenu_bnet_forceOffline \"0\"\nmenu_bnet_inputTextExtraSpace \"12.0f\"\nmenu_bnet_linkButton_bgSidePadding \"20.0f\"\nmenu_bnet_linkButton_iconGap \"6.0f\"\nmenu_bnet_platformOverride \"-1\"\nmenu_browser_onlyJoinSelf \"0\"\nmenu_commandBar_endPaddingController \"36.0f\"\nmenu_commandBar_holdTime \"0.700000\"\nmenu_commandBar_progressLeftPadding \"28.0f\"\nmenu_commandBar_progressRightPadding \"-12.0f\"\nmenu_commandBar_tweenOnAlpha \"1\"\nmenu_commandBar_tweenOnDuration \"200\"\nmenu_creditsScrollRate \"300.0f\"\nmenu_creditsSpacing \"-4.0f\"\nmenu_customization_cameraTransitionLerpTimeMS \"600\"\nmenu_customization_characterCustomizeCameraEntityName \"camera_customize\"\nmenu_customization_distanceAbovePlayerBadgeButton \"50.0f\"\nmenu_customization_distanceBetweenCosmeticListItems \"12.0f\"\nmenu_customization_distanceBetweenSetListItems \"10.0f\"\nmenu_customization_distanceBetweenTabs \"10.0f\"\nmenu_customization_iconGrid_distanceBetweenGridAndScrollBar \"20.0f\"\nmenu_customization_iconGrid_distanceBetweenItems \"20.0f\"\nmenu_customization_joystickDeadZone \"0.25f\"\nmenu_customization_mouseRotationScalar \"0.15f\"\nmenu_customization_numExtraIcons \"0\"\nmenu_customization_numExtraTitles \"0\"\nmenu_customization_printDeclFocusEvents \"1\"\nmenu_customization_rotationDegreesPerSecond \"160.0f\"\nmenu_customization_titleGrid_distanceBetweenGridAndScrollBar \"20.0f\"\nmenu_customization_titleGrid_distanceBetweenItems \"24.0f\"\nmenu_customization_triggerDeadZone \"0.2f\"\nmenu_customization_unlockInfoDescBGDefaultHeight \"240\"\nmenu_customization_unlockInfoDescriptionOverride \"\"\nmenu_customization_unlockInfoDescriptionShowDuration \"4000\"\nmenu_customization_unlockInfoShowDuration \"4000\"\nmenu_customization_weapon_zoomHorizontalRotation \"-7.0f\"\nmenu_customization_weapon_zoomInMax \"4.0f\"\nmenu_customization_weapon_zoomOutMax \"-1.0f\"\nmenu_customization_weapon_zoomVerticalRotation \"3.0f\"\nmenu_customization_weaponCustomizeCameraEntityName \"camera_customize_weapon\"\nmenu_customization_zoomMouseWheelDistance \"0.5f\"\nmenu_customization_zoomSpeed \"10.0f\"\nmenu_debugBethnetFlow \"0\"\nmenu_dialogNotification_showDuration \"5000\"\nmenu_dontpause \"0\"\nmenu_headerBackingMinimumWidth \"730.0f\"\nmenu_keyBindings_dropDownList_abovePositionOffset \"18.0f\"\nmenu_keyBindings_dropDownList_spaceBetweenOptions \"-20.0f\"\nmenu_keyBindings_dropDownList_xPosOffset \"-50.0f\"\nmenu_keyBindings_spaceBetweenButtons \"20.0f\"\nmenu_keyBindings_spaceBetweenButtonSections \"50.0f\"\nmenu_keyBindings_spaceBetweenUpdateLines \"10.0f\"\nmenu_keyBindings_updateNoticeDurationPerLine \"2000\"\nmenu_keyBindings_updateNoticeTweenTime \"250\"\nmenu_masterLevels_distanceBetweenListItems \"-25.0f\"\nmenu_milestones_showHiddenData \"0\"\nmenu_overlay_headerEndPadding \"180.0f\"\nmenu_overlay_settingsButtonPadding \"16.0f\"\nmenu_overlayIconTabList_nextButtonOffset \"20.0f\"\nmenu_overlayIconTabList_spaceBetweenTabs \"-56.0f\"\nmenu_overlayTabList_minDistanceBetweenTabs \"30.0f\"\nmenu_overlayTabList_minTabWidth \"360.0f\"\nmenu_partyList_distanceBetweenUsers \"20.0f\"\nmenu_playOnline_charSetupCameraEntity \"camera_root\"\nmenu_seasons_boosters_dropDownList_abovePositionOffset \"3.0f\"\nmenu_seasons_boosters_dropDownList_belowPositionOffset \"334.0f\"\nmenu_seasons_boosters_dropDownList_distanceBetweenItems \"-10.0f\"\nmenu_seasons_boosters_fakeClaimXP \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_boosters_numBoosters \"-1\"\nmenu_seasons_boosters_spaceBetweenFollowerHeaderAndCount \"42.0f\"\nmenu_seasons_boosters_spaceBetweenHeaderAndFollower \"-72.0f\"\nmenu_seasons_boosterSlotsOffset \"34\"\nmenu_seasons_challengeProgressOverride \"-1\"\nmenu_seasons_claimBoostersXP_animateCountdownDuration \"1500\"\nmenu_seasons_claimBoostersXP_delayBetweenAnimations \"500\"\nmenu_seasons_claimBoostersXP_fakeClaimFail \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_claimBoostersXP_fakeRefreshFail \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_claimBoostersXP_letRefreshTimeOut \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_claimBoostersXP_maxRefreshWaitTime \"15000\"\nmenu_seasons_claimBoostersXP_refreshDelay \"3000\"\nmenu_seasons_claimBoostersXP_skipCollectionListAnimation \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_claimBoostersXP_skipLevelListAnimation \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_claimBoostersXPTextOffset \"50\"\nmenu_seasons_collectionList_delayBetweenItems \"300\"\nmenu_seasons_forceNoActiveSeason \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_forceSeasonFailedToLoad \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_levelList_delayBetweenLevels \"300\"\nmenu_seasons_levelList_forceSeasonLoadingDelay \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_levelList_forceSeasonLoadingFailure \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_levelList_progressBarTweenDuration \"800\"\nmenu_seasons_rewardList_delayAfterUnlocks \"700\"\nmenu_seasons_rewardList_delayBeforeUnlocks \"800\"\nmenu_seasons_rewardList_delayBetweenUnlocks \"420\"\nmenu_seasons_skipInitialRefresh \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_spaceBetweenHeaderAndTimer \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_spoofDays \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_spoofHours \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_spoofMinutes \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_spoofYear \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_summary_seasonLevelList_barTweenDuration \"1200\"\nmenu_seasons_summary_seasonLevelList_delayBetweenLevels \"600\"\nmenu_seasons_summary_seasonLevelList_minimumDuration \"800\"\nmenu_seasons_summary_unlockInfoDescBGDefaultHeight \"100\"\nmenu_seasons_timeRemainingMinWidth \"200.0f\"\nmenu_seasons_useDevStatList \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_useSpoofDate \"0\"\nmenu_seasons_weapon_zoomHorizontalOffset \"1.05f\"\nmenu_seasons_xpOverride \"-1\"\nmenu_setsCollection_extraSets \"0\"\nmenu_settings_bnet_fakeAccountWarnings \"0\"\nmenu_settings_dropDownList_belowOffset \"-3.0f\"\nmenu_settings_dropDownList_distanceBetweenItems \"-18.0f\"\nmenu_showEdgeCovers \"0\"\nmenu_showPlayerBadge \"1\"\nmenu_social_dropDownList_abovePositionOffset_invite \"-10.0f\"\nmenu_social_dropDownList_abovePositionOffset_user \"-80.0f\"\nmenu_social_dropDownList_abovePositionOffset_user_mini \"-114.0f\"\nmenu_social_dropDownList_belowPositionOffset_invite \"48.0f\"\nmenu_social_dropDownList_belowPositionOffset_user \"245.0f\"\nmenu_social_dropDownList_belowPositionOffset_user_mini \"45.0f\"\nmenu_social_dropDownList_distanceBetweenItems \"-20.0f\"\nmenu_social_partyList_alwaysShowInviteToPartyButton \"0\"\nmenu_social_partyList_numFakeInvites \"0\"\nmenu_social_requestTimeOut \"20000\"\nmenu_social_showLocalUserOnlyParty \"0\"\nmenu_social_userList_baseDistanceBetweenItems \"10.0f\"\nmenu_social_userList_extraDistanceBetweenUserItems \"30.0f\"\nmenu_social_userList_initialYOffset \"50.0f\"\nmenu_socialBar_distanceBetweenChatButtonAndSocialButton \"-52.0f\"\nmenu_socialBar_distanceBetweenChatInputAndNotification \"0.0f\"\nmenu_socialBar_distanceBetweenPartyAndChatButton \"50.0f\"\nmenu_socialBar_hasNewSocialInfo \"0\"\nmenu_socialBarNotification_endPadding \"50.0f\"\nmenu_socialBarNotification_hideTweenDurationMS \"300\"\nmenu_socialBarNotification_showTweenAlphaDurationMS \"250\"\nmenu_socialBarNotification_showTweenMoveDurationMS \"350\"\nmenu_socialBarNotification_timeOnScreen \"4000\"\nmenu_spaceBetweenOptions \"-12.0f\"\nmenu_triumphs_challengeProgressOverride \"-1\"\nmenu_useMiniPlayerBadge \"0\"\nmenu_voiceChatIndicator_showMutedUsers \"0\"\nmetrics_allowStatsAndXPInPrivateMatch \"0\"\nmicrowave_debug \"0\"\nmicrowave_debugTime \"0\"\nmicrowave_numBeamSegments \"6\"\nmicrowave_numSplineSegments \"31\"\nmicrowave_showSpline \"0\"\nmilestone_extraLifeCompleteCount \"10\"\nmilestone_maxArgentUseCount \"1\"\nmilestone_maxNoUpgradeUseCount \"1\"\nmodbot_cinematicsEnabled \"0\"\nmodbot_selectDelay \"750\"\nmodel_debugLXOImport \"0\"\nmodelEditor_entityDef \"player\"\nmodelViewer_distance_persec \"1.905\"\nmodelViewer_dofEnd \"3.81\"\nmodelViewer_dofStart \"13.335\"\nmodelViewer_height_persec \"0.3048\"\nmodelViewer_rotation_persec \"2.0f\"\nmonkeybar_afterJumpTimeout \"200\"\nmonkeybar_allowed \"1\"\nmonkeybar_animationFlags \"1\"\nmonkeybar_attachViewToTag \"1\"\nmonkeybar_debug \"0\"\nmonkeybar_debug_drawTime \"5000\"\nmonkeybar_debug_volumeDetection \"0\"\nmonkeybar_detectionBoundsAdditionalDownDist \"3\"\nmonkeybar_detectionBoundsAdditionalForwardDist \"2\"\nmonkeybar_detectionBoundsSize \"0.24\"\nmonkeybar_enableAlignmentChecks \"1\"\nmonkeybar_enableBackwardsCheck \"1\"\nmonkeybar_enableGrabPositionCheck \"1\"\nmonkeybar_enablePositionCheck \"0\"\nmonkeybar_enableSettingLeftAxisAsTheBarForward \"0\"\nmonkeybar_enableSettingToBarForward \"1\"\nmonkeybar_enableViewCheck \"1\"\nmonkeybar_jumpMultiplier \"2.0f\"\nmonkeybar_jumpOverrideVelocity \"19.05\"\nmonkeybar_maxAnimOffsetFromBarCenter \"1.5\"\nmonkeybar_maxDetectionOffsetFromBarCenter \"4.0\"\nmonkeybar_minReactivatePreviousBarTime \"1000\"\nmonkeybar_pitchModifier \"55.0f\"\nmonkeybar_swingAnimationHeight \"0\"\nmonkeybar_swingAnimationOffset \"2.0f\"\nmonkeybar_swingAnimationScale \"2.0f\"\nmonkeybar_swingRequiresButton \"0\"\nmonkeybar_useForwardTest \"1\"\nmonkeybar_useVelocityToDetermineBarDirection \"1\"\nmonkeybar_viewUpOffset \"0\"\nmonkeybar_waitOverrideTimer \"350\"\nmotd_forceStoreToProductId \"\"\nmotd_useFallbackLanguage \"1\"\nmotd_verbose \"0\"\nmountedTurret_useDeferredFiring \"0\"\nmover_allowDormancy \"0\"\nmover_allowNetSerialize \"1\"\nmover_allowNonPusherJob \"1\"\nmover_allowPushersJob \"1\"\nmover_blockRenderModelCollisionShape \"1\"\nmover_coopJob \"0\"\nmover_debugBadEntities \"0\"\nmover_debugFinalCommands \"0\"\nmover_debugLargeClientCorrections \"0\"\nmover_debugSpawn \"1\"\nmover_immediateStageChange \"1\"\nmover_jobCheckDistance \"10.0f\"\nmover_life_pulse \"500\"\nmover_loadFinalCommands \"1\"\nmover_malformedMoversError \"0\"\nmover_showTimingPerCycle \"0\"\nmover_sync_infinite_rotators \"1\"\nmover_SyncFrequencyMaxMS \"2000\"\nmover_SyncMaximumTime \"50000\"\nmover_SyncMinimumTime \"50\"\nmovers_sync_all_client_movers \"1\"\nmp_beacon \"\"\nmp_bot_input_override \"-1\"\nmp_debugFailedSpawn \"0\"\nmp_enableJoinInProgress \"0\"\nmp_maxPlayerSpawnFriendlyDistance \"38.1\"\nmp_maxPlayerSpawnHostileDistance \"38.1\"\nmp_maxPlayerSpawnKillerDistance \"57.15\"\nmp_maxPlayerSpawnLastDistance \"0.0\"\nmp_minPlayerSpawnFriendlyDistance \"9.525\"\nmp_minPlayerSpawnHostileDistance \"7.62\"\nmp_minPlayerSpawnKillerDistance \"28.575\"\nmp_minPlayerSpawnLastDistance \"0.0\"\nmp_playerSpawnLookAheadTime \"1.5\"\nmp_spawnVerbose \"0\"\nmpRadialDamageJointDebug \"0\"\nmtp_server \"10.4.20.180\"\nmtp_writeSize \"1400\"\nmultiView_60Hz \"1\"\nnav_add_traversals \"1\"\nnav_AIRepulsorObstacleBoundsExpansion \"0.1\"\nnav_allowAIRepulsorObstacles \"0\"\nnav_behaviour \"1\"\nnav_bsp_depthForAreas \"4\"\nnav_bsp_maxAreasPerNode \"4\"\nnav_bsp_maxDepth \"32\"\nnav_bsp_zSplitHeight \"0.5\"\nnav_cacheclearence \"1\"\nnav_closestAreaNum_allowedHeightDelta \"0.5\"\nnav_debug_cell \"-1\"\nnav_debug_mesh \"-1\"\nnav_debug_range_horz \"20\"\nnav_debug_range_vert \"10\"\nnav_debugCutArea \"-1\"\nnav_debugCutIndex \"-1\"\nnav_debugCutStep \"0\"\nnav_debugPatchStep \"0\"\nnav_debugPathSmoothing \"0\"\nnav_debugType \"1\"\nnav_displayAreas \"0\"\nnav_dynamicCutsInJob \"1\"\nnav_edgePushMethod \"1\"\nnav_edgePushTestUsingCamera \"0\"\nnav_enableDynamicCuts \"1\"\nnav_flightPathLifetimeMS \"0\"\nnav_forceCleanAllReaches \"0\"\nnav_forceCleanOpenList \"0\"\nnav_forceDynamicEmergencyReset \"0\"\nnav_fullHavok \"0\"\nnav_gate_1 \"1\"\nnav_gate_2 \"1\"\nnav_gate_3 \"1\"\nnav_islands_displaySeconds \"3\"\nnav_islands_endArea \"0\"\nnav_islands_startArea \"0\"\nnav_obessiveChecks \"0\"\nnav_obstacleAvoidance_circleCorners \"0\"\nnav_obstacleAvoidance_skipObstacles \"0\"\nnav_obstacleAvoidanceDebug \"0\"\nnav_obstacleAvoidanceJob \"1\"\nnav_obstacleCornerBoxExtra \"0.2\"\nnav_obstacleCornerWeight_a \"1\"\nnav_obstacleCornerWeight_b \"1\"\nnav_obstaclePathTreeBackoff \"0.02\"\nnav_obstacles_blockTraversals \"0\"\nnav_obstacleZTolerance \"1\"\nnav_printOATimes \"0\"\nnav_printTimes \"0\"\nnav_quick_update \"1\"\nnav_reach_maxDistance \"8\"\nnav_reach_wallCornerBackoff \"0.1\"\nnav_reapplyAllPatches \"0\"\nnav_showAreaBounds \"0\"\nnav_showAreas \"0\"\nnav_showBSP \"0\"\nnav_showCover \"0\"\nnav_showObstaclePVS \"0\"\nnav_showObstacles \"0.0\"\nnav_showTraversalAnims \"0\"\nnav_showTraversalMonsterType \"0\"\nnav_showVolumes \"0\"\nnav_showVolumesOffsetZ \"2.0\"\nnav_showVolumesOpacity \"0\"\nnav_simpleDisplay \"0\"\nnav_sizeToShow \"0\"\nnav_test_areaGatherRadius \"5\"\nnav_test_cutSize \"0.2\"\nnav_test_enableHavok \"0\"\nnav_test_enableNav \"1\"\nnav_test_heapTestIterations \"32000\"\nnav_test_heapTestWorkingSize \"1600\"\nnav_test_sampleRadius \"0\"\nnav_test_sampleSize \"1\"\nnav_test_warmCache \"0\"\nnav_unloadHavokMeshes \"1\"\nnav_useOptimalReachEvaluation \"0\"\nnav_useSimdType \"1\"\nnav_vcs_areaNum \"-1\"\nnav_vcs_displayMode \"0\"\nnav_vcs_distance \"-1\"\nnav_vcs_forwardAngleInDegrees \"90\"\nnav_vcs_sampleSize \"1.0\"\nnav_vcs_thresholdHeightDiff \"0.8\"\nnav_vcs_traceHeight \"3\"\nnav_verifyWallSequences \"0\"\nnavgen_flightReduceDuplicates \"1\"\nnet_ack_hidden_deletes \"1\"\nnet_ai_respawnHack \"1\"\nnet_allowMultiplePacketsSentAtOnce \"0\"\nnet_allowMultipleUnAckPings \"0\"\nnet_allowNullCurrentGameSession \"0\"\nnet_allowReductionsInEntityNewPriority \"0.0f\"\nnet_allowUnreliable \"1\"\nnet_apply_net_relevance_system \"0\"\nnet_battleArenaPlayerLimit \"3\"\nnet_battleArenaSpectatorLimit \"0\"\nnet_BattleModeAIForcedSpawnOffset \"500\"\nnet_BattleModeAISpawnMaxDelayMS \"400\"\nnet_BattleModeAISpawnMinDelayMS \"250\"\nnet_byteSanityCheckThreshold \"10\"\nnet_chatCommunicationProvider \"playfabparty\"\nnet_checkReliableMessageSize \"0\"\nnet_clientSnapshotPrioritization_Debug \"0\"\nnet_debug_snapShotTime \"0\"\nnet_debug_unacked_objects \"0\"\nnet_debugBaseStates \"0\"\nnet_DebugEntityPriority \"0\"\nnet_debugForceAllUnreliable \"0\"\nnet_debugGrenadeProjectiles \"0\"\nnet_debugHandlePackets \"0\"\nnet_debughud3_bps_max \"5120.0\"\nnet_debugHud_ResetAggregationTimeMS \"10000\"\nnet_debugHud_ShowIncomingSnaps \"0\"\nnet_debugNetworkLights \"0\"\nnet_debugNetworkLootPrioritizer \"0\"\nnet_debugReliableMessageTotal \"0\"\nnet_debugUnreliableMessages \"0\"\nnet_disableNetworkLootPrioritizer \"1\"\nnet_downloadedImages_debug \"0\"\nnet_downloadedImages_maxAge \"60\"\nnet_downtimeNoticeRCNamespace \"downtime-notice\"\nnet_drawDebugHud \"0\"\nnet_drawDebugPriorityForPeer \"-1\"\nnet_drawDebugPriorityForPlayer \"-1\"\nnet_drop_use_spawn_parms \"0\"\nnet_dropClientUpdatesMS \"0\"\nnet_durationBetweenLootSpawnsMS \"50\"\nnet_ElasticsearchLoggerEndpointOverride \"\"\nnet_ElasticsearchLoggerFrequencyOverride \"-1\"\nnet_ElasticsearchLoggerIndexPrefixOverride \"\"\nnet_ElasticsearchLoggerMaxBufferOverride \"-1\"\nnet_enableSnapshotTemplates \"1\"\nnet_enableVoiceChat \"1\"\nnet_entityInterpolationBuffer \"1.25\"\nnet_entityInterpolationBufferLerp \"0.1\"\nnet_entityInterpolationMaxBuffer \"1000\"\nnet_errorDrawDecay \"0\"\nnet_errorSmoothingDecay \"0.06\"\nnet_errorSmoothingMaxDecay \"0.47625\"\nnet_fixHiddenDeletes \"1\"\nnet_fixHiddenDeletesDebug \"0\"\nnet_forceDrop \"0.000000\"\nnet_forceErrorsForSnapshotMismatches \"0\"\nnet_forceLatency \"0\"\nnet_forceLatencyRange \"0\"\nnet_forcePlayerHighestPriorityAlways \"1\"\nnet_forceStartMatchRatioPeersLoaded \"0.0\"\nnet_forceStartMatchTimeLimit \"30\"\nnet_forceUpstream \"0\"\nnet_forceUpstreamQueue \"64\"\nnet_ForceWriteSnap \"0\"\nnet_gameserver_addressOverride \"localhost\"\nnet_gameserver_antiCheatNamespace \"denuvo-anti-cheat\"\nnet_gameserver_enable \"-1\"\nnet_gameserver_idsThunderheadRoot \"\"\nnet_gameserver_readyToTransitionDelay \"1000\"\nnet_gameserver_readyToTransitionTimeout \"30000\"\nnet_generateNetworkObjectIDsFromCircularBuffer \"0\"\nnet_goalReliableMessageSize \"750\"\nnet_HTTP_pumps \"120\"\nnet_HTTP_timeoutMS \"20000\"\nnet_ignoreConnects \"0\"\nnet_immediateSpawnLootDistance \"9\"\nnet_ip \"localhost\"\nnet_light_allow_network_replication \"0\"\nnet_lobbyTransitionIgnoreTransitionToHost \"0\"\nnet_logMaxBandwithCapsHit \"0\"\nnet_maxNumberLootToSpawnPerInterval \"4\"\nnet_maxRate \"50\"\nnet_mpCloudGobblerHeartbeatPeriodMs \"60000\"\nnet_multicast \"226.0.0.1\"\nnet_multicastTTL \"1\"\nnet_network_id_circular_generator_debug \"0\"\nnet_networkLogEntitiesReadFromSnapshot \"0\"\nnet_networkLogEntitiesWrittenToSnapshot \"0\"\nnet_networkReplicationDebug \"0\"\nnet_outputLogInfo \"1\"\nnet_packetStall_maxTime \"500\"\nnet_partialSnapShotDeltaSize \"8000\"\nnet_peer_throttle_bps_decay \"0.25f\"\nnet_peer_throttle_bps_duration \"3000\"\nnet_peer_throttle_bps_host_threshold \"1024\"\nnet_peer_throttle_bps_peer_threshold_pct \"0.60\"\nnet_peer_throttle_maxSnapRate \"4\"\nnet_peer_throttle_minSnapSeq \"150\"\nnet_peer_throttle_mode \"3\"\nnet_performClientByteSyncSanityCheck \"0\"\nnet_playfab_gameserver \"0\"\nnet_playfab_gameserverActiveConnectionTimeout \"60\"\nnet_playfab_gameserverActiveTimeout \"0\"\nnet_playfab_gameserverBuildId \"\"\nnet_playfab_gameserverEndPlayingGameLeaveSharedContextDelay \"600\"\nnet_playfab_gameserverPeerConnectionPortName \"peerconnection0\"\nnet_playfab_gameserverQoSPort \"0\"\nnet_playfab_gameserverShutdownQuitDelay \"40\"\nnet_prevent_on_new_object_created \"1\"\nnet_printSerializedEntityCount \"0\"\nnet_priority_system_aggression_level \"0\"\nnet_prioritySnapDeltaSize \"4500\"\nnet_projectile_debug \"0\"\nnet_prop_debug \"0\"\nnet_pvpAllowProjectilePooling \"0\"\nnet_queuedreliableWarningThreshold \"32\"\nnet_queueSnapAcks \"0\"\nnet_realPhysicsRadius \"0\"\nnet_relayHostPeerConnectionOptions \"\"\nnet_relayHostPeerConnectionProviders \"dtlsv4psk\"\nnet_relayHostPort \"27667\"\nnet_relevance_rule_distance \"80.0f\"\nnet_relevance_system_debug \"0\"\nnet_removeAllUnsentDuplicates \"1\"\nnet_sendCompletedPendingSnapsEarly \"1\"\nnet_sendCustomizationReliable \"1\"\nnet_shouldDemonLootBlockingBlockQueuedLoot \"1\"\nnet_showDevMessageForSanityCheckError \"1\"\nnet_showReliableCompression \"0\"\nnet_showReliableOverflowWarnings \"0\"\nnet_showWarningsForClientByteSync \"0\"\nnet_skipClientDeltaAppend \"0\"\nnet_skipRecentEntitlementUpdate \"0\"\nnet_snap_bw_test_throttle_max_scale \"0.80\"\nnet_snap_redundant_resend_in_ms \"800\"\nnet_snapRate \"0\"\nnet_snapshot_metrics \"0\"\nnet_snapshot_metrics_debug \"0\"\nnet_snapshot_metrics_peer \"0\"\nnet_snapshot_metrics_report_fragment \"1\"\nnet_snapshot_metrics_report_seq \"100\"\nnet_snapshot_metrics_report_size \"2000\"\nnet_snapshot_metrics_skipZero \"1\"\nnet_snapshot_metrics_use_imgui \"1\"\nnet_snapshot_send_warntime \"500\"\nnet_snapshot_trace_use_pool \"0\"\nnet_spawnDistanceMaxRange \"90\"\nnet_ssTemplateDebug \"0\"\nnet_ssTemplatePrint \"0\"\nnet_tracerMgrDebug \"0\"\nnet_turnOffNetworkReplication \"1\"\nnet_Use_Basestate_Unack_Jobs \"1\"\nnet_userCmdRate \"60.0\"\nnet_verbose_Throttling_Snapshot \"0\"\nnet_verboseSimulatedTraffic \"0\"\nnet_verboseSnapshot \"0\"\nnet_verboseSnapshotCompression \"0\"\nnet_verboseSnapshotObject \"-1\"\nnet_verboseSnapshotReport \"0\"\nnet_visMaxDistance \"0\"\nnet_waitOnPeersToLoadMinimumCount \"0\"\nnet_waitOnPeerToLoadTimer_Seconds \"10\"\nnotification_levelUp \"0\"\nnotificationEnabled_fastTravel \"1\"\nnotificationEnabled_playerCheckpoint \"1\"\nonlineService_debug \"\"\nonlineservice_enabled \"1\"\nonlineservice_verbose \"0\"\nonlineServiceProgressTracker_Verbose \"0\"\norbis_circleAsAccept \"0\"\noverarmorDisableArmorPickupWhenBloodPunchIsFull \"0\"\noverarmorDisableHealthPickupWhenBloodPunchIsFull \"0\"\np_AASPositionSearchSize \"2.5\"\np_alwaysSyncOnMeleeInit \"0\"\np_applyAnimatedCamera \"1\"\np_assistCuttoffTime \"5000\"\np_carriedUsesThirdPersonView \"0\"\np_debugAnimatedCamera \"0\"\np_debugBrinkOfDeath \"0\"\np_debugDamageBonus \"0\"\np_debugFSM \"0\"\np_debugHostileTarget \"0\"\np_debugHudBackgroundA \"1.00\"\np_debugHudBackgroundB \"0.25\"\np_debugHudBackgroundG \"0.25\"\np_debugHudBackgroundR \"0.25\"\np_debugHudFirstFrame \"10\"\np_debugHudForegroundA \"1.00\"\np_debugHudForegroundB \"0.00\"\np_debugHudForegroundG \"1.00\"\np_debugHudForegroundR \"1.00\"\np_debugHudShowInDossier \"0\"\np_debugHudTextScale \"1.0\"\np_debugInventory \"0\"\np_debugLastAASPosition \"0\"\np_debugSentinelArmor \"0\"\np_echoPulseDistance \"30000.0\"\np_echoPulseTime \"25000\"\np_FastTravelFXDisplayTime \"500\"\np_fire_clientAmmoDebug \"0\"\np_fire_clientFire \"1\"\np_fire_clientFireDebug \"0\"\np_fire_clientHitscans \"1\"\np_fire_clientHitscansNotify \"0\"\np_ForceFov \"-1\"\np_forceTPBodyToRespawnEverytime \"0\"\np_helmetOffsetForward \"0.0219\"\np_helmetOffsetUp \"0.00342\"\np_helmetSpringDamageScale \"1.0\"\np_helmetSpringEnable \"0\"\np_helmetSpringKickScale \"-20.0\"\np_helmetSpringPosK \"200.0_kg_per_s2\"\np_helmetSpringPosScale \"0.01\"\np_helmetSpringRotationOffsetFwd \"0.02857\"\np_helmetSpringRotationOffsetUp \"0.09525\"\np_helmetSpringRotScale \"0.03\"\np_helmetSpringViewAngK \"200.0\"\np_helmetSpringViewAngScale \"0.002\"\np_holdToUseMS \"0\"\np_infiniteBloodPunch \"0\"\np_killCuttoffTime \"5000\"\np_melee_autoLunge \"127\"\np_melee_autoLungePlayersOnly \"0\"\np_playAdditiveCrouchAnims \"1\"\np_powerWeaponCutoffTime \"2000\"\np_showFootstepParticles \"0\"\np_showHelmet \"0\"\np_stepUpHandsSpringK \"350_kg_per_s2\"\np_stepUpViewSpringK \"400_kg_per_s2\"\np_tauntCameraLerpTime \"250\"\np_thirdPersonCameraClipSize \"8\"\np_updateHelmetPos \"1\"\np_useNonDeferredView \"1\"\np_useParallelThink \"1\"\np_useProxyMeleeBufferTime \"250\"\np_useStepUpSprings \"1\"\npainElemental_debugAbilities \"0\"\npainElemental_showLostSoulInHand \"0\"\npainElemental_summonCameraOffset \"1.59067\"\nparticle_allowJob \"1\"\npauseMenu_alwaysShowPlayers \"0\"\npauseMenu_enableDemoDev \"0\"\npauseMenu_showDevCheckpoints \"1\"\npauseMenu_showDevGui \"1\"\npauseMenu_showExitToDesktop \"1\"\npauseMenu_showLoadCheckpoint \"1\"\npauseMenu_showMilestones \"1\"\npauseMenu_skipTutorialEntityName \"gameplay_target_relay_end_tutorial\"\npauseMenu_useDemoSettings \"0\"\nperk_debug \"2\"\nperk_msgPeriod \"50\"\nperkSwitcher_autoGivePerk \"0\"\nperkSwitcher_DPadCycle \"0\"\nperkSwitcher_enabled \"1\"\nperkSwitcher_nextSwitchPerkTime \"100\"\nperkSwitcher_selectLagTime \"50\"\nperkSwitcher_showHandsTime \"300\"\nperkSwitcher_useDPad \"0\"\nphotomode_freeCamClipSize \"48\"\nphotomode_freeCamLeashDistance \"10.0\"\nphotomode_freeCamMovementType \"1\"\nphotomode_freeCamMoveSpeed \"5.0\"\nphotomode_freeCamSpawnDistance \"2.0\"\nphotoMode_IconTabList_nextButtonOffset \"20.0f\"\nphotoMode_IconTabList_spaceBetweenTabs \"-56.0f\"\nphotoMode_settingsList_distanceBetweenOptions \"-18.0f\"\nphotoMode_settingsList_dropDownList_abovePositionOffset \"0.0f\"\nphotoMode_settingsList_dropDownList_aboveWithMaskPositionOffset \"-15.0f\"\nphotoMode_settingsList_dropDownList_distanceBetweenOptions \"12.0f\"\nphys_rigidBodyActorRadiusMultiCast \"1\"\npickup_tractorAccel \"0.000001\"\npickup_tractorInitialRate \"0.05\"\npickup_tractorRange \"2.8575\"\npinky_bullRushDebug \"0\"\npinky_cloakEnabled \"1\"\npinky_cloakOpacityOverride \"-1.0\"\npinky_meleeAnimDuration \"750\"\npinky_meleeTargetTransitionTime \"250\"\nplaceholder_list_setting_cvar \"0\"\nplaceholder_slider_setting_cvar \"1.0\"\nplaceholder_toggle_setting_cvar \"0\"\nplasma_puddleCheckLOS \"1\"\nplasma_puddleDebug \"0\"\nplasma_puddleDebugLifetime \"5000\"\nplasma_puddleLOSHeight \"1.8288\"\nplasma_puddleMaxZOffset \"2.4765\"\nplatform_bethesdanet_environment \"\"\nplatform_bethesdanet_gameCodeLogin \"\"\nplayer_damageFeedbackMinimum \"0.5f\"\nplayer_damageFeedbackScale \"1.0\"\nplayer_damageFeedbackVerbose \"0\"\nplayer_debugShake \"0\"\nplayer_demonSpikeDamageFeedbackScale \"2.0\"\nplayer_focusCausesRumble \"1\"\nplayer_focusCrosshairEntityTime \"300\"\nplayer_focusDebug \"0\"\nplayer_focusMaxHistory \"30\"\nplayer_GKHintMaxEnemies \"5\"\nplayer_interactableRumbleDurHigh \"50\"\nplayer_interactableRumbleDurLow \"75\"\nplayer_interactableRumbleMagHigh \"0.5\"\nplayer_interactableRumbleMagLow \"0.5\"\nplayer_LootCheck \"4.7625\"\nplayer_minHealthMapTransition \"0.0\"\nplayer_spikeDamageFeedbackScale \"4.0\"\nplayer_updateFocus \"1\"\nplayer_whiplash_friction_frac \".8\"\nplayer_whiplash_min_velocity_len \".01\"\nplayer_whiplash_update_frac \"1\"\nplayer_whiplash_velocity_frac \".1\"\nplayerAnalyzer_verbose \"0\"\nplayerBadge_boosterUpdateDelay \"15\"\nplayerBadge_fakeFavorite \"0\"\nplayerBadge_fakeNumBoosters \"-1\"\nplayerBadge_fakePartyLeader \"0\"\nplayerBadge_fakePlatformIdentity \"0\"\nplayerBadge_fakePlatformIdentityType \"0\"\nplayerBadge_fakeSkillFrameBattleArenaCompTier \"-1\"\nplayerBadge_fakeSkillFrameMode \"-1\"\nplayerBadge_fakeSkillFrameRank \"-1\"\nplayerBadge_fakeTitleText \"\"\nplayerBadge_fakeUserName \"\"\nplayerBadge_titleText_cascadeEndWaitTime \"1250\"\nplayerBadge_titleText_cascadeFadeInTime \"600\"\nplayerBadge_titleText_cascadeFadeOutTime \"600\"\nplayerBadge_titleText_cascadeInitialWaitTime \"750\"\nplayerBadge_titleText_cascadeVelocity \"150\"\nplayerBodyReactions_AllowInMP \"0\"\nplayerBodyReactions_alphaRate \"10\"\nplayerBodyReactions_blendDurationMS \"100\"\nplayerBodyReactions_clipCameraHeight \"0\"\nplayerBodyReactions_clipCameraRadius \"0.381\"\nplayerBodyReactions_ConstrainedViewAnglesRate \"40\"\nplayerBodyReactions_debug \"0\"\nplayerBodyReactions_debug_barrage_crash \"0\"\nplayerBodyReactions_debugTraceStates \"0\"\nplayerBodyReactions_dontCheckGroundMS \"100\"\nplayerBodyReactions_enable \"1\"\nplayerBodyReactions_forceRandomSelect \"-1\"\nplayerBodyReactions_useDeferredPositions \"0\"\nplayerMetrics_allowAchievementsDuringPvp \"1\"\nplayerMetrics_cacodemonTimeOffGroundWaitTime \"3000\"\nplayerMetrics_prowlerTimeOffGroundWaitTime \"2000\"\nplayerMetrics_statNetworkDebug \"0\"\nplayerMetrics_Verbose \"0\"\npm_adsRate \"0.1\"\npm_airaccelerate \"5.2\"\npm_airfriction \"0.0\"\npm_airMoveKeepDropSpeedCollision \"1\"\npm_airstepup \"0\"\npm_allowFatalFallDamage \"0\"\npm_allowInfiniteDoubleJumps \"0\"\npm_allowRagdoll \"1\"\npm_allowRampDoubleJumpBoost \"0\"\npm_allowRampJumpBoostDebug \"0\"\npm_allowRampJumping \"1\"\npm_allowRampSlopeThreshold \"0.91f\"\npm_allowWalkingEdgeThreshold \"0.50f\"\npm_allowWalkingOfLedgeSlowVelocity \"0\"\npm_altstepmove \"1\"\npm_alwaysAllowDoubleJump \"0\"\npm_animMoveBlendScale \"1.0\"\npm_animTurnBlendScale \"300\"\npm_animWalkRunBlendScale \"1.0\"\npm_applyWeaponCustomizations \"1\"\npm_armorActivateDecayRate \"1.0\"\npm_armorDamagedDecayRate \"1.0\"\npm_armorDeacticateDecayRate \"1.0\"\npm_backSpeedRatio \"0.90\"\npm_bboxwidth \"0.9144\"\npm_bfgVisionAlwaysShowDemons \"0\"\npm_bfgVisionPingDuration \"1.0\"\npm_bfgVisionPingPeriod \"3.0\"\npm_bfgVisionPingSpeed \"19.05\"\npm_bfgVisionPingTileRateZDepth \"9.7536\"\npm_bfgVisionPingTileRateZHeight \"9.7536\"\npm_bfgVisionPingVisualExponent \"5.0\"\npm_bodyAnim_additivePainAlpha \"0.75\"\npm_bodyAnim_debug \"-1\"\npm_bodyAnim_EnableForLocalViewPlayers \"1\"\npm_bodyAnim_enableLavaDeath \"1\"\npm_bodyAnim_EnableTorsoAdditives \"1\"\npm_bodyAnim_EnableTorsoSwitchWeaponAdditives \"0\"\npm_bodyAnim_fireBlendInTimeMS \"100\"\npm_bodyAnim_fireBlendOutTimeMS \"200\"\npm_bodyAnim_ledgeAnimEnabled \"1\"\npm_bodyAnim_ledgeGrabDebug \"0\"\npm_bodyAnim_monkeybarDebug \"0\"\npm_bodyAnim_monkeyBarThirdPersonEnable \"1\"\npm_bodyAnim_monkeyBarThirdPersonIgnoreInterp \"0\"\npm_bodyAnim_monkeyBarThirdPersonLockPosition \"0\"\npm_bodyAnim_monkeyBarThirdPersonRate \"1.0f\"\npm_bodyAnim_painAnim \"pain/twitch/\"\npm_bodyAnim_painAnimDebug \"0\"\npm_bodyAnim_painAnimDelay \"50\"\npm_bodyAnim_painAnimEnabled \"1\"\npm_bodyAnim_painBlendInTimeMS \"200\"\npm_bodyAnim_painBlendOutTimeMS \"200\"\npm_bodyAnim_speedThresholdForMovement \"0.00095\"\npm_bodyAnim_upperBodyAnimRateScale \"1.0f\"\npm_bodyAnim_upperBodyBlendInTimeMS \"200\"\npm_bodyAnim_upperBodyBlendOutTimeMS \"200\"\npm_bodyDebug \"-1\"\npm_bodyRateScale_Hands \"0.8\"\npm_bodyRateScale_Pistol \"0.9\"\npm_boxRepulsorScalar \"0.1524\"\npm_bufferTimeForPlayerOriginInterpolation \"10.0f\"\npm_chainsawInvalidTargetFlashTimeSec \"0.5\"\npm_chainsawRangeFOVCheck \"0.91\"\npm_chainsawRangeFOVCheck3D \"0.88\"\npm_chainsawRangeFOVCheckForNoTargetUIMessage \"0.45\"\npm_clientAuthoritative_debug \"0\"\npm_clientAuthoritative_enable \"1\"\npm_clientPredicted_debug \"0\"\npm_clientPredictedCorrectionLedgeGrabBufferTimeMS \"1000\"\npm_clientPredictedCorrectionMin \"0.05f\"\npm_clientPredictedCorrectionOnlyOnInput \"1\"\npm_clientPredictedCorrectionOnlyOnInputMax \"1.0f\"\npm_clientPredictedCorrectionRate \"1.0f\"\npm_clientPredictedCorrectionTeleportBufferTimeMS \"1000\"\npm_clientUseThrottleTime \"250\"\npm_clipInOppositeDirection \"1\"\npm_crouchaccelerate \"42.0\"\npm_crouchheight \"0.89\"\npm_crouchspeed \"3.6195\"\npm_crouchToggle \"1\"\npm_crouchviewheight \"0.8763\"\npm_ct_checkDist \"0.6096\"\npm_ct_debug \"0\"\npm_ct_enable \"0\"\npm_ct_jump_debug \"0\"\npm_ct_jump_framesBeforeLand \"20\"\npm_ct_jumpEndOffset \"0\"\npm_ct_jumpStartOffset \"0.5715\"\npm_ct_push_decayIn \"0.01f\"\npm_ct_push_decayOut \"0.1f\"\npm_ct_push_dist \"0.47625\"\npm_customizationDirtOverride \"-1.0f\"\npm_customizationScratchesOverride \"-1.0f\"\npm_deadheight \"0.4\"\npm_debug \"0\"\npm_debugAnim \"0\"\npm_debugGroundTrace \"0\"\npm_debugMovement \"0\"\npm_debugRepulsion \"0\"\npm_debugRotatePlayerModel \"0\"\npm_debugView \"0\"\npm_debugWater \"0\"\npm_debugYaw \"0\"\npm_deferredSlideMoveAccelScale \"1.3\"\npm_demonOutlineShade \"0.0\"\npm_disableFallDamage \"1\"\npm_disableInstantDropWhenFreeFalling \"1\"\npm_disableNighmareGodMode \"0\"\npm_disableWalkingOnTheEdgeOfLedge \"1\"\npm_disableWalkingOnTheEdgeOfLedgeDebug \"0\"\npm_dodgeOnButtonPress \"0\"\npm_doom4BobCycle \"1\"\npm_doubleJumpAirEnglishScale \"1.0\"\npm_doubleJumpCooldown \"0.0\"\npm_doubleJumpFriction \"0.0\"\npm_doubleJumpHeight \"0.9906\"\npm_doubleJumpInputInfluence \"0.0\"\npm_doubleJumpSpeedScale \"1.5\"\npm_doubleJumpViewPitchChange \"10\"\npm_doubleJumpViewPitchDuration \"1000\"\npm_doubleJumpWindowDuration \"400\"\npm_doubleJumpWindowOffset \"300\"\npm_drawLocoParams \"0\"\npm_enableForceSlide \"0\"\npm_enableJumpExtension \"1\"\npm_enableThirdPersonWalkAnimData \"1\"\npm_enemyRepulsorRadius \"1.2192\"\npm_enemyRepulsorRadiusShield \"2.4192\"\npm_enemyRepulsorStyle \"0\"\npm_equippedItemLogging \"0\"\npm_finalconstrictioncheck \"1\"\npm_firePoseRate \"0.1\"\npm_firePoseRateIn \"0.5\"\npm_firePoseTime \"300\"\npm_flameBelchActivatedByChainsaw \"0\"\npm_flameBelchActivatedByJoyY \"1\"\npm_footstepTimeout3rdPersonMS \"150\"\npm_forceExplicitMotionClip \"0\"\npm_forceExplicitMotionX \"0\"\npm_forceExplicitMotionY \"0\"\npm_forceExplicitMotionZ \"0\"\npm_friendlyRepulseOnlyOnGround \"0\"\npm_friendlyRepulsorRadius \"0.9144\"\npm_friendlyRepulsorStyle \"0\"\npm_gradualSensitivityScaleTimeSec \"0.15\"\npm_gradualSyncViewReset \"0\"\npm_gradualSyncViewResetTime \"200\"\npm_groundfix \"1\"\npm_groundpoundvelocity \"-2.0f\"\npm_idleFramesRequiredForImmediateBlend \"0\"\npm_ignoreSprintButton \"1\"\npm_initAFAfterMD6Change \"1\"\npm_invertHoverControls \"0\"\npm_jumpChangeDirectionScalar \"0.0\"\npm_jumpExtensionDebug \"0\"\npm_jumpExtensionDebugTimeSec \"20\"\npm_jumpExtensionHeight \"1\"\npm_jumpExtensionLength \"3\"\npm_jumpExtensionUpHeight \"0.5\"\npm_jumpheight \"1.3716\"\npm_lineardamping_free \"5.0\"\npm_lineardamping_grounded \"0.01\"\npm_localPlayerPainSoundsEnabled \"1\"\npm_lungeHorizontalDirectionScalar \"1.0\"\npm_maxRunAnimRate \"1.05\"\npm_maxScaledRunSpeed \"0.0\"\npm_maxSprintRate \"1.25\"\npm_maxWalkAnimRate \"1.5\"\npm_melee_smoothedLunge \"1\"\npm_minAirTimeToIncrementAcrobatMilestoneStat \"600\"\npm_minDelayBetweenAutoChainsawMiss \"0\"\npm_minPhysSpeed \"0.09525\"\npm_minPlayerVel \"0.01f\"\npm_minRunAnimRate \"0.5\"\npm_minWalkAnimRate \"0.005\"\npm_modelRotation_AnimBased \"1\"\npm_modelRotation_disableTorsoAim \"0\"\npm_modelRotationBiasDot \"-0.5\"\npm_modelRotationRate \"360\"\npm_modelRotationRate_AnimBigThresh \"0.1\"\npm_modelRotationRate_TurnMax \"720\"\npm_modelRotationRate_TurnMin \"180\"\npm_modelRotationTurnThresh \"0.70\"\npm_modelRotationTurnThreshEnd \"0.9\"\npm_mpAllowAirControlOnFirstJump \"0\"\npm_net_error_debug \"0\"\npm_noBob \"0\"\npm_noclipfriction \"12.0\"\npm_noclipspeed \"50\"\npm_normalheight \"1.79\"\npm_normalViewHeight \"1.65735\"\npm_overrideRepulsorRadius \"-1.0\"\npm_photoModeFriction \"20.0f\"\npm_photoModeMaxDist \"95.25\"\npm_playerMovementJobPriority \"1\"\npm_playerRepulsion \"1\"\npm_predictKnockback \"1\"\npm_preventStationaryDrift \"1\"\npm_proneActivationWindow \"500\"\npm_proneccelerate \"33.0\"\npm_proneheight \"0.29\"\npm_pusherDislodgeMultiplier \"1.5f\"\npm_pusherWalkMoveCushion \"0.1905\"\npm_quickChainsawThirdPersonSwipeDuration \"1000\"\npm_radius \"0.395\"\npm_remoteInputAvgDeltaCount \"10\"\npm_resolveAllLauncherWeaponFire \"1\"\npm_rest \"0\"\npm_rest_alphaRate \"0.01\"\npm_rest_maxAlpha \"1.0\"\npm_rest_maxRate \"12.3825\"\npm_rest_minAlpha \"0.25\"\npm_rest_minRate \"3.048\"\npm_restFrameDebug \"-1\"\npm_restFrameThresh \"2\"\npm_restRate \"1.0\"\npm_restTime \"1500\"\npm_restWalkScale \"1.0\"\npm_runspeed \"9.525\"\npm_screenParticleOffset \"0.09525\"\npm_setWaterLevelWading \"1.0\"\npm_shape \"1\"\npm_skipAnimation \"0\"\npm_skipOriginReadBack \"0\"\npm_slideMoveBadImpulseUpCheck \"0\"\npm_slideMoveNormalThresholdZ \"0.5\"\npm_slideMoveVelocityThresholdZ \"0.1\"\npm_slopeThreshold \"0.40\"\npm_slopeThresholdDebugLines \"0\"\npm_softSpringRepulsorVelMax \"-0.5715\"\npm_softSpringRepulsorVelMin \"-0.09525\"\npm_spectatorHoverAccelRate \"10.0f\"\npm_spectatorHoverFriction \"30.0f\"\npm_spectatorHoverMaximumSpeed \"7.5f\"\npm_spectatorHoverTopVerticalSpeed \"7.5f\"\npm_spectatorHoverTotalSpeedScale \"1.0f\"\npm_sprintaccelerate \"104.0\"\npm_sprintAngle \"100.0\"\npm_sprintBackSpeedRatio \"0.50\"\npm_sprintChargeTime \"3000\"\npm_sprintMaxTime \"-1\"\npm_sprintMode \"0\"\npm_sprintNoInputStopTime \"0\"\npm_sprintslidefriction \"1.5\"\npm_sprintspeed \"9.525\"\npm_sprintStatsOverride \"0\"\npm_sprintStatsRampUpTime \"500\"\npm_sprintStatsSpeedInitial \"475\"\npm_sprintStatsSpeedMax \"525\"\npm_sprintStatsSpeedMaxAnimRate \"999\"\npm_sprintStickDeadZone \"100\"\npm_sprintStrafe \"1\"\npm_sprintStrafeAndWeaponFire \"0\"\npm_stepsize \"0.3048\"\npm_stopspeed \"2.0\"\npm_strafe_threshold \"0.5\"\npm_strafeSpeedRatio \"1.0\"\npm_subWeb \"combat\"\npm_swimheight \"0.39\"\npm_synctoground \"1\"\npm_thirdPerson \"0\"\npm_thirdPersonAngle \"0\"\npm_thirdPersonClip \"1\"\npm_thirdPersonClipContents \"0\"\npm_thirdPersonFocusJoint \"head\"\npm_thirdPersonHeight \"0\"\npm_thirdPersonModelScale \"1.0f\"\npm_thirdPersonRange \"2.667\"\npm_thrusterSprintAngle \"45.000000\"\npm_thrusterSprintBackSpeedRatio \"0.50\"\npm_thrusterSprintChargeTime \"2500\"\npm_thrusterSprintDelayTime \"2500\"\npm_thrusterSprintEnable \"0\"\npm_thrusterSprintMaxTime \"2500\"\npm_thrusterSprintRechargeFromEmpty \"1\"\npm_thrustersprintspeed \"17.145\"\npm_thrusterSprintStickDeadZone \"100\"\npm_thrusterSprintStopOnlyWhenDepleted \"0\"\npm_thrusterSprintStrafeAndWeaponFire \"1\"\npm_ThrusterSyncMeleeDistance \"10.4775\"\npm_togglesprint \"0\"\npm_toggleThrusterSprint \"1\"\npm_torsoAimBlendTimeMS \"0\"\npm_torsoDebug \"-1\"\npm_torsoDisable \"0\"\npm_torsoDisableBlendMS \"1000\"\npm_torsoPitchClamp \"45.0\"\npm_torsoPitchClampAiming \"75.0\"\npm_torsoUseIndependentConstraints \"1\"\npm_torsoYawClamp \"90.0\"\npm_traceExplicitMotion \"0\"\npm_trackPlayerPos \"0\"\npm_trackPlayerUcmdStartStopPos \"-1\"\npm_turnTolerance \"15\"\npm_useArmorPiecesAsAttachments \"1\"\npm_useClampUserCmdInterpPercentage \"1\"\npm_useFootPhaseSyncing \"1\"\npm_usehardkeyframe \"0\"\npm_usePlayerMovementJob \"0\"\npm_useWalkIK \"0\"\npm_walkaccelerate \"52.0\"\npm_walkAccelRateOverride \"-1.0\"\npm_walkfriction \"10.0\"\npm_walkFrictionOverride \"-1.0\"\npm_walkIKBlendInMS \"3000\"\npm_walkMoveStickToGround \"1\"\npm_walkMoveStickToGroundDot \"0.01f\"\npm_walkRunRangeScale \"0.8\"\npm_walkspeed \"3.6195\"\npm_walkthreshold \"100\"\npm_wandererActivationWindow \"300\"\npm_wandererheight \"4.09\"\npm_wateraccelerate \"6.0\"\npm_waterfriction \"0.75\"\npm_waterJumpScale \"1.75\"\npm_waterLevel \"1\"\npm_waterSurfaceLevel_Trans_Delta \"0.09525\"\npm_webDebug \"-1\"\npm_wheelchairfriction \"1.5\"\npm_wheelchairheight \"1.28\"\npm_zeroG_FloatUp \"0.09525\"\npm_zeroG_Friction \"1.2f\"\npm_zeroG_MoveScale \"0.02857\"\npmec_agwg_AllowDisengageDuringMove \"1\"\npmec_agwg_allowed \"0\"\npmec_agwg_AutoClimb \"2\"\npmec_agwg_autoGrab \"0\"\npmec_agwg_clampZeroEpsilon \"0.0001\"\npmec_agwg_ConstrainedViewAnglesRate \"750\"\npmec_agwg_ConstrainedViewAnglesRate_LookingAway \"750\"\npmec_agwg_deadZone \"0.25\"\npmec_agwg_debug \"0\"\npmec_agwg_distanceToWallToActivate \"2.4384\"\npmec_agwg_jumpMoveMaxButtonPressDelaySec \"0.25\"\npmec_agwg_jumpOffWallForce \"18.0975\"\npmec_agwg_jumpToWallForce \"9.525\"\npmec_agwg_jumpToWallOnGroundUpBoost \"5.715\"\npmec_agwg_MaxDeltaPitchDown \"-40\"\npmec_agwg_MaxDeltaPitchDown_LookingAway \"50\"\npmec_agwg_MaxDeltaPitchUp \"70\"\npmec_agwg_MaxDeltaPitchUp_LookingAway \"50\"\npmec_agwg_MaxDeltaYaw \"30\"\npmec_agwg_MaxDeltaYaw_LookingAway \"60\"\npmec_agwg_MaxJumpAngleScale \"120\"\npmec_agwg_NoMoveTurnAroundTime \"0.25\"\npmec_agwg_reconnectToWallDelaySec \"0.25\"\npmec_agwg_startMoveDelaySec \"0.05\"\npmec_agwg_SwapSticksWhenLookingAway \"1\"\npmec_agwg_ViewDistanceFromWall \"0.6096\"\npmec_agwg_ViewDistanceLerpTime \".15\"\npmec_ApplyAnimDeltasForceClip \"0\"\npmec_ApplyAnimDeltasForceNoClip \"0\"\npmec_ApplyAnimDeltasToPlayer \"1\"\npmec_BlockCheckUse8x8 \"0\"\npmec_BodyForceUseDeferredPosition \"-1\"\npmec_cl_BlendIntoCoverEndDist \"0.762\"\npmec_cl_BlendIntoCoverStartDist \"1.524\"\npmec_cl_BlendLeanInDist \"0.5715\"\npmec_cl_BlendLeanOutDist \"0.381\"\npmec_cl_BlendLeanOutDistUp \"0.381\"\npmec_cl_CoverDist \"1.905\"\npmec_cl_CoverPoseDelayMS \"100\"\npmec_cl_Debug \"0\"\npmec_cl_DebugNoQueryUpdate \"0\"\npmec_cl_DebugNumRays \"1000\"\npmec_cl_DebugOverride \"-1\"\npmec_cl_DebugRayNum \"-1\"\npmec_cl_DisableForward \"0\"\npmec_cl_DisableLeft \"0\"\npmec_cl_DisableRight \"0\"\npmec_cl_DisableUp \"0\"\npmec_cl_EdgeTestDist \"0.9525\"\npmec_cl_Enable \"1\"\npmec_cl_FixedDistance \"0\"\npmec_cl_ForwardTestBackupDist \"0.381\"\npmec_cl_ForwardTestDist \"2.38125\"\npmec_cl_ForwardTestSpacing \"0.1905\"\npmec_cl_InCoverPower \"3.0\"\npmec_cl_InCoverSpeed \"10\"\npmec_cl_InCoverSpringK \"100\"\npmec_cl_InCrouchCoverPower \"1.0\"\npmec_cl_LeanLRSpringK \"125\"\npmec_cl_LeanPower \"0.2\"\npmec_cl_LeanSpeed \"12\"\npmec_cl_LeanUSpringK \"250\"\npmec_cl_MaxRoll \"10\"\npmec_cl_MinBlockDist \"0.20955\"\npmec_cl_MinDot \"0.1\"\npmec_cl_PeekPastEdgeSideDist \"0.381\"\npmec_cl_PeekPastEdgeUpDist \"0.2286\"\npmec_cl_pil_BlendLeanInDist \"0.762\"\npmec_cl_pil_BlendLeanOutDist \"0.762\"\npmec_cl_pil_CoverDistCrouchAutoPeek \"0.5715\"\npmec_cl_pil_CrouchAutoPeek \"1\"\npmec_cl_pil_Enable \"1\"\npmec_cl_pil_InCoverPower \"1.0\"\npmec_cl_pil_PeekPastEdgeSideDist \"0.762\"\npmec_cl_pil_PeekPastEdgeUpPartialDist \"0.0381\"\npmec_cl_pil_PeekSideClipOffset \"0.762\"\npmec_cl_pil_Power \"1.0\"\npmec_cl_pil_StickyPlaneMaxDegs \"60.0\"\npmec_cl_pil_ViewMotionScaleSpringK \"500.0\"\npmec_cl_PlayZoomThreshold \"0.1\"\npmec_cl_RayTestDepth \"0.09525\"\npmec_cl_ReadyToPeekRange \"5\"\npmec_cl_ReadyToPeekSpeed \"12\"\npmec_cl_ReadyToPeekSpringK \"150\"\npmec_cl_RequireBackedUpBlockage \"0\"\npmec_cl_SuppressTime \"200\"\npmec_cl_ZoomPeekSideDistMax \"0.9525\"\npmec_DebugCollisionTraces \"0\"\npmec_EnableAdvancedMovementInMP \"1\"\npmec_EnableThirdPersonBody \"1\"\npmec_ForceShowThirdPersonBody \"0\"\npmec_lg_allowLedgeGrabDuringIntroBringUp \"1\"\npmec_lg_AnimBlendFrames \"5\"\npmec_lg_AnimSpeedScaleMP \"1.0\"\npmec_lg_AnimSpeedScaleSP \"1.0\"\npmec_lg_AnimXYScale \"1.5\"\npmec_lg_AssumeAlwaysForwardPress \"0\"\npmec_lg_CheckVerticalVelocity \"1\"\npmec_lg_ConstrainedViewAnglesRate \"40\"\npmec_lg_Debug \"0\"\npmec_lg_DebugActivateNoQueryUpdateOnGrab \"0\"\npmec_lg_DebugAllowWhileNoClipping \"0\"\npmec_lg_debugBadLedgeGrab \"0\"\npmec_lg_DebugCylinderDurationMS \"0\"\npmec_lg_DebugNoQueryUpdate \"0\"\npmec_lg_DebugTraceStates \"0\"\npmec_lg_enableDeferredTraces \"1\"\npmec_lg_EnableFootGrab \"1\"\npmec_lg_enableParallelJob \"0\"\npmec_lg_EnableRailingAboveLedgeGrab \"1\"\npmec_lg_FootGrabAlignDist \"0.0381\"\npmec_lg_FootGrabAlignHeightOffset \"0.05715\"\npmec_lg_FootGrabAlignSpeed \"100\"\npmec_lg_InitiateLookAtMaxAngle \"15\"\npmec_lg_InitiateMaxAngle \"45\"\npmec_lg_LedgeFaceMaxDegsFromVertical \"20\"\npmec_lg_LedgeSurfaceMaxDegsFromHorizontal \"20\"\npmec_lg_MaxDeltaPitchDown \"30\"\npmec_lg_MaxDeltaPitchUp \"45\"\npmec_lg_MaxDeltaYaw \"45\"\npmec_lg_MinInputToInitiate \"-1.0\"\npmec_lg_NoGrabTimeMS \"500\"\npmec_lg_OutputDeltaMove \"0\"\npmec_lg_randomizeDetectionInputs \"0\"\npmec_lg_randomizeHandPlacement \"1\"\npmec_lg_RequireLookAtLedge \"0\"\npmec_lg_SpeedScaleSpringK \"150.0\"\npmec_lg_UseAnyValidPos \"0\"\npmec_sb_allowed \"0\"\npmec_sb_collisionDisableMs \"400\"\npmec_sb_debug \"1\"\npmec_sb_debug_draw_time \"10000\"\npmec_sb_edgeHorizontal \"1.905\"\npmec_sb_edgeVertical \"0.9525\"\npmec_sb_jumpMultiplier \"2.0f\"\npmec_sb_jumpOnLanding \"1\"\npmec_sb_jumpOverrideVelocity \"19.05\"\npmec_sb_MinInputToInitiate \"0.1\"\npmec_sb_minLedgeHeigh \"0.28575\"\npmec_sb_pitchModifier \"55.0f\"\npmec_sb_waitOverrideTimer \"100\"\npmec_sb_waitOverrideVelocity \"11.43\"\npmec_sncb_allowed \"1\"\npmec_sncb_collisionDot \"0.0f\"\npmec_sncb_debug \"1\"\npmec_sncb_debug_draw_time \"10000\"\npmec_sncb_debugSpeed \"114.3\"\npmec_sncb_groundCollisionDot \"-0.1f\"\npmec_sncb_groundDetectionDot \"0.99f\"\npmec_sncb_retainEndVel \"0\"\npmec_sync_enable \"1\"\npmec_TraceBodyAngles \"0\"\npmec_TraceBodyAnimDeltas \"0\"\npmec_TraceBodyAnims \"0\"\npmec_TraceBodyPos \"0\"\npmec_TraceHandsAnims \"0\"\npmec_wg_Debug \"0\"\npmec_wg_DebugAdditiveAnims \"0\"\npmec_wg_DebugAllowWallGrab \"0\"\npmec_wg_DebugDrawWallGrabPoint \"0\"\npmec_wg_DebugNoQueryUpdate \"0\"\npmec_wg_DebugReflectViewOnMount \"0\"\npmec_wg_DebugTraceStates \"0\"\npmec_wg_Enable \"1\"\npmec_wg_ReflectViewOnMountConeDegs \"7\"\npmec_wg_ReflectViewOnMountExtraMS \"130\"\npmec_wg_ReflectViewOnMountMS \"210\"\npoi_playSound_for_dpad \"1\"\npoi_playSound_for_end_of_encounter \"1\"\npoi_playSound_for_fade_teleport \"0\"\npoi_playSound_for_respawn \"0\"\npopup_notification_show_time \"8000\"\npopupDialog_debug \"0\"\npowerStrikeMeter_Debug \"0\"\npowerStrikeMeter_Enable \"0\"\npowerStrikeMeter_Infinite \"0\"\npowerStrikeMeter_Set \"-1\"\npresentableWeapon_debug \"0\"\npresentableWeapon_roll_endAccel \"0.2\"\npresentableWeapon_roll_endTime \"250\"\npresentableWeapon_roll_startAccel \"1.25\"\npresentableWeapon_roll_topSpeed \"10.0\"\npresentableWeapon_serializeLocal \"0\"\npresentableWeapon_timeBeforeReleaseTrigger \"250\"\nprofile_applyDemoColorblindMode \"0\"\nprofile_categories \"0\"\nprofile_debugDoomLevelXP \"0\"\nprofile_debugSeasonXP \"0\"\nprofile_demoColorblindMode \"0\"\nprofile_dropResolutionPercentage \"0.99\"\nprofile_priority \"Lowest\"\nprofile_raiseResolutionPercentage \"0.95\"\nprofile_securityCheck \"0\"\nprofile_verbose \"0\"\nproj_debugDestroyerClipQueries \"0\"\nproj_debugDestroyerSplinter \"0\"\nproj_debugDestroyerVFX \"0\"\nproj_destroyerGeoProbesTestShotClip \"1\"\nproj_destroyerLineSegmentProbesEnabled \"0\"\nproj_destroyerMiddleSegmentMaxDotBias \"5.0\"\nproj_destroyerNormalOffset \"0.7\"\nproj_emp_debug \"0\"\nproj_emp_icebomb_print_diminishing_return_debug_info \"0\"\nproj_emp_overrideInflueneTimeInSeconds \"-1\"\nprop_debugLifetime \"0\"\nprop_debugTouch \"0\"\nprop_disableSpawns \"0\"\nprop_enable_magnetization \"0\"\nprop_enable_sp_pooling \"0\"\nprop_forceRegenUpkeepWhenFull \"0\"\nprop_interactDamageDistance \"75.0f\"\nprop_interactDistance \"15.0f\"\nprop_magnetizedCaptureDist \"0.381\"\nprop_magnetizedDist \"1.905\"\nprop_magnetizedDuration \"2\"\nprop_magnetizedMaxDist \"19.05\"\nprop_magnetizedSpeedFraction \"0.75\"\nprop_magnetizedVerticalOffset \"0.1905\"\nprop_showAtGameStart \"1\"\nprop_skipShadows \"0\"\nprowler_boostMode \"1\"\nprowler_boostTime \"0\"\nprowler_damageBreaksPerch \"0\"\nprowler_DripMaxHeight \"47.625\"\nprowler_enableTeleportSyncAttack \"1\"\nprowler_enableTeleportTargetRibbon \"0\"\nprowler_handsChannelBlendMs \"200\"\nprowler_maxRunAnimRate \"1.05f\"\nprowler_maxWalkAnimRate \"1.0f\"\nprowler_meleeAnimDuration \"750\"\nprowler_meleeDirectionRandom \"0.4f\"\nprowler_meleeDisableSwipe \"0\"\nprowler_meleeMaxTimeForButton \"300\"\nprowler_meleeRefireDelay \"750\"\nprowler_meleeRequireHandsReady \"1\"\nprowler_meleeSyncAttemptTime \"50\"\nprowler_meleeTargetTransitionTime \"250\"\nprowler_meleeWindupTime \"200\"\nprowler_minRunAnimRate \"0.5f\"\nprowler_minWalkAnimRate \"0.005f\"\nprowler_movementSpeedDampener \"0.5f\"\nprowler_movementSpeedMax \"11.43\"\nprowler_perchAttachmentDebug \"0\"\nprowler_perchAttachmentDebugTime \"5000\"\nprowler_perchAttachmentTraceDist \"1.2192\"\nprowler_perchDripPoolFXLifetime \"15000\"\nprowler_perchFXLifetime \"15000\"\nprowler_perchFXWallOffsetXY \"0.1905\"\nprowler_perchFXWallOffsetZ \"0.5715\"\nprowler_perchModelLerpTime \"120\"\nprowler_perchOnSolid \"1\"\nprowler_perchPlacementDebug \"0\"\nprowler_perchPlacementDebugTime \"5000\"\nprowler_perchSurfaceNormalMode \"2\"\nprowler_perchSurfaceTraceDist \"3.81\"\nprowler_perchSurfaceTraceOffset \"0.3048\"\nprowler_perchViewFollowsModel \"1\"\nprowler_postWorldTeleportRefireDelay \"100\"\nprowler_snatchDebug \"0\"\nprowler_snatchDebugTime \"5000\"\nprowler_snatchedVictimDestRadius \"0.9525\"\nprowler_snatchedVictimsUseDeathCam \"1\"\nprowler_snatchLerpClampDuration \"500\"\nprowler_snatchLerpDebug \"0\"\nprowler_snatchLerpDebugTime \"10000\"\nprowler_snatchLerpRadius \"1.905\"\nprowler_snatchLerpRate \"9.525\"\nprowler_snatchLerpTraceDebug \"0\"\nprowler_snatchLerpTraceDebugTime \"10000\"\nprowler_teleportAltContentCheckDist \"9.525\"\nprowler_teleportAltTraceFromSticky \"1\"\nprowler_teleportAltTraceMinDot \"0.966\"\nprowler_teleportAltTraceToWall \"1\"\nprowler_teleportArriveTimeGround \"0\"\nprowler_teleportDestinationFXInTransit \"0\"\nprowler_teleportInputWindowTime \"120\"\nprowler_teleportLOSDebug \"0\"\nprowler_teleportMaxDist \"123.825\"\nprowler_teleportMaxSegmentDist \"9.525\"\nprowler_teleportMinDist \"3.81\"\nprowler_teleportRefireDelay \"0\"\nprowler_teleportRotateDuringTravel \"0\"\nprowler_teleportShieldWallDebug \"0\"\nprowler_teleportShieldWallDebugTime \"5000\"\nprowler_teleportShieldWallLookAhead \"5.715\"\nprowler_teleportShieldWallLookAheadNonExplicit \"0.9525\"\nprowler_teleportSurfaceDotMaxCeiling \"-0.94f\"\nprowler_teleportSurfaceDotMinFloor \"0.707f\"\nprowler_teleportSyncAttackCameraLimitAngle \"30\"\nprowler_teleportSyncAttackCameraLimitRate \"180\"\nprowler_teleportSyncAttackDebug \"0\"\nprowler_teleportSyncAttackDebugTime \"100\"\nprowler_teleportSyncAttackMinLength \"0.01905\"\nprowler_teleportSyncAttackRequireLOS \"1\"\nprowler_teleportSyncAttackRequirePassThrough \"0\"\nprowler_teleportSyncAttackUseCarryOffset \"0\"\nprowler_teleportSyncAttackUseCarryOffsetLocal \"0\"\nprowler_teleportSyncAttackWeightAlongPath \"0.75\"\nprowler_teleportSyncAttackWeightFromPath \"0.25\"\nprowler_teleportTargetDebug \"0\"\nprowler_teleportTargetFeedbackTime \"500\"\nprowler_teleportToTeleporterDebug \"0\"\nprowler_teleportToTeleporterZOffset \"-0.762\"\nprowler_teleportTraceUseClip \"0\"\nprowler_teleportTravelAccelPerc \"0.2f\"\nprowler_teleportTravelDebug \"0\"\nprowler_teleportTravelDropCooldown \"1000\"\nprowler_teleportTravelDropEnabled \"0\"\nprowler_teleportTravelMinTime \"250\"\nprowler_teleportTravelTeleportAllowed \"0\"\nprowler_teleportUseExplicitMove \"0\"\nprowler_teleportWallPerchDotCurrentMax \"0.75f\"\nprowler_teleportWallPerchParallelDistMin \"1.905\"\nprowler_victimHeadTraceDebug \"0\"\nprowler_victimHeadTraceDebugTime \"5000\"\nprowler_victimHeadTraceDist \"0.9525\"\nprowler_walkRunRangeScale \"0.10f\"\nprowlerCam_allowRotationInThirdPersonView \"1\"\nprowlerCam_distance \"2.8575\"\nprowlerCam_followCameraAbsolutePitch \"60.0\"\nprowlerCam_freezeOnStartSync \"0\"\npvp_allowPooling \"0\"\npvp_autoAssignTeams \"1\"\npvp_checkForInvalidTeams \"0\"\npvp_checkForTeamsThatQuit \"0\"\npvp_deathScreenTimeMS \"3000\"\npvp_debugMapSelect \"0\"\npvp_debugMilestones \"0\"\npvp_debugRoundUpgradeUI \"1\"\npvp_debugSpawnLocations \"0\"\npvp_debugUpdateActorHighlight \"0\"\npvp_demonSpectates \"0\"\npvp_disableCachedAISummonsForMidRoundRessurections \"0\"\npvp_fadeBeforeStart \"0\"\npvp_fadeBetweenRounds \"1\"\npvp_fadeDelayEndRoundMS \"6000\"\npvp_fadeDelayStartRoundMS \"500\"\npvp_fadeDurationEndRoundMS \"1000\"\npvp_fadeDurationStartRoundMS \"2000\"\npvp_hudFadeThreshold \"0.75\"\npvp_ignoreAutoMapSelect \"0\"\npvp_ignoreLobbyFaults \"0\"\npvp_ignoreLobbyLaunchRestrictions \"0\"\npvp_ignoreTimeouts \"0\"\npvp_infiniteRounds \"0\"\npvp_killAIWithDamage \"0\"\npvp_lifecycleDebug \"1\"\npvp_lifecycleIntroFOV \"60.0\"\npvp_lifecycleOutroFOV \"60.0\"\npvp_lifecycleRootFOV \"60.0\"\npvp_lobbyCountdownBeepThreshold \"5.0\"\npvp_mancubusFlamethrowerFudge \"1.5f\"\npvp_match_summary_alwaysPlayAnimations \"0\"\npvp_outroDelayTimeMS \"6000\"\npvp_podiumAvatarTag \"avatar\"\npvp_podiumDebugPos \"0\"\npvp_respawnZCheck \"0\"\npvp_roundHistoryDebug \"0\"\npvp_serverEndTimeMS \"27000\"\npvp_skipReadyUp \"0\"\npvp_slayerSpectates \"0\"\npvp_startGameDelayMS \"5000\"\npvp_tutorialForceNumOfRounds \"-1\"\npvpEndOfMatch_delayBetweenXpCounterAndSeasonAnimations \"800\"\npvpEndOfMatch_stageDisplayTime \"5000\"\npvpIntro_demon_UI_scale \"1.0\"\npvpIntro_demon_UI_x_pos \"0\"\npvpIntro_demon_UI_y_pos \"0\"\npvpIntro_slayer_UI_scale \"1.0\"\npvpIntro_slayer_UI_x_pos \"0\"\npvpIntro_slayer_UI_y_pos \"0\"\npvpProg_Debug \"0\"\npvpProg_Print \"0\"\npvpProg_scoreSendMaxPeriodMS \"500\"\npvs_showQueryProfiling \"0\"\npvs_useKdQueryClusterForPoint \"0\"\npvs_useKdQueryClustersForAABB \"1\"\nr_allowParallelViewProcessing \"0\"\nr_allowSkippingRefmapCompiling \"1\"\nr_allRenderProgSourcesHash \"0\"\nr_ambientChannelScale \"1\"\nr_amortizedSunCascades \"1\"\nr_antialiasing \"1\"\nr_apiDump \"0\"\nr_asyncClears \"0\"\nr_asyncDeferredPassesEarlyMaxWaves \"0.6\"\nr_asyncDeferredPassesLateMaxWaves \"0.6\"\nr_asyncDeferredPassesPrepare \"0\"\nr_asyncDMAClears \"0\"\nr_asyncGuiClears \"0\"\nr_asyncGuiClearsMaxWaves \"0.2\"\nr_asyncLightScattering \"0\"\nr_asyncPostProcess \"2\"\nr_asyncPostProcessForceComputePresent \"0\"\nr_asyncPostProcessMidFramePresent \"1\"\nr_asyncPostProcessTSSAA \"0\"\nr_asyncWater \"0\"\nr_asyncWaterMaxWaves \"0.2\"\nr_augmentAuraBlurRadiusScale \"0.5\"\nr_augmentHighlight \"2\"\nr_augmentHighlightFillColor \"0 0 0 1\"\nr_beamsOrientTravelDir \"1\"\nr_blurGaussian \"1\"\nr_blurGaussianTestPower \"6.0\"\nr_blurGaussianTestScale \"500.0\"\nr_blurRadial \"1\"\nr_blurRadialDashFadeOutMS \"300\"\nr_blurRadialDashScale \"1.0\"\nr_blurRadialQuality \"1\"\nr_blurRadialScale \"1\"\nr_blurRadialTestFadeSlope \"3.0\"\nr_blurRadialTestPeakRadius \"0.2\"\nr_brightness \"1\"\nr_brushNameHashVerify \"0\"\nr_buffersForceSyncMap \"0\"\nr_buildAmbientDebug \"0\"\nr_calibrateGamma \"0\"\nr_calibrateGammaLum \"0\"\nr_calibrateGammaMode \"0\"\nr_cameraCutCounter \"1\"\nr_checkBounds \"0\"\nr_chromaticAberration \"1\"\nr_cineLensflaresAnamorphicBlueshift \"0.2\"\nr_cineLensflaresAnamorphicIntensity \"0.95\"\nr_cineLensflaresAnamorphicWidth \"1.5\"\nr_cineLensflaresBlurMode \"1\"\nr_cineLensflaresBrightpassThreshold \"3.0\"\nr_cineLensflaresChromaShiftStrength \"0.3\"\nr_cineLensflaresDirtRatio \"10.0\"\nr_cineLensflaresEnabled \"0\"\nr_cineLensflaresGhostIntensity \"0.8\"\nr_cineLensflaresGhostOffset \"0.2\"\nr_cineLensflaresHaloIntensity \"0.8\"\nr_cineLensflaresHaloSize \"0.4\"\nr_clampToEdgeRenderView \"1\"\nr_clear \"2\"\nr_clearColorTarget \"1\"\nr_clearDynamicGeoDecalProjections \"0\"\nr_clearEditorAlpha \"0.0\"\nr_clearTargetsAfterScaleDown \"1\"\nr_cloudsQuality \"0\"\nr_cloudsQualityUseJitter \"1\"\nr_clusterDataUseTransferQueue \"1\"\nr_clusteredDecalsClippedBounds \"0\"\nr_clusteredDecalsRegisterMode \"0\"\nr_clusteredLightingDebug \"0\"\nr_clusteredLightingFarZ \"256.0f\"\nr_clusteredLightingNearZ \"2.0f\"\nr_clusteredLightingRegisterMode \"0\"\nr_clusteredLightingShowStall \"0\"\nr_clusteredLightingTilesX \"16\"\nr_clusteredLightingTilesY \"8\"\nr_clusteredLightingTilesZ \"24\"\nr_clusteredLightingUseJob \"1\"\nr_colorBlindBrightness \"0.5\"\nr_colorBlindContrast \"0.33\"\nr_colorBlindCorrectionStrength \"1\"\nr_colorBlindIntensity \"0.7\"\nr_colorBlindMode \"0\"\nr_colorCorrection \"1\"\nr_colorGradingLutResolution \"33\"\nr_commitDirtyOnly \"1\"\nr_commitSurfacesBreakOnModelIndex \"-1\"\nr_commitSurfacesRenderProgDataJobGranularity \"8\"\nr_contactShadows \"1\"\nr_contrast \"1\"\nr_currentMaterial \"\"\nr_customViewProjectionMatrixDepthBias \"0.2\"\nr_debugArrowStep \"120\"\nr_debugContext \"0\"\nr_debugContextBreakOnMsgString \"\"\nr_debugContextVerbosity \"2\"\nr_debugDecalManager \"0\"\nr_debugDrawAlpha \"0.5\"\nr_debugFlares \"0\"\nr_debugGPUParticles \"0\"\nr_debugImageQuality \"0\"\nr_debugInvert2ndView \"0\"\nr_debugJobDAG \"0\"\nr_debugLineDepthTest \"0\"\nr_debugLineWidth \"1\"\nr_debugParticleStages \"0\"\nr_debugPolyDepthTest \"0\"\nr_debugPolygonFilled \"1\"\nr_debugSphereDist \"1.7145\"\nr_debugTransientDecals \"0\"\nr_decalClusteringNumDecalsPerJob \"32\"\nr_decalClusteringUseJob \"1\"\nr_decalDecalBoundsJobGranularity \"32\"\nr_decalDistanceFadeMultiplier \"1\"\nr_decalDistanceFadeStart \"30\"\nr_decalDynamicDistanceFadeStart \"120\"\nr_decalFadeCulling \"2\"\nr_decalFadeCullingAngle \"-0.3\"\nr_decalFadeFilterId \"0\"\nr_decalFilteringQuality \"2\"\nr_decalLifetimeMultiplier \"1\"\nr_decalPixelThresholdFadeEnd \"115\"\nr_decalPixelThresholdFadeStart \"125\"\nr_decalRenderedDebug \"0\"\nr_decals \"1\"\nr_defaultDepthBias \"1.0\"\nr_defaultSlopeScaleDepthBias \"2.0\"\nr_deferDescriptorSetUpdates \"1\"\nr_degenerateTexelDensityThreshold \"0.05\"\nr_desaturate \"0.0\"\nr_descriptorPoolSize_CharacterInstance \"1000\"\nr_descriptorPoolSize_CharacterSurface \"2000\"\nr_descriptorPoolSize_GeomCacheInstance \"400\"\nr_descriptorPoolSize_GeomCacheSurface \"4000\"\nr_descriptorPoolSize_WorldInstance \"80000\"\nr_descriptorPoolSize_WorldSurface \"100000\"\nr_dialogIconX \"0.875\"\nr_dialogIconY \"0.795\"\nr_disableDebugRender \"1\"\nr_disableSteamOverlay \"0\"\nr_discardLargeStatShadowsAtLoadHack \"-1\"\nr_DiscardNonRunTimeBrushes \"1\"\nr_displayRefresh \"0\"\nr_dof \"1\"\nr_dofCompute \"1\"\nr_dofHalfRes \"1\"\nr_dofNumTapsSideBlur \"8\"\nr_dofNumTapsSideFloodFill \"4\"\nr_dofTAA \"1\"\nr_dofTAABlendRatio \"0.15\"\nr_dofTransparencySort \"1\"\nr_dofTransparencySortDistance \"2.0\"\nr_dossierExposure \"2.0\"\nr_drawDownsample \"0\"\nr_drawFCATBar \"0\"\nr_drawFullscreenPostProcess \"0\"\nr_drawGaussianBlur \"0\"\nr_drawGpuDebugGeometry \"1\"\nr_drawLoadedImages \"0\"\nr_drawLoadedImagesScale \"64\"\nr_drawUpsample \"0\"\nr_driverDebugLayerVerbosity \"3\"\nr_durangoUseInstalledHlslCompiler \"0\"\nr_earlyResetQueryPool \"1\"\nr_enableAmdShaderExtensions \"1\"\nr_enableAsyncCompute \"3\"\nr_enableBlendedPreZ \"1\"\nr_enableBlendShapes \"1\"\nr_enableBufferMarkers \"1\"\nr_enableDebugMarker \"1\"\nr_enableDedicatedAllocation \"1\"\nr_enableDeviceDiagnosticCheckpoints \"1\"\nr_enablePicking \"0\"\nr_enableRenderDocCapture \"0\"\nr_enableResolutionScale \"1\"\nr_enableShadowDynamicFastPath \"1\"\nr_enableTransferQueues \"2\"\nr_encodeYUVM \"0\"\nr_envBlendPowerFilterSize \"1\"\nr_envBlendShow \"0\"\nr_envBlendTime \"-1.0\"\nr_environmentProbes \"1\"\nr_excludeLight \"-1\"\nr_excludeModel \"-1\"\nr_fencePoolSize \"4096\"\nr_fftBloom \"0\"\nr_fftBloomQuality \"1\"\nr_filmGrainRatio \"1\"\nr_finishEveryDraw \"0\"\nr_fixObjMaterialPath \"0\"\nr_flareNearFadeOutDistance \"5.0\"\nr_flareNearFadeOutRange \"10.0\"\nr_flaresQuality \"1\"\nr_flatShadeOnMapLoad \"0\"\nr_flatShadeOnMissingMegas \"1\"\nr_forceAmbientOnStatic \"0\"\nr_forceNonDeferredAnimBlend \"0\"\nr_forceOcclusionBoxQueries \"0\"\nr_forceReferencesOnCommit \"0\"\nr_forceRenderHz \"-1\"\nr_forceSSBOClusterParms \"0\"\nr_forceTwoSided \"0\"\nr_forceUpdateAllSunCascades \"0\"\nr_freeTriangleCPUData \"1\"\nr_fullscreen \"1\"\nr_gamma \"1.2\"\nr_generatedRenderprogPath \"\"\nr_generateMipMaps \"1\"\nr_geoDecalDepthBias \"-0.05\"\nr_geoDecalMaxComputeProjections \"16\"\nr_geoDecalMaxComputeProjections_Lean \"4\"\nr_geoDecalMaxProjections \"1008\"\nr_geoDecalMaxProjections_Lean \"8\"\nr_geoDecalSlopeScaledDepthBias \"-0.2\"\nr_geoDecalSuppressWarnings \"0\"\nr_geomCacheBufferReuse \"0\"\nr_geoProbeTriTresholdHigh \"1250000\"\nr_geoProbeTriTresholdMedium \"700000\"\nr_geoProbeTriTresholdVeryHigh \"2500000\"\nr_gpuDebugLinesPause \"0\"\nr_gpuDebugMaxLines \"2048\"\nr_gpuDebugMaxSpheres \"2048\"\nr_gpuParticleCmdBufferPoolSize \"2\"\nr_gpuParticleCullingOptions \"15\"\nr_gpuParticleDrawVertPoolSize \"4\"\nr_gpuParticleGeneralPoolSize \"48\"\nr_gpuParticleGeneralPoolSize_Lean \"1\"\nr_gpuParticleMaxRenderedIndices \"4000\"\nr_gpuParticleMaxStageInstances \"2048\"\nr_gpuParticleMaxStageInstances_Lean \"256\"\nr_gpuParticlesAsyncMaxWaves \"2\"\nr_gpuParticlesDisableCpuSpawning \"0\"\nr_gpuParticlesDisassembleOnAllocation \"0\"\nr_gpuParticlesRestartEmitters \"0\"\nr_gpuParticleStageRuntimePoolSize \"1\"\nr_gpuParticleUseAsyncCompute \"1\"\nr_gpuParticleVerboseCompilation \"0\"\nr_gpuTriangleCullingAsyncCompute \"0\"\nr_gpuTriangleCullingDebug \"0\"\nr_gpuTriangleCullingIgnoreModel \"-1\"\nr_gpuTriangleCullingMask \"0\"\nr_gpuTriangleCullingMaxJobs \"0\"\nr_gpuTriangleCullingMaxWaves \"4\"\nr_gpuTriangleCullingNumSetsPerFence \"8\"\nr_gpuTriangleCullingOptions \"15\"\nr_gpuTriangleCullingUseDepthOcclusion \"0\"\nr_gpuWarningsTriggerAsserts \"1\"\nr_guiDebug \"0\"\nr_hdrAllowNonExclusiveFullscreenFallback \"1\"\nr_hdrAutoExposureBase \"0.01\"\nr_hdrAutoExposureInstant \"0\"\nr_hdrAutoExposureRatio \"1.0\"\nr_hdrAutoExposureSpeed \"1.0\"\nr_hdrBloom \"1\"\nr_hdrColorGrading \"0\"\nr_hdrDebug \"0\"\nr_hdrDebugDisplay \"0\"\nr_hdrDebugRangeMax \"1.0\"\nr_hdrDebugRangeMin \"0.01\"\nr_hdrDisplay \"0\"\nr_hdrDisplayBrightness \"7.0\"\nr_hdrDisplayColorSpace \"2\"\nr_hdrDisplayMaxAverageLevelLightLevel \"500\"\nr_hdrDisplayMaxLuminance \"1000\"\nr_hdrDisplayMaxNits \"1000.0\"\nr_hdrDisplayMaxStops \"9.0\"\nr_hdrDisplayMidPoint \"0.2\"\nr_hdrDisplayMinLuminance \"1\"\nr_hdrDisplayMinNits \"0.0\"\nr_hdrDisplayMinStops \"-8.0\"\nr_hdrDisplaySaturation \"1.1\"\nr_hdrDumpDebugFrameEXR \"0\"\nr_hdrPostProcess \"1\"\nr_hdrShutterSpeed \"10\"\nr_hotPatchWarningsAreErrors \"0\"\nr_imageCompareMultiplier \"1.0\"\nr_initGPUTriangleCulling \"0\"\nr_initialModeHeight \"1080\"\nr_initialModeWidth \"1920\"\nr_initialMonitor \"-1\"\nr_irradianceCacheDebug \"0\"\nr_irradianceCacheDebugMaxDistOctree \"16.0\"\nr_irradianceCacheDebugMaxDistSamples \"16.0\"\nr_irradianceCacheDebugMaxSampleRadius \"3.0\"\nr_jitter \"1\"\nr_jointAxisScale \"1.0\"\nr_jointName \"\"\nr_jointNameOffset \"0.00952\"\nr_jointNameScale \"0.02\"\nr_jointSubString \"\"\nr_lensDirtRatio \"1.0\"\nr_lensFlaresRatio \"1.0\"\nr_lightDistanceFadeMultiplier \"1\"\nr_lightmapSamplerDebug \"0\"\nr_lightScattering \"1\"\nr_lightScatteringAnisotropy \"0.5\"\nr_lightScatteringClearBuffers \"0\"\nr_lightScatteringFarPlane \"100.0\"\nr_lightScatteringNearPlane \"0.1\"\nr_lightScatteringQuality \"1\"\nr_lightScatteringQualityCinematic \"0\"\nr_lightScatteringQualityResClamp \"2560\"\nr_lightScatteringTAA \"1\"\nr_lightScatteringTAABlendRatio \"0.05\"\nr_loadingIconSize \"0.07\"\nr_loadingIconSpeed \"0.5\"\nr_lockPickingSample \"0\"\nr_lockView \"0\"\nr_lodAutoGenerateThreshold \"0\"\nr_lodDebugModelsWithLessThanTris \"100000\"\nr_lodDebugModelsWithMoreThanTris \"0\"\nr_lodForce \"-1\"\nr_lodMinVertCount \"50\"\nr_lodModeWidth \"1920\"\nr_lodRender \"1\"\nr_lodScale \"2.25\"\nr_lodSDK \"1\"\nr_lodSkipGen \"2\"\nr_lodSkipOnLargeModelsMaxVerts \"500000\"\nr_lodSkipOnLargeModelsVersionDepCVar \"1\"\nr_logFile \"0\"\nr_logLightTris \"0\"\nr_manifoldMaxDetailWidth \"0.64\"\nr_materialAniso \"4\"\nr_materialAnisoCover \"4\"\nr_materialTypesHash \"-1\"\nr_maxDescriptorSetPoolSize \"196608\"\nr_maxRenderModelSurfaces \"172032\"\nr_maxRenderViews \"1\"\nr_mergeModelSurfaces \"1\"\nr_mergeViewEnable \"0\"\nr_mergeViewHeight \"1080\"\nr_mergeViewWidth \"1920\"\nr_mode \"18\"\nr_modelCompressionMaxMaterialUVError \"0.0003\"\nr_modelCompressionMaxPositionError \"0.01\"\nr_modelSkipLightmapUVGen \"1\"\nr_motionblur \"1\"\nr_motionblurMotionPixelThreshold \"1\"\nr_motionBlurQuality \"1\"\nr_multiSamples \"0\"\nr_nvidiaNoAsyncPostOnHdr \"1\"\nr_nxUseInstalledGlslCompiler \"0\"\nr_opaqueWriteDrawDebugMarkers \"0\"\nr_opticsMaxPixelBlurLimit \"14\"\nr_orbisUseInstalledPsslCompiler \"0\"\nr_particleFadeQualityMultiplier \"1\"\nr_particleMaxParticleLights \"256\"\nr_particleQualityLevel \"3\"\nr_particlesCullByVertexAlpha \"1\"\nr_particlesEmissionScale_FarDist \"66.675\"\nr_particlesEmissionScale_FarScale \"0\"\nr_particlesEmissionScale_ForceDefaultRate \"0\"\nr_particlesEmissionScale_NearDist \"64.77\"\nr_particlesEmissionScale_NearScale \"1\"\nr_particlesLightAtlas \"1\"\nr_particlesLightAtlasDebug \"0\"\nr_particlesLightAtlasHeight \"2048\"\nr_particlesLightAtlasQuality \"1\"\nr_particlesLightAtlasVTSThreashold \"0.02\"\nr_particlesLightAtlasWidth \"2048\"\nr_particlesRecordDynBounds \"0\"\nr_particleTrail_timeStep \"0\"\nr_pbrDebug \"0\"\nr_pbrDebugAlbedoMax \"0\"\nr_pbrDebugAlbedoMetalThreshold \"89\"\nr_pbrDebugAlbedoMin \"0\"\nr_pbrDebugAlbedoMultiplier \"1.0\"\nr_pbrDebugAlbedoNonMetalThreshold \"89\"\nr_pbrDebugFogDensityScale \"1\"\nr_pbrDebugLightingSaturation \"1.0\"\nr_pbrDebugSmoothnessGamma \"1.0\"\nr_pbrDebugSmoothnessMultiplier \"1.0\"\nr_perfImageStreamingBudget \"1300\"\nr_perfImageStreamingList \"0\"\nr_perfImageStreamingStandardized \"1\"\nr_perfSaveFile \"PerfStats.txt\"\nr_perfSaveStatsToFile \"0\"\nr_physicalDeviceIndex \"-1\"\nr_physicalPagesAspectRatio \"1.0\"\nr_pickupItemsSaturation \"1\"\nr_printDebugOverlayToConsole \"0\"\nr_printHotPatchWarnings \"0\"\nr_queryThreshold \"4\"\nr_refractionForceRefreshThreshold \"7\"\nr_refractionMaskMode \"1\"\nr_refractionMaxUpdates \"2\"\nr_refractionTAA \"1\"\nr_refractionTAABlendRatio \"0.15\"\nr_refractionUpdatesDebug \"0\"\nr_remapStaticModelSurfaces \"0\"\nr_renderGatherDecalsGranularity \"16\"\nr_renderGatherDynamicModelsGranularity \"4\"\nr_renderGatherMode \"0\"\nr_renderGatherStaticModelsGranularity \"512\"\nr_renderGatherWorldAreaGranularity \"64\"\nr_renderMode \"0\"\nr_renderProgGenLogAttributeMismatches \"0\"\nr_renderThreadStackSizeKB \"4194304\"\nr_ribbonForceFrame \"-1\"\nr_runCpuSystemsOnGpu \"0\"\nr_saturation \"1.0\"\nr_sb_deferredNormalBiasScale \"0.04\"\nr_sb_deferredNormalBiasScaleMax \"10\"\nr_sb_depthBias \"1\"\nr_sb_depthOffset \"0.002\"\nr_sb_occluderFacing \"0\"\nr_sb_parallelDepthBias \"0.01\"\nr_sb_parallelSlopeScaleDepthBias \"2.5\"\nr_sb_playerShadowShrink \"0.5\"\nr_sb_sliceRampScale \"10\"\nr_sb_sliceStep \"512\"\nr_sb_slopeScaleDepthBias \"2.5\"\nr_shaderLimits_blendedSurfaces_numLateAlloc \"0\"\nr_shaderLimits_blendedSurfaces_numPS \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_blendedSurfaces_numVS \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_blendedSurfaces_VSLockThreshold \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_computeGeoDecals_maxOccupancyCS \"0.4\"\nr_shaderLimits_computeSkin_maxOccupancyCS \"0.4\"\nr_shaderLimits_downsampleDepth_maxOccupancyCS \"0.1\"\nr_shaderLimits_geomCacheDefrag_maxOccupancyCS \"0.1\"\nr_shaderLimits_geomCacheInterpolate_maxOccupancyCS \"0.4\"\nr_shaderLimits_geomCacheUpload_maxOccupancyCS \"0.1\"\nr_shaderLimits_postProcess_AsyncClears_maxOccupancyCS \"0.1\"\nr_shaderLimits_postProcess_AutoExposure_maxOccupancyCS \"0.4\"\nr_shaderLimits_postProcess_Blur_maxOccupancyCS \"0.4\"\nr_shaderLimits_postProcess_Downsample_maxOccupancyCS \"0.1\"\nr_shaderLimits_postProcess_MotionBlur_maxOccupancyCS \"0.4\"\nr_shaderLimits_postProcess_ToneMap_maxOccupancyCS \"0.4\"\nr_shaderLimits_postProcess_TSSAA_maxOccupancyCS \"0.6\"\nr_shaderLimits_postProcess_Upsample_maxOccupancyCS \"0.4\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_dynamicModels_numLateAlloc \"32\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_dynamicModels_numPS \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_dynamicModels_numVS \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_dynamicModels_PSLockThreshold \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_dynamicModels_VSLockThreshold \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_notMerged_numLateAlloc \"32\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_notMerged_numPS \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_notMerged_numVS \"2\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_notMerged_PSLockThreshold \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_notMerged_VSLockThreshold \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_viewModels_numLateAlloc \"32\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_viewModels_numPS \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_viewModels_numVS \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_viewModels_PSLockThreshold \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_viewModels_VSLockThreshold \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_world_numLateAlloc \"10\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_world_numPS \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_world_numVS \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_world_PSLockThreshold \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_renderOpaque_world_VSLockThreshold \"-1\"\nr_shaderLimits_shadowCopy_numPS \"1\"\nr_shaderLimits_shadowCopy_numVS \"1\"\nr_shadowActivityPause \"0\"\nr_shadowAssumeNumTriDynamic \"256\"\nr_shadowAssumeNumTriStatic \"256\"\nr_shadowAtlasHeight \"8192\"\nr_shadowAtlasTileSize \"2048\"\nr_shadowAtlasWidth \"8192\"\nr_shadowCacheFmt \"0\"\nr_shadowCacheHalfPrecision \"0\"\nr_shadowCacheWeldVertices \"1\"\nr_shadowDebugSlice \"0\"\nr_shadowDirtyWarningTreshold \"1000000\"\nr_shadowFadeRangeAdd \"0.0\"\nr_shadowFadeRangeScale \"1.0\"\nr_shadowFitDepthToCasterBounds \"0\"\nr_shadowForceDynLights \"1\"\nr_shadowHardLimitPixels \"262144\"\nr_shadowHardLimitTriangles \"65536\"\nr_shadowJitter \"0\"\nr_shadowJitterDebugScale \"1.0\"\nr_shadowKeepStaticMipsMask \"24\"\nr_shadowLODAdjustThreshold \"0.2\"\nr_shadowLodBias \"0\"\nr_shadowLodForceValue \"-1\"\nr_shadowLODProjectionSizeFactor \"0.08\"\nr_shadowMaxStaleFrames \"0,0,1,2,2\"\nr_shadowMinMipLevel \"0\"\nr_shadowMinStaticMip \"3\"\nr_shadowNumAccurateSunSlices \"1\"\nr_shadowOcclusionMinRadius \"9.7536\"\nr_shadowParallelCompositeAllEntitiesMaxSlice \"-1\"\nr_shadowParallelMaxStaleFrames \"0,0,1,2\"\nr_shadowParallelMoveMargin \"0.5\"\nr_shadowParallelSkipDynamicModelsFromSlice \"-1\"\nr_shadowPlayerCullRadius \"0.6096\"\nr_shadowPlayerCullSlice \"1\"\nr_shadowPlayerLOD \"1\"\nr_shadowPlayerMaxStaleFrames \"0\"\nr_shadowRestrictGeomCachesToSun \"0\"\nr_shadowsDebugForceEnabling \"0\"\nr_shadowsDistanceFadeMultiplier \"2\"\nr_shadowSkipSliceViewCull \"0\"\nr_shadowSlayerGatesAccurateSlices \"2\"\nr_shadowSoftLimitPixels \"262144\"\nr_shadowSoftLimitTriangles \"6144\"\nr_shadowsSunCascadesRadius \"8192.0\"\nr_shadowStaticMipTriThresholds \"-1,10,8,4,2\"\nr_shadowStaticMode \"1\"\nr_shadowStats \"0\"\nr_shadowTopOffenders \"0\"\nr_shadowUpdateDynamicOnly \"1\"\nr_shadowUseClearAttachment \"1\"\nr_shadowUseStaticGeometry \"1\"\nr_shadowUseTileBinningVisibility \"1\"\nr_shadowUseTriangleAndPixelLimits \"1\"\nr_sharpening \"1.99\"\nr_showAmbientProbeDistanceToCamera \"1.0f\"\nr_showAmbientProbes \"0\"\nr_showAutoNavModel \"0\"\nr_showBuffers \"0\"\nr_showCommits \"0\"\nr_showCracks \"0\"\nr_showCurvature \"0\"\nr_showDebugCounters \"0\"\nr_showDebugTools \"1\"\nr_showDecalsByExpense \"0\"\nr_showDecalsByExpenseCount \"8\"\nr_showDecalsByExpenseSensitivity \"16\"\nr_showDecalsByExpenseTextScale \"2.5\"\nr_showDegenerateTexelDensities \"0\"\nr_showDeltaStats \"0\"\nr_showDepth \"0\"\nr_showDestinationAlpha \"0\"\nr_showDrawColor \"1 1 1 0.4\"\nr_showDuplicateTriangles \"0\"\nr_showDynamic \"0\"\nr_showDynamicLighting \"0\"\nr_showDynamicLightingSingleModel \"-1\"\nr_showEdges \"0\"\nr_showEmitterVelDebug \"0\"\nr_showEnvironmentProbeDistanceToCamera \"0.5f\"\nr_showEnvironmentProbes \"0\"\nr_showEnvs \"0\"\nr_showExpandedWorld \"0\"\nr_showGeomCacheDebug \"0\"\nr_showGeoProbes \"0\"\nr_showGuiOverdraw \"0\"\nr_showGuiTris \"0\"\nr_showHeightmapVolumes \"0\"\nr_showInstanceLightmap \"0\"\nr_showInstanceLightmapDebugTexel \"0\"\nr_showInstanceLightmapDirectionalComponent \"0\"\nr_showInstanceLightmapExposure \"1.0\"\nr_showInstanceLightmapMesh \"0\"\nr_showInstanceLightmapResolutions \"0\"\nr_showInstanceLightmapSize \"0.6\"\nr_showIntensity \"0\"\nr_showKdTreeBounds \"0\"\nr_showLightCenter \"0\"\nr_showLightInfo \"-1\"\nr_showLightMeter \"0\"\nr_showLightOcclusion \"0\"\nr_showLightOcclusionSlice \"0\"\nr_showLightRelinkDirty \"0\"\nr_showLights \"0\"\nr_showLightsByExpense \"0\"\nr_showLightsByExpenseSensitivity \"16\"\nr_showLightsMode \"0\"\nr_showLightSpecific \"\"\nr_showLightsSSMax \"65536\"\nr_showLightsSSMin \"0\"\nr_showLods \"0\"\nr_showMagnifier \"0\"\nr_showManifolds \"0\"\nr_showModelGroupMasters \"0\"\nr_showModels \"0\"\nr_showNavPortals \"1\"\nr_showNavVolumes \"1\"\nr_showNavVoxels \"1\"\nr_showNoDrawSurfaceInfo \"0\"\nr_showNonTwoManifoldEdges \"0\"\nr_showNormals \"0\"\nr_showOcclusionBaseModel \"0\"\nr_showOcclusionBoxes \"0\"\nr_showParms \"0\"\nr_showParticleBounds \"0\"\nr_showParticleDistVol \"0\"\nr_showParticleInfo \"0\"\nr_showParticleVectorFields \"0\"\nr_showPBRDebugSpheres \"0\"\nr_showPBRDebugSpheresAlbedo \"0.5f\"\nr_showPBRDebugSpheresDistanceToCamera \"1.0f\"\nr_showPBRDebugSpheresSmoothness \"0.0f\"\nr_showPBRDebugSpheresSpecular \"0.0f\"\nr_showPIDInTitle \"0\"\nr_showPixelGeoDecal \"0\"\nr_showPixelLights \"0\"\nr_showPortalFrustums \"0\"\nr_showPortals \"0\"\nr_showPrefetchPoints \"0\"\nr_showPrimitives \"0\"\nr_showPVS \"0\"\nr_showQueries \"0\"\nr_showReferenceUpdates \"0\"\nr_showRefPose \"0\"\nr_showRenderLog \"0\"\nr_showRenderPerformanceData \"0\"\nr_showRuler \"0\"\nr_showScreenShotTool \"0\"\nr_showShadowActivity \"0\"\nr_showShadowCache \"0\"\nr_showShadows \"0\"\nr_showShadowSliceViewCull \"0\"\nr_showShadowsSlice \"-1\"\nr_showSkel \"0\"\nr_showSpecularTriangles \"0\"\nr_showStats \"0\"\nr_showStreamPrefetches \"0\"\nr_showSurfaceBounds \"0\"\nr_showSurfaceInfo \"0\"\nr_showSurfaceInfoMode \"1\"\nr_showTangentSpace \"0\"\nr_showTexLods \"0\"\nr_showTextureDistortion \"0\"\nr_showTextureIslands \"0\"\nr_showTexturePolarity \"0\"\nr_showTextureSpace \"0\"\nr_showTextureValues \"0\"\nr_showTJunctions \"0\"\nr_showTotalSurfaceArea \"0\"\nr_showTrace \"0\"\nr_showTraceWorld \"0\"\nr_showTriangleInfo \"0\"\nr_showTris \"0\"\nr_showTwoSided \"0\"\nr_showUmbraStats \"0\"\nr_showUmbraStats2 \"0\"\nr_showVertexColor \"0\"\nr_showVertexInfo \"0\"\nr_showViewBookmarks \"0\"\nr_showViewVolumes \"0\"\nr_showVisBlockers \"0\"\nr_showVisGates \"0\"\nr_showVoxels \"0\"\nr_showWorldAreaBounds \"0\"\nr_singleFlareModel \"-1\"\nr_singleGuiSurface \"-1\"\nr_singleLight \"-1\"\nr_singleModel \"-1\"\nr_singleSurface \"-1\"\nr_singleTriangle \"0\"\nr_singleWorldArea \"-1\"\nr_skipAddAlways \"0\"\nr_skipAfterPostProcessSurfaces \"0\"\nr_skipAllModels \"0\"\nr_skipAlphatestModelSurfaces \"0\"\nr_skipAnalyze \"0\"\nr_skipAreaCPUCulling \"0\"\nr_skipAreaGPUCulling \"0\"\nr_skipAugment \"0\"\nr_skipBeams \"0\"\nr_skipBlendedSurfaces \"0\"\nr_skipCollisionGeoGeneration \"0\"\nr_skipCommits \"0\"\nr_skipDecalCulling \"0\"\nr_skipDecals \"0\"\nr_skipDepthFixupSurfaces \"0\"\nr_skipDetailTris \"0\"\nr_skipDistortionSurfaces \"0\"\nr_skipDynamicModelGather \"0\"\nr_skipEffectParticles \"0\"\nr_skipFeedbackCapture \"0\"\nr_skipFlareCulling \"0\"\nr_skipFlares \"0\"\nr_skipFog \"0\"\nr_skipGeoBlendSurfaces \"0\"\nr_skipGeoDecalProjectionCompute \"0\"\nr_skipGeoDecals \"0\"\nr_skipGeomCacheModels \"0\"\nr_skipGPUParticles \"0\"\nr_skipGPUTriangleCulling \"0\"\nr_skipGuis \"0\"\nr_skipImageDiscards \"0\"\nr_skipInGameGuis \"0\"\nr_skipLightCPUCulling \"0\"\nr_skipLightGPUCulling \"0\"\nr_skipLightRangeCulling \"0\"\nr_skipLights \"0\"\nr_skipMaterialBlending \"0\"\nr_skipMergedDraws \"0\"\nr_skipMergedGeoDecals \"0\"\nr_skipMergeMeshes \"0\"\nr_skipModelCPUCulling \"0\"\nr_skipModelGPUCulling \"0\"\nr_skipModelRangeCulling \"0\"\nr_skipModels \"0\"\nr_skipMultipleMaterialErrors \"1\"\nr_skipNodeCPUCulling \"0\"\nr_skipNodeGPUCulling \"0\"\nr_skipOcclusionSurfaces \"0\"\nr_skipOpaqueSurfaces \"0\"\nr_skipParallelLights \"0\"\nr_skipParticles \"0\"\nr_skipParticlesSurfaceSpawn \"0\"\nr_skipPlayerShadow \"0\"\nr_skipPointLights \"0\"\nr_skipPostProcess \"0\"\nr_skipRenderSetupTiles \"0\"\nr_skipRenderTools \"0\"\nr_skipRibbons \"0\"\nr_skipShadowDirtyTag \"0\"\nr_skipShadowMipFlickerLimit \"0\"\nr_skipShadowModelCPUCulling \"0\"\nr_skipShadowModelOcclusionCulling \"0\"\nr_skipShadowModelSort \"0\"\nr_skipShadowParallelTickOffset \"0\"\nr_skipShadows \"0\"\nr_skipShadowSurfaceCPUCulling \"0\"\nr_skipShadowSurfaceOcclusionCulling \"1\"\nr_skipShadowThrottle \"0\"\nr_skipSkinnedModels \"0\"\nr_skipSpotLights \"0\"\nr_skipStaticModelGather \"0\"\nr_skipSuppress \"0\"\nr_skipSurfaceCPUCulling \"0\"\nr_skipTracers \"0\"\nr_skipTransparentDepthSort \"0\"\nr_skipUmbraStaticModelCulling \"0\"\nr_skipUpdateInView \"0\"\nr_skipViewParms \"0\"\nr_skipWatermark \"1\"\nr_skipWorld \"0\"\nr_skipWorldEditorSurfaces \"0\"\nr_skipWorldViews \"0\"\nr_skyLighting \"1\"\nr_skyLightingLut \"1\"\nr_skyLightingLutResolutionAngleLatitude \"128\"\nr_skyLightingLutResolutionAngleLongitude \"32\"\nr_skyLightingLutResolutionDistance \"32\"\nr_sleep \"0\"\nr_slopNormal \"0.0001\"\nr_slopTexCoord \"0.0001\"\nr_slopVertex \"0.00019\"\nr_slowMapWorldAmbient \"0\"\nr_sortDecalsByDepth \"1\"\nr_splitVerticesOnTangents \"0\"\nr_SSDO \"1\"\nr_SSDODiffuseOcclusion \"2.0\"\nr_SSDOEdgeSharping \"2.0\"\nr_SSDONormalBias \"0.0\"\nr_SSDOQuality \"2\"\nr_SSDORadius \"0.7\"\nr_SSDOSpecularOcclusion \"4.0\"\nr_SSDOTemporalAA \"1\"\nr_SSDOTemporalAABilateralDepthK \"1000.0\"\nr_SSDOTemporalAABlendRatio \"0.3\"\nr_SSDOTemporalAAScaleLuminanceK \"4.0\"\nr_SSDOTemporalAAVarianceScaleAABB \"0.75\"\nr_SSR \"1\"\nr_SSRMinSmoothness \"0.58\"\nr_SSRQuality \"1\"\nr_staticModelTriStrips \"0\"\nr_staticModelUnwrapper \"2\"\nr_staticShadowsAllowStaleCaches \"1\"\nr_staticShadowsCullWithTraceWorld \"1\"\nr_staticShadowsCullWithTraceWorldSubDivStep \"0.05\"\nr_staticShadowsCullWithUmbra \"1\"\nr_staticShadowsMaxAlphaVertices \"1048576\"\nr_staticShadowsMaxOpaqueVertices \"33554432\"\nr_staticShadowsMaxRaysPerTri \"10000\"\nr_staticShadowUseLods \"1\"\nr_staticShadowUseTriangleStrips \"1\"\nr_staticTransparencyFadeMaxDist \"39.0144\"\nr_staticTransparencyFadeStartDist \"19.5072\"\nr_streamPrefetchHorizonMeters \"20\"\nr_streamPrefetchPointDeduplicateDistance \"2\"\nr_streamPrefetchPointMaximumViewScale \"0.5\"\nr_streamPrefetchPointMinimumViewScale \"0.0625\"\nr_streamStaticModels \"1\"\nr_streamTransferLocalCopies \"1\"\nr_stripFragmentBranches \"1\"\nr_swapInterval \"2\"\nr_syncEveryFrame \"0\"\nr_TAAAntiGhosting \"1\"\nr_TAABlendRatio \"0.03\"\nr_TAAClearAccumulationBuffer \"0\"\nr_TAALowPassResolveFilter \"10\"\nr_TAALowPassSharpening \"1.0\"\nr_taaNegativeLodBias \"1\"\nr_TAANumSubSamples \"32\"\nr_TAAResolveFilter \"3\"\nr_TAASafeMode \"0\"\nr_TAAScaleVelocityK \"0.05\"\nr_TAASharpening \"1.0\"\nr_TAATransparentsK \"0.1\"\nr_TAAVarianceScaleAABB \"1.25\"\nr_takingScreenshot \"0\"\nr_testAutosprites \"0\"\nr_testGamma \"0\"\nr_testGammaBias \"0\"\nr_testImageDebugDepthScale \"0\"\nr_testImageIntensity \"1.0\"\nr_testImageLayer \"0\"\nr_testImageOffsetX \"0\"\nr_testImageOffsetY \"0\"\nr_testImageScale \"0.75\"\nr_testMegaTexture \"0\"\nr_testMorphMaps \"0\"\nr_testNewPVS \"0\"\nr_testRecordedViewPositions \"0\"\nr_testTextureReconstruct \"0\"\nr_testVMTR \"0\"\nr_testVMTRLod \"0\"\nr_textureLodBias \"0\"\nr_threadedCommit \"1\"\nr_threadedRenderGui \"0\"\nr_threadedUpdateInView \"1\"\nr_tileBinningUseIndirect \"1\"\nr_toneMap \"1\"\nr_transparencyEnableRefractionMask \"0\"\nr_transparencyProfileModels \"0\"\nr_transparencyShowSurfaces \"0\"\nr_umbraAccurateOcclusionThreshold \"100\"\nr_umbraAccurateOcclusionThresholdStep \"0.9\"\nr_umbraAdaptiveOcclusionThreshold \"1\"\nr_umbraAdaptiveOcclusionThresholdMsec \"12.0\"\nr_umbraAddNavModelToScene \"0\"\nr_umbraAudioMaxDistance \"250.0\"\nr_umbraBackfaceLimit \"25.0\"\nr_umbraBuildTomeForSlowmap \"0\"\nr_umbraCheckViewPosition \"0\"\nr_umbraDebug_showCurrentViewCell \"0\"\nr_umbraDebug_showPortalsTraversed \"0\"\nr_umbraDebug_showStats \"0\"\nr_umbraDebug_showViewFrustum \"0\"\nr_umbraDebug_showVisibilityLines \"0\"\nr_umbraDebug_showVisibleObjectBounds \"0\"\nr_umbraDebug_showVisibleVolume \"0\"\nr_umbraDebugAdaptiveOcclusionThreshold \"0\"\nr_umbraForceRemapTable \"0\"\nr_umbraJobKickoff \"2\"\nr_umbraJobsPerWorker \"4\"\nr_umbraMaxAccurateOcclusionThreshold \"100\"\nr_umbraMaxJobCount \"16\"\nr_umbraMaxShadowQueriesInvisible \"1\"\nr_umbraMaxShadowQueriesVisible \"6\"\nr_umbraMinAccurateOcclusionThreshold \"10\"\nr_umbraOverrideSmallestHole \"0.0\"\nr_umbraOverrideSmallestOccluder \"0.0\"\nr_umbraShowOcclusionBuffer \"0\"\nr_umbraShowShadowJobs \"0\"\nr_umbraSkipLocalLightQuery \"1\"\nr_umbraSmallestHole \"0.15\"\nr_umbraSmallestHoleAudio \"0.25\"\nr_umbraSmallestOccluder \"2.0\"\nr_umbraTempPath \"\"\nr_umbraTiming \"0\"\nr_umbraUsePlayerData \"0\"\nr_umbraYieldToCollisionJobs \"0\"\nr_useAnimBlendJobs \"1\"\nr_useComputeSkinning \"1\"\nr_useCubeMapSeamless \"1\"\nr_useDistanceFont \"1\"\nr_useDrawJointBuffers \"1\"\nr_useDynamicEnvironment \"1\"\nr_useDynamicLightingJobs \"1\"\nr_useFastClusterMapping \"1\"\nr_useFullScreenExclusive \"1\"\nr_useHardwareTextures \"0\"\nr_useKdPartitioning \"1\"\nr_useNewDepthDownscale \"1\"\nr_useParticleGenJobs \"1\"\nr_usePBOTextureFeedback \"1\"\nr_usePosedVisibilityCheck \"1\"\nr_useRenderJobs \"1\"\nr_useSMP \"1\"\nr_useStateCaching \"1\"\nr_useStaticTransparencyGenJobs \"1\"\nr_useUmbraCulling \"1\"\nr_useUmbraSubspaceOcclusion \"2\"\nr_validateAsyncComputeImagePipelineStates \"0\"\nr_validateRenderProgs \"1\"\nr_viewDescriptorSetHash \"0\"\nr_vignette \"1\"\nr_waitForQuery \"1\"\nr_water \"1\"\nr_waterAddFogVolumes \"0\"\nr_waterCaustics \"1\"\nr_waterCausticsGridVertsScale \"0\"\nr_waterCausticsResolution \"1024\"\nr_waterDisplacementCapture \"0\"\nr_waterDisplacementDebug \"0\"\nr_waterGridDebug \"0\"\nr_waterGridDepthResolution \"256\"\nr_waterGridOffsetFov \"7.5\"\nr_waterGridResolution \"256\"\nr_waterGridTAA \"1\"\nr_waterGridUseModifiedViewMatrix \"0\"\nr_waterHalfRes \"1\"\nr_waterHitsSim \"1\"\nr_waterHitsSimResolution \"512\"\nr_waterInterleaveUpdates \"1\"\nr_waterLodViewDistance \"16\"\nr_waterNormalsAnisoFilter \"4.0\"\nr_waterPostProcess \"1\"\nr_waterQualityFFT \"1\"\nr_waterReflections \"1\"\nr_waterReflectionsTAA \"1\"\nr_waterUpdateFFT \"1\"\nr_waterUpdateGridVerts \"1\"\nr_windowHeight \"0\"\nr_windowPosX \"8\"\nr_windowPosY \"31\"\nr_windowWidth \"0\"\nr_worldGeometryDefragBackgroundLimitCount \"16\"\nr_worldGeometryDefragBackgroundLimitKB \"512\"\nr_worldGeometryDefragGeomCacheLimitCount \"16\"\nr_worldGeometryDefragGeomCacheLimitMB \"2\"\nr_worldGeometryDefragLimitCount \"64\"\nr_worldGeometryDefragLimitMB \"8\"\nr_worldGeometryDefragReserveMB \"8\"\nr_worldGeometryDefragTimeout \"100\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerCSSkinBufferSize \"491520\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerCSSkinBufferSizeGeoDecals \"32768\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerDefrag \"1\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerGeomCacheDefrag \"1\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerGeomCachePoolMaxAllocs \"16\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerGeomCachePoolSize \"48\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerGeomCacheStagingSize \"3072\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerGeomCacheSurfaceDataStagingSize \"1600\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerHeadroomMB \"16\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerPoolAllocateInCPU \"0\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerPoolCapacity \"672\"\nr_worldGeometryManagerPoolSize \"672\"\nr_worldGeometryVertexPaintMaxVerts \"20\"\nr_worldJointsManagerMaxJointAllocs \"16384\"\nr_worldJointsManagerMaxJoints \"1000000\"\nr_woundManagerDebug \"0\"\nr_woundManagerMaxVerts \"4096\"\nr_zfar \"8192\"\nr_znear \"0.06\"\nr_znearOverride \"0.0\"\nradMeter_Debug \"0\"\nradMeter_DecreasesByDamage \"1\"\nradMeter_Enable \"1\"\nresource_bootVideo \"video\\boot_sequence\\Boot_Sequence.bk2\"\nresource_combineParmVariantsInCooked \"1\"\nresource_convertMaterialsOnInit \"0\"\nresource_debugLevel \"0\"\nresource_debugPersistHeap \"0\"\nresource_defaultedResourceIsStaleOnFirstLoad \"0\"\nresource_diskStreamingAllowChunkReloads \"0\"\nresource_diskStreamingBufferSize \"8\"\nresource_diskStreamingMaxBuffers \"16\"\nresource_diskStreamingPageSize \"64\"\nresource_diskStreamingReadAheadHysterisis \"2\"\nresource_errorInGame \"0\"\nresource_errorOnResolveFailure \"1\"\nresource_forceWaitForInput \"0\"\nresource_ignoreLayers \"1\"\nresource_loadMostRecent \"0\"\nresource_loadTimeTimeout \"50\"\nresource_normalizedDeclHashes \"1\"\nresource_outPath \"\"\nresource_parallelGenerate \"1\"\nresource_prefetchCatchupTimeout \"20\"\nresource_printCookedUse \"0\"\nresource_printMatchingId \"\"\nresource_progressVideo \"video\\counter_SP.bik\"\nresource_restartVideo \"video\\FireSmokeBGboot.bik\"\nresource_showLoads \"0\"\nresource_showLocalized \"0\"\nresource_showResourceLoadWarnings \"0\"\nresource_showStaleReloads \"0\"\nresource_spamDeclNotFound \"0\"\nresource_spamLoads \"0\"\nresource_staleCheckAndGenerateAllVariations \"0\"\nresource_trackLoadTimes \"0\"\nresource_trackResourceUseDate \"0\"\nresource_useCooked \"1\"\nresource_useCookedNameFilter \"\"\nresource_useCookedTypeFilter \"\"\nresource_usePersistHeap \"1\"\nresource_useResourceBuildPackage \"0\"\nresource_useResourceStorageStreamer \"1\"\nresource_warnOnGenerationFail \"1\"\nresource_warnOnLoad \"\"\nresource_writePreloadModels \"0\"\nresourceStorage_checkDataCheckSum \"1\"\nresourceStorage_clearContainerGenerationTimestamp \"0\"\nresourceStorage_compressionEnabled \"1\"\nresourceStorage_printOnLoadedWithoutStreamer \"0\"\nresourceStorage_printStaleReasons \"1\"\nresourceStorage_printWriteBinary \"1\"\nresourceStorage_segmentContainers \"0\"\nresourceStorage_segmentContainersSize \"-1\"\nresourceStorage_useStreamingDecompressionForLargeFiles \"1\"\nresourceStorage_validateDeclHashes \"0\"\nrevenant_airTimeForMedal \"1500\"\nrevenant_barrageTargetFudge \"0.05f\"\nrevenant_forceWeakenedState \"0\"\nrevenant_handsChannelBlendMs \"200\"\nrevenant_infiniteBarrage \"0\"\nrevenant_infiniteJetpack \"0\"\nrevenant_jetpackDebug \"0\"\nrevenant_jetpackLaunchBoost \"0\"\nrevenant_minAmountOfTimeFloatingInTheAir \"70000\"\nrevenant_trailFXMaxTime \"4000\"\nrevenant_trailFXMinStepDist \"1.143\"\nrevenant_weakStateAccumDamage \"15.0f\"\nrevenant_weakStateClearDamageTime \"4000\"\nrevenant_weakStateDisableTime \"6000\"\nribbon_distanceFade \"1\"\nribbon_maxNumSimPoints \"8000\"\nribbon_showStats \"0\"\nrig_draw \"0\"\nrig_enableIK \"1\"\nrig_enablePostPoseConstraints \"1\"\nrig_ikHistoryContactIndex \"-1\"\nrig_showIKDebug \"0\"\nrig_skip \"0\"\nrs_debug \"0\"\nrs_debugVelocity \"0.1\"\nrs_debugView \"0\"\nrs_display \"0\"\nrs_dropFraction \"0.1\"\nrs_dropMilliseconds \"16.5\"\nrs_enable \"1\"\nrs_forceResolution \"0\"\nrs_minimumResolutionScale \"0.5\"\nrs_raiseFraction \"0.03\"\nrs_raiseFrames \"5\"\nrs_raiseMilliseconds \"15.833332\"\nrs_showResolutionChanges \"0\"\nrs_systemFrameTime \"0.1\"\nrtcp_verbose \"0\"\nrtp_verbose \"0\"\nrumble_debug \"0\"\nrumble_leftRightTriggerScale \"1.0\"\nrumble_screenShakeToRumbleMultiplier \"5.0\"\nrune_cinematicsEnabled \"0\"\nrune_codexdelayMS \"3100\"\nrune_free_ammo_works_on_mod_swap \"1\"\nrune_health_as_ammo_let_you_kill_yourself \"0\"\nrune_page_distanceBetweenGridAndScrollBar \"10.0f\"\nrune_page_distanceBetweenItems \"-120.0f\"\nrune_page_distanceBetweenItemsVertical \"-10.0f\"\nrune_selectDelay \"500\"\nrunes_autoequip \"0\"\nruntimeConfig_bootstrap_localEncryptedFileName \"rcbootstrap.bin\"\nruntimeConfig_bootstrap_localFileName \"rcbootstrap.json\"\nruntimeConfig_gameServerTargetServiceTag \"\"\nruntimeConfig_httpRoot \"\"\nruntimeConfig_maxAge \"60\"\nruntimeConfig_tag \"\"\ns_bankManagerThreadStackSizeKB \"256\"\ns_color_directPath \"0 0 255\"\ns_color_directPathBlocked \"0 0 102\"\ns_color_indirectPath \"192 192 192\"\ns_color_noPath \"192 64 0\"\ns_commandQueueSizeKB \"20\"\ns_communicationPoolSizeKB \"256\"\ns_debug \"0\"\ns_debugBreakOnWwiseError \"0\"\ns_debugMarkSoundEntitiesTemporary \"1\"\ns_debugObjectForceNonVirtual \"0\"\ns_debugObjectMinDistanceFromListener \"1\"\ns_debugObjectOffset \"1.0\"\ns_debugObjectShowAttenuation \"0\"\ns_debugObjectShowID \"0\"\ns_debugObjectShowName \"1\"\ns_debugObjectShowStacks \"0\"\ns_debugObjectShowVirtual \"0\"\ns_debugObjectShowWorldID \"0\"\ns_debugPrintOutputRMS \"0\"\ns_debugStates \"0\"\ns_defaultPoolSizeMB \"9\"\ns_forceSoundChannelAny \"1\"\ns_frameSize \"512\"\ns_localSoundbanks \"0\"\ns_lockListener \"0\"\ns_lowerEnginePoolSizeMB \"4\"\ns_lowerEngineThreadStackSizeKB \"512\"\ns_maxPatchRedeliveryPerContainerGroup \"16\"\ns_memoryMgrNumPools \"15\"\ns_metaDataWwiseProjectName \"ghost.wproj\"\ns_metaDataWwiseProjectPath \"sound/ghost/\"\ns_monitorPoolSizeKB \"256\"\ns_monitorQueueSizeKB \"64\"\ns_monitorThreadStackSizeKB \"256\"\ns_noMusic \"0\"\ns_noSound \"0\"\ns_objectMaxNonVirtual \"35\"\ns_objectReturnFromVirtualFadeInDuration \"300\"\ns_objectSeekOnEventThreshold \"0.1\"\ns_objectVirtualizationDistanceScale \"1.1\"\ns_occlusionMaxPathRadiusScalar \"1.5\"\ns_panningRule \"0\"\ns_patchContainerRewriteValidFraction \"0.2\"\ns_pathToSoundbanksInfo \"sound/soundbanks/SoundbanksInfo.xml\"\ns_pathToSoundMetaData \"soundmetadata.bin\"\ns_playSoundInBackground \"1\"\ns_previewTime \"3\"\ns_refills \"3\"\ns_showOcclusionTiming \"0\"\ns_showPaths \"0\"\ns_showPortals \"0\"\ns_skip2DOcclusion \"1\"\ns_skipCallbackWarnings \"0\"\ns_skipOcclusion \"0\"\ns_soundpack_classic_doomguy_sounds \"0\"\ns_streamDeviceContainerGranularityKB \"16\"\ns_streamDeviceContainerMaxConcurrentTransfers \"512\"\ns_streamDeviceContainerMemoryAlignmentKB \"4\"\ns_streamDeviceContainerMemorySizeMB \"32\"\ns_streamDeviceContainerTargetBufferLengthMS \"64.002\"\ns_streamDeviceDefaultGranularityKB \"128\"\ns_streamDeviceDefaultMaxConcurrentTransfers \"32\"\ns_streamDeviceDefaultMemoryAlignmentKB \"4\"\ns_streamDeviceDefaultMemorySizeLocalSoundBanksMB \"1000\"\ns_streamDeviceDefaultMemorySizePerforceSoundBanksMB \"8\"\ns_streamDeviceDefaultTargetBufferLengthMS \"380\"\ns_streamMgrSizeKB \"1024\"\ns_turretDebugMuzzle \"0\"\ns_turretTurnScale \"0.4\"\ns_useOldOcclusion \"0\"\ns_voiceLinesMaxConcurrency \"1\"\ns_voiceLinesMaxEventInstances \"3\"\ns_volume \"1\"\ns_volume_midi \"8\"\ns_volume_sound \"8\"\ns_volumeFadeDistance \"3\"\ns_volumeMusic \"1\"\ns_volumesDebug \"0\"\ns_volumeSFX \"1\"\ns_volumeViewDistance \"250.0\"\ns_volumeVO \"1\"\ns_watch_numEmitters \"0\"\ns_watch_numPaths \"0\"\ns_watch_numSegments \"0\"\ns_wwiseBuildCoopJobs \"0\"\ns_wwiseFilePackagerProjectName \"master.wfpproj\"\ns_wwiseRemotePort \"24026\"\ns_wwiseSkipLoadingBanks \"0\"\ns_wwiseUpdateJob \"1\"\nsaveGame_enable \"1\"\nsavegame_minRequiredStorage \"-1\"\nsaveGame_PrintStats \"0\"\nsavegame_useDataCollectionJob \"0\"\nsaveGame_verbose \"0\"\nsc_client \"\"\nsc_correctPathCase \"1\"\nsc_maxVerbosity \"0\"\nsc_serverAddress \"idperforce:1666\"\nsc_username \"\"\nscannerBot_debugIOI \"0\"\nscreenfader_enabled \"1\"\nscreenfader_inhibitControlsOnDemon \"1\"\nscreenfader_waitForStreamers \"1\"\nsd_enableCameraAnimation \"1\"\nsdp_verbose \"0\"\nseasonProgressTracker_Enable \"1\"\nsecurity_defaultFlyHackReactThreshold \"12.0\"\nsecurity_defaultFlyHackReportThreshold \"8.0\"\nsetting_battleArena_dedicatedServerType \"0\"\nsettings_customLayout_cascadeEndWaitTime \"1250\"\nsettings_customLayout_cascadeFadeInTime \"600\"\nsettings_customLayout_cascadeFadeOutTime \"600\"\nsettings_customLayout_cascadeInitialWaitTime \"750\"\nsettings_customLayout_cascadeVelocity \"150\"\nsettings_hdr_brightness \"1.000000\"\nsettings_hdr_contrast \"0.500000\"\nsettings_hdr_maxNits \"1000\"\nsettings_hdr_showImageFocusZone \"0\"\nsettings_hdr_showImageSprite \"0\"\nshell_dof \"1\"\nshell_dof_far \"19.5072\"\nshell_dof_focus \"5.715\"\nshell_dof_near \"1.905\"\nshell_fov \"60\"\nshell_loadCustomizationRoomOnLaunch \"0\"\nshell_resetProfileOnNewGame \"0\"\nsi_challengeRespawnSpot \"\"\nsi_checkpointName \"\"\nsi_devInventoryLoadoutOverride \"\"\nsi_nextlayeractive \"\"\nsi_simAllCheckPoints \"0\"\nsi_spawnspot \"player_start\"\nskel_sourceVersionCvar \"2\"\nslowmocam_activateonkill \"0\"\nsm_graph_compressed_limit \"1024\"\nsm_graph_object_priority \"256\"\nsm_graph_object_size \"1014\"\nsm_graph_reliable_io_limit \"4096\"\nsm_graph_total_incoming_limit \"20480\"\nsm_graph_total_outgoing_limit \"20480\"\nsm_graph_uncompressed_limit \"12288\"\nsm_testObstaclePvsMergeFix \"1\"\nsmtp_debug \"0\"\nsmtp_sendAttachments \"1\"\nsnap_weaponDropReuseTimeMS \"3000\"\nsound_enablePlayerKillSounds \"1\"\nsoundBSPBuilderError \"0\"\nsoundEntity_allowJob \"1\"\nspectacle_skip \"0\"\nspectator_allowRotationInThirdPersonView \"1\"\nspectator_canOnlyViewScoreboard \"0\"\nspectator_deadFollowTargetTimeoutSeconds \"3000\"\nspectator_followCameraAbsolutePitch \"60.0\"\nspectator_followCameraInvertPitch \"1\"\nspectator_followCameraInvertYaw \"0\"\nspectator_freeCameraBackOff \"3.0f\"\nsplashdamage_usePositionsInsteadofJoints \"1\"\nspringCam_AlwaysSnap \"0\"\nspringCam_AutoCenterSpringC \"-1\"\nspringCam_AutoCenterSpringK \"150\"\nspringCam_AutoCenterSpringM \"1\"\nspringCam_BlendSpringK \"300\"\nspringCam_ClipTestMovement \"0\"\nspringCam_ConstraintConeDegs \"-1\"\nspringCam_Debug \"0\"\nspringCam_DebugFollowBlendSpring \"0\"\nspringCam_DebugParentInfo \"0\"\nspringCam_DebugTraceBlend \"0\"\nspringCam_DebugTraceStates \"0\"\nspringCam_ForceBlendDurationMS \"-1\"\nspringCam_ForceCalcViewStage \"0\"\nspringCam_ForceFollowBlendMode \"-1\"\nspringCam_ForceLookBlendMode \"-1\"\nspringCam_ForceLookMode \"-1\"\nspringCam_UpdateView \"1\"\nstat_debugAggregation \"0\"\nstatusEffect_clearPreviousOnPickUp \"0\"\nstatusEffect_debugEnable \"0\"\nstatusEffect_lifetimeSec \"0\"\nstereoRender_guiOffset \"0\"\nstereoRender_screenSeparation \"0.00476\"\nstereoRender_separation \"0.02857\"\nstereoRender_swapEyes \"0\"\nstring_forceSystemPool \"1\"\nstunMeter_Debug \"0\"\nstunMeter_Enable \"0\"\nsummoner_debugTeleport \"0\"\nsummoner_teleportClipModelBorderScaler \"1.25\"\nsummoner_teleportClipModelMinBorder \"0.09525\"\nsummoner_teleportQueryStepDown \"0.1905\"\nsummoner_teleportQueryStepUp \"0.1905\"\nsummoner_teleportTargetAimAtOriginMinZ \"-0.25\"\nsummoner_teleportUseStepQuery \"1\"\nsummonManager_SecPerHealthOnDeath \"0.09\"\nsummonManager_SecPerHealthOnSpawn \"0.1\"\nswf_anchorProfile \"1\"\nswf_asianAscender \"8.0\"\nswf_asianIconResize \"0\"\nswf_asianKerningAmount \"1.5\"\nswf_atlasAlignToPowerOfTwo \"1\"\nswf_colorProfile \"0\"\nswf_debug \"0\"\nswf_debugAS \"0\"\nswf_debugInvoke \"0\"\nswf_debugMouseCoords \"0\"\nswf_drawCursorCycleTime \"1000\"\nswf_enableImagePreloading \"1\"\nswf_enableMaterialComponents \"1\"\nswf_enableRuneUIPreloading \"0\"\nswf_enableTweening \"1\"\nswf_fontFauxBoldOffset \"1.0\"\nswf_fontFauxBoldRepeats \"2\"\nswf_fontFauxItalicSlantAngle \"10.0\"\nswf_fontForceFauxBold \"0\"\nswf_fontForceFauxItalic \"0\"\nswf_fontUnderlineGap \"0.1\"\nswf_fontUnderlineThickness \"0.025\"\nswf_forceAlpha \"0\"\nswf_forceSwitchAssets \"0\"\nswf_imageCompressor \"0\"\nswf_loadBinary \"1\"\nswf_logMaterialComponents \"0\"\nswf_logShapeParserWarnings \"0\"\nswf_maxSupportedSWFVersion \"38\"\nswf_parallelScratchBuffers \"1\"\nswf_pauseWorldUIs \"0\"\nswf_platformOverride \"-1\"\nswf_progression_wheel_joyStick_deadTime \"250\"\nswf_purgeUnusedImages \"1\"\nswf_safeFrame \"0.005\"\nswf_saturation \"1.0\"\nswf_scrollBar_minScrollButtonHeight \"130.0f\"\nswf_showRegisterResourceTimes \"0\"\nswf_showSWFNames \"0\"\nswf_skipAltGlyphs \"0\"\nswf_skipFilesMatching \"\"\nswf_skipFilesNotMatching \"\"\nswf_skipIndex \"0\"\nswf_skipRender \"0\"\nswf_skipRenderMask \"0\"\nswf_skipRenderText \"0\"\nswf_skipTooltipIcons \"0\"\nSWF_StatsGUI \"0\"\nswf_stopat \"0\"\nswf_streamMaterials \"1\"\nswf_subtitleEarlyTrans \"3500\"\nswf_subtitleLengthGuess \"10000\"\nswf_textAllowSelection \"1\"\nswf_textMaxInputLength \"512\"\nswf_textParagraphInc \"1.3\"\nswf_textParagraphSpeed \"15\"\nswf_textRndLetterDelay \"100\"\nswf_textRndLetterSpeed \"1\"\nswf_textScrollSpeed \"80\"\nswf_timescale \"1\"\nswf_useFullBlur \"1\"\nswf_useRenderJobs \"1\"\nswf_useSubtitles \"0\"\nswf_wheel_joyStick_deadZone \"0.7f\"\nswf_wheel_joyStick_smoothArrow \"0\"\nswf_wheel_joyStick_smoothFactor \"0.25f\"\nswf_wheel_mouse_centerRadius \"190.0f\"\nswf_wheel_mouse_clampRadius \"200.0f\"\nswf_wheel_mouse_deadZone \"50.0f\"\nswfModel_OrientPeg_OffsetX \"0.012f\"\nswfModel_OrientPeg_OffsetY \"0.01f\"\nswfModel_OrientPeg_OffsetZ \"0.0002f\"\nsync_adjustForWallCollision \"1\"\nsync_allowClipWorldCheck \"0\"\nsync_alwaysChooseAnim \"-1\"\nsync_alwaysSlowMo \"0\"\nsync_autoFOV \"1\"\nsync_autoFOVEndBufferTimeMS \"300\"\nsync_autoFOVLerpTimeMS \"600\"\nsync_autoFOVValue \"90\"\nsync_berserkTriggersAllGloryKills \"1\"\nsync_cleanInteractables \"1\"\nsync_clipPlayerViewRadius \"-1\"\nsync_debug \"0\"\nsync_debug_autoDisconnectInstigator_FrameNumber \"-1\"\nsync_debug_autoDisconnectVictim_FrameNumber \"-1\"\nsync_debug_inputWindows \"0\"\nsync_debug_invulnerability \"0\"\nsync_debug_show_shouldBe2DWarnings \"0\"\nsync_debug_thirdPersonSpeedScale \"0\"\nsync_debug_time \"5000\"\nsync_debugBlockAnimEventsAfterAbort \"0\"\nsync_debugVisualize \"0\"\nsync_debugWeb \"0\"\nsync_disable \"0\"\nsync_drawAiJob \"1\"\nsync_enableAlwaysAllowChainsawGloryKillWithCVar \"1\"\nsync_enableDelayTargetSwap \"1\"\nsync_findIdealLocation \"1\"\nsync_forceBypassPlayerPhysics \"1\"\nsync_ignoreHealth \"0\"\nsync_initialLift \"1.0f\"\nsync_JeffsFOVHottness \"1\"\nsync_JeffsFOVTime \"125\"\nsync_lastEnemyEncounterSlowMo \"0\"\nsync_lastValidMaxTime \"500\"\nsync_lock_LOD0 \"0\"\nsync_markTreeDirty \"1\"\nsync_noAdaptiveTick \"0\"\nsync_noDeltaCorrection \"0\"\nsync_noSlideValidation \"0\"\nsync_onlyAllowedInteractionName \"\"\nsync_optimized \"0\"\nsync_optimized_client \"0\"\nsync_PollingTime \"200\"\nsync_postStartSync \"0\"\nsync_printInteractionAndAnimationName \"0\"\nsync_quickChainsawIgnoreLungeDistValidation \"1\"\nsync_removeChainsawGoreTimeInSeconds \"3\"\nsync_removeTimeInSeconds \"20\"\nsync_semiRandom \"0\"\nsync_serverPlayerLungeDistValidationBuffer \"0.0f\"\nsync_serverValidateFinalAttackerPosition \"1\"\nsync_thinkBeforePlayer \"1\"\nsync_treatUnValidatedFinalAttackerPositionAsSuccess \"1\"\nsync_unittest_dumpDataDuringTest \"0\"\nsync_unittest_dumpDataOnSuccess \"0\"\nsync_unittest_playInteraction \"0\"\nsync_unittest_playInteractionImmediately \"0\"\nsync_UseFocusHistory \"0\"\nsync_useLights \"0\"\nsync_useNoPlayerDeath \"1\"\nsync_useVisualCue \"1\"\nsync_viewFilterFOV \"60.0f\"\nsync_viewFilterFOV_Multi \"30.0f\"\nsync_viewFilterFOV_Single \"60.0f\"\nsync_viewFilterRange_ai \"8.0f\"\nsyncAttack_MaxTracesPerFrame \"8\"\nsyncGUI \"0\"\nsys_installToHDD \"0\"\nsys_lang \"english\"\nsys_langAsian \"0\"\nsys_langOverride \"0\"\nsys_nolang \"0\"\nsys_showInstallProgress \"0\"\nsys_sleepSoftYield \"0\"\ntag_lockon_pulseDuration \"150\"\ntarget_vcLockState \"0\"\ntargeting_allowCaching \"1\"\ntargeting_allowCachingJob \"0\"\ntargeting_chainsawTestDist \"20.0f\"\ntargeting_crucibleDistance \"10.0f\"\ntargeting_debugCaching \"0\"\ntargeting_debugText \"0\"\ntargeting_petersShiz \"1\"\ntargeting_viewBaseDist \"3.8f\"\ntargetStrike_debugBarEnabled \"0\"\ntargetStrike_ignoreWeaponState \"0\"\ntargetWeaponFire_height \"0\"\ntargetWeaponFire_numShots \"0\"\ntargetWeaponFire_shootTime \"0\"\ntargetWeaponFire_showWeaponModel \"0\"\ntcam_animationMenu \"0\"\ntcam_controllerNum \"1\"\ntcam_debugDraw \"0\"\ntcam_dofAdjustment \"0.00571\"\ntcam_hideNameplates \"1\"\ntcam_hidePlayer \"0\"\ntcam_menu \"0\"\ntcam_showButtons \"0\"\ntcam_sprintScale \"3.0f\"\ntcam_targetViewAngle \"0\"\ntcam_thisIsABugScaleRightXAxisForSecondController \"1\"\ntcam_thisIsABugScaleRightYAxisForSecondController \"1\"\ntcam_useTargretView \"0\"\ntelemetry_forgeNetwork \"dallas.id\"\ntelemetry_snapshotBufferSize \"2048\"\ntelemetry_snapshotVerbose \"0\"\ntelemetry_transport \"1\"\ntelemetry_udpMetricPrefixName \"unspecified\"\ntelemetry_udpServer \"\"\ntelemetry_unknownPlayerIDPrefix \"unknown\"\nteleporterFade_debug \"0\"\ntime_clockManagerIdleDelay \"60\"\ntime_clockManagerIdleDetect \"120\"\ntime_clockManagerMaximumTick \"10\"\ntime_debugClockManager \"0\"\ntimescale \"1\"\ntm_blendInTime \"100\"\ntm_joint \"\"\ntm_jointTime \"1\"\ntm_maxLoops \"-1\"\ntm_modifyRenderModel \"0\"\ntm_onGround \"1\"\ntm_pitchOffset \"0\"\ntm_pitchRate \"0\"\ntm_removeCurrentOnSpawn \"1\"\ntm_rollOffset \"0\"\ntm_rollRate \"0\"\ntm_scale \"1\"\ntm_showDeltas \"0\"\ntm_showOrigin \"0\"\ntm_showOriginFudge \"1\"\ntm_useDeferredPosition \"1\"\ntm_useQuats \"1\"\ntm_yawOffset \"0\"\ntm_yawRate \"0\"\ntrigger_allowDormancy \"1\"\ntrigger_bouncepad_useJobs \"1\"\ntrigger_debugModPlayerVel \"0\"\ntrigger_teleport_useJobs \"1\"\nturret_debug \"0\"\nturret_debugTurning \"0\"\nturret_ShowAngles \"0\"\nturret_useDeferredFiring \"1\"\ntutorial_lobbyForceDemonIndexOnReturn \"2\"\ntutorial_lobbyForceDemonIndexOnStart \"1\"\ntw_fovScale \"0.7\"\ntw_offsetX \"0\"\ntw_offsetY \"0\"\ntw_offsetZ \"0\"\ntw_pitch \"0\"\ntw_roll \"0\"\ntw_yaw \"0\"\ntypeinfo_listAlloc \"1\"\ntypeinfo_useDeclCopyTypeInfo \"1\"\ntypeinfo_warnOnObsoleteValue \"0\"\ntypeinfo_warnOnObsoleteVariable \"0\"\nucmd_useSensitivityTable \"0\"\nui_carousel_tweenDuration \"250\"\nui_cascadeTextDefault_endWaitTime \"1250\"\nui_cascadeTextDefault_fadeInTime \"600\"\nui_cascadeTextDefault_fadeOutTime \"600\"\nui_cascadeTextDefault_initialWaitTime \"750\"\nui_cascadeTextDefault_velocity \"150\"\nui_deathMenu_shownSentinelArmorPopup \"0\"\nui_demoSettings_spaceBetweenSections \"50.0\"\nui_scrollPanel_tweenDuration \"150\"\nui_sectionList_tweenDuration \"150\"\nui_setting_hud_preset \"4\"\nui_settings_audio_hit_confirm \"0\"\nui_settings_controllerLayout_cascadeEndWaitTime \"1250\"\nui_settings_controllerLayout_cascadeFadeInTime \"600\"\nui_settings_controllerLayout_cascadeFadeOutTime \"600\"\nui_settings_controllerLayout_cascadeInitialWaitTime \"750\"\nui_settings_controllerLayout_cascadeVelocity \"150\"\nui_settings_controls_horizSensDefault \"240\"\nui_settings_controls_horizSensMax \"540\"\nui_settings_controls_horizSensMin \"40\"\nui_settings_controls_internal_aa_scale \"1.0\"\nui_settings_controls_mouseSensDefault \"3.0\"\nui_settings_controls_mouseSensMax \"30.0\"\nui_settings_controls_mouseSensMin \"0.1\"\nui_settings_controls_smoothingMax \"7600\"\nui_settings_controls_smoothingMin \"600\"\nui_settings_controls_vertSensDefault \"120\"\nui_settings_controls_vertSensMax \"310\"\nui_settings_controls_vertSensMin \"30\"\nui_settings_fakeVita \"0\"\nui_settings_game_lockDifficulty \"0\"\nui_settings_game_showPhotoMode \"1\"\nui_settings_show_unfinished_settings \"0\"\nui_settings_spaceBetweenOptions \"4.0\"\nui_settings_spaceBetweenSections \"40.0\"\nui_settings_video_fovMax \"120\"\nui_settings_video_fovMin \"90\"\nui_settings_video_motionBlurAsToggle \"0\"\nui_showUltraNightmareHelmetName \"0\"\nunlock_classicDoom \"0\"\nunq_texelDensity \"2.0f\"\nupgrade_debug \"0\"\nupgradeHandler_debug \"0\"\nuserInfo_spaceBetweenDividerAndPoint \"-10.0f\"\nuserInfo_spaceBetweenPointAndDivider \"20.0f\"\nuserInfo_spaceBetweenPointIconAndText \"10.0f\"\nuserInfo_whitespaceForPointGlow \"50.0f\"\nview_allowFullScreenFlash \"0\"\nview_amountToFade \"2\"\nview_blur_max \"3\"\nview_blur_min \"1.5\"\nview_blurRadius \"0.0f\"\nview_blurTime_max \"2.0\"\nview_blurTime_min \"0.35\"\nview_damage_maxScale \"0.5\"\nview_damage_minScale \"0.05\"\nview_damage_rescalePostClamp \"1\"\nview_damageBlur \"1\"\nview_damageEffectRandomTextureFlip \"1\"\nview_damageFeedbackMeleeOnly \"0\"\nview_damageOverlayParmBaseCooldownRate \"0.05\"\nview_damageOverlayParmEffectiveMaxHeath \"100.0\"\nview_damageOverlayParmExtraCooldownForHealth \"0.7\"\nview_damageOverlayParmMaxIntensityClamp \"1.5\"\nview_damageOverlayParmMinDamageToAffectOverlay \"1.0\"\nview_damageOverlayParmMinToAdd \"0.1\"\nview_damageOverlayParmScalarForCurrentHealth \"1.0\"\nview_damageOverlayParmScalarForDamage \"2.0\"\nview_damageOverlayUseAlternateVersion \"0\"\nview_damageRing3DEnabled \"0\"\nview_damageRingArrowBackScale \"0.75f\"\nview_damageRingArrowBackScaleCosMaxAngle \"0.8f\"\nview_damageRingArrowBackScaleCosMinAngle \"0.3f\"\nview_damageRingArrowCorrectionEnabled \"1\"\nview_damageRingArrowCorrectionFrontArea \"0.075f\"\nview_damageRingArrowCorrectionVisibilityLimit \"0.05f\"\nview_damageRingArrowIntensityRampExp \"0.5f\"\nview_damageRingArrowModelScale \"0.1f\"\nview_damageRingArrowModelsEnabled \"1\"\nview_damageRingArrowSize \"0.47625\"\nview_damageRingArrowUnitsPerScreenPercentX \"0.01428\"\nview_damageRingArrowUnitsPerScreenPercentY \"0.01524\"\nview_damageRingArrowXCorrectionPercentage \"0.2f\"\nview_damageRingArrowYCorrectionPercentage \"0.15f\"\nview_damageRingDemonArrowCorrectionFrontArea \"0.075f\"\nview_damageRingDemonArrowCorrectionVisibilityLimit \"0.05f\"\nview_damageRingDemonArrowXCorrectionPercentage \"0.2f\"\nview_damageRingDemonArrowYCorrectionPercentage \"0.15f\"\nview_damageRingDemonDown \"22.0f\"\nview_damageRingDemonForward \"2.4765\"\nview_damageRingDemonIndicatorAnimLoopSeconds \"0.75f\"\nview_damageRingDemonIndicatorEnabled \"0\"\nview_damageRingDemonInnerRadius \"0.762\"\nview_damageRingDemonOuterRadius \"0.5715\"\nview_damageRingDemonThreatDistance \"22.86\"\nview_damageRingDemonTrackingCutoff \"0.25f\"\nview_damageRingDistanceModifier \"0.0f\"\nview_damageRingDown \"0.4191\"\nview_damageRingForward \"2.286\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeArrowCorrectionFrontArea \"0.3f\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeArrowOffScreenModelScale \"0.1524\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeArrowOnScreenModelScale \"0.1905\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeArrowSize \"0.43815\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeArrowXCorrectionPercentage \"0.4f\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeArrowYCorrectionPercentage \"0.3f\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeBackScale \"0.8f\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeCorrectionVisibilityLimit \"0.1f\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeDown \"0.4191\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeForward \"2.286\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeIndicatorsEnabled \"1\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeInnerRadius \"0.5715\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeIntensityRampExp \".65f\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeOuterRadius \"0.6477\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeTrackingCutoff \"0.25f\"\nview_damageRingGrenadeTrackingMax \"0.7f\"\nview_damageRingInnerFalloffModifier \"0.12f\"\nview_damageRingInnerRadius \"0.5715\"\nview_damageRingOuterFalloffModifier \"0.32f\"\nview_damageRingOuterRadius \"0.8382\"\nview_damageRingOvalFactor \"0.2f\"\nview_damageRingThreatDeathDelay \"2000\"\nview_damageRingThreatIconScale \"0.1905\"\nview_damageRingThreatIconXOffset \"0.43815\"\nview_damageRingThreatIconYOffset \"0.09525\"\nview_debugDMG \"0\"\nview_dofBlendIn \"1\"\nview_dofReturnFarEnd \"0.0f\"\nview_dofReturnFarStart \"0.0f\"\nview_dofReturnNearEnd \"0.0f\"\nview_dofReturnNearStart \"0.0f\"\nview_doubleVision \"1\"\nview_doubleVision_max \"0.05\"\nview_doubleVision_min \"0.02\"\nview_doubleVisionPeriod \"500\"\nview_doubleVisionPeriodEffect \"0.025\"\nview_doubleVisionTime_max \"2.0\"\nview_doubleVisionTime_min \"0.25\"\nview_drawDMG \"1\"\nview_enableHelmetFX \"1\"\nview_forceDrawDMGArrows \"1\"\nview_gloryKillHealth \"35\"\nview_healthPostProcessEnable \"0\"\nview_healthPostProcessRampDelta \"0.05f\"\nview_kickAmplitude_max \"2\"\nview_kickAmplitude_min \"0.5\"\nview_kickAmplitudeRotation_max \"2\"\nview_kickAmplitudeRotation_min \"0.5\"\nview_kickLerpOutElapsed \"0.3\"\nview_kickOffsetAmplitude_max \"0.09525\"\nview_kickOffsetAmplitude_min \"0.0762\"\nview_kickOffsetTime_max \"0.3\"\nview_kickOffsetTime_min \"0.15\"\nview_kickTime_max \"0.300\"\nview_kickTime_min \"0.150\"\nview_kickUpFromFront \"1\"\nview_Level_Fade_PPE \"0\"\nview_maxDamageForFullDamageFeedback \"50.0f\"\nview_maxTimeBetweenFullScreenFlashMS \"1250\"\nview_minTimeBetweenFullScreenFlashMS \"500\"\nview_mpViewKick \"0\"\nview_outerDamageAlternateDirectHitAngle \"15.0\"\nview_outerDamageAlternateDirectHitAngleBleedOver \"15.0\"\nview_outerDamageAlternateOverlay \"0\"\nview_outerDamageMinimumBleedOverIntensity \"0.5\"\nview_screenCracksFXEnabled \"0\"\nview_screenDamageEnabled \"0\"\nview_screenDamageFrontRadius \"0.3f\"\nview_screenDamageHeavyDamageThreshold \"25\"\nview_screenDamageMediumDamageThreshold \"10\"\nview_screenDamageOverheatBarEnabled \"0\"\nview_screenDamageUseFXBlood \"0\"\nview_showPlayerDamageViewEffect \"1\"\nview_skipBlur \"0\"\nview_skipDamageEffect \"0\"\nview_skipKicks \"1\"\nview_skipShakes \"0\"\nviewInfo_aimAssist_angleImportance \"0.55f\"\nviewInfo_aimAssist_maxDistance \"90.0f\"\nviewInfo_closeRange_maxDistance \"5.0f\"\nviewinfo_debug \"0\"\nviewInfo_gameViewProcessOnJobPriority \"1\"\nviewInfo_maxDistance \"25.0f\"\nviewInfo_maxMeleeDistance \"25.0f\"\nviewInfo_runGameViewProcessOnJob \"1\"\nviewInfo_showLineOfSightChecks \"0\"\nviewInfo_viewAngleimportance \"0.1\"\nviewInfo_viewAngleimportanceGK \"0.9\"\nviolence_debug \"0\"\nvisBoxes_debug \"0\"\nvisBoxes_lockResults \"0\"\nvo_extraVisemeDuration \"0\"\nvo_genSimpleVisemes \"1\"\nvo_lipsyncToolPath \"w:/ghost/tools/art/anno/cmdlinesync.exe\"\nvo_mergeVisemes \"1\"\nvo_showFrames \"0\"\nvr_controllerMovement \"1\"\nvr_debugRender \"1\"\nvr_defaultMinColorOutput \"0.02\"\nvr_dominantHand \"0\"\nvr_dummyDevice \"0\"\nvr_enable \"0\"\nvr_logLevel \"4\"\nvr_metersToGameUnits \"1.0\"\nvt_filePath \"\"\nvt_skipVirtualMaterials \"0\"\nvulkan_stagingBufferCount \"2\"\nvulkan_stagingBufferSizeMB \"128\"\nvulkan_VRAMAllocatorBlockStepSize \"16\"\nvulkan_VRAMAllocatorFreeEmptyBlocks \"0\"\nvulkan_VRAMAllocatorMaxBlockSizeDeviceLocalMB \"64\"\nvulkan_VRAMAllocatorMaxBlockSizeHostVisibleMB \"32\"\nvulkan_VRAMAllocatorMaxBlockSizeSmallAllocDeviceLocalMB \"24\"\nvulkan_VRAMAllocatorMaxBlockSizeSmallAllocHostVisibleMB \"8\"\nvulkan_VRAMAllocatorMinBlockSizeDeviceLocalMB \"8\"\nvulkan_VRAMAllocatorMinBlockSizeHostVisibleMB \"8\"\nvulkan_VRAMAllocatorMinBlockSizeSmallAllocDeviceLocalMB \"4\"\nvulkan_VRAMAllocatorMinBlockSizeSmallAllocHostVisibleMB \"4\"\nvulkan_VRAMAllocatorSmallAllocHeapLimit \"4096\"\nwallclimb_adjustmovespeedscale \"1.0\"\nwallclimb_alignViewToHands \"0\"\nwallclimb_allowed \"0\"\nwallclimb_AnimBlendFrames \"5\"\nwallclimb_animSpeedScale_armFromWall \"1.0\"\nwallclimb_animSpeedScale_armToWall \"1.0\"\nwallclimb_animSpeedScale_pointingArmWeapon \"1.0\"\nwallclimb_animSpeedScale_switchHands \"1.0\"\nwallclimb_attachCameraToTag \"0\"\nwallclimb_collidePositionOffset \"0.01\"\nwallclimb_deadZone_debug \"0\"\nwallclimb_deadZone_enable \"1\"\nwallclimb_deadZoneCenterOfs \"-0.9\"\nwallclimb_deadZoneDistFromView \".3\"\nwallclimb_deadZoneRadius \"0.8\"\nwallclimb_deadZoneSlerpAdjustRate \"0.01\"\nwallclimb_deadZoneSlerpStartFrac \"-0.0\"\nwallclimb_deadZoneVectorRotationRate \"1.0\"\nwallclimb_debug \"0\"\nwallclimb_debugAnim \"0\"\nwallclimb_debugTraceResolve \"1\"\nwallclimb_entityDistanceFromWall \"0\"\nwallclimb_explicitmovedest \"1\"\nwallclimb_instantlySetPlayerPositionOnCollide \"1\"\nwallclimb_jumpToWall_edgeAdjustDistance \"0.5\"\nwallclimb_jumpToWall_edgeAdjustDistance_down \"1.0\"\nwallclimb_jumpToWall_enableEdgeDetection \"1\"\nwallclimb_leftForwardTraceOffset \"0.3\"\nwallclimb_lookingToSideAngleOverride \"0\"\nwallclimb_MinMoveDist \"2.0f\"\nwallclimb_mountLookAnimatesAsWeapon \"1\"\nwallclimb_MoveAnimSpeedScale \"1.5\"\nwallclimb_MoveAnimSpeedScaleOverdrive \"1.5\"\nwallclimb_playAnimUsesSynced \"1\"\nwallclimb_playAnimUsesSyncedManualControl \"0\"\nwallclimb_pointingArmBringUpDelay \"50\"\nwallclimb_reachedGoalAngle \"1.0f\"\nwallclimb_rightForwardTraceOffset \"0.3\"\nwallclimb_swapHandsOnMountLook \"0\"\nwallclimb_takeoverViewAngles \"1\"\nwallclimb_testAngledSurfaces \"0\"\nwallclimb_topForwardTraceOffset \"0.25\"\nwallclimb_traceContentsSolidOnly \"0\"\nwallclimb_tracesDeferred \"1\"\nwallclimb_translateThirdPersonOnMovers \"1\"\nwallclimb_useModifiedAttachCode \"1\"\nwallclimb_useMoveTable \"0\"\nwallclimb_vertAnimSmoothRate \"0.1\"\nwallclimb_viewDistanceOffset \"0.1\"\nwallclimb_viewUpOffset \"0\"\nwatchdog_enabled \"0\"\nwatchdog_ignoreDebugger \"0\"\nwatchdog_timeout \"60\"\nweapon_additiveAnimBlendMS \"150\"\nweapon_additivePausedAnimBlendMS \"150\"\nweapon_allowWeaponSwitchWheel \"1\"\nweapon_autoFullCharge \"0\"\nweapon_bestTargetDegs \"3\"\nweapon_BFG_DoubleTapMS \"0\"\nweapon_BFG_HoldMS \"0\"\nweapon_changeCurrentToReserve \"1\"\nweapon_Crucible_allowSwitchOnEmpty \"0\"\nweapon_debugAnimatedSpinnyThing \"0\"\nweapon_debugAnims \"0\"\nweapon_debugCharge \"0\"\nweapon_debugDrawMeshIndex \"-1\"\nweapon_debugFX \"0\"\nweapon_debugReadyToFire \"0\"\nweapon_debugShowHideMeshes \"0\"\nweapon_debugTargeting \"0\"\nweapon_debugTriggers \"0\"\nweapon_fireConsumesRemainingAmmo \"0\"\nweapon_ignoreChargeTimeout \"0\"\nweapon_OpenWeaponWheelDelay \"180\"\nweapon_overrideSensitivityWhileFiring \"-1.0f\"\nweapon_QuickFlipDeadzone \"0.7\"\nweapon_QuickFlipEnable \"0\"\nweapon_reloadTogglesFireMode \"0\"\nweapon_renderParmDischargeUpdateDelay \"100\"\nweapon_renderParmInstanceEmissiveScale \"3.0f\"\nweapon_SelectLastWeaponDelay \"180\"\nweapon_showHideMeshKit \"0\"\nweapon_skipMuzzleFlash \"0\"\nweapon_targetScoringAimWeight \"100\"\nweapon_targetScoringDistWeight \"100\"\nweapon_traceDeferredFire \"0\"\nweapon_useForcedReload \"0\"\nweapon_UseNewWeaponKick \"0\"\nweapon_useTargetingVer \"4\"\nweapon_wheel_customization_grid_distanceBetweenGridAndScrollBar \"10.0f\"\nweapon_wheel_customization_grid_distanceBetweenItems \"0.0f\"\nweapon_wheel_customization_grid_distanceBetweenItemsVertical \"-10.0f\"\nweaponEnt_printTimeStampCheck \"0\"\nweaponEnt_useJob \"1\"\nweaponEnt_useTimeStampCheck \"1\"\nweaponmodbot_codexdelayMS \"3100\"\nweaponStats_autoClearQueueTime \"1.0f\"\nweaponStats_hitscanLifetime \"2.0f\"\nweaponWheel_dof_enable \"1\"\nweaponWheel_dof_fadein \"80\"\nweaponWheel_dof_fadeout \"120\"\nweaponWheel_dof_far \"16.0\"\nweaponWheel_dof_focus \"6.7\"\nweaponWheel_dof_near \"0\"\nweaponWheel_selectStick \"1\"\nweaponWheel_showShotsRemaining \"1\"\nweaponWheel_slowTime \"1\"\nweaponWheel_slowTimeDelayMS \"150\"\nweaponWheel_slowTimeScale \"0.14\"\nwin_allowMultipleInstances \"0\"\nwin_consoleVisibility \"1\"\nwin_emulateCircleAsAccept \"0\"\nwin_floatExceptions \"0\"\nwin_hideMouseWithSetCursor \"0\"\nwin_joystickRumbleFrameDelay \"180\"\nwin_miniDumpWithFullMemory \"0\"\nwin_notaskkeys \"0\"\nwin_outputDebugString \"1\"\nwin_remoteCrashDmpRoot \"\"\nwin_silentCrash \"0\"\nwin_spinOnCrash \"0\"\nwin_stackTracerSymbolStoreCache \"\"\nwin_stackTracerSymbolStores \"\"\nwin_stackTracerUseSymbolStores \"0\"\nwin_terminateOnCrash \"0\"\nwin_viewlog \"0\"\nzgm_controlScheme \"1\"\nzgm_forwardAccelSpeed \"0.00038\"\nzgm_forwardDecelRate \".993\"\nzgm_pitchAccelSpeed \"0.01\"\nzgm_pitchDecelRate \"0.98\"\nzgm_rollAccelSpeed \"0.0001\"\nzgm_rollDecelRate \"0.98\"\nzgm_rotationAccelSpeed \"0.0002\"\nzgm_rotationDecelRate \"0.983\"\nzgm_weaponDamageScale \"1\"\nzgm_weaponFireAtCrosshair \"1\"\nzgm_weaponForwardOffset \"0.9525\"\nzgm_weaponRightOffset \"0\"\nzgm_weaponUpOffset \"-0.13335\"\nzip_verbosity \"0\"\n6685 cvars listed", "url": "https://fearlessrevolution.com/viewtopic.php?t=11889" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Cheat Engine Failure/success [Solved!] :: This War of Mine General 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All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries.\nPrivacy Policy\n| Legal\n| Steam Subscriber Agreement\n| Refunds\nSTORE\nHome\nDiscovery Queue\nWishlist\nPoints Shop\nNews\nStats\nCOMMUNITY\nHome\nDiscussions\nWorkshop\nMarket\nBroadcasts\nAbout\nSUPPORT\nInstall Steam\nlogin\n|\nlanguage\n (Simplified Chinese)\n (Traditional Chinese)\n (Japanese)\n (Korean)\n (Thai)\n (Bulgarian)\netina (Czech)\nDansk (Danish)\nDeutsch (German)\nEspaol - Espaa (Spanish - Spain)\nEspaol - Latinoamrica (Spanish - Latin America)\n (Greek)\nFranais (French)\nItaliano (Italian)\nBahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)\nMagyar (Hungarian)\nNederlands (Dutch)\nNorsk (Norwegian)\nPolski (Polish)\nPortugus (Portuguese - Portugal)\nPortugus - Brasil (Portuguese - Brazil)\nRomn (Romanian)\n (Russian)\nSuomi (Finnish)\nSvenska (Swedish)\nTrke (Turkish)\nTing Vit (Vietnamese)\n (Ukrainian)\nReport a translation problem\nStore Page\nThis War of Mine\nAll\nDiscussions\nScreenshots\nArtwork\nBroadcasts\nVideos\nWorkshop\nNews\nGuides\nReviews\nAll\nDiscussions\nScreenshots\nArtwork\nBroadcasts\nVideos\nWorkshop\nNews\nGuides\nReviews\nThis War of Mine\nStore Page\nView Stats:\nGlobal Achievements\nThis War of Mine >\nGeneral Discussions >\nTopic Details\nPatriot\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 30, 2014 @ 6:32pm\n1\nCheat Engine Failure/success [Solved!]\nSo I've been attempting to utilize Cheat Engine (a tool I'm pretty experienced with) and have narrowed down many values for items. Now I notice that changing the value of an item will typically crash your game...though sometimes it doesn't. What I haven't been able to figure out is why. At first I thought it was an item cap value. Bzzt. Then I thought maybe it's just when you use the item you had just modified and so use it the next day...bzzt. Then I thought maybe do something crazy. Modify the value send a character running to a crafting location switch characters then craft a portion of the items, and that actually seemed to work...though only on day 3. I've tried to utilize Cheat Engine in the preparation screen (where a certain youtuber recommended) and it seemed to work, however the game would crash if you attempt to proceed to the next day. Anyone know the paramenters that would cause a crash and how to get around it?\nLast edited by Patriot;\nJan 1, 2015 @ 3:16pm\nThe author of this topic has marked a post as the answer to their question.\nClick here to jump to that post.\nOriginally posted by eggsalad:\nOk, so after poking around I came up with a strategy to avoid crashes completely:1. Live the first day, collect as many items as you can, don't spend2. When night comes, send a charachter to the scavenger hunt3. In scavenge window take an item you wish to hack from inventory to your bag. Take no less than several items. (Let's say, you took 5 components). Use only items of same type, that's the crucial part to the strategy.4. Find that value in cheat engine (New scan, first search for 5)5. Take one item back to inventory (Next scan search for 4)6. Repeat until you narrow it down to single search row7. This row represents the amount of items in your bag during the scavenger hunt planning8. Freeze the row in Cheat Engine (check the \"active\" checkbox for this row)9. Take 2-8 of frozen items back to your inventory10. Unfreeze the row11. Put items back to the bag12. Freeze again13. Take as much as you want (offload from bag to inventory) but do not hurry. The game somehow detects if you obtain items to quickly. You should click with a fast pace but not ridicuously fast. Never take ALL items at once using the right click14. If frozen items suddenly start to disappear as you put them back from the bag to inventory (the game has detected the annomaly), then unfreeze the row, add one item of the same type from inventory to bag, then freeze the row again15. Continue untill you have as much as you want16. Always unfreeze the row when proceeding with the scavenger hung17. Next night the memory address of the value will change and you'll have to repeat everything againThe best thing about this is that during a single scavenger hunt planning the memory address you obtained while hacking an item of a certain type is valid for the whole duration of the night planning. Let's say you've just hacked the components item and got yourself a ~300 components in enventory. You unfreeze the row in Cheat Engine. Then, as soon as you clear the bag and put a new item in there the row you found in the Cheat Engine will be updated with the new value of the new item type. You won't have to search again during the same night.\n<\n1 2 3 4\n1234\n>\nShowing 1-15 of 48 comments\n[RoL] Sparky/Salty\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 30, 2014 @ 6:35pm\nCheaters will be Cheaters.\n#1\n[RoL] Sparky/Salty\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 30, 2014 @ 6:35pm\nIf you going to be a cheater of course there going to be a ''Consequence''.\n#2\nPatriot\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 30, 2014 @ 6:50pm\nOriginally posted by WATEREMLON:If you going to be a cheater of course there going to be a ''Consequence''. It's true. The biggest one is you miss out on experiencing the game in all of its splender. Hence why I discourage cheating to get through a game. Though I'm not against cheating. It has it's purposes.\n#3\n[RoL] Sparky/Salty\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 30, 2014 @ 6:52pm\nOriginally posted by Wayne:Originally posted by WATEREMLON:If you going to be a cheater of course there going to be a ''Consequence''. It's true. The biggest one is you miss out on experiencing the game in all of its splender. Hence why I discourage cheating to get through a game. Though I'm not against cheating. It has it's purposes. I'll only cheat if the devs put that in the game. Not some 3rd party cheat.\n#4\nThe Faceless Admiral\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 30, 2014 @ 7:08pm\nOriginally posted by WATEREMLON:Originally posted by Wayne:It's true. The biggest one is you miss out on experiencing the game in all of its splender. Hence why I discourage cheating to get through a game. Though I'm not against cheating. It has it's purposes. I'll only cheat if the devs put that in the game. Not some 3rd party cheat. +1\n#5\nPatriot\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 30, 2014 @ 7:37pm\nOriginally posted by WATEREMLON:Originally posted by Wayne:It's true. The biggest one is you miss out on experiencing the game in all of its splender. Hence why I discourage cheating to get through a game. Though I'm not against cheating. It has it's purposes. I'll only cheat if the devs put that in the game. Not some 3rd party cheat. So you'll only \"cheat\" if it's spoon fed to you. Guess \"cheaters will be cheaters\" and lazy people will be lazy. \"Cheating\" the way those of us using cheat engine (and other meathods) do actually takes hard work and patience. Not some easy \"There is no cow level\" or \"show me the money\" Frankly it's that type of hypocrasy my type of cheaters look down upon. Though this is off topic. I hope someone can contribute to the original topic.\n#6\n[RoL] Sparky/Salty\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 30, 2014 @ 7:58pm\nCheaters don't look down at anything. Cheating is Cheating.\n#7\nPatriot\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 30, 2014 @ 8:01pm\nOriginally posted by WATEREMLON:Cheaters don't look down at anything. Cheating is Cheating. Hence how we're worlds apart.\n#8\n[RoL] Sparky/Salty\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 30, 2014 @ 8:08pm\nOriginally posted by Wayne:Originally posted by WATEREMLON:Cheaters don't look down at anything. Cheating is Cheating. Hence how we're worlds apart. We aren't worlds apart. We're both human and we're both live on the planet Earth. SO, we have no differences. :)\n#9\nFortrfire\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 30, 2014 @ 11:09pm\nOriginally posted by WATEREMLON:Cheaters will be Cheaters. You need to chill out. It's a single player game so 'cheaters' aren't affecting you in any way. Acting like modifying your own game experience is some kind of ethical dilemma is beyond stupid.Wayne, you might have better luck with an answer over in a cheatengine forum, TWOF is decently popular so someone may have already ran into the perticular value that's crashing your game.\nLast edited by Fortrfire;\nDec 31, 2014 @ 12:41am\n#10\n[RoL] Sparky/Salty\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 31, 2014 @ 4:28am\nOriginally posted by FortrFire:Originally posted by WATEREMLON:Cheaters will be Cheaters. You need to chill out. It's a single player game so 'cheaters' aren't affecting you in any way. Acting like modifying your own game experience is some kind of ethical dilemma is beyond stupid.Wayne, you might have better luck with an answer over in a cheatengine forum, TWOF is decently popular so someone may have already ran into the perticular value that's crashing your game. It's not affectin gme. I'm just saying ''Cheaters will be Cheaters''.\n#11\nPatriot\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 1, 2015 @ 2:37pm\nTook a little while (about 4 days of trial and error) but I finally broke the code. Item duplication is still possible. If you're curious to know how add me to your friend list and send a PM.\n#12\n[RoL] Sparky/Salty\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 1, 2015 @ 4:54pm\nOriginally posted by Wayne:Took a little while (about 4 days of trial and error) but I finally broke the code. Item duplication is still possible. If you're curious to know how add me to your friend list and send a PM. Play the game fair, please?\n#13\nPatriot\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 1, 2015 @ 5:12pm\nOriginally posted by WATEREMLON:Play the game fair, please? Does this person make sense to anyone? Ok, First you don't spell watermelon wateremlon, but I don't tell you to please spell the word correctly. Why don't I (and likely many others) because it's of no relavance or consequence to us. I don't care why you have an insaitable need to tell others how their games should be played (or what lightbulbs they should use or how many times they're allowed to flush a toilet or whatever other trivial things you like to dictate to strangers), but as I said before \"cheating\" has its purpose, and I'm at the top of the line to tell people if they want the best gaming experience they should avoid cheating, because it really takes a lot away from a game. However there are those of us who like to experiment or to break a code just because we find it fun to do so. To find flaws and glitches to us that too is fun. I'm a role player at heart and I like nothing more than a good story accompanied by an excellent challenge. So I don't only play the game by cheating. Just because I know how to cheat doesn't mean I always do. Same with others. Some may cheat all the time, perhaps they're not skilled enough to beat the game without cheating, but still want to play through the game and see how it ends, and there are lots of lazy people these days who will take the easy route and not sharpen their mind or skills to surmount a challenge (I work with a lot of such people these days) However it's not your place or anyone elses to tell them they shouldn't cheat to beat a game which has as its sole purpose to bring joy to people. (To the devs who both enjoy the game and enjoy the profits, as well as to the consumers who pay for the game and enjoy it in their own way.) Also we all play the game differently. Some may try to scavange everything others will try to kill everyone others still will try to play without stealing and/or killing and then even others which may do a mix of all of the above. Some may cheat to have unlimited water, but never allow themselves to trade it. Some may cheat to have unlimited everything and never leave the house. Some might just want unlimited Ammo. Cheating is a tool to help enhance a person's enjoyment of the game. However I'll say one last time I always recommend playing a game from start to finish before cheating.\nLast edited by Patriot;\nJan 1, 2015 @ 5:13pm\n#14\n[RoL] Sparky/Salty\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 1, 2015 @ 5:32pm\nAll, I was asking was to play fair... Not, some rude reply back... A ''ytes or no'' would be fine. But, go ahead and do whatever you like. Damn.. Playing the game fair must be hard.\n#15\n<\n1 2 3 4\n1234\n>\nShowing 1-15 of 48 comments\nPer page: 1530 50\nThis War of Mine >\nGeneral Discussions >\nTopic Details\nDate Posted: Dec 30, 2014 @ 6:32pmPosts: 48\nDiscussions Rules and Guidelines\nReport this post\nREASON\nNote: This is ONLY to be used to report spam, advertising, and problematic (harassment, fighting, or rude) posts.\n Valve Corporation. All rights reserved. All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries.Some geospatial data on this website is provided by geonames.org.\nPrivacy Policy\n| Legal\n| Steam Subscriber Agreement\n| Cookies\nView mobile website", "url": "https://steamcommunity.com/app/282070/discussions/0/620700960708231298/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Add to exclusions not working. Not a virus, open candy, cheat engine. [Solved][Closed] - Kaspersky Total Security - Kaspersky Support Forum\nJump to content\nKaspersky Support Forum\nSign In / Registration\nMore\nMore\nForum\nMore\nGuidelines\nForums\nProducts\nMore\nPurchase license\nRenew license\nSupport\nMore\nSupport for Home Products\nSupport for Business Solutions\nPersonal Account\nMore\nMy Kaspersky\nKSOS Management Console\nCompany Account\nCheck a file or link\nKaspersky Club\nThis Topic\nEverywhere\nThis Forum\nThis Topic\nTopics\nMembers\nKaspersky Total Security\nAll Activity\nHome\nEnglish Forum\nProducts for Home\nKaspersky Total Security\nAdd to exclusions not working. Not a virus, open candy, cheat engine. [Solved][Closed]\nAdd to exclusions not working. Not a virus, open candy, cheat engine. [Solved][Closed]\nBy\nme34\nJune 17, 2019 in Kaspersky Total Security\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n0\nGo to solution\nSolved by kmscom, June 17, 2019\nRecommended Posts\nme34\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34\nMembers\n13\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nAny file that KTS identifies, and I click \"add to exclusions\", then do again a manual scan, it is again identified.\n1. I do manual scan, select \"add to exclusions\"\n2. role is added in role list\n3. I repeat the manual scan\n4. file is detected again!!!!!\nKTS version:\nOS: windows 10\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nFlood and Flood's wife\nPosted June 17, 2019\nFlood and Flood's wife\nForum Masters\n14.2k\n980\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nHello Me34,\nWelcome!\nIs the executable in C:\\Log\\ ?\nIf yes, what else is in C:\\Log\\ , is it all \"Cheat Engine\" objects / files?\nPlease let us know, and your Windows 10 version & build please?\nMany thanks!\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nme34\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34\nMembers\n13\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nFLOOD said:\tHello Me34,\nWelcome!\nIs the executable in C:\\Log\\ ?\nIf yes, what else is in C:\\Log\\ , is it all \"Cheat Engine\" objects / files?\nPlease let us know, and your Windows 10 version & build please?\nMany thanks!\nCheat Engine file is 1 exe file.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nkmscom\nPosted June 17, 2019\nkmscom\nModerators\n3.7k\n219\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nChange the exclusion created in the File or folder field to\nC:\\Log\\cheat-engine-6-4-en-win.exe\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nme34\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34\nMembers\n13\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nkmscom said:\tChange the exclusion created in the File or folder field toC:\\Log\\cheat-engine-6-4-en-win.exe\nI tried all the options, also *.* and nothing works.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nFlood and Flood's wife\nPosted June 17, 2019\nFlood and Flood's wife\nForum Masters\n14.2k\n980\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34 said:\nFLOOD said:\tHello Me34,\nWelcome!\nIs the executable in C:\\Log\\ ?\nIf yes, what else is in C:\\Log\\ , is it all \"Cheat Engine\" objects / files?\nPlease let us know, and your Windows 10 version & build please?\nMany thanks!Cheat Engine file is 1 exe file.\nHello Me34,\nThanks for posting back!\nI appreciate you've chosen CheatEngine software, however, the detections are valid, Kaspersky is sending warnings, in case users have not conciously installed the software into their systems.\n21 engines detect CheatEngine\nRegarding the location of the executable, may I ask why it's C:\\Log\\ ?\nPlease let us know?\nThanks!\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nme34\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34\nMembers\n13\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nFLOOD said:\nHello Me34,\nThanks for posting back!\nI appreciate you've chosen CheatEngine software, however, the detections are valid, Kaspersky is sending warnings, in case users have not conciously installed the software into their systems.\n21 engines detect CheatEngine\nBest regards!\nYes, I know what is Cheat Engine, and the detection of kaspersky is correct,\nbut I want to add it to the exclusions list! I do not want kaspersky to notify me or erase it!\nAfter all that is the purpose of the exclusions list...\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nFlood and Flood's wife\nPosted June 17, 2019\nFlood and Flood's wife\nForum Masters\n14.2k\n980\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34 said:\nFLOOD said:\tHello Me34,\nThanks for posting back!\nI appreciate you've chosen CheatEngine software, however, the detections are valid, Kaspersky is sending warnings, in case users have not conciously installed the software into their systems.\n21 engines detect CheatEngine\nBest regards!\nYes, I know what is Cheat Engine, and the detection of kaspersky is correct,\nbut I want to add it to the exclusions list! I do not want kaspersky to notify me or erase it!\nAfter all that is the purpose of the exclusions list...\nI know you know Me34, I was explaining the overall objective of this type of detection.\nI'm in the process of installing it, why is your executable in C:\\Log?\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nme34\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34\nMembers\n13\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nFLOOD said:\t \t\t\t\tQuote\tYes, I know what is Cheat Engine, and the detection of kaspersky is correct,\nbut I want to add it to the exclusions list! I do not want kaspersky to notify me or erase it!\nAfter all that is the purpose of the exclusions list...I know you know Me34, I was explaining the overall objective of this type of detection.\nI'm in the process of installing it, why is your executable in C:\\Log?\nNo special reason the file is at c:\\log\nIt was in the Download folder with my name in the path, so I moved it to the first folder I found.\nThis is not a particular problem with Cheat Engine, my original problem was with another software that got detected by kaspersky, I just downloaded Cheat Engine to demonstrate the problem.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nFlood and Flood's wife\nPosted June 17, 2019\nFlood and Flood's wife\nForum Masters\n14.2k\n980\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nSo what are we working on Me34?\nCheatEngine or something else?\nUsing KTS, I've successfully installed and run CheatEngine DESPITE the Kaspersky detections.\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nSolution\nkmscom\nPosted June 17, 2019\nkmscom\nModerators\n3.7k\n219\nSolution\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34 Exceptions only work during fast and full scans, as well as when searching for rootkits.\nif you perform a selective scan of the file, the antivirus will execute it and notify about the found object\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nme34\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34\nMembers\n13\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nFLOOD said:\tSo what are we working on Me34?\nCheatEngine or something else?\nUsing KTS, I've successfully installed and run CheatEngine DESPITE the Kaspersky detections.\n1. We are working on CheatEngine. When I solve CheatEngine issue I will solve my other software the same way.\n2. You do not need to install CheatEngine. the detection is on the installation file.\n3. Also I can run it DESPITE the Kaspersky detections, Now do a right click on CheatEngine folder or installation file, select \"scan\" and see if it is detected again\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nkmscom\nPosted June 17, 2019\nkmscom\nModerators\n3.7k\n219\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34 said:\t3. Also I can run it DESPITE the Kaspersky detections, Now do a right click on CheatEngine folder or installation file, select \"scan\" and see if it is detected again\nwill be detected, because you run a selective scan of the file, and it runs when you wish, otherwise it will be an error that the scan is not performed\nduring a quick and complete check, the file will be excluded from the check on the object that you specified in the exception and the protection components you specified\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nme34\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34\nMembers\n13\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nkmscom said:\tme34 Exceptions only work during fast and full scans, as well as when searching for rootkits.\nif you perform a selective scan of the file, the antivirus will execute it and notify about the found object\nThanks, so there is no way to add exceptions rules for selective scan?\nHow can I verify the rule is correct and working, is there a better way from running a full scan and waiting for it to complete to see if my file got detected?\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nkmscom\nPosted June 17, 2019\nkmscom\nModerators\n3.7k\n219\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34 run a quick scan with active and inactive exception, this is enough to check\neither run the file that is added to the exception, with the active and inactive state, there will also be a difference\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nFlood and Flood's wife\nPosted June 17, 2019\nFlood and Flood's wife\nForum Masters\n14.2k\n980\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nme34\nPosted June 17, 2019\nme34\nMembers\n13\nAuthor\nShare\nPosted June 17, 2019\nkmscom said:\tme34 run a quick scan with active and inactive exception, this is enough to check\neither run the file that is added to the exception, with the active and inactive state, there will also be a difference\nThanks kmscom and FLOOD for helping\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nThis topic is now closed to further replies.\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n0\nGo to topic listing\nKaspersky Standard\nCihaz performans artrc ile gelimi koruma\nHemen Satn alin\nKaspersky Plus\nGvenlik. 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All in one easy-to-use app.\nBuy Now\nKaspersky Small Office Security\nProtect your small business effortlessly\nBuy Now\nGO TO RENEWAL PAGE\nKaspersky Premium\nComplete protection for your devices, privacy, and identity\nBuy Now\nKaspersky Password Manager\nYour passwords and docs - always on hand\nBuy Now\nPremium version\nKaspersky Safe Kids\nWatch over your children, even when youre not around\nBuy Now\nKaspersky VPN Secure Connection\nLightspeed VPN Security\nBuy Now\nAll Activity\nHome\nEnglish Forum\nProducts for Home\nKaspersky Total Security\nAdd to exclusions not working. Not a virus, open candy, cheat engine. [Solved][Closed]\nLanguage\nEnglish (USA) (Default)\n (RU)\nDeutsch\nPortugus (BR)\nPrivacy Policy\nCookies\n 2024 AO Kaspersky Lab. All Rights Reserved\nPowered by Invision Community\n\nSign In / Registration\nForum\nBack\nGuidelines\nForums\nProducts\nBack\nProducts\nPurchase license\nRenew license\nSupport\nBack\nSupport\nSupport for Home Products\nSupport for Business Solutions\nPersonal Account\nBack\nMy Kaspersky\nKSOS Management Console\nCompany Account\nCheck a file or link\nKaspersky Club\n\nCreate New...", "url": "https://forum.kaspersky.com/topic/add-to-exclusions-not-working-not-a-virus-open-candy-cheat-engine-solvedclosed-1776/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Anyone know how to add gold with cheat engine/editing game files? :: Battle Brothers General Discussions\nLogin\nStore\nHome\nDiscovery Queue\nWishlist\nPoints Shop\nNews\nStats\nCommunity\nHome\nDiscussions\nWorkshop\nMarket\nBroadcasts\nAbout\nSupport\nChange language\nGet the Steam Mobile App\nView desktop website\n Valve Corporation. All rights reserved. All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries.\nPrivacy Policy\n| Legal\n| Steam Subscriber Agreement\n| Refunds\nSTORE\nHome\nDiscovery Queue\nWishlist\nPoints Shop\nNews\nStats\nCOMMUNITY\nHome\nDiscussions\nWorkshop\nMarket\nBroadcasts\nAbout\nSUPPORT\nInstall Steam\nlogin\n|\nlanguage\n (Simplified Chinese)\n (Traditional Chinese)\n (Japanese)\n (Korean)\n (Thai)\n (Bulgarian)\netina (Czech)\nDansk (Danish)\nDeutsch (German)\nEspaol - Espaa (Spanish - Spain)\nEspaol - Latinoamrica (Spanish - Latin America)\n (Greek)\nFranais (French)\nItaliano (Italian)\nBahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)\nMagyar (Hungarian)\nNederlands (Dutch)\nNorsk (Norwegian)\nPolski (Polish)\nPortugus (Portuguese - Portugal)\nPortugus - Brasil (Portuguese - Brazil)\nRomn (Romanian)\n (Russian)\nSuomi (Finnish)\nSvenska (Swedish)\nTrke (Turkish)\nTing Vit (Vietnamese)\n (Ukrainian)\nReport a translation problem\nStore Page\nBattle Brothers\nAll\nDiscussions\nScreenshots\nArtwork\nBroadcasts\nVideos\nNews\nGuides\nReviews\nAll\nDiscussions\nScreenshots\nArtwork\nBroadcasts\nVideos\nNews\nGuides\nReviews\nBattle Brothers\nStore Page\nView Stats:\nGlobal Achievements\nBattle Brothers >\nGeneral Discussions >\nTopic Details\nThis topic has been locked\nJustin_760\nView Profile\nView Posts\nNov 19, 2017 @ 2:24pm\nAnyone know how to add gold with cheat engine/editing game files?\nIve read a few threads about this but cant find any that detailed the way how. Id appreciate if anyone could help, all I need is to find a way to mod files to add gold.Before the inevitable condenscending comments on how cheating is lame and the questions of why I would want to cheat... When it first released I played and it was too hard so I uninstalled and refunded. Decided to try it again when I saw there were trainers, so I could maybe enjoy the game without crushing difficulty but trainers are outdated and dont work. Before I refund this again I want to try alternate solutions to make this more accessible for someone of exceedingly low skill at the game like myself.\n<\n11\n>\nShowing 1-8 of 8 comments\nCaveira\nView Profile\nView Posts\nNov 19, 2017 @ 2:26pm\ntried cheat engine?\n#1\nJustin_760\nView Profile\nView Posts\nNov 19, 2017 @ 2:29pm\nOriginally posted by Totenkopf:tried cheat engine? Yes! This is what Ive heard of, but how/where do I get it? Thanks for replying and not being a jerk about this, apparantly this kind of things make people angry.\n#2\nLegas\nView Profile\nView Posts\nNov 19, 2017 @ 2:56pm\ncheat engine is an universal memory editor to cheat in most games, should be easily and readily found in Google for download.You'd have to open the game, load your save, alt+tab and locate what data in the cheat engine equals to money in game, and then edit that specific data value. Can't help you further because I've never tried it in battle brothers.\n#3\nLaef\nView Profile\nView Posts\nNov 19, 2017 @ 7:33pm\nI can walk you through it.\nLast edited by Laef;\nNov 19, 2017 @ 7:34pm\n#4\nEstieukua\nView Profile\nView Posts\nNov 20, 2017 @ 10:49am\n1\n1\nYou can find Cheat Engine with a google search etc. When downloading it, be careful to un-tick some of the default settings that want to make some yahoo-related things your defaults.Once you've installed and loaded Cheat Engine, go to File and Open Process and select Battle Brothers.In the game, enter a settlement and go to the market. See how many crowns you currently have. Enter that amount into the search field in Cheat Engine. Change the \"Value Type\" to \"float\" (no idea what that actually signifies) and click the \"First Scan\" button. You may get thousands of search results, but fear not. Back in the game, sell an item to increase your amount of crowns, and then return to Cheat Engine and enter the amount by which your crowns have increased into the search field (but don't yet click one of the scan buttons). Then change the \"Scan Type\" to \"increased value by\", and then click the \"Next Scan\" button. That should filter the first lot of results for ones that have since increased by the specified amount, and hopefully there'll be just one result or only a few, and you can use trial and error to edit those (after double-clicking to add them to the value-editing table at the bottom in Cheat Engine), reverting them to the original value if they turn out to be the wrong ones. Alternatively, you can buy items at the market in BB and then do a \"Next Scan\" for the amount of decrease with \"decreased value by\" as the \"Scan Type\". Sometimes (for obscure reasons) you don't get the right results at the first attempts and you have to do a new scan using the new amount of crowns (with \"increased value\" or \"decreased value\" as the \"Scan Type\", as appropriate). But it works eventually.You can also use Cheat Engine to hack Experience Points to get everyone quickly to level 11 with all their perks, which allows you to quickly experiment (or just mess about and have fun) with different builds.\nLast edited by Estieukua;\nNov 20, 2017 @ 10:52am\n#5\nSnoup Sniddly\nView Profile\nView Posts\nSep 6, 2020 @ 5:18am\nOriginally posted by Estieukua:snip Cheers bro. You really helped!\n#6\nHeron\nView Profile\nView Posts\nSep 6, 2020 @ 5:26am\nYou could also use BB edit to cheat some expensive armors into your inventory and sell them. But it's more of a convenient workaround if you already have BB edit installed and don't want to install something else on top.\nLast edited by Heron;\nSep 6, 2020 @ 5:26am\n#7\nBlutrausch-Schwammkopf\nView Profile\nView Posts\nNov 25, 2023 @ 3:13am\nactivate permanent box in CE and save with 9999999 (use float)\n#8\n<\n11\n>\nShowing 1-8 of 8 comments\nPer page: 1530 50\nBattle Brothers >\nGeneral Discussions >\nTopic Details\nDate Posted: Nov 19, 2017 @ 2:24pmPosts: 8\nDiscussions Rules and Guidelines\nReport this post\nREASON\nNote: This is ONLY to be used to report spam, advertising, and problematic (harassment, fighting, or rude) posts.\n Valve Corporation. All rights reserved. All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries.Some geospatial data on this website is provided by geonames.org.\nPrivacy Policy\n| Legal\n| Steam Subscriber Agreement\n| Cookies\nView mobile website", "url": "https://steamcommunity.com/app/365360/discussions/0/3183345176714418792/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Fallout (video game) - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Gameplay\nToggle Gameplay subsection\n1.1Character creation\n1.2Exploration and combat\n2Plot\nToggle Plot subsection\n2.1Setting\n2.2Characters\n2.3Story\n3Development\nToggle Development subsection\n3.1Engine and design\n3.2Concept and influences\n3.3Characters and writing\n4Release\n5Reception\nToggle Reception subsection\n5.1Sales\n5.2Awards and accolades\n6Legacy\nToggle Legacy subsection\n6.1Influence\n6.2Retrospective reception\n6.3Series\n6.4Other media\n7See also\n8Notes\n9References\n10Sources\n11External links\nToggle the table of contents\nFallout (video game)\n40 languages\nAzrbaycancaCataletinaDanskDeutschEspaolFranaisGalegoHrvatskiItalianoLadinLietuviMagyarBahasa MelayuNederlandsNorsk bokmlOccitanPolskiPortugusSarduScotsSimple EnglishSloveninaSloveninaSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTrkeTing Vitemaitka\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n1997 video game\n1997 video gameFalloutDeveloper(s)Interplay ProductionsPublisher(s)Interplay Productions[a]Producer(s)Tim CainDesigner(s)Scott CampbellChristopher TaylorProgrammer(s)Tim CainChris JonesArtist(s)Leonard BoyarskyJason D. AndersonGary PlatnerWriter(s)Mark O'GreenComposer(s)Mark MorganSeriesFalloutPlatform(s)MS-DOSWindowsMac OSMac OS XRelease\nOctober 10, 1997\nMS-DOS, WindowsNA: October 10, 1997EU: 1997Mac OSNA: 1997Mac OS XWW: 2002\nGenre(s)Role-playingMode(s)Single-player\nFallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game is a 1997 role-playing video game developed and published by Interplay Productions, set in a mid-22nd century post-apocalyptic and retro-futuristic world, decades after a nuclear war between the United States and China. Fallout's protagonist, the Vault Dweller, inhabits an underground nuclear shelter. The player must scour the surrounding wasteland for a computer chip that can fix the Vault's failed water supply system. They interact with other survivors, some of whom give them missions, and engage in turn-based combat.\nTim Cain began working on Fallout in 1994. It began as a game engine based on the tabletop role-playing game GURPS, but after Steve Jackson Games objected to Fallout's violence, Cain and designer Christopher Taylor created a new character customization scheme, SPECIAL. Interplay initially gave the game little attention, but eventually spent $3 million and employed up to thirty people to develop it. Interplay considered Fallout the spiritual successor to its 1988 role-playing game Wasteland and drew artistic inspiration from 1950s literature and media emblematic of the Atomic Age as well as the films Mad Max and A Boy and His Dog. The quests were intentionally made morally ambiguous. After three and a half years of development, Fallout was released in North America in October 1997.\nFallout received acclaim for its open-ended gameplay, character system, plot, and setting. It won \"Role-Playing Game of the Year\" from GameSpot and Computer Games Magazine and was nominated by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences at the Spotlight Awards. Fallout was a commercial success, selling 600,000 copies worldwide. Often regarded as one of the greatest computer role-playing games, Fallout has been credited for renewing consumer interest in the role-playing video game genre. It spawned the widely successful Fallout series, the rights to which were purchased in 2007 by Bethesda Softworks.\nGameplay[edit]\nCharacter creation[edit]\nFallout is a role-playing video game. The player begins by selecting one of three characters, or one with player-customized attributes.[2] The protagonist, known as the Vault Dweller,[b] has seven primary statistics that the player can set: strength, perception, endurance, charisma, intelligence, agility, and luck.[6] Each statistic may range from one to ten, provided their sum does not exceed 40.[7] Two other statistics set during character creation are skills and traits.[8] All 18 skills are learned abilities, their effectiveness determined by a percentage value. Their initial effectivenesses are determined by the primary statistics, but three can be given a 20% boost.[9] Traits are character qualities with both a positive and negative effect; the player can pick two from a list of sixteen.[10][11] During gameplay, the player can gather experience points through various actions. For gathering experience points, the player will level up and may increase their skills by a set number of points.[8] Every three levels, the player can grant themself a special ability, or perk.[12] There are 50 perks and each has prerequisites that must be met. For example, \"Animal Friend\", which prevents animals from attacking the player character, requires the player to be level nine, have an intelligence of five, and have an outdoorsman skill of 25%.[13]\nExploration and combat[edit]\nDialogue with a non-player character with a talking head, in which the player is offered quests to complete.\nIn Fallout, the player explores the game world from a trimetric perspective and interacts with non-player characters (NPCs). Characters vary in their amount of dialogue; some say short messages, while others speak at length. Significant characters are illustrated with 3D models, known as \"talking heads\", during conversations.[10][14] The player can barter with other characters or buy goods using bottle caps as currency.[15] The game has companions that the player can recruit for exploration and combat, although they cannot be directly controlled.[10]\nThere are three main quests where completion is required, two of them given after completion of the first one. The first main quest has a time limit of 150 in-game days; the game ends if the player fails to complete it within the allotted time.[16][17][c] Some characters give the player side quests; if the player solves them, they receive experience points.[8][16] The player can use the PIP-Boy 2000, a portable wearable computer that tracks these quests.[19] Many quests feature multiple solutions; they can often be completed through diplomacy, combat, or stealth, and some allow solutions that are unconventional or contrary to the original task.[20] Based on how they completed quests, the player can earn or lose karma points, which determine how others treat them.[10] The player's actions dictate what future story or gameplay opportunities are available and the ending.[16][21][8]\nCombat is turn based and uses an action-point system. During each turn, multiple actions may be performed by the player until they run out of action points.[22] Different actions consume different amounts of points.[23] The player can rapidly switch between two equipped weapons,[24] and may acquire a diverse range of weapons,[16] many of which can target specific areas of enemies.[25] Melee (hand-to-hand) weapons typically have two attacks: swing or thrust. If the player has equipped no weapon, they can punch or kick.[26]\nPlot[edit]\nSetting[edit]\nOn October 23, 2077, a global nuclear war between the United States and China devastated the world and destroyed modern civilization. The events of Fallout take place nearly a century later in 2161, and follow the Vault Dweller, a human born and raised within Vault 13, one of a number of underground fallout shelters built to protect survivors.[27][28][16] Survivors on the surface live off the salvage of the old world.[16]\nVault 13 is located beneath the mountains of Southern California.[16] The Vault Dweller can explore major settlements including Junktown, which is mired in conflict between local sheriff Killian Darkwater (Richard Dean Anderson) and criminal Gizmo (Jim Cummings); the Hub, a bustling merchant city with job opportunities;[29] and Necropolis, a city founded by Ghouls, humans mutated by radiation who are revealed to be the former inhabitants of Vault 12.[27] The Vault Dweller's journey also brings them into contact with various factions, including the Brotherhood of Steel, a quasi-religious military order devoted to finding and restoring pre-war technology,[27][30] the Children of the Cathedral, an optimistic religious cult;[31] and the Super Mutants, an army of virtually immortal humanoids immune to radiation.[27]\nCharacters[edit]\nThe player controls the Vault Dweller, who is sent into the Wasteland to save their vault. The Vault Dweller can be customized or based on one of three pre-generated characters: Albert Cole, a negotiator and charismatic leader with a legal background; Natalia Dubrovhsky, a talented acrobat and the intelligent and resourceful granddaughter of a Russian diplomat in the pre-War Soviet consulate in Los Angeles; and Max Stone, the largest person in the Vault who is known for his strength, stamina, and lack of intelligence.[32] The three characters present a diplomatic, deceptive, or combative approach to the game, respectively.[12] Although the character can be male or female, the Vault Dweller is canonically male.[4][33]\nThe four companions the player can recruit are: Ian, a mercenary guard from Shady Sands;[34] Tycho, a desert ranger;[4] Dogmeat, a tireless loyal dog;[35] and Katja, a member of an organization called the Followers of the Apocalypse.[36] Other major characters include Vault Boy, the mascot of Vault-Tec,[37] who are the creators of the Vaults and the Pip-Boy 2000;[38] Killian Darkwater, the mayor, sheriff and shopkeeper of Junktown;[22][29] and the Master (Cummings and Kath Soucie), leader of the Super Mutants and the main antagonist.[39][40]\nStory[edit]\nIn Vault 13, the Water Chip, a computer component responsible for the Vault's water recycling and pumping machinery, stops working. With only 150 days before water reserves will run dry, the Vault Overseer (Ken Mars) tasks the Vault Dweller with finding a replacement. Armed with the PIPBoy 2000 and meager equipment, the Vault Dweller leaves Vault 13 for the nearest source of possible help, Vault 15, but finds it abandoned and in ruins.[41] The Vault Dweller explores the wasteland and locates a replacement chip in the destroyed Vault 12, underneath Necropolis.\nThe Vault Dweller returns to Vault 13 with the chip and the water system is repaired. The Overseer becomes concerned about the mutants reported by the Vault Dweller. Believing the mutations are too widespread and extreme to be a natural occurrence, the Overseer assigns the Vault Dweller a new task: finding and stopping the source of the mutations.[42] Information discovered throughout the wasteland reveals that humans are being captured and turned into Super Mutants by exposure to the Forced Evolutionary Virus (F.E.V.). The Super Mutants are led by the Master, who intends to transform every human into a Super Mutant and establish \"unity\" on Earth. The Children of the Cathedral are a front created by the Master, who is using them to trick humans into peaceful submission.\nTo stop the mutations, the Vault Dweller must destroy the vats containing the F.E.V. and kill the Master; the order of the tasks is chosen by the player.[15] The Vault Dweller travels to the Mariposa Military Base to destroy it and the vats within, preventing the creation of more Super Mutants. To kill the Master, the Vault Dweller travels to the Children's Cathedral and locates a prototype Vault beneath it, from which the Master commands his army. The Vault Dweller infiltrates the Vault and can choose to convince the Master that his plan will fail because the Super Mutants are infertile, kill him immediately, or set off an explosion that destroys the Cathedral.[39] The Vault Dweller returns to Vault 13 but is denied entry by the Overseer, who fears that they have been changed by their experiences and the tales of their exploits and accomplishments will encourage the inhabitants to abandon the Vault. The Overseer exiles the Vault Dweller into the wasteland.[5][43] Fallout concludes with the legacy of the Vault Dweller's decisions on the societies and people they had encountered.[44]\nDevelopment[edit]\nTim Cain (pictured in 2010) was the creator, producer, and one of the programmers of Fallout.\nDevelopment on Fallout began in early 1994.[45][46] Initially, Interplay gave the game little attention,[47] and for the first six months, the programmer Tim Cain was the sole developer. Cain eventually enlisted the aid of Interplay employees during their spare time.[46] The development teamled by Cain, the designer Christopher Taylor, and the art director Leonard Boyarsky[4]reached 15 people in 1995. In 1996, the producer Feargus Urquhart recruited some Interplay workers, expanding the team to 30.[46][48][49] Cain considered the team \"amazing\" for their dedication,[50] while Urquhart described working under Interplay as \"barely controlled chaos\".[51]\nThe tentative title, Vault-13: A GURPS Post-Nuclear Role-Playing Game, was rejected as unfitting. Armageddon was considered as an alternative, but was already in use for another Interplay project (which was later canceled).[4] Interplay's president Brian Fargo suggested the title Fallout.[46] Interplay intended to use \"I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire\" by the Ink Spots as the theme song, but was hindered by a copyright problem, so used another Ink Spots song, \"Maybe\".[4][52][53] The development concluded on October 1, 1997,[54] after three and a half years and a total cost of approximately $3million (~$5.29million in 2023).[55][56]\nEngine and design[edit]\nPOV-Ray render mimicking Fallout's oblique projection and hexagonal grid\nFallout started as a game enginea framework for a video gamethat Cain was developing during his spare time, based on the tabletop role-playing game Generic Universal RolePlaying System (GURPS). It entered more coordinated development after Cain convinced Fargo of its potential,[57][58] and Interplay announced it had acquired the GURPS license in 1994.[59] The first Fallout prototype was finished that year.[60]\nThe team considered making the game first-person and 3D, but discarded the idea because the models would not have held the desired amount of detail.[51][49] They instead selected an oblique projection, producing a trimetric perspective.[49] Designed to be open-world and non-linear,[61] Fallout was balanced so that, even though side quests are optional, characters who do not improve their skills and experience through them would be too ill-equipped to finish.[59] However, Taylor also added the 150-day time limit to the game to keep the player focused on the main quests.[39]\nThe game was nearly canceled in late 1994 after Interplay acquired the licenses to the Dungeons & Dragons franchises Forgotten Realms and Planescape, but Cain convinced Interplay to let him finish.[62] After the success of the role-playing video game Diablo, released in January 1997,[63] Cain resisted pressure to convert Fallout into a real-time multiplayer game.[46] In March 1997, Interplay dropped the license for GURPS due to creative differences with GURPS's creator Steve Jackson Games. According to Interplay, Steve Jackson objected to the amount of violence and gore.[46][64][65] Interplay was forced to change the GURPS system to the internally-developed SPECIAL system;[64] Taylor and Cain were each given a week to design and code it, respectively.[46][66]\nConcept and influences[edit]\nLeonard Boyarsky (pictured in 2017) was the art director of Fallout.\nPrior to the license's termination, the engine for Fallout was based on GURPS. Fantasy and time-traveling settings were considered before the development team decided on a post-apocalyptic setting.[39][46][67] Taylor outlined the design goals in a vision statement,[68] which Cain called an inspiration for the development team and \"a major reason why the game came together at all.\"[46]\nFallout was a spiritual successor to Interplay's role-playing video game Wasteland (1988), published by Electronic Arts.[69] Almost everyone who worked on Fallout had played it.[70] The team was unable to make Fallout a direct sequel to Wasteland because Electronic Arts refused to license it.[39] The team drew inspiration for Fallout's retro-futuristic art style from 1950s literature and media related to the Atomic Age. Examples included the films Forbidden Planet (1956), A Boy and His Dog (1975), and Mad Max (1979). Influence was also drawn from the optimistic Cold War posters, which Boyarsky reportedly loved.[46][71][39]\nThe vaults were influenced by the underground base in A Boy and His Dog.[46] Cain said that the team \"all loved X-COM\" and that Fallout featured combat similar to X-COM's prior to the GURPS license.[72] Cain admired Star Control II (1992) and said it influenced Fallout's open-ended design.[73] Fallout features many popular culture references. The team was only allowed to include references if understanding the source material was not required for the reference to make sense. For example, the Slayer perk's name references the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer while generically matching its effect (turning all attacks to critical hits).[74]\nCharacters and writing[edit]\nThe sprites in Fallout were highly detailed and required a significant amount of memory on contemporary computers.[75] 21 NPCs were voiced by various actors, and Ron Perlman voiced the narrator.[4] Some NPCs feature 3D models during conversation called \"talking heads\", most of which were created by Scott Redenhizer. Each took eight weeks to create, and voice recording took a few months.[76] The talking heads began as sculpted heads of clay, which the team studied to determine which parts should be most animated. The heads were digitized using a Faro Space Arm and VertiSketch, with LightWave 3D used for geometric corrections and the texture maps created in Adobe Photoshop.[59] Much of the spoken dialogue was written by designer Mark O'Green, whose method of writing Taylor considered efficient and impressive.[49] The companions, conceived late in development, were not easy to implement. As a result, they were riddled with glitches, including a tendency to shoot the Vault Dweller when they are obscuring an enemy. Dogmeat was the first companion added.[77] Tycho was a reference to the desert rangers from Wasteland.[4]\nCain wrote the prologue, which included the series catchphrase \"War. War never changes\".[39] Vault Boy and his cheerful nature parodied how 1950s media downplayed the perils of nuclear war.[78] Cain, who dislikes it when the player character knows more than the player, devised Fallout's narrative so that the Vault Dweller would know just as much as the player.[51] The development team conceived of a faction of mutants who grew their ranks by dipping people into virus vats. During the discussion, someone wondered what would happen if more than one person was dropped into the vat. The team conceptualized the leader of the faction as a synthesis of a man, a woman, and a computer terminal mutated together. Cain enjoyed modelling, animating, and writing the Master's dialog, particularly because the Master switched between three voices: male, female, and electronic.[79] The development team became confident in their vision after the audio director reacted to the voice-switching concept, and every department believed the Master would be a great antagonist.[79]\nThe quests in Fallout were given moral ambiguity, with no clear right or wrong solutions. This was done so the player could take whatever choice suited them best.[80] An example is the final encounter with the Master, whose motives for establishing unity among the wasteland population and making it immune to radiation by turning them into mutants could be perceived as persuasive by the player.[39][81][82] Assistant designer Scott Bennie described the backstory of the Master, who views himself as a well-intentioned hero, as an example of their intention of \"hit[ting] the player with an emotional sledgehammer as often as possible\" with their story design.[83][51]\nRelease[edit]\nBoyarsky and lead artist Jason D. Anderson[51] created advertisements for Fallout.[84] Fallout did not have a trailer,[85] but a demo was released on April 26, 1997.[86] Taylor felt the demo did not demonstrate Fallout well.[87] The packaging was designed to resemble a lunch box, and the manual was designed to resemble a survival guide to reflect the game's style.[46] Fallout was released on October 10, 1997,[88] in North America for MS-DOS and Windows.[89] The game was later released for Mac OS by the Interplay division MacPlay.[1][90] Version 1.1 was released on November 13, 1997, patching many bugs in the original release and removing the 500-day time limit. The patch was released for the Mac OS on December 11, 1997.[89][18][91]\nFallout was initially not released in Europe due to the player's ability to kill children in-game. Version 1.2 removed the children from Fallout and it was released at an unspecified date in Europe.[92][18] MacPlay, which had become independent from Interplay, ported Fallout to Mac OS X in 2002 as part of its \"Value Series\".[1][90] Fallout and its sequels, Fallout 2 and Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel, were bundled as Fallout Trilogy in April 2009.[93] To mark its 20th anniversary, the game was made temporarily free on video game digital distribution service Steam on September 30, 2017.[94] It was also included in Fallout Anthology in September and October 2015[95] and Fallout Legacy Collection in October 2019.[96]\nReception[edit]\nReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic89/100[97]Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGame[98]Computer Games Magazine[16]Computer Gaming World[22]GameSpot8.7/10[10]Next Generation[99]PC Gamer (UK)86%[2]PC Gamer (US)90%[17]PC PowerPlay89%[25]\nFallout received critical acclaim,[100][101] with critics considering it one of the best role-playing video games at the time.[d] PC PowerPlay predicted that Fallout would revive the genre and thought that both casual gamers and fans of role-playing games would enjoy the game.[25] GameSpot declared that because of the release of Fallout, gamers would not have to wait for a good role-playing game anymore.[10] The Electric Playground said that they \"can't think of another game that comes even close to Fallout's excellent character generation and skill system, great story, and classy delivery.\"[15]\nCritics praised the character system.[102][10] GamePro considered it the best aspect,[103] and Todd Vaughn of PC Gamer found the system \"easy and fun to use.\"[17] The Washington Post praised the \"realistic tradeoffs\" during customization.[104] Computer Games Strategy Plus said the system allowed for a variety of effective character builds,[16] and The Electric Playground and PC PowerPlay praised the game for allowing each skill to be useful.[15][25] GameSpot felt that \"the variety of characters that can be created and the truly different experiences that each type of character can have should satisfy even hard-core RPG players.\"[10]\nThe post-apocalyptic setting and story were praised.[10] The setting was lauded as refreshing for a role-playing game;[25][10][105] Just Adventure said that Fallout abandoned the traditional fantasy-based settings of many role-playing games.[8] Butcher said the game's appearance, sound, and ambient music delivered a believable environment,[2] and Computer Games Strategy Plus found the mix of satire and grit well-executed.[16] GameSpot and the Independent said the storyline was compelling.[10][106] Critics commended the cinematic introduction;[16][22][106] The Electric Playground called it \"the most haunting opening movie\" he had seen.[15] Butcher praised the ability to complete quests in multiple ways,[2] and Next Generation found the subquests to be a natural outgrowth of the main quest.[99] Computer Gaming World, however, said the dialogue was unable to account for the player's unpredictability, resulting in out-of-order dialogue.[22] Just Adventure considered the ending among the best in video games.[8]\nThe combat received a slightly positive reception.[22][15] Several reviews praised its tactical nature,[8][25][102] and GameSpot found the targeting system satisfying.[10] Computer Games Strategy Plus said that fans of turn-based RPGs would greatly enjoy the combat because of the wide variety of weapons.[16] Finding the combat unrealistic, Computer Gaming World said that the turn-based system \"might bore or disappoint Diablo fans, but will be welcome to most hard-core RPGers.\"[22] The companions were criticized because the player could not control them directly.[10][15][16] Vaughn said the combat was great when playing without companions and frustrating when playing with them.[17]\nSales[edit]\nFallout was commercially successful, although it was not as popular as other role-playing video games such as Baldur's Gate and Diablo.[107][29] It did not meet sales expectations, but developed a fan following[108][109] and sold enough copies for a sequel to be produced.[29] In the United States, it debuted at No. 12 on PC Data's computer game sales rankings for October 1997.[110][111] CNET Gamecenter noted that the game was part of a trend of role-playing successes that month, alongside Ultima Online and Lands of Lore 2: Guardians of Destiny, and said, \"If October's list is any indication, [role-playing games] are back.\"[110] Fallout sold 53,777 copies in the US by the end of 1997.[112]\nWorldwide, over 100,000 copies were shipped by December 1997,[113] and Erik Bethke reported sales of over 120,000 copies after a year.[114] By March 2000, 144,000 copies had been sold in the US alone. GameSpot called these \"very good sales, especially since the overall [worldwide] figures are likely double those amounts\".[115] Fallout was unpopular in the United Kingdom, where sales for it and its sequel totaled just over 50,000 combined lifetime sales by 2008.[109] In 2017, Fargo said in an interview that Fallout sold a total of 600,000 copies.[116] After the release of the 2024 television adaptation, Fallout experienced renewed commercial success. According to data trackers Steam Charts and SteamDB respectively, Fallout's player base experienced a 160% increase, peaking at 2,300 players.[117][118]\nAwards and accolades[edit]\nThe Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Fallout for \"Computer Entertainment Title of the Year\", \"PC Role-Playing Game of the Year\", and \"Outstanding Achievement in Sound and Music\" at the inaugural Interactive Achievement Awards.[119] Similarly, the Computer Game Developers Conference nominated Fallout for its \"Best Adventure/RPG\" Spotlight Award.[120] Fallout received GameSpot's \"Best Role-Playing Game\" and \"Best Ending\" prize; and was nominated for GameSpot's \"Game of the Year\".[121] It also won Computer Games Magazine's \"Role-Playing Game of the Year\" award.[122]\nLegacy[edit]\nInfluence[edit]\nJason D. Anderson, Cain, and Boyarsky (left to right; pictured in 2015) left Interplay to form Troika Games.\nThe 1990s saw a decline in the popularity of computer role-playing games as a result of stale settings and ideas,[123][124] competition with other genres,[113][125] and poor quality assurance.[126] Fallout has been credited as one of several innovative role-playing games that revived the genre's popularity.[127][128][129] In 2000, CNET Gamecenter's Mark H. Walker wrote, \"The RPG genre was clearly in a slump in the mid-'90s, but... the renaissance began when Interplay's Fallout hit store shelves.\"[130] Rowan Kaiser, writing for Engadget, called Fallout the \"first modern role-playing game\".[129]\nFallout's post-apocalyptic setting was novel, as contemporary role-playing games often featured Tolkien-inspired fantasy settings.[21][29][109][131] Fallout also stood out for its focus on the player character, how their choices impacted the game world, and the open-world gameplay.[21][81][129] Matthew Byrd of Den of Geek wrote that Fallout's departure from gameplay inspired by the tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, prevalent in role-playing games at the time, made it influential.[81] Kaiser stated that any modern game with a morality system could be tied back to Fallout.[129] At the 2012 Game Developers Conference, Cain gave a presentation about Fallout's development and noted traits that were shared by subsequent role-playing games, including open-world gameplay, ambiguous morality, and perks.[132]\nPolygon described Fallout as \"one of the most influential games of its time.\"[46] After leaving Interplay in 1998, Cain, Boyarsky, and Anderson formed Troika Games and created Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura (2001). Cain considered Fallout a \"stepping stone\" to the creation of Arcanum.[133] Years later, working for Obsidian Entertainment, Cain and Boyarsky created The Outer Worlds (2019), a role-playing video game influenced by Fallout.[134] After the Fallout series became popular, Wasteland 2 (2014) was pitched by Fargo and developed by inXile Entertainment, which Fargo founded, with a design team featuring Anderson and Fallout composer Mark Morgan. PC Gamer found Wasteland 2 to be more similar the first two Fallout games than the original Wasteland.[135][136] Other personnel from the Fallout development team have worked on games that were influenced by Fallout such as Neverwinter Nights 2 (2006) and Alpha Protocol (2008).[137][138] A feature similar to the perks in Fallout, called \"feats\", was added to the third edition of Dungeons & Dragons.[139] Other games with similar features, according to Cain, include World of Warcraft (2004) and Oblivion (2006).[140] Both Metro 2033 (2010) and Atom RPG (2018) are post-apocalyptic games that were influenced by Fallout.[141][142] Other games influenced by Fallout include Deus Ex (2000),[143] Dark Angel: Vampire Apocalypse (2001),[144] and Weird West (2022).[145]\nRetrospective reception[edit]\nFallout continues to receive acclaim, and is considered one of the best role-playing games on PC.[109][146][147][131] Retrospective critics have considered the game innovative and praised its setting, dark tone, gameplay mechanics, and character system.[e] Several critics have also found the game outdated yet still enjoyable.[149][117][150][151] Critical assessments of Fallout's quality relative to its sequels differ. GamesRadar+ ranked it low among the series,[150] IGN ranked it in the middle,[152] and Kotaku and Paste Magazine ranked it high.[153][154]\nCritics have particularly highlighted the Master, the game's villain.[40][153][155] GameSpot singled out Jim Cummings's voice acting as the Master as \"chilling\" and considered him \"one of the most memorable antagonists in computer-gaming history.\"[100] The final encounter with the Master has been lauded for its multiple solutions that took advantage of the character system, with the boss fight itself being optional.[81][156][157][158]\nMultiple journalists especially praised the option to convince the Master that he is wrong, with Kotaku describing it as \"unforgettable\",[153] and UGO describing it as \"fun\".[155] IGN said that this aforementioned ability proved that in role-playing games, dialogue can be just as valid as fighting.[159] Praising the final confrontation, USGamer's Mike Williams said, \"Even at its end, Fallout is about player choice, and the choices available to you are pretty clever.\"[160] GamesRadar+ called the player's encounter with the Master \"one of the most striking storytelling devices of its era\",[31] and IGN called it one of the series' most memorable moments.[161]\nFallout has been inducted into the \"Hall of Fame\" (or similar award) of Computer Gaming World,[162] GameSpot,[163] GameSpy,[127] and IGN.[164] It has also been ranked as among the best PC games of all time by PC Gamer[165][166][167] and IGN[168][169] and among the greatest video games of all time by IGN and Polygon.[170][171] The 2002 MacPlay ports of Fallout and Fallout 2 were listed under \"Best Games Rescued from Oblivion\" in Macworld's \"2002 Game Hall of Fame\".[172] Fallout was included in the 2010 reference book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die[173] and was exhibited in Smithsonian American Art Museum's \"The Art of Video Games\" under the category of adventure games in March 2011.[171][174]\nSeries[edit]\nMain article: Fallout (franchise)\nFallout was followed by a series of sequels and spin-offs, often different in genre and ambiance from the original game. Cain did not work on any sequels and spin-offs beyond brainstorming for Fallout 2,[175] and left Interplay during its development.[51] Interplay owned the Fallout rights until 2007, when they were purchased by Bethesda Softworks. The first Bethesda-developed Fallout game was Fallout 3.[176] The series has been acclaimed, influential among developers, and among the most popular in the video game industry.[177][178][179] Vault Boy has been considered an iconic mascot to the franchise.[4][51] Other recurring elements include the Super Mutants,[180] the Brotherhood of Steel,[181] the PIPBoy (known as the Pip-Boy in later games),[182] and Power Armor.[183]\nThree sequels have been released: Fallout 2 in 1998,[108] Fallout 3 in 2008,[175] and Fallout 4 in 2015.[184] All received positive reviews.[185][175] Spin-offs include Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel in 2001,[186] Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel in 2004,[176] Fallout: New Vegas in 2010,[187] Fallout Shelter in 2015,[188] and Fallout 76 in 2018.[189] Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel and Fallout: New Vegas received positive reviews,[175][187] while Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel, Fallout Shelter, and Fallout 76 received mixed reviews.[190][191][192]\nOther media[edit]\nIn 1998, Interplay wrote a script for a film adaptation of Fallout, to be produced by its Interplay Films studio. The adaptation was canceled following the dissolution of Interplay Films in 2000.[193] Throughout 2002, Chris Avellone, a designer of Fallout 2, compiled research of Fallout's world and released a series of issues known as the Fallout Bible.[194] Following Bethesda's acquisition of the Fallout franchise, the Fallout Bible became non-canon.[27] Morgan released a remastered soundtrack album for Fallout on May 10, 2010.[195][196]\nA television adaptation of the video game series, announced in July 2020 with Lisa Joy and Jonathan Nolan as executive producers,[197] premiered on Amazon Prime Video on April 10, 2024,[198] to positive reception from critics and fans.[199] In a YouTube video, Cain praised the adaptation for matching the mood of the series and for its easter eggs and characters. He also defended the adaptation from accusations of contradicting the Fallout canon.[200][201][202] The adaptation's success on Amazon Prime Video has led to renewed commercial success of the Fallout video games, including the original game; according to Steam Charts, it experienced the highest percentage increase in player base at 160%.[117]\nSee also[edit]\nHistory of Western role-playing video games\nNotes[edit]\n^ MacPlay published the Mac OS and Mac OS X versions.[1]\n^ The player can choose the name of the player character.[3] However, outside of the game, the player character is officially called \"the Vault Dweller\".[4][5]\n^ An additional 500-day time limit for the other two main quests was included in the original game but was removed in version 1.1.[18]\n^ Attributed to multiple references:[2][10][16][15][22][17]\n^ Attributed to multiple references:[109][29][98][30][148][117]\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c Deniz, Tuncer (December 23, 2002). \"A Visit to MacPlay\". Inside Mac Games. Archived from the original on September 19, 2003. Retrieved July 16, 2022.\n^ a b c d e Butcher, Andy (May 1998). \"Glowing\". PC Gamer UK. No.56. Archived from the original on January 17, 2001. Retrieved July 22, 2022.\n^ Taylor 1997, p.3-17.\n^ a b c d e f g h i McLaughlin 2010, p.2.\n^ a b Black Isle Studios (October 29, 1998). Fallout 2. Interplay Productions. Scene: Intro. Narrator: 'They hold that their founder and ancestor, one known as the \"Vault Dweller,\" once saved the world from a great evil. According to their legend, this evil arose in the far south. It corrupted all it touched, twisting men inside, turning them into beasts. Only through the bravery of this Vault Dweller was the evil destroyed. But in so doing, he lost many of his friends and suffered greatly, sacrificing much of himself to save the world. When at last he returned to the home he had fought so hard to protect, he was cast out. Exiled. In confronting that which they feared, he had become something else in their eyes...and no longer their champion.'\n^ Taylor 1997, p.3-5.\n^ Taylor 1997, p.3-6.\n^ a b c d e f g Ivey, Ray. \"Fallout\". Just Adventure. Archived from the original on December 25, 2001. Retrieved April 28, 2021.\n^ Taylor 1997, pp.3-103-14.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Desslock (November 21, 1997). \"Fallout Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2009.\n^ Taylor 1997, pp.3-143-15.\n^ a b \"Fallout review for the MAC\". Game Revolution. June 5, 2004. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2009.\n^ Barton 2019, p.386387.\n^ Cain 2012, 32:2532:32.\n^ a b c d e f g h Jason. \"Fallout\". The Electric Playground. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2021.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mayer, Robert (1997). \"Fallout\". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Archived from the original on December 17, 2002. Retrieved July 22, 2022.\n^ a b c d e Vaughn, Todd (January 1998). \"Fallout\". PC Gamer US. Archived from the original on March 12, 2000. Retrieved April 14, 2010.\n^ a b c \"Fallout FAQ\". Interplay Productions. May 19, 1998. Archived from the original on October 17, 2002. Retrieved May 5, 2021.\n^ Taylor 1997, p.4-21.\n^ Pepe 2019, pp.225226.\n^ a b c Pepe 2019, p.226.\n^ a b c d e f g h Green, Jeff (November 19, 1997). \"Fallout\". Computer Gaming World. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved July 22, 2022.\n^ Taylor 1997, p.5-3.\n^ Taylor 1997, p.5-2.\n^ a b c d e f Stepnik, March (November 1997). \"Fallout\". PC PowerPlay. Retrieved July 17, 2021.\n^ Taylor 1997, p.5-85-9.\n^ a b c d e Hall, Charlie (May 30, 2018). \"The Fallout Timeline\". Polygon. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.\n^ Interplay Productions 1997, Scene: Intro. \"Narrator: 'In 2077, the storm of world war had come again. In two brief hours, most of the planet was reduced to cinders. And from the ashes of nuclear devastation, a new civilization would struggle to arise.'\".\n^ a b c d e f Lucier, Trent (2000). \"Fallout: Three Years Later\". Games Domain. Archived from the original on December 5, 2003. Retrieved April 23, 2022.\n^ a b Cobbett, Richard (June 12, 2015). \"Fallout series retrospective\". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved April 23, 2022.\n^ a b Bradley, Alan (November 1, 2015). \"The most memorable locations in Fallout\". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.\n^ Taylor 1997, pp.3-13-2.\n^ Black Isle Studios (October 29, 1998). Fallout 2. Interplay Productions. Scene: Intro. Narrator: 'They hold that their founder and ancestor, one known as the \"Vault Dweller,\" once saved the world from a great evil. According to their legend, this evil arose in the far south. It corrupted all it touched, twisting men inside, turning them into beasts. Only through the bravery of this Vault Dweller was the evil destroyed. But in so doing, he lost many of his friends and suffered greatly, sacrificing much of himself to save the world. When at last he returned to the home he had fought so hard to protect, he was cast out. Exiled. In confronting that which they feared, he had become something else in their eyes...and no longer their champion.'\n^ Yarwood, Jack (September 9, 2020). \"Remembering Ian, the greatest Fallout companion\". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.\n^ \"The Ten Best Sidekicks - Dogmeat\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on April 20, 2005. Retrieved July 16, 2022.\n^ Gwaltney, Javy (November 5, 2015). \"Fallout's Best Companions\". Paste Magazine. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2022.\n^ Byrd, Matthew (June 30, 2021). \"How Loki and Fallout Use Retrofuturism to Unnerve Us\". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2021.\n^ Taylor 1997, pp.11, 4-204-21.\n^ a b c d e f g h Tieryas, Peter (December 26, 2020). \"How A Dark Time-Traveling Fantasy Game Became the Original Fallout\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2021.\n^ a b \"The Ten Best Computer Game Villains - The Master\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2022.\n^ Rollings, Andrew; Adams, Ernest (2003). Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design. New Riders Press. pp.357358. ISBN9781592730018.\n^ Interplay Productions 1997, Level/area: Vault 13. \"Overseer: 'I don't like your reports. What was in the reports, that is. Heh. In fact, they scared the heck out of me. It's those mutants. I've done some calculations and, well, I've come to an unpleasant conclusion.' / Vault Dweller: 'What's that?' / Overseer: 'The mutant population is far greater than could be expected by natural growth or mutations. This leads me to believe in I don't really understand it. But it looks like someone's generating new mutants. And at a startling rate.' / Vault Dweller: 'Must be a lab somewhere then.' / Overseer: 'Exactly! And as you've probably guessed, none of these mutations could have occurred naturally, even with the radiation from the war.' / Vault Dweller: 'What do you want me to do about it?' / Overseer: 'As long as someone is creating hostile mutants at this rate, the Vault's safety is at stake! Find and destroy this lab as soon as you can.'\".\n^ Interplay Productions 1997, Level/area: Vault 13. \"Overseer: 'Everyone will want to talk to you. Every youngster will look up to you. And want to emulate you. And then what? They'll want to leave. What happens to the Vault if we lose the best of a generation? What if we are the only safe place in the world? You just gave us back all these lives . . . I can't take the chance of losing them. I've made a lot of tough decisions since I took this position. But none of them harder than this one. You saved us, but you'll kill us. I'm sorry. You're a hero . . . and you have to leave.'\".\n^ \"Best & Worst Awards 1997 - Best Ending\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on February 10, 2001. Retrieved July 19, 2022.\n^ Cain 2012, 0:41.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pitts, Russ (March 3, 2012). \"Fallout: The game that almost never was\". Polygon. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.\n^ Cobbett, Richard (June 5, 2015). \"A brief history of Fallout\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.\n^ Cain 2012, 12:4015:00.\n^ a b c d Cain, Tim; Boyarsky, Leonard; Taylor, Christopher; etal. (November 15, 2019). \"World on Fire: The Oral History of Fallout and Fallout 2\". Shacknews (Interview). Interviewed by David Craddock. Archived from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.\n^ Cain 2012, 48:3549:05.\n^ a b c d e f g Peel, Jeremy (May 12, 2020). \"How on Earth did Fallout ever get made?\". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.\n^ Cain 2012, 39:1339:55.\n^ Avellone, Chris (November 6, 2002). Fallout Bible #9. Black Isle Studios. pp.3233. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2021.\n^ \"Fallout is Finished\". PC Gamer. October 3, 1997. Archived from the original on October 12, 1997. Retrieved April 19, 2021.\n^ Cain 2012, 125; 209.\n^ Fargo, Brian (April 2, 2012). \"Back To Black Isle: Fargo On Obsidian Joining Wasteland 2\". Rock Paper Shotgun (Interview). Interviewed by Alec Meer. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.\n^ Cain 2010a, 6:587:39.\n^ Cain 2012, 12:43.\n^ a b c \"G.U.R.P.S.\" Next Generation. No.18. June 1996. pp.7476. Retrieved July 19, 2022.\n^ Cain 2012, 15:05.\n^ Cain 2012, 41:41.\n^ Cain 2012, 20:4822:10.\n^ Goble, Gordon (January 6, 1997). \"Diablo available now!\". CNET Gamecenter. Archived from the original on October 25, 2000. Retrieved June 6, 2022.\n^ a b \"No GURPS License for Fallout\". PC Gamer. March 13, 1997. Archived from the original on October 12, 1997. Retrieved April 18, 2021.\n^ Wolf, Michael (April 1998). \"Nobody's Perfect\". PC Gamer. Vol.5, no.4. p.188. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021.\n^ Cain 2010a, 8:429:20.\n^ Cain 2010a, 6:587:39; 7:568:09.\n^ Cain 2012, 16:07.\n^ McLaughlin 2010, pp.12.\n^ Cain 2012, 6:00.\n^ Melissinos, Chris Robert (March 16, 2012). The Art of Video Games. Smithsonian American Art Museum. p.101. ISBN9781599621098.\n^ Cain 2012, 5:175:34.\n^ Pepe 2019, p.167.\n^ Cain 2012, 24:4625:44.\n^ Cain 2012, 31:5332:10.\n^ Cain 2012, 32:2733:25.\n^ Cain 2012, 33:2834:20.\n^ Cain 2010b, 5:105:50.\n^ a b Tieryas, Peter (December 26, 2012). \"How A Dark Time-Traveling Fantasy Game Became the Original Fallout\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2022.\n^ Cain 2012, 43:2143:50.\n^ a b c d Byrd, Matthew (September 29, 2017). \"How Fallout Taught the Video Game Industry the Meaning of Role-Playing\". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2021.\n^ Peel, Jeremy (May 18, 2020). \"How on Earth did Fallout ever get made?\". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2022.\n^ Bennie, Scott (November 30, 2007). \"Fallout Memories\". IGN. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.\n^ Boyarsky, Leonard (September 30, 2016). \"RPG Codex Interview: Leonard Boyarsky on joining Obsidian, Fallout & Bloodlines cut content and more\". RPG Codex (Interview). Interviewed by Jedi Master Raek. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2021.\n^ Campbell, Even (May 30, 2018). \"A History of Fallout's Trailers\". IGN. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.\n^ \"Fallout demo\". Computer Games Strategy Plus. April 26, 1997. Archived from the original on March 4, 2005. Retrieved March 5, 2022.\n^ Jones, Robert (May 10, 2024). \"The largely forgotten Fallout demo, which features completely unique content not found in the main game, is a free must-play for any Fallout fan\". PC Gamer. Retrieved May 10, 2024.\n^ \"Now Shipping\". PC Gamer. October 10, 1997. Archived from the original on February 18, 1998. Retrieved December 5, 2019.\n^ a b \"Fallout Development Log\". Interplay Productions. 1997. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved April 19, 2021.\n^ a b Jansen, John (August 15, 2002). \"Fallout\". Inside Mac Games. Archived from the original on December 16, 2002. Retrieved July 16, 2022.\n^ Ocampo, Jason (1997). \"Patch fixes numerous bugs\". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Archived from the original on December 1, 2002. Retrieved May 5, 2021.\n^ Cain 2012, 40:2741:06.\n^ \"Fallout Trilogy\". IGN. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2011.\n^ Meer, Alec (September 30, 2017). \"20 years ago today, Fallout set the world on fire\". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.\n^ Grant, Christopher (July 23, 2015). \"Fallout Anthology assembles the entire series into one mini-nuke, dropping Sep. 29\". Polygon. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. 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Retrieved April 22, 2024.\n^ Lyles, Taylor (April 19, 2024). \"Here's What Fallout's Original Creator Thinks of Prime Video's TV Show\". IGN. Archived from the original on April 22, 2024. Retrieved April 22, 2024.\nSources[edit]\nBarton, Matt; Stacks, Shane (April 18, 2019). Dungeons and Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games (2nded.). CRC Press. ISBN9781351273398.\nCain, Tim (June 27, 2010). Barton, Matt (ed.). Fallout with Tim Cain, Pt. 1. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022 via YouTube.\nCain, Tim (July 4, 2010). Barton, Matt (ed.). Fallout with Tim Cain Pt. 2. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022 via YouTube.\nCain, Tim (March 9, 2012). Classic Game Postmortem: Fallout. Game Developers Conference. Retrieved April 30, 2022 via GDC Vault.\nInterplay Productions (October 10, 1997). Fallout.\nMcLaughlin, Rus; Kaiser, Rowan (July 21, 2010). \"IGN Presents the History of Fallout\". IGN. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2022.\nPepe, Felipe; Cain, Tim (April 2019). Pepe, Felipe (ed.). The CRPG Book: A Guide to Computer Role-Playing Games. 2.0. Bitmap Books. ISBN9781999353308.\nTaylor, Christopher (October 10, 1997). Vault Dweller's Survival Guide (PDF). Interplay Productions. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2015.\nExternal links[edit]\nOfficial website at the Wayback Machine (archived April 15, 1997)\nFallout at Bethesda.net\nFallout at MobyGames\nFallout at IMDb\nPortals: 1990s California Nuclear technology Speculative fiction Video games\nvteBlack Isle StudiosBaldur's Gate\nBaldur's Gate: Dark Alliance II\nBaldur's Gate III: The Black Hound (canceled)\nFallout series\nFallout\nFallout 2\nVan Buren (canceled)\nIcewind Dale series\nIcewind Dale\nHeart of Winter\nIcewind Dale II\nOther games\nPlanescape: Torment\nTorn (canceled)\nPeople\nFeargus Urquhart\nJason D. Anderson\nChris Avellone\nLeonard Boyarsky\nJosh Sawyer\nvteFallout seriesVideo gamesMain series\nFallout\nFallout 2\nFallout 3\ndownloadable content\nFallout 4\nCreation Club\ndownloadable content\nFar Harbor\nNuka-World\nSpin-offs\nTactics: Brotherhood of Steel\nBrotherhood of Steel\nNew Vegas\nShelter\n76\nCancelled\nVan Buren\nOnline\nTelevision series\n\"The End\"\n\"The Target\"\n\"The Head\"\n\"The Ghouls\"\n\"The Past\"\n\"The Trap\"\n\"The Radio\"\n\"The Beginning\"\nMediaOfficial\nMusic\nThe Board Game\nUnofficial\n1.5: Resurrection\nEquestria\nLondon\nNew California\nNuka Break\nNukapedia\nUniverseCharacters\nDogmeat\nNick Valentine\nVault Boy\nOrganizations\nBrotherhood of Steel\nNew California Republic\nVault-Tec\nRaces\nGhoul\nLocations\nMegaton\nOther\nPip-Boy\nDevelopers\nInterplay Entertainment\nMicro Fort\nBlack Isle Studios\nBethesda Game Studios\nObsidian Entertainment\nBehaviour Interactive\nRelated\nExodus\nWasteland\nThe Outer Worlds\nCategory\nAuthority control databases: National\nFrance\nBnF data\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fallout_(video_game)&oldid=1224821285\"\nCategories: 1997 video gamesClassic Mac OS gamesDOS gamesFallout (franchise) video gamesFiction set in the 2160sInterplay Entertainment gamesMacOS gamesOpen-world video gamesRole-playing video gamesSatirical video gamesSingle-player video gamesVideo games about cultsVideo games with gender-selectable protagonistsVideo games scored by Mark MorganVideo games set in the 22nd centuryVideo games set in CaliforniaVideo games set in Los AngelesVideo games with isometric graphicsVideo games featuring female protagonistsVideo games developed in the United StatesVideo games with pre-rendered 3D graphicsWindows gamesPost-apocalyptic role-playing gamesHidden categories: Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataFeatured articlesUse American English from August 2022All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from April 2022Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parametersArticles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined imagesArticles using Video game reviews template in single platform modeWebarchive template wayback linksArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 20 May 2024, at 17:26(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. 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Were here to make a difference in the way you buy and play your games, giving you freedom of choice and a hassle-free experience.......\nRATING / ESRB / A\nCreated with Sketch.\nRATING / ESRB / E\nCreated with Sketch.\nRATING / ESRB / E10\nCreated with Sketch.\nRATING / ESRB / M\nCreated with Sketch.\nRATING / ESRB / T\nCreated with Sketch.\nRATING / PEGI / 12\nCreated with Sketch.\nRATING / PEGI / 16\nCreated with Sketch.\nRATING / PEGI / 18\nCreated with Sketch.\nRATING / PEGI / 3\nCreated with Sketch.\nRATING / PEGI / 7\nCreated with Sketch.\nicon_pin\nCreated with Sketch.\nFallout\nin library\n4.5/5\nEnglish\n& 3 more\nOffer ends in: 0d 0h 0m 0s\n-75%9.992.49\nLowest price in the last 30 days before discount:\n2.49\nCheck out now\nAdd to cart\nBuy as a gift\nCheck out now\nAdd to cart\nBuy as a gift\nBuy now\nInstall\nWishlist it\nWishlisted\nGo to my library\nWhy buy on GOG.COM?\nDRM FREE. No activation or online connection required to play.\nSafety and satisfaction. Stellar support 24/7 and full refunds up to 30 days.\nFallout\nDescription\nSet in the aftermath of a world-wide nuclear war, Fallout will challenge you to survive in an unknown and dangerous world. You will take the role of a Vault-dweller, a person who has grown up in a secluded, underground survival Vault. Circumstances arise that force you to go Outside - to a strange...\nGenre:Role-playing\n-\nTurn-based\n-\nSci-fiTags:Story Rich, Role-playing, Atmospheric, Sci-fi, Turn-Based,\nshow 11 more...\nScience, Exploration, Classic, Tactical, Open World, Isometric, Multiple Endings, Good Old Game, Post-apocalyptic, Tactical RPG, CRPG\nUser reviews\n4.5/5\nProduct details\n1997,\nInterplay, ESRB Rating: Mature 17+...\nSystem requirements\nWindows XP / Vista / 7 / 8 / 10, 1 GHz, 256 MB RAM, 3D graphics card compatible with DirectX 9.0c...\nTime to beat\n16 hMain 22.5 h Main + Sides 32.5 h Completionist 21.5 h All Styles\nGame length provided by HowLongToBeat\nDescription\nSet in the aftermath of a world-wide nuclear war, Fallout will challenge you to survive in an unknown and dangerous world. You will take the role of a Vault-dweller, a person who has grown up in a secluded, underground survival Vault. Circumstances arise that force you to go Outside - to a strange world 80 years after the end of modern civilization. A world of mutants, radiation, gangs and violence.\nYour immediate task is to find a replacement for the broken water purification controller chip. Without that chip, your fellow Vault dwellers are doomed to dehydration or will be forced to leave the safety of the Vault for the Outside.\nThe core of the game revolves around your character. Fallout uses a skill-based system to allow you to fine tune your character. As you gain experience (roughly half from combat, the other half from solving adventure seeds and non-combat events), your character will grow as you determine. Combat in Fallout is tactical turn-based. You can take as much time as you need to make decisions. Choose from different types of attacks, with a variety of weapons and attack skills.\nAn RPG to the core with tons of sidequests, memorable NPCs, a brilliant storyline and much, more!A vast world full of mysteries and countless ways to solve themImmersive, post-apocalyptic mood, offset by tons of easter eggs and cultural references\nGoodies\nmanual\nSystem requirements\nMinimum system requirements:\nRecommended system requirements:\nSystem:Windows XP / Vista / 7 / 8 / 10Processor:1 GHzMemory:256 MB RAMGraphics:3D graphics card compatible with DirectX 9.0cNetwork:DirectX:Storage:Sound:Other:\nRecommended system requirements:\nSystem:Processor:Memory:Graphics:Network:DirectX:Storage:Sound:Other:\nWhy buy on GOG.COM?\nDRM FREE. No activation or online connection required to play.\nSafety and satisfaction. Stellar support 24/7 and full refunds up to 30 days.\nTime to beat\n16 hMain 22.5 h Main + Sides 32.5 h Completionist 21.5 h All Styles\nGame length provided by HowLongToBeat\nGame details\nGenre:Role-playing\n-\nTurn-based\n-\nSci-fiTags:Story Rich, Role-playing, Atmospheric, Sci-fi, Turn-Based,\nshow 11 more...\nScience, Exploration, Classic, Tactical, Open World, Isometric, Multiple Endings, Good Old Game, Post-apocalyptic, Tactical RPG, CRPG\nWorks on:\nWindows (7, 8, 10, 11)\nRelease date:\nSeptember 30, 1997\nCompany:\nInterplay\n/\nBethesda Softworks LLC\nLinks:\nForum discussion\nRating:\nESRB Rating: Mature 17+ (Blood and Gore)\nGame features\nSingle-player\nLanguages\nEnglish\naudiotext\nDeutsch\naudiotext\nespaol\naudiotext\nfranais\naudiotext\nBuy series (3)\nBuy all series for\nCheck out now\nFallout Tactics\nIn library\nIn cart\nSoon\nWishlisted\nIn library\nIn cart\nSoon\nWishlisted\nPlay for free\nComing soon\nFallout\nIn library\nIn cart\nSoon\nWishlisted\nIn library\nIn cart\nSoon\nWishlisted\nPlay for free\nComing soon\nFallout 2\nIn library\nIn cart\nSoon\nWishlisted\nIn library\nIn cart\nSoon\nWishlisted\nPlay for free\nComing soon\nYou may like these products\nUsers also bought\nUser reviews\nSomething went wrong. 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To get technical support for your game contact our support team.\nCritique responsibly\nTo keep our review sections clean and helpful, we will remove any reviews that break these guidelines or our terms of use.\nOk, got it", "url": "https://www.gog.com/en/game/fallout" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Thinking about buying Fallout 1 and 2, but worried about the old school difficulty :: Fallout General Discussions\nLogin\nStore\nHome\nDiscovery Queue\nWishlist\nPoints Shop\nNews\nStats\nCommunity\nHome\nDiscussions\nWorkshop\nMarket\nBroadcasts\nAbout\nSupport\nChange language\nGet the Steam Mobile App\nView desktop website\n Valve Corporation. All rights reserved. All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries.\nPrivacy Policy\n| Legal\n| Steam Subscriber Agreement\n| Refunds\nSTORE\nHome\nDiscovery Queue\nWishlist\nPoints Shop\nNews\nStats\nCOMMUNITY\nHome\nDiscussions\nWorkshop\nMarket\nBroadcasts\nAbout\nSUPPORT\nInstall Steam\nlogin\n|\nlanguage\n (Simplified Chinese)\n (Traditional Chinese)\n (Japanese)\n (Korean)\n (Thai)\n (Bulgarian)\netina (Czech)\nDansk (Danish)\nDeutsch (German)\nEspaol - Espaa (Spanish - Spain)\nEspaol - Latinoamrica (Spanish - Latin America)\n (Greek)\nFranais (French)\nItaliano (Italian)\nBahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)\nMagyar (Hungarian)\nNederlands (Dutch)\nNorsk (Norwegian)\nPolski (Polish)\nPortugus (Portuguese - Portugal)\nPortugus - Brasil (Portuguese - Brazil)\nRomn (Romanian)\n (Russian)\nSuomi (Finnish)\nSvenska (Swedish)\nTrke (Turkish)\nTing Vit (Vietnamese)\n (Ukrainian)\nReport a translation problem\nStore Page\nFallout\nAll\nDiscussions\nScreenshots\nArtwork\nBroadcasts\nVideos\nNews\nGuides\nReviews\nAll\nDiscussions\nScreenshots\nArtwork\nBroadcasts\nVideos\nNews\nGuides\nReviews\nFallout\nStore Page\nFallout >\nGeneral Discussions >\nTopic Details\nDecline\nView Profile\nView Posts\nSep 21, 2016 @ 12:32pm\nThinking about buying Fallout 1 and 2, but worried about the old school difficulty\nI am considering buying Fallout 1 and 2. I love games with a great story, i like RPGs with skills and stats. And i don't care about the graphics being old.BUT. How hard is the game? I'm not from the generation with these old school kind of games, with the old school difficulty i hear so much about. Is the game very punishing? Can i just save when i want?Is there any cheats/god mode in case i get completely stuck?\n<\n11\n>\nShowing 1-10 of 10 comments\nLadez\nView Profile\nView Posts\nSep 21, 2016 @ 12:41pm\nI don't personally think it's overly difficult, if you've played turn-based RPGs before you should be fine. Just don't try to apply guns as a problem solving technique to every problem you face. You can save anytime you want, and I encourage you to do so. It'd also be a good idea to check out the manual as the game has no built-in tutorial.\n#1\nDecline\nView Profile\nView Posts\nSep 21, 2016 @ 1:17pm\nOriginally posted by Ellipsis:The game can be a bit difficult at first if you're not used to turn based RPGs. I played it for the first time last year and the manual really helped me to understand the combat and just the UI in general. The manual comes with the game in PDF form and you can find it in the game's folder. And yes, you can save whenever you want. Does the manual spoil any story stuff?Originally posted by Ladez:I don't personally think it's overly difficult, if you've played turn-based RPGs before you should be fine. Just don't try to apply guns as a problem solving technique to every problem you face. You can save anytime you want, and I encourage you to do so. It'd also be a good idea to check out the manual as the game has no built-in tutorial. I have some more questions if you dont mind.1: Is it easier to be good than evil? Sometimes i like to play the jerk, but not if the game punishes me.2: Is it ok to focus on speech? I have played some of Fallout 3 and really liked convincing people only using talking.\n#2\nCMDR Herne\nView Profile\nView Posts\nSep 21, 2016 @ 2:41pm\nFrom what you have written you will enjoy it I'm sure. In Fallout 1 there a time limit for you to get the water purifier chip which is part of the challenge of the game/story. When you've finally done it the next time you will know how to go straight to it. Fallout 2 has a more relaxed approach to enable you to explore in comparison.\n#3\nJ.Freeman, Saver of humens\nView Profile\nView Posts\nSep 21, 2016 @ 6:03pm\nOnly hard part is learning what skills are useless, learning the SPECIAL checks, and figuring out the controls and interface. All stuff that will become irrelevant with a quick internet search or a few hours of game time.\n#4\nDecline\nView Profile\nView Posts\nSep 22, 2016 @ 10:38am\nIs there any difference between playing male/female? I fallout 3 i remember gender perks\n#5\nDustin81\nView Profile\nView Posts\nSep 27, 2016 @ 12:54am\nJust don't save during combat, that tends to corrupt saves sometimes.Originally posted by PrinceCola:Is there any difference between playing male/female? I fallout 3 i remember gender perks Yes as well as playing with a low Int score. Gender sometimes gives new quest options or side activities.\nLast edited by Dustin81;\nSep 27, 2016 @ 12:56am\n#6\nLille Linn\nView Profile\nView Posts\nSep 27, 2016 @ 4:22am\nFallout 1 and 2 can be very hard in the beginning if you encounter stronger enemies. Trust me I worried about this stuff too but you will get used to it. And the game will become more and more enjoyable once you get better gear to counter these threats >< And yes you can save whenever you want even in combat. Some people say this might corrupt the save and it might so be careful. it never happened to me and I save a ton during battle but still be careful.\n#7\nBreakinBenny - Allkeyshop\nView Profile\nView Posts\nSep 28, 2016 @ 1:40am\nOriginally posted by TheBlueDragon:Fallout 1 and 2 can be very hard in the beginning if you encounter stronger enemies. Trust me I worried about this stuff too but you will get used to it. And the game will become more and more enjoyable once you get better gear to counter these threats >< And yes you can save whenever you want even in combat. Some people say this might corrupt the save and it might so be careful. it never happened to me and I save a ton during battle but still be careful. They most likely meant saving in combat is glitchy, like how in Fallout 1.0 your companions could end up cloned and then cause issues.To OP, use the Purist version of Fallout Fixt. It's handy and fixes problems that were in FO1 and never fixed in the official patches.\n#8\nWorthington\nView Profile\nView Posts\nOct 1, 2016 @ 5:13pm\nIn my personal opinion it isn't too difficult a game. If you walk into an area where you're not supposed to be you'll likely die, but if that happens then just reload and try a different path.\n#9\nDecline\nView Profile\nView Posts\nOct 2, 2016 @ 5:09am\nI just started Fallout 2 and it is insanely harder than 1. WTF. What's with the crazy difficulty spike? I have finished every quest in the den (except slavery) and only have a pipe rifle and 300 money...wtfEDIT: Where do i get money and a proper weapon? I cannot travel anywhere else because every single encounter kills me.And i'm playing on the easiest difficulty...please. i really want to enjoy this game\nLast edited by Decline;\nOct 2, 2016 @ 5:27am\n#10\n<\n11\n>\nShowing 1-10 of 10 comments\nPer page: 1530 50\nFallout >\nGeneral Discussions >\nTopic Details\nDate Posted: Sep 21, 2016 @ 12:32pmPosts: 10\nDiscussions Rules and Guidelines\nReport this post\nREASON\nNote: This is ONLY to be used to report spam, advertising, and problematic (harassment, fighting, or rude) posts.\n Valve Corporation. All rights reserved. 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splits\nTemplate headquarters\nResources\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nNukapedia: The Fallout Wiki\n45,944pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTV series\nCharacters\nThe Ghoul\nLucy\nMaximus\nSiggi Wilzig\nLee Moldaver\nHank MacLean\nLocations\nVault 33\nVault 4\nFilly\nShady Sands\nLos Angeles\nFactions\nVault-Tec\nBrotherhood of Steel\nEnclave\nNew California Republic\nSetting\nTimeline\nSino-American War\nGreat War\nUnited States\nVault\nPower armor\nCold fusion\nFallout games\nFallout\nFallout 2\nFallout Tactics\nFallout 3\nAdd-ons (DLC)\nCharacters\nCompanions\nCreatures\nFactions\nItems\nLocations\nQuests\nRobots and computers\nSPECIAL\nFallout: New Vegas\nAdd-ons (DLC)\nCharacters\nCompanions\nCreatures\nFactions\nItems\nLocations\nQuests\nRobots and computers\nSPECIAL\nFallout 4\nAdd-ons (DLC)\nCharacters\nCompanions\nCreatures\nFactions\nItems\nLocations\nQuests\nRobots and computers\nSPECIAL\nFallout 76\nAtomic Shop\nApparel\nBundles\nC.A.M.P.\nEmotes\nIcons\nPhotomode\nSeasons\nSkins\nStyles\nUtility\nUpdates\nAmerica's Playground\nBoardwalk Paradise\nOnce in a Blue Moon\nMutation Invasion\nNuka-World on Tour\nExpeditions: The Pitt\nTest Your Metal\nInvaders from Beyond\nNight of the Moth\nFallout Worlds\nSteel Reign\nLocked & Loaded\nSteel Dawn\nOne Wasteland For All\nThe Legendary Run\nWastelanders\nNuclear Winter\nWild Appalachia\nCharacters\nAllies\nCreatures and robots\nFactions\nVendors\nItems\nAmmunition\nApparel and armor\nC.A.M.P. and world objects\nFood/drink and aid\nHolotapes\nMods\nNotes\nPlans\nPower armor\nWeapons\nLocations\nAsh Heap\nCranberry Bog\nSavage Divide\nThe Forest\nThe Mire\nToxic Valley\nThe Pitt\nQuests\nChallenges\nCommunity events\nDaily Ops\nDaily quests\nEvents\nExpeditions\nMain quests\nRandom encounters\nReputation\nSide quests\nGameplay\nCondition and effects\nCrafting\nCurrency\nDamage\nLegendary effects\nLegendary perks\nMultiplayer\nPerks\nSPECIAL\nWorkshop mode\nOther games & media\nFallout tabletop RPG\nFallout Shelter Online\nFallout Shelter\nCharacters\nFAQ\nOutfits\nQuests\nResources\nRooms\nWeapons\nFallout: The Board Game\nFallout: Brotherhood of Steel\nFallout: Wasteland Warfare\nCanceled games\nFallout: Brotherhood of Steel 2\nFallout Pen and Paper d20\nFallout Tactics 2\nVan Buren\nCommunity\nWelcome hub\nForum\nWiki discussion\nWiki proposal votes\nUser rights requests\nMeeting of the Minds\nHelp\nNukastaff\nAccount management\nDiscord\nVault Academy\nPolicies\nAdministration\nArticle layout\nCanon policy\nContent policy\nDiscussions forum\nReference format\nUser conduct\nProjects\nSuggested merge and splits\nTemplate headquarters\nResources\nin:\nFallout\nEnglish\n\netina\nDeutsch\nEspaol\n\nSuomi\nFranais\nMagyar\nItaliano\n\n\nLietuvi\nNederlands\nNorsk\nPolski\nPortugus\n\nSvenska\nTrke\n\n\nFallout\nView source\nView history\nTalk (71)\nThis page is about the game itself. For an overview of Fallout-related articles, see Portal:Fallout.For an overview article of the Fallout series, see Fallout series.\nGame\nFallout\nA Post Nuclear Role Playing Game\nDevelopment information\nDeveloper\nBlack Isle Studios, Interplay Entertainment\nPublisher\nInterplay Entertainment (Windows) (1997 - 2007)Bethesda Softworks (Windows) (2007 - )MacPlay (Macintosh)Edusoft (ARG)\nRelease date\nOctober 10, 1997\nGenre\nRole playing game (RPG)\nModes\nSingle player\nRating\nESRB: MatureELSPA: 15+\nPlatforms\nDOS, Windows, Macintosh (Classic), OSX\nMedia\n1 CD\nSystem requirements\nIntel Pentium 90 CPU, Windows 95 or higher, or DOS 5.0 or higher; 16MB RAM; 2x CD-ROM drive; DirectX 3.0a (if playing on Windows); 1 MB VESA-compliant SVGA graphics card; Sound Blaster compatible sound card\nAvailability\nPC\nSteamSteam (Classic Collection)GOGEpic Games\nIn 2077, the storm of world war had come again. In two brief hours, most of the planet was reduced to cinders. And from the ashes of nuclear devastation, a new civilization would struggle to arise. The Narrator, Fallout introhttps://fallout.fandom.com/wiki/File:Fo1_Narrator_StormOfWorldWar.ogg\nFallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game is a computer role-playing game developed by Interplay Entertainment and its division Dragonplay (later Black Isle Studios). It was published on October 10, 1997.[1][2] The game received a direct sequel, Fallout 2.\nFallout is not to be confused with the TV series of the same name released in 2024.\nContents\n1 Gameplay\n1.1 Character attributes\n1.2 Skills\n1.3 Traits and perks\n1.4 Recruitable non-player characters\n2 Story\n2.1 Setting\n2.2 Plot\n2.3 Endings\n3 Locations\n4 Development\n4.1 Availability\n4.2 Developers\n4.3 Music\n4.4 International versions\n4.5 Marketing\n4.6 Demos\n5 Reception\n6 Behind the scenes\n7 Gallery\n8 Videos\n9 External links\n10 References\nGameplay\nFallout is a CRPG, or computer role-playing game, with turn-based combat and a pseudo-isometric view.\nCharacter attributes\nMain article: Fallout primary statistics\nFallout uses a character creation system called SPECIAL. SPECIAL is an acronym of Strength, Perception, Endurance, Charisma, Intelligence, Agility, and Luck. These are the seven basic attributes of every character in the game. They are used to determine the skills and perks of the given character. The developers originally intended to use the GURPS system, but late in the development process, they moved to the new SPECIAL system.[3]\nSkills\nMain article: Fallout skills\nThere are 18 different skills in the game. They are ranked from 0% to 200%. The starting values for those skills at level one are determined by the player's seven basic attributes or SPECIAL, but most of those skills would fall between 0% and 50%. Every time the player gains a Level, they will be awarded skill points to be used to improve their skills, equal to five points plus twice their Intelligence. The player may choose to \"Tag\" three of the 18 skills. A tagged skill will improve at twice the normal rate.\nSix combat skills: Small Guns, Big Guns, Energy Weapons, Unarmed, Melee Weapons, Throwing.\nEight active skills: First Aid, Doctor, Sneak, Lockpick, Steal, Traps, Science, Repair.\nFour passive skills: Speech, Barter, Gambling, Outdoorsman.\nBooks found throughout the game world can also improve some of those skills permanently, although books are scarce early in the game. However, after a skill reaches a certain Level, books no longer have any impact on that skill. Some non-player characters can also improve Skills via training. How high skills can be developed is affected by the character's attributesa character with a low Intelligence will not be able to boost their Science rating as high as a character with high Intelligence, for example.\nSome skills can also be improved while having certain items equipped. For example, equipping lock picks would improve lockpicking skills. Chems can also temporarily boost the player character's skills; however, they often have adverse effects such as addiction and withdrawal. As skills grow higher in rating, they begin to cost more skill points to increase.\nTraits and perks\nMain articles: Fallout traits, Fallout perks\nAt character creation, the player may choose two different traits and perks for their character. Traits are special character backgrounds. Most traits have profound effects on gameplay. A trait normally contains one beneficial effect and one detrimental effect. They are listed under perks in the character sheet. Once a Trait is chosen, it is impossible to change, except through the Mutate! perk that lets them change one trait, one time.\nRecruitable non-player characters\nA diverse selection of various recruitable non-player characters can be found to aid the player character in the post-apocalyptic wasteland. Unlike in Fallout 2, there is no limit to the number of NPCs that may be recruited in Fallout. Their statistics and armor remain unchanged throughout the entire game; only their weapons may be upgraded.\nIan is a former caravan guard that can be found in Shady Sands and is the first recruitable non-player character that the player character typically meets. He is an experienced traveler and gunman. Ian can equip any pistol or 10mm SMG (including \"large handguns\"), and wears a leather jacket.\nDogmeat is the only non-human non-player character that can be recruited. Dogmeat can be found in Junktown, outside of Phil's house, preventing him from entering his house. The dog may be attracted by either wearing a leather jacket or feeding the dog an iguana-on-a-stick. After that, he will follow the player character.\nTycho is a former Desert Ranger, now living in Junktown. He can wield rifles, shotguns, and spears.\nKatja is a disillusioned Follower of the Apocalypse that may be recruited in the library in the LA Boneyard. She can fight unarmed and wield SMGs.\nStory\nSetting\nSouthern California, the world map\nMain article: Fallout setting\nThe game is set in a post-apocalyptic world following the Great War, a nuclear war that occurred on October 23, 2077. The war lasted less than two hours but caused immense damage and destruction. Before the Great War came the Resource Wars, during which the United Nations had disbanded, and Canada was annexed.\nThe game takes place in 2161, 84 years after the Great War in Southern California. The events in Fallout take place 59 years after Fallout 76, 36 years before Fallout Tactics, 47 years before Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel, 80 years before Fallout 2, 116 years before Fallout 3, 120 years before Fallout: New Vegas, and 126 years before Fallout 4. Chronologically it is the second game in the series after Fallout 76.\nPlot\nThe protagonist is known as the Vault Dweller. They are described by creator Timothy Cain as a 20-year-old who has grown up in a vault and are the third generation of dwellers, in contrast to the elders who have lived in there for around 80 years. However, the Vault Dweller may be a chosen preset character instead, including Albert Cole, Max Stone and Natalia Dubrovhsky.\nVault 13 overseer sends the Vault Dweller on a mission to obtain a water purifier chip.\nThe story begins in Vault 13, the Vault Dweller's home. Vault 13's water chip, a computer chip responsible for the water recycling and pumping machinery, has broken. Vault 13's overseer tasks the protagonist with finding a replacement. They are given a portable device called the Pip-Boy 2000 which keeps track of mapmaking, quest objectives, and various bookkeeping aspects. Armed with the Pip-Boy 2000 and meager equipment, the protagonist is sent out into the remains of California to find another water chip.\nThe Master who believes turning humanity into super mutants will bring them closer together.\nThe player character initially has 150 days (4 to 5 months, according to the overseer) before the Vault's water supply runs out. This time limit can be extended by 100 days if they commission merchants in the Hub to send water caravans to Vault 13. Upon returning the chip, the Vault Dweller is then tasked with destroying a mutant army that threatens humanity. A mutant known as \"The Master\" (previously known as Richard Grey) has begun using a pre-War, genetically engineered virus called Forced Evolutionary Virus to convert humanity into a race of \"super mutants\" and bring them together in the Unity, his plan for a perfect world. The player character has to kill him and destroy the Military Base housing the supply of FEV, thus halting the invasion before it can start.\nIf both objectives are not completed within 500 game days, the mutant army will discover Vault 13 and invade it, bringing an end to the game. This time limit is shortened to 400 days if Vault 13's location is divulged to the water merchants. A cinematic cutscene of mutants overrunning the Vault is shown if the task to stop the mutant army is failed within this time frame, indicating the player character has lost. If they agree to join the mutant army, the same cinematic is shown. With version 1.1 of the game, the time limit for the mutant attack on Vault 13 is nearly eliminated (to a maximum of thirteen in-game years), allowing player characters to explore the game world at their leisure.\nExiled for the \"good of the vault\", the Vault Dweller walks into the desert.\nThe player can defeat the Master and destroy the super mutants' military base in either order. When both threats are eliminated, a cutscene ensues in which the player character automatically returns to Vault 13. There they are told that they have done great things for the Vault and all of humanity but if they came back everyone would want to leave the Vault and that the Vault Dweller must leave for the good of the Vault. Thus they are rewarded with exile into the desert, for, in the overseer's eyes, the good of the Vault.\nThere is an alternate, non-canonical ending (available if the player character has the \"Bloody Mess\" trait, has accrued significant negative Karma throughout the game, or performs the action manually) in which the Vault Dweller shoots the overseer.\nAfter the end of the game, the exiled Vault Dweller eventually found Arroyo, the starting point for Fallout 2. The Chosen One, the protagonist in Fallout 2, is the descendant of the Vault Dweller.\nEndings\nMain article: Fallout endings\nThere are some ending variations for the fates of people and locations.\nLocations\nMain article: Fallout locations\nVault 13: The Vault Dweller's home. The first quest in the game is to find a replacement for the vault's broken water purification chip. None of the inhabitants are permitted to leave the vault, under the leadership of the vault's overseer, who is dedicated to protecting and sheltering them. Vault 13 was probably located under Mt. Whitney, as it roughly matches the location of the mountain. Vault 13 may also refer to a mountain in Indian Wells Valley, within the bounds of the Naval Air Weapons Station at China Lake, known as B-Mountain. The mountain looks very similar to illustrations of the location in the game and is rumored to have a large underground research center inside.\nVault 15: This vault was once occupied by an enormous number of people of very different ideologies and cultures. The overcrowding and the diversification led to four different groups leaving, three of them forming each one raiding group - the Khans, the Vipers, and the Jackals - and one of them settling down and founding Shady Sands. Vault 15 is now lair to several mutated animals. A water purification chip is nowhere to be found here.\nShady Sands: A group of former Vault 15 inhabitants has founded a small village between Vault 13 and Vault 15. Shady Sands is led by Aradesh, who asks the Vault Dweller to help get rid of the radscorpions who are threatening the village. Here, the Vault Dweller can recruit Ian, an experienced traveler and gunman, to their group. It is also possible to \"recruit\" Tandi, the daughter of Aradesh, by not returning her to town after her kidnapping. An obelisk in the center of the city has the inscription \"In remind of hope and peace.\"\nKhan Base: A clan of raiders known as the Khans, led by a man named Garl, have set up a camp near Shady Sands. Tandi, Aradesh's daughter, is eventually kidnapped by the camp's raiders, and it is up to the Vault Dweller to save her, choosing from a variety of methods.\nJunktown: Surrounded by piles of wrecked cars, Junktown is run by the shop owner Killian Darkwater, who is also the sheriff and grandson of the town's founder. Junktown's gates are closed in the night, and drawing weapons is not allowed except in self-defense. Gizmo, the town's casino owner, wants Killian dead because he \"cramps [my] business.\" The player character can choose to either help Killian or Gizmo. The Vault Dweller can also recruit Tycho, a ranger, and Dogmeat, a wild dog, to their group.\nThe Hub: As a major commercial town, the Hub is the most quest-filled location in the game. It is divided into several districts, each one controlled by a powerful group of people: the Water Merchants, the Crimson Caravan and the Far Go Traders. Here the Vault Dweller can send water merchants to Vault 13 to extend the time limit in which they must find a water chip.\nNecropolis: The remains of what was once Bakersfield, California. Overrun by ghouls and containing a vast sewer system, Necropolis is the aftermath of Vault 12. Vault 12 was designed by the Enclave so that its door could not close and the vault's occupants would be exposed to high doses of radiation. This led to the transformation of its inhabitants into ghouls after the Great War. The ghouls were divided into three groups: the surface dwellers, who are the most numerous, and paranoid about non-ghouls and outsiders; the glowing ones, heavily irradiated ghouls, rejected even by their own, and the so-called underground ghouls, living in the city's sewers. It is here that the Vault Dweller finds the water chip while observing an unusual super-mutant invasion, which may be a serious threat to humanity's future.\nBoneyard: The Boneyard, also known as the Angel's Boneyard, is the remaining portion of the Los Angeles cityscape. This is one of the later towns that the Vault Dweller may visit, receiving upgrades for end game equipment: the turbo plasma rifle and hardened power armor. The player character may also recruit Katja here.\nLost Hills: This bunker is the headquarters of the Brotherhood of Steel, shown as \"Brotherhood of Steel\" in the Pip-Boy 2000, an organization with roots in the US military and government-sponsored scientific community from before the Great War. The outpost consists of four underground levels; with level one closest to the surface and level four the furthest underground. Level zero is the on-ground entrance.\nThe Glow: Formerly known as West Tek Research Facility, The Glow is now an irradiated ruin. It is here that experiments were conducted on laser and plasma weapons, and the development of the FEV and power armor took place. The Glow is controlled by a mainframe called \"ZAX.\" It is the Vault Dweller's objective to retrieve a piece of evidence for the Brotherhood of Steel, which is a holodisk left by a fallen Brotherhood of Steel member, that proves he entered the location. The difficulty in this assignment is that The Glow is highly radioactive, and the player character must consume anti-radiation drugs to survive their visit. A player character unaware of this zone's high radiation levels would find themselves quickly succumbing to radiation poisoning.\nMariposa Military Base: This former military base is where the research was conducted on FEV (which was previously conducted in the West Tek Research Facility). This is where new super mutants are created.\nThe Cathedral: The Cathedral is the place where the Children of the Cathedral organization, which is a faade for the Master's plans, can be found. Beneath the Cathedral lies a secret vault, wherein the Master resides.\nDevelopment\nTimothy Cain described Fallout as a \"B-tier project\" that had \"problem\" employees assigned to it, although Tim Cain found most of the employees fine to work with and felt the real problem were their managers. Fallout was almost cancelled three times, and Cain was told that Fallout was not a \"worthwhile\" project to develop.[4]\nThe game was initially intended to use Steve Jackson Games' GURPS system, but when Interplay Entertainment made the decision to drop GURPS on February 12, 1997,[5] it created its own system, SPECIAL. Fallout is seen as the \"spiritual successor\" to Interplay Entertainment's classic 1987 CRPG Wasteland. The designers proposed many titles, but they agreed on titling it Armageddon. However, they found out that another Interplay project was going to use that title, so they were obligated to switch again, and Fallout was the team's favorite among the remainder.[6]\nThe creation of a talking head\nAlthough Fallout is an isometric game, the developers were open to the idea of making Fallout a fully 3D game, but the limitations of 3D games around 1996 influenced the game to remain isometric.[7] Additionally, due to the technology available at the time as opposed to 3D character models, talking heads were constructed with clay. They were scanned, textured and animated. This allowed 21 characters in the game to be shown with great facial detail compared to the sprites of other characters.\nAlthough the game was intended to release in the summer of 1997, a memory overwrite bug causing random crashing delayed the game a few months.\nAt the Game Developers Conference in San Francisco, held from March 59, 2012, Tim Cain held a presentation about the original Fallout's early development stages. Afterward, a post-mortem document was released which describes the game's development progress and shows how the team overcame the many difficulties they faced from '94 till its release in September '97. It also provides several early concept art images.[8]\nFallout has a vision statement listing key points about what the developers wanted Fallout to be. Fallout was also inspired by the Hard-Boiled comic book mini-series by Frank Miller and Geoff Darrow, as well the film The City of Lost Children starring Ron Perlman, the narrator of the Fallout openings.\nAvailability\nNew boxed editions of the game were published several years after the game's release, usually included on one DVD together with Fallout 2 and Fallout Tactics. They were bundled on Fallout Trilogy (2004), Fallout Anthology (2015) and Fallout Legacy Collection(2019).\nFallout can be purchased on Steam and GOG.com (DRM-free version). Interplay struck a deal releasing their own DRM-free copies of Fallout, Fallout 2, and Fallout Tactics as a set.\nThis was not always the case, however; in early 2014, Steam and GOG.com removed Fallout, Fallout 2 and Tactics from purchase availability as a result of the license changing hands. Bethesda stated that they would be bringing the games back to Steam, but made no confirmation as to whether or not they would be returning to other distribution platforms.[9] Sometime around June 2014, the games returned to Steam, while in August 2015 they became available again through GOG.com.\nOn September 30, 2017, the release date of the game in 1997, as a celebration of Fallout's 20th anniversary, Bethesda gave away Fallout for free on Steam until 11:59p.m. Pacific time.[10]\nFallout, Fallout 2 and Fallout Tactics were all given for free when Fallout 76 was pre-ordered on PC.\nDevelopers\nThe Fallout developer team had nearly 100 members (mostly artists). Although most of the team dissolved after Fallout was released, about one-third of them formed Interplay's Black Isle Studios division that was responsible for Fallout 2. Some went on to work on future projects, and several key players left Interplay altogether to form Troika Games.\nMusic\nMain article: Fallout soundtrack\nThe game soundtrack for Fallout was composed by Mark Morgan.\nInternational versions\nThe game underwent censorship in certain international versions, including the removal of all children from the game in some of the European versions (e.g. British and German ones). This censorship was apparently imposed because the game included the possibility of killing children, although this was in no way promoted (on the contrary, the game actively discourages this act, though it remains possible as part of the player character's free will). Among its consequences are unfriendly responses from non-player characters, bounty hunters regularly and repeatedly attacking the player character, and various non-player characters refusing to assist them in their adventure. In addition to being frustrating for many of the game's players, the removal of children from the game is known to have produced a number of bugs.\nMarketing\nIn the Vault Dweller's Survival Guide, Brian Fargo stated that the game had no marketing campaign. Instead, he encouraged the fans to give direct feedback about their games on Interplay's website.[11] The Fallout Demo was released on April 26, 1997.[12]\nDemos\nA number of demos were made for the game, which features unique content designed specifically to show off the game's systems without spoiling its story including an interactive demo for E3 1996 and public demo.\nReception\nFallout received a Metacritic metascore of 89.[13]\nGameSpot gave it an 8.7 and praised the game, but found some aspects of it clunky, feeling, \"interaction with nonplayer characters (NPCs) is a bit disappointing. Most of the nonplayer characters in Fallout aren't big on conversation and run around blithely and inconsequentially.\" They also found some of the NPC companion mechanics frustrating, mentioning, \"Unfortunately, these NPC companions tend to take particular delight in blocking doorways or shooting you (and each other) in the back with semiautomatic weapons. You also won't be able to directly access your companions' inventory or otherwise instruct them to give you items or to equip better armor. Give an NPC a key item and you'll have to barter or steal from the NPC in order to get it back.\"[14]\nBehind the scenes\nIn 1998, a pitch for a Fallout film adapting the video game was created. In 2000, it was announced that it would be developed by Interplay Films. However, the project never came to fruition.\nGallery\nPromotional artwork, which was outsourced or done by Interplay's marketing team. None of the Fallout devs ever saw or approved it.[15]Steam bannerRussian box art by 1C Company\nVideos\nFallout (1997) - Full Official SoundtrackFallout A GURPS Post-Nuclear Adventure PC Games previewOfficial Fallout A GURPS Post-Nuclear Adventure Promo\"Fallout\" IntroFallout Overseer IntroFallout Cutscenes The Invasion of Vault 13\nExternal links\nFallout on Steam\nMirror of the official Fallout website at Duck and Cover\nMirror of the official early GURPS: Fallout website at Duck and Cover\nReferences\n Article on PC Gamer, October 3, 1997 (archived link)\n Fallout development log on Interplay.com (archived link)\n Vault 13: A GURPS Post-Nuclear Adventure\n https://youtu.be/6i8Bx4zYIKQ\n Steve Jackson games\n \"The team proposed a bunch of names. We settled on Armageddon for a brief time but found out another Interplay project was going to use that, so had to switch again. Fallout was the team's favorite among the remainder. The other Armageddon was canceled shortly thereafter, but since we had already announced Fallout, it was too late to change back.\"Fallout retrospective\n Fallout at 25 Fallout Wiki roundtable\n Early concept vision document\n Fallout on Steam article\n Fallout Anniversary article\n Vault Dweller's Survival Guide, Page A-7\n Fallout demo\n Metacritic - Fallout PC\n GameSpot review\n Leonard Boyarsky interview at RPG Codex\nExpandvdeFallout seriesFallout RPGs and add-onsFallout Fallout 2Fallout 3Operation: Anchorage The Pitt Broken Steel Point Lookout Mothership ZetaFallout: New VegasDead Money Honest Hearts Old World Blues Lonesome Road Gun Runners' Arsenal Courier's StashFallout 4Automatron Wasteland Workshop Far Harbor Contraptions Workshop Vault-Tec Workshop Nuka-WorldFallout 76List of updatesFallout 5Spin-offsVideo gamesFallout Tactics Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel Fallout Shelter Fallout Shelter OnlineTabletop RPGs and scenariosFallout: The Roleplaying Game (Fully Operational, Hunted!, Machine Frequency, Map Pack 1: Vault, Map Pack 2: Wasteland Locales, NPC Pack 2 - Enclave Remnants, Once Upon a Time in the Wasteland, Orange Coloured Sky, Royal Flush, Settler's Guide Book, Showdown in Skull Canyon, Wanderer's Guide Book, Winter of Atom, With a Bang, or a Whimper) Fallout: Wasteland Warfare Roleplaying Game (Machine Frequency)Wargaming and board gamesFallout: Warfare Fallout: Wasteland Warfare Fallout: The Board Game (Fallout: New California) Fallout Shelter: The Board GamePromotional gamesFallout Tactics Simon Says Fallout: Tactics Concentration Game Vault Dash Fallout Free Style RPG QuestOther mediaOne Man, and a Crate of Puppets (webcomic) All Roads (graphic novel) Fallout C.H.A.T. (emoji and gif app) Fallout Pip-Boy (companion app) Fallout (TV series)CompilationsFallout Trilogy Fallout Anthology Fallout Legacy Collection Fallout S.P.E.C.I.A.L. AnthologyCanceled projectsFallout 3 (CN: Van Buren) Fallout 4 (Black Isle Studios) Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel 2 Fallout d20 Fallout Extreme Fallout Tactics 2 Project V13 Fallout movieDevelopersBethesda Softworks Black Isle Studios Fantasy Flight Games Interplay Entertainment Masthead Studios Modiphius Obsidian EntertainmentRelated articlesFallout setting (Divergence, Glossary) Fallout: New Vegas 2 Fonts References in other media Themes SPECIAL Source texts (all games)\nThe contents of this page were partially or entirely copied from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, and are therefore licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. 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Students\nClass 1-A\nHeroes\nFormer Hero Trainees\nGenius Office Employees\nEndeavor's Agency Employees\nOne For All Wielders\nCharacters from Shizuoka\nEntrance Exam Arc Antagonists\nBattle Trial Arc Antagonists\nU.A. Sports Festival Arc Antagonists\nEnglish\nCatal\nDeutsch\nFranais\nItaliano\nPolski\nPortugus do Brasil\n\nKatsuki Bakugo\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (48)\nOverview\nGallery\nSynopsis\nRelationships\nOverview\nGallery\nSynopsis\nRelationships\nEvery time Deku gets stronger, I grit my teeth to keep from falling behind. Even at this 30 percent speed of his... I ain't gonna be left behind. I'll take his growth and make it my own, all to rise higher. Even higher than him - the \"chosen one\". I'm not gonna lose... I can't afford to stay a loser!!Katsuki Bakugo in \"Encounter, Part 2\"\nKatsuki Bakugo\nStudent Uniform\nHero Costume\nCivilian\nBiographical Information\nKanji Name\n\nRmaji Name\nBakug Katsuki\nAlias\nKacchan (, Katchan?)Great Explosion Murder God Dynamight (, Daibakusasshin Dainamaito?)\nPersonal Description\nBirthday\nApril 20[1]\nAge\n4 (First appearance)14 (Chapter 1-2)15 (Chapter 3-4)16 (U.A. Sports Festival Arc to Dark Hero Arc)17 (Current)\nGender\nMale\nHeight\n172cm (5'7\")[1]\nHair Color\nAsh blond\nEye Color\nRed\nBlood Type\nA\nQuirk\nExplosionOne For All (Temporarily)\nStatus\nStatus\nAlive\nBirthplace\nNear Shizuoka Prefecture\nFamily\nMasaru Bakugo (Father)Mitsuki Bakugo (Mother)\nOccupation\nStudent\nAffiliation\nAldera Junior High (Formerly)U.A. High SchoolEndeavor Agency\nFighting Style\nMelee + ranged combat\nFirst Appearance\nManga Debut\nChapter 1\nAnime Debut\nEpisode 1\nPortrayal\nJapanese VA\nNobuhiko OkamotoSachi Kokury (Child)Yichir Umehara (Vomic)Rie Takahashi (Vomic; child)\nEnglish VA\nClifford ChapinKate Oxley (Child)\nImage Gallery\nKatsuki Bakugo Images\nKatsuki Bakugo (, Bakug Katsuki?), also known as Kacchan (, Katchan?) by his childhood friends,[2] and his hero name Great Explosion Murder God Dynamight (, Daibakusasshin Dainamaito?),[3] is a student in Class 1-A at U.A. High School, training to become a Pro Hero. He is the deuteragonist of the series.\nContents\n1 Appearance\n1.1 Gallery\n2 Personality\n3 Abilities\n3.1 Quirk\n3.2 Temporary Quirk\n3.3 Ultimate Moves\n3.4 Stats\n4 Equipment\n5 Battles & Events\n6 Relatives\n7 Chapter Appearances\n8 Anime Appearances\n9 Trivia\n10 Quotes\n11 References\n12 Site Navigation\nAppearance[]\nKatsuki is a young man of average height, with a slim, muscular build, and a fair skin tone. He has short, spiky, sandy blond hair with choppy bangs that hang over his eyebrows. His eyes are sharp and bright red in color.\nDuring his time in Aldera Junior High School, similar to Izuku, he wore a plain black gakuran uniform with yellow buttons, accompanied by brown loafers. While at home, he wears a green jinbei over a white shirt and gray sweatpants.\nAt U.A., he wears the standard U.A. uniform without the customary red tie, a few buttons undone at the top of his white collared shirt, and his pants are worn loosely, sagging at his ankles, despite him wearing a belt with them. After the Paranormal Liberation War, Katsuki's school uniform is worn in a much neater fashion and includes the red tie he previously forgone.\nHis hero costume is composed of a tight, black, sleeveless tank top, with an orange \"X\" across the middle, forming a V-neck. There are two dots along the left line of his collar, indicating the support company that designed his costume.[4] His costume also has a metallic neck brace worn with rectangular ends that have three holes on each side. His black sleeves reach from within his large grenade-like gauntlets to his biceps, with a thin orange tip at the end. A green and orange belt, which carries grenades, holds up his baggy pants with green straps and knee guards. He sports black, knee-high combat boots with orange soles and eight eyelets, and straps on the top. His mask is jagged and black, and as it goes around his eyes, a large, orange-rimmed flare shape protrudes from each side.\nWhile interning under Best Jeanist, the Fiber Hero attempted to teach Katsuki the importance of maintaining a positive appearance. To that end, he took the liberty of making some changes to Katsuki's outward appearance to make him look less intimidating. During this tenure, his wild spiky hair was combed into a neat side part. Best Jeanist also made changes to Katsuki's Hero costume; he got rid of Katsuki's mask and grenade gauntlets and had him wear a pair of smart blue denim jeans in place of his usual baggy pants.\nIn the winter months, he wears a large jacket with a high collar and four orange eyelets on the collar and two on each shoulder, rather than the usual tank top, although it does maintain the same orange \"X\" design, the purpose of which he can still sweat a sufficient amount in the cold weather, given how his Quirk works.\nFor Mission: Humarise, Katsuki and his fellow internees at the Endeavor Agency are given special advanced stealth costumes by the World Heroes Association for their mission to Otheon. Based on the winter variant of his costume, Katsuki designed his stealth costume to be all neoprene black with the exception of orange \"X\", the soles of his boots, and his gloves while retaining the metal kneepads and his metallic neck brace has two holes on each side instead of three. The Grenadier Bracers were redesigned to be shaped like flashbang grenades rather than frag grenades. He also has two silver plates on his shoulders with the letters \"WHA\" and two straps coming down from his neck brace with a red button on the left.\nDue to the injuries he sustained during the Paranormal Liberation War, Katsuki has two scars on his body: one on his left shoulder and one on his lower stomach area.\nBy the time of the Final War, Katsuki now wears his Winter Costume to maximize his sweat production, increasing his need for condensed explosions from his nitroglycerin. During his final battle against Tomura Shigaraki, he utilizes a support gear called the Strafe Panzer, which consists of six barreled heavy cannons and two shoulder-pad smaller cannons as aim sights; the cannons are loaded with a belt feed containing nitroglycerin stored in each capsule, giving Katsuki more sweat ammunition or for bigger explosions.\nIn the fight, the Strafe Panzer is destroyed and his right arm is badly crushed by the villain, while the right side of his face is heavily scarred. After a near death experience due to his heart being ruptured by an attack from Tomura, said hole now has a suture scar thanks to being resuscitated back to life by Edgeshot. To mend his broken right arm, All Might gives him his remaining equipment from his Armored All Might suit, the \"Great Explosion Murder God Dynamight\", acting as a splint.\nGallery[]\nKatsuki's manga profile.Katsuki in the manga.Katsuki as a child.Katsuki Bakugo's hero costume.Katsuki's winter costume.Katsuki in a formal suit.Katsuki's stealth costume in My Hero Academia: World Heroes' Mission.Katsuki in his Strafe Panzer.\nPersonality[]\nKatsuki showcasing his overconfidence.\nKatsuki is a crude, arrogant, short-tempered, and aggressive person, especially at the beginning of the series. Katsuki tends to come off as unheroic; this problematic behavior going all the way back to his early childhood days when he was known to bully a young, Quirkless, Izuku Midoriya. He showed to be extremely arrogant and condescending to those around him, often bragging of his Explosion Quirk's power, and even boasting that he would take on his entire middle school class. He showed open hostility towards Izuku, mainly because of his former Quirkless status, and would frequently put down his dream of becoming a Hero, despite lacking a Quirk, and also gave him the insulting nickname \"Deku\" (meaning useless and unable to achieve anything). He even threatened Izuku not to apply to U.A. High School and became angry upon both of them passing the Entrance Exam, wanting to be the only person from his middle school to make it there.\nHowever, after being accepted into U.A. and experiencing several personal defeats, one of them even coming from Izuku, Katsuki has gradually changed into a less antagonistic person, albeit still retaining a lot of his unpleasant traits. While often portrayed negatively, Katsuki's fierce character and competitive drive have actually granted him an important role among Class 1-A, as a sort of inspirational mood-maker.[5]\nKatsuki's usual fighting expression.\nDetermined and thirsty for victory, Katsuki smiles eerily when in the middle of a battle. He is incredibly focused on achieving his own authentic victories and has learned to never underestimate his opponents. Katsuki is not only very athletic and talented at fighting, but also very intelligent and extremely perceptive, capable of strategic planning and improvisation. Moreover, Katsuki's grades are among the highest of his class and he already knew how to read perfectly by the age of four, evidence that he treats studying seriously.[6][2] Katsuki also possesses surprising talent in other areas, such as cooking and music, even though he doesn't show a particular interest in them.[7][8] Overall, Katsuki is considered a natural-born genius with the potential to be one of the best Pro Heroes around.\nEijiro's first impression of Katsuki.\nWhile a rather volatile hero-in-training, Katsuki is smart enough to discern who his enemies and allies are. He is not particularly nice or open with people who are on his side, or anyone else for that matter, but will act less unfriendly and sometimes even kind to those that manage to earn his respect. Because of his attitude and vulgar language, Katsuki's U.A. classmates often react negatively to him, although they have come to appreciate his skills and warm up to his personality.[9] Katsuki matures slowly through his time at U.A., coming to befriend some of his classmates and willingly engaging in social interaction with them, though remaining solitary for the most part.\nLike with Izuku, Katsuki has a habit of bestowing insulting nicknames upon others, such as calling Tenya Ida \"Four Eyes\" because of his glasses, Denki Kaminari \"Dunce-Face\" because of how his Electrification Quirk dulls his thinking, Shoto Todoroki \"Half and Half\" or \"Icy-Hot\" because of his dual Quirk and appearance, and so on. He also refers to people he doesn't know as \"Extras\" treating them as little more than fodder or stepping stones to his victory until he faces them head-on. Despite this, he can address others properly when it matters, such as when he's serious or in the heat of battle.\nKatsuki trying to intimidate Shoto with Explosion.\nKatsuki tends to disregard the notion that Quirks shouldn't be used in public and will activate his Quirk for a number of reasons, such as to intimidate someone, to punctuate a point, out of frustration, or even if he just feels like showing off. Overall, Katsuki doesn't seem to care very much about what others think of him, barely containing himself from violent behavior (although he avoids other typical delinquent practices like underage smoking).[10] Katsuki values honesty highly and never lies to the point his brash candor is seen by some as rude and insensitive. He is never afraid of speaking his mind and will notice when people are not being truthful to him. This shows that, despite his anti-social habits, Katsuki is an excellent judge of character, making it hard to deceive him.\nKatsuki unhappy with his first place at the Sports Festival.\nDue to the constant praise of his abilities and powerful Quirk, Katsuki has developed a superiority complex, and because of that, he desires to be the first and best at everything. As pointed out by many people, Katsuki loves to win above all else and cannot stand it when he doesn't, leading him to lose his already short temper or, less often, sulk. He is fiercely competitive and will never settle for less than the number one spot, having a compulsive need to always strive for victory and also prove people who doubt him wrong. However, Katsuki also values hard work and fair play, to the point of refusing to acknowledge a winning result if he feels that his victory was not earned by actual merit. Along with that, he detests being pitied or looked down on by others, and will hold contempt towards those that don't take him seriously, while recognizing the effort of those that manage to put up a challenge against him, like, for example, Ochaco Uraraka and Eijiro Kirishima.\nBecause of his Quirk and talents, Katsuki is very confident and brave to where he is willing to go against anyone who challenges him. He never backs down from a fight and will go out when facing such a powerful opponent. From taking on several villains at the Unforeseen Simulation Joint, Katsuki knows when dealing with someone that is out of his league, as he let All Might face off against Nomu. During the First Term Final Exam, Katsuki wasn't afraid to go up against All Might, even though he knew he had a low chance of taking him down head on.\nKatsuki saving his allies from danger.\nKatsuki is immensely prideful and prefers to act alone, as he hates the idea of being protected or having to rely on other people to assist him unless, in the latter's case, he is recognized as the unquestionable leading figure within a team. At the beginning of the series, Katsuki's cooperativeness was nothing short of atrocious, often ignoring his partners' ideas and suggestions for his own very direct approaches. His teamwork skills gradually improve as the series progresses, even if Katsuki keeps coming off as condescending through his usual tone. However, it's clear he now acknowledges their importance, protecting them from harm while expecting them to do the same for him in return. As a leader, Katsuki is a merciless perfectionist, and will only become satisfied with complete, indisputable victories.\nKatsuki refusing Izuku's help once more, reflecting their childhood.\nKatsuki often has difficulty accepting his mistakes and shortcomings, and will fiercely deny them whenever they are pointed out by others, regardless of who does it. That doesn't mean, however, that Katsuki doesn't listen to advice, having come to realize his faults and how to somewhat improve on them thanks to the words and actions of other people like All Might and Best Jeanist, but he will never outright admit due to his pride. He prefers to self-reflect in silence and solitude, becoming a bit more brooding during those periods. Katsuki's unchecked pride and aggression has cost him victories on numerous occasions, like the Battle Trial or the Provisional Hero License Exam, and it tends to worsen whenever Izuku is involved. Both characters share a sensitive history with each other, with Katsuki, in particular, being unable to completely overcome his issues with Izuku, although this has not stopped them from working together many times.[11]\nKatsuki's wounded pride.\nKatsuki has a more vulnerable side, having been led to tears due to damaged pride a few times. After the Battle Trial, Katsuki admitted that when he saw Shoto Todoroki's power, he couldn't beat him head on and called out how Momo Yaoyorozu was right about how reckless he was during his fight with Izuku. Katsuki has also shown moments of fear and guilt, the latter due to viewing himself and his own weakness as the cause of All Might losing his remaining power and retiring as a hero. Still, due to years of misunderstandings, tension, and pride, Katsuki has difficulty doing the same thing towards Izuku.\nBy the time of the Remedial Course, Katsuki had started to mature enough to the point that he was able to advise a kid, who acted similarly to him, that if he continued to look down on others then he would not realize his own mistakes. Despite this growth, he has certain personality traits that he doesn't immediately get over, like joining the Class 1-A band during the U.A. School Festival under the pretense of \"beating the other classes through music\", or calling his classmates in the Joint Training Battle \"underlings\". During his internship at the Endeavor Agency, he also berates Burnin for speaking so loudly in the morning, despite having been scolded by his mother for doing the very same thing.\nKatsuki also has an honorable side to him. While he didn't believe about Izuku's Quirk belonging to someone else as well as falsely assuming that Izuku had been hiding it from him the entire time, when he learned of All For One and his Quirk, he started to believe Izuku's words and pieced it together after seeing All Might's true form, confronting the former about his assumption. After All Might confirmed his deduction, Katsuki vowed to keep One For All a secret, being one of the initial few people to know about the true power of the Quirk.\nWhile his inspiration for becoming a hero was the same as Izuku's, the Symbol of Peace, All Might, their beliefs differ: Katsuki feels a hero should never stop fighting or give up, regardless of the threat they face, and that always winning is the mark of a true hero. Furthermore, various heroes, civilians, and even villains have commented on his arrogance and conceit. However, Katsuki is unwavering in his aspirations of heroism, having outright refused Tomura Shigaraki's proposal for him to join the League of Villains because he views the villains as people who lose and not win like heroes.\nIt is later revealed that Katsuki decided to help Izuku train One For All to atone for his actions. During Katsuki's discussion with All Might about his connections to Izuku, Katsuki admitted that he bullied Izuku as an outlet for his own insecurities and how he couldn't understand why Izuku would put others before himself. In truth, Katsuki really cares for Izuku despite how he acts, and wishes for him to continue improving his strength and Quirks, unlike before where he ridiculed Izuku's efforts and told him how he wouldn't amount to anything. His caring and protective side is further proven when he heard that Tomura was targeting One For All, immediately realizing that the villain leader would be going after Izuku and made attempts to keep Tomura away from him.\nAfter Izuku left U.A. in order to face All For One alone, as well as to protect his friends and family from danger, Katsuki, along with his classmates, departed from the school in order to bring him back. Following a battle to get Izuku to come to his senses, Katsuki genuinely apologizes to the former for his actions while calling Izuku by his first name, displaying his regret over trying to usurp Izuku's strengths by putting him down and for bullying him in the past. This proves that Katsuki is repentant over his own faults, with him willing to face them in order to atone for his past actions, and now seeing Izuku as a true ally, friend, and rival figure.\nAbilities[]\nKatsuki's combat prowess.\nOverall Abilities: Katsuki has proven to be one of the strongest students in Class 1-A, earning third place in the Quirk Apprehension Test, while placing first in both the U.A. Entrance Exam, having the most villain points, and the U.A. Sports Festival. Katsuki's fighting style is an all-out offense, using his Quirk's propulsive abilities to close the distance between him and his opponents, followed by a bombardment of close-range attacks that often start with a powerful right hook. Katsuki is able to use his Explosion to propel himself through mid-air, blind opponents, and release long-range blasts, among other applications. Explosion is a versatile Quirk, especially for battle situations, as the recoil caused by the blasts can be exploited by Katsuki for mobility purposes.\nDuring the U.S.J. Incident, Katsuki was able to single-handedly overpower and immobilize Kurogiri, a highly capable villain. At the U.A. Sports Festival, he defeated Fumikage Tokoyami and Shoto Todoroki, who were considered the two other strongest students in Class 1-A at that point. Many notable Pro Heroes, such as Shota Aizawa and All Might, have praised Katsuki's prowess, noting the sheer amount of potential he carries. The League of Villains also took notice of Katsuki's strength and went as far as trying to kidnap him so he could be converted to their cause, even if it meant sacrificing members of the Vanguard Action Squad as his potential membership would have far exceeded the risk.\nPushing pass his limits, Katsuki successfully defeats the Trigger-enhanced Serpenters.\nKatsuki is strong enough to fight toe-to-toe and even overpower Izuku when he's using 5% of One For All, though was pressured and nearly defeated once Izuku began using 8%. During the Joint Training Battle, Katsuki displayed that he can still fight efficiently despite his Quirk being weakened by the cold weather conditions of the winter season. Katsuki also became less insubordinate when paired with people and developed exceptional camaraderie, as he utilizes his abilities to repel opponents that overpower his comrades. When Katsuki discards his pride, his comradeship proves pivotal against any formidable adversaries they face.\nNot willing to let Izuku get ahead of him and never taking his intended goal of surpassing All Might lightly, Katsuki is always building up his power, improving his technique, and looking forward to knowing what he is currently unable to do, with the intent of being able to do so in the future. Katsuki's unstoppable drive to win is perhaps his biggest strength, with all of his classmates, including Izuku, having faith in his ability to earn victories.\nBy the time of the Paranormal Liberation War, Katsuki's overall abilities and proficiency have significantly increased, evidenced by him singlehandedly defeating the Trigger-enhanced Serpenters after a drawn-out battle, and even matching the speed of Izuku using One For All at 30%. Like Izuku, Katsuki has also grown to the point he can fight side-by-side with world class pros, such as Endeavor, Gran Torino, Best Jeanist, Mirko, and Edgeshot. After his near-death experience upon being stabbed by Tomura's Rivet Stabs, Katsuki was the first of his class to undergo an Awakening, which causes his Quirk to become stronger, faster, and more condensed than usual, resulting in the development of a new technique called Cluster. In the aftermath of the war, Katsuki has been training more consistently to improve his Cluster, and he was able to utilize his Quirk to new heights when he and Class 1-A manage to catch up to the rogue Izuku who was using Fa Jin to reach Faux 100 Percent.\nAfter Izuku returns to U.A., Katsuki still keeps improving his Quirk, and this time, wearing only his Winter Costume so he can produce more sweat and condense his nitroglycerin, focusing on saving up a bunch of sweat. So rather than one big Explosion, he can create a barrage of explosions at once to power his new Cluster technique.\nIn the Final War, Katsuki improved so much that he was able to fight alongside other Heroes such as three of the Top 5 Pro Heroes, The Big 3, three of the strongest U.A. Hero Course students, and against the now complete Tomura whose abilities have increased to the point where his can conjure a blob of fingers as the result of the Quirk Singularity. Despite his improvement, Tomura still bested him and ultimately fatally injured him by landing a devastating punch right on his chest, causing his heart to burst. However, thanks to his intense training with his Quirk, the nitroglycerin in his sweat helped to jumpstart his heart back to life, as well as then allowed him to utilize said beads of sweat stored in his palms to shoot through his whole body, using the pain of the intervals where they explode to give him better handling on the timing of his backup blasts, making even more ginormous explosions three times its normal size.\nHis overall abilities have drastically improved over the course of the war, enabling him to, not only to make him startle even Tomura, but also fend off a more younger All For One, whose body was being rewinded to his prime thanks to a reversed-engineered Quirk-Destroying Drug, until he was eventually re-wound out of existence. His proficiency of his Quirk also improved to the point he can discreetly explode his nitroglycerin sweat beads from long distances, greatly disrupting All For One's attempted retaliation.\nEnhanced Speed: Initially, Katsuki's speed relied on constant shockwave explosions of his palms, which gives him semi-flight capabilities, but he was fast enough to keep up with some of the fastest students in U.A. such as Tenya Ida, Shoto Todoroki, and Izuku. Thanks to his technique of utilizing the back-blast and shockwave of his Quirk, Katsuki was fast enough to catch up to Tenya during the Kamino Incident. Katsuki has been constantly improving his speed to the point where he can catch up to some of the top Heroes such as Endeavor, and save Natsuo Todoroki from certain death from a speeding car. By the time of the Paranormal Liberation war, Katsuki's speed has improved drastically over the span of a few months, enabling him to keep up with Izuku at 30% of One For All Full Cowling. After his Quirk Awakening, his explosions have condensed, enabling Katsuki to now have stronger explosions, which would later be essential to his Cluster technique. With his new Cluster, Katsuki was so fast that he can keep up with Izuku in his Fa Jin with the aid of his classmates to catch him. By the time of the Final War, Katsuki's speed has increased even more, enabling him to not only fight Tomura on even grounds, but also fast enough that Tomura couldn't keep up for a moment. After being resuscitated back to life, he demonstrated another increase in his speed, to the point he was able to catch up to All For One, who was performing at his own near peak level of speed.\nEnhanced Strength: Katsuki possesses a high-caliber physical strength, confirmed by his ability to use his Grenade Bracers without sustaining effects from recoil, whereas Izuku nearly dislocated his arm trying to do so. He's also strong enough to casually pick up and throw people of Izuku's size considerable distance with one arm. His physical power is even enough to draw blood from Izuku at 5% of One For All with a kick. During the course of his internship with the Endeavor Agency, his overall strength has greatly improved, enabling him to withstand a condensed explosion, which creates bigger shockwave blasts upon release. His strength contributes to the evacuation of the Jaku Hospital Raid during the Paranormal Liberation War, as he was able to carry an old lady, and three kids while also doing his Explosive Turbo at the same time. His dedication to improving his Quirk enables Katsuki to withstand increasingly greater explosions, especially during the Final War, when Katsuki was able to inflict so much damage on Tomura by unleashing his Howitzer Impact: Cluster, which caused the entire U.A. Flying Fortress to rock and reverberate from the inside and the surface. After his near death experience at Tomura's hand, he demonstrated his other ability to not only increase the volume of his explosions, but also enhance his muscles to handle further explosions that were able to keep up with All For One's ultimate attack.\nEnhanced Reflexes: Perhaps Katsuki's greatest physical trait is his fantastic reflexes and reaction time. Initially, his reflexes are on human levels, but decently sharp. He's shown on several occasions overwhelming his foes with his speed or completely evading all their attacks while striking back such as in his battles with Ochaco, Cider House, and Izuku (even when the latter was at 5% of One For All). Once Izuku began utilizing 8% of his true power, Katsuki was quickly pushed back and nearly unable to keep up at all. His superb reflexes even allow him to evade a jet of carbonated water strong enough to cleave a streetlamp in two. Evading such high-speed water attacks is an impressive feat on Katsuki's part, as jets of water can cut through metal when travelling at 760 m/s (1700 mph), which is over twice the speed of sound. His reflexes have been refined during the Joint Training Battle, as he was able to not only save Kyoka Jiro from an attack, but at the same time take out Togaru Kamakiri, one of Class 1-B's most agile opponents. During his internship at the Endeavor Agency, following through Endeavor's advice, his reflexes have become sharper, giving him split-second decision-making skills, enabling him to not only obliterate attacks from a Trigger-induced Ending, but also save Natsuo from being hit by a speeding car. By the time of the Paranormal Liberation War, Katsuki was able to react quick enough to save Izuku from getting attacked by Tomura's Rivet Stabs, at the cost of getting impaled in the process. Nonetheless, his reflexes continue to improve up to the Final War. Katsuki's reflexes have become even sharper than before when he was facing death and pushed to the brink as he reacted to Tomura's swift counterattacks, which even caught the super-powered villain off guard. During his final battle with All For One, Katsuki's reflexes have greatly been enhanced to the point he could react to All For One's lighting fast speed and keep his eyes on the target.\nEnhanced Durability: Katsuki is shown to possess above average endurance and durability. He's tough enough to withstand the blowback of his explosions regularly with only moderate pain. He blocked an 8% kick from Izuku without his arm breaking as well, though received a major scratch because of it. He was even proven to withstand attacks from All Might (while restraining himself), Nine, and the Serpenters, but not without large amounts of pain. As the Paranormal Liberation War was occurring, Katsuki's durability has been refined and toughened, enabling the boy to withstand against multiple stab wounds from Tomura's Rivet Stabs. As Katsuki continues to improve on his Quirk, he also improved his Cluster technique, increasing his durability to withstand even more bigger explosions. The results of his improvements was shown during the Final War when Katsuki's durability has given the boy the ability to create enormous explosions from his Cluster and decimated his opponents. Despite being nearly overpowered by Tomura's raw strength, his durability still managed to keep Katsuki alive long enough even after being fatally wounded by Tomura, and after being resuscitated back to life by Edgeshot, still able to keep up with All For One.\nEnhanced Stamina: Katsuki has conditioned himself to fight on for long periods of time even when heavily injured. When inflicted with sword wounds by the Serpenters' (before and after becoming Trigger-enhanced) Sword Kill Quirks, Katsuki continued to fight on par with them, and only collapsed from his injuries after defeating the twin duo. During the Paranormal Liberation War, Katsuki suffered stab wounds from a 75% augmented Tomura Shigaraki's Rivet Stab Quirk but could still hold his own against several Near High-End Nomu with aid from other heroes. Katsuki continues to increase his stamina to the point where he was able to keep up with Izuku in his Faux 100% state. By the time of the Final War, Katsuki still keeps on fighting, showing a more longevity of his stamina, even when his arm was crushed and after being fatally injured by Tomura when his heart was ruptured. His stamina was able to let Katsuki keep fighting against the younger All For One, despite his critical injuries, and even when he was about to pass out, Katsuki still remained steadfast to stand his ground until his victory was secured.\nIndomitable Will: Katsuki's willpower is one of his greatest traits, following through his notion of an absolute flawless victory no matter what. His willpower may even rival that of Izuku's in terms of determination and his strong hothead tendencies shows some display of that trait. Katsuki has displayed fearless drive to fight the villains and win no matter how strong his opponents may be such as Tomura, All For One, or Nine. Even when he was being grievously injured before being fatally injured by Tomura, his willpower was so immense that his fighting spirit made Tomura have sudden flashbacks of the Second User of One For All: Kudo. Even All For One acknowledged that Katsuki's aura is comparable to Kudo's, as if Kudo's willpower had transcended across time and space into Katsuki to finish the fight long ago. Because of Katsuki sharing the same stubbornness as Kudo during their final battle, All For One mistook Katsuki to be Kudo in blind rage. In his final battle against All For One, even when faced with complete exhaustion, and several life-threatening injuries, recently having his heart repaired, and vomiting out blood, Katsuki stubbornly held his ground, refusing to settle for anything less than a complete victory over the Demon Lord.\nKeen Intellect: Katsuki has proven to be extremely intelligent and strategic, but his short temper often gets the best on him, causing him to overlook crucial details and commit mistakes. While he occasionally doesn't have preemptive strategies like most people, he does analyze his opponent's weaknesses such as when he realized Fumikage's weakness to light during the U.A. Sports Festival in the midst of battle and can anticipate worst-case scenarios. Even when fighting the weaker villains during the Unforeseen Simulation Joint, Katsuki quickly assessed which of the attacking villains were the most dangerous threat in the long term, and eventually figured out a way to incapacitate Kurogiri, one of the invasion's leaders. Katsuki also identified that Kurogiri's neck armor as weak point and bound the mist villain's body to hinder his escape, effectively trapping the League of Villains in the U.S.J. until Nomu intervened. When being warned of a monster attack by Katsuma Shimano, Katsuki was able to deduce that it was merely an illusion cast by Mahoro Shimano because it lacked a shadow. On the first day of the Remedial Exam, Katsuki realized that one of Masegaki Primary School students was secretly acting as the mastermind behind the children's misconduct, and soon identifies the perpetrating student towards the end of the day.\nEven outside of battle, Katsuki is incredibly perceptive, having deducted the truth about One For All by just piecing together comments and interactions surrounding Izuku, All Might, and even All For One. Katsuki can seemingly detect when people are lying to him by just reading into their behaviors and expressions, such as discerning Yo Shindo's congenial facade. During his final battle with All For One, Katsuki realized he would never be able to overpower him directly, so he opted to outwit him instead with timed explosions.\nLeadership Skills: Katsuki has always been criticized for his lack of cooperativeness, usually as a result of his overwhelming ego that prevents him from following the lead of others. However, thanks to Katsuki's very own determination, perfectionism, and intelligence, he is a capable leader should others decide to follow him instead. During round four of the Joint Training Battle, Setsuna Tokage admitted that even if her team had attacked him all at once, they stood no chance of victory. In the end, despite Class 1-B's exceptional teamwork and Setsuna's strategic planning, they failed to capture a single member of Class 1-A, mostly thanks to Katsuki's efforts, adaptability, and superior skills. More impressively, Katsuki's judicious forethought, allowed his team to secure victory in less than 5 minutes. Though he may not realize it, Katsuki is one of the main motivators of Class 1-A alongside Izuku, thanks to his power and indomitable drive to win.[5]\nCooking Skill: Katsuki is surprisingly adept in culinary practice, being able to cut vegetables very quickly and with ease, as well as spotting how Shoto hadn't cut chives properly and scolding him for it.\nMusical Talent: Katsuki is highly skilled at playing the drums, having gone through classes in the past.\nTechnical Skill: Katsuki possesses some degree of technical skill. He pinpointed the location of the Humarise base by combining the two digital world maps of Trigger Bombs and narrowing it down to a location that wasn't specified by Humarise, as well as finding the Trigger Bomb control system.\nQuirk[]\nKatsuki employing his Quirk's versatility in his fighting style.\nExplosion (, Bakuha?): Katsuki's Quirk allows him to secrete nitroglycerin-like sweat from the palms of his hands and ignite it on command, allowing him to create strong explosions.[2] The more Katsuki sweats, the stronger his explosions become.[12] If Katsuki overuses this power, his forearms will start to ache.\nKatsuki has a strong grasp on the applications of his Quirk, something that was acknowledged by Best Jeanist, a top Pro Hero; not only can Katsuki use the explosions for attacking, he can also use them to propel himself and navigate through the air at high speeds, allowing him to fly at his opponents without giving them time to react,[13] as well as evade incoming attacks, even while in the air.[14][15] The shockwave from an explosion can even be used as a shield.\nKatsuki can keep up his explosions continuously, long enough to break through Eijiro's hardening Quirk[14] and negate Shoto's \"Heaven-Piercing Ice Wall\" for a short while before being overwhelmed.[15] As part of his training, Katsuki submerged his hands into boiling water to expand his sweat glands, then created chain explosions toward the sky to increase the scale of his attacks.\nAfter his near death experience by Tomura's hand, his Quirk underwent an Awakening. This allowed his Explosions to be stronger and more condensed, allowing Katsuki to reach higher speeds. He was later able to achieve a level of Explosion power allowing him to create ginormous explosions that are strong enough to contest against All For One.\nTemporary Quirk[]\nKatsuki and Izuku using One For All.\nOne For All (, Wan F ru?): Transferred to him by Izuku, One For All allowed Katsuki to stockpile an enormous amount of raw power, allowing him to significantly enhance all of his physical abilities to a superhuman level. This resulted in unbelievable levels of strength, speed, agility, and durability. It also provided an exceptional strength boost to his given Quirk, Explosion.[16]\nAt the end of his and Izuku's fight against Nine, Katsuki lost One For All and the Quirk remained in Izuku's body. Toshinori initially suspected that Izuku kept One For All because Katsuki lost consciousness prior to the transfer's completion, but later theorized that the Quirk kept itself inside of Izuku due to his willingness to protect others, even if it meant losing One For All.\nUltimate Moves[]\nExplosive Speed (, Bakusoku Tbo?): Katsuki throws his hands back and uses explosions to propel himself. He uses this both on the ground to increase his speed and through the air to achieve a pseudo form of flight. He first used this technique on the ground during the Quirk Apprehension Test.[17] The first time he used it to fly was during the Obstacle Race.[18]\nStun Grenade (, Sutan Gurendo?): Katsuki starts by creating a sphere of light between his hands that explodes into a large scale flash. Similar to the effect of an actual stun grenade, the flash of light blinds anyone close by. He first used this technique to defeat Fumikage Tokoyami.[19]\nPoint-Blank Stun Grenade (, Zero Kyori Sutan Gurendo?): A variation where Katsuki fires off his Stun Grenade at point-blank range of the opponent to immediately stun and immobilize them with little lasting damage.[20] This variation was first used against Setsuna in the fourth round of the Joint Training Battle.\nHowitzer Impact. Howitzer Impact (, Hauz Inpakuto?): This move is the strongest move in Katsuki's arsenal, which involves Katsuki taking to the air, and then using explosions to propel himself in a circular motion to create a tornado. This tornado builds up oxygen to fuel the incoming explosion. After colliding with the target, Katsuki releases the powerful aforementioned explosion. Present Mic compared the effectiveness of the technique to that of an actual missile. Katsuki first used Howitzer Impact in the final match of the U.A. Sports Festival Finals.[15] He has also shown that he can release the fueled explosion in midair, without having to make contact with the target.[21]\nAP Shot (, -P Shotto?): Katsuki stretches out one of his hands and uses his other hand to form a circle on the palm of his outstretched hand. Katsuki then fires an explosion through the circle, which creates a concentrated blast beam. By focusing the path of his explosions into a single point instead of around his whole palm, Katsuki creates a concentrated blast with reduced area of impact, but with enough power to successfully pierce solid concrete.\nAP Shot: Auto-Cannon (, -P Shotto tokanon?): A rapid-fire version of his AP Shot Technique. The explosion power is reduced in order to avoid dealing severe damage to human targets.[22] This variation was first used against Seiji Shishikura in the first stage of the Provisional Hero License Exam.\nAP Machine-Gun (, -P Mashingan?): A stronger version of his AP Shot: Auto-Cannon where Katsuki fires larger, rapid-fire explosions.[23] This technique was first used against Tomura in the Paranormal Liberation War Arc.\nExplode-A-Pult (, Ekusu Kataparuto?): While in mid-air, Katsuki grabs an opponent with one of his arms, then propels himself in a spinning motion by firing explosions with his free arm. Once he gains enough momentum, Katsuki forcefully throws his opponent with the aid of another explosion. He first used this technique against Togaru Kamakiri in the fourth round of the Joint Training Battle.[20]\nLand Mine Blast (, Bakuf Jirai?): Katsuki places his Grenadier Bracer on the ground and lets of a massive explosion into the ground, blowing back any obstacles surrounding him. This technique was first used to dissipate Mahoro Shimano's Hologram.[16]\nKatsuki using Cluster. Cluster (, Kurasut?): Katsuki condenses his explosions to become stronger and faster, allowing him to unleash a flurry of bursts that can be used in a variety of ways. He first uses this, inadvertently, to save Izuku from \"Tomura\".[24]\nExplosive Speed: Cluster ( , Bakusoku Tbo Kurasut?): Katsuki employs the Cluster technique to propel himself forward in a similar fashion to his Explosive Speed, but at a much faster rate, allowing him to catch up with extremely fast targets.[24][25]\nHowitzer Impact: Cluster ( , Hauz Inpakuto Kurasut?): Katsuki employs the Cluster technique and the Strafe Panzer support item to empower his Howitzer Impact by creating larger explosions to propel himself with, as well as launching explosions in all directions.[26]\nFull Cowl - 100% ( 100%, Furu Kauru 100 Psento?): Katsuki activates One For All to its fullest extent throughout Full Cowl, granting him a tremendous boost in speed and strength. Katsuki's first and only use of this technique was against Nine to defend Nabu Island. The power increase caused orange energy to trail out of Katsuki's eyes and his pupils and irises to distort. His hair also became spikier, and his entire body glowed a yellowish hue with orange electricity crackling around it. When fused with Explosion, Katsuki's original Quirk became so powerful that standard blasts from it could create enormous craters. The temperature of the explosions also increased to the point where it could melt through solid rock in a similar manner to lava as Katsuki came into close proximity to it.[16]\nKatsuki using Detroit Smash in tandem with Izuku. Detroit Smash (, Detoroito Sumasshu?): Katsuki performs an uppercut in order to create an increase in air pressure. Katsuki's only use of this Ultimate Move was against Nine during the villain's assault on Nabu Island. Performed during the temporary transfer of One For All between him and Izuku, this move was used to dissipate Nine's enormous and destructive tornado. Using his left arm, while Izuku used his right, they both punched toward the sky, where a powerful rush of air blew up the tornado.[16]\nStats[]\nUltra ArchiveUltra Analysis\nPower\n5/5 A\nSpeed\n4/5 B\nTechnique\n5/5 A\nIntelligence\n4/5 B\nCooperativeness\n1/5 E\nKatsuki's stats, according to the Ultra Archive Book\nPower\n5/6 A\nSpeed\n5/6 A\nTechnique\n5/6 A+\nWits\n5/6 A\nProper Language\n1/6 E\nKatsuki's stats, according to the Ultra Analysis Book\nEquipment[]\nGrenadier Bracers (, Kote?): A pair of arm mounted storage tanks added to Katsuki's hero costume that stores his nitroglycerin-like sweat. Once filled, he can pull the grenade pin in order to release a large focused blast, as shown when he fought Izuku in All Might's Heroes vs. Villains test. It has enough explosive power to destroy all parts of the building within its blast radius. This equipment was first used during the Battle Trial.[2]\nImprovised Grenades: Around the belt of his Hero costume are several containers made to look like hand grenades. These can store Katsuki's nitroglycerin-like sweat and may be used as regular grenades at a later time. These were first used during the Provisional Hero License Exam by Denki.\nKnee Pads: These are very blunt metallic attachments to Katsuki's knees. They are designed so that he can \"kill with his knees,\" but he has not yet displayed any such use for them.\nSuppressive Heavy Mobile Unit: Strafe Panzer ( , Men Seiatsu Js Kid Sutoreifu Pants?): A number of retractable machine guns that can extend from the back of his hero costume and mount over his shoulders. Like his Grenadier Bracers, they use his nitroglycerin-like sweat as ammunition.\nGrenadier BracerImprovised Grenade\nBattles & Events[]\nBattles & Events\nEntrance Exam Arc\nSludge Villain Incident\nAll Might vs. Sludge Villain: Rematch\nU.A. Entrance Exam\nQuirk Apprehension Test Arc\nQuirk Apprehension Test\nBattle Trial Arc\nBattle Trial\nIzuku Midoriya & Ochaco Uraraka vs. Katsuki Bakugo & Tenya Ida\nU.S.J. Arc\nU.S.J. Incident\nKatsuki Bakugo & Eijiro Kirishima vs. Villains\nAll Might & U.A. Students vs. League of Villains\nU.A. Sports Festival Arc\nU.A. Sports Festival\nObstacle Race\nCavalry Battle\nKatsuki Bakugo vs. Ochaco Uraraka\nKatsuki Bakugo vs. Eijiro Kirishima\nKatsuki Bakugo vs. Fumikage Tokoyami\nKatsuki Bakugo vs. Shoto Todoroki\nVs. Hero Killer Arc\nHero Agency Internships\nFinal Exams Arc\nFirst Term Final Exam\nTeam Midoriya & Bakugo vs. All Might\nMy Hero Academia: Two Heroes\nI-Island Incident\nKatsuki Bakugo & Shoto Todoroki vs. Daigo & Nobu\nU.A. Students vs. I-Island Security Bots\nAll Might & Deku vs. Wolfram\nForest Training Camp Arc\nClass 1-A Swimming Competition\nQuirk Training Camp\nClass 1-A vs. Pixie-Bob\nVanguard Action Squad Invasion\nU.A. Students vs. Moonfish\nBakugo Escort Squad vs. Vanguard Action Squad\nHideout Raid Arc\nKamino Incident\nKatsuki Bakugo vs. League of Villains\nProvisional Hero License Exam Arc\nUltimate Move Training\nProvisional Hero License Exam\nU.A. Students vs. Seiji Shishikura\nDeku vs. Kacchan 2\nRemedial Course Arc\nProvisional Hero License Course\nU.A. School Festival Arc\nU.A. School Festival\nPro Hero Arc\nClass 1-A vs. Nejire Chan & Suneater\nJoint Training Arc\nJoint Training Battle\nRound 4\nMeta Liberation Army Arc\nKatsuki & Shoto's Hero Debut\nMy Hero Academia: Heroes: Rising\nHero Work Recommendation Project\nU.A. Students vs. Mummy\nDeku and Bakugo vs. Nine\nU.A. Students vs. Nine\nDeku and Bakugo vs. Nine: Rematch\nEndeavor Agency Arc\nHero Interview Training\nHero Work-Studies II\nEndeavor & Hawks vs. Starservant\nEndeavor Agency vs. Ending\nMy Hero Academia: World Heroes' Mission\nEndeavor's Mission\nMission: Humarise\nOtheon Team vs. Humarise\nBakugo and Shoto vs. Jewelry Villains\nEndeavor's Trainees vs. Beros & Sidero\nBakugo vs. Serpenters\nParanormal Liberation War Arc\nJaku Hospital Raid\nHospital Raid Team & Trainees vs. Tomura Shigaraki\nBest Jeanist & Trainees vs. Paranormal Liberation Front\nDark Hero Arc\nDeku & Dynamight vs. Dictator\nDeku vs. Class A\nFinal War Arc\nFinal War\nOperation Troy\nPro Heroes & Trainees vs. Tomura Shigaraki\nAll Might vs. All For One: Finale\nDynamight vs. All For One\nHeroes vs. \"All For One\"\nRelatives[]\nMasaru\nMitsuki\nKatsuki\nChapter Appearances[]\nExpandAppearances\nExpandveEntrance Exam Arc\n1. Izuku Midoriya: Origin\nDebut\n2. Roaring Muscles\nAppears\n3. Entrance Exam\nAppears\n4. Starting Line\nAppears\nExpandveQuirk Apprehension Test Arc\n5. Smashing into Academia\nAppears\n6. What I Can Do for Now\nAppears\n7. Costume Change?\nAppears\nExpandveBattle Trial Arc\n8. Rage, You Damned Nerd\nAppears\n9. Deku vs. Kacchan\nAppears\n10. Breaking Bakugo\nAppears\n11. Bakugo's Starting Line\nAppears\nExpandveU.S.J. Arc\n12. Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Ida!\nAppears\n13. Rescue Training\nAppears\n14. Encounter with the Unknown\nAppears\n15. Vs.\nMentioned\n16. Know Your Enemies\nAppears\n17. Game Over\nAppears\n18. Heroes' Counterattack\nAppears\n19. All Might\nAppears\n20. The World of Pros\nAppears\n21. In Each of Our Hearts\nAppears\nExpandveU.A. Sports Festival Arc\n22. That's the Idea, Ochaco\nAppears\n23. Roaring Sports Festival\nAppears\n24. Mad Dash and Knockdown\nAppears\n25. In Their Own Quirky Ways\nAppears\n26. Chase Down the Leader\nAppears\n27. Earth-Shatteringly Fateful Negotiations\nAppears\n28. Strats, Strats, Strats\nAppears\n29. Unaware\nAppears\n30. Cavalry-Match Finale\nAppears\n31. The Boy Born with Everything\nAppears\n32. Smile, Prince of Nonsense Land!\nAppears\n33. Shinso's Situation\nAppears\n34. Victory or Defeat\nAppears\n35. Battle On, Challengers!\nAppears\n36. Bakugo vs. Uraraka\nAppears\n37. Midoriya and Endeavor\nAppears\n38. Todoroki vs. Midoriya\nAppears\n39. Shoto Todoroki: Origin\nAppears\n40. Emancipation\nAppears\n41. Fight On, Ida\nAppears\n42. Final-Match Time\nAppears\n43. Todoroki vs. Bakugo\nAppears\n44. Relaxing Day Off\nAppears\nExpandveVs. Hero Killer Arc\n45. Time to Pick Some Names\nAppears\n46. Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears\nAppears\n47. Struggling\nAbsent\n48. Getting the Knack\nAppears\n49. Midoriya and Shigaraki\nAbsent\n50. Kill 'Em Dead\nAbsent\n51. No, Knock It Off, Ida\nAbsent\n52. Hero Killer Stain vs. U.A. Students\nMentioned\n53. From Todoroki to Ida\nAbsent\n54. Re: Ingenium\nAbsent\n55. Conclusion?!\nAbsent\n56. Conclusion\nAbsent\n57. The Aftermath of Hero Killer Stain\nAppears\n58. Internship's End\nAppears\n59. Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past\nAppears\nExpandveFinal Exams Arc\n60. Gear Up for Final Exams\nAppears\n61. The Worst Combo\nAppears\n62. Katsuki Bakugo: Origin\nAppears\n63. Yaoyorozu Rising\nAppears\n64. The Task at Hand\nAppears\n65. Wall\nAppears\n66. Midoriya's Observations\nAppears\n67. Stripping the Varnish\nAppears\n68. Encounter\nAppears\n69. Interview with Midoriya\nAbsent\nExpandveForest Training Camp Arc\n70. Wild, Wild, Pussycats\nAppears\n71. Kota\nAppears\n72. Day Two\nAppears\n73. Good Evening\nAppears\n74. Smoke Signal\nAbsent\n75. Stake Your Life, Hero!\nAppears\n76. My Hero\nAbsent\n77. It's Okay\nAppears\n78. Whirling Chaos\nAppears\n79. Drive It Home, Iron Fist!!!\nAppears\n80. Establishing the Bakugo Bodyguard Brigade\nAppears\n81. Roaring Upheaval\nMentioned\n82. What a Twist!\nAppears\n83. Loss\nPictured\nExpandveHideout Raid Arc\n84. From Ida to Midoriya\nAppears\n85. Nothing but Fools\nAppears\n86. Before the Storm\nAppears\n87. Clash\nAppears\n88. All For One\nAppears\n89. All for a Certain One\nAppears\n90. Reach Out\nAppears\n91. Symbol of Peace\nAppears\n92. One For All\nAppears\n93. One For All's Ember\nAppears\n94. From Teacher to Disciple\nAppears\n95. End of the Beginning, Beginning of the End\nAppears\n96. Home Visits\nAppears\n97. Tell It Like It Is, Mom\nAppears\nExpandveProvisional Hero License Exam Arc\n98. Moving into Dorms\nAppears\n99. Goodbye Two-Digit Chapters, Hello Three Digits\nAppears\n100. Creating Ultimate Moves\nAppears\n101. The Girl Called Mei Hatsume\nAppears\n102. On Cloud Nine\nAppears\n103. The Test\nAppears\n104. White-Hot Battle! To Each Their Own Strengths!\nAbsent\n105. Shiketsu High Lurking\nMentioned\n106. Class 1-A\nAppears\n107. Denki Kaminari's Thoughts\nAppears\n108. RUSH!\nAppears\n109. Rescue Exercise\nAppears\n110. Rescue Exercise Continued\nAppears\n111. Smoldering Start\nAbsent\n112. What's the Big Idea?\nAbsent\n113. Test's Aftermath\nAppears\n114. Results' Aftermath\nAppears\n115. Unleashed\nAbsent\n116. Meeting in Tartarus\nAppears\n117. A Talk About Your Quirk\nAppears\n118. Meaningless Battle\nAppears\n119. Deku vs. Kacchan, Part 2\nAppears\n120. The Three\nAppears\n121. Second Semester Opening Ceremony\nAppears\nExpandveShie Hassaikai Arc\n122. A Season for Encounters\nAppears\n123. Unrivaled\nAbsent\n124. Trouble Ahead!! Episode: Work Studies\nAppears\n125. Overhaul\nAbsent\n126. Open Up, World\nAppears\n127. Sir Nighteye and Izuku Midoriya and Mirio Togata and All Might\nFlashback\n128. Boy Meets...\nAbsent\n129. Eri\nAbsent\n130. Listen to the Truth\nAppears\n131. Fighting Fate\nFlashback\n132. The Plan\nAbsent\n133. Catch Up, Kirishima\nFlashback\n134. Let's Go, Gutsy Red Riot\nAppears\n135. An Unpleasant Talk\nAbsent\n136. Close at Hand!!\nAbsent\n137. Restraint!!\nAppears\n138. Go!!\nAbsent\n139. Shudder! The Underground Labyrinth\nAbsent\n140. Suneater of the Big Three\nAbsent\n141. Hassaikai: Behind the Scenes\nAbsent\n142. Shield and Shield, Spear and Shield\nFlashback\n143. Lets Rumble, Rappa!!\nAbsent\n144. Red Riot, Part 1\nFlashback\n145. Red Riot, Part 2\nAbsent\n146. Temp Squad\nAbsent\n147. Twoga!!\nAbsent\n148. The Anguish of Young Twoga\nAbsent\n149. Don't Get Mad, Irinaka\nAbsent\n150. Mirio Togata\nAbsent\n151. Mirio Togata!!\nAbsent\n152. Lemillion\nAbsent\n153. Transform!\nAbsent\n154. Unforeseen Hope\nAbsent\n155. Saviors, the Saved and a Hero's Place\nAbsent\n156. The Power of Those Saved\nAbsent\n157. Infinite 100 Percent\nMentioned\n158. Chisaki's Warped Compassion\nAbsent\n159. It's Over!!\nAbsent\n160. Expressway\nAbsent\n161. Bright Future\nAbsent\n162. Suitable One\nAppears\nExpandveRemedial Course Arc\n163. Smoldering Flames\nAppears\n164. Masegaki\nAppears\n165. Win Those Kids' Hearts\nAppears\n166. Be Proud, License Trainees\nAppears\n167. Number One Hero's Starting Line\nAppears\n168. The Strange Tale of Aoyama\nAppears\nExpandveU.A. School Festival Arc\n169. School Festival\nAppears\n170. With Eri\nAbsent\n171. Gentle and La Brava\nAppears\n172. Prepping for the School Festival Is the Funnest Part (Part 1)\nAppears\n173. Prepping for the School Festival Is the Funnest Part (Part 2)\nAppears\n174. Golden Tips Imperial\nAppears\n175. Morning, the Day Of\nAppears\n176. Deku vs. Gentle Criminal\nFlashback\n177. At the Construction Site\nAppears\n178. The Woman Called La Brava\nAbsent\n179. School Festival Start!!\nAbsent\n180. Unbeknownst\nAbsent\n181. For Someone Else\nAppears\n182. Let It Flow! School Festival!\nAppears\n183. Festival All Day Long!!\nAppears\nExpandvePro Hero Arc\n184. Japanese Hero Billboard Chart\nAppears\n185. Wing Hero: Hawks\nAbsent\n186. Endeavor and Hawks\nAbsent\n187. Flaming Roar! vs. Nomu: High-End\nAbsent\n188. Your Father, the Number One Hero\nAbsent\n189. Why He Gets Back Up\nAppears\n190. His Start\nAbsent\n191. Dabi, Hawks, Endeavor\nMentioned\n192. The Todoroki Family\nAbsent\n193. Vestiges\nAbsent\nExpandveJoint Training Arc\n194. Cold Skies over U.A. High!\nAppears\n195. Clash! Class A vs. Class B!\nAppears\n196. Make It Happen, Shinso!!\nAppears\n197. Quaotic Quirkstravaganza\nAbsent\n198. Know Where You Stand when It Counts!!\nAppears\n199. Operation New Improv Moves!\nFlashback\n200. Clever Commander!\nAbsent\n201. Foresight\nAbsent\n202. Match 3\nAppears\n203. Flexible! Juzo Honenuki!\nAbsent\n204. Tuning Up\nAppears\n205. Detour\nAbsent\n206. Match 3 Conclusion\nAppears\n207. Early Bird!\nAppears\n208. Match 4 Conclusion\nAppears\n209. Match 5 Start\nAppears\n210. The One For All Dream\nAppears\n211. That Which Is Inherited\nAbsent\n212. That Which Is Inherited, Part 2\nAbsent\n213. Realm of Souls\nMentioned\n214. Our Brawl\nAppears\n215. Final Face-Off! Midoriya vs. Shinso!\nAppears\n216. Class A vs. Class B: Conclusion!\nAppears\n217. The New Power and All For One\nAppears\nExpandveMeta Liberation Army Arc\n218. The Meta Liberation Army\nAppears\n219. Go, Slidin' Go!\nAppears\n220. My Villain Academia\nAbsent\n221. Memento from All For One\nAbsent\n222. Tomura Shigaraki: Distortion\nAppears\n223. Cockroaches\nAbsent\n224. Revival Party\nAbsent\n225. Interview with a Vampire\nAbsent\n226. Bloody Love\nAbsent\n227. Sleepy\nAbsent\n228. Wounded Soul\nAbsent\n229. All It Takes Is One Bad Day\nAbsent\n230. Sad Man's Parade\nAbsent\n231. Path\nAbsent\n232. Meta Abilities and Quirks\nAbsent\n233. Bright Future\nFlashback\n234. Destruction Sense\nAbsent\n235. Tenko Shimura: Origin\nAbsent\n236. Tenko Shimura: Origin, Part 2\nAbsent\n237. Tomura Shigaraki: Origin\nAbsent\n238. Liberation\nAbsent\n239. Successor\nAbsent\n240. Power\nAbsent\nExpandveEndeavor Agency Arc\n241. Do That Interview!\nAppears\n242. Have a Merry Christmas!\nAppears\n243. Off to Endeavor's Agency!\nAppears\n244. Recommended Reading\nAppears\n245. Rise to Action\nAppears\n246. Message\nAppears\n247. Status Report!\nAppears\n248. One Thing at a Time\nAppears\n249. The Hellish Todoroki Family\nAppears\n250. Ending\nAppears\n251. Just One Week\nAppears\n252. The Unforgiven\nAppears\nExpandveParanormal Liberation War Arc\n253. Shirakumo\nAppears\n254. More of a Hero than Anyone\nAbsent\n255. Hero Hopeful\nAbsent\n256. The High, Deep Blue Sky\nAppears\n257. Pass It Forward, to Whomever\nAppears\n258. Friends\nAppears\n259. A Quiet Beginning\nAppears\n260. Life's Work\nAbsent\n261. High-Ends\nAbsent\n262. Mirko, the No. 5 Hero\nAbsent\n263. I Wanna Be with You Guys!!\nFlashback\n264. One's Justice\nAbsent\n265. Villains and Heroes\nAbsent\n266. Happy Life\nAbsent\n267. Flames\nAbsent\n268. Scramble!\nAbsent\n269. The Three of Us\nAbsent\n270. Inheritance\nAppears\n271. Dark Cloud\nAbsent\n272. Good Morning!\nAppears\n273. The Thrill of Destruction\nAppears\n274. Search\nAppears\n275. Encounter, Part 2\nAppears\n276. You Cheated...!\nAppears\n277. Who...?\nAppears\n278. Disaster Walker\nAbsent\n279. League of Villains vs. U.A. Students\nAbsent\n280. Red Riot, Part 3\nAppears\n281. Plus Ultra\nAppears\n282. Footfall of Destruction\nAppears\n283. 75\nAppears\n284. Deep Blue Battle\nAppears\n285. Katsuki Bakugo Rising\nAppears\n286. The Ones Within Us\nAppears\n287. Mistake\nMentioned\n288. Save Takeo!!\nAbsent\n289. Miss Candid and Miss Shut-Away\nAppears\n290. Dabi's Dance\nAppears\n291. Thanks For Going Strong\nAppears\n292. Threads of Hope\nAppears\n293. Hero-Saturated Society\nAppears\n294. Final Performance\nAppears\n295. Tenacious\nAppears\n296. Hellish Hell\nAbsent\n297. Tartarus\nAbsent\n298. Sounds of Collapse\nAppears\n299. Like Those Tragic Tales\nAbsent\n300. The Hellish Todoroki Family, Part 2\nAbsent\n301. The Wrong Way to Put Out a Fire, Part 1\nAbsent\n302. The Wrong Way to Put Out a Fire, Part 2\nAbsent\n303. Top Three\nAppears\n304. Izuku Midoriya and Toshinori Yagi\nMentioned\n305. Izuku Midoriya and Tomura Shigaraki\nFlashback\n306. The Final Act Begins\nAbsent\nExpandveDark Hero Arc\n307. Been a While!!\nAbsent\n308. Full Power!!\nAbsent\n309. Can't Be a Child Anymore\nFlashback\n310. Masters and Pupil\nAbsent\n311. Here We Go!!\nAbsent\n312. Hired Gun\nAbsent\n313. High-Speed Long-Range Mobile Cannon\nAbsent\n314. The Lovely Lady Nagant\nAbsent\n315. Platitudes\nAbsent\n316. Your Turn\nAbsent\n317. Scars, Blood, Filth\nAbsent\n318. Reckless\nAppears\n319. Friend\nAppears\n320. Deku vs. Class A\nAppears\n321. From Class A to One For All\nAppears\n322. Great Explosion Murder God Dynamight\nAppears\n323. That Single Step\nAppears\n324. A Young Woman's Declaration\nAppears\n325. The Bonds of One For All\nAppears\n326. Who Are You Really?\nFlashback\n327. Rest!!\nAppears\n328. No Man Is an Island\nAbsent\nExpandveStar and Stripe Arc\n329. In the Nick of Time, a Big-Time Maverick from the West!\nAbsent\n330. Me and Myself\nAbsent\n331. United States of America\nAbsent\n332. State-of-the-Art Hypersonic Intercontinental Cruise...\nAbsent\n333. Specter\nAbsent\n334. Parting Gift\nAppears\nExpandveU.A. Traitor Arc\n335. Zygotes\nAppears\n336. Villain\nAppears\n337. A Disposable Life\nAppears\n338. The Story of How We All Became Heroes, Part 1\nAppears\n339. The Story of How We All Became Heroes, Part 2\nAppears\n340. The Story of How We All Became Heroes, Part 3\nAbsent\n341. The Story of How We All Became Heroes, Part -1\nAbsent\n342. The Extreme Quiet Before the Storm\nAppears\nExpandveFinal War Arc\n343. Let You Down\nAbsent\n344. Stars\nAppears\n345. Division\nAppears\n346. Super Hyper Unfair Broken Stage\nAppears\n347. Inflation\nAppears\n348. Unrequited\nAbsent\n349. Battle Flame\nAbsent\n350. Bound to a Fiery Fate\nAbsent\n351. Two Flashfires\nFlashback\n352. Ultimate Moves\nFlashback\n353. Endeavor\nAppears\n354. Oopsie Daisy!!\nAbsent\n355. Extras\nAbsent\n356. Regarding the Enemy\nAbsent\n357. Wounded Hero, Burning Bright and True!!\nFantasy\n358. The Guy Who's Made Some Progress\nAppears\n359. Place of Learning\nAppears\n360. Despite It All...\nAppears\n361. Abnormal Happenings\nAppears\n362. Light Fades to Rain\nAppears\n363. Those Who Defend, Those Who Violate\nAppears\n364. Why We Wield Power\nAppears\n365. No. 4 and No. 5\nAppears\n366. Full Moon\nAppears\n367. Deku vs. All For One\nAppears\n368. Rev Up, One For All\nAbsent\n369. A Chain of Events, Across the Ages\nAppears\n370. HIStory\nAbsent\n371. Together with Shoji\nAbsent\n372. Naked\nAbsent\n373. Friends\nAbsent\n374. Butterfly Effect\nAppears\n375. Chaotic Confusion\nAbsent\n376. On Knife's Edge\nAbsent\n377. The Chain Thus Far\nAbsent\n378. The Story of How We All Became Heroes, Part 4\nAbsent\n379. Hopes\nAppears\n380. A Skosh\nAbsent\n381. Dark\nFlashback\n382. Don't Let Him Go\nAbsent\n383. Meek Spirits\nMentioned\n384. It's a Small World\nAbsent\n385. The Impulses of Youth\nAbsent\n386. I AM HERE\nAbsent\n387. Congealing\nFlashback\n388. Toya\nAbsent\n389. Assurance and Prayers\nAbsent\n390. Shoto Todoroki Rising\nFlashback\n391. Rejecting the World\nAbsent\n392. Villain Name\nAbsent\n393. A Girl's Ego\nAbsent\n394. Ochaco Uraraka vs. Himiko Toga\nAbsent\n395. Built Upon the Joy of Others\nAbsent\n396. Battle Without A Quirk\nAbsent\n397. Trash Cleanup\nAbsent\n398. Toshinori Yagi: Rising/Origin\nFlashback\n399. Organic, Mingling Clusters of Light\nAbsent\n400. Beyond Limits\nAbsent\n401. The Lunatic\nAbsent\n402. The Tearful Days\nAbsent\n403. The End of an Era, and... the Beginning\nAppears\n404. We Love You, All Might!!\nAppears\n405. The Final Boss!!\nAppears\n406. Get a Grip on Your Quirk!!\nAppears\n407. An Exceptional Child\nAbsent\n408. The Eyes Tell All!!\nAppears\n409. Quirk: Explosion!!\nAppears\n410. Farewell, All For One!!\nAppears\n411. History's Greatest Villain\nAbsent\n412. History's Maddest Hero\nFlashback\n413. Leaden Mass\nFlashback\n414. Overlay\nFlashback\n415. Rejection\nAbsent\n416. Wrench It Open, Izuku Midoriya!!\nFlashback\n417. Shimura\nAbsent\n418. Meek Spirits\nAbsent\n419. Design\nFlashback\n420. From Aizawa\nMentioned\n421. We Are Here\nFlashback\n422. Izuku Midoriya Rising\nAbsent\n423. One For All vs. All For One\nAppears\nAnime Appearances[]\nExpandAppearances\nExpandveSeason 1\n1. Izuku Midoriya: Origin\nDebut\n2. What It Takes to Be a Hero\nAppears\n3. Roaring Muscles\nAppears\n4. Start Line\nAppears\n5. What I Can Do for Now\nAppears\n6. Rage, You Damn Nerd\nAppears\n7. Deku vs. Kacchan\nAppears\n8. Bakugo's Start Line\nAppears\n9. Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Ida!\nAppears\n10. Encounter with the Unknown\nAppears\n11. Game Over\nAppears\n12. All Might\nAppears\n13. In Each of Our Hearts\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 2\n14. That's the Idea, Ochaco\nAppears\n15. Roaring Sports Festival\nAppears\n16. In Their Own Quirky Ways\nAppears\n17. Strategy, Strategy, Strategy\nAppears\n18. Cavalry Battle Finale\nAppears\n19. The Boy Born with Everything\nAppears\n20. Victory or Defeat\nAppears\n21. Battle on, Challengers!\nAppears\n22. Bakugo vs. Uraraka\nAppears\n23. Shoto Todoroki: Origin\nAppears\n24. Fight on, Ida\nAppears\n25. Todoroki vs. Bakugo\nAppears\n26. Time to Pick Some Names\nAppears\n27. Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears\nAppears\n28. Midoriya and Shigaraki\nAppears\n29. Hero Killer: Stain vs U.A. Students\nFlashback\n30. Climax\nAbsent\n31. The Aftermath of Hero Killer: Stain\nAppears\n32. Everyone's Internships\nAppears\n33. Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past\nAppears\n34. Gear up for Final Exams\nAppears\n35. Yaoyorozu: Rising\nAbsent\n36. Stripping the Varnish\nAppears\n37. Katsuki Bakugo: Origin\nAppears\n38. Encounter\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 3\n39. Game Start\nAppears\n40. Wild, Wild Pussycats\nAppears\n41. Kota\nAppears\n42. My Hero\nAppears\n43. Drive It Home, Iron Fist!!!\nAppears\n44. Roaring Upheaval\nAppears\n45. What a Twist!\nAppears\n46. From Ida to Midoriya\nAppears\n47. All For One\nAppears\n48. Symbol of Peace\nAppears\n49. One For All\nAppears\n50. End of the Beginning, Beginning of the End\nAppears\n51. Moving into Dorms\nAppears\n52. Create Those Ultimate Moves\nAppears\n53. The Test\nAppears\n54. Shiketsu High Lurking\nFlashback\n55. Class 1-A\nAppears\n56. RUSH!\nAppears\n57. Rescue Exercises\nAppears\n58. Special Episode: Save the World with Love!\nAppears\n59. What's the Big Idea?\nAppears\n60. A Talk about Your Quirk\nAppears\n61. Deku vs. Kacchan, Part 2\nAppears\n62. A Season for Encounters\nAppears\n63. Unrivaled\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 4\n64. The Scoop on U.A. Class 1-A\nAppears\n65. Overhaul\nAppears\n66. Boy Meets...\nAppears\n67. Fighting Fate\nAppears\n68. Let's Go, Gutsy Red Riot\nAppears\n69. An Unpleasant Talk\nFlashback\n70. GO!!\nAppears\n71. Suneater of the Big Three\nAbsent\n72. Red Riot\nFlashback\n73. Temp Squad\nAbsent\n74. Lemillion\nAbsent\n75. Unforeseen Hope\nAbsent\n76. Infinite 100%\nFlashback\n77. Bright Future\nAbsent\n78. Smoldering Flames\nAppears\n79. Win Those Kids' Hearts\nAppears\n80. Relief for License Trainees\nAppears\n81. School Festival\nAppears\n82. Prepping for the School Festival Is the Funnest Part\nAppears\n83. Gold Tips Imperial\nAppears\n84. Deku vs. Gentle Criminal\nAppears\n85. School Festival Start!!\nAbsent\n86. Let It Flow! School Festival!\nAppears\n87. Japanese Hero Billboard Chart\nAppears\n88. His Start\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 5\n89. All Hands on Deck! Class 1-A\nAppears\n90. Vestiges\nMentioned\n91. Clash! Class A vs. Class B!\nAppears\n92. Make It Happen, Shinso!\nAppears\n93. Operation New Improv Moves\nAppears\n94. Foresight\nAbsent\n95. Match 3\nAppears\n96. Match 3 Conclusion\nAppears\n97. Early Bird!\nAppears\n98. That Which Is Inherited\nAppears\n99. Our Brawl\nAppears\n100. The New Power and All For One\nAppears\n101. Have a Merry Christmas!\nAppears\n102. Off to Endeavor's Agency!\nAppears\n103. One Thing at a Time\nAppears\n104. Long Time No See, Selkie\nAppears\n105. The Hellish Todoroki Family\nAppears\n106. The Unforgiven\nAppears\n107. More of a Hero Than Anyone\nAppears\n108. My Villain Academia\nAbsent\n109. Revival Party\nAbsent\n110. Sad Man's Parade\nAbsent\n111. Tenko Shimura: Origin\nFlashback\n112. Tomura Shigaraki: Origin\nAbsent\n113. The High, Deep Blue Sky\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 6\n114. A Quiet Beginning\nAppears\n115. Mirko, the No. 5 Hero\nAppears\n116. One's Justice\nAbsent\n117. Inheritance\nAbsent\n118. The Thrill of Destruction\nAppears\n119. Encounter, Part 2\nAppears\n120. Disaster Walker\nAppears\n121. League of Villains Vs. U.A. Students\nAppears\n122. Katsuki Bakugo Rising\nAppears\n123. The Ones Within Us\nAppears\n124. Dabi's Dance\nAppears\n125. Threads of Hope\nAppears\n126. Final Performance\nAppears\n127. Hellish Hell\nAppears\n128. Tartarus\nAppears\n129. The Hellish Todoroki Family, Part 2\nAppears\n130. The Wrong Way to Put Out a Fire\nAppears\n131. Izuku Midoriya and Tomura Shigaraki\nFlashback\n132. Full Power!!\nFlashback\n133. Hired Gun\nFlashback\n134. The Lovely Lady Nagant\nFlashback\n135. Friend\nAppears\n136. Deku vs. Class A\nAppears\n137. A Young Woman's Declaration\nAppears\n138. No Man Is an Island\nAppears\nExpandveSeason 7\n139. In the Nick of Time! A Big-Time Maverick from the West!\nAppears\n140. Specter\nAppears\n141. Villain\nAppears\n142. The Story of How We All Became Heroes\nAppears\nTrivia[]\nKatsuki, back when he was designed as a \"nicer\" character.\nEarly design concept for Katsuki's hero costume.\nOriginally, Katsuki was a very kind and gentle character who spoke without thinking and unintentionally insulted others. Horikoshi, however, found this original draft to be boring and decided, while still keeping him a natural born genius, to make him an unpleasant character instead.[27]\nIn later concepts, Katsuki would adopt the hero name \"Ground Zero\" at some point. In the series proper, Katsuki's hero name is Great Explosion Murder God Dynamight.\nKatsuki's surname contains the kanji for \"bomb\" (, baku?) and \"powerful\" (, g?), and his first name contains \"to win\" (, katsu?) and \"self\" (, ki?).\nThe first kanji used to write Katsuki's surname is also the first kanji that's used in the word \"explosion\" (, bakuha?).\nAccording to Katsuki's Volume 1 profile:\nHis favorite food is spicy food.\nHis favorite activity is mountain climbing.\nKatsuki's known academic data at U.A. is as follows:\nStudent No. 17 in Class 1-A.\nRanked 1st during the U.A. Entrance Exam.\nRanked 3rd during the Quirk Apprehension Test.\nHis fifty-meter dash record is 4.13 seconds. His previous record was 5.58 in middle school.\nHis softball throw record is 709.6 meters, updated from 705.2 meters during the Quirk Training Camp. His previous record was 67 meters in middle school.\nRanked third in Class 1-A's mid-term grades.[6]\nWinner of The U.A. Sports Festival First-Year Stage.\nKatsuki received a total of 3,556 nominations from Pro Heroes for his U.A. Sports Festival performance, making him the 2nd most nominated student of Class 1-A despite winning the competition.\nSince he failed the Provisional Hero License Exam, he scored below 50.\nKatsuki's old, Quirkless 50-Meter Dash record is the same as Tsuyu Asui's current, Quirk-using record (5.58 seconds).\nKatsuki's rankings in the Popularity Polls are as follows:\nKatsuki ranked 3rd in the first Popularity Poll.\nKatsuki ranked 1st in the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth Popularity Polls.\nKatsuki ranked 5th in the first US Popularity Poll.\nKatsuki ranked 1st in the second, fourth and fifth US Popularity Polls.\nWith his birthday taking place on April 20, Katsuki is the oldest student in Class 1-A, as everyone was fifteen when they started U.A.'s school year in early April.\nKatsuki and Ochaco share the same costume designer.[4]\nKatsuki's voice actor in the VOMIC, Yuichiro Umehara, also voices Sidero.\nAs a child, Katsuki is voiced by Kate Oxley in English, who also voices Fuyumi Todoroki.\nKatsuki doesn't sleep with his blanket.[28]\nAccording to the Ultra Analysis, Katsuki's personality is described as an \"abusive egotist\".\nKatsuki overall shares many parallels with Endeavor:\nBoth possess ignition-based Quirks, such as Explosion for Katsuki and Hellflame for Endeavor.\nBoth aim to be the number one hero.\nBoth have a rivalry with a One For All user, such as Katsuki to Izuku and Endeavor to All Might.\nBoth are known for their hot tempers and aggressive attitude.\nBoth were known for their lack of cooperative skills, having improved them throughout the story.\nBoth acted abusively toward a major character, such as Katsuki to Izuku and Endeavor to Shoto.\nBoth express their remorse after understanding All Might's words, with them both taking steps to becoming better people.\nQuotes[]\n(To Izuku) \"You wanna be a hero so bad? I've got a time saving idea for you. If you think you'll have a Quirk in your next life Go take a swan dive off the roof!\"[29]\n(To Izuku) \"From here on, I..! From here on..! Y'hear me?! I'm gonna beat you all! Enjoy your win. It'll never happen again! Dammit!\"[30]\n(To All Might) \"Needless to say I'll be a hero that surpasses even you!\"[30]\n(To Shoto) \"You'll regret making a fool of me! I'll freaking kill you! I'm taking the first to end all firsts! There's no point in winning against some half-assed punk! No point if I can't do better than Deku! So if you're not trying to win, get the hell outta my face! Why're you even here, you bastard?!\"[31]\n(To Izuku) \"Stop talking. I will win. That's what heroes do.\"[32]\n(To the League of Villains) \"Can't stand morons like you who can't get to the damned point! Basically you're saying, 'we wanna cause trouble, be our pal!' What a joke! I've always admired All Might's triumphs. No matter what any of you jerks say Nothing's ever gonna change that!\"[33]\n(To the leader of the kids at the Remedial Course) \"If you keep looking down on everyone you're never gonna notice your own weaknesses.\"[34]\n(To Izuku) \"Because being a hero means protecting everyone.\"[35]\nReferences[]\n 1.0 1.1 My Hero Academia Manga: Vol. 1, Omake\n 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 9 and Episode 7.\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 293.\n 4.0 4.1 My Hero Academia Manga: Vol. 13.\n 5.0 5.1 My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 106 and Episode 55.\n 6.0 6.1 My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 60 and Episode 34.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 73 and Episode 41.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 172 and Episode 82.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 13 and Episode 9.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 1 and Episode 1.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 63 and Episode 37.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 36 and Episode 22.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 30 and Episode 18.\n 14.0 14.1 My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 41 and Episode 24.\n 15.0 15.1 15.2 My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 43 and Episode 25.\n 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 My Hero Academia: Heroes: Rising.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 6 and Episode 5.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 25 and Episode 16.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 42 and Episode 24.\n 20.0 20.1 My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 208 and Episode 97.\n My Hero Academia: Two Heroes.\n My Hero Academia Manga and Anime: Chapter 101 and Episode 52.\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 277.\n 24.0 24.1 My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 285.\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 321.\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 358.\n My Hero Academia Manga: Vol. 1.\n My Hero Academia: School Briefs II.\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 1 (p. 13).\n 30.0 30.1 My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 11 (p. 15-17).\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 43 (p. 9-10).\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 62 (p. 9).\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 85 (p. 16-18).\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 166 (p. 16).\n My Hero Academia Manga: Chapter 274.\nSite Navigation[]\nExpandveU.A. High School\nClass 1-A Students\nDenki Kaminari Eijiro Kirishima Fumikage Tokoyami Hanta Sero Izuku Midoriya Katsuki Bakugo Koji Koda Kyoka Jiro Mashirao Ojiro Mezo Shoji Mina Ashido Minoru Mineta Momo Yaoyorozu Ochaco Uraraka Rikido Sato Shoto Todoroki Tenya Ida Toru Hagakure Tsuyu Asui Yuga Aoyama\nClass 1-B Students\nHiryu Rin Ibara Shiozaki Itsuka Kendo Juzo Honenuki Jurota Shishida Kinoko Komori Kojiro Bondo Kosei Tsuburaba Manga Fukidashi Neito Monoma Nirengeki Shoda Pony Tsunotori Reiko Yanagi Sen Kaibara Setsuna Tokage Shihai Kuroiro Tetsutetsu Tetsutetsu Togaru Kamakiri Yosetsu Awase Yui Kodai\nDepartment of Support\nMei Hatsume Maina Furasu Bibimi Kenranzaki\nGeneral Department\nHitoshi Shinso Chikuchi Togeike Tsutsutaka Agoyamato\nSecond Year Students\nMawata Fuwa\nThird Year Students\nMirio Togata Nejire Hado Tamaki Amajiki Bibimi Kenranzaki Yuyu Haya\nStaff\nAll Might Cementoss Ectoplasm Eraser Head Hound Dog Lunch Rush Midnight Nezu Power Loader Present Mic Recovery Girl Snipe Thirteen Vlad King Gran Torino (Retired)\nFormer Students\nAll Might Endeavor Best Jeanist Edgeshot Midnight Eraser Head Loud Cloud Present Mic Mister Blaster\nLocations\nClass 1-A Class 1-B Conference Room Ground Beta Ground Gamma Ground Omega Gym Gamma Heights Alliance Lunch Rush Cafeteria P.E. Grounds Recovery Girl's Nurse's Office Sports Festival Stadium Teachers Lounge U.A.'s Development Studio Unforeseen Simulation Joint\nExpandveEndeavor Agency\nPro Heroes\nEndeavor\nSidekicks\nBurnin Kido Onima\nTrainees\nDeku Dynamight Shoto\nExpandveFamilies and Civilians\nAsui Family\nGanma Asui Beru Asui Tsuyu Asui Samidare Asui Satsuki Asui\nBakugo Family\nMasaru Bakugo Mitsuki Bakugo Katsuki Bakugo\nIda Family\nTensei Ida Tenya Ida\nJiro Family\nKyotoku Jiro Mika Jiro Kyoka Jiro\nMidoriya Family\nHisashi Midoriya Inko Midoriya Izuku Midoriya\nShimano Family\nMahoro Shimano Katsuma Shimano\nShigaraki Family\nAll For One Yoichi Shigaraki Tomura Shigaraki\nShimura Family\nMako Magi Chizuo Magi Nana Shimura Kotaro Shimura Nao Shimura Hana Shimura Tenko Shimura Mon\nTakami Family\nTakami Tomie Takami Keigo Takami\nTodoroki Family\nEnji Todoroki Rei Todoroki Toya Todoroki Fuyumi Todoroki Natsuo Todoroki Shoto Todoroki\nTsukauchi Family\nNaomasa Tsukauchi Makoto Tsukauchi\nShield Family\nDavid Shield Melissa Shield\nSoul Family\nEddie Soul Rody Soul Roro Soul Lala Soul\nHaimawari Family\nShoko Haimawari Koichi Haimawari\nOguro Family\nIwao Oguro Tamao Oguro\nSkyline Family\nChristopher Skyline Pamela\nCivilians\nAlan Kay Aorio Kuraishisu Bruce Daikaku Miyagi Eri Gantetsu Hikage Shinomori Hime Ichimoku Samazu Ikkaku Jube Namimaru Komari Ikoma Kota Izumi Kudo Luminescent Baby Miyashita Moko Tamashi Madam President Rin Yaritezawa Saito Samuel Abraham Sho Takuto Tamashiro Taneo Tokuda Teruo Hazukashi The Mother of Quirks Tsubasa Untenmaru Kurumada Yokumiru Mera Ordinary Woman Tenko Tejina\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nMales\nEmitters\nAlive\nBakugo Family\nU.A. Students\nClass 1-A\nHeroes\nFormer Hero Trainees\nGenius Office Employees\nEndeavor's Agency Employees\nOne For All Wielders\nCharacters from Shizuoka\nEntrance Exam Arc Antagonists\nBattle Trial Arc Antagonists\nU.A. Sports Festival Arc Antagonists\nLanguages\nCatal\nDeutsch\nFranais\nItaliano\nPolski\nPortugus do Brasil\n\n*Disclosure: Some of the links above are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, Fandom will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nSci-fi\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore My Hero Academia Wiki\n1\nList of Characters\n2\nIzuku Midoriya\n3\nTomura Shigaraki\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nMy Hero Academia Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://myheroacademia.fandom.com/wiki/Katsuki_Bakugo" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Why does bakugo have 3 names? Is it Katsuki or Kacchan? - Plus Ultra - Quora\nSomething went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InPlus UltraThe first step to becoming a hero! Go Beyond, Plus Ultra!!!Follow22.7K22.7KWhy does bakugo have 3 names? Is it Katsuki or Kacchan?Submission accepted by Ayumu ChikaraAnswerRequestFollow9212 AnswersSortRecommendedHillary Odede4ySo Bakugo does not really have 3 names. Bakugo Katsuki is his full name with Bakugo being his family name and Katsuki being his actual name. In Japan the the names are reversed basically like Peter Parker would be Parker Peter. So in most places outside Japan his name would Katsuki Bakugo. Then Kacchan is just an affectionate nickname that Deku gave him. Its basically giving your friend a nickname.99Atharva MathureStudied at St. Francis High School (Graduated 2015)Updated 4yBakugo doesn't have three name. His full name is Katsuki Bakugo. I don't know much Japanese but in anime some character's are often call by their surname and not by their name, for eg: people often call our main protagonist by his surname i.e midoriya not from his name izuku. Kacchan is a nickname given by midoriya to bakugo when they were child.9911SleepySunflower3yKacchan is a nickname. Katsuki is his first name. Bakugou is his last name. In Japan people usually address another person by last name. That's why everyone calls him Bakugou and Deku calls him Kacchan.97Related questionsIf you had to make a superhero team consisting of all anime characters, who would be the members of your team and explain your reasoning?Sung Jin-Woo vs Ichigo? Who wins?Does the Hero Association pay the heroes in One Punch Man?Which anime arc could've been better than they're actually were?Why do people think that the election wasn't stolen when it was? Haven't they seen the visual evidence?What was your favorite scene from ToraDora? Mine was Taiga saving Ryuji from drowning.If you like Katsuki Bakugo, why?Is Bakugo cute?How does Star and Stripe's quirk really work?Do you think if Stain knew some of the things All Might has done, he would want to kill him?Why is Bakugo an angry Pomeranian?What does Katsuki Bakugo mean in English?Who would win in a fight, Bakugo (My Hero Academia) or Ace (One Piece)?Why does Bakugou hate Midoriya?When Midoriya gave his One for All to Bakugo, will he be able to surpass midoriya?About Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://plusultra.quora.com/Why-does-bakugo-have-3-names-Is-it-Katsuki-or-Kacchan" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Why does Izuku Midoriya call Bakugo, Kaachan? - Quora\nSomething went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InWhy does Izuku Midoriya call Bakugo, Kaachan?All related (74)SortRecommendedTaj BewleyAuthor has 69 answers and 248.6K answer viewsUpdated 3yKac =(Katsuki) Chan= (cute, used for kids or can be used for showing affection) Midoriya views him as a friend, he was a kid when he gave him the nickname. It's kind of like saying small Katsuki, or little Katsuki. It would come off as kind of patronizing as a teen , but to Midoriya it's a sign of their old friendship.Upvote 999357992594Promoted by monday.commonday.comOne platform for managing any project, task, and workflow.Updated 1yWhat are the best project management tools for managers?As a manager, the ability to prioritize workloads, schedule employees/projects, and track deadlines is simply impossible without a reliable and easy-to-use project management platform. Trusted by over 180K global customers, monday.com offers an award-winning, customizable work and project management platform for all teams, industries, and sizes. With its easy-to-use interface, any member of your team can jump on and start using it immediately, no training required. Try for free (Free forever. No credit card)>>With monday.com, you can plan, execute, and manage all of your teams' work in one placeContinue ReadingAs a manager, the ability to prioritize workloads, schedule employees/projects, and track deadlines is simply impossible without a reliable and easy-to-use project management platform. Trusted by over 180K global customers, monday.com offers an award-winning, customizable work and project management platform for all teams, industries, and sizes. With its easy-to-use interface, any member of your team can jump on and start using it immediately, no training required. Try for free (Free forever. No credit card)>>With monday.com, you can plan, execute, and manage all of your teams' work in one place by automating and streamlining activities with no-code automations, saving you and your team hours of valuable time. With customizable dashboards, 200+ pre-made templates, 72+ integrations, and real-time notifications and updates, optimize processes, and boost team productivity and collaboration. You can easily track projects and meet deadlines using timelines, Gantt charts, and more. Discover why 180K+ global customers love and use monday.com.Try monday.com for freeUpvote 999378997597Related questionsMore answers belowWhy does Bakugou call Midoriya \"Deku\"?Why does Katsuki Bakugo call Izuku Midoriya \"Deku\"?Why does Bakugou hate Midoriya/Deku in Boku no Hero Academia?Will Ochako Uraraka and Izuku Midoriya date?Why is Bakugo hated more than Midoriya?Anonymous3yAs you probably know Katsuki and Izuku were childhood friends. Kacchan kinda means little/tiny Katsuki and so it probably got more annoying for Katsuki as he grew up. Izuku still calls Katsuki Kacchan because he still believes that they are friend and by calling him that is shows that he really does believe that. Izuku might also believe that since Katsuki hasnt told he to stop calling him that it is a sign that they are still friends and so Izuku continues to call him Kacchan. (Hopefully this makes sense and is helpful)Upvote 992293Cas HollyAuthor has 1.7K answers and 895.4K answer views10moSo, before I get into why, its important to note that Izuku does not call Katsuki Kaachan, but rather Kacchan. While those may seem remarkably close or even indistinguishable to an English speaker, they are quite different in Japanese. In Japanese, Kaachan is a shortened form of Okaachan or which in turn is a diminutive of Okaasan or /. This word means mom/mother. MeanwhilContinue ReadingSo, before I get into why, its important to note that Izuku does not call Katsuki Kaachan, but rather Kacchan. While those may seem remarkably close or even indistinguishable to an English speaker, they are quite different in Japanese. In Japanese, Kaachan is a shortened form of Okaachan or which in turn is a diminutive of Okaasan or /. This word means mom/mother. Meanwhile, Kacchan or is a diminutive of Katsuki or /. It is shortening Katsukis name and adding the honorific ~chan. This is a common practice in Japan among children (as well as some others) as a way of expressing familiarity and closeness. In English, they look and even sound very similar. We dont really have long vowels in the same way as Japanese so it is difficult for us to hear the difference, but to a Japanese speaker, there is a clear difference. In Japanese, these two words arent true homophones like to/too/two but rather close homophones like close/clothes. That having been said, Izuku calls Katsuki Kacchan because they have known each other their whole lives and are each others oldest and closest friend. Izuku and Katsuki are osananajimi and have known each other at least since they were three years old. When they were still children, the other kids called Katsuki Kacchan as well. It is very common for children who are friends in Japan to call each other using the honorific ~chan. Its also ...Upvote 92IdkMalk? Anyone? No? Ok Author has 336 answers and 1M answer views3yRelatedWhy does everyone call Midoriya Deku but nobody calls Bakugo Kacchan?Well, first of all, not everbody calls Midoriya Deku. Kirishima, Iida, Todoroki, Jirou, Kaminari, Sero, Momo and countless others call him Midoriya. Second, Kaminari calls Bakugo Kacchan in a joking manner. The name Kacchan has a deeper meaning to Bakugo and Midoriyas childhood, Deku is an actual word, Kacchan is a name that Bakugos friends(and other kids) called him when they were younger. Also, if you think about it, Kacchan kinda sounds a bitidk.just weird I guess? Well, not weird, its hard to explain. It just doesnt make any sense for anybody else other than Midoriya(and KaContinue ReadingWell, first of all, not everbody calls Midoriya Deku. Kirishima, Iida, Todoroki, Jirou, Kaminari, Sero, Momo and countless others call him Midoriya. Second, Kaminari calls Bakugo Kacchan in a joking manner. The name Kacchan has a deeper meaning to Bakugo and Midoriyas childhood, Deku is an actual word, Kacchan is a name that Bakugos friends(and other kids) called him when they were younger. Also, if you think about it, Kacchan kinda sounds a bitidk.just weird I guess? Well, not weird, its hard to explain. It just doesnt make any sense for anybody else other than Midoriya(and Kaminari I guess) to call him Kacchan.Upvote 991391Promoted by MasterworksLila FisherArt Education | @Masterworks1yDid Harry inherit more than William?Yes and no. When the Queen mother died back in 2002 she left more money to Harry, knowing that William would eventually become Prince and inherit the Duchy of Cornwall, a private estate valued at over $1 billion. Which is exactly what happened when Queen Elizabeth passed away in 2022. So overall, Willian inherited quite a bit more than Harry. But this $1 billion estate is nothing compared to the $10 billion that King Charles received tax free, thanks to a clever investment by the Queen into one of the worlds most exclusive asset classes fine art. The Royal family has been investing a portion oContinue ReadingYes and no. When the Queen mother died back in 2002 she left more money to Harry, knowing that William would eventually become Prince and inherit the Duchy of Cornwall, a private estate valued at over $1 billion. Which is exactly what happened when Queen Elizabeth passed away in 2022. So overall, Willian inherited quite a bit more than Harry. But this $1 billion estate is nothing compared to the $10 billion that King Charles received tax free, thanks to a clever investment by the Queen into one of the worlds most exclusive asset classes fine art. The Royal family has been investing a portion of their fortune into art for centuries But the Royals are far from the only billionaires who have invested a significant chunk of their fortunes in this emerging asset class. Billionaires like David Geffen, Jeff Bezos, and Bill Gates are all avid art collectors. The recently-named richest man in the world, Berard Arnault, who is the CEO of luxury-goods conglomerate LVMH, has an extensive collection of art. Plus, theres a long list of celebrities like Jay-Z, Oprah Winfrey, Steven Spielberg, Jack Nicholson, Madonna, and Ellen Degeneres who have invested millions into art. The only problem is, regular investors have always been locked out of this asset class because it usually takes millions of dollars to purchase just one iconic piece. Until now. Investing in art just got easier, thanks to a revolutionary new investment platform called Masterworks. Masterworks provides a simple, secure way for anyone to invest in shares of paintings from famous artists like Picasso, Banksy and Basquiat. Which is great, because contemporary art prices have outpaced the S&P 500 by 131% since 1995 and real estate and gold by more than three to one over the same period. Even better, art acts as a great hedge during periods of high inflation and market volatility. Which is why Blackrock CEO, Larry Fink, who manages nearly $10 trillion in assets, recently called art the new gold because of its remarkable ability to preserve wealth These are just a few reasons why billionaires like Larry Fink, Jeff Bezos, and Oprah Winfrey are pouring hundreds of millions into this asset class. Thanks to Masterworks, you can join them. All you need to do is go to this link to sign up for a free membership. See important disclosures: MasterworksUpvote 12.8K12.8K1.5K1.5K999486Related questionsWho says \"Deku\" more, Katsuki Bakugo or Izuku Midoriya?Who is Izuku Midoriya's girlfriend?Why does Katsuki Bakugo call Izuku Midoriya by his last name?What happened between Bakugo and Midoriya?Will Katsuki Bakugo ever forgive Izuku Midoriya?What does Izuku Midoriya want to be called?Why does Katsuki Bakugo call Izuku Midoriya \"Deku\" instead of his real name \"Shoto\" or \"Shota\" like everyone else calls him?Will Bakugo ever forgive Midoriya?How did Izuku Midoriya get into UA?Who are Izuku Midoriya and Bakugo Katsuki?Will Izuku Midoriya ever surpass Bakugo as a hero?Did Izuku Midoriya give Bakugo a 'smiling' face?Does Izuku Midoriya use pens?Who has called Midoriya Izuku Deku?Did Midoriya ever give Bakugo one for all?Related questionsWhat is Izuku Midoriya's zodiac sign?Did anyone ever call Izuku Midoriya?Why did Izuku Midoriya lose to Katsuki Bakugo?Is there a reason why Katsuki Bakugo bullies Izuku Midoriya?Why did Katsuki Bakugo stop calling Izuku Midoriya Deku?Has Bakugo grown to respect Midoriya?AdvertisementAbout Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Izuku-Midoriya-call-Bakugo-Kaachan" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": " : Okamoto Nobuhiko (Bakugou Katsuki CV) Special...\nnavigation\n\nkakaloka.tumblr.com\nOctober 12, 2013 | 1:40 am\nhome\nmessage\narchive\nRandom Content\nBucket List\n100 Characters\nconfinedmadness\ntext post\nOkamoto Nobuhiko (Bakugou Katsuki CV) Special Interview (Vol. 2)\nThis is a rough translation of the interview with Bakugous voice actor, Okamoto Nobuhiko, posted in the animes official website. I was reading the interviews and thought it would be fun to translate them (someone else probably already did but oh well). I planned to translate the interview with Shigarakis voice actor first since it was the most recent. But I didnt enjoy translating it so I ended up with this. You can read all the cast interviews on the official website. How has it been voicing Bakugou since the first season?Kacchan often yells (lol), and the emotions in those yells are often very similar feelings like anger, frustration, irritation. I concentrate on one emotion. But what is difficult is how I am able to draw out the differences between each of them. In Bakugou Katsuki: Origin[1], there was a time where he said Id rather lose than work together with Deku and at that time I thought Kacchan was ready to lose. Then I was told, Hes saying this but Katsuki still thinks he can win. He doesnt think hes lost yet. And that Kacchan was then told off by Deku, so he just felt even more anger and irritation. He is always about more. Kacchan is about deepening feelings, such as anger, more, and thats why its difficult voicing him.\n\nDuring the workplace experience, Bakugou surprisingly became the source of comedy. Now he is Elegant Bakugou.Best Jeanist parted his hair 8:2[2], and was made fun of by Kirishima and the others because of it. And when Deku moves like him during class and shows his improvement, Bakugous irritation just shot straight up to 100%. I received more guidance regarding this: His troubles come from the possibility of being surpassed by Deku. Its the feeling of being unable to accept that possibility. Having to gradually tap into deep anger is the most difficult part of voicing Kacchan.\n\nOkamoto-sans personality also does not seem to make it easierProbably (lol). I dont usually get angry. Ive been referencing the behavior of people Ive met who are quick to anger, but Kacchan is beyond everyone else. I have to go beyond a normal person. But the reasons for his anger are from his feelings of wanting to win.\n\nTrue. This time Bakugous past has been drawn.As a kid he has always wanted to win. It has been shown since the first season that Kacchan looks only at victory. But symbolically, its because he believes that Heroes always win in the end. He does sometimes get too caught up in winning though. That could be his strength, or his weakness, or his fragility. But thats also one of the good points of Bakugou Katsuki as a character.\n\nAnd he fought All Might together with Deku who is the target of his anger.Kacchan, who up until now has just been thinking of winning through his own power, now faces the choice of winning by himself or winning together. But it isnt easy because the opponent is All Might who has been the object of his admiration and his goal. Moreover, his partner is Deku, the source of his irritation. So the question is will he aim for his own victory or will he aim for a Hero-like victory together with Deku? Also, in the face of All Mights overwhelming power, I think Kacchan not only felt frustrated but also happy. He was able to reaffirm his goal. It reminded me that Kacchans conviction since childhood is to become a hero who wins.\n\nHow was it finishing the recording this time?I had very exciting[3] recording sessions with (Yamashita) Daiki-kun and Miyake (Kenta)-san and it was fun, but I feel like I just ran a marathon. I think I have pretty good physical strength (stamina), but it was amazing how Kacchan was really able to exhaust me both physically and mentally. I think Daiki-kun is just as exhausted (lol). That, and theres also Kacchans feelings, and for the first time in HeroAca, I recorded in an isolated booth separate from everyone else and just listened to Daiki-kun and the others voices through the headphones. Because Kacchan is that kind of character, I think it was good because I was able to naturally play the angry Kacchan.\n\nAfter recording, has your impression of Bakugou changed?I thought he was able to grow up a bit. Hes still in a place of deep anger, but he was able to think of the definition of a hero, and broaden his perspective as he aims to become a hero. But his belief that a hero is someone who wins still stands. That is reaffirmed in the fights this time and hell continue to grow stronger with that in mind.\n\nLastly, a message for our viewers.The Kacchan that has been overcoming obstacles alone up until now has realized that there are other ways of overcoming them, and with that I think he has taken a step towards maturity. Ive yelled a lot while voicing him, but even after all that I still find myself discovering \"Oh, I can produce this kind of voice. I am glad I was able to voice him not in the way I decided to, but with a voice exceeding that, so if you can also notice that, that would make me happy. Please look forward to it and enjoy!\n\nPlease message me for any errors (spelling, grammar, translation, etc).[1] Boku no Hero Academia Episode 24 of season 2, Episode 37 overall[2] I dont really know how the parting of a hair is called or described in English so I wasnt sure if 8:2 could be understood. I kept it because even if that way of describing it isnt used, I thought since ratios are pretty universal anyway, it can be understood easily enough. The more often used term in Japanese is probably (or literally a 7:3 part). Its technically similar, but it shows just how much more to the side Bakugous hair was parted.[3]Exciting might be too tame a word for this. But I thoughtpassionate was also too much. It could befiery orheated or just simplyamazing. In the end I stuck with exciting cause I lack vocabulary and decided that was the best option.\n6 years ago on April 30, 2018 at 11:25 am\noriginal post\ntranslationboku no hero academiamy hero academiabnhamhabakugou katsukikatsuki bakugoukacchanokamoto nobuhikookamoto nobunobuhiko okamotonobu okamotointerviewanimevoice actorseiyuujapanese\n57 notes\nnatsspammityspamspamham reblogged this from confinedmadness lladysaral reblogged this from rainbowpacifiers lladysaral liked this rainbowpacifiers reblogged this from moonlit-rhyme moonlit-rhyme reblogged this from confinedmadness gonna-let-you-down liked this a-star-dusted-royal liked this cinnamon-luv liked this tinyhoman liked this bushymoon liked this dragon-girls-stuff liked this lalunarosa liked this scargraveyard liked this sycsct liked this saekofi liked this maybeitsclinicaldepression liked this vennechi-anie liked this der-traum liked this katsukidom liked this lezzveggmair liked this fankatsudeku-blog liked this lexie-thurkear liked this sailolee92 liked this herefortitans liked this joxterinhishat liked this hydraberry-ash liked this adrama-astra liked this positivi-tii liked this kaibutsunagual liked this sparkleydoggy-main liked this hawaiilivin1999 liked this wxtchersmoon liked this kai-felix liked this childish-kiwi liked this thefils liked this blueav0cad0 liked this confinedmadness posted this Show more notesLoading...\n&.\nlilac theme by seyche\nSign up for TumblrDiscover more blogs like this one.Sign upLog in Follow confinedmadness\nassets.tumblr.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://confinedmadness.tumblr.com/post/173435762788/okamoto-nobuhiko-bakugou-katsuki-cv-special" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Misplacedgamer Why Bakugo is OK with \"Kacchan\" (and why he might...\nMisplacedgamer Why Bakugo is OK with \"Kacchan\" (and why he might...\n1.5M ratings\n277k ratings\nSee, thats what the app is perfect for.\nSounds perfect\nWahhhh, I dont wanna\nMisplacedgamer\n29/she,her/bisexual disaster. Theorist and reblogger of every inane thing that crosses my path. Apparently Im a Bakudeku/Bakugo simp blog now as well, sorry folks. Header made by @oquinn53 and pfp made by @rrandomtthings\nPosts\nLikes\nDon't be a stranger~\nSubmit a post\nCalliope's Shipfic Challenge\nArchive\nWhy Bakugo is OK with Kacchan (and why he might not be going forward)\nAh, one of the great mysteries of the modern world: why the hell does Bakugo put up with Deku calling him Kacchan? Usually the way this trope goes is that the person who receives the silly nickname cannot stand it and will put up token complaints about it, but then eventually give in because they find they actually enjoy the intimacy of the nickname. But no, thats not what happens at all! Not only is Bakugo totally fine with Deku calling him Kacchan, he even lets Kaminari get away with it. So what exactly is going on here? Well through careful analysis (lots of screaming on Discord servers and sleepless nights) I think Ive finally narrowed down just why Bakugo is so ok with it.First, lets actually outline what Kacchan means here. I know this is probably common knowledge at this point, but you never know who might need a refresher. Kacchan is a diminutive nickname that Izuku gave Bakugo when they were children, and it combines the first syllable of the first kanji of Bakugos name ( - katsu) with the suffix -chan. -chan is a suffix usually used to sound cute; high school girls usually use it amongst each other to indicate familiarity, and they can also use it on their boyfriends. Its also normal for kids to use this suffix amongst each other. Tsuyu actually uses -chan for all her classmates, male and female, which goes along with Hori having her say a lot of normal cutesy things while having a flat affect in her voice (this is more prevalent in the USJ arc, but we also see it in her solo filler episode in season 2).We see in chapter 9 Deku vs Kacchan that Bakugo is the first of his friends to learn how to read kanji (this is where Bakugo first comes up with the nickname Deku, and the rest of the friend group just goes along with it), meaning that the rest of his friends at this point are only reading kana. A lot of written material in Japan will have pronunciation guides in kana above kanji, given that kanji can be pronounced in lots of different ways, so the kids at least know how to say Bakugos name (and ka is the first one you learn after vowels, so they definitely know it). I do think itd be adorable if they couldnt really pronounce his name and could only say ka but they probably can say his full name. Its also important to note here that ALL of Bakugos friends call him Kacchan at this point, not just Deku. Bakugo still has real friends here, since hes more or less a normal kid here and not the raging egomaniac we see in chapter 1, so he would absolutely get a nickname like this. It might not even have been Deku that came up with it.Now, onto the main event: why still use it? With Deku I think its both really obvious and kind of not. First, the obvious part: Deku is definitely trying to maintain some sort of connection to Bakugo in any way he can. Even though he acknowledges that Bakugo is a real jerk, he still admires all the positive qualities Bakugo actually brings to the table (and is the only person to do so that early on in the story). But I think theres a subconscious aspect to this too. I think, by still calling him Kacchan, hes still allowing himself to think of Bakugo as someone thats ahead of him. Its definitely not something Deku is aware hes doing, but if you spend 10 years constantly putting someone on a higher level than you, some of that is bound to linger. Look at how Deku treats All Might, another person whos been proven over and over to not deserve the pedestal Deku puts him on.For Bakugo, I actually think its the same situation, but in reverse. Bakugo at the beginning always believed that he was better than everyone else, ESPECIALLY Deku, the Quirkless nerd who would not leave him alone. Despite knowing he was stronger though, he constantly feels like Deku is looking down on him, judging him, calling him weak behind his back. Like Deku does to him, Bakugo is one of the few people at the beginning of the story who knows that Deku has plenty of positive qualities: hes kind, hes smart, hes big hearted, and hell do anything to save the people around him, even if its pulling a kid out of a river. But unlike Deku, who is too focused on compensating for his own weaknesses, Bakugo buries his weaknesses so he doesnt have to acknowledge that hes just like everyone else. So when Deku calls him Kacchan, I think he enjoys it on some level, because its something Deku has done since he was a kid and did just follow Bakugo around. If Bakugo is still Kacchan, then he can still pretend he has something over Deku.But underneath it all, I do think Bakugo misses having Deku as a friend, or even having friends at all. Weve seen in both 322 and one of the extra chapters that he treat Deku like shit because hes pushing him away, and clearly Bakugo regretted that on some level (its probably partially why he goes so hard in on Deku the way he does; its overcompensation). Its something that Bakugo is also trying to put aside and move forward from, given that he has both formally apologized and acknowledged Deku by his proper first name. Bakugo is finally trying to let go of all the stuff that has bogged down his relationship with Deku since they were kids.And this leads to my second point: I dont think Deku will continue to use Kacchan going forward. If they are truly to stand on equal footing, then Deku is also going to have to stop living in the past so much. He is also going to have to let go of his childhood relationship with Bakugo, both the good and the bad, if hes to stop putting Bakugo on a pedestal and treat him as a friend.Now, Ive been going back and forth on who actually decides to get rid of the nickname. Deku is clearly not at this point yet, given that in 322 he immediately switched from none of my friends can keep up with me to I cant keep up with my friends, theyre all better than me, and he and Bakugo really have not finished their talk yet. I do think they will get a chance to speak again and FINALLY get on each others level, and Im torn. On one hand, I think it would be cool to have Bakugo bring it up, since Deku up to this point has been the one pushing for more open communication and I would like the role reversal. On the other hand, I would like Deku to have some agency in actually deciding that he doesnt need Kacchan anymore, that Bakugo isnt a finish line that he has to cross in order to be a real hero. This could also be a nice segway into DvK3, as I would love if Deku was the one who actually initiates the fight this time around, and he could finally win because hes not thinking about comparing himself to Bakugo but just fighting the best he can do.I dont know, either way I would not be surprised if Kacchan is retired inlets give it 40 chapters. Thats about as long as it took for DvK2 to happen after the rescue operation in Kamino. So yeah, check in with you guys in a year to see if I was right!\nbnha spoilers\nbnha analysis\nbnha meta\nbakugo katsuki\nkatsuki bakugou\nizuku midoriya\nmidoriya izuku\ndeku midoriya\nbkdk\nbakudeku\nkatsudeku\nkacchan\nHelp i went crazy\ni wrote this instead of sleeping\nLET DEKU SAY KATSUKI\n580 notes\n580 notes\nAug 11th, 2021\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\neepy-emo liked this erraticbastard liked this andres-the-worthless liked this d3viltrigg3r liked this katsukibakugou1997 liked this steppin-by-sunflowers liked this finnfatale reblogged this from misplacedgamer and added:\nThe way this aged Katsuki out here declaring HIMSELF as Kacchan asadfangirlbitxh reblogged this from misplacedgamer asadfangirlbitxh liked this nightskypalace liked this tentamissilebrat reblogged this from misplacedgamer enexium liked this physicly-svi liked this sublunarsstuff liked this user4563447 liked this borlys liked this bkdkhopeful liked this coladaminx liked this skyealdo liked this the-lost-spade liked this herbalisticannibal liked this alice-venn liked this nightmarebunnyking liked this zushiisamess liked this sacriligex liked this renyco liked this zzard liked this veraaurelis liked this gvenevera reblogged this from misplacedgamer zeroexists liked this pisexualbirate liked this rayuresdecd reblogged this from blole-hack rayuresdecd liked this blole-hack reblogged this from yeya-yeyita blole-hack liked this yeya-yeyita liked this puellasha liked this plumquatrz liked this endlesstheories22 liked this mysfran liked this i-will-judge-u liked this rachaels14 liked this blinkpotterheadotaku reblogged this from misplacedgamer blinkpotterheadotaku liked this misplacedgamer posted this\nAh, one of the great mysteries of the modern world: why the hell does Bakugo put up with Deku calling him Kacchan?... Show more notesLoading...\nSee more posts like this on Tumblr\n#bnha spoilers\n#bnha analysis\n#bnha meta\n#bakugo katsuki\n#katsuki bakugou\n#izuku midoriya\n#midoriya izuku\n#deku midoriya\n#bkdk\n#bakudeku\n#katsudeku\n#kacchan\n#Help i went crazy\n#LET DEKU SAY KATSUKI\nMore you might like\nBnHA Chapter 322 Theory-Reverse Kamino\nOk, so I know weve all had our fun this week with bi!Mineta and crying over Tenya and I have so much I need to say to him, but the next chapter will be here in 24 hours and its time to shift back into theorist mode while I still have the chance. So here it is, my big take on whats going to happen in chapter 322, also known as the Reverse Kamino theory (under read more because I wrote a novel)Keep reading\nbnha spoilers\nbnha 322\nbnha meta\nbnha analysis\nbnha theory\nkatsuki bakugou\nbakugo katsuki\nizuku midoriya\nmidoriya izuku\ndeku midoriya\ntime to shift into 322 mode\nALL ABOARD THE HYPE TRAIN\n48 notes\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\nSo I was looking at this image again from 318 (since I have nothing else to do during this dry spell xD) and the more I looked, the more I realized that Ive seen this face before. I couldnt remember, so I started combing back through the chapters. And then I read DvK2 againand I found this. OhOH SHIT. Its the same damn face. The Im so mad Ive gone zen faceGuys I think weve been wrong this whole time. That wasnt relief on Bakugos face when he found Deku (although he probably was a little). That was Deku Im gonna beat your ass for being so stupid after I saved your damn life. This explains so much how Bakugo just went for Dekus life from page one of 319, and hes not let up. And he would be pissed too, probably at everything. Hes mad at Deku for going off and doing reckless things again without telling anyone, hes mad at the pro heroes for taking Deku with them and NOT noticing what a self sacrificing idiot he can be, hes probably mad at his classmates for keeping them apart (I still think if Bakugo had been let into Dekus hospital room and been allowed to talk with him then Deku would not have run off), and most of all hes probably mad at himself. Honestly, he probably blames himself quite a bit, whether it be for not helping more in the fight or for being part of the reason Deku ran off or even for being such a bad friend to Deku for so many years that Deku doesnt even trust him to help. So yeah, Bakugo wasnt just relieved I dont think. I think hes livid and hurting and knows that Deku is gonna need some tough love like the dumb bitch he is xD\nbnha spoilers\nmha spoilers\nbnha 318\nbnha 319\nbakudeku\nbkdk\nkatsuki bakugou\nbakugo katsuki\nmidoriya izuku\nizuku midoriya\nkatsudeku\nI am living for this arc\neveryone makes me cry\nbnha meta\nbnha analysis\n560 notes\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\nSo a while ago, when 335 came out, I made this post talking about how it looked like Deku had gotten taller than Bakugo after a year. I got a lot of opinions on that post, and Ive just been waiting for the boys to stand next to each other on panel again. My prayers have finally been answeredI dont know what else to say guys, Dekus fucking taller. Bakugo is looking slightly up and Dekus head is tilted down while he addresses him. Short king Bakugo is official. We did it yall\nbnha spoilers\nmha spoilers\nbnha 351\nthe fact that its the SAME SCENE from 335 is icing on the cake\nI will die on this hill\nbakudeku\nbkdk\nkatsuizu\nkatsudeku\nkatsuki bakugo\nbakugo katsuki\ndeku midoriya\nizuku midoriya\nmidoriya izuku\nwe stan one short king\nand one slightly bigger short king\n192 notes\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\nGuys, weve clearly been ignoring the most important fact from this chapter: DEKU IS OFFICIALLY TALLER THAN BAKUGO WHAT THE FUCK\nmha spoilers\nbnha 335\nbnha spoilers\nizuku midoriya\nmidoriya izuku\ndeku midoriya\nbakugo katsuki\nKatsuki Bakugo\nbkdk\nbakudeku\nkind of not really\nand before anyone says foreshortening\ntheyre not that far apart\nand bakugos got poofier hair too\nso his head stops even sooner\nDeku is more buff too\nlook how stocky he is\nBakugo slowly becoming a twink\nim so here for it\n2,957 notes\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\nHoly fuck. To be fucking vindicated about thinking this whole time that All Might was completely irresponsible in giving his quirk to Deku, that this whole time he was a terrible influence because he constantly encouraged his worst habits and piled pressure after pressure on him until he fucking snapped? AND to see this vindication come from the person that knows Deku best? Thank you so much Horikoshi, I feel seen after so longOriginally posted by fantasmicdisneynerd\nbnha 319\nbnha spoilers\nmha spoilers\nbnha\nmha\nizuku midoriya\nmidoriya izuku\nall might\ntoshinori yagi\nbakugo katsuki\nkatsuki bakugou\nYALL I FUCKING SAID IT A MONTH AGO\nAND EVERYONE AGREED\nalso horikoshi really said Bakugo is the only person that understands Deku huh?\nhe said Bakudeku rights this morning\n254 notes\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\nhttps://images-ext-1.discordapp.net/external/qI3LN9cWWJtaV1ygWOY48L7xUc7x_lbLnzT-ODYm2QA/https/pbs.twimg.com/media/FEdFmxJWUAUBJRY.jpg%3AlargeDeku looks so dead eyed in this panel, Im so glad he has some lingering trauma and it didnt just go away because he got a bunch of hugs. You know in his brain hes like Originally posted by oneandlonley\nbnha 334\nbnha spoilers\nmha spoilers\ndeku midoriya\nizuku midoriya\nmidoriya izuku\nHES BACK\nAND HES SAD\n54 notes\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\nThe Bakugo Finally Gets His Shit Together Arc, Part 1\nI remember during the 319-322 publishing period there was a lot of confusion/misinterpretation of what exactly Bakugo was getting up to during these chapters. People didnt understand why he was being so mean to Deku in 319-320, and there was a LOT of wondering why Bakugo had to drop his apology now. I even saw some takes saying that Bakugo was only apologizing to get Deku to come home, and that he didnt actually mean what he was saying. To combat the misinformation, I had considered doing a chapter by chapter breakdown of whats actually going on, but I think itd be much easier to do it in two separate chunks, with part 1 mostly being set up to the main point in part 2. So, to make a long story shortWelcome to the Bakugo Finally Gets His Shit Together arc everyone!Part 1 will deal with the back third of the Liberation Arc (284-306), while part 2 will be most of the Tartarus Escapees arc (318-322)Part 1: Holy Shit We Might Actually DieGoing into the Liberation Arc, I want to acknowledge a few things that will be key to this analysis that actually happened in chapters prior to 284. First, during the Overhaul arc, we are shown that Bakugo is clearly trying to downplay how much he actually worries about his friends when hes not there to help them. Not only do we get Kaminari calling him out for it, but we also see a solo panel of Bakugo that same chapter brooding about it later that night.Keep reading\nbnha\nmha\nboku no hero academia\nmy hero academia\nbnha meta\nbnha analysis\nbnha 284\nbnha 285\nbakugo katsuki\nkatsuki bakugou\nkatsushikahokusai\nbakudeku\nkatsudeku\nkatsuizu\nlong post\nplease take this from me\nI'm tired of looking at it\npart 2 coming soon\n100 notes\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\nGuys but look at how surprised Deku is that Bakugo actually came for him. Even after Bakugo literally almost died for him, Deku still cant believe that he doesnt have to do this alone, that Bakugo cares enough to help him.\nbnha 318\nbnha spoilers\nbnha leaks\nmha 318\nmidoriya izuku\nbakugo katsuki\nkatsuki bakugou\nbakudeku\nbkdk\nHE CAME AND GOT HIS MAN\nITS HAPPENING\nAND DEKUS IN SUCH SHOCK\nIM CRYING\nREUNION TALK NOW LETS GO!\nNO MORE FIGHTING\nTALK OUT YOUR FEELINGS\n475 notes\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\nbroccoli-izuku\ndynyamight\nbehind all the pain & shadow, there he was\nmisplacedgamer\nHes back, my baby boy\nbnha spoilers\nbnha 322\nizuku midoriya\nmidoriya izuku\ndeku midoriya\nHES SO TIRED\nMY BOY\n375 notes\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\njustjensenanddean\njustjensenanddean\nJensen Ackles | Purgatory Con, Dsseldorf, Germany, May 26, 2024 [x]\n651 notes\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\nSee misplacedgamer's whole Tumblr\nShow more\nRecently Liked\nsad-emo-dip-dye\nChuuya haters trying to say Dazai doesnt care abt him meanwhile Dazai put together a whole cake and party for a kid he just met to celebrate his newfound freedom (ignore the flour pit trap underneath the table :)\nI just realize anime onlies dont know abt the flour pit trap\nhe was feeling a little goofy\nbsdrewatch2023\nbsd\nbungo stray dogs\n31 notes\nOpen in app\nFacebook\nTweet\nReddit\nMail\nEmbed\nPermalink\nSign up for TumblrDiscover more blogs like this one.Sign upLog in Sign up Follow misplacedgamer\nassets.tumblr.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://misplacedgamer.tumblr.com/post/659192713128837120/why-bakugo-is-ok-with-kacchan-and-why-he-might" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Katsuki Bakugou Kacchan Angry GIFPinterestTodayWatchShopExploreLog inSign upExploreRead itSave tenor.comKatsuki Bakugou Kacchan GIF - Katsuki Bakugou Kacchan Angry - Discover & Share GIFsThe perfect Katsuki Bakugou Kacchan Angry Animated GIF for your conversation. Discover and Share the best GIFs on Tenor.AnimationMangaAnime CharactersBoku No Hero AcademiaMy Hero Academia EpisodesMy Hero AcademiaAnime LoveHero Academia CharactersHot Anime Guysjaine LorranyJjaine Lorrany4 followers1 Comment", "url": "https://www.pinterest.com/pin/katsuki-bakugou-kacchan-angry-gif--777996904387099481/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "BakuDeku Fic Library\n[ refreshAskcatalogPlease Read MeSubmit a Fic Rec!NavigationBlog InfoFeatured WritersSurveys & Suggestion BoxTwin Stars Discordtheme ]\nBakuDeku Fic LibraryWelcome to the BakuDeku Fic Library! Click here for the Mobile Links, and read this before sending an ask. Having trouble finding a fic? Send an ask giving as many details as you can and we will see if we can find it for you! Found a fic you wanna recommend to the world? Submit it (after reading the guidelines) and we will post it here for 9,000+ BakuDeku fans to see! We also accept Masterlist requests. Ask Box Status: Closed Fear, Pride, DenialEnvy, Antipathy Pursuit theme by glenthemestransparent-bouquet-prince asked:\nFics where Deku calls Kacchan \"Bakugou\" and Kacchan's thrown off/bothered by it?bakudekuficlibrary:Anonymous said:any fics where izuku stops calling katsuki kacchan and katsuki is really affected by it?Okay guys, this one has to be a community effort because theres no keyword/tag for this, and I doubt its mentioned in then notes or description. Im sorry these were the only ones I could find!The Way He Calls Me His by claimedbydaryl( M | 9,073 | 1/1 )Izuku didnt plan for his seemingly innocent wardrobe choices to be the cause for a citywide catastrophe, followed by attending a particularly mortifying sex ed class where a bristling Katsuki growled at whoever even dared to look their way, his hand curled over Izukus knee like a protective brand.Afterwards, he certainly didnt predict Katsukis increasing determination to find a suitable location to blatantly ignore said lecture with Izuku, only to find every single one of his efforts foiled, leading to an interesting turn of events.SeriesPart 2 of To Count Them All[Underage]Only you can call him Kacchan by CalamityJane ( T | 977 | 1/1 )Other people have tried to call him Kacchan but Bakugou doesnt take kindly to it. Guess only one guy can get away with saying that nicknameCanonly Kaminari called him Kacchan once so I wanted to do a Bakudeku drabble on it; very short and rooted in canon so not the fluffiest thing. This has probably been drabbed before when that chapter first came out but I wanted to write it up just because I love this ship.@highkeyanne said:The Art of Indifference by qye on AO3 is perfect for this list#follower fic rec\n#Fic Rec\n#BakuDeku\n#KatsuDeku\n#BNHA\nJuly 24, 2018 - 5 years ago//201 notes//via//sourcebluegrey02 liked this tsunderedgelord liked this variant-nightwing16 liked this aheartwhoselove liked this nayame123 liked this jamkam-22 liked this stupidbunnyname liked this lulubells-stuff liked this kacchanisalive liked this 8ice8 liked this lestwuv liked this warnerenthusiast liked this psychobonustrack liked this confusedcheeseparrot liked this burntgifted03 liked this bravebutnotfree liked this iphoenixrising liked this itssosimpleitshard liked this ashestolifesblog liked this midnightbb13 liked this rose1232100 liked this skull-candy36 liked this mlfyey liked this kiwiart10 liked this jlrowling liked this aizatsuya liked this notanamy liked this musicalspirits liked this alittleswiftie liked this blackgigglypuff liked this crazy-bookworm06 liked this marveloustrek said:\nHappy April Fools, Bakugou-San! By shrimppuffs on AO3 is a great one. The Bakusquad bribe Izuku into calling Bakugou anything but Kacchan all day for April Fools (he gets mad) justonebean liked this ifonlywecanvibe liked this obscurefandomtrash liked this ferysunny liked this innerrascalbanditwinner liked this the-spoilt-noona liked this kokkiejam liked this holyfirepalacekid liked this thepandatumbles liked this twitterpatedgrammy liked this nocturnaoasis liked this loverofanime09 liked this shinras-pinky-toes2930 liked this loversuncovers liked this cookiesdippedinmilk liked this bakudekuficlibrary posted this Show more notesLoading... Sign up for TumblrDiscover more blogs like this one.Sign upLog in Follow bakudekuficlibrary\nassets.tumblr.com is blocked\nThis page has been blocked by an extension\nTry disabling your extensions.\nERR_BLOCKED_BY_CLIENT\nnull\nReload\nThis page has been blocked by an extension", "url": "https://bakudekuficlibrary.tumblr.com/post/176243892151/fics-where-deku-calls-kacchan-bakugou-and" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kyrgyzstan - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Etymology\n2History\nToggle History subsection\n2.1Early history\n2.2Russian conquest\n2.3Soviet Kyrgyzstan (19191991)\n2.4Independence\n2.5April 2010 crisis\n3Geography\nToggle Geography subsection\n3.1Climate\n3.1.1Glaciers and climate change\n3.2Enclaves and exclaves\n4Politics\nToggle Politics subsection\n4.1Political system\n4.2Administrative divisions\n4.3Military\n4.4Human rights\n5Economy\nToggle Economy subsection\n5.1Tourism\n5.2Science and technology\n6Demographics\nToggle Demographics subsection\n6.1Ethnic groups\n6.2Languages\n6.3Urban centres\n6.4Religion\n7Culture\nToggle Culture subsection\n7.1Media\n7.2Traditions\n7.3Flag\n7.4Public holidays\n7.5Sports\n7.6Horse riding\n8Education\nToggle Education subsection\n8.1Libraries\n9Transport\nToggle Transport subsection\n9.1Airports\n9.2Banned airline status\n9.3Railways\n9.3.1Rail connections with adjacent countries\n9.4Highways\n9.5Ports and harbours\n10See also\n11Notes\n12References\n13Further reading\n14External links\nToggle the table of contents\nKyrgyzstan\n249 languages\nAchAfrikaansAlemannisch AnarkielngliscAragonsArmneashtiArpetanAsturianuAvae'AzrbaycancaBasa Bali / Bn-lm-gBasa Banyumasan ()Bikol CentralBislamaBoarischBosanskiBrezhonegCatalCebuanoetinaChavacano de ZamboangaChiShonaChiTumbukaCorsuCymraegDagbanliDanskDavvismegiellaDeutschDin bizaadDolnoserbskiEestiEspaolEsperantoEstremeuEuskaraEegbeFiji HindiFroysktFranaisFryskFulfuldeGaeilgeGaelgGagauzGidhligGalegoGky / Gychi Konknni/Hak-k-ngHausaHawaiiHornjoserbsceHrvatskiIdoIlokano Bahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueslenskaItalianoJawaKapampangan-KaszbscziKernowekIkinyarwandaKiswahiliKongoKreyl ayisyenKriyl gwiyannenKurdLadinLadinoLatinaLatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviLigureLimburgsLinglaLingua Franca NovaLivvinkarjalaLombardMagyarMadhurMalagasyMaltiMoriBahasa Melayu Minangkabau / Mng-dng-ngNederlands NordfriiskNorfuk / PitkernNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskNovialOccitan OromooOzbekcha / PangcahPapiamentuPatoisPiemontisPlattdtschPolskiPortugusQaraqalpaqshaQrmtatarcaRipoarischRomnRuna Simi SakizayaGagana SamoaSarduScotsSeediqShqipSicilianuSimple EnglishSiSwatiSloveninaSloveninalnskiSoomaaligaSranantongo / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogTaqbaylit / tatara TayalTetunLea faka-TongaTrkeTrkmene / UyghurcheVahcuenghVnetoVepsn kelTing VitVolapkVroWalonWest-VlamsWinarayWolofYorbZazakiZeuwsemaitkaBetawiToli \nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikinewsWikivoyage\nCoordinates: 41N 75E / 41N 75E / 41; 75\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nCentral Asian nation\n\"Kirghizia\" redirects here. For the former Soviet republic, see Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic.\nKyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyz) (Russian)\nFlag\nEmblem\nAnthem: (Kyrgyz)\"National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic\"Location of Kyrgyzstan (dark green)Capitaland largest cityBishkek4252N 7436E / 42.867N 74.600E / 42.867; 74.600OfficiallanguagesKyrgyz (state)Russian (official)[1]Official scriptCyrillicEthnicgroups (2024)[2]77.8% Kyrgyz14.2% Uzbeks3.8% Russians1.0% Dungans0.9% Tajiks2.3% OthersReligion (2021)[3]90% Islam7% Christianity3% OthersDemonym(s)KyrgyzKyrgyzstani[4]GovernmentUnitary presidential republicPresident Sadyr JaparovChairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Akylbek JaparovSpeaker of the Supreme Council Nurlanbek Shakiev\nLegislatureSupreme CouncilFormation HistoryYenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate[5] 693Annexed by the Russian Empire 1876Kara-Kirghiz AO 14 October 1924Kirghiz ASSR 11 February 1926Kirghiz SSR 5 December 1936Sovereignty declared 30 December 1990Independence declared from USSR 31 August 1991Independence recognized 26 December 1991Current constitution 11 April 2021\nArea Total200,105[6]km2 (77,261sqmi) (85th)Water7,198km2 (2,779sqmi)Water(%)3.6Population2024 estimate7,161,900[7] (112th[7])Density35.8/km2 (92.7/sqmi) (109th)GDP(PPP)2024estimateTotal $48.054 billion[8] (129th)Per capita $6,790[9] (139th)GDP(nominal)2024estimateTotal $13.599 billion[citation needed] (140th)Per capita $1,922[9] (152nd)Gini(2020)29.0[10]lowHDI(2022)0.701[11]high(117th)CurrencyKyrgyzstani som (c) (KGS)Time zoneUTC+6 (KGT)Date formatdd/mm/yyyyDriving siderightCalling code+996ISO 3166 codeKGInternet TLD.kg\nKyrgyzstan,[a] officially the Kyrgyz Republic,[b][12] is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Bishkek is the capital and largest city of the country. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast.[13][14][15] Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country's 7 million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians.[16]\nKyrgyzstan's history spans a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several great civilizations as part of the Silk Road along with other commercial routes. Inhabited by a succession of tribes and clans, Kyrgyzstan has periodically fallen under larger domination, for example the Turkic nomads, who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states. It was first established as the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate. Later, in the 13th century, Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Mongols; it regained independence, but was later invaded by the Dzungar Khanate. After the fall of Dzhungars, Kyrgyz and Kipchaks were an integral part of Kokand Khanate. In 1876, Kyrgyzstan became part of the Russian Empire, and in 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was formed to become a constituent republic of the Soviet Union. Following Mikhail Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the USSR and a democratic government was established. Kyrgyzstan attained sovereignty as a nation state after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.\nTian Shan Mountains in East Kyrgyzstan\nAfter independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a unitary presidential republic; after the Tulip Revolution it became a unitary parliamentary republic, although it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021. Throughout its existence, the country has continued to endure ethnic conflicts,[17][18] revolts,[19] economic troubles,[20][21] transitional governments[22] and political conflict.[23]\nKyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organisation of Turkic States, the Trksoy community and the United Nations. It is a developing country ranked 118th in the Human Development Index, and is the second poorest country in Central Asia after neighbouring Tajikistan. The country's transitional economy is heavily dependent on deposits of gold, coal and uranium.\nEtymology[edit]\nStatue of Manas in Bishkek\nKyrgyz is derived from the Turkic word for \"We are forty\", believed to refer to the forty clans of Manas, a legendary hero who united forty regional clans. The Persian suffix -stan means \"place of\".\nThe 40-ray sun on the flag of Kyrgyzstan is a reference to those same forty tribes and the graphical element in the sun's center depicts the wooden crown, called tunduk, of a yurta portable dwelling traditionally used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia.\nThe country's official name is Kyrgyz Republic, used in international arenas and foreign relations.[24][25] In the English-speaking world, the spelling Kyrgyzstan is commonly used, while its former name Kirghizia[c] is rarely used.[26]\nHistory[edit]\nMain article: History of Kyrgyzstan\nThis section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2024)\nEarly history[edit]\nPetroglyphs of local sheep, Sary Kamysh\nThe Kyrgyz state reached its greatest expansion after defeating the Uyghur Khaganate in 840 AD.[27] From the tenth century, the Kyrgyz migrated as far as the Tian Shan range and maintained their dominance over this territory for about 200 years.\nThere is a storytelling tradition of the Epic of Manas, which involves a warrior who unified all of the scattered tribes into a single nation in the 9th century. The trilogy, an element of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List, expresses the memory of the nomadic peoples.[citation needed]\nIn the 12th century, the Kyrgyz dominion had shrunk to the Altay Range and Sayan Mountains as a result of the Mongol expansion. With the rise of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. The Kyrgyz peacefully became a part of the Mongol Empire in 1207.\nSilk road caravansarai utilized during the Islamic Golden Age\nIssyk Kul Lake was a stopover on the Silk Road, a land route for traders, merchants, and other travelers from the Far East to Europe.\nKyrgyz tribes were overrun in the 17th century by the Mongols, in the mid-18th century by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China, and in the early 19th century by the Uzbek Khanate of Kokand.[28] In 1842, the Kyrgyz tribes broke away from Kokand and united into the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate[ky], led by Ormon Khan. Following Ormon's death in 1854, the khanate disintegrated.[29]\nRussian conquest[edit]\nGroup of Kirghiz men posing with a local Russian Governor, his wife, and their child in front of a yurt\nIn the late nineteenth century, the eastern part of what is today Kyrgyzstan, mainly the Issyk-Kul Region, was ceded to the Russian Empire by Qing China through the Treaty of Tarbagatai.[30] The territory, then known in Russian as \"Kirghizia\", was formally incorporated into the Empire in 1876. The Russian takeover was met with numerous revolts, and many of the Kyrgyz opted to relocate to the Pamir Mountains and Afghanistan.\nIn addition, the suppression of the 1916 rebellion against Russian rule in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz later to migrate to China.[31] Since many ethnic groups in the region were, and still are, split between neighboring states at a time when borders were more porous and less regulated, it was common to move back and forth over the mountains, depending on where life was perceived as better; this might mean better rains for pasture or better government during oppression.\nSoviet Kyrgyzstan (19191991)[edit]\nSoviet power was initially established in the region in 1919, and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (SFSR). The phrase Kara-Kirghiz was used until the mid-1920s by the Russians to distinguish them from the Kazakhs, who were also referred to as Kirghiz. On 5 December 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was established as a constituent Union Republic of the Soviet Union.\nAfter the Russian Civil War, the period of the New Economic Policy (NEP), began, which lasted roughly to 1928.[32] The Bolsheviks made an effort to establish a standardized tax system, with higher taxes for nomads to discourage the wandering livelihood and they divided the Central Asia region into five nation-states.[32][33][34] Kyrgyzstan developed considerably in cultural, educational, and social life, literacy was greatly improved. Economic and social development also was notable.[35] Under Stalin a great focus was put on Kyrgyz national identity. The Soviet state was fighting tribalism: its social organization based on patrilineal kinship contradicted the concept of the modern nation state.[35][33] In a region that did not previously know national institutions or consciousness, the process of nation-building was, from the indigenous perspective, a difficult and ambivalent one.[34]\nBy the end of the 1920s, the Soviet Union developed a series of five-year plans, centered around industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture, including the creation of huge \"kolkhoz\" collective farming systems, needed to feed the new workers in the industries.[36] Because of the plan's reliance on rapidity, major economic and cultural changes had to occur, which led to conflicts. In Kyrgyzstan, Russian settlers acquired the best pasture land, creating much hardship for most of its original inhabitants, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Turkmen nomads, who were also forced to settle down on soil that hadn't enough agricultural potential.[37]\n[34] The changes caused unrest, and between 1928 and 1932, nomads and peasants made it clear through methods like passive resistance that they did not agree with these policies, in the Kirgiziya area also guerrilla opposition occurred.[34][32][37] The region suffered relatively more deaths from collectivization than any other.[32]\nNomadic farming in the Suusamyr Valley, Kyrgyzstan\nThe early years of glasnost, in the late 1980s, had little effect on the political climate in Kyrgyzstan. However, the Republic's press was permitted to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication, Literaturny Kirghizstan, by the Union of Writers. Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in 1989 to deal with the acute housing crisis were permitted to function.\nAccording to the last Soviet census in 1989, ethnic Kyrgyz made up only 22% of the residents of the northern city of Frunze (now Bishkek), while more than 60% were Russians, Ukrainians, and people from other Slavic nations. Nearly 10% of the capital's population were Jewish (a rather unique fact, for almost any place in the Soviet Union, except the Jewish Autonomous Oblast).\nIn June 1990, ethnic tensions between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz surfaced in the Osh Region (southern Kyrgyzstan), where Uzbeks form a minority of the population.[38] The tensions between Kyrgyzs and Uzbeks in Osis led to 186 deaths.[39] Attempts to appropriate Uzbek collective farms for housing development triggered the Osh Riots. A state of emergency and curfew were introduced[40] and Askar Akayev, the youngest of five sons born into a family of collective farm workers (in northern Kyrgyzstan), was elected president in October of that same year.\nBy then, the Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement (KDM) had developed into a significant political force with support in Parliament. On 15 December 1990, the Supreme Soviet voted to change the republic's name to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. The following January, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a new cabinet composed mainly of younger, reform-oriented politicians. In February 1991, the name of the capital, Frunze, was changed back to its pre-revolutionary name of Bishkek.[41]\nDespite these political moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the Soviet Union. In a referendum on the preservation of the Soviet Union in March 1991, 88.7%[citation needed] of the voters approved the proposal to retain the Soviet Union as a \"renewed federation\". Nevertheless, secessionist forces pushed Kyrgyzstan's independence through in August of that same year.\nOn 19 August 1991, when the State Emergency Committee assumed power in Moscow, there was an attempt to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup collapsed the following week, Akayev and Vice President German Kuznetsov announced their resignations from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and the entire bureau and secretariat resigned. This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from the Soviet Union on 31 August 1991 as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.[42]\nWild sheep, urial, on a Kyrgyzstan stamp\nAccording to a 2013 Gallup poll, 62% of Kyrgyz people say that the collapse of the Soviet Union harmed their country, while only 16% said that the collapse benefitted it.[43]\nIndependence[edit]\nIn October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected president of the new independent Republic by direct ballot, receiving 95 percent of the votes cast. Together with the representatives of seven other Republics that same month, he signed the Treaty of the Economic Community. The new leaders of three out of four Soviet Union's founding republics, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, on 8 December 1991 signed the Belavezha Accords, denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922, declaring that the Union would cease to exist and proclaimed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.[44]\nOn 21 December 1991, Kyrgyzstan agreed with the other four Central Asian Republics, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally entering the Commonwealth with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Ukraine. Finally, Kyrgyzstan gained full independence on 25 December 1991. The following day, on 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan joined the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). On 5 May 1993, the official name changed from the Republic of Kyrgyzstan to the Kyrgyz Republic following the adoption of a new constitution.[45]\nIn 2005, an uprising known as the \"Tulip Revolution\", took place after the parliamentary elections in March 2005, forced President Askar Akayev's resignation on 4 April 2005. Opposition leaders formed a coalition, and a new government was formed under President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and Prime Minister Felix Kulov. The nation's capital was looted during the protests.\nPolitical stability appeared to be elusive, however, as various groups and factions allegedly linked to organized crime jockeyed for power. Three of the 75 members of Parliament elected in March 2005 were assassinated, and another member was assassinated on 10 May 2006 shortly after winning his murdered brother's seat in a by-election. All four are reputed to have been directly involved in major illegal business ventures.[according to whom?]\nApril 2010 crisis[edit]\nOn 6 April 2010, civil unrest broke out in the town of Talas after a demonstration against government corruption and increased living expenses. The protests became violent, spreading to Bishkek by the following day. Protesters attacked President Bakiyev's offices, as well as state-run radio and television stations. There were conflicting reports that Interior Minister Moldomusa Kongatiyev had been beaten. On 7 April 2010, President Bakiyev imposed a state of emergency. Police and special services arrested many opposition leaders. In response, protesters took control of the internal security headquarters (former KGB headquarters) and a state television channel in the capital, Bishkek.[citation needed] Reports by Kyrgyzstan government officials indicated that at least 75 people were killed and 458 hospitalized in bloody clashes with police in the capital.[46] Reports say that at least 80 people died as a result of clashes with police.\nA transition government had been established, led by former foreign minister Roza Otunbayeva (Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan), that by 8 April 2010 had taken control of state media and government facilities in the capital, but Bakiyev had not resigned from office.[47][48]\nPresident Bakiyev returned to his home in Jalal-Abad and stated his terms of resignation at a press conference on 13 April 2010.[49] On 15 April 2010, Bakiyev left the country and flew to neighboring Kazakhstan, along with his wife and two children. The country's provisional leaders announced that Bakiyev signed a formal letter of resignation prior to his departure.[50]\nPrime Minister Daniar Usenov accused Russia of supporting the protests; this accusation was denied by Russian Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin. Opposition members also called for the closing of the US-controlled Manas Air Base.[51] Russia's President Dmitry Medvedev ordered measures to ensure the safety of Russian nationals and tighten security around Russian sites in Kyrgyzstan to protect them against possible attacks.\nThe 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes occurred between the two main ethnic groupsthe Uzbeks and Kyrgyzin Osh, the second-largest city in the country, on 11 June 2010. The clashes incited fears that the country could be heading towards a civil war.[52][53]\nInterim leader Otunbayeva sent a letter to the Russian president, Dimitry Medvedev, asking him to send Russian troops to help the country control the situation. Medvedev's Press Attach, Natalya Timakova, said in a reply to the letter, \"It is an internal conflict and for now Russia does not see the conditions for taking part in its resolution\". The clashes caused a shortage of food and other essential commodities with more than 200 killed and 1,685 people hurt, as of 12June2010[update]. The Russian government, however, said it would be sending humanitarian aid to the troubled nation.[54]\nAccording to local sources, there was a clash between two local gangs and it did not take long for the violence to spread to the rest of the city. There were also reports that the armed forces supported ethnic Kyrgyz gangs entering the city, but the government denied the allegations.[54]\nThe riots spread to neighboring areas, and the government declared a state of emergency in the entire southern Jalal-Abad region. To control the situation, the interim government gave special shoot-to-kill powers to the security forces. The Russian government decided to send a battalion to the country to protect Russian facilities.[55]\nKyrgyz family in the village of Sary-Mogol, Osh Region\nOtunbayeva accused the family of Bakiyev of \"instigating the riots\".[56] AFP reported \"a veil of smoke covering the whole city\". Authorities in neighboring Uzbekistan said at least 30,000 Uzbeks had crossed the border to escape the riots.[55] Osh became relatively calm on 14 June 2010, but Jalal-Abad witnessed sporadic incidents of arson. The entire region was still under a state of emergency as Uzbeks were reluctant to leave their houses for fear of attacks by the mobs. The United Nations decided to send an envoy to assess the situation.[57]\nKyrgyzstan's second-largest city, Osh, in 2018\nTemir Sariyev, deputy chief of the interim government, said there were local clashes and that it was not possible [for the government] to fully control the situation. He added that there were not sufficient security forces to contain the violence. Media agencies reported on 14 June 2010 that the Russian government was considering a request by the Kyrgyz government. An emergency meeting of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) was held on the same day (14 June) to discuss the role it could play in helping to end the violence.\nEthnic violence waned, according to the Kyrgyz government, by 15 June 2010 and Kyrgyz president Roza Otunbayeva held a news conference that day and declared that there was no need for Russia to send in troops to quell the violence. There were at least 170 people left dead by 15 June 2010 but Pascale Meige Wagner of the International Committee of the Red Cross said the [official] death toll was an underestimate. The UN High Commissioner told reporters in Geneva that evidence suggested that the violence seemed to have been staged up.\nEthnic Uzbeks threatened to blow up an oil depot in Osh if they failed to get guarantees of protection. The United Nations said it believed that the attacks were \"orchestrated, targeted and well-planned\". Kyrgyz officials told the media that a person suspected to be behind the violence in Jalal-Abad had been detained.[58]\nOn 2 August 2010, a Kyrgyz government commission began investigating the causes of the clashes. Members of the National Commission, led by former parliament speaker Abdygany Erkebaev, met with people from the predominantly ethnic Uzbek villages of Mady, Shark, and Kyzyl-Kyshtak in the Kara-Suu district of Osh Oblast. This National Commission, including representatives of many ethnic groups, was established by a presidential decree.\nPresident Otunbayeva meets representatives of an environmental organisation in 2011.\nPresident Roza Otunbayeva also said in August 2010 that an international commission would be formed to investigate the clashes.[59] The international commission conducted an extensive investigation and prepared a reportThe Independent international commission of inquiry into the events in southern Kyrgyzstan in June 2010 (KIC).[60] It stated that \"The Provisional Government, which had assumed power two months before the events, either failed to recognize or underestimated the deterioration in inter-ethnic relations in southern Kyrgyzstan\". The KIC concluded that the \"Provisional Government had the responsibility to ensure that the security forces were adequately trained and appropriately equipped to deal with situations of civil unrest\" but were unable to take necessary measures.\nAs of today, Kyrgyzstan celebrates its Independence Day annually on August 31, the anniversary of its declaration of independence in 1991. Since independence, Kyrgyzstan has made developments such as creating genuinely free news media and fostering an active political opposition.[61]\nIn late April 2021, a conflict over water escalated into one of the most serious border clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan since independence in 1991.[62][63]\nIn September 2022, armed clashes, including the use of artillery, erupted along much of the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.[64]\nGeography[edit]\nMain article: Geography of Kyrgyzstan\nKyrgyzstan's topography\nOn the southern shore of Issyk Kul lake, Issyk Kul Region\nKyrgyzstan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordering Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It lies between latitudes 39 and 44 N, and longitudes 69 and 81 E. It is farther from the sea than any other individual country, and all its rivers flow into closed drainage systems which do not reach the sea. The mountainous region of the Tian Shan covers over 80% of the country (Kyrgyzstan is occasionally referred to as \"the Switzerland of Central Asia\", as a result),[65] with the remainder made up of valleys and basins.\nA map of Kyrgyzstan\nIssyk-Kul Lake, or Ysyk-Kl in Kyrgyz, in the north-eastern Tian Shan is the largest lake in Kyrgyzstan and the second largest mountain lake in the world after Titicaca. The lowest point is in Kara-Daryya (Karadar'ya) at 132 meters and the highest peaks are in the Kakshaal-Too range, forming the Chinese border. Peak Jengish Chokusu, at 7,439m (24,406ft), is the highest point and is considered by geologists to be the northernmost peak over 7,000m (22,966ft) in the world. Heavy snowfall in winter leads to spring floods which often cause serious damage downstream. The runoff from the mountains is also used for hydro-electricity.\nKyrgyzstan has significant deposits of metals including gold and rare-earth metals. Due to the country's predominantly mountainous terrain, less than 8% of the land is cultivated, and this is concentrated in the northern lowlands and the fringes of the Fergana Valley.\nBishkek in the north is the capital and largest city, with 937,400 inhabitants (as of 2015[update]). The second city is the ancient town of Osh, located in the Fergana Valley near the border with Uzbekistan. The principal river is the Kara Darya, which flows west through the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan. Across the border in Uzbekistan it meets another major Kyrgyz river, the Naryn.\nThe confluence forms the Syr Darya, which originally flowed into the Aral Sea. As of 2010[update], it no longer reaches the sea, as its water is withdrawn upstream to irrigate cotton fields in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and southern Kazakhstan. The Chu River also briefly flows through Kyrgyzstan before entering Kazakhstan.\nKyrgyzstan contains seven terrestrial ecosystems: Tian Shan montane conifer forests, Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe, Gissaro-Alai open woodlands, Tian Shan foothill arid steppe, Pamir alpine desert and tundra, Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows, and Central Asian northern desert.[66] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.86/10, ranking it 13th globally out of 172 countries.[67]\nClimate[edit]\nMain article: Climate of Kyrgyzstan\nKyrgyzstan map of Kppen climate classification\nThe climate varies regionally. The low-lying Fergana Valley in the southwest is subtropical and extremely hot in summer, with temperatures reaching 40C (104F). The northern foothills are temperate and the Tian Shan varies from dry continental to polar climate, depending on elevation. In the coldest areas, winter temperatures drop below freezing for approximately 40 days, and even some desert areas experience constant snowfall during this period. In the lowlands the temperature ranges from around 6C (21F) in January to 24C (75F) in July.\nGlaciers and climate change[edit]\nThis section is an excerpt from Climate change in Kyrgyzstan.[edit]\nReduction of glacier area in the Borkoldoy range (1965-2010)\nClimate change is evident in Kyrgyzstan. Among the countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan is the third most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as changes in weather patterns that could lead to prolonged periods of precipitation and drought.[68] Moreover, the frequent occurrence of extreme weather and climate events such as heatwaves, droughts, heavy rainfalls, and biotic/abiotic catastrophes during recent years are evidence of climate change.[69] Kyrgyzstan is threatened with glacier melting and a lack of freshwater balance, which are accelerated by global warming.[70] The average temperature has increased from 4.8C to 6C so far within the last 20 years.[71] In 2013 the World Bank estimated a likely increase of 2C in average mean temperature by 2060 and of 45C by 2100, noting that the country's glaciers were significantly reduced and projected to decline further.[72] A significant warming trend in Kyrgyztsan with a projected increase of 6C under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenario SSP5-8.5 from 2076 to 2096.[73] However the very slight increase in temperature is expected to positively affect climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, energy, and forestry as more land is within the optimum temperature band.[74]\nEnclaves and exclaves[edit]\nThere is one exclave, the tiny village of Barak[75] (population 627), in the Fergana Valley. The village is surrounded by Uzbek territory. It is located on the road from Osh (Kyrgyzstan) to Khodjaabad (Uzbekistan) about 4 kilometres (2 miles) north-west from the KyrgyzUzbek border in the direction of Andijan.[76] Barak is administratively part of Kara-Suu District in Kyrgyzstan's Osh Region.\nThere are four Uzbek enclaves within Kyrgyzstan. Two of them are the towns of Sokh, with an area of 325km2 (125sqmi) and a population of 42,800 in 1993, although some estimates go as high as 70,000 (99% are Tajiks, the remainder Uzbeks); and Shakhimardan (also known as Shahimardan, Shohimardon, or Shah-i-Mardan), with an area of 90km2 (35sqmi) and a population of 5,100 in 1993; 91% are Uzbeks, and the remaining 9% are Kyrgyz; the other two are the tiny territories of Chong-Kara (roughly 3km (2mi) long by 1km (0.6mi) wide) and Jangy-ayyl (a dot of land barely 23km (12mi) across). Chong-Kara is on the Sokh river, between the Uzbek border and the Sokh enclave. Jangy-ayyl is about 60 kilometres (37mi) east of Batken, in a northward projection of the Kyrgyz-Uzbek border near Khalmion.\nThere are also two enclaves belonging to Tajikistan on the Kyrgyz-Tajik border: Vorukh, and Lolazor. Vorukh has an area between 95130km2 (3750sqmi), and a population estimated between 23,000 and 29,000, 95% Tajiks and 5% Kyrgyz. It is distributed among 17 villages and is located around 45 kilometres (28mi) south of Isfara on the right bank of the river Karavshin. Lolazor (Western Qalacha or Kayragach) is a small settlement near the Kyrgyz railway station of Kairagach.\nPolitics[edit]\nMain articles: Government of Kyrgyzstan, Politics of Kyrgyzstan, and Foreign relations of Kyrgyzstan\nPolitical system[edit]\nSadyr Japarov, President of Kyrgyzstan\nSupreme Council building in Bishkek, house of the unicameral parliament\nKyrgyz women parliamentarians, 2016\nThe 1993 constitution defines the form of government as a democratic unicameral republic. The executive branch includes a president and prime minister. The parliament currently is unicameral. The judicial branch comprises a supreme court, local courts and a chief prosecutor.\nIn March 2002, in the southern district of Aksy, five people protesting the arbitrary arrest of an opposition politician were shot dead by police, sparking nationwide protests. President Askar Akayev initiated a constitutional reform process which initially included the participation of a broad range of government, civil and social representatives in an open dialogue, leading to a February 2003 referendum marred by voting irregularities.\nThe amendments to the constitution approved by the referendum resulted in stronger control by the president and weakened the parliament and the Constitutional Court. Parliamentary elections for a new, 75-seat unicameral legislature were held on 27 February and 13 March 2005, but were widely viewed as corrupt. The subsequent protests led to a bloodless coup on 24 March 2005, after which Akayev fled the country with his family and was replaced by acting president Kurmanbek Bakiyev.\nOn 10 July 2005, acting president Bakiyev won the presidential election in a landslide, with 88.9% of the vote, and was inaugurated on 14 August. However, initial public support for the new administration substantially declined in subsequent months as a result of its apparent inability to solve the corruption problems that had plagued the country since its independence from the Soviet Union, along with the murders of several members of parliament. Large-scale protests against president Bakiyev took place in Bishkek in April and November 2006, with opposition leaders accusing the president of failing to live up to his election promises to reform the country's constitution and transfer many of his presidential powers to parliament.[77]\nKyrgyzstan is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), a league of 57 participating states committed to peace, transparency, and the protection of human rights in Eurasia. As an OSCE participating state, Kyrgyzstan's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission.\nIn December 2008, the state-owned broadcast KTRK announced that it would require prior submission of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty programmes, which KTRK are required to retransmit according to a 2005 agreement.[78] KTRK had stopped retransmitting RFE/RL programming in October 2008, a week after it failed to broadcast an RFE/RL programme called Inconvenient Questions which covered the October elections, claiming to have lost the missing material. President Bakiyev had criticised this programme in September 2008, while KTRK told RFE/RL that its programming was too negative. Reporters Without Borders, which ranks Kyrgyzstan 111th out of 173 countries on its Press Freedom Index, strongly criticised the decision.\nOn 3 February 2009, President Bakiyev announced the imminent closure of the Manas Air Base, the only US military base remaining in Central Asia.[79] The closure was approved by Parliament on 19 February 2009 by a vote of 781 for the government-backed bill.[80] However, after much behind-the-scenes negotiation between Kyrgyz, Russian and American diplomats, the decision was reversed in June 2009. The Americans were allowed to remain under a new contract, whereby rent would increase from $17.4 million to $60 million annually.[81]\nPresident Jeenbekov at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit in China, June 2018\nKyrgyzstan is among the fifty countries in the world with the highest perceived level of corruption: the 2016 Corruption Perception Index for Kyrgyzstan is 28 on a scale of 0 (most corrupt) to 100 (least corrupt).[82]\nIn 2010, another revolution erupted in the country (see: April uprising). President Bakiyev, together with his relatives, including his son Maksim[83] and brother Janishwere forced to flee to Kazakhstan and then sought asylum in Belarus. Roza Otunbayeva, who was appointed interim president, announced that she did not intend to run for the Presidential elections in 2011. The election was held in November and won by Prime Minister Almazbek Atambayev, leader of the Social Democratic Party, and Atambayev was sworn in as president on 1 December 2011. Omurbek Babanov was appointed prime minister on the same day and was confirmed on 23 December 2011.[84]\nIn 2015, Kyrgyzstan became a full-fledged member of the Eurasian Economic Union (EES) after it formally abolished customs controls along its border with Kazakhstan, other members are the former Soviet republics Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Armenia.\nPresident Japarov (right) with Vladimir Putin and other post-Soviet leaders at the 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade[85]\nIn October 2017, Sooronbay Jeenbekov, a former prime minister backed by incumbent Almazbek Atambayev, was elected as the new President of Kyrgyzstan.[86] In foreign policy he saw the Kremlin as the country's \"main strategic partner\" and China as an \"important strategic and trade partner\", but he intended to seek more collaborative bilateral ties with European partners.[87] On 7 August 2019, the Special Forces of Kyrgyzstan launched an operation against the residence of former President Almazbek Atambayev, supposedly based on charges of corruption made against him.[88][89] In a meeting of the Security Council, President Jeenbekov accused Atambayev of violating the constitution.[90] In October 2020, President Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigned after protests caused by irregularities in parliamentary elections on 4 October 2020.[91]\nIn January 2021, Sadyr Japarov was elected as the new president after winning the presidential election by a landslide.[92]\nIn April 2021, the majority of voters approved in the constitutional referendum a new constitution that will give new powers to the president, significantly strengthening the power of the presidency.[93]\nAdministrative divisions[edit]\nMain articles: Regions of Kyrgyzstan and Districts of Kyrgyzstan\nKyrgyzstan is divided into seven regions (Kyrgyz: ). The regions are subdivided into 44 districts (Kyrgyz: , aymaqtar;). The districts are further subdivided into rural districts at the lowest level of administration, which include all rural settlements (ayl kmt) and villages without an associated municipal government.\nThe cities of Bishkek and Osh have status \"state importance\" and do not belong to any region.\nEach region is headed by an akim (regional governor) appointed by the president. District akims are appointed by regional akims.\nA clickable map of Kyrgyzstan exhibiting its provinces.\nThe regions, and independent cities, are as follows, with subdivisions:\nCity of Bishkek\nLenin District\nOktyabr District\nBirinchi May District\nSverdlov District\nBatken Region\nBatken District\nKadamjay District\nLeylek District\nChy Region\nAlamdn District\nChy District\nJayyl District\nKemin District\nMoskva District\nPanfilov District\nSokuluk District\nYsyk-Ata District\nJalal-Abad Region\nAksy District\nAla-Buka District\nBazar-Korgon District\nChatkal District\nNooken District\nSuzak District\nToguz-Toro District\nToktogul District\nNaryn Region\nAk-Talaa District\nAt-Bashy District\nJumgal District\nKochkor District\nNaryn District\nOsh Region\nAlay District\nAravan District\nChong-Alay District\nKara-Kulja District\nKara-Suu District\nNookat District\nzgn District\nTalas Region\nBakay-Ata District\nKara-Buura District\nManas District\nTalas District\nIssyk-Kul Region\nAk-Suu District\nIssyk-Kul District\nJeti-gz District\nTong District\nTp District\nCity of Osh\nMilitary[edit]\nMain article: Armed Forces of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan\nKyrgyz soldiers conducting mine sweeping exercises\nThe armed forces of Kyrgyzstan were formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union and consist of the Land Forces, Air Forces, internal troops, National Guard, and the border guard. The military works with the US Armed Forces, which leased a facility named the Transit Center at Manas at Manas International Airport near Bishkek until June 2014.[94] In recent years, the armed forces have begun developing better relations with Russia including signing modernization deals worth $1.1bn and participating in more exercises with Russian troops.[95] The Agency of National Security works with the military and serves similar purposes to its Soviet predecessor, the KGB. It oversees an elite counterterrorism special forces unit known as \"Alfa\", the same name used by other former Soviet countries, including Russia and Uzbekistan. The police are commanded by the Ministry of the Interior Affairs, along with the border guard.[96]\nHuman rights[edit]\nMain article: Human rights in Kyrgyzstan\nKyrgyzstan is classified as a \"hybrid regime\" in the Democracy Index, ranking 107th out of 167 for 2020.[97] Kyrgyzstan was also ranked \"not free\" in the 2021 Freedom in the World report with a score of 28/100. In 2020, it was ranked \"partly free\" with a score of 39/100.[98]\nAfter the installment of a more democratic government, many human rights violations still take place. In a move that alarmed human-rights groups, dozens of prominent Uzbek religious and community leaders were arrested by security forces following the 2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots, including journalist and human-rights activist Azimzhan Askarov.[99] A law banning women under the age of 23 from traveling abroad without a parent or guardian, with the purpose of \"increased morality and preservation of the gene pool\" passed in the Kyrgyz parliament in June 2013.[100] American diplomats expressed concern in October 2014 when Kyrgyzstan lawmakers passed a law that imposes jail terms on gay-rights activists and others, including journalists, who create \"a positive attitude toward non-traditional sexual relations.\"[101]\nKyrgyzstani activist and journalist Azimzhan Askarov was sentenced to life in prison in 2010.[102] On 24 January 2017, a Kyrgyz court has reinstated a sentence of life imprisonment for Askarov.[103]\nIn February 2024, the independent investigative media organization Kloop was ordered shut down by the Kyrgyz courts. This move drew criticism within the country and abroad.[104][105]\nEconomy[edit]\nMain article: Economy of Kyrgyzstan\nThe National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic serves as the central bank of Kyrgyzstan.\nKyrgyzstan was the ninth poorest country in the former Soviet Union, and is today the second poorest country in Central Asia after Tajikistan. 22.4% of the country's population lives below the poverty line.[106]\nDespite the backing of major Western lenders, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, Kyrgyzstan has had economic difficulties following independence. Initially, these were a result of the breakup of the Soviet trade bloc and resulting loss of markets, which impeded the republic's transition to a demand economy.\nThe government has reduced expenditures, ended most price subsidies and introduced a value-added tax. Overall, the government appears committed to the transition to a market economy. Through economic stabilization and reform, the government seeks to establish a pattern of long-term consistent growth. Reforms led to Kyrgyzstan's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 20 December 1998.\nThe Kyrgyz economy was severely affected by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting loss of its vast market. In 1990, some 98% of Kyrgyz exports went to other parts of the Soviet Union. Thus, the nation's economic performance in the early 1990s was worse than any other former Soviet republic except war-torn Armenia, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, as factories and state farms collapsed with the disappearance of their traditional markets in the former Soviet Union. While economic performance has improved considerably in the last few years, and particularly since 1998, difficulties remain in securing adequate fiscal revenues and providing an adequate social safety net. Remittances of around 800,000 Kyrgyz migrants working in Russia contribute to the economy however in recent years, remittances have decreased.[107][108]\nAgriculture is an important sector of the economy in Kyrgyzstan (see agriculture in Kyrgyzstan). By the early 1990s, the private agricultural sector provided between one-third and one-half of some harvests. In 2002, agriculture accounted for 35.6% of GDP and about half of employment. Kyrgyzstan's terrain is mountainous, which accommodates livestock raising, the largest agricultural activity, so the resulting wool, meat and dairy products are major commodities. Main crops include wheat, sugar beets, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, vegetables, and fruit. As the prices of imported agrichemicals and petroleum are so high, much farming is being done by hand and by horse, as it was generations ago. Agricultural processing is a key component of the industrial economy as well as one of the most attractive sectors for foreign investment.\nKyrgyzstan is rich in mineral resources but has negligible petroleum and natural gas reserves; it imports petroleum and gas. Among its mineral reserves are substantial deposits of coal, gold, uranium, antimony, and other valuable metals. Metallurgy is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment in this field. The government has actively encouraged foreign involvement in extracting and processing gold from the Kumtor Gold Mine and other regions. The country's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of hydroelectric energy.\nThe principal exports are nonferrous metals and minerals, woollen goods and other agricultural products, electric energy and certain engineering goods. Imports include petroleum and natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, most machinery, wood and paper products, some foods and some construction materials. Its leading trade partners include Germany, Russia, China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. After Beijing launched the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013, China has expanded its economic presence and initiated a number of sizable infrastructure projects in Kyrgyzstan.[109]\nIn regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Kyrgyz Republic ranks last in Central Asia in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI)an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Kyrgyz Republic ranked number 118 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, unchanged from 2013 (see Networked Readiness Index).\nKyrgyzstan is ranked 78th among countries for economic freedom by the Heritage Institute.[110]\nThe COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a significant negative impact on the Kyrgyz economy that is reliant on services, remittances and natural resources. As a result, in order to mitigate the economic shock and preserve much of the development progress achieved in recent years the World Bank will provide support by financing several projects in the country.[111]\nTourism[edit]\nSouthern shore of Issyk Kul Lake\nBazar in Osh\nMain article: Tourism in Kyrgyzstan\nOne of the most popular tourist destination points in Kyrgyzstan is the lake Issyk-Kul. Numerous hotels, resorts and boarding houses are located along its northern shore. The most popular beach zones are in the city of Cholpon-Ata and the settlements nearby, such as Kara-Oi (Dolinka), Bosteri and Korumdy. The number of tourists visiting the lake was more than a million a year in 2006 and 2007. However, due to the economic and political instability in the region, the number has declined in recent years.[112]\nScience and technology[edit]\nMain article: Science and technology in Kyrgyzstan\nThe headquarters of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences is located in Bishkek, where several research institutes are located. Kyrgyz researchers are developing useful technologies based on natural products, such as heavy metal remediation for purifying waste water.[113] Kyrgyzstan was ranked 106th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, down from 90th in 2019.[114][115][116]\nDemographics[edit]\nA population pyramid showing Kyrgyzstan's age distribution (2005)\nPopulation density (people per km2) of Kyrgyzstan, 2015[117]\nMain article: Demographics of Kyrgyzstan\nKyrgyzstan's population is estimated at 6,586,600 in August 2020.[118] Of those, 34.4% are under the age of 15 and 6.2% are over 65. The country is rural: only about one-third of the population live in urban areas. The average population density is 25 people per km2.\nEthnic groups[edit]\nThe nation's largest ethnic group are the Kyrgyz, a Turkic people, who comprise 77.8% of the population. Other ethnic groups include the Russians (3.8%) concentrated in the north and the Uzbeks (14.2%) living in the south. Small but noticeable minorities include the Dungans (1.0%), Uyghurs, Tajiks, Kazakhs, Ukrainians, and other smaller ethnic minorities.[119] The country has over 80 ethnic groups.[120]\nThe Kyrgyz have historically been semi-nomadic herders, living in round tents called yurts and tending sheep, horses and yaks. This nomadic tradition continues to function seasonally (see transhumance) as herding families return to the high mountain pasture (or jailoo) in the summer. The sedentary Uzbeks and Tajiks traditionally have farmed lower-lying irrigated land in the Fergana valley.[121]\nKyrgyzstan has undergone a pronounced change in its ethnic composition since independence.[122][123][124] The percentage of ethnic Kyrgyz has increased from around 50% in 1979 to over 70% in 2013, while the percentage of ethnic groups, such as Russians, Ukrainians, Germans and Tatars dropped from 35% to about 7%.[118] Since 1991, a large number of Germans, who in 1989 numbered 101,000 persons, have emigrated to Germany.[125]\nPopulation of Kyrgyzstan according to ethnic group 19262021\nKyrgyz\nUzbeks\nRussians\nUkrainians\n1926 census[126]\nNumber\n661,171\n110,463\n116,436\n64,128\n%\n66.6%\n11.1%\n11.7%\n6.5%\n1959 census[127]\nNumber\n836,831\n218,640\n623,562\n137,031\n%\n40.5%\n10.6%\n30.2%\n6.6%\n1989 census[128]\nNumber\n2,229,663\n550,096\n916,558\n108,027\n%\n52.4%\n12.9%\n21.5%\n2.5%\n1999 census[129]\nNumber\n3,128,147\n664,950\n603,201\n50,442\n%\n64.9%\n13.8%\n12.5%\n1.0%\n2018 census[130]\nNumber\n4,587,430\n918,262\n352,960\n11,252\n%\n73.3%\n14.6%\n5.6%\n0.2%\n2021 census[131]\nNumber\n4,995,900\n999,300\n335,200\n%\n74.1%\n14.8%\n5.0%\n2024 estimate[132]\nNumber\n5,570,900\n1,017,700\n274,900\n%\n77.8%\n14.2%\n3.8%\nKyrgyz writer Kenesh Jusupov and General Beishe Moldogaziev with villagers, On-Archain, Naryn Region\nLanguages[edit]\nMain article: Languages of Kyrgyzstan\nThe name of Kyrgyzstan rendered in the traditional script in use from the 13th century to 1920\nKyrgyz is the state language of Kyrgyzstan. Russian is additionally an official language.\nKyrgyzstan is one of five former Soviet republics to have Russian as a de jure official language, along with Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan.[133] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyz was adopted as the state language of Kyrgyzstan in 1991. Kyrgyzstan adopted Russian as an official language in 1997. The languages have different legal statuses.\nKyrgyz is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch, closely related to Kazakh, Karakalpak, and Nogay Tatar. It was written in the Arabic alphabet until the twentieth century. The Latin script was introduced and adopted on Stalin's orders in 1928, and was subsequently replaced by Cyrillic script in 1941.[134] A reformed Perso-Arabic alphabet, created by the Kyrgyz intellectual and scientist Kasym Tynystanov is the official script of the Kyrgyz language in the People's Republic of China.[135] As a result of the pending language reform in neighboring Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan will be the only independent Turkic-speaking country in a few years that exclusively uses the Cyrillic alphabet.[136] In April 2023, Russia suspended dairy exports to Kyrgyzstan after the chairman of Kyrgyzstan's National Commission for the State Language and Language Policies, Kanybek Osmonaliev, proposed to change the official script from Cyrillic to Latin to bring the country in line with other Turkic-speaking nations. Osmonaliev was reprimanded by President Sadyr Japarov who then clarified that Kyrgyzstan had no plans to replace the Cyrillic alphabet.[137]\nIn 2009,[138] 4.1 million people spoke Kyrgyz as native or second language and 2.5 million spoke Russian as native or second language. Uzbek is the second most common native language with 700,000 native speakers.\nRussian TV media enjoy enormous popularity in Kyrgyzstan, especially in the deeply russified city of Bishkek and the Chy Region, despite that the percentage of Russians today is a fraction of that in 1989. Russian media outlets have an enormous influence on public opinion in Kyrgyzstan, especially in areas such as human rights and international political developments.[139]\nMany business and political affairs are carried out in Russian. Until recently, Kyrgyz remained a language spoken at home and was rarely used during meetings or other events. However, most parliamentary meetings today are conducted in Kyrgyz, with simultaneous interpretation available for those not speaking Kyrgyz. According to an RFE/RL article from 2014, despite the attempts to raise the status of Kyrgyz, thousands of Kyrgyz are russifying their names every year (around 40,000), mostly for career prospects, and to remove themselves from the Russian blacklists (people who are to be deported upon entrance) by registering different names. There are also many Russian-language medium schools that are supported from the Russian foundations via the embassy of Russia in Bishkek which are better funded than the Kyrgyz language medium schools. Due to this, many ethnic Kyrgyz go to Russian language medium schools. Many high school students change their surnames annually; for example, 800 such changes were recorded in high school students in the region of Naryn.[140]\nLanguage name\nNative speakers\nSecond-language speakers\nTotal speakers\nKyrgyz\n3,830,556\n271,187\n4,121,743\nRussian\n482,243\n2,109,393\n2,591,636\nUzbek\n772,561\n97,753\n870,314\nEnglish\n28,416\n28,416\nFrench\n641\n641\nOther\n277,433\n31,411\n308,844\nUrban centres[edit]\nMain article: List of cities in Kyrgyzstan\nLargest cities or towns in Kyrgyzstangeonames.org\nRank\nName\nRegion\nMunicipal pop.\nBishkekOsh\n1\nBishkek\nBishkek\n1,074,075\nJalal-AbadKarakol\n2\nOsh\nOsh Region\n322,164\n3\nJalal-Abad\nJalal-Abad Region\n123,239\n4\nKarakol\nIssyk-Kul Region\n84,351\n5\nTokmok\nChy Region\n71,443\n6\nzgn\nOsh Region\n62,802\n7\nKara-Balta\nChy Region\n48,278\n8\nBalykchy\nIssyk-Kul Region\n42,875\n9\nNaryn\nNaryn Region\n41,178\n10\nTalas\nTalas Region\n40,308\nReligion[edit]\nReligion in Kyrgyzstan (2017 estimate)\nIslam\n90%\nChristianity\n7%\nother\n3%\nMain article: Religion in Kyrgyzstan\nKarakol Dungan Mosque\nIslam is the dominant religion of Kyrgyzstan and most Kyrgyz. The CIA World Factbook estimates that as of 2017, 90% of the population is Muslim, with the majority being Sunni; 7% are Christian, including 3% Russian Orthodoxy, and the remainder are other religions.[141] A 2009 Pew Research Center report indicated 86.3% of Kyrgyzstan's population adhering to Islam.[142] The great majority of Muslims are Sunni, adhering to the Hanafi school of thought,[143] although a 2012 Pew survey report showed that only 23% of respondents to a questionnaire chose to identify themselves as Sunni, with 64% volunteering that they were \"just a Muslim\".[144] There are a few Ahmadiyya Muslims, though unrecognised by the country.[145] Later figures show a rise in the number of agnostics in the country.[146]\nDuring Soviet times, state atheism was encouraged. Today, however, Kyrgyzstan is a secular state, although Islam has exerted a growing influence in politics.[147] For instance, there has been an attempt to arrange for officials to travel on hajj (the pilgrimage to Mecca) under a tax-free arrangement.\nWhile Islam in Kyrgyzstan is more of a cultural background than a devout daily practice for many, public figures have expressed support for restoring religious values. For example, human rights ombudsman Tursunbay Bakir-Ulu noted, \"In this era of independence, it is not surprising that there has been a return to spiritual roots not only in Kyrgyzstan, but also in other post-communist republics. It would be immoral to develop a market-based society without an ethical dimension.\"[147]\nBishkek Eastern Orthodox Church\nAdditionally, Bermet Akayeva, the daughter of Askar Akayev, the former President of Kyrgyzstan, stated during a July 2007 interview that Islam is increasingly taking root across the nation.[148] She emphasized that many mosques have recently been built and that the Kyrgyz are increasingly devoting themselves to Islam, which she noted was \"not a bad thing in itself. It keeps our society more moral, cleaner.\"[148] There is a contemporary Sufi order present which adheres to a somewhat different form of Islam than the orthodox Islam.[149]\nMosque under construction in Kyrgyzstan\nThe other faiths practiced in Kyrgyzstan include Russian Orthodox and Ukrainian Orthodox versions of Christianity, practiced primarily by Russians and Ukrainians respectively. A community of 5000 to 10,000 Jehovah's Witnesses gather in both Kyrgyz and Russian-speaking congregations, as well as some Chinese- and Turkish-speaking groups.[150][151] A small minority of ethnic Germans are also Christian, mostly Lutheran and Anabaptist as well as a Roman Catholic community of approximately 600.[152][153]\nA few Animistic traditions survive, as do influences from Buddhism such as the tying of prayer flags onto sacred trees, though some view this practice rooted within Sufi Islam.[154] There is also a small number of Bukharian Jews living in Kyrgyzstan, but during the collapse of the Soviet Union most fled to other countries, mainly the United States and Israel. In addition, there is a small community of Ashkenazi Jews, who fled to the country from eastern Europe during the Second World War.[155]\nOn 6 November 2008, the Kyrgyzstan parliament unanimously passed a law increasing the minimum number of adherents for recognizing a religion from 10 to 200. It also outlawed \"aggressive action aimed at proselytism\", and banned religious activity in schools and all activity by unregistered organizations. It was signed by President Kurmanbek Bakiyev on 12 January 2009.[156]\nThere have been several reported police raids against peaceful minority religious meetings,[157] as well as reports of officials planting false evidence,[158] but also some court decisions in favour of religious minorities.[159]\nKyrgyz Opera and Ballet Theatre, Bishkek\nCulture[edit]\nMain articles: Culture of Kyrgyzstan and Kyrgyz cuisine\nMedia[edit]\nMain article: Media of Kyrgyzstan\nTraditions[edit]\nA Kyrgyz manaschi performing part of the Epic of Manas at a yurt camp in Karakol\nMusicians playing traditional Kyrgyz music\nHunting with an eagle\nManas, an epic poem; the plot revolves around a series of events that coincide with the history of the region in the 9th century, primarily the interaction of the Kyrgyz people with other Turkic and Chinese people.\nKomuz, a three-stringed lute\nTush kyiz, large, elaborately embroidered wall hangings\nShyrdak and Ala-kiyiz carpets, manufactured by the process of felting, used for yurts. Inscribed in 2012 on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding.[160][161]\nOther textiles, especially made from felt\nAla kachuu, \"bride kidnapping\", traditional form of marriage in Kyrgyzstan\nFalconry\nVarious dances\nIllegal, but still practiced, is the tradition of bride kidnapping.[162] It is debatable whether bride kidnapping is actually traditional. Some of the confusion may stem from the fact that arranged marriages were traditional, and one of the ways to escape an arranged marriage was to arrange a consensual \"kidnapping\".[163]\nFlag[edit]\nThe 40-rayed yellow sun in the center of the national flag represent the 40 tribes that once made up the entirety of Kyrgyz culture before the intervention of Russia during the rise of the Soviet Union. The lines inside the sun represent the crown or tndk (Kyrgyz ) of a yurt, a symbol replicated in many facets of Kyrgyz architecture. The red portion of the flag represents peace and openness of Kyrgyzstan.\nUnder Soviet rule and before 1992, it had the flag of the Soviet Union with two big blue stripes and a white thin stripe in the middle.\nPublic holidays[edit]\nMain article: Public holidays in Kyrgyzstan\nIn addition to celebrating the New Year each 1 January, the Kyrgyz observe the traditional New Year festival Nowruz on the vernal equinox. This spring holiday is celebrated with feasts and festivities such as the horse game Ulak Tartish.\nThis is the list of public holidays in Kyrgyzstan:\n1 January New Year's Day\n7 January Orthodox Christmas\n23 February Fatherland Defender's Day\n8 March Women's Day\n2123 March Nooruz Mairamy, Persian New Year (spring festival)\n7 April Day of National Revolution\n1 May Labor Day\n5 May Constitution Day\n8 May Remembrance Day\n9 May Victory Day\n31 August Independence Day\n78 November Days of History and Commemoration of Ancestors\nTwo additional Muslim holidays Orozo Ayt and Qurman (or Qurban) Ayt are defined by the lunar calendar.\nSports[edit]\nSee also: Rugby union in Kyrgyzstan\nBandy: Kyrgyzstan in red against Japan\nFootball is the most popular sport in Kyrgyzstan.[citation needed] The official governing body is the Football Federation of Kyrgyz Republic, which was founded in 1992, after the split of the Soviet Union. It administers the Kyrgyzstan national football team.[164]\nWrestling is also very popular. Since the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, Kyrgyzstani wrestlers have won six medals in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling: three in 2008 and three in 2020.[165]\nIce hockey was not as popular in Kyrgyzstan until the first Ice Hockey Championship was organized in 2009. In 2011, the Kyrgyzstan men's national ice hockey team won 2011 Asian Winter Games Premier Division dominating in all six games with six wins. It was the first major international event that Kyrgyzstan's ice hockey team took part in.[166] The Kyrgyzstan men's ice hockey team joined the IIHF in July 2011.\nBandy is becoming increasingly popular in the country. The Kyrgyz national team took Kyrgyzstan's first medal at the Asian Winter Games, when they captured the bronze. They played in the Bandy World Championship 2012, their first appearance in that tournament.[167]\nMartial Arts: Valentina Shevchenko is a KyrgyzstaniPeruvian professional mixed martial artist who competes in the women's flyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where she was formerly the Women's Flyweight champion.\nBoxing: Dmitry Bivol is a Kyrgyzstani Professional Boxer from Tokmok, who competes in the Light Heavyweight Division. Since 2017, he has held the World Boxing Association Light Heavyweight Title. As of August 2019, Bivol is ranked as the world's best active light-heavyweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and BoxRec, and third by The Ring Magazine.\nKyrgyzstan's national basketball team had its best performance at the official 1995 Asian Basketball Championship where the team finished ahead of favorites such as Iran, Philippines and Jordan.\nXXI International Issyk-Kul Sports Games (SCO + CIS) was held in 917 September 2022 in Baktuu-Dolonotu village (Issyk-Kul).[168] The first three World Nomad Games were held in Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan. The 6th International Sports Festival Pearl of Kyrgyzstan were held in Issyk-Kul region from 15 June to 3 July 2022.\nHorse riding[edit]\nUlak Tartysh\nThe traditional national sports reflect the importance of horse riding in Kyrgyz culture.\nVery popular, as in all of Central Asia, is Ulak Tartysh, a team game resembling a cross between polo and rugby in which two teams of riders wrestle for possession of the headless carcass of a goat, which they attempt to deliver across the opposition's goal line, or into the opposition's goal: a big tub or a circle marked on the ground.\nOther popular games on horseback include:\nAt Chabysh a long-distance horse race, sometimes over a distance of more than 50km\nJumby Atmai a large bar of precious metal (the \"jumby\") is tied to a pole by a thread and contestants attempt to break the thread by shooting at it, while at a gallop\nKyz Kuumai a man chases a girl in order to win a kiss from her, while she gallops away; if he is not successful she may in turn chase him and attempt to beat him with her \"kamchi\" (horsewhip)\nOodarysh two contestants wrestle on horseback, each attempting to be the first to throw the other from his horse\nTyin Emmei picking up a coin from the ground at full gallop\nEducation[edit]\nMain article: Education in Kyrgyzstan\nThe school system in Kyrgyzstan also includes primary (grades 1 to 4, some schools have optional 0 grade), secondary (grades 5 to 9) and high (grades 10 to 11) divisions within one school.[169] Children are usually accepted to primary schools at the age of 6 or 7. It is required that every child finishes 9 grades of school and receives a certificate of completion. Grades 1011 are optional, but it is necessary to complete them to graduate and receive a state-accredited school diploma. To graduate, a student must complete the 11-year school course and pass 4 mandatory state exams in writing, maths, history, and a foreign language.\nThere are 77 public schools in Bishkek (capital city) and more than 200 in the rest of the country. There are 55 higher educational institutions and universities in Kyrgyzstan, out of which 37 are state institutions.[citation needed]\nIn September 2016, the University of Central Asia was launched in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan.[170]\nThere are also various Russian-language medium schools in Bishkek, Osh and other areas. Because of the better funding that they receive in comparation with Kyrgyz state schools, many Kyrgyz go there. In March 2021 Russia announced its plans to create approximately 30 new Russian-language schools in Kyrgyzstan. Teachers from Russia are also working here. However, the existence of these schools has been criticised, for reasons such as the fact that Russian language education has flaws compared to the Turkish and American schools in the country, but also because many ethnic Kyrgyz born after Kyrgyz independence in 1991 can't speak Kyrgyz, but only Russian, according to a Bishkek resident.[171]\nLibraries[edit]\nKyrgyzstan is home to 1,066 libraries.[172] The National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic is the oldest library in the country, which was established in 1934. Kyrgyz Libraries are working towards expanding access to communities, evident in projects such as the signing of the Marrakesh VIP Treaty and the Open access Portal.[173][174]\nTransport[edit]\nMarshrutka in Bishkek\nMain article: Transport in Kyrgyzstan\nTransport in Kyrgyzstan is severely constrained by the country's alpine topography. Roads have to snake up steep valleys, cross passes of 3,000 metres (9,800ft) altitude and more, and are subject to frequent mudslides and snow avalanches. Winter travel is close to impossible in many of the more remote and high-altitude regions.\nAdditional problems come from the fact that many roads and railway lines built during the Soviet period are today intersected by international boundaries, requiring time-consuming border formalities to cross where they are not completely closed. Horses are still a much-used transport option, especially in more rural areas; Kyrgyzstan's road infrastructure is not extensive, so horses are able to reach locations that motor vehicles cannot, and they do not require expensive, imported fuel.\nAirports[edit]\nManas International Airport\nAt the end of the Soviet period there were about 50 airports and airstrips in Kyrgyzstan, many of them built primarily to serve military purposes in this border region so close to China. Only a few of them remain in service today. The Kyrgyzstan Air Company provides air transport to China, Russia, and other local countries.\nManas International Airport near Bishkek is the main international airport, with services to Moscow, Tashkent, Almaty, rmqi, Istanbul, Baku, and Dubai.\nOsh Airport is the main air terminal in the south of the country, with daily connections to Bishkek, and services to Moscow, Krasnoyarsk, Almaty and more international places.\nJalal-Abad Airport is linked to Bishkek by daily flights. The national flag carrier, Kyrgyzstan, operates flights on BAe-146 aircraft. During the summer months, a weekly flight links Jalal-Abad with the Issyk-Kul Region.\nOther facilities built during the Soviet era are either closed down, used only occasionally or restricted to military use (e.g., Kant Air Base near Bishkek, which is used by the Russian Air Force).\nBanned airline status[edit]\nKyrgyzstan appears on the European Union's list of prohibited countries for the certification of airlines. This means that no airline that is registered in Kyrgyzstan may operate services of any kind within the European Union, due to safety standards that fail to meet European regulations.[175]\nRailways[edit]\nThe Chy Valley in the north and the Fergana valley in the south were endpoints of the Soviet Union's rail system in Central Asia. Following the emergence of independent post-Soviet states, the rail lines which were built without regard for administrative boundaries have been cut by borders, and traffic is therefore severely curtailed. The small bits of rail lines within Kyrgyzstan, about 370km (230mi) (1,520mm (59.8in) broad gauge) in total, have little economic value in the absence of the former bulk traffic over long distances to and from such centres as Tashkent, Almaty, and the cities of Russia.\nIn 2022, construction began on a new 186km extension of the existing railway from Balykchy to Karakeche.[176] Its primary purpose will be to carry coal from mines at Karakeche to Bishkek.\nThere are vague plans about extending rail lines from Balykchy in the north or from Osh in the south into China, but the cost of construction would be enormous.[citation needed]\nIn 2022, the president of Kyrgyzstan, Zhaparov, has told local media that he expects construction of the 523km ChinaKyrgyzstanUzbekistan (CKU) Railway to begin next year. The CKU Railway would comprise 213km (132mi) in China, 260km (162mi) in Kyrgyzstan and 50km (31mi) in Uzbekistan.[177]\nRail connections with adjacent countries[edit]\nNeighboringcountry\nRaillinked?\nRail link name\nRail gauge notes\nKazakhstan\nYes\nBishkek branch\nSame gauge\nUzbekistan\nYes\nOsh branch\nSame gauge\nTajikistan\nNo\n\nSame gauge\nChina\nNo\n\nGauge break: 1524mm vs. 1435mm\nHighways[edit]\nHighway A363 Bishkek towards Balykchy, Lake Issyk-Kul and Chinese border (Xinjiang)\nWith support from the Asian Development Bank, a major road linking the north and southwest of the country from the capital city of Bishkek to Osh has recently been completed. This considerably eases communication between the two major population centres of the countrythe Chy Valley in the north and the Fergana Valley in the South. An offshoot of this road branches off across a 3,500 meter pass into the Talas Valley in the northwest. Plans are now being formulated to build a major road from Osh into China.\ntotal: 34,000km (21,127mi) (including 140km (87mi) of expressways)\npaved: 22,600km (14,043mi) (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads)\nunpaved: 7,700km (4,785mi) (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)\nPorts and harbours[edit]\nBalykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye) on Issyk Kul Lake.\nSee also[edit]\nAsia portal\nOutline of Kyrgyzstan\nIndex of Kyrgyzstan-related articles\nChinghiz Aitmatov\nNotes[edit]\n^ Kyrgyz: , romanized:Kyrgyzstan, pronounced [qrstn];Russian: , romanized:Kyrgyzstan, pronounced [krstan] .\n^ Since 5 May 1993.Kyrgyz: , romanized:Kyrgyz Respublikasy;Russian: , romanized:Kyrgyzskaya Respublika.\n^ Russian: , romanized:Kirgiziya, pronounced [krizj] .[26]\nReferences[edit]\n^ \"Kyrgyzstan's Constitution of 2010 with Amendments through 2016\" (PDF). Constitute Project. 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Asian Population Studies. 9 (1): 5077. doi:10.1080/17441730.2012.752238. S2CID154532617.\n^ Spoorenberg, Thomas (2015). \"Explaining recent fertility increase in Central Asia\". Asian Population Studies. 11 (2): 115133. doi:10.1080/17441730.2015.1027275. S2CID153924060.\n^ Kokaisl, Petr; Kokaislova, Pavla (2009). The Kyrgyz Children of Manas. . NOSTALGIE Praha. p.132. ISBN978-80-254-6365-9.\n^ \" 1926 . \" [All-Union Census of 1926. The national composition of the population in the republics of the USSR]. Weekly (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.\n^ \" 1959 . \" [All-Union Census of 1959. The national composition of the population in the republics of the USSR]. Weekly (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 March 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2016.\n^ \" 1989 . \" [All-Union Census of 1989. The national composition of the population in the republics of the USSR]. Weekly (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 March 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2016.\n^ \"5.01.00.03 \" [5.01.00.03 National composition of the population] (PDF) (in Russian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2013.\n^ \"Total population by nationality - Open Data - Statistics of the Kyrgyz Republic\" (XLS).\n^ \"2021 Cencus Results\" (PDF). www.stat.kg. Retrieved 5 July 2022.\n^ \"Kyrgyzstan\". stat.kg.\n^ \"Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan\" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 8 April 2021.\n^ \"Kyrgyzstan: Latin (alphabet) fever takes hold | Eurasianet\". Eurasianet. Retrieved 5 January 2021.\n^ \"Kyrgyz\". Center for Languages of the Central Asian Region. Retrieved 18 September 2021.\n^ \"'Only Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia insists on Cyrillic' Tokayev\". FOR.kg. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2021.\n^ Russia Suspends Dairy Products From Kyrgyzstan After Calls In Bishkek To Drop Cyrillic Script. Radio Free Europe, 21 April 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023\n^ \" \" [Population and Housing Census of the Kyrgyz Republic] (in Russian). NSC of Kyrgyzstan. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.\n^ \"Major Russian TV Channel Sidelined in Kyrgyzstan\". Jamestown.\n^ Aidarov, Jenish; Recknagel, Charles (10 December 2014). \"In Kyrgyzstan, A New Interest In Russified Names\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 1 August 2022.\n^ \"Central Asia:: KYRGYZSTAN\". CIA The World Factbook. 5 November 2021.\n^ \"MAPPING THE GLOBAL MUSLIM POPULATION A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population\" (PDF). Pew Research Center. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2010.\n^ \"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity\". Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. Pew Research Center. 9 August 2012.\n^ \"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity - Topline Survey Results\" (PDF). Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life.\n^ US State Dept 2022 report\n^ The ARDA website, retrieved 2023-08-08\n^ a b \"ISN Security Watch Islam exerts growing influence on Kyrgyz politics\". Isn.ethz.ch. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2010.\n^ a b \"EurasiaNet Civil Society Kyrgyzstan: Time to Ponder a Federal System Ex-President's Daughter\". Eurasianet.org. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.\n^ \"Religion and expressive culture Kyrgyz\". Everyculture.com. Retrieved 2 May 2010.\n^ \"2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses\". Watchtower Bible & Tract Society. 21 December 2015. p.182.\n^ \"Congregation Meetings of Jehovah's Witnesses\". Watchtower Bible & Tract Society. 21 December 2015.\n^ \"Kirguistn la Iglesia renace con 600 catlicos\". ZENIT. 2 October 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008.\n^ \"Religion in Kyrgyzstan\". Asia.msu.edu. 4 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2010.\n^ Shaikh Muhammad Bin Jamil Zeno, Muhammad Bin Jamil Zeno, 2006, pg. 264\n^ \"Jewish Bishkek: A Brief History and Guide\". 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.\n^ \"Human Rights Activists Condemn New Religion Law\". Eurasianet.org. 16 January 2009. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.\n^ \"KYRGYZSTAN: \"His screams of terror and pain could be heard throughout the building\"\". Forum 18 News Service. 21 December 2015.\n^ \"Kyrgyzstan: Court Confuses Jehovah's Witnesses for Islamic Radicals\". eurasianet.org. 3 June 2011.\n^ \"Kyrgyzstan Court Upholds Acquittal of Two Women Convicted Under False Charges\". Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. 3 June 2011.\n^ Aidar, Iliyas. \"Kyrgyz Style Production Souvenirs\". Kyrgyzstyle.kg. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2010.\n^ \"Ala-kiyiz and Shyrdak, art of Kyrgyz traditional felt carpets\". UNESCO.\n^ Lom, Petr (March 2004). \"The Story (Synopsis of Kyrgyzstan The Kidnapped Bride)\". Frontline / World. WGBH Educational Foundation.\n^ \"Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse and Abduction of Women in Kyrgyzstan\" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch Report. September 2006, Vol. 18, No.9.\n^ \"Kyrgyzstan\". FIFA. Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2011.\n^ \" 2008 \". (in Russian). 3 August 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2024.\n^ Lundqvist, Henrik (5 February 2011). \"Kyrgyzstan wins the Asian Winter Games Premier Division 2011\". EuroHockey.\n^ \"Team picture with Japan after their first meeting in the World Championships\". bandy.or.jp. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012.\n^ \"Issyk-Kul region to host International Sports Games -\". 25 August 2022.\n^ Curtis, Glenn E. (1997). \"Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: country studies\". Library of Congress. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division. Archived from the original on 16 March 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2018.\n^ \"University of Central Asia University of Central Asia\". Ucentralasia.org. 14 September 2018.\n^ Altynbayev, Kanat. \"Russia's 'soft power' education push in Kyrgyzstan worries locals\". Caravanserai. Retrieved 1 August 2022.\n^ Library map of the world. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2021, from librarymap.ifla.org\n^ \"Kyrgyzstan | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization\". www.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015.\n^ \"The Right to Read in Kyrgyzstan | EIFL\". www.eifl.net.\n^ \"List of banned European Union air carriers\". Retrieved 2 May 2010.\n^ \"Kyrgyz president launches construction of railway to Kara-Keche\". Railway Gazette International.\n^ \"Work to start next year on China - Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan Railway\". Railpage. Retrieved 10 June 2022.\nFurther reading[edit]\nSee also: Bibliography of the history of Central Asia\nMinahan, James. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States (Routledge, 1998) pp 200-214.\nHistorical Dictionary of Kyrgyzstan by Rafis Abazov\nKyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy? by John Anderson\nKyrgyzstan: The Growth and Influence of Islam in the Nations of Asia and Central Asia by Daniel E. Harmon\nLonely Planet Guide: Central Asia by Paul Clammer, Michael Kohn and Bradley Mayhew\nOdyssey Guide: Kyrgyz Republic by Ceri Fairclough, Rowan Stewart and Susie Weldon\nPolitics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States: Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine by Jacob M. Landau and Barbara Kellner-Heinkele. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2001. ISBN978-0-472-11226-5\nKyrgyzstan: Traditions of Nomads by V. Kadyrov, Rarity Ltd., Bishkek, 2005. ISBN9967-424-42-7\nCities in Kyrgyzstan Archived 7 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine\nBishkek city of Kyrgyzstan Archived 14 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine\nOsh city of Kyrgyzstan Archived 14 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine\nJalal-Abad city of Kyrgyzstan Archived 14 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine\nExternal links[edit]\nKyrgyzstan at Wikipedia's sister projects\nDefinitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityTravel information from WikivoyageData from Wikidata\nGovernment\nPresident of Kyrgyzstan official site\nGovernment of Kyrgyzstan official site\nParliament of Kyrgyzstan official site\nLaws of the Kyrgyz Republic\nGeneral information\nCountry Profile from BBC News\nKyrgyzstan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.\nKyrgyzstan at UCB Libraries GovPubs\nKyrgyz Publishing and Bibliography\nKey Development Forecasts for Kyrgyzstan from International Futures\nLanguage Policy in Kyrgyzstan from University of Pannonia, Hungary\nMaps\nWikimedia Atlas of Kyrgyzstan\nvteKyrgyzstanarticlesHistory\nScythians\nKushan Empire\nUyghur Khaganate\nGolden Horde\nKhanate of Kokand\nBasmachi movement\nSoviet era\nOsh riots\nTulip Revolution\n2010 Kyrgyz Revolution\n2020 Kyrgyz Revolution\nGeography\nBorders\nCentral Asia\nCities\nEnvironmental issues\nMountains\nProtected areas\nRegions\nDistricts\nRivers\nValleys\nWildlife\nPolitics\nCentral Asian Union\nConstitution\nElections\nForeign relations\nHuman rights\nLGBT\nMilitary\nParliament\nPolitical parties\nPresident\nPrime Minister\nEconomy\nAgriculture\nBanking\nCentral bank\nEnergy\nSom (currency)\nTelecommunications\nTourism\nTransport\nSociety\nDemographics\nEducation\nEthnic groups\nHealth\nLanguage\nPeople\nProstitution\nSex trafficking\nCulture\nAla kachuu\nArchitecture\nCinema\nCuisine\nMedia\nMusic\nPublic holidays\nReligion\nSports\nSymbols\nanthem\nemblem\nflag\nOutlineIndex\nCategory\nLinks to related articles\nvteCountries and dependencies of AsiaSovereign states\nAfghanistan\nArmenia2\nAzerbaijan1\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus2\nEast Timor\nEgypt1\nGeorgia1\nIndia\nIndonesia1\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan1\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nOman\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nQatar\nRussia1\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey1\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nStates with limitedrecognition\nAbkhazia2\nNorthern Cyprus2\nPalestine\nSouth Ossetia2\nTaiwan\nDependentterritoriesAustralia\nChristmas Island\nCocos (Keeling) Islands\nGreece\nKastellorizo\nUnited Kingdom\nAkrotiri and Dhekelia2 (Sovereign Base Areas)\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory (British Overseas Territory)\nSpecial administrativeregions of China\nHong Kong\nMacau\n1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.\nCategory\nAsia portal\nvteEconomic Cooperation Organization (ECO)Politics\nECOTA\nSecretariat\nSecretaries-General\nTreaty of Izmir\nIslamabad Declaration\nSymbols\nEmblem\nFlag\nSummits\nTehran 1992\nIstanbul 1993\nIslamabad 1995\nAshgabat 1996\nAlmaty 1998\nTehran 2000\nIstanbul 2002\nDushanbe 2004\nBaku 2006\nTehran 2009\nIstanbul 2010\nBaku 2012\nIslamabad 2017\nMember\nAfghanistan\nAzerbaijan\nIran\nKazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan\nPakistan\nTajikistan\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUzbekistan\nObservers\nNorthern Cyprus (as Turkish Cypriot State)\nvteCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS)\nBelovezh Agreement establishing the CIS (1991)\nAlma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS (1991)\nCIS Charter (1993)\n\"Participants\" (11)1991 agreements parties and \"participants\" (11)\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBelarus\nKazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan\nMoldova\nRussia\nTajikistan\nTurkmenistan\nUkraine\nUzbekistan\nAdditionally the 1993 CIS Charter parties and \"members\" (9)\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBelarus\nKazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan\nMoldova\nRussia\nTajikistan\nUzbekistan\nSelf-proclaimed \"associate member\" as defined in the CIS Charter (1)\nTurkmenistan\n1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)\nMoldova\nUkraine\nFormer \"participant\" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)\nGeorgia (19932009)\nSports\nUnified Team at the Olympics\nUnified Team at the Paralympics\nCIS national bandy team\nCIS national football team\nCIS national ice hockey team\nCIS national rugby union team\nCIS Cup (football)\nMilitary\nCollective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)\nUnited Armed Forces (1992)\nJoint CIS Air Defense System\nCouncil of Ministers of Defense of the CIS\nEconomics\nEconomic Court\n1994 FTA Agreement\n2011 FTA Treaty\n2023 Free Trade in Services\nOrganization\nInterstate Aviation Committee\nGOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)\nOutside the CIS framework\nGeorgia\nEurasian Economic Community\nEurasian Patent Convention\nEurasian Patent Organization\nEU Technical Aid\nEurasian Customs Union\nEurasian Economic Union\nUnion State\nRussian Empire\nSoviet Union\nDissolution of the Soviet Union\nUnion of Sovereign States\nCollective Security Treaty Organization\nCollective Rapid Reaction Force\nCategory\nvteEurasian Economic UnionMember states\nArmenia\nBelarus\nKazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan\nRussia\nObserver members\nCuba\nMoldova\nUzbekistan\nProspective members\nMongolia\nSyria\nTajikistan\nUzbekistan\nFree Trade Zone agreements\nChina\nEgypt\nIran\nMoldova\nSerbia\nSingapore\nTajikistan\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nvteOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)\nSecretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation: Hissein Brahim Taha\nMember statesMembers\nAfghanistan\nAlbania\nAlgeria\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBenin\nBurkina Faso\nBrunei\nCameroon\nChad\nComoros\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nGabon\nGambia\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nGuyana\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIvory Coast\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLebanon\nLibya\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMali\nMauritania\nMorocco\nMozambique\nNiger\nNigeria\nOman\nPakistan\nPakistan-OIC relations\nPalestine\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSenegal\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSudan\nSuriname\nTajikistan\nTogo\nTunisia\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUganda\nUzbekistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nYemen\nSuspended\nSyria\nObserversCountriesand territories\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nCentral African Republic\nNorthern Cyprus1\nRussia\nThailand\nMuslimcommunities\nMoro National Liberation Front\nInternationalorganizations\nEconomic Cooperation Organization\nAfrican Union\nArab League\nNon-Aligned Movement\nUnited Nations\nHistoryDeclarations\nAbuja Declaration (1989)\nCairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990)\nOIC Resolution 10/11 (2008)\nOIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010)\nSessionsExtraordinary\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nFourth\nFifth\nSixth\nSeventh\nEighth\nNinth\nArabIslamic (2023)\nDemographics\nEconomy\nGDP\nGDP per capita\nExports\nImports\nPopulation\nLargest cities\nEducation\n1 As the \"Turkish Cypriot State\".\nvteShanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)Summits\nBeijing 2012\nDushanbe 2014\nAstana 2017\nSamarkand 2022\nMember states\nChina\nIndia\nIran\nKazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan\nPakistan\nRussia\nTajikistan\nUzbekistan\nObserver states\nAfghanistan (inactive)\nBelarus\nMongolia\nDialogue partners\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nCambodia\nEgypt\nKuwait\nMaldives\nMyanmar\nNepal\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSri Lanka\nTurkey\nUnited Arab Emirates\nGuests\nASEAN\nCommonwealth of Independent States\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Nations\nApplicants\nAlgeria\nBangladesh\nEast Timor\nIraq\nIsrael\nSyria\nSee also\nMember states\nThree Evils\nSCO Interbank Consortium\nEurasian Land Bridge\nWorking languages\nChinese\nRussian\nvteInternational Organization of Turkic Culture (TRKSOY)Members\nAzerbaijan\nKazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUzbekistan\nObservers\nAltai\nBashkortostan\nGguzia\nSakha\nNorthern Cyprus\nTatarstan\nTuva\nKhakassia\nRelated\nKorkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World\nCulture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World\nvteOrganization of Turkic StatesMembers\nAzerbaijan\nKazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan\nTurkey\nUzbekistan\nObservers\nHungary\nNorthern Cyprus\nTurkmenistan\nSummits\nTurkic Speaking States summits (1992-2010)\nTurkic Council summits (2011-2021)\n2022 (Samarkand)\n2023 (Astana)\nSymbols\nFlag\nTurkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day\nAward\nSupreme Order of Turkic World\nAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nCroatia\nPoland\nVatican\nGeographic\nMusicBrainz area\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nUK Parliament\nOther\nEncyclopedia of Modern Ukraine\nHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland\nNARA\nIdRef\nslm Ansiklopedisi\n41N 75E / 41N 75E / 41; 75\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstan&oldid=1226082658\"\nCategories: KyrgyzstanHistory of the Kyrgyz peopleCentral Asian countriesLandlocked countriesMember states of the Commonwealth of Independent StatesMember states of the Organisation of Islamic CooperationMember states of the Eurasian Economic UnionMember states of the United NationsMember states of the Collective Security Treaty OrganizationRepublicsCountries and territories where Russian is an official languageStates and territories established in 19911991 establishments in AsiaCountries in AsiaMembers of the International Organization of Turkic CultureMember states of the Organization of Turkic StatesHidden categories: Pages using the Phonos extensionArticles containing Kyrgyz-language textPages with Kyrgyz 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By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Skip to main contentGo to CIA.govWorld Factbook GlyphWFBThe World FactbookCountriesMapsReferencesAboutExplore All CountriesKyrgyzstanCentral AsiaPage last updated: May 22, 2024Photos of Kyrgyzstanview 17 photosCountry FlagView DetailsCountry MapView DetailsSpecial Country ProductsCountry SummaryTravel FactsLocator MapView DetailsIntroductionBackgroundKyrgyzstan is a Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions. The Russian Empire annexed most of the territory of present-day Kyrgyzstan in 1876. The Kyrgyz staged a major revolt against the Tsarist Empire in 1916, during which almost one-sixth of the Kyrgyz population was killed. Kyrgyzstan became a Soviet republic in 1926 and achieved independence in 1991 when the USSR dissolved. Nationwide demonstrations in 2005 and 2010 resulted in the ouster of the countrys first two presidents, Askar AKAEV and Kurmanbek BAKIEV. Almazbek ATAMBAEV was sworn in as president in 2011. In 2017, ATAMBAEV became the first Kyrgyzstani president to serve a full term and respect constitutional term limits, voluntarily stepping down at the end of his mandate. Former prime minister and ruling Social-Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan member Sooronbay JEENBEKOV replaced him after winning the 2017 presidential election, which was the most competitive in the countrys history despite reported cases of vote buying and abuse of public resources. In 2020, protests against parliamentary election results spread across Kyrgyzstan, leading to JEENBEKOVs resignation and catapulting previously imprisoned Sadyr JAPAROV to acting president. In 2021, Kyrgyzstanis formally elected JAPAROV as president and approved a referendum to move Kyrgyzstan from a parliamentary to a presidential system. In 2021, Kyrgyzstanis voted in favor of constitutional changes that consolidated power in the presidency. Pro-government parties won a majority in the 2021 legislative elections. Continuing concerns for Kyrgyzstan include the trajectory of democratization, endemic corruption, tense regional relations, vulnerabilities due to climate change, border security vulnerabilities, and potential terrorist threats.TipVisit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.Definitions and NotesGeographyLocationCentral Asia, west of China, south of KazakhstanGeographic coordinates41 00 N, 75 00 EMap referencesAsiaAreatotal: 199,951 sq kmland: 191,801 sq kmwater: 8,150 sq kmcomparison ranking: total 87Area - comparativeslightly smaller than South DakotaLand boundariestotal: 4,573 kmborder countries (4): China 1,063 km; Kazakhstan 1,212 km; Tajikistan 984 km; Uzbekistan 1,314 kmCoastline0 km (landlocked)Maritime claimsnone (landlocked)Climatedry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zoneTerrainpeaks of the Tien Shan mountain range and associated valleys and basins encompass the entire countryElevationhighest point: Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 mlowest point: Kara-Daryya (Karadar'ya) 132 mmean elevation: 2,988 mNatural resourcesabundant hydropower; gold, rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zincLand useagricultural land: 55.4% (2018 est.)arable land: 6.7% (2018 est.)permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)permanent pasture: 48.3% (2018 est.)forest: 5.1% (2018 est.)other: 39.5% (2018 est.)Irrigated land10,043 sq km (2020)Major lakes (area sq km)salt water lake(s): Ozero Issyk-Kul 6,240 sq kmnote - second largest saline lake after the Caspian Sea; second highest mountain lake after Lake Titicaca; it is an endorheic mountain basin; although surrounded by snow capped mountains it never freezesMajor rivers (by length in km)Syr Darya river source (shared with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan [m] ) - 3,078 kmnote [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouthMajor watersheds (area sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)Population distributionthe vast majority of Kyrgyzstanis live in rural areas; densest population settlement is to the north in and around the capital, Bishkek, followed by Osh in the west; the least densely populated area is the east, southeast in the Tien Shan mountainsNatural hazardsmajor flooding during snow melt; prone to earthquakesGeography - notelandlocked; entirely mountainous, dominated by the Tien Shan range; 94% of the country is 1,000 m above sea level with an average elevation of 2,750 m; many tall peaks, glaciers, and high-altitude lakesPeople and SocietyPopulationtotal: 6,172,101male: 3,021,318female: 3,150,783 (2024 est.)comparison rankings: female 112; male 113; total 112Nationalitynoun: Kyrgyzstani(s)adjective: KyrgyzstaniEthnic groupsKyrgyz 73.8%, Uzbek 14.8%, Russian 5.1%, Dungan 1.1%, other 5.2% (includes Uyghur, Tajik, Turk, Kazakh, Tatar, Ukrainian, Korean, German) (2021 est.)LanguagesKyrgyz (state language) 71.4%, Uzbek 14.4%, Russian (official language) 9%, other 5.2% (2009 est.)major-language sample(s): , . (Kyrgyz)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.ReligionsMuslim 90% (majority Sunni), Christian 7% (Russian Orthodox 3%), other 3% (includes Jewish, Buddhist, Baha'i) (2017 est.)Demographic profileKyrgyzstan is a sparsely populated country whose population is unevenly distributed. More than 50% of the population lives in or around the two cities of Bishkek and Osh and their surrounding districts, which together account for about 12% of the countrys area. Kyrgyzstans population continues to grow rapidly owing to its high fertility rate and the traditional preference for larger families, a low mortality rate, a growing share of women of reproductive age, and measures to support families with children. The country has a youthful age structure; over 45% of the population is under the age of 25 as of 2022. Nevertheless, Kyrgyzstan is transitioning from an agricultural society with high fertility and mortality rates to an industrial society with lower fertility and mortality rates. As part of the USSR, Kyrgyzstans rapid population growth was not problematic because its needs were redistributed among the Soviet States. As an independent state, however, population growth became burdensome. International labor migration continues to serve as a safety valve that decreases pressure on the labor market and resources (healthcare, education, and pensions), while also reducing poverty through much-needed remittances. The main destinations for labor migrants are Russia and Kazakhstan, where wages are higher; almost a third of Kyrgyzstans working-age population migrates to Russia alone. Outmigration was most pronounced in the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, when ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, and Germans left Kyrgyzstan, changing the proportion of ethnic Kyrgyz in the country from barely 50% in 1992 to almost three-quarters today. While Kyrgyzstan is a net emigration country, it does receive immigrants. The majority of immigrants are from the Commonwealth of Independent States particularly Kazakhstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan but more recent arrivals also include persons from China, Turkey, and Turkmenistan. Chinese immigrants work primarily in construction and gold mining, while Turkish immigrants mainly work in construction, trade, education, and services. Border areas between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan experience irregular migration, but many of these migrants plan to move on to Europe.Age structure0-14 years: 29.1% (male 922,086/female 873,245)15-64 years: 64% (male 1,935,200/female 2,013,733)65 years and over: 6.9% (2024 est.) (male 164,032/female 263,805)2023 population pyramid:Dependency ratiostotal dependency ratio: 63.5youth dependency ratio: 56.4elderly dependency ratio: 7.2potential support ratio: 13.9 (2021 est.)Median agetotal: 28.3 years (2024 est.)male: 26.9 yearsfemale: 29.8 yearscomparison ranking: total 151Population growth rate0.79% (2024 est.)comparison ranking: 111Birth rate18.7 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)comparison ranking: 76Death rate6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)comparison ranking: 152Net migration rate-4.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)comparison ranking: 200Population distributionthe vast majority of Kyrgyzstanis live in rural areas; densest population settlement is to the north in and around the capital, Bishkek, followed by Osh in the west; the least densely populated area is the east, southeast in the Tien Shan mountainsUrbanizationurban population: 37.8% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 2.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030Major urban areas - population1.105 million BISHKEK (capital) (2023)Sex ratioat birth: 1.07 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)Mother's mean age at first birth22.6 years (2019 est.)Maternal mortality ratio50 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)comparison ranking: 97Infant mortality ratetotal: 24.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)male: 28.6 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 20.2 deaths/1,000 live birthscomparison ranking: total 61Life expectancy at birthtotal population: 72.9 years (2024 est.)male: 68.9 yearsfemale: 77.2 yearscomparison ranking: total population 157Total fertility rate2.45 children born/woman (2024 est.)comparison ranking: 71Gross reproduction rate1.19 (2024 est.)Contraceptive prevalence rate39.4% (2018)Drinking water sourceimproved: urban: 100% of populationrural: 89.9% of populationtotal: 93.6% of populationunimproved: urban: 0% of populationrural: 10.1% of populationtotal: 6.4% of population (2020 est.)Current health expenditure5.3% of GDP (2020)Physicians density2.21 physicians/1,000 population (2014)Hospital bed density4.4 beds/1,000 population (2014)Sanitation facility accessimproved: urban: 100% of populationrural: 100% of populationtotal: 100% of populationunimproved: urban: 0% of populationrural: 0% of populationtotal: 0% of population (2020 est.)Obesity - adult prevalence rate16.6% (2016)comparison ranking: 122Alcohol consumption per capitatotal: 4.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)beer: 0.43 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)wine: 0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)spirits: 3.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)comparison ranking: total 96Tobacco usetotal: 25.4% (2020 est.)male: 48% (2020 est.)female: 2.8% (2020 est.)comparison ranking: total 48Children under the age of 5 years underweight1.8% (2018)comparison ranking: 110Currently married women (ages 15-49)66.2% (2023 est.)Child marriagewomen married by age 15: 0.3%women married by age 18: 12.9% (2018 est.)Education expenditures6.2% of GDP (2020 est.)comparison ranking: 37Literacydefinition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 99.6%male: 99.7%female: 99.5% (2018)School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)total: 14 yearsmale: 13 yearsfemale: 14 years (2021)EnvironmentEnvironment - current issueswater pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices; air pollution due to rapid increase of trafficEnvironment - international agreementsparty to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreementsClimatedry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zoneLand useagricultural land: 55.4% (2018 est.)arable land: 6.7% (2018 est.)permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)permanent pasture: 48.3% (2018 est.)forest: 5.1% (2018 est.)other: 39.5% (2018 est.)Urbanizationurban population: 37.8% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 2.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030Revenue from forest resources0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)comparison ranking: 146Revenue from coal0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)comparison ranking: 21Air pollutantsparticulate matter emissions: 37.58 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)carbon dioxide emissions: 9.79 megatons (2016 est.)methane emissions: 4.47 megatons (2020 est.)Waste and recyclingmunicipal solid waste generated annually: 1,113,300 tons (2015 est.)Major lakes (area sq km)salt water lake(s): Ozero Issyk-Kul 6,240 sq kmnote - second largest saline lake after the Caspian Sea; second highest mountain lake after Lake Titicaca; it is an endorheic mountain basin; although surrounded by snow capped mountains it never freezesMajor rivers (by length in km)Syr Darya river source (shared with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan [m] ) - 3,078 kmnote [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouthMajor watersheds (area sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)Total water withdrawalmunicipal: 220 million cubic meters (2020 est.)industrial: 340 million cubic meters (2020 est.)agricultural: 7.1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)Total renewable water resources23.62 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)GovernmentCountry nameconventional long form: Kyrgyz Republicconventional short form: Kyrgyzstanlocal long form: Kyrgyz Respublikasylocal short form: Kyrgyzstanetymology: a combination of the Turkic words \"kyrg\" (forty) and \"-yz\" (tribes) with the Persian suffix \"-stan\" (country) creating the meaning \"Land of the Forty Tribes\"; the name refers to the 40 clans united by the mythic Kyrgyz hero, MANASGovernment typeparliamentary republicCapitalname: Bishkekgeographic coordinates: 42 52 N, 74 36 Etime difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)etymology: founded in 1868 as a Russian settlement on the site of a previously destroyed fortress named \"Pishpek\"; the name was retained and overtime became \"Bishkek\"Administrative divisions7 provinces (oblustar, singular - oblus) and 2 cities* (shaarlar, singular - shaar); Batken Oblusu, Bishkek Shaary*, Chuy Oblusu (Bishkek), Jalal-Abad Oblusu, Naryn Oblusu, Osh Oblusu, Osh Shaary*, Talas Oblusu, Ysyk-Kol Oblusu (Karakol)note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)Independence31 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)National holidayIndependence Day, 31 August (1991)Constitutionhistory: previous 1993, 2007, 2010; latest approved by referendum in April 2021 that transitioned Kyrgyzstan from a parliamentary to a presidential system, and implemented changes that allow the president to serve for two 5-year terms rather than one 6-year term, reduced the number of seats in Kyrgyzstan's legislature from 120 to 90, and established a Kurultay - a public advisory councilamendments: proposed as a draft law by the majority of the Supreme Council membership or by petition of 300,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Council membership in each of at least three readings of the draft two months apart; the draft may be submitted to a referendum if approved by two thirds of the Council membership; adoption requires the signature of the presidentLegal systemcivil law system, which includes features of French civil law and Russian Federation lawsInternational law organization participationhas not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCtCitizenshipcitizenship by birth: nocitizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Kyrgyzstandual citizenship recognized: yes, but only if a mutual treaty on dual citizenship is in forceresidency requirement for naturalization: 5 yearsSuffrage18 years of age; universalExecutive branchchief of state: President Sadyr JAPAROV (since 28 January 2021); note - the president is both chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Sadyr JAPAROV (since 28 January 2021)cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 January 2021 (next to be held in 2027)election results: 2021: Sadyr JAPAROV elected president in first round; percent of vote - Sadyr JAPAROV (Mekenchil) 79.2%, Adakhan MADUMAROV (United Kyrgyzstan) 6.8%, other 14%2017: Sooronbay JEENBEKOV elected president; Sooronbay JEENBEKOV (Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan) 54.7%, Omurbek BABANOV (independent) 33.8%, Adakhan MADUMAROV (United Kyrgyzstan) 6.6%, other 4.9%note: the President is both Chief of State and Head of Government.Legislative branchdescription: unicameral Supreme Council or Jogorku Kenesh (90 seats statutory, current 88; 54 seats allocated for proportional division among political party lists from the national vote and 36 seats allocated for candidates running in single-seat constituencies; members serve 5-year terms; parties must receive 5% of the vote to win seats in the Council)elections: last held on 28 November 2021 (next to be held in 2026)election results: percent of vote by party - AJK 17.3%, Ishenim 15%, Yntymak 12.1%, Alyans 9.2%, Butun Kyrgyzstan 7.8%, Yiman Nuru 6.8%, other 30%; seats by party - AJK 15, Ishenim 12, Yntymak 9, Alyns 7, Butun Kyrgyzstan 6, Yiman Nuru 5, other 36; composition - men 70, women 19, percentage women 21.1%Judicial branchhighest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 25 judges); Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court (consists of the chairperson, deputy chairperson, and 9 judges)judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Supreme Council on the recommendation of the president; Supreme Court judges serve for 10 years, Constitutional Court judges serve for 15 years; mandatory retirement at age 70 for judges of both courtssubordinate courts: Higher Court of Arbitration; oblast (provincial) and city courtsPolitical parties and leadersAlyans (Alliance) [Mirlan JEENCHOROEV]Ata-Jurt Kyrgyzstan (Homeland) or AJK [Aybek MATKERIMOV]Butun Kyrgyzstan (United) [Adakhan MADUMAROV]Ishenim (Trust) [Rysbat AMATOV and Azamat DOROYEV]Social Democrats or SDK [Temirlan SULTANBEKOV]Yntymak (Unity) [Marlen MAMATALIEV]Yiman Nuru (Light of Faith) [Nurjigit KADYRBEKOV]International organization participationADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in the USchief of mission: Ambassador Baktybek AMANBAEV (since 7 July 2021)chancery: 2360 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 449-9822FAX: [1] (202) 449-8275email address and website: kgembassy.usa@mfa.gov.kgEmbassy of the Kyrgyz Republic in the USA and Canada (mfa.gov.kg)Diplomatic representation from the USchief of mission: Ambassador Lesslie VIGUERIE (since 29 December 2022)embassy: 171 Prospect Mira, Bishkek 720016mailing address: 7040 Bishkek Place, Washington DC 20521-7040telephone: [996] (312) 597-000FAX: [996] (312) 597-744email address and website: ConsularBishkek@state.govhttps://kg.usembassy.gov/Flag descriptionred field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of a \"tunduk\" - the crown of a traditional Kyrgyz yurt; red symbolizes bravery and valor, the sun evinces peace and wealthNational symbol(s)white falcon; national colors: red, yellowNational anthemname: \"Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik Gimni\" (National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic)lyrics/music: Djamil SADYKOV and Eshmambet KULUEV/Nasyr DAVLESOV and Kalyi MOLDOBASANOVnote: adopted 1992National heritagetotal World Heritage Sites: 3 (2 cultural, 1 natural)selected World Heritage Site locales: Sulaiman-Too Sacred Mountain (c); Silk Roads: the Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor (c); Western Tien Shan (n)EconomyEconomic overviewlandlocked, lower-middle-income Central Asian economy; natural resource rich; growing hydroelectricity and tourism; high remittances; corruption limits investment; COVID-19 and political turmoil hurt GDP, limited public revenues, and increased spendingReal GDP (purchasing power parity)$35.364 billion (2022 est.)$33.258 billion (2021 est.)$31.522 billion (2020 est.)note: data in 2017 dollarscomparison ranking: 133Real GDP growth rate6.33% (2022 est.)5.51% (2021 est.)-7.15% (2020 est.)note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currencycomparison ranking: 53Real GDP per capita$5,100 (2022 est.)$4,900 (2021 est.)$4,800 (2020 est.)note: data in 2017 dollarscomparison ranking: 172GDP (official exchange rate)$11.544 billion (2022 est.)note: data in current dollars at official exchange rateInflation rate (consumer prices)13.92% (2022 est.)11.91% (2021 est.)6.33% (2020 est.)note: annual % change based on consumer pricescomparison ranking: 183Credit ratingsMoody's rating: B2 (2015)Standard & Poors rating: NR (2016)note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.GDP - composition, by sector of originagriculture: 14.6% (2017 est.)industry: 31.2% (2017 est.)services: 54.2% (2017 est.)comparison rankings: services 161; industry 70; agriculture 66GDP - composition, by end usehousehold consumption: 85.4% (2017 est.)government consumption: 18.9% (2017 est.)investment in fixed capital: 33.2% (2017 est.)investment in inventories: 1.8% (2017 est.)exports of goods and services: 39.7% (2017 est.)imports of goods and services: -79% (2017 est.)Agricultural productsmilk, potatoes, maize, wheat, barley, sugar beets, tomatoes, onions, watermelons, carrots/turnips (2022)note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnageIndustriessmall machinery, textiles, food processing, cement, shoes, lumber, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, rare earth metalsIndustrial production growth rate10.89% (2022 est.)note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currencycomparison ranking: 18Labor force3.004 million (2022 est.)note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking workcomparison ranking: 109Unemployment rate4.02% (2022 est.)4.1% (2021 est.)4.63% (2020 est.)note: % of labor force seeking employmentcomparison ranking: 81Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)total: 19.3% (2021 est.)male: 15.6%female: 27.3%comparison ranking: total 87Population below poverty line33.3% (2021 est.)note: % of population with income below national poverty lineGini Index coefficient - distribution of family income29 (2020 est.)note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequalitycomparison ranking: 155Household income or consumption by percentage sharelowest 10%: 4%highest 10%: 24% (2020 est.)note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of populationRemittances27.94% of GDP (2022 est.)30.19% of GDP (2021 est.)29.29% of GDP (2020 est.)note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entitiesBudgetrevenues: $2.878 billion (2019 est.)expenditures: $2.89 billion (2019 est.)Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)-3.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)comparison ranking: 138Public debt56.36% of GDP (2021 est.)67.96% of GDP (2020 est.)51.33% of GDP (2019 est.)note: central government debt as a % of GDPcomparison ranking: 87Taxes and other revenues16.49% (of GDP) (2021 est.)note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDPcomparison ranking: 124Current account balance-$5.18 billion (2022 est.)-$737.696 million (2021 est.)$374.257 million (2020 est.)note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollarscomparison ranking: 176Exports$3.628 billion (2022 est.)$3.292 billion (2021 est.)$2.435 billion (2020 est.)note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollarscomparison ranking: 147Exports - partnersRussia 43%, Kazakhstan 18%, Uzbekistan 10%, Turkey 6%, UAE 4% (2022)note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exportsExports - commoditiesgarments, refined petroleum, gold, precious metal ore, dried legumes (2022)note: top five export commodities based on value in dollarsImports$10.655 billion (2022 est.)$5.928 billion (2021 est.)$4.051 billion (2020 est.)note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollarscomparison ranking: 117Imports - partnersChina 64%, Russia 10%, Uzbekistan 4%, Turkey 4%, Kazakhstan 4% (2022)note: top five import partners based on percentage share of importsImports - commoditiesgarments, footwear, refined petroleum, cars, fabric (2022)note: top five import commodities based on value in dollarsReserves of foreign exchange and gold$2.799 billion (2022 est.)$2.983 billion (2021 est.)$2.812 billion (2020 est.)note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollarscomparison ranking: 118Debt - external$8.372 billion (2019 est.)$8.066 billion (2018 est.)comparison ranking: 119Exchange ratessoms (KGS) per US dollar -Exchange rates:84.116 (2022 est.)84.641 (2021 est.)77.346 (2020 est.)69.789 (2019 est.)68.84 (2018 est.)EnergyElectricity accesselectrification - total population: 99.6% (2021)electrification - urban areas: 99.8% (2021)electrification - rural areas: 99.5% (2021)Electricityinstalled generating capacity: 4.626 million kW (2020 est.)consumption: 12,324,140,000 kWh (2019 est.)exports: 271 million kWh (2019 est.)imports: 269 million kWh (2019 est.)transmission/distribution losses: 2.514 billion kWh (2019 est.)comparison rankings: installed generating capacity 91; transmission/distribution losses 138; imports 98; exports 82; consumption 91Electricity generation sourcesfossil fuels: 8.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)hydroelectricity: 91.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)Coalproduction: 2.287 million metric tons (2020 est.)consumption: 1.717 million metric tons (2020 est.)exports: 984,000 metric tons (2020 est.)imports: 481,000 metric tons (2020 est.)proven reserves: 971 million metric tons (2019 est.)Petroleumtotal petroleum production: 700 bbl/day (2021 est.)refined petroleum consumption: 32,100 bbl/day (2019 est.)crude oil and lease condensate exports: 1,400 bbl/day (2018 est.)crude oil and lease condensate imports: 8,200 bbl/day (2018 est.)crude oil estimated reserves: 40 million barrels (2021 est.)Refined petroleum products - production6,996 bbl/day (2015 est.)comparison ranking: 102Refined petroleum products - exports2,290 bbl/day (2015 est.)comparison ranking: 103Refined petroleum products - imports34,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)comparison ranking: 96Natural gasproduction: 25.542 million cubic meters (2019 est.)consumption: 207.845 million cubic meters (2019 est.)exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)imports: 191.478 million cubic meters (2019 est.)proven reserves: 5.663 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)Carbon dioxide emissions7.88 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)from coal and metallurgical coke: 2.967 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)from petroleum and other liquids: 4.505 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)from consumed natural gas: 408,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)comparison ranking: total emissions 118Energy consumption per capita35.059 million Btu/person (2019 est.)comparison ranking: 115CommunicationsTelephones - fixed linestotal subscriptions: 299,000 (2021 est.)subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2021 est.)comparison ranking: total subscriptions 107Telephones - mobile cellulartotal subscriptions: 8.511 million (2021 est.)subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 130 (2021 est.)comparison ranking: total subscriptions 99Telecommunication systemsgeneral assessment: the countrys telecom sector (specifically the mobile segment) has been able to prosper; Kyrgyzstan has opened up its telecom market to competition; the mobile market has achieved high levels of penetration (140% in 2021) along with a fairly competitive operating environment with four major players; mobile broadband has come along strongly, reaching over 125% penetration in 2019 before falling back slightly during the COVID-19 crisis; slow-to-moderate growth is expected for both segments in coming years, supported by the anticipated rollout of 5G services which began testing in 2022 with a pilot service to follow some time in 2023 (2022)domestic: fixed-line subscriptions 5 per 100; mobile-cellular subscribership up to over 130 per 100 persons (2021)international: country code - 996; connections with other CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States, 9 members post-Soviet Republics in EU) countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intersputnik, 1 Intelsat) (2019)Broadcast mediastate-funded public TV broadcaster NTRK has nationwide coverage; also operates Ala-Too 24 news channel which broadcasts 24/7 and 4 other educational, cultural, and sports channels; ELTR is a state-owned TV station with national reach; the switchover to digital TV in 2017 resulted in private TV station growth; approximately 20 stations are struggling to increase their own Kyrgyz-language content up to 60% of airtime, as required by law, instead of rebroadcasting primarily programs from Russian channels or airing unlicensed movies and music; several Russian TV stations also broadcast; state-funded radio stations and about 10 significant private radio stations also exist (2023)Internet country code.kgInternet userstotal: 5.07 million (2021 est.)percent of population: 78% (2021 est.)comparison ranking: total 93Broadband - fixed subscriptionstotal: 289,000 (2020 est.)subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2020 est.)comparison ranking: total 109TransportationNational air transport systemnumber of registered air carriers: 5 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 17annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 709,198 (2018)Civil aircraft registration country code prefixEXAirports28 (2024)comparison ranking: 122Heliports1 (2024)Pipelines4,195 km gas (2022), 16 km oil (2022) (2022)Railwaystotal: 424 km (2022)broad gauge: 424 km (2018) 1.520-m gaugecomparison ranking: total 118Roadwaystotal: 34,000 km (2022)paved: 22,600 km (2020)unpaved: 7,700 km (2020)comparison ranking: total 96Waterways576 km (2022)comparison ranking: 89Military and SecurityMilitary and security forcesArmed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic: Land Forces, Air Defense Forces, National Guard; Internal Troops; State Committee for National Security (GKNB): State Border Service (2023)Military expenditures1.5% of GDP (2022 est.)1.7% of GDP (2021 est.)1.8% of GDP (2020 est.)2.3% of GDP (2019 est.)2.3% of GDP (2018 est.)comparison ranking: 93Military and security service personnel strengthsapproximately 15,000 active-duty troops (9,000 Land Forces; 3,000 Air Force/Air Defense; 3,000 National Guard) (2023)Military equipment inventories and acquisitionsthe Kyrgyz military inventory is comprised of mostly older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; Russia continues to be the leading supplier of armaments, although in recent years Kyrgyzstan has procured weapons systems from several other countries, including Belarus, Germany, and Turkey (2023)Military service age and obligation18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary service for men in the Armed Forces or Interior Ministry; 12-month service obligation (9 months for university graduates), with optional fee-based 3-year service in the call-up mobilization reserve; women may volunteer at age 19; 16-17 years of age for military cadets, who cannot take part in military operations (2023)Military - noteKyrgyzstan has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and contributes troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force; it also started a relationship with NATO in 1992 and joined NATO's Partnership for Peace program in 1994the Kyrgyz militarys primary responsibility is defense of the countrys sovereignty and territory, although it also has some internal security duties; elements of the military were called out in 2020 to respond to post-election demonstrations for example, and the National Guards missions include counterterrorism, responding to emergencies, and the protection of government facilities; the military also participates in UN and CSTO peacekeeping missions; border disputes with Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, as well as the threat posed by militant Islamic groups, have been particular areas of concern for both the military and internal security forces; the militarys closest security partner is Russia, which provides training and material assistance, and maintains a presence in the country, including an airbase; the military also conducts training with other regional countries such as India, traditionally with a focus on counterterrorismthe Kyrgyz military was formed in 1992 from Soviet Army units then based in Kyrgyzstan following the dissolution of the USSR; the current organization continues to be based on those former Soviet formations; the Armys principal combat units are reportedly a few small Soviet-style motor rifle (mechanized) infantry brigades, plus brigades of mountain infantry, special forces, and artillery; the National Guard has some rapid reaction and special forces units; the Air Defense Forces reportedly have only a few operational combat helicopters (2023)TerrorismTerrorist group(s)Terrorist group(s): US-designated foreign terrorist groups such as the Islamic Jihad Union, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham-Khorasan Province have operated in the area where the Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Tajik borders converge and ill-defined and porous borders allow for the relatively free movement of people and illicit goodsTransnational IssuesRefugees and internally displaced personsstateless persons: 482 (2022)Illicit drugsa prime transit route and transshipment route for illegal drugs transiting north from Afghanistan to Russia and Europe; illicit drugs are primarily smuggled into the country from Tajikistan AgencyAbout CIALeadershipOrganizationMission and VisionCIA MuseumCareersCareer OpportunitiesHiring ProcessStudent ProgramsAccommodationsMyLINKResourcesNews & StoriesCenter for the Study of Intelligence (CSI)The World FactbookWorld LeadersThe Langley FilesSpy KidsHelpful LinksPartner with CIAPrepublication ReviewDiversity & InclusionFreedom of Information Act (FOIA)Frequently Asked QuestionsPrivacy PolicyReport InformationReport InformationContact CIAContact CIAConnect with CIAInstagramFacebookTwitterLinkedInYouTubeFlickrTelegramSearch CIA.govSite PoliciesPrivacyNo FEAR ActECA NoticeInspector GeneralUSA.govSitemap", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kyrgyzstan/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kyrgyzstan | People, Language, & History | Britannica\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nSearch Britannica\nClick here to search\nLogin\nSubscribe Now\nSubscribe\nHome\nGames & Quizzes\nHistory & Society\nScience & Tech\nBiographies\nAnimals & Nature\nGeography & Travel\nArts & Culture\nMoney\nVideos\nKyrgyzstan\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction & Quick FactsLandReliefDrainageClimatePlant and animal lifePeopleEthnic groupsLanguagesSettlement patternsDemographic trendsEconomyAgricultureManufacturingTradeTransportationGovernment and societyConstitutional frameworkPolitical processEducationHealth and welfareCultural lifeHistoryEarly historyRussian and Soviet ruleIndependent KyrgyzstanEarly independence and the presidency of Askar AkayevThe Tulip Revolution and the presidency of Kurmanbek BakiyevPresidencies of Almazbek Atambayev and Sooronbai JeenbekovPresidency of Sadyr Japarov\nReferences & Edit History\nFacts & Stats\nImages\nFor Students\nKyrgyzstan summary\nQuizzes\nThe Country Quiz\nWhich Country Is Larger By Area? Quiz\nWhich Country Is Larger By Population? Quiz\nWhich Country Is Larger? Quiz\nGuess the Country by Its Neighbors Quiz\nRead Next\nTimeline of the 1990s\nDiscover\nWhy Was Nazi Germany Called the Third Reich?\n9 of the Worlds Deadliest Snakes\nWhy Is the Indy 500 Held on Memorial Day Weekend?\nTitanosaurs: 8 of the World's Biggest Dinosaurs\n10 Best Hockey Players of All Time\nEstimated Battle Casualties During the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944\nHow Fast Is the Worlds Fastest Human?\nContents\nHome\nGeography & Travel\nCountries of the World\nKyrgyzstan\nActions\nCite\nShare\nGive Feedback\nExternal Websites\nPrint\nCite\nShare\nFeedback\nExternal Websites\nAlso known as: Kirghizia, Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic, Kirgiziya, Kyrgyz Republic, Kyrgyz Respublikasy\nWritten by\nDenis Sinor\nDistinguished Professor Emeritus of Uralic and Altaic Studies and of History, Indiana University, Bloomington. Author of Inner Asia; History of Hungary; and others.\nDenis Sinor,\nEdward Allworth\nEmeritus Professor of Turco-Soviet Studies, Columbia University. Author of Soviet Asia; The Modern Uzbeks; and others.\nEdward AllworthSee All\nFact-checked by\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.\nThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica\nLast Updated:\nMay 27, 2024\n\nArticle History\nTable of Contents\nflag of Kyrgyzstan\nAudio File:\nNational anthem of Kyrgyzstan\nSee all media\nHead Of State And Government:\nPresident: Sadyr Japarov, assisted by Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers: Akylbek Japarov\n(Showmore)\nCapital:\nBishkek\n(Showmore)\nPopulation:\n(2024 est.) 7,254,000\n(Showmore)\nForm Of Government:\nrepublic with one legislative house (Jogorku Kenesh, or Supreme Council [90])\n(Showmore)\nOfficial Languages:\nKyrgyz; Russian\n(Showmore)\nSee all facts & stats \nRecent News\nMay 26, 2024, 1:48 AM ET (The Indian Express)\nBishkek mob violence: Indian students stay in hostels, join online classes\nMay 24, 2024, 1:51 AM ET (The Indian Express)\nActively coordinating to ensure safety of students from Gujarat in Kyrgyzstan: Govt\nMay 22, 2024, 3:13 AM ET (The Hindu)\nKyrgyzstan students violence: 500 medical students from Maharashtra may face issues due to violence\nMay 18, 2024, 4:49 PM ET (AP)\nPakistan asks its nationals studying in Kyrgyzstan to stay indoors after mobs attacked foreigners\nKyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan, country of Central Asia. It is bounded by Kazakhstan on the northwest and north, by China on the east and south, and by Tajikistan and Uzbekistan on the south and west. Most of Kyrgyzstans borders run along mountain crests. The capital is Bishkek (known from 1862 to 1926 as Pishpek and from 1926 to 1991 as Frunze).KyrgyzstanThe Kyrgyz, a Muslim Turkic people, constitute nearly three-fourths of the population. The history of the Kyrgyz in what is now Kyrgyzstan dates at least to the 17th century. Kyrgyzstan, known under Russian and Soviet rule as Kirgiziya, was conquered by tsarist Russian forces in the 19th century. Formerly a constituent (union) republic of the U.S.S.R., Kyrgyzstan declared its independence on August 31, 1991. Land Relief Physical features of KyrgyzstanTien Shan, KyrgyzstanRocky streambed in the Kyrgyz Range of the Tien Shan, near Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.(more)Tien Shan mountain chainPanoramic view of the Tien Shan mountain chain in Kyrgyzstan.(more)Kyrgyzstan is above all a mountainous country. At its eastern extremity, next to the Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, China, rises Victory (Pobedy) Peak, at 24,406 feet (7,439 metres) Kyrgyzstans highest peak. Mount Khan-Tengri (22,949 feet) is on the border with Kazakhstan. These mountains stand in the core of the Tien Shan system, which continues eastward into China. On the southern border lie the Kok Shaal-Tau, Alay, Trans-Alay (Zaalay), and Atbashi ranges. Lake YsykLake Ysyk (Issyk-Kul) is a slightly salty body of water located in northeastern Kyrgyzstan.(more)To the southwest are two great hollows, the Fergana Valley and another valley close to Mount Khan-Tengri. The latter valley is bounded by the westward-thrusting arms of the Kungey-Alatau and Terskey-Alatau ranges and contains Lake Ysyk (Issyk-Kul), whose clear deep waters are fed by the snow-covered peaks. The rugged mountain-and-basin structure of much of the country, and the high alpine plateau of the central and eastern regions, are separated from the Fergana Valley on the west by the Fergana Range, running southeast to northwest, which merges into the Chatkal Range. The Chatkal Range is linked to the Ysyk-Kl region by a final enclosing range, the Kyrgyz. The only other important lowlands in the country are the Chu and Talas river valleys in the north, with the capital, Bishkek, located in the Chu. The countrys lowland areas, though occupying only one-seventh of the total area, are home to most of its people.\nBritannica Quiz\nWhich Country Is Larger? Quiz\nDrainage Chu RiverThe Chu River, in the Chu Valley, near Millyanfan, Kyrgyzstan.(more)Snow and ice perpetually cover the crests of Kyrgyzstans high mountain ranges. The Naryn River, draining into the Fergana Valley, continues northwestward as a tributary of the Syr Darya. The Chu River runs parallel to and forms part of the northern boundary with Kazakhstan. Both the Chu and the Naryn are of major importance to the country. Climate Kyrgyzstans great distance from the oceans and the sharp change of elevation from adjacent plains strongly influence the countrys climate. Deserts and plains surround Kyrgyzstan on the north, west, and southeast, making the contrast with the climate and landscape of its mountainous interior all the more striking. The lower parts of its fringing ranges lie in belts of high temperature and receive hot, drying winds from the deserts beyond. The amount of precipitation the countrys westward- and northward-facing slopes receive increases with their height. The valleys have hot dry summers, with a mean July temperature of 82 F (28 C). In January the average temperature is 0.5 F (18 C). Annual precipitation varies from 7 inches (180 mm) in the eastern Tien Shan to 30 to 40 inches (760 to 1,000 mm) in the Kyrgyz and Fergana ranges. In the most populous valleys, rainfall ranges from 4 to 20 inches (100 to 500 mm) a year.\nSpecial 67% offer for students! Finish the semester strong with Britannica.\nLearn More\nPlant and animal life Woodlands run along the lower valleys and on slopes of the north-facing ranges. These are coniferous forests, containing the striking Tien Shan white spruce and occupying 3 to 4 percent of the countrys area. The brown bear, wild pig, lynx, gray wolf, and ermine live in the woodlands. Wooded ravines and the valleys of the mountainous steppe regions provide the abode of the argali, a mountain sheep, along with mountain goats, deer, and snow leopards. In the desert, yellow gophers, jerboas, hares, and a large-eared hedgehog are typical.\nLoad Next Page\nFeedback\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/place/Kyrgyzstan\nExternal Websites\nOfficial Tourism Site of Kyrgyzstan\nGlobalSecurity.org - Kyrgyzstan\nGeohistory Today - Kyrgyzstan: A Small Country with a Big Stick\nCentral Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Kyrgyzstan\nCRW Flags - Flag of Kyrgyzstan\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nKyrgyzstan - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)\nKyrgyzstan - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)\nprint\nPrint\nPlease select which sections you would like to print:\nTable Of Contents\nIntroduction & Quick FactsLandPeopleEconomyGovernment and societyCultural lifeHistory\nverifiedCite\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\nPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\nSelect Citation Style\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago Manual of Style\nSinor, Denis and Allworth,\nEdward. \"Kyrgyzstan\". 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Accessed 29 May 2024.\nCopy Citation\nShare\nShare to social media\nFacebook\nTwitter\nURL\nhttps://www.britannica.com/place/Kyrgyzstan\nExternal Websites\nOfficial Tourism Site of Kyrgyzstan\nGlobalSecurity.org - Kyrgyzstan\nGeohistory Today - Kyrgyzstan: A Small Country with a Big Stick\nCentral Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Kyrgyzstan\nCRW Flags - Flag of Kyrgyzstan\nBritannica Websites\nArticles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.\nKyrgyzstan - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)\nKyrgyzstan - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/place/Kyrgyzstan" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kyrgyzstan - United States Department of State\nSkip to content\nAn official website of the United States Government Here's how you know\nOfficial websites use .gov\nA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\nSecure .gov websites use HTTPS\nA lock ( ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 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Advisories\nLevel 1: Exercise Normal Precautions\nLearn More\nU.S. Relationship\nThese are excerpts from the U.S. Relations With Kyrgyzstan\nU.S. Kyrgyzstan Relations\nU.S. Assistance to Kyrgyzstan\nBilateral Economic Relations\nU.S. Kyrgyzstan Relations\nThe United States established diplomatic relations with Kyrgyzstan in 1991 following Kyrgyzstans independence from the Soviet Union. The United States supports Kyrgyzstan in its development of an inclusive democracy based upon the rule of law and respect for human rights. Kyrgyzstans 2017 presidential election marked the first peaceful transfer of presidential power from one democratically-elected President to another in post-Soviet\nThe United States established diplomatic relations with Kyrgyzstan in 1991 following Kyrgyzstans independence from the Soviet Union. The United States supports Kyrgyzstan in its development of an inclusive democracy based upon the rule of law and respect for human rights. Kyrgyzstans 2017 presidential election marked the first peaceful transfer of presidential power from one democratically-elected President to another in post-Soviet Central Asia. Significant impediments to Kyrgyzstans development include corruption, aging infrastructure, high unemployment, and endemic poverty. Kyrgyzstan, however, benefits from a robust civil society and a relatively free media sector.\nCollapse U.S. Kyrgyzstan Relations\nRead more about U.S. Kyrgyzstan Relations\nU.S. Assistance to Kyrgyzstan\nU.S. Government assistance goals in Kyrgyzstan are to strengthen democratic institutions, support broad-based economic opportunity, enhance regional security, promote greater respect for human rights and the rule of law, and address development challenges in health and education.\nBilateral Economic Relations\nKyrgyzstan exports apparel, textiles, and pharmaceutical products to the United States. It imports merchandise, machinery, electronics, and food products from the United States. Kyrgyzstan has signed a bilateral investment treaty with the United States. The treaty on double taxation that was signed by the United States and the Soviet Union remains in effect between the United States and Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan\nKyrgyzstan exports apparel, textiles, and pharmaceutical products to the United States. It imports merchandise, machinery, electronics, and food products from the United States. Kyrgyzstan has signed a bilateral investment treaty with the United States. The treaty on double taxation that was signed by the United States and the Soviet Union remains in effect between the United States and Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan also signed a trade and investment framework agreement with the United States and other Central Asian countries establishing a regional forum for addressing trade issues and enhancing trade and investment between the United States and Central Asia.\nCollapse Bilateral Economic Relations\nRead more about Bilateral Economic Relations\nIntegrated Country Strategies\nThe Integrated Country Strategy is the four-year strategy articulating U.S. priorities in a given country. The Chief of Mission leads the strategy.\nView Integrated Country Strategies\nInvestment Climate Statements\nThe Investment Climate Statements analyze a variety of economies that are or could be markets for U.S. businesses and provide information on the business climates.\nView Investment Climate Statements\nFiscal Transparency Report\nThe Fiscal Transparency Report analyzes government transparency and identifies needed changes to improve public spending accountability.\nView Fiscal Transparency Report\nDiscover More\n2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices\n2022 Report on International Religious Freedom\n2023 Trafficking in Persons Report\nView all Department Reports and Publications\nCOVID-19 Vaccine Deliveries\nSince October, 2021 the United States has donated 458,640 safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine doses with the people of Kyrgyzstan. This includes 458,640 Pfizer doses. Of the 458,640 vaccine doses, 100% were donated in partnership with COVAX.\nThe United States is committed to leading an international and coordinated effort to accelerate access to safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines to meet global needs. The United States is working with other governments and partners including COVAX, Caricom, and the African Vaccine Acquisition Trust (AVAT) to protect communities from COVID-19 and apply lessons from this pandemic to enhance health security now and in the future.\nLearn more about our work Delivering Vaccines and on COVID-19 Recovery.\nMore Vaccine Deliveries\nHighlights\nApril 22, 2024\nJoint Statement on the United States-Kyrgyz Republic Annual Bilateral Consultations\nApril 2, 2024\nProtection of Non-Governmental Organizationsin the Kyrgyz Republic\nMarch 15, 2024\nB5+1 Forum\nMarch 7, 2024\nDRL FY23 Strengthening Civil Society Resiliency in the Kyrgyz Republic\nFebruary 29, 2024\nBishkek, Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek International School: 2024 Special Needs Profile\nVIEW ALL NEWS\nTags\nBureau of South and Central Asian Affairs\nKyrgyzstan\nBack to Top\nWhite House\nUSA.gov\nOffice of the Inspector General\nArchives\nContact Us\nfollow us\nFacebook\nX\nInstagram\nYouTube\nFlickr\nGovDelivery\nPrivacy Policy\nAccessibility Statement\nCopyright Information\nFOIA\nNo FEAR Act\nU.S. Department of State\nThe Lessons of 1989: Freedom and Our Future", "url": "https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/kyrgyzstan/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kyrgyzstan country profile - BBC NewsBBC HomepageSkip to contentAccessibility HelpYour accountHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelMore menuMore menuSearch BBCHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveClose menuBBC NewsMenuHomeIsrael-Gaza warWar in UkraineIndia Election 2024ClimateVideoWorldUS & CanadaUKBusinessMoreTechScienceEntertainment & ArtsHealthIn PicturesBBC VerifyWorld News TVNewsbeatAsiaChinaIndiaKyrgyzstan country profilePublished24 March 2023Shareclose panelShare pageCopy linkAbout sharingA Central Asian state bordering China, Kyrgyzstan became independent with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.It has some oil and gas and a developing gold mining sector, but relies on imports for most of its energy needs.Resentment at widespread poverty and ethnic divisions between north and south have spilled over into violence, and three presidents have been swept from power by popular discontent since independence.Settled by Kyrgyz tribes from southern Siberia in the 17th Century, the area was ruled by various regional powers before coming under Russian and then Soviet rule. Most of its six million people are Turkic-speaking Muslims. Russia maintains a military airbase in the country.Read more country profiles, external - Profiles by BBC Monitoring, externalKYRGYZ REPUBLIC: FACTSCapital: BishkekArea: 199,951 sq kmPopulation: 7 millionLanguages: Kyrgyz, Russian, plus Uzbek, Uyghur, KipchakLife expectancy: 67 years (men) 76 years (women)LEADERPresident: Sadyr JaparovImage source, Getty ImagesFrontrunner Sadyr Japarov won a landslide victory in the January 2021 presidential election.He also acquired sweeping new powers after voters amended the constitution in a referendum.Mr Japarov effectively ran the country after President Sooronbay Jeenbekov was ousted in a popular revolt in October 2020 over rigged parliamentary elections. A nationalist opposition politician, Sadyr Japarov spent four years in exile during the rule of President Almazbek Atambayev and his successor and ally Mr Jeenbekov, and was imprisoned for taking a rival politician hostage until his supporters freed him in October.He pledged to make tackling corruption his priority, and to maintain close relations with Russia.Image source, Getty ImagesImage caption, Although geographically isolated by its mountains, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of many civilizations as part of the Silk RoadMEDIATelevision is the most popular medium. There are state-run networks and more than a dozen private stations. Russian networks have a large audience.Most radio stations are privately-owned; a handful broadcast nationwide. The newspaper sector is experiencing declining sales and financial hardship.Read full media profileTIMELINEImage source, Getty ImagesImage caption, The capital Bishkek and the Kyrgyz Ala-Too mountainsSome key dates in Kyrgyzstan's history:8th Century - Arab invaders conquer Central Asia, including what is now Kyrgyzstan, and introduce Islam.10th-13th Centuries - Kyrgyz people migrate southwards from the Yenisei River region in central Siberia to the Tian-Shan region.1685 - Kyrgyz people settle in the area that is now Kyrgyzstan; area conquered by the Oirats, a Mongol people, after centuries of Turkic rule.1758 - The Oirats are defeated by the Chinese Manchus, and the Kyrgyz become nominal subjects of the Chinese empire.Early 19th Century - The Kyrgyz come under the jurisdiction of the Uzbek khanate of Kokand, to the west.1876 - Russian forces conquer the khanate of Kokand and incorporate what is now Kyrgyzstan into the Russian empire.1917-23 - Civil war breaks in the wake of the 1917 October Revolution in Russia.1920s and 1930s - Soviet land reforms aimed at creating large state-owned farms upset the traditional Kyrgyz way of life, which is based on nomadic livestock-herding; Kyrgyz Communist Party established as the sole legal party; many members of the Kyrgyz intelligentsia who express dissent are imprisoned or executed.1936 - Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) - also known as Kirgizia - becomes a constituent republic within USSR.1991 - Kyrgyzstan acquires its present name, dropping Kirgizia, and declares independence. Askar Akayev is president.2005 - Mass protests force President Akayev from office in the Tulip Revolution. Kurmanbek Bakiyev wins a landslide victory2010 - Opposition protests spread from northern Kyrgyzstan to capital Bishkek, sweeping President Kurmanbek Bakiyev from power. 2021 - Sadyr Japarov wins election with enhanced executive powers, after President Sooronbay Jeenbekov was ousted the previous year.2022 - There are armed clashes, including the use of artillery, along much of the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.Image source, Getty ImagesImage caption, Kyrgyzstan hopes to attract tourists to its wild mountain landscapesRelated TopicsAsiaKyrgyzstanMore on this storyTurkmenistan country profilePublished24 March 2023Uzbekistan country profilePublished23 August 2023Kazakhstan country profilePublished24 March 2023China country profilePublished25 August 2023Tajikistan country profilePublished24 March 2023Around the BBCBBC KyrgyzRelated Internet LinksKyrgyz governmentThe BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.Top StoriesLive.Jury begins deliberating in Trump's hush-money trialGaza war could go on for rest of 2024, says Israel PM's aidePublished53 minutes agoConcern for Iceland town following new eruptionPublished30 minutes agoFeaturesGrowing up under fire: Ukraines children adapt to survive Russia's invasionDoes banning mobile phones stop friction in the classroom?Why Nigel Farages return to the fray matters'I've only caught three exam cheats in 25 years'A sliding doors moment that consigned USA cricket to pub quiz answerWhy Canada is riddled with wildfires that burn year-roundWho are the 47 democracy activists facing jail in Hong Kong?Elsewhere on the BBCInside the Baby Reindeer controversyWhat impact can drama inspired by true events have on real people?From rural Jamaica to X-Factor gloryDalton Harris became the first non-British black singer to win the UKs biggest TV singing competitionOne of the countrys most notorious unsolved murdersViv Graham's death continues to cast a long shadow over the family he left behindArdal O'Hanlon unearth the rich history of the Irish coastExplore the rich history and vibrant wildlife of a realm where the ocean reigns supremeMost Read1Concern for Iceland town following new eruption2Man accused of hitting TikToker charged with hate crimes 3Homeless sent out of city to make room for Taylor Swift fans4Gaza war could go on for rest of 2024, says Israel PM's aide5North Korea drops trash balloons on the South6Delhi 'unbearable' as temperatures near 50C7What happens if Trump is convicted in hush-money trial?8Nick Carter denies 'outrageous' sex assault claims9What will Trump jury decide? Here are the three options10Singapore Airlines plane jolted up and down for five seconds - reportBBC News ServicesOn your mobileOn smart speakersGet news alertsContact BBC NewsHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureTravelEarthVideoLiveTerms of UseAbout the BBCPrivacy PolicyCookiesAccessibility HelpParental GuidanceContact the BBCGet Personalised NewslettersWhy you can trust the BBCAdvertise with us 2024 BBC. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read about our approach to external linking.", "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16186907" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "U.S. Relations With Kyrgyzstan - United States Department of State\nSkip to content\nAn official website of the United States Government Here's how you know\nOfficial websites use .gov\nA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.\nSecure .gov websites use HTTPS\nA lock ( ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 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sheet.\nU.S.-KYRGYZSTAN RELATIONS\nThe United States established diplomatic relations with Kyrgyzstan in 1991 following the nations independence from the Soviet Union. The United States supports Kyrgyzstan in its development of an inclusive democracy based upon the rule of law and respect for human rights. Kyrgyzstans 2017 presidential election marked the first peaceful transfer of presidential power from one democratically-elected president to another in post-Soviet Central Asia. Significant impediments to Kyrgyzstans development include corruption, aging infrastructure, high unemployment that fuels labor migration and dependence on remittances, and endemic poverty. Kyrgyzstan, however, benefits from a robust civil society and a relatively free media sector.\nU.S. Assistance to Kyrgyzstan\nU.S. Government assistance goals in the Kyrgyz Republic are to strengthen democratic institutions, support broad-based economic opportunity, enhance regional security, promote greater respect for human rights and the rule of law, and address development challenges in health and education. A fact sheet on U.S. assistance to the Kyrgyz Republic can be found on the USAID website.\nBilateral Economic Relations\nKyrgyzstan exports apparel, textiles, and pharmaceutical products to the United States. It imports merchandise, machinery, electronics, and food products from the United States. Kyrgyzstan has signed a bilateral investment treaty with the United States. The treaty on double taxation that was signed by the United States and the Soviet Union remains in effect between the United States and Kyrgyzstan. The nation also signed a trade and investment framework agreement with the United States and other Central Asian countries establishing a regional forum for addressing trade issues and enhancing trade and investment between the United States and Central Asia.\nKyrgyzstans Membership in International Organizations\nKyrgyzstan and the United States belong to a number of the same international organizations, including the United Nations, Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization. Kyrgyzstan also is a participant in the North Atlantic Treaty Organizations (NATO) Partnership for Peace program.\nBilateral Representation\nPrincipal embassy officials are listed in the DepartmentsKey Officers List.\nKyrgyzstan maintains anembassyin the United States at 2360 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20008; tel. 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For further information on tax treaties refer also to the Treasury Department's Tax Treaty Documents page.\nKyrgyzstan is one of the former Soviet Republics which are now covered by the treaty with the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), formerly known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).\nIncome Tax TreatyPDF - 1973\nPage Last Reviewed or Updated: 03-May-2024\nShareFacebookTwitterLinkedinPrint\nFooter Navigation\nOur Agency\nAbout IRS\nCareers\nOperations and Budget\nTax Statistics\nHelp\nFind a Local Office\nKnow Your Rights\nTaxpayer Bill of Rights\nTaxpayer Advocate Service\nIndependent Office of Appeals\nCivil Rights\nFOIA\nNo FEAR Act Data\nReliance on Guidance\nResolve an Issue\nIRS Notices and Letters\nIdentity Theft\nPhishing\nTax Fraud\nCriminal Investigation\nWhistleblower Office\nLanguages\nEspaol\n ()\n ()\n\nP\nTing Vit\nKreyl ayisyen\nEnglish\nOther Languages\nRelated Sites\nU.S. Treasury\nTreasury Inspector General for Tax Administration\nUSA.gov\nUSAspending.gov\nSubfooter\nPrivacy Policy\nAccessibility\nThanks for sharing!AddToAnyMore", "url": "https://www.irs.gov/businesses/international-businesses/kyrgyzstan-tax-treaty-documents" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kyrgyz Republic | World Food Programme\nSkip to main content\nSaving LivesChanging Lives\nMedia & resources\nBack\nMedia & resources\nStart here\nMedia & resources\nView all\nMedia centre\nNews releases\nMultimedia content\nVideos for the media\nMedia contacts\nResources & data\nStories\nPublications\nAnnual Country Reports\nFood security analysis\nHungerMap LIVE\nEnglish\nBack\nLanguages\nFranais\nEspaol\n\n\nDansk\n\nSuomi\nDeutsch\nItaliano\n\n\nNorsk\n\nSvenska\nWho we are\nBack\nWho we are\nWe bring life-saving relief in emergencies and use food assistance to build peace, stability and prosperity for people recovering from conflict, disasters and the impact of climate change.\nRead more\nAbout\nWho we are\nCorporate strategy\nGovernance and leadership\nHistory\nFunding and donors\nTransparency and accountability\nEthical culture\nIndependent evaluation\nInternal audit and investigations\nPerformance management and accountability\nPartnerships\nOur partners\nOur work\nBack\nOur work\nWe span a broad range of activities, bringing life-saving assistance in emergencies and supporting sustainable and resilient livelihoods to achieve a world with zero hunger.\nRead more\nAbout hunger\nEnding hunger\nConflict and hunger\nA global food crisis\nSaving lives\nEmergency relief\nFood assistance\nHumanitarian support and services\nSupply chain\nChanging lives\nAsset creation\nCash and market support\nClimate action\nFood systems\nGender equality\nNutrition\nResilience building\nSchool-based programmes\nSmallholder farmers support\nSustainable livelihoods and ecosystems\nSupporting governments\nCountry capacity strengthening\nSocial protection\nSouth-South cooperation\nInnovation and digital transformation\nInnovation and technology\nWhere we work\nBack\nWhere we work\nWe work in 123 countries and territories, combining emergency assistance with long-term development while adapting our activities to the context and challenges of each location and its people.\nRead more\nCountries\nAfghanistan\nAlgeria\nAngola\nArmenia\nBangladesh\nBenin\nBhutan\nBolivia\nBurkina Faso\nBurundi\nCambodia\nCameroon\nThe Caribbean\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nChina\nColombia\nCongo\nCuba\nCte d'Ivoire\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nDjibouti\nDominican Republic\nDPR Korea\nEcuador\nEgypt\nEl Salvador\nEswatini\nEthiopia\nGambia\nGhana\nGuatemala\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nHaiti\nHonduras\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nJordan\nKenya\nKyrgyz Republic\nLaos\nLebanon\nLesotho\nLiberia\nLibya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMali\nMauritania\nMoldova\nMozambique\nMyanmar\nNamibia\nNepal\nNicaragua\nNiger\nNigeria\nThe Pacific\nPakistan\nPalestine\nPeru\nPhilippines\nRwanda\nSao Tome and Principe\nSenegal\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSouth Sudan\nSri Lanka\nSudan\nSyria\nTajikistan\nTanzania\nTimor-Leste\nTogo\nTunisia\nTrkiye\nUganda\nUkraine\nVenezuela\nYemen\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nEmergencies\nAfghanistan\nCentral Sahel\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nEthiopia\nHaiti\nMyanmar\nNorth Eastern Nigeria\nSomalia\nSouth Sudan\nState of Palestine\nSudan\nSyria\nUkraine\nYemen\nGet involved\nBack\nGet involved\nThere is a variety of ways in which people can support WFPs mission to eliminate hunger, from making a donation to bringing your expertise to our work on the frontlines.\nRead more\nIndividual supporters\nDonate\nSupport us\nPlay Freerice\nShareTheMeal app\nCompanies and start-ups\nApply for the Innovation Challenge\nPartners\nGovernments\nNon-governmental organizations\nPrivate sector\nUN agencies and international institutions\nClusters and multistakeholder partnerships\nAcademia and think tanks\nGoodwill ambassadors, advocates and high-level supporters\nDonate\nHome\nWhere we work\nKyrgyz Republic\nKyrgyz Republic\nPhoto: WFP\nPhoto credit\n2.3 million\npeople live in poverty\n2.6 million\npeople cannot afford a nutritious diet\n7 million\npopulation\nDownload country brief\nAs a land-locked, mountainous country, the Kyrgyz Republic's economy is exposed to various risks. These include dependence on imported staple foods and fuel, labour migration, and climate-related hazards such as drought, floods and mudflows.\nPoverty increased from 20 percent in 2019 to 33 percent in 2022, with nearly 2.3 million people living beneath the poverty line, according to the National Statistics Committee. Two decades of development gains were lost in just four years, as COVID-19 saw a major hit to the economy, employment and peoples incomes. This posed significant challenges to WFPs pursuit of Sustainable Development Goal 2on zero hunger and improved nutrition.\nIn 2023, staple food prices increased by over 50 percent compared to pre-COVID in early 2020. About two in five householdsin the Kyrgyz Republic cannot afford a nutritious diet, impacting children and women with lifelong micronutrient deficiencies. More than 70 percent of children aged 6-59 months do not meet minimum dietary diversity, and 47 percent of them along with adolescent girls are deficient in ironand other micronutrients.\nThe World Food Programme (WFP) has been in the Kyrgyz Republic since 2008. We strengthen national capacities and systems for social protection, emergency preparedness and response, disaster risk management and climate change adaptation, and improve food security and nutrition for the most vulnerable households.\nWhat the World Food Programme is doing in the Kyrgyz Republic\nEnhanced access to employment and income opportunities\nWFP supports families through food and/or cash for participating in community projects like building or rehabilitating community assets such as irrigation systems, drinking-water pipelines and water reservoirs. We also provide training in livelihood skills such as agro processing, post-harvest storage and sewing. WFP further provides technical support to government-led initiatives such as Social Contract, helping entrepreneurs develop business plans and skills in areas such as livestock breeding and dairy product sales. This support encompasses cash grants, vocational training, financial education, social services, and mentoring.\nSupport to crisis-affected populations\nWFP provides food and/or cash assistance to vulnerable populations in crisis-affected areas during emergencies, to meet their immediate nutrition needs and enable early recovery. WFP coordinates logistics responses as well as joint assessments and cash coordination.\nClimate change adaptation and disaster risk management\nWFP provides food and/or cash to communities prone to disasters and climate change risks, while they work to restore climate-resilient protective infrastructure such as dams, riverbanks and bridges. We also provide advice on climate-adaptation practices. Additionally, WFP has initiated anticipatory action to enable governments, communities and families to act before an extreme weather event occurs, including advanced forecasts and early warning. This helps populations recover from losses and damages caused by climate-related shocks, and prevents them from being pushed into food insecurity. We also provide technical assistance to local government authorities, to strengthen community-level risk profiling and planning, disaster preparedness and mitigation\nNutritious school meals and healthy diets\nWFP supports the governments National School Meals Programme, with close to 900 schools providing hot, diverse and healthy meals for primary schoolchildren. WFP has provided schools with modern kitchen equipment, fortified wheat flour and training. To improve the sustainability of the programme, WFP has established a logistics centre that links smallholder farmers with schools and other local markets.\nPublications\nAnnual Country Reports - Kyrgyzstan\n29 March 2024\nKyrgyz Republic: Remote Household Food Security Surveys\n23 May 2024\nPrice monitoring for food security in the Kyrgyz Republic\n23 May 2024\nWFP Kyrgyz Republic - Country Brief\n14 May 2024\nFEEDING RESILIENCE: Unraveling the Asia-Pacific Food Crisis\n6 May 2024\nAnticipatory Actions in the Kyrgyz Republic\n9 April 2024\nShow more\nIn focus\nKyrgyzstan: An herbal industry opens horizons for mountain farmers\nStory | 15 February 2023\nKyrgyzstan: School meals feed one girl's dream of being a doctor\nStory | 10 February 2021\nTo bee or not to bee in Kyrgyzstan\nStory | 19 May 2020\nNot too cool for school in Kyrgyzstan\nStory | 30 October 2019\nShow more\nKyrgyz Republic news releases\nGo to page\nPartners and donors\nAchieving Zero Hunger is the work of many. Our work in Kyrgyzstan is made possible by the support and collaboration of our partners and donors, including:\nGreen Climate Fund\nJapan\nGovernment of the Kyrgyz Republic\nRussian Federation\nSwitzerland\nGAFSP\nPrivate donors\nView all\nFind out more about the state of food security in Kyrgyz Republic\nVisit the food security analysis page\nOperations in Kyrgyz Republic\nKyrgyz Republic country strategic plan (20232027)\nKG02 - Country Strategic Plan (CSP)\nView all operations\nContacts\nOffice\n52-54 Orozbekov Str., Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic, 720040\nBishkek\nKyrgyzstan\nPhone\n+996 312 66 00 33 (4-6)\nFax\n+996 (312) 66 00 37\nEmail\nWFP.Bishkek@wfp.org\nFor media inquiries\nWFP.Bishkek@wfp.org\nSocial\nWFPinKG\nwfp_kyrgyzstan\nWorldFoodProgrammeKyrgyzstan\nEmergencies\nAfghanistanCentral SahelDemocratic Republic of the CongoEthiopiaHaitiMyanmarNorth Eastern NigeriaSomaliaSouth SudanState of PalestineSudanSyriaUkraineYemen\nWho we are\nABOUT\nCorporate strategy\nGovernance and 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us\nPartner with us\nWork with us\nCareers\nDo business with WFP\nMedia & resources\nNews releases\nPublications\nStories\nVideos\nDonate\nVia Cesare Giulio Viola, 68, 00148 RomeRM, Italy\nFollow us on:\nTwitter\nFacebook\nInstagram\nLinkedin\nYouTube\nTikTok\nDonate\n2024 World Food Programme\nDonate\nPrivacy\nContact\nTerms of Use\nExecutive Board\nWFP Alumni\nWho we are\nBack\nWho we are\nWe bring life-saving relief in emergencies and use food assistance to build peace, stability and prosperity for people recovering from conflict, disasters and the impact of climate change.\nRead more\nAbout\nWho we are\nCorporate strategy\nGovernance and leadership\nHistory\nFunding and donors\nTransparency and accountability\nEthical culture\nIndependent evaluation\nInternal audit and investigations\nPerformance management and accountability\nPartnerships\nOur partners\nOur work\nBack\nOur work\nWe span a broad range of activities, bringing life-saving assistance in emergencies and supporting sustainable and resilient livelihoods to achieve a world with zero hunger.\nRead more\nAbout hunger\nEnding hunger\nConflict and hunger\nA global food crisis\nSaving lives\nEmergency relief\nFood assistance\nHumanitarian support and services\nSupply chain\nChanging lives\nAsset creation\nCash and market support\nClimate action\nFood systems\nGender equality\nNutrition\nResilience building\nSchool-based programmes\nSmallholder farmers support\nSustainable livelihoods and ecosystems\nSupporting governments\nCountry capacity strengthening\nSocial protection\nSouth-South cooperation\nInnovation and digital transformation\nInnovation and technology\nWhere we work\nBack\nWhere we work\nWe work in 123 countries and territories, combining emergency assistance with long-term development while adapting our activities to the context and challenges of each location and its people.\nRead more\nCountries\nAfghanistan\nAlgeria\nAngola\nArmenia\nBangladesh\nBenin\nBhutan\nBolivia\nBurkina Faso\nBurundi\nCambodia\nCameroon\nThe Caribbean\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nChina\nColombia\nCongo\nCuba\nCte d'Ivoire\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nDjibouti\nDominican Republic\nDPR Korea\nEcuador\nEgypt\nEl Salvador\nEswatini\nEthiopia\nGambia\nGhana\nGuatemala\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nHaiti\nHonduras\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nJordan\nKenya\nKyrgyz Republic\nLaos\nLebanon\nLesotho\nLiberia\nLibya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMali\nMauritania\nMoldova\nMozambique\nMyanmar\nNamibia\nNepal\nNicaragua\nNiger\nNigeria\nThe Pacific\nPakistan\nPalestine\nPeru\nPhilippines\nRwanda\nSao Tome and Principe\nSenegal\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSouth Sudan\nSri Lanka\nSudan\nSyria\nTajikistan\nTanzania\nTimor-Leste\nTogo\nTunisia\nTrkiye\nUganda\nUkraine\nVenezuela\nYemen\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nEmergencies\nAfghanistan\nCentral Sahel\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nEthiopia\nHaiti\nMyanmar\nNorth Eastern Nigeria\nSomalia\nSouth Sudan\nState of Palestine\nSudan\nSyria\nUkraine\nYemen\nGet involved\nBack\nGet involved\nThere is a variety of ways in which people can support WFPs mission to eliminate hunger, from making a donation to bringing your expertise to our work on the frontlines.\nRead more\nIndividual supporters\nDonate\nSupport us\nPlay Freerice\nShareTheMeal app\nCompanies and start-ups\nApply for the Innovation Challenge\nPartners\nGovernments\nNon-governmental organizations\nPrivate sector\nUN agencies and international institutions\nClusters and multistakeholder partnerships\nAcademia and think tanks\nGoodwill ambassadors, advocates and high-level supporters\nMedia & resources\nBack\nMedia & resources\nStart here\nMedia & resources\nView all\nMedia centre\nNews releases\nMultimedia content\nVideos for the media\nMedia contacts\nResources & data\nStories\nPublications\nAnnual Country Reports\nFood security analysis\nHungerMap LIVE\nEnglish\nBack\nLanguages\nFranais\nEspaol\n\n\nDansk\n\nSuomi\nDeutsch\nItaliano\n\n\nNorsk\n\nSvenska\nDonate\nSearch\nAdvanced search", "url": "https://www.wfp.org/countries/kyrgyz-republic" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Kyrgyzstan | RSF\nSkip to main content\nGet informedGet informed\nOur goal: to leave no breach of freedom of information unreported. Discover our world press freedom ranking, our latest investigation reports as well as our publications produced every day by our regional offices, in connection with our network of correspondents in 115 countries around the world.\nPress freedom IndexAbuses worldwide in real time\nCountries and regionsAfricaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCabo VerdeCameroonCentral African RepublicChadComorosCongo-BrazzavilleDemocratic Republic of CongoDjiboutiEquatorial GuineaEritreaEswatiniEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea BissauIvory CoastKenyaLesothoLiberiaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth SudanSudanTanzaniaTogoUgandaZambiaZimbabweLearn about the region\nAmericasArgentinaBelizeBoliviaBrazilCanadaChileColombiaCosta RicaCubaDominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorGuatemalaGuyanaHaitiHondurasJamaicaMexicoNicaraguaOECSPanamaParaguayPeruSurinameThe BahamasTrinidad and TobagoUnited StatesUruguayVenezuelaLearn about the region\nAsia - PacificAfghanistanAustraliaBangladeshBhutanBruneiCambodiaChinaFijiHong KongIndiaIndonesiaJapanLaosMalaysiaMaldivesMongoliaMyanmarNepalNew ZealandNorth KoreaPakistanPapua New GuineaPhilippinesSamoaSingaporeSouth KoreaSri LankaTaiwanThailandTimor-LesteTongaVietnamLearn about the region\nEurope - Central AsiaAlbaniaAndorraArmeniaAustriaAzerbaijanBelarusBelgiumBosnia-HerzegovinaBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzechiaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGeorgiaGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyKazakhstanKosovoKyrgyzstanLatviaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaMoldovaMontenegroNetherlandsNorth MacedoniaNorthern CyprusNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaRussiaSerbiaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTajikistanTrkiyeTurkmenistanUkraineUnited KingdomUzbekistanLearn about the region\nMiddle East - North AfricaAlgeriaBahrainEgyptIranIraqIsraelJordanKuwaitLebanonLibyaMorocco / Western SaharaOmanPalestineQatarSaudi ArabiaSyriaTunisiaUnited Arab EmiratesYemenLearn about the region\nSubjectsArbitrary detention and proceedingsDigital space and democracyDisinformation and propagandaIndependence and pluralismInternational laws and governanceLegal framework and justice systemMedia sustainabilityModels and good practicesTechnological censorship and surveillanceViolence against journalists\nOur publications\nWorld ranking\nBarometer\nReports\nOur projectsOur projects\nTo make a lasting change, we carry out in-depth work with governments and institutions. We offer concrete solutions and launch international initiatives. We are on the ground to assist journalists in danger. Anywhere and anytime.\nPress freedom IndexAbuses worldwide in real time\nInformation & Democracy\nCollateral Freedom\nProtect journalists\nJournalism Trust Initiative\nPress Freedom Centers\nAssistance to journalists and media\nDigital Security Lab\nSvoboda satellite\nGet involvedGet involved\nDo you believe there can be no freedom of conscience without freedom of the press? Do you want to help free and independent journalism, and those who embody it? Do you want to defend the right to information? There are several ways to support RSF: find the one that suits you and join the fight!\nPress freedom IndexAbuses worldwide in real time\nSupport usMake a donationJoinBuy RSF's photo bookBequests and donationsBecome a donorMake a crypto donation\nOur campaigns\nSign our petitions\nJoin RSF\nKnow usKnow us\nGo behind the scenes of RSF and discover in detail our operations, our teams, our funding, our governance but also our favourite picks, partners, projects and events we support and who act in their own way to advance our commmon ideal.\nPress freedom IndexAbuses worldwide in real time\nWho are we?\nOrganisationGovernanceTeamFinancial transparency and supporters\nRSF supports...\nContact us\nMake a donation\nSearch\nFranaisEnglishEspaolPortuguese\nEurope - Central AsiaKyrgyzstan\n-\nIndex 2024\n120/ 180\nScore : 49.11\nPolitical indicator\n149\n30.19\nEconomic indicator\n64\n48.73\nLegislative indicator\n129\n48.40\nSocial indicator\n124\n50.66\nSecurity indicator\n102\n67.59\nIndex 2023\n122/ 180\nScore : 49.91\nPolitical indicator\n123\n48.13\nEconomic indicator\n86\n47.25\nLegislative indicator\n127\n50.19\nSocial indicator\n138\n49.09\nSecurity indicator\n113\n54.91\nKyrgyzstan\nMedia outletsPoliticsLawsEconomySocietySafetyPress releases\nPartager\nfacebooktwitterlinkedinEmail\nWith relative freedom of expression and of the press, the country was an exception in Central Asia despite an unstable economy and rampant official corruption. However, it is now experiencing an upsurge in pressure on the media.\nMedia landscape\nThe government still controls all traditional media and is trying to extend its influence to privately owned outlets.Adegree of pluralism exists, as seen in the popularity of news sites such as24.kgt, Kaktus.mediaandKloop.kg, as well as the growth of investigative and data journalism. But these outlets are being harassed and, of late, their situation has become critical.Radio and television continue to be the main news sourcesfor most of the population.\nPolitical context\nKyrgyzstan, with an unstable and polarised political environment, has experienced three revolutions since its independence in 1991. Some media outlets are used by political leaders to advance their personal interests. Public institutions restrict journalists access to information. More and more websites are arbitrarily blocked, as has been the case forKloop. Media outlets and journalists are raided and prosecuted on the basis of false accusations, especially those who publish investigative reports on those in power.\nLegal framework\nIn recent years, officials have tended to reinforce censorship and adopt laws restricting press freedom. President Sadyr Japarov has signed a law on protection against false information, which violates the constitution and international treaties. A proposed media law that would include disproportionate penalties and a vaguely worded re-registration requirement risks further restricting press freedom.\nEconomic context\nMassive official supportforpro-government publications distorts competition between outlets.Under pressure from the authorities, leading private-sector companies refuse to advertise in independent media outlets. The authorities are preparing to pass a law, similar to one in Russia, that wouldlabel independent media that receive financial support from abroad as foreign agents.\nSociocultural context\nBecause of the high level of corruption in the country, investigative reports on the topic are valued and seem to be the subject of growing public interest. But much of society is also swayed by government propaganda portraying independent media as enemies of the people\" and slaves of the West.\nSafety\nIndependent media face a new wave of pressure.In the space of a few hours on 16 January 2024, the police arrested 11 journalists who work or had worked for the investigative YouTube channel run byBolot Temirov,who was illegally expelled from Kyrgyzstan in 2022. Investigative reporters are often convicted, especially on defamation charges, when they criticise the authorities, and news sites areoftenthe targets of cyberattacks after publishing articles about corruption. Investigative journalists are targets of violence, aswerereporters atprotests until they were banned in the capital in March 2022.\nAbuses in real time in Kyrgyzstan\nKilled since 1st January 2024\n0 journalists\n0 media workers\n0\nDetained as of today\n11 journalists\n1 media workers\n12\nAll posts\nAll posts\nLegal framework and justice systemIndependence and pluralismNews\n02.04.2024\nForeign agents law is latest step in Kyrgyz President Japarovs growing authoritarianism\nReporters Without Borders (RSF) calls for the repeal of a draconian foreign agents law based on Russian legislation that has just been signed by Kyrgyz President Sadyr Japarov.\nArbitrary detention and proceedingsViolence against journalistsNews\n16.01.2024\nKyrgyzstan arrests 11 journalists who exposed corruption: RSF denounces a purge of investigative journalism\nReporters Without Borders (RSF) condemns a crackdown on investigative journalism in Kyrgyzstan\nLegal framework and justice systemIndependence and pluralismMedia sustainabilityNews\n24.11.2023\nFifty countries urged by RSF and DWA to back Kloop against the Kyrgyz state\nReporters Without Borders (RSF) and the Deutsche Welle Akademie (DWA) have submitted the case of the abusive attempt to liquidate the investigative website Kloop to the Media Freedom Coalition (MFC).\nShow more posts\nRegion\nEurope - Central Asia\nToxic Kremlin influence reaches EU\nEurope and Central Asia: toxic Kremlin influence reaches EU\nLearn about the region\nImage\nSupport us\nYour donations enable RSF to keep working. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) | Lovenox U.S. HCP Site\nPrinted From: https://www.lovenox.com/\nFOR U.S. HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS ONLY\nImportant Safety Information for Lovenox\nIf you are receiving epidural or spinal anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture, and taking Lovenox, you may be at increased risk of developing a blood clot in or around the spine, which can result in long-term paralysis. Your risk may be further increased if you:\nToggle navigation\nHome\nDVT/PE prophylaxis in medically ill patients\nACS Patients\nAll Indications\nDosing\nAuthorized Generic\nPatient self-injection video\nImportant Safety Information\nPrescribing Information Including BOXED WARNING\nLovenox (enoxaparin sodium injection logo)\n25\nof Lovenox establishing\nreal-world experience in the U.S. across multiple patient types1\nLovenox is a proven choice in anticoagulant therapy.\nProven outcomes:\nAcross 8 indications\nWith multiple patient types\nWith demonstrated safety\nand efficacy\nProphylaxis of DVT\nMedically ill patientsWith comorbidities\nAbdominal surgery patients Including elective cancer surgery\nKnee replacement surgery patients Elderly patients (65 years of age)\nHip replacement surgery patients Elderly patients (65 years of age)\nAcute DVT\nInpatient treatment With or without PE\nOutpatient treatment of acute DVT Without PE\nACS Patients\nProphylaxis of ischemic complication\nin UA/NSTEMI Age range from 25 to 94 years (median age 64 years)\nTreatment of acute STEMI Hospitalized within 6 hours of onset\nSee more details about\nall indications >\nA generic identical to Lovenox\nLearn about the authorized generic of LovenoxEnoxaparin Sodium Injection\nfrom Winthrop.\n>\nEstablished safety\nprofile in specific\npopulations\nNo dose adjustments recommended for patients with mild (CrCl=50 to 80 mL/min) or moderate (CrCl=30 to 50 mL/min) renal impairment\nModified dosing for patients with severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/min) across all indications\nElderly patients\nLow-weight patients\nPatient self-injection video\nIf your patients are going home with Lovenox\nself-injectables, this video provideshelpful instructions.\n>\n>\n>+\nImportant Safety Information\nfor Lovenox\nWarning: spinal/epidural hematomas\nEpidural or spinal hematomas may occur in\npatients who are anticoagulated with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) or heparinoids\nand are receiving neuraxial anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture. These hematomas may result in long-term or permanent paralysis.\n\nLeaving to HCP site\nThis site is intended for U.S. Healthcare Professionals only.Do you wish to continue?\nStay On\nVisit\n\nYou are leaving a Sanofi US website\nYou will be taken out of EMS site\nStay On\nVisit\n\nYou are about to leave sanofi site for U.S.\nSanofi US does not review the information\ncontained on this website and/or database\nfor content, accuracy or completeness. Use\nof and access to this information is subject to\nthe terms, limitations and conditions set by the\nwebsite and/or database producer.\nThis site might not comply with the regulatory requirements of US\nStay On\nVisit\n\nYou are about to move to an Unbranded site\nYou are moving to an Unbranded site\nStay On\nVisit\nDone\nDone\nDone\nDone\nDone\nDone\nDone\nClose\nShare this information with friends and family.\nE-mail This Page to a Friend\nRecipient's Name\nRecipient's Email Address\nYour Name\nYour Email Address\nSubject\nYour friend has shared this page about WhiteSite\nSend a copy to myself (optional)\nSend\nClose\nYour Email Has Been Sent\nYour email has been sent to:\nSend Another\nDone\nImportant Safety Information for Lovenox\nWARNING: SPINAL/EPIDURAL HEMATOMAS\nEpidural or spinal hematomas may occur in patients who are anticoagulated with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) or heparinoids and are receiving neuraxial anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture. These hematomas may result in long-term or permanent\nparalysis. Consider these risks when scheduling patients for spinal procedures. Factors that can increase the risk of developing epidural or spinal hematomas in these patients include:\nUse of indwelling epidural catheters\nConcomitant use of other drugs that affect hemostasis, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), platelet inhibitors, and other anticoagulants\nA history of traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal punctures\nA history of spinal deformity or spinal surgery\nOptimal timing between the administration of Lovenox and neuraxial procedures is not known.\nMonitor patients frequently for signs and symptoms of neurological impairment. If neurological compromise is noted, urgent treatment is necessary.\nConsider the benefits and risks before neuraxial intervention in patients anticoagulated or to be anticoagulated for thromboprophylaxis.\nCONTRAINDICATIONS\nLovenox is contraindicated in patients with active major bleeding; history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) within the past 100 days or in the presence of circulating antibodies; known hypersensitivity to enoxaparin sodium, heparin, pork\nproducts, or benzyl alcohol (multi-dose formulation only).\nWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS\nLovenox should be used with extreme caution in conditions with increased risk of hemorrhage (eg. epidural or spinal anesthesia/analgesia or spinal puncture). While the exact timing is not known, the pharmacokinetic profile of Lovenox should be considered\nwhen determining the timing of placement/removal of an epidural catheter or lumbar puncture for each patient. Major hemorrhages including retroperitoneal and intracranial bleeding have been reported. Some of these cases have been fatal. Bleeding\ncan occur at any site during Lovenox therapy. An unexplained fall in hematocrit (HCT) or blood pressure should lead to a search for a bleeding site. For patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min additional considerations are necessary.\nFor percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures, obtain hemostasis at the puncture site before sheath removal and observe the site for signs of bleeding or hematoma formation.\nIn the STEMI population, the rates of major hemorrhages (defined as requiring 5 or more units of blood for transfusion, or 15% drop in HCT or clinically overt bleeding, including intracranial hemorrhage [ICH]) at 30 days were 2.1% in the Lovenox group\nand 1.4% in the unfractionated heparin (UFH) group. The rates of ICH at 30 days were 0.8% in the Lovenox group and 0.7% in the UFH group. The 30-day rate of the composite endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, or ICH (a measure of net clinical\nbenefit) was significantly lower in the Lovenox group (10.1%) compared to the UFH group (12.2%).\nLovenox should be used with caution in patients with bleeding diathesis, uncontrolled arterial hypertension or a history of recent gastrointestinal ulceration, diabetic retinopathy, renal dysfunction, or hemorrhage.\nLovenox may cause Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) or Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia with Thrombosis (HITTS). HITTS may lead to organ infarction, limb ischemia, or death. Monitor thrombocytopenia of any degree closely. Use of Lovenox in patients\nwith a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) within the past 100days or in the presence of circulating antibodies is contraindicated. Circulating antibodies may persist for several years. Because HIT may still occur in these circumstances,\nthe decision to use Lovenox in such a case must be made only after a careful benefit-risk assessment and after non-heparin alternative treatments are considered.\nThrombocytopenia can occur with Lovenox. Thrombocytopenia of any degree should be monitored closely. If the platelet count falls below 100,000/mm3, Lovenox should be discontinued.\nLovenox cannot be used interchangeably with other LMWH or UFH, as they differ in their manufacturing process, molecular weight distribution, anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities, units, and dosages.\nUse of Lovenox for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves may result in valve thrombosis. Women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves may be at higher risk for thromboembolism during pregnancy and, when pregnant,\nhave a higher rate of fetal loss from stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, and premature delivery. Frequent monitoring of anti-Factor Xa levels and adjusting of dosage may be needed.\nSerious and fatal adverse reactions including \"gasping syndrome\" can occur in neonates and low birth weight infants treated with benzyl alcoholpreserved drugs, including Lovenox multipledose vials.\nPeriodic complete blood counts, including platelet count, and stool occult blood tests are recommended during the course of treatment with Lovenox.\nADVERSE REACTIONS\nMost common adverse reactions (>1%) were bleeding, anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevation of serum aminotransferase, diarrhea, nausea, ecchymosis, fever, edema, peripheral edema, dyspnea, confusion, and injection site pain.\nIndications\nProphylaxis of deep vein thrombosis\nLovenox is indicated for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis, which may lead to pulmonary embolism:\nIn patients undergoing abdominal surgery who are at risk for thromboembolic complications\nIn patients undergoing hip-replacement surgery, during and following hospitalization\nIn patients undergoing knee-replacement surgery\nIn medical patients who are at risk for thromboembolic complications due to severely restricted mobility during acute illness\nTreatment of Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis\nLovenox is indicated for:\nThe inpatient treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism, when administered in conjunction with warfarin sodium\nThe outpatient treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis without pulmonary embolism when administered in conjunction with warfarin sodium\nProphylaxis of Ischemic Complications of Unstable Angina and Non-Q-wave Myocardial Infarction\nLovenox is indicated for the prophylaxis of ischemic complications of unstable angina (UA) and nonQ-wave MI, when concurrently administered with aspirin.\nTreatment of acute ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)\nLovenox, when administered concurrently with aspirin, has been shown to reduce the rate of the combined endpoint of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) or death in patients with acute ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) receiving thrombolysis and being managed\nmedically or with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).\nPlease seefull Prescribing Information, including boxed WARNING.\nFor more information, contact your local sanofi-aventis U.S. Representative or call sanofi-aventis U.S. Medical Information Services at\n1-800-633-1610.\nPrescription Lovenoxis available in pharmacies.\nClick herefor information on Sharps Medical Waste Disposal.\nImportant Safety Information for Lovenox\nWARNING: SPINAL/EPIDURAL HEMATOMAS\nEpidural or spinal hematomas may occur in patients who are anticoagulated with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) or heparinoids and are receiving neuraxial anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture. These hematomas may result in long-term or permanent\nparalysis. Consider these risks when scheduling patients for spinal procedures. Factors that can increase the risk of developing epidural or spinal hematomas in these patients include:\nUse of indwelling epidural catheters\nConcomitant use of other drugs that affect hemostasis, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), platelet inhibitors, and other anticoagulants\nA history of traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal punctures\nA history of spinal deformity or spinal surgery\nOptimal timing between the administration of Lovenox and neuraxial procedures is not known.\nMonitor patients frequently for signs and symptoms of neurological impairment. If neurological compromise is noted, urgent treatment is necessary.\nConsider the benefits and risks before neuraxial intervention in patients anticoagulated or to be anticoagulated for thromboprophylaxis.\nCONTRAINDICATIONS\nLovenox is contraindicated in patients with active major bleeding; history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) within the past 100 days or in the presence of circulating antibodies; known hypersensitivity to enoxaparin sodium, heparin, pork\nproducts, or benzyl alcohol (multi-dose formulation only).\nWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS\nLovenox should be used with extreme caution in conditions with increased risk of hemorrhage (eg. epidural or spinal anesthesia/analgesia or spinal puncture). While the exact timing is not known, the pharmacokinetic profile of Lovenox should be considered\nwhen determining the timing of placement/removal of an epidural catheter or lumbar puncture for each patient. Major hemorrhages including retroperitoneal and intracranial bleeding have been reported. Some of these cases have been fatal. Bleeding\ncan occur at any site during Lovenox therapy. An unexplained fall in hematocrit (HCT) or blood pressure should lead to a search for a bleeding site. For patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min additional considerations are necessary.\nFor percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures, obtain hemostasis at the puncture site before sheath removal and observe the site for signs of bleeding or hematoma formation.\nIn the STEMI population, the rates of major hemorrhages (defined as requiring 5 or more units of blood for transfusion, or 15% drop in HCT or clinically overt bleeding, including intracranial hemorrhage [ICH]) at 30 days were 2.1% in the Lovenox group\nand 1.4% in the unfractionated heparin (UFH) group. The rates of ICH at 30 days were 0.8% in the Lovenox group and 0.7% in the UFH group. The 30-day rate of the composite endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, or ICH (a measure of net clinical\nbenefit) was significantly lower in the Lovenox group (10.1%) compared to the UFH group (12.2%).\nLovenox should be used with caution in patients with bleeding diathesis, uncontrolled arterial hypertension or a history of recent gastrointestinal ulceration, diabetic retinopathy, renal dysfunction, or hemorrhage.\nLovenox may cause Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) or Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia with Thrombosis (HITTS). HITTS may lead to organ infarction, limb ischemia, or death. Monitor thrombocytopenia of any degree closely. Use of Lovenox in patients\nwith a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) within the past 100days or in the presence of circulating antibodies is contraindicated. Circulating antibodies may persist for several years. Because HIT may still occur in these circumstances,\nthe decision to use Lovenox in such a case must be made only after a careful benefit-risk assessment and after non-heparin alternative treatments are considered.\nThrombocytopenia can occur with Lovenox. Thrombocytopenia of any degree should be monitored closely. If the platelet count falls below 100,000/mm3, Lovenox should be discontinued.\nLovenox cannot be used interchangeably with other LMWH or UFH, as they differ in their manufacturing process, molecular weight distribution, anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities, units, and dosages.\nUse of Lovenox for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves may result in valve thrombosis. Women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves may be at higher risk for thromboembolism during pregnancy and, when pregnant,\nhave a higher rate of fetal loss from stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, and premature delivery. Frequent monitoring of anti-Factor Xa levels and adjusting of dosage may be needed.\nSerious and fatal adverse reactions including \"gasping syndrome\" can occur in neonates and low birth weight infants treated with benzyl alcoholpreserved drugs, including Lovenox multipledose vials.\nPeriodic complete blood counts, including platelet count, and stool occult blood tests are recommended during the course of treatment with Lovenox.\nADVERSE REACTIONS\nMost common adverse reactions (>1%) were bleeding, anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevation of serum aminotransferase, diarrhea, nausea, ecchymosis, fever, edema, peripheral edema, dyspnea, confusion, and injection site pain.\nIndications\nProphylaxis of deep vein thrombosis\nLovenox is indicated for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis, which may lead to pulmonary embolism:\nIn patients undergoing abdominal surgery who are at risk for thromboembolic complications\nIn patients undergoing hip-replacement surgery, during and following hospitalization\nIn patients undergoing knee-replacement surgery\nIn medical patients who are at risk for thromboembolic complications due to severely restricted mobility during acute illness\nTreatment of Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis\nLovenox is indicated for:\nThe inpatient treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism, when administered in conjunction with warfarin sodium\nThe outpatient treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis without pulmonary embolism when administered in conjunction with warfarin sodium\nProphylaxis of Ischemic Complications of Unstable Angina and Non-Q-wave Myocardial Infarction\nLovenox is indicated for the prophylaxis of ischemic complications of unstable angina (UA) and nonQ-wave MI, when concurrently administered with aspirin.\nTreatment of acute ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)\nLovenox, when administered concurrently with aspirin, has been shown to reduce the rate of the combined endpoint of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) or death in patients with acute ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) receiving thrombolysis and being managed\nmedically or with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).\nPlease seefull Prescribing Information, including boxed WARNING.\nFor more information, contact your local sanofi-aventis U.S. Representative or call sanofi-aventis U.S. Medical Information Services at\n1-800-633-1610.\nPrescription Lovenoxis available in pharmacies.\nClick herefor information on Sharps Medical Waste Disposal.\nReferences:\nLovenox [prescribing information]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis; 2013.\nLovenox (enoxaparin sodium injection) Prescribing Information. sanofi-aventis, Bridgewater, NJ.\nENOXACAN Study Group. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of deep vein thrombosis\nin elective cancer surgery: a double-blind randomized multicentre trial with venographic assessment. Br J Surg.\n1997;84(8):1099-1103.\nHeparin Sodium Injection, Prescribing Information. New York, NY: Pfizer; 2016.\nMerli G, Spiro TE, Olsson C-G, et al; Enoxaparin Clinical Trial Group. Subcutaneous enoxaparin once or twice daily compared\nwith intravenous unfractionated heparin for treatment of venous thromboembolic disease. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(3):191-202.\nLevine M, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfractionated\nheparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(11):677-681.\nAntman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, et al; ExTRACT-TIMI 25 Investigators. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis\nfor ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(14):1477-1488.\nAntman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, et al; ExTRACT-TIMI 25 Investigators. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin as antithrombin\ntherapy in patients receiving fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: design and rationale for the\nEnoxaparin and Thrombolysis Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment- Thrombolysis In Myocardial\nInfarction study 25 (ExTRACT-TIMI 25). Am Heart J. 2005;149(2):217-226.\nData on file, sanofi-aventis, Bridgewater, NJ.\nLovenox [prescribing information]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis; 2013.\nCohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, et al; Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in NonQ-Wave Coronary Events\nStudy Group. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery\ndisease.\nN Engl J Med. 1997;337(7):447-452.\nData on file, sanofi-aventis, Bridgewater, NJ.\nGoodman SG, Cohen M, Bigonzi F, et al; Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in NonQ Wave Coronary (ESSENCE)\nStudy Group. Randomized trial of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus unfractionated heparin for\nunstable coronary artery disease: one-year results of the ESSENCE study.\nJ Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(3):693-698.\nAmsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with nonST-elevation\nacute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force\non Practice Guidelines.\nJ Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139228.\nAntman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, et al; ExTRACT-TIMI 25 Investigators. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with\nfibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction.\nN Engl J Med. 2006;354(14):1477-1488.\nAntman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, et al; ExTRACT-TIMI 25 Investigators. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin as\nantithrombin therapy in patients receiving fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Design and rationale\nfor the Enoxaparin and Thrombolysis Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment-Thrombolysis In Myocardial\nInfarction study 25 (ExTRACT-TIMI 25).\nAm Heart J. 2005;149(2):217-226.\nOGara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al; American College of Emergency Physicians; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography\nand Interventions 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report\nof the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.\nJ Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(4):e78 140, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.019.\nLovenox [prescribing information]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis; 2013.\nU.S. Dept of Health and Human Services. 2015 CMS statistics. Accessed at:\nhttps://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/CMS-Statistics-Reference-Booklet/Downloads/2015CMSStatistics.pdf\non September 12, 2017.\nAntman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, et al; ExTRACT-TIMI 25 Investigators. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with\nfibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction.\nN Engl J Med. 2006;354(14):1477-1488.\nLovenox [prescribing information]. Bridgewater, NJ: sanofi-aventis; 2013.\nUS Department of Health and Human Services. 2015 CMS statistics. https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/CMS-Statistics-Reference-Booklet/Downloads/2015CMSStatistics.pdf.\nAccessed on September 12, 2017.\nLovenox is available by prescription only.\n 2002-2019 sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC. All rights reserved.\nLegal Disclaimer\n|\nPrivacy Policy\n|\nConsumer Health Data Privacy Policy\n|\nContact Sanofi\n|Cookie Settings\nFor more information, Contact Medical Information\nThis site is intended for use by U.S. Healthcare Professionals only.\nSAUS.ENO.17.09.7179(2)\nLast Update:\nMay 2019", "url": "https://www.lovenox.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lovenox: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects - Drugs.com\nSkip to main content\nSearch Drugs.com\nClose\nAll\nSelect the section you want to search in\nAll\nConsumer\nProfessional\nPill ID\nInteractions\nNews and alerts\nCare notes\nNatural products\nSearch\nBrowse all medications:\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nk\nl\nm\nn\no\np\nq\nr\ns\nt\nu\nv\nw\nx\ny\nz\n0-9\nAdvanced Search\nRegister\nSign In\nSite navigation\nAccount\nSign in\nCreate an account\nDrugs A-Z\nPill Identifier\nInteraction Checker\nNews & Alerts\nPro Edition\nMore Resources\nClose\nHome\nLovenox\nPrint\nSave\nLovenox\nPlay pronunciation\nGeneric name: enoxaparin [ee-NOX-a-PAR-rin]\nDrug class: Heparins\nMedically reviewed by Melisa Puckey, BPharm. Last updated on Mar 1, 2024.\nUses\nWarnings\nBefore taking\nDosage\nSide effects\nInteractions\nFAQ\nWhat is Lovenox?\nLovenox is an anticoagulant that helps prevent the formation of blood clots.\nLovenox is used to treat or prevent a type of blood clot called deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which can lead to blood clots in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A DVT can occur after certain types of surgery, or in people who are bed-ridden due to a prolonged illness.\nLovenox is also used to prevent blood vessel complications in people with certain types of angina (chest pain) or heart attack.\nWarnings\nYou should not use Lovenox if you have active bleeding, or a low level of platelets in your blood after testing positive for a certain antibody while using enoxaparin.\nLovenox can cause a very serious blood clot around your spinal cord if you undergo a spinal tap or receive spinal anesthesia (epidural), especially if you have a genetic spinal defect, a history of spinal surgery or repeated spinal taps, or if you are using other drugs that can affect blood clotting, including blood thinners or NSAIDs (ibuprofen, Advil, Aleve, and others). This type of blood clot can lead to long-term or permanent paralysis.\nGet emergency medical help if you have symptoms of a spinal cord blood clot such as back pain, numbness or muscle weakness in your lower body, or loss of bladder or bowel control.\nBefore taking this medicine\nYou should not use Lovenox if you are allergic to enoxaparin, heparin, benzyl alcohol, or pork products, or if you have:\nactive or uncontrolled bleeding; or\nif you had decreased platelets in your blood after testing positive for a certain antibody while using Lovenox within the past 100 days.\nLovenox may cause you to bleed more easily, especially if you have:\na bleeding disorder that is inherited or caused by disease;\nhemorrhagic stroke;\nan infection of the lining of your heart (also called bacterial endocarditis);\nstomach or intestinal bleeding or ulcer; or\nrecent brain, spine, or eye surgery.\nLovenox can cause a very serious blood clot around your spinal cord if you undergo a spinal tap or receive spinal anesthesia (epidural). This type of blood clot could cause long-term or permanent paralysis, and may be more likely to occur if:\nyou have a spinal cord injury;\nyou have a spinal catheter in place or if a catheter has been recently removed;\nyou have a history of spinal surgery or repeated spinal taps;\nyou have recently had a spinal tap or epidural anesthesia;\nyou take aspirin or an NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) - ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), diclofenac, indomethacin, meloxicam, and others; or\nyou are using a blood thinner (warfarin, Coumadin) or other medicines to treat or prevent blood clots.\nTell your doctor if you have ever had:\na bleeding disorder such as hemophilia;\nkidney or liver disease;\nuncontrolled high blood pressure;\neye problems caused by diabetes;\na stomach ulcer; or\nlow blood platelets after receiving heparin.\nTell your doctor if you are pregnant. If you use Lovenox during pregnancy, make sure your doctor knows if you have a mechanical heart valve.\nIt may not be safe to breast-feed while using this medicine. Ask your doctor about any risk.\nLovenox pregnancy and breastfeeding warnings (more detail)\nRelated/similar drugs\namlodipine, lisinopril, metoprolol, aspirin, carvedilol, Eliquis, propranolol\nHow should I use Lovenox?\nLovenox is usually given every day until your bleeding condition improves. Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets.\nLovenox is injected under the skin, or as an infusion into a vein. A healthcare provider may teach you how to properly use the medication by yourself.\nRead and carefully follow any Instructions for Use provided with your medicine. Do not use Lovenox if you don't understand all instructions for proper use. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you have questions.\nPrepare your injection only when you are ready to give it. Do not use if the medicine has changed colors, or has particles in it. Call your pharmacist for new medicine.\nYou should be sitting or lying down during the injection. Do not inject this medicine into a muscle.\nYour care provider will show you where on your body to inject Lovenox. Use a different place each time you give an injection. Do not inject into the same place two times in a row.\nYou will need frequent medical tests to help your doctor determine how long to treat you with Lovenox.\nIf you need surgery or dental work, tell your surgeon or dentist you currently use this medicine. You may need to stop for a short time.\nStore at room temperature away from moisture and heat.\nEach single-use prefilled syringe is for one use only. Throw it away after one use, even if there is still medicine left inside.\nAfter your first use of an Lovenox vial (bottle), you must use the medicine within 28 days. Throw away the vial after 28 days.\nUse a needle and syringe only once and then place them in a puncture-proof \"sharps\" container. Follow state or local laws about how to dispose of this container. Keep it out of the reach of children and pets.\nDetailed Lovenox dosage information\nWhat happens if I miss a dose?\nUse the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not use two doses at one time.\nWhat happens if I overdose?\nSeek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Overdose may cause excessive bleeding.\nWhat should I avoid while using Lovenox?\nAvoid activities that may increase your risk of bleeding or injury. Use extra care to prevent bleeding while shaving or brushing your teeth.\nLovenox side effects\nGet emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to Lovenox: hives; itching or burning skin; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.\nAlso seek emergency medical attention if you have symptoms of a spinal blood clot: back pain, numbness or muscle weakness in your lower body, or loss of bladder or bowel control.\nCall your doctor at once if you have:\nunusual bleeding, or any bleeding that will not stop;\neasy bruising, purple or red spots under your skin;\nnosebleeds, bleeding gums;\nabnormal vaginal bleeding, blood in your urine or stools;\ncoughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds;\nsigns of bleeding in the brain - sudden weakness (especially on one side of the body), sudden severe headache, problems with speech or vision; or\nlow red blood cells (anemia) - pale skin, unusual tiredness, feeling light-headed or short of breath, cold hands and feet.\nCommon Lovenox side effects may include:\nnausea, diarrhea;\nanemia;\nconfusion; or\npain, bruising, redness, or irritation where the medicine was injected.\nThis is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.\nLovenox side effects (more detail)\nWhat other drugs will affect Lovenox?\nTell your doctor about all your other medicines, especially other medicines to treat or prevent blood clots, such as:\nabciximab, anagrelide, cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, eptifibatide, ticlopidine, tirofiban;\nalteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase, urokinase;\napixaban, argatroban, bivalirudin, dabigatran, desirudin, fondaparinux, lepirudin, rivaroxaban, tinzaparin; or\nheparin.\nThis list is not complete. Other drugs may interact with enoxaparin, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here.\nLovenox drug interactions (more detail)\nPopular FAQ\nIs enoxaparin the same as Lovenox?\nEnoxaparin is the generic name of Lovenox. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two generic versions of Lovenox, which can be substituted for Lovenox. Enoxaparin and Lovenox are available as:\nPreservative-free, prefilled syringes that can be used one time\nMulti-dose vials that contain the preservative benzyl alcohol\nIf your doctor prescribes enoxaparin to be used at home, you will likely receive the prefilled syringes.\nHow and where is Lovenox injection given?\nThere are 4 main areas where Lovenox can be injected:\nThe stomach area (your belly) except for a 2-inch circle around your navel (belly button), and the soft part of your waist, but not anywhere near your spine\nThe top and outer part of your thighs, but not your inner thighs or anywhere close to your knee\nThe upper area of your buttocks (butt)\nThe outer back of your upper arm where there is a pocket of fatty tissue, which is usually easier if somebody else is giving you the injection.\nContinue reading\nWhen to stop taking enoxaparin in pregnancy?\nPreservative-free enoxaparin may be used during pregnancy to prevent or treat blood clots. Pregnant patients with prosthetic heart valves should not use enoxaparin because blood clots can form around the heart valve. Enoxaparin should be discontinued before giving an epidural during labor. Spinal hematomas (a collection of blood that compresses the spinal cord) can happen in patients who receive enoxaparin and spinal anesthesia.\nDoes enoxaparin dissolve blood clots?\nEnoxaparin works by blocking specific proteins that help form a clot. If you already have a blood clot, enoxaparin gives your body time to break down the clot. It also prevents new clots from forming. It can take the body weeks or months to fully break down a clot.\nMore about Lovenox (enoxaparin)\nCheck interactions\nCompare alternatives\nPricing & coupons\nReviews (19)\nLatest FDA alerts (5)\nSide effects\nDosage information\nDuring pregnancy\nGeneric availability\nSupport group\nDrug class: heparins\nBreastfeeding\nEn espaol\nPatient resources\nLovenox (Enoxaparin Injection) patient information\nLovenox (Enoxaparin Multi-Dose Vials)\nProfessional resources\nLovenox prescribing information\nEnoxaparin (AHFS Monograph)\nRelated treatment guides\nDeep Vein Thrombosis\nDeep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis after Abdominal Surgery\nAcute Coronary Syndrome\nAngina\nFurther information\nRemember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use Lovenox only for the indication prescribed.Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.\nMedical Disclaimer\nCopyright 1996-2024 Cerner Multum, Inc. 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Available for Android and iOS devices.\nExplore Apps\nSupport\nHelp center\nSitemap\nContact us\nAbout\nAbout Drugs.com\nAdvertising policy\nAttribution & citations\nTerms & privacy\nEditorial policy\nPrivacy policy\nTerms of use\nFollow Drugs.com on Facebook\nFollow Drugs.com on Twitter\nFollow Drugs.com on Instagram\nFollow Drugs.com on Pinterest\nFollow Drugs.com on YouTube\nSubscribe to Drugs.com newsletters\nSubscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates.\nDrugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Data sources include Micromedex (updated 6 May 2024), Cerner Multum (updated 6 May 2024), ASHP (updated 10 Apr 2024) and others.\nAd Choices\nCopyright 2000-2024 Drugs.com. All rights reserved.", "url": "https://www.drugs.com/lovenox.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lovenox (enoxaparin) Information | FDA\nSkip to main content\nSkip to FDA Search\nSkip to in this section menu\nSkip to footer links\nAn official website of the United States government\nHeres how you know\nThe .gov means its official.Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.\nThe site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.\nU.S. Food and Drug Administration\nSearch\nMenu\nSearch FDA\nSubmit search\nFeatured\nReport a Product Problem\nContact FDA\nFDA Guidance Documents\nRecalls, Market Withdrawals and Safety Alerts\nPress Announcements\nWarning Letters\nAdvisory Committees\nEn Espaol\nProducts\nFood\nDrugs\nMedical Devices\nRadiation-Emitting Products\nVaccines, Blood, and Biologics\nAnimal and Veterinary\nCosmetics\nTobacco Products\nTopics\nAbout FDA\nCombination Products\nRegulatory Information\nSafety\nEmergency Preparedness\nInternational Programs\nNews and Events\nTraining and Continuing Education\nInspections and Compliance\nScience and Research\nInformation For\nConsumers\nPatients\nIndustry\nHealth Professionals\nFederal, State and Local Officials\nIn this section:\nPostmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers\nPostmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers\nIndex to Drug-Specific Information\nHome\nDrugs\nDrug Safety and Availability\nPostmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers\nLovenox (enoxaparin) Information\nPostmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers\nLovenox (enoxaparin) Information\nShare\nPost\nLinkedin\nEmail\nPrint\nLovenox (enoxaparin) isa blood-thinning drug used to prevent blood clots in the leg veins in patients who are on bed rest or who are having hip replacement, knee replacement, or abdominal surgery. It is often used along with another anticoagulant drug called warfarin to treat blood clots in the leg. Lovenox is alsoused in combination with aspirin to reduce complications from heart attacks.Adverse reactions or quality problems experienced with the use of this product may be reported to the FDA's MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program using the contact information at the bottom of this page.Related InformationFDA Drug Safety Communication: Updated recommendations to decrease risk of spinal column bleeding and paralysis in patients on low molecular weight heparinsRegulatory History and Labeling from Drugs@FDALovenox (enoxaparin) Labeling Information\nContent current as of:\n07/10/2015\nPostmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers\nIndex to Drug-Specific Information\nFooter Links\nFDA Archive\nAbout FDA\nAccessibility\nVisitor Information\nWebsite Policies / Privacy\nNo FEAR Act\nVulnerability Disclosure Policy\nFOIA\nHHS.gov\nUSA.gov\nContact FDA\nFollow FDA on Facebook\nFollow FDA on X\nFollow FDA on Instagram\nFollow FDA on LinkedIn\nView FDA videos on YouTube\nSubscribe to FDA RSS feeds\nFDA Homepage\nContact Number\n1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332)\nBack to Top", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/lovenox-enoxaparin-information" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lovenox Subcutaneous: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD\nSkip to main content Home Conditions Back Conditions View All ADD/ADHDAllergiesArthritisAtrial fibrillationBreast CancerCancerCrohn's DiseaseDepressionDiabetesDVTEczemaEye HealthHeart DiseaseHIV & AIDSLung DiseaseLupusMental HealthMultiple SclerosisMigrainePain ManagementPsoriasisPsoriatic ArthritisRheumatoid ArthritisSexual ConditionsSkin ProblemsSleep DisordersUlcerative Colitis View All Drugs & Supplements Back Drugs & SupplementsDrugsSupplementsPill IdentifierInteraction CheckerWell-Being Back Well-Being View All Aging WellBabyBirth ControlChildren's HealthDiet & Weight ManagementFitness & ExerciseFood & RecipesHealthy BeautyMen's HealthParentingPet HealthPregnancySex & RelationshipsTeen HealthWomen's Health View All Symptom CheckerFind a DoctorMore Back MoreNewsBlogsPodcastsWebinarsNewslettersWebMD MagazineBest HospitalsSupport GroupsOrthopedics Privacy & More Subscribe Log In Search Subscribe MENU DRUGS AND MEDICATIONS CENTERFind a DrugMy MedicinePill IdentifierInteraction CheckerFind a VitaminFind a PharmacyVITAMINS & SUPPLEMENTS CENTERFind a Vitamin or SupplementVitamin Lifestyle GuideAssess Your Vitamin NeedsFIRST AID RESOURCESFirst Aid HomeFirst Aid Kit & Wound CareFirst Aid Mobile Drugs & Medications Lovenox SyringeLovenox Syringe - Uses, Side Effects, and More Generic Name(S): enoxaparinSave DrugUsesSide EffectsWarningsPrecautionsInteractionsOverdoseImages Reviews (190) Uses Enoxaparin is used to prevent and treat harmful blood clots. This helps to reduce the risk of a stroke or heart attack. This medication helps keep your blood flowing smoothly by lowering the activity of clotting proteins in the blood. Enoxaparin is an anticoagulant, also known as a \"blood thinner.\" It is a type of heparin.Conditions which increase your risk of developing blood clots include certain types of surgeries (such as knee/hip replacement, abdominal), long periods of being immobile, certain types of heart attack, and a specific type of chest pain called unstable angina. For some medical conditions, enoxaparin may be used in combination with other \"blood thinners. How to use Lovenox SyringeRead the Patient Information Leaflet if available from your pharmacist before you start using enoxaparin and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.This medication is given by injection under the skin as directed by your doctor, usually once or twice a day in the abdomen (at least 2 inches from your belly button). Do not inject into a muscle. The dosage and length of treatment are based on your medical condition and response to treatment. The dosage may also be based on your age and weight for some conditions. Use this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, use it at the same time(s) each day.If you are using this medication at home, learn all preparation and usage instructions from your health care professional and the product package. Before using, check this product visually for particles or discoloration. If either is present, do not use the liquid. Before injecting each dose, clean the injection site with rubbing alcohol. Change the injection site each time to lessen injury under the skin. To minimize bruising, do not rub the injection site after a shot. Learn how to store and discard medical supplies safely.This medication may also be given by injection into a vein by a health care professional, as directed by your doctor. Side Effects See also Warning section.Mild irritation, pain, bruising, redness, and swelling at the injection site may occur. Tiredness or fever may also occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.Remember that this medication has been prescribed because your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.This medication can cause bleeding if its effect on your blood clotting proteins is too much. Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious signs of bleeding, including: unusual pain/swelling/discomfort, unusual or prolonged bleeding, unusual or easy bruising, dark urine, black stools, severe headache, confusion, vision changes, unusual dizziness, fainting, seizures, weakness, numbness.A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.In the US -Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345. Warnings People using this medication may bleed near the spinal cord after certain spinal procedures. Bleeding in this area can cause paralysis that lasts a long time or could become permanent. Talk with your doctor about the benefits and risks before any spinal procedure. Your doctor may direct you to stop this medication for a certain amount of time before and after the procedure. Carefully follow your doctor's directions.The risk of bleeding may be higher if you have a deformed spine, or have had spinal procedures/surgery before (such as epidural catheter placement, difficult epidural/spinal puncture), or are taking other drugs that can cause bleeding/bruising (including antiplatelet drugs such as clopidogrel, \"blood thinners\" such as warfarin/rivaroxaban, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-NSAIDs such as ibuprofen). Tell your doctor right away if you notice symptoms such as back pain, leg numbness/tingling/weakness, loss of control of the bowels or bladder (incontinence). Precautions Before using enoxaparin, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to heparin or pork products; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.Before using enoxaparin, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: artificial heart valve(s), kidney disease, liver disease, bleeding/blood problems (such as low platelet counts), low platelet counts after previous heparin treatment, stroke, high blood pressure, certain eye problems (such as diabetic retinopathy), certain stomach/intestinal problems (such as active or recent ulcers), recent spinal procedure or puncture, spine problems (such as spinal deformity), recent eye/brain/spinal cord surgery.Limit alcohol while taking this drug because it may increase the risk of stomach bleeding.Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).To lower the chance of getting cut, bruised, or injured, use caution with sharp objects like razors and nail cutters, and avoid activities such as contact sports.Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially bleeding.During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.It is unknown if this drug passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breastfeeding. Interactions Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.A product that may interact with this drug is: mifepristone.This medication is sometimes used together with other drugs that have \"blood thinning\" or anti-platelet effects such as aspirin, clopidogrel, or warfarin. When these combinations are prescribed by your doctor, you will require closer monitoring to minimize your risk of bleeding. Keep all medical and lab appointments.Check all prescription and nonprescription medicine labels carefully since many medications contain pain relievers/fever reducers (NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, or aspirin) which can increase the risk of bleeding/anti-platelet effect when used with enoxaparin. However, if your doctor has directed you to take low-dose aspirin for heart attack or stroke prevention (usually 81-162 milligrams a day), you should continue taking it unless your doctor instructs you otherwise. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for more details. Does Lovenox Syringe interact with other drugs you are taking? Enter your medication into the WebMD interaction checker Check Interaction Overdose If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center. Symptoms of overdose may include: excessive bleeding and bruising.Notes Notes Do not share this medication with others.Lab and/or medical tests (such as complete blood count, anti-factor Xa blood levels) should be done while you are using this medication. Keep all medical and lab appointments. Consult your doctor for more details.Missed Dose Missed Dose If you miss a dose, use it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose. Use your next dose at the regular time. Do not double the dose to catch up.Storage Storage Store at room temperature away from light. Discard the multiple dose vials 28 days after the first use. Keep all medications away from children and pets.Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company. Images Lovenox 100 mg/mL subcutaneous syringeColor: colorlessThis medicine is a colorless, clear, solution 0 / 8Lovenox 100 mg/mL subcutaneous syringeColor: colorlessShape: Imprint: Lovenox 150 mg/mL subcutaneous syringeColor: colorlessShape: Imprint: Lovenox 120 mg/0.8 mL subcutaneous syringeColor: colorlessShape: Imprint: Lovenox 300 mg/3 mL subcutaneous solutionColor: colorlessShape: Imprint: Lovenox 30 mg/0.3 mL subcutaneous syringeColor: colorlessShape: Imprint: Lovenox 80 mg/0.8 mL subcutaneous syringeColor: colorlessShape: Imprint: Lovenox 60 mg/0.6 mL subcutaneous syringeColor: colorlessShape: Imprint: Lovenox 40 mg/0.4 mL subcutaneous syringeColor: colorlessShape: Imprint: Next Search Drugs Related Drugs Common Searches AdderallCelexaCiproCymbaltaFlexerilHydrocodonePrilosecProzacSeroquelSynthroidTramadolTrazodoneLexaproLisinoprilMobicNaproxenNeurontinPradaxaPrednisoneVicodinWarfarinWellbutrinXanaxZocorZoloft Show More Show Less Select a condition to view a list of medication options deep vein thrombosis prevention in abdominal surgeryprevent extracorporeal clotting during hemodialysisprevention of ischemic complications of non-Q wave MIacute ST elevation myocardial infarctionprevention of recurrent vein thrombosis in cancerblood clot prevention following percutaneous coronary interventionprevention of cardiac ischemia in unstable angina pectorisdeep vein thrombosis prevention in knee replacement View More Drug Survey Are you currently using Lovenox Syringe? YesNo This survey is being conducted by the WebMD marketing sciences department. Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. This copyrighted material has been downloaded from a licensed data provider and is not for distribution, except as may be authorized by the applicable terms of use. CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment. 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If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.Back ButtonCookie List Search IconFilter IconClear checkbox label labelApply CancelConsent Leg.Interest checkbox label label checkbox label label checkbox label label Confirm My Choices", "url": "https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-1837/lovenox-subcutaneous/details" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "VenaFlow plus Lovenox vs VenaFlow plus aspirin for thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in total knee arthroplasty - PubMed\nThis site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features!\nClipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable.\nSkip to main page content\nAn official website of the United States government\nHere's how you know\nThe .gov means its official.\nFederal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before\nsharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal\ngovernment site.\nThe site is secure.\nThe https:// ensures that you are connecting to the\nofficial website and that any information you provide is encrypted\nand transmitted securely.\nLog in\nShow account info\nClose\nAccount\nLogged in as:\nusername\nDashboard\nPublications\nAccount settings\nLog out\nAccess keys\nNCBI Homepage\nMyNCBI Homepage\nMain Content\nMain Navigation\nSearch:\nSearch\nAdvanced\nClipboard\nUser Guide\nSave\nEmail\nSend to\nClipboard\nMy BibliographyCollectionsCitation manager\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstract\nPubMed\nPMID\nSave citation to file\nFormat:\nSummary (text)\nPubMed\nPMID\nAbstract (text)\nCSV\nCreate file\nCancel\nEmail citation\nSubject:\n1 selected item: 16950076 - PubMed\nTo:\nFrom:\nFormat:\nSummary\nSummary (text)\nAbstract\nAbstract (text)\nMeSH and other data\nSend email\nCancel\nAdd to Collections\nCreate a new collection\nAdd to an existing collection\nName your collection:\nName must be less than 100 characters\nChoose a collection:\nUnable to load your collection due to an error\nPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nAdd to My Bibliography\nMy Bibliography\nUnable to load your delegates due to an error\nPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nYour saved search\nName of saved search:\nSearch terms:\nTest search terms\nWould you like email updates of new search results?\nSaved Search Alert Radio Buttons\nYes\nNo\nEmail:\n(change)\nFrequency:\nMonthly\nWeekly\nDaily\nWhich day?\nThe first Sunday\nThe first Monday\nThe first Tuesday\nThe first Wednesday\nThe first Thursday\nThe first Friday\nThe first Saturday\nThe first day\nThe first weekday\nWhich day?\nSunday\nMonday\nTuesday\nWednesday\nThursday\nFriday\nSaturday\nReport format:\nSummary\nSummary (text)\nAbstract\nAbstract (text)\nPubMed\nSend at most:\n1 item\n5 items\n10 items\n20 items\n50 items\n100 items\n200 items\nSend even when there aren't any new results\nOptional text in email:\nSave\nCancel\nCreate a file for external citation management software\nCreate file\nCancel\nYour RSS Feed\nName of RSS Feed:\nNumber of items displayed:\n5\n10\n15\n20\n50\n100\nCreate RSS\nCancel\nRSS Link\nCopy\nFull text links\nElsevier Science\nFull text links\nActionsCiteCollectionsAdd to CollectionsCreate a new collectionAdd to an existing collection\nName your collection:\nName must be less than 100 characters\nChoose a collection:\nUnable to load your collection due to an errorPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstractPubMedPMID\nShare\nPermalink\nCopy\nPage navigation\nTitle & authors\nAbstract\nSimilar articles\nCited by\nPublication types\nMeSH terms\nSubstances\nRelated information\nLinkOut - more resources\nTitle & authors\nAbstract\nSimilar articles\nCited by\nPublication types\nMeSH terms\nSubstances\nRelated information\nLinkOut - more resources\nRandomized Controlled Trial\nJ Arthroplasty\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2006 Sep;21(6 Suppl 2):139-43.\ndoi: 10.1016/j.arth.2006.05.017.\nVenaFlow plus Lovenox vs VenaFlow plus aspirin for thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in total knee arthroplasty\nGeoffrey H Westrich\n1\n,Friedrich Bottner,Russell E Windsor,Richard S Laskin,Steven B Haas,Thomas P Sculco\nAffiliations\nExpand\nAffiliation\n1 Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York City, New York, USA.\nPMID:\n16950076\nDOI:\n10.1016/j.arth.2006.05.017\nItem in Clipboard\nRandomized Controlled Trial\nVenaFlow plus Lovenox vs VenaFlow plus aspirin for thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in total knee arthroplasty\nGeoffrey H Westrichet al.\nJ Arthroplasty.\n2006 Sep.\nShow details\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstract\nPubMed\nPMID\nJ Arthroplasty\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2006 Sep;21(6 Suppl 2):139-43.\ndoi: 10.1016/j.arth.2006.05.017.\nAuthors\nGeoffrey H Westrich\n1\n,Friedrich Bottner,Russell E Windsor,Richard S Laskin,Steven B Haas,Thomas P Sculco\nAffiliation\n1 Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York City, New York, USA.\nPMID:\n16950076\nDOI:\n10.1016/j.arth.2006.05.017\nItem in Clipboard\nFull text links\nCiteDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstractPubMedPMID\nAbstract\nTwo hundred seventy-five patients undergoing unilateral total knee arthroplasty were prospectively randomized to receive spinal epidural anesthesia (SEA), a VenaFlow calf compression device, and enoxaparin (group A) or SEA, VenaFlow, and aspirin (group B). Aspirin was started on the day of surgery, whereas enoxaparin was started 48 hours after surgery. Anticoagulants were continued for 4 weeks after surgery. All patients had an in-hospital ultrasound screening test on postoperative days 3 to 5 and a second follow-up ultrasound 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. The overall deep venous thrombosis rates in groups A and B were 14.1% and 17.8% (P = not significant), respectively. When used in combination with pneumatic compression devices and SEA, enoxaparin was not superior to aspirin in preventing deep venous thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty.\nPubMed Disclaimer\nSimilar articles\nDeep vein thrombosis prevention in joint arthroplasties: continuous enhanced circulation therapy vs low molecular weight heparin.\nGelfer Y, Tavor H, Oron A, Peer A, Halperin N, Robinson D.\nGelfer Y, et al.\nJ Arthroplasty. 2006 Feb;21(2):206-14. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2005.04.031.\nJ Arthroplasty. 2006.\nPMID: 16520208\nClinical Trial.\nMultimodal thromboprophylaxis for total hip and knee arthroplasty based on risk assessment.\nDorr LD, Gendelman V, Maheshwari AV, Boutary M, Wan Z, Long WT.\nDorr LD, et al.\nJ Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Dec;89(12):2648-57. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.F.00235.\nJ Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007.\nPMID: 18056497\nDeep Venous Thrombosis Prophylaxis After Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Study on the Safety of Aspirin.\nSchmidt-Braekling T, Pearle AD, Mayman DJ, Westrich GH, Waldstein W, Boettner F.\nSchmidt-Braekling T, et al.\nJ Arthroplasty. 2017 Mar;32(3):965-967. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2016.09.018. Epub 2016 Sep 28.\nJ Arthroplasty. 2017.\nPMID: 27789095\nClinical Trial.\nVenous thromboembolic disease after total hip and knee arthroplasty: current perspectives in a regulated environment.\nPellegrini VD Jr, Sharrock NE, Paiement GD, Morris R, Warwick DJ.\nPellegrini VD Jr, et al.\nInstr Course Lect. 2008;57:637-61.\nInstr Course Lect. 2008.\nPMID: 18399613\nReview.\nVenous thromboembolism following total knee replacement.\nChoi BY, Huo MH.\nChoi BY, et al.\nJ Surg Orthop Adv. 2007 Spring;16(1):31-5.\nJ Surg Orthop Adv. 2007.\nPMID: 17371645\nReview.\nSee all similar articles\nCited by\nAspirin versus low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis after orthopaedic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\nWu H, Zhou L, Wang Q, Wang T, Liang S.\nWu H, et al.\nBlood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2024 Jun 1;35(4):187-195. doi: 10.1097/MBC.0000000000001300. Epub 2024 Apr 18.\nBlood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2024.\nPMID: 38652521\nFree PMC article.\nComment on 'The role of aspirin versus low-molecular-weight heparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials'.\nGuo X, Zheng S, Zhi Y.\nGuo X, et al.\nInt J Surg. 2024 Jan 1;110(1):621-622. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000825.\nInt J Surg. 2024.\nPMID: 37800552\nFree PMC article.\nNo abstract available.\nVenous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Major Orthopedic Surgeries and Factor XIa Inhibitors.\nJones A, Al-Horani RA.\nJones A, et al.\nMed Sci (Basel). 2023 Aug 11;11(3):49. doi: 10.3390/medsci11030049.\nMed Sci (Basel). 2023.\nPMID: 37606428\nFree PMC article.\nReview.\nAspirin is a safe and effective thromboembolic prophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\nZa P, Papalia GF, Franceschetti E, Rizzello G, Adravanti P, Papalia R.\nZa P, et al.\nKnee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2023 Oct;31(10):4407-4421. doi: 10.1007/s00167-023-07500-1. Epub 2023 Jul 14.\nKnee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2023.\nPMID: 37449989\nComparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Aspirin and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Patients With a Fracture: A Meta-Analysis.\nNimerta F, Faisal S, Reyaz N, Shah SU, Gurajala S, Khenhrani RR, Khan MW, Amin A.\nNimerta F, et al.\nCureus. 2023 May 15;15(5):e39025. doi: 10.7759/cureus.39025. eCollection 2023 May.\nCureus. 2023.\nPMID: 37323315\nFree PMC article.\nReview.\nSee all \"Cited by\" articles\nPublication types\nRandomized Controlled Trial\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nMeSH terms\nAdult\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nAged\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nAged, 80 and over\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nAnesthesia, Spinal / methods\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nArthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / adverse effects*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nAspirin / therapeutic use*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nCombined Modality Therapy\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nEnoxaparin / therapeutic use*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nFemale\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nFibrinolytic Agents / therapeutic use*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nHumans\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nIntermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nMale\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nMiddle Aged\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nPostoperative Care / methods*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nThromboembolism / etiology\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nThromboembolism / prevention & control*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nUltrasonography\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nVenous Thrombosis / etiology\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nVenous Thrombosis / prevention & control*\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nSubstances\nEnoxaparin\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nFibrinolytic Agents\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nAspirin\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nRelated information\nCited in Books\nPubChem Compound\nPubChem Compound (MeSH Keyword)\nPubChem Substance\nLinkOut - more resources\nFull Text Sources\nElsevier Science\nMedical\nMedlinePlus Health Information\nFull text links\n[x]\nElsevier Science\n[x]\nCite\nCopy\nDownload .nbib\n.nbib\nFormat:\nAMA\nAPA\nMLA\nNLM\nSend To\nClipboard\nEmail\nSave\nMy Bibliography\nCollections\nCitation Manager\n[x]\nNCBI Literature Resources\nMeSH\nPMC\nBookshelf\nDisclaimer\nThe PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.\nFollow NCBI\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nGitHub\nConnect with NLM\nTwitter\nSM-Facebook\nSM-Youtube\nNational Library of Medicine\n8600 Rockville Pike\nBethesda, MD 20894\nWeb Policies\nFOIA\nHHS Vulnerability Disclosure\nHelp\nAccessibility\nCareers\nNLM\nNIH\nHHS\nUSA.gov", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16950076/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Lovenox and associated names - referral | European Medicines Agency\nSkip to main content\nSearchMain navigationMedicinesFind medicineTherapeutic areas: latest updatesDownloadWhat we publish on medicines and whenMedicines under evaluationNational registersHuman regulatoryOverviewResearch and developmentMarketing authorisationPost-authorisationMedical devicesHerbal productsVeterinary regulatoryOverviewResearch and developmentMarketing authorisationPost-authorisationCommitteesOverviewHow the committees workCHMPCVMPPRACCOMPHMPCCATPDCOWorking parties and other groupsNews & eventsOverviewNewsEventsWhat's newCommittee highlightsPublicationsPress and social mediaOpen consultationsRSS feedsPartners & networksOverviewEU partnersInternational activitiesPatients and consumersHealthcare professionalsPharmaceutical industryNetworksHealth technology assessment bodiesAbout usOverviewWhat we doWho we areHow we workFeesSupport to SMEsAnnual reports and work programmesHistory of EMACareersProcurementGlossariesAbout this websiteData protection and privacyContactsHomeMedicinesLovenox and associated namesLovenox and associated names - referralCurrent statusEuropean Commission final decisionReferralHumanPage contentsOverviewKey factsAll documentsNewsTopicsProcedure startedUnder evaluationCHMP opinionEuropean Commission final decisionOverviewQuestions and answers on Lovenox and associated names (enoxaparin, solution for injection)Outcome of a procedure under Article 30 of Directive 2001/83/ECOn 15 December 2016, the European Medicines Agency completed a review of Lovenox and associated names. The Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) concluded that there is a need to harmonise the prescribing information for Lovenox in the European Union (EU).What is Lovenox?Lovenox is an anticoagulant medicine (a medicine to prevent blood clots) used in adults to prevent and treat conditions associated with blood clots such as deep vein thrombosis (where the clot develops in a deep vein, usually in the leg), as well as unstable angina (a severe type of chest pain caused by problems with the blood flow to the heart) and certain types of myocardial infarction (heart attack);Lovenox contains the active substance enoxaparin. It is available as vials, ampoules, prefilled syringes and pens and is given by injection under the skin or into a vein.Lovenox is available in all EU countries. It is also available under other trade names: Clexane, Clexane T, Clexane Forte, Klexane, Qualiop, Enoxaparin Sanofi and Enoxaparine Sanofi. The company that markets these medicines is Sanofi.Why was Lovenox reviewed?Lovenox is authorised in the EU via national procedures. This has led to divergences across Member States in the way the medicine can be used, as seen in the differences in the summaries of product characteristics (SmPCs), labelling and package leaflets in the countries where the medicine is marketed.Lovenox was identified as needing harmonisation by the Co-ordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures Human (CMDh).On 12 November 2015, France referred the matter to the CHMP in order to harmonise the marketing authorisations for Lovenox in the EU.What are the conclusions of the CHMP?The CHMP, in light of the data submitted and the scientific discussion within the Committee, was of the opinion that the SmPCs, labelling and package leaflets should be harmonised across the EU.The areas harmonised include:The CHMP agreed that the strength of the active substance enoxaparin will now be expressed both in international units (IU) and in milligram (mg) throughout the product information.4.1 Therapeutic indicationsThe CHMP agreed that Lovenox can be used for the following uses:to prevent venous thromboembolism (blood clots that form inside the veins, obstructing blood flow), especially in patients who are having surgery or who are at greater risk of clots because they have reduced mobility due to illness;to treat conditions associated with blood clots such as deep vein thrombosis (where the clot develops in a deep vein, usually in the leg) or pulmonary embolism (clot in a blood vessel supplying the lung);to treat unstable angina (a severe type of chest pain caused by problems with the blood flow to the heart);to treat certain types of myocardial infarction (heart attack);to prevent clots forming when blood is circulated through a haemodialysis machine to remove toxic substances.4.2 Posology and method of administrationFor the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, the CHMP also clarified that the dose regimen of 150 IU/kg (1.5 mg/kg) given once daily should only be used only in uncomplicated patients who have a low risk of a further venous thromboembolism. Patients at higher risk should be given 100 IU/kg (1 mg/kg) twice daily.The regimen should be selected by the physician based on an individual assessment including evaluation of the thromboembolic risk and of the risk of bleeding.This section was also updated to reflect that outside its approved use in haemodialysis Lovenox is not recommended in patients with end stage kidney disease. A table with dosing recommendations in this group was included.4.3 ContraindicationsA contraindication that existed in some EU member states for use in patients with severe kidney impairment was removed.The Committee also harmonised other sections of the SmPC including sections 4.4 (special warning and precautions), 4.5 (interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction), 4.6 (fertility, pregnancy and lactation), 4.7 (effects on ability to drive and use of machines) and 4.8 (undesirable effects).The European Commission issued a decision on this opinion on 9/03/2017.Lovenox Article 30 referral - Questions and answers on Lovenox and associated names (enoxaparin, solution for injection)Reference Number: EMA/837288/2016\nEnglish (EN)\n(83.11 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewOther languages (20)\n (BG)\n(110.47 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nespaol (ES)\n(83.77 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\netina (CS)\n(106.06 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\ndansk (DA)\n(81.45 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nDeutsch (DE)\n(84.38 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\n (EL)\n(112.27 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nfranais (FR)\n(84.29 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nhrvatski (HR)\n(102.63 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nitaliano (IT)\n(83.28 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nlatvieu valoda (LV)\n(104.35 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nlietuvi kalba (LT)\n(104.67 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nmagyar (HU)\n(98.41 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nMalti (MT)\n(106.07 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nNederlands (NL)\n(82.92 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\npolski (PL)\n(105.97 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nportugus (PT)\n(83.74 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nromn (RO)\n(103.02 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SK)\n(105.68 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SL)\n(101.95 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nsvenska (SV)\n(81.81 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewKey factsAbout this medicine\nApproved name\nLovenox and associated names\nInternational non-proprietary name (INN) or common name\nenoxaparin\nAbout this procedure\nCurrent status\nEuropean Commission final decision\nReference number\nEMEA/H/A-30/1429\nType\nArticle 30 referralsThis type of referral is triggered when Member States have adopted different decisions over the years for some medicines (e.g. different indications, contraindications or posology) and there is a need to harmonise across the EU.Key dates and outcomes\nCHMP opinion date\n15/12/2016\nEC decision date\n09/03/2017\nAll documentsOpinion provided by Committee for Medicinal Products for human UseLovenox Article 30 referral - Annex III\nEnglish (EN)\n(1.39 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewOther languages (24)\n (BG)\n(1.54 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nespaol (ES)\n(794.93 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\netina (CS)\n(1.27 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\ndansk (DA)\n(1.44 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nDeutsch (DE)\n(1.42 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\neesti keel (ET)\n(1.3 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\n (EL)\n(1.66 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nfranais (FR)\n(1.6 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nhrvatski (HR)\n(1.38 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslenska (IS)\n(1.42 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nitaliano (IT)\n(1.48 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nlatvieu valoda (LV)\n(1.64 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nlietuvi kalba (LT)\n(1.54 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nmagyar (HU)\n(1.37 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nMalti (MT)\n(1.9 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nNederlands (NL)\n(1.43 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nnorsk (NO)\n(1.37 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\npolski (PL)\n(1.51 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nportugus (PT)\n(1.36 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nromn (RO)\n(1.59 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SK)\n(1.5 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SL)\n(1.51 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nSuomi (FI)\n(1.37 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nsvenska (SV)\n(1.23 MB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewLovenox Article 30 referral - Questions and answers on Lovenox and associated names (enoxaparin, solution for injection)Reference Number: EMA/837288/2016\nEnglish (EN)\n(83.11 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewOther languages (20)\n (BG)\n(110.47 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nespaol (ES)\n(83.77 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\netina (CS)\n(106.06 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\ndansk (DA)\n(81.45 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nDeutsch (DE)\n(84.38 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\n (EL)\n(112.27 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nfranais (FR)\n(84.29 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nhrvatski (HR)\n(102.63 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nitaliano (IT)\n(83.28 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nlatvieu valoda (LV)\n(104.35 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nlietuvi kalba (LT)\n(104.67 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nmagyar (HU)\n(98.41 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nMalti (MT)\n(106.07 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nNederlands (NL)\n(82.92 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\npolski (PL)\n(105.97 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nportugus (PT)\n(83.74 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nromn (RO)\n(103.02 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SK)\n(105.68 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SL)\n(101.95 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nsvenska (SV)\n(81.81 KB - PDF)First published: 16/12/2016Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewEuropean Commission final decisionLovenox Article 30 referral - Assessment reportReference Number: EMA/134171/2017\nEnglish (EN)\n(296.23 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewLovenox Article 30 referral - Annex I\nEnglish (EN)\n(596.58 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewOther languages (24)\n (BG)\n(782.98 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nespaol (ES)\n(666.5 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\netina (CS)\n(667.53 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\ndansk (DA)\n(656.06 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nDeutsch (DE)\n(637.51 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\neesti keel (ET)\n(604.19 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\n (EL)\n(762.88 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nfranais (FR)\n(635.56 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nhrvatski (HR)\n(599.1 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslenska (IS)\n(900.54 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nitaliano (IT)\n(678.21 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nlatvieu valoda (LV)\n(670.45 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nlietuvi kalba (LT)\n(710.35 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nmagyar (HU)\n(684.67 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nMalti (MT)\n(801.14 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nNederlands (NL)\n(533.15 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nnorsk (NO)\n(554.17 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\npolski (PL)\n(712.66 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nportugus (PT)\n(833.98 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nromn (RO)\n(677.66 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SK)\n(693.95 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SL)\n(755.31 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nSuomi (FI)\n(809.52 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nsvenska (SV)\n(669.35 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewLovenox Article 30 referral - Annex II\nEnglish (EN)\n(83.62 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewOther languages (24)\n (BG)\n(132.88 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nespaol (ES)\n(75.31 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\netina (CS)\n(138.88 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\ndansk (DA)\n(77.13 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nDeutsch (DE)\n(81.95 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\neesti keel (ET)\n(76.42 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\n (EL)\n(140.41 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nfranais (FR)\n(86.2 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nhrvatski (HR)\n(122.91 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslenska (IS)\n(93.87 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nitaliano (IT)\n(79.58 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nlatvieu valoda (LV)\n(139.13 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nlietuvi kalba (LT)\n(133.92 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nmagyar (HU)\n(125.62 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nMalti (MT)\n(137.8 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nNederlands (NL)\n(79.35 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nnorsk (NO)\n(79.47 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\npolski (PL)\n(131.48 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nportugus (PT)\n(77.11 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nromn (RO)\n(131.32 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SK)\n(130.26 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SL)\n(126.09 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nSuomi (FI)\n(75.43 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nsvenska (SV)\n(82.45 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewLovenox Article 30 referral - Annex IV\nEnglish (EN)\n(26.91 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewOther languages (22)\n (BG)\n(60.94 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nespaol (ES)\n(18.97 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\netina (CS)\n(52.99 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\ndansk (DA)\n(23.71 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nDeutsch (DE)\n(24.14 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\neesti keel (ET)\n(21.88 KB - 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PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SK)\n(45.27 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nslovenina (SL)\n(43.76 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nSuomi (FI)\n(22.77 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017View\nsvenska (SV)\n(24.98 KB - PDF)First published: 22/03/2017Last updated: 22/03/2017ViewDescription of documents published Please note that some of the listed documents apply only to certain procedures.Overview - lay-language summary of the stage of the procedureNotification a letter from a Member State, the European Commission or the marketing authorisation holder requesting the initiation of the procedureScientific background further background information from the triggering Member State on the issues leading to the initiation of the procedure (if applicable)List of questions questions agreed by the Committee requesting further information from the marketing authorisation holder(s) / applicant(s) to evaluate the issues identifiedTimetable for the procedure agreed timeframe to respond to the list of questions, to assess the issues and to adopt a conclusionList of medicines concerned by the procedure medicine(s) / active substance(s) concerned, and marketing authorisation holder(s) / applicant(s)List of questions to be addressed by the stakeholders call for data to be submitted by stakeholders (e.g. healthcare professionals, patient organisations, individual patients) (if applicable)Stakeholder submission form form to be used by stakeholders to submit data (if applicable)Scientific conclusions scientific conclusions of the PRAC and/or CHMP and/or CMDhAssessment report PRAC or CHMP assessment and conclusions on the issues investigated, including divergent positions (if applicable)Divergent positions divergent positions of the CHMP or CMDh members for pharmacovigilance procedures (if applicable)Changes to the summary of product characteristics, labelling and package leaflet (amended sections or fully revised version) (if applicable)Condition(s) to the marketing authorisation(s) condition(s) for the safe and effective use of the medicine(s) (if applicable)Condition for lifting the suspension condition to be fulfilled for the suspension of the marketing authorisation(s) to be lifted (if applicable)Timetable for implementation of CMDh position agreed timeframe to submit and finalise the variation(s) implementing the outcome of the procedure (if applicable)Note that older documents may have different titles.NewsMeeting highlights from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) 12-15 December 201616/12/2016TopicsMedicinesShare this pageBack to topProduct emergency hotlineOUTSIDE WORKING HOURSAbout usWhat we doCareersCommittees & working partiesRegulatory networkEuropean expertsLanguagesFrequently asked questionsGlossariesAbout this websitePrivacyCookiesSearch tipsAccess to documentsContactsSend a questionEMA Service Desk (system support)Services and databasesEuropean Medicines AgencyDomenico Scarlattilaan61083 HS AmsterdamThe NetherlandsTel: +31 (0)88 781 6000How to find usPostal address and deliveriesBusiness hours and holidays\nRSS Feed\nX\nYouTube\nLinkedIn\n 1995 - 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However, the use of enoxaparin and other low-molecular-weight heparins for therapeutic anticoagulation is not recommended for pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves. Additionally, enoxaparin should be used with caution or discontinued before administration of epidural for pain relief during labor.\nPubMed Disclaimer\nSimilar articles\nACOG committee opinion. Safety of Lovenox in pregnancy. Number 276, October 2002. Committee on Obstetric Practice.\nAmerican College of Obsterticians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee on Obstetric Practice.\nAmerican College of Obsterticians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee on Obstetric Practice.\nInt J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002 Dec;79(3):299-300. doi: 10.1016/s0020-7292(02)00351-x.\nInt J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002.\nPMID: 12501868\nAnticoagulants and pregnancy: when are they safe?\nGibson PS, Powrie R.\nGibson PS, et al.\nCleve Clin J Med. 2009 Feb;76(2):113-27. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.75a.072272.\nCleve Clin J Med. 2009.\nPMID: 19188477\nReview.\nSafety and efficacy of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin and oral anticoagulants for prevention of thromboembolic complications in cardioversion of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: the Anticoagulation in Cardioversion using Enoxaparin (ACE) trial.\nStellbrink C, Nixdorff U, Hofmann T, Lehmacher W, Daniel WG, Hanrath P, Geller C, Mgge A, Sehnert W, Schmidt-Lucke C, Schmidt-Lucke JA; ACE (Anticoagulation in Cardioversion using Enoxaparin) Study Group.\nStellbrink C, et al.\nCirculation. 2004 Mar 2;109(8):997-1003. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000120509.64740.DC. Epub 2004 Feb 16.\nCirculation. 2004.\nPMID: 14967716\nClinical Trial.\nComparison of different dose regimens of enoxaparin in deep vein thrombosis therapy in pregnancy.\nNarin C, Reyhanoglu H, Tlek B, Onoglu R, Ege E, Sarigl A, Yeniterzi M, Durmaz I.\nNarin C, et al.\nAdv Ther. 2008 Jun;25(6):585-94. doi: 10.1007/s12325-008-0068-0.\nAdv Ther. 2008.\nPMID: 18568442\nThe use of low-molecular-weight heparins in pregnancy--how safe are they?\nDeruelle P, Coulon C.\nDeruelle P, et al.\nCurr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Dec;19(6):573-7. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282f10e33.\nCurr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2007.\nPMID: 18007136\nReview.\nSee all similar articles\nCited by\nSaudi Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension: Pregnancy in pulmonary hypertension.\nKhan J, Idrees MM.\nKhan J, et al.\nAnn Thorac Med. 2014 Jul;9(Suppl 1):S108-12. doi: 10.4103/1817-1737.134050.\nAnn Thorac Med. 2014.\nPMID: 25076988\nFree PMC article.\nIntracranial hemorrhage in pregnancy.\nHameed AB, Shrivastava VK, Blair L, Wing DA.\nHameed AB, et al.\nAJP Rep. 2012 Nov;2(1):47-50. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1316463. 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Published online 2015 Mar 18. doi:10.1016/j.jccw.2015.03.001PMCID: PMC4495755PMID: 26199895Lovenox Induced Tissue Necrosis, a Case Report and Literature ReviewAbdelfatah Abou Issa, MDa and Richard Simman, MD, FACS, FACCWSa,b,Abdelfatah Abou IssaaPharmacology & Toxicology Department, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USAFind articles by Abdelfatah Abou IssaRichard SimmanaPharmacology & Toxicology Department, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USAbPlastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USAFind articles by Richard SimmanAuthor information Copyright and License information PMC DisclaimeraPharmacology & Toxicology Department, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USAbPlastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USARichard Simman: moc.oohay@nammiscitsalp: ude.thgirw@nammis.drahciR Corresponding author. Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA. moc.oohay@nammiscitsalp, ude.thgirw@nammis.drahciRCopyright 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Go to:AbstractLovenox is a trade name for Enoxaparin. It is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and has other trade names like Clexane and Xaparin. It is an anticoagulant used to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism events (VTE) like deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and is given as a subcutaneous injection. General speaking, the most common skin reactions as a result of enoxaparin use are: urticarial, ecchymosis, and even skin necrosis due to vasculitis. These side effects are usually located at the injection site. New studies have pointed out the side effect that could occur a distance from the site of Lovenox injection. In our case extensive skin and subcutaneous tissue necrosis developed at the abdominal wall injection site.Keywords: Skin necrosis, Injection site, DVT prophylaxis, Lovenox, Low molecular weight heparinGo to:IntroductionLovenox is a trade name for Enoxaparin. It is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and has other trade names like Clexane and Xaparin. It is an anticoagulant used to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism events (VTE) like deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and is given as a subcutaneous injection. It works by targeting anti-Xa and anti-IIa factors.1,2 The approved enoxaparin regimens that recommended are: 1mg/kg twice daily, 1.5mg/kg once daily for inpatient, or 1mg/kg for outpatient treatment of DVT.3 Enoxaparin compared to the standard unfractionated heparin is easier to monitor.4,5 General speaking, the most common skin reactions as a result of enoxaparin use are: urticaria, ecchymosis, and even skin necrosis due to vasculitis. These side effects are usually located at the injection site. New studies have pointed out the side effect that could occur a distance from the site of Lovenox injection.1 These complications are still not fully understood from the pathophysiological point of view. Another interesting case has been reported and showed that Lovenox may cause eruptive Angiokeratomas, which are vascular tumors that appeared at patient hands, legs, and oral mucosa which disappeared two weeks after cessation of Lovenox.6There are other rare cases which have been reported after Lovenox injection. The first case in a patient, status post arthroscopic surgery, who received a course of Lovenox injection treatment, but unfortunately tissue necrosis developed at the injection site.7 Another case study revealed skin necrosis in a 69-year-old diabetic patient after using Lovenox injection, which only appeared around the area where the patient usually injected himself with insulin daily for four years.8Go to:Case ReportThe patient is a 63 year-old-African American-male with a history of severe peripheral vascular disease with failed bypass grafting status post right BKA and previous left AKA. He had wound infection and was admitted post operatively to the hospital for wound care, intravenous antibiotics therapy and rehabilitation. He was also placed on subcutaneous Lovenox injections daily to his abdomen. The patient developed redness and painful, sharply demarcated plaques at the sites of injections, which in the following 2 weeks became necrotic and involved skin and subcutaneous (Fig.1).Open in a separate windowFigure1Abdominal wall necrosis at injection sites.Lovenox was stopped and two weeks later tissue necrosis on the abdominal wall was well demarcated. The patient was a candidate for debridement of the necrotic tissue and negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) placement to remove a source of infection and fasten healing but he finally he decided to receive hospice level of care and palliative wound care instead.Go to:DiscussionLovenox (enoxaparin sodium) is a widely-used antithrombotic agent injected subcutaneously and used to prevent the risk of blood clots in case of bed-ridden patients due to their prolonged illness.2 Also, it is commonly used after surgery as a prophylaxis to prevent DVT after certain types of surgery, for example, fracture neck of femur, hip and knee replacement, and abdominal surgery; however, the dose of Lovenox given depends on the type of surgery performed and the condition of the patient. It is important to calculate the dose of the Lovenox accurately before given to patient because incorrect dosing for example, over or under-anticoagulation, could make complication easy to happen.Low BMI, old age, pregnancy, and renal insufficiency (especially when the creatinine clearance [CrCl]<30mL/min) all of these factors would make you very conscious and alert when you are going to prescribe Lovenox. In our case report, the skin necrosis occurred after two weeks from the initiation of therapy. Skin necrosis induced by heparin or low molecular weight heparin is a rare complication; however, from the literature search, there were approximately more than 25 cases of tissue necrosis associated with LMWH injection.911 Lovenox is an optional treatment in cases of Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT), the reason for that is the risk of HIT occurrence is greatly reduced with Lovenox10; however, other studies are not recommending use of enoxaparin in patients with history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or HIT with thrombosis due to the cross reaction to the heparin-platelet factor-4 antibody.The diagnosis of the tissue necrosis that occurs with Lovenox treatment is usually suspected clinically; however, a skin biopsy is recommended. Then, histopathology will clearly demonstrate necrosis of skin and subcutaneous tissue, and even will show inflammation and clot formation of the small blood vessels underneath the skin. Moreover, this proves that Lovenox is the cause of this tissue necrosis. A blood investigation should be obtained from the patient to check protein C and protein S, and make sure they are within normal concentration or level.9,12From a literature search, many studies have found that the mechanisms behind LMWH-induced skin necrosis are part of an immunologically mediated response. First, when we inject the heparin through the skin, it will induce immune platelets aggregation, which likely results in Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome (HIT).10,13 The second rationale for tissue necrosis caused by LMWH is that it induces a type III hypersensitivity reaction, which is also known as an Arthus-type reactions due to antigenantibody complex formation in the blood vessels at the level of cutaneous tissue of the skin.13 Finally, fat tissue in the subcutaneous tissue has relatively poor blood perfusion, causing the injected LMWH to linger longer resulting in local tissue damage. This would explain the elevated risk in obese patients.9,13Go to:ConclusionsThis case describes an unusual clinical scenario of tissue necrosis at the injection site of Lovenox as an antithrombotic treatment. Clinicians should be vigilant to early recognition of tissue necrosis so that the Lovenox treatment can be discontinued before tissue damage becomes extensive. Any damaged tissue should be debrided as appropriate, necessary reconstructive surgery performed, and proper wound care administered.Go to:References1. Ozturk S., Can I., Erden I., Akyol H., Solmaz O.A. Enoxaparin-induced hemorrhagic bullous dermatosis in a leprosy patient. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2014:13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]2. Martinez C., Savadogo A., Agut C., Anger P. Reproducibility of the anti-Factor Xa and anti-Factor IIa assays applied to enoxaparin solution. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2013;81-82:138145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]3. Shorr A.F. The Pharmacoeconomics of Deep Vein Thrombosis Treatment. 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Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1997;124:397400. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]9. Katsourakis A., Noussios G., Kapoutsis G., Chatzitheoklitos E. Low molecular weight heparin-induced skin necrosis: a case report. Case Rep Med. 2011;2011:857391. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]10. Girolami B., Girolami A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a review. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006;32:803809. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]11. Gucalp A., Parameswaran R., Lacouture M., Abou-Alfa G., Soff G. Skin necrosis induced by generic enoxaparin. Am J Hematol. 2013;88:339. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]12. Toll A., Gallardo F., Abella M.E., Fontcuberta J., Barranco C., Pujol R.M. Low-molecular-weight heparin-induced skin necrosis: a potential association with pre-existent hypercoagulable states. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:964966. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]13. Bircher A.J., Harr T., Hohenstein L., Tsakiris D.A. Hypersensitivity reactions to anticoagulant drugs: diagnosis and management options. Allergy. 2006;61:14321440. 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Bircher A.J., Harr T., Hohenstein L., Tsakiris D.A. Hypersensitivity reactions to anticoagulant drugs: diagnosis and management options. Allergy. 2006;61:14321440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]\nOther Formats\nPDF (332K)\nActions\nCite\nCollections\nAdd to Collections\nCreate a new collection\nAdd to an existing collection\nName your collection:\nName must be less than characters\nChoose a collection:\nUnable to load your collection due to an error\nPlease try again\nAdd\nCancel\nShare\nPermalink\nCopy\nRESOURCES\nSimilar articles\nCited by other articles\nLinks to NCBI Databases\n[x]\nCite\nCopy\nDownload .nbib\n.nbib\nFormat:\nAMA\nAPA\nMLA\nNLM\nFollow NCBI\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nGitHub\nConnect with NLM\nSM-Twitter\nSM-Facebook\nSM-Youtube\nNational Library of Medicine\n8600 Rockville Pike\nBethesda, MD 20894\nWeb Policies\nFOIA\nHHS Vulnerability Disclosure\nHelp\nAccessibility\nCareers\nNLM\nNIH\nHHS\nUSA.gov\nExternal link. Please review our privacy policy.", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495755/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "DailyMed - LOVENOX- enoxaparin sodium injection\nSkip to Main Content\nNational Library of Medicine\nNational Library of Medicine\nREPORT ADVERSE EVENTS |Recalls\nHome\nNews\nDailyMed Announcements\nGet RSS News & Updates\nAbout Dailymed\nCustomer Support\nSafety Reporting & Recalls\nReport Adverse Events\nFDA Saftey Recalls\nFDA Resources\nNLM SPL Resources\nDownload Data\n- All Drug Labels\n- All Indexing & REMS Files\n- All Mapping Files\nSPL Image Guidelines\nArticles & Presentations\nApplication Development Support\nResources\n- Web Services\n- Mapping Files\nHelp\nDailyMed\nAll Drugs\nHuman Drugs\nAnimal Drugs\nMore ways to search\nAdvanced Search\nBrowse Drug Classes\nLabeling Archives\nAll Drugs\nHuman Drugs\nAnimal Drugs\nHome\nNews\nDailyMed Announcements\nGet RSS News & Updates\nSearch\nAdvanced Search\nBrowse Drug Classes\nLabels Archives\nFDA Resources\nNLM SPL Resources\nDownload Data\nAll Drug\nLabels\nAll Index\nFiles\nAll Mapping\nFiles\nSPL Image Guidelines\nPresentations\n& Articles\nApplication Development Support\nResources\nWeb Services\nMapping Files\nHelp\nHome\nNews\nDailyMed Announcements\nGet RSS News & Updates\nFDA Resources\nNLM SPL Resources\nDownload Data\nAll Drug Labels\nAll Indexing & REMS Files\nAll Mapping Files\nSPL Image Guidelines\nPresentations & Articles\nApplication Development Support\nResources\nWeb Services\nMapping Files\nHelp\nAdvanced Search\nMore ways to search\nNews\nDailyMed Announcements\nGet RSS News & Updates\nSafety Reporting and Recalls\nReport Adverse Events\nFDA Saftey Recalls\nFDA Resources\nNLM SPL Resources\nDownload Data\n- All Drug Labels\n- All Indexing & REMS Files\n- All Mapping Files\nSPL Image Guidelines\nPresentations & Articles\nApplication Development Support\nResources\n- Web Services\n- Mapping Files\nHelp\nMore ways to search\nBrowse Drug Classes\nLabeling Archives\nAdvanced Search\nMore ways to search\nBrowse Drug Classes\nLabeling Archives\nLabel: LOVENOX- enoxaparin sodium injection\nLabel RSS\nView Package Photos\nVIEW MORE\nDrug Label Info\nSafety\nBoxed Warnings\nReport Adverse Events\nFDA Safety Recalls\nPresence in Breast Milk\nRelated Resources\nMedline Plus\nClinical Trials\nPubMed\nAll\nCitations\nAdverse Effects\nTherapeutic Use\nPharmacology\nClinical Trials\nBiochemical Data Summary\nMore Info For This Drug\nView Labeling Archives\nRxNorm\nGet Label RSS Feed\nView NDC Code(s)NEW!\nNDC Code(s):\n0075-0620-01,\n0075-0620-40,\n0075-0621-01,\n0075-0621-60, view more\n0075-0622-01,\n0075-0622-80,\n0075-0623-00,\n0075-0623-03,\n0075-0624-01,\n0075-0624-30,\n0075-0626-03,\n0075-2912-00,\n0075-2912-01,\n0075-2915-00,\n0075-2915-01\nPackager: Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC\nCategory:\nHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL\nDEA Schedule:\nNone\nMarketing Status: New Drug Application\nDrug Label Information\nUpdated\nJanuary 11, 2022\nIf you are a consumer or patient please visit\nthis version.\nDownload DRUG LABEL INFO: PDF\nXML\nOfficial Label (Printer Friendly)\nView All SectionsClose All Sections\nHIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATIONThese highlights do not include all the information needed to use LOVENOX safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for LOVENOX.\nLOVENOX (enoxaparin sodium) injection, for ...\nThese highlights do not include all the information needed to use LOVENOX safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for LOVENOX.\nLOVENOX (enoxaparin sodium) injection, for subcutaneous and intravenous use Initial U.S. Approval: 1993\nWARNING: SPINAL/EPIDURAL HEMATOMAS\nSee full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.\nEpidural or spinal hematomas may occur in patients who are anticoagulated with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) or heparinoids and are receiving neuraxial anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture. These hematomas may result in long-term or permanent paralysis. Consider these risks when scheduling patients for spinal procedures. Factors that can increase the risk of developing epidural or spinal hematomas in these patients include:\nUse of indwelling epidural catheters\nConcomitant use of other drugs that affect hemostasis, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), platelet inhibitors, and other anticoagulants\nA history of traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal punctures\nA history of spinal deformity or spinal surgery\nOptimal timing between the administration of Lovenox and neuraxial procedures is not known\nMonitor patients frequently for signs and symptoms of neurological impairment. If neurological compromise is noted, urgent treatment is necessary. (5.1, 7)\nINDICATIONS AND USAGE\nLovenox is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) indicated for:\nProphylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in abdominal surgery, hip replacement surgery, knee replacement surgery, or medical patients with severely restricted mobility during acute illness (1.1)\nInpatient treatment of acute DVT with or without pulmonary embolism (1.2)\nOutpatient treatment of acute DVT without pulmonary embolism (1.2)\nProphylaxis of ischemic complications of unstable angina and nonQ-wave myocardial infarction (MI) (1.3)\nTreatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) managed medically or with subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (1.4)\nDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION\nSee full prescribing information for dosing and administration information. (2)\nDOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS\n100 mg/mL concentration (3):\nSingle-dose prefilled syringes: 30 mg/0.3 mL, 40 mg/0.4 mL\nSingle-dose graduated prefilled syringes: 60 mg/0.6 mL, 80 mg/0.8 mL, 100 mg/1 mL\nMultiple-dose vial: 300 mg/3 mL\n150 mg/mL concentration (3):\nSingle-dose graduated prefilled syringes: 120 mg/0.8 mL, 150 mg/1 mL\nCONTRAINDICATIONS\nActive major bleeding (4)\nHistory of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) within the past 100 days or in the presence of circulating antibodies (4)\nHypersensitivity to enoxaparin sodium (4)\nHypersensitivity to heparin or pork products (4)\nHypersensitivity to benzyl alcohol (for multiple-dose formulation only) (4)\nWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS\nIncreased Risk of Hemorrhage: Monitor for signs of bleeding. (5.1, 5.2, 5.3)\nRisk of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia with or without Thrombosis. (5.4)\nThrombocytopenia: Monitor platelet count closely. (5.5)\nInterchangeability with other heparins: Do not exchange with heparin or other LMWHs. (5.6)\nIncreased Risk of Thrombosis in Pregnant Women with Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valves: Women and their fetuses may be at increased risk. Monitor more frequently and adjust dosage as needed. (5.7)\nADVERSE REACTIONS\nMost common adverse reactions (>1%) were bleeding, anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevation of serum aminotransferase, diarrhea, nausea, ecchymosis, fever, edema, peripheral edema, dyspnea, confusion, and injection site pain. (6.1)\nTo report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact sanofi-aventis at 1-800-633-1610 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.\nDRUG INTERACTIONS\nDiscontinue agents which may enhance hemorrhage risk prior to initiation of Lovenox or conduct close clinical and laboratory monitoring. (2.6, 7)\nUSE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS\nSevere Renal Impairment: Adjust dose for patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min. (2.3, 8.7)\nGeriatric Patients: Monitor for increased risk of bleeding. (8.5)\nLow-Weight Patients: Observe for signs of bleeding. (8.8)\nSee 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and FDA-approved patient labeling.\nRevised: 12/2021\nClose\nTable of ContentsTable of Contents\nFULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*\nWARNING: SPINAL/EPIDURAL HEMATOMAS\n1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE\n1.1\tProphylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis\n1.2\tTreatment of Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis\n1.3\tProphylaxis of Ischemic Complications of Unstable Angina and NonQ-Wave Myocardial Infarction\n1.4\tTreatment of Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction\n2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION\n2.1\tPretreatment Evaluation\n2.2\tAdult Dosage\n2.3\tDose Reduction for Patients with Severe Renal Impairment\n2.4\tRecommended Dosage for Geriatric Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction\n2.5\tAdministration\n2.6\tMonitoring for Safety\n3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS\n4 CONTRAINDICATIONS\n5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS\n5.1\tIncreased Risk of Hemorrhage\n5.2\tIncreased Risk of Bleeding following Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization Procedures\n5.3\tIncreased Risk of Bleeding in Patients with Concomitant Medical Conditions\n5.4\tRisk of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia with or without Thrombosis\n5.5\tThrombocytopenia\n5.6\tInterchangeability with other Heparins\n5.7\tIncreased Risk of Thrombosis in Pregnant Women with Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valves\n5.8\tRisk of Serious Adverse Reactions in Infants due to Benzyl Alcohol Preservative\n6 ADVERSE REACTIONS\n6.1 Clinical Trials Experience\n6.2\tPostmarketing Experience\n7 DRUG INTERACTIONS\n8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS\n8.1 Pregnancy\n8.2 Lactation\n8.4 Pediatric Use\n8.5 Geriatric Use\n8.6\tPatients with Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valves\n8.7\tRenal Impairment\n8.8\tLow-Weight Patients\n8.9\tObese Patients\n10 OVERDOSAGE\n11 DESCRIPTION\n12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY\n12.1 Mechanism of Action\n12.2 Pharmacodynamics\n12.3 Pharmacokinetics\n13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY\n13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility\n13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology\n13.3\tReproductive and Developmental Toxicology\n14 CLINICAL STUDIES\n14.1\tProphylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Abdominal Surgery in Patients at Risk for Thromboembolic Complications\n14.2\tProphylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery\n14.3\tProphylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Medical Patients with Severely Restricted Mobility during Acute Illness\n14.4\tTreatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis with or without Pulmonary Embolism\n14.5 Prophylaxis of Ischemic Complications in Unstable Angina and NonQ-Wave Myocardial Infarction\n14.6\tTreatment of Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction\n16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING\n17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION\n*\nSections or subsections omitted from the full prescribing information are not listed.\nClose\nBOXED WARNING\n(What is this?)\nWARNING: SPINAL/EPIDURAL HEMATOMAS\nEpidural or spinal hematomas may occur in patients who are anticoagulated with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) or heparinoids and are receiving neuraxial anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture. These hematomas may result in long-term or permanent paralysis. Consider these risks when scheduling patients for spinal procedures. Factors that can increase the risk of developing epidural or spinal hematomas in these patients include:\nUse of indwelling epidural catheters\nConcomitant use of other drugs that affect hemostasis, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), platelet inhibitors, and other anticoagulants\nA history of traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal punctures\nA history of spinal deformity or spinal surgery\nOptimal timing between the administration of Lovenox and neuraxial procedures is not known\nMonitor patients frequently for signs and symptoms of neurological impairment. If neurological compromise is noted, urgent treatment is necessary.\nConsider the benefits and risks before neuraxial intervention in patients anticoagulated or to be anticoagulated for thromboprophylaxis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7)].\nClose\n1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE1.1\tProphylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis\n- Lovenox is indicated for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE):\nin patients undergoing abdominal ...\n1.1\tProphylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis\nLovenox is indicated for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE):\nin patients undergoing abdominal surgery who are at risk for thromboembolic complications [see Clinical Studies (14.1)]\nin patients undergoing hip replacement surgery, during and following hospitalization\nin patients undergoing knee replacement surgery\nin medical patients who are at risk for thromboembolic complications due to severely restricted mobility during acute illness\n1.2\tTreatment of Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis\nLovenox is indicated for:\nthe inpatient treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism, when administered in conjunction with warfarin sodium\nthe outpatient treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis without pulmonary embolism, when administered in conjunction with warfarin sodium\n1.3\tProphylaxis of Ischemic Complications of Unstable Angina and NonQ-Wave Myocardial Infarction\nLovenox is indicated for the prophylaxis of ischemic complications of unstable angina and nonQ-wave myocardial infarction, when concurrently administered with aspirin.\n1.4\tTreatment of Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction\nLovenox, when administered concurrently with aspirin, has been shown to reduce the rate of the combined endpoint of recurrent myocardial infarction or death in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) receiving thrombolysis and being managed medically or with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).\nClose\n2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION2.1\tPretreatment Evaluation\n- Evaluate all patients for a bleeding disorder before starting Lovenox treatment, unless treatment is urgently needed.\n2.2\tAdult Dosage\n-\nAbdominal Surgery\n-\nThe ...\n2.1\tPretreatment Evaluation\nEvaluate all patients for a bleeding disorder before starting Lovenox treatment, unless treatment is urgently needed.\n2.2\tAdult Dosage\nAbdominal Surgery\nThe recommended dose of Lovenox is 40 mg by subcutaneous injection once a day (with the initial dose given 2 hours prior to surgery) in patients undergoing abdominal surgery who are at risk for thromboembolic complications. The usual duration of administration is 7 to 10 days [see Clinical Studies (14.1)].\nHip or Knee Replacement Surgery\nThe recommended dose of Lovenox is 30 mg every 12 hours administered by subcutaneous injection in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery. Administer the initial dose 12 to 24 hours after surgery, provided that hemostasis has been established. The usual duration of administration is 7 to 10 days [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].\nA dose of Lovenox of 40 mg once a day subcutaneously may be considered for hip replacement surgery for up to 3 weeks. Administer the initial dose 12 (3) hours prior to surgery.\nMedical Patients during Acute Illness\nThe recommended dose of Lovenox is 40 mg once a day administered by subcutaneous injection for medical patients at risk for thromboembolic complications due to severely restricted mobility during acute illness. The usual duration of administration is 6 to 11 days [see Clinical Studies (14.3)].\nTreatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis with or without Pulmonary Embolism\nThe recommended dose of Lovenox is 1 mg/kg every 12 hours administered subcutaneously in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis without pulmonary embolism, who can be treated at home in an outpatient setting.\nThe recommended dose of Lovenox is 1 mg/kg every 12 hours administered subcutaneously or 1.5 mg/kg once a day administered subcutaneously at the same time every day for inpatient (hospital) treatment of patients with acute deep vein thrombosis with pulmonary embolism or patients with acute deep vein thrombosis without pulmonary embolism (who are not candidates for outpatient treatment).\nIn both outpatient and inpatient (hospital) treatments, initiate warfarin sodium therapy when appropriate (usually within 72 hours of Lovenox). Continue Lovenox for a minimum of 5 days and until a therapeutic oral anticoagulant effect has been achieved (International Normalization Ratio 2 to 3). The average duration of administration is 7 days [see Clinical Studies (14.4)].\nUnstable Angina and NonQ-Wave Myocardial Infarction\nThe recommended dose of Lovenox is 1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously every 12 hours in conjunction with oral aspirin therapy (100 to 325 mg once daily) in patients with unstable angina or nonQ-wave myocardial infarction. Treat with Lovenox for a minimum of 2 days and continue until clinical stabilization. The usual duration of treatment is 2 to 8 days [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Clinical Studies (14.5)].\nTreatment of Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction\nThe recommended dose of Lovenox is a single intravenous bolus of 30 mg plus a 1 mg/kg subcutaneous dose followed by 1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously every 12 hours (maximum 100 mg for the first two doses only, followed by 1 mg/kg dosing for the remaining doses) in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Reduce the dosage in patients 75 years of age [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)]. Unless contraindicated, administer aspirin to all patients as soon as they are identified as having STEMI and continue dosing with 75 to 325 mg once daily.\nWhen administered in conjunction with a thrombolytic (fibrin specific or nonfibrin specific), administer Lovenox between 15 minutes before and 30 minutes after the start of fibrinolytic therapy. The usual duration of Lovenox therapy is 8 days or until hospital discharge.\nFor patients managed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), if the last Lovenox subcutaneous administration was given less than 8 hours before balloon inflation, no additional dosing is needed. If the last Lovenox subcutaneous administration was given more than 8 hours before balloon inflation, administer an intravenous bolus of 0.3 mg/kg of Lovenox [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].\n2.3\tDose Reduction for Patients with Severe Renal Impairment\nThe recommended prophylaxis and treatment dosage regimens for patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min) are described in Table 1 [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\nTable 1: Dosage Regimens for Patients with Severe Renal Impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/minute)\nIndicationDosage Regimen\nProphylaxis in abdominal surgery30 mg administered subcutaneously once daily\nProphylaxis in hip or knee replacement surgery30 mg administered subcutaneously once daily\nProphylaxis in medical patients during acute illness30 mg administered subcutaneously once daily\nInpatient treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism, when administered in conjunction with warfarin sodium1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously once daily\nOutpatient treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis without pulmonary embolism, when administered in conjunction with warfarin sodium1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously once daily\nProphylaxis of ischemic complications of unstable angina and nonQ-wave myocardial infarction, when concurrently administered with aspirin1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously once daily\nTreatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in patients <75 years of age, when administered in conjunction with aspirin30 mg single intravenous bolus plus a 1 mg/kg subcutaneous dose followed by 1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously once daily\nTreatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in geriatric patients 75 years of age, when administered in conjunction with aspirin1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously once daily(no initial bolus)\nAlthough no dose adjustment is recommended in patients with creatinine clearance 30 to 50 mL/min and creatinine clearance 50 to 80 mL/min, observe these patients frequently for signs and symptoms of bleeding.\n2.4\tRecommended Dosage for Geriatric Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction\nFor treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in geriatric patients 75 years of age, do not use an initial intravenous bolus. Initiate dosing with 0.75 mg/kg subcutaneously every 12 hours (maximum 75 mg for the first two doses only, followed by 0.75 mg/kg dosing for the remaining doses) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\nNo dose adjustment is necessary for other indications in geriatric patients unless kidney function is impaired [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].\n2.5\tAdministration\nDo not administer Lovenox by intramuscular injection.\nAdminister Lovenox by intravenous or subcutaneous injection only.\nLovenox is a clear, colorless to pale yellow sterile solution, and as with other parenteral drug products, should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.\nUse a tuberculin syringe or equivalent when using Lovenox multiple-dose vials to assure withdrawal of the appropriate volume of drug.\nPatients may self-inject by the subcutaneous route of administration only after their physicians determine that it is appropriate and with medical follow-up, as necessary. Provide proper training in subcutaneous injection technique before allowing self-injection (with or without the assistance of an injection device).\nSubcutaneous Injection Technique\nPosition patients in a supine position for Lovenox administration by deep subcutaneous injection.\nDo not expel the air bubble from the prefilled syringes before the injection, to avoid the loss of drug.\nDo not inject into skin that has bruises or scars. Do not inject through clothes.\nAlternate injection sites between the left and right anterolateral and left and right posterolateral abdominal wall.\nIntroduce the whole length of the needle into a skin fold held between the thumb and forefinger; hold the skin fold throughout the injection. To minimize bruising, do not rub the injection site after completion of the injection.\nLovenox prefilled syringes and graduated prefilled syringes are for single, one-time use only and are available with a system that shields the needle after injection.\nRemove the prefilled syringe from the packaging by peeling at the arrow as directed on the lid. Do not remove by pulling on the plunger as this may damage the syringe.\nRemove the needle shield by pulling it straight off the syringe (see Figure A). If less than the full syringe volume is needed to administer the prescribed dose, eject syringe contents until the prescribed dose is left in the syringe.\nFigure A\nInject using standard technique, pushing the plunger to the bottom of the syringe (see Figure B).\nFigure B\nRemove the syringe from the injection site keeping your finger on the plunger rod (see Figure C).\nFigure C\nOrient the needle away from you and others, and activate the safety system by firmly pushing the plunger rod. The protective sleeve will automatically cover the needle and an audible \"click\" will be heard to confirm shield activation (see Figure D).\nFigure D\nImmediately dispose of the syringe in the nearest sharps container (see Figure E).\nFigure E\nNOTE:\nThe safety system can only be activated once the syringe has been emptied.\nActivation of the safety system must be done only after removing the needle from the patient's skin.\nDo not replace the needle shield after injection.\nThe safety system should not be sterilized.\nActivation of the safety system may cause minimal splatter of fluid. For optimal safety, activate the system while orienting it downwards away from yourself and others.\nIntravenous (Bolus) Injection Technique\nUse the multiple-dose vial for intravenous injections. Administer Lovenox through an intravenous line. Do not mix or coadminister Lovenox with other medications. Flush the intravenous access device with a sufficient volume of saline or dextrose solution prior to and following the intravenous bolus administration of Lovenox, to prevent mixing of drugs. Lovenox is compatible with normal saline solution (0.9%) or 5% dextrose in water.\n2.6\tMonitoring for Safety\nDuring therapy monitor complete blood counts including platelets and stool occult blood.\nAssess for signs and symptoms of bleeding.\nIn patients with renal impairment anti-Factor Xa levels may be used to monitor the anticoagulant effects of Lovenox.\nIf during Lovenox therapy abnormal coagulation parameters or bleeding should occur, anti-Factor Xa levels may be used to monitor the anticoagulant effects of Lovenox [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\nProthrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) are not adequate for monitoring the anticoagulant effects of Lovenox.\nClose\n3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHSLovenox is a clear, colorless to pale-yellow solution available in two concentrations.\n100 mg/mL Concentration\n-\n Single-Dose Prefilled Syringes30 mg/0.3 mL, 40 mg/0.4 mL\n-\n Single-Dose ...\nLovenox is a clear, colorless to pale-yellow solution available in two concentrations.\n100 mg/mL Concentration\n Single-Dose Prefilled Syringes30 mg/0.3 mL, 40 mg/0.4 mL\n Single-Dose Graduated Prefilled Syringes60 mg/0.6 mL, 80 mg/0.8 mL, 100 mg/1 mL\n Multiple-Dose Vial300 mg/3 mL\n150 mg/mL Concentration\n Single-Dose Graduated Prefilled Syringes120 mg/0.8 mL, 150 mg/1 mL\nClose\n4 CONTRAINDICATIONSLovenox is contraindicated in patients with:\nActive major bleeding\n- History of immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) within the past 100 days or in the presence of circulating ...\nLovenox is contraindicated in patients with:\nActive major bleeding\nHistory of immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) within the past 100 days or in the presence of circulating antibodies [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]\nKnown hypersensitivity to enoxaparin sodium (e.g., pruritus, urticaria, anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions) [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]\nKnown hypersensitivity to heparin or pork products\nKnown hypersensitivity to benzyl alcohol (which is in only the multiple-dose formulation of Lovenox) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]\nClose\n5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS5.1\tIncreased Risk of Hemorrhage\n- Cases of epidural or spinal hemorrhage and subsequent hematomas have been reported with the use of Lovenox and epidural or spinal anesthesia/analgesia or spinal ...\n5.1\tIncreased Risk of Hemorrhage\nCases of epidural or spinal hemorrhage and subsequent hematomas have been reported with the use of Lovenox and epidural or spinal anesthesia/analgesia or spinal puncture procedures, resulting in long-term or permanent paralysis. The risk of these events is higher with the use of postoperative indwelling epidural catheters, with the concomitant use of additional drugs affecting hemostasis such as NSAIDs, with traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal puncture, or in patients with a history of spinal surgery or spinal deformity [see Boxed Warning, Adverse Reactions (6.2) and Drug Interactions (7)].\nTo reduce the potential risk of bleeding associated with the concurrent use of Lovenox and epidural or spinal anesthesia/analgesia or spinal puncture, consider the pharmacokinetic profile of Lovenox [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Placement or removal of an epidural catheter or lumbar puncture is best performed when the anticoagulant effect of Lovenox is low; however, the exact timing to reach a sufficiently low anticoagulant effect in each patient is not known.\nPlacement or removal of a catheter should be delayed for at least 12 hours after administration of lower doses (30 mg once or twice daily or 40 mg once daily) of Lovenox and at least 24 hours after the administration of higher doses (0.75 mg/kg twice daily, 1 mg/kg twice daily, or 1.5 mg/kg once daily) of Lovenox. Anti-Xa levels are still detectable at these time points, and these delays are not a guarantee that neuraxial hematoma will be avoided. Patients receiving the 0.75 mg/kg twice-daily dose or the 1 mg/kg twice-daily dose should not receive the second Lovenox dose in the twice-daily regimen to allow a longer delay before catheter placement or removal. Likewise, although a specific recommendation for timing of a subsequent Lovenox dose after catheter removal cannot be made, consider delaying this next dose for at least four hours, based on a benefit-risk assessment considering both the risk for thrombosis and the risk for bleeding in the context of the procedure and patient risk factors. For patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/minute, additional considerations are necessary because elimination of Lovenox is more prolonged; consider doubling the timing of removal of a catheter, at least 24 hours for the lower prescribed dose of Lovenox (30 mg once daily) and at least 48 hours for the higher dose (1 mg/kg/day) [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\nShould the physician decide to administer anticoagulation in the context of epidural or spinal anesthesia/analgesia or lumbar puncture, frequent monitoring must be exercised to detect any signs and symptoms of neurological impairment such as midline back pain, sensory and motor deficits (numbness or weakness in lower limbs), and bowel and/or bladder dysfunction. Instruct patients to report immediately if they experience any of the above signs or symptoms. If signs or symptoms of spinal hematoma are suspected, initiate urgent diagnosis and treatment including consideration for spinal cord decompression even though such treatment may not prevent or reverse neurological sequelae.\nUse Lovenox with extreme caution in conditions with increased risk of hemorrhage, such as bacterial endocarditis, congenital or acquired bleeding disorders, active ulcerative and angiodysplastic gastrointestinal disease, hemorrhagic stroke, or shortly after brain, spinal, or ophthalmological surgery, or in patients treated concomitantly with platelet inhibitors.\nMajor hemorrhages including retroperitoneal and intracranial bleeding have been reported. Some of these cases have been fatal.\nBleeding can occur at any site during therapy with Lovenox. An unexplained fall in hematocrit or blood pressure should lead to a search for a bleeding site.\n5.2\tIncreased Risk of Bleeding following Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization Procedures\nTo minimize the risk of bleeding following the vascular instrumentation during the treatment of unstable angina, nonQ-wave myocardial infarction and acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, adhere precisely to the intervals recommended between Lovenox doses. It is important to achieve hemostasis at the puncture site after PCI. In case a closure device is used, the sheath can be removed immediately. If a manual compression method is used, sheath should be removed 6 hours after the last intravenous/subcutaneous Lovenox. If the treatment with Lovenox is to be continued, the next scheduled dose should be given no sooner than 6 to 8 hours after sheath removal. The site of the procedure should be observed for signs of bleeding or hematoma formation [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].\n5.3\tIncreased Risk of Bleeding in Patients with Concomitant Medical Conditions\nLovenox should be used with care in patients with a bleeding diathesis, uncontrolled arterial hypertension or a history of recent gastrointestinal ulceration, diabetic retinopathy, renal dysfunction and hemorrhage.\n5.4\tRisk of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia with or without Thrombosis\nLovenox may cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis (HITTS). HITTS may lead to organ infarction, limb ischemia, or death. Monitor thrombocytopenia of any degree closely.\nUse of Lovenox in patients with a history of immune-mediated HIT within the past 100 days or in the presence of circulating antibodies is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4)]. Circulating antibodies may persist for several years.\nOnly use Lovenox in patients with a history of HIT if more than 100 days have elapsed since the prior HIT episode and no circulating antibodies are present. Because HIT may still occur in these circumstances, the decision to use Lovenox in such a case must be made only after a careful benefit-risk assessment and after non-heparin alternative treatments are considered.\n5.5\tThrombocytopenia\nThrombocytopenia can occur with the administration of Lovenox.\nModerate thrombocytopenia (platelet counts between 100,000/mm3 and 50,000/mm3) occurred at a rate of 1.3% in patients given Lovenox, 1.2% in patients given heparin, and 0.7% in patients given placebo in clinical trials.\nPlatelet counts less than 50,000/mm3 occurred at a rate of 0.1% in patients given Lovenox, in 0.2% of patients given heparin, and 0.4% of patients given placebo in the same trials.\nThrombocytopenia of any degree should be monitored closely. If the platelet count falls below 100,000/mm3, Lovenox should be discontinued.\n5.6\tInterchangeability with other Heparins\nLovenox cannot be used interchangeably (unit for unit) with heparin or other low molecular weight heparins as they differ in manufacturing process, molecular weight distribution, anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities, units, and dosage. Each of these medicines has its own instructions for use.\n5.7\tIncreased Risk of Thrombosis in Pregnant Women with Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valves\nUse of Lovenox for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves may result in valve thrombosis. In a clinical study of pregnant women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves given Lovenox (1 mg/kg twice daily) to reduce the risk of thromboembolism, 2 of 8 women developed clots resulting in blockage of the valve and leading to maternal and fetal death. No patients in the heparin/warfarin group (0 of 4 women) died. There also have been isolated postmarketing reports of valve thrombosis in pregnant women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves while receiving Lovenox for thromboprophylaxis. Women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves may be at higher risk for thromboembolism during pregnancy and, when pregnant, have a higher rate of fetal loss from stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, and premature delivery. Therefore, frequent monitoring of peak and trough anti-Factor Xa levels, and adjusting of dosage may be needed [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].\n5.8\tRisk of Serious Adverse Reactions in Infants due to Benzyl Alcohol Preservative\nLovenox multiple-dose vials are not approved for use in neonates or infants.\nSerious and fatal adverse reactions including \"gasping syndrome\" can occur in neonates and low-birth-weight infants treated with benzyl alcohol-preserved drugs, including Lovenox multiple-dose vials. The \"gasping syndrome\" is characterized by central nervous system depression, metabolic acidosis, and gasping respirations. The minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which serious adverse reactions may occur is not known (Lovenox multiple-dose vials contain 15 mg of benzyl alcohol per mL) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].\nBecause benzyl alcohol may cross the placenta, if anticoagulation with Lovenox is needed during pregnancy, use the preservative-free formulations where possible [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].\nClose\n6 ADVERSE REACTIONSThe following serious adverse reactions are also discussed in other sections of the labeling:\nSpinal/epidural hematomas [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]\nIncreased Risk of ...\nThe following serious adverse reactions are also discussed in other sections of the labeling:\nSpinal/epidural hematomas [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]\nIncreased Risk of Hemorrhage [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]\nThrombocytopenia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]\n6.1 Clinical Trials Experience\nBecause clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.\nDuring clinical development for the approved indications, 15,918 patients were exposed to Lovenox. These included 1,228 for prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis following abdominal surgery in patients at risk for thromboembolic complications, 1,368 for prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis following hip or knee replacement surgery, 711 for prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis in medical patients with severely restricted mobility during acute illness, 1,578 for prophylaxis of ischemic complications in unstable angina and nonQ-wave myocardial infarction, 10,176 for treatment of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and 857 for treatment of deep vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism. Lovenox doses in the clinical trials for prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis following abdominal or hip or knee replacement surgery or in medical patients with severely restricted mobility during acute illness ranged from 40 mg subcutaneously once daily to 30 mg subcutaneously twice daily. In the clinical studies for prophylaxis of ischemic complications of unstable angina and nonQ-wave myocardial infarction doses were 1 mg/kg every 12 hours and in the clinical studies for treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction Lovenox doses were a 30 mg intravenous bolus followed by 1 mg/kg every 12 hours subcutaneously.\nHemorrhage\nThe following rates of major bleeding events have been reported during clinical trials with Lovenox (see Tables 2 to 7).\nTable 2: Major Bleeding Episodes following Abdominal and Colorectal Surgery*\nDosing Regimen\nIndicationsLovenox\n40 mg daily subcutaneouslyHeparin\n5000 U q8h subcutaneously\n*\nBleeding complications were considered major: (1) if the hemorrhage caused a significant clinical event, or (2) if accompanied by a hemoglobin decrease 2 g/dL or transfusion of 2 or more units of blood products. Retroperitoneal, intraocular, and intracranial hemorrhages were always considered major.\nAbdominal Surgeryn=55523 (4%)n=56016 (3%)\nColorectal Surgeryn=67328 (4%)n=67421 (3%)\nTable 3: Major Bleeding Episodes following Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery*\nDosing Regimen\nIndicationsLovenox\n40 mg daily subcutaneouslyLovenox\n30 mg q12h subcutaneouslyHeparin\n15,000 U/24h subcutaneously\n*\nBleeding complications were considered major: (1) if the hemorrhage caused a significant clinical event, or (2) if accompanied by a hemoglobin decrease 2 g/dL or transfusion of 2 or more units of blood products. Retroperitoneal and intracranial hemorrhages were always considered major. In the knee replacement surgery trials, intraocular hemorrhages were also considered major hemorrhages.\n\nLovenox 30 mg every 12 hours subcutaneously initiated 12 to 24 hours after surgery and continued for up to 14 days after surgery\n\nLovenox 40 mg subcutaneously once a day initiated up to 12 hours prior to surgery and continued for up to 7 days after surgery\n\nLovenox 40 mg subcutaneously once a day for up to 21 days after discharge\nHip Replacement Surgery without Extended Prophylaxisn=78631 (4%)n=54132 (6%)\nHip Replacement Surgery with Extended Prophylaxis\nPeri-operative Periodn=2884 (2%)\nExtended Prophylaxis Periodn=2210 (0%)\nKnee Replacement Surgery without Extended Prophylaxisn=2943 (1%)n=2253 (1%)\nNOTE: At no time point were the 40 mg once a day pre-operative and the 30 mg every 12 hours postoperative hip replacement surgery prophylactic regimens compared in clinical trials. Injection site hematomas during the extended prophylaxis period after hip replacement surgery occurred in 9% of the Lovenox patients versus 1.8% of the placebo patients.\nTable 4: Major Bleeding Episodes in Medical Patients with Severely Restricted Mobility during Acute Illness*\nDosing Regimen\nIndicationLovenox\n20 mg daily subcutaneouslyLovenox\n40 mg daily subcutaneouslyPlacebo\n*\nBleeding complications were considered major: (1) if the hemorrhage caused a significant clinical event, (2) if the hemorrhage caused a decrease in hemoglobin of 2 g/dL or transfusion of 2 or more units of blood products. Retroperitoneal and intracranial hemorrhages were always considered major although none were reported during the trial.\n\nThe rates represent major bleeding on study medication up to 24 hours after last dose.\nMedical Patients during Acute Illnessn=3511 (<1%)n=3603 (<1%)n=3622 (<1%)\nTable 5: Major Bleeding Episodes in Deep Vein Thrombosis with or without Pulmonary Embolism Treatment*\nDosing Regimen\nIndicationLovenox\n1.5 mg/kg daily subcutaneouslyLovenox\n1 mg/kg q12h subcutaneouslyHeparin\naPTT Adjusted Intravenous Therapy\n*\nBleeding complications were considered major: (1) if the hemorrhage caused a significant clinical event, or (2) if accompanied by a hemoglobin decrease 2 g/dL or transfusion of 2 or more units of blood products. Retroperitoneal, intraocular, and intracranial hemorrhages were always considered major.\n\nAll patients also received warfarin sodium (dose-adjusted according to PT to achieve an INR of 2.0 to 3.0) commencing within 72 hours of Lovenox or standard heparin therapy and continuing for up to 90 days.\nTreatment of DVT and PEn=2985 (2%)n=5599 (2%)n=5549 (2%)\nTable 6: Major Bleeding Episodes in Unstable Angina and NonQ-Wave Myocardial Infarction\nDosing Regimen\nIndicationLovenox*\n1 mg/kg q12h subcutaneouslyHeparin*\naPTT Adjusted Intravenous Therapy\n*\nThe rates represent major bleeding on study medication up to 12 hours after dose.\n\nAspirin therapy was administered concurrently (100 to 325 mg per day).\n\nBleeding complications were considered major: (1) if the hemorrhage caused a significant clinical event, or (2) if accompanied by a hemoglobin decrease by 3 g/dL or transfusion of 2 or more units of blood products. Intraocular, retroperitoneal, and intracranial hemorrhages were always considered major.\nUnstable Angina and NonQ-Wave MI,n=157817 (1%)n=152918 (1%)\nTable 7: Major Bleeding Episodes in Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction\nDosing Regimen\nIndicationLovenox*\nInitial 30 mg intravenous bolus followed by 1 mg/kg q12h subcutaneouslyHeparin*\naPTT Adjusted Intravenous Therapy\n*\nThe rates represent major bleeding (including ICH) up to 30 days.\n\nBleedings were considered major if the hemorrhage caused a significant clinical event associated with a hemoglobin decrease by 5 g/dL. ICH were always considered major.\nAcute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarctionn=10176n (%)n=10151n (%)\nMajor bleeding (including ICH)211 (2.1)138 (1.4)\nIntracranial hemorrhages (ICH)84 (0.8)66 (0.7)\nElevations of Serum Aminotransferases\nAsymptomatic increases in aspartate (AST [SGOT]) and alanine (ALT [SGPT]) aminotransferase levels greater than three times the upper limit of normal of the laboratory reference range have been reported in up to 6.1% and 5.9% of patients, respectively, during treatment with Lovenox.\nSince aminotransferase determinations are important in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction, liver disease, and pulmonary emboli, elevations that might be caused by drugs like Lovenox should be interpreted with caution.\nLocal Reactions\nLocal irritation, pain, hematoma, ecchymosis, and erythema may follow subcutaneous injection of Lovenox.\nAdverse Reactions in Patients Receiving Lovenox for Prophylaxis or Treatment of DVT, PE\nOther adverse reactions that were thought to be possibly or probably related to treatment with Lovenox, heparin, or placebo in clinical trials with patients undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery, abdominal or colorectal surgery, or treatment for DVT and that occurred at a rate of at least 2% in the Lovenox group, are provided below (see Tables 8 to 11).\nTable 8: Adverse Reactions Occurring at 2% Incidence in Lovenox-Treated Patients Undergoing Abdominal or Colorectal Surgery\nDosing Regimen\nLovenox\n40 mg daily subcutaneouslyn=1228%Heparin\n5000 U q8h subcutaneouslyn=1234%\nAdverse ReactionSevereTotalSevereTotal\nHemorrhage<17<16\nAnemia<13<13\nEcchymosis0303\nTable 9: Adverse Reactions Occurring at 2% Incidence in Lovenox-Treated Patients Undergoing Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery\nDosing Regimen\nLovenox\n40 mg daily subcutaneouslyLovenox\n30 mg q12h subcutaneouslyHeparin\n15,000 U/24h subcutaneouslyPlacebo\nq12h subcutaneously\nPeri-operative PeriodExtended Prophylaxis Period\nn=288*\n%n=131\n%n=1080%n=766%n=115%\nAdverse ReactionSevereTotalSevereTotalSevereTotalSevereTotalSevereTotal\n*\nData represent Lovenox 40 mg subcutaneously once a day initiated up to 12 hours prior to surgery in 288 hip replacement surgery patients who received Lovenox peri-operatively in an unblinded fashion in one clinical trial.\n\nData represent Lovenox 40 mg subcutaneously once a day given in a blinded fashion as extended prophylaxis at the end of the peri-operative period in 131 of the original 288 hip replacement surgery patients for up to 21 days in one clinical trial.\nFever0800<15<1403\nHemorrhage<11305<141403\nNausea<13<1202\nAnemia0160<2<1225<17\nEdema<12<1202\nPeripheral edema0600<13<1403\nTable 10: Adverse Reactions Occurring at 2% Incidence in Lovenox-Treated Medical Patients with Severely Restricted Mobility during Acute Illness\nDosing Regimen\nAdverse ReactionLovenox\n40 mg daily subcutaneouslyn=360%Placebo\ndaily subcutaneouslyn=362%\nDyspnea3.35.2\nThrombocytopenia2.82.8\nConfusion2.21.1\nDiarrhea2.21.7\nNausea2.51.7\nTable 11: Adverse Reactions Occurring at 2% Incidence in Lovenox-Treated Patients Undergoing Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis with or without Pulmonary Embolism\nDosing Regimen\nLovenox\n1.5 mg/kg daily subcutaneouslyn=298%Lovenox\n1 mg/kg q12h subcutaneouslyn=559%Heparin\naPTT Adjusted Intravenous Therapyn=544%\nAdverse ReactionSevereTotalSevereTotalSevereTotal\nInjection Site Hemorrhage0503<1<1\nInjection Site Pain020200\nHematuria020<1<12\nAdverse Events in Lovenox-Treated Patients with Unstable Angina or NonQ-Wave Myocardial Infarction\nNon-hemorrhagic clinical events reported to be related to Lovenox therapy occurred at an incidence of 1%.\nNon-major hemorrhagic events, primarily injection site ecchymosis and hematomas, were more frequently reported in patients treated with subcutaneous Lovenox than in patients treated with intravenous heparin.\nSerious adverse events with Lovenox or heparin in a clinical trial in patients with unstable angina or nonQ-wave myocardial infarction that occurred at a rate of at least 0.5% in the Lovenox group are provided below (see Table 12).\nTable 12: Serious Adverse Events Occurring at 0.5% Incidence in Lovenox-Treated Patients with Unstable Angina or NonQ-Wave Myocardial Infarction\nDosing Regimen\nLovenox\n1 mg/kg q12h subcutaneouslyHeparin\naPTT Adjusted Intravenous Therapy\nAdverse Eventn=1578n (%)n=1529n (%)\nAtrial fibrillation11 (0.70)3 (0.20)\nHeart failure15 (0.95)11 (0.72)\nLung edema11 (0.70)11 (0.72)\nPneumonia13 (0.82)9 (0.59)\nAdverse Reactions in Lovenox-Treated Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction\nIn a clinical trial in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, thrombocytopenia occurred at a rate of 1.5%.\n6.2\tPostmarketing Experience\nThe following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of Lovenox. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.\nThere have been reports of epidural or spinal hematoma formation with concurrent use of Lovenox and spinal/epidural anesthesia or spinal puncture. The majority of patients had a postoperative indwelling epidural catheter placed for analgesia or received additional drugs affecting hemostasis such as NSAIDs. Many of the epidural or spinal hematomas caused neurologic injury, including long-term or permanent paralysis.\nLocal reactions at the injection site (e.g. nodules, inflammation, oozing), systemic allergic reactions (e.g. pruritus, urticaria, anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions including shock), vesiculobullous rash, cases of hypersensitivity cutaneous vasculitis, purpura, skin necrosis (occurring at either the injection site or distant from the injection site), thrombocytosis, and thrombocytopenia with thrombosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] have been reported.\nCases of hyperkalemia have been reported. Most of these reports occurred in patients who also had conditions that tend toward the development of hyperkalemia (e.g., renal dysfunction, concomitant potassium-sparing drugs, administration of potassium, hematoma in body tissues). Very rare cases of hyperlipidemia have also been reported, with one case of hyperlipidemia, with marked hypertriglyceridemia, reported in a diabetic pregnant woman; causality has not been determined.\nCases of headache, hemorrhagic anemia, eosinophilia, alopecia, hepatocellular and cholestatic liver injury have been reported.\nOsteoporosis has also been reported following long-term therapy.\nClose\n7 DRUG INTERACTIONSWhenever possible, agents which may enhance the risk of hemorrhage should be discontinued prior to initiation of Lovenox therapy. These agents include medications such as: anticoagulants, platelet ...\nWhenever possible, agents which may enhance the risk of hemorrhage should be discontinued prior to initiation of Lovenox therapy. These agents include medications such as: anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors including acetylsalicylic acid, salicylates, NSAIDs (including ketorolac tromethamine), dipyridamole, or sulfinpyrazone. If coadministration is essential, conduct close clinical and laboratory monitoring [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].\nClose\n8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS8.1 Pregnancy\n-\nRisk Summary\n-\nPlacental transfer of enoxaparin was observed in the animal studies. Human data from a retrospective cohort study, which included 693 live births, suggest that ...\n8.1 Pregnancy\nRisk Summary\nPlacental transfer of enoxaparin was observed in the animal studies. Human data from a retrospective cohort study, which included 693 live births, suggest that enoxaparin does not increase the risk of major developmental abnormalities (see Data). Based on animal data, Lovenox is not predicted to increase the risk of major developmental abnormalities (see Data).\nAdverse outcomes in pregnancy occur regardless of the health of the mother or the use of medications. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.\nClinical Considerations\nPregnancy alone confers an increased risk for thromboembolism that is even higher for women with thromboembolic disease and certain high risk pregnancy conditions. While not adequately studied, pregnant women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves may be at even higher risk for thrombosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) and Use in Specific Populations (8.6)]. Pregnant women with thromboembolic disease, including those with mechanical prosthetic heart valves and those with inherited or acquired thrombophilias, have an increased risk of other maternal complications and fetal loss regardless of the type of anticoagulant used.\nAll patients receiving anticoagulants, including pregnant women, are at risk for bleeding. Pregnant women receiving Lovenox should be carefully monitored for evidence of bleeding or excessive anticoagulation. Consideration for use of a shorter acting anticoagulant should be specifically addressed as delivery approaches [see Boxed Warning]. Hemorrhage can occur at any site and may lead to death of mother and/or fetus. Pregnant women should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus and the mother if Lovenox is administered during pregnancy.\nIt is not known if monitoring of anti-Factor Xa activity and dose adjustment (by weight or anti-Factor Xa activity) of Lovenox affect the safety and the efficacy of the drug during pregnancy.\nCases of \"gasping syndrome\" have occurred in premature infants when large amounts of benzyl alcohol have been administered (99405 mg/kg/day). The multiple-dose vial of Lovenox contains 15 mg benzyl alcohol per 1 mL as a preservative [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].\nData\nHuman data\nThere are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. A retrospective study reviewed the records of 604 women who used Lovenox during pregnancy. A total of 624 pregnancies resulted in 693 live births. There were 72 hemorrhagic events (11 serious) in 63 women. There were 14 cases of neonatal hemorrhage. Major congenital anomalies in live births occurred at rates (2.5%) similar to background rates.\nThere have been postmarketing reports of fetal death when pregnant women received Lovenox. Causality for these cases has not been determined. Insufficient data, the underlying disease, and the possibility of inadequate anticoagulation complicate the evaluation of these cases.\nA clinical study using Lovenox in pregnant women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves has been conducted [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].\nAnimal data\nTeratology studies have been conducted in pregnant rats and rabbits at subcutaneous doses of enoxaparin up to 15 times the recommended human dose (by comparison with 2 mg/kg as the maximum recommended daily dose). There was no evidence of teratogenic effects or fetotoxicity due to enoxaparin. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.\n8.2 Lactation\nRisk Summary\nIt is unknown whether Lovenox is excreted in human milk. In lactating rats, the passage of enoxaparin or its metabolites in the milk is very limited. There is no information available on the effect of enoxaparin or its metabolites on the breastfed child, or on the milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for Lovenox and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from Lovenox or from the underlying maternal condition.\n8.4 Pediatric Use\nSafety and effectiveness of Lovenox in pediatric patients have not been established.\nLovenox is not approved for use in neonates or infants.\nSerious adverse reactions including fatal reactions and the \"gasping syndrome\" occurred in premature neonates and low-birth-weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit who received drugs containing benzyl alcohol as a preservative. In these cases, benzyl alcohol dosages of 99 to 234 mg/kg/day produced high levels of benzyl alcohol and its metabolites in the blood and urine (blood levels of benzyl alcohol were 0.61 to 1.378 mmol/L). Additional adverse reactions included gradual neurological deterioration, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, hematologic abnormalities, skin breakdown, hepatic and renal failure, hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse. Preterm, low-birth-weight infants may be more likely to develop these reactions because they may be less able to metabolize benzyl alcohol. The minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which serious adverse reactions may occur is not known.\nLovenox multiple-dose vials contain 15 mg/mL of benzyl alcohol (at the dose of 1.5 mg/kg twice a day, benzyl alcohol exposure in patients is 0.45 mg/kg daily) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].\n8.5 Geriatric Use\nPrevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Hip, Knee and Abdominal Surgery; Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis, Prevention of Ischemic Complications of Unstable Angina and NonQ-Wave Myocardial Infarction\nOver 2800 patients, 65 years and older, have received Lovenox in clinical trials. The efficacy of Lovenox in the geriatric (65 years) was similar to that seen in younger patients (<65 years). The incidence of bleeding complications was similar between geriatric and younger patients when 30 mg every 12 hours or 40 mg once a day doses of Lovenox were employed. The incidence of bleeding complications was higher in geriatric patients as compared to younger patients when Lovenox was administered at doses of 1.5 mg/kg once a day or 1 mg/kg every 12 hours. The risk of Lovenox-associated bleeding increased with age. Serious adverse events increased with age for patients receiving Lovenox. Other clinical experience (including postmarketing surveillance and literature reports) has not revealed additional differences in the safety of Lovenox between geriatric and younger patients. Careful attention to dosing intervals and concomitant medications (especially antiplatelet medications) is advised. Lovenox should be used with care in geriatric patients who may show delayed elimination of enoxaparin. Monitoring of geriatric patients with low body weight (<45 kg) and those predisposed to decreased renal function should be considered [see Warnings and Precautions (2.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\nTreatment of Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction\nIn the clinical study for treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, there was no evidence of difference in efficacy between patients 75 years of age (n=1241) and patients less than 75 years of age (n=9015). Patients 75 years of age did not receive a 30 mg intravenous bolus prior to the normal dosage regimen and had their subcutaneous dose adjusted to 0.75 mg/kg every 12 hours [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)]. The incidence of bleeding complications was higher in patients 65 years of age as compared to younger patients (<65 years).\n8.6\tPatients with Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valves\nThe use of Lovenox has not been adequately studied for thromboprophylaxis in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves and has not been adequately studied for long-term use in this patient population. Isolated cases of prosthetic heart valve thrombosis have been reported in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves who have received Lovenox for thromboprophylaxis. Some of these cases were pregnant women in whom thrombosis led to maternal and fetal deaths. Insufficient data, the underlying disease and the possibility of inadequate anticoagulation complicate the evaluation of these cases. Pregnant women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves may be at higher risk for thromboembolism [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].\n8.7\tRenal Impairment\nIn patients with renal impairment, there is an increase in exposure of enoxaparin sodium. All such patients should be observed carefully for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Because exposure of enoxaparin sodium is significantly increased in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min), a dosage adjustment is recommended for therapeutic and prophylactic dosage ranges. No dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with creatinine clearance 30 to <50 mL/min and creatinine clearance 50 to 80 mL/min [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. In patients with renal failure, treatment with Lovenox has been associated with the development of hyperkalemia [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].\n8.8\tLow-Weight Patients\nAn increase in exposure of enoxaparin sodium with prophylactic dosages (non-weight adjusted) has been observed in low-weight women (<45 kg) and low-weight men (<57 kg). Observe low-weight patients frequently for signs and symptoms of bleeding [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\n8.9\tObese Patients\nObese patients are at higher risk for thromboembolism. The safety and efficacy of prophylactic doses of Lovenox in obese patients (BMI >30 kg/m2) has not been fully determined and there is no consensus for dose adjustment. Observe these patients carefully for signs and symptoms of thromboembolism.\nClose\n10 OVERDOSAGEAccidental overdosage following administration of Lovenox may lead to hemorrhagic complications. Injected Lovenox may be largely neutralized by the slow intravenous injection of protamine sulfate ...\nAccidental overdosage following administration of Lovenox may lead to hemorrhagic complications. Injected Lovenox may be largely neutralized by the slow intravenous injection of protamine sulfate (1% solution). The dose of protamine sulfate should be equal to the dose of Lovenox injected: 1 mg protamine sulfate should be administered to neutralize 1 mg Lovenox, if Lovenox was administered in the previous 8 hours. An infusion of 0.5 mg protamine per 1 mg of Lovenox may be administered if Lovenox was administered greater than 8 hours previous to the protamine administration, or if it has been determined that a second dose of protamine is required. The second infusion of 0.5 mg protamine sulfate per 1 mg of Lovenox may be administered if the aPTT measured 2 to 4 hours after the first infusion remains prolonged.\nIf at least 12 hours have elapsed since the last Lovenox injection, protamine administration may not be required; however, even with higher doses of protamine, the aPTT may remain more prolonged than following administration of heparin. In all cases, the anti-Factor Xa activity is never completely neutralized (maximum about 60%). Particular care should be taken to avoid overdosage with protamine sulfate. Administration of protamine sulfate can cause severe hypotensive and anaphylactoid reactions. Because fatal reactions, often resembling anaphylaxis, have been reported with protamine sulfate, it should be given only when resuscitation techniques and treatment of anaphylactic shock are readily available. For additional information consult the labeling of protamine sulfate injection products.\nClose\n11 DESCRIPTIONLovenox is a sterile aqueous solution containing enoxaparin sodium, a low molecular weight heparin. The pH of the injection is 5.5 to 7.5.\nEnoxaparin sodium is obtained by alkaline ...\nLovenox is a sterile aqueous solution containing enoxaparin sodium, a low molecular weight heparin. The pH of the injection is 5.5 to 7.5.\nEnoxaparin sodium is obtained by alkaline depolymerization of heparin benzyl ester derived from porcine intestinal mucosa. Its structure is characterized by a 2-O-sulfo-4-enepyranosuronic acid group at the non-reducing end and a 2-N,6-O-disulfo-D-glucosamine at the reducing end of the chain. About 20% (ranging between 15% and 25%) of the enoxaparin structure contains a 1,6-anhydro derivative on the reducing end of the polysaccharide chain. The drug substance is the sodium salt. The average molecular weight is about 4500 daltons. The molecular weight distribution is:\n<2000 daltons20%\n2000 to 8000 daltons68%\n>8000 daltons18%\nSTRUCTURAL FORMULA\nR1 = H or SO3Na and R2 = SO3Na or COCH3\n*\nX = Percent of polysaccharide chain containing 1,6-anhydro derivative on the reducing end\nRX*=15 to 25%\nn=0 to 20\n100-XHn=1 to 21\nLovenox 100 mg/mL Concentration contains 10 mg enoxaparin sodium (approximate anti-Factor Xa activity of 1000 IU [with reference to the W.H.O. First International Low Molecular Weight Heparin Reference Standard]) per 0.1 mL Water for Injection.\nLovenox 150 mg/mL Concentration contains 15 mg enoxaparin sodium (approximate anti-Factor Xa activity of 1500 IU [with reference to the W.H.O. First International Low Molecular Weight Heparin Reference Standard]) per 0.1 mL Water for Injection.\nThe Lovenox prefilled syringes and graduated prefilled syringes are preservative-free and intended for use only as a single-dose injection. The multiple-dose vial contains 15 mg benzyl alcohol per 1 mL as a preservative [see Dosage and Administration (2) and How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16)].\nClose\n12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY12.1 Mechanism of Action\n- Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin which has antithrombotic properties.\n12.2 Pharmacodynamics\n- In humans, enoxaparin given at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg ...\n12.1 Mechanism of Action\nEnoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin which has antithrombotic properties.\n12.2 Pharmacodynamics\nIn humans, enoxaparin given at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg subcutaneously is characterized by a higher ratio of anti-Factor Xa to anti-Factor IIa activity (mean SD, 14.03.1) (based on areas under anti-Factor activity versus time curves) compared to the ratios observed for heparin (mean SD, 1.220.13). Increases of up to 1.8 times the control values were seen in the thrombin time (TT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Enoxaparin at a 1 mg/kg dose (100 mg/mL concentration), administered subcutaneously every 12 hours to patients in a large clinical trial resulted in aPTT values of 45 seconds or less in the majority of patients (n=1607). A 30 mg intravenous bolus immediately followed by a 1 mg/kg subcutaneous administration resulted in aPTT postinjection values of 50 seconds. The average aPTT prolongation value on Day 1 was about 16% higher than on Day 4.\n12.3 Pharmacokinetics\nAbsorption\nPharmacokinetic trials were conducted using the 100 mg/mL formulation. Maximum anti-Factor Xa and anti-thrombin (anti-Factor IIa) activities occur 3 to 5 hours after subcutaneous injection of enoxaparin. Mean peak anti-Factor Xa activity was 0.16 IU/mL (1.58 mcg/mL) and 0.38 IU/mL (3.83 mcg/mL) after the 20 mg and the 40 mg clinically tested subcutaneous doses, respectively. Mean (n=46) peak anti-Factor Xa activity was 1.1 IU/mL at steady state in patients with unstable angina receiving 1 mg/kg subcutaneously every 12 hours for 14 days. Mean absolute bioavailability of enoxaparin, after 1.5 mg/kg given subcutaneously, based on anti-Factor Xa activity is approximately 100% in healthy subjects.\nA 30 mg intravenous bolus immediately followed by 1 mg/kg subcutaneously every 12 hours provided initial peak anti-Factor Xa levels of 1.16 IU/mL (n=16) and average exposure corresponding to 84% of steady-state levels. Steady state is achieved on the second day of treatment.\nEnoxaparin pharmacokinetics appears to be linear over the recommended dosage ranges [see Dosage and Administration (2)]. After repeated subcutaneous administration of 40 mg once daily and 1.5 mg/kg once-daily regimens in healthy volunteers, the steady state is reached on day 2 with an average exposure ratio about 15% higher than after a single dose. Steady-state enoxaparin activity levels are well predicted by single-dose pharmacokinetics. After repeated subcutaneous administration of the 1 mg/kg twice-daily regimen, the steady state is reached from day 4 with mean exposure about 65% higher than after a single dose and mean peak and trough levels of about 1.2 and 0.52 IU/mL, respectively. Based on enoxaparin sodium pharmacokinetics, this difference in steady state is expected and within the therapeutic range.\nAlthough not studied clinically, the 150 mg/mL concentration of enoxaparin sodium is projected to result in anticoagulant activities similar to those of 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL concentrations at the same enoxaparin dose. When a daily 1.5 mg/kg subcutaneous injection of enoxaparin sodium was given to 25 healthy male and female subjects using a 100 mg/mL or a 200 mg/mL concentration the following pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained (see Table 13).\nTable 13: Pharmacokinetic Parameters* After 5 Days of 1.5 mg/kg Subcutaneous Once-Daily Doses of Enoxaparin Sodium Using 100 mg/mL or 200 mg/mL Concentrations\nConcentrationAnti-XaAnti-IIaHeptestaPTT\n*\nMeans SD at Day 5 and 90% Confidence Interval (CI) of the ratio\n\nMedian (range)\nAmax\n(IU/mL or sec)100 mg/mL1.37 (0.23)0.23 (0.05)105 (17)19 (5)\n200 mg/mL1.45 (0.22)0.26 (0.05)111 (17)22 (7)\n90% CI102%110%102%111%\ntmax (h)100 mg/mL3 (26)4 (25)2.5 (24.5)3 (24.5)\n200 mg/mL3.5 (26)4.5 (2.56)3.3 (25)3 (25)\nAUC (ss)(h*IU/mL or h* sec)100 mg/mL14.26 (2.93)1.54 (0.61)1321 (219)\n200 mg/mL15.43 (2.96)1.77 (0.67)1401 (227)\n90% CI105%112%103%109%\nDistribution\nThe volume of distribution of anti-Factor Xa activity is about 4.3 L.\nElimination\nFollowing intravenous dosing, the total body clearance of enoxaparin is 26 mL/min. After intravenous dosing of enoxaparin labeled with the gamma-emitter, 99mTc, 40% of radioactivity and 8 to 20% of anti-Factor Xa activity were recovered in urine in 24 hours. Elimination half-life based on anti-Factor Xa activity was 4.5 hours after a single subcutaneous dose to about 7 hours after repeated dosing. Significant anti-Factor Xa activity persists in plasma for about 12 hours following a 40 mg subcutaneous once a day dose.\nFollowing subcutaneous dosing, the apparent clearance (CL/F) of enoxaparin is approximately 15 mL/min.\nMetabolism\nEnoxaparin sodium is primarily metabolized in the liver by desulfation and/or depolymerization to lower molecular weight species with much reduced biological potency. Renal clearance of active fragments represents about 10% of the administered dose and total renal excretion of active and non-active fragments 40% of the dose.\nSpecial Populations\nGender\nApparent clearance and Amax derived from anti-Factor Xa values following single subcutaneous dosing (40 mg and 60 mg) were slightly higher in males than in females. The source of the gender difference in these parameters has not been conclusively identified; however, body weight may be a contributing factor.\nGeriatric\nApparent clearance and Amax derived from anti-Factor Xa values following single and multiple subcutaneous dosing in geriatric subjects were close to those observed in young subjects. Following once a day subcutaneous dosing of 40 mg enoxaparin, the Day 10 mean area under anti-Factor Xa activity versus time curve (AUC) was approximately 15% greater than the mean Day 1 AUC value [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].\nRenal impairment\nA linear relationship between anti-Factor Xa plasma clearance and creatinine clearance at steady state has been observed, which indicates decreased clearance of enoxaparin sodium in patients with reduced renal function. Anti-Factor Xa exposure represented by AUC, at steady state, is marginally increased in patients with creatinine clearance 50 to 80 mL/min and patients with creatinine clearance 30 to <50 mL/min after repeated subcutaneous 40 mg once-daily doses. In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min), the AUC at steady state is significantly increased on average by 65% after repeated subcutaneous 40 mg once-daily doses [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].\nHemodialysis\nIn a single study, elimination rate appeared similar but AUC was two-fold higher than control population, after a single 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg intravenous dose.\nHepatic impairment\nStudies with Lovenox in patients with hepatic impairment have not been conducted and the impact of hepatic impairment on the exposure to enoxaparin is unknown.\nWeight\nAfter repeated subcutaneous 1.5 mg/kg once-daily dosing, mean AUC of anti-Factor Xa activity is marginally higher at steady state in obese healthy volunteers (BMI 3048 kg/m2) compared to non-obese control subjects, while Amax is not increased.\nWhen nonweight-adjusted dosing was administered, it was found after a single-subcutaneous 40 mg dose, that anti-Factor Xa exposure is 52% higher in low-weight women (<45 kg) and 27% higher in low-weight men (<57 kg) when compared to normal weight control subjects [see Use in Specific Populations (8.8)].\nPharmacokinetic Interaction\nNo pharmacokinetic interaction was observed between Lovenox and thrombolytics when administered concomitantly.\nClose\n13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility\n- No long-term studies in animals have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of enoxaparin. Enoxaparin was not mutagenic ...\n13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility\nNo long-term studies in animals have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of enoxaparin. Enoxaparin was not mutagenic in in vitro tests, including the Ames test, mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation test, and human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration test, and the in vivo rat bone marrow chromosomal aberration test. Enoxaparin was found to have no effect on fertility or reproductive performance of male and female rats at subcutaneous doses up to 20 mg/kg/day or 141 mg/m2/day. The maximum human dose in clinical trials was 2.0 mg/kg/day or 78 mg/m2/day (for an average body weight of 70 kg, height of 170 cm, and body surface area of 1.8 m2).\n13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology\nA single subcutaneous dose of 46.4 mg/kg enoxaparin was lethal to rats. The symptoms of acute toxicity were ataxia, decreased motility, dyspnea, cyanosis, and coma.\n13.3\tReproductive and Developmental Toxicology\nTeratology studies have been conducted in pregnant rats and rabbits at subcutaneous doses of enoxaparin up to 30 mg/kg/day corresponding to 211 mg/m2/day and 410 mg/m2/day in rats and rabbits respectively. There was no evidence of teratogenic effects or fetotoxicity due to enoxaparin.\nClose\n14 CLINICAL STUDIES14.1\tProphylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Abdominal Surgery in Patients at Risk for Thromboembolic Complications\n- Abdominal surgery patients at risk include those who are over 40 years ...\n14.1\tProphylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Abdominal Surgery in Patients at Risk for Thromboembolic Complications\nAbdominal surgery patients at risk include those who are over 40 years of age, obese, undergoing surgery under general anesthesia lasting longer than 30 minutes or who have additional risk factors such as malignancy or a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).\nIn a double-blind, parallel group study of patients undergoing elective cancer surgery of the gastrointestinal, urological, or gynecological tract, a total of 1116 patients were enrolled in the study, and 1115 patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 32 to 97 years (mean age 67 years) with 52.7% men and 47.3% women. Patients were 98% Caucasian, 1.1% Black, 0.4% Asian and 0.4% others. Lovenox 40 mg subcutaneously, administered once a day, beginning 2 hours prior to surgery and continuing for a maximum of 12 days after surgery, was comparable to heparin 5000 U every 8 hours subcutaneously in reducing the risk of DVT. The efficacy data are provided below (see Table 14).\nTable 14: Efficacy of Lovenox in the Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Abdominal Surgery\nDosing Regimen\nIndicationLovenox\n40 mg daily subcutaneouslyn (%)Heparin\n5000 U q8h subcutaneouslyn (%)\n*\nVTE = Venous thromboembolic events which included DVT, PE, and death considered to be thromboembolic in origin\n\nCI = Confidence Interval\nAll Treated Abdominal Surgery Patients555 (100)560 (100)\nTreatment Failures\nTotal VTE* (%)56 (10.1)(95% CI: 8 to 13)63 (11.3)(95% CI: 9 to 14)\nDVT Only (%)54 (9.7)(95% CI: 7 to 12)61 (10.9)(95% CI: 8 to 13)\nIn a second double-blind, parallel group study, Lovenox 40 mg subcutaneously once a day was compared to heparin 5000 U every 8 hours subcutaneously in patients undergoing colorectal surgery (one-third with cancer). A total of 1347 patients were randomized in the study and all patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 18 to 92 years (mean age 50.1 years) with 54.2% men and 45.8% women. Treatment was initiated approximately 2 hours prior to surgery and continued for approximately 7 to 10 days after surgery. The efficacy data are provided below (see Table 15).\nTable 15: Efficacy of Lovenox in the Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Colorectal Surgery\nDosing Regimen\nIndicationLovenox\n40 mg daily subcutaneouslyn (%)Heparin\n5000 U q8h subcutaneouslyn (%)\n*\nVTE = Venous thromboembolic events which included DVT, PE, and death considered to be thromboembolic in origin\n\nCI = Confidence Interval\nAll Treated Colorectal Surgery Patients673 (100)674 (100)\nTreatment Failures\nTotal VTE* (%)48 (7.1)(95% CI: 5 to 9)45 (6.7)(95% CI: 5 to 9)\nDVT Only (%)47 (7.0)(95% CI: 5 to 9)44 (6.5)(95% CI: 5 to 8)\n14.2\tProphylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery\nLovenox has been shown to reduce the risk of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) following hip or knee replacement surgery.\nIn a double-blind study, Lovenox 30 mg every 12 hours subcutaneously was compared to placebo in patients with hip replacement. A total of 100 patients were randomized in the study and all patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 41 to 84 years (mean age 67.1 years) with 45% men and 55% women. After hemostasis was established, treatment was initiated 12 to 24 hours after surgery and was continued for 10 to 14 days after surgery. The efficacy data are provided below (see Table 16).\nTable 16: Efficacy of Lovenox in the Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Hip Replacement Surgery\nDosing Regimen\nIndicationLovenox\n30 mg q12h subcutaneouslyn (%)Placebo\nq12h subcutaneouslyn (%)\n*\np value versus placebo = 0.0002\n\np value versus placebo = 0.0134\nAll Treated Hip Replacement Patients50 (100)50 (100)\nTreatment Failures\nTotal DVT (%)5 (10)*23 (46)\nProximal DVT (%)1 (2)11 (22)\nA double-blind, multicenter study compared three dosing regimens of Lovenox in patients with hip replacement. A total of 572 patients were randomized in the study and 568 patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 31 to 88 years (mean age 64.7 years) with 63% men and 37% women. Patients were 93% Caucasian, 6% Black, <1% Asian, and 1% others. Treatment was initiated within two days after surgery and was continued for 7 to 11 days after surgery. The efficacy data are provided below (see Table 17).\nTable 17: Efficacy of Lovenox in the Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Hip Replacement Surgery\nDosing Regimen\nIndication10 mg daily subcutaneouslyn (%)30 mg q12h subcutaneouslyn (%)40 mg daily subcutaneouslyn (%)\n*\np value versus Lovenox 10 mg once a day = 0.0008\n\np value versus Lovenox 10 mg once a day = 0.0168\nAll Treated Hip Replacement Patients161 (100)208 (100)199 (100)\nTreatment Failures\nTotal DVT (%)40 (25)22 (11)*27 (14)\nProximal DVT (%)17 (11)8 (4)9 (5)\nThere was no significant difference between the 30 mg every 12 hours and 40 mg once a day regimens. In a double-blind study, Lovenox 30 mg every 12 hours subcutaneously was compared to placebo in patients undergoing knee replacement surgery. A total of 132 patients were randomized in the study and 131 patients were treated, of which 99 had total knee replacement and 32 had either unicompartmental knee replacement or tibial osteotomy. The 99 patients with total knee replacement ranged in age from 42 to 85 years (mean age 70.2 years) with 36.4% men and 63.6% women. After hemostasis was established, treatment was initiated 12 to 24 hours after surgery and was continued up to 15 days after surgery. The incidence of proximal and total DVT after surgery was significantly lower for Lovenox compared to placebo. The efficacy data are provided below (see Table 18).\nTable 18: Efficacy of Lovenox in the Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Total Knee Replacement Surgery\nDosing Regimen\nIndicationLovenox\n30 mg q12h subcutaneouslyn (%)Placebo\nq12h subcutaneouslyn (%)\n*\np value versus placebo = 0.0001\n\nCI = Confidence Interval\n\np value versus placebo = 0.013\n\nCL = Confidence Limit\nAll Treated Total Knee Replacement Patients47 (100)52 (100)\nTreatment Failures\nTotal DVT (%)5 (11)*\n(95% CI: 1 to 21)32 (62)(95% CI: 47 to 76)\nProximal DVT (%)0 (0)\n(95% Upper CL: 5)7 (13)(95% CI: 3 to 24)\nAdditionally, in an open-label, parallel group, randomized clinical study, Lovenox 30 mg every 12 hours subcutaneously in patients undergoing elective knee replacement surgery was compared to heparin 5000 U every 8 hours subcutaneously. A total of 453 patients were randomized in the study and all were treated. Patients ranged in age from 38 to 90 years (mean age 68.5 years) with 43.7% men and 56.3% women. Patients were 92.5% Caucasian, 5.3% Black, and 0.6% others. Treatment was initiated after surgery and continued up to 14 days. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis was lower for Lovenox compared to heparin.\nExtended Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Hip Replacement Surgery: In a study of extended prophylaxis for patients undergoing hip replacement surgery, patients were treated, while hospitalized, with Lovenox 40 mg subcutaneously, initiated up to 12 hours prior to surgery for the prophylaxis of postoperative DVT. At the end of the peri-operative period, all patients underwent bilateral venography. In a double-blind design, those patients with no venous thromboembolic disease were randomized to a post-discharge regimen of either Lovenox 40 mg (n=90) once a day subcutaneously or to placebo (n=89) for 3 weeks. A total of 179 patients were randomized in the double-blind phase of the study and all patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 47 to 87 years (mean age 69.4 years) with 57% men and 43% women. In this population of patients, the incidence of DVT during extended prophylaxis was significantly lower for Lovenox compared to placebo. The efficacy data are provided below (see Table 19).\nTable 19: Efficacy of Lovenox in the Extended Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis following Hip Replacement Surgery\nPost-discharge Dosing Regimen\nIndication (Post Discharge)Lovenox\n40 mg daily subcutaneouslyn (%)Placebo\ndaily subcutaneouslyn (%)\n*\np value versus placebo = 0.008\n\nCI= Confidence Interval\n\np value versus placebo = 0.537\nAll Treated Extended Prophylaxis Patients90 (100)89 (100)\nTreatment Failures\nTotal DVT (%)6 (7)*\n(95% CI: 3 to 14)18 (20)(95% CI: 12 to 30)\nProximal DVT (%)5 (6)\n(95% CI: 2 to 13)7 (8)(95% CI: 3 to 16)\nIn a second study, patients undergoing hip replacement surgery were treated, while hospitalized, with Lovenox 40 mg subcutaneously, initiated up to 12 hours prior to surgery. All patients were examined for clinical signs and symptoms of venous thromboembolic (VTE) disease. In a double-blind design, patients without clinical signs and symptoms of VTE disease were randomized to a post-discharge regimen of either Lovenox 40 mg (n=131) once a day subcutaneously or to placebo (n=131) for 3 weeks. A total of 262 patients were randomized in the study double-blind phase and all patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 44 to 87 years (mean age 68.5 years) with 43.1% men and 56.9% women. Similar to the first study the incidence of DVT during extended prophylaxis was significantly lower for Lovenox compared to placebo, with a statistically significant difference in both total DVT (Lovenox 21 [16%] versus placebo 45 [34%]; p=0.001) and proximal DVT (Lovenox 8 [6%] versus placebo 28 [21%]; p=<0.001).\n14.3\tProphylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Medical Patients with Severely Restricted Mobility during Acute Illness\nIn a double blind multicenter, parallel group study, Lovenox 20 mg or 40 mg once a day subcutaneously was compared to placebo in the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in medical patients with severely restricted mobility during acute illness (defined as walking distance of <10 meters for 3 days). This study included patients with heart failure (NYHA Class III or IV); acute respiratory failure or complicated chronic respiratory insufficiency (not requiring ventilatory support): acute infection (excluding septic shock); or acute rheumatic disorder (acute lumbar or sciatic pain, vertebral compression [due to osteoporosis or tumor], acute arthritic episodes of the lower extremities). A total of 1102 patients were enrolled in the study, and 1073 patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 40 to 97 years (mean age 73 years) with equal proportions of men and women. Treatment continued for a maximum of 14 days (median duration 7 days). When given at a dose of 40 mg once a day subcutaneously, Lovenox significantly reduced the incidence of DVT as compared to placebo. The efficacy data are provided below (see Table 20).\nTable 20: Efficacy of Lovenox in the Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Medical Patients with Severely Restricted Mobility during Acute Illness\nDosing Regimen\nLovenox\n20 mg daily subcutaneouslyLovenox\n40 mg daily subcutaneouslyPlacebo\nIndicationn (%)n (%)n (%)\n*\nTreatment failures during therapy, between Days 1 and 14\n\nVTE = Venous thromboembolic events which included DVT, PE, and death considered to be thromboembolic in origin\n\nCI = Confidence Interval\nAll Treated Medical Patients during Acute Illness351 (100)360 (100)362 (100)\nTreatment Failure*\nTotal VTE (%)43 (12.3)16 (4.4)43 (11.9)\nTotal DVT (%)43 (12.3)(95% CI: 8.8 to 15.7)16 (4.4)(95% CI: 2.3 to 6.6)41 (11.3)(95% CI: 8.1 to 14.6)\nProximal DVT (%)13 (3.7)5 (1.4)14 (3.9)\nAt approximately 3 months following enrollment, the incidence of venous thromboembolism remained lower in the Lovenox 40 mg treatment group versus the placebo treatment group.\n14.4\tTreatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis with or without Pulmonary Embolism\nIn a multicenter, parallel group study, 900 patients with acute lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with or without pulmonary embolism (PE) were randomized to an inpatient (hospital) treatment of either (i) Lovenox 1.5 mg/kg once a day subcutaneously, (ii) Lovenox 1 mg/kg every 12 hours subcutaneously, or (iii) heparin intravenous bolus (5000 IU) followed by a continuous infusion (administered to achieve an aPTT of 55 to 85 seconds). A total of 900 patients were randomized in the study and all patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 18 to 92 years (mean age 60.7 years) with 54.7% men and 45.3% women. All patients also received warfarin sodium (dose adjusted according to PT to achieve an International Normalization Ratio [INR] of 2.0 to 3.0), commencing within 72 hours of initiation of Lovenox or standard heparin therapy, and continuing for 90 days. Lovenox or standard heparin therapy was administered for a minimum of 5 days and until the targeted warfarin sodium INR was achieved. Both Lovenox regimens were equivalent to standard heparin therapy in reducing the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (DVT and/or PE). The efficacy data are provided below (see Table 21).\nTable 21: Efficacy of Lovenox in Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis with or without Pulmonary Embolism\nDosing Regimen*\nLovenox\n1.5 mg/kg daily subcutaneouslyLovenox\n1 mg/kg q12h subcutaneouslyHeparin\naPTT Adjusted Intravenous Therapy\nIndicationn (%)n (%)n (%)\n*\nAll patients were also treated with warfarin sodium commencing within 72 hours of Lovenox or standard heparin therapy.\n\nVTE = venous thromboembolic event (DVT and/or PE)\n\nThe 95% Confidence Intervals for the treatment differences for total VTE were:Lovenox once a day versus heparin (-3.0 to 3.5)Lovenox every 12 hours versus heparin (-4.2 to 1.7)\nAll Treated DVT Patients with or without PE298 (100)312 (100)290 (100)\nPatient Outcome\nTotal VTE (%)13 (4.4)9 (2.9)12 (4.1)\nDVT Only (%)11 (3.7)7 (2.2)8 (2.8)\nProximal DVT (%)9 (3.0)6 (1.9)7 (2.4)\nPE (%)2 (0.7)2 (0.6)4 (1.4)\nSimilarly, in a multicenter, open-label, parallel group study, patients with acute proximal DVT were randomized to Lovenox or heparin. Patients who could not receive outpatient therapy were excluded from entering the study. Outpatient exclusion criteria included the following: inability to receive outpatient heparin therapy because of associated comorbid conditions or potential for non-compliance and inability to attend follow-up visits as an outpatient because of geographic inaccessibility. Eligible patients could be treated in the hospital, but ONLY Lovenox patients were permitted to go home on therapy (72%). A total of 501 patients were randomized in the study and all patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 19 to 96 years (mean age 57.8 years) with 60.5% men and 39.5% women. Patients were randomized to either Lovenox 1 mg/kg every 12 hours subcutaneously or heparin intravenous bolus (5000 IU) followed by a continuous infusion administered to achieve an aPTT of 60 to 85 seconds (in-patient treatment). All patients also received warfarin sodium as described in the previous study. Lovenox or standard heparin therapy was administered for a minimum of 5 days. Lovenox was equivalent to standard heparin therapy in reducing the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. The efficacy data are provided below (see Table 22).\nTable 22: Efficacy of Lovenox in Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis\nDosing Regimen*\nLovenox\n1 mg/kg q12h subcutaneouslyHeparin\naPTT Adjusted Intravenous Therapy\nIndicationn (%)n (%)\n*\nAll patients were also treated with warfarin sodium commencing on the evening of the second day of Lovenox or standard heparin therapy.\n\nVTE = venous thromboembolic event (deep vein thrombosis [DVT] and/or pulmonary embolism [PE]).\n\nThe 95% Confidence Intervals for the treatment difference for total VTE was: Lovenox versus heparin (-5.6 to 2.7).\nAll Treated DVT Patients247 (100)254 (100)\nPatient Outcome\nTotal VTE (%)13 (5.3)17 (6.7)\nDVT Only (%)11 (4.5)14 (5.5)\nProximal DVT (%)10 (4.0)12 (4.7)\nPE (%)2 (0.8)3 (1.2)\n14.5 Prophylaxis of Ischemic Complications in Unstable Angina and NonQ-Wave Myocardial Infarction\nIn a multicenter, double-blind, parallel group study, patients who recently experienced unstable angina or nonQ-wave myocardial infarction were randomized to either Lovenox 1 mg/kg every 12 hours subcutaneously or heparin intravenous bolus (5000 U) followed by a continuous infusion (adjusted to achieve an aPTT of 55 to 85 seconds). A total of 3171 patients were enrolled in the study, and 3107 patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 25 to 94 years (median age 64 years), with 33.4% of patients female and 66.6% male. Race was distributed as follows: 89.8% Caucasian, 4.8% Black, 2.0% Asian, and 3.5% other. All patients were also treated with aspirin 100 to 325 mg per day. Treatment was initiated within 24 hours of the event and continued until clinical stabilization, revascularization procedures, or hospital discharge, with a maximal duration of 8 days of therapy. The combined incidence of the triple endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, or recurrent angina was lower for Lovenox compared with heparin therapy at 14 days after initiation of treatment. The lower incidence of the triple endpoint was sustained up to 30 days after initiation of treatment. These results were observed in an analysis of both all-randomized and all-treated patients. The efficacy data are provided below (see Table 23).\nTable 23: Efficacy of Lovenox in the Prophylaxis of Ischemic Complications in Unstable Angina and NonQ-Wave Myocardial Infarction (combined endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, or recurrent angina)\nDosing Regimen*\nLovenox\n1 mg/kg q12h subcutaneouslyHeparin\naPTT Adjusted Intravenous TherapyReduction\n(%)p Value\nIndicationn (%)n (%)\n*\nAll patients were also treated with aspirin 100 to 325 mg per day.\n\nEvaluation time points are after initiation of treatment. Therapy continued for up to 8 days (median duration of 2.6 days).\nAll Treated Unstable Angina and NonQ-Wave MI Patients1578 (100)1529 (100)\nTime point\n48 Hours96 (6.1)112 (7.3)1.20.120\n14 Days261 (16.5)303 (19.8)3.30.017\n30 Days313 (19.8)358 (23.4)3.60.014\nThe combined incidence of death or myocardial infarction at all time points was lower for Lovenox compared to standard heparin therapy, but did not achieve statistical significance. The efficacy data are provided below (see Table 24).\nTable 24: Efficacy of Lovenox in the Prophylaxis of Ischemic Complications in Unstable Angina and NonQ-Wave Myocardial Infarction (Combined endpoint of death or myocardial infarction)\nDosing Regimen*\nLovenox\n1 mg/kg q12h subcutaneouslyHeparin\naPTT Adjusted Intravenous TherapyReduction\n(%)p Value\nIndicationn (%)n (%)\n*\nAll patients were also treated with aspirin 100 to 325 mg per day.\n\nEvaluation time points are after initiation of treatment. Therapy continued for up to 8 days (median duration of 2.6 days).\nAll Treated Unstable Angina and NonQ-Wave MI Patients1578 (100)1529 (100)\nTime point\n48 Hours16 (1.0)20 (1.3)0.30.126\n14 Days76 (4.8)93 (6.1)1.30.115\n30 Days96 (6.1)118 (7.7)1.60.069\nIn a survey one year following treatment, with information available for 92% of enrolled patients, the combined incidence of death, myocardial infarction, or recurrent angina remained lower for Lovenox versus heparin (32.0% vs 35.7%).\nUrgent revascularization procedures were performed less frequently in the Lovenox group as compared to the heparin group, 6.3% compared to 8.2% at 30 days (p=0.047).\n14.6\tTreatment of Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction\nIn a multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group study, patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who were to be hospitalized within 6 hours of onset and were eligible to receive fibrinolytic therapy were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either Lovenox or unfractionated heparin.\nStudy medication was initiated between 15 minutes before and 30 minutes after the initiation of fibrinolytic therapy. Unfractionated heparin was administered beginning with an intravenous bolus of 60 U/kg (maximum 4000 U) and followed with an infusion of 12 U/kg per hour (initial maximum 1000 U per hour) that was adjusted to maintain an aPTT of 1.5 to 2 times the control value. The intravenous infusion was to be given for at least 48 hours. The Lovenox dosing strategy was adjusted according to the patient's age and renal function. For patients younger than 75 years of age, Lovenox was given as a single 30 mg intravenous bolus plus a 1 mg/kg subcutaneous dose followed by a subcutaneous injection of 1 mg/kg every 12 hours. For patients at least 75 years of age, the intravenous bolus was not given and the subcutaneous dose was reduced to 0.75 mg/kg every 12 hours. For patients with severe renal insufficiency (estimated creatinine clearance of less than 30 mL per minute), the dose was to be modified to 1 mg/kg every 24 hours. The subcutaneous injections of Lovenox were given until hospital discharge or for a maximum of eight days (whichever came first). The mean treatment duration for Lovenox was 6.6 days. The mean treatment duration of unfractionated heparin was 54 hours.\nWhen percutaneous coronary intervention was performed during study medication period, patients received antithrombotic support with blinded study drug. For patients on Lovenox, the PCI was to be performed on Lovenox (no switch) using the regimen established in previous studies, i.e. no additional dosing, if the last subcutaneous administration was less than 8 hours before balloon inflation, intravenous bolus of 0.3 mg/kg Lovenox if the last subcutaneous administration was more than 8 hours before balloon inflation.\nAll patients were treated with aspirin for a minimum of 30 days. Eighty percent of patients received a fibrin-specific agent (19% tenecteplase, 5% reteplase and 55% alteplase) and 20% received streptokinase.\nAmong 20,479 patients in the ITT population, the mean age was 60 years, and 76% were male. Racial distribution was: 87% Caucasian, 9.8% Asian, 0.2% Black, and 2.8% other. Medical history included previous MI (13%), hypertension (44%), diabetes (15%) and angiographic evidence of CAD (5%). Concomitant medication included aspirin (95%), beta-blockers (86%), ACE inhibitors (78%), statins (70%) and clopidogrel (27%). The MI at entry was anterior in 43%, non-anterior in 56%, and both in 1%.\nThe primary efficacy endpoint was the composite of death from any cause or myocardial re-infarction in the first 30 days after randomization. Total follow-up was one year.\nThe rate of the primary efficacy endpoint (death or myocardial re-infarction) was 9.9% in the Lovenox group, and 12% in the unfractionated heparin group, a 17% reduction in the relative risk, (P=0.000003) (see Table 25).\nTable 25: Efficacy of Lovenox in the Treatment of Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction\nLovenox(N=10,256)UFH(N=10,223)Relative Risk(95% CI)P Value\nNote: Urgent revascularization denotes episodes of recurrent myocardial ischemia (without infarction) leading to the clinical decision to perform coronary revascularization during the same hospitalization. CI denotes confidence intervals.\nOutcome at 48 hoursn (%)n (%)\nDeath or Myocardial Re-infarction478 (4.7)531 (5.2)0.90 (0.80 to 1.01)0.08\nDeath383 (3.7)390 (3.8)0.98 (0.85 to 1.12)0.76\nMyocardial Re-infarction102 (1.0)156 (1.5)0.65 (0.51 to 0.84)<0.001\nUrgent Revascularization74 (0.7)96 (0.9)0.77 (0.57 to 1.04)0.09\nDeath or Myocardial Re-infarction or Urgent Revascularization548 (5.3)622 (6.1)0.88 (0.79 to 0.98)0.02\nOutcome at 8 Days\nDeath or Myocardial Re-infarction740 (7.2)954 (9.3)0.77 (0.71 to 0.85)<0.001\nDeath559 (5.5)605 (5.9)0.92 (0.82 to 1.03)0.15\nMyocardial Re-infarction204 (2.0)379 (3.7)0.54 (0.45 to 0.63)<0.001\nUrgent Revascularization145 (1.4)247 (2.4)0.59 (0.48 to 0.72)<0.001\nDeath or Myocardial Re-infarction or Urgent Revascularization874 (8.5)1181 (11.6)0.74 (0.68 to 0.80)<0.001\nOutcome at 30 Days\nPrimary efficacy endpoint(Death or Myocardial Re-infarction)1017 (9.9)1223 (12.0)0.83 (0.77 to 0.90)0.000003\nDeath708 (6.9)765 (7.5)0.92 (0.84 to 1.02)0.11\nMyocardial Re-infarction352 (3.4)508 (5.0)0.69 (0.60 to 0.79)<0.001\nUrgent Revascularization213 (2.1)286 (2.8)0.74 (0.62 to 0.88)<0.001\nDeath or Myocardial Re-infarction or Urgent Revascularization1199 (11.7)1479 (14.5)0.81 (0.75 to 0.87)<0.001\nThe beneficial effect of Lovenox on the primary endpoint was consistent across key subgroups including age, gender, infarct location, history of diabetes, history of prior myocardial infarction, fibrinolytic agent administered, and time to treatment with study drug (see Figure 1); however, it is necessary to interpret such subgroup analyses with caution.\n*\nThe primary efficacy endpoint was the composite of death from any cause or myocardial re-infarction in the first 30 days. The overall treatment effect of Lovenox as compared to the unfractionated heparin (UFH) is shown at the bottom of the figure. For each subgroup, the circle is proportional to the number and represents the point estimate of the treatment effect and the horizontal lines represent the 95% confidence intervals. Fibrin-specific fibrinolytic agents included alteplase, tenecteplase, and reteplase. Time to treatment indicates the time from the onset of symptoms to the administration of study drug (median: 3.2 hours).\nFigure 1: Relative Risks of and Absolute Event Rates for the Primary Endpoint at 30 Days in Various Subgroups*\nThe beneficial effect of Lovenox on the primary endpoint observed during the first 30 days was maintained over a 12 month follow-up period (see Figure 2).\nFigure 2: Kaplan-Meier Plot Death or Myocardial Re-infarction at 30 Days ITT Population\nThere is a trend in favor of Lovenox during the first 48 hours, but most of the treatment difference is attributed to a step increase in the event rate in the UFH group at 48 hours (seen in Figure 2), an effect that is more striking when comparing the event rates just prior to and just subsequent to actual times of discontinuation. These results provide evidence that UFH was effective and that it would be better if used longer than 48 hours. There is a similar increase in endpoint event rate when Lovenox was discontinued, suggesting that it too was discontinued too soon in this study.\nThe rates of major hemorrhages (defined as requiring 5 or more units of blood for transfusion, or 15% drop in hematocrit or clinically overt bleeding, including intracranial hemorrhage) at 30 days were 2.1% in the Lovenox group and 1.4% in the unfractionated heparin group. The rates of intracranial hemorrhage at 30 days were 0.8% in the Lovenox group and 0.7% in the unfractionated heparin group. The 30-day rate of the composite endpoint of death, myocardial re-infarction or ICH (a measure of net clinical benefit) was significantly lower in the Lovenox group (10.1%) as compared to the heparin group (12.2%).\nClose\n16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLINGLovenox is available in two concentrations (see Tables 26 and 27).\nTable 26: 100 mg/mL Concentration\n-\nDosage Unit/Strength*Anti-Xa ActivityPackage Size\n- (per carton)Label ColorNDC ...\nLovenox is available in two concentrations (see Tables 26 and 27).\nTable 26: 100 mg/mL Concentration\nDosage Unit/Strength*Anti-Xa ActivityPackage Size(per carton)Label ColorNDC # 0075-\n*\nStrength represents the number of milligrams of enoxaparin sodium in Water for Injection. Lovenox 30 and 40 mg prefilled syringes, and 60, 80, and 100 mg graduated prefilled syringes each contain 10 mg enoxaparin sodium per 0.1 mL Water for Injection.\n\nApproximate anti-Factor Xa activity based on reference to the W.H.O. First International Low Molecular Weight Heparin Reference Standard.\n\nEach Lovenox prefilled syringe is for single, one-time use only and is affixed with a 27 gauge 1/2-inch needle.\n\nEach Lovenox multiple-dose vial contains 15 mg benzyl alcohol per 1 mL as a preservative.\nSingle-Dose Prefilled Syringes\n30 mg/0.3 mL3000 IU10 syringesMedium Blue0624-30\n40 mg/0.4 mL4000 IU10 syringesYellow0620-40\nSingle-Dose Graduated Prefilled Syringes\n60 mg/0.6 mL6000 IU10 syringesOrange0621-60\n80 mg/0.8 mL8000 IU10 syringesBrown0622-80\n100 mg/1 mL10,000 IU10 syringesBlack0623-00\nMultiple-Dose Vial\n300 mg/3 mL30,000 IU1 vialRed0626-03\nTable 27: 150 mg/mL Concentration\nDosage Unit/Strength*Anti-Xa ActivityPackage Size(per carton)Syringe Label ColorNDC # 0075-\n*\nStrength represents the number of milligrams of enoxaparin sodium in Water for Injection. Lovenox 120 and 150 mg graduated prefilled syringes contain 15 mg enoxaparin sodium per 0.1 mL Water for Injection.\n\nApproximate anti-Factor Xa activity based on reference to the W.H.O. First International Low Molecular Weight Heparin Reference Standard.\n\nEach Lovenox graduated prefilled syringe is for single, one-time use only and is affixed with a 27 gauge 1/2-inch needle.\nSingle-Dose Graduated Prefilled Syringes\n120 mg/0.8 mL12,000 IU10 syringesPurple2912-01\n150 mg/1 mL15,000 IU10 syringesNavy Blue2915-01\nStore at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15C30C (59F86F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Store in the original carton or packaging until ready to use.\nDo not store the multiple-dose vials for more than 28 days after the first use.\nClose\n17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATIONAdvise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Instructions for Use).\nIf patients have had neuraxial anesthesia or spinal puncture, and particularly, if they are taking concomitant ...\nAdvise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Instructions for Use).\nIf patients have had neuraxial anesthesia or spinal puncture, and particularly, if they are taking concomitant NSAIDs, platelet inhibitors, or other anticoagulants, advise them to watch for signs and symptoms of spinal or epidural hematoma, such as tingling, numbness (especially in the lower limbs) and muscular weakness. Instruct the patient to seek immediate medical attention if any of these symptoms occur.\nInform patients:\nof the instructions for injecting Lovenox if they continue Lovenox therapy after discharge from the hospital.\nthat it may take them longer than usual to stop bleeding.\nthat they may bruise and/or bleed more easily when they use Lovenox.\nthat they should report any unusual bleeding, bruising, or signs of thrombocytopenia (such as a rash of dark red spots under the skin) to their physician [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.5)].\nthat risks are associated with the use of benzyl alcohol, a preservative in Lovenox multiple-dose vials, in neonates, infants, and pregnant women.\nto tell their physicians and dentists they are taking Lovenox and/or any other product known to affect bleeding before any surgery is scheduled and before any new drug is taken [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.3)].\nto tell their physicians and dentists of all medications they are taking, including those obtained without a prescription, such as aspirin or other NSAIDs [see Drug Interactions (7)].\nClose\nSPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTIONsanofi-aventis U.S. LLC\n- Bridgewater, NJ 08807\n- A SANOFI COMPANY\n- 2021 sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC\nsanofi-aventis U.S. LLCBridgewater, NJ 08807A SANOFI COMPANY\n2021 sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC\nClose\nINSTRUCTIONS FOR USELOVENOX (low-vuh-naaks)\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\nfor subcutaneous use\n-\nSingle-dose prefilled syringe\n-\nThis Instructions for Use contains information on how to prepare and inject Lovenox ...\nLOVENOX (low-vuh-naaks)(enoxaparin sodium injection)for subcutaneous use\nSingle-dose prefilled syringe\nThis Instructions for Use contains information on how to prepare and inject Lovenox prefilled syringe.\nRead this Instructions for Use before using the Lovenox prefilled syringe and each time you get a new prescription. There may be new information. Do not inject yourself or someone else until you have been shown how to inject Lovenox. Your healthcare provider can show you or your caregiver how to prepare and inject a dose of Lovenox. Call your healthcare provider if you have any questions.\nImportant information:\nYour healthcare provider will tell you the prescribed dose that you should take and how often you will need to inject Lovenox. If your dose is based on your body weight, your dose of Lovenox might be less than what is in the prefilled syringe.\nLovenox is injected as a subcutaneous (under the skin) injection only. Do not inject Lovenox into muscle.\nDo not use the Lovenox prefilled syringe if the needle cap is missing or not securely attached.\nDo not remove the needle cap until just before you give the injection.\nDo not touch the syringe plunger rod until you are ready to inject. Do not pull back on the plunger rod at any time.\nDo not get rid of any air bubble(s) in the Lovenox prefilled syringe. This can lead to a loss of the medicine.\nTo avoid bruising, do not rub the injection site after you have injected yourself.\nTo protect from needle-stick injuries, each prefilled syringe has a safety system that covers the needle after injection.\nThrow away (dispose of) the used Lovenox prefilled syringe and needle cap right away after use, even if there is medicine left in the prefilled syringe. See \"Step 13: Dispose of used Lovenox prefilled syringes and needle caps\" below.\nLovenox is for one time use only. Do not reuse a Lovenox prefilled syringe.\nStoring Lovenox prefilled syringes:\nStore Lovenox prefilled syringes at 77F (25C).\nStore Lovenox prefilled syringes in the original carton or packaging until ready to use.\nKeep Lovenox and all medicines out of the reach of children.\nParts of Lovenox prefilled syringe:\nPreparing to inject Lovenox:\nStep 1: Gather the following supplies for your injection (see Figure A):\n1 Lovenox prefilled syringe\n1 alcohol wipe1\n1 cotton ball or gauze1\na small adhesive bandage, if needed1\na sharps disposal container1 (see Step 13)\nFigure A\nStep 2: Wash your hands well with soap and water.\nStep 3: Preparing a dose of Lovenox\nTake the prefilled syringe out of the package.\nOpen the packaging by peeling the lid at the arrow as directed.\nTake the prefilled syringe out of the plastic container by holding the middle of the syringe body (see Figure B).\nDo not remove the prefilled syringe by pulling on the plunger rod or the needle cap as this may damage the syringe.\nDo not pull off the needle cap until you are ready to inject.\nDo not use the Lovenox prefilled syringe if it has been dropped on a hard surface or damaged.\nFigure B\nStep 4: Check the Lovenox prefilled syringe\nWhen you receive your Lovenox syringes, always check to see that:\nyou have the correct medicine and dose.\nthe expiration date on the prefilled syringe has not passed (see Figure C).\nDo not use the Lovenox prefilled syringe if the expiration date has passed.\nFigure C\nStep 5: Check the medicine\nLook at the medicine inside the Lovenox prefilled syringe:\nThe liquid should be clear and colorless to pale yellow (see Figure D).\nNote: You may see air bubble(s), this is normal. Do not try to remove any air bubbles.\nDo not use the Lovenox prefilled syringe if the liquid is discolored or cloudy, or if it contains visible flakes or particles.\nFigure D\nStep 6: Choose your injection site\nYou can inject into either the right or left side of your stomach area (abdomen), at least 2 inches away from your belly button and out towards your side (see Figure E).\nYou should alternate between the left or right side of your stomach each time you give yourself an injection.\nDo not inject into skin that has bruises or scars.\nDo not inject through clothes.\nFigure E\nStep 7: Clean the injection site\nClean the injection site with an alcohol wipe (see Figure F).\nLet your skin dry before injecting.\nFigure F\nStep 8: Remove the needle cap\nHold the prefilled syringe in the middle of the body with the needle pointing away from you. Remove the needle cap by pulling it straight off the syringe (see Figure G).\nDo not twist the needle cap to avoid bending the needle.\nDo not put the needle cap back on.\nDo not touch the needle.\nFigure G\nStep 9: Injecting a dose that is less than the full amount in the prefilled syringe. If your prescribed dose is the same as the amount in the prefilled syringe, go to Step 10.\nIf your dose is based on your bodyweight, your healthcare provider may prescribe less than the full amount in the syringe. You will have to get rid of (discard) some of the medicine from the prefilled syringe before you inject Lovenox.\nTo measure your prescribed dose, hold the prefilled syringe with the needle pointing down. Carefully watch the numbers on the syringe as you push the plunger down until the amount left in the syringe is the same as your prescribed dose. The tip of the plunger should line up with the number for your prescribed dose (see Figure H).\nFigure H\nStep 10: Injecting Lovenox\nHold the prefilled syringe like a pencil in your hand with the needle pointing down. With your other hand, pinch the cleaned stomach (abdomen) area between your forefinger and thumb to make a fold in the skin (see Figure I). Make sure you hold the skin fold during the entire injection.\nFigure I\nInsert the full length of the needle straight into the skin fold at about a 90 angle (see Figure J).\nFigure J\nPush the plunger rod down slowly and steadily with your thumb until the Lovenox prefilled syringe is empty (see Figure K).\nFigure K\nStep 11: Remove the needle\nRemove the needle from the injection site by pulling it straight out while keeping your fingers on the plunger rod (see Figure L).\nDo not put the needle cap back on.\nDo not rub your skin after the injection.\nFigure L\nStep 12: Activate the safety system\nPoint the needle away from yourself and other people, and firmly push the plunger rod again to activate the safety system. The protective sleeve will automatically come down and cover the needle. You will hear a \"click\" when the protective sleeve is released (see Figure M).\nYou will feel some resistance. This is normal. Keep pushing until you hear the \"click.\"\nThe safety system can only be activated after the syringe has been emptied.\nOnly activate the safety system after you have removed the needle from your skin.\nActivation of the safety system may cause a small amount of liquid to leak out of the syringe. Activate the system while facing the syringe away from yourself and other people.\nFigure M\nStep 13: Dispose of used Lovenox prefilled syringes and needle caps\nPut the used Lovenox prefilled syringe and needle cap in an FDA-cleared sharps disposal container right away after use (see Figure N). Do not dispose of Lovenox prefilled syringes or needle caps in your household trash.\nIf you do not have an FDA-cleared sharps disposal container, you may use a household container that is:\nmade of a heavy-duty plastic,\ncan be closed with a tight-fitting, puncture-resistant lid, without sharps being able to come out,\nupright and stable during use,\nleak-resistant, and\nproperly labeled to warn of hazardous waste inside the container.\nWhen your sharps disposal container is almost full, you will need to follow your community guidelines for the right way to dispose of your sharps disposal container. There may be state or local laws about how you should throw away used needles, syringes, and prefilled syringes. For more information about safe sharps disposal, and for specific information about sharps disposal in the state that you live in, go to the FDA's website at http://www.fda.gov/safesharpsdisposal.\nFigure N\nsanofi-aventis U.S. LLCBridgewater, NJ 08807A SANOFI COMPANY\n2021 sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC\nThis Instructions for Use has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Issued: December 2021\n1\nItems not included.\nClose\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 30 mg/0.3 mL Syringe CartonNDC 0075-0624-30\n- LOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n30mg/0.3mL\n- Rx ONLY\n- SINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE\n- FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\n- Ten 0.3mL Syringes\n- SANOFI\nNDC 0075-0624-30\nLOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n30mg/0.3mL\nRx ONLY\nSINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\nTen 0.3mL Syringes\nSANOFI\nClose\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 40 mg/0.4 mL Syringe CartonNDC 0075-0620-40\n- LOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n40mg/0.4mL\n- Rx ONLY\n- SINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE\n- FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\n- Ten 0.4mL Syringes\n- SANOFI\nNDC 0075-0620-40\nLOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n40mg/0.4mL\nRx ONLY\nSINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\nTen 0.4mL Syringes\nSANOFI\nClose\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 60 mg/0.6 mL Syringe CartonNDC 0075-0621-60\n- LOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n60mg/0.6mL\n- Rx ONLY\n- SINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE\n- FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\n- Ten 0.6mL Syringes\n- SANOFI\nNDC 0075-0621-60\nLOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n60mg/0.6mL\nRx ONLY\nSINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\nTen 0.6mL Syringes\nSANOFI\nClose\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 80 mg/0.8 mL Syringe CartonNDC 0075-0622-80\n- LOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n80mg/0.8mL\n- Rx ONLY\n- SINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE\n- FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\n- Ten 0.8mL Syringes\n- SANOFI\nNDC 0075-0622-80\nLOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n80mg/0.8mL\nRx ONLY\nSINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\nTen 0.8mL Syringes\nSANOFI\nClose\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 100 mg/1 mL Syringe CartonNDC 0075-0623-00\n- LOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n100mg/1 mL\n- Rx ONLY\n- SINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE\n- FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\n- Ten 1mL Syringes\n- SANOFI\nNDC 0075-0623-00\nLOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n100mg/1 mL\nRx ONLY\nSINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\nTen 1mL Syringes\nSANOFI\nClose\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 300 mg/3 mL Vial CartonNDC 0075-0626-03\n- LOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n300mg/3mL\n- (100mg/1mL)\nRx ONLY\n- For Subcutaneous or\n- Intravenous Injection\n- Multiple Dose Vial\n- One 3mL Vial\n- SANOFI\nNDC 0075-0626-03\nLOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n300mg/3mL (100mg/1mL)\nRx ONLY\nFor Subcutaneous or Intravenous Injection\nMultiple Dose Vial\nOne 3mL Vial\nSANOFI\nClose\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 120 mg/0.8 mL Syringe CartonNDC 0075-2912-01\n- LOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n120mg/0.8mL\n- Rx ONLY\n- SINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE\n- FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\n- Ten 0.8mL Syringes\n- SANOFI\nNDC 0075-2912-01\nLOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n120mg/0.8mL\nRx ONLY\nSINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\nTen 0.8mL Syringes\nSANOFI\nClose\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 150 mg/1 mL Syringe CartonNDC 0075-2915-01\n- LOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n150mg/1 mL\n- Rx ONLY\n- SINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE\n- FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\n- Ten 1mL Syringes\n- SANOFI\nNDC 0075-2915-01\nLOVENOX\n(enoxaparin sodium injection)\n150mg/1 mL\nRx ONLY\nSINGLE DOSE SYRINGES WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY DEVICE FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION\nTen 1mL Syringes\nSANOFI\nClose\nINGREDIENTS AND APPEARANCEProduct Information\nLOVENOX\nenoxaparin sodium injection\nProduct Information\nProduct TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC:0075-0624\nRoute of AdministrationSUBCUTANEOUS\nActive Ingredient/Active Moiety\nIngredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength\nENOXAPARIN SODIUM (UNII: 8NZ41MIK1O) (ENOXAPARIN - UNII:E47C0NF7LV) ENOXAPARIN SODIUM30mg in0.3mL\nInactive Ingredients\nIngredient NameStrength\nWATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)\nPackaging\n#Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\n1NDC:0075-0624-3010 in 1 CARTON03/29/1993\n1NDC:0075-0624-011 in 1 CELLO PACK\n10.3 mL in 1 SYRINGE; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)\nMarketing Information\nMarketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\nNDANDA02016403/29/1993\nLOVENOX\nenoxaparin sodium injection\nProduct Information\nProduct TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC:0075-0620\nRoute of AdministrationSUBCUTANEOUS\nActive Ingredient/Active Moiety\nIngredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength\nENOXAPARIN SODIUM (UNII: 8NZ41MIK1O) (ENOXAPARIN - UNII:E47C0NF7LV) ENOXAPARIN SODIUM40mg in0.4mL\nInactive Ingredients\nIngredient NameStrength\nWATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)\nPackaging\n#Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\n1NDC:0075-0620-4010 in 1 CARTON03/29/1993\n1NDC:0075-0620-011 in 1 CELLO PACK\n10.4 mL in 1 SYRINGE; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)\nMarketing Information\nMarketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\nNDANDA02016403/29/1993\nLOVENOX\nenoxaparin sodium injection\nProduct Information\nProduct TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC:0075-0621\nRoute of AdministrationSUBCUTANEOUS\nActive Ingredient/Active Moiety\nIngredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength\nENOXAPARIN SODIUM (UNII: 8NZ41MIK1O) (ENOXAPARIN - UNII:E47C0NF7LV) ENOXAPARIN SODIUM60mg in0.6mL\nInactive Ingredients\nIngredient NameStrength\nWATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)\nPackaging\n#Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\n1NDC:0075-0621-6010 in 1 CARTON03/29/1993\n1NDC:0075-0621-011 in 1 CELLO PACK\n10.6 mL in 1 SYRINGE; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)\nMarketing Information\nMarketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\nNDANDA02016403/29/1993\nLOVENOX\nenoxaparin sodium injection\nProduct Information\nProduct TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC:0075-0622\nRoute of AdministrationSUBCUTANEOUS\nActive Ingredient/Active Moiety\nIngredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength\nENOXAPARIN SODIUM (UNII: 8NZ41MIK1O) (ENOXAPARIN - UNII:E47C0NF7LV) ENOXAPARIN SODIUM80mg in0.8mL\nInactive Ingredients\nIngredient NameStrength\nWATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)\nPackaging\n#Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\n1NDC:0075-0622-8010 in 1 CARTON03/29/1993\n1NDC:0075-0622-011 in 1 CELLO PACK\n10.8 mL in 1 SYRINGE; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)\nMarketing Information\nMarketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\nNDANDA02016403/29/1993\nLOVENOX\nenoxaparin sodium injection\nProduct Information\nProduct TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC:0075-0623\nRoute of AdministrationSUBCUTANEOUS\nActive Ingredient/Active Moiety\nIngredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength\nENOXAPARIN SODIUM (UNII: 8NZ41MIK1O) (ENOXAPARIN - UNII:E47C0NF7LV) ENOXAPARIN SODIUM100mg in1mL\nInactive Ingredients\nIngredient NameStrength\nWATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)\nPackaging\n#Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\n1NDC:0075-0623-0010 in 1 CARTON03/29/1993\n1NDC:0075-0623-031 in 1 CELLO PACK\n11 mL in 1 SYRINGE; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)\nMarketing Information\nMarketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\nNDANDA02016403/29/1993\nLOVENOX\nenoxaparin sodium injection\nProduct Information\nProduct TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC:0075-0626\nRoute of AdministrationSUBCUTANEOUS, INTRAVENOUS\nActive Ingredient/Active Moiety\nIngredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength\nENOXAPARIN SODIUM (UNII: 8NZ41MIK1O) (ENOXAPARIN - UNII:E47C0NF7LV) ENOXAPARIN SODIUM300mg in3mL\nInactive Ingredients\nIngredient NameStrength\nWATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)\nBENZYL ALCOHOL (UNII: LKG8494WBH) 45mg in3mL\nPackaging\n#Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\n1NDC:0075-0626-031 in 1 CARTON03/29/1993\n13 mL in 1 VIAL, MULTI-DOSE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product\nMarketing Information\nMarketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\nNDANDA02016403/29/1993\nLOVENOX\nenoxaparin sodium injection\nProduct Information\nProduct TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC:0075-2912\nRoute of AdministrationSUBCUTANEOUS\nActive Ingredient/Active Moiety\nIngredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength\nENOXAPARIN SODIUM (UNII: 8NZ41MIK1O) (ENOXAPARIN - UNII:E47C0NF7LV) ENOXAPARIN SODIUM120mg in0.8mL\nInactive Ingredients\nIngredient NameStrength\nWATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)\nPackaging\n#Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\n1NDC:0075-2912-0110 in 1 CARTON03/29/1993\n1NDC:0075-2912-001 in 1 CELLO PACK\n10.8 mL in 1 SYRINGE; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)\nMarketing Information\nMarketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\nNDANDA02016403/29/1993\nLOVENOX\nenoxaparin sodium injection\nProduct Information\nProduct TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC:0075-2915\nRoute of AdministrationSUBCUTANEOUS\nActive Ingredient/Active Moiety\nIngredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength\nENOXAPARIN SODIUM (UNII: 8NZ41MIK1O) (ENOXAPARIN - UNII:E47C0NF7LV) ENOXAPARIN SODIUM150mg in1mL\nInactive Ingredients\nIngredient NameStrength\nWATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)\nPackaging\n#Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\n1NDC:0075-2915-0110 in 1 CARTON03/29/1993\n1NDC:0075-2915-001 in 1 CELLO PACK\n11 mL in 1 SYRINGE; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)\nMarketing Information\nMarketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date\nNDANDA02016403/29/1993\nLabeler -Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC\n(824676584)\nEstablishment\nNameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations\nAventis Pharma Manufacturing Pte. Ltd.595299306ANALYSIS(0075-0620, 0075-0621, 0075-0622, 0075-0623, 0075-0624, 0075-0626, 0075-2912, 0075-2915) , API MANUFACTURE(0075-0620, 0075-0621, 0075-0622, 0075-0623, 0075-0624, 0075-0626, 0075-2912, 0075-2915)\nEstablishment\nNameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations\nGenzyme Corporation098066215ANALYSIS(0075-0620, 0075-0621, 0075-0622, 0075-0623, 0075-0624, 0075-2912, 0075-2915) , MANUFACTURE(0075-0620, 0075-0621, 0075-0622, 0075-0623, 0075-0624, 0075-2912, 0075-2915) , PACK(0075-0620, 0075-0621, 0075-0622, 0075-0623, 0075-0624, 0075-2912, 0075-2915) , LABEL(0075-0620, 0075-0621, 0075-0622, 0075-0623, 0075-0624, 0075-2912, 0075-2915)\nEstablishment\nNameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations\nSanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH313218430ANALYSIS(0075-0626) , MANUFACTURE(0075-0626) , PACK(0075-0626) , LABEL(0075-0626)\nEstablishment\nNameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations\nSanofi Winthrop Industrie297730488ANALYSIS(0075-0620, 0075-0621, 0075-0622, 0075-0623, 0075-0624, 0075-2912, 0075-2915) , MANUFACTURE(0075-0620, 0075-0621, 0075-0622, 0075-0623, 0075-0624, 0075-2912, 0075-2915) , PACK(0075-0620, 0075-0621, 0075-0622, 0075-0623, 0075-0624, 0075-2912, 0075-2915) , LABEL(0075-0620, 0075-0621, 0075-0622, 0075-0623, 0075-0624, 0075-2912, 0075-2915)\nClose\nView All SectionsClose All Sections\nFind additional resources (also available in the left\nmenu)\nSafety\nBoxed Warnings,\nReport Adverse\nEvents,\nFDA Safety Recalls,\nPresence in Breast Milk\nRelated Resources\nMedline Plus,\nClinical Trials,\nPubMed,\nBiochemical Data Summary\nMore Info on this Drug\nView Labeling Archives,\nRxNorm,\nGet Label RSS Feed,\nView NDC Code(s)NEW!\nView Labeling Archives for this drug\nLOVENOX- enoxaparin sodium injection\nNumber of versions: 19\nPublished Date (What\nis this?)\nVersion\nFiles\nJan 12, 2022\n26\n(current)\ndownload\nJan 5, 2022\n25\ndownload\nApr 13, 2021\n24\ndownload\nMay 14, 2020\n23\ndownload\nJun 17, 2019\n22\ndownload\nMar 20, 2019\n21\ndownload\nJan 3, 2019\n20\ndownload\nOct 23, 2018\n19\ndownload\nNov 7, 2017\n18\ndownload\nNov 5, 2013\n16\ndownload\nJun 24, 2013\n15\ndownload\nMar 28, 2013\n14\ndownload\nMay 5, 2011\n12\ndownload\nJan 18, 2011\n10\ndownload\nJan 27, 2010\n8\ndownload\nAug 19, 2009\n6\ndownload\nAug 11, 2009\n5\ndownload\nJun 30, 2009\n2\ndownload\nJun 17, 2008\n1\ndownload\nRxNorm\nLOVENOX- enoxaparin sodium injection\nRxCUI\nRxNorm NAME\nRxTTY\n1\n854228\nenoxaparin sodium 30 MG in 0.3 ML Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n2\n854228\n0.3 ML enoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSCD\n3\n854228\n0.3 ML ENX sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n4\n854228\nenoxaparin sodium 30 MG per 0.3 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n5\n854232\nLovenox 30 MG in 0.3 mL Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n6\n854232\n0.3 ML enoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSBD\n7\n854232\n0.3 ML ENX sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSY\n8\n854232\n0.3 ML Lovenox 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n9\n854232\nLovenox 30 MG per 0.3 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n10\n854235\nenoxaparin sodium 40 MG in 0.4 ML Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n11\n854235\n0.4 ML enoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSCD\n12\n854235\n0.4 ML ENX sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n13\n854235\nenoxaparin sodium 40 MG per 0.4 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n14\n854236\nLovenox 40 MG in 0.4 mL Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n15\n854236\n0.4 ML enoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSBD\n16\n854236\n0.4 ML ENX sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSY\n17\n854236\n0.4 ML Lovenox 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n18\n854236\nLovenox 40 MG per 0.4 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n19\n854238\nenoxaparin sodium 60 MG in 0.6 ML Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n20\n854238\n0.6 ML enoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSCD\n21\n854238\n0.6 ML ENX sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n22\n854238\nenoxaparin sodium 60 MG per 0.6 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n23\n854239\nLovenox 60 MG in 0.6 mL Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n24\n854239\n0.6 ML enoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSBD\n25\n854239\n0.6 ML ENX sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSY\n26\n854239\n0.6 ML Lovenox 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n27\n854239\nLovenox 60 MG per 0.6 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n28\n854241\nenoxaparin sodium 80 MG in 0.8 ML Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n29\n854241\n0.8 ML enoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSCD\n30\n854241\n0.8 ML ENX sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n31\n854241\nenoxaparin sodium 80 MG per 0.8 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n32\n854242\nLovenox 80 MG in 0.8 ML Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n33\n854242\n0.8 ML enoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSBD\n34\n854242\n0.8 ML ENX sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSY\n35\n854242\n0.8 ML Lovenox 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n36\n854242\nLovenox 80 MG per 0.8 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n37\n854245\nenoxaparin sodium 120 MG in 0.8 ML Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n38\n854245\n0.8 ML enoxaparin sodium 150 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSCD\n39\n854245\n0.8 ML ENX sodium 150 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n40\n854245\nenoxaparin sodium 120 MG per 0.8 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n41\n854247\nLovenox 120 MG in 0.8 ML Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n42\n854247\n0.8 ML enoxaparin sodium 150 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSBD\n43\n854247\n0.8 ML ENX sodium 150 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSY\n44\n854247\n0.8 ML Lovenox 150 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n45\n854247\nLovenox 120 MG per 0.8 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n46\n854248\nenoxaparin sodium 100 MG in 1 ML Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n47\n854248\n1 ML enoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSCD\n48\n854248\n1 ML ENX sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n49\n854248\nenoxaparin sodium 100 MG per 1 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n50\n854249\nLovenox 100 MG in 1 ML Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n51\n854249\n1 ML enoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSBD\n52\n854249\n1 ML ENX sodium 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSY\n53\n854249\n1 ML Lovenox 100 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n54\n854249\nLovenox 100 MG per 1 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n55\n854252\nenoxaparin sodium 150 MG in 1 ML Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n56\n854252\n1 ML enoxaparin sodium 150 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSCD\n57\n854252\n1 ML ENX sodium 150 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n58\n854252\nenoxaparin 150 MG per 1 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n59\n854253\nLovenox 150 MG in 1 ML Prefilled Syringe\nPSN\n60\n854253\n1 ML enoxaparin sodium 150 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSBD\n61\n854253\n1 ML ENX sodium 150 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Lovenox]\nSY\n62\n854253\n1 ML Lovenox 150 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n63\n854253\nLovenox 150 MG per 1 ML Prefilled Syringe\nSY\n64\n854255\nenoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Injectable Solution\nPSN\n65\n854255\nenoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Injectable Solution\nSCD\n66\n854255\nENX sodium 100 MG/ML Injectable Solution\nSY\n67\n854256\nLovenox 100 MG/ML Injectable Solution\nPSN\n68\n854256\nenoxaparin sodium 100 MG/ML Injectable Solution [Lovenox]\nSBD\n69\n854256\nENX sodium 100 MG/ML Injectable Solution [Lovenox]\nSY\n70\n854256\nLovenox 100 MG/ML Injectable Solution\nSY\n71\n854256\nLovenox 300 MG per 3 ML Injectable Solution\nSY\nGet Label RSS Feed for this Drug\nLOVENOX- enoxaparin sodium injection\nTo receive this label RSS feed\nCopy the URL below and paste it into your RSS Reader application.\nhttps://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/labelrss.cfm?setid=5017a927-2a24-4f27-89f9-27c805bf7d59\nTo receive all DailyMed Updates for the last seven days\nCopy the URL below and paste it into your RSS Reader application.\nhttps://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/rss.cfm\nWhat will I get with the DailyMed RSS feed?\nDailyMed will deliver notification of updates and additions to Drug Label information currently shown on this site through its RSS feed.\nDailyMed will deliver this notification to your desktop, Web browser, or e-mail depending on the RSS Reader you select to use. 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Crutchfield is the President Emeritus of the Association of Occupational Health Professionals in Healthcare in Charlotte, N.C.\nPMID:\n37000457\nDOI:\n10.1097/01.NURSE.0000927508.69410.3c\nItem in Clipboard\nSharps injuries with Lovenox and generic enoxaparin prefilled safety syringes: A 12-year retrospective cross-sectional analytical study\nTerry Grimmondet al.\nNursing.\n2023.\nShow details\nDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstract\nPubMed\nPMID\nNursing\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in NLM Catalog\nAdd to Search\n. 2023 Jun 1;53(6):53-61.\ndoi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000927508.69410.3c.\nAuthors\nTerry Grimmond\n1\n,Maryann Gruden,Bobbi Jo Hurst,Lydia F Crutchfield\nAffiliation\n1 Terry Grimmond is the director of Grimmond and Associates, Microbiology Consultancy in New Zealand; MaryAnn Gruden is an occupational health consultant in McMurray, Pa.; Bobbi Jo Hurst is an employee health and infection control RN at Orthopedic Associates of Lancaster in New Holland, Pa.; and Lydia F. Crutchfield is the President Emeritus of the Association of Occupational Health Professionals in Healthcare in Charlotte, N.C.\nPMID:\n37000457\nDOI:\n10.1097/01.NURSE.0000927508.69410.3c\nItem in Clipboard\nFull text links\nCiteDisplay options\nDisplay options\nFormat\nAbstractPubMedPMID\nAbstract\nPurpose:\nInvestigate the incidence and mechanisms of sharps injuries (SI) to staff using Lovenox and generic enoxaparin prefilled syringes.\nMethods:\nFour national adverse event databases were examined over a 12-year period for incidence and brands involved with injury events to staff using enoxaparin prefilled syringes.\nResults:\nThe search revealed 581 adverse events (including 20 sharps injuries) associated with device malfunction in 8 of 16 brands, with one brand mentioned significantly more frequently than others. No national alert had been issued.\nConclusions:\nUse of certain brands of enoxaparin prefilled syringes poses a small but serious risk of injury to staff. Conducting root cause analyses on all SI is essential, as is the need for regularly evaluating safer devices, reporting all device incidents, enabling simpler reporting of adverse events, and establishing more effective intervention by FDA and manufacturers.\nCopyright 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.\nPubMed Disclaimer\nSimilar articles\nSharps injuries with Lovenox and generic enoxaparin prefilled safety syringes: A 12-year retrospective cross-sectional analytical study.\nGrimmond T, Gruden M, Hurst BJ, Crutchfield LF.\nGrimmond T, et al.\nNursing. 2023 Jun 1;53(6):53-61. doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000927476.08935.e1.\nNursing. 2023.\nPMID: 37212821\nSharps injuries with Lovenox and generic enoxaparin prefilled safety syringes: A 12-year retrospective cross-sectional analytical study.\n[No authors listed]\n[No authors listed]\nNursing. 2023 Jul 1;53(7):1. doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000945196.79361.2c.\nNursing. 2023.\nPMID: 37343269\nNo abstract available.\nNeedlestick and sharps injuries among nursing students.\nSmith DR, Leggat PA.\nSmith DR, et al.\nJ Adv Nurs. 2005 Sep;51(5):449-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03526.x.\nJ Adv Nurs. 2005.\nPMID: 16098161\nNeedlestick injuries and safety syringes: a review of the literature.\nHigginson R, Parry A.\nHigginson R, et al.\nBr J Nurs. 2013 Apr 25-May 8;22(8):S4, S6-8, S10 passim. doi: 10.12968/bjon.2013.22.Sup5.S4.\nBr J Nurs. 2013.\nPMID: 23752503\nReview.\nSharps injuries in UK health care: a review of injury rates, viral transmission and potential efficacy of safety devices.\nElder A, Paterson C.\nElder A, et al.\nOccup Med (Lond). 2006 Dec;56(8):566-74. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kql122. Epub 2006 Oct 25.\nOccup Med (Lond). 2006.\nPMID: 17065314\nReview.\nSee all similar articles\nReferences\nU.S. Food and Drug Administration. Rhone-Paulenc Rorer, Lovenox approval letter, 1993. www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/pre96/20-164ltr.pdf . Accessed October 3, 2022.\nBlake H. A history of Sanofi. PharmaPhorum, February 25, 2013. https://pharmaphorum.com/articles/a_history_of-_sanofi/ . Accessed October 3, 2022.\nEnoxaparin. DrugBank Online. https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01225 . Accessed October 3, 2022.\nU.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approved drug products (Orange Book). www.fda.gov/media/71474/download . Accessed October 3, 2022.\nEnoxaparin. DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=Enoxaparin . Accessed October 3, 2022.\nShow all 37 references\nMeSH terms\nCross-Sectional Studies\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nEnoxaparin* / adverse effects\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nHumans\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nNeedlestick Injuries* / epidemiology\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nNeedlestick Injuries* / prevention & control\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nRetrospective Studies\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nSyringes\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nSubstances\nEnoxaparin\nActions\nSearch in PubMed\nSearch in MeSH\nAdd to Search\nRelated information\nMedGen\nLinkOut - more resources\nFull Text Sources\nOvid Technologies, Inc.\nWolters Kluwer\nFull text links\n[x]\nWolters Kluwer\n[x]\nCite\nCopy\nDownload .nbib\n.nbib\nFormat:\nAMA\nAPA\nMLA\nNLM\nSend To\nClipboard\nEmail\nSave\nMy Bibliography\nCollections\nCitation Manager\n[x]\nNCBI Literature Resources\nMeSH\nPMC\nBookshelf\nDisclaimer\nThe PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.\nFollow NCBI\nTwitter\nFacebook\nLinkedIn\nGitHub\nConnect with NLM\nTwitter\nSM-Facebook\nSM-Youtube\nNational Library of Medicine\n8600 Rockville Pike\nBethesda, MD 20894\nWeb Policies\nFOIA\nHHS Vulnerability Disclosure\nHelp\nAccessibility\nCareers\nNLM\nNIH\nHHS\nUSA.gov", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37000457/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "ReactReactv18.3.1SearchCtrlKLearnReferenceCommunityBlogReactThe library for web and native user interfacesLearn ReactAPI ReferenceCreate user interfaces from componentsReact lets you build user interfaces out of individual pieces called components. Create your own React components like Thumbnail, LikeButton, and Video. Then combine them into entire screens, pages, and apps.Video.jsfunction Video({ video }) { return ( <div> <Thumbnail video={video} /> <a href={video.url}> <h3>{video.title}</h3> <p>{video.description}</p> </a> <LikeButton video={video} /> </div> );}My videoVideo descriptionWhether you work on your own or with thousands of other developers, using React feels the same. It is designed to let you seamlessly combine components written by independent people, teams, and organizations.Write components with code and markupReact components are JavaScript functions. Want to show some content conditionally? Use an if statement. Displaying a list? Try array map(). Learning React is learning programming.VideoList.jsfunction VideoList({ videos, emptyHeading }) { const count = videos.length; let heading = emptyHeading; if (count > 0) { const noun = count > 1 ? 'Videos' : 'Video'; heading = count + ' ' + noun; } return ( <section> <h2>{heading}</h2> {videos.map(video => <Video key={video.id} video={video} /> )} </section> );}3 VideosFirst videoVideo descriptionSecond videoVideo descriptionThird videoVideo descriptionThis markup syntax is called JSX. It is a JavaScript syntax extension popularized by React. Putting JSX markup close to related rendering logic makes React components easy to create, maintain, and delete.Add interactivity wherever you need itReact components receive data and return what should appear on the screen. You can pass them new data in response to an interaction, like when the user types into an input. React will then update the screen to match the new data.SearchableVideoList.jsimport { useState } from 'react';function SearchableVideoList({ videos }) { const [searchText, setSearchText] = useState(''); const foundVideos = filterVideos(videos, searchText); return ( <> <SearchInput value={searchText} onChange={newText => setSearchText(newText)} /> <VideoList videos={foundVideos} emptyHeading={`No matches for ${searchText}`} /> </> );}example.com/videos.htmlReact VideosA brief history of ReactSearch5 VideosReact: The DocumentaryThe origin story of ReactRethinking Best PracticesPete Hunt (2013)Introducing React NativeTom Occhino (2015)Introducing React HooksSophie Alpert and Dan Abramov (2018)Introducing Server ComponentsDan Abramov and Lauren Tan (2020)You dont have to build your whole page in React. Add React to your existing HTML page, and render interactive React components anywhere on it.Add React to your pageGo full-stack with a frameworkReact is a library. It lets you put components together, but it doesnt prescribe how to do routing and data fetching. To build an entire app with React, we recommend a full-stack React framework like Next.js or Remix.confs/[slug].jsimport { db } from './database.js';import { Suspense } from 'react';async function ConferencePage({ slug }) { const conf = await db.Confs.find({ slug }); return ( <ConferenceLayout conf={conf}> <Suspense fallback={<TalksLoading />}> <Talks confId={conf.id} /> </Suspense> </ConferenceLayout> );}async function Talks({ confId }) { const talks = await db.Talks.findAll({ confId }); const videos = talks.map(talk => talk.video); return <SearchableVideoList videos={videos} />;}example.com/confs/react-conf-2021React Conf 2021React Conf 2019Search19 VideosReact ConfReact 18 KeynoteThe React TeamReact ConfReact 18 for App DevelopersShruti KapoorReact ConfStreaming Server Rendering with SuspenseShaundai PersonReact ConfThe First React Working GroupAakansha DoshiReact ConfReact Developer ToolingBrian VaughnReact ConfReact without memoXuan Huang ()React ConfReact Docs KeynoteRachel NaborsReact ConfThings I Learnt from the New React DocsDebbie O'BrienReact ConfLearning in the BrowserSarah RainsbergerReact ConfThe ROI of Designing with ReactLinton YeReact ConfInteractive Playgrounds with ReactDelba de OliveiraReact ConfRe-introducing RelayRobert BalickiReact ConfReact Native DesktopEric Rozell and Steven MoyesReact ConfOn-device Machine Learning for React NativeRoman RdleReact ConfReact 18 for External Store LibrariesDaishi KatoReact ConfBuilding Accessible Components with React 18Diego HazReact ConfAccessible Japanese Form Components with ReactTafu NakazakiReact ConfUI Tools for ArtistsLyle TroxellReact ConfHydrogen + React 18Helen LinReact is also an architecture. Frameworks that implement it let you fetch data in asynchronous components that run on the server or even during the build. Read data from a file or a database, and pass it down to your interactive components.Get started with a frameworkUse the best from every platformPeople love web and native apps for different reasons. React lets you build both web apps and native apps using the same skills. It leans upon each platforms unique strengths to let your interfaces feel just right on every platform.example.comStay true to the webPeople expect web app pages to load fast. On the server, React lets you start streaming HTML while youre still fetching data, progressively fillingin the remaining content before any JavaScript code loads. On the client, React can use standard web APIs to keep your UI responsive even in the middle ofrendering.3:55 PMGo truly nativePeople expect native apps to look and feel like their platform. React Native and Expo let you build apps in React for Android, iOS, and more. They look and feel native because their UIs are truly native. Its not a web viewyour React components render real Android and iOS views provided by the platform.With React, you can be a web and a native developer. Your team can ship to many platforms without sacrificing the user experience. Your organization can bridge the platform silos, and form teams that own entire features end-to-end.Build for native platformsUpgrade when the future is readyReact approaches changes with care. Every React commit is tested on business-critical surfaces with over a billion users. Over 100,000 React components at Meta help validate every migration strategy.The React team is always researching how to improve React. Some research takes years to pay off. React has a high bar for taking a research idea into production. Only proven approaches become a part of React.Read more React newsLatest React NewsReact Conf 2024 RecapMay 22, 2024React 19 RCApril 25, 2024React 19 RC Upgrade GuideApril 25, 2024React Labs: February 2024February 15, 2024Read more React newsJoin a community of millionsYoure not alone. Two million developers from all over the world visit the React docs every month. React is something that people and teams can agree on.This is why React is more than a library, an architecture, or even an ecosystem. React is a community. Its a place where you can ask for help, find opportunities, and meet new friends. You will meet both developers and designers, beginners and experts, researchers and artists, teachers and students. Our backgrounds may be very different, but React lets us all create user interfaces together.Welcome to the React communityGet Started2024no uwu plzuwu?Logo by@sawaratsuki1004Learn ReactQuick StartInstallationDescribing the UIAdding InteractivityManaging StateEscape HatchesAPI ReferenceReact APIsReact DOM APIsCommunityCode of ConductMeet the TeamDocs ContributorsAcknowledgementsMoreBlogReact NativePrivacyTerms", "url": "https://react.dev/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "React A JavaScript library for building user interfacesWe want to hear from you!Take our 2021 Community Survey!This site is no longer updated.Go to react.devReactDocsTutorialBlogCommunityv18.2.0 LanguagesGitHubReactA JavaScript library for building user interfacesGet StartedTake the TutorialDeclarativeReact makes it painless to create interactive UIs. Design simple views for each state in your application, and React will efficiently update and render just the right components when your data changes.\nDeclarative views make your code more predictable and easier to debug.Component-BasedBuild encapsulated components that manage their own state, then compose them to make complex UIs.\nSince component logic is written in JavaScript instead of templates, you can easily pass rich data through your app and keep state out of theDOM.LearnOnce, WriteAnywhereWe dont make assumptions about the rest of your technology stack, so you can develop new features in React without rewriting existing code.\nReact can also render on the server using Node and power mobile apps using React Native.A Simple ComponentReact components implement a render() method that takes input data and returns what to display. This example uses an XML-like syntax called JSX. Input data that is passed into the component can be accessed by render() via this.props.\nJSX is optional and not required to use React. Try the Babel REPL to see the raw JavaScript code produced by the JSX compilation step.Loading code example...A Stateful ComponentIn addition to taking input data (accessed via this.props), a component can maintain internal state data (accessed via this.state). When a components state data changes, the rendered markup will be updated by re-invoking render().Loading code example...An ApplicationUsing props and state, we can put together a small Todo application. This example uses state to track the current list of items as well as the text that the user has entered. Although event handlers appear to be rendered inline, they will be collected and implemented using event delegation.Loading code example...A Component Using External PluginsReact allows you to interface with other libraries and frameworks. This example uses remarkable, an external Markdown library, to convert the <textarea>s value in real time.Loading code example...Get StartedTake the TutorialDocsInstallationMain ConceptsAdvanced GuidesAPI ReferenceHooksTestingContributingFAQChannelsGitHubStack OverflowDiscussion ForumsReactiflux ChatDEV CommunityFacebookTwitterCommunityCode of ConductCommunity ResourcesMoreTutorialBlogAcknowledgementsReact NativePrivacyTermsCopyright 2024 Meta Platforms, Inc.", "url": "https://legacy.reactjs.org/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Quick Start ReactReactv18.3.1SearchCtrlKLearnReferenceCommunityBlogGET STARTEDQuick Start Tutorial: Tic-Tac-Toe Thinking in React Installation Start a New React Project Add React to an Existing Project Editor Setup Using TypeScript React Developer Tools React Compiler - This feature is available in the latest CanaryLEARN REACTDescribing the UI Your First Component Importing and Exporting Components Writing Markup with JSX JavaScript in JSX with Curly Braces Passing Props to a Component Conditional Rendering Rendering Lists Keeping Components Pure Your UI as a Tree Adding Interactivity Responding to Events State: A Component's Memory Render and Commit State as a Snapshot Queueing a Series of State Updates Updating Objects in State Updating Arrays in State Managing State Reacting to Input with State Choosing the State Structure Sharing State Between Components Preserving and Resetting State Extracting State Logic into a Reducer Passing Data Deeply with Context Scaling Up with Reducer and Context Escape Hatches Referencing Values with Refs Manipulating the DOM with Refs Synchronizing with Effects You Might Not Need an Effect Lifecycle of Reactive Effects Separating Events from Effects Removing Effect Dependencies Reusing Logic with Custom Hooks Is this page useful?Learn ReactQuick StartWelcome to the React documentation! This page will give you an introduction to the 80% of React concepts that you will use on a daily basis.\nYou will learn\nHow to create and nest components\nHow to add markup and styles\nHow to display data\nHow to render conditions and lists\nHow to respond to events and update the screen\nHow to share data between components\nCreating and nesting components\nReact apps are made out of components. A component is a piece of the UI (user interface) that has its own logic and appearance. A component can be as small as a button, or as large as an entire page.\nReact components are JavaScript functions that return markup:\nfunction MyButton() { return ( <button>I'm a button</button> );}\nNow that youve declared MyButton, you can nest it into another component:\nexport default function MyApp() { return ( <div> <h1>Welcome to my app</h1> <MyButton /> </div> );}\nNotice that <MyButton /> starts with a capital letter. Thats how you know its a React component. React component names must always start with a capital letter, while HTML tags must be lowercase.\nHave a look at the result:\nApp.jsApp.js ResetForkfunction MyButton() {\nreturn (\n<button>\nI'm a button\n</button>\n);\n}\nexport default function MyApp() {\nreturn (\n<div>\n<h1>Welcome to my app</h1>\n<MyButton />\n</div>\n);\n}\nShow more\nThe export default keywords specify the main component in the file. If youre not familiar with some piece of JavaScript syntax, MDN and javascript.info have great references.\nWriting markup with JSX\nThe markup syntax youve seen above is called JSX. It is optional, but most React projects use JSX for its convenience. All of the tools we recommend for local development support JSX out of the box.\nJSX is stricter than HTML. You have to close tags like <br />. Your component also cant return multiple JSX tags. You have to wrap them into a shared parent, like a <div>...</div> or an empty <>...</> wrapper:\nfunction AboutPage() { return ( <> <h1>About</h1> <p>Hello there.<br />How do you do?</p> </> );}\nIf you have a lot of HTML to port to JSX, you can use an online converter.\nAdding styles\nIn React, you specify a CSS class with className. It works the same way as the HTML class attribute:\n<img className=\"avatar\" />\nThen you write the CSS rules for it in a separate CSS file:\n/* In your CSS */.avatar { border-radius: 50%;}\nReact does not prescribe how you add CSS files. In the simplest case, youll add a <link> tag to your HTML. If you use a build tool or a framework, consult its documentation to learn how to add a CSS file to your project.\nDisplaying data\nJSX lets you put markup into JavaScript. Curly braces let you escape back into JavaScript so that you can embed some variable from your code and display it to the user. For example, this will display user.name:\nreturn ( <h1> {user.name} </h1>);\nYou can also escape into JavaScript from JSX attributes, but you have to use curly braces instead of quotes. For example, className=\"avatar\" passes the \"avatar\" string as the CSS class, but src={user.imageUrl} reads the JavaScript user.imageUrl variable value, and then passes that value as the src attribute:\nreturn ( <img className=\"avatar\" src={user.imageUrl} />);\nYou can put more complex expressions inside the JSX curly braces too, for example, string concatenation:\nApp.jsApp.js ResetForkconst user = {\nname: 'Hedy Lamarr',\nimageUrl: 'https://i.imgur.com/yXOvdOSs.jpg',\nimageSize: 90,\n};\nexport default function Profile() {\nreturn (\n<>\n<h1>{user.name}</h1>\n<img\nclassName=\"avatar\"\nsrc={user.imageUrl}\nalt={'Photo of ' + user.name}\nstyle={{\nwidth: user.imageSize,\nheight: user.imageSize\n}}\n/>\n</>\n);\n}\nShow more\nIn the above example, style={{}} is not a special syntax, but a regular {} object inside the style={ } JSX curly braces. You can use the style attribute when your styles depend on JavaScript variables.\nConditional rendering\nIn React, there is no special syntax for writing conditions. Instead, youll use the same techniques as you use when writing regular JavaScript code. For example, you can use an if statement to conditionally include JSX:\nlet content;if (isLoggedIn) { content = <AdminPanel />;} else { content = <LoginForm />;}return ( <div> {content} </div>);\nIf you prefer more compact code, you can use the conditional ? operator. Unlike if, it works inside JSX:\n<div> {isLoggedIn ? ( <AdminPanel /> ) : ( <LoginForm /> )}</div>\nWhen you dont need the else branch, you can also use a shorter logical && syntax:\n<div> {isLoggedIn && <AdminPanel />}</div>\nAll of these approaches also work for conditionally specifying attributes. If youre unfamiliar with some of this JavaScript syntax, you can start by always using if...else.\nRendering lists\nYou will rely on JavaScript features like for loop and the array map() function to render lists of components.\nFor example, lets say you have an array of products:\nconst products = [ { title: 'Cabbage', id: 1 }, { title: 'Garlic', id: 2 }, { title: 'Apple', id: 3 },];\nInside your component, use the map() function to transform an array of products into an array of <li> items:\nconst listItems = products.map(product => <li key={product.id}> {product.title} </li>);return ( <ul>{listItems}</ul>);\nNotice how <li> has a key attribute. For each item in a list, you should pass a string or a number that uniquely identifies that item among its siblings. Usually, a key should be coming from your data, such as a database ID. React uses your keys to know what happened if you later insert, delete, or reorder the items.\nApp.jsApp.js ResetForkconst products = [\n{ title: 'Cabbage', isFruit: false, id: 1 },\n{ title: 'Garlic', isFruit: false, id: 2 },\n{ title: 'Apple', isFruit: true, id: 3 },\n];\nexport default function ShoppingList() {\nconst listItems = products.map(product =>\n<li\nkey={product.id}\nstyle={{\ncolor: product.isFruit ? 'magenta' : 'darkgreen'\n}}\n>\n{product.title}\n</li>\n);\nreturn (\n<ul>{listItems}</ul>\n);\n}\nShow more\nResponding to events\nYou can respond to events by declaring event handler functions inside your components:\nfunction MyButton() { function handleClick() { alert('You clicked me!'); } return ( <button onClick={handleClick}> Click me </button> );}\nNotice how onClick={handleClick} has no parentheses at the end! Do not call the event handler function: you only need to pass it down. React will call your event handler when the user clicks the button.\nUpdating the screen\nOften, youll want your component to remember some information and display it. For example, maybe you want to count the number of times a button is clicked. To do this, add state to your component.\nFirst, import useState from React:\nimport { useState } from 'react';\nNow you can declare a state variable inside your component:\nfunction MyButton() { const [count, setCount] = useState(0); // ...\nYoull get two things from useState: the current state (count), and the function that lets you update it (setCount). You can give them any names, but the convention is to write [something, setSomething].\nThe first time the button is displayed, count will be 0 because you passed 0 to useState(). When you want to change state, call setCount() and pass the new value to it. Clicking this button will increment the counter:\nfunction MyButton() { const [count, setCount] = useState(0); function handleClick() { setCount(count + 1); } return ( <button onClick={handleClick}> Clicked {count} times </button> );}\nReact will call your component function again. This time, count will be 1. Then it will be 2. And so on.\nIf you render the same component multiple times, each will get its own state. Click each button separately:\nApp.jsApp.js ResetForkimport { useState } from 'react';\nexport default function MyApp() {\nreturn (\n<div>\n<h1>Counters that update separately</h1>\n<MyButton />\n<MyButton />\n</div>\n);\n}\nfunction MyButton() {\nconst [count, setCount] = useState(0);\nfunction handleClick() {\nsetCount(count + 1);\n}\nreturn (\n<button onClick={handleClick}>\nClicked {count} times\n</button>\n);\n}\nShow more\nNotice how each button remembers its own count state and doesnt affect other buttons.\nUsing Hooks\nFunctions starting with use are called Hooks. useState is a built-in Hook provided by React. You can find other built-in Hooks in the API reference. You can also write your own Hooks by combining the existing ones.\nHooks are more restrictive than other functions. You can only call Hooks at the top of your components (or other Hooks). If you want to use useState in a condition or a loop, extract a new component and put it there.\nSharing data between components\nIn the previous example, each MyButton had its own independent count, and when each button was clicked, only the count for the button clicked changed:\nInitially, each MyButtons count state is 0The first MyButton updates its count to 1\nHowever, often youll need components to share data and always update together.\nTo make both MyButton components display the same count and update together, you need to move the state from the individual buttons upwards to the closest component containing all of them.\nIn this example, it is MyApp:\nInitially, MyApps count state is 0 and is passed down to both childrenOn click, MyApp updates its count state to 1 and passes it down to both children\nNow when you click either button, the count in MyApp will change, which will change both of the counts in MyButton. Heres how you can express this in code.\nFirst, move the state up from MyButton into MyApp:\nexport default function MyApp() { const [count, setCount] = useState(0); function handleClick() { setCount(count + 1); } return ( <div> <h1>Counters that update separately</h1> <MyButton /> <MyButton /> </div> );}function MyButton() { // ... we're moving code from here ...}\nThen, pass the state down from MyApp to each MyButton, together with the shared click handler. You can pass information to MyButton using the JSX curly braces, just like you previously did with built-in tags like <img>:\nexport default function MyApp() { const [count, setCount] = useState(0); function handleClick() { setCount(count + 1); } return ( <div> <h1>Counters that update together</h1> <MyButton count={count} onClick={handleClick} /> <MyButton count={count} onClick={handleClick} /> </div> );}\nThe information you pass down like this is called props. Now the MyApp component contains the count state and the handleClick event handler, and passes both of them down as props to each of the buttons.\nFinally, change MyButton to read the props you have passed from its parent component:\nfunction MyButton({ count, onClick }) { return ( <button onClick={onClick}> Clicked {count} times </button> );}\nWhen you click the button, the onClick handler fires. Each buttons onClick prop was set to the handleClick function inside MyApp, so the code inside of it runs. That code calls setCount(count + 1), incrementing the count state variable. The new count value is passed as a prop to each button, so they all show the new value. This is called lifting state up. By moving state up, youve shared it between components.\nApp.jsApp.js ResetForkimport { useState } from 'react';\nexport default function MyApp() {\nconst [count, setCount] = useState(0);\nfunction handleClick() {\nsetCount(count + 1);\n}\nreturn (\n<div>\n<h1>Counters that update together</h1>\n<MyButton count={count} onClick={handleClick} />\n<MyButton count={count} onClick={handleClick} />\n</div>\n);\n}\nfunction MyButton({ count, onClick }) {\nreturn (\n<button onClick={onClick}>\nClicked {count} times\n</button>\n);\n}\nShow more\nNext Steps\nBy now, you know the basics of how to write React code!\nCheck out the Tutorial to put them into practice and build your first mini-app with React.NextTutorial: Tic-Tac-Toe2024no uwu plzuwu?Logo by@sawaratsuki1004Learn ReactQuick StartInstallationDescribing the UIAdding InteractivityManaging StateEscape HatchesAPI ReferenceReact APIsReact DOM APIsCommunityCode of ConductMeet the TeamDocs ContributorsAcknowledgementsMoreBlogReact NativePrivacyTermsOn this pageOverviewCreating and nesting components Writing markup with JSX Adding styles Displaying data Conditional rendering Rendering lists Responding to events Updating the screen Using Hooks Sharing data between components Next Steps", "url": "https://react.dev/learn" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "React (JavaScript library) - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Notable features\nToggle Notable features subsection\n1.1Declarative\n1.2Components\n1.3Function components\n1.4React Hooks\n1.4.1Rules of hooks\n1.5Server components\n1.6Class components\n1.7Routing\n1.8Virtual DOM\n2Updates\nToggle Updates subsection\n2.1Lifecycle methods\n2.2JSX\n2.3Architecture beyond HTML\n2.4Server-side rendering\n3Common idioms\nToggle Common idioms subsection\n3.1Unidirectional data flow\n4Future development\n5History\n6Licensing\n7See also\n8References\n9Bibliography\n10External links\nToggle the table of contents\nReact (JavaScript library)\n38 languages\nAzrbaycanca / Bn-lm-gCataletinaDeutschEestiEspaolFranaisBahasa IndonesiaItalianoLatvieuNederlandsNorsk bokmlPolskiPortugusRomnRuna SimiSlovenina / srpskiSuomiSvenskaTrkeTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nFor the open-source mobile application framework, see React Native.\nJavaScript library for building user interfaces\nThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)\nThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources:\"React\"JavaScript librarynews newspapers books scholar JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nThis article may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\n(Learn how and when to remove this message)\nReactOriginal author(s)Jordan WalkeDeveloper(s)Meta and communityInitial releaseMay29, 2013; 10 years ago(2013-05-29)[1]Stable release18.3.1[2]\n/ 26 April 2024; 31 days ago(26 April 2024)Preview release19.0- beta\n/ April25, 2024; 32 days ago(2024-04-25)[3]\nRepositorygithub.com/facebook/react\nWritten inJavaScriptPlatformWeb platformTypeJavaScript libraryLicenseMIT LicenseWebsitereact.dev\nReact (also known as React.js or ReactJS) is a free and open-source front-end JavaScript library[4][5] for building user interfaces based on components. It is maintained by Meta (formerly Facebook) and a community of individual developers and companies.[6][7][8]\nReact can be used to develop single-page, mobile, or server-rendered applications with frameworks like Next.js. Because React is only concerned with the user interface and rendering components to the DOM, React applications often rely on libraries for routing and other client-side functionality.[9][10] A key advantage of React is that it only rerenders those parts of the page that have changed, avoiding unnecessary rerendering of unchanged DOM elements.\nNotable features[edit]\nDeclarative[edit]\nReact adheres to the declarative programming paradigm.[11]:76 Developers design views for each state of an application, and React updates and renders components when data changes. This is in contrast with imperative programming.[12]\nComponents[edit]\nReact code is made of entities called components.[11]:1012 These components are modular and reusable.[11]:70 React applications typically consist of many layers of components. The components are rendered to a root element in the DOM using the React DOM library. When rendering a component, values are passed between components through props (short for \"properties\"). Values internal to a component are called its state.[13]\nThe two primary ways of declaring components in React are through function components and class components.[11]:118[14]:10\nFunction components[edit]\nFunction components are declared with a function (using JavaScript function syntax or an arrow function expression) that accepts a single \"props\" argument and returns JSX. From React v16.8 onwards, function components can use state with the useState Hook.\nReact Hooks[edit]\nOn February 16, 2019, React 16.8 was released to the public, introducing React Hooks.[15] Hooks are functions that let developers \"hook into\" React state and lifecycle features from function components.[16] Notably, Hooks do not work inside classes they let developers use more features of React without classes.[17]\nReact provides several built-in hooks such as useState,[18][14]:37 useContext,[11]:11[19][14]:12 useReducer,[11]:92[19][14]:6566 useMemo[11]:154[19][14]:162 and useEffect.[20][14]:9395 Others are documented in the Hooks API Reference.[21][11]:62 useState and useEffect, which are the most commonly used, are for controlling state[11]:37 and side effects,[11]:61 respectively.\nRules of hooks[edit]\nThere are two rules of hooks[22] which describe the characteristic code patterns that hooks rely on:\n\"Only call hooks at the top level\" don't call hooks from inside loops, conditions, or nested statements so that the hooks are called in the same order each render.\n\"Only call hooks from React functions\" don't call hooks from plain JavaScript functions so that stateful logic stays with the component.\nAlthough these rules can't be enforced at runtime, code analysis tools such as linters can be configured to detect many mistakes during development. The rules apply to both usage of Hooks and the implementation of custom Hooks,[23] which may call other Hooks.\nServer components[edit]\nReact server components or \"RSC\"s[24] are function components that run exclusively on the server. The concept was first introduced in the talk Data Fetching with Server Components Though a similar concept to Server Side Rendering, RSCs do not send corresponding JavaScript to the client as no hydration occurs. As a result, they have no access to hooks. However, they may be asynchronous function, allowing them to directly perform asynchronous operations:\nasync function MyComponent() {\nconst message = await fetchMessageFromDb();\nreturn (\n<div>Message: {message}</div>\n);\n}\nCurrently, server components are most readily usable with Next.js.\nClass components[edit]\nClass components are declared using ES6 classes. They behave the same way that function components do, but instead of using Hooks to manage state and lifecycle events, they use the lifecycle methods on the React.Component base class.\nclass ParentComponent extends React.Component {\nstate = { color: 'green' };\nrender() {\nreturn (\n<ChildComponent color={this.state.color} />\n);\n}\n}\nThe introduction of React Hooks with React 16.8 in February 2019 allowed developers to manage state and lifecycle behaviors within functional components, reducing the reliance on class components.\nThis trend aligns with the broader industry movement towards functional programming and modular design. As React continues to evolve, it's essential for developers to consider the benefits of functional components and React Hooks when building new applications or refactoring existing ones.[25]\nRouting[edit]\nReact itself does not come with built-in support for routing. React is primarily a library for building user interfaces, and it doesn't include a full-fledged routing solution out of the box. Third-party libraries can be used to handle routing in React applications.[26] It allows the developer to define routes, manage navigation, and handle URL changes in a React-friendly way.\nThere is a Virtual DOM that is used to implement the real DOM\nVirtual DOM[edit]\nAnother notable feature is the use of a virtual Document Object Model, or Virtual DOM. React creates an in-memory data-structure cache, computes the resulting differences, and then updates the browser's displayed DOM efficiently.[27] This process is called reconciliation. This allows the programmer to write code as if the entire page is rendered on each change, while React only renders the components that actually change. This selective rendering provides a major performance boost.[28]\nUpdates[edit]\nWhen ReactDOM.render[29] is called again for the same component and target, React represents the new UI state in the Virtual DOM and determines which parts (if any) of the living DOM needs to change.[30]\nThe virtualDOM will update the realDOM in real-time effortlessly\nLifecycle methods[edit]\nLifecycle methods for class-based components use a form of hooking that allows the execution of code at set points during a component's lifetime.\nShouldComponentUpdate allows the developer to prevent unnecessary re-rendering of a component by returning false if a render is not required.\ncomponentDidMount is called once the component has \"mounted\" (the component has been created in the user interface, often by associating it with a DOM node). This is commonly used to trigger data loading from a remote source via an API.\ncomponentDidUpdate is invoked immediately after updating occurs.[31]\ncomponentWillUnmount is called immediately before the component is torn down or \"unmounted\". This is commonly used to clear resource-demanding dependencies to the component that will not simply be removed with the unmounting of the component (e.g., removing any setInterval() instances that are related to the component, or an \"eventListener\" set on the \"document\" because of the presence of the component)\nrender is the most important lifecycle method and the only required one in any component. It is usually called every time the component's state is updated, which should be reflected in the user interface.\nJSX[edit]\nMain article: JSX\nJSX, or JavaScript Syntax Extension, is an extension to the JavaScript language syntax.[32] Similar in appearance to HTML,[11]:11 JSX provides a way to structure component rendering using syntax familiar[11]:15 to many developers. React components are typically written using JSX, although they do not have to be (components may also be written in pure JavaScript). JSX is similar to another extension syntax created by Facebook for PHP called XHP.\nAn example of JSX code:\nclass App extends React.Component {\nrender() {\nreturn (\n<div>\n<p>Header</p>\n<p>Content</p>\n<p>Footer</p>\n</div>\n);\n}\n}\nArchitecture beyond HTML[edit]\nThe basic architecture of React applies beyond rendering HTML in the browser. For example, Facebook has dynamic charts that render to <canvas> tags,[33] and Netflix and PayPal use universal loading to render identical HTML on both the server and client.[34][35]\nServer-side rendering[edit]\nThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nServer-side rendering (SSR) refers to the process of rendering a client-side JavaScript application on the server, rather than in the browser. This can improve the performance of the application, especially for users on slower connections or devices.\nWith SSR, the initial HTML that is sent to the client includes the fully rendered UI of the application. This allows the client's browser to display the UI immediately, rather than having to wait for the JavaScript to download and execute before rendering the UI.\nReact supports SSR, which allows developers to render React components on the server and send the resulting HTML to the client. This can be useful for improving the performance of the application, as well as for search engine optimization purposes.\nCommon idioms[edit]\nReact does not attempt to provide a complete application library. It is designed specifically for building user interfaces[4] and therefore does not include many of the tools some developers might consider necessary to build an application. This allows the choice of whichever libraries the developer prefers to accomplish tasks such as performing network access or local data storage. Common patterns of usage have emerged as the library matures.\nUnidirectional data flow[edit]\nTo support React's concept of unidirectional data flow (which might be contrasted with AngularJS's bidirectional flow), the Flux architecture was developed as an alternative to the popular modelviewcontroller architecture. Flux features actions which are sent through a central dispatcher to a store, and changes to the store are propagated back to the view.[36] When used with React, this propagation is accomplished through component properties. Since its conception, Flux has been superseded by libraries such as Redux and MobX.[37]\nFlux can be considered a variant of the observer pattern.[38]\nA React component under the Flux architecture should not directly modify any props passed to it, but should be passed callback functions that create actions which are sent by the dispatcher to modify the store. The action is an object whose responsibility is to describe what has taken place: for example, an action describing one user \"following\" another might contain a user id, a target user id, and the type USER_FOLLOWED_ANOTHER_USER.[39] The stores, which can be thought of as models, can alter themselves in response to actions received from the dispatcher.\nThis pattern is sometimes expressed as \"properties flow down, actions flow up\". Many implementations of Flux have been created since its inception, perhaps the most well-known being Redux, which features a single store, often called a single source of truth.[40]\nIn February 2019, useReducer was introduced as a React hook in the 16.8 release. It provides an API that is consistent with Redux, enabling developers to create Redux-like stores that are local to component states.[41]\nFuture development[edit]\nProject status can be tracked via the core team discussion forum.[42] However, major changes to React go through the Future of React repository issues and pull requests.[43][44] This enables the React community to provide feedback on new potential features, experimental APIs and JavaScript syntax improvements.\nHistory[edit]\nReact was created by Jordan Walke, a software engineer at Meta, who initially developed a prototype called \"F-Bolt\"[45] before later renaming it to \"FaxJS\". This early version is documented in Jordan Walke's GitHub repository.[1] Influences for the project included XHP, an HTML component library for PHP.\nReact was first deployed on Facebook's News Feed in 2011 and subsequently integrated into Instagram in 2012 [citation needed]. In May 2013, at JSConf US, the project was officially open-sourced, marking a significant turning point in its adoption and growth.[2]\nReact Native, which enables native Android, iOS, and UWP development with React, was announced at Facebook's React Conf in February 2015 and open-sourced in March 2015.\nOn April 18, 2017, Facebook announced React Fiber, a new set of internal algorithms for rendering, as opposed to React's old rendering algorithm, Stack.[46] React Fiber was to become the foundation of any future improvements and feature development of the React library.[47][needs update] The actual syntax for programming with React does not change; only the way that the syntax is executed has changed.[48] React's old rendering system, Stack, was developed at a time when the focus of the system on dynamic change was not understood. Stack was slow to draw complex animation, for example, trying to accomplish all of it in one chunk. Fiber breaks down animation into segments that can be spread out over multiple frames. Likewise, the structure of a page can be broken into segments that may be maintained and updated separately. JavaScript functions and virtual DOM objects are called \"fibers\", and each can be operated and updated separately, allowing for smoother on-screen rendering.[49]\nOn September 26, 2017, React 16.0 was released to the public.[50]\nOn August 10, 2020, the React team announced the first release candidate for React v17.0, notable as the first major release without major changes to the React developer-facing API.[51]\nOn March 29, 2022, React 18 was released which introduced a new concurrent renderer, automatic batching and support for server side rendering with Suspense.[52]\nVersions\nVersion\nRelease Date\nChanges\n0.3.0\n29 May 2013\nInitial Public Release\n0.4.0\n20 July 2013\nSupport for comment nodes <div>{/* */}</div>, Improved server-side rendering APIs, Removed React.autoBind, Support for the key prop, Improvements to forms, Fixed bugs.\n0.5.0\n20 October 2013\nImprove Memory usage, Support for Selection and Composition events, Support for getInitialState and getDefaultProps in mixins, Added React.version and React.isValidClass, Improved compatibility for Windows.\n0.8.0\n20 December 2013\nAdded support for rows & cols, defer & async, loop for <audio> & <video>, autoCorrect attributes. Added onContextMenu events, Upgraded jstransform and esprima-fb tools, Upgraded browserify.\n0.9.0\n20 February 2014\nAdded support for crossOrigin, download and hrefLang, mediaGroup and muted, sandbox, seamless, and srcDoc, scope attributes, Added any, arrayOf, component, oneOfType, renderable, shape to React.PropTypes, Added support for onMouseOver and onMouseOut event, Added support for onLoad and onError on <img> elements.\n0.10.0\n21 March 2014\nAdded support for srcSet and textAnchor attributes, add update function for immutable data, Ensure all void elements don't insert a closing tag.\n0.11.0\n17 July 2014\nImproved SVG support, Normalized e.view event, Update $apply command, Added support for namespaces, Added new transformWithDetails API, includes pre-built packages under dist/, MyComponent() now returns a descriptor, not an instance.\n0.12.0\n21 November 2014\nAdded new features Spread operator ({...}) introduced to deprecate this.transferPropsTo, Added support for acceptCharset, classID, manifest HTML attributes, React.addons.batchedUpdates added to API, @jsx React.DOM no longer required, Fixed issues with CSS Transitions.\n0.13.0\n10 March 2015\nDeprecated patterns that warned in 0.12 no longer work, ref resolution order has changed, Removed properties this._pendingState and this._rootNodeID, Support ES6 classes, Added API React.findDOMNode(component), Support for iterators and immutable-js sequences, Added new features React.addons.createFragment, deprecated React.addons.classSet.\n0.14.1\n29 October 2015\nAdded support for srcLang, default, kind attributes, and color attribute, Ensured legacy .props access on DOM nodes, Fixed scryRenderedDOMComponentsWithClass, Added react-dom.js.\n15.0.0\n7 April 2016\nInitial render now uses document.createElement instead of generating HTML, No more extra <span>s, Improved SVG support, ReactPerf.getLastMeasurements() is opaque, New deprecations introduced with a warning, Fixed multiple small memory leaks, React DOM now supports the cite and profile HTML attributes and cssFloat, gridRow and gridColumn CSS properties.\n15.1.0\n20 May 2016\nFix a batching bug, Ensure use of the latest object-assign, Fix regression, Remove use of merge utility, Renamed some modules.\n15.2.0\n1 July 2016\nInclude component stack information, Stop validating props at mount time, Add React.PropTypes.symbol, Add onLoad handling to <link> and onError handling to <source> element, Add isRunning() API, Fix performance regression.\n15.3.0\n30 July 2016\nAdd React.PureComponent, Fix issue with nested server rendering, Add xmlns, xmlnsXlink to support SVG attributes and referrerPolicy to HTML attributes, updates React Perf Add-on, Fixed issue with ref.\n15.3.1\n19 August 2016\nImprove performance of development builds, Cleanup internal hooks, Upgrade fbjs, Improve startup time of React, Fix memory leak in server rendering, fix React Test Renderer, Change trackedTouchCount invariant into a console.error.\n15.4.0\n16 November 2016\nReact package and browser build no longer includes React DOM, Improved development performance, Fixed occasional test failures, update batchedUpdates API, React Perf, and ReactTestRenderer.create().\n15.4.1\n23 November 2016\nRestructure variable assignment, Fixed event handling, Fixed compatibility of browser build with AMD environments.\n15.4.2\n6 January 2017\nFixed build issues, Added missing package dependencies, Improved error messages.\n15.5.0\n7 April 2017\nAdded react-dom/test-utils, Removed peerDependencies, Fixed issue with Closure Compiler, Added a deprecation warning for React.createClass and React.PropTypes, Fixed Chrome bug.\n15.5.4\n11 April 2017\nFix compatibility with Enzyme by exposing batchedUpdates on shallow renderer, Update version of prop-types, Fix react-addons-create-fragment package to include loose-envify transform.\n15.6.0\n13 June 2017\nAdd support for CSS variables in style attribute and Grid style properties, Fix AMD support for addons depending on react, Remove unnecessary dependency, Add a deprecation warning for React.createClass and React.DOM factory helpers.\n16.0.0\n26 September 2017\nImproved error handling with introduction of \"error boundaries\", React DOM allows passing non-standard attributes, Minor changes to setState behavior, remove react-with-addons.js build, Add React.createClass as create-react-class, React.PropTypes as prop-types, React.DOM as react-dom-factories, changes to the behavior of scheduling and lifecycle methods.\n16.1.0\n9 November 2017\nDiscontinuing Bower Releases, Fix an accidental extra global variable in the UMD builds, Fix onMouseEnter and onMouseLeave firing, Fix <textarea> placeholder, Remove unused code, Add a missing package.json dependency, Add support for React DevTools.\n16.3.0\n29 March 2018\nAdd a new officially supported context API, Add new packagePrevent an infinite loop when attempting to render portals with SSR, Fix an issue with this.state, Fix an IE/Edge issue.\n16.3.1\n3 April 2018\nPrefix private API, Fix performance regression and error handling bugs in development mode, Add peer dependency, Fix a false positive warning in IE11 when using Fragment.\n16.3.2\n16 April 2018\nFix an IE crash, Fix labels in User Timing measurements, Add a UMD build, Improve performance of unstable_observedBits API with nesting.\n16.4.0\n24 May 2018\nAdd support for Pointer Events specification, Add the ability to specify propTypes, Fix reading context, Fix the getDerivedStateFromProps() support, Fix a testInstance.parent crash, Add React.unstable_Profiler component for measuring performance, Change internal event names.\n16.5.0\n5 September 2018\nAdd support for React DevTools Profiler, Handle errors in more edge cases gracefully, Add react-dom/profiling, Add onAuxClick event for browsers, Add movementX and movementY fields to mouse events, Add tangentialPressure and twist fields to pointer event.\n16.6.0\n23 October 2018\nAdd support for contextType, Support priority levels, continuations, and wrapped callbacks, Improve the fallback mechanism, Fix gray overlay on iOS Safari, Add React.lazy() for code splitting components.\n16.7.0\n20 December 2018\nFix performance of React.lazy for lazily-loaded components, Clear fields on unmount to avoid memory leaks, Fix bug with SSR, Fix a performance regression.\n16.8.0\n6 February 2019\nAdd Hooks, Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates, Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy(), Improve useReducer Hook lazy initialization API.\n16.8.6\n27 March 2019\nFix an incorrect bailout in useReducer(), Fix iframe warnings in Safari DevTools, Warn if contextType is set to Context.Consumer instead of Context, Warn if contextType is set to invalid values.\n16.9.0\n9 August 2019\nAdd React.Profiler API for gathering performance measurements programmatically. Remove unstable_ConcurrentMode in favor of unstable_createRoot\n16.10.0\n27 September 2019\nFix edge case where a hook update wasn't being memoized. Fix heuristic for determining when to hydrate, so we don't incorrectly hydrate during an update. Clear additional fiber fields during unmount to save memory. Fix bug with required text fields in Firefox. Prefer Object.is instead of inline polyfill, when available. Fix bug when mixing Suspense and error handling.\n16.10.1\n28 September 2019\nFix regression in Next.js apps by allowing Suspense mismatch during hydration to silently proceed\n16.10.2\n3 October 2019\nFix regression in react-native-web by restoring order of arguments in event plugin extractors\n16.11.0\n22 October 2019\nFix mouseenter handlers from firing twice inside nested React containers. Remove unstable_createRoot and unstable_createSyncRoot experimental APIs. (These are available in the Experimental channel as createRoot and createSyncRoot.)\n16.12.0\n14 November 2019\nReact DOM - Fix passive effects (useEffect) not being fired in a multi-root app.\nReact Is - Fix lazy and memo types considered elements instead of components\n16.13.0\n26 February 2020\nFeatures added in React Concurrent mode.\nFix regressions in React core library and React Dom.\n16.13.1\n19 March 2020\nFix bug in legacy mode Suspense.\nRevert warning for cross-component updates that happen inside class render lifecycles\n16.14.0\n14 October 2020\nAdd support for the new JSX transform.\n17.0.0\n20 October 2020\n\"No New Features\" enables gradual React updates from older versions.\nAdd new JSX Transform, Changes to Event Delegation\n17.0.1\n22 October 2020\nReact DOM - Fixes a crash in IE11\n17.0.2\n22 March 2021\nReact DOM - Remove an unused dependency to address the SharedArrayBuffer cross-origin isolation warning.\n18.0.0\n29 March 2022\nConcurrent React, Automatic batching, New Suspense Features, Transitions, Client and Server Rendering APIs, New Strict Mode Behaviors, New Hooks [52]\n18.1.0\n26 April 2022\nMany fixes and performance improvements\n18.2.0\n14 June 2022\nMany more fixes and performance improvements\nLicensing[edit]\nThe initial public release of React in May 2013 used the Apache License 2.0. In October 2014, React 0.12.00 replaced this with the 3-clause BSD license and added a separate PATENTS text file that permits usage of any Facebook patents related to the software:[53]The license granted hereunder will terminate, automatically and without notice, for anyone that makes any claim (including by filing any lawsuit, assertion or other action) alleging (a) direct, indirect, or contributory infringement or inducement to infringe any patent: (i) by Facebook or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, whether or not such claim is related to the Software, (ii) by any party if such claim arises in whole or in part from any software, product or service of Facebook or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, whether or not such claim is related to the Software, or (iii) by any party relating to the Software; or (b) that any right in any patent claim of Facebook is invalid or unenforceable.This unconventional clause caused some controversy and debate in the React user community, because it could be interpreted to empower Facebook to revoke the license in many scenarios, for example, if Facebook sues the licensee prompting them to take \"other action\" by publishing the action on a blog or elsewhere. Many expressed concerns that Facebook could unfairly exploit the termination clause or that integrating React into a product might complicate a startup company's future acquisition.[54]\nBased on community feedback, Facebook updated the patent grant in April 2015 to be less ambiguous and more permissive:[55]\nThe license granted hereunder will terminate, automatically and without notice, if you (or any of your subsidiaries, corporate affiliates or agents) initiate directly or indirectly, or take a direct financial interest in, any Patent Assertion: (i) against Facebook or any of its subsidiaries or corporate affiliates, (ii) against any party if such Patent Assertion arises in whole or in part from any software, technology, product or service of Facebook or any of its subsidiaries or corporate affiliates, or (iii) against any party relating to the Software. [...] A \"Patent Assertion\" is any lawsuit or other action alleging direct, indirect, or contributory infringement or inducement to infringe any patent, including a cross-claim or counterclaim.[56]\nThe Apache Software Foundation considered this licensing arrangement to be incompatible with its licensing policies, as it \"passes along risk to downstream consumers of our software imbalanced in favor of the licensor, not the licensee, thereby violating our Apache legal policy of being a universal donor\", and \"are not a subset of those found in the [Apache License 2.0], and they cannot be sublicensed as [Apache License 2.0]\".[57] In August 2017, Facebook dismissed the Apache Foundation's downstream concerns and refused to reconsider their license.[58][59] The following month, WordPress decided to switch its Gutenberg and Calypso projects away from React.[60]\nOn September 23, 2017, Facebook announced that the following week, it would re-license Flow, Jest, React, and Immutable.js under a standard MIT License; the company stated that React was \"the foundation of a broad ecosystem of open source software for the web\", and that they did not want to \"hold back forward progress for nontechnical reasons\".[61]\nOn September 26, 2017, React 16.0.0 was released with the MIT license.[62] The MIT license change has also been backported to the 15.x release line with React 15.6.2.[63]\nSee also[edit]\nFree and open-source software portal\nAngular (web framework)\nBackbone.js\nEmber.js\nGatsby (JavaScript framework)\nHTMX\nNext.js\nSvelte\nVue.js\nComparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks\nWeb Components\nReferences[edit]\n^ Occhino, Tom; Walke, Jordan. \"JS Apps at Facebook\". 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Archived from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2017-09-16.\n^ \"Relicensing React, Jest, Flow, and Immutable.js\". Facebook Code. 2017-09-23. Archived from the original on 2020-12-06. Retrieved 2017-09-23.\n^ Clark, Andrew (September 26, 2017). \"React v16.0MIT licensed\". React Blog. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.\n^ Hunzaker, Nathan (September 25, 2017). \"React v15.6.2\". React Blog. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2017.\nBibliography[edit]\nLarsen, John (2021). React Hooks in Action With Suspense and Concurrent Mode. Manning. ISBN978-1720043997.\nSchwarzmller, Max (2018-05-01). React - The Complete Guide (incl. Hooks, React Router and Redux). Packt Publishing.\nWieruch, Robin (2020). The Road to React. Leanpub. ISBN978-1720043997.\nDere, Mohan (2017-12-21). \"How to integrate create-react-app with all the libraries you need to make a great app\". freeCodeCamp. Retrieved 2018-06-14.\nPanchal, Krunal (2022-04-26). \"Angular vs React Detailed Comparison\". SitePoint. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-06-05.\nHmori, Fenerec (2022-05-31). \"The History of React.js on a Timeline\". RisingStack. Archived from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2023-06-05.\nLardinois, Frederic (2017-04-18). \"Facebook announces React Fiber, a rewrite of its React library\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2023-06-05.\n\"React Fiber Architecture\". Github. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2017.\nBaer, Eric. \"Chapter 1. What Is React? - What React Is and Why It Matters [Book]\". www.oreilly.com. Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2023-06-05.\nKrill, Paul (2014-05-14). \"React: Making faster, smoother UIs for data-driven Web apps\". InfoWorld. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. 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and setupDesign and accessibilityIn this articleHello ReactUse casesHow does React use JavaScript?Setting up your first React appExploring our first React component <App />Moving on to mainStarting freshPractice with JSXSummaryGetting started with React\nPrevious\nOverview: Understanding client-side JavaScript frameworks\nNext\nIn this article we will say hello to React. We'll discover a little bit of detail about its background and use cases, set up a basic React toolchain on our local computer, and create and play with a simple starter app learning a bit about how React works in the process.\nPrerequisites:\nFamiliarity with the core HTML,\nCSS, and\nJavaScript languages,\nknowledge of the\nterminal/command line.\nReact uses an HTML-in-JavaScript syntax called JSX (JavaScript and\nXML). Familiarity with both HTML and JavaScript will help you to learn\nJSX, and better identify whether bugs in your application are related\nto JavaScript or to the more specific domain of React.\nObjective:\nTo set up a local React development environment, create a start app, and\nunderstand the basics of how it works.\nHello ReactAs its official tagline states, React is a library for building user interfaces. React is not a framework it's not even exclusive to the web. It's used with other libraries to render to certain environments. For instance, React Native can be used to build mobile applications.\nTo build for the web, developers use React in tandem with ReactDOM. React and ReactDOM are often discussed in the same spaces as and utilized to solve the same problems as other true web development frameworks. When we refer to React as a \"framework\", we're working with that colloquial understanding.\nReact's primary goal is to minimize the bugs that occur when developers are building UIs. It does this through the use of components self-contained, logical pieces of code that describe a portion of the user interface. These components can be composed together to create a full UI, and React abstracts away much of the rendering work, leaving you to concentrate on the UI design.Use casesUnlike the other frameworks covered in this module, React does not enforce strict rules around code conventions or file organization. This allows teams to set conventions that work best for them, and to adopt React in any way they would like to. React can handle a single button, a few pieces of an interface, or an app's entire user interface.\nWhile React can be used for small pieces of an interface, it's not as easy to \"drop into\" an application as a library like jQuery, or even a framework like Vue it is more approachable when you build your entire app with React.\nIn addition, many of the developer-experience benefits of a React app, such as writing interfaces with JSX, require a compilation process. Adding a compiler like Babel to a website makes the code on it run slowly, so developers often set up such tooling with a build step. React arguably has a heavy tooling requirement, but it can be learned.\nThis article is going to focus on the use case of using React to render the entire user interface of an application with the support of Vite, a modern front-end build tool.How does React use JavaScript?React utilizes features of modern JavaScript for many of its patterns. Its biggest departure from JavaScript comes with the use of JSX syntax. JSX extends JavaScript's syntax so that HTML-like code can live alongside it. For example:\njsxCopy to Clipboardconst heading = <h1>Mozilla Developer Network</h1>;\nThis heading constant is known as a JSX expression. React can use it to render that <h1> tag in our app.\nSuppose we wanted to wrap our heading in a <header> tag, for semantic reasons? The JSX approach allows us to nest our elements within each other, just like we do with HTML:\njsxCopy to Clipboardconst header = (\n<header>\n<h1>Mozilla Developer Network</h1>\n</header>\n);\nNote: The parentheses in the previous snippet aren't unique to JSX, and don't have any effect on your application. They're a signal to you (and your computer) that the multiple lines of code inside are part of the same expression. You could just as well write the header expression like this:\njsxCopy to Clipboardconst header = <header>\n<h1>Mozilla Developer Network</h1>\n</header>;\nHowever, this looks kind of awkward, because the <header> tag that starts the expression is not indented to the same position as its corresponding closing tag.\nOf course, your browser can't read JSX without help. When compiled (using a tool like Babel or Parcel), our header expression would look like this:\njsxCopy to Clipboardconst header = React.createElement(\n\"header\",\nnull,\nReact.createElement(\"h1\", null, \"Mozilla Developer Network\"),\n);\nIt's possible to skip the compilation step and use React.createElement() to write your UI yourself. In doing this, however, you lose the declarative benefit of JSX, and your code becomes harder to read. Compilation is an extra step in the development process, but many developers in the React community think that the readability of JSX is worthwhile. Plus, modern front-end development almost always involves a build process anyway you have to downlevel modern syntax to be compatible with older browsers, and you may want to minify your code to optimize loading performance. Popular tooling like Babel already comes with JSX support out-of-the-box, so you don't have to configure compilation yourself unless you want to.\nBecause JSX is a blend of HTML and JavaScript, some developers find it intuitive. Others say that its blended nature makes it confusing. Once you're comfortable with it, however, it will allow you to build user interfaces more quickly and intuitively, and allow others to better understand your codebase at a glance.\nTo read more about JSX, check out the React team's Writing Markup with JSX article.Setting up your first React appThere are many ways to create a new React application. We're going to use Vite to create a new application via the command line.\nIt's possible to add React to an existing project by copying some <script> elements into an HTML file, but using Vite will allow you to spend more time building your app and less time fussing with setup.RequirementsIn order to use Vite, you need to have Node.js installed. As of Vite 5.0, at least Node version 18 or later is required, and it's a good idea to run the latest long term support (LTS) version when you can. As of 24th October 2023, Node 20 is the latest LTS version. Node includes npm (the Node package manager).\nTo check your version of Node, run the following in your terminal:\nbashCopy to Clipboardnode -v\nIf Node is installed, you'll see a version number. If it isn't, you'll see an error message. To install Node, follow the instructions on the Node.js website.\nYou may use the Yarn package manager as an alternative to npm but we'll assume you're using npm in this set of tutorials. See Package management basics for more information on npm and yarn.\nIf you're using Windows, you will need to install some software to give you parity with Unix/macOS terminal in order to use the terminal commands mentioned in this tutorial. Gitbash (which comes as part of the git for Windows toolset) or Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) are both suitable. See Command line crash course for more information on these, and on terminal commands in general.\nAlso bear in mind that React and ReactDOM produce apps that only work on a fairly modern set of browsers like Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Safari, or Chrome when working through these tutorials.\nSee the following for more information:\n\"About npm\" on the npm blog\n\"Introducing npx\" on the npm blog\nVite's documentation\nInitializing your appThe npm package manager comes with a create command that allows you to create new projects from templates. We can use it to create a new app from Vite's standard React template. Make sure you cd to the place you'd like your app to live on your machine, then run the following in your terminal:\nbashCopy to Clipboardnpm create vite@latest moz-todo-react -- --template react\nThis creates a moz-todo-react directory using Vite's react template.\nNote: The -- is necessary to pass arguments to npm commands such as create, and the --template react argument tells Vite to use its React template.\nYour terminal will have printed some messages if this command was successful. You should see text prompting you to cd to your new directory, install the app's dependencies, and run the app locally. Let's start with two of those commands. Run the following in your terminal:\nbashCopy to Clipboardcd moz-todo-react && npm install\nOnce the process is complete, we need to start a local development server to run our app. Here, we're going to add some command line flags to Vite's default suggestion to open the app in our browser as soon as the server starts, and use port 3000.\nRun the following in your terminal:\nbashCopy to Clipboardnpm run dev -- --open --port 3000\nOnce the server starts, you should see a new browser tab containing your React app:\nApplication structureVite gives us everything we need to develop a React application. Its initial file structure looks like this:\nmoz-todo-react\n README.md\n index.html\n node_modules\n package-lock.json\n package.json\n public\n vite.svg\n src\n App.css\n App.jsx\n assets\n react.svg\n index.css\n main.jsx\n vite.config.js\nindex.html is the most important top-level file. Vite injects your code into this file so that your browser can run it. You won't need to edit this file during our tutorial, but you should change the text inside the <title> element in this file to reflect the title of your application. Accurate page titles are important for accessibility.\nThe public directory contains static files that will be served directly to your browser without being processed by Vite's build tooling. Right now, it only contains a Vite logo.\nThe src directory is where we'll spend most of our time, as it's where the source code for our application lives. You'll notice that some JavaScript files in this directory end in the extension .jsx. This extension is necessary for any file that contains JSX it tells Vite to turn the JSX syntax into JavaScript that your browser can understand. The src/assets directory contains the React logo you saw in the browser.\nThe package.json and package-lock.json files contain metadata about our project. These files are not unique to React applications: Vite populated package.json for us, and npm created package-lock.json for when we installed the app's dependencies. You don't need to understand these files at all to complete this tutorial. However, if you'd like to learn more about them, you can read about package.json and package-lock.json in the npm docs. We also talk about package.json in our Package management basics tutorial.Customizing our dev scriptBefore we move on, you might want to change your package.json file a little bit so that you don't have to pass the --open and --port flags every time you run npm run dev. Open package.json in your text editor and find the scripts object. Change the \"dev\" key so that it looks like this:\ndiffCopy to Clipboard- \"dev\": \"vite\",\n+ \"dev\": \"vite --open --port 3000\",\nWith this in place, your app will open in your browser at http://localhost:3000 every time you run npm run dev.\nNote: You don't need the extra -- here because we're passing arguments directly to vite, rather than to a pre-defined npm script.\nExploring our first React component <App />In React, a component is a reusable module that renders a part of our overall application. Components can be big or small, but they are usually clearly defined: they serve a single, obvious purpose.\nLet's open src/App.jsx, since our browser is prompting us to edit it. This file contains our first component, <App />:\njsxCopy to Clipboardimport { useState } from \"react\";\nimport reactLogo from \"./assets/react.svg\";\nimport viteLogo from \"/vite.svg\";\nimport \"./App.css\";\nfunction App() {\nconst [count, setCount] = useState(0);\nreturn (\n<>\n<div>\n<a href=\"https://vitejs.dev\" target=\"_blank\">\n<img src={viteLogo} className=\"logo\" alt=\"Vite logo\" />\n</a>\n<a href=\"https://react.dev\" target=\"_blank\">\n<img src={reactLogo} className=\"logo react\" alt=\"React logo\" />\n</a>\n</div>\n<h1>Vite + React</h1>\n<div className=\"card\">\n<button onClick={() => setCount((count) => count + 1)}>\ncount is {count}\n</button>\n<p>\nEdit <code>src/App.jsx</code> and save to test HMR\n</p>\n</div>\n<p className=\"read-the-docs\">\nClick on the Vite and React logos to learn more\n</p>\n</>\n);\n}\nexport default App;\nThe App.jsx file consists of three main parts: some import statements at the top, the App() function in the middle, and an export statement at the bottom. Most React components follow this pattern.Import statementsThe import statements at the top of the file allow App.jsx to use code that has been defined elsewhere. Let's look at these statements more closely.\njsxCopy to Clipboardimport { useState } from \"react\";\nimport reactLogo from \"./assets/react.svg\";\nimport viteLogo from \"/vite.svg\";\nimport \"./App.css\";\nThe first statement imports the useState hook from the react library. Hooks are a way of using React's features inside a component. We'll talk more about hooks later in this tutorial.\nAfter that, we import reactLogo and viteLogo. Note that their import paths start with ./ and / respectively and that they end with the .svg extension at the end. This tells us that these imports are local, referencing our own files rather than npm packages.\nThe final statement imports the CSS related to our <App /> component. Note that there is no variable name and no from directive. This is called a side-effect import it doesn't import any value into the JavaScript file, but it tells Vite to add the referenced CSS file to the final code output, so that it can be used in the browser.The App() functionAfter the imports, we have a function named App(), which defines the structure of the App component. Whereas most of the JavaScript community prefers lower camel case names like helloWorld, React components use Pascal case (or upper camel case) variable names, like HelloWorld, to make it clear that a given JSX element is a React component and not a regular HTML tag. If you were to rename the App() function to app(), your browser would throw an error.\nLet's look at App() more closely.\njsxCopy to Clipboardfunction App() {\nconst [count, setCount] = useState(0);\nreturn (\n<>\n<div>\n<a href=\"https://vitejs.dev\" target=\"_blank\">\n<img src={viteLogo} className=\"logo\" alt=\"Vite logo\" />\n</a>\n<a href=\"https://react.dev\" target=\"_blank\">\n<img src={reactLogo} className=\"logo react\" alt=\"React logo\" />\n</a>\n</div>\n<h1>Vite + React</h1>\n<div className=\"card\">\n<button onClick={() => setCount((count) => count + 1)}>\ncount is {count}\n</button>\n<p>\nEdit <code>src/App.jsx</code> and save to test HMR\n</p>\n</div>\n<p className=\"read-the-docs\">\nClick on the Vite and React logos to learn more\n</p>\n</>\n);\n}\nThe App() function returns a JSX expression. This expression defines what your browser ultimately renders to the DOM.\nJust under the return keyword is a special bit of syntax: <>. This is a fragment. React components have to return a single JSX element, and fragments allow us to do that without rendering arbitrary <div>s in the browser. You'll see fragments in many React applications.The export statementThere's one more line of code after the App() function:\njsxCopy to Clipboardexport default App;\nThis export statement makes our App() function available to other modules. We'll talk more about this later.Moving on to mainLet's open src/main.jsx, because that's where the <App /> component is being used. This file is the entry point for our app, and it initially looks like this:\njsxCopy to Clipboardimport React from \"react\";\nimport ReactDOM from \"react-dom/client\";\nimport App from \"./App.jsx\";\nimport \"./index.css\";\nReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById(\"root\")).render(\n<React.StrictMode>\n<App />\n</React.StrictMode>,\n);\nAs with App.jsx, the file starts by importing all the JS modules and other assets it needs to run.\nThe first two statements import the React and ReactDOM libraries because they are referenced later in the file. We don't write a path or extension when importing these libraries because they are not local files. In fact, they are listed as dependencies in our package.json file. Be careful of this distinction as you work through this lesson!\nWe then import our App() function and index.css, which holds global styles that are applied to our whole app.\nWe then call the ReactDOM.createRoot() function, which defines the root node of our application. This takes as an argument the DOM element inside which we want our React app to be rendered. In this case, that's the DOM element with an ID of root. Finally, we chain the render() method onto the createRoot() call, passing it the JSX expression that we want to render inside our root. By writing <App /> as this JSX expression, we're telling React to call the App() function which renders the App component inside the root node.\nNote: <App /> is rendered inside a special <React.StrictMode> component. This component helps developers catch potential problems in their code.\nYou can read up on these React APIs, if you'd like:\nReactDOM.createRoot()\nReact.StrictMode\nStarting freshBefore we start building our app, we're going to delete some of the boilerplate code that Vite provided for us.\nFirst, as an experiment, change the <h1> element in App.jsx so that it reads \"Hello, World!\", then save your file. You'll notice that this change is immediately rendered in the development server running at http://localhost:3000 in your browser. Bear this in mind as you work on your app.\nWe won't be using the rest of the code! Replace the contents of App.jsx with the following:\njsxCopy to Clipboardimport \"./App.css\";\nfunction App() {\nreturn (\n<>\n<header>\n<h1>Hello, World!</h1>\n</header>\n</>\n);\n}\nexport default App;\nPractice with JSXNext, we'll use our JavaScript skills to get a bit more comfortable writing JSX and working with data in React. We'll talk about how to add attributes to JSX elements, how to write comments, how to render content from variables and other expressions, and how to pass data into components with props.Adding attributes to JSX elementsJSX elements can have attributes, just like HTML elements. Try adding a <button> below the <h1> element in your App.jsx file, like this:\njsxCopy to Clipboard<button type=\"button\">Click me!</button>\nWhen you save your file, you'll see a button with the words Click me!. The button doesn't do anything yet, but we'll learn about adding interactivity to our app soon.\nSome attributes are different than their HTML counterparts. For example, the class attribute in HTML translates to className in JSX. This is because class is a reserved word in JavaScript, and JSX is a JavaScript extension. If you wanted to add a primary class to your button, you'd write it like this:\njsxCopy to Clipboard<button type=\"button\" className=\"primary\">\nClick me!\n</button>\nJavaScript expressions as contentUnlike HTML, JSX allows us to write variables and other JavaScript expressions right alongside our other content. Let's declare a variable called subject just above the App() function:\njsxCopy to Clipboardconst subject = \"React\";\nfunction App() {\n// code omitted for brevity\n}\nNext, replace the word \"World\" in the <h1> element with {subject}:\njsxCopy to Clipboard<h1>Hello, {subject}!</h1>\nSave your file and check your browser. You should see \"Hello, React!\" rendered.\nThe curly braces around subject are another feature of JSX's syntax. The curly braces tell React that we want to read the value of the subject variable, rather than render the literal string \"subject\". You can put any valid JavaScript expression inside curly braces in JSX; React will evaluate it and render the result of the expression as the final content. Following is a series of examples, with comments above explaining what each expression will render:\njsxCopy to Clipboard{/* Hello, React :)! */}\n<h1>Hello, {subject + ' :)'}!</h1>\n{/* Hello, REACT */}\n<h1>Hello, {subject.toUpperCase()}</h1>\n{/* Hello, 4 */}\n<h1>Hello, {2 + 2}!</h1>\nEven comments in JSX are written inside curly braces! This is because comments, too, are technically JavaScript expressions. The /* block comment syntax */ is necessary for your program to know where the comment starts and ends.Component propsProps are a means of passing data into a React component. Their syntax is identical to that of attributes, in fact: prop=\"value\". The difference is that whereas attributes are passed into plain elements, props are passed into React components.\nIn React, the flow of data is unidirectional: props can only be passed from parent components down to child components.\nLet's open main.jsx and give our <App /> component its first prop.\nAdd a prop of subject to the <App /> component call, with a value of Clarice. When you are done, it should look something like this:\njsxCopy to Clipboard<App subject=\"Clarice\" />\nBack in App.jsx, let's revisit the App() function. Change the signature of App() so that it accepts props as a parameter and log props to the console so you can inspect it. Also delete the subject const; we don't need it anymore. Your App.jsx file should look like this:\njsxCopy to Clipboardfunction App(props) {\nconsole.log(props);\nreturn (\n// code omitted for brevity\n);\n}\nSave your file and check your browser. You'll see a blank background with no content. This is because we're trying to read a subject variable that's no longer defined. Fix this by commenting out the <h1>Hello {subject}!</h1> line.\nNote: If your code editor understands how to parse JSX (most modern editors do!), you can use its built-in commenting shortcut Ctrl + / (on Windows) or Cmd + / (on macOS) to create comments more quickly.\nSave the file with that line commented out. This time, you should see your\n\"Click me!\" button rendered by itself. If you open your browser's developer console, you'll see a message that looks like this:\nObject { subject: \"Clarice\" }\nThe object property subject corresponds to the subject prop we added to our <App /> component call, and the string Clarice corresponds to its value. Component props in React are always collected into objects in this fashion.\nLet's use this subject prop to fix the error in our app. Uncomment the <h1>Hello, {subject}!</h1> line and change it to <h1>Hello, {props.subject}!</h1>, then delete the console.log() statement. Your code should look like this:\njsxCopy to Clipboardfunction App(props) {\nreturn (\n<>\n<header>\n<h1>Hello, {props.subject}!</h1>\n<button type=\"button\" className=\"primary\">\nClick me!\n</button>\n</header>\n</>\n);\n}\nWhen you save, the app should now greet you with \"Hello, Clarice!\". If you return to main.jsx, edit the value of subject, and save, your text will change.\nFor additional practice, you could try adding an additional greeting prop to the <App /> component call inside main.jsx and using it alongside the subject prop inside App.jsx.SummaryThis brings us to the end of our initial look at React, including how to install it locally, creating a starter app, and how the basics work. In the next article, we'll start building our first proper application a todo list. Before we do that, however, let's recap some of the things we've learned.\nIn React:\nComponents can import modules they need and must export themselves at the bottom of their files.\nComponent functions are named with PascalCase.\nYou can render JavaScript expressions in JSX by putting them between curly braces, like {so}.\nSome JSX attributes are different than HTML attributes so that they don't conflict with JavaScript reserved words. 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Then, easily revalidate cached data and update your UI in one network roundtrip.Advanced Routing & Nested LayoutsCreate routes using the file system, including support for more advanced routing patterns and UI layouts.Dynamic HTML StreamingInstantly stream UI from the server, integrated with the App Router and React Suspense.CSS SupportStyle your application with your favorite tools, including support for CSS Modules, Tailwind CSS, and popular community libraries.Route HandlersBuild API endpoints to securely connect with third-party services for handling auth or listening for webhooks.MiddlewareTake control of the incoming request. Use code to define routing and access rules for authentication, experimentation, and internationalization.Client and Server RenderingFlexible rendering and caching options, including Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR), on a per-page level.Next.js 14The power of full-stack to the frontend. Read the release notes.Built-in OptimizationsAutomatic Image, Font, and Script Optimizations for improved UX and Core Web Vitals.Dynamic HTML StreamingInstantly stream UI from the server, integrated with the App Router and React Suspense.React Server ComponentsAdd components without sending additional client-side JavaScript. Built on the latest React features.Data FetchingMake your React component async and await your data. Next.js supports both server and client data fetching.Server ActionsRun server code by calling a function. Skip the API. Then, easily revalidate cached data and update your UI in one network roundtrip.Advanced Routing & Nested LayoutsCreate routes using the file system, including support for more advanced routing patterns and UI layouts.CSS SupportStyle your application with your favorite tools, including support for CSS Modules, Tailwind CSS, and popular community libraries.Route HandlersBuild API endpoints to securely connect with third-party services for handling auth or listening for webhooks.MiddlewareTake control of the incoming request. Use code to define routing and access rules for authentication, experimentation, and internationalization.Client and Server RenderingFlexible rendering and caching options, including Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR), on a per-page level.Next.js 14The power of full-stack to the frontend. Read the release notes.Built on a foundation of fast, production-grade toolingPowered ByReactThe library for web and native user interfaces. 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Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\nvitejs\n/\nvite\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n5.8k\nStar\n65.3k\nCode\nIssues\n431\nPull requests\n144\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\n1\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\nReact JS project - treat *.js files as JSX\n#3112\nAnswered\nby\nnihalgonsalves\nV-B-F\nasked this question in\nQ&A\nReact JS project - treat *.js files as JSX\n#3112\nV-B-F\nApr 23, 2021\n\n6 comments\n\n18 replies\nAnswered\nby\nnihalgonsalves\nReturn to top\nDiscussion options\nQuote reply\nedited\nV-B-F\nApr 23, 2021\n-\nI have a project created with \"create-react-app\". Each JS file in it is actually JSX. I would like to try ViteJS to develop such project. The problem is that when I create ViteJS 'react' template project and try to rename '.jsx' to '.js', I am getting syntax errors as Vite parses such files as 'javascript' files.\nI am wondering if there is a way to tell Vite that all (or some) JS files are actually JSX files...\nIf anyone knows any trick, please, let me know. Thank you.\nRegards,\nVadim\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n9\nYou must be logged in to vote\n10\nAll reactions\n10\nAnswered by\nnihalgonsalves\nMay 17, 2021\nPlease look at the discussion here: #3448. I described a workaround there that you could use to test Vite, but a rename is still recommended.\nView full answer\nReplies:\n6 comments\n\n18 replies\nOldest\nNewest\nTop\nComment options\nQuote reply\npatak-dev\nApr 23, 2021\nMaintainer\n-\nYou need to rename your files to .jsx, Vite needs to know the difference between a javascript file and JSX file.\nhttps://twitter.com/youyuxi/status/1362050255009816577\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n1\nYou must be logged in to vote\n4\nAll reactions\n4\n10 replies\nShow 5 previous replies\nComment options\nQuote reply\npatak-dev\nApr 23, 2021\nMaintainer\n-\nIt is not possible by configuring Vite. You may be able to use a plugin to achieve this, but I haven't seen one so far.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nComment options\nQuote reply\nSummer-andy\nApr 26, 2021\n-\nIt is not possible by configuring Vite. You may be able to use a plugin to achieve this, but I haven't seen one so far.\ni will finish it soon ~\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n14\nAll reactions\n14\nComment options\nQuote reply\nkwhitley\nMay 7, 2021\n-\nI totally think it's appropriate in your own project to rename files to JSX, no matter how they were generated - as you have control.\nThat said, I'm also curious about how/if to configure vite to parse JSX in .js file - for the sake of deps. I'm finding deps that export jsnext paths, yet have JSX in .js files. Not ideal, but as I don't control that naming, what's the solution?\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nComment options\nQuote reply\nSummer-andy\nMay 8, 2021\n-\nI have a project created with \"create-react-app\". Each JS file in it is actually JSX. I would like to try ViteJS to develop such project. The problem is that when I create ViteJS 'react' template project and try to rename '.jsx' to '.js', I am getting syntax errors as Vite parses such files as 'javascript' files.\nI am wondering if there is a way to tell Vite that all (or some) JS files are actually JSX files...\nIf anyone knows any trick, please, let me know. Thank you.\nRegards,\nVadim\nyou can look the https://github.com/dravenww/vite-plugin-react-js-support, i have apply this plugin to my project(Role.jsx -> Role.js, User.jsx -> User.js)\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nComment options\nQuote reply\nV-B-F\nMay 17, 2021\nAuthor\n-\nI see, thank you. It is a solution but I am a bit doubtful, as you do this conversion manually by using babel. It can ruin vite behavior in other aspects, probably.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nComment options\nQuote reply\nV-B-F\nMay 17, 2021\nAuthor\n-\nOverall, I found my question here: #769\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n1\nYou must be logged in to vote\nAll reactions\n1 reply\nComment options\nQuote reply\nSummer-andy\nMay 18, 2021\n-\nfirst you need update your vite to 2.3.X, and then add\nesbuild: { loader: \"jsx\", include: /src\\/.*\\.jsx?$/, exclude: [] }, optimizeDeps: { esbuildOptions: { plugins: [ { name: \"load-js-files-as-jsx\", setup(build) { build.onLoad({ filter: /src\\/.*\\.js$/ }, async (args) => { return ({ loader: \"jsx\", contents: await fs.readFile(args.path, \"utf8\"), }) }); }, }, ], }, },\nto your vite.config.js\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n2\n4\nAll reactions\n2\n4\nComment options\nQuote reply\nedited\nnihalgonsalves\nMay 17, 2021\n-\nPlease look at the discussion here: #3448. I described a workaround there that you could use to test Vite, but a rename is still recommended.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nMarked as answer\n7\nYou must be logged in to vote\nAll reactions\n4 replies\nComment options\nQuote reply\nSummer-andy\nMay 18, 2021\n-\ngood ~\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nComment options\nQuote reply\nV-B-F\nMay 18, 2021\nAuthor\n-\nThank you, this is perfect! Works as advertised.\nAnd, yes, I understand that '.jsx' should be used. This is a workaround for a very specific situation - when there is a big old React project, you are not alone developer, and you want to use Vite for development to make the process faster.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nComment options\nQuote reply\nnihalgonsalves\nMay 18, 2021\n-\nThere are subtle differences between Webpack and esbuild/Vite, so I'm not sure I would recommend doing that.\nYou could use https://github.com/privatenumber/esbuild-loader with create-react-app. This uses esbuild purely for transpilation, but still gives you a decent speed-up.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nComment options\nQuote reply\nV-B-F\nMay 18, 2021\nAuthor\n-\nThank you, I understand that. But now I can at least try and evaluate the result. Your comment about esbuild-loader is certainly valuable too and I will try it, no matter how Vite testing goes. Thanks.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n1\nAll reactions\n1\nAnswer selected by\nnihalgonsalves\nComment options\nQuote reply\ndons20\nSep 22, 2021\n-\nIf you'd like to simplify the process of renaming the files you could try running a simple node script for this. This could easily be customized and improved in many ways, but I just wrote it for my own purposes.\nNote: In my project, React was always manually imported (pre-v17 pattern), so it made it easier to differentiate between standard js files.\nconst fs = require('fs').promises;\nconst glob = require('glob');\nconst chalk = require('chalk');\nconst matchingReactString = \"from 'react'\";\nglob(\n// Modify the paths as you like\n'./src/**/*.js',\n// Add anything else you want to ignore here\n{ ignore: ['./src/**/*.spec.js', './src/**/*.config.js', './src/**/*.test.js', './src/**/*.stories.js'] },\n(err, matches) => {\nif (err) return;\nconsole.log(chalk.blue`Found these files matching the globs specified:`);\nconsole.log(matches);\nmatches.forEach(async path => {\nconst result = await fs.readFile(path);\nif (!result) return;\nif (result.includes(matchingReactString)) {\nconst newPath = path.concat('x'); // Pretty much add 'x' to the end to make it 'jsx'\nconsole.log(chalk.yellow`Renaming ${path} to ${newPath}`);\nfs.rename(path, newPath);\n}\n});\n}\n);\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n3\nYou must be logged in to vote\n5\nAll reactions\n5\n3 replies\nComment options\nQuote reply\nbrenelz\nJan 29, 2022\n-\nThis is a bit outdated but I feel like this approach is better\nhttps://gist.github.com/rxgx/6587ee8d24b34b92cd248c37e49e9627\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n2\nAll reactions\n2\nComment options\nQuote reply\ndons20\nJan 30, 2022\n-\nSeems like a good option as well! My code just reduces the number of dependencies (and steps) necessary to rename the files. However eslint would probably be more accurate depending on your file/folder structure.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\nAll reactions\nComment options\nQuote reply\nedited\nvishalvisd\nJun 15, 2022\n-\nthis works fine for me in general\nfind ./src -type f -name '*.js' -not -name '*.jsx' -not -name '*.ejs' -exec bash -c 'grep -l \"</\" $0' {} \\; -exec bash -c 'mv \"$0\" \"${0%.js}.jsx\"' {} \\;\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n3\nAll reactions\n3\nComment options\nQuote reply\nedited\njaw52\nFeb 17, 2023\n-\nYou can try this cli tool@jaw52/transform-jsx-for-vite can batch modify the file suffix name.js=>.jsx https://www.npmjs.com/package/@jaw52/transform-jsx-for-vite\nnpx @jaw52/transform-jsx-for-vite\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n3\nYou must be logged in to vote\n1\nAll reactions\n1\n0 replies\nComment options\nQuote reply\nedited\nSerdarSanri\nSep 22, 2023\n-\nI totally disagree with renaming files to make vite happy. In my case not all the js files are react components. There are services, redux stores, selectors, redux-thunks and so on. If I keep them js and components jsx, yeah it works. HMR only kicks in if I edit a jsx file, but if I edit any other files, hot-reload kicks in and entire page reloads. All state lost.\nI also tried to rename all files to jsx, results has not changed. Because import react doesn't exist on those files, instead of hmr, hot-reload kicks in. Vite is great, fast and such but from what I seen in some of the tickets shared, vite collaborators, devs, support is not there yet. One of the posts closed with an answer Then don't use it, very mature and point on response from a open-source dev.\nI will deal with hot-reload for now, but if anyone found a solution much appreciated.\nBeta\nWas this translation helpful?\nGive feedback.\n12\nYou must be logged in to vote\n7\nAll reactions\n7\n0 replies\nSign up for free\nto join this conversation on GitHub.\nAlready have an account?\nSign in to comment\nCategory\nQ&A\nLabels\nNone yet\n11 participants\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/vitejs/vite/discussions/3112" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "What is React\nTutorials\nExercises\nCertificates\nServices\nMenu\nSearch field\n\n\nLog in\nSign Up\n\n+1\nMy W3Schools\nGet Certified\nSpaces\nPlus\nGet Certified\nSpaces\nPlus\nMy 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Otherwise you must install npx:\nExample\nnpm i npx\nStart one folder up from where you want your application to stay:\nExample\nC:\\Users\\myUser>npx create-react-app react-tutorial\nSuccess Result:\nnpx: installed 63\nin 10.359sCreating a new React app in C:\\Users\\myUser\\react-tutorial.\nInstalling packages. This might take a couple of minutes.Installing react,\nreact-dom, and react-scripts...+ react-dom@16.5.2+ react@16.5.2+\nreact-scripts@2.0.4added 1732 packages from 664 contributors and audited\n31900 packages in 355.501sfound 0 vulnerabilities+ react@16.5.2\nSuccess! Created react-tutorial at C:\\Users\\myUser\\react-tutorial\nInside that directory, you can run several commands:\nnpm start\nStarts the development server.\nnpm run build\nBundles the app into static files for production.\nnpm test\nStarts the test runner.\nnpm run eject\nRemoves this tool and copies build dependencies, configuration files\nand scripts into the app directory. 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Examples might be simplified to improve reading and learning.\nTutorials, references, and examples are constantly reviewed to avoid errors, but we cannot warrant full correctness\nof all content. While using W3Schools, you agree to have read and accepted our terms of use,\ncookie and privacy policy.\nCopyright 1999-2024 by Refsnes Data. All Rights Reserved.\nW3Schools is Powered by W3.CSS.", "url": "https://www.w3schools.com/whatis/whatis_react.asp" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How do I edit my react js app in builder.io? - Technical Questions - Builder.io Forum\nSkip to main content\nSign Up\nLog In\n\n\nHow do I edit my react js app in builder.io?\nTechnical Questions\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nMar 2021\n1 / 9\nMar 2021\nDec 2021\ncreativemacMar 2021Hey there guys\nI have just discovered builder so of course jumped right in but perhaps I have misunderstood how I can use it. Can I use builder.io 10 as a visual editor for my react js app?\nI have installed builder into my project and am importing it into index.js like so:\nimport { builder } from @builder.io/react;\nbuilder.init(process.env.BUILDER_API_KEY);\nrequire(dotenv).config();\nI have created a .env file and have used my public key\nthen I went to builder.io 10 and fetched my localhost url and its there, but just not editable. So must be missing something and perhaps a lot?\nthanks in advance\nLinda\n\ncreated\nMar 2021\nlast reply\nDec 2021\n8\nreplies\n2.1k\nviews\n4\nusers\n5\nlinks\n4\n2\n2\nkaraMar 2021Hey Linda,\nThanks for reaching out and welcome to Builder! If you can send me your Builder page url, Id be happy to dive in further. It sounds like youve taken the correct steps to integrate Builder into your react app, but youll also want to make sure you connect it in Builder as well following this guide 24.\ncreativemacMar 2021@kara thanks a mil for answering so soon\nThis is definately happening because I forgot to add the following but when I try and add it to my index.js I get the following error.\nbuilder.io parsing error1418190 12 KB\n:\nthis is the code i am trying to addmight you be able to tell me where I should add it in my code?\nexport const getStaticProps = async (context) => {\nconst content = await builder.get('page', { url: context.resolvedUrl }).promise();\nreturn {\nprops: { content },\nrevalidate: true,\nnotFound: !content\n}\n}\nexport default const MyComponent = (props) => (\n<BuilderComponent\ncontent={props.content}\nmodel=\"page\" />\n)\nazizMar 2021Hey @creativemac , to fix the error above change the default export to\nexport default function MyComponent(props) {\nreturn <BuilderComponent content={props.content} model=\"page\"/>\n}\nWe have plenty of examples for Next.js, including our own marketing site, please refer to the list here for up-to-date examples and starters 15\ncreativemac14Mar 2021hey there @aziz thanks a mil for helping me out after messing up a few times because I kept forgetting to delete the old code I got the site to run with the follwing code in my index.js\nI added a new page to my builder.io 1 dashboard and plottet in:\nlocalhost:3000/builder-editing in the preview url + I activated the proxy. The page I want does render, but I cannot edit it.\nwhat might I be missing?\n\nimport React from react;\nimport ReactDOM from react-dom;\nimport { createBrowserHistory } from history;\nimport { Router, Route, Switch } from react-router-dom;\nimport \"assets/scss/material-kit-react.scss?v=1.9.0\";\n// pages for this product\nimport Components from \"views/Components/Components.js\";\nimport LandingPage from \"views/LandingPage/LandingPage.js\";\nimport ProfilePage from \"views/ProfilePage/ProfilePage.js\";\nimport LoginPage from \"views/LoginPage/LoginPage.js\";\nimport SectionBasics from \"./views/Components/Sections/SectionBasics\";\nimport {builder, BuilderComponent} from '@builder.io/react';\nbuilder.init(process.env.BUILDER_API_KEY);\nrequire('dotenv').config();\nexport default function MyComponent(props) {\nreturn <BuilderComponent content={props.content} model=\"page\"/>\n}\nvar hist = createBrowserHistory();\nReactDOM.render(\n<Router history={hist}>\n<Switch>\n<Route path=\"/my-test\" component={SectionBasics} />\n<Route path=\"/landing-page\" component={LandingPage} />\n<Route path=\"/profile-page\" component={ProfilePage} />\n<Route path=\"/login-page\" component={LoginPage} />\n<Route path=\"/\" component={Components} />\n</Switch>\n</Router>,\ndocument.getElementById(\"root\")\n);\nthanks in advance\nLinda\nazizMar 2021Hey Linda, make sure youre on the latest stable release of the @builder.io/react package. At the moment its 1.1.40\ncreativemac1Mar 2021Hi @aziz I was on 1.1.41 so changed the versioni to 1.1.40 but still I can only preview the site not edit on http://localhost:3000/builder-editing 5. Perhaps I can have you guys take a look at what I am doing wrong if I jump on the basic plan?\nkaraMar 2021Hey @creativemac! Would you mind sending us your public API key, and if you could create a CodeSandbox with some minimal code that reproduces/triggers the problem and send the link to us, that could help us a lot. Thank you!\n9 months later\nRoberteliteDec 2021If youre using Builder Io to visually React develop apps 12 with drag-and-drop, you can tailor visual components for your team by using custom React components.\nYou can create any component your team requires in Builder, configure options for variability, and your teammates can use and reuse your components throughout the app. Freeing up developer time while allowing non-coding team members to iterate and publish on their own boosts efficiency and encourages creativity throughout the team.\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nRendering custom components with Builder HTML API\nTechnical Questions\n1\n698\nFeb 2022\nNot be able to register react component with the editr\nTechnical Questions\nvisual-editorcustom-components\n0\n271\nJun 2023\nRegister aReact component with props that can be edited in the builder dashboard\nCMS\n8\n1.6k\nApr 2021\nCan we integrate our own node packages in builder.io visual editor tool\nVisual Editor Help\n1\n334\nMay 2022\nCustom React Component\nTechnical Questions\n3\n995\nJan 2021\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://forum.builder.io/t/how-do-i-edit-my-react-js-app-in-builder-io/495" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Catherine Earnshaw - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Biography\n2Description\n3Effect on modern society and popular culture\n4Notes\nToggle the table of contents\nCatherine Earnshaw\n7 languages\nCatalFranaisItalianoPolskiSvenska\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nThis article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nFictional character\nCatherine EarnshawWuthering Heights characterCatherine (portrayed by Yvonne Furneaux) and Heathcliff (Richard Burton) as portrayed in a 1958 adaptation of Wuthering Heights.Created byEmily BrontPortrayed byAnn TrevorMerle OberonKatharine BlakeYvonne MitchellDelia WilliamsAngela ScoularAnna Calder-MarshallKay AdsheadJuliette BinocheOrla BradyCharlotte RileyIn-universe informationNicknameCathyGenderFemaleFamilyMr. Earnshaw (father) Mrs. Earnshaw (mother) Hindley (brother)Frances (sister-in-law) Hareton (nephew) Heathcliff (foster brother)SpouseEdgar LintonChildrenCatherine Linton (daughter)NationalityBritish\nCatherine Earnshaw (later Catherine Linton) is a fictional character and the female protagonist of the 1847 novel Wuthering Heights written by Emily Bront.[1][2][3] Catherine is one of two surviving children born to Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw, the original tenants of the Wuthering Heights estate. The star-crossed love between her and Heathcliff is one of the primary focuses of the novel. Catherine is often referred to as \"Cathy,\" particularly by Heathcliff.\nBiography[edit]\nCatherine (portrayed by Merle Oberon) and Heathcliff as portrayed in the 1939 film.\nCathy Earnshaw is the younger sister of Hindley Earnshaw. Cathy and Hindley are born and raised at Wuthering Heights. The siblings are later joined by the foundling Mr. Earnshaw comes across in Liverpool and later names Heathcliff, after a son he and Mrs. Earnshaw lost in childbirth. Heathcliff and Hindley develop a rivalry, and Catherine and Heathcliff develop a close bond, as they are both wild and unruly. Following the death of Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley demotes Heathcliff to the role of a servant and attempts, with the help of his wife, to limit the interactions between Catherine and Heathcliff.\nCatherine and Heathcliff still manage to spend time together, and while the two of them spy on the Thrushcross Grange estate, the residence of the Linton family, Catherine is attacked by one of the Lintons' dogs. The Lintons then take in Catherine and nurse her injuries, and Heathcliff is driven out of the estate and back to Wuthering Heights. Upon returning from her time with the Lintons, Catherine has developed more refined manners and become friends with Edgar and Isabella Linton. Catherine becomes spoiled and vicious, often taking it out on her servant and foster-sister Nelly.\nEventually, Edgar Linton begins to court Catherine, and Heathcliff observes jealously. Catherine's most famous speech in the novel comes when she declares her feelings for Heathcliff and Edgar to Nelly Dean, the housekeeper of Wuthering Heights and the novel's main narrator:\nHeaven did not seem to be my home; and I broke my heart with weeping to come back to earth; and the angels were so angry that they flung me out into the middle of the heath on the top of Wuthering Heights; where I woke sobbing for joy.\nThat will do to explain my secret, as well as the other. I've no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven; and if the wicked man in there, had not brought Heathcliff so low I shouldn't have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him; and that, not because he's handsome, Nelly, but because he's more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same, and Linton's is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.\nUnbeknownst to Catherine, Heathcliff was eavesdropping on her conversation with Nelly, but only heard the beginning of her speech. Under the impression that Catherine would never marry him, Heathcliff goes on a three-year hiatus from Wuthering Heights which is not elaborated on in the book. During Heathcliff's absence, Catherine marries Edgar Linton and moves into Thrushcross Grange, where she lives peacefully, her every desire indulged.\nUpon his return, Heathcliff pays a visit to Thrushcross Grange, which causes Catherine great excitement, and Edgar deepest dread:\nMr. Linton walked to a window on the other side of the room that overlooked the court. He unfastened it, and leant out. I [Nelly] suppose they were below, for he exclaimed quickly: \"Don't stand there, love! Bring the person in, if it be anyone particular.\" Ere long, I heard the click of the latch, and Catherine flew up-stairs, breathless and wild; too excited to show gladness: indeed, by her face, you would rather have surmised an awful calamity.\nIn an awkward set of visits to the Grange, Heathcliff begins to exact his revenge, seducing Isabella Linton in order to gain control of Thrushcross Grange at Edgar's death, and trapping her in an abusive and terrifying marriage. Cathy falls into a state of psychological insanity, although it is partly feigned in her desire to provoke her husband and \"break his heart\" because of the pain that she feels after being forbidden to see Heathcliff. Soon she refuses to eat, never leaves her chamber, and falls prey to countless delusions and declarations of madness. It is later revealed she is pregnant. She never fully recovers from her bout of delirium, and remains weak for the rest of her life.\nIt's a rough journey, and a sad heart to travel it; and we must pass by Gimmerton Kirk to go that journey! We've braved its ghosts often together, and dared each other to stand among the graves and ask them to come. But, Heathcliff, if I dare you now, will you venture? If you do, I'll keep you. I'll not lie there by myself: they may bury me twelve feet deep, and throw the church down over me, but I won't rest till you are with me. I never will!\nCathy Earnshaw, during a delusional fit (for which Heathcliff is not present), in Emily Bront's Wuthering Heights\nHeathcliff and Cathy share one final meeting, about halfway through the story, which is aided reluctantly by Nelly because of Edgar's banishment of Heathcliff from the Grange. The lovers pour out their passions to one another: Cathy accuses Heathcliff of killing her, and Heathcliff laments that he cannot live when \"his soul is in the grave\". However, when Edgar walks unexpectedly through the door to the chamber, Cathy experiences a state of shock and faints. She dies a couple of hours after giving birth to a daughter, also named Catherine (but only referred to as Cathy throughout the novel), whose generation forms the basis of the second half of the story.\nCatherine's spirit lives throughout the novel. Her ghost haunts Heathcliff up to his mysterious death, and an iconic scene sees Lockwood, the first narrator in the book, visited in eerie, Gothic fashion by her ghost as a little girl, lost on the moors. In Lockwood's vision, she tries to enter the house through a window; at the end of the novel Heathcliff, having become desperate to see his lost love again, is found dead before an open window. The open window is therefore a symbol of Catherine's enduring power throughout the course of the story, and of her ultimate reunion with her love; however, it also raises ambiguities as to the nature of the reunion.\nAfter Heathcliff dies, he is buried next to Cathy, uniting them in death.[4]\nDescription[edit]\nCathy is described as pretty, with, as Nelly says, \"the bonniest eye\" and \"the sweetest smile.\" She has long locks of \"beautiful\" brown hair, as Heathcliff describes it.\nCathy is willful, wild, passionate, mischievous and, as a child, spoiled. During Cathy's fatal illness, Nelly notes that Catherine is very frail, and has \"a bloodless lip\", an image which serves to augment the Gothic undertones of her final days; nevertheless, Nelly describes her in death as divine: \"no angel in heaven looked as beautiful as her\", and her countenance resembled \"perfect peace\".\nEffect on modern society and popular culture[edit]\nCathy delivers many of the lines which have become synonymous with the work, such as her renowned declaration of love for Heathcliff \nMy love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods. Time will change it, I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees my love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff he's always, always in my mind not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself but as my own being so, don't talk of our separation again it is impracticable. (Heathcliff, for his part, provides a similar comparison between the respective loves that he and Linton feel for her: \"If he loved with all the powers of his puny being, he could not love as much in eighty years as I could in a day\")\n and the famous ghostly utterance, \"Let me in your window - I'm so cold!\", was later used by Kate Bush in her 1978 hit \"Wuthering Heights\". Many film adaptations of the novel have been made, particularly the 1939 version with Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon, which covers only half of the story, ending with Catherine's death rather than the lives of the younger Cathy, Hareton, and Linton Heathcliff. Thematically, Catherine and her choice to marry Edgar rather than Heathcliff are central to the issues of nature versus nurture, self versus society, class division, and violence in Wuthering Heights, as well as to the antitheses of good and evil, and physical existence and spiritual existence, which pervade the novel.\nNotes[edit]\n^ Oda, Yukari (9 March 2010). Ouvrard, Elise (ed.). \"Emily Bront and the Gothic: Female Characters in Wuthering Heights\". Revue LISA (in French). The Bronts and the Idea of Influence: 119. ISSN1762-6153.\n^ Schapiro, Barbara (1989). \"The Rebirth of Catherine Earnshaw: Splitting and Reintegration of Self in \"Wuthering Heights\"\". Nineteenth Century Studies. 3: 3751. ISSN0893-7931. JSTOR45196648.\n^ Gold, Linda (1985). \"Catherine Earnshaw: Mother and Daughter\". The English Journal. 74 (3): 6873. doi:10.2307/817114. ISSN0013-8274. JSTOR817114.\n^ Saddler, Brennan (6 November 2014). \"Why does Heathcliff want to be near Catherine's dead body?\". Baylor University. Retrieved 3 September 2021.\nvteEmily Bront's Wuthering HeightsCharacters\nHeathcliff\nCatherine Earnshaw\nEdgar Linton\nIsabella Linton\nHindley Earnshaw\nNelly Dean\nHareton Earnshaw\nCatherine Linton\nLockwood\nAdaptationsScreen\n1920 film\n1939 film\n1948 BBC TV play\nArzoo (1950)\nHulchul (1951)\n1953 BBC TV play\n1954 film\n1959 Australian TV play\nDil Diya Dard Liya (1966)\n1964 telenovela\n1967 TV series\n1970 film\n1976 telenovela\n1978 TV serial\n1979 telenovela\nHurlevent (1985)\n1988 film\nHihintayin Kita sa Langit (1991)\nEmily Bront's Wuthering Heights (1992)\n1998 film\n2002 TV serial\n2003 film\nThe Promise (2007)\n2009 TV serial\n2011 film\nWalang Hanggan (2012)\nWuthering High School (2015)\nStage\n1951 Herrmann opera\n1958 Floyd opera\n1992 musical\nHeathcliff (1996 musical)\nRelated\nLocation\nTop Withens\nCultural references\n\"Wuthering Heights\" (song)\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Earnshaw&oldid=1216411443\"\nCategories: Fictional ghostsCharacters in Wuthering HeightsDrama film charactersRomance film charactersHidden categories: CS1: long volume valueCS1 French-language sources (fr)Use dmy dates from April 2022Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2020All articles lacking in-text citationsArticles with short descriptionShort description is different from Wikidata\nThis page was last edited on 30 March 2024, at 21:06(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. 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Log in\nCharacters\nfalse\nCharacter List\nCharacters\nCharacter List\nSave\nNext\nHeathcliff\nAn orphan brought to live at Wuthering Heights by Mr. Earnshaw, Heathcliff falls into an intense, unbreakable love with Mr. Earnshaws daughter Catherine. After Mr. Earnshaw dies, his resentful son Hindley abuses Heathcliff and treats him as a servant. Because of her desire for social prominence, Catherine marries Edgar Linton instead of Heathcliff. Heathcliffs humiliation and misery prompt him to spend most of the rest of his life seeking revenge on Hindley, his beloved Catherine, and their respective children (Hareton and young Cathy). A powerful, fierce, and often cruel man, Heathcliff acquires a fortune and uses his extraordinary powers of will to acquire both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, the estate of Edgar Linton.\nRead an in-depth analysis of Heathcliff.\nCatherine Earnshaw\nThe daughter of Mr. Earnshaw and his wife, Catherine falls powerfully in love with Heathcliff, the orphan Mr. Earnshaw brings home from Liverpool. Catherine loves Heathcliff so intensely that she claims they are the same person. However, her desire for social advancement motivates her to marry Edgar Linton instead. Catherine is free-spirited, beautiful, spoiled, and often arrogant. She is given to fits of temper, and she is torn between her wild passion for Heathcliff and her social ambition. She brings misery to both of the men who love her.\nRead an in-depth analysis of Catherine Earnshaw.\nEdgar Linton\nWell-bred but rather spoiled as a boy, Edgar Linton grows into a tender, constant, but cowardly man. He is almost the ideal gentleman: Catherine accurately describes him as handsome, pleasant to be with, cheerful, and rich. However, this full assortment of gentlemanly characteristics, along with his civilized virtues, proves useless in Edgars clashes with his foil, Heathcliff, who gains power over his wife, sister, and daughter.\nRead an in-depth analysis of Edgar Linton.\nLockwood\nLockwoods narration forms a frame around Nellys; he serves as an intermediary between Nelly and the reader. A somewhat vain and presumptuous gentleman, he deals very clumsily with the inhabitants of Wuthering Heights. Lockwood comes from a more domesticated region of England, and he finds himself at a loss when he witnesses the strange households disregard for the social conventions that have always structured his world. As a narrator, his vanity and unfamiliarity with the story occasionally lead him to misunderstand events.\nRead an in-depth analysis of Lockwood.\nNelly Dean\nNelly Dean (known formally as Ellen Dean) serves as the chief narrator of Wuthering Heights. A sensible, intelligent, and compassionate woman, she grew up essentially alongside Hindley and Catherine Earnshaw and is deeply involved in the story she tells. She has strong feelings for the characters in her story, and these feelings complicate her narration.\nRead an in-depth analysis of Nelly Dean.\nIsabella Linton\nEdgar Lintons sister, who falls in love with Heathcliff and marries him. She sees Heathcliff as a romantic figure, like a character in a novel. Ultimately, she ruins her life by falling in love with him. He never returns her feelings and treats her as a mere tool in his quest for revenge on the Linton family.\nRead an in-depth analysis of Isabella Linton.\nCathy Linton\nThe daughter of Edgar Linton and the first Catherine. The first Catherine begins her life as an Earnshaw and ends it as a Linton; her daughter, referred to for clarity's sake in this SparkNote as Cathy, begins as a Linton and, assuming that she marries Hareton after the end of the story, goes on to become an Earnshaw. The mother and the daughter share not only a name, but also a tendency toward headstrong behavior, impetuousness, and occasional arrogance. However, Edgars influence seems to have tempered young Cathy's character, and she is a gentler and more compassionate creature than her mother.\nRead an in-depth analysis of Cathy Linton.\nHareton Earnshaw\nThe son of Hindley and Frances Earnshaw, Hareton is Catherines nephew. After Hindleys death, Heathcliff assumes custody of Hareton, and raises him as an uneducated field worker, just as Hindley had done to Heathcliff himself. Thus Heathcliff uses Hareton to seek revenge on Hindley. Illiterate and quick-tempered, Hareton is easily humiliated, but shows a good heart and a deep desire to improve himself. At the end of the novel, he marries Cathy.\nRead an in-depth analysis of Hareton Earnshaw.\nLinton Heathcliff\nHeathcliffs son by Isabella. Weak, sniveling, demanding, and constantly ill, Linton is raised in London by his mother and does not meet his father until he is thirteen years old, when he goes to live with him after his mothers death. Heathcliff despises Linton, treats him contemptuously, and, by forcing him to marry Cathy, uses him to cement his control over Thrushcross Grange after Edgar Lintons death. Linton himself dies not long after this marriage.\nHindley Earnshaw\nCatherines brother, and Mr. Earnshaws son. Hindley resents it when Heathcliff is brought to live at Wuthering Heights. After his father dies and he inherits the estate, Hindley begins to abuse the young Heathcliff, terminating his education and forcing him to work in the fields. When Hindleys wife Frances dies shortly after giving birth to their son Hareton, he lapses into alcoholism and dissipation.\nRead an in-depth analysis of Hindley Earnshaw.\nMr. Earnshaw\nCatherine and Hindleys father. Mr. Earnshaw adopts Heathcliff and brings him to live at Wuthering Heights. Mr. Earnshaw prefers Heathcliff to Hindley but nevertheless bequeaths Wuthering Heights to Hindley when he dies.\nMrs. Earnshaw\nCatherine and Hindleys mother, who neither likes nor trusts the orphan Heathcliff when he is brought to live at her house. She dies shortly after Heathcliffs arrival at Wuthering Heights.\nJoseph\nA long-winded, fanatically religious, elderly servant at Wuthering Heights. Joseph is strange, stubborn, and unkind, and he speaks with a thick Yorkshire accent.\nFrances Earnshaw\nHindleys simpering, silly wife, who treats Heathcliff cruelly. She dies shortly after giving birth to Hareton.\nMr. Linton\nEdgar and Isabellas father and the proprietor of Thrushcross Grange when Heathcliff and Catherine are children. An established member of the gentry, he raises his son and daughter to be well-mannered young people.\nMrs. Linton\nMr. Lintons somewhat snobbish wife, who does not like Heathcliff to be allowed near her children, Edgar and Isabella. She teaches Catherine to act like a gentle-woman, thereby instilling her with social ambitions.\nZillah\nThe housekeeper at Wuthering Heights during the latter stages of the narrative.\nMr. Green\nEdgar Lintons lawyer, who arrives too late to hear Edgars final instruction to change his will, which would have prevented Heathcliff from obtaining control over Thrushcross Grange.\nNext section\nHeathcliff\nTest your knowledge\nTake the Character List Quick Quiz\nTake a study break\nEvery Literary Reference Found in Taylor Swift's Lyrics\nTake a study break\nThe 7 Most Messed-Up Short Stories We All Had to Read in School\nDid you know you can highlight text to take a note?\nx\nWuthering Heights SparkNotes Literature Guide\nPRINT EDITION\nAce your assignments with our guide to Wuthering Heights!\nBUY NOW\nPLUSNotesSee All NotesAdd Note with SparkNotes PLUSWuthering Heights\nAdd your thoughts right here!\nPlease wait while we process your payment\nUnlock your FREE SparkNotes PLUS trial!\nUnlock your FREE Trial!\nSign up and get instant access to creating and saving your own notes as you read.\nAd-Free experience\nEasy-to-access study notes\nFlashcards & Quizzes\nAP English test prep\nPlus much more\nSign up to start your FREE trial\nRenew your subscription\nAlready have an account? 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All", "url": "https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/wuthering/characters/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Catherine Earnshaw | Classic Literature Wikia | Fandom\nClassic Literature Wikia\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nWiki Content\nRecently Changed Pages\nNapoleon\nBill Sikes\nElizabeth Lavenza\nPiggy\nRomeo and Juliet\nGeorge Milton\nRalph\nCharacters\nRalph\nPiggy\nSimon\nJack\nJane Eyre (character)\nThe Monster\nHindley Earnshaw\nMale characters\nHeathcliff\nPiggy\nJack\nMr. Rochester\nVictor Frankenstein\nHareton Earnshaw\nThe Monster\nCommunity\nHelp\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nClassic Literature Wiki\n138pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nWiki Content\nRecently Changed Pages\nNapoleon\nBill Sikes\nElizabeth Lavenza\nPiggy\nRomeo and Juliet\nGeorge Milton\nRalph\nCharacters\nRalph\nPiggy\nSimon\nJack\nJane Eyre (character)\nThe Monster\nHindley Earnshaw\nMale characters\nHeathcliff\nPiggy\nJack\nMr. Rochester\nVictor Frankenstein\nHareton Earnshaw\nThe Monster\nCommunity\nHelp\nin:\nFemale characters, Love interests, Romantic characters,\nand\n6 more\nBront Characters\nCharacters\nDeceased characters\nWives\nDaughters\nSisters\nCatherine Earnshaw\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nCatherine Earnshaw\n1939\n1970\n1978\n1992\n1998\n2009\n2011\nAppearances\nBook appearances\nWuthering Heights\nCreated by\nEmily Bront\nFilm/TV appearances\nWuthering Heights (1939) Wuthering Heights (1970) Wuthering Heights (BBC, 1978) Emily Bront's Wuthering Heights (1992) Wuthering Heights (ITV, 1998) Wuthering Heights (Masterpiece Theatre, 2009) Wuthering Heights (2011)\nPortrayals\nSarita Wooton (Young Catherine), Merle Oberson (1939) Anna-Calder Marshall (1970) Maria Swailes (Young Catherine), Kay Adshead (1978) Jessica Hennell (Young Catherine), Juliette Binoche (1992) Kadie Savage (Young Catherine), Orla Brady (1998) Alexandra Pearson (Young Catherine), Charlotte Riley (2009) Shannon Beer (Young Catherine), Kay Sodelario (2011)\nCharacter information\nOther names/Alias\nCathy Catherine Linton Miss Cathy Miss Catherine Dame Catherine\nGender\nFemale\nAge\n6-7 years old (1771) 9-17 years old (1774-1783) 18 years old (death, 1784)\nNationality\nBritish\nTime Period\nLate 18th century (1770s-1784)\nHome\nWuthering Heights, Yorkshire, England Thrushcross Grange, Yorkshire England\nAlignment\nNeutral\nStatus\nDeceased\nRelationships\nMr. Earnshaw (father, deceased)Mrs. Earnshaw (mother, deceased)Hindley Earnshaw (brother, deceased)Heathcliff (adoptive brother/soulmate, deceased)Edgar Linton (husband, deceased)Cathy Linton (daughter)Frances Earnshaw (sister-in-law, deceased)Isabella Linton (sister-in-law, deceased)Hareton Earnshaw (nephew)Linton Heathcliff (nephew, deceased)Nelly Dean (foster sister/servant)\nPersonalities\nBeautiful, wilful, free-spirited, lively, nave, tomboyish, spoiled, childish, wild, mischievous, fiery, impulsive, demented, civilized, sophisticated, noble, restless, independent, brave, sickly, defiant, reckless, rebellious, arrogant, selfish, romantic, passionate\nAppearance\nBrown hair, dark brown eyes, wears simple clothes, wears proper lady clothes\nAllies\nHeathcliff Edgar Linton Isabella Linton Nelly Dean\nEnemies\nMr. and Mrs. Linton (formerly)\nLikes\nWandering around the moors, being with Heathcliff, spying on the Lintons, being with Edgar, ranting about Wuthering Heights and the moors, being spoiled and pampered\nDislikes\nHindley's cruelty to Heathcliff, forced to choose between Heathcliff and Edgar\nGoal\nTo always be close to Heathcliff and love him intensely To marry Edgar and become part of aristocratic society To haunt Heathcliff in spirit (all succeeded)\nFate\nDies after giving birth to daughter Cathy, and her spirit haunts Heathcliff and Wuthering Heights until his death.\nFamous quotes\n\"Nelly, I am Heathcliff! He's always, always in my mind; not as a pleasure, any more than I am a pleasure to myself, but as my own being.\"\"Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same.\"\n\"She was a wild, wicked slip of a girl. She burned too bright for this world.\"\nCatherine Earnshaw, or Cathy, is the secondary protagonist in Emily Bront's Wuthering Heights. She is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw, the sister of Hindley Earnshaw, the adoptive sister/soulmate of Heathcliff, the wife of Edgar Linton, and the mother of Cathy Linton.\nHaving grown up with him as children, Catherine and Heathcliff were also intense lovers. But when she falls in love with Edgar, she finds herself caught in a love triangle, ruining the lives of both men who love her.\nContents\n1 Description\n2 Storyline\n2.1 Early life/Relationship with Heathcliff and the Lintons\n2.2 Married Life at Thrushcross Grange\n2.3 Pregnancy, Final Illness and Death\n3 Personality/Appearance\n4 Relationships\n4.1 Heathcliff\n4.2 Edgar Linton\n4.3 Hindley Earnshaw\n4.4 Nelly Dean\n4.5 Isabella Linton\n5 Quotes/Relatable Quotes\n6 Portrayals\n7 References\nDescription[]\nCatherine Earnshaw is often seen as an unusual and unique heroine. She typically has two forms: her wild self, where she loves to run around the Yorkshire moors with her beloved soulmate Heathcliff and acts like a tomboy. And there is her lady self. After encountering the Lintons and being treated by them, she acts more girly and noble, wearing lady dresses and talking in a different tone. She can also switch her forms depending on who she enjoys being with the most.\nCatherine is a woman loved by two men. One is Heathcliff, with whom she would rather spend the rest of her life. They love being in the moors, which offers them freedom far from society. The other is Edgar, for she had to live a lifestyle where she couldn't do what she wanted but could be part of a higher social class. Deep down, Catherine loved Heathcliff the most, and towards her death, she wanted to abandon Edgar and be with Heathcliff, hoping she would be forgiven and they would be together for eternity.\nAfter her death, she is not buried in the Linton family crypt or with her immediate family. Instead, she is interred in the corner of a kirkyard in the middle of the moors. Once she becomes a ghost, she can have all her happiness and freedom to be in the place she loves the most. She also desperately wants to see Heathcliff again in Wuthering Heights since her apparition may have been roaming around the area, begging Mr. Lockwood to let her in and appearing before Heathcliff during his final days. Ultimately, she and Heathcliff will forever haunt the moors and make it their permeant home.\nStoryline[]\nEarly life/Relationship with Heathcliff and the Lintons[]\nCatherine Earnshaw grew up in Wuthering Heights in the mid-1770s, along with her brother Hindley and Nelly, a servant whose mother nursed Hindley.\nOn a summer morning at the start of the harvest season, 6-year-old Catherine is having breakfast with 14-year-old Hindley and Nelly when her father, Mr. Earnshaw, prepares to depart on a business trip to Liverpool.[1]Mr. Earnshaw asks his children what gifts he would bring home for them. Hindley wants a fiddle, and Catherine wants a whip, as she is already good at riding horses. After he promises Nelly he will bring her some gifts, he kisses his children goodbye and leaves.\nFor the next three days, Catherine constantly asks her mother when her father will come home. Mrs. Earnshaw expects him to be home by supper on the third evening and places their meal on hold. But Mr. Earnshaw still hasn't returned, and the children give up running to the gate to await his arrival. When it gets late, the children beg to stay up late.\nAt 11 o'clock, Mr. Earnshaw finally arrives home and sits down, laughing and ranting about his journey home. Everyone gathers around Catherine, and they spot a dirty, ragged, dark-haired Gipsy boy who speaks a language they can't understand. Mrs. Earnshaw refuses to keep the child in her house, and Mr. Earnshaw explains he had discovered the boy starving and living on the streets of Liverpool. He couldn't find his owners, and since his time in Liverpool was limited, he took the boy home. He orders Nelly to wash the boy and let him sleep with the children.\nHindley and Catherine search their father's pockets for the gifts he had promised to bring home. Hindley finds his fiddle broken, and Catherine learns her whip was lost on the way home. She spits in the boy's face, and she and Hindley refuse to share their room.\nA few days later, the boy was christened and named Heathcliff, after a son who died in infancy. Catherine and Heathcliff become close, but Hindley, Mrs. Earnshaw and Hindley hate him. Hindley hates him the most because of all the affection Heathcliff receives from Mr. Earnshaw.\nHeathcliff is a quiet, solitary child who takes Hindley's beatings calmly. Mr. Earnshaw is furious when Heathcliff is being bullied, as he has considered him his favourite child over his daughter. Mrs. Earnshaw dies less than two years after Heathcliff's arrival. When the children fall ill with measles, Nelly is assigned to look after them. Catherine and Hindley often complain about their illness, but only Heathcliff behaves. After all three children recover, Nelly sympathizes with Heathcliff, although she never fully dotes on him.\nA few years later, Mr. Earnshaw's health starts failing.[2]He spends most of his time alone, and when Hindley continues to bully Heathcliff, Mr. Earnshaw sends him away to college.\nCatherine and Heathcliff have grown into romantic soulmates. She enjoys causing mischief every day, and the servants try to keep her separated from Heathcliff. She also enjoys ordering Nelly around, and she and Heathcliff would laugh during Joseph's sermons, who is a longtime servant at Wuthering Heights. Mr. Earnshaw would lecture her for her wild behaviour, but she laughs it off when Nelly tells her to repent for her troubles.\nOne windy night in October, Catherine sits beside Mr. Earnshaw when he rests in his chair, with Heathcliff beside her. Nelly does her knitting, and Joseph reads from his Bible. Mr. Earnshaw strokes Catherines hair and asks why she can be a good girl for once. She jokes that he should be a good father, kisses his hand, and sings him to sleep. Nelly then shushes her, and they should be quiet for half an hour. Joseph finishes reading and tries to wake Mr. Earnshaw to recite prayers before bedtime. Mr. Earnshaw doesnt move, and Joseph urges Heathcliff and Catherine to go to bed. She wants to say goodnight to her father, but when she embraces him, she discovers he is dead and starts crying. Heathcliff and Nelly join her until Joseph urges Nelly to fetch the parson and doctor from Gimmerton. Catherine and Heathcliff console each other inside their room and imagine Heaven as a beautiful place.\nHindley returns home for the funeral and brings home a wife named Frances Earnshaw.[3] During his three-year absence, Hindley has become a polished, wealthy gentleman and claims ownership of Wuthering Heights, ordering all the servants to move into the back kitchen. Frances tries to bond with Catherine by offering her gifts but becomes peevish from her frail health. Hindley cuts off Heathcliffs education, making him a servant working in the fields.\nDespite Heathcliffs mistreatment, Catherine teaches him everything she has learned and plays or works with him in the fields. They continue to act like savages, and Hindley ignores their behaviour. Joseph and the curate scold Hindley for his negligence and request that they punish the couple by flogging them or not serving them dinner.\nCatherine and Heathcliff would spend all day in the moors and laugh at the punishments given to them. One Sunday night, they were dismissed from the parlour for being too loud. They escape from the wash-house and decide to spy on the Linton family and their wealthy lifestyle at Thrushcross Grange, a stately, opulent home about four miles away from Wuthering Heights. They race from the Heights to the Grange, and Catherine loses her shoes in the bog. They pass under a hedge, walk up the path, and stand on some flower pots under the drawing-room window. While clinging onto the window ledge, they can see the curtains are half-opened, and they can look in.\nInside the crimson drawing room, the Linton children, Edgar and Isabella, are crying and arguing over a little dog. Catherine and Heathcliff laugh and gawk at them from the window until the Linton children spot them and run off. A moment later, they called for their parents. Catherine and Heathcliff try to scare them with noises, but when they hear the door opening, they drop from the ledge and decide to flee. Heathcliff holds Catherines hand, and they escape, but she falls onto the ground after the Lintons guard dog, Skulker, bites her ankle. She begs Heathcliff to escape without her, and Heathcliff uses a rock to pry open the dogs jaws and free her. A servant runs out with a lantern, and the dog runs away. Catherine is injured from being bitten, so the servant picks her up and carries her inside, with Heathcliff following.\nMr. Linton demands from the entrance what has happened. The servant, named Robert, explains that Skulker has caught a girl, and she has a boy with her. He suspects they could have tried to break in to rob the house and then murder everyone in their sleep. After Mr. Linton orders the servants, he pulls Heathcliff under the light. Mrs. Linton and the children are horrified by his appearance. Isabella wants him locked in the cellar and thinks hes a fortune-tellers son. Catherine laughs when Heathcliff is examined, and Edgar recognizes her from church. He notices her foot is bleeding, and Mrs. Linton finds it shameful that Catherine is running amok in the moors with a gypsy boy. Mr. Linton is furious at Hindleys reckless supervision and recognizes Heathcliff as the child his late neighbour brought home from Liverpool. Mrs. Linton is disgusted that her children are being exposed to his native language and orders him to leave.\nAfter Robert leads Heathcliff out, Catherine rests on the sofa, where a servant takes off her cloak she borrowed from the dairy-maid and then brings in a basin of warm water. While the servant washes her feet, Mrs. Linton brings a warm drink. Isabella places cakes onto her lap while Edgar looks on. They dry and comb her hair and put a pair of large slippers on her feet. Then, she is wheeled to the fire, where she eats with Skulker. She is also happy with all the attention from the Lintons.\nCatherine stays at Thurshcross Grange for five weeks until Christmas.[4]During that time, she recovers from her ankle injury, and Mrs. Linton teaches her to be a proper, noble lady. She rides home on a black pony, and everyone at Wuthering Heights is surprised to see she has changed. She has curly brown hair and is wearing a fashionable silk dress. Hindley helps her dismount the pony, complimenting her beauty, and Frances helps her inside. The dogs welcome her inside, and Catherine kisses Nelly, who is busy baking. She looks around for Heathcliff, and Hindley orders him to greet her. Heathcliff comes forward, and she embraces and kisses him, mocking his filthy appearance. Hindley orders Heathcliff to shake hands with her, but he refuses. She apologizes for laughing at him, and he says he enjoys being dirty and storms out.\nThe Earnshaws invite the Lintons to the Heights for a Christmas party. After dinner, Catherine stays up late to prepare some receptions for the Lintons. She goes to talk to Heathcliff, but he is already gone, which concerns her. On Christmas Eve, the Lintons arrive at Wuthering Heights. During the party, Heathcliff tries to impress Catherine after Nelly dresses him. But Hindley mocks him and orders him to be locked in the garret until after supper. Edgar criticizes Heathcliffs dark hair, and Heathcliff angrily throws hot applesauce at his face. Hindley drags Heathcliff out of the room, and Nelly cleans Edgars face. Isabella starts to cry, and Catherine scolds him for insulting him and hates it when he is beaten. Edgar sobs that he promised his mother not to insult him, and she orders him to behave. When Hindley returns, they sit down for supper. Catherine can hardly eat, and when everyone starts dancing, she begs to have Heathcliff released. While everyone joins singing with some local carollers, Catherine sneaks away and heads to the garret, where she calls to Heathcliff until he invites her in, where they converse alone. Afterwards, she returns with Heathcliff and asks Nelly to give him food as he hasnt eaten since the party.\nIn June 1778, Frances gives birth to a son named Hareton, but she died a week later from consumption.[5]Hindley becomes an alcoholic, and Nelly is assigned to raise Hareton. Hindleys violent outbursts from his alcoholism keeps everyone away from Wuthering Heights, except for Edgar who occasionally visits Catherine. While she still spends time with Heathcliff, Catherine has stayed in touch with the Lintons, and becomes close with them. She behaves headstrong and stubborn when shes with Heathcliff, but acts noble when shes with Edgar.\nOne afternoon, Hindley leaves home for the day, and Nelly helps Catherine put on a silk dress. Heathcliff arrives and asks her why shes wearing her lady dress and whats she up to. She replies that she isnt going anywhere because its rainy and tells him he should be working. He refuses to work and wants to spend the day with her, and she threatens to tell on Joseph. He replies that Joseph is away working at the Penistone Crags, and wont return until after dark. She then reveals that Edgar and Isabella are coming over for a visit, and demands Nelly to stop combing her hair.\nHeathcliff confronts Catherine about her bond with the Lintons and turning him away, even thinking she doesnt appreciate his company. Catherine argues that she doesnt always want to spend time with him, and at that moment, Edgar arrives. Heathcliff immediately leaves and Edgar asks if he hasnt come too soon. She notices Nelly is still with her and orders her to leave her alone. Hindley has assigned Nelly to chaperone Catherine when she has friends over, and she wants to take the opportunity to do her chores with Catherine even if Hindley is absent. Catherine loses her temper and pinches and slaps Nelly. Hareton sits on the floor beside Nelly and starts to cry, so Catherine shakes him. Edgar tries to restrain her, but she slaps him, too. Nelly grabs Hareton and rushes out of the room, while Edgar backs away pale and quivering.\nEdgar prepares to leave, and Catherine begs him to stay. He tells her that after she hit him, he decides not to come here again. Catherine says she didnt mean to get angry and shell cry herself wick. She kneels down at a chair and bursts into tears. Nelly encourages Edgar to go home now, but when she returns to warn them that Hindley is returning home drunk, she finds Edgar and Catherine making up and made their love confessions. When Hindley arrives home, Catherine retreats to her room and Edgar rides home.\nLater that night, while Nelly is in the kitchen rocking Hareton, Catherine hears her humming and asks if shes alone, before she enters the kitchen.[6]\nMarried Life at Thrushcross Grange[]\nPregnancy, Final Illness and Death[]\nPersonality/Appearance[]\nCatherine is a free-spirited, lively, mischievous young woman who enjoys being a tomboy and playing out in the moors with Heathcliff. She initially doesnt fit the genteel stereotype of being a girl and views Heathcliff and the moors as a paradise where she doesnt have to worry about social class and society. As a child, she was difficult to discipline, as she enjoyed tormenting the servants and always got what she wanted. Mr. Earnshaw would reprimand her for misbehaving, making her wilder and rebelling against the rules. Her intense, passionate love for Heathcliff gives her a sense of meaning, purpose, and direction in her life, as she has clearly stated that she and Heathcliff have shared kindred souls. They would find solace in each other while living under Hindleys dominant roof and enjoy causing mischief and mocking the punishments given to them. However, they also console each other with deep comfort and solace after losing their father, imagining heaven as a beautiful, peaceful place, which shows how close and inseparable their bond is. Outside in the moors, they never fear the dangers around them and believe their love will last forever.\nWhen she meets the Lintons after she is injured from a bitten ankle, she is introduced to civilization for the first time. Almost immediately, she appreciates the Linton familys noble lifestyle and the attention she receives from them. After five weeks, she arrives home as a different person but has a split personality. Whenever shes with Heathcliff, she behaves like her usual wild, passionate self but acts noble and ladylike with the Lintons. She struggles with how exactly she always has to behave, as she often worries about how other people will view or judge her. Despite her close friendship with the Lintons, she still cares about Heathcliff and often feels bad for how she treats him in her civilized self. She openly admits that she would never marry Heathcliff because she doesnt want to live in a degraded social status. Her beloved Heathcliff being forced to live as an impoverished servant makes it impossible for them to be together. She struggles to answer Nellys questions about why she wants to marry Edgar, and her main reason is that she wants to live his lifestyle and see better opportunities for herself. Additionally, she hopes her marriage will build a passionate friendship with Heathcliff. She desires Heathcliff and Edgar to be friends and would be able to help him have his place in upper-class society.\nShe is also known to easily lose her temper and angrily lash out at those who provoke her, such as when she pokes and pinches Nelly and slaps Edgar because she wants to be left alone. Because of her wilful nature, she dominates Thrushcross Grange in a masculine role, and even those weaker and more passive than her fear her fiery temper, mostly her husband, Edgar and sister-in-law Isabella. Despite Catherine warning Isabella that Heathcliff is a bad influence on her, she cruelly humiliates her by exposing her crush to Heathcliff, locks Heathcliff and Edgar inside a room to have them confront each other, and even taunts Edgar to fight back. She becomes restless when Edgar forces her to choose either him or Heathcliff, and she suffers a fit because she cannot always have what she wants.\nBeing a wild, restless woman, she often makes reckless, foolish decisions that affect those around her. One example is when she spent the whole night searching for Heathcliff on the moors, only for her to suffer from a fever, and Mr. and Mrs. Linton both died nursing her. Another example is when she locks herself in her room for three days without food after Edgar confronts her about her feelings for Heathcliff, which causes her to slowly waste away rather than try to apologize to Edgar or confess the truth. She is also selfish to the men who love her, as she only married Edgar because he would provide her with a life of prosperity and luxury, and she admitted that she couldnt marry Heathcliff because of his low social status; therefore, her selfishness indirectly caused Heathcliffs ruthless cycle of revenge.\nDuring her illness, she becomes obsessed with death and longs to be with Heathcliff and with nature again. She clearly missed being a headstrong, independent tomboy who sought freedom in the moors and deep down, she likely regrets marrying Edgar as her intense passion for Heathcliff consumes her. In her final days, she fears that Heathcliff will forget her after she dies and has even vowed she will never be at peace until shes reunited with him. She laments to Heathcliff that his conflict with Edgar has broken her heart, and she has never experienced true happiness. Theres no denying that her dramatic illness and stress caused her to go into premature labour and then die from childbirth. But in her death, her ghost torments Heathcliff and Wuthering Heights so she can still be with him as a living spirit, while she seeks eternity with nature by being interred in the corner of the churchyard overlooking the moors she loved so much in life.\nCatherine is described as having brown hair and eyes. During her early life at the Heights and her relationship with Heathcliff, she wore plain clothes, and after meeting the Lintons, she wore fashionable dresses.\nRelationships[]\nHeathcliff[]\nThe orphaned foundling Catherinegrew up with in childhood and who she would deeply love as an adult. She enjoys exploring the moors with her beloved Heathcliff, but Catherine's romance with him decreases after the Linton family looks after her and meets their children. She ends up being tormented for letting Heathcliff down, even as she begs him for forgiveness. After she dies, she torments Heathcliff herself as a ghost.\nEdgar Linton[]\nCatherine's husband. She became a wealthy aristocrat upon marrying him and chose to love and marry him over Heathcliff so she could be part of high social status than being degraded. Once Heathcliff returns, Catherine is confronted by Edgar, who she loves the most; the dark-haired gypsy or her handsome, well-bred husband. In her last days, she was cared for by Edgar and left the world, leaving a daughter behind for Edgar to raise alone.\nHindley Earnshaw[]\nCatherine's older brother. Although she has few interactions with her brother, she sees him as a domineering figure towards Heathcliff and has even recalled some of these incidents in a diary entry that she had kept in one of her journals. In addition, she may also have to follow Hindley's strict rules once he inherits the Heights.\nNelly Dean[]\nCatherine's foster sister and her servant, who also grew up with her alongside Heathcliff. She can be stubborn with her, especially in one scene where she screams and pinches at Nelly because she won't leave the room she's in. But she also seems to be the most loyal and understanding person to Catherine. She told her the whole truth about her marriage proposal to Edgar and her intense love for Heathcliff. Catherine continues to be supported and cared for by Nelly during her marriage and final days.\nIsabella Linton[]\nCatherine's sister-in-law. While she and Isabella have a decent relationship after they first met, Catherine's status and personality are much higher and stronger than hers. She had failed to try to stop Isabella from falling in love with Heathcliff, who would not be the perfect match for her.\nQuotes/Relatable Quotes[]\nPortrayals[]\nIn the 1939 film adaptation, she is portrayed by Merle Oberson\nIn the 1992 film adaptation, she is portrayed by Juliette Binoche, who also portrayed Cathy Linton.\nIn the 2009 Masterpiece Theatre adaptation, she is portrayed by Alexandra Pearson as a child and Charlotte Riley as an adult.\nReferences[]\n Chapter 4\n Chapter 5\n Chapter 6\n Chapter 7\n Chapter 8\n Chapter 9\nCategories\nCategories:\nFemale characters\nLove interests\nRomantic characters\nBront Characters\nCharacters\nDeceased characters\nWives\nDaughters\nSisters\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Classic Literature Wikia\n1\nHeathcliff\n2\nCatherine Earnshaw\n3\nWuthering Heights (location)\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nClassic Literature Wikia is a FANDOM Books Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://classic-literature.fandom.com/wiki/Catherine_Earnshaw" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Why Does Everyone Love Catherine Earnshaw? Words by Megan Michael\nSkip to content\nWords by Megan Michael\nThe Musings of a Literary Feminist\nWhy Does Everyone Love CatherineEarnshaw?\nPosted bywordsbymeganmichaelJanuary 27, 2017January 26, 2017Posted inGender Studies, Literature\nPart one of my gender-based study of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights will center around Catherine Earnshaw, the books protagonist though I argue that she does more bad than good.\nI first read this book near the end of the last spring semester, though I really only skimmed most of it, then watched the movie, since I only needed to examine where and when I would teach the book but I still fell for it, and I fell hard. So when I had to choose two books that I sort of knew but wanted to examine further, specifically through the gender lens, I jumped right to Wuthering Heights, and I started reading it right away, even though it was finals week.\nI quickly came to one decision: Catherine Earnshaw is amonster.\nShe uses her emotions, and the emotions of those around her, to manipulateeveryone. Shes not a lovely, heartbroken woman; shes a terrifying, manipulative force of nature (quite literally, in the beginning and end of the novel, but more figuratively in between.) There are literally no characteristics of her that I like, from any point of view.\nShes manipulative as a child, aiding and assisting Hindley in hating and tormenting Heathcliff, though Hindley never really needed much aiding when it came to hating Heathcliff. Once she decides that she, in fact, loves Heathcliff, she turns the tides and instead torments her brother, allowing Heathcliff to do the same. I place her as the main antagonist of this anti-Hindley relationship, because without her, Heathcliff never would have been able to treat Hindley the way they did, and I reckon that he really only put up with Catherines actions, and Heathcliff just existed in the background. She also, in a way, led Heathcliff in their hatred of the Lintons, too she really was cruel to everyone around her, as long as there was someone who she could influence.\nCatherines hatred of all three main male characters at one point in the beginning of the story is really what runs the rest of the novel:\nHer tormenting of Heathcliff when he first arrived at Wuthering Heights continued to build a hatred against Hindley, which ultimately led to Heathcliffs need for revenge;\nOnce Hindley became the one that is tormented, Hindleys hatred for Heathcliff (and sort of Catherine, I would argue) grew to the extreme torment that Heathcliff endured after Mister Earnshaw died and Hindley became the head of Wuthering Heights;\nSince Catherine made Heathcliff hate the Lintons so much, she went after Edgar for the same reason that Heathcliff marries Isabella: to make the other jealous.\nI would argue, and may do so further in the future, that if Catherine Earnshaw werent so mean and tormenting werent so much of a monster in her early years, the entirely ofWuthering Heights would be practically unnecessary, since it is entirely a novel rotating around revenge.\nShare this:TwitterFacebookLike Loading...\nRelated\nWhy WGS?April 4, 2017Liked by 2 peopleHow My Education is Also MyPassionNovember 14, 2016In \"Gender Studies\"Being a Feminist Teacher in an Anti-FeministSocietyFebruary 1, 2017In \"academic\"\nPosted bywordsbymeganmichaelJanuary 27, 2017January 26, 2017Posted inGender Studies, Literature\nPublished by wordsbymeganmichael\nAspiring Author, English Graduate Student, Pet Mom, Tea Aficionado\nView more posts\nPost navigation\nPrevious Post Previous post: Superheroines: Your New FeministGo-ToNext Post Next post: I Went to the Womens March on Washington and All I Got Was a FantasticExperience\nLeave a comment Cancel reply\n\nHome\nAbout\nBlog\nWords by Megan Michael,\nWebsite Powered by WordPress.com.\nComment\nReblog\nSubscribe\nSubscribed\nWords by Megan Michael\nSign me up\nAlready have a WordPress.com account? Log in now.\nPrivacy\nWords by Megan Michael\nCustomize\nSubscribe\nSubscribed\nSign up\nLog in\nCopy shortlink\nReport this content\nView post in Reader\nManage subscriptions\nCollapse this bar\n%d\nPrivacy & CookiesWe, WordPress.com, and our advertising partners store and/or access information on your device and also process personal data, like unique identifiers, browsing activity, and other standard information sent by your device including your IP address. This information is collected over time and used for personalised ads, ad measurement, audience insights, and product development specific to our ads program. If this sounds good to you, select \"I Agree!\" below. Otherwise, you can get more information, customize your consent preferences for over 51 different ad vendors, or decline consent by selecting \"Learn More\". 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One last thing, our partners may process some of your data based on legitimate interests instead of consent but you can object to that by choosing \"Learn More\" and then disabling the Legitimate Interests toggle under any listed Purpose or Partner.View PartnersLearn MoreI Agree!", "url": "https://wordsbymeganmichael.wordpress.com/2017/01/27/why-does-everyone-love-catherine-earnshaw/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The Character of Catherine Earnshaw\nCopyright 2024 http://wuthering-heights.co.uk\nThe Reader's Guide to Wuthering Heights\n\nHome\nThe Story\nCharacters\nLocations\nEmily Bront\nMiscellany\nThe Novel\nSearch\nHome\nThe Story\nSummary\nChapter List\nFamous Scenes\nGenealogy\nQuotations\nTimeline\nAlmanack\nLegal Aspects\nGlossary\nCharacters\nHeathcliff\nCatherine Earnshaw\nEdgar Linton\nIsabella Linton\nHindley Earnshaw\nFrances\nCathy Linton\nHareton Earnshaw\nLinton Heathcliff\nEllen Dean\nJoseph\nJoseph's Speech\nMr Lockwood\nMinor Characters\nLocations\nWuthering Heights\nWuthering Heights\nConstruction\nTour of the Heights\nOther Locations in the Novel\nThrushcross Grange\nThe Moors\nReal Locations\nPonden Hall\nPonden Kirk\nShibden Hall\nTop Withens\nOther Locations\nVisiting Locations\nAround Haworth\nAround Halifax\nEmily Bront\nEmily Jane Bront\nPortraits of Emily\nEmily Timeline\nSelected Poetry\nBront Genealogy\nMiscellany\nSearch the site\nCritics' Reviews\nInspirations\nFAQ\nPronunciations\nMusings\nRead the Novel\nMovies and TV\nDownloads\nPublications\nAbout Me/Contact\nLinks/Bibliography\nSitemap\nC P Sanger's Essay\nThe Essay\nHis Timeline\nThe Legal Aspects\nThe Novel\nContents\nPrologue\nChapter 1\nChapter 2\nChapter 3\nChildhood\nChapter 4\nChapter 5\nChapter 6\nChapter 7\nChapter 8\nChapter 9\nChapter 10\nChapter 11\nChapter 12\nChapter 13\nChapter 14\nChapter 15\nChapter 16\nChapter 17\nMaturity\nChapter 18\nChapter 19\nChapter 20\nChapter 21\nChapter 22\nChapter 23\nChapter 24\nChapter 25\nChapter 26\nChapter 27\nChapter 28\nChapter 29\nChapter 30\nChapter 31\nEpilogue\nChapter 32\nChapter 33\nChapter 34\nContents\nDescription\nPhotographs\nVital Data\nQueries\nQuotations\nThis page is optimised forprint\nSource: NOVEL. The information on this page is extracted from the novel.\nTranslate this page:\nCatherine Earnshaw\nHeathcliff's love and heroine of the story although she dies part of the way through the book. Her character, both alive and dead, haunts Heathcliff. She is free-spirited and beautiful, but can also be spiteful, arrogant and childish. Growing up alongside Heathcliff, their love is more like that of twins than lovers, and she marries Edgar because of his position and breeding.\nKnown as Catherine Linton after her marriage.\nNote: to differentiate between this Catherine and her daughter in this site, the mother is normally written as \"Catherine\" and her daughter as \"Cathy\", except in quotations.\nMerle Oberon from the 1939film\nAngela Scourer from the 1967drama\nAnnaCalder-Marshall from the 1970film\nKay Adshead from the 1978 TVdrama\nJuliette Binoche from the 1992film\nOrla Bradyfrom the 1998TVdrama\nCharlotte Riley from the 2009TVdrama\nKaya Scodelario from the 2011film\nVital Data\nParents: Mr and Mrs Earnshaw\nSiblings: Hindley (brother nearly 8 years older)\nDate of birth: Summer 1765\nPlace of birth: Wuthering Heights (assumed)\nMarried: Edgar Linton in March 1783 at Gimmerton Chapel.\nChildren: Catherine (Cathy) Linton, born 1784\nDate of death: 20 March 1784 (about 2 in the morning) (18yearsold)\nPlace of death: Thrushcross Grange\nPhysical description: very pretty; thick, long, brown hair\nLink to \"FAQ: When did Heathcliff embrace Catherine's body?\"\nLink to \"Musings: Searching for the perfect Catherine\"\nQuotes\n(1771, aged 6) petting him up far above Cathy, who was too mischievous and wayward for a favourite.\n(Childhood) she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day: from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute's security that she wouldn't be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always goingsinging, laughing, and plaguing everybody who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she wasbut she had the bonniest eye, the sweetest smile, and lightest foot in the parish: and, after all, I believe she meant no harm; for when once she made you cry in good earnest, it seldom happened that she would not keep you company, and oblige you to be quiet that you might comfort her.\n(Childhood) she was never so happy as when we were all scolding her at once, and she defying us with her bold, saucy look, and her ready words; turning Joseph's religious curses into ridicule, baiting me [Ellen] \n(1780, aged 15) At fifteen she was the queen of the countryside; she had no peer; and she did turn out a haughty, headstrong creature!\n(1780, aged 15) 'I didnt touch you, you lying creature!' cried she, her fingers tingling to repeat the act, and her ears red with rage. She never had power to conceal her passion, it always set her whole complexion in a blaze.\n'Whats that, then?' I retorted, showing a decided purple witness to refute her.\nShe stamped her foot, wavered a moment, and then, irresistibly impelled by the naughty spirit within her, slapped me on the cheek: a stinging blow that filled both eyes with water.\n(1783, aged 18) 'Set two tables here, Ellen: one for your master [Edgar] and Miss Isabella, being gentry; the other for Heathcliff and myself, being of the lower orders.'\n(1784, aged 18) It was enough to try the temper of a saint, such senseless, wicked rages! There [Catherine] lay dashing her head against the arm of the sofa, and grinding her teeth, so that you might fancy she would crash them to splinters!\nwuthering-heights.co.uk\nCLICK TO CLOSE Loading Image...", "url": "http://www.wuthering-heights.co.uk/characters/catherine" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "In Defence of Catherine Earnshaw (and her similarities to Fleabag)\nSkip to content\nWed. May 29th, 2024\nNews\nComment\nFeatures\nLifestyle\nCulture\nArt\nTheatre\nLiterature\nFilm & TV\nMusic\nVoices\nScience & Tech\nSport\nEditorial\nAbout\nCulture\nIn Defence Of\nLiterature\nIn Defence of Catherine Earnshaw (and her similarities to Fleabag)\nByCatherine Margaret Hodge\nApr 25, 2023\nWhen I first opened Wuthering Heights, I was given two responses. The first was from my mum, thrilled to see me finally reading the book that she somewhat named me after (I was named Catherine after my gran, but have always been nicknamed Cathy after Bronts heroine). The second response was characterised by a single phrase: remember! Youre meant to hate them all.\nThat is somewhat true.I couldnt stand Ellen, Mr Lockwood, or Edgar.However, I couldnt help but love Cathy. Yes, she is cruel, vindictive, and immature, but there is a vulnerability to her that goes rarely appreciated. She subverts kind and innocent expectations at every turn. When she is supposed to simper, she snarls.When she is meant to cry, she laughs.When she is expected to endure, she screams. That is what is so off-putting about her and the whole novel.\nIt isnt that Cathy doesnt want love, or babies, or a big showy wedding where everyone claims she is the most beautiful bride they have ever seen.She does want that. But that isnt all she wants or even what she focuses on. What Cathy wants, above all, is to be understood. Heathcliff isnt the love of her life, nor someone she expects to fawn over her. Heathcliff is the only person in the world that understands what Cathy is because, as she says, he is the same as her. Emily Bront repeatedly highlights that Cathys love for Heathcliff is not easy, cute, or all that romantic. She claims that she is Heathcliff in all the ways she is also herself, that her love for him resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary.\nMaybe this is what drew me, my mother, and so many women before us to this story. The desire to be understood by at least one person in the world has been used by artists probably since the beginning of time. Perhaps one of the most recent and notable entries to this canon is Phoebe Waller-Bridges Fleabag, where the main character laments that either everyone feels like this just a little bit and theyre not talking about it, or I am completely fucking alone.\nCathy, much like Fleabag, isnt exactly sure what she wants or if she could be happy at all given the cards she has been dealt. When she says, I wish I were a girl again, half savage and hardy and free, I had the same reaction to hearing Phoebe Waller-Bridge utter, I want someone to tell me what to wear every morning. Its visceral and heartbreaking. I cant hate Cathy and I cant hate Fleabag. When you arent their victims, you can see them as they are: deeply human.\nCathy is a scared girl who reacts to people sometimes like a feral dog: she is deeply wounded, doesnt trust those around her, and wants someone to listen to her. Is that not understandable? Would you, too, not be cruel to someone that has called you needy or dramatic for being suicidal? To someone that has confined you to your bedroom and insists you love them despite not letting you go outside? Cathy lashes out, definitely, but ends up paying for it.\nOr does she? Emily Bronte leaves the role of the supernatural open-ended in Wuthering Heights.My favourite answer is that, after her death, Cathy does get to stand on the moors again, hand in hand with Heathcliff. The two belong there, together, half of each others souls, buried next to each other with their ghosts looking over Wuthering Heights and the surrounding fields, a lasting testament to their angst.What is more teenage and eternal than that?\nI finished Wuthering Heights, and I loved it. I hated many characters but I do not, and could not hate Cathy Earnshaw.Thanks, Mum, for (somewhat) naming me after her.I hope to never be locked in my bedroom (that probably had yellow wallpaper).\nImage Wuthering Heights bysjpowermacis marked withCC0 1.0.\nRelated\nPost navigation\nThe Ultimate Summer TBR Review: The Shawshank Redemption\nBy Catherine Margaret Hodge\nRelated Post\nArt\nCulture\nREVIEW: Shuvinai Ashoona: When I Draw\nMar 8, 2024\nAisha Traub Chan\nCulture\nTheatre\nHamilton Review\nMar 7, 2024\nJemima Hawkins\nCulture\nFilm\nReviews\nReview: This Woman\nMar 2, 2024\nMtin Cheung\nSearch\nYou missed\nArt\nCulture\nREVIEW: Shuvinai Ashoona: When I Draw\nMar 8, 2024\nAisha Traub Chan\nCulture\nTheatre\nHamilton Review\nMar 7, 2024\nJemima Hawkins\nNews\nThe Meadows to get permanent public toilets\nMar 4, 2024\nDom Croot\nNews\nUkraine tributes torn down outside Russian consulate in Edinburgh\nMar 4, 2024\nBea Newington-Bridges\nProudly powered by WordPress\n|\nTheme: Newses by Themeansar.\nHelp to keep The Student newspaper in print5,829 raised of 2,000 goal164 donationsDonate now", "url": "https://studentnewspaper.org/in-defence-of-catherine-earnshaw-and-her-similarities-to-fleabag/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "The little white attic : Vivien Leigh as Catherine Earnshaw\nThe little white attic\nPages\nHome\nMonday 21 April 2014\nVivien Leigh as Catherine Earnshaw\nmight not have been a bad idea after all.\nCatherine Earnshaw in \"Wuthering heights\" is 1 of the roles Vivien Leigh very much wanted to play but couldn't, together with Ophelia and Elizabeth Bennet and Joan Fontaine's role in \"Rebecca\".\nSo far I have generally thought her not perfectly suitable for the role, because she had such a classical, impeccable beauty that didn't seem right for Catherine Earnshaw. But then, could anyone expect the lovely, charming Vivien Leigh to transform into Scarlett O'Hara? Clark Gable, for example, said \"Ill be truthful about it, however; Ill confess that the first time I saw her I doubted that Vivien could really play Scarlett. That reaction shows Im no casting director.\" Vivien not only became Scarlett, spoilt, frivolous, vain, materialistic, manipulative, mischievous and selfish yet charming, determined, strong, independent and smart, but she also made it impossible for (most) people to conceive the idea of a remake of \"Gone with the wind\" with another actress playing Scarlett, and at the same time, defined the Southern belle so strongly that Bette Davis's performance as Jezebel the year before paled in comparison and so would anyone who played a Southern belle. Come to think of it, Scarlett O'Hara and Catherine Earnshaw are similar in some aspects- both are selfish, both choose money over love, both are full of life and somehow destructive and self-destructive. Vivien must have seen in Scarlett what she had in herself that she could make use of- strength, independence and self-determination. Fans of \"Gone with the wind\" must be familiar with the legend of the film itself, the making of a masterpiece, the story of how Vivien made up her mind on fighting for the role and beat hundreds of other actresses in the race (including Katharine Hepburn and Bette Davis) and then proved all doubters wrong, which isn't much different from the way Scarlett O'Hara swears to God \"I'll never be hungry again\" and does whatever it requires to survive and achieve her goals. Similarly, I think Vivien wanted the main role in \"Wuthering heights\" not for the sole purpose of acting opposite Laurence Olivier, but because she believed that she had the qualities to portray Catherine Earnshaw. Look at her, Vivien was indeed pulchritudinous, 1 of the most gorgeous actresses to grace the silver screen, if not the most, but in addition to that charm and sweetness and the perfect features, there was something else, indescribable, since Vivien didn't possess the kind of refreshing, innocent and youthful image of Audrey Hepburn, nor the soft, gentle look of Ingrid Bergman, but seemed to have some kind of fire, something wild and fierce, even destructive and dangerous. From what I've read, she was in general a very passionate person, and then had to struggle in \"her possession by that uncannily evil monster\" (Larry's words). The sentence describing Catherine Earnshaw can apply perfectly to her: \"She burned too bright for this world.\"\nAbove all, unlike Audrey Hepburn, Marilyn Monroe, Grace Kelly..., Vivien Leigh's not a film star, but an actress, and a great one. And whilst people talk of Katharine Hepburn and Bette Davis more often, I admire Vivien more for the fact that, as she didn't belong to Hollywood, she was as different in her roles as she could, and wasn't stuck to 1 definite persona. These 2 actresses were undoubtedly excellent, but after all in films Katharine Hepburn was always Katharine Hepburn and Bette Davis was always Bette Davis, Vivien, albeit often vivacious, managed to be different, and a decade after Scarlett O'Hara, she again played a Southern belle in \"A streetcar named Desire\", a totally different one, and again did it so wonderfully and reached such an unimaginable height in acting that she was Blanche DuBois as much as Blanche DuBois was her, that one reads Tennessee Williams's play and hears her voice, that one sees Jessica Lange in the same role in the TV version and only sees Jessica Lange as Vivien as Blanche DuBois (and, as I've read, it's the same with other actresses who have played the character in theatre after Vivien Leigh). Most admirable is the way she made use of her inner demon for her craft, her performance, as she portrayed the smallest nuances, the vulnerability and fragility, the insecurity and desperation and despair underneath the shifting mood, the snobbery and frivolity of the character. Her theatrical acting was the most appropriate approach. She turned into the character, and defined the character.\nThe only thing to resent is that Vivien made the mistake of choosing theatre over film. And that she didn't get the role of Catherine Earnshaw, which, I now believe, she could have played marvellously.\nPosted by\nHai Di Nguyen\nat\n10:56\nEmail ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest\nLabels:\nBront sisters,\nfilm,\nliterature,\nphotos,\nVivling\n2 comments:\nHaraya2 November 2017 at 20:15If you're still moaning about Vivien not playing Cathy in Wuthering Heights, you should watch the 1992 film for the actress, Juliette Binoche who is another acclaimed actress, plays Cathy and who strongly resembles Vivien Leigh. Of course, she doesn't have as much life and excitement as Vivien did.ReplyDeleteRepliesHai Di Nguyen28 March 2018 at 19:59\"Moaning\"? That's a funny thing to say. I like Juliette Binoche but she and Vivien Leigh are totally different, I have no idea what you're talking about.DeleteRepliesReplyReplyAdd commentLoad more...\nBe not afraid, gentle readers! Share your thoughts! 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No, no, and no.\nVivien Leigh as Catherine Earnshaw\nPhotos of Audrey Hepburn (P.4)\nStyle icon Grace Kelly\nOn Vivien Leigh's performance as Blanche DuBois\nAudrey Hepburn gifs\n\"Breakfast at Tiffany's\"\nMore photos of Audrey Hepburn (P.3), with some tho...\nLe plus grand cabaret du monde (P. 2)\n\"The Book of Daniel\" (E. L. Doctorow)\nLe plus grand cabaret du monde\n\"Persuasion\", in retrospect\nSome random thoughts on Jane Austen\nThe mother (Gwendolyn Brooks)\n\"Sevastopol in December\" and \"Sevastopol in May\"\nRussian Literature 2014: I'm participating\n\nMarch\n(16)\n\nFebruary\n(16)\n\nJanuary\n(23)\n\n2013\n(191)\n\nDecember\n(19)\n\nNovember\n(26)\n\nOctober\n(21)\n\nSeptember\n(24)\n\nAugust\n(21)\n\nJuly\n(17)\n\nJune\n(9)\n\nMay\n(8)\n\nApril\n(4)\n\nMarch\n(11)\n\nFebruary\n(10)\n\nJanuary\n(21)\n\n2012\n(107)\n\nDecember\n(11)\n\nNovember\n(17)\n\nOctober\n(14)\n\nSeptember\n(9)\n\nAugust\n(13)\n\nJuly\n(9)\n\nJune\n(3)\n\nMay\n(7)\n\nApril\n(9)\n\nMarch\n(9)\n\nFebruary\n(6)\nLabels\nAbe Kb\n(4)\nAkira Kurosawa\n(21)\nAlice Munro\n(1)\nAnna Karenina reread\n(5)\nart\n(50)\nAudrey Hepburn\n(19)\nAva Gardner\n(4)\nBen Jonson\n(1)\nBenny Green\n(3)\nBillie Holiday\n(12)\nBilly Wilder\n(25)\nBram Stoker\n(10)\nBront sisters\n(76)\nCao Xueqin\n(31)\nCarson McCullers\n(4)\nCate Blanchett\n(6)\nCervantes\n(9)\nCharles Dickens\n(35)\nChekhov\n(31)\nChristopher Marlowe\n(6)\nDaniel Day-Lewis\n(24)\nDaphne du Maurier\n(15)\nDostoyevsky\n(43)\nEdith Wharton\n(34)\neducation\n(9)\nElla Fitzgerald\n(14)\nmile Zola\n(4)\nF. Scott Fitzgerald\n(19)\nfashion\n(14)\nFaulkner\n(30)\nFederico Fellini\n(26)\nfeeling\n(91)\nfeminism\n(48)\nfilm\n(323)\nFlannery O'Connor\n(3)\nFlaubert\n(50)\nFrance\n(12)\nFranz Kafka\n(14)\nGeorge Eliot\n(76)\nGogol\n(11)\nHenrik Ibsen\n(5)\nHenry James\n(55)\nHerman Melville\n(60)\nHonor de Balzac\n(3)\nhumour\n(26)\nIngmar Bergman\n(52)\nIsaac Bashevis Singer\n(1)\nJane Austen\n(137)\nJoan Didion\n(3)\nJohn Webster\n(2)\nKawabata Yasunari\n(5)\nKieslowski\n(18)\nLewis Carroll\n(2)\nlinguistics\n(24)\nlists\n(68)\nliterature\n(859)\nLuis Buuel\n(22)\nMarcel Proust\n(16)\nMarty\n(18)\nMeryl Streep\n(8)\nMishima Yukio\n(3)\nMM\n(10)\nMurasaki Shikibu\n(41)\nmusic\n(79)\nNabokov\n(93)\nNathaniel Hawthorne\n(4)\nNatsume Sseki\n(9)\nnghe thuat song\n(24)\nnghien cuu\n(42)\nNguyn Du\n(12)\nNina Simone\n(10)\nOrson Welles\n(20)\nphotos\n(133)\nphotoshop\n(4)\npoetry\n(36)\npolitics\n(67)\nPrimo Levi\n(4)\npsychology\n(17)\nR. L. Stevenson\n(7)\nRalph Ellison\n(8)\nreligion\n(12)\nRita\n(7)\nRussian literature challenge\n(1)\nSalinger\n(16)\nsea creatures\n(25)\nSei Shonagon\n(4)\nShakespeare\n(112)\nShakespeare authorship question\n(6)\nSidney Lumet\n(9)\nsociety\n(65)\nSophie Marceau\n(5)\nStanley Kubrick\n(29)\nstuff\n(186)\nSy Montgomery\n(6)\nTanizaki Jun'ichir\n(4)\nTarkovsky\n(13)\ntheatre\n(21)\nTheodor Fontane\n(8)\nTolstoy\n(163)\nToni Morrison\n(13)\nTrevor Nunn\n(5)\nTurgenev\n(21)\nVasily Grossman\n(9)\nvideos\n(117)\nVirginia Woolf\n(33)\nVivling\n(26)\nWar and Peace reread\n(10)\nWilkie Collins\n(21)\nWilliam Makepeace Thackeray\n(6)\nwriters and readers\n(46)\nDisclaimer\nI today am not accountable for every single post on this blog. Besides the posts written in excitement or annoyance, I disagree with myself often, and change my mind often. Opinions I held at some point in my life are not necessarily my opinions now.\nWhy you should read Hong lou meng\nAlso known as Dream of the Red Chamber or The Story of the Stone\nTips for reading The Tale of Genji\nDrop me a line\n Hai Di Nguyen. Simple theme. Theme images by chuwy. Powered by Blogger.", "url": "http://thelittlewhiteattic.blogspot.com/2014/04/vivien-leigh-as-catherine-earnshaw.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Catherine Earnshaw: Mother and Daughter on JSTOR", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/817114" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Socket.IO\nYour Docusaurus site did not load properly.\nA very common reason is a wrong site baseUrl configuration.\nCurrent configured baseUrl = / (default value)\nWe suggest trying baseUrl = /\nSkip to main contentLatest blog post (03/2024): Three new adapters.Socket.IODocsGuideTutorialExamplesEmit cheatsheetServer APIClient APIEcosystemHelpTroubleshootingStack OverflowGitHub DiscussionsSlackNewsBlogTwitterToolsCDNAdmin UIAboutFAQChangelogRoadmapBecome a sponsor4.x4.x3.x2.xChangelogEnglishEnglishFranaisPortugus (Brasil)SearchSocket.IOBidirectional and low-latency communication for every platformGet startedDocumentationPerformantIn most cases, the connection will be established with WebSocket, providing a low-overhead communication channel between the server and the client.ReliableRest assured! In case the WebSocket connection is not possible, it will fall back to HTTP long-polling. And if the connection is lost, the client will automatically try to reconnect.ScalableScale to multiple servers and send events to all connected clients with ease.Basic exampleRun this example on Replit / StackBlitz / CodeSandboxOur sponsorsBecome a sponsorDocumentationGuideTutorialExamplesServer APIClient APIHelpTroubleshootingStack OverflowGitHub DiscussionsSlackNewsBlogTwitterToolsCDNAdmin UIAboutFAQChangelogRoadmapBecome a sponsorCopyright 2024 Socket.IO", "url": "https://socket.io/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "GitHub - socketio/socket.io: Realtime application framework (Node.JS server)\nSkip to content\nNavigation Menu\nToggle navigation\nSign in\nProduct\nActions\nAutomate any workflow\nPackages\nHost and manage packages\nSecurity\nFind and fix vulnerabilities\nCodespaces\nInstant dev environments\nCopilot\nWrite better code with AI\nCode review\nManage code changes\nIssues\nPlan and track work\nDiscussions\nCollaborate outside of code\nExplore\nAll features\nDocumentation\nGitHub Skills\nBlog\nSolutions\nFor\nEnterprise\nTeams\nStartups\nEducation\nBy Solution\nCI/CD & Automation\nDevOps\nDevSecOps\nResources\nLearning Pathways\nWhite papers, Ebooks, Webinars\nCustomer Stories\nPartners\nOpen Source\nGitHub Sponsors\nFund open source developers\nThe ReadME Project\nGitHub community articles\nRepositories\nTopics\nTrending\nCollections\nPricing\nSearch or jump to...\nSearch code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...\nSearch\nClear\nSearch syntax tips\nProvide feedback\nWe read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.\nInclude my email address so I can be contacted\nCancel\nSubmit feedback\nSaved searches\nUse saved searches to filter your results more quickly\nName\nQuery\nTo see all available qualifiers, see our documentation.\nCancel\nCreate saved search\nSign in\nSign up\nYou signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nYou switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.\nDismiss alert\nsocketio\n/\nsocket.io\nPublic\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nFork\n10.1k\nStar\n60.3k\nRealtime application framework (Node.JS server)\nsocket.io\nLicense\nMIT license\n60.3k\nstars\n10.1k\nforks\nBranches\nTags\nActivity\nStar\nNotifications\nYou must be signed in to change notification settings\nCode\nIssues\n102\nPull requests\n9\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\n1\nSecurity\nInsights\nAdditional navigation options\nCode\nIssues\nPull requests\nDiscussions\nActions\nProjects\nSecurity\nInsights\nsocketio/socket.io\nThis commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository.\nmainBranchesTagsGo to fileCodeFolders and filesNameNameLast commit messageLast commit dateLatest commitHistory2,032 Commits.github.githubclient-distclient-distdocsdocsexamplesexamplesliblibtesttest.gitignore.gitignore.replit.replitCHANGELOG.mdCHANGELOG.mdLICENSELICENSEReadme.mdReadme.mdSECURITY.mdSECURITY.mdpackage-lock.jsonpackage-lock.jsonpackage.jsonpackage.jsontsconfig.jsontsconfig.jsonwrapper.mjswrapper.mjsView all filesRepository files navigationREADMEMIT licenseSecuritysocket.io\nFeatures\nSocket.IO enables real-time bidirectional event-based communication. It consists of:\na Node.js server (this repository)\na Javascript client library for the browser (or a Node.js client)\nSome implementations in other languages are also available:\nJava\nC++\nSwift\nDart\nPython\n.NET\nRust\nPHP\nIts main features are:\nReliability\nConnections are established even in the presence of:\nproxies and load balancers.\npersonal firewall and antivirus software.\nFor this purpose, it relies on Engine.IO, which first establishes a long-polling connection, then tries to upgrade to better transports that are \"tested\" on the side, like WebSocket. Please see the Goals section for more information.\nAuto-reconnection support\nUnless instructed otherwise a disconnected client will try to reconnect forever, until the server is available again. Please see the available reconnection options here.\nDisconnection detection\nA heartbeat mechanism is implemented at the Engine.IO level, allowing both the server and the client to know when the other one is not responding anymore.\nThat functionality is achieved with timers set on both the server and the client, with timeout values (the pingInterval and pingTimeout parameters) shared during the connection handshake. Those timers require any subsequent client calls to be directed to the same server, hence the sticky-session requirement when using multiples nodes.\nBinary support\nAny serializable data structures can be emitted, including:\nArrayBuffer and Blob in the browser\nArrayBuffer and Buffer in Node.js\nSimple and convenient API\nSample code:\nio.on('connection', socket => {\nsocket.emit('request', /* */); // emit an event to the socket\nio.emit('broadcast', /* */); // emit an event to all connected sockets\nsocket.on('reply', () => { /* */ }); // listen to the event\n});\nCross-browser\nBrowser support is tested in Sauce Labs:\nMultiplexing support\nIn order to create separation of concerns within your application (for example per module, or based on permissions), Socket.IO allows you to create several Namespaces, which will act as separate communication channels but will share the same underlying connection.\nRoom support\nWithin each Namespace, you can define arbitrary channels, called Rooms, that sockets can join and leave. You can then broadcast to any given room, reaching every socket that has joined it.\nThis is a useful feature to send notifications to a group of users, or to a given user connected on several devices for example.\nNote: Socket.IO is not a WebSocket implementation. Although Socket.IO indeed uses WebSocket as a transport when possible, it adds some metadata to each packet: the packet type, the namespace and the ack id when a message acknowledgement is needed. That is why a WebSocket client will not be able to successfully connect to a Socket.IO server, and a Socket.IO client will not be able to connect to a WebSocket server (like ws://echo.websocket.org) either. Please see the protocol specification here.\nInstallation\n// with npm\nnpm install socket.io\n// with yarn\nyarn add socket.io\nHow to use\nThe following example attaches socket.io to a plain Node.JS\nHTTP server listening on port 3000.\nconst server = require('http').createServer();\nconst io = require('socket.io')(server);\nio.on('connection', client => {\nclient.on('event', data => { /* */ });\nclient.on('disconnect', () => { /* */ });\n});\nserver.listen(3000);\nStandalone\nconst io = require('socket.io')();\nio.on('connection', client => { ... });\nio.listen(3000);\nModule syntax\nimport { Server } from \"socket.io\";\nconst io = new Server(server);\nio.listen(3000);\nIn conjunction with Express\nStarting with 3.0, express applications have become request handler\nfunctions that you pass to http or http Server instances. You need\nto pass the Server to socket.io, not the express application\nfunction. Also make sure to call .listen on the server, not the app.\nconst app = require('express')();\nconst server = require('http').createServer(app);\nconst io = require('socket.io')(server);\nio.on('connection', () => { /* */ });\nserver.listen(3000);\nIn conjunction with Koa\nLike Express.JS, Koa works by exposing an application as a request\nhandler function, but only by calling the callback method.\nconst app = require('koa')();\nconst server = require('http').createServer(app.callback());\nconst io = require('socket.io')(server);\nio.on('connection', () => { /* */ });\nserver.listen(3000);\nIn conjunction with Fastify\nTo integrate Socket.io in your Fastify application you just need to\nregister fastify-socket.io plugin. It will create a decorator\ncalled io.\nconst app = require('fastify')();\napp.register(require('fastify-socket.io'));\napp.io.on('connection', () => { /* */ });\napp.listen(3000);\nDocumentation\nPlease see the documentation here.\nThe source code of the website can be found here. Contributions are welcome!\nDebug / logging\nSocket.IO is powered by debug.\nIn order to see all the debug output, run your app with the environment variable\nDEBUG including the desired scope.\nTo see the output from all of Socket.IO's debugging scopes you can use:\nDEBUG=socket.io* node myapp\nTesting\nnpm test\nThis runs the gulp task test. By default the test will be run with the source code in lib directory.\nSet the environmental variable TEST_VERSION to compat to test the transpiled es5-compat version of the code.\nThe gulp task test will always transpile the source code into es5 and export to dist first before running the test.\nBackers\nSupport us with a monthly donation and help us continue our activities. [Become a backer]\nSponsors\nBecome a sponsor and get your logo on our README on Github with a link to your site. [Become a sponsor]\nLicense\nMIT\nAbout\nRealtime application framework (Node.JS server)\nsocket.io\nTopics\nnodejs\njavascript\nwebsocket\nsocket-io\nResources\nReadme\nLicense\nMIT license\nSecurity policy\nSecurity policy\nActivity\nCustom properties\nStars\n60.3k\nstars\nWatchers\n1.5k\nwatching\nForks\n10.1k\nforks\nReport repository\nReleases\n62\n4.7.5\nLatest\nMar 14, 2024\n+ 61 releases\nPackages\n0\nNo packages published\nUsed by 4.7m\n+ 4,709,615\nContributors\n221\n+ 207 contributors\nLanguages\nTypeScript\n66.3%\nJavaScript\n33.7%\nFooter\n 2024 GitHub,Inc.\nFooter navigation\nTerms\nPrivacy\nSecurity\nStatus\nDocs\nContact\nManage cookies\nDo not share my personal information\nYou cant perform that action at this time.", "url": "https://github.com/socketio/socket.io" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Introduction | Socket.IO\nSkip to main contentLatest blog post (03/2024): Three new adapters.Socket.IODocsGuideTutorialExamplesEmit cheatsheetServer APIClient APIEcosystemHelpTroubleshootingStack OverflowGitHub DiscussionsSlackNewsBlogTwitterToolsCDNAdmin UIAboutFAQChangelogRoadmapBecome a sponsor4.x4.x3.x2.xChangelogEnglishEnglishFranaisPortugus (Brasil)SearchSocket.IODocumentationIntroductionHow it worksDelivery guaranteesConnection state recoveryLogging and debuggingTestingTroubleshootingTypeScriptMemory usageServerClientEventsAdaptersAdvancedMigrationsMiscellaneousDocumentationIntroductionVersion: 4.xOn this pageIntroductiontipIf you are new to Socket.IO, we recommend checking out our tutorial.What Socket.IO isSocket.IO is a library that enables low-latency, bidirectional and event-based communication between a client and a server.The Socket.IO connection can be established with different low-level transports:HTTP long-pollingWebSocketWebTransportSocket.IO will automatically pick the best available option, depending on:the capabilities of the browser (see here and here)the network (some networks block WebSocket and/or WebTransport connections)You can find more detail about that in the \"How it works\" section.Server implementationsLanguageWebsiteJavaScript (Node.js)- Installation steps- API- Source codeJavaScript (Deno)https://github.com/socketio/socket.io-denoJavahttps://github.com/mrniko/netty-socketioJavahttps://github.com/trinopoty/socket.io-server-javaPythonhttps://github.com/miguelgrinberg/python-socketioGolanghttps://github.com/googollee/go-socket.ioRusthttps://github.com/Totodore/socketioxideClient implementationsLanguageWebsiteJavaScript (browser, Node.js or React Native)- Installation steps- API- Source codeJavaScript (for WeChat Mini-Programs)https://github.com/weapp-socketio/weapp.socket.ioJavahttps://github.com/socketio/socket.io-client-javaC++https://github.com/socketio/socket.io-client-cppSwifthttps://github.com/socketio/socket.io-client-swiftDarthttps://github.com/rikulo/socket.io-client-dartPythonhttps://github.com/miguelgrinberg/python-socketio.Nethttps://github.com/doghappy/socket.io-client-csharpRusthttps://github.com/1c3t3a/rust-socketioKotlinhttps://github.com/icerockdev/moko-socket-ioPHPhttps://github.com/ElephantIO/elephant.ioWhat Socket.IO is notcautionSocket.IO is NOT a WebSocket implementation.Although Socket.IO indeed uses WebSocket for transport when possible, it adds additional metadata to each packet. That is why a WebSocket client will not be able to successfully connect to a Socket.IO server, and a Socket.IO client will not be able to connect to a plain WebSocket server either.// WARNING: the client will NOT be able to connect!const socket = io(\"ws://echo.websocket.org\");If you are looking for a plain WebSocket server, please take a look at ws or WebSockets.js.There are also discussions for including a WebSocket server in the Node.js core.On the client-side, you might be interested in the robust-websocket package.cautionSocket.IO is not meant to be used in a background service for mobile applications.The Socket.IO library keeps an open TCP connection to the server, which may result in a high battery drain for your users. Please use a dedicated messaging platform like FCM for this use case.FeaturesHere are the features provided by Socket.IO over plain WebSockets:HTTP long-polling fallbackThe connection will fall back to HTTP long-polling in case the WebSocket connection cannot be established.This feature was the #1 reason people used Socket.IO when the project was created more than ten years ago (!), as the browser support for WebSockets was still in its infancy.Even if most browsers now support WebSockets (more than 97%), it is still a great feature as we still receive reports from users that cannot establish a WebSocket connection because they are behind some misconfigured proxy.Automatic reconnectionUnder some particular conditions, the WebSocket connection between the server and the client can be interrupted with both sides being unaware of the broken state of the link.That's why Socket.IO includes a heartbeat mechanism, which periodically checks the status of the connection.And when the client eventually gets disconnected, it automatically reconnects with an exponential back-off delay, in order not to overwhelm the server.Packet bufferingThe packets are automatically buffered when the client is disconnected, and will be sent upon reconnection.More information here.AcknowledgementsSocket.IO provides a convenient way to send an event and receive a response:Sendersocket.emit(\"hello\", \"world\", (response) => { console.log(response); // \"got it\"});Receiversocket.on(\"hello\", (arg, callback) => { console.log(arg); // \"world\" callback(\"got it\");});You can also add a timeout:socket.timeout(5000).emit(\"hello\", \"world\", (err, response) => { if (err) { // the other side did not acknowledge the event in the given delay } else { console.log(response); // \"got it\" }});BroadcastingOn the server-side, you can send an event to all connected clients or to a subset of clients:// to all connected clientsio.emit(\"hello\");// to all connected clients in the \"news\" roomio.to(\"news\").emit(\"hello\");This also works when scaling to multiple nodes.MultiplexingNamespaces allow you to split the logic of your application over a single shared connection. This can be useful for example if you want to create an \"admin\" channel that only authorized users can join.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // classic users});io.of(\"/admin\").on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // admin users});More on that here.Common questionsIs Socket.IO still needed today?That's a fair question, since WebSockets are supported almost everywhere now.That being said, we believe that, if you use plain WebSockets for your application, you will eventually need to implement most of the features that are already included (and battle-tested) in Socket.IO, like reconnection, acknowledgements or broadcasting.What is the overhead of the Socket.IO protocol?socket.emit(\"hello\", \"world\") will be sent as a single WebSocket frame containing 42[\"hello\",\"world\"] with:4 being Engine.IO \"message\" packet type2 being Socket.IO \"message\" packet type[\"hello\",\"world\"] being the JSON.stringify()-ed version of the arguments arraySo, a few additional bytes for each message, which can be further reduced by the usage of a custom parser.infoThe size of the browser bundle itself is 10.4 kB (minified and gzipped).You can find the details of the Socket.IO protocol here.Something does not work properly, please help?Please check our Troubleshooting guide.Next stepsGet started exampleServer installationClient installationEdit this pageLast updated on Apr 10, 2024NextHow it worksWhat Socket.IO isServer implementationsClient implementationsWhat Socket.IO is notFeaturesHTTP long-polling fallbackAutomatic reconnectionPacket bufferingAcknowledgementsBroadcastingMultiplexingCommon questionsIs Socket.IO still needed today?What is the overhead of the Socket.IO protocol?Something does not work properly, please help?Next stepsDocumentationGuideTutorialExamplesServer APIClient APIHelpTroubleshootingStack OverflowGitHub DiscussionsSlackNewsBlogTwitterToolsCDNAdmin UIAboutFAQChangelogRoadmapBecome a sponsorCopyright 2024 Socket.IO", "url": "https://socket.io/docs/v4/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Socket.io server in elixir - Questions / Help - Elixir Programming Language Forum\nSkip to main content\nSign Up\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nCategories\nElixir News\nChat / Discussions\nQuestions / Help\nPhoenix Forum\nAsh Forum\nNerves Forum\nElixir Framework Forums\nWikis & Polls\nLearning Resources\nLibraries\nElixir Jobs\nEvents List\nForum Announcements\nAll categories\nTags\ncommunity\nstickies\nAll tags\n\n\nWelcome to the Elixir Forum!\nTheres no time like the present to jump into Elixir - the functional language thats taking the programming world by storm\nAs well as catering to the communitys more general needs, we have a strong focus on learning, so if youve been curious about Elixir or are just starting out - join up - youll be in great company!\nThis forum is also driven by the community. The more you participate here, the more trust youll earn and the more mod-type tools youll unlock - our way to reward regular members and your way to help give back to the community.\nThats not all, we have lots of other features and some really cool monthly giveaways so what are you waiting for? Take a sip of Elixir, sign up and join in the fun\nSocket.io server in elixir\nQuestions / Help\nphoenixraxxwebsockets\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nNov 2018\n2 of 10\nNov 2018\nNov 2023\nNobbZNov/2018As we are currently evaluating server side technologies and Im in the position to push elixir in my company here, I want to re-implement the current functionality of one of our backend modules in elixir, showcasing its capabilities.\nI have some restrictions when doing so though of which I can solve the most, but one remains:\nI am not allowed to break the current client software, which uses socket.io for real time communication with the backend among the usual HTTP-RESTful-API.\nIs anyone of you aware of a server-side socket.io 39 implementation in elixir (or erlang) that nicely integrates with Phoenix or Raxx?\nI doubt beeing able to implement one on my own in the time I have.5\n\ncreated\nNov/2018\nlast reply\nNov/2023\n9\nreplies\n5.7k\nviews\n7\nusers\n22\nlikes\n7\nlinks\n3\n2\nallyrazaNov/2018I am not aware of elixir implementation of socketio server, But I do know of an erlang implementation which I dont think is actively being developed\nGitHub\nGitHub - yrashk/socket.io-erlang: Socket.IO server for Erlang 207\nSocket.IO server for Erlang. Contribute to yrashk/socket.io-erlang development by creating an account on GitHub.\n1 Reply4\nchrismccordCreator of PhoenixNov/2018Phoenix 1.4 included our rewrite of the channels layer, so you should be able to implement the Phoenix.Socket behavior and speak the socket.io 80 contract. Check the Phoenix.Socket source to see how we implement multiplexed channels on top of the behaviour.1 Reply6\nNobbZ allyrazaNov/2018Last commit was many years ago, so I fear it is to old for what I need. My front-end GUI told me that I need to be able to communicate with a 2.0 client.\nNeither him nor me are sure if that is a protocol version or the clients version.\nIm also able to tell, that on the server side currently flask-socketIO 46 is used in version 3.0.x.\nchrismccord:\nand speak the socket.io contract.\nIf I only knew any details about that contract or they were properly specified in terms of a human readable document rather than untyped JavaScript as a reference implementation\nBut as I have the python sources of the currently used server side library, perhaps I am able to re-implement the used subset for a start and extend on that\nA single week is very little time for re-implementing one of the transport protocols Logic in that module is asymptotic to zero. Mainly its querying a database on one endpoint (and converting the database output to the needed JSON structure) and relaying messages from AMQP to the client and translating those system events to a simplified form that only contains category and label.1\n2 years later\nnonblockioJun/2020Hi folks, I meet the same problem recently Is there any solution?1 Reply4\n7 months later\nnamxam nonblockioJan/2021Yeah, I am coming back to this thread from time to time. I have a project, where we are hooking into unreal and using a socket io plugin for communication. Unfortunately, the team has not that much experience in this topic and is happy that it currently works I would love to migrate the server side to elixir but need a socket.io 16 compliant server api. With covid-19 budget is extremely limited and i havent found time to invest into research\n1 year later\nnamxamFeb/2022Well, our situation got worse and we have various socket.io version requirements in different projects. I would love to give this a try and keep you updated about my progress. But right now I am not really sure where to get started. I guess I will have a look at the Phoenix.Socket behaviour. If anyone else might have a tip or hint I would be quite happy 1 Reply\nkartheek namxamFeb/2022Take a look at Phoenix.Socket.Transport Phoenix v1.6.6 30 and you should be implementing socket.io protocol 19 on it.\nBelow article implements binary WebSocket as Socket Transport -\nThe log of Paul Wilson 19 Feb 21\nBinary WebSocket communication with Elixir & Phoenix 25\nOne of the great things about Phoenix has always been its Websocket support. This is implemented with developer-friendly abstractions over WebSockets, initially with Channels, and now with the amazing LiveView. Very occasionally it is useful to have...\nPhoenix Socket expect heartbeat every 60 seconds - I think you have to figure out something on client side.\nIf phoenix socket doesnt work out - may be you have to use cowboy web socket.\nI have a question - why do you want to use elixir/erlang for socket.io 9 ?1 Reply1\nnamxam kartheekFeb/2022Actually, for backwards compatibility, while being able to move forward and only having to maintain a single code base.\nIt is a kind of legacy situation. We have multiple projects which depend on different versions of a socket.io 11 plugin. They targets socket io protocol v2, v3, and v4. Each has its own quirks and bugs. And there is no easy path to up- or downgrade those plugins to a single version.\nMy hope is, to have a minimal implementation of the socket.io protocol (or the various versions) which just suffices to provide those apps with what they need. And they only use a very tiny part of socket.io features.1\n2 years later\nZaneHNov/2023I looked into doing the work for this over a few days but decided its too much for me. I was also needing a way to use socket.io 5 with Phoenix to use the Streamlabs Socket API. For now, I have that part of the codebase in a separate Node.js service.\nReply\nNew & Unread Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nBest metrics/indicators to use for scaling?\nQuestions / Help\nbeam\n0\n172\nFeb 13\nIs it costly to create a Tesla client with hackney adapters\nQuestions / Help\nhackneytesla\n6\n342\nOct/2023\nHow long waiting time for support requests\nQuestions / Help\nhexhex-packages\n0\n205\nDec/2023\nCant get start_link to connect using postgrex\nQuestions / Help\npostgrex\n2\n274\nOct/2023\nFlakey Wallaby test: `execute_script()` followed by assertion\nQuestions / Help\nexecute_scripttestingwallaby\n3\n391\nSep/2023\nWant to read more? Browse other topics in Questions / Help or view latest topics.\nPowered by Discourse\nOur Sponsors\nContact Us\nHelp\nBack to top\n Copyright Elixir Forum | Terms | Privacy & Cookies\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://elixirforum.com/t/socket-io-server-in-elixir/17872" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Get started | Socket.IO\nSkip to main contentLatest blog post (03/2024): Three new adapters.Socket.IODocsGuideTutorialExamplesEmit cheatsheetServer APIClient APIEcosystemHelpTroubleshootingStack OverflowGitHub DiscussionsSlackNewsBlogTwitterToolsCDNAdmin UIAboutFAQChangelogRoadmapBecome a sponsor4.x4.x3.x2.xChangelogEnglishEnglishFranaisPortugus (Brasil)SearchGet startedIn this guide well create a basic chat application. It requires almost no basic prior knowledge of Node.JS or Socket.IO, so its ideal for users of all knowledge levels.IntroductionWriting a chat application with popular web applications stacks like LAMP (PHP) has normally been very hard. It involves polling the server for changes, keeping track of timestamps, and its a lot slower than it should be.Sockets have traditionally been the solution around which most real-time chat systems are architected, providing a bi-directional communication channel between a client and a server.This means that the server can push messages to clients. Whenever you write a chat message, the idea is that the server will get it and push it to all other connected clients.The web frameworkThe first goal is to set up a simple HTML webpage that serves out a form and a list of messages. Were going to use the Node.JS web framework express to this end. Make sure Node.JS is installed.First lets create a package.json manifest file that describes our project. I recommend you place it in a dedicated empty directory (Ill call mine chat-example).{ \"name\": \"socket-chat-example\", \"version\": \"0.0.1\", \"description\": \"my first socket.io app\", \"dependencies\": {}}cautionThe \"name\" property must be unique, you cannot use a value like \"socket.io\" or \"express\", because npm will complain when installing the dependency.Now, in order to easily populate the dependencies property with the things we need, well use npm install:npm install express@4Once it's installed we can create an index.js file that will set up our application.const express = require('express');const app = express();const http = require('http');const server = http.createServer(app);app.get('/', (req, res) => { res.send('<h1>Hello world</h1>');});server.listen(3000, () => { console.log('listening on *:3000');});This means that:Express initializes app to be a function handler that you can supply to an HTTP server (as seen in line 4).We define a route handler / that gets called when we hit our website home.We make the http server listen on port 3000.If you run node index.js you should see the following:And if you point your browser to http://localhost:3000:Serving HTMLSo far in index.js were calling res.send and passing it a string of HTML. Our code would look very confusing if we just placed our entire applications HTML there, so instead we're going to create a index.html file and serve that instead.Lets refactor our route handler to use sendFile instead.app.get('/', (req, res) => { res.sendFile(__dirname + '/index.html');});Put the following in your index.html file:<!DOCTYPE html><html> <head> <title>Socket.IO chat</title> <style> body { margin: 0; padding-bottom: 3rem; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, \"Segoe UI\", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } #form { background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); padding: 0.25rem; position: fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0; display: flex; height: 3rem; box-sizing: border-box; backdrop-filter: blur(10px); } #input { border: none; padding: 0 1rem; flex-grow: 1; border-radius: 2rem; margin: 0.25rem; } #input:focus { outline: none; } #form > button { background: #333; border: none; padding: 0 1rem; margin: 0.25rem; border-radius: 3px; outline: none; color: #fff; } #messages { list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } #messages > li { padding: 0.5rem 1rem; } #messages > li:nth-child(odd) { background: #efefef; } </style> </head> <body> <ul id=\"messages\"></ul> <form id=\"form\" action=\"\"> <input id=\"input\" autocomplete=\"off\" /><button>Send</button> </form> </body></html>If you restart the process (by hitting Control+C and running node index.js again) and refresh the page it should look like this:Integrating Socket.IOSocket.IO is composed of two parts:A server that integrates with (or mounts on) the Node.JS HTTP Server socket.ioA client library that loads on the browser side socket.io-clientDuring development, socket.io serves the client automatically for us, as well see, so for now we only have to install one module:npm install socket.ioThat will install the module and add the dependency to package.json. Now lets edit index.js to add it:const express = require('express');const app = express();const http = require('http');const server = http.createServer(app);const { Server } = require(\"socket.io\");const io = new Server(server);app.get('/', (req, res) => { res.sendFile(__dirname + '/index.html');});io.on('connection', (socket) => { console.log('a user connected');});server.listen(3000, () => { console.log('listening on *:3000');});Notice that I initialize a new instance of socket.io by passing the server (the HTTP server) object. Then I listen on the connection event for incoming sockets and log it to the console.Now in index.html add the following snippet before the </body> (end body tag):<script src=\"/socket.io/socket.io.js\"></script><script> var socket = io();</script>Thats all it takes to load the socket.io-client, which exposes an io global (and the endpoint GET /socket.io/socket.io.js), and then connect.If you would like to use the local version of the client-side JS file, you can find it at node_modules/socket.io/client-dist/socket.io.js.tipYou can also use a CDN instead of the local files (e.g. <script src=\"https://cdn.socket.io/4.7.2/socket.io.min.js\"></script>).Notice that Im not specifying any URL when I call io(), since it defaults to trying to connect to the host that serves the page.noteIf you're behind a reverse proxy such as apache or nginx please take a look at the documentation for it.If you're hosting your app in a folder that is not the root of your website (e.g., https://example.com/chatapp) then you also need to specify the path in both the server and the client.If you now restart the process (by hitting Control+C and running node index.js again) and then refresh the webpage you should see the console print a user connected.Try opening several tabs, and youll see several messages.Each socket also fires a special disconnect event:io.on('connection', (socket) => { console.log('a user connected'); socket.on('disconnect', () => { console.log('user disconnected'); });});Then if you refresh a tab several times you can see it in action.Emitting eventsThe main idea behind Socket.IO is that you can send and receive any events you want, with any data you want. Any objects that can be encoded as JSON will do, and binary data is supported too.Lets make it so that when the user types in a message, the server gets it as a chat message event. The script section in index.html should now look as follows:<script src=\"/socket.io/socket.io.js\"></script><script> var socket = io(); var form = document.getElementById('form'); var input = document.getElementById('input'); form.addEventListener('submit', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if (input.value) { socket.emit('chat message', input.value); input.value = ''; } });</script>And in index.js we print out the chat message event:io.on('connection', (socket) => { socket.on('chat message', (msg) => { console.log('message: ' + msg); });});The result should be like the following video:BroadcastingThe next goal is for us to emit the event from the server to the rest of the users.In order to send an event to everyone, Socket.IO gives us the io.emit() method.io.emit('some event', { someProperty: 'some value', otherProperty: 'other value' }); // This will emit the event to all connected socketsIf you want to send a message to everyone except for a certain emitting socket, we have the broadcast flag for emitting from that socket:io.on('connection', (socket) => { socket.broadcast.emit('hi');});In this case, for the sake of simplicity well send the message to everyone, including the sender.io.on('connection', (socket) => { socket.on('chat message', (msg) => { io.emit('chat message', msg); });});And on the client side when we capture a chat message event well include it in the page. The total client-side JavaScript code now amounts to:<script src=\"/socket.io/socket.io.js\"></script><script> var socket = io(); var messages = document.getElementById('messages'); var form = document.getElementById('form'); var input = document.getElementById('input'); form.addEventListener('submit', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if (input.value) { socket.emit('chat message', input.value); input.value = ''; } }); socket.on('chat message', function(msg) { var item = document.createElement('li'); item.textContent = msg; messages.appendChild(item); window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight); });</script>And that completes our chat application, in about 20 lines of code! This is what it looks like:HomeworkHere are some ideas to improve the application:Broadcast a message to connected users when someone connects or disconnects.Add support for nicknames.Dont send the same message to the user that sent it. Instead, append the message directly as soon as they press enter.Add {user} is typing functionality.Show whos online.Add private messaging.Share your improvements!Getting this exampleYou can find it on GitHub here.git clone https://github.com/socketio/chat-example.gitIntroductionThe web frameworkServing HTMLIntegrating Socket.IOEmitting eventsBroadcastingHomeworkGetting this exampleDocumentationGuideTutorialExamplesServer APIClient APIHelpTroubleshootingStack OverflowGitHub DiscussionsSlackNewsBlogTwitterToolsCDNAdmin UIAboutFAQChangelogRoadmapBecome a sponsorCopyright 2024 Socket.IO", "url": "https://socket.io/get-started/chat/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Server API | Socket.IO\nSkip to main contentLatest blog post (03/2024): Three new adapters.Socket.IODocsGuideTutorialExamplesEmit cheatsheetServer APIClient APIEcosystemHelpTroubleshootingStack OverflowGitHub DiscussionsSlackNewsBlogTwitterToolsCDNAdmin UIAboutFAQChangelogRoadmapBecome a sponsor4.x4.x3.x2.xChangelogEnglishEnglishFranaisPortugus (Brasil)SearchSocket.IOAPIOptionsAPIVersion: 4.xOn this pageServer APIServerRelated documentation pages:installationinitializationdetails of the server instanceConstructornew Server(httpServer[, options])httpServer <http.Server> | <https.Server>options <Object>import { createServer } from \"http\";import { Server } from \"socket.io\";const httpServer = createServer();const io = new Server(httpServer, { // options});io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // ...});httpServer.listen(3000);The complete list of available options can be found here.new Server(port[, options])port <number>options <Object>import { Server } from \"socket.io\";const io = new Server(3000, { // options});io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // ...});The complete list of available options can be found here.new Server(options)options <Object>import { Server } from \"socket.io\";const io = new Server({ // options});io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // ...});io.listen(3000);The complete list of available options can be found here.EventsEvent: 'connect'Synonym of Event: \"connection\".Event: 'connection'socket (Socket) socket connection with clientFired upon a connection from client.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // ...});Event: 'new_namespace'namespace NamespaceFired when a new namespace is created:io.on(\"new_namespace\", (namespace) => { // ...});This can be useful for example:to attach a shared middleware to each namespaceio.on(\"new_namespace\", (namespace) => { namespace.use(myMiddleware);});to track the dynamically created namespacesio.of(/\\/nsp-\\w+/);io.on(\"new_namespace\", (namespace) => { console.log(namespace.name);});Attributesserver.engineA reference to the underlying Engine.IO server. See here.server.sockets<Namespace>An alias for the main namespace (/).io.sockets.emit(\"hi\", \"everyone\");// is equivalent toio.of(\"/\").emit(\"hi\", \"everyone\");Methodsserver.adapter([value])value <Adapter>Returns <Server> | <Adapter>Sets the adapter value. Defaults to an instance of the Adapter that ships with socket.io which is memory based. See socket.io-adapter. If no arguments are supplied this method returns the current value.import { Server } from \"socket.io\"; import { createAdapter } from \"@socket.io/redis-adapter\";import { createClient } from \"redis\";const io = new Server();const pubClient = createClient({ host: \"localhost\", port: 6379 });const subClient = pubClient.duplicate();io.adapter(createAdapter(pubClient, subClient));// redis@3io.listen(3000);// redis@4Promise.all([pubClient.connect(), subClient.connect()]).then(() => { io.listen(3000);});server.attach(httpServer[, options])httpServer <http.Server> | <https.Server>options <Object>Attaches the Server to an httpServer with the supplied options.import { createServer } from \"http\";import { Server } from \"socket.io\";const httpServer = createServer();const io = new Server();io.attach(httpServer);io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // ...});httpServer.listen(3000);server.attach(port[, options])port <number>options <Object>Attaches the Server on the given port with the supplied options.import { Server } from \"socket.io\";const io = new Server();io.attach(3000);io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // ...});server.attachApp(app[, options])app <uws.App>options <Object>Attaches the Socket.IO server to an WebSockets.js app:import { App } from \"uWebSockets.js\";import { Server } from \"socket.io\";const app = App();const io = new Server();io.attachApp(app);io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // ...});app.listen(3000, (token) => { if (!token) { console.warn(\"port already in use\"); }});server.bind(engine)engine <engine.Server>Returns <Server>Advanced use only. Binds the server to a specific engine.io Server (or compatible API) instance.import { Server } from \"socket.io\";import { Server as Engine } from \"engine.io\";const engine = new Engine();const io = new Server();io.bind(engine);engine.listen(3000);server.close([callback])callback <Function>Closes the Socket.IO server and disconnect all clients. The callback argument is optional and will be called when all connections are closed.infoThis also closes the underlying HTTP server.import { createServer } from \"http\";import { Server } from \"socket.io\";const PORT = 3030;const io = new Server(PORT);io.close();const httpServer = createServer();httpServer.listen(PORT); // PORT is free to useio.attach(httpServer);noteOnly closing the underlying HTTP server is not sufficient, as it will only prevent the server from accepting new connections but clients connected with WebSocket will not be disconnected right away.Reference: https://nodejs.org/api/http.html#serverclosecallbackserver.disconnectSockets([close])Added in v4.0.0Alias for io.of(\"/\").disconnectSockets(close).// make all Socket instances disconnectio.disconnectSockets();// make all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room disconnect (and close the low-level connection)io.in(\"room1\").disconnectSockets(true);tipThis method also works within a cluster of multiple Socket.IO servers, with a compatible adapter like the Postgres adapter.In that case, if you only want to affect the socket instances on the given node, you need to use the local flag:// make all Socket instances that are currently connected on the given node disconnectio.local.disconnectSockets();See here.server.emit(eventName[, ...args])HistoryVersionChangesv4.5.0io.emit() now supports acknowledgements.v1.0.0Initial implementation.eventName <string> | <symbol>args any[]Returns trueEmits an event to all connected clients in the main namespace.io.emit(\"hello\");Any number of parameters can be included, and all serializable data structures are supported:io.emit(\"hello\", 1, \"2\", { \"3\": 4 }, Buffer.from([5]));And on the receiving side:socket.on(\"hello\", (arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4) => { console.log(arg1); // 1 console.log(arg2); // \"2\" console.log(arg3); // { \"3\": 4 } console.log(arg4); // ArrayBuffer or Buffer, depending on the platform});infoThe arguments will automatically be serialized, so calling JSON.stringify() is not needed.You can use to() and except() to send the packet to specific clients:// the hello event will be broadcast to all connected clients that are either// in the \"room1\" room or in the \"room2\" room, excluding those in the \"room3\" roomio.to(\"room1\").to(\"room2\").except(\"room3\").emit(\"hello\");Starting with version 4.5.0, it is now possible to use acknowledgements when broadcasting:io.timeout(10000).emit(\"some-event\", (err, responses) => { if (err) { // some clients did not acknowledge the event in the given delay } else { console.log(responses); // one response per client }});cautionCalling timeout() is mandatory in that case.server.emitWithAck(eventName[, ...args])Added in v4.6.0eventName <string> | <symbol>args any[]Returns Promise<any[]>Promised-based version of broadcasting and expecting an acknowledgement from all targeted clients:try { const responses = await io.timeout(10000).emitWithAck(\"some-event\"); console.log(responses); // one response per client} catch (e) { // some clients did not acknowledge the event in the given delay}The example above is equivalent to:io.timeout(10000).emit(\"some-event\", (err, responses) => { if (err) { // some clients did not acknowledge the event in the given delay } else { console.log(responses); // one response per client }});And on the receiving side:socket.on(\"some-event\", (callback) => { callback(\"got it\"); // only one argument is expected});server.except(rooms)Added in v4.0.0rooms <string> | <string[]>Returns BroadcastOperatorSets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the event will only be broadcast to clients that have not joined the given rooms.// the \"foo\" event will be broadcast to all connected clients, except the ones that are in the \"room-101\" roomio.except(\"room-101\").emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");// with an array of roomsio.except([\"room-101\", \"room-102\"]).emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");// with multiple chained callsio.except(\"room-101\").except(\"room-102\").emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");server.fetchSockets()Added in v4.0.0Alias for io.of(\"/\").fetchSocket().// return all Socket instances of the main namespaceconst sockets = await io.fetchSockets();// return all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room of the main namespaceconst sockets = await io.in(\"room1\").fetchSockets();Sample usage:io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { const userId = computeUserId(socket); socket.join(userId); socket.on(\"disconnect\", async () => { const sockets = await io.in(userId).fetchSockets(); if (sockets.length === 0) { // no more active connections for the given user } });});tipThis method also works within a cluster of multiple Socket.IO servers, with a compatible adapter like the Postgres adapter.In that case, if you only want to return the socket instances on the given node, you need to use the local flag:// return all Socket instances that are currently connected on the given nodeconst sockets = await io.local.fetchSockets();See here.server.in(room)Added in v1.0.0Synonym of server.to(room), but might feel clearer in some cases:// disconnect all clients in the \"room-101\" roomio.in(\"room-101\").disconnectSockets();server.listen(httpServer[, options])Synonym of server.attach(httpServer[, options]).server.listen(port[, options])Synonym of server.attach(port[, options]).server.of(nsp)nsp <string> | <RegExp> | <Function>Returns <Namespace>Initializes and retrieves the given Namespace by its pathname identifier nsp. If the namespace was already initialized it returns it immediately.const adminNamespace = io.of(\"/admin\");A regex or a function can also be provided, in order to create namespace in a dynamic way:const dynamicNsp = io.of(/^\\/dynamic-\\d+$/).on(\"connection\", (socket) => { const newNamespace = socket.nsp; // newNamespace.name === \"/dynamic-101\" // broadcast to all clients in the given sub-namespace newNamespace.emit(\"hello\");});// client-sideconst socket = io(\"/dynamic-101\");// broadcast to all clients in each sub-namespacedynamicNsp.emit(\"hello\");// use a middleware for each sub-namespacedynamicNsp.use((socket, next) => { /* ... */ });With a function:io.of((name, query, next) => { // the checkToken method must return a boolean, indicating whether the client is able to connect or not. next(null, checkToken(query.token));}).on(\"connection\", (socket) => { /* ... */ });server.on(eventName, listener)Inherited from the EventEmitter class.eventName <string> | <symbol>listener <Function>Returns <Server>Adds the listener function to the end of the listeners array for the event named eventName.Available events:connectionnew_namespaceany custom event from the serverSideEmit methodio.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // ...});server.onconnection(socket)socket <engine.Socket>Returns <Server>Advanced use only. Creates a new socket.io client from the incoming engine.io (or compatible API) Socket.import { Server } from \"socket.io\";import { Server as Engine } from \"engine.io\";const engine = new Engine();const io = new Server();engine.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { io.onconnection(socket);});engine.listen(3000);server.path([value])value <string>Returns <Server> | <string>Sets the path value under which engine.io and the static files will be served. Defaults to /socket.io/. If no arguments are supplied this method returns the current value.import { Server } from \"socket.io\";const io = new Server();io.path(\"/myownpath/\");dangerThe path value must match the one on the client side:import { io } from \"socket.io-client\";const socket = io({ path: \"/myownpath/\"});server.serveClient([value])value <boolean>Returns <Server> | <boolean>If value is true the attached server will serve the client files. Defaults to true. This method has no effect after listen is called. If no arguments are supplied this method returns the current value.import { Server } from \"socket.io\";const io = new Server();io.serveClient(false);io.listen(3000);server.serverSideEmit(eventName[, ...args][, ack])Added in v4.1.0Alias for: io.of(\"/\").serverSideEmit(/* ... */);eventName <string>args <any[]>ack <Function>Returns trueSends a message to the other Socket.IO servers of the cluster.Syntax:io.serverSideEmit(\"hello\", \"world\");And on the receiving side:io.on(\"hello\", (arg1) => { console.log(arg1); // prints \"world\"});Acknowledgements are supported too:// server Aio.serverSideEmit(\"ping\", (err, responses) => { console.log(responses[0]); // prints \"pong\"});// server Bio.on(\"ping\", (cb) => { cb(\"pong\");});Notes:the connection, connect and new_namespace strings are reserved and cannot be used in your application.you can send any number of arguments, but binary structures are currently not supported (the array of arguments will be JSON.stringify-ed)Example:io.serverSideEmit(\"hello\", \"world\", 1, \"2\", { 3: \"4\" });the acknowledgement callback might be called with an error, if the other Socket.IO servers do not respond after a given delayio.serverSideEmit(\"ping\", (err, responses) => { if (err) { // at least one Socket.IO server has not responded // the 'responses' array contains all the responses already received though } else { // success! the 'responses' array contains one object per other Socket.IO server in the cluster }});server.serverSideEmitWithAck(eventName[, ...args])Added in v4.6.0Alias for: io.of(\"/\").serverSideEmitWithAck(/* ... */);eventName <string>args <any[]>ack <Function>Returns Promise<any[]>Promised-based version of broadcasting and expecting an acknowledgement from the other Socket.IO servers of the cluster.try { const responses = await io.serverSideEmitWithAck(\"some-event\"); console.log(responses); // one response per server (except itself)} catch (e) { // some servers did not acknowledge the event in the given delay}The example above is equivalent to:io.serverSideEmit(\"some-event\", (err, responses) => { if (err) { // some servers did not acknowledge the event in the given delay } else { console.log(responses); // one response per server (except itself) }});And on the receiving side:io.on(\"some-event\", (callback) => { callback(\"got it\"); // only one argument is expected});server.socketsJoin(rooms)Added in v4.0.0Alias for io.of(\"/\").socketsJoin(rooms).// make all Socket instances join the \"room1\" roomio.socketsJoin(\"room1\");// make all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room join the \"room2\" and \"room3\" roomsio.in(\"room1\").socketsJoin([\"room2\", \"room3\"]);// this also works with a single socket IDio.in(theSocketId).socketsJoin(\"room1\");tipThis method also works within a cluster of multiple Socket.IO servers, with a compatible adapter like the Postgres adapter.In that case, if you only want to affect the socket instances on the given node, you need to use the local flag:// make all Socket instances that are currently connected on the given node join the \"room1\" roomio.local.socketsJoin(\"room1\");See here.server.socketsLeave(rooms)Added in v4.0.0Alias for io.of(\"/\").socketsLeave(rooms).// make all Socket instances leave the \"room1\" roomio.socketsLeave(\"room1\");// make all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room leave the \"room2\" and \"room3\" roomsio.in(\"room1\").socketsLeave([\"room2\", \"room3\"]);// this also works with a single socket IDio.in(theSocketId).socketsLeave(\"room1\");tipThis method also works within a cluster of multiple Socket.IO servers, with a compatible adapter like the Postgres adapter.In that case, if you only want to affect the socket instances on the given node, you need to use the local flag:// make all Socket instances that are currently connected on the given node leave the \"room1\" roomio.local.socketsLeave(\"room1\");See here.server.timeout(value)Added in v4.5.0value <number>Returns BroadcastOperatorSets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the callback will be called with an error when the\ngiven number of milliseconds have elapsed without an acknowledgement from all targeted clients:io.timeout(10000).emit(\"some-event\", (err, responses) => { if (err) { // some clients did not acknowledge the event in the given delay } else { console.log(responses); // one response per client }});server.to(room)HistoryVersionChangesv4.0.0Allow to pass an array of rooms.v1.0.0Initial implementation.room <string> | <string[]>Returns BroadcastOperator for chainingSets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the event will only be broadcast to clients that have joined the given room.To emit to multiple rooms, you can call to several times.// the foo event will be broadcast to all connected clients in the room-101 roomio.to(\"room-101\").emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");// with an array of rooms (a client will be notified at most once)io.to([\"room-101\", \"room-102\"]).emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");// with multiple chained callsio.to(\"room-101\").to(\"room-102\").emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");server.use(fn)Added in v1.0.0Alias for io.of(\"/\").use(fn).fn <Function>Registers a middleware for the main namespace, which is a function that gets executed for every incoming Socket, and receives as parameters the socket and a function to optionally defer execution to the next registered middleware.Errors passed to middleware callbacks are sent as special connect_error packets to clients.Serverio.use((socket, next) => { const err = new Error(\"not authorized\"); err.data = { content: \"Please retry later\" }; // additional details next(err);});Clientsocket.on(\"connect_error\", err => { console.log(err instanceof Error); // true console.log(err.message); // not authorized console.log(err.data); // { content: \"Please retry later\" }});More information can be found here.infoIf you are looking for Express middlewares, please check this section.NamespaceRepresents a pool of sockets connected under a given scope identified by a pathname (eg: /chat).More information can be found here.Attributesnamespace.adapter<Adapter>The \"Adapter\" used for the namespace.Note: the adapter of the main namespace can be accessed with io.of(\"/\").adapter.More information about it here.const adapter = io.of(\"/my-namespace\").adapter;namespace.name<string>The namespace identifier property.namespace.socketsMap<SocketId, Socket>A map of Socket instances that are connected to this namespace.// number of sockets in this namespace (on this node)const socketCount = io.of(\"/admin\").sockets.size;EventsEvent: 'connect'Synonym of Event: \"connection\".Event: 'connection'socket <Socket>Fired upon a connection from client.// main namespaceio.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // ...});// custom namespaceio.of(\"/admin\").on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // ...});Methodsnamespace.allSockets()Returns Promise<Set<SocketId>>cautionThis method will be removed in the next major release, please use serverSideEmit() or fetchSockets() instead. Gets a list of socket IDs connected to this namespace (across all nodes if applicable).// all sockets in the main namespaceconst ids = await io.allSockets();// all sockets in the main namespace and in the \"user:1234\" roomconst ids = await io.in(\"user:1234\").allSockets();// all sockets in the \"chat\" namespaceconst ids = await io.of(\"/chat\").allSockets();// all sockets in the \"chat\" namespace and in the \"general\" roomconst ids = await io.of(\"/chat\").in(\"general\").allSockets();namespace.disconnectSockets([close])Added in v4.0.0close <boolean> whether to close the underlying connectionReturns voidMakes the matching Socket instances disconnect.// make all Socket instances disconnectio.disconnectSockets();// make all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room disconnect (and discard the low-level connection)io.in(\"room1\").disconnectSockets(true);// make all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room of the \"admin\" namespace disconnectio.of(\"/admin\").in(\"room1\").disconnectSockets();// this also works with a single socket IDio.of(\"/admin\").in(theSocketId).disconnectSockets();namespace.emit(eventName[, ...args])HistoryVersionChangesv4.5.0io.emit() now supports acknowledgements.v1.0.0Initial implementation.eventName <string> | <symbol>args any[]Returns trueEmits an event to all connected clients in the given namespace.io.of(\"/chat\").emit(\"hello\");Any number of parameters can be included, and all serializable data structures are supported:io.of(\"/chat\").emit(\"hello\", 1, \"2\", { \"3\": 4 }, Buffer.from([5]));And on the receiving side:socket.on(\"hello\", (arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4) => { console.log(arg1); // 1 console.log(arg2); // \"2\" console.log(arg3); // { \"3\": 4 } console.log(arg4); // ArrayBuffer or Buffer, depending on the platform});infoThe arguments will automatically be serialized, so calling JSON.stringify() is not needed.You can use to() and except() to send the packet to specific clients:// the hello event will be broadcast to all connected clients that are either// in the \"room1\" room or in the \"room2\" room, excluding those in the \"room3\" roomio.of(\"/chat\").to(\"room1\").to(\"room2\").except(\"room3\").emit(\"hello\");Starting with version 4.5.0, it is now possible to use acknowledgements when broadcasting:io.of(\"/chat\").timeout(10000).emit(\"some-event\", (err, responses) => { if (err) { // some clients did not acknowledge the event in the given delay } else { console.log(responses); // one response per client }});cautionCalling timeout() is mandatory in that case.namespace.emitWithAck(eventName[, ...args])Added in v4.6.0eventName <string> | <symbol>args any[]Returns Promise<any[]>Promised-based version of broadcasting and expecting an acknowledgement from all targeted clients in the given namespace:try { const responses = await io.of(\"/chat\").timeout(10000).emitWithAck(\"some-event\"); console.log(responses); // one response per client} catch (e) { // some clients did not acknowledge the event in the given delay}The example above is equivalent to:io.of(\"/chat\").timeout(10000).emit(\"some-event\", (err, responses) => { if (err) { // some clients did not acknowledge the event in the given delay } else { console.log(responses); // one response per client }});And on the receiving side:socket.on(\"some-event\", (callback) => { callback(\"got it\"); // only one argument is expected});namespace.except(rooms)Added in v4.0.0rooms <string> | <string[]>Returns BroadcastOperatorSets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the event will only be broadcast to clients that have not joined the given rooms.const myNamespace = io.of(\"/my-namespace\");// the \"foo\" event will be broadcast to all connected clients, except the ones that are in the \"room-101\" roommyNamespace.except(\"room-101\").emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");// with an array of roomsmyNamespace.except([\"room-101\", \"room-102\"]).emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");// with multiple chained callsmyNamespace.except(\"room-101\").except(\"room-102\").emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");namespace.fetchSockets()Added in v4.0.0Returns Socket[] | RemoteSocket[]Returns the matching Socket instances:// return all Socket instances in the main namespaceconst sockets = await io.fetchSockets();// return all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room of the main namespaceconst sockets = await io.in(\"room1\").fetchSockets();// return all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room of the \"admin\" namespaceconst sockets = await io.of(\"/admin\").in(\"room1\").fetchSockets();// this also works with a single socket IDconst sockets = await io.in(theSocketId).fetchSockets();The sockets variable in the example above is an array of objects exposing a subset of the usual Socket class:for (const socket of sockets) { console.log(socket.id); console.log(socket.handshake); console.log(socket.rooms); console.log(socket.data); socket.emit(/* ... */); socket.join(/* ... */); socket.leave(/* ... */); socket.disconnect(/* ... */);}The data attribute is an arbitrary object that can be used to share information between Socket.IO servers:// server Aio.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.data.username = \"alice\";});// server Bconst sockets = await io.fetchSockets();console.log(sockets[0].data.username); // \"alice\"Important note: this method (and socketsJoin, socketsLeave and disconnectSockets too) is compatible with the Redis adapter (starting with socket.io-redis@6.1.0), which means that they will work across Socket.IO servers.namespace.in(room)Added in v1.0.0Synonym of namespace.to(room), but might feel clearer in some cases:const myNamespace = io.of(\"/my-namespace\");// disconnect all clients in the \"room-101\" roommyNamespace.in(\"room-101\").disconnectSockets();namespace.serverSideEmit(eventName[, ...args][, ack])Added in v4.1.0eventName <string>args <any[]>ack <Function>Returns trueSends a message to the other Socket.IO servers of the cluster.Syntax:io.of(\"/chat\").serverSideEmit(\"hello\", \"world\");And on the receiving side:io.of(\"/chat\").on(\"hello\", (arg1) => { console.log(arg1); // prints \"world\"});Acknowledgements are supported too:// server Aio.of(\"/chat\").serverSideEmit(\"ping\", (err, responses) => { console.log(responses[0]); // prints \"pong\"});// server Bio.of(\"/chat\").on(\"ping\", (cb) => { cb(\"pong\");});Notes:the connection, connect and new_namespace strings are reserved and cannot be used in your application.you can send any number of arguments, but binary structures are currently not supported (the array of arguments will be JSON.stringify-ed)Example:io.of(\"/chat\").serverSideEmit(\"hello\", \"world\", 1, \"2\", { 3: \"4\" });the acknowledgement callback might be called with an error, if the other Socket.IO servers do not respond after a given delayio.of(\"/chat\").serverSideEmit(\"ping\", (err, responses) => { if (err) { // at least one Socket.IO server has not responded // the 'responses' array contains all the responses already received though } else { // success! the 'responses' array contains one object per other Socket.IO server in the cluster }});namespace.serverSideEmitWithAck(eventName[, ...args])Added in v4.6.0eventName <string>args <any[]>ack <Function>Returns Promise<any[]>Promised-based version of broadcasting and expecting an acknowledgement from the other Socket.IO servers of the cluster.try { const responses = await io.of(\"/chat\").serverSideEmitWithAck(\"some-event\"); console.log(responses); // one response per server (except itself)} catch (e) { // some servers did not acknowledge the event in the given delay}The example above is equivalent to:io.of(\"/chat\").serverSideEmit(\"some-event\", (err, responses) => { if (err) { // some servers did not acknowledge the event in the given delay } else { console.log(responses); // one response per server (except itself) }});And on the receiving side:io.of(\"/chat\").on(\"some-event\", (callback) => { callback(\"got it\"); // only one argument is expected});namespace.socketsJoin(rooms)Added in v4.0.0rooms <string> | <string[]>Returns voidMakes the matching Socket instances join the specified rooms:// make all Socket instances join the \"room1\" roomio.socketsJoin(\"room1\");// make all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room join the \"room2\" and \"room3\" roomsio.in(\"room1\").socketsJoin([\"room2\", \"room3\"]);// make all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room of the \"admin\" namespace join the \"room2\" roomio.of(\"/admin\").in(\"room1\").socketsJoin(\"room2\");// this also works with a single socket IDio.in(theSocketId).socketsJoin(\"room1\");More information can be found here.namespace.socketsLeave(rooms)Added in v4.0.0rooms <string> | <string[]>Returns voidMakes the matching Socket instances leave the specified rooms:// make all Socket instances leave the \"room1\" roomio.socketsLeave(\"room1\");// make all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room leave the \"room2\" and \"room3\" roomsio.in(\"room1\").socketsLeave([\"room2\", \"room3\"]);// make all Socket instances in the \"room1\" room of the \"admin\" namespace leave the \"room2\" roomio.of(\"/admin\").in(\"room1\").socketsLeave(\"room2\");// this also works with a single socket IDio.in(theSocketId).socketsLeave(\"room1\");namespace.timeout(value)Added in v4.5.0value <number>Returns BroadcastOperatorSets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the callback will be called with an error when the\ngiven number of milliseconds have elapsed without an acknowledgement from the client:io.of(\"/chat\").timeout(10000).emit(\"some-event\", (err, responses) => { if (err) { // some clients did not acknowledge the event in the given delay } else { console.log(responses); // one response per client }});namespace.to(room)HistoryVersionChangesv4.0.0Allow to pass an array of rooms.v1.0.0Initial implementation.room <string> | <string[]>Returns BroadcastOperator for chainingSets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the event will only be broadcast to clients that have joined the given room.To emit to multiple rooms, you can call to several times.const myNamespace = io.of(\"/my-namespace\");// the foo event will be broadcast to all connected clients in the room-101 roommyNamespace.to(\"room-101\").emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");// with an array of rooms (a client will be notified at most once)myNamespace.to([\"room-101\", \"room-102\"]).emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");// with multiple chained callsmyNamespace.to(\"room-101\").to(\"room-102\").emit(\"foo\", \"bar\");namespace.use(fn)Added in v1.0.0fn <Function>Registers a middleware for the given namespace, which is a function that gets executed for every incoming Socket, and receives as parameters the socket and a function to optionally defer execution to the next registered middleware.Errors passed to middleware callbacks are sent as special connect_error packets to clients.Serverio.of(\"/chat\").use((socket, next) => { const err = new Error(\"not authorized\"); err.data = { content: \"Please retry later\" }; // additional details next(err);});Clientsocket.on(\"connect_error\", err => { console.log(err instanceof Error); // true console.log(err.message); // not authorized console.log(err.data); // { content: \"Please retry later\" }});More information can be found here.infoIf you are looking for Express middlewares, please check this section.FlagsFlag: 'local'Sets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the event data will only be broadcast to the current node (when scaling to multiple nodes).io.local.emit(\"an event\", { some: \"data\" });Flag: 'volatile'Sets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the event data may be lost if the clients are not ready to receive messages (because of network slowness or other issues, or because theyre connected through long polling and is in the middle of a request-response cycle).io.volatile.emit(\"an event\", { some: \"data\" }); // the clients may or may not receive itSocketA Socket is the fundamental class for interacting with browser clients. A Socket belongs to a certain Namespace (by default /) and uses an underlying Client to communicate.It should be noted the Socket doesn't relate directly to the actual underlying TCP/IP socket and it is only the name of the class.Within each Namespace, you can also define arbitrary channels (called room) that the Socket can join and leave. That provides a convenient way to broadcast to a group of Sockets (see Socket#to below).The Socket class inherits from EventEmitter. The Socket class overrides the emit method, and does not modify any other EventEmitter method. All methods documented here which also appear as EventEmitter methods (apart from emit) are implemented by EventEmitter, and documentation for EventEmitter applies.More information can be found here.EventsEvent: 'disconnect'reason <string> the reason of the disconnection (either client or server-side)Fired upon disconnection.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.on(\"disconnect\", (reason) => { // ... });});Possible reasons:ReasonDescriptionserver namespace disconnectThe socket was forcefully disconnected with socket.disconnect().client namespace disconnectThe client has manually disconnected the socket using socket.disconnect().server shutting downThe server is, well, shutting down.ping timeoutThe client did not send a PONG packet in the pingTimeout delay.transport closeThe connection was closed (example: the user has lost connection, or the network was changed from WiFi to 4G).transport errorThe connection has encountered an error.parse errorThe server has received an invalid packet from the client.forced closeThe server has received an invalid packet from the client.forced server closeThe client did not join a namespace in time (see the connectTimeout option) and was forcefully closed.Event: 'disconnecting'Added in v1.5.0reason <string> the reason of the disconnection (either client or server-side)Fired when the client is going to be disconnected (but hasn't left its rooms yet).io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.on(\"disconnecting\", (reason) => { console.log(socket.rooms); // Set { ... } });});With an asynchronous handler, you will need to create a copy of the rooms attribute:io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.on(\"disconnecting\", async (reason) => { const rooms = new Set(socket.rooms); await someLongRunningOperation(); // socket.rooms will be empty there console.log(rooms); });});cautionThose events, along with connect, connect_error, newListener and removeListener, are special events that shouldn't be used in your application:// BAD, will throw an errorsocket.emit(\"disconnect\");Attributessocket.client<Client>A reference to the underlying Client object.socket.conn<engine.Socket>A reference to the underlying Client transport connection (engine.io Socket object). This allows access to the IO transport layer, which still (mostly) abstracts the actual TCP/IP socket.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { console.log(\"initial transport\", socket.conn.transport.name); // prints \"polling\" socket.conn.once(\"upgrade\", () => { // called when the transport is upgraded (i.e. from HTTP long-polling to WebSocket) console.log(\"upgraded transport\", socket.conn.transport.name); // prints \"websocket\" }); socket.conn.on(\"packet\", ({ type, data }) => { // called for each packet received }); socket.conn.on(\"packetCreate\", ({ type, data }) => { // called for each packet sent }); socket.conn.on(\"drain\", () => { // called when the write buffer is drained }); socket.conn.on(\"close\", (reason) => { // called when the underlying connection is closed });});socket.dataAdded in v4.0.0An arbitrary object that can be used in conjunction with the fetchSockets() utility method:io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.data.username = \"alice\";});const sockets = await io.fetchSockets();console.log(sockets[0].data.username); // \"alice\"tipThis also works within a Socket.IO cluster, with a compatible adapter like the Postgres adapter.socket.handshake<Object>The handshake details:FieldTypeDescriptionheadersIncomingHttpHeadersThe headers sent as part of the handshake.time<string>The date of creation (as string).address<string>The ip address of the client.xdomain<boolean>Whether the connection is cross-domain.secure<boolean>Whether the connection is made over SSL.issued<number>The date of creation (as unix timestamp).url<string>The request URL string.queryRecord<string, string or string[]>The query parameters of the first request.authRecord<string, any>The authentication payload. See also here.Usage:io.use((socket, next) => { let handshake = socket.handshake; // ...});io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { let handshake = socket.handshake; // ...});Example:const handshake = { headers: { \"user-agent\": \"node-XMLHttpRequest\", accept: \"*/*\", host: \"localhost:3000\", connection: \"close\" }, time: \"Wed Jan 01 2020 01:00:00 GMT+0100 (Central European Standard Time)\", address: \"::ffff:127.0.0.1\", xdomain: false, secure: false, issued: 1577836800000, url: \"/socket.io/?EIO=4&transport=polling&t=OPAfXv5&b64=1\", query: { EIO: \"4\", transport: \"polling\", t: \"OPAfXv5\", b64: \"1\" }, auth: {}}Note: the headers attribute refers to the headers of the first HTTP request of the session, and won't be updated by the subsequent HTTP requests.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { console.log(socket.handshake.headers === socket.request.headers); // prints \"true\"});socket.id<string>A unique identifier for the session, that comes from the underlying Client.cautionThe id attribute is an ephemeral ID that is not meant to be used in your application (or only for debugging purposes) because:this ID is regenerated after each reconnection (for example when the WebSocket connection is severed, or when the user refreshes the page)two different browser tabs will have two different IDsthere is no message queue stored for a given ID on the server (i.e. if the client is disconnected, the messages sent from the server to this ID are lost)Please use a regular session ID instead (either sent in a cookie, or stored in the localStorage and sent in the auth payload).See also:Part II of our private message guideHow to deal with cookiessocket.recoveredAdded in v4.6.0<boolean>Whether the connection state was successfully recovered during the last reconnection.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { if (socket.recovered) { // recovery was successful: socket.id, socket.rooms and socket.data were restored } else { // new or unrecoverable session }});More information about this feature here.socket.request<http.IncomingMessage>A getter proxy that returns the reference to the request that originated the underlying engine.io Client. Useful for accessing request headers such as Cookie or User-Agent.import { parse } from \"cookie\";io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { const cookies = parse(socket.request.headers.cookie || \"\");});Note: socket.request refers to the first HTTP request of the session, and won't be updated by the subsequent HTTP requests.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { console.log(socket.request.headers === socket.handshake.headers); // prints \"true\"});If you don't need this reference, you can discard it in order to reduce the memory footprint:io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { delete socket.conn.request;});socket.roomsSet<string>A Set of strings identifying the rooms this client is in.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { console.log(socket.rooms); // Set { <socket.id> } socket.join(\"room1\"); console.log(socket.rooms); // Set { <socket.id>, \"room1\" }});Methodssocket.compress(value)value <boolean> whether to following packet will be compressedReturns Socket for chainingSets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the event data will only be compressed if the value is true. Defaults to true when you don't call the method.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.compress(false).emit(\"uncompressed\", \"that's rough\");});socket.disconnect([close])close <boolean> whether to close the underlying connectionReturns SocketDisconnects this socket. If value of close is true, closes the underlying connection. Otherwise, it just disconnects the namespace.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { setTimeout(() => socket.disconnect(true), 5000);});socket.emit(eventName[, ...args][, ack])(overrides EventEmitter.emit)eventName <string> | <symbol>args <any[]>ack <Function>Returns trueEmits an event to the socket identified by the string name. Any other parameters can be included. All serializable data structures are supported, including Buffer.io.on(\"connection\", () => { socket.emit(\"hello\", \"world\"); socket.emit(\"with-binary\", 1, \"2\", { 3: \"4\", 5: Buffer.from([6]) });});The ack argument is optional and will be called with the client's answer.Serverio.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.emit(\"hello\", \"world\", (response) => { console.log(response); // \"got it\" });});Clientsocket.on(\"hello\", (arg, callback) => { console.log(arg); // \"world\" callback(\"got it\");});socket.emitWithAck(eventName[, ...args])Added in v4.6.0eventName <string> | <symbol>args any[]Returns Promise<any>Promised-based version of emitting and expecting an acknowledgement from the given client:io.on(\"connection\", async (socket) => { // without timeout const response = await socket.emitWithAck(\"hello\", \"world\"); // with a specific timeout try { const response = await socket.timeout(10000).emitWithAck(\"hello\", \"world\"); } catch (err) { // the client did not acknowledge the event in the given delay }});The example above is equivalent to:io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // without timeout socket.emit(\"hello\", \"world\", (val) => { // ... }); // with a specific timeout socket.timeout(10000).emit(\"hello\", \"world\", (err, val) => { // ... });});And on the receiving side:socket.on(\"hello\", (arg1, callback) => { callback(\"got it\"); // only one argument is expected});socket.eventNames()Inherited from EventEmitter (along with other methods not mentioned here). See the Node.js documentation for the events module.socket.except(rooms)Added in v4.0.0rooms <string> | <string[]>Returns BroadcastOperatorSets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the event will only be broadcast to clients that have not joined the given rooms (the socket itself being excluded).// to all clients except the ones in \"room1\" and the sendersocket.broadcast.except(\"room1\").emit(/* ... */);// same as abovesocket.except(\"room1\").emit(/* ... */);// to all clients in \"room4\" except the ones in \"room5\" and the sendersocket.to(\"room4\").except(\"room5\").emit(/* ... */);socket.in(room)Added in v1.0.0Synonym of socket.to(room).socket.join(room)room <string> | <string[]>Returns void | PromiseAdds the socket to the given room or to the list of rooms.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.join(\"room 237\"); console.log(socket.rooms); // Set { <socket.id>, \"room 237\" } socket.join([\"room 237\", \"room 238\"]); io.to(\"room 237\").emit(\"a new user has joined the room\"); // broadcast to everyone in the room});The mechanics of joining rooms are handled by the Adapter that has been configured (see Server#adapter above), defaulting to socket.io-adapter.For your convenience, each socket automatically joins a room identified by its id (see Socket#id). This makes it easy to broadcast messages to other sockets:io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.on(\"say to someone\", (id, msg) => { // send a private message to the socket with the given id socket.to(id).emit(\"my message\", msg); });});socket.leave(room)room <string>Returns void | PromiseRemoves the socket from the given room.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.leave(\"room 237\"); io.to(\"room 237\").emit(`user ${socket.id} has left the room`);});infoRooms are left automatically upon disconnection.socket.listenersAny()Returns <Function[]>Returns the list of registered catch-all listeners.const listeners = socket.listenersAny();socket.listenersAnyOutgoing()Added in v4.5.0Returns <Function[]>Returns the list of registered catch-all listeners for outgoing packets.const listeners = socket.listenersAnyOutgoing();socket.offAny([listener])listener <Function>Removes the previously registered listener. If no listener is provided, all catch-all listeners are removed.const myListener = () => { /* ... */ };socket.onAny(myListener);// then, latersocket.offAny(myListener);socket.offAny();socket.offAnyOutgoing([listener])Added in v4.5.0listener <Function>Removes the previously registered listener. If no listener is provided, all catch-all listeners are removed.const myListener = () => { /* ... */ };socket.onAnyOutgoing(myListener);// remove a single listenersocket.offAnyOutgoing(myListener);// remove all listenerssocket.offAnyOutgoing();socket.on(eventName, callback)Inherited from the EventEmitter class.eventName <string> | <symbol>callback <Function>Returns <Socket>Register a new handler for the given event.socket.on(\"news\", (data) => { console.log(data);});// with several argumentssocket.on(\"news\", (arg1, arg2, arg3) => { // ...});// or with acknowledgementsocket.on(\"news\", (data, callback) => { callback(0);});socket.onAny(callback)callback <Function>Register a new catch-all listener.socket.onAny((event, ...args) => { console.log(`got ${event}`);});cautionAcknowledgements are not caught in the catch-all listener.socket.emit(\"foo\", (value) => { // ...});socket.onAnyOutgoing(() => { // triggered when the event is sent});socket.onAny(() => { // not triggered when the acknowledgement is received});socket.onAnyOutgoing(callback)Added in v4.5.0callback <Function>Register a new catch-all listener for outgoing packets.socket.onAnyOutgoing((event, ...args) => { console.log(`got ${event}`);});cautionAcknowledgements are not caught in the catch-all listener.socket.on(\"foo\", (value, callback) => { callback(\"OK\");});socket.onAny(() => { // triggered when the event is received});socket.onAnyOutgoing(() => { // not triggered when the acknowledgement is sent});socket.once(eventName, listener)Inherited from EventEmitter (along with other methods not mentioned here). See the Node.js documentation for the events module.socket.prependAny(callback)callback <Function>Register a new catch-all listener. The listener is added to the beginning of the listeners array.socket.prependAny((event, ...args) => { console.log(`got ${event}`);});socket.prependAnyOutgoing(callback)Added in v4.5.0callback <Function>Register a new catch-all listener for outgoing packets. The listener is added to the beginning of the listeners array.socket.prependAnyOutgoing((event, ...args) => { console.log(`got ${event}`);});socket.removeAllListeners([eventName])Inherited from EventEmitter (along with other methods not mentioned here). See the Node.js documentation for the events module.socket.removeListener(eventName, listener)Inherited from EventEmitter (along with other methods not mentioned here). See the Node.js documentation for the events module.socket.send([...args][, ack])args <any[]>ack <Function>Returns SocketSends a message event. See socket.emit(eventName[, ...args][, ack]).socket.timeout(value)Added in v4.4.0value <number>Returns <Socket>Sets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the callback will be called with an error when the\ngiven number of milliseconds have elapsed without an acknowledgement from the client:socket.timeout(5000).emit(\"my-event\", (err) => { if (err) { // the client did not acknowledge the event in the given delay }});socket.to(room)HistoryVersionChangesv4.0.0Allow to pass an array of rooms.v1.0.0Initial implementation.room <string> | <string[]>Returns Socket for chainingSets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the event will only be broadcast to clients that have joined the given room (the socket itself being excluded).To emit to multiple rooms, you can call to several times.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { // to one room socket.to(\"others\").emit(\"an event\", { some: \"data\" }); // to multiple rooms socket.to(\"room1\").to(\"room2\").emit(\"hello\"); // or with an array socket.to([\"room1\", \"room2\"]).emit(\"hello\"); // a private message to another socket socket.to(/* another socket id */).emit(\"hey\"); // WARNING: `socket.to(socket.id).emit()` will NOT work // Please use `io.to(socket.id).emit()` instead.});Note: acknowledgements are not supported when broadcasting.socket.use(fn)HistoryVersionChangesv3.0.5Restoration of the first implementation.v3.0.0Removal in favor of socket.onAny().v1.7.2The error event is sent directly to the client.v1.6.0First implementation.fn <Function>Registers a middleware, which is a function that gets executed for every incoming Packet and receives as parameter the packet and a function to optionally defer execution to the next registered middleware.Errors passed to the middleware callback are then emitted as error events on the server-side:io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.use(([event, ...args], next) => { if (isUnauthorized(event)) { return next(new Error(\"unauthorized event\")); } // do not forget to call next next(); }); socket.on(\"error\", (err) => { if (err && err.message === \"unauthorized event\") { socket.disconnect(); } });});FlagsFlag: 'broadcast'Sets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the event data will only be broadcast to every sockets but the sender.io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.broadcast.emit(\"an event\", { some: \"data\" }); // everyone gets it but the sender});Flag: 'volatile'Sets a modifier for a subsequent event emission that the event data may be lost if the client is not ready to receive messages (because of network slowness or other issues, or because theyre connected through long polling and is in the middle of a request-response cycle).io.on(\"connection\", (socket) => { socket.volatile.emit(\"an event\", { some: \"data\" }); // the client may or may not receive it});ClientThe Client class represents an incoming transport (engine.io) connection. A Client can be associated with many multiplexed Sockets that belong to different Namespaces.Attributesclient.conn<engine.Socket>A reference to the underlying engine.io Socket connection.client.request<http.IncomingMessage>A getter proxy that returns the reference to the request that originated the engine.io connection. Useful for accessing request headers such as Cookie or User-Agent.EngineThe Engine.IO server, which manages the WebSocket / HTTP long-polling connections. More information here.Its source code can be found here: https://github.com/socketio/engine.ioEventsEvent: 'connection_error'Added in v4.1.0error <Error>io.engine.on(\"connection_error\", (err) => { console.log(err.req); // the request object console.log(err.code); // the error code, for example 1 console.log(err.message); // the error message, for example \"Session ID unknown\" console.log(err.context); // some additional error context});This event will be emitted when a connection is abnormally closed. Here is the list of possible error codes:CodeMessage0\"Transport unknown\"1\"Session ID unknown\"2\"Bad handshake method\"3\"Bad request\"4\"Forbidden\"5\"Unsupported protocol version\"Event: 'headers'Added in v4.1.0headers <Object> a hash of headers, indexed by header namerequest <http.IncomingMessage> the incoming requestThis event will be emitted just before writing the response headers of each HTTP request of the session (including the WebSocket upgrade), allowing you to customize them.import { serialize, parse } from \"cookie\";io.engine.on(\"headers\", (headers, request) => { if (!request.headers.cookie) return; const cookies = parse(request.headers.cookie); if (!cookies.randomId) { headers[\"set-cookie\"] = serialize(\"randomId\", \"abc\", { maxAge: 86400 }); }});Event: 'initial_headers'Added in v4.1.0headers <Object> a hash of headers, indexed by header namerequest <http.IncomingMessage> the incoming requestThis event will be emitted just before writing the response headers of the first HTTP request of the session (the handshake), allowing you to customize them.import { serialize } from \"cookie\";io.engine.on(\"initial_headers\", (headers, request) => { headers[\"set-cookie\"] = serialize(\"uid\", \"1234\", { sameSite: \"strict\" });});If you need to perform some asynchronous operations, you will need to use the allowRequest option:import { serialize } from \"cookie\";const io = new Server(httpServer, { allowRequest: async (req, callback) => { const session = await fetchSession(req); req.session = session; callback(null, true); }});io.engine.on(\"initial_headers\", (headers, req) => { if (req.session) { headers[\"set-cookie\"] = serialize(\"sid\", req.session.id, { sameSite: \"strict\" }); }});See also:how to use with express-sessionhow to deal with cookiesAttributesengine.clientsCountAdded in v1.0.0<number>The number of currently connected clients.const count = io.engine.clientsCount;// may or may not be similar to the count of Socket instances in the main namespace, depending on your usageconst count2 = io.of(\"/\").sockets.size;Methodsengine.generateId<Function>The function used to generate a new session ID. Defaults to base64id.const uuid = require(\"uuid\");io.engine.generateId = () => { return uuid.v4(); // must be unique across all Socket.IO servers}engine.handleUpgrade(request, socket, head)Added in v1.0.0request <http.IncomingMessage> the incoming requestsocket <stream.Duplex> the network socket between the server and clienthead <Buffer> the first packet of the upgraded stream (may be empty)This method can be used to inject an HTTP upgrade:Example with both a Socket.IO server and a plain WebSocket server:import { createServer } from \"http\";import { Server as WsServer } from \"ws\";import { Server } from \"socket.io\";const httpServer = createServer();const wss = new WsServer({ noServer: true });const io = new Server(httpServer);httpServer.removeAllListeners(\"upgrade\");httpServer.on(\"upgrade\", (req, socket, head) => { if (req.url === \"/\") { wss.handleUpgrade(req, socket, head, (ws) => { wss.emit(\"connection\", ws, req); }); } else if (req.url.startsWith(\"/socket.io/\")) { io.engine.handleUpgrade(req, socket, head); } else { socket.destroy(); }});httpServer.listen(3000);engine.use(middleware)Added in v4.6.0<Function>Adds a new Express middleware.io.engine.use((req, res, next) => { // do something next();});The middlewares will be called for each incoming HTTP requests, including upgrade requests.Example with express-session:import session from \"express-session\";io.engine.use(session({ secret: \"keyboard cat\", resave: false, saveUninitialized: true, cookie: { secure: true }}));Example with helmet:import helmet from \"helmet\";io.engine.use(helmet());Edit this pageLast updated on Apr 10, 2024NextOptionsServerConstructornew Server(httpServer, options)new Server(port, options)new Server(options)EventsEvent: 'connect'Event: 'connection'Event: 'new_namespace'Attributesserver.engineserver.socketsMethodsserver.adapter(value)server.attach(httpServer, options)server.attach(port, options)server.attachApp(app, options)server.bind(engine)server.close(callback)server.disconnectSockets(close)server.emit(eventName, ...args)server.emitWithAck(eventName, ...args)server.except(rooms)server.fetchSockets()server.in(room)server.listen(httpServer, options)server.listen(port, options)server.of(nsp)server.on(eventName, listener)server.onconnection(socket)server.path(value)server.serveClient(value)server.serverSideEmit(eventName, ...args)server.serverSideEmitWithAck(eventName, ...args)server.socketsJoin(rooms)server.socketsLeave(rooms)server.timeout(value)server.to(room)server.use(fn)NamespaceAttributesnamespace.adapternamespace.namenamespace.socketsEventsEvent: 'connect'Event: 'connection'Methodsnamespace.allSockets()namespace.disconnectSockets(close)namespace.emit(eventName, ...args)namespace.emitWithAck(eventName, ...args)namespace.except(rooms)namespace.fetchSockets()namespace.in(room)namespace.serverSideEmit(eventName, ...args)namespace.serverSideEmitWithAck(eventName, ...args)namespace.socketsJoin(rooms)namespace.socketsLeave(rooms)namespace.timeout(value)namespace.to(room)namespace.use(fn)FlagsFlag: 'local'Flag: 'volatile'SocketEventsEvent: 'disconnect'Event: 'disconnecting'Attributessocket.clientsocket.connsocket.datasocket.handshakesocket.idsocket.recoveredsocket.requestsocket.roomsMethodssocket.compress(value)socket.disconnect(close)socket.emit(eventName, ...args)socket.emitWithAck(eventName, ...args)socket.eventNames()socket.except(rooms)socket.in(room)socket.join(room)socket.leave(room)socket.listenersAny()socket.listenersAnyOutgoing()socket.offAny(listener)socket.offAnyOutgoing(listener)socket.on(eventName, callback)socket.onAny(callback)socket.onAnyOutgoing(callback)socket.once(eventName, listener)socket.prependAny(callback)socket.prependAnyOutgoing(callback)socket.removeAllListeners(eventName)socket.removeListener(eventName, listener)socket.send(...args)socket.timeout(value)socket.to(room)socket.use(fn)FlagsFlag: 'broadcast'Flag: 'volatile'ClientAttributesclient.connclient.requestEngineEventsEvent: 'connection_error'Event: 'headers'Event: 'initial_headers'Attributesengine.clientsCountMethodsengine.generateIdengine.handleUpgrade(request, socket, head)engine.use(middleware)DocumentationGuideTutorialExamplesServer APIClient APIHelpTroubleshootingStack OverflowGitHub DiscussionsSlackNewsBlogTwitterToolsCDNAdmin UIAboutFAQChangelogRoadmapBecome a sponsorCopyright 2024 Socket.IO", "url": "https://socket.io/docs/v4/server-api/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "javascript - Good beginners tutorial to socket.io? - Stack Overflow\nSkip to main content\nStack Overflow\nAbout\nProducts\nOverflowAI\nStack Overflow\nPublic questions & answers\nStack Overflow for Teams\nWhere developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers\nTalent\nBuild your employer brand\nAdvertising\nReach developers & technologists worldwide\nLabs\nThe future of collective knowledge sharing\nAbout the company\nLoading\ncurrent community\nStack Overflow\nhelp\nchat\nMeta Stack Overflow\nyour communities\nSign up or log in to customize your list.\nmore stack exchange communities\ncompany blog\nLog in\nSign up\nShare Your Experience: Take the 2024 Developer Survey\nHome\nQuestions\nTags\nUsers\nCompanies\nLabs\nJobs\nNew\nDiscussions\nCollectives\nCommunities for your favorite technologies. Explore all Collectives\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCreate a free Team\nTeams\nAsk questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams.\nExplore Teams\nCollectives on Stack Overflow\nFind centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most.\nLearn more about Collectives\nTeams\nQ&A for work\nConnect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.\nLearn more about Teams\nGet early access and see previews of new features.\nLearn more about Labs\nGood beginners tutorial to socket.io? [closed]\nAsk Question\nAsked\n13 years, 7 months ago\nModified\n1 year, 10 months ago\nViewed\n135k times\nThis question shows research effort; it is useful and clear\n210\nSave this question.\nShow activity on this post.\nAs it currently stands, this question is not a good fit for our Q&A format. We expect answers to be supported by facts, references, or expertise, but this question will likely solicit debate, arguments, polling, or extended discussion. If you feel that this question can be improved and possibly reopened, visit the help center for guidance.\nClosed 11 years ago.\nI am very new to the world of webdevelopment and jumped into the bandwagon because I find the concept of HTML5 very interesting. I am fairly confident on working with canvas and would now like to move over to websockets part of it. I have come to understand socket.io is by far the framework to work with, when we want to work with web sockets.\nAny pointers on what tutorial and examples to refer to for a total dummy would be very appreciated!\njavascriptnode.jshtmlwebsocketsocket.io\nShare\nImprove this question\nFollow\nFollow this question to receive notifications\nedited Sep 18, 2017 at 12:57\nVivek S.\n20.9k88 gold badges6969 silver badges8686 bronze badges\nasked Nov 4, 2010 at 6:25\nShouvikShouvik\n11.5k1717 gold badges5959 silver badges8989 bronze badges\n8\nIts not incorrect, its a matter of prespective... I learnt usign the sources mentioned.. And I do know my way around it... Feel free to ask any thing you don't understand...\nShouvik\nApr 30, 2012 at 20:53\nIt's not a matter of perspective. It's flat incorrect. Too many important details are missing. If you take an advanced math class, and you don't show your work, the teacher will not give you a pass. Adults are expected to be able to show their work. There's no way to justify not showing all of the required steps in a tutorial for a user to be able to recreate the result, consistently, on the spec machine. There's no perspectivizing about it. It's objectively an incorrect answer, even if there's a subjective element to all measures. 2+2 can equal 5; however, in arithmetic that's wrong.\nWolfpack'08\nMay 1, 2012 at 12:47\n2\nWrite a correct answer I will accept that... Thats the best I can do, tell me who has a better answer than the one I accepted posted here?\nShouvik\nMay 4, 2012 at 20:07\n74\nI don't see a point in closing the question. It servers as a great place for people to post links relating to new and interesting projects for learning socket.io/nodejs and hopefully add value to the combination of answers. Since there has been just one instance of a person disagreeing with the answer selected doesn't entitle to close the question. I vote to reopen.\nShouvik\nJun 5, 2012 at 12:32\n2\nawesome tutorial psitsmike.com/2011/09/node-js-and-socket-io-chat-tutorial\njulian\nFeb 26, 2013 at 15:36\n|\nShow 3 more comments\n3 Answers\n3\nSorted by:\nReset to default\nHighest score (default)\nTrending (recent votes count more)\nDate modified (newest first)\nDate created (oldest first)\nThis answer is useful\n148\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nTo start with Socket.IO I suggest you read first the example on the main page:\nhttp://socket.io/\nOn the server side, read the \"How to use\" on the GitHub source page:\nhttps://github.com/Automattic/socket.io\nAnd on the client side:\nhttps://github.com/Automattic/socket.io-client\nOfficial tutorial\nhttps://socket.io/get-started/chat\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nedited Jul 4, 2022 at 22:00\nD P Venkatesh\n54977 silver badges1717 bronze badges\nanswered Nov 4, 2010 at 12:36\nFR6FR6\n3,16733 gold badges2626 silver badges2828 bronze badges\n1\n1\nI thought you may want to know that the server side link in turn links to github.com/learnboost/socket.io, apparently the repository name has been changed. This also appears to be the same site as the client side link already, perhaps they merged the two?\ntrevorKirkby\nJan 10, 2014 at 22:26\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n18\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nA 'fun' way to learn socket.io is to play BrowserQuest by mozilla and look at its source code :-)\nhttp://browserquest.mozilla.org/\nhttps://github.com/mozilla/BrowserQuest\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nanswered May 26, 2012 at 0:29\n250R250R\n36.8k77 gold badges3535 silver badges2525 bronze badges\n2\n4\nWell, that's one way to learn.\nsnapfractalpop\nNov 10, 2012 at 2:35\n3\nI'm still on the first link :D\nUdy Warnasuriya\nJan 6, 2014 at 11:56\nAdd a comment\n|\nThis answer is useful\n7\nSave this answer.\nShow activity on this post.\nI found these two links very helpful while I was trying to learn socket.io:\nhttp://fzysqr.com/2011/02/28/nodechat-js-using-node-js-backbone-js-socket-io-and-redis-to-make-a-real-time-chat-app/\nhttp://thecoffman.com/2011/02/21/getting-your-feet-wet-with-node.js-and-socket.io/\nShare\nImprove this answer\nFollow\nFollow this answer to receive notifications\nedited Jun 20, 2013 at 19:26\nDMin\n10.2k1010 gold badges4646 silver badges6565 bronze badges\nanswered May 17, 2011 at 18:43\nLiamLiam\n2,09755 gold badges2222 silver badges1919 bronze badges\n2\nNode chat works from client-to-client, but there's no example of how to send messages from the server. The second tutorial is incomplete (part 1 and no part 2).\nWolfpack'08\nApr 30, 2012 at 0:46\nThe second link (getting-your-feet-wet) is dead.\nkhiner\nJun 8, 2013 at 21:35\nAdd a comment\n|\nNot the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged javascriptnode.jshtmlwebsocketsocket.io or ask your own question.\nThe Overflow Blog\nAn open-source development paradigm\nDevelopers get by with a little help from AI: Stack Overflow Knows code...\nFeatured on Meta\nTesting a new version of Stack Overflow Jobs\nWhat deliverables would you like to see out of a working group?\nPolicy: Generative AI (e.g., ChatGPT) is banned\nThe [price] tag is being burninated\nThe return of Staging Ground to Stack Overflow\nThe 2024 Developer Survey Is Live\nLinked\n3\nSocket.io and Nodejs tutorials\n4\nHow Would I Go About Using Node.js For Frontend And Wordpress As The Backend?\n3\nShared HTML page that updates for all users\n2\nHaving trouble with the Socket.IO Tutorial samples. 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A central computer becomes sentient and forms an alliance or teams up with the main character\nIs DVI used as an intermediate format by pdfLaTeX and LuaLaTeX?\nWhy is it for the pooled test of two proportions, it can only be used for a hypothesis test and not a confidence interval?\nWhats the best way to fix this drainage hole?\nWhy is Siobhan pronounced with a /v/ sound in English?\nChoosing Between Intercept-Only and AR-NN Models: Justified to not use the model with the lowest RMSE/MAE?\nSet default value of counter variable in bash script\nWhat if the onboard airspeed sensors fail?\nCan a rental agreement state that no guests or parties are allowed?\nmore hot questions\ndefault\nStack Overflow\nQuestions\nHelp\nProducts\nTeams\nAdvertising\nCollectives\nTalent\nCompany\nAbout\nPress\nWork Here\nLegal\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Service\nContact Us\nCookie Settings\nCookie Policy\nStack Exchange Network\nTechnology\nCulture & recreation\nLife & arts\nScience\nProfessional\nBusiness\nAPI\nData\nBlog\nFacebook\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nInstagram\nSite design / logo 2024 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. rev2024.5.29.9912", "url": "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4094350/good-beginners-tutorial-to-socket-io" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Hub Topic Detail\nconst myInterval = setInterval(showOsanoDrawer, 1000);\nfunction showOsanoDrawer() {\nvar privacyLink = document.querySelector('.privacy-policy-link');\nif(privacyLink){\ndocument.querySelector('.privacy-policy-link').addEventListener('click', (e) => {\nOsano.cm.showDrawer('osano-cm-dom-info-dialog-open');\n});\n}\n}\n//SC2-1719: Display a Warning Message when Leaving the Site\nconst isElementLoaded = async selector => {\nwhile ( document.querySelector(selector) === null) {\nawait new Promise( resolve => requestAnimationFrame(resolve) )\n}\nreturn document.querySelector(selector);\n};\nfunction checkForElement() {\nisElementLoaded('.richtextlink').then((selector) => {\ndocument.querySelectorAll(\".richtextlink\").forEach((el) => {\nel.href = 'void(0)';\nel.onclick = function(event) {\nif(!el.getAttribute(\"data-url\").toLowerCase().includes(\"newrelic.com\")) {\nevent.preventDefault();\nconst confirm = window.confirm(\"You will now be redirected to:\\n\\n\" + el.getAttribute(\"data-url\"));\nif (confirm) {\nwindow.open(el.getAttribute(\"data-url\"), \"_blank\");\n} else {\nevent.preventDefault();\n}\n} else {\nwindow.open(el.getAttribute(\"data-url\"), \"_blank\");\n}\n}\nel.oncontextmenu = function(event) {\nel.href = el.getAttribute(\"data-url\");\n}\nel.onauxclick = function(event) {\nel.href = el.getAttribute(\"data-url\");\n}\n});\n});\n}\nif(window.location.pathname.includes('/hubtopic/')){\nconst attachListener = setInterval(checkForElement, 1000);\n}\nLoadingSorry to interruptCSS ErrorRefreshSkip to Main ContentGet started today for free.Sign UpGet DemoAbout UsLeadershipCareersSocial ImpactNewsroomCustomersPartner ProgramInvestor RelationsSuppliers PortalSecurityFree Tier PricingESGContact UsNew Relic vs Datadog2022 Observability ForecastFollow UsTerms of ServiceDMCA PolicyPrivacy PolicyYour Privacy ChoicesCookie PolicyUK Slavery Act of 2015 2008-23 New Relic, Inc. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Makayla Maria McVey Obituary - Visitation & Funeral Information\nToday's hours 8:30am - 5pm\nValdosta:\n(229) 244-2500\nLakeland:\n(229) 482-3385\nValdosta:\n(229) 244-2500\nLakeland:\n(229) 482-3385\nObituaries\nFlowers & Gifts\nAbout Us\nServices\nMerchandise\nPlan Ahead\nResources\nGrief & Healing\nContact Us\nToggle navigation\nSearch\nToday's hours 8:30am - 5pm\nSearch\nHome\nObituaries\nFlowers & Gifts\nAbout Us\nServices\nMerchandise\nPlan Ahead\nResources\nGrief & Healing\nContact Us\nTributes\nChange Photo\nSend Beautiful Flowers\nShare a Memory\nShare\nShare on Facebook\nShare on Twitter\nShare by Email\nMakayla Maria McVey\nMarch 27, 1990 - June 13, 2021\nMakayla Maria McVey &#8211; 31\nOf Valdosta, Georgia passed away unexpectedly on Sunday, June 13, 2021 at South Georgia Medical Center. Makayla was born on March 27, 1990 to Dana... View Obituary & Service Information\nLogin\nWhat would you like to do?\nMy Account\nLogout\nPrint\nThe family of Makayla Maria McVey created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.\nHide message\nObituary & Service\nMakayla Maria McVey 31\nOf Valdosta, Georgia passe...\nView More\nShare a Memory Below\nA comforting word from you means a lot.\nShare a Memory\nFlowers & Gifts\nSend flowers to the McVey family.\nSend Flowers\nTribute Wall\nPhotos & Videos\nObituary & Service\n+ More Information\nFamily Tree\nFamily Map\nFamily Dates\nSubscribe to Updates\nApprovals\nFollowing\nConfiguration\nAdministrators\nHomepage\nFunerals & Obituaries\nFlowers & Gifts\nAbout Us\nServices\nMerchandise\nPlan Ahead\nResources\nGrief & Healing\nContact Us\nFacebook\nBack to top\n 2024 Music Funeral Service. All Rights Reserved.\nMade with love by funeralOne", "url": "https://www.musicfuneralservices.com/m/obituaries/Makayla-Mcvey/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Elisa Maria McVey Obituary 2023 - Ewing Hughes & White Funeral Homes\n\n Return to Current Obituaries\n1925\nElisa\n2023\nShare\n\nPrint\nPlease select what you would like included for printing:\nHeader\nPortrait Photo\nServices\nGuestbook\nPrint\nEmail\nCopy the text below and then paste that into your favorite email application\nOR\nOpen In Email Client\nSend Flowers\nPlant A Tree\nSend a Card\nElisa Maria McVey\nMarch 27, 1925 July 4, 2023\nOn the evening of Tuesday, July 4, 2023, our beautiful and beloved Mamma (Nonna), Elisa Maria (Zamparutti) McVey, 98, of Guysville, Ohio, left us with dignity as she peacefully fell asleep and took her last breath. Her daughters, Linda Mirella Weiss, Gloria Melodia Barnhart and Simonetta Christina Timbi Matters were by her side giving her comfort during her day spent in the OhioHealth OBleness Hospital Intensive Care Unit.\nElisa was born March 27, 1925, in San Pietro, Italy. She attended and graduated from a private school as well as continued advanced education and received a degree in teaching. But her love and expertise as a seamstress is the skill that she was passionate about throughout her extraordinary life, which included her firsthand accounts of the horrors of war, hardships, sacrifices contrasted with an abundance of love, care for those in need, and forgiveness.\nDuring World War II, she spent 14-months as a prisoner in a Nazi Germany forced labor airplane factory camp. After liberation and the end of World War II, she moved to Lido, Italy, where she worked at a PX for American GIs. Elisa communicated easily with the GIs due to her English language fluency.\nIn 1948, after marrying United States Army Sargent, Owen Dale McVey in Italy, they moved to Ohio, where they became parents to 11 children.\nAfter Owen divorced Elisa in 1968, she solely raised their children and unselfishly blessed them with unspoiled, intense love and training on how to be respectful, independent, happy adults. The experiences she endured during and after the war proved to be a stalwart attribute that was present throughout her life and teachings.\nThe day before her death, she continued to live independently in the home where she nurtured and taught her 11 children, in addition to providing care for most of her grandchildren while their parents worked. Her love for vegetable and flower gardening was a constant throughout her life. Up until her death, she enjoyed fresh greens from her patio garden as well as those from that neighbors and friends brought to her.\nIn 1971, she was recognized by the National Partisan Associations of Italy for her participation as a volunteer of freedom and as a wounded partisan noncombatant fighter. And in 1980, the Office of the Order in Yugoslavia awarded her the Order of Merit for the People with a Silver Star medal.\nThroughout her life, those who knew Elisa were instantly attracted to her. She had a beautiful, huge, caring, loving heart, and she was extremely humble and generous. Many were honored to receive from her, one or more of her personalized handmade cross-stitch gifts. At the beginning of the Covid pandemic, at age 94 in 2019, she volunteered her talents and made 1,000 masks for OBleness.\nElisa is survived by her children, Gary Tino (Marilyn) McVey, Terry Ray McVey, Cary McVey, Linda Mirella (Jerry) Weiss, Gloria Melodia (Bill) Barnhart, Simonetta Christina Timbi (Chris) Matters, and Steven Rat (Shellie) McVey, as well as son-in-law Roger Zimmerman; daughter-in-laws Mary McVey and Kathy McVey; and special, unofficially adopted son Tim Lavelle. Grandchildren Barry (Erin) McVey, Frances Dixon, Joshua Zimmerman, Nicolette Zimmerman, Angi (Dan) Hoy, Jacqueline Armstrong, Zachary McVey, Aaron (Alisha Skinner) McVey, Trisha (Nathan) Bail, Brooke (Kaleb Knecht) McVey, Julie McVey, Andrew Weiss, Isaac Weiss, Olivia (Jacob Koons) Hoon, Casey Matters, Dean (Kayla) Maffin, and Bridgette McVey. Special ex son-in-law, Wes Hoon. Second cousins Tony (Michelle Mildiner) Zamparutti and Louise (Chris Hanson) Zamparutti. Daughter of her belated WWII friends Lawrence & Licia Cosner, Viviana (Roger) Yost; and Lea (Delmonte) Mitchell. Special friends: Don and Peggy Saum, Ron and Merle Gustafson, as well as Veno and Romi Canderan. Her precious, gentle, female cat companion, Killer. Many nieces, nephews, great-nieces, great-nephews, great grandchildren, great-great grandchildren, and many loving neighbors and friends.\nShe was proceeded in death by her parents, Augusto Zamparutti and Luigia Burello; sisters, Erminia Zamparutti and Alba Zamero; ex-husband, Owen; sons, Marco McVey and Larry J. McVey; daughters, Nirvana Licia Zimmerman and Diana Graciella Dienoff; son-in-law, Jerome Dixon; daughter-in-law, Tina McVey; grandsons Neil Hoon and Michael Dixon; granddaughter Melissa Fowler-Dixon; TJ Hilleary; Rea Croley; and closer than a sister special friend/forced labor camp prisoner buddy, Licia Cosner.\nAt Elisas request, her remains were cremated. Calling hours for Celebration of Life for Elisa McVey will be held Saturday, September 9, 2023 from 2:30 pm to 5:30pm at 20969 Potter Road, Guysville, Ohio 45735. Questions, text either Linda 740.541.8998, Timbi 740.591.3487, or Gloria 740.590.3184. Please include your connection to Elisa or the family. Limited parking. Carpool, if possible. Please send your memories of Elisa, and your stories about her, to Gloria Barnhart, PO Box 73, Stewart, Ohio 45778 or email [emailprotected]. Please include your name, how you knew Elisa and your contact information. Arrangements were entrusted to Hughes-Moquin Funeral Home where you are encouraged to leave a note of condolence or share a special memory in the online guestbook at www.hughesmoquinfuneralhome.com\nTo order memorial trees or send flowers to the family in memory of Elisa Maria McVey, please visit our flower store.\nSend a Card\nService Schedule\nPast Services\nCelebration of Life\nSaturday, September 9, 2023\n2:30 - 5:30 pm (Eastern time)\nMcVey Residence\n20969 Potter Road,\nGuysville,\nOH 45735\nGet Directions\nText Directions\nPlant Trees\n\nPhone Number\nSend Directions\nEnter your phone number above to have directions sent via text. Standard text messaging rates apply.\nGuestbook\nPhoto Gallery\n\nVisits: 13\nThis site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.\nService map data OpenStreetMap contributors\nSend Flowers\nPlant A Tree", "url": "https://www.ehwfh.com/obituaries/elisa-mcvey" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Anne Marie Mcveigh - Ophthalmology (Eye) | Mount Sinai - New York=Search1-800-MD-SINAIMyMountSinai (MyChart)Pay My Bill1-800-MD-SINAIFind a DoctorRequest an AppointmentOur LocationsPatient CareAbout UsSearchHomeProfilesVideo Visit AvailableAccepting New PatientsMount Sinai Doctors?Treats Adults?Video Visit AvailableAccepting New PatientsAnne Marie Mcveigh, MDOphthalmology (Eye)4.7 Stars|147 Responses?Mount Sinai Doctors - West 23rd Street212-256-7000View location detailsBook an AppointmentAbout MeClinical FocusEducation & CertificationsLocationsInsurancePatient Experience RatingIndustry RelationshipsAbout Me\nAnne Marie Mc Veigh, MD is a board certified Ophthalmologist practicing at the Mount Sinai Doctors 23rd Street location. She is a graduate of Wellesley College, where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree. She received her medical degree from New York Medical College in Valhalla, New York. She completed a flexible internship, as well as an Ophthalmology residency, at St. Vincents Hospital & Medical Center of New York. She was named Chief Resident in Ophthalmology in her senior year. She is a Diplomate of the American Board of Ophthalmology.\nDr. Mc Veigh treats medical and surgical conditions of the eye, with an emphasis on patient centered care.Along with comprehensive eye examinations and evaluation of acute and chronic ocular disease, commonly seen conditions are: dry eye disease, ocular surface disease, blepharitis, meibomian gland disease, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic eye exam and evaluation for macular degeneration.LanguageEnglishPositionASSISTANT PROFESSOR | Faculty Practice AssociatesHospital AffiliationsNew York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount SinaiShow MoreAbout Me\nAnne Marie Mc Veigh, MD is a board certified Ophthalmologist practicing at the Mount Sinai Doctors 23rd Street location. She is a graduate of Wellesley College, where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree. She received her medical degree from New York Medical College in Valhalla, New York. She completed a flexible internship, as well as an Ophthalmology residency, at St. Vincents Hospital & Medical Center of New York. She was named Chief Resident in Ophthalmology in her senior year. She is a Diplomate of the American Board of Ophthalmology.\nDr. Mc Veigh treats medical and surgical conditions of the eye, with an emphasis on patient centered care.Along with comprehensive eye examinations and evaluation of acute and chronic ocular disease, commonly seen conditions are: dry eye disease, ocular surface disease, blepharitis, meibomian gland disease, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic eye exam and evaluation for macular degeneration.LanguageEnglishPositionASSISTANT PROFESSOR | Faculty Practice AssociatesHospital AffiliationsNew York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount SinaiClinical FocusAge-Related Macular DegenerationAllergic Eye ProblemsAnnual Eye ExamAstigmatismBlepharitisBlocked Tear DuctCataractChalazionColor BlindnessShow MoreAge-Related Macular DegenerationAllergic Eye ProblemsAnnual Eye ExamAstigmatismBlepharitisBlocked Tear DuctCataractChalazionColor BlindnessComprehensive Dilated Eye ExamConjunctivitisCorneal AbrasionDecreased VisionDiabetes Care - Eye ExamDiabetic RetinopathyDilated PupilDry Eye DiseaseEye ContusionEye Emergency VisitEye FatigueEye InfectionEye InflammationEye Trauma / Removal of Foreign Body / Corneal AbrasionFarsightednessGeneral ConsultationGlaucomaGonioscopyHanging Eyelid / PtosisHordeolumImpaired VisionIncreased Sensitivity to LightKeratitisKeratoconjunctivitis SiccaKeratoconusMacular DegenerationNearsightedness And FarsightednessOphthalmic PathologyOphthalmoscopyOptic NeuritisPresbyopiaRetinopathyShort-sightedness / MyopiaTonometryUveitisVision LossEducationMD, New York Medical CollegeInternship, Transitional YearSt. Vincent's Hospital & Medical CenterResidency, OphthalmologySt. Vincent's Hospital & Medical CenterCertificationsAmerican Board of OphthalmologyLocationsMount Sinai Doctors - West 23rd Street309 WEST 23RD STREET, 3RD FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY, 10011212-256-7000Insurance InformationAccepted insurance may vary by the doctors office location. Please contact the office directly to obtain the most up-to-date insurance information.Mount Sinai Doctors - West 23rd Street309 WEST 23RD STREET, 3RD FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY, 100111199 SEIUAETNA - CommercialAETNA - MedicareCIGNA HealthcareCentivoCigna - MedicareElderplanEmblemHealth - GHI-PPOEmblemHealth - HIPEmblemHealth - HIP-MedicareEmpire Blue Cross Blue Shield - Commercial/ExchangeEmpire Blue Cross Blue Shield - MedicareHorizon NJHotel TradesMagnacare-Health CareMedicare - NJMedicare - NYMultiplan PHCSOxford - Freedom and LibertyUnited Health Care - CommercialUnited Health Care - Empire PlanUnited Health Care - Oxford CareUnited Health Care - Top TierPhysicians who provide services at hospitals and facilities in the Mount Sinai Health System might not participate in the same health plans as those Mount Sinai hospitals and facilities (even if the physicians are employed or contracted by those hospitals or facilities).Information regarding insurance participation and billing by this physician may be found on this page, and can also be obtained by contacting this provider directly. Because physicians insurance participation can change, the insurance information on this page may not always be up-to-date. Please contact this physician directly to obtain the most up-to-date insurance information.Insurance and health plan networks that the various Mount Sinai Health System hospitals and facilities participate in can be found on the Mount Sinai Health Systemwebsite.Patient Experience Rating ?The Patient Experience Star Rating reflects our patients perception of how well their Mount Sinai provider communicated with them during an office visit. The Star Rating is based on patient responses to three questions on a patient experience survey, a standardized questionnaire sent to verified patients and distributed by a third party vendor, Press Ganey. Responses are measured on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the best score.Industry RelationshipsPhysicians and scientists on the faculty of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai often interact with pharmaceutical, device, biotechnology companies, and other outside entities to improve patient care, develop new therapies and achieve scientific breakthroughs. In order to promote an ethical and transparent environment for conducting research, providing clinical care and teaching, Mount Sinai requires that salaried faculty inform the School of their outside financial relationships.Dr. MCVEIGH has not yet completed reporting of Industry relationships.Mount Sinai's faculty policies relating to faculty collaboration with industry are posted on ourwebsite. Patients may wish to ask their physician about the activities they perform for companies.Show More COVID-19 Staff Resources 1-800-MD-SINAI1-800-MD-SINAI Patient Information Find a Doctor Pay My Bill International Services Mount Sinai Access Patient Representatives Offices Language and Accessibility Health Library Clinical Trials Research & Education Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Education Graduate Education Research Find Faculty Phillips School of Nursing Stay Connected MyMountSinai Mobile App MyChart Desktop site Newsroom Mount Sinai Today Blog For Health Professionals Transfer a Patient Mount Sinai Connect Refer a Patient Nursing Hospital Sponsored Programs Medical Staff Services 2024 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Contact Us Careers Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy HIPAA Privacy Practices Compliance Non-Discrimination Notice Patient Responsibilities Insurance Information Vendors", "url": "https://profiles.mountsinai.org/anne-marie-mcveigh" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Obituary | Nickolas Antonas | Ruck Funeral Homes\nView Obituaries\nRuck Towson Funeral Home, Inc.\nNickolas Antonas\nDecember 11, 2021\nServices\nMore\nLess\nGuestbook\nCondolences\nShare:\nOn December 11, 2021, Nick Antonas, age 84, beloved husband of Mary Antonas; devoted father of Harriet Hatzidimitriou and her husband John, Maria McVey and her husband Greg, and Annette Souranis; cherished grandfather of Marisa, Nicolette and Johnny Hatzidimitriou, Megan McVey, and George and Maria Souranis. Also survived by many nieces, cousins, and friends.\nFriends may call at Ruck Towson Funeral Home on Tuesday from 3 to 8 pm, where a trisagion service will take place at 5 pm. Mr. Antonas will lie in state on Wednesday at Saint Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church from 10:30 to 11 am, at which time a funeral service will begin. Interment Saint Demetrios Cemetery. In lieu of flowers, memorial donations may be made to Saint Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church (stdemetriosmd.org) or St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church (stnicholasmd.org).\nRead More\nRead Less\nVisitation\nRuck Towson Funeral Home, Inc.\nTuesday, December 14, 2021\n3:00 PM - 8:00 PM\nEmail Details\n1050 York RoadTowson, Maryland 21204\nDirections\nVisitation\nSt. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church\nWednesday, December 15, 2021\n10:30 AM - 11:00 AM\nEmail Details\n2504 Cub Hill Rd.Baltimore, MD 21234\nDirections\nFuneral Service\nSt. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church\nWednesday, December 15, 2021\n11:00 AM\nEmail Details\n2504 Cub Hill Rd.Baltimore, MD 21234\nDirections\nGuestbook\nShare your thoughts and memories of Nickolas\nView & Sign\nRuck Towson Funeral Home, Inc.\n1050 York Road\tTowson, MD 21204 (410) 823-1700 410-296-1820\n 2009 - 24 Ruck Funeral Homes. All Rights Reserved.\nTerms of Use | Privacy\nFuneral Home Website by Batesville", "url": "https://www.ruckfuneral.com/obituary/nickolas-antonas" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Bike Rack, Pickup Bed (custom build): | Diy bike rack, Wooden bike, Wood bike rackPinterestExploreSearch forbike rackstruck bike rackbike rackbicycle rackbike stand diybike racksWhen autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Touch device users, explore by touch or with swipe gestures.Log inSign upExploreHome DecorStorage And OrganizationGarage StorageImage searchRead itSave tacomaworld.comBike Rack, Pickup Bed (custom build):I have searched high and low for low cost bike rack options. I found a few youtube videos that have a few ideas so I made one out of 1 2x6 and 2 2x4's...TrucksGaragesBike RacksTruck Bike RackBike RackBicycle RackBike Stand DiyBike StandTruck Bed Bike Rackmaria mcveyMmaria mcvey26 followers", "url": "https://www.pinterest.com/pin/521291725609039589/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Saki Fujita - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Filmography\nToggle Filmography subsection\n1.1Anime television series\n1.2Animated films\n1.3Original video animation (OVA)\n1.4Original net animation (ONA)\n1.5Video games\n1.6Drama CD\n2References\n3External links\nToggle the table of contents\nSaki Fujita\n16 languages\nDeutschEspaolFranaisBahasa IndonesiaPortugusTsetshesthese\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nJapanese voice actress from Tokyo (born 1984)\nThis biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources:\"Saki Fujita\"news newspapers books scholar JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nSaki Fujita BornSakiko Fujita ( ) (1984-10-19) October 19, 1984 (age39)[1]Tokyo Metropolis, Japan[1]Occupation\nVoice actress\nYearsactive2005presentAgentArts VisionKnownforHatsune Miku (voice sampling)Height153cm (5ft 0in)[1]\nSakiko Fujita ( , Fujita Sakiko, born October 19, 1984), known professionally as Saki Fujita ( , Fujita Saki), is a Japanese voice actress from Tokyo. She sang the ending theme to the anime Tokimeki Memorial Only Love, \"Kiseki no Kakera\", () along with Yuki Makishima and Yukako Yoshikawa as well as the opening songs for Working!! Someone Else, Coolish Walk, Now!!!Gamble with Kana Asumi and Eri Kitamura.[2] She is best known for voicing Akagi in Kantai Collection, Ayano Sugiura in YuruYuri and Yukari Kotozume/Cure Macaron in Kirakira PreCure a la Mode, as well as for sampling her voice for Crypton Future Media's Vocaloid, Hatsune Miku.\nFilmography[edit]\nAnime television series[edit]\n2005\nAkahori Gedou Hour Rabuge (Maid)\nHappy Seven ~The TV Manga~ (Tomomi Sasaki)\nShuffle! (A schoolgirl)\nSPEED GRAPHER (Kozue Kokubunji)\n2006\nTokimeki Memorial Only Love (Mina Yayoi)\nTsuyokiss CoolSweet (Kinu Kanisawa)\nYoshinaga-san Chi no Gargoyle (Momo Katagiri, Rimu)(*)\n2007\nGakuen Utopia Manabi Straight! (Momoha Odori)\n2008\nAkiba-chan (Milk-chan)\nKamen no Maid Guy (Elizabeth K. Strawberryfield)\nZoku Sayonara Zetsub Sensei (ep 13) (Hatsune Miku)\nYozakura Quartet (Ao Nanami)\n2009\nChrome Shelled Regios (Munfa Rufa)\nHeaven's Lost Property (Tomoko)\n2010\nAngel Beats! (Hitomi)\nDurarara!! (Ruri Hijiribe)\nHeaven's Lost Property: Forte (Tomoko)\nNight Raid 1931 (Fuu Lan)\nkami Kakushi (Kuzumi Mana)\nWorking!! (Mahiru Inami)\nThe Legend of the Legendary Heroes (Milk Kallaud)\n2011\nJewelpet Sunshine (DonaDona)\nSKET Dance (Chika, Chuutarou Oozora, Haruko, Mariko Satonaka, Yamako Hanada)\nWorking'!! (Mahiru Inami)[2]\nYuruYuri (Ayano Sugiura)\n2012\nBattle Spirits: Heroes (Kimari Tatsumi)\nChsoku Henkei Gyrozetter (Haruka)\nJewelpet KiraDeco! (DonaDona)\nSankarea: Undying Love (Natsukawa)\nYuruYuri (Ayano Sugiura)\n2013\nA Town Where You Live (Rin Eba)\nArpeggio of Blue Steel -Ars Nova- (Hyga)\nAttack on Titan (Ymir)\nDevils and Realist (Jeanne d'Arc)\nKoroshiya-san: The Hired Gun (Chichi no Kataki Onna)\nMuromi-san (Otohime)\nPocket Monsters: Best Wishes! Season 2: Episode N (Verbena)\nYozakura Quartet: Hana no Uta (Ao Nanami)\n2014\nDragon Collection (Pennetta)\nEngaged to the Unidentified (Konoha Suetsugi)\nGirl Friend Beta (Tomo Oshii)\nGundam Build Fighters Try (Shia Kijima)\nLog Horizon 2 (Lasphere)\nMagical Warfare (Hotaru Kumagai)\nSakura Trick (Mitsuki Sonoda)\nSword Art Online II (Skuld)\n2015\nAssassination Classroom (Ritsu)[3]\nAttack on Titan: Junior High (Ymir)\nDurarara!!x2 (Ruri Hijiribe)\nGo! Princess PreCure (Chieri)\nKantai Collection (Akagi)\nRampo Kitan: Game of Laplace (Minami)\nWish Upon the Pleiades (Nanako)\nWorking!! (Mahiru Inami)\nYuruYuri Nachuyachumi! + (Ayano Sugiura)\nYuruYuri San Hai! (Ayano Sugiura)\n2016\nBrave Witches (Fumika Kitagou)\nDanganronpa 3: The End of Kibgamine Gakuen (Seiko Kimura)\nHaven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto (Tanaka)\nNew Game! (Yamada)\n2017\nAttack on Titan Season 2 (Ymir)\nArmed Girl's Machiavellism (Kyoubou, Doumou and Eva Maria Rose)\nKing's Game The Animation (Aya Kuramoto)\nKirakira PreCure a la Mode (Yukari Kotozume/Cure Macaron)[4]\nNew Game!! (Yamada)\nSeiren (Yukie Takato)\n2018\nConception (Femiruna)\nCardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card (Rika Sasaki, as a replacement for Tomoko Kawakami)\nShinkansen Henkei Robo Shinkalion (Hatsune Miku)\nHugtto! PreCure (Yukari Kotozume/Cure Macaron)\n2019\nBoruto: Naruto Next Generations (Remon Yoimura)\n2021\nYashahime: Princess Half-Demon - The Second Act (Rion)[5]\n2022\nBirdie Wing: Golf Girls' Story (Ichina Saotome)[6]\nKantai Collection: Let's Meet at Sea (Akagi)[7]\nDropkick on My Devil! X (Hatsune Miku)\n2024\nMy Deer Friend Nokotan (Torako Koshi/Koshitan)[8]\nAnimated films[edit]\nJewelpet the Movie: Sweets Dance Princess (2012) (Coron, DonaDona)\nKanColle: The Movie (2016) (Akagi, Tokitsukaze)\nPretty Cure Dream Stars! (2017) (Yukari Kotozume/Cure Macaron)\nKirakira PreCure a la Mode the Movie: Crisply! The Memory of Mille-feuille! (2017) (Yukari Kotozume/Cure Macaron)\nPretty Cure Super Stars! (2018) (Yukari Kotozume/Cure Macaron)\nViolence Voyager (2019) (Yoshiko)\nOriginal video animation (OVA)[edit]\nHiyokoi (2010) (Ritsuka Nakano)\nMayo Elle Otoko no Ko (2010) (Tamazusa Shirogane)\nBaby Princess 3D Paradise 0 Love (2011) (Tsurara Amatsuka)\nAi Mai! Moe Can Change! (2012) (Ai Server, Mi Server)\nNamiuchigiwa no Muromi-san: Pangea Chou Tairiku no Muromi-san (2013) (Otohime)\nYuruYuri Nachuyachumi! (2014) (Ayano Sugiura)\nArmed Girl's Machiavellism (2017) (Kyoubou)\nYuru Yuri, (2019) (Ayano Sugiura)\nOriginal net animation (ONA)[edit]\nWish Upon the Pleiades (2011) (Nanako)\nCyclops Shjo Saipu (2013) (Rin Fujisaki)\nKoro-sensei Quest! (2016) (Ritsu)\nMiniYuri (2019) (Ayano Sugiura)\nYakitori: Soldiers of Misfortune (2023) (Hatsune Mimi)[9]\nVideo games[edit]\n2006\nTokimeki Memorial Online (Mina Yayoi/ PC online game)\n2007\nGakuen Utopia Manabi Straight! Kira KiraHappy Festa! (Momoha Odori/ PS2 game)\n2009\nAgarest Senki Zero (Alice)\nHatsune Miku: Project DIVA (Hatsune Miku)\n2010\nAgarest Senki Zero: Dawn of War (Alice)\nHatsune Miku: Project DIVA Arcade (Hatsune Miku)\nHatsune Miku: Project DIVA 2nd (Hatsune Miku)\n2011\nRune Factory Oceans (Quinn)\nNora to Toki no Kb: Kiri no Mori no Majo (Mellow)\nHatsune Miku: Project DIVA Extend (Hatsune Miku)\n2012\nTales of Innocence (QQ Selesneva)\nStreet Fighter X Tekken (Elena)\nHatsune Miku and Future Stars: Project Mirai (Hatsune Miku)\nMiku Flick (Hatsune Miku)\nMiku Flick/02 (Hatsune Miku)\nHatsune Miku: Project DIVA F (Hatsune Miku)\n2013\nSuper Robot Wars UX (Fei-Yen HD, Hatsune Miku)\nKantai Collection (8 different ships, see list)\nHatsune Miku: Project Mirai 2 (Hatsune Miku)\n2014\nUltra Street Fighter IV (Elena)\nHatsune Miku: Project DIVA F 2nd (Hatsune Miku)\n2015\nBlazBlue Chrono Phantasma Extend (Cajun Faycott)\n2016\nDigimon World: Next Order (Shiki)\nHatsune Miku: Project DIVA X (Hatsune Miku)\n2018\nGrand Chase: Dimensional Chaser (Lydia Norwood, Dark Nephilim)\n2019\nDestiny Child Global (Hatsune Miku, Snow Miku, Princess Snow Miku)\nArknights (Yato)\nLilycle Rainbow Stage!!! (Seira Hitsuji)\nVariable Barricade (Hibari Tojo)\n2020\nHatsune Miku: Project DIVA Mega Mix (Hatsune Miku)\n2021\nGate of Nightmares (Abigail)\n2022\nBlue Archive (Hatsune Miku)\nBleach: Brave Souls (Picaro, Urozakuro)\nDrama CD[edit]\nStrobe Edge (2008) (Noriko)\nThe Demon Prince of Momochi House (2014) (Himari Momochi)\nThe Demon Prince of Momochi House Part 2 (2015) (Himari Momochi)\nThe Demon Prince of Momochi House Part 3 (2015) (Himari Momochi)\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c . Nihon Tarento Meikan (in Japanese). Retrieved 15 March 2019.\n^ a b \"Working'!! TV Sequel's Comic Market Promo Streamed\". Anime News Network. 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2011-10-18.\n^ \"Assassination Classroom Anime Casts Saki Fujita, Megumi Ogata\". Anime News Network. 2015-01-29. Retrieved 2021-11-02.\n^ \"-\". Kirakira Pretty Cure a la Mode Official Website (in Japanese). Toei Animation. Retrieved 14 September 2020.\n^ \"Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon - The Second Act Anime Reveals New Trailer, More Cast, Ending Song Artists\". Anime News Network. August 5, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2022.\n^ \"Birdie Wing Golf Anime Unveils More Cast, Ending Song Artist\". Anime News Network. February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.\n^ \"KanColle Anime Season 2's Teaser Reveals Staff, 8 Episode Run in November\". Anime News Network. March 26, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022.\n^ \"Wit Studio Unveils TV Anime of My Deer Friend Nokotan Manga for July\". Anime News Network. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.\n^ Pineda, Rafael (March 24, 2023). \"Saga of Tanya the Evil Author's Yakitori: Soldiers of Misfortune Sci-fi Novels Get Anime in May 2023\". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 25, 2023.\nExternal links[edit]\nArts Vision profile\nOfficial blog\nSaki Fujita at Anime News Network's encyclopedia\nAuthority control databases: Artists\nMusicBrainz\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saki_Fujita&oldid=1226130994\"\nCategories: 1984 birthsLiving peopleVoice actresses from Tokyo MetropolisVocaloid voice providersJapanese video game actresses21st-century Japanese actressesArts Vision voice actorsHidden categories: CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataBLP articles lacking sources from February 2020All BLP articles lacking sourcesArticles containing Japanese-language textArticles with hCardsOfficial website not in WikidataArticles with MusicBrainz identifiers\nThis page was last edited on 28 May 2024, at 18:49(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saki_Fujita" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Saki Fujita - IMDb\nMenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsCannes Film FestivalAsian Pacific American Heritage MonthStar WarsSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer?Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFranais (Canada)Franais (France)Deutsch (Deutschland) ()Italiano (Italia)Portugus (Brasil)Espaol (Espaa)Espaol (Mxico)Use appBiographyTriviaFAQIMDbProAll topicsSaki Fujita(I)ActressMusic DepartmentSoundtrackIMDbProStarmeterSee rankPlay trailer1:33Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto (2016)More at IMDbProContact infoAgent infoSaki Fujita was born on 19 October 1984 in Tokyo, Japan. She is an actress, known for Attack on Titan: Junior High (2015), Attack on Titan (2013) and Attack on Titan: Crimson Bow and Arrow (2014).BornOctober 19, 1984BornOctober 19, 1984IMDbProStarmeterSee rankAdd photos, demo reelsAdd to listView contact info at IMDbProKnown forAttack on Titan: Junior High7.1TV Mini SeriesYmir(voice)2015 10 epsAttack on Titan9.1TV SeriesYmirFreckles(voice)20132019 17 epsAttack on Titan: Crimson Bow and Arrow7.6Ymir(voice)2014Attack on Titan7.1Video GameYmir(voice)2016CreditsEditActress110Music Department1Soundtrack3Archive Sound2IMDbProExpand belowActressUpcoming1My Deer Friend NokotanTorako 'Koshitan' Koshi (voice)TV Series2024Previous109SMG48.0TV SeriesHatsune Miku (voice)20241 episodePokmon Horizons: The Series7.6TV SeriesKhana (voice)20231 episodePreCure All Stars F8.4Yukari KotozumeCure Macaron (voice)2023TenPuru -No One Can Live on Loneliness-6.1TV SeriesMia's mother (voice)20232 episodesBleach: Thousand-Year Blood War9.0TV SeriesMareyo Omaeda (voice)202220232 episodesBirdie Wing: Golf Girls' Story6.9TV SeriesIchina Saotome (voice)2022202318 episodesYakitori: Soldiers of Misfortune6.5TV SeriesController AI Hatsune Mimi (voice)20231 episodeKonoSuba: An Explosion on This Wonderful World!7.0TV SeriesAxis cultistSakiberry (voice)20235 episodesKantai Collection: Kan Colle6.1TV SeriesSeiki Kuubo Akagi20231 episodeGal Guardians: Demon Purge7.7Video Game (voice)2023Arknights: Prelude to Dawn6.1TV SeriesYato (voice)20221 episodeYashahime: Princess Half-Demon7.0TV SeriesRion (voice)2021202216 episodesPokmon Evolutions7.3TV SeriesJupiter (voice)20211 episodeFairy Ranmaru: Anata no Kokoro Otasuke Shimasu6.0TV SeriesMimi (voice)20211 episodeBlue Archive6.9Video GameHatsune Miku (voice)2021See allMusic DepartmentPrevious1Working!!7.3TV Seriesvocals: opening and ending themesvocals: opening theme201514 episodesSoundtrackPrevious3Durarara!!x27.7TV Seriesperformer: \"Little World\"20151 episodeWorking!!7.3TV Seriesperformer: \"Someone Else\", \"Coolish Walk\", \"Now!!! Gamble\"20102015Durarara!!7.8TV Seriesperformer: \"Rain Tears\"20101 episodeVideos11Trailer 1:31Yozakura Quartet: Complete CollectionTrailer 1:32Okamikakushi: Masque of the Wolf: The Complete SeriesTrailer 1:12Digimon World: Next Order (VG)Trailer 1:28Digimon World: Next Order (VG)Trailer 0:54Stella Glow (VG)Trailer 1:30Stella Glow (VG)Trailer 1:43Stella Glow (VG)Trailer 1:31Yozakura QuartetTrailer 1:33Wish Upon The PleiadesTrailer 1:33Okami Kakushi: Masque Of The WolfTrailer 1:33Haven't You Heard? I'm SakamotoPersonal detailsEditHeight5 (1.52 m)BornOctober 19, 1984Tokyo, JapanDid you knowEditTriviaGraduated from university (2007).NicknamesSakinuSakkiiSaki-chanSakitafuFAQ6Powered by AlexaHow old is Saki Fujita?When was Saki Fujita born?Where was Saki Fujita born?Related newsContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentLearn more about contributingEdit pageMore to explorePhotosHollywood Power CouplesSee the galleryPhotosThe Greatest Character Actors of All TimeSee the galleryAdd demo reel with IMDbProMake your IMDb page stand out by adding a demo reelUpload your demo reelAdd demo reel with IMDbProMake your IMDb page stand out by adding a demo reelUpload your demo reelHow much have you seen?Keep track of how much of Saki Fujitas work you have seen. Go to your list.Projects In DevelopmentGet more at IMDbProList5 Movies to Watch While Gearing Up for 'Furiosa'See our picksRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb appSign in for more accessSign in for more accessFollow IMDb on socialGet the IMDb appFor Android and iOSHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoLicense IMDb DataPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top", "url": "https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2437373/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Saki Fujita (visual voices guide) - Behind The Voice Actors\nLOGIN\nUSERNAME:\nPASSWORD:\nForgot password?\nRemember Me?\nDon't have an account? Join BTVA\nMembers Who Shout This Out![X]\nConfirmed Credits[X]\nMENU\nLOGIN |\nJOIN BTVA\nAllVoice ActorsTitlesCharacters (Reprisals)Characters (Single)Voice ComparesVoice Directors\nVoice Actors\nCharacters\nTV Shows\nMovies\nVideo Games\nShorts\nAttractions\nCommercials\nTeam Ups\nVoice Compare\nVoice Directors\nFranchises\nNews\nTop Listings\nComing Soon\nOut Now\nVA Quotes\nForums\nVoice Actors\nCharacters\nTV Shows\nMovies\nVideo Games\nShorts\nAttractions\nCommercials\nTeam Ups\nVoice Compare\nVoice Directors\nFranchises\nNews\nTop Listings\nComing Soon\nOut Now\nVA Quotes\nForums\nHome\nVoice Actors\nSaki Fujita\nSaki Fujita\nDate Of Birth: Oct 19 Birth Place: Tokyo, JapanVoice Over Language: Japanese\nTrending:\n260th This Week\nSaki Fujita is a Japanese voice actor known for voicing Hatsune Miku, Ymir, and Ritsu.Take a visual walk through their career and see 105 images of the characters they've voiced and listen to 1 clip that showcases their performance.\nCREDITS\nTeam Ups\nPoll\nDiscussion\nSaki Fujita Voices\nCredits on BTVA: 105 Roles from 95 Titles\nALL SHOWS (44) MOVIES (2) GAMES (47) SHORTS (2)\nFilters:\nNew OldA ZZ AOld New- All Years -202420232022202120202019201820172016201520142013201220112010200920082007- Both -Anime *WesternSound Clips Only* Japanese Origin / DubbedALL CREDITED ROLES\nSHOWS\nMOVIES\nVIDEO GAMES\nSHORTS\nRIDES/ATTRACTIONS\nCOMMERCIALS\nThe Many Sides of Voice Actor Radio (2024 TV Show)Shuri NaruseTenPuru: No One Can Live on Loneliness (2023 TV Show)Mia's MotherPokmon Horizons: The Series (2023 TV Show)KhanaGal Guardians: Demon Purge (2023 Video Game)Shizuka NinomiyaBleach: Thousand-Year Blood War (2022 TV Show)Mareyo OmaedaBirdie Wing -Golf Girls' Story- (2022 TV Show)Ichina SaotomeGate of Nightmares (2021 Video Game)AbigailPokemon Evolutions (2021 Short)JupiterBlue Archive (2021 Video Game)Hatsune MikuYashahime: Princess Half-Demon (2020 TV Show)RionHatsune Miku: Colorful Stage (2020 Video Game)Hatsune MikuTales of Crestoria (2020 Video Game)QQ SeleznevaTouhou LostWord (2020 Video Game)Chimata TenkyuuSakuya Izayoi (The Moon And Izayoi)Sunny Milk (Scarlet)Hatsune Miku: Project Diva Mega Mix (2020 Video Game)Hatsune MikuArknights (2020 Video Game)YatoEpic Seven (2019 Video Game)MayaVariable Barricade (2019 Video Game)Hibari TojoConception (2018 TV Show)FemirunaLeoDragalia Lost (2018 Video Game)AndromedaAttack on Titan 2 (2018 Video Game)YmirAttack on Titan: Roar of Awakening (2018 Movie)YmirCardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card (2018 TV Show)Rika SasakiShinobi Master Senran Kagura: New Link (2017 Video Game)BashoAttack on Titan: Escape from Certain Death (2017 Video Game)YmirBoruto: Naruto Next Generations (2017 TV Show)Remon YoimuraSenran Kagura: Peach Beach Splash (2017 Video Game)BashoTales of the Rays (2017 Video Game)QQ SeleznevaSuper Danganronpa 2.5: Nagito Komaeda and the Destroyer of the World (2017 TV Show)Seiko KimuraKoro Sensei Quest! (2016 TV Show)RitsuDanganronpa 3: The End of Hope's Peak High School - Despair Arc (2016 TV Show)Seiko KimuraDanganronpa 3: The End of Hope's Peak High School - Future Arc (2016 TV Show)Seiko KimuraSeiko Kimura (Young)New Game! (2016 TV Show)YamadaMoon Ranger 2Gunslinger Stratos 3 (2016 Video Game)Xi 988Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto (2016 TV Show)TanakaLilycle Rainbow Stage!!! (2016 Video Game)Seira HitsujiAssassination Classroom: Assassin Training Plan (2016 Video Game)RitsuHatsune Miku: Project Diva X (2016 Video Game)Hatsune MikuAttack on Titan (2016 Video Game)YmirKonosuba: God's Blessing on this Wonderful World! (2016 TV Show)Axis Cultist (Palm Reader)Working!!!: Lord of the Takanashi (2015 TV Show)Mahiru InamiAttack on Titan: Junior High (2015 TV Show)YmirBleach: Brave Souls (2015 Video Game)PicaroUrozakuroWorking!!! (2015 TV Show)Mahiru InamiRampo Kitan: Game of Laplace (2015 TV Show)Minami\nLatest News\nIyanu Voice CastKirk Thornton is Back in Sonic X Shadow Generations ShortMultiVersus Launch TrailerZOMBIES: The Re-Animated Series Voice Cast and TrailerThe Garfield Movie Final TrailerThe King of Kings Adds More Voices\nCHECK OUT MORE NEWS\nComments\nAdd a Comment\nSHOW COMMENTS (3)\nFaved by 15 BTVA Members\nFavorite Role\nWho's your favorite Saki Fujita role?\nHatsune Miku\n42.3% (11 votes)\nYmir\n19.2% (5 votes)\nRitsu\n7.7% (2 votes)\nRika Sasaki\n7.7% (2 votes)\nSeiko Kimura\n7.7% (2 votes)\nView all results26 Total Votes\nTRENDING THIS WEEK\nTomokazu SugitaHinata SatoToshiyuki MorikawaKatsuyuki KonishiYuichi NakamuraYuuki OnoNatsuki HanaeKenjiro TsudaTakehito KoyasuJunichi SuwabeCHECK OUT MORE\nAbout\n|\nContent Guidelines\n|\nContact\n|\nForums\n|\nFAQ\n|\nTerms Of Use\n|\nPrivacy Policy\nThis is an unofficial site. All logos, images, video and audio clips pertaining to actors, characters and related indicia belong to their respective and owners.All original content 2009-2024 Inyxception Enterprises, Inc. All Rights Reserved.\nThanks for sharing!AddToAnyMore", "url": "https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Saki-Fujita/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Saki Fujita (voice of Hatsune Miku) / Hatsune Miku / VOCALOID - Otapedia | Tokyo Otaku ModeTokyo Otaku ModeShopNewsGalleryOtapediaLog InSign UpHomeOtapediaVOCALOIDHatsune MikuSaki Fujita (voice of Hatsune Miku)Saki Fujita (voice of Hatsune Miku)Sakiko Fujita (born October 19, 1984), known better as Saki Fujita, is a Japanese voice actress who hails from Tokyo. She is currently affiliated with the talent agency Arts Vision. She is best known for providing the voice sampling for Hatsune Miku, a character of the synthesis software VOCALOID. History In April 2003, Fujita joined the Japan Narration Institute. In October of the same year, she won the Special Jury Prize at the final competition of the \"VOICE ARTIST & SINGER AUDITION\" 'VS Audition 2003'\" which was sponsored by Pony Canyon. From April 2004 to July 2006, she was a second-generation reporter for \"Anime TV\" in the report \"College students who want to be a voice actor\". In 2005, Fujita auditioned for the heroine of the anime \"SPEED GRAPHER\" but ultimately lost.In September 2005, Sakiko Fujita changed her name to her stage name Saki Fujita. In 2006, she was cast as a lead character in the anime \"Tsuyokisu CoolxSweet\".After graduating from university in March 2007, she was cast as the voice of Hatsune Miku, the singing voice synthesis software VOCALOID2. On September 24, 2008, she made her debut as a singer with the single \"Crystal Quartz\". After that, she graduated from the Japan Narration Institute and officially joined Arts Vision. Saki and Hatsune Miku After becoming the voice behind the phenomenon that is Hatsune Miku in 2007, Fujita became a household name not only in her native Japan but also around the world. She has stated that she admires the character and loves her fans for producing such a varied range of music and artwork and sees her role as Hatsune Miku as being pivotal for her career's success. Fujita always provides the narration for any of Hatsune Miku's official commercials, including new game announcements, collaboration events, and concert announcements. Fujita has appeared on stage at several of Hatsune Miku's concerts for a Q-and-A session with the audience, as well as a general discussion on what Vocaloid means to her. Whenever she is not on stage, she will be roaming the grounds freely and is always willing to talk to fans directly. About Saki Fujita has several nicknames including \"Sakkii\", \"Saki-chan\", \"Saki-nee\", \"Nyahin\", \"Atsuhime\", and \"Sakinnu\". Some of her closest voice actors include Eri Kato, Kaori Fukuhara, Yui Makino, and Misato Fukutomi. On August 22, 2006, Fujita opened up her blog \"Saki Fuji's Electric Garden\" to the public. The blog's content is sorted by category which is then given a unique color. For instance, her collection of photos of the sky have a blue-ish tone for the page. She has considerable skill in Japanese calligraphy. During January 2007, she wrote her aspirations and \"kanji-of-the-day\" using her calligraphy skills. She has very good eyesight but will sometimes wear glasses, depending on the occasion. For instance, a blog post on December 20, 2008, showed her wearing the kind of glasses one would wear to a fancy-dress party instead of her regular ones. This post would prove very popular among her fans as it showed how she could change her demeanor so elegantly with just a simple change in her glasses selection. Fujita likes baseball and is a fan of the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks. Growing up, her household was heavily invested in the sport, with her mother supporting the Yomiuri Giants. Her father, however, did not have a favorite team at the time but would often watch games together with the family. Eventually, he would go on to be a Hanshin Tigers fan, and being egged on by her parents, Fujita started following the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks. She is also a big fan of the pop band GARNET CROW. Following the announcement of the band's breaking up in 2013, she appeared on a Nico Nico Douga broadcast with AKB48 member Sumire Satou to discuss the news. She is an avid gamer and is well-known to be a regular player of the \"KanColle\" game. She will often have blog posts or tweets about her progress in regular events, with overwhelming support from her fans, including providing her with tips on how to complete events. Saki and Anime She always loved anime as a child and when she was in her 3rd year of high school while seeing ONE PIECE film with her close friend, she was fascinated with how Digimon Adventures: Our Wargame looked visually and prompted rented all the videos from the TV series, watching them back-to-back. She purchased the game console \"WonderSwan\" just to play the Digimon game, and proclaimed to her friends that she wanted to go to, and be a part of, the Digimon world. Her dream was realized when, on March 17, 2016, she was cast as the leading female protagonist Shiki for the Digimon World -next 0rder- anime series. In 2017, Fujita secured the role of Yukari Kotozume in the series Kirakira Pretty Cure a la Mode after her third audition. She had previously appeared as Chieri in Go! Princess Pretty Cure. Prior to landing the roles, she was regularly found mentioning how it would make her year to be involved with the magical girl anime series, stating \"I want to be someone who leaves their mark on the Pretty Cure series!\" Her manager then helped to adjust her work schedule so that she could focus on Pretty Cure. Links Arts Vision Official ProfileOfficial BlogWikipediaAnime-TV Official BlogTOM ShopHatsune Miku FiguresHatsune Miku: Taito Uniform Ver. Non-Scale Figure (Re-run)Hatsune Miku V4 Chinese 1/8 Scale FigureHatsune Miku LuckyOrb Zip-Up HoodieHatsune Miku: 10th Anniversary Ver. 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Or add to your wish list!Sorry, there are no products.Be the first to hear about deals!Sign up for TOM Shop emails to get info about new figures, special sales, and more.By signing up, you agree to the terms of ourPrivacy Policy.About UsWhat is Tokyo Otaku Mode?TOM PremiumLetter From the FounderOur PromiseCorporate Site (Japanese) LEGALTerms of UsePrivacy PolicyPersonal Information Protection PoliciesMerchandise PolicyHelpTOM Shop FAQTOM Premium FAQTokyo Otaku Mode FAQContact UsMore InfoSite MapTOM Email ArchivesKeyword RankingWhat is a Special Creator?AdvertiseOur Business PartnersIcon and BannerOtapediaOther SiteTOM Shop AppsRecommended SiteMyAnimeListHoneys AnimeAnime Anime globalTokyo Otaku Mode (TOM)", "url": "https://otakumode.com/otapedia/vocaloid/hatsune_miku/saki_fujita" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Saki Fujita | Danganronpa Wiki | Fandom\nDanganronpa Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\n10th Anniversary\n10th Anniversary Celebration\nDanganronpa Decadence\nDanganronpa S: Ultimate Summer Camp\nGames\nGames\nDanganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc\nDanganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair\nDanganronpa 1.2 Reload\nDanganronpa Another Episode: Ultra Despair Girls\nDanganronpa V3: Killing Harmony\nDanganronpa Trilogy\nOther Games\nGame Characters\nVoice Actors\nDanganronpa 1\nDanganronpa 2\nDanganronpa Another Episode\nDanganronpa V3\nGuides\nFree Time Events\nClass Trials\nMonoMono Machine\nDRAE Collectibles\nTrophies\nAll Guides\nUniverse\nEvents\nTrials\nTalents\nObjects\nLocations\nScrapped Content\nAnime\nSeries\nDanganronpa: The Animation\nDanganronpa 3\nDR3 Animated Shorts\nDanganronpa 2.5\nAnime Characters\nVoice Actors\nDanganronpa: The Animation\nDanganronpa 3\nFranchise\nMusic\nManga\nDRTA Manga\nDR2 Manga\nDRAE Manga\nDanganronpa Gaiden: Killer Killer\nOther Manga\nNovels\nDanganronpa Kirigiri\nDanganronpa: Togami\nDanganronpa Zero\nDanganronpa IF\nMakoto Naegi Secret File\nUltra Despair Hagakure\nDanganronpa 1 2 Beautiful Days\nAll Novels\nStage Plays\nAll Stage Plays\nAll Stage Actors\nStage Actors (Danganronpa 1)\nStage Actors (Danganronpa 2)\nStage Actors (Danganronpa 3)\nOther\nMerchandise\nThemed Cafs and Events\nCollaborations and Cameos\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nDanganronpa Wiki\n1,274pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\n10th Anniversary\n10th Anniversary Celebration\nDanganronpa Decadence\nDanganronpa S: Ultimate Summer Camp\nGames\nGames\nDanganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc\nDanganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair\nDanganronpa 1.2 Reload\nDanganronpa Another Episode: Ultra Despair Girls\nDanganronpa V3: Killing Harmony\nDanganronpa Trilogy\nOther Games\nGame Characters\nVoice Actors\nDanganronpa 1\nDanganronpa 2\nDanganronpa Another Episode\nDanganronpa V3\nGuides\nFree Time Events\nClass Trials\nMonoMono Machine\nDRAE Collectibles\nTrophies\nAll Guides\nUniverse\nEvents\nTrials\nTalents\nObjects\nLocations\nScrapped Content\nAnime\nSeries\nDanganronpa: The Animation\nDanganronpa 3\nDR3 Animated Shorts\nDanganronpa 2.5\nAnime Characters\nVoice Actors\nDanganronpa: The Animation\nDanganronpa 3\nFranchise\nMusic\nManga\nDRTA Manga\nDR2 Manga\nDRAE Manga\nDanganronpa Gaiden: Killer Killer\nOther Manga\nNovels\nDanganronpa Kirigiri\nDanganronpa: Togami\nDanganronpa Zero\nDanganronpa IF\nMakoto Naegi Secret File\nUltra Despair Hagakure\nDanganronpa 1 2 Beautiful Days\nAll Novels\nStage Plays\nAll Stage Plays\nAll Stage Actors\nStage Actors (Danganronpa 1)\nStage Actors (Danganronpa 2)\nStage Actors (Danganronpa 3)\nOther\nMerchandise\nThemed Cafs and Events\nCollaborations and Cameos\nin:\nPeople, Voice Actors, Japanese Voice Actors, Japanese Voice Actors (Anime)\nSaki Fujita\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nTHIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A REAL PERSONPlease ensure any edits and additions to this page are respectful, on-topic, and constructive.Do not share any of this person's private information, or any of your personal opinions or speculation.\nSaki Fujita\nPersonal\nName\nSaki Fujita\nKanji\n \nRomaji\nFujita Saki\nGender\nFemale\nBorn\n October 19, 1984Tokyo, Japan\nProfessional\nYears Active\n2005present\nOccupations\nVoice Actress\nAffiliation\nArts Vision\nRoles\nSeiko Kimura\nSaki Fujita ( Fujita Saki) is a Japanese voice actress from Tokyo, Japan represented by Arts Vision.\nShe is best known in Japan for sampling her voice for the Crypton Future Media's Vocaloid, Hatsune Miku. Her other roles include Ymir in Attack on Titan, Ruri Hijiribe in the Durarara!! series, and Akagi in Kantai Collection.\nShe is the Japanese voice of Seiko Kimura in the Danganronpa series. In the English dub, Seiko's voice is provided by Erin Fitzgerald and Amanda Cline Miller (young Seiko).\nContents\n1 Work on Danganronpa\n2 Other Roles\n2.1 Anime\n2.2 Video Game\n2.3 Speech Synthesis\n3 External Links\n4 Navigation\nWork on Danganronpa[]\nRole\nTitle\nYear\nSeiko Kimura \nDanganronpa 3: The End of Hope's Peak High School\n2016\nDanganronpa 2.5: Nagito Komaeda and the World Vanquisher\n2017\nOther Roles[]\nSome of her credited roles include:\nAnime[]\nAttack on Titan - Ymir\nWorking!! - Mahiru Inami\nYuruYuri - Ayano Sugiura\nHappy Seven ~The TV Manga~ - Tomomi Sasaki\nSPEED GRAPHER - Kozue Kokubunji\nTokimeki Memorial Only Love - Mina Yayoi\nTsuyokiss CoolSweet - Kinu Kanisawa\nYoshinaga-san Chi no Gargoyle - Momo Katagiri, Rimu\nYozakura Quartet - Ao Nanami\nHeaven's Lost Property - Tomoko\nDurarara!! - Ruri Hijiribe\nHeaven's Lost Property: Forte - Tomoko\nNight Raid 1931 - Fuu Lan\nThe Legend of the Legendary Heroes - Milk Kallaud\nChsoku Henkei Gyrozetter - Haruka\nA Town Where You Live - Rin Eba\nArpeggio of Blue Steel -Ars Nova- - Hyga\nPocket Monsters: Best Wishes! Season 2: Episode N - Verbena\nYozakura Quartet: Hana no Uta - Ao Nanami\nEngaged to the Unidentified - Konoha Suetsugi\nGirl Friend Beta - Tomo Oshii\nGundam Build Fighters Try - Shia Kijima\nMagical Warfare - Hotaru Kumagai\nSakura Trick - Mitsuki Sonoda\nSword Art Online II - Skuld\nAssassination Classroom - Ritsu\nDurarara!!x2 - Ruri Hijiribe\nGo! Princess PreCure - Chieri\nKantai Collection - Akagi\nRampo Kitan: Game of Laplace - Minami\nWish Upon the Pleiades - Nanako\nVideo Game[]\nTokimeki Memorial Online - Mina Yayoi\nGakuen Utopia Manabi Straight! Kira KiraHappy Festa! - Momoha Odori\nKantai Collection - 8 different ships\nAgarest Senki Zero - Alice\nRune Factory Oceans - Quinn\nNora to Toki no Kb: Kiri no Mori no Majo - Mellow\nTales of Innocence - QQ Selesneva\nStreet Fighter X Tekken - Elena\nSuper Robot Wars UX - Fei-Yen HD, Hatsune Miku\nUltra Street Fighter IV - Elena\nBlazBlue Chrono Phantasma Extend - Cajun Faycott\nConception (video game) - Femiruna\nGranblue Fantasy - Anissida\nSpeech Synthesis[]\nVocaloid, Piapro Studio - Hatsune Miku (voice sampling)\nExternal Links[]\nEnglish:\nEnglish Wikipedia: Saki Fujita\nAnime News Network: Saki FUJITA (seiyuu)\nBehind the Voice Actors: Saki Fujita\nMyAnimeList: Fujita, Saki\nJapanese:\nJapanese Wikipedia: \nOfficial Agency Profile (Arts Vision): \nOfficial Website: Saki Ohana\nNavigation[]\nExpand\nveJapanese Voice Actors\nDanganronpa Debut\nMegumi Ogata Akira Ishida Chiwa Sait Hekiru Shiina Kappei Yamaguchi Katsuyuki Konishi Kazuya Nakai Kki Miyata Ksuke Toriumi Kujira Makiko moto Masaya Matsukaze Megumi Toyoguchi Miyuki Sawashiro Nobuyo yama Rikiya Koyama Takahiro Sakurai Yko Hikasa\nDanganronpa 2 Debut\nMinami Takayama Ai Kayano Ami Koshimizu Daisuke Kishio Hiroki Yasumoto Jun Fukuyama Kana Hanazawa Kotono Mitsuishi Miho Arakawa Orine Fukushima Romi Park Suzuko Mimori Takako Sasuga Tomokazu Sugita Yoshimasa Hosoya Y Kobayashi\nDanganronpa Another Episode Debut\nAya Uchida Aya Hirano Chihiro Ishiguro Kazusa Aranami Mariya Ise Megumi Han Shin'ichir Miki Sumire Uesaka Tko Aoyama\nDanganronpa 3 Debut\nFuture\nHidekatsu Shibata Inori Minase Junichi Suwabe Kanata Hong Keiji Fujiwara Kenta Miyake Mai Nakahara Rie Kugimiya Saki Fujita TARAKO Takuya Eguchi Toshiyuki Morikawa\nDespair\nAi Shimizu Eishin Fudemura Hajime Osawa Haruka Yamazaki Honoka Inoue Kaede Hondo Shinnosuke Ogami Yoshitaka Yamaya Yichi Iguchi Ysuke Shirai\nDanganronpa V3 Debut\nSayaka Kanda Aimi Tanaka Akio tsuka Haruka Ishida Hikaru Midorikawa Hiro Shimono Kenichi Suzumura Kikuko Inoue Kichi Yamadera Maaya Sakamoto Megumi Hayashibara Mikako Komatsu Minori Suzuki Ryhei Kimura Shunsuke Takeuchi Sora Tokui Tetsuya Kakihara\nCategories\nCategories:\nPeople\nVoice Actors\nJapanese Voice Actors\nJapanese Voice Actors (Anime)\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nHorror\nDanganronpa\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Danganronpa Wiki\n1\nGame Characters\n2\nNagito Komaeda\n3\nJunko Enoshima\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nDanganronpa Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://danganronpa.fandom.com/wiki/Saki_Fujita" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Voice providers/VOCALOID2 | Vocaloid Wiki | Fandom\nVocaloid Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nPopular pages\nStatus on VOCALOID\nTimeline for VOCALOID\nMost visited articles\n (Mesmerizer)\nHatsune Miku\nKasane Teto\nGUMI\nVOCALOIDs\nFlower\n (Rabbit Hole)\nRecently changed articles\nINSaNiTY\n (Mawaru Sora Usagi)\nChom-P\nBitter Amp. S\nUnhopeless utopia\n (Aitai Seijin)\nHatsune Miku/Notable songs list\nOriginal songs\n (Kokoro)\n (Melt)\n (Hitobashira Alice)\n (Cantarella)\n (Cendrillon)\n (Roshin Yuukai)\n (Saihate)\nLanguages\nAustronesian\nEast Asian\nGermanic\nIndo-European\nRomance\nSlavic\nOther\nCommunity\nTop directory\nWiki General\nAdministrators\nWiki policies\nRecent blog posts\nDiscord\nCreate articles\nProducer page guideline\nSeries page guideline\nEvent page guideline\nSong page guideline\nAlbum page guideline\nSong pages priority\nBrowse wiki\nGeneral\nDeveloper companies\nVOCALOID vocals\nVOCALOID companions\nVOCALOID illustrators\nVoice providers\nMusical events\nVOCALOID\nVOCALOID2\nVOCALOID3\nVOCALOID4\nVOCALOID5\nVOCALOID6\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nVOCALOID Synthesizer Wiki\n13,519pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nPopular pages\nStatus on VOCALOID\nTimeline for VOCALOID\nMost visited articles\n (Mesmerizer)\nHatsune Miku\nKasane Teto\nGUMI\nVOCALOIDs\nFlower\n (Rabbit Hole)\nRecently changed articles\nINSaNiTY\n (Mawaru Sora Usagi)\nChom-P\nBitter Amp. S\nUnhopeless utopia\n (Aitai Seijin)\nHatsune Miku/Notable songs list\nOriginal songs\n (Kokoro)\n (Melt)\n (Hitobashira Alice)\n (Cantarella)\n (Cendrillon)\n (Roshin Yuukai)\n (Saihate)\nLanguages\nAustronesian\nEast Asian\nGermanic\nIndo-European\nRomance\nSlavic\nOther\nCommunity\nTop directory\nWiki General\nAdministrators\nWiki policies\nRecent blog posts\nDiscord\nCreate articles\nProducer page guideline\nSeries page guideline\nEvent page guideline\nSong page guideline\nAlbum page guideline\nSong pages priority\nBrowse wiki\nGeneral\nDeveloper companies\nVOCALOID vocals\nVOCALOID companions\nVOCALOID illustrators\nVoice providers\nMusical events\nVOCALOID\nVOCALOID2\nVOCALOID3\nVOCALOID4\nVOCALOID5\nVOCALOID6\nin:\nVoice providers\nVoice providers/VOCALOID2\n< Voice providers\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nContents\n1 Sweet ANN: Jody\n1.1 Trivia\n2 Hatsune Miku: Saki Fujita\n2.1 Hatsune Miku: VOCALOID2\n2.2 Learning English: VOCALOID3\n2.3 Trivia\n2.4 External links\n3 Kagamine Rin & Len: Asami Shimoda\n3.1 External links\n4 Camui Gackpo: GACKT\n4.1 Trivia\n4.2 External links\n5 Megurine Luka: Yuu Asakawa\n5.1 External links\n6 GUMI: Megumi Nakajima\n6.1 External links\n7 SF-A2 miki: Miki Furukawa\n7.1 External links\n8 Hiyama Kiyoteru: Kiyoshi Hiyama\n8.1 Trivia\n8.2 External links\n9 BIG AL: Frank S.\n10 BIG AL (development): Michael King\n10.1 External links\n11 Lily: Yuri Masuda\n11.1 External links\n12 Ryuto: Kuniko Amemiya\n13 Nekomura Iroha: Kyounosuke Yoshitate\n13.1 External links\n14 Utatane Piko: PIKO\n14.1 Trivia\n14.2 External links\n15 References\n16 Navigation\nSweet ANN: Jody[]\nJody is the stage name of an Australian singer who is the voice provider for the VOCALOID Sweet ANN.[1]\nTrivia[]\nAn original codename for Sweet ANN was \"Jodie\".\nHatsune Miku: Saki Fujita[]\nSaki Fujita () is a professional voice actor and the voice provider for the VOCALOID Hatsune Miku.\nShe was born in 1984 in Tokyo, Japan. In 2003 she was awarded in the contest VS Audition 2003 by Pony Canyon which established her career as a voice actress. Since then, she has built her fame in the industry, providing her voice for anime and video games. She provided high quality voice samples for VOCALOID2 Hatsune Miku. She has become a veteran of Vocaloid and due to her familiarization of Vocaloid scripts, she herself stated she now reads Vocaloid script much faster than when she first did it.[2]\nThroughout her time in VOCALOID, a number of people, including other voice providers working for Crypton Future Media, commented on how professional she remained even when frustrating recording moments occur.[3]\nHatsune Miku: VOCALOID2[]\nHer soft and clear voice caught the attention of Crypton, and they adopted Saki for their first VOCALOID2 product and third VOCALOID product overall, Hatsune Miku. Crypton created an instant hit, launching the widely known VOCALOID trend. Saki Fujita provided a cute, high and clear voice for Miku's voicebank. Hatsune Miku is now widely recognized as the most famous VOCALOID having appeared in concerts worldwide. Saki once again reprised her role for the Miku append voicebanks.\nLearning English: VOCALOID3[]\nShe took on a new challenge in VOCALOID, providing English-based voice samples as Miku, for the English voicebank of Hatsune Miku. She learned English by using an English learning program called \"Engrish away!\". Due to problems with learning an American accent, she progressed slower in her voicebank than a native English speaker. Despite this, Crypton claims her accent is clearer and more understandable than Yuu Asakawa (Megurine Luka's voice provider).\nTrivia[]\nHer voice acting prowess would find herself voicing various characters for the browser game Kantai Collection.\nExternal links[]\nWikipedia (en)\nWikipedia (ja)\nIMDB\nTwitter\nOfficial blog\nKagamine Rin & Len: Asami Shimoda[]\nAsami Shimoda () is a professional voice actress and the voice provider for VOCALOIDs Kagamine Rin and Kagamine Len.\nShe was born in 1986 in Tottori, Japan. During high school, she developed her talent as a voice actress and received a scholarship for voice actress school. Her professional career broke through in 2005, when she provided her voice for Ami/Mami Futami in the popular video game series THE IDOLM@STER. This product spread her fame in the industry, causing her to be contracted by Crypton to provide the voice for a new male/female VOCALOID after Saki Fujita was hired as the voice for Hatsune Miku.\nExternal links[]\nWikipedia (en)\nWikipedia (ja)\nIMDB\nArts Vision\nOfficial blog\nTwitter (@shimoda_asami)\nInterviews:\nMiku Channel Interview: Asami Shimoda 's Interview for the 6th anniversary of Kagamine Rin/Len (English subs)\nCamui Gackpo: GACKT[]\nGakuto shiro (), also known as Gakuto Kamui (), is a professional singer and the voice provider for the VOCALOID Camui Gackpo (Gackpoid).\nHe was born in Okinawa, Japan. He is one of the Japanese leading rock music singers and has fans worldwide. Recently, he stretched his activity to the stage and usually takes on the role of a shogun or a samurai. The final design of Gackpoid is heavily influenced by many aspects of GACKT's own personality.\nHe is no stranger to overseas and foreign performances. He is capable of speaking and singing in English and Chinese. He also has been in one Hollywood film, Bunraku, as the role of Yoshi.\nOn September 7, 2021, he indefinitely suspended his musical career because of \"deterioration of neurological disorders he has battled since childhood\"; at the same time, certain vocal disorders he was grappling with, which were described by the press as \"serious\", made it \"virtually impossible\" for him to continue singing.[4][5]\nTrivia[]\nIn the year 2009, GACKT placed a contest for GACKPOID users to 'challenge' their capabilities. Later, the winning song, \"Episode.0\" by mathru/KanimisoP, and the runner-up song, \"Paranoid Doll\" by NatsuP, were added into GACKT's 39th album, \"Episode.0\", featuring GACKT's vocals.\nExternal links[]\nWikipedia (en)\nWikipedia (ja)\nIMDB\nOfficial website\nMySpace\nTwitter (@GACKT)\nMegurine Luka: Yuu Asakawa[]\nYuu Asakawa () is a professional voice actress and the voice provider for the VOCALOID Megurine Luka.\nShe was born in 1975 in Tokyo, Japan. The Luka project started in early 2007, preceding the Hatsune Miku and Kagamine Rin/Len projects. Crypton had the idea of releasing Luka as their first VOCALOID2 product, but Yuu's and Crypton's schedules did not match well. Therefore, Luka was distributed as the third Crypton VOCALOID following Miku and Rin/Len.\nYuu can speak competent English, which is the reason why Crypton hired her for Luka. She does not consider herself bilingual and openly admits that she has problems with English at times. Her belief in regards to English is that she feels it is best to learn better English then it is to learn to precisely speak English. This was reflected in her methods of teaching when she was brought in to aid with producing other English vocals such as Hatsune Miku V4 English.[6]\nExternal links[]\nWikipedia (en)\nWikipedia (ja)\nIMBD\nArts Vision\nOfficial blog\nTwitter (@Julia320)\nReports:\nMiku Channel Report: Yuu Asakawa's Report for the Magical Mirai Concert 2013 (Channel 39)\nGUMI: Megumi Nakajima[]\nMegumi Nakajima () is a Japanese professional voice actress and singer. She is the voice provider for the VOCALOID GUMI (Megpoid). She is managed by the talent agency Stay Luck and the record label Flying Dog (a sublabel of JVCKenwood Victor Entertainment, also known as JVC Entertainment), which also distributes the Blu-ray and DVD releases of Magical Mirai's productions; she used to be managed by E-stone Music (another JVC Entertainment sublabel).\nShe was born on June 9, 1989 in Ibaraki, Japan. In 2007, she was chosen out of 5,000 applicants for the voice actress role of Ranka Lee (), the heroine of the TV anime Macross Frontier. She started her musical career in 2008, with Macross Frontier's notable song, Seikan Hikou (, Interstellar Flight), entering the charts at number 5 that year. She is also known for her roles as Lyra and Meloetta in Pokmon the Series as well as Aino Megumi (Cure Lovely) in Happiness Charge Pretty Cure!.\nExternal links[]\nWikipedia (en)\nWikipedia (ja)\nIMBD\nOriginal official website (dead link; last known archive, July 11, 2014)\nOfficial blog (dead link; last known archive, July 1, 2014)\nSecond official website (dead link; last known archive, March 31, 2022)\nProfile at Stay Luck\nTwitter (@mamegu_staff)\nYouTube\nSF-A2 miki: Miki Furukawa[]\nMiki Furukawa ( / ) is a professional singer-songwriter and the voice provider for the VOCALOID SF-A2 miki.\nShe was born in Aomori, Japan. She started her career as the vocalist and bass guitarist in the rock unit SUPERCAR. The unit disbanded back in 2006 and she has been in solo career since then.\nExternal links[]\nWikipedia (en)\nWikipedia (ja)\nOfficial website\nOfficial blog\nTwitter (@furukawamiki)\nSony Music\nHiyama Kiyoteru: Kiyoshi Hiyama[]\nKiyoshi Hiyama () is a professional singer and the voice provider for the VOCALOID Hiyama Kiyoteru.\nKiyoteru's voice provider was initially undisclosed. YAMAHA gave a vague hint that the vocal was from \"a talented professional singer who has been joining the development of VOCALOID.\" Fans speculated that Kiyoshi was the voice provider during this time. It wasn't until August 12, 2010 that Kiyoshi disclosed in a NicoNico live broadcast that he was the voice behind Kiyoteru.\nHe is a backing vocalist who has worked with artists such as Anri, Ayumi Hamasaki, Meiko Nakahara, and Joe Hisaishi. He has also participated in the chorus of soundtracks of anime such as City Hunter, Seraphim Call, Ojamajo Doremi, and Saber Marionette J.\nHis most detectable participations are in the ending of the Christmas OVA Christmas in January, on the TV show Hirake! Ponkikki, and in the opening of the anime Soredemo Machi wa Mawatteiru.\nTrivia[]\nHe made one of VY1v3's demo songs.\nExternal links[]\nOfficial website\nOfficial blog\nTwitter (@voixnon)\nBIG AL: Frank S.[]\nFrank S. was a former employee of PowerFX Systems AB. and the voice provider of the VOCALOID BIG AL.\nFrank became the provider after Michael King was unable to help complete the original voice files for the voicebank. He is a native American-English speaker who was born in Sydney, Australia.\nThe identity of the voice provider was revealed during an interview about VOCALOID. However, the Wikia is not allowed to provide further information.\nBIG AL (development): Michael King[]\nMichael King is a professional Elvis impersonator and was originally intended to be the voice provider for BIG AL.\nWhen PowerFX Systems AB. felt that the provided recordings did not meet their satisfactions, they attempted to do another recording session with Michael. However, they found he was on tour and was unable to return to provide more recorded samples. He was replaced with Frank S., however, demos of his voice for beta BIG AL are still available online.\nExternal links[]\nYouTube\n\"Beta\" BIG AL Samples:\nPowerFX\nI Feel Good\nSweet Ann and Old Big-AL duet\nMiriam and Old Big-AL duet\nLily: Yuri Masuda[]\nYuri Masuda () is a professional singer and the voice provider for the VOCALOID Lily.\nShe was born in 1977 in Kumamoto. Her artist name is Yuri () and she is a vocalist of the unit m.o.v.e. This band is famous for the opening and closing songs of the anime Initial D.\nExternal links[]\nWikipedia\nJ!-ENT Celebrity File\nOfficial website\nRyuto: Kuniko Amemiya[]\nKuniko Amemiya () is a professional voice actress and the voice of VOCALOID Ryuto (Gachapoid).\nShe is known as the voice actor for Gachapin, the baby dinosaur from Hirake! Ponkiki and the inspiration for Ryuto.\nNekomura Iroha: Kyounosuke Yoshitate[]\nKyounosuke Yoshitate () is an utaite and freelance singer. He is the voice provider for the VOCALOID Nekomura Iroha.\nInitially, Kyounosuke was not revealed to be the voice provider during Iroha's VOCALOID2 release. However, directly after Nekomura Iroha V4 was made available for purchase, AH-Software Co. Ltd. revealed on Twitter that he provided her voice.[7]\nHe is a member of Bangetu Tei, along with Ayabe Fuyu.[8]\nExternal links[]\nUtaite Wiki\nOfficial blog\nTwitter (@tokyounosuke)\nInstagram\nFacebook\nNiconico\nYouTube\nUtatane Piko: PIKO[]\nPIKO () is a singer and the voice provider for the VOCALOID Utatane Piko.\nHe was born in Kobe, Hygo Prefecture, Japan. His earliest known involvement with music was when he was a high school student. Back then, he was an amateur vocalist and with his mother's advice, he posted a VOCALOID fandub song on Niconico that received fame. In September 2009, he made his debut as an independent singer and this led to his contract with Ki/oon Music Inc., a subsidiary company of Sony Music Entertainment Inc. in March, 2010. His artist name, PIKO, is the namesake of a pet dog he had.\nIn August 2019, he made an announcement on his Twitter that he had \"end-stage renal failure\" and was hospitalized since June. Future treatments would include surgeries and medications and he states that he will continue to keep his fans updated.[9][10][11]\nTrivia[]\nIn Japan, he is known as Ryouseirui, an artificial word from the word of the same pronunciation (amphibian) and meaning \"both-vocals-species\". This is because he has the ability of producing both masculine and feminine vocal tones.\nHis logo is , where the katakana (Piko) are included. His logo is similar to Sekihan's.\nPIKO often uses a hand-drawn mouse named Pikochu with the following face as his trademark image . This mouse can be seen as a representation of PIKO in several of his Niconico song covers. He has many plush toys, puppets, and oversized pillows in the likeness of his trademark mascot.\nThe official English romanization is \"PIKO\" as stated in an entry in his blog.[12]\nIn a Namahousou on December 18, 2010, he said his favourite anime character is K-ON!'s Hirasawa Yui.\nHe is often known for singing with Sekihan and various other Nico Nico singers.\nSekihan and PIKO occasionally add comedy into their covers.\nPIKO has 7 major singles: Story, Wasurenagusa, Sakurane, Yumehana, Emiiro Refrain and Make My Day, and Gennoha.\nHe has released three albums so far as an signed artist (Infinity (Sep 9, 2009), 1PIKO (May 11, 2011) and 2PIKO (May 30, 2012). He has also released cover albums and compilation albums as an utaite.\nPIKO is also a VOCALOID producer. As a VOCALOID producer, he goes by the name Chuutoro-P (P) and has composed songs since December 21, 2012. His only works so far are \"Seiya Bokumetsu Chouzetsu Suishou Dan\" sung by GUMI and Hatsune Miku and \"Uta Catastrophe\" sung by Miku.\nExternal links[]\nWikipedia\nUtaite Wiki\nOfficial website\nOfficial blog\nTwitter (@piko_niconico)\nNicovideo\nYouTube\nOnline Shop\nReferences[]\n Interview: Bil Bryant (Production and CEO of PowerFX)\n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eD9H34jvh0c\n https://ameblo.jp/tacit/entry-12201321113.html\n Nikkan Sports (in Japanese)\n Tomohiro Osaki on Twitter (partial English translation of the above)\n https://ameblo.jp/tacit/entry-12201321113.html\n https://twitter.com/ahsoft/status/611369842151571456\n Bangetu Tei Website\n https://twitter.com/piko_niconico/status/1161976316775694337\n https://twitter.com/poppochan28/status/1162069602878152704 Translated announcement\n https://twitter.com/Anime/status/1162084053639684098 ANN\n http://ameblo.jp/piko-blo/entry-10740577576.html\nNavigation[]\nCollapseveProject:DirectoryVOCALOID franchise\nYAMAHA Corporation \nCompanies\n VOCALOID \nVOCALOID development\n Licenses\n Legal Implications\n Status on VOCALOID\n Voice providers \nV1 ,\nV2 ,\nV3 ,\nV4 ,\nV5 ,\nV6 ,\nVX-\n VOCALOID vocals\n Voicebanks\n Derivatives\n Companions\n Timeline\n Musical events\n Unofficial musical events\nFranchise contributors\nOfficial VOCALOID illustrators \nV1 ,\nV2 ,\nV3 ,\nV4 ,\nV6 ,\nVX-\n Unofficial VOCALOID illustrators \nderivative ,\ncontestant ,\ncommissioned\n Producer\n Composer\n Musician\n Lyricist\n Vocalist\n Illustrator\n Engineer\n Developer\nWiki directories\nProject:Directory\n Music directory\n Merchandise directory\n Technology directory\n Synthesizers directory\n Tutorial directory\n Websites directory\n Glossary\nRelated topics\nVOCALOID in other media ( Animation \nGeneral formats\n Video games\n Literature\n Miscellaneous )\n Internet Memes\n Legend of VOCALOID\n Vocaloid Fanmade Promotion Video\n FAQ/VOCALOID relationships\n FAQ/Voice providers\nControversy Concerns ( Social criticisms Legality\n Illegal modifications\n Vocal issues\n Character issues\n Expectations\n MikuMikuDance )\nVocaloid Wiki\nCategories\nCategories:\nVoice providers\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Vocaloid Wiki\n1\n (Mesmerizer)\n2\nHatsune Miku\n3\nKasane Teto\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nVocaloid Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://vocaloid.fandom.com/wiki/Voice_providers/VOCALOID2" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "John Tenta - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1Early life\n2Sumo career\nToggle Sumo career subsection\n2.1Sumo career record\n3Professional wrestling career\nToggle Professional wrestling career subsection\n3.1All Japan Pro Wrestling (19871989)\n3.2World Wrestling Federation (1989-1993, 1994)\n3.2.1Various feuds (19891991)\n3.2.2Natural Disasters (19911993)\n3.2.3Singles run and departure (1994)\n3.3World Championship Wrestling (1994-1997, 1999)\n3.3.1Various alliances (19941996)\n3.3.2Singles competition (19961997, 1999)\n3.4Return to WWF (19981999; 2001)\n3.5Independent circuit (19992002)\n3.6All Japan Pro Wrestling (20022003)\n4Illness and death\n5Other media\n6Championships and accomplishments\n7See also\n8Notes\n9External links\nToggle the table of contents\nJohn Tenta\n13 languages\nDanskDeutschEspaolFranaisHausaItalianoNederlandsPortugusSimple English\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nCanadian professional wrestler (19632006)\n\"The Earthquake\" redirects here. For other uses, see Earthquake (disambiguation).\nJohn TentaTenta in a WWF promotional image as EarthquakeBirth nameJohn Anthony Tenta Jr.Born(1963-06-22)June 22, 1963[1]Surrey, British Columbia, CanadaDiedJune 7, 2006(2006-06-07) (aged42)[1]Sanford, Florida, United StatesCause of deathBladder cancerProfessional wrestling careerRing name(s)Avalanche[2]The Canadian Earthquake[2] Earthquake Evans[3]The Gargoyle[4]Golga[1]John Tenta[1]Kototenta[1] (sumo)Kototenzan[1] (sumo)The Shark[2]Billed height6ft 7in (201cm)[2]Billed weight468lb (212kg)[2]Billed fromVancouver, British Columbia (as Earthquake)[2] Mount Everett, Washington (as Avalanche) Great Barrier Reef (as Shark)Trained byGiant Baba[1]Jumbo Tsuruta[1]Great Kabuki[1]Terry Gordy[1]Debut1987[1]Retired2004\nKototenzan Toshimitsu Tenta as Kototenzan in 1986Personal informationHeight1.97m (6ft 5+12in)Weight192kg (423lb; 30.2st)CareerStableSadogatakeRecord21-0-7DebutNovember 1985Highest rankMakushita 43 (July 1986)RetiredJuly 1986Championships1 (Sandanme)1 (Jonidan)1 (Jonokuchi)* Up to date as of May 2013.\nJohn Anthony Tenta Jr. (June 22, 1963 June 7, 2006)[1] was a Canadian professional wrestler and sumo wrestler (rikishi) best known for his work in the World Wrestling Federation as Earthquake, though initially known as Canadian Earthquake.\nAfter a promising start to his sumo career, using the name Kototenzan, Tenta switched to professional wrestling and became a high-profile star for the WWF, feuding with Hulk Hogan and winning the WWF Tag Team Championship as a member of The Natural Disasters with partner and personal friend, Typhoon.\nHis professional wrestling career also encompassed runs in World Championship Wrestling, where he was known as Avalanche and The Shark, All Japan Pro Wrestling and a return to WWF as Golga. Tenta died in 2006 after a long battle with bladder cancer.\nEarly life[edit]\nJohn Tenta was born in Surrey, British Columbia. Named after his father, he was a large baby weighing 11 pounds, 3 ounces at birth.[5] Inspired by professional wrestlers Gene Kiniski and Don Leo Jonathan, Tenta decided to pursue wrestling at age 6. He learned freestyle wrestling at North Surrey Secondary, becoming a Canadian junior champion in 1981. Shortly after his 18th birthday, he finished sixth in the super-heavyweight category at the World Junior Wrestling Championships in Vancouver. Tenta won an athletic scholarship to Louisiana State University (LSU), where he competed in NCAA-level collegiate wrestling.[6] At LSU he was nicknamed \"Big John\" Tenta, lettering on the Tiger varsity wrestling team and participating on the football team. LSU dropped varsity wrestling to comply with Title IX in 1985, forcing Tenta to choose a new sport. Tenta subsequently walked on to the LSU football team, where he participated as a defensive tackle in a few junior varsity contests. While working as a bouncer at The Bengal, a LSU student club, he was also referred to as a \"silent giant.\" Tenta also played rugby union for the LSU Rugby Club.\nSumo career[edit]\nTenta then moved to Japan to pursue a career in sumo after being recruited by a former yokozuna who met Tenta on a trip to Vancouver.[5] In October 1985, he joined a sumo stable, Sadogatake, run by former yokozuna Kotozakura Masakatsu (his stable also produced zeki Kotosh Katsunori from Bulgaria). Following tradition, the young sumtori took the shikona name of Kototenta Toshikatsu ( , Koto + Tenta), surname translated as Tenta the Harp.[7]\nBeginning the sport at age 22, he entered nearly seven years later than many non-college aspirants. The combination of his sizehe already weighed 423lb (192kg) at a height of 6'5.75\" (197cm)[8]and training as a wrestler were to his advantage in learning and advancing in the sport. The novice won all of his 24 bouts in his eight-month active career,[9] and was later renamed Kototenzan Toshimitsu ( ), surname meaning Heavenly Mountain Harp. The novelty of being a rare Westerner rikishi in the mid-1980s, and the third-ever white man, garnered him press coverage, and he earned the additional nickname of the \"Canadian Comet\".[10]\nDespite doing well as a newcomer he soon quit the sport due to the difficulty of the sumo lifestyle and the toll the hard ring surface was taking on his body.[11] Tenta commented, \"Nothing I have ever done not football, not college wrestling compares with the kind of physical abuse you inflict on your body in sumo.\"[12] In addition, the sumo world frowned on the large tattoo of a tiger on his left biceps and, though he covered it during matches, would have required him to remove it via skin graft before moving up to the higher-level competitions. In Japan, tattoos are associated with gangsters, and public display is widely prohibited.[13] Tenta's decision to quit was criticized by his stablemaster, while the head of the Japan Sumo Association Kasugano (the former yokozuna Tochinishiki), said Tenta had become arrogant after his run of consecutive victories. \"He thought it would be easy. But there is no job in this world that is harder. It is better for him to leave.\"[12] He was, and remains, the rikishi with the most wins without a single loss.[citation needed]\nSumo career record[edit]\nKototenzan Toshimitsu[14]\nYear\nJanuaryHatsu basho, Tokyo\nMarchHaru basho, Osaka\nMayNatsu basho, Tokyo\nJulyNagoya basho, Nagoya\nSeptemberAki basho, Tokyo\nNovemberKysh basho, Fukuoka\n1985\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\n(Maezumo)\n1986\nWest Jonokuchi #4070Champion\nEast Jonidan #5470PChampion\nWest Sandanme #5370Champion\nEast Makushita #43Retired007\nx\nx\nRecord given as winslossesabsenciesTop division championTop division runner-upRetiredLower divisionsNon-participation\nSansh key: F=Fighting spirit; O=Outstanding performance; T=TechniqueAlso shown: =Kinboshi; P=Playoff(s)\nDivisions: Makuuchi Jry Makushita Sandanme Jonidan Jonokuchi\nMakuuchi ranks:Yokozuna zeki Sekiwake Komusubi Maegashira\nProfessional wrestling career[edit]\nAll Japan Pro Wrestling (19871989)[edit]\nJohn Tenta (right) in All-Japan Pro WrestlingAfter leaving sumo, he quickly signed up for puroresu (Japanese pro wrestling) under the tutelage of Shohei \"Giant\" Baba.[13] He made his professional wrestling debut with All Japan Pro Wrestling on May 1, 1987, teaming with Giant Baba and defeating Rusher Kimura and Goro Tsurumi.[5] Tenta had a solid 18-month career, teaming with Baba, Jumbo Tsuruta, and The Great Kabuki, before getting the attention of American pro-wrestling promoters, as well as making tours in Vancouver for Al Tomko's NWA All Star Wrestling where he first competed as a babyface, but later turned heel when he began being managed by \"Gentleman\" Jonathan Sayers. Tenta left AJPW in September 1989.\nWorld Wrestling Federation (1989-1993, 1994)[edit]\nVarious feuds (19891991)[edit]\nAfter making two dark-match appearances under his real name in March 1989,[15] Tenta joined the WWF full-time in September 1989. In his first match after signing on, a dark match on September 21, 1989, he portrayed a lumberjack character named Earthquake Evans that was billed as being from the \"Northern Yukon Territory\" who was managed by Slick, and defeated Paul Roma.[3] Tenta then made his WWF television debut on the November 11, 1989, edition of WWF Superstars of Wrestling, where he was planted in the audience as a normal spectator at the taping held in Wheeling, West Virginia. During an in-ring interview with Gene Okerlund, Dino Bravo challenged The Ultimate Warrior to a strength competition. In order to demonstrate, Bravo and manager Jimmy Hart suggested that they pick a random audience member to come into the ring and sit on the backs of Bravo and the Ultimate Warrior as they did push-ups to see who could do the most. The Ultimate Warrior agreed, and Hart, after pretending to look around the audience, centered his attention on the very large Tenta who was sitting in the audience in casual clothing and appearing surprised. Tenta came down into the ring, identified himself as \"John from West Virginia\" and proceeded to sit on Bravo's back as he did a set of push-ups. During the Ultimate Warrior's set, however, Tenta leapt down onto the prone Ultimate Warrior using a seated senton that was adapted to be his signature move. Bravo and Tenta then beat and unleashed multiple big splashes on the prone Warrior. Both then celebrated as Tenta was inaugurated into the WWF as a heel with Hart as his manager.[16] Tenta was pushed as The Canadian Earthquake and by WrestleMania VI, simply Earthquake an unstoppable monster heel who often sent his opponents out on a stretcher after repeatedly hitting them with his sitdown splash.\nEarthquake's first PPV appearance was when he replaced Barry Windham on Randy Savage's team at the 1989 Survivor Series. Earthquake eliminated Hercules and survived the match, along with Savage and Dino Bravo.[17] He made his WrestleMania debut at WrestleMania VI, defeating Hercules.[18] Tenta's career peaked when he entered a feud with Hulk Hogan. The feud exploded in May 1990, when Earthquake snuck up on Hogan from behind during a segment of The Brother Love Show (on WWF Superstars of Wrestling) and repeatedly crushed Hogan's ribs with his \"Earthquake splash.\" It was reported that Earthquake had injured Hogan so severely that he may have to give up wrestling, Tugboat Thomas urged a letter writing campaign to fans to write to support Hogan while he recovered. Eventually, Hogan recovered and gained revenge on Earthquake and defeated him in a series of matches across the country, starting with Hogan's countout victory at SummerSlam 1990.[19] Hogan and Earthquake were the final two participants in the 1991 Royal Rumble, with Hogan getting the victory.[20] After his stint with Hogan, Earthquake attained another WrestleMania victory, defeating former Hart stable mate Greg Valentine at WrestleMania VII.[21] On April 1, 1991, WWF held a joint show in Kobe with Japanese promotion Super World of Sports called SWS Wrestle Dream. Earthquake appeared to face Kji Kitao, in a battle of two former sumo wrestlers. Kitao and Tenta broke kayfabe by being uncooperative with each other. Kitao didn't sell Earthquake's attacks and shot on him. The match ended when Kitao was disqualified for kicking the referee. After the match, Kitao immediately grabbed a microphone and began telling the audience that wrestling is fake and that Tenta never could really beat him, as other Japanese wrestlers attempted to restrain him. The incident led to Kitao being fired from SWS.[22][23]\nAfter WrestleMania VII, Earthquake instigated a feud with Jake \"the Snake\" Roberts, when in their match that aired on WWF Superstars of Wrestling, he \"squashed\" Damien with his Earthquake splashes; Earthquake had tied up Roberts in the ropes before going on his rampage. In reality, Roberts' bag one of two left at ringside for the match contained pantyhose stuffed with hamburger, and a small motor to simulate a \"live snake.\" When the match aired on WWF Superstars of Wrestling, footage of Earthquake landing on Damien was interrupted with cutaway shots to that show's \"Events Center,\" although the incident aired uninterrupted and uncensored during WWF Prime Time Wrestling the following week. Later, Earthquake participated in a skit on WWF Prime Time Wrestling where he cooked \"Quakeburgers\" on a grill and served them to co-hosts Vince McMahon, Bobby The Brain Heenan, and Lord Alfred Hayes; later, Earthquake revealed that the meat was ground from Damien's carcass. Heenan had already eaten three or four of the Burgers and Hayes was curious about the meat. Earthquake mentioned the animal from which the meat was taken rhymed with quake and Hayes said they were snake burgers. Hayes got sick and nearly threw up. Vince was angry over this and knocked the tray out of Earthquake's hands which knocked all the burgers onto the floor. Roberts and Earthquake feuded throughout most of late-spring and into the summer.\nNatural Disasters (19911993)[edit]\nMain article: The Natural Disasters\nLater in 1991, Earthquake formed a tag team with Typhoon (Tenta's friend, Fred Ottman, who had previously wrestled as Tugboat before turning heel) called The Natural Disasters, managed by Jimmy Hart. Initially a heel tag team, the duo feuded with the Legion of Doom over the WWF World Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. Later, the Disasters turned face when Jimmy Hart betrayed them and joined forces with Money Inc., a team composed of Irwin R. Schyster and Ted DiBiase; Money Inc. had just won the tag titles from the Legion of Doom, and at WrestleMania VIII, they defeated Money Inc. by count-out but did not win the titles. Although Earthquake and Typhoon eventually won the tag titles (and defeated the Beverly Brothers at the 1992 SummerSlam pay-per-view to retain the titles), it wasn't long before Money Inc. regained the belts. Tenta left the WWF in January 1993 after losing via count-out to Bam Bam Bigelow the night after the Royal Rumble for a spell in Japan for WAR. He also had a brief stint in CMLL in late 1993.\nSingles run and departure (1994)[edit]\nHe returned to the WWF in January 1994 when he assisted Bret Hart in a match with Shawn Michaels by countering Diesel's interference. He defeated Adam Bomb in a quick squash match at WrestleMania X.[24] He then engaged in a short feud with Yokozuna, with whom he had a sumo match on Raw (the early days of Tenta's Sumo training were also revealed). Tenta won the sumo match. Earthquake was scheduled to face Owen Hart in a King of the Ring qualifying match. However, during a May 14, 1994 house show in San Jose, California, Earthquake had been injured by Yokozuna and Crush. Footage of Yokozuna hitting a Banzai Drop at the show was televised before the qualifying match to explain his absence in which Doink the Clown was his replacement. He again disappeared from WWF thereafter and returned to Japan for WAR.[25]\nWorld Championship Wrestling (1994-1997, 1999)[edit]\nVarious alliances (19941996)[edit]\nMain articles: Three Faces of Fear and Dungeon of Doom\nPersonal financial difficulties led Tenta to contact World Championship Wrestling. Hulk Hogan, a longtime friend, lobbied to have Tenta come in, and so Tenta left the WWF to join WCW. Before joining WCW, Tenta worked a tour of Japan for UWF International, where he teamed up with Super Vader. Tenta was introduced as Avalanche and was a member of Kevin Sullivan's The Three Faces of Fear, billed at 517lbs. He later aligned with Big Bubba Rogers and feuded with Sting and Randy Savage. At Clash of the Champions XXIX, Avalanche, The Butcher and Kevin Sullivan lost to Hulk Hogan, Sting and Dave Sullivan in a Six-Man Tag Team match with Mr. T as the special referee. At Starrcade, Avalanche lost to Sting by disqualification. At SuperBrawl V, Avalanche and Big Bubba Rogers lost to Sting and Randy Savage when Sting pinned Avalanche. At Uncensored, Avalanche lost to Randy Savage by disqualification. At Clash of the Champions XXX, Avalanche lost to Sting with The Guardian Angel as the special guest referee. The Avalanche name was dropped after WWF threatened legal action over similarities to the Earthquake character. Tenta returned under the ring name The Shark and joined the Dungeon of Doom faction. He believed this could be the beginning of a long term gimmick and even changed the tattoo on his arm of an LSU Tiger to that of a shark, a process that took 24 hours.[26] Rumors were that WCW management forced him to do that, but in reality, it was Tenta himself that brought the idea up. At Fall Brawl (1995), Tenta teamed with other members of The Dungeon of Doom (Kamala, The Zodiac and Meng with The Taskmaster) to face The Hulkamaniacs (Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, Lex Luger and Sting) in a WarGames match where they lost. On the October 9, 1995, edition of WCW Monday Nitro, Shark lost to Sting in a match for the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship. on the November 20 episode of Nitro, Shark lost to Scott Norton. Shark competed in the WCW World War 3 (60 Man Battle Royal in Three Rings) for the vacant WCW World Heavyweight Championship which was won by Randy Savage.\nSingles competition (19961997, 1999)[edit]\nHe eventually left the Dungeon of Doom and wrestled under his real name after delivering a promo about the many other names and gimmicks he'd been forced into in the past, including the line \"I'm not the Shark. I'm not a fish. I'm not an Avalanche. I'm a man\".[5][27] On the May 27 episode of Nitro, Shark lost to The Giant in a match for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. On the June 3 episode of Nitro, Tenta defeated Big Bubba by count-out. At the 1996 Great American Bash, he defeated Big Bubba Rogers; after the match Tenta cut Rogers' goatee off with a pair of scissors. On the June 17 episode of Nitro, Tenta defeated Big Bubba. On the July 1, 1996 edition of Nitro, Tenta got another shot at the WCW World Heavyweight Championship against The Giant but failed to win the title. At Bash at the Beach 1996, Tenta defeated Big Bubba in a Carson City Silver Dollar match. During this time, Tenta began using \"One Crazed Anarchist\" as his entrance theme, which would later be adopted by Chris Jericho.\nFollowing a match with the Dungeon of Doom's Giant, Big Bubba Rogers, who had just joined the Dungeon, shaved half of Tenta's head. Tenta said he wouldn't shave off the other half because he looked in the mirror and relived the embarrassment. He would go out to get the mail and his neighbors would laugh. The two went on to feud against one another, with Rogers shaving off Tenta's beard as well after Tenta lost another match to The Giant. On the September 9 episode of Nitro, Tenta defeated Randy Savage by count-out. On the March 3, 1997, edition of Nitro, Tenta joined Roddy Piper as a member of his \"family.\" The angle was quickly dropped and Piper instead joined forces with the Four Horsemen, dropping the members of his \"family.\" Tenta left WCW in early 1997.\nIn 1999, Tenta returned to WCW for one night wrestling under his real name when he defeated Lash LeRoux on Monday Nitro in a dark match.\nReturn to WWF (19981999; 2001)[edit]\nMain article: The Oddities\nJohn Tenta in 2003. By the late 90s, Tenta notably lost weight and became leaner. This was why the Golga gimmick was given to him.\nAfter his feud with Rogers, Tenta left WCW and resurfaced in the WWF on the May 25, 1998, episode of Raw is War under the name Golga. He wrestled under a mask as one of the Oddities and the character had a fascination with Eric Cartman from the TV series South Park. The gimmick was given to Tenta because he lost a considerable amount of weight, so much so that the WWF thought it wouldn't be believable for Tenta to reprise the Earthquake gimmick with the weight loss.\nOn the July 28 edition of Raw is War, he defeated Marc Mero. At SummerSlam, The Oddities defeated Kaientai (Taka Michinoku, Dick Togo, Mens Teioh and Sho Funaki) in a Handicap match. On the September 5 edition of Raw Saturday Night Raw, The Oddities defeated the L.O.D and Droz in a six-man tag team match. On the September 12 edition of Raw Saturday Night, The Oddities faced The Disciples of Apocalypse which ended in a No Contest when the top ring rope fell off. On the October 4 edition of Heat, The Oddities defeated The Headbangers. On the October 17 edition of Shotgun Saturday Night, Golga and Kurrgan defeated Too Much. On the October 18 edition of Heat, The Oddities defeated Los Boricuas (Jose Estrada, Miguel Prez, Jr. and Jesus Castillo). On the October 25 edition of Heat, Golga lost to Jeff Jarrett. On the October 26 edition of Raw is War, The Oddities and Insane Clown Posse lost to Kaientai in an 8-man tag team match by DQ when ICP shoved the referee. On November 16 edition of Raw, The Oddities lost to D-Generation X (New Age Outlaws and X-Pac). On the November 23 edition of Raw is War, The Oddities were defeated by The Headbangers when the Insane Clown Posse turned on them. At Rock Bottom: In Your House, which took place in Tenta's hometown of Vancouver. The Oddities (Golga and Kurrgan) lost to The Headbangers.\nOn the January 10, 1999 edition of Heat The Oddities (Golga and Kurrgan) got their revenge and defeated The Headbangers. Throughout the rest of January and February, The Oddities would lose to Too Much and The Disciples of Apocalypse on Heat and Shotgun Saturday Night. At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Golga competed in the Royal Rumble match entering at number 3 and quickly eliminated by Steve Austin. The last appearance of The Oddities was on the February 28, 1999 edition of Heat after the Ministry of Darkness beat them down when Kurrgan lost to The Undertaker, with all Oddities members being released.\nTenta did, however, return to the WWF with the Earthquake gimmick for a pair of appearances in 2001. In April he competed in the 20 Man Gimmick Battle Royal match at WrestleMania X-Seven eliminated by Kamala and won by The Iron Sheik, while in December he defeated Tank Meloche in a dark match prior to a taping of SmackDown!.\nIndependent circuit (19992002)[edit]\nAfter leaving WWF, Tenta wrestled on the independent circuit, also working in England and Canada.\nAll Japan Pro Wrestling (20022003)[edit]\nHe returned to All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) in November 2002 where he finished up his career in July 2003, being a part of the company's Pro Wrestling Love era. At this time, Tenta (dressed in his Earthquake singlet) became a top gaijin during the transition period of owner Mrs. Baba selling the company to Keiji Muto. Tenta rose up the card after \"Dr. Death\" Steve Williams left the company in January 2003, also the month Mrs. Baba permanently left and the new ownership fully in effect. Throughout 2003, Tenta had storyline feuds and matches against Keiji Muto and Mike Awesome, and Tenta would frequently team with Gigantes (Jerry Tuite), who went to All Japan after his independent circuit run as Malice ended.[28] Tenta would also wrestle in hardcore matches during his second run in AJPW.\nIllness and death[edit]\nTenta retired from wrestling in 2004 after it was revealed that he had developed bladder cancer and was given a 20% chance to live, assuming he continued with his chemotherapy treatments. During his November 18, 2005 interview on WrestleCrap Radio, Tenta announced that a recent radiation dosage did not go as planned, and had no effect on the tumor. He also announced that multiple tumors had spread to his lungs. On June 7, 2006, Tenta died of bladder cancer, just 15 days shy of his 43rd birthday. The first public notice of his death was posted on WWE.com on the same day. On the June 9, 2006, edition of SmackDown, and the June 12, 2006, edition of Raw, WWE showed a bumper that read \"RIP 'Earthquake' John Tenta\" before each show began.\nOther media[edit]\nJohn Tenta's professional wrestling career garnered him appearances in several video games. In 1991, Tenta as Earthquake was portrayed as a feature character in Technos' popular arcade video game WWF WrestleFest. He was also included in the 1992 home video game WWF Super WrestleMania by LJN for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (he wasn't in the Sega Genesis version). In 2004, the Japanese video game developer Spike released King of Colosseum II, a puroresu-wrestling game for PlayStation 2 that featured Tenta as a playable character; it was a Japan-only release. On April 14, 2009, Tenta was announced as downloadable content for WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 which was released April 16, 2009. On February 23, 2016, he along with Typhoon appeared as downloadable content for WWE 2K16. He also appeared in WWE 2K17 as well as WWE 2K18 along with Typhoon.\nChampionships and accomplishments[edit]\nAll Japan Pro Wrestling\nJanuary 2 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (1988)[29]\nWorld's Strongest Tag Determination League Fine Play Award (1988) with Shunji Takano[30]\nNWA All-Star Wrestling\nNWA Canadian Heavyweight Championship (Vancouver version) (1 time)\nUWA Heavyweight Championship (Vancouver version) (2 times)\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nPWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (1990)\nPWI ranked him No. 40 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in 1992[31]\nSuper World of Sports\nSWS Tag Team Championship (1 time) with Typhoon[32]\nTokyo Sports\nRookie of the Year (1987)[33]\nWorld Wrestling Federation\nWWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) with Typhoon\nWrestling Observer Newsletter\nWorst Tag Team (1998) with Kurrgan\nWorst Gimmick (1998) as Golga, as part of The Oddities\nWorst Feud of the Year (1996) vs. Big Bubba Rogers\nSee also[edit]\nBiography portal\nList of non-Japanese sumo wrestlers\nList of premature professional wrestling deaths\nNotes[edit]\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l \"John Tenta Profile\". Online World Of Wrestling. Retrieved September 18, 2008.\n^ a b c d e f \"Earthquake\". WWE Alumni. WWE.\n^ a b \"1989 WWF Results\". History of WWE.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2012. WWF @ Cincinnati, OH Riverfront Coliseum September 21, 1989; Earthquake Evans (w/ Slick) defeated an unknown\n^ \"1998 WWF Results\". History of WWE.com. Retrieved March 22, 2012. WWA @ Lynn, MA May 15, 1998; The Gargoyle (John Tenta) defeated Jim Cote\n^ a b c d Hawthorn, Tom (June 12, 2006). \"John Tenta, Wrestler 19632006\". The Globe and Mail.\n^ Andy Adams, \"Kototenta: Canadian Comet!\", Sumo World, May 1986, pg. 4\n^ Gerry Toff, \"Ex-Wrestling Champ to Enter Sumo\", Sumo World, January 1986, pg. 11\n^ Gerry Toff, \"Ex-Wrestling Champ to Enter Sumo\", Sumo World, January 1986, pg. 12\n^ Andy Adams, \"Kototenta: Canadian Comet!\", Sumo World, May 1986, pg. 3\n^ Andy Adams, \"Kototenta: Canadian Comet!\", Sumo World, May 1986, pg. 3-4\n^ Andy Adams, \"Kototenzan Quits Sumo!\", Sumo World, September 1986, pg. 11\n^ a b Yates, Ronald (July 6, 1986). \"Sudden Sayonara To Sumo\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 25, 2017.\n^ a b Andy Adams, \"Kototenzan Quits Sumo!\", Sumo World, September 1986, pg. 12\n^ \"Kototenzan Toshimitsu Rikishi Information\". Sumo Reference. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.\n^ Cawthon, Graham (2013). The History of Professional Wrestling: The Results WWF 19631989. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p.756. ISBN978-1-4928-2597-5.\n^ \"Earthquake is picked out of the crowd to assist Dino Bravo in a pushup contest: Superstars, Oct. 2, - YouTube\". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2020.\n^ \"Survivor Series 1989\". Full Event Results. WWE. Retrieved March 4, 2012.\n^ \"Full WrestleMania VI Results\". WWE. Retrieved March 4, 2012.\n^ \"SummerSlam 1990\". Full Event Results. WWE. Retrieved March 4, 2012.\n^ \"Royal Rumble 1991\". Full Event Results. WWE. Retrieved March 4, 2012.\n^ \"Full WrestleMania VII Results\". WWE. Retrieved March 4, 2012.\n^ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on May 28, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n^ Dilbert, Ryan. \"WWE Alum Earthquake vs. Koji Kitao; a History of Pro Wrestling Shoots, Part 1\". Bleacher Report.\n^ \"Full WrestleMania X Results\". WWE. Retrieved March 4, 2012.\n^ \"1994 Results\". History of WWE.com. Retrieved March 4, 2012.\n^ Mac, Eddie (June 23, 2016), \"This Day in Wrestling History (June 23): Austin 3:16 is Born\", Cageside Seats (Retrieved: August 17, 2022)\n^ Derrick Cannon, Wrestling Columns: A Tribute to John \"Earthquake\" Tenta Onlineworldofwrestling.com, August 21, 2004, Accessed June 20, 2006\n^ Earthquake John Tenta compilation (AJPW All Japan TV December 2002 to July 2003), Al Balog, June 11, 2022, retrieved June 12, 2022 via YouTube.\n^ \"Misc. All Japan Events\". prowrestlinghistory.com. Retrieved September 30, 2016.\n^ \"PUROLOVE.com\". www.purolove.com.\n^ \"Awards \" Earthquake \" Wrestlers Database \" CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database\". www.cagematch.net.\n^ Hoops, Brian (April 17, 2020). \"Daily pro wrestling (04/17): WCW Spring Stampede 1994\". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved April 17, 2020.\n^ \"Tokyo Sports Puroresu Awards\" (in German). PuroLove. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2012.\nExternal links[edit]\nJohn Tenta on WWE.com\nJohn Tenta's profile at Cagematch.net , Wrestlingdata.com , Internet Wrestling Database\nWrestlecrap.com's John Tenta tribute page (Archived)\nvteWWE World Tag Team Champions (19712010)1970s\nLuke Graham and Tarzan Tyler\nKarl Gotch and Rene Goulet\nKing Curtis Iaukea and Mikel Scicluna\nChief Jay Strongbow and Sonny King\nMr. Fuji and Professor Tanaka\nHaystacks Calhoun and Tony Garea\nDean Ho and Tony Garea\nValiant Brothers (Jimmy Valiant and Johnny Valiant)\nDominic DeNucci and Pat Barrett/Vctor Rivera\nThe Blackjacks (Blackjack Lanza and Blackjack Mulligan)\nLouis Cerdan and Tony Parisi\nExecutioners (Executioner #1 and Executioner #2)\nBilly White Wolf and Chief Jay Strongbow\nDino Bravo and Dominic DeNucci\nYukon Lumberjacks (Lumberjack Eric and Lumberjack Pierre)\nLarry Zbyszko and Tony Garea\nValiant Brothers (Jerry Valiant and Johnny Valiant)\nIvan Putski and Tito Santana\n1980s\nWild Samoans (Afa and Sika)\nBob Backlund and Pedro Morales\nRick Martel and Tony Garea\nMoondogs (Moondog Rex and Moondog King/Moondog Spot)\nMr. Fuji and Mr. Saito\nChief Jay Strongbow and Jules Strongbow\nSoul Patrol (Rocky Johnson and Tony Atlas)\nNorth-South Connection (Adrian Adonis and Dick Murdoch)\nU.S. Express (Barry Windham and Mike Rotundo)\nThe Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff\nDream Team (Brutus Beefcake and Greg Valentine)\nThe British Bulldogs (Davey Boy Smith and Dynamite Kid)\nThe Hart Foundation (Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart)\nStrike Force (Rick Martel and Tito Santana)\nDemolition (Ax, Crush, and Smash)\nBrain Busters (Arn Anderson and Tully Blanchard)\nColossal Connection (Andr the Giant and Haku)\n1990s\nThe Nasty Boys (Brian Knobbs and Jerry Sags)\nLegion of Doom (Animal and Hawk)\nMoney Inc. (Irwin R. Schyster and Ted DiBiase)\nThe Natural Disasters (Earthquake and Typhoon)\nSteiner Brothers (Rick Steiner and Scott Steiner)\nThe Quebecers (Quebecer Jacques and Quebecer Pierre)\n1-2-3 Kid and Marty Jannetty\nMen on a Mission (Mabel and Mo)\nHeadshrinkers (Fatu and Samu)\nTwo Dudes with Attitudes (Diesel and Shawn Michaels)\nThe 1-2-3 Kid and Bob Holly\nSmoking Gunns (Bart Gunn and Billy Gunn)\nOwen Hart and Yokozuna\nBodydonnas (Skip and Zip)\nThe Godwinns (Henry O. Godwinn and Phineas I. Godwinn)\nOwen Hart and the British Bulldog\nShawn Michaels and Stone Cold Steve Austin\nDude Love and Stone Cold Steve Austin\nThe Headbangers (Mosh and Thrasher)\nNew Age Outlaws (Billy Gunn and Road Dogg)\nCactus Jack and Chainsaw Charlie\nKane and Mankind\nStone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker\nBig Boss Man and Ken Shamrock\nJeff Jarrett and Owen Hart\nKane and X-Pac\nAcolytes Protection Agency (Bradshaw and Faarooq)\nHardy Boyz (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy)\nThe Unholy Alliance (Big Show and The Undertaker)\nRock 'n' Sock Connection (Mankind and The Rock)\nHolly Cousins (Crash Holly and Hardcore Holly)\nAl Snow and Mankind\n2000s\nDudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley)\nEdge and Christian\nToo Cool (Grandmaster Sexay and Scotty 2 Hotty)\nRight to Censor (Bull Buchanan and The Goodfather)\nThe Rock and The Undertaker\nBrothers of Destruction (The Undertaker and Kane)\nTwo-Man Power Trip (Stone Cold Steve Austin and Triple H)\nChris Benoit and Chris Jericho\nDiamond Dallas Page and Chris Kanyon\nChris Jericho and The Rock\nBooker T and Test\nSpike Dudley and Tazz\nBilly and Chuck\nRico and Rikishi\nEdge and Hulk Hogan\nThe Un-Americans (Christian and Lance Storm)\nThe Hurricane and Kane\nChris Jericho and Christian\nBooker T and Goldust\nLance Storm and William Regal\nChief Morley and Lance Storm\nKane and Rob Van Dam\nLa Rsistance (Ren Dupre and Sylvain Grenier)\nEvolution (Batista and Ric Flair)\nBooker T and Rob Van Dam\nChris Benoit and Edge\nLa Rsistance (Robrt Conway and Sylvain Grenier)\nEugene and William Regal\nTajiri and William Regal\nThe Hurricane and Rosey\nLance Cade and Trevor Murdoch\nBig Show and Kane\nSpirit Squad (Johnny, Kenny, Mikey, Mitch, and Nicky)\nRoddy Piper and Ric Flair\nRated-RKO (Edge and Randy Orton)\nJohn Cena and Shawn Michaels\nPaul London and Brian Kendrick\nCody Rhodes and Hardcore Holly\nThe Legacy (Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase Jr.)\nBatista and John Cena\nCM Punk and Kofi Kingston\nJohn Morrison and the Miz\nThe Colns (Carlito and Primo)\nChris Jericho and Edge\nJeri-Show (Big Show and Chris Jericho)\nD-Generation X (Shawn Michaels and Triple H)\n2010s\nShoMiz (Big Show and The Miz)\nThe Hart Dynasty (David Hart Smith and Tyson Kidd)\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tenta&oldid=1221743720\"\nCategories: 1963 births2006 deaths20th-century male professional wrestlers21st-century male professional wrestlersCanadian male professional wrestlersCanadian sumo wrestlersDeaths from cancer in FloridaDeaths from bladder cancer in the United StatesExpatriate professional wrestlers in JapanLSU Tigers football playersLSU Tigers wrestlersMasked wrestlersProfessional wrestlers from British ColumbiaSportspeople from Surrey, British Columbia1987 professional wrestling debutsWorld Tag Team Champions (WWE, 19712010)Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as titleCS1 German-language sources (de)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse mdy dates from February 2022Use Canadian English from October 2019All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian EnglishArticles containing Japanese-language textAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from March 2024\nThis page was last edited on 1 May 2024, at 18:49(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tenta" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "John Tenta Canadas Best Sumo Wrestler North American Sumo\nSkip to content\nSearch\nSearch for:\nNorth American Sumo\nMenu\nHome\nGetting Started?\nWho to Know\nUpcoming Events\nWhere to Watch\nContact\nOpen Search\nJohn Tenta Canadas Best SumoWrestler\nMy first memory of John Tenta was the arcade game, WWF Wrestlefest. WWF Wrestlefest was your classic wrestling game; you picked a wrestler to fight a gauntlet of matches, and then finally youre offered a prized opportunity at the WWF championship. The arcade game was among the first with halfway decent graphics, and the digital wrestlers actually resembled the wrestlers themselves. All of the big-name stars were included, such as Hulk Hogan, Jake The Snake Roberts, and Earthquake. The latter of these is also known by his real name, John Anthony Tenta, Jr.\nJohn Tenta was a massive person. He was billed at 67 and 460 pounds. Although it is assuredly true that he was not this large, his size made these figures believable. And, as everyone knows about wrestling, what you believe is more important than what is true.\nThis larger-than-life nature of John Tenta is why I remember him so vividly from WWF Wrestlefest. His character model was substantially bigger than all the other stars, including Hogan and Roberts, but his most impressive feat was his finisher. Each wrestler has their own finisher. Hogan had the leg drop; Roberts had the DDT. Tentas finisher was the Aftershock. The Aftershock is technically a running seated senton (a runningbutt-first jump onto the opponent), but Tenta would charge up before performing the move (as with all great finishers). He would jump around his immobile opponent, and his massive body would cause the entire ring to shake. In WWF Wrestlefest, however, it would cause the game to break the fourth wall, and the entire screen would violently quiver back and forth. I remember my childhood self gasping in awe during the first time I saw this. To me, John Tenta was strong enough to not only defeat Hogan with the Aftershock, but his finisher was able to break the laws of physics. Nothing else could compare.\nIt was this vigor and mystique that Tenta also brought to the Japanese sumo world, years before he ever stepped into a professional wrestling ring.\nTenta was born in Canada (1963) and found love in wrestling at an early age. He reportedly started wrestling at the age of six, and he became a Canadian junior champion as well as placing sixth in the World Junior Wrestling Championships before finishing high school (1981). His abilities earned him a scholarship to LSU for wrestling, where he also joined the football team and rugby club for fun.\nTenta returned to Canada after college (1985) but was quickly spotted by a former yokozuna on vacation. The former yokozuna, impressed by Tentas athletic gifts, recruited the young athlete to join the world of Japanese sumo. Tenta agreed, joining the Sadogatake stable in the October of 1985.\nTo understand the immediate success of Tenta in sumo, it is important to review the early performances of some other rikishi (sumo wrestlers). Currently (August, 2018), there are three yokozuna, which is the pinnacle of all sumo. Kisenosato started his career by going 6-1 in the jonokuchi division, 6-1 in the jonidan division, and 24-11 in the sandanme division. Kakuryu started his career by going 5-2 in the jonokuchi division, 24-11 in the jonidan division, and 38-32 in the sandanme division. Hakuho started his career by going 8-6 in the jonokuchi division, 14-7 in the jonidan division, and 26-16 in the sandanme division. The quickest to the makushita division was Kisenosato, who took seven basho.\nTenta started his career by going 7-0 in the jonokuchi division, 7-0 in the jonidan division, and 7-0 in the Sandanme division. Thats right; Tenta made it to the makushita division without ever losing a match. To date, only five other rikishi have had such an incredible start to their sumo career, immediately placing Tenta in the sumo record books. His success, paired with being a rare North American rikishi, made Tenta a fan-favorite. He was bestowed the nickname Canadian Comet and regularly featured in sumo magazines appearing on the cover of Sumo World in May of 1986 (Footnote 1).\nWhat happened after, however, may be even more unbelievable. After such an incredible start and overwhelming fanfare, he suddenly vanished from Japan. What happened?\nIn an early interview, Tenta expressed great respect toward the sport of sumo. He acknowledged that most North Americans think that sumo is just a bunch of fat guys pushing each other around, but he also quickly realized that sumo requires a lot of strength and even more skill. When describing his practice bouts with a makuuchi (top division) rikishi in his stable, Tenta said, He blew me away. I pushed him, but I couldnt move him. And when he decided hed had enough, he put me on my butt. Thats when I discovered how little I know about the sport and how much I have to learn. Tenta knew he had the potential to be among the best, but he just had to put in the work.\nAccording to news reports and interviews after leaving, however, Tenta confessed that the sumo lifestyle was much tougher than he ever imagined. Sumo wrestlers practice by pounding themselves into wooden beams and being tossed onto hardened clay floors. Tenta would wake every morning at 5:00 A.M., walk to the unheated stable, and practice until 11:00 A.M. At this point, he was expected to be a servant to the higher-ranked rikishi until the afternoon, where he was expected to study sumo techniques and attend social functions. These social functions sometimes lasted until midnight, although Tenta was expected to wake up at 5:00 A.M. again. Tenta started feeling worn down. On top of this, Tenta reported feeling ostracized. Although he was a lower-ranked rikishi, he still received considerable media attention. This made some of his stablemates, both higher- and lower-ranked, jealous of his newfound popularity. One newspaper even reported that 10 rikishi had left the stable in protest of Tentas favorable treatment.\nIn two separate interviews, Tenta reflected on the experience:\nNothing I have ever done not football, not college wrestling compares with the kind of physical abuse you inflict on your body in sumo. Theres no let-up. Not even when youre injured or sick. That was really hard for me to accept.\nI felt as if I was on show and tell. I felt more like a clown or like some kind of hostess.\nAlso, Tenta was expected to have his arm tattoo removed Yes, removed. In Japanese sumo culture, tattoos are associated with stigma. Rikishi are supposed to be dignified people, whereas tattoos are associated with lower-class and unsavory types. Tenta went as far as to meet with a Canadian doctor about getting it removed. The doctor claimed that the recovery time from laser surgery would take six weeks, but Tenta knew that he would not be allowed this type of time off. Even yet, Tenta also found out that the doctor had never removed a tattoo before!\nThe last straw was Tentas concerns over his future. Lower-ranked sumo wrestlers are provided food and board, but they arent given much of a salary. Instead, the real money in sumo is almost entirely allocated to the top-tier rikishi. Tenta, in his own words, had seen rikishi retire from sumo after a decade without an education or other skills and find themselves at a dead end. Regarding his final days in sumo, Tenta retold: I didnt see that I was in my best condition for the next tournament. I didnt see any break coming. I decided it was time to go.\nHowever, leaving Japan wasnt as easy as simply buying a plane ticket. Tenta was the star pupil of his stable, and he was providing extremely good returns on their investments. On Reddit.com, Tentas son retells the story that he was told by his aunt:\nHe was making the stable a lot of money because people would bet against him and he kept cleaning up. Before one of his matches, he said he forgot something in the locker room and booked it to the nearest train with some clothes he brought along. He hid out in a hotel room for 2 weeks until they negotiated his release from sumo and flew back to Canada for a while.\nIt almost seems like Tentas escape from Japan was straight from an action movie!\nAfterwards, Tenta was heavily criticized by the Japanese sumo media. Tentas stablemaster went on record saying, I dont know what hes thinking about. I want to talk to him, but personally Im disgusted with foreigners and wont take one on again. Many newspaper writers called him soft, cowardly, and difficult. One even speculated that Tenta had permanently damaged Japanese-Canadian relations. It appeared that the doors to Japan were closed to Tenta forever.\nWhile his return was doubtful, Tenta would venture back to Japan to start his professional wrestling career only a year later (in 1987; Footnote 2). The audience still remembered the sumo standout. He immediately fought beside fan favorites like Giant Baba and Genichiro Tenryu, and he even scored early victories over established superstars like Rusher Kimura and Tiger Jeet Singh. Perhaps most impressively, Tenta and Jumbo Tsuruta would together face the Legion of Doom in June of 1987. For those uninitiated with professional wrestling of the 80s, the Legion of Doom were THE professional wrestling tag team, and they garnered a fan following that paraded worldwide support and respect. If you were in a match with the Legion of Doom, you were automatically seen among the best-of-the-best within the world of professional wrestling. Although Tenta originally left Japan on bad terms, it was clear that Japan embraced the former sumo standout. In turn, he lived up to their expectations and showed that he could seemingly succeed at any endeavor.\nTenta eventually left Japan again to return to North America and wrestle for Vince McMahons WWF (now WWE) in 1989. After going undefeated for several months, Tenta quickly became a marquee name for the promotion. Although he did not have a true gimmick, per se, his persona generally reflected his massive size and power. His ringnames were taken from natural disasters (Earthquake, Avalanche), and his menacing snarl signaled that he was a bad dude. Tenta rarely won any championships in the WWF, but he was always a threat to the good-guy champions of Hogan and Randy Macho Man Savage. He was the perpetual monster to be vanquished. In 1990, Pro Wrestling Illustrated even awarded him the Most Hated Wrestler of the Year commendation, and he was consistently rated within the top 100 best wrestlers during this era.\nIn 1991, the Japanese wrestling promotion, Super World of Sports (SWS), arranged a series of co-produced wrestling shows with WWF to take place in Japan. Due to his new villainous mystique and sumo history, Tenta found himself on the wrestling card (along with Bret Hart, Randy Savage, Hulk Hogan, and others). It was during this tour that Tenta would have his final confrontation with the world of Japanese sumo.\nTypically, Japanese wrestling promotions would conduct very predictable storylines with these international monster characters. The monsters would defeat lower-tier wrestlers as the promotion toured around Japan, sometimes defeating the promotions star wrestler(s) through underhanded tactics. In the final match of the tour, usually in Toyko or another large city, the star would finally get their chance to defend the honor of the promotion as well as Japan. Without fail, the Japanese star would send the foreign monster crying back to their home country.\nIt is difficult to tell whether this was the plan for Tenta. Tenta may have been booked as the typical monster character, with the intent of finally losing to SWSs superstar. Or, he may have been booked to show the Japanese audience that he was now a top star all around the world, which would have given credence to the Japanese promotions (as well as sumo!) where he received his start. It may be most likely, however, that SWS and WWF just wanted to hold a series of star-studded matches to make a lot of quick money, and the matches were without any significant storyline development.\nRegardless of the intent, it is known that Tentas opponent in Japan was Koji Kitao. Because his showdown with Koji has evolved into an internet legend that paints Tentas public perception, it is important to understand the background of Koji Kitao.\nAdvertisementPrivacy SettingsKoji was also a sumo wrestler in a previous life. He saw more success in the sport than Tenta, as Koji reached the pinnacle of sumo stardom yokozuma. However, Kojis grand success also had a grand downfall. After being promoted to yokozuma, Koji saw a series of mediocre performances. These disappointments appeared to frustrate Koji, which resulted in Koji assaulting one of the junior members of his sumo stable. When confronted by his stablemaster, he allegedly struck the stablemasters wife before storming out. Shortly after, the stable master submitted Kojis retirement papers to the Sumo Association, which they voted to accept without allowing Koji to speak on his behalf. Clearly, the association also wanted Koji gone.\nKoji almost immediately turned to professional wrestling. He initially trained in America, but quickly came back to Japan to start his career with New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW). His tenure with NJPW was short-lived, as he was fired soon after for directing a racial slur towards Japanese wrestling superstar, Riki Choshu. Despite his repeated blunders, Koji was hired by SWS and enjoyed notable success within the promotion.\nWhen the SWS/WWF supershows occurred, it was only logical for Tenta to fight Koji. Both were former sumo wrestlers, and both were pushed as dominant competitors. On the first night, Tenta beat Koji in only six minutes and ten seconds. This relatively short match time was likely due to the length of the card. Twelve matches were included, ranging from 2:49 minutes to 15:16 minutes.\nWhile it was not known at the time, it is clear now that Koji felt slighted by the outcome of his match. Koji probably felt that he, the former yokozuna, should not be losing to a former rikishi that only reached the makushita division. Even yet, he had previously been booked as a top-tier wrestler, obtaining win after win alongside Tentas prior tag-team partner, Genichiro Tenryu. Losing in 6:10 minutes was embarrassing. . .especially in front of the 36,000 fans packed inside the Tokyo Dome.\nKoji took matters into his own hands only two nights later. He was apparently booked to lose to Tenta again during the second SWS/WWF supershow, but he decided to fight against the scheduled outcome.\nVideo of the match can be found here. Tenta arrived to the ring and received intermittent cheers, whereas Kojis entrance was rushed and with little fanfare. The match started normally enough, with each wrestler showing off their feats of strength. It vaguely appeared like Tenta was meant to win these feats, but Koji fought back a little more than he should. Tenta gave a rough throw soon after, in which Koji responded by slipping out of the ring and throwing a table into the ropes. Once back inside the ring, it was clear that Koji had no interest in continuing the match as planned. He became uncooperative to Tenta, which resulted in the crowed shouting Ten-ta, Ten-ta!\nLike most professional wrestling shoots (matches that turn into a real fight), Tenta appeared to be unsure of exactly what was happening. This may have been for two reasons. First, it is often difficult to tell whether someone is actually shooting. Professional wrestlers pride themselves on making scripted activities appear non-scripted. A fake punch looks a lot like a real punch in a wrestling ring, which causes a real punch to look like a fake punch. In any shoot, it takes a few moments for the wrestler to decipher the intent of their opponent. Second, shoot wrestling was becoming more popular in Japan, and many variations were being incorporated into professional wrestling shows. Antonio Inoki, who was Japans premier professional wrestler and booker, was a well-known fan of shoot style wrestling, and many other promotions (including SWS) tried to capitalize on the fad. Inoki himself participated in several shoot fights, both with informed (Muhammed Ali) and uninformed (Great Antonio) opponents.\nWas it possible that SWS set up Tenta? It would make sense. Koji Kitao could vanquish the monster Tenta in a real fight, showing the Japanese audience that the Japanese rikishi was superior to the Canadian rikishi. This could, perhaps, redeem the honor of Koji in the audiences eyes, and once again solidify him as a truly tough fighter.\nIt seems, however, that this possibility is very unlikely. Tenta was able to defuse the situation by refusing to back down to Koji. He stood valiantly in the ring, ready to defend against any swing that Koji would throw. Tenta began shouting to Koji, This is wrestling!, seemingly in an attempt to snap Koji out of his manic trance. Koji teased that he would eyepoke Tenta, to which Tenta responded with a kick and an eyepoke tease of his own. The crowd once again erupted in, Ten-ta, Ten-ta! The showdown lasted several tense minutes with neither wrestler backing down.\nFinally, Koji kicked the referee in anger, which resulted in Koji being disqualified and Tenta being declared the winner. Koji immediately left the ring, grabbed a microphone, and shouted, Wrestling is fake! Tenta could never beat me! Koji tried to not only disgrace Tenta but all of professional wrestling. Tenta responded by celebrating his victory in the ring both his professional wrestling victory and his personal victory for refusing to be pushed around. The fans booed the result, as they missed out on a showdown between the two sumo stars.\nKoji immediately left the professional wrestling business, but he was somehow accepted back into the profession only one year later. It seems that Japan always forgives their fallen sports stars. Koji would also dabble in mixed martial arts (MMA), amassing a 1-2 record.\nTenta would return to America and continue his wildly successful professional wrestling career. An early Survivor Series win alongside Macho Man further elevated Tentas status, which transitioned into a storyline feud with Hulk Hogan. This feud included Tenta famously breaking two of Hogans ribs (in the storyline, at least), and losing to Hogan as the last competitor in the 1991 Royal Rumble. Tenta would also feud with Jake The Snake Roberts, in which he also famously smushed Jakes snake, Damien. He would later team with Typhoon to form The Natural Disasters, winning both the WWF and SWS Tag Team Championships in 1992.\nIn 1994, Tenta would even compete in a scripted sumo match against the WWE wrestler, Yokozuna (who never competed in actual sumo), emerging victorious against the massive Californian. It was clear that Tenta was a staple of American wrestling in the 90s, and he (probably) was a regular feature in the nightmares of many children. Tenta would wrestle until 2004, and he passed away from bladder cancer in 2006 at the young age of 42.\nBut what about Tentas status in Japan? Ive seen some people claim that Tenta never returned to Japan after his confrontation with Koji Kitao. This is entirely false, however. Tenta would return to Japan seven months later (at most), where he found himself in the main event of another star-studded SWS/WWF production. Him and his tag team partner, Typhoon, would face the Legion of Doom again in Japan during the December of 1991, illustrating that he was still seen as a premier figure in Japanese professional wrestling after the confrontation. His last recorded matches were even in Japan, where he emerged victorious in 7 of 9 bouts in a tour with NJPW. Today, there is even a popular Japanese ska band named Big John TENTA.\nPersonally, I find John Anthony Tenta Jrs story to be very captivating. Even today, he is still the most successful Canadian sumo wrestler ever, showing the impact he was able to make on the sport in only three basho. If he was able to stick with it, he could have reached the highest of heights. Likewise, he had an extremely successful professional wrestling career in both Japan and America. He defeated a whos who list of superstars in both countries, of which very few could compare.\nPerhaps more captivating, however, are the numerous misconceptions surrounding Tentas life. Because Tenta never made it to the makuuchi division, Ive seen many people downplay his sumo abilities. Make no mistake, Tenta was a very talented rikishi. Many people are also entirely ignorant of his success in Japanese professional wrestling, believing that the Japanese audience hated Tenta after his escape from sumo. Again, this could not be further from the truth, as Japanese crowds were vigorously cheering for Tenta throughout his entire career. Lastly, Ive seen several false claims about his showdown with Koji Kitao, including (a) Tenta was virously booed by the audience during the shoot, (b) he ran with his tail between his legs, and (c) his reputation was forever ruined in Japan. Again, these statements are entirely untrue. Tenta stood firm in the face of Koji, which resulted in crowds cheering Ten-ta, Ten-Ta! during the match and for the rest of his career. Five years after their confrontation, Tenta would even wrestle Koji twice more, showing that even the former yokozuna respected the former rikishi.\nIt is unclear where these misconceptions emerge from. It could be that Tenta portrayed a (somewhat) cartoonish villain in WWE, which caused Americans to underestimate his achievements around the world. Or, it could be that the story of Tenta is hard to believe. Only five other rikishi started their sumo career with a 21-0 record. Four of them made it to the upper ranks of the makuuchi division, and the fifth is a promising, young rikishi who will likely make it one day. It is difficult to believe that a 22-year old from Canada could find himself in such company. It is even more difficult to believe that he would abandon this success, only to find himself among the top of Japanese professional wrestling only a year later. . .then he would continue to reach the upper-tiers of American professional wrestling only two years after this.\nI think that the only explanation is that WWF Wrestlefest is a truer reflection of reality than most believe. John Tenta was not just a massive individual that could defeat anyone with the Aftershock, but he was instead a person who could bend the laws of physics and reality to his own will.\nAuthors Note\nI would like to thank John Anthony Tenta Jr.s son, John, for providing comments on this article as well as providing pictures of his father. Below are some additional images that provide insight into Tentas very fulfilling personal life away from sumo and wrestling.\nReferences and Additional Reading\nhttp://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-07-06/sports/8602180446_1_sumo-japanese-canadian-embassy\nhttp://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-03-02/sports/8601160241_1_sumo-salevaa-atisanoe-john-tenta/2\nhttps://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/15/sports/sumo-style-is-too-tough\nhttp://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2013/07/07/20957291.html\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWAt9ORtPx0\nFootnotes\nFootnote 1 Although Ive tried very hard, I cannot find any footage of Tentas sumo matches. If anyone can find any, please email me at NorthAmericanSumo@Gmail.com.\nFootnote 2 Technically, Tenta would start his professional wrestling career in America, receiving some early training and matches in Canada. However, his venture back to Japan was his first real exposition as a professional wrestling. As a side note, the linked match in 1986 seems to be absent from most professional wrestling databases, which seem to believe that Tenta didnt receive his start until the following year.\nShare this:TwitterFacebookLike Loading...\nRelated\nJohn Tenta Articles from Sumo World 86IssuesOctober 27, 2018In \"Rikishi Biographies\"Kji Kitao Has PassedAwayMarch 30, 2019How Do North American Sumo Wrestlers Compare to Japanese SumoWrestlers?September 1, 2018In \"Sumo Analyses and Insights\"\nPublished by Dr. Matt C. Howard\nView all posts by Dr. Matt C. Howard\nAugust 11, 2018\nRikishi Biographies\nCanadian Sumo, John Tenta, North American Sumo, Professional Wrestling, Prowrestling, Rikishi Biography, Sumo, Sumo Biography, Sumo Wrestling, Wrestling\nPost navigation\nSumo World Championships 2018 Results North American SumoWrestlersNew Website Page Wakaichir Ken Match History with VideoLinks\n2 thoughts on John Tenta Canadas Best SumoWrestler\nAdd yours\nPingback: John Tenta Articles from Sumo World 86 Issues North American Sumo\nPingback: Kji Kitao Has Passed Away North American Sumo\nLeave a comment Cancel reply\n\nCreate a website or blog at WordPress.com\nUp \nComment\nReblog\nSubscribe\nSubscribed\nNorth American Sumo\nSign me up\nAlready have a WordPress.com account? Log in now.\nPrivacy\nNorth American Sumo\nCustomize\nSubscribe\nSubscribed\nSign up\nLog in\nCopy shortlink\nReport this content\nView post in Reader\nManage subscriptions\nCollapse this bar\nLoading Comments...\nWrite a Comment...\nEmail (Required)\nName (Required)\nWebsite\n%d\nPrivacy & CookiesWe, WordPress.com, and our advertising partners store and/or access information on your device and also process personal data, like unique identifiers, browsing activity, and other standard information sent by your device including your IP address. This information is collected over time and used for personalised ads, ad measurement, audience insights, and product development specific to our ads program. If this sounds good to you, select \"I Agree!\" below. Otherwise, you can get more information, customize your consent preferences for over 51 different ad vendors, or decline consent by selecting \"Learn More\". Note that your preferences apply to all websites in the WordPress.com network, and if you change your mind in the future you can update your preferences anytime by visiting the Privacy link displayed under each ad or by using the \"Privacy\" option in the Action Bar located at the bottom-right corner of the screen. One last thing, our partners may process some of your data based on legitimate interests instead of consent but you can object to that by choosing \"Learn More\" and then disabling the Legitimate Interests toggle under any listed Purpose or Partner.View PartnersLearn MoreI Agree!", "url": "https://northamericansumo.com/2018/08/11/john-tenta-canadas-best-sumo-wrestler/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "John Tenta-Koji Kitao infamous shoot - Pro Wrestling - Pro Wrestling Only\nJump to content\nPro Wrestling\nPro Wrestling Only\nExisting user? Sign In\nSign In\nRemember me\nNot recommended on shared computers\nSign In\nForgot your password?\nSign Up\nMore\nMore\nBrowse\nMore\nForums\nBlogs\nStaff\nOnline Users\nActivity\nMore\nAll Activity\nSearch\nSupport\nThis Topic\nEverywhere\nThis Forum\nThis Topic\nStatus Updates\nTopics\nBlog Entries\nMembers\nAll Activity\nHome\nPro Wrestling\nPro Wrestling\nJohn Tenta-Koji Kitao infamous shoot\nJohn Tenta-Koji Kitao infamous shoot\nBy\nsek69\nJune 24, 2020 in Pro Wrestling\nShare\nMore sharing options...\nFollowers\n0\nReply to this topic\nStart new topic\nRecommended Posts\nsek69\nPosted June 24, 2020\nsek69\nMembers\n24k\nLocation:Pittsburgh, PA\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 24, 2020\nSo this got posted on YouTube yesterday, and it's the first time I ever got to see it after decades of hearing about it.\nFrom what I can tell, Kitao seems mad at something (some old sumo beef? Tenta coming in as a bigger star in his home turf?) and just decides to stop cooperating. Tenta can be clearly heard yelling at him variations of \"what the fuck\", but the funny part is no one is going to take him down if he doesn't want to be taken down so he just stuffs him. Kitao throws what appears to be a shoot kick at the ref to get DQ'd, and the video (that appears to be from a commercial release) stops before the part that made this really well known: Kitao got on the house mic and said pro wrestling is fake and that's the only way Tenta could beat him. He ended up getting fired from SWS for that one.\nI always wondered if there was anything more to it other than Kitao just being the surlybastard he tended to always be. It was just such a random thing for him to just start no selling Tenta\nAnyway, if you've never seen it here you go:\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nEl-P\nPosted June 24, 2020\nEl-P\nMembers\n17.6k\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 24, 2020\nOn 6/24/2020 at 8:48 AM, sek69 said:\nFrom what I can tell, Kitao seems mad at something (some old sumo beef? Tenta coming in as a bigger star in his home turf?)\nI always wondered if there was anything more to it other than Kitao just being the surlybastard he tended to always be. It was just such a random thing for him to just start no selling Tenta\nExpand\nIt comes from their sumo days. Kitao had reached the rank of Yokozuna (despite winning 0 basho, but that's another issue), so he was at the very top of the hierarchy. During his days of sumo, I don't think Tenta reached much better than lowly Maegashira (which is still quite a feat especially for a foreigner at that time), so needless to say not in the same ballpark at all. Kitao saw Tenta as below him because of that, and wasn't gonna do the job nor sell for him.\nThat and Kitao being a complete prick.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nMad Dog\nPosted June 24, 2020\nMad Dog\nMembers\n7.6k\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 24, 2020\nJust confirming what El-P said.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nPeteF3\nPosted June 24, 2020\nPeteF3\nMembers\n10.2k\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 24, 2020\nThat crowd is definitely not impressed with ol' Fred's temper tantrum, as I recall. IIRC Kitao had already done one job to Tenta and was extra-pissed at having to do another one.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nWorld's Worst Man\nPosted June 24, 2020\nWorld's Worst Man\nMembers\n397\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 24, 2020\nIn other words, Kitao was a jabronie mark that didn't know it was a work and worked himself into a shoot.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nMad Dog\nPosted June 24, 2020\nMad Dog\nMembers\n7.6k\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 24, 2020\nI love how Tenta won't back down and he's willing to get nuts and Kitao is kind of a pussy that won't commit because he isn't sure if he can take Tenta.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nRobert S\nPosted June 24, 2020\nRobert S\nMembers\n1.5k\nLocation:Austria\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 24, 2020\nBix and Kris Zellner went a bit into this in a recent episode of Between the Sheets. Tenta and Kitao had a match two days earlier (at the Tokyo Dome), and maybe there was something happening already then already. From what I got, (foreign talent?) booker (or co-booker? I would assume that Tenryu was the main guy) Great Kabuki told Tenta that he should try to provoke Kitao a bit (probably under the assumption that a mad Kitao would lead to some stiffer work or similar).\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nsek69\nPosted June 24, 2020\nsek69\nMembers\n24k\nLocation:Pittsburgh, PA\nAuthor\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 24, 2020\nOn 6/24/2020 at 2:42 PM, Mad Dog said:\nI love how Tenta won't back down and he's willing to get nuts and Kitao is kind of a pussy that won't commit because he isn't sure if he can take Tenta.\nExpand\nYes, seeing Tenta go from \"wtf is wrong with you\" to \"are we really going to do this\" to finally \"alright motherfucker, it's on\" was great, especially when Kitao seems to realize perhaps he made a mistake\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nEl-P\nPosted June 24, 2020\nEl-P\nMembers\n17.6k\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 24, 2020\nThe real mistake Kitao did was signing with UWF-I and taking that match with Takada...\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nNintendoLogic\nPosted June 24, 2020\nNintendoLogic\nMembers\n7.1k\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 24, 2020\nTenta looked like he was on the verge of blowing up, so there's actually a pretty good chance Kitao would have come out on top in a real fight. But saying that there was no way Tenta could beat him if it was real when he was just as hesitant to make a move made him look like a chump.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nKawadaSmile\nPosted June 26, 2020\nKawadaSmile\nMembers\n12.3k\nLocation:Brazil\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 26, 2020\nTenta wasn't even 30 in this video which blows my mind.\nAnd I *love* how Kitao wants to go for the eye poke. Classic heeling!\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nthebrainfollower2\nPosted June 28, 2020\nthebrainfollower2\nMembers\n44\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 28, 2020\nOddly enough the next to last episode of my podcast covered this. The new school fans I work with described it as a bad UFC prelim match.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nflyonthewall2983\nPosted June 30, 2020\nflyonthewall2983\nMembers\n3.5k\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 30, 2020\nBret talked about it in his book and said him and Hogan were prepared to come down and back Tenta up\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nLog\nPosted June 30, 2020\nLog\nMembers\n1.6k\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 30, 2020\nOn 6/30/2020 at 12:11 AM, flyonthewall2983 said:\nBret talked about it in his book and said him and Hogan were prepared to come down and back Tenta up\nExpand\nYeah, brother! Lets get down there and help Quake! You go first, Hitman. Ill...uh...be right behind you. - Hogan probably.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nEl-P\nPosted June 30, 2020\nEl-P\nMembers\n17.6k\nReport\nShare\nPosted June 30, 2020\nHogan, that shooter... In Japan, no less.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nSPS\nPosted July 1, 2020\nSPS\nMembers\n394\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 1, 2020\nOn 6/30/2020 at 4:43 PM, El-P said:\nHogan, that shooter... In Japan, no less.\nExpand\nHe front facelocked Verne Gagne brother\nSeriously though in Bret's book he gives a first hand account of Hogan and Dr D. getting into an inpromptu shoot wrestling match in a hotel and Hogan managed to hook Dr D and make him give up which sounds like BS but when you take into account how much Bret praises Dr D in his book and buries Hogan, I don;t know why he'd add it if it were untrue.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\npmo\nPosted July 1, 2020\npmo\nMembers\n150\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 1, 2020\nThe argument in Hogan's favor is that he was trained by Hiro Matsuda who was notorious shooter so he might have picked up a thing or two and also he is a Legitimately huge guy so he can rely on his size to a point. Would I prefer to have Haku or Brock in a fight sure but you could do far worse than Hogan.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nflyonthewall2983\nPosted July 5, 2020\nflyonthewall2983\nMembers\n3.5k\nReport\nShare\nPosted July 5, 2020\nWonder what Vince made of it, if it was even brought to his attention.\nQuote\nLink to comment\nShare on other sites\nMore sharing options...\nJoin the conversation\nYou can post now and register later.\nIf you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.\nReply to this topic...\n\nPasted as rich text. Paste as plain text instead\nOnly 75 emoji are allowed.\n\nYour link has been automatically embedded. Display as a link instead\n\nYour previous content has been restored. Clear editor\n\nYou cannot paste images directly. 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PANKAJ GUPTAPathologist Read More\nThey are managing the digital marketing of my lab & I am happy with their content & marketing activities\nPrevious\nNext\nGet in touch\nContact Us:\nRegistered Address:\nUnit no. 212, Business point, Narayan Chambers, 555, Narayan Peth, Pune-411030\nBranch Address:\n1st Floor, ILD Mall, Sohna Road, Near Subhash Chowk, Gurgaon-122002\nEmail:\ninfo@nitashh.com\nPhone:\n+918552878340\nGet Free Consultation\nYour Data is Protected\nWE ARE A\nHOLISTIC MARKETING\nCOMPANY\nIndias 1st Holistic Marketing Company, operated by MBBS & IIT/IIM Alumni.Healthcare Marketing By Healthcare Professionals. We understand Your Business\nYoutube\nLinkedin\nInstagram\nFacebook\nWhatsapp\nLocation-arrow\nPinterest\nTwitter\nQuora\nServices\nMenu\nSearch for:Search ButtonDigital marketing Agency\nMedico Marketing\nHealthcare Marketing\nAndroid development\nwebsite development\nsoftware development\nQuick links\nMenu\nSearch for:Search ButtonHome\nPrivacy Policy\nAbout us\nBlog\nGallery\nTerms and Conditions\nRefund Policy\nContact\n+91 8552878340\nEmail\ninfo@nitashh.com\nAddress\n5th Floor, White House, Oppo. Tilak Smarak Mandir, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Rd, Perugate, Sadashiv Peth, Pune, Maharashtra 411030\nGet QuoteGet QuoteWhatsApp\n500\n500", "url": "http://nitashh.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "healthcare marketing by Nitashh Marketing Solutions healthcare digital marketing at best price in Pune | ID: 2850477669888IndiaMARTAll IndiaAll IndiaGet Best PriceShoppingSellHelpMessagesSign InIndiaMART >Internet Marketing & Promotion >SEO Consultation Service >Digital Marketing Solution ServicesNitashh Marketing Solutions LLPNarayan Peth, Pune, Maharashtra5/5(1)GST-27AATFN3153A1ZCWholesalerView Mobile NumberContact SupplierLegal Status of FirmPartnership Firm Partnership FirmIndiamart Member SinceOct 2021 Oct 2021Healthcare marketing by Nitashh Marketing Solutions healthcare digital marketingGet Latest PriceProduct Brochure Type Of Service ProviderCompany, International Healthcare Digital Marketing CompanyMode Of ServiceOnlineLocationPan IndiaBusiness / Industry TypeHealthcare MarketingPayment ModeOnline\nWhy you should take this service from us?Benefits of our service are Increased awareness of services and treatments Improved patient satisfaction Increased number of new patients Improved patient engagement Increased revenue and profitability Increased patient retention Improved patient education and understanding Improved compliance and adherence to treatments Increased referrals from existing patients Improved quality of care Enhanced brand reputation and visibilityWhat can you expect from us?Based on requirement finalization you can expect below inclusions in the service Developing effective marketing strategies Identifying target audiences Measuring and monitoring market trends Creating and managing campaigns Crafting digital content Leveraging social media Developing patient education materials Enhancing website design Managing public relations Utilizing email campaigns Analyzing data for insights Building relationships with referral sources Identifying new revenue opportunities1. Increased patient acquisition: Hospital marketing services can help attract new patients to your hospital by providing them with valuable information, building trust and credibility with potential patients.2. Improved brand awareness: By promoting the hospitals services and unique value proposition to the right audience, hospital marketing can help create brand awareness and enhance the reputation of the hospital.3. Better patient retention: Hospital marketing can help hospitals to stay in touch with their existing patients, educating and engaging them, providing additional services when needed, leading to better patient retention.4. Cost-effectiveness: Hospital marketing services are often more cost-effective than traditional marketing methods, offering hospitals a higher ROI on their marketing investment.5. Measurable results: Hospital marketing provides hospitals with data on the performance of their marketing campaigns, allowing them to track results and improve their marketing strategy.6. Online reputation management: Hospital marketing can help hospitals manage their online reputation by monitoring online reviews and responding to feedback promptly.7. Better communication: Hospital marketing allows hospitals to communicate more effectively with their patients through different channels such as email marketing, social media, etc.8. Increased physician referrals: Hospital marketing can help increase referrals by building relationships and engaging with physicians who can refer patients to the hospital.9. Competitive advantage: With increasing competition in the healthcare industry, hospital marketing can give hospitals a competitive edge over their competitors, helping them to attract and retain more patients.10. Enhanced patient experience: Hospital marketing can be used to create educational content, showcase the hospitals unique features and services, and improve the overall patient experience.It is no secret that digital marketing can offer tremendous benefits to doctors and healthcare providers. Nitashh healthcare marketing solutions provides cutting-edge strategies that leverage the power of technology and data to promote medical services more effectively. This innovative approach allows doctors to connect with potential patients in targeted ways, build trust, and establish a strong online presence. By techniques such as search engine optimization (SEO), social media marketing, email campaigns, and video content, Nitashh healthcare marketing solutions enables physicians to expand their reach.\nView Complete DetailsGet Latest PriceRequest a quoteRelated Categories :Digital Marketing Solution ServicesProduct DetailsCompany DetailsProduct SpecificationType Of Service ProviderCompany, International Healthcare Digital Marketing CompanyMode Of ServiceOnlineLocationPan IndiaBusiness / Industry TypeHealthcare MarketingPayment ModeOnlineType Of ServicesHealthcare Marketing ServicesFunctional AreaDigital MarketingProduct DescriptionWhy you should take this service from us?Benefits of our service are Increased awareness of services and treatments Improved patient satisfaction Increased number of new patients Improved patient engagement Increased revenue and profitability Increased patient retention Improved patient education and understanding Improved compliance and adherence to treatments Increased referrals from existing patients Improved quality of care Enhanced brand reputation and visibilityWhat can you expect from us?Based on requirement finalization you can expect below inclusions in the service Developing effective marketing strategies Identifying target audiences Measuring and monitoring market trends Creating and managing campaigns Crafting digital content Leveraging social media Developing patient education materials Enhancing website design Managing public relations Utilizing email campaigns Analyzing data for insights Building relationships with referral sources Identifying new revenue opportunities1. Increased patient acquisition: Hospital marketing services can help attract new patients to your hospital by providing them with valuable information, building trust and credibility with potential patients.2. Improved brand awareness: By promoting the hospital's services and unique value proposition to the right audience, hospital marketing can help create brand awareness and enhance the reputation of the hospital.3. Better patient retention: Hospital marketing can help hospitals to stay in touch with their existing patients, educating and engaging them, providing additional services when needed, leading to better patient retention.4. Cost-effectiveness: Hospital marketing services are often more cost-effective than traditional marketing methods, offering hospitals a higher ROI on their marketing investment.5. Measurable results: Hospital marketing provides hospitals with data on the performance of their marketing campaigns, allowing them to track results and improve their marketing strategy.6. Online reputation management: Hospital marketing can help hospitals manage their online reputation by monitoring online reviews and responding to feedback promptly.7. Better communication: Hospital marketing allows hospitals to communicate more effectively with their patients through different channels such as email marketing, social media, etc.8. Increased physician referrals: Hospital marketing can help increase referrals by building relationships and engaging with physicians who can refer patients to the hospital.9. Competitive advantage: With increasing competition in the healthcare industry, hospital marketing can give hospitals a competitive edge over their competitors, helping them to attract and retain more patients.10. Enhanced patient experience: Hospital marketing can be used to create educational content, showcase the hospital's unique features and services, and improve the overall patient experience.It is no secret that digital marketing can offer tremendous benefits to doctors and healthcare providers. Nitashh healthcare marketing solutions provides cutting-edge strategies that leverage the power of technology and data to promote medical services more effectively. This innovative approach allows doctors to connect with potential patients in targeted ways, build trust, and establish a strong online presence. By techniques such as search engine optimization (SEO), social media marketing, email campaigns, and video content, Nitashh healthcare marketing solutions enables physicians to expand their reach.Interested in this product?Get Latest Price from the sellerContact SellerAbout the CompanyLegal Status of FirmPartnership FirmNature of BusinessWholesalerIndiaMART Member SinceOct 2021GST27AATFN3153A1ZCTo Healthcare Marketing By Nitashh ... I agree to the terms and privacy policy Seller Contact DetailsNitashh Marketing Solutions LLP Nitashh5th Floor Office No.b 501 Sadashiv Peth, Narayan Peth Pune - 411030, Maharashtra, Indiahttps://www.indiamart.com/nitashh-marketing-solutionsView Mobile No.Send SMSSend Email", "url": "https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/healthcare-marketing-by-nitashh-marketing-solutions-healthcare-digital-marketing-2850477669888.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Doctor Handwriting | Handwritten Doctor Prescription | Reading Doctors Handwriting Prescription | Healthcare marketing, Digital marketing agency, Marketing agencyPinterestTodayWatchShopExploreLog inSign upExploreDesignVisitSave youtube.comDoctor Handwriting | Handwritten Doctor Prescription | Reading Doctors Handwriting PrescriptionBest Digital Marketing Agency https://nitashh.com/healthcare-marketing-ytvd/Health CareDigital MarketingHealthcare MarketingAdvertisingMarketingDevelopmentDigital Marketing AgencyDigitalnitashhdigitalmarketingNNitashh Marketing Solutions1 followersCommentsNo comments yet! Add one to start the conversation.", "url": "https://www.pinterest.com/pin/doctor-handwriting--948007790293892617/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Healthcare Marketing at best price in Pune by Nitashh Marketing Solutions LLP | ID: 2850476164733IndiaMARTAll IndiaAll IndiaGet Best PriceShoppingSellHelpMessagesSign InIndiaMART >Pharma & Bioanalytical Services >Pharma Franchise >Pharmaceutical Marketing Services Healthcare MarketingGet Latest Price Mode Of ServiceOnlineLocationPan IndiaBusiness / Industry TypeHealthcare MarketingType Of ServicesHealthcare Marketing ServicesFunctional AreaDigital Marketing\nHealthcare Marketing services Healthcare marketing services are designed to help healthcare providers increase their visibility and streamline their marketing efforts. Services can include developing marketing plans, managing campaigns, creating content, optimizing search engine rankings, managing social media accounts, creating websites, and measuring results. Other services can involve creating patient education materials, developing patient referral programs, conducting market research, and developing healthcare-focused public relations campaigns.\nView Complete DetailsGet Latest PriceRequest a quoteNitashh Marketing Solutions LLPNarayan Peth, Pune, Maharashtra5/5(1)GST-27AATFN3153A1ZCWholesalerView Mobile NumberContact SupplierProduct DetailsCompany DetailsProduct SpecificationMode Of ServiceOnlineLocationPan IndiaBusiness / Industry TypeHealthcare MarketingType Of ServicesHealthcare Marketing ServicesFunctional AreaDigital MarketingProduct DescriptionHealthcare Marketing services Healthcare marketing services are designed to help healthcare providers increase their visibility and streamline their marketing efforts. Services can include developing marketing plans, managing campaigns, creating content, optimizing search engine rankings, managing social media accounts, creating websites, and measuring results. Other services can involve creating patient education materials, developing patient referral programs, conducting market research, and developing healthcare-focused public relations campaigns.Interested in this product?Get Latest Price from the sellerContact SellerProduct VideoAbout the CompanyLegal Status of FirmPartnership FirmNature of BusinessWholesalerIndiaMART Member SinceOct 2021GST27AATFN3153A1ZCTo Healthcare Marketing I agree to the terms and privacy policy Seller Contact DetailsNitashh Marketing Solutions LLP Nitashh5th Floor Office No.b 501 Sadashiv Peth, Narayan Peth Pune - 411030, Maharashtra, Indiahttps://www.indiamart.com/nitashh-marketing-solutionsView Mobile No.Send SMSSend Email", "url": "https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/healthcare-marketing-2850476164733.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "healthcare marketing service at best price in Pune by Nitashh Marketing Solutions LLP | ID: 2850477727448IndiaMARTAll IndiaAll IndiaGet Best PriceShoppingSellHelpMessagesSign InIndiaMART >Pharma & Bioanalytical Services >Pharma Franchise >Pharmaceutical Marketing Services Healthcare marketing serviceGet Latest Price Type Of Service ProviderCompany, International Healthcare Digital Marketing CompanyMode Of ServiceOnlineLocationPan IndiaBusiness / Industry TypeHealthcare MarketingPayment ModeOnline\nWhy you should take this service from us?Benefits of our service are Increased brand visibility Improved engagement with customers Increased patient acquisition Increased patient loyalty Improved customer satisfaction Increased awareness of available services Improved customer service Increased referrals Improved patient experience Increased ROI on marketing investmentsWhat can you expect from us?Based on requirement finalization you can expect below inclusions in the service Developing an effective healthcare marketing strategy Creating engaging content and campaigns Utilizing digital and traditional marketing channels Developing patient-centered materials Tracking and analyzing data to measure marketing ROI Ensuring regulatory compliance Building and managing relationships with key stakeholders Optimizing website and social media presence Leveraging data to inform campaigns Developing campaigns that drive engagement Launching new products and services Creating promotional materials Developing print, email, and video campaigns Managing and analyzing marketing data Cultivating relationships with influencers Establishing effective patient outreach programs Developing marketing materials and campaigns for specific target audiences.\nView Complete DetailsGet Latest PriceRequest a quoteNitashh Marketing Solutions LLPNarayan Peth, Pune, Maharashtra5/5(1)GST-27AATFN3153A1ZCWholesalerView Mobile NumberContact SupplierProduct DetailsCompany DetailsProduct SpecificationType Of Service ProviderCompany, International Healthcare Digital Marketing CompanyMode Of ServiceOnlineLocationPan IndiaBusiness / Industry TypeHealthcare MarketingPayment ModeOnlineType Of ServicesHealthcare Marketing ServicesFunctional AreaDigital MarketingProduct DescriptionWhy you should take this service from us?Benefits of our service are Increased brand visibility Improved engagement with customers Increased patient acquisition Increased patient loyalty Improved customer satisfaction Increased awareness of available services Improved customer service Increased referrals Improved patient experience Increased ROI on marketing investmentsWhat can you expect from us?Based on requirement finalization you can expect below inclusions in the service Developing an effective healthcare marketing strategy Creating engaging content and campaigns Utilizing digital and traditional marketing channels Developing patient-centered materials Tracking and analyzing data to measure marketing ROI Ensuring regulatory compliance Building and managing relationships with key stakeholders Optimizing website and social media presence Leveraging data to inform campaigns Developing campaigns that drive engagement Launching new products and services Creating promotional materials Developing print, email, and video campaigns Managing and analyzing marketing data Cultivating relationships with influencers Establishing effective patient outreach programs Developing marketing materials and campaigns for specific target audiences.Interested in this product?Get Latest Price from the sellerContact SellerAbout the CompanyLegal Status of FirmPartnership FirmNature of BusinessWholesalerIndiaMART Member SinceOct 2021GST27AATFN3153A1ZCTo Healthcare Marketing Service I agree to the terms and privacy policy Seller Contact DetailsNitashh Marketing Solutions LLP Nitashh5th Floor Office No.b 501 Sadashiv Peth, Narayan Peth Pune - 411030, Maharashtra, Indiahttps://www.indiamart.com/nitashh-marketing-solutionsView Mobile No.Send SMSSend Email", "url": "https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/healthcare-marketing-service-2850477727448.html" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "hospital marketing services Nitashh Digital Marketing Solutions hospital marketing strategy at best price in Pune | ID: 2850477944548IndiaMARTAll IndiaAll IndiaGet Best PriceShoppingSellHelpMessagesSign InIndiaMART >Internet Marketing & Promotion >SEO Consultation Service >Digital Marketing Solution ServicesNitashh Marketing Solutions LLPNarayan Peth, Pune, Maharashtra5/5(1)GST-27AATFN3153A1ZCWholesalerView Mobile NumberContact SupplierLegal Status of FirmPartnership Firm Partnership FirmIndiamart Member SinceOct 2021 Oct 2021Hospital marketing services Nitashh Digital Marketing Solutions hospital marketing strategyGet Latest PriceProduct Brochure Service LocationPan IndiaType Of Service ProviderInternational Healthcare Digital Marketing CompanyPayment ModeOnlineType Of ServicesHealthcare Marketing ServicesFunctional AreaDigital Marketing\nWhy you should take this service from us?Benefits of our service are Increase awareness of services and specialties Build relationships with referring physicians Increase market share Increase patient satisfaction Increase patient volume Expand services and access to care Enhance brand identity Increase revenue Communicate physician and staff achievements Increase physician referrals Improve satisfaction ratings from external sourcesWhat can you expect from us?Based on requirement finalization you can expect below inclusions in the serviceDeveloping and implementing a marketing strategyDeveloping campaigns to increase patient careCreating and managing social media accountsCreating campaigns to boost patient satisfactionDeveloping ways to increase referral businessIncreasing visibility in the communityDeveloping online marketing methodsCreating an effective websiteDeveloping content marketing strategiesCreating promotional materialsDeveloping publications to inform the publicCreating opportunities for public speakingOrganizing events to introduce new servicesDeveloping relationships with key opinion leadersCreating partnerships with other organizationsConducting market researchDeveloping advertising campaignsCreating print and digital materialsCreating patient education materialsDeveloping a customer relationship management systemCreating patient loyalty programsCreating video contentDeveloping direct mail campaignsCreating patient surveys1. Increased patient acquisition: Hospital marketing services can help attract new patients to your hospital by providing them with valuable information, building trust and credibility with potential patients.2. Improved brand awareness: By promoting the hospitals services and unique value proposition to the right audience, hospital marketing can help create brand awareness and enhance the reputation of the hospital.3. Better patient retention: Hospital marketing can help hospitals to stay in touch with their existing patients, educating and engaging them, providing additional services when needed, leading to better patient retention.4. Cost-effectiveness: Hospital marketing services are often more cost-effective than traditional marketing methods, offering hospitals a higher ROI on their marketing investment.5. Measurable results: Hospital marketing provides hospitals with data on the performance of their marketing campaigns, allowing them to track results and improve their marketing strategy.6. Online reputation management: Hospital marketing can help hospitals manage their online reputation by monitoring online reviews and responding to feedback promptly.7. Better communication: Hospital marketing allows hospitals to communicate more effectively with their patients through different channels such as email marketing, social media, etc.8. Increased physician referrals: Hospital marketing can help increase referrals by building relationships and engaging with physicians who can refer patients to the hospital.9. Competitive advantage: With increasing competition in the healthcare industry, hospital marketing can give hospitals a competitive edge over their competitors, helping them to attract and retain more patients.10. Enhanced patient experience: Hospital marketing can be used to create educational content, showcase the hospitals unique features and services, and improve the overall patient experience.\nView Complete DetailsGet Latest PriceRequest a quoteRelated Categories :Digital Marketing Solution ServicesProduct DetailsCompany DetailsProduct SpecificationService LocationPan IndiaType Of Service ProviderInternational Healthcare Digital Marketing CompanyPayment ModeOnlineType Of ServicesHealthcare Marketing ServicesFunctional AreaDigital MarketingBusiness / Industry TypeHealthcare MarketingMode Of ServiceOnlineProduct DescriptionWhy you should take this service from us?Benefits of our service are Increase awareness of services and specialties Build relationships with referring physicians Increase market share Increase patient satisfaction Increase patient volume Expand services and access to care Enhance brand identity Increase revenue Communicate physician and staff achievements Increase physician referrals Improve satisfaction ratings from external sourcesWhat can you expect from us?Based on requirement finalization you can expect below inclusions in the serviceDeveloping and implementing a marketing strategyDeveloping campaigns to increase patient careCreating and managing social media accountsCreating campaigns to boost patient satisfactionDeveloping ways to increase referral businessIncreasing visibility in the communityDeveloping online marketing methodsCreating an effective websiteDeveloping content marketing strategiesCreating promotional materialsDeveloping publications to inform the publicCreating opportunities for public speakingOrganizing events to introduce new servicesDeveloping relationships with key opinion leadersCreating partnerships with other organizationsConducting market researchDeveloping advertising campaignsCreating print and digital materialsCreating patient education materialsDeveloping a customer relationship management systemCreating patient loyalty programsCreating video contentDeveloping direct mail campaignsCreating patient surveys1. Increased patient acquisition: Hospital marketing services can help attract new patients to your hospital by providing them with valuable information, building trust and credibility with potential patients.2. Improved brand awareness: By promoting the hospital's services and unique value proposition to the right audience, hospital marketing can help create brand awareness and enhance the reputation of the hospital.3. Better patient retention: Hospital marketing can help hospitals to stay in touch with their existing patients, educating and engaging them, providing additional services when needed, leading to better patient retention.4. Cost-effectiveness: Hospital marketing services are often more cost-effective than traditional marketing methods, offering hospitals a higher ROI on their marketing investment.5. Measurable results: Hospital marketing provides hospitals with data on the performance of their marketing campaigns, allowing them to track results and improve their marketing strategy.6. Online reputation management: Hospital marketing can help hospitals manage their online reputation by monitoring online reviews and responding to feedback promptly.7. Better communication: Hospital marketing allows hospitals to communicate more effectively with their patients through different channels such as email marketing, social media, etc.8. Increased physician referrals: Hospital marketing can help increase referrals by building relationships and engaging with physicians who can refer patients to the hospital.9. Competitive advantage: With increasing competition in the healthcare industry, hospital marketing can give hospitals a competitive edge over their competitors, helping them to attract and retain more patients.10. Enhanced patient experience: Hospital marketing can be used to create educational content, showcase the hospital's unique features and services, and improve the overall patient experience.Interested in this product?Get Latest Price from the sellerContact SellerAbout the CompanyLegal Status of FirmPartnership FirmNature of BusinessWholesalerIndiaMART Member SinceOct 2021GST27AATFN3153A1ZCTo Hospital Marketing Services Nitashh ... I agree to the terms and privacy policy Seller Contact DetailsNitashh Marketing Solutions LLP Nitashh5th Floor Office No.b 501 Sadashiv Peth, Narayan Peth Pune - 411030, Maharashtra, Indiahttps://www.indiamart.com/nitashh-marketing-solutionsView Mobile No.Send SMSSend Email", "url": "https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/hospital-marketing-services-nitashh-digital-marketing-solutions-hospital-marketing-strategy-2850477944548.html" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Scooby-Doo Detective Agency | Scoobypedia | Fandom\nScoobypedia\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nUniverse\nCharacters\nScooby-Doo\nDaphne Blake\nShaggy Rogers\nFred Jones\nVelma Dinkley\nMystery Inc.\nMonsters\nMore...\nLocations\nCoolsville\nCrystal Cove\nRules and Guidelines\nScoobypedia:Policy\nScoobypedia:About\nScoobypedia:Manual of style\nMore...\nMedia\nFilms\nAnd Krypto, Too\nTrick or Treat\nStraight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog\nThe Sword and the Scoob\nHappy Halloween\nSCOOB!\nReturn to Zombie Island\nMore...\nEpisodes\nVelma episodes\nGuess Who? episodes\nBe Cool episodes\nMystery Inc. episodes\nGet a Clue! episodes\nWhat's New episodes\nMore...\nGames\nOnline computer games\nVideo games\nLEGO Dimensions\nMore...\nNovels\nDaphne and Velma: The Vanishing Girl\nPuppy Scooby-Doo\nScooby-Doo Mysteries\nScooby-Doo's Super Case Book\nMore...\nComics\nWhere Are You?\nTeam-Up\nApocalypse\nMore...\nVoice actors\nFrank Welker\nMatthew Lillard\nGrey Griffin\nKate Micucci\nCommunity\nPolicy\nContribute\nHelp\nHelp pages\nContact staff\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nScoobypedia\n18,033pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nUniverse\nCharacters\nScooby-Doo\nDaphne Blake\nShaggy Rogers\nFred Jones\nVelma Dinkley\nMystery Inc.\nMonsters\nMore...\nLocations\nCoolsville\nCrystal Cove\nRules and Guidelines\nScoobypedia:Policy\nScoobypedia:About\nScoobypedia:Manual of style\nMore...\nMedia\nFilms\nAnd Krypto, Too\nTrick or Treat\nStraight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog\nThe Sword and the Scoob\nHappy Halloween\nSCOOB!\nReturn to Zombie Island\nMore...\nEpisodes\nVelma episodes\nGuess Who? episodes\nBe Cool episodes\nMystery Inc. episodes\nGet a Clue! episodes\nWhat's New episodes\nMore...\nGames\nOnline computer games\nVideo games\nLEGO Dimensions\nMore...\nNovels\nDaphne and Velma: The Vanishing Girl\nPuppy Scooby-Doo\nScooby-Doo Mysteries\nScooby-Doo's Super Case Book\nMore...\nComics\nWhere Are You?\nTeam-Up\nApocalypse\nMore...\nVoice actors\nFrank Welker\nMatthew Lillard\nGrey Griffin\nKate Micucci\nCommunity\nPolicy\nContribute\nHelp\nHelp pages\nContact staff\nin:\nArticles needing expansion, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo season 1 characters, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo season 2 characters,\nand\n5 more\nA Pup Named Scooby-Doo season 3 characters\nHanna-Barbera Presents characters\nMystery-solving groups\nScooby-Doo! Team-Up characters\nWhat's New, Scooby-Doo? season 3 characters\nScooby-Doo Detective Agency\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\n\"Scooby-Doo Detective Agency\" redirects here. For the freelance journalists, see Scooby-Doo Detective Agency (Scooby and Scrappy-Doo).\nThis needs a stretch. (Feel free to remove when satisfied of completion.)Needed: History.\nScooby-Doo Detective Agency\nVital Statistics\nMembers\nFreddy Jones (leader)Velma Dinkley (second-in-command)Daphne Blake Shaggy RogersScooby-Doo (mascot)\nOther Statistics\nOccupation\nAmateur sleuths\nAlignment\nGood\nStatus\nBecame Mystery Inc.\nProduction Details\nFirst appearance\nAPNSD: A Bicycle Built for Boo!\nThe Scooby-Doo Detective Agency was the name Mystery Inc. used while they were preteens living in their hometown of Coolsville.\nIt was also later used as the name for the older freelance investigative journalists, comprised of Scooby-Doo, Shaggy Rogers, and Daphne Blake.[1] This incarnation had Scrappy-Doo, but not Fred Jones and Velma Dinkley, although they would appear sporadically to help out when they could (either together or separately).[2]\nContents\n1 Members\n2 History\n2.1 Early history\n2.2 A Pup Named Scooby-Doo\n2.2.1 Season one\n2.2.2 Season two\n2.2.3 Season three\n2.2.4 Season four\n2.3 Hanna-Barbera Presents\n2.4 What's New, Scooby-Doo?\n2.4.1 Season three\n2.5 Scooby-Doo! Team-Up\n3 Appearances\n4 References\nMembers[]\nFreddy Jones (leader)\nVelma Dinkley (second-in-command)\nDaphne Blake\nShaggy Rogers\nScooby-Doo (mascot)\nHistory[]\nEarly history[]\nInsert details here.\nA Pup Named Scooby-Doo[]\nSeason one[]\nAdd details here.\nSeason two[]\nInsert details here.\nSeason three[]\nInsert details here.\nSeason four[]\nInsert details here.\nHanna-Barbera Presents[]\nInsert details here.\nWhat's New, Scooby-Doo?[]\nSeason three[]\nInsert details here.\nScooby-Doo! Team-Up[]\nInsert details here.\nAppearances[]\nA Pup Named Scooby-Doo\nEvery episode\nHanna-Barbera Presents\n#5(a). The Pizza Delivery from Beyond!\n#5(b). Daphne Has Risen from the Grave!\nWhat's New, Scooby-Doo?\n308. A Terrifying Round with a Menacing Metallic Clown(flashback)\nScooby-Doo! Team-Up\n#50. Crisis of Infinity Scoobys\nReferences[]\n They first appeared unnamed in The New Scooby and Scrappy Doo Show (1983); they weren't named until The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries (1984).\n TNSDMysteries\nCategories\nCategories:\nArticles needing expansion\nA Pup Named Scooby-Doo season 1 characters\nA Pup Named Scooby-Doo season 2 characters\nA Pup Named Scooby-Doo season 3 characters\nHanna-Barbera Presents characters\nMystery-solving groups\nScooby-Doo! Team-Up characters\nWhat's New, Scooby-Doo? season 3 characters\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nHorror\nSci-fi\nScooby-Doo\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Scoobypedia\n1\nHex Girls\n2\nScooby-Doo\n3\nDaphne Blake\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nScoobypedia is a FANDOM TV Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://scoobydoo.fandom.com/wiki/Scooby-Doo_Detective_Agency" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Scooby-Doo Detective Agency (Scooby and Scrappy-Doo) | Scoobypedia | Fandom\nScoobypedia\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nUniverse\nCharacters\nScooby-Doo\nDaphne Blake\nShaggy Rogers\nFred Jones\nVelma Dinkley\nMystery Inc.\nMonsters\nMore...\nLocations\nCoolsville\nCrystal Cove\nRules and Guidelines\nScoobypedia:Policy\nScoobypedia:About\nScoobypedia:Manual of style\nMore...\nMedia\nFilms\nAnd Krypto, Too\nTrick or Treat\nStraight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog\nThe Sword and the Scoob\nHappy Halloween\nSCOOB!\nReturn to Zombie Island\nMore...\nEpisodes\nVelma episodes\nGuess Who? episodes\nBe Cool episodes\nMystery Inc. episodes\nGet a Clue! episodes\nWhat's New episodes\nMore...\nGames\nOnline computer games\nVideo games\nLEGO Dimensions\nMore...\nNovels\nDaphne and Velma: The Vanishing Girl\nPuppy Scooby-Doo\nScooby-Doo Mysteries\nScooby-Doo's Super Case Book\nMore...\nComics\nWhere Are You?\nTeam-Up\nApocalypse\nMore...\nVoice actors\nFrank Welker\nMatthew Lillard\nGrey Griffin\nKate Micucci\nCommunity\nPolicy\nContribute\nHelp\nHelp pages\nContact staff\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nScoobypedia\n18,033pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nUniverse\nCharacters\nScooby-Doo\nDaphne Blake\nShaggy Rogers\nFred Jones\nVelma Dinkley\nMystery Inc.\nMonsters\nMore...\nLocations\nCoolsville\nCrystal Cove\nRules and Guidelines\nScoobypedia:Policy\nScoobypedia:About\nScoobypedia:Manual of style\nMore...\nMedia\nFilms\nAnd Krypto, Too\nTrick or Treat\nStraight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog\nThe Sword and the Scoob\nHappy Halloween\nSCOOB!\nReturn to Zombie Island\nMore...\nEpisodes\nVelma episodes\nGuess Who? episodes\nBe Cool episodes\nMystery Inc. episodes\nGet a Clue! episodes\nWhat's New episodes\nMore...\nGames\nOnline computer games\nVideo games\nLEGO Dimensions\nMore...\nNovels\nDaphne and Velma: The Vanishing Girl\nPuppy Scooby-Doo\nScooby-Doo Mysteries\nScooby-Doo's Super Case Book\nMore...\nComics\nWhere Are You?\nTeam-Up\nApocalypse\nMore...\nVoice actors\nFrank Welker\nMatthew Lillard\nGrey Griffin\nKate Micucci\nCommunity\nPolicy\nContribute\nHelp\nHelp pages\nContact staff\nin:\nArticles needing expansion, Journalists, Mystery-solving groups,\nand\n2 more\nThe New Scooby and Scrappy Doo Show characters\nThe New Scooby-Doo Mysteries characters\nScooby-Doo Detective Agency (Scooby and Scrappy-Doo)\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nThis article is about the freelance journalist team. For the junior high crime-solvers, see Scooby-Doo Detective Agency.\nThis needs a stretch. (Feel free to remove when satisfied of completion.)Needed: History.\nScooby-Doo Detective Agency (Scooby and Scrappy-Doo)\nVital Statistics\nMembers\nDaphne Blake (leader)Shaggy RogersScooby-Doo (mascot)Scrappy-Doo\nOther Statistics\nOccupation\nAmateur sleuths\nAlignment\nGood\nStatus\nDisbanded\nProduction Details\nFirst appearance\nTNS&SDS: Scooby the Barbarian\nThe Scooby-Doo Detective Agency[1] was a group of crime-solving, freelance journalists.\nOriginally, it had been the name of Mystery Inc. when they were preadolescents.\nOld friends, Fred Jones and Velma Dinkley, would appear sporadically to help out when they could (either together or separately).\nContents\n1 Members\n2 Associates\n3 History\n3.1 The New Scooby and Scrappy Doo Show\n3.2 The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries\n4 Appearances\n5 Notes/trivia\n6 See also\n7 References\nMembers[]\nDaphne Blake (leader)\nShaggy Rogers\nScooby-Doo (mascot)\nScrappy-Doo\nAssociates[]\nFred Jones\nVelma Dinkley\nHistory[]\nThe New Scooby and Scrappy Doo Show[]\nAdd details here.\nThe New Scooby-Doo Mysteries[]\nInsert details here.\nAppearances[]\nThe New Scooby and Scrappy Doo Show\nEvery episode\nThe New Scooby-Doo Mysteries\nEvery episode\nNotes/trivia[]\nWhile not named in The New Scooby and Scrappy Doo Show, they were named the next year in The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries, which is essentially a second season of the former.\nThe leader most likely is Daphne, although she wasn't explicitly addressed as such. Scooby was just the mascot, and it certainly wouldn't have been Shaggy or Scrappy-Doo.\nThe description in some official sites reads as \"Reporter Daphne hires Scooby, Scrappy and Shaggy as her assistants to solve spooky mysteries.\". This is never addressed in series, but makes sense considering the trio was working for hire in the Fearless Detective Agency in the previous show.\nRegardless, the description makes it sound as if Daphne was unfamiliar with Scooby, Shaggy and Scrappy. This, however, is proven to be wrong in the next series in which they make a big deal about meeting Fred and Velma again.\nDespite being journalists, none of what they worked on seemed to be published, at least, it wasn't seen on-screen. It's also unknown if they were actually paid, as they were adults (at least 18, in the humans' case), not just carefree adolescents.\nSee also[]\nGang (The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo): After The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries, the same group appeared the following year in The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo, only the journalist aspect had been dropped.\nReferences[]\n TNSDMysteries: The Night of the Living Toys\nCategories\nCategories:\nArticles needing expansion\nJournalists\nMystery-solving groups\nThe New Scooby and Scrappy Doo Show characters\nThe New Scooby-Doo Mysteries characters\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nHorror\nSci-fi\nScooby-Doo\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Scoobypedia\n1\nHex Girls\n2\nScooby-Doo\n3\nDaphne Blake\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nScoobypedia is a FANDOM TV Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://scoobydoo.fandom.com/wiki/Scooby-Doo_Detective_Agency_(Scooby_and_Scrappy-Doo)" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Scooby-Doo Detective Agency | Scooby doo images, Scooby doo movie, Scooby doo mystery incorporatedPinterestWatchExploreLog inSign upExploreRead itSave scoobydoo.wikia.comScooby-Doo Detective Agency\"Scooby-Doo Detective Agency\" redirects here. For the freelance journalists, see Scooby-Doo Detective Agency (Scooby and Scrappy-Doo). The Scooby-Doo Detective Agency was the name Mystery Inc. used while they were preteens living in their hometown of Coolsville. It was also later used as the name for the older freelance investigative journalists, comprised of Scooby-Doo, Shaggy Rogers, and Daphne Blake.[1] This incarnation had Scrappy-Doo, but not Fred Jones and Velma Dinkley, although they...moreFilmsAnimationAdventure TimeScooby DooScooby Doo Mystery IncorporatedScooby Doo Mystery IncScooby Doo MysteryScooby Doo MovieScooby Doo ImagesElise DavisEElise Davis47 followersYou are signed outSign in to get the best experienceContinue with emailBy continuing, you agree to Pinterest's Terms of Service; Opens a new tab and acknowledge you've read our Privacy Policy; Opens a new tab. Notice at collection; Opens a new tab.", "url": "https://www.pinterest.com/pin/scoobydoo-detective-agency--53128470585372375/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "What crimes have Mystery Inc. (Scooby Doo's amateur detective agency) committed during their inept vigilante missions? - Quora\nSomething went wrong. Wait a moment and try again.Try againSkip to contentSkip to searchSign InWhat crimes have Mystery Inc. (Scooby Doo's amateur detective agency) committed during their inept vigilante missions?All related (25)SortRecommendedGeorge ValenciaAuthor has 6.6K answers and 7M answer viewsUpdated 1yCriminal Trespass, and reckless Endangerment. If a person tells you not to come on his property, and you do it anyway, thats criminal trespass, remember, Mystery Inc. ISNT a lawfully Deputized L.E. Agency. And those trap Freddy kept making have the potential to harm someone, yes, its a cartoon, but in real life, its potentially dangerous.Upvote 92Brandon CordyAnimator, Designer, Artist, Studying Filmmaker, Devotee of Film, Animation, and Music History Author has 320 answers and 1.6M answer views10yRelatedWhat specific laws do Scooby Doo villains typically break? Are Scooby Doo and his friends justified in making citizen's arrests?While many of the Scooby-Doo villains were involved in schemes such as counterfeiting, burglary, robbing banks, stealing artifacts, etc., criminal terrorizing and intimidation is a crime (usually a misdemeanor), and if the land they're trying to scare someone off of is not theirs, squatting can be thrown in as well.Upvote 9921Sponsored by Apex Trader FundingGane a lo grande con Apex. 90% Descuento En Todo Los Planes.Mas De +5,000 Reseas Positivas. Gana Ms Con Apex.Learn More98Related questionsYou're now a mysterious \"monster\" being investigated by Scooby Doo and the Mystery Gang. What's your evil scheme that's really going on behind the mask?What specific laws do Scooby Doo villains typically break? Are Scooby Doo and his friends justified in making citizen's arrests?Why was Scrappy Doo such as hated character in the animated series and the films?How does the gang in Scooby-Doo make a living being vigilantes, and why aren't they in prison for breaking and entering into every building they spend the night in?Is Mystery Inc. (Fred Jones, Shaggy Rogers, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, Scooby Doo, Scrappy Doo) a private detective agency?How was Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated (TV show) developed?What are the 7 other mystery-solving groups in Scooby-Doo Mystery Incorporated?Can you see ghosts in Scooby-Doo Mystery Incorporated?What would happen if Mystery Inc. (Scooby Doo) and The Midnight Society (The Night Gallery) faced off against each other?How has Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated (TV show) become popular over the years?Has anybody ever commited a crime like the way criminals in the Scooby-doo universe commit scandals, via dressing up like a monster and scaring people?How does scooby doo pee?Does Mike Mignola like Scooby Doo?Have there ever been occasions where Mystery Inc. (Scooby-Doo) encountered an actual supernatural phenomena?What happened to Velma after \"A Pup Named Scooby-Doo\"? Does she still work with Mystery Inc.? If not, what does she do now?Related questionsYou're now a mysterious \"monster\" being investigated by Scooby Doo and the Mystery Gang. What's your evil scheme that's really going on behind the mask?What specific laws do Scooby Doo villains typically break? Are Scooby Doo and his friends justified in making citizen's arrests?Why was Scrappy Doo such as hated character in the animated series and the films?How does the gang in Scooby-Doo make a living being vigilantes, and why aren't they in prison for breaking and entering into every building they spend the night in?Is Mystery Inc. (Fred Jones, Shaggy Rogers, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, Scooby Doo, Scrappy Doo) a private detective agency?How was Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated (TV show) developed?AdvertisementAbout Careers Privacy Terms Contact Languages Your Ad Choices Press Quora, Inc. 2024Please enable Javascript and refresh the page to continue", "url": "https://www.quora.com/What-crimes-have-Mystery-Inc-Scooby-Doos-amateur-detective-agency-committed-during-their-inept-vigilante-missions" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Big Bad Wolf Daddy meets the Scooby-Doo Detective Agency! by wile_e2005 -- Fur Affinity [dot] net\nBrowse\nSearch\nSupport \nNews & Updates\nHelp & Support\nAdvertising\nBlack Lives Matter\nSUPPORT FA\nSubscribe to FA+\nFA Merch Store\nRULES & POLICIES\nTerms of Service\nPrivacy\nCode of Conduct\nUpload Policy\nSOCIAL\nDiscord\nTwitter\nLog In or Create an Account\nLog In\nCreate an Account\nBrowse\nSearch\nBrowse\nSearch\nUpload\nSupport\nCommunity\nNews & Updates\nHelp & Support\nAdvertising\nBlack Lives Matter\nRules & Policies\nTerms of Service\nPrivacy\nCode of Conduct\nUpload Policy\nSocial\nDiscord\nTwitter\nShop\nLog In or Create an Account\nLog In\nCreate an Account\n595\nViews\n3\nComments\n7\nFavorites\nGeneral\nRating\nDownload Submission\nCategory Fursuiting / All Species Unspecified / Any Gender Multiple characters Size 850 x 638\nfan\nexpo\nboston\ncomic\ncon\n2018\nbig\nbad\nwolf\ndaddy\nzeke\ndisney\nhouse\nof\nmouse\nthree\nlittle\npigs\nconvention\nzoot\nsuit\ncostume\nfursuit\ntongue\nscooby\ndoo\nmystery\nincorporated\npup\nred\nherring\nmaskimal\nSee more from wile_e2005\nListed in Folders\nConventions\nPrev\nMain Gallery\nDownload\nNext\nBig Bad Wolf Daddy meets the Scooby-Doo Detective Agency!\nBy wile_e2005,\nposted\n5 years ago\nFursuiter\nAt one point during the con I came across a group cosplaying as the Scooby-Doo gang; their Scooby-Doo even had a plushie Maskimal just like the one I recently bought, and the same body costume as well! But what was really keen was how their cosplay group included Red Herring, the bully from \"A Pup Named Scooby-Doo\" that Freddy was always accusing of being the ghost or monster. So I thought I'd take on Red's side here!\nYes, there was a Shaggy cosplayer here too, but he was cut off by accident in this photo.\n595\nViews\n7\nFavorites\n3\nComments\nGeneral\nRating\nCategory Fursuiting / All Species Unspecified / Any Gender Multiple characters Size 850 x 638px\nfan\nexpo\nboston\ncomic\ncon\n2018\nbig\nbad\nwolf\ndaddy\nzeke\ndisney\nhouse\nof\nmouse\nthree\nlittle\npigs\nconvention\nzoot\nsuit\ncostume\nfursuit\ntongue\nscooby\ndoo\nmystery\nincorporated\npup\nred\nherring\nmaskimal\nListed in Folders\nConventions\nBlueEyedWolf\nAnthro Artist\n5 years ago\nJINKIES !!\nRif_Foxworthy\nWatcher\n5 years ago\nWell there's something you don't see everyday.\nTisburyGreyhound\nAura Doggo\n5 years ago\nEyy! Is that fan expo Boston? I was there too!\nAdvertise |\nGet FA+ |\nMerch Store |\nTerms of Service |\nPrivacy |\nCode of Conduct |\nUpload Policy\n87147 Users online \n2649 guests,\n15530 registered\nand 68968 other\nLimit bot activity to periods with less than 10k registered users online.\n 2005-2024 Frost Dragon Art LLC\nServer Time: May 29, 2024 11:20 AM\nThis website uses cookies to enhance your browsing experience. Learn More\nI Consent", "url": "https://www.furaffinity.net/view/28305383/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Scooby-Doo Detective Agency | Scooby doo images, Scooby doo movie, Scooby doo mystery incorporatedPinterestTodayWatchShopExploreLog inSign upExploreRead itSave scoobydoo.wikia.comScooby-Doo Detective Agency\"Scooby-Doo Detective Agency\" redirects here. For the freelance journalists, see Scooby-Doo Detective Agency (Scooby and Scrappy-Doo). The Scooby-Doo Detective Agency was the name Mystery Inc. used while they were preteens living in their hometown of Coolsville. It was also later used as the name for the older freelance investigative journalists, comprised of Scooby-Doo, Shaggy Rogers, and Daphne Blake.[1] This incarnation had Scrappy-Doo, but not Fred Jones and Velma Dinkley, although they...morevera luciaVvera lucia9 followersCommentsNo comments yet! Add one to start the conversation.", "url": "https://br.pinterest.com/pin/679058450052743881/" } ]

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Official Athletics Website\nSkip to main contentPause All RotatorsAll Rotators PlayingUniversity of Michigan AthleticsTicket Sign-InOpens in new windowDonateOpens in new windowFacebookOpens in new windowTwitterOpens in new windowInstagramOpens in new windowYouTubeOpens in new windowQuick LinksAdvertisementFeatured ContentCollege Football National ChampionsMichigan WolverinesSpecial SectionWolverine Kids Club2024-25 Memberships On SaleJoin Now2024 NFL Draft CentralSchool-Record 13 Players SelectedSpecial SectionWelcome Coach May David and Meredith Kaplan Men's Basketball Head CoachGet to Know Dusty MayWatch: Wolverine Sports MagazineNew Episodes Every ThursdayWatch NowThis Week in Michigan AthleticsSign Up NowFeatured ContentPause/Play RotatorMore StoriesMoreHeadlines View All Archives Women's Track & FieldYungeberg Qualifies for NCAA Championships, U-M Pair Breaks Records at East PreliminariesMay 23, 2024Men's LacrossePederson, Wietfeldt Named USILA All-AmericansMay 23, 2024Men's Swimming & DivingScholar Stories: Liberman Finds Best of Both Worlds at U-M in Diving, NeuroscienceMay 23, 2024RowingBig Ten Yearly Honors Awarded to Collisson, RothsteinMay 22, 2024Men's Track & FieldBrady, Long Qualify for NCAA Championships on Day One of East Preliminary RoundMay 22, 2024RowingWolverines Awarded 16th Straight Bid to NCAA ChampionshipsMay 21, 2024AdvertisementCalendar Events Results Upcoming EventsRowingMay 31|10:12 AMvsNCAA Championship Michigan Bethel, OhioRowingJun 01vsNCAA Championship Michigan Bethel, OhioRowingJun 02vsNCAA Championship Michigan Bethel, OhioLoad MoreRecent ResultsBaseballMay 25|FinalvsPenn State7 Michigan 6Women's Track & FieldMay 25|FinalvsNCAA East Preliminary Round Michigan non-scoringBaseballMay 24|FinalvsIllinois2 Michigan 4Load MoreSocialSocialFacebookOpens in new windowTwitterOpens in new windowInstagramOpens in new windowYouTubeOpens in new windowNewsletter SignupNewsletterAdvertisementPodcastsMGoBlue PodcastsIn the Trenches 436 - 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Go Dearborn!\nThe university awarded 1,201 degrees to the newest Dearborn Wolverine alums during the commencement ceremonies on April 27.\nGet all the details from the big day\nSee the difference you can make\nUM-Dearborn Difference Makers are at the forefront of their fields. Theyre improving the lives of others and making an impact on campus and in our local communities.\nFind out more\nGet outdoors and explore\nFrom historic structures to native species plants, Environmental Interpretive Center experts point out a few interesting finds you can see on the campus trails.\nRead now\nGo Blue! Go Dearborn!\nThe university awarded 1,201 degrees to the newest Dearborn Wolverine alums during the commencement ceremonies on April 27.\nGet all the details from the big day\nSee the difference you can make\nUM-Dearborn Difference Makers are at the forefront of their fields. Theyre improving the lives of others and making an impact on campus and in our local communities.\nFind out more\nGet outdoors and explore\nFrom historic structures to native species plants, Environmental Interpretive Center experts point out a few interesting finds you can see on the campus trails.\nRead now\nNext123\nBreadcrumb\nHome\nUniversity of Michigan-Dearborn\nUniversity of Michigan-DearbornAt the University of Michigan-Dearborn, we open the door to accessible higher education while equipping students with the practice-based experiences that enable them to excel, innovate and make a lasting difference. 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The English major says support from UM-Dearborns professors and staff helped him start and finish this chapter in his life....\nUpcoming Events\nJun\n3\nVirtual Campus Tour\nMonday, June 3\n3:30 pm\n-4:30 pm\nJun\n4\nCollege of Business Virtual Graduate Open House (6.4.24)\nTuesday, June 4\n12:00 pm\n-1:00 pm\nJun\n8\nBirding By Ear and Beyond\nSaturday, June 8\n9:00 am\n-12:00 pm\nMore Events\nDearborn\nFlint\nAnn Arbor\n4901 Evergreen Rd\nDearborn, MI 48128, US\n313-583-6330\nContact us\nFacebook\nInstagram\nLinkedin\nSnapchat\nX-Twitter\nYouTube\nMaps & Directions\nMy UM-Dearborn\nBookstore\nCanvas\nEmergency Information\nEmployment\nLibrary\nU-M Google Mail\nWolverine Access\n 2024\nThe Regents of the University of Michigan\nPrivacy Policy", "url": "https://umdearborn.edu/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "University of Michigan - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\nToggle History subsection\n1.118171837\n1.218371900\n1.320th century\n1.4Historical links\n2Campus\nToggle Campus subsection\n2.1Central Campus\n2.2North Campus\n2.3South Campus\n3Organization and administration\nToggle Organization and administration subsection\n3.1Governance\n3.1.1Student government\n3.2Finances\n3.2.1Endowment\n3.3Schools and colleges\n4Academics\nToggle Academics subsection\n4.1Admissions\n4.1.1Requirements\n4.1.2Affirmative action\n4.2Majors and programs\n4.3Reputation and rankings\n4.3.1National rankings\n4.3.2World rankings\n4.4Research\n5Student life\nToggle Student life subsection\n5.1Student body\n5.2Residential life\n5.3Groups and activities\n5.3.1Fraternities and sororities\n5.3.2Collegiate secret societies\n5.4Media and publications\n5.5Safety\n6Athletics\nToggle Athletics subsection\n6.1National championships\n6.2In the Olympics\n6.3Fight songs and chants\n7Museums\n8Notable people\nToggle Notable people subsection\n8.1Benefactors\n8.2Faculty and staff\n8.3Alumni\n8.3.1Government and law\n8.3.2Science\n8.3.3Business\n8.3.4Authors and journalists\n8.3.5Music and entertainment\n8.3.6Film and television\n8.3.7Sports\n8.3.8Activists and humanitarians\n8.3.9Exploration\n9Notes\n10References\nToggle References subsection\n10.1Sources\n11External links\nToggle the table of contents\nUniversity of Michigan\n72 languages\nAsturianuAzrbaycancaCataletinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiEspaolEsperantoEuskaraFranaisGalegoIdoBahasa IndonesiaslenskaItalianoJawaIkinyarwandaLatinaLatvieuLietuviMagyarBahasa MelayuNederlandsNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskPapiamentuPiemontisPolskiPortugusRomnSimple EnglishSlovenina / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / SuomiSvenskaTagalog / tataraTrke / UyghurcheTing VitWinaray\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsWikiquoteWikisource\nCoordinates: 421637N 834417W / 42.27694N 83.73806W / 42.27694; -83.73806\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nPublic research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, US\nFor other uses, see University of Michigan (disambiguation).\nUniversity of MichiganLatin: Universitas MichiganiaFormer namesCatholepistemiad (18171821)MottoLatin: Artes, Scientia, VeritasMotto inEnglish\"Arts, Knowledge, Truth\"TypePublic research universityEstablishedAugust26, 1817; 206 years ago(1817-08-26)[1]AccreditationHLCAcademic affiliationsAAUORAUURAURCSea-grantSpace-grantEndowment$17.9 billion (2023)[2]Budget$13.1 billion (2024)[3]PresidentSanta OnoProvostLaurie McCauleyAcademic staff8,189 (2023)[4]Administrative staff23,798 (2023)[4]Students52,065 (2023)[4]Undergraduates33,730 (2023)[4]Postgraduates18,335 (2023)[4]LocationAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States421637N 834417W / 42.27694N 83.73806W / 42.27694; -83.73806CampusMidsize city[6], 3,177 acres (12.86km2)Total: 20,965 acres (84.84km2), including arboretum[5]NewspaperThe Michigan DailyYearbookMichiganensianColorsMaize and blue[7]NicknameWolverinesSporting affiliationsNCAA Division I FBS Big TenCWPAWebsiteumich.edu\nThe University of Michigan (U-M, UMich, or simply Michigan) is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Michigan is one of the earliest American research universities and is a founding member of the Association of American Universities. In the fall of 2023, the university enrolled over 52,000 students.[4][8]\nThe university is classified among \"R1: Doctoral Universities Very High Research Activity\". It consists of nineteen colleges and offers 250 degree programs at the undergraduate and graduate level across various liberal arts and STEM disciplines.[9] The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. In 2021, it ranked third among American universities in research expenditures according to the National Science Foundation.\nThe University of Michigan's athletic teams are collectively known as the Wolverines. They compete in NCAA Division I FBS as members of the Big Ten Conference. The university currently fields varsity teams across 29 NCAA-sanctioned sports. As of 2022, athletes from the university have won 188 medals at the Olympic Games.\nNotable alumni from the university include 8 domestic and foreign heads of state or heads of government, 47 U.S. senators, 218 members of the U.S. House of Representatives, 42 U.S. Cabinet secretaries, and 41 U.S. governors.\nHistory[edit]\nMain article: History of the University of Michigan\n18171837[edit]\nThe University of Michigan was established on August 26, 1817,[1] as Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, under an act of the Michigan Territory. The corporate existence of the university had its rise in the Act of 1817, and has been continuous throughout all subsequent changes of its organic law.[10]:11Catholepistemiad, a neologism, translates roughly as \"School of Universal Knowledge\".[11]\nCatholepistemiad was not a university in the contemporary sense but rather a centralized system of schools, libraries, and other cultural and scientific institutions borrowing its model from the Imperial University of France founded by Napoleon I a decade earlier.[12][10]:10 Besides carrying on the central institution, the president and didactorium of Catholepistemiad were also authorized to establish private colleges, academies, and libraries in the Michigan Territory.[10]:10 It was only after the State of Michigan entered the Union in 1837 that a new plan was adopted to focus the corporation on higher education.[12]\nFirst Annual Report of the university, authored by John Monteith, November 16, 1818\nShortly after the passage of the Act of 1817, John Monteith became the first president of Catholepistemiad, and Gabriel Richard, a Catholic priest, was vice president. Monteith and Richard enacted that private schools should be established in Detroit, Monroe and Mackinaw, and before the end of September 1817, the three private schools were in operation.[10]:11 The cornerstone of the first school house, near the corner of Bates Street and Congress Street in Detroit, was laid on September 24, 1817. Subscriptions amounting to $5,000 payable in instalments running over several years were obtained to carry on the work.[10]:12 Of the total amount subscribed to start the work, two-thirds came from Zion Masonic Lodge and its members.[13] In August 1818, a private Lancasterian school taught by Lemuel Shattuck was opened in the building.[10]:12\n18371900[edit]\nUniversity of Michigan (1855) Jasper Francis CropseyColored elevation of Mason Hall (built in 1841; demolished in 1950), the first building devoted to instruction on the Ann Arbor campus. The design was used as a reference by John F. Rague to build the North Hall (built in 1851) in Madison, Wisconsin, which is a National Historic Landmark.[14]\nAfter the state of Michigan entered the Union in 1837, its constitution granted the university an unusual degree of autonomy as a \"coordinate branch of state government\". It delegated full powers over all university matters granted to its governing Board of Regents.[12] On June 35, the Board of Regents held its first meeting in Ann Arbor and formally accepted the proposal by the town to locate the university there.[1] The town of Ann Arbor had existed for only 13 years and had a population of about 2,000.[15] A grant of 40 acres (16ha), obtained through the Treaty of Fort Meigs,[16] formed the basis of the present Central Campus.[17]\nSince the founding period, the private sector has remained the primary provider of university financing to supplement tuition collected from students. Early benefactors of the university included businessman Dexter M. Ferry (donor of Ferry Field), Arthur Hill (regent, donor of Hill Auditorium), the Nichols family (regents, donors of the Nichols Arboretum), William E. Upjohn (donor of the Peony\nGarden), William P. Trowbridge, John S. Newberry, who funded the construction of Helen H. Newberry Residence, and Henry N. Walker, a politician who rallied Detroit businessmen to fund the Detroit Observatory. Clara Harrison Stranahan, a close friend of Scottish-American industrialist Andrew Carnegie, donated $25,000 to the university in 1895. The Waterman Gymnasium was financed by donations from citizens and matched Joshua W. Waterman's pledge of $20,000.[10]:67\nAlexander J. Davis's original University of Michigan designs featured the Gothic Revival style. Davis himself is generally credited with coining the term \"Collegiate Gothic\".\nIn 1838, the Regents contracted with Alexander Jackson Davis, who according to Superintendent John Davis Pierce provided truly \"magnificent designs\" in the Gothic Revival style; but unfortunately the completion of them at that day would, as Pierce said, involve an expenditure of half a million dollars.[10]:31 Although approving the designs, the tight budget of the fledgling university forced the Regents to ultimately abandon them and instead adopted a much less expensive plan.[18] The superintendent of construction on the first structure to be built for the university was Isaac Thompson, an associate of Davis.[19]\nMason Hall was the first building at the University of Michigan dedicated to instruction, serving as both a dormitory and a classroom facility. The building was known as the University Main Building upon its completion in 1841 before changing its name to honor the state's first governor, Stevens T. Mason, in 1843. In 1849, a twin building called South College was constructed south of Mason Hall. University Hall, built between 1871 and 1873, connected the two buildings, which were then referred to as the South Wing and the North Wing.\nAsa Gray was the first professor appointed to Michigan on July 17, 1837.[20] His position was also the first one devoted solely to botany at any educational institution in America.[21][22][23][24]Douglass Houghton was named the university's first professor of geology, mineralogy, and chemistry in 1839.[24] Other notable faculty members appointed at the university during this period included Andrew Ten Brook, Samuel Denton, Alexander Winchell, Franz Brnnow, Henry Simmons Frieze, Thomas McIntyre Cooley, and De Volson Wood.[24] Andrew Dickson White, founder and first president of Cornell University, filled the first permanent chair of history in the country at the university from 1857 to 1864.[24] White was one the earliest benefactors of the University of Michigan; he joined the Michigan faculty in 1858.[25]\nThe first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845.[26]\nIn the following years, the regents established branches of the university in various parts of the state.[27] These decentralized branches were designed to serve as preparatory schools for the primary university.[27] The first branch was located in Pontiac, and others followed in Kalamazoo, Detroit, Niles, Tecumseh, White Pigeon, and Romeo.[27] Despite its optimism, the branches floundered, finding it difficult to enroll students. Some of the branches would later merge with local colleges. Kalamazoo College, the oldest private college in the state, once operated as the Kalamazoo Branch of the University of Michigan from 1840 to 1850.[27]\nThe years 18371850 revealed weakness in the organization and working of the university. Regents of the university discovered that the organic act from which they derived their powers made them too dependent upon the legislature. The subject was brought to the attention of the legislature more than once but without securing the desired action in order to achieve increased independence. By the late 1840s, the Regents achieved a strong position relative to collective bargaining with the legislature as the opinion was becoming common among capitalists, clergymen and intellectual elites, since by then the state derived significant tax revenue through them. Such a situation ultimately led to a change in the organic act of the university. Remodeled, the act, which was approved April 8, 1851, emancipated the university from legislative control that would have been injudicious and harmful. The office of Regent was changed from an appointed one to an elected one, and the office of President was created, with the Regents directed to select one. As Hinsdale argued, \"the independent position of the university has had much to do with its growth and prosperity. In fact, its larger growth may be dated from the time when the new sections began to take effect.\"[10]:40\nStatue of Benjamin Franklin, stood on west side of South State Street in front of University Hall\nThe University of Michigan conferred the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1855, four years after the Lawrence Scientific School at Cambridge conferred the degree in 1851, for the first time in the United States, making Michigan the second institution in the country to confer the degree.[10]:48 The degree of Bachelor of Philosophy was conferred for the first time in the university's history upon six students in 1870.[10]:79 The degrees of Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy was first offered in 1875.[10]:88\nThe Diag in the 19th century\nMichigan established its medical school in 1850, engineering courses in 1854, and a law school in 1859.[12] In 1875, the University of Michigan established the College of Dental Surgery, becoming the second university in the United States to offer dental education after Harvard Dental College, which was founded in 1867. The university was also the first to provide graduate-level dentistry education. In 1876, Albert B. Prescott established the university's College of Pharmacy, which was the nation's first school of pharmacy at a state university.\nThe university was among the first to introduce instruction in fields as diverse as zoology and botany, modern languages, modern history, American literature, speech, journalism, teacher education, forestry, bacteriology, naval architecture, aeronautical engineering, computer engineering, and nuclear engineering.[12] In 1856, Michigan built the nation's first chemical laboratory.[28] That laboratory was the first structure on the North American continent that was designed and equipped solely for instruction in chemistry.[28] In 1869, the University of Michigan opened the first hospital in the country owned and operated by a university.\nMethods of instruction had also undergone important changes. The seminar method of study was first introduced into the university by Charles Kendall Adams in 18711872, making the university the first American institution to naturalize this product of the German soil.[29][10]:71\nLiterary Class of 1880 (includes Mary Henrietta Graham, the first African American woman graduate of the University of Michigan)\nBy 1866, enrollment had increased to 1,205 students. Women were first admitted in 1870,[30] although Alice Robinson Boise Wood was the first woman to attend classes (without matriculating) in 186667.[31] In 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo graduated from Michigan Law as the second African American to graduate from a law school in the United States. In 1871, Sarah Killgore became the first woman to graduate from law school and be admitted to the bar of any state in the United States.[32] Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who graduated as valedictorian in 1880, becoming the first Puerto Rican to earn a university degree in the United States.[33] Ida Gray graduated from the School of Dentistry in June 1890, becoming the first African-American woman dentist in the United States.[34]\nBy the 1870s, the university had built an international reputation. During this period, over 80 subjects of the Emperor of Japan were sent to Ann Arbor to study law as part of the opening of that empire to external influence.[35] The University of Michigan was also involved with the building of the Philippine education, legal, and public health systems during the era of the American colonization of the Philippines through the efforts of Michigan alumni that included Dean Conant Worcester and George A. Malcolm.[36]\nDescendants of Massachusetts founding families made up a large portion of the university population in the 19th century; among them was Regent Charles Hebard, a lineal descendant of William Bradford, a founding father of Plymouth Colony.[10]:204 In the early 20th century, the university became a favored choice for high-achieving Jewish students seeking a quality education free of religious discrimination when the private colleges with Protestant affiliation often imposed quotas on Jewish admissions. Since then, the university has served as a haven for the community of Jewish-American scholars.[37][38]\nCommencement, 1912: University President H.B. Hutchins and dignitaries walking across The Diag toward the Engineering Arch\nThroughout its history, Michigan has been one of the nation's largest universities, vying with the largest private universities such as Harvard University and Columbia University (then known as Columbia College) during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and then holding this position of national leadership until the emergence of the statewide public university systems in the post-WWII years.[12] By the turn of the 19th century, the university was the second largest in the United States after Harvard University.[39]\n20th century[edit]\nLaw Quadrangle, ca. 1930s\nFrom 1900 to 1920, the growth of higher education led the university to build numerous new facilities. The Martha Cook Building was constructed as an all-female residence in 1915 as the result of a gift from William Wilson Cook in honor of his mother, Martha Walford Cook.[40]\nCook planned to endow a professorship of law of corporations, but eventually made possible the development of the Law Quadrangle.[41] The five buildings comprising the Law Quadrangle were constructed during the decade of 192333 on two city blocks purchased by the university: Lawyers Club, Dormitory Wing, John P. Cook Dormitory, William W Cook Legal Research Library, and Hutchins Hall.[41] The buildings, in the Tudor Gothic style, recalled the quadrangles of the two English ancient universities Oxford and Cambridge.[41]\nPhysicists G.E. Uhlenbeck, H.A. Kramers, and S.A. Goudsmit circa 1928 at Michigan\nFrom 1915 to 1941, the physics department was led by H.M. Randall, who established the importance of theoretical colleagues. O.B. Klein, S.A. Goudsmit, G.E. Uhlenbeck, O. Laporte and D.M. Dennison joined the physics faculty during this time. Theoretical physicist W. Pauli, who became known as one of the pioneers of quantum physics, held a visiting professorship at the university in 1931.[42] Other physicists with ties to the university include the inventor of the Race Track Synchrotron H.R. Crane, G.B.B.M. Sutherland and H.A. Kramers. S. Timoshenko, who is considered to be the father of modern engineering mechanics, created the first U.S. bachelor's and doctoral programs in engineering mechanics when he was a faculty professor at the university.\nH.A. Kramers, second row, sixth left with J. Robert Oppenheimer, second row, fourth left, in a photograph of the Summer Symposium on Theoretical Physics in 1931 at the University of Michigan\nThe University of Michigan Summer Symposium in Theoretical Physics was held annually from 1928 to 1941.[43] During this period, virtually every world-renowned physicist lectured at the symposium, including N. Bohr, P.A.M. Dirac, E. Fermi, W. Heisenberg, P. Ehrenfest, E. Schrdinger, and others.[42] No fewer than fifteen of the visiting physicists were either Nobel laureates or would later receive the Nobel Prize in physics. J. Robert Oppenheimer, who was a professor at the California Institute of Technology and would later be known as the \"father of the atomic bomb\", visited in 1931 and 1934.[42]\nWest Engineering Building, 1905\nThe University of Michigan has been the birthplace of some important academic movements, establishing the Michigan schools of thought and developing the Michigan Models in various fields. John Dewey, Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead, and Robert Ezra Park first met at Michigan. There, they would influence each other greatly.[44] In political science, Angus Campbell, Philip Converse, Warren Miller and Donald Stokes, proposed the Michigan model of voting.[45]\nShortly after the war, in 1947, the Regents appointed a War Memorial Committee to consider establishing a war memorial in honor of students and alumni who fell in World War II, and in 1948, approved a resolution to \"create a war memorial center to explore the ways and means by which the potentialities of atomic energy may become a beneficent influence in the life of man, to be known as the Phoenix Project of the University of Michigan,\" leading to the world's first academic program in nuclear science and engineering.[46][12] The Memorial Phoenix Project was funded by over 25,000 private contributors by individuals and corporations, such as the Ford Motor Company.[47]\nDuring the 1960s, the university campus was the site of numerous protests against the Vietnam War and university administration. On March 24, 1965, a group of U-M faculty members and 3,000 students held the nation's first-ever faculty-led \"teach-in\" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia.[48][49] The university's Spectrum Center is the oldest collegiate LGBT student center in the U.S., pre-dating Penn's.[50]\nDue to concerns over the university's financial situation there have been suggestions for the complete separation of the university and state through privatization.[51][52] Even though the university is a public institution de jure, it has embraced funding models of a private university that emphasize tuition funding and raising funds from private donors.[53] Considering that \"the University of Michigan already has only minimal fiscal ties to the state,\" the legislature convened a panel in 2008 that recommended converting the University of Michigan from a public to a private institution.[54]\nSince the fall of 2021, the university has had the largest number of students in the state, surpassing Michigan State University's former enrollment leadership.[55] Given the state's shrinking pool of college-age students, there is public concern that the university's expansion could harm smaller schools by drawing away good students.[56][57] Some of the state's regional public universities and smaller private colleges have already seen significant declines in enrollment, while others face difficulties in maintaining enrollment figures without lowering admission standards.[56]\nHistorical links[edit]\nUniversity presidents Harry Burns Hutchins, left, and James Burrill Angell, center, with Cornell University founder Andrew Dickson White, right, in a 1900s photograph\nThe University of Michigan was the first attempt in the New World to build a modern university in the European sense. The institution was the clearest and strongest presentation that had yet been made of what, in this country, at once came to be called the \"Prussian ideas\". It was a radically different approach to higher education; a complete civil system of education, in contradistinction to the ecclesiastical system made out of the colonial colleges. Michigan alumni and faculty members carried this newer concept of the university with them as they founded other institutions including Andrew Dixon White, a cofounder of Cornell University.[12] Cornell alumni David Starr Jordan and John Casper Branner passed the concept to Stanford University in the late 19th century.[58] Clark Kerr, the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley, called Michigan the \"mother of state universities\" and credited the university for the first creation of the research university in America.[59]\nUniversity of California: had its early planning based upon the University of Michigan.[60][61]\nUniversity of Chicago: Michigan alumnus Robert Ezra Park played a leading role in the development of the Chicago School of sociology. The University of Chicago Laboratory School was founded in 1896 by John Dewey and Calvin Brainerd Cady, who were members of the Michigan faculty.\nCornell University: Andrew Dixon White and Charles Kendall Adams, the first and second presidents of Cornell, respectively, were members of the Michigan faculty. Cornell also had its Law School founded by Michigan alumni Charles Kendall Adams and Harry Burns Hutchins.\nHarvard University: Michigan alumnus Edwin Francis Gay was the founding dean of the Harvard Business School from 1908 to 1919,[62] instrumental in the school's planning.\nJohns Hopkins University: had its pharmacology department established by John Jacob Abel, an alumnus of Michigan.\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology: had its Media Lab co-founded by Michigan alumnus Jerome Wiesner. Nicholas Negroponte, the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of the Media Lab, has held a visiting professorship at the University of Michigan.\nNorthwestern University: Michigan alumnus Henry Wade Rogers was instrumental in transforming Northwestern from a small cluster of colleges into a major, nationally recognized university. His wife, Emma Winner Rogers, founded the Northwestern University Settlement Association.[63]\nSyracuse University: Alexander Winchell and Erastus O. Haven, the first and second chancellors of Syracuse University, respectively, were members of the Michigan faculty.\nWellesley College: Michigan alumna Alice Freeman Palmer, the President of Wellesley College from 1881 to 1887, \"transformed the fledgling school from one devoted to Christian domesticity into one of the nation's premier colleges for women.\"[64]\nYale University: had its residential college system co-organized by James Rowland Angell, a graduate of Michigan.[65] Michigan alumnus Henry Wade Rogers introduced the \"case system\" and the college degree requirement into the Yale Law School.\nCampus[edit]\nWilliam W. Cook Legal Research Library\nThe Ann Arbor campus is divided into four main areas: the North, Central, Medical, and South campuses. The physical infrastructure includes more than 500 major buildings,[66] with a combined area of more than 37.48million square feet (860 acres; 3.482km2).[67] The Central and South Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the Huron River.[68] There is also leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. An East Medical Campus was developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery.[69]\nIn addition to the University of Michigan Golf Course on South Campus, the university operates a second golf course on Geddes Road called Radrick Farms Golf Course. The golf course is only open to faculty, staff and alumni.[70] Another off-campus facility is the Inglis House, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000-square-foot (930m2) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the Board of Regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.[71] The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor near Briarwood Mall. Another major facility is the Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor.[72]\nAll four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.[73]\nCentral Campus[edit]\nFurther information: University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District\nJames Burrill Angell Hall\nCentral Campus was the original location of University of Michigan when it moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. It originally had a school and dormitory building (where Mason Hall now stands) and several houses for professors on 40 acres (16ha) of land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. The President's House, located on South University Avenue, is the oldest building on campus as well as the only surviving building from the original 40-acre (16ha) campus.[17] Because Ann Arbor and Central Campus developed simultaneously, there is no distinct boundary between the city and university, and some areas contain a mixture of private and university buildings.[74] The Central Campus residence halls are split up into two groups: the Hill Neighborhood and Central Campus.[75]\nCentral Campus is the location of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, and is immediately adjacent to the medical campus. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the Ross School of Business, the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, the Law School and the School of Dentistry, are on Central Campus. Two prominent libraries, the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library and the Shapiro Undergraduate Library (which are connected by a skywalk), are also on Central Campus.[76] as well as museums housing collections in archaeology, anthropology, paleontology, zoology, dentistry and art. Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect Albert Kahn between 1904 and 1936 including Burton Memorial Tower and Hill Auditorium.[77]\nNorth Campus[edit]\nEarl V. Moore Building on North Campus\nNorth Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of farmlandapproximately 800 acres (3.2km2)that the university bought in 1952.[78] It is newer than Central Campus, and thus has more modernist architecture, whereas most Central Campus buildings are classical or Collegiate Gothic in style. The architect Eero Saarinen, based in Birmingham, Michigan, created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.[79] North and Central Campuses each have unique bell towers that reflect the predominant architectural styles of their surroundings. Each of the bell towers houses a grand carillon, 2 of only 57 globally. The North Campus tower is called Lurie Tower.[80] The University of Michigan's largest residence hall, Bursley Hall, is part of North Campus.[75]\nNorth Campus houses the College of Engineering, the School of Music, Theatre & Dance, the Stamps School of Art & Design, the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and an annex of the School of Information.[81] The campus is served by the Duderstadt Center, which houses the Art, Architecture and Engineering Library. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs, video editing studios, electronic music studios, an audio studio, a video studio, multimedia workspaces, and a 3D virtual reality room.[82] Other libraries located on North Campus include the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and the Bentley Historical Library.\nSouth Campus[edit]\nThe University of Michigan Golf Course was designed by Scottish golf course architect Alister MacKenzie and opened in 1931\nSouth Campus is the site for the athletic programs, including major sports facilities such as Michigan Stadium, Crisler Center, and Yost Ice Arena. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility, Revelli Hall, home of the Michigan Marching Band, the Institute for Continuing Legal Education,[83] and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups.[84] The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on South Campus.[83]\nThe University of Michigan Golf Course is located south of Michigan Stadium. It was designed in the late 1920s by Alister MacKenzie, the designer of Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, home of the Masters Tournament.[85] The course opened to the public in 1931 and has one of \"the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie\" according to the magazine Sports Illustrated in 2006.[86]\nOrganization and administration[edit]\nGovernance[edit]\nSee also: Board of Regents of the University of Michigan and President of the University of Michigan\nPhotograph of Michigan University Regents 75th Anniversary Celebration on June 27, 1912. Standing L-R: Frank B. Leland, John H. Grant, Shirley W. Smith, Harry O. Bulkey, William L. Clements, Lucius Lee Hubbard, Benjamin Hanchett, Junius E. Beal Seated L-R: Luther L. Wright, James B. Angell, Harry B. Hutchins, Walter M. Sawyer\nThe University of Michigan is governed by the Board of Regents, established by the Organic Act of March 18, 1837. It consists of eight members, elected at large in biennial state elections[87] for overlapping eight-year terms.[88][89] Before the Office of President was established in 1850, the University of Michigan was directly managed by the appointed Board of Regents, with a rotating group of professors to carry out the day-to-day administration duties.[90] The second Michigan Constitution of 1850, a significant revision to the original 1835 Constitution, established the Office of President. It further made the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan an elected body instead of an appointed one and gave the Regents the authority to name a president to preside over meetings without a vote.[91]\nThe President of the University of Michigan is the principal executive officer responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the university, that is, the main campus in Ann Arbor. The President is not directly involved in the management of the regional campuses; instead, two additional Chancellors are appointed by the President to administer the two regional campuses located in Dearborn and Flint. The university's current president is Santa Ono, formerly the president of the University of British Columbia in Canada. On October 14, 2022, he became the 15th President of the University of Michigan, succeeding the outgoing president, Mark Schlissel.[92]\nThe President's House, located at 815 South University Avenue on the Ann Arbor campus, is home to the Office of the President. Constructed in 1840, the three-story Italianate President's House is the oldest surviving building on the Ann Arbor campus and a University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District contributing property.[93]\nStudent government[edit]\nHoused in the Michigan Union, the Central Student Government (CSG) is the central student government of the university. With representatives from each of the university's colleges and schools, including graduate students, CSG represents students and manages student funds on the campus. CSG is a 501(c)(3) organization, independent from the University of Michigan.[94] In recent years CSG has organized Airbus, a transportation service between campus and the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, and has led the university's efforts to register its student population to vote, with its Voice Your Vote Commission (VYV) registering 10,000 students in 2004. VYV also works to improve access to non-partisan voting-related information and increase student voter turnout.[95] CSG was successful at reviving Homecoming activities, including a carnival and parade, for students after a roughly eleven-year absence in October 2007,[96] and during the 201314 school year, was instrumental in persuading the university to rescind an unpopular change in student football seating policy at Michigan Stadium.[97] In 2017, CSG successfully petitioned the Ann Arbor City Council to create a Student Advisory Council to give student input into Ann Arbor city affairs.[98]\nSamuel Trask Dana Building (West Medical Building) houses the School for Environment and Sustainability\nThere are student governance bodies in each college and school, independent of Central Student Government. Undergraduate students in the LS&A are represented by the LS&A Student Government (LSA SG).[99] Engineering Student Government (ESG) manages undergraduate student government affairs for the College of Engineering. Graduate students enrolled in the Rackham Graduate School are represented by the Rackham Student Government (RSG), and law students are represented by the Law School Student Senate (LSSS) as is each other college with its own respective government. In addition, the students who live in the residence halls are represented by the University of Michigan Residence Halls Association (RHA), which contains the third most constituents after CSG and LSA SG.[100]\nA longstanding goal of the student government is to create a student-designated seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body.[101] Such a designation would achieve parity with other Big Ten schools that have student regents. In 2000, students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the statewide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in 2002, along with Matt Petering and Susan Fawcett.[102] Although none of these campaigns has been successful, a poll conducted by the State of Michigan in 1998 concluded that a majority of Michigan voters would approve of such a position if the measure were put before them.[101] A change to the board's makeup would require amending the Michigan Constitution.[103]\nFinances[edit]\nThe William W. Cook Legal Research Library and other buildings comprising the Law Quadrangle were built during 192333 and then donated to the university by William Wilson Cook. It was the university's most significant private gift at the time.\nIn the fiscal year 202223, the State of Michigan spent $333 million on the university, which represents 3.03% of its total operating revenues of $11 billion.[104] The Office of Budget and Planning reports that Michigan Medicine's auxiliary activities are the largest funding source, contributing $6.05 billion to the Auxiliary Funds, which accounts for 55.1% of the total operating budget. Student tuition and fees contributed $1.95 billion to the General Fund, accounting for 11% of the total budget.[104] Research grants and contracts from the U.S. federal government contributed $1.15 billion to the Expendable Restricted Funds, accounting for 10.4% of the total budget.[104]\nThe university's current (FY 202223) operating budget has four major sources of funding:[104]\nGeneral Fund money, which accounts for 25.4% of the operating budget, is derived from various sources: student tuition and fees ($1.95 billion or 75.2%), state support ($333 million or 12.8%), sponsored research ($301 million or 11.6%), and other revenue ($8 million or 0.3%). It covers the costs of teaching, student services, facilities, and administrative support. The state's annual contribution to the school's operating budget was 3.03% in 2023 and does not cover intercollegiate athletics, housing, or Michigan Medicine.[104]\nAuxiliary Funds, which account for 58.2% of the operating budget, are sourced from self-supporting units and do not receive taxpayer or tuition support. These include Michigan Medicine ($6.16 billion), intercollegiate athletics ($186 million), student housing ($160 million), and student publications.[104]\nExpendable Restricted Funds, which account for 14.2% of the operating budget, are from providers who designate how their money is spent. Funding comes from research grants and contracts, endowment payout ($305 million), and private gifts ($157 million). It pays for scholarships and fellowships; salaries, benefits and research support for some faculty; and research, programs and academic centers.[104]\nDesignated Funds, which account for 2.2% of the operating budget, come from fees charged for and spent on experiential learning, programs, conferences, performance venues, and executive and continuing education.[104]\nEndowment[edit]\nThe university's financial endowment, known as the \"University Endowment Fund\", comprises over 12,400 individual funds.[105] Each fund must be spent according to the donor's specifications.[105] Approximately 28% of the total endowment is allocated to support academic programs, while 22% is designated for student scholarships and fellowships.[105] Approximately 19% of the endowment was allocated to Michigan Medicine and can only be used to support research, patient care, or other purposes specified by donors.[105]\nAs of 2023[update], the university's endowment, valued at $17.9 billion, ranks as the tenth largest among all universities in the country.[106][107] The university ranks 86th in endowment per student.[106] The law school's endowment, totaling over $500 million, has a significantly higher per-student value compared to that of its parent university.[108] It ranks as the eighth wealthiest law school in the nation in 2022.[108]\nSchools and colleges[edit]\nThere are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges.[109] By enrollment, the three largest undergraduate units are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, and the Ross School of Business.[110] At the graduate level, the Rackham School of Graduate Studies serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university.[111] There are 18 graduate schools and colleges. Professional degrees are conferred by the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, the School of Nursing, the School of Dentistry, the Law School, the Medical School, and the College of Pharmacy.[110] Michigan Medicine, the university's health system, comprises the university's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education.\nCollege/school\nYearfounded[112]\nEnrollment(FA 2023)\nGeneral Fund Budget($, 2022-23)[104]\nBudgetper student($, 2022-23)[104]\nA. Alfred Taubman College ofArchitecture & Urban Planning\n1906\n737\n25,707,200\n34,881\nSchool of Dentistry\n1875\n670\n41,055,284\n61,277\nCollege of Engineering\n1854\n11,113\n276,845,246\n24,912\nSchool for Environment and Sustainability\n1927\n516\n28,034,976\n54,331\nSchool of Information\n1969\n1,760\n50,147,537\n28,493\nSchool of Kinesiology\n1984\n1,312\n22,088,845\n16,836\nLaw School\n1859\n1,017\n57,495,856\n56,535\nCollege of Literature, Science, and the Arts\n1841\n21,973\n522,704,411\n23,788\nMarsal Family School of Education\n1921\n371\n19,058,427\n51,370\nMedical School\n1921\n1,677\n124,714,812\n74,368\nSchool of Music, Theatre & Dance\n1880\n1,134\n43,101,134\n38,008\nSchool of Nursing\n1893\n1,183\n31,644,687\n26,750\nCollege of Pharmacy\n1876\n561\n22,056,888\n39,317\nSchool of Public Health\n1941\n1,162\n49,478,265\n42,580\nGerald R. Ford School of Public Policy\n1914\n362\n17,191,821\n47,491\nStephen M. Ross School of Business\n1924\n4,433\n137,479,144\n31,013\nSchool of Social Work\n1951\n940\n31,557,111\n33,571\nPenny W. Stamps School of Art & Design\n1974\n740\n18,111,495\n24,475\nUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor*\n\n52,065\n2,590,485,130\n49,755\n*included other standalone units\nAcademics[edit]\nAdmissions[edit]\nFirst-time fall freshman statistics\n2023[113]\n2022[114]\n2021[115]\n2020[116]\n2019[117]\nApplicants\n87,605\n84,289\n79,743\n65,021\n64,972\nAdmits\n15,714\n14,914\n16,071\n16,974\n14,883\nAdmit rate\n17.94%\n17.69%\n20.15%\n26.11%\n22.91%\nEnrolled\n7,462\n7,050\n7,290\n6,879\n6,830\nYield\n47.49%\n47.27%\n45.36%\n40.53%\n45.89%\nSAT range\n13501530\n13501530\n13601530\n13401520\n13401530\nACT range\n3134\n3134\n3135\n3134\n3134\nU.S. News & World Report rates Michigan \"Most Selective\"[118] and The Princeton Review rates its admissions selectivity of 96 out of 99.[119] Admissions are characterized as \"more selective, lower transfer-in\" according to the Carnegie Classification.[120][121] Michigan received over 83,000 applications for a place in the 202122 freshman class, making it one of the most applied-to universities in the United States.[121][122] Of those students accepted to Michigan's Class of 2027, 7,050 chose to attend.\nAdmission is based on academic prowess, extracurricular activities, and personal qualities. The university's admission process is need-blind for domestic applicants.[123] Admissions officials consider a student's standardized test scores, application essay and letters of recommendation to be important academic factors, with emphasis on an applicant's academic record and GPA, while ranking an applicant's high school class rank as 'not considered'.[114][115] In terms of non-academic materials as of 2022, Michigan ranks character/personal qualities and whether the applicant is a first-generation university applicant as 'important' in making first-time, first-year admission decisions, while ranking extracurricular activities, talent/ability, geographical residence, state residency, volunteer work, work experience and level of applicant's interest as 'considered'.[114] Some applicants to Music, Theatre and Dance and some applicants to the College of Engineering may be interviewed.[114] A portfolio is required and considered for admission for Art, Architecture and the Ross School of Business.[114] Submission of standardized test scores is recommended but not compulsory. Of the 52% of enrolled freshmen in 2023 who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1350-1530. Of the 18% of the incoming freshman class who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 31 and 34.\nEnrollment in University of Michigan-Ann Arbor (20132024)\nAcademic Year\nUndergraduates\nGraduate\nTotal Enrollment\n20132014[124]\n28,283\n15,427\n43,710\n20142015[125]\n28,395\n15,230\n43,625\n20152016[126]\n28,312\n15,339\n43,651\n20162017[127]\n28,964\n15,754\n44,718\n20172018[128]\n29,821\n16,181\n46,002\n20182019[129]\n30,318\n16,398\n46,716\n20192020[117]\n31,266\n16,824\n48,090\n20202021[116]\n31,329\n16,578\n47,907\n20212022[115]\n32,282\n17,996\n50,278\n20222023[114]\n32,695\n18,530\n51,225\n20232024[113]\n33,730\n18,335\n52,065\nRequirements[edit]\nThe requirements for admission to the freshman class were first published in August 1841, with fluency in ancient languages, such as Latin and Greek, being among the many requirements.[10]:33 Candidates for admission to the freshman class were examined in English grammar, geography, arithmetic, algebra, Virgil, Cicero's Select Orations, Jacob's or Felton's Greek Reader, Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, and Sophocles's Greek Grammar. In 1851, the university dropped the requirement for students who did not wish to pursue the usual collegiate course embracing the ancient languages, permitting their admission without examination in such languages.[10]:44 This provision may be considered a prelude to scientific education.\nThe archway to the Law Quadrangle\nRequirements for admission varied from department to department in the early days, and admissions were mostly given by referral. Candidates were required to do no more than satisfying professors on such inquiry as professors saw fit to make of their ability to do the work to obtain admission to the university. Such a practice was deemed flawed, eventually leading to corruption. In 1863, a rigid generalized entrance examination was imposed, creating one standard of qualifications for admission to all the departments, academical and professional.[10]:79 The early administration praised the then-new practice for its role in strengthening admission to the university.[10]:44 The entrance examination imposed in 1863 had played a significant role in the admission process during the 19th century until the emergence of the nationwide standardized tests, which were not offered until 1900.\nAffirmative action[edit]\nMain article: Affirmative action at the University of Michigan\nIn 2003, two lawsuits involving U-M's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger). President George W. Bush publicly opposed the policy before the court issued a ruling.[130] The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding, but it ruled that a point system was unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the Law School admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy.[citation needed] The debate continued because in November 2006, Michigan voters passed Proposal 2, banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law, race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions.[131] U-M and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the law soon after that referendum. This allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the initiative results. In April 2014, the Supreme Court ruled in Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action that Proposal 2 did not violate the U.S. Constitution. The admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors, such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.[131]\nMajors and programs[edit]\nThe university offers 133 undergraduate majors & degrees across the College of Engineering (18), College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (77), College of Pharmacy (1), Ford School of Public Policy (1), LSA Residential College (3), Marsal Family School of Education (3), Ross School of Business (1), School of Dentistry (1), School of Information (2), School of Kinesiology (3), School of Music, Theatre & Dance (16), School of Nursing (1), School of Public Health (2), Stamps School of Art & Design (2), and Taubman College of Architecture & Urban Planning (2). The most popular undergraduate majors, by 2021 graduates, were computer and information sciences (874), business administration and management (610), economics (542), behavioral neuroscience (319), mechanical engineering (316), experimental psychology (312).[132]\nThe Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies offers more than 180 graduate degree programs in collaboration with fourteen other schools and colleges. Nineteen graduate and professional degree programs, including the juris doctor, master of business administration, doctor of dental surgery, master of engineering, doctor of engineering, doctor of medicine, and doctor of pharmacy, are offered exclusively by the schools and colleges; Rackham does not oversee their administration. The university conferred 4,951 graduate degrees, and 709 first professional degrees in 20112012.[133][134]\nReputation and rankings[edit]\nAcademic rankingsNationalARWU[135]18Forbes[136]23U.S. News & World Report[137]21Washington Monthly[138]23WSJ/College Pulse[139]28GlobalARWU[140]26QS[141]33THE[142]23U.S. News & World Report[143]19\nThe University of Michigan is a large, four-year, residential research university accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.[120][144][145] The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments and emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions with a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate programs. The university has \"very high\" research activity and the comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.[120] U-M has been included on Richard Moll's list of Public Ivies.[146]\nThe 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges report ranked Michigan 3rd among public universities in the United States.[147] Michigan was ranked 6th in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs Rankings.[148] Michigan was ranked 3rd in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Business Programs Rankings.[149] The 2020 Princeton Review College Hopes & Worries Survey ranked Michigan as the No. 9 \"Dream College\" among students and the No. 7 \"Dream College\" among parents.[150] The 202223 edition of the CWUR rankings ranked Michigan 12th nationally and 15th globally.[151]\nNational rankings[edit]\nNational Institution Rankings\nInstitution\nRank\nYear\nChange(YoY)\nSource[152][153]\nUndergraduate\nUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor\nBest National Universities\n21\n2023\nU.S. News\nDream College Among Students\n5\n2024\n4\nPrinceton Review\nDream College Among Parents\n6\n2024\n2\nPrinceton Review\nUndergraduate Research/Creative Projects\n5\n\nU.S. News\nCollege of Engineering\nUndergraduate Engineering\n5\n\nU.S. News\nSchool of Nursing\nBachelor of Science in Nursing\n7\n\nU.S. News\nCollege of Literature, Science, andthe Arts\nUndergraduate Psychology\n3\n\nU.S. News\nGraduate\nCollege of Engineering\nBest Engineering Schools\n7\n2023\nU.S. News\nAerospace Engineering\n7\n2023\nU.S. News\nBiomedical Engineering\n9\n2023\nU.S. News\nCivil Engineering\n5\n2023\nU.S. News\nComputer Engineering\n7\n2023\nU.S. News\nElectrical Engineering\n4\n2023\nU.S. News\nEnvironmental Engineering\n2\n2023\nU.S. News\nIndustrial Engineering\n2\n2023\nU.S. News\nMaterials Engineering\n7\n2023\nU.S. News\nMechanical Engineering\n5\n2023\nU.S. News\nNuclear Engineering\n1\n2023\nU.S. News\nGerald R. Ford School ofPublic Policy\nBest Public Affairs Programs\n4\n2024\nU.S. News\nPolitical Science\n4\n2021\nU.S. News\nSchool of Information\nBest Library andInformation Studies Programs\n6\n2021\nU.S. News\nMarsal Family School ofEducation\nBest Education Schools\n3\n2024\n2\nU.S. News\nSchool of Public Health\nBest Public Health Schools\n5\n2024\nU.S. News\nBiostatistics\n4\n2022\nU.S. News\nHealth Care Management\n3\n2023\nU.S. News\nCollege of Literature, Science, andthe Arts\nBiological Sciences\n23\n2022\nU.S. News\nChemistry\n14\n2023\nU.S. News\nClinical Psychology (Doctorate)\n10\n2020\nU.S. News\nEarth Sciences\n9\n2023\nU.S. News\nEconomics\n12\n2022\nU.S. News\nEnglish\n8\n2021\nU.S. News\nHistory\n2\n2021\nU.S. News\nMathematics\n11\n2023\nU.S. News\nPhysics\n13\n2023\nU.S. News\nPsychology\n3\n2022\nU.S. News\nSociology\n2\n2021\nU.S. News\nStatistics\n7\n2022\nU.S. News\nSchool of Social Work\nBest Schools for Social Work\n1\n2024\nU.S. News\nStamps School of Art & Design\nBest Art Schools\n8\n2020\nU.S. News\nStephen M. Ross School ofBusiness\nBest B-Schools\n9\n202324\nBloomberg Businessweek\nBest Business Schools\n12\n2024\n4\nU.S. News\nPart-time MBA\n6\n2024\n1\nU.S. News\nProfessional\nLaw School\nBest Law Schools\n9\n2024\n1\nU.S. News\nMedical School\nBest Medical Schools: Research\n13\n2023\nU.S. News\nBest Medical Schools: Primary Care\n26\n2023\nU.S. News\nSchool of Nursing\nBest Nursing Schools: Master's\n7\n2024\n1\nU.S. News\nBest Nursing Schools: Doctor ofNursing Practice\n8\n2024\n2\nU.S. News\nMidwifery\n6\n2024\n4\nU.S. News\nCollege of Pharmacy\nBest Pharmacy Schools\n2\n2024\n1\nU.S. News\nOther\nUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor\nTop Public Schools\n3\n2023\nU.S. News\nPublic Universities\n1\n2022\nTHE\nTop 25 Public Colleges\n4\n2023\nForbes\nTop Public Universities In America\n2\n2024\nNiche\nWorld rankings[edit]\nWorld University Rankings\nInstitution\nRank\nYear\nChange(YoY)\nSource[154]\nUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor\nAcademic Ranking ofWorld Universities\n26\n2023\n2\nShanghaiRanking\nBest Global Universities\n19\n2022-23\nU.S. News\nTop Global Universities\n33\n2024\n8\nQS\nWorld University Rankings\n23\n2023\n1\nTHE\nWorld Reputation Rankings\n18\n2023\nTHE\nWorld University Rankings\n16\n2023\n1\nCWUR\nWorld Rankings by Subject\nInstitution\nRank\nYear\nChange(YoY)\nSource\nSchool of Dentistry\nDentistry & Oral Sciences\n1\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nCollege of Engineering\nAerospace Engineering\n6\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nAutomation & Control\n12\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nBiomedical Engineering\n36\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nBiotechnology\n51-75\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nChemical Engineering\n94\n\nU.S. News\n101-150\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nCivil Engineering\n46\n\nU.S. News\n51-75\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nComputer Science\n18\n\nU.S. News\n41\n\nTHE\nComputer Science & Engineering\n51-75\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nElectrical andElectronic Engineering\n105\n\nU.S. News\n51-75\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nEnergy and Fuels\n76\n\nU.S. News\nEnergy Science & Engineering\n76-100\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nEngineering\n21\n\nU.S. News\n19\n\nTHE\nEnvironmental Science & Engineering\n51-75\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nInstruments Science & Technology\n201-300\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nMaterials Science\n44\n\nU.S. News\nMaterials Science & Engineering\n46\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nMechanical Engineering\n36\n\nU.S. News\n76-100\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nMetallurgical Engineering\n34\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nNanoscience and Nanotechnology\n87\n\nU.S. News\n101-150\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nOptics\n57\n\nU.S. News\nRemote Sensing\n51-75\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nSpace Science\n25\n\nU.S. News\nTelecommunication Engineering\n201-300\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nTransportation Science & Technology\n14\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nSchool for Environment andSustainability\nEnvironment/Ecology\n35\n\nU.S. News\nGerald R. Ford School ofPublic Policy\nPolitical Sciences\n9\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nPublic Administration\n101-150\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nSchool of Information\nLibrary & Information Science\n42\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nLaw School\nLaw\n9\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\n26\n\nTHE\nCollege of Literature, Science, andthe Arts\nAgricultural Sciences\n201-300\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nArts & Humanities\n10\nU.S. News\n18\n\nTHE\nAtmospheric Science\n51-75\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nBiological Sciences\n44\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nBiology & Biochemistry\n17\n\nU.S. News\nBiotechnology andApplied Microbiology\n56\n\nU.S. News\nChemistry\n46\n\nU.S. News\n76-100\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nCommunication\n6\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nCondensed Matter Physics\n85\n\nU.S. News\nEarth Sciences\n51-75\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nEcology\n51-75\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nEconomics\n23\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nGeography\n151-200\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nGeosciences\n67\n\nU.S. News\nHuman Biological Sciences\n44\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nLife sciences\n29\n\nTHE\nMathematics\n21\n\nU.S. News\n30\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nOceanography\n101-150\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nPhysical Chemistry\n84\n\nU.S. News\nPhysical sciences\n23\n\nTHE\nPhysics\n25\n\nU.S. News\n24\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nPlant and Animal Science\n93\n\nU.S. News\nPsychiatry/Psychology\n13\n\nU.S. News\nPsychology\n11\n\nTHE\n11\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nSocial sciences\n9\n\nTHE\nSociology\n4\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nStatistics\n16\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nMarsal Family School of Education\nEducation\n8\n\nTHE\n1\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nMedical School\nCardiac & Cardiovascular Systems\n18\n\nU.S. News\nCell Biology\n26\n\nU.S. News\nClinical Medicine\n12\n\nU.S. News\n36\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nClinical and Health\n21\n\nTHE\nEndocrinology and Metabolism\n23\n\nU.S. News\nGastroenterology and Hepatology\n22\n\nU.S. News\nImmunology\n31\n\nU.S. News\nInfectious Diseases\n12\n\nU.S. News\nMedical Technology\n31\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nMicrobiology\n43\n\nU.S. News\nMolecular Biology & Genetics\n15\n\nU.S. News\nNeuroscience & Behavior\n40\n\nU.S. News\nOncology\n15\n\nU.S. News\nRadiology, Nuclear Medicine andMedical Imaging\n37\n\nU.S. News\nSurgery\n11\n\nU.S. News\nSchool of Nursing\nNursing\n32\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nCollege of Pharmacy\nPharmacology & Toxicology\n27\n\nU.S. News\nPharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences\n42\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nSchool of Public Health\nPublic, Environmental andOccupational Health\n22\n\nU.S. News\nPublic Health\n12\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nSocial Sciences & Public Health\n6\n\nU.S. News\nStephen M. Ross School ofBusiness\nBusiness Administration\n50\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nEconomics & Business\n13\n\nU.S. News\n20\n\nTHE\nGlobal MBA\n26\n2023\n2\nFinancial Times\nFinance\n34\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nManagement\n7\n2023\nShanghaiRanking\nResearch[edit]\nScience research output, by year[155][156][157][158][159][160]\nShare\nNational Rank\nGlobal Rank\n2022\n365.97\n6\n18\n2021\n337.95\n6\n19\n2020\n398.64\n4\n11\n2019\n343.84\n5\n14\n2018\n344.48\n6\n14\n2017\n336.06\n5\n11\nMichigan is one of the founding members (in the year 1900) of the Association of American Universities. The university manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States. According to the National Science Foundation, Michigan spent $1.639 billion on research and development in 2021, ranking it 3rd in the nation.[161] This figure totaled over $1 billion in 2009.[162] The Medical School spent the most at over $445 million, while the College of Engineering was second at more than $160 million.[162]\nThe Thomas Henry Simpson Memorial Institute for Medical Research was constructed in 1924 as the result of a donation from the widow of iron magnate Thomas H. Simpson, in memory of her late husband, who succumbed to pernicious anemia\nIn 2009, U-M signed an agreement to purchase a facility formerly owned by Pfizer. The acquisition includes over 170 acres (0.69km2) of property, and 30 major buildings comprising roughly 1,600,000 square feet (150,000m2) of wet laboratory space, and 400,000 square feet (37,000m2) of administrative space. At the time of the agreement, the university's intentions for the space were not fully articulated, but the expectation was that the new space would allow the university to ramp up its research and ultimately employ in excess of 2,000 people.[163]\nThe university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the EKG[164] and the gastroscope.[165] The university's 13,000-acre (53km2) biological station in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan is one of only 47 Biosphere Reserves in the United States.[166]\nIn the mid-1960s U-M researchers worked with IBM to develop a new virtual memory architectural model[167] that model became part of IBM's Model 360/67 mainframe computer (the 360/67 was initially dubbed the 360/65M where the \"M\" stood for Michigan).[168] The Michigan Terminal System (MTS), an early time-sharing computer operating system developed at U-M, was the first system outside of IBM to use the 360/67's virtual memory features.[169]\nR&D statistics, by year[170][171][172][173][174]\nTotalResearchx $1000\nNationalRank\nFederalResearchx $1000\nNationalRank\nNationalAcademyMembers\nNationalRank\n2019\n\n\n\n\n120\n10\n2018\n1,493,353\n3\n841,158\n3\n118\n9\n2017\n1,434,535\n2\n822,436\n3\n113\n12\n2016\n1,357,228\n2\n780,080\n3\n108\n13\n2015\n1,300,340\n2\n728,712\n3\n106\n13\n2014\n1,279,603\n2\n733,779\n3\n\n\nU-M is home to the National Election Studies and the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index. The Correlates of War project, also located at U-M, is an accumulation of scientific knowledge about war. The university is also home to major research centers in optics, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, wireless integrated microsystems, and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Life Sciences Institute are located at the university. The Institute for Social Research (ISR), the nation's longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences,[175] is home to the Survey Research Center, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Center for Political Studies, Population Studies Center, and Inter-Consortium for Political and Social Research. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.[176]\nThe U-M library system comprises nineteen individual libraries with twenty-four separate collectionsroughly 13.3 million volumes as of 2012.[177] U-M was the original home of the JSTOR database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics, and has initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with Google.[178] The University of Michigan Press is also a part of the U-M library system.\nIn the late 1960s U-M, together with Michigan State University and Wayne State University, founded the Merit Network, one of the first university computer networks.[179] The Merit Network was then and remains today administratively hosted by U-M. Another major contribution took place in 1987 when a proposal submitted by the Merit Network together with its partners IBM, MCI, and the State of Michigan won a national competition to upgrade and expand the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) backbone from 56,000 to 1.5 million, and later to 45 million bits per second.[180] In 2006, U-M joined with Michigan State University and Wayne State University to create the University Research Corridor. This effort was undertaken to highlight the capabilities of the state's three leading research institutions and drive the transformation of Michigan's economy.[181] The three universities are electronically interconnected via the Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR, pronounced 'MY-lar'), a high-speed data network providing 10Gbit/s connections between the three university campuses and other national and international network connection points in Chicago.[182]\nIn May 2021, the university announced plans to cut carbon emissions from its campuses. The plan covers all of its operations and goals include removing emissions from direct, on-campus sources by 2040.[183]\nStudent life[edit]\nStudent body[edit]\nUndergraduate student body composition as of October 10, 2023\nRace and ethnicity[184]\nTotal\nWhite\n53%\n53\nAsian\n17%\n17\nHispanic\n7%\n7\nBlack\n4%\n4\nOther[a]\n10%\n10\nForeign national\n8%\n8\nEconomic diversity[citation needed]\nLow-income[b]\n18%\n18\nAffluent[c]\n82%\n82\nAs of October 2023, the university had an enrollment of 52,065 students: 33,730 undergraduate students and 18,335 graduate students[185] in a total of 600 academic programs.[citation needed] This makes it the largest university in the state of Michigan.[186] The largest college at the university was the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts with 21,973 students (42.2% of the total student body), followed by the College of Engineering (11,113; 21.3%) and Ross School of Business (4,433; 8.1%). All other colleges each hosted less than 5% of the total student population.[187]\nStudents come from all 50 U.S. states and nearly 100 countries.[121] As of 2022, 52% of undergraduate students were Michigan residents, while 43% came from other states. The remainder of the undergraduate student body was composed of international students.[188] Of the total student body, 43,253 (83.1%) were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and 8,812 (16.9%) were international students as of November 2023.[189]\nIn terms of race, as of October 2023 the undergraduate student body was approximately 53% White, 17% Asian, 7% Hispanic, 4% Black, 5% from two or more races, and 5% from an unknown racial composition. The remaining 8% of undergraduates were international students.[184]\nAccording to a 2017 report by the New York Times, the median family income of a student at Michigan was $154,000. 66% of students came from families within the top 20% in terms of income.[190] As of 2022, approximately 23% of in-state undergraduate students and 14% of out-of-state students received a Pell Grant.[188]\nResidential life[edit]\nMain article: University of Michigan Housing\nLaw Quadrangle, constructed during the decade of 192333, was designed by York and Sawyer in the Tudor style. Its design recalled the quadrangles of two ancient English universities, Oxford and Cambridge\nThe University of Michigan's campus housing system can accommodate approximately 10,000 students, or nearly 25 percent of the total student population at the university.[191] The residence halls are located in three distinct geographic areas on campus: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,270 students,[192] while the smallest accommodates 25 residents.[193] A majority of upper-division and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and cooperatives, with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas.Lawyers Club Dining Hall\nThe residential system has a number of \"living-learning communities\" where academic activities and residential life are combined. These communities focus on areas such as research through the Michigan Research and Discovery Scholars, medical sciences, community service and the German language.[194] The Michigan Research and Discovery Scholars and the Women in Science and Engineering Residence Program are housed in Mosher-Jordan Hall. The Residential College (RC), a living-learning community that is a division of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, also has its principal instructional space in East Quad. The Michigan Community Scholars Program, dedicated to civic engagement, community service learning and intercultural understanding and dialogue, is located in West Quad.[195] The Lloyd Hall Scholars Program (LHSP) is located in Alice Lloyd Hall. The Health Sciences Scholars Program (HSSP) is located in Couzens Hall. The North Quad complex houses two additional living-learning communities: the Global Scholars Program[196] and the Max Kade German Program.[197] It is \"technology-rich\", and houses communication-related programs, including the School of Information, the Department of Communication Studies, and the Department of Screen Arts and Cultures.[198][199] North Quad is also home to services such as the Language Resource Center and the Sweetland Center for Writing.[200]\nThe residential system also has a number of \"theme communities\" where students have the opportunity to be surrounded by students in a residential hall who share similar interests. These communities focus on global leadership, the college transition experience, and internationalism.[201] The Adelia Cheever Program is housed in the Helen Newberry House.[202] The First Year Experience is housed in the Baits II Houses and Markley Hall along with portions of all other buildings with the exception of North Quad, Northwood, and Stockwell Hall.[203] The Sophomore Experience is housed in Stockwell Hall and the Transfer Year Experience is housed in Northwood III.[204][205] The newly organized International Impact program is housed in North Quad.[206]\nStockwell Residence Hall\nGroups and activities[edit]\nPhotograph of the University of Michigan Democratic Club in 1898. Back Row (LR): Arthur Lacy, C. Thomas, J.M. BailyFront Row (LR): F.K. Bowers, C.F. Kelley, C.D. Landis, JS. McElligott\nThe university lists 1,438 student organizations, including Omega Omega Omega (OOO), the nation's first mental health fraternity.[207][208] The student body is politically engaged, though, with 96% stating they intended to vote in the 2020 election. It is largely progressive, with 43% identifying as very liberal, 33% as somewhat liberal, and 13% moderate. 11% identified as conservative or very conservative.[209] With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as civil rights and labor rights, such as local chapters of Students for a Democratic Society and United Students Against Sweatshops. Conservative groups also organize, such as the Young Americans for Freedom.[210]\nThere are also several engineering projects teams, including the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, which has placed first in the North American Solar Challenge six times and third in the World Solar Challenge four times.[211] Michigan Interactive Investments,[212] the TAMID Israel Investment Group, and the Michigan Economics Society[213] are also affiliated with the university.\nThe university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children, Dance Marathon at the University of Michigan,[214] The Detroit Partnership, Relay For Life, U-M Stars for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, InnoWorks at the University of Michigan, SERVE, Letters to Success, PROVIDES, Circle K, Habitat for Humanity,[215] and Ann Arbor Reaching Out. Intramural sports are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.[216]\nMichigan Union, an Art Deco building constructed on land wholly owned by the student society in 1917, was designed by Michigan alumni Irving Kane Pond and Allen Bartlit Pond.\nThe Michigan Union and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.[217] The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization and is composed of 14 committees.[218] Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus.\nMichigan Marching Band on the field at Michigan versus Harvard football game in 1940\nThe Michigan Marching Band, composed of more than 350 students from almost all of U-M's schools,[219] is the university's marching band. Over 125 years old (with a first performance in 1897),[220] the band performs at every home football game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led University of Michigan Pops Orchestra is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the Michigan Theater. The University of Michigan Men's Glee Club, founded in 1859 and the second oldest such group in the country, is a men's chorus with over 100 members.[221] Its eight-member subset a cappella group, the University of Michigan Friars, which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running a cappella group on campus.[222] The University of Michigan is also home to over twenty other a cappella groups, including Amazin' Blue, The Michigan G-Men, and Compulsive Lyres, all of which have competed at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA) finals in New York City. Compulsive Lyres are the first and only group from Michigan to claim an ICCA title, having won in 2002.[223] The Michigan G-Men are one of only six groups in the country to compete at ICCA finals four times, one of only two TTBB ensembles to do so, and placed third at the competition in 2015.[224] Amazin' Blue placed fourth at ICCA finals in 2017. In 2020, The A Cappella Archive ranked The Michigan G-Men and Amazin' Blue at #7 and #13, respectively, out of all groups that have ever competed in ICCA.[225]\nThe University of Michigan has over 380 cultural and ethnic student organizations on campus.[226] There are organizations for almost every culture from the Arab Student Association to Persian Student Association[227] to African Students Association[228] to even the Egyptian Student Association.[229] These organizations hope to promote various aspects of their culture along with raising political and social awareness around campus by hosting an assortment of events throughout the school year. These clubs also help students make this large University into a smaller community to help find people with similar interests and backgrounds.\nFraternities and sororities[edit]\nPhotograph of the 14 founding members of Acacia, the only general fraternity to be founded in Michigan.\nFraternities and sororities play a role in the university's social life; approximately seven percent of undergraduate men and 16% of undergraduate women are active in the Greek system.[230] Four different Greek councilsthe Interfraternity Council, Multicultural Greek Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council, and Panhellenic Associationrepresent most Greek organizations. Each council has a different recruitment process.[231]\nDelta Sigma Delta, the first dental fraternity in the world\nNational honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi have chapters at U-M.[232] Degrees \"with Highest Distinction\" are recommended to students who rank in the top 3% of their class, \"with High Distinction\" to the next 7%, and \"with Distinction\" to the next 15%. Students earning a minimum overall GPA of 3.4 who have demonstrated high academic achievement and capacity for independent work may be recommended for a degree \"with Highest Honors\", \"with High Honors\", or \"with Honors\".[232] Those students who earn all A's for two or more consecutive terms in a calendar year are recognized as James B. Angell Scholars and are invited to attend the annual Honors Convocation, an event which recognizes undergraduate students with distinguished academic achievements.[232]\nPhi Delta Phi, the oldest legal organization in continuous existence in the United States\nCollegiate secret societies[edit]\nThe University of Michigan hosts three secret societies: Michigauma, Adara, and the Vulcans. Michigauma and Adara were once under the umbrella group \"The Tower Society\", the name referring to their historical locations in the Michigan Union tower. Michigauma was all-male while Adara was all-female, although both later became co-ed.\nMichigauma, more recently known as the Order of Angell, was formed in 1902 by a group of seniors in coordination with University president James Burrill Angell. The group disbanded itself in 2021 due to public concerns about elitism and the society's history. The group was granted a lease for the top floor of the Michigan Union tower in 1932, which they referred to as the \"tomb\", but the society vacated the space in 2000. Until more recent reforms, the group's rituals were inspired by the culture of Native Americans.[233] Some factions on campus identified Michigauma as a secret society, but many disputed that characterization, as its member list has been published some years in The Michigan Daily and the Michiganensian, and online since 2006 reforms.\nAdara, known as Phoenix, was formed in the late 1970s by women leaders on campus and disbanded itself in 2021 amid campus criticisms of secret societies.[234] In the early 1980s they joined the tower society and occupied the sixth floor of the tower just below Michigamua.\nVulcans, occupied the fifth floor of the Union tower though were not formally a part of the tower society. They draw their heritage from the Roman god Vulcan. The group which used to do its tapping publicly is known for its long black robes and for its financial contributions of the College of Engineering.\nMedia and publications[edit]\nStanford Lipsey Student Publications Building\nSeveral academic journals are published at the university:\nThe Law School publishes Michigan Law Review and six other law journals: The Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Michigan Journal of Race & Law, Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, Michigan Journal of International Law, and Michigan Journal of Gender and Law.[235]\nThe Ross School of Business publishes the Michigan Journal of Business.\nSeveral undergraduate journals are also published at the university, including the Michigan Journal of Political Science, Michigan Journal of History, University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal, the Michigan Journal of International Affairs, and the Michigan Journal of Asian Studies.\nThe student newspaper is The Michigan Daily, founded in 1890 and editorially and financially independent of the university. The Daily is published five days a week during academic year, and weekly from May to August. The yearbook is the Michiganensian, founded in 1896. Other student publications at the university include the conservative The Michigan Review and the progressive Michigan Independent. The humor publication Gargoyle Humor Magazine is also published by Michigan students.\nWCBN-FM (88.3 FM) is the student-run college radio station which plays in freeform format. WOLV-TV is the student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system. WJJX was previously the school's student-run radio station. A carrier current station, it was launched in 1953.[236]\nSafety[edit]\nViolent crime is rare on the campus though a few of the cases have been notorious including Theodore Kaczynski's attempted murder of professor James V. McConnell and research assistant Nicklaus Suino in 1985. Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, graduated from Michigan with his PhD in 1967.\nA radical left-wing militant organization Weather Underground was founded at the university in 1969.[237] It was later designated a domestic terrorist group by the FBI.[238]\nIn 2014, the University of Michigan was named one of 55 higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights \"for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints.\" President Barack Obama's White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault was organized for such investigations.[239] Seven years later, in 2021, the university attracted national attention when a report commissioned by the university was released that detailed an investigation into sexual assault allegations against doctor Robert Anderson who reportedly abused at least 950 university students, many of whom were athletes, from 1966 to 2003.[240] Several football players from that time say football coach Bo Schembechler ignored and enabled the abuse and told players to \"toughen up\" after being molested.[241] Schembechler reportedly punched his then 10-year-old son Matthew after he reported abuse by Anderson.[242] Following the exposure of a similar history of abuse at Ohio State University, male survivors of both Anderson at Michigan and Strauss at Ohio State spoke out to combat sexual abuse.[243] The University of Michigan settled with the survivors for $490 million.[244]\nAthletics[edit]\nMain article: Michigan Wolverines\nBurgee of University of Michigan\nThe University of Michigan's sports teams are called the Wolverines. They participate in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision and in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except women's water polo, which is a member of the Collegiate Water Polo Association. U-M boasts 27 varsity sports, including 13 men's teams and 14 women's teams.[245] In 10 of the past 14 years concluding in 2009, U-M has finished in the top five of the NACDA Director's Cup, a ranking compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. U-M has finished in the top 10 of the Directors' Cup standings in 21 of the award's 29 seasons between 19932021 and has placed in the top six in nine of the last 10 seasons.[246]\nMore than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events,[247] and as of 2021 its students and alumni have won 155 Olympic medals.[248]\nMichigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation and one of the largest football-only stadiums in the world, with an official capacity of 107,601[249] (the extra seat is said to be \"reserved\" for Fritz Crisler[250]) though attendancefrequently over 111,000 spectatorsregularly exceeds the official capacity.[251] The NCAA's record-breaking attendance has become commonplace at Michigan Stadium.\nU-M is also home to 29 men's and women's club sports teams, such as rugby, hockey, volleyball, boxing, soccer, and tennis.\nNational championships[edit]\nThe Michigan football program ranks first in NCAA history in total wins (1,004 through the end of the 2023 season) and tied for 1st among FBS schools in winning percentage (.734).[252][253] The team won the first Rose Bowl game in 1902. U-M had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive bowl game appearances from 1975 to 2007.[254] The Wolverines have won a record 44 Big Ten championships. The program claims 12 national championships,[255][256] most recently the 2023 National Championship,[257] and has produced three Heisman Trophy winners: Tom Harmon, Desmond Howard and Charles Woodson.[258]\nThe men's ice hockey team, which plays at Yost Ice Arena, has won nine national championships.[259]\nThe men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in five Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 19921993 and 19951999 seasons in which illicit payments to players took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances.[260] The men's basketball team has most recently won back-to-back Big Ten Tournament Championships.\nIn the Olympics[edit]\nThrough the 2012 Summer Olympics, 275 U-M students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in each Summer Olympic Games except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. U-M students/student-coaches (e.g., notably, Michael Phelps) have won a total of 185 Olympic medals: 85 golds, 48 silvers, and 52 bronzes.[261]\nFight songs and chants[edit]\nSinging The Yellow and the Blue between halves of the Penn Game, November 1916\nThe University of Michigan's fight song, \"The Victors\", was written by student Louis Elbel in 1898 following the last-minute football victory over the University of Chicago that won a league championship. The song was declared by John Philip Sousa to be \"the greatest college fight song ever written.\"[262] The song refers to the university as being \"the Champions of the West\". At the time, U-M was part of the Western Conference, which would later become the Big Ten Conference. Michigan was considered to be on the Western Frontier when it was founded in the old Northwest Territory.\nAlthough mainly used at sporting events, the Michigan fight song is often heard at other events as well. President Gerald Ford had it played by the United States Marine Band as his entrance anthem during his term as president from 1974 to 1977, in preference over the more traditional \"Hail to the Chief\",[263] and the Michigan Marching Band performed a slow-tempo variation of the fight song at his funeral.[264] The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's alma mater song is \"The Yellow and Blue\". A common rally cry is \"Let's Go Blue!\" which has a complementary short musical arrangement written by former students Joseph Carl, a sousaphonist, and Albert Ahronheim, a drum major.[265]\nBefore \"The Victors\" was officially the university's fight song, the song \"There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight\" was considered to be the school song.[266] After Michigan temporarily withdrew from the Western Conference in 1907, a new Michigan fight song \"Varsity\" was written in 1911 because the line \"champions of the West\" was no longer appropriate.[267]\nMuseums[edit]\nFor a more comprehensive list, see List of museums and collections at the University of Michigan.\nNewberry Hall (Kelsey Museum of Archeology)\nThe university is also home to several public and research museums including but not limited to the University Museum of Art, University of Michigan Museum of Natural History, Detroit Observatory, Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry, and the LSA Museum of Anthropological Archaeology.\nKelsey Museum of Archeology has a collection of Roman, Greek, Egyptian, and Middle Eastern artifacts.[268] Between 1972 and 1974, the museum was involved in the excavation of the archaeological site of Dibsi Faraj in northern Syria.[269] The Kelsey Museum re-opened November 1, 2009, after a renovation and expansion.[270]\nThe collection of the University of Michigan Museum of Art include nearly 19,000 objects that span cultures, eras, and media and include European, American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African art, as well as changing exhibits. The Museum of Art re-opened in 2009 after a three-year renovation and expansion.[271] UMMA presents special exhibitions and diverse educational programs featuring the visual, performing, film and literary arts that contextualize the gallery experience.[272]\nThe University of Michigan Museum of Natural History began in the mid-19th century and expanded greatly with the donation of 60,000 specimens by Joseph Beal Steere in the 1870s. The building also houses three research museums: the Museum of Anthropology, Museum of Paleontology. Today, the collections are primarily housed and displayed in the Ruthven Museums Building which was completed in 1928.[273]\nNotable people[edit]\nBenefactors[edit]\nHenry Ford (second from the left) at the dedication of Yost Field House in 1923\nThe Zion Masonic Lodge funded the university's first academic building in the 1810s.[274] Two-thirds of the total funding to establish the university was contributed by the Masonic lodge and its members.[274] Since then, private donors have become an important source of funding for the university. Among the individuals who have made significant donations commemorated at the university are William Wilson Cook, Dexter Mason Ferry, the Ford family, the Nichols family, the Marsal Family, the Tisch Family, William Erastus Upjohn, John Stoughton Newberry, Clara Harrison Stranahan, William K. Brehm, William Morse Davidson, A. Alfred Taubman, Penny W. Stamps, and Ronald Weiser. The Zell Family Foundation, led by Sam and Helen Zell, has donated a total of $152 million to the university over the years.[275][276] Stephen M. Ross made a $200 million donation to the business school and athletic campus in 2013.[277] Ross made a separate $100 million contribution to the university in 2004.[278] Charles Munger pledged $110 million in 2013 for a graduate residence and fellowships.[279]\nFaculty and staff[edit]\nFor a more comprehensive list, see List of University of Michigan faculty and staff.\nFaculty memberships (2023)\nNational Academies\nNational Academy of Engineering[280]\n30\nNational Academy of Medicine[281]\n62\nNational Academy of Sciences[282]\n37\nOther\nAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences[283]\n99\nAmerican Philosophical Society[284]\n17\nAs of fall 2022, Michigan had 7,954 faculty members and the full-time-equivalent (FTE) total was 6,752. Tenured and tenure-track faculty comprise 2,787 FTEs, lecturers comprise 830 FTEs and another 3,135 FTEs are individuals with clinical, research and other titles who are primarily involved in health care, research, and related scholarly activities.[285]\nMichigan's current faculty includes 30 members of National Academy of Engineering; 62 members of National Academy of Medicine; 37 members of the National Academy of Sciences; 99 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; 17 members of American Philosophical Society.[286]\nThe university's current and former faculty includes thirteen Nobel laureates, eight Pulitzer Prize winners, 41 MacArthur Fellows, as well as eighteen AAAS fellows.\nAlumni[edit]\nFor a more comprehensive list, see List of University of Michigan alumni.\nAs of 2013, nine Michigan alumni have won the Nobel Prize.[287] As of 2022, 35 of Michigan's matriculants have been awarded a Pulitzer Prize winners. By alumni count, Michigan ranks fifth as of 2018,[update] among all schools whose alumni have won Pulitzers. The university is, as of 2020,[update] associated one Mitchell Scholar.[288] As of 2021, 30 Michigan students or alumni have been named Rhodes Scholars.[289]\nGovernment and law[edit]\nFor a more comprehensive list, see List of University of Michigan law and government alumni.\nPresidential candidate Gerald Ford wears a \"Michigan #1\" sweater, Kick-off of Ford's 1976 presidential campaign at the University of Michigan campus in Ann Arbor\nMichigan graduates have held a range of high-level U.S. government positions, including United States President (Gerald Ford[290]); United States Secretary of State (William Rufus Day[291]); United States Supreme Court justice (William Rufus Day,[291] Frank Murphy,[292] George Sutherland[293]); United States Secretary of the Treasury (George M. Humphrey[294]); United States Attorney General (Harry Micajah Daugherty[295]); United States Secretary of the Interior (Kenneth Lee Salazar[296]); United States Secretary of Agriculture (Clinton Anderson,[297] Julius Sterling Morton,[298] Arthur M. Hyde,[299] and Dan Glickman[300]); United States Secretary of Commerce (Roy D. Chapin[301] and Robert P. Lamont[302]); United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (Tom Price[303]); United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (Ben Carson[304]); Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget (Rob Portman[305]); United States Trade Representative (Rob Portman[305]).\nMore than 250 Michigan graduates have served as legislators as either a United States Senator (47 graduates) or as a Congressional representative (over 215 graduates), including former House Majority Leader Dick Gephardt,[306] U.S. Representative Justin Amash.[307] As of 2021, Michigan has matriculated 63 U.S. governors or lieutenant governors, including former Governor of Michigan Rick Snyder,[308] former Governor of New York Thomas E. Dewey,[309] and former Governor of California Culbert Olson.[310] Former Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan,[311] former Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot,[312] and Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan[313]are also Michigan graduates. As of 2019, Michigan has placed onto various State Supreme Courts over 125 graduates, 40 of whom served as Chief Justice. As of 2022, Michigan has matriculated 64 Ambassadors who served as Ambassador in more than 72 countries.\nForeign alumni include the Prime Minister of Singapore (Lawrence Wong[314]); the current ruler of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah (Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi[315]); the 51st Prime Minister of Italy (Lamberto Dini); the Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda 19942004 (Lester Bird); the 47th President of Costa Rica (Luis Guillermo Sols); the Prime Minister of Peru 19931994 (Alfonso Bustamante); the Prime Minister of Jordan 20122016 (Abdullah Ensour[316]); the 13th President of Pakistan (Arif Alvi[317]); Chief Secretary of Hong Kong 20072011 (Henry Tang Ying-yen[318]); Deputy Prime Minister of South Korea 20172018 (Kim Dong-yeon); Deputy Prime Minister of Bulgaria in the government of Boyko Borisov (Simeon Djankov); the Chief Minister of Punjab 19521964 (Pratap Singh Kairon).\nScience[edit]\nNumerous U-M graduates contributed to the field of computer science, including Claude Shannon (who made major contributions to the mathematics of information theory),[319] and Turing Award winners Edgar Codd, Stephen Cook, Frances E. Allen, and Michael Stonebraker.\nU-M's contributions to aeronautics include aircraft designer Clarence \"Kelly\" Johnson of Lockheed Skunk Works fame.[320]\nBusiness[edit]\nFor a more comprehensive list, see List of University of Michigan business alumni.\nMichigan alumni have founded or cofounded companies such as Alphabet Inc. (Larry Page[321]), The Boeing Company (Edgar Gott[322]), Stryker Corporation (Homer Stryker[323]), Loews Corporation (Preston Robert Tisch[324]), Merrill Lynch (Charles Edward Merrill[325]), JetBlue (Dave Barger[326]), Science Applications International Corporation (J. Robert Beyster[327]), Rocket Mortgage (Gary Gilbert[328]), Domino's Pizza, Inc. (Tom Monaghan[329]), H&R Block (Henry W. Bloch[330]), Related Group (Stephen M. Ross[331]), Admiral Group (Henry Engelhardt[332]), Five Guys Enterprises (Jerry Murrell[333]\n), Leo Burnett Company (Leo Burnett[334]), Dart Container Corporation (William A. Dart[335]), Groupon (Eric Lefkofsky[336]and Brad Keywell[337]), EQ Office (Samuel Zell[338]), Saba Capital (Boaz Weinstein[339]), Barracuda Networks (Dean Drako[340]), Munger, Tolles & Olson (Charlie Munger[341]and Ronald L. Olson[342]), Club Quarters (Ralph Bahna[343]), Taubman Company (A. Alfred Taubman[344]), and Skype (Niklas Zennstrm[345]).\nAlumni have also led several companies, including Berkshire Hathaway (Charlie Munger[341]), Ford (James Hackett[346]), Walgreens (Charles Rudolph Walgreen Jr.[347]), State Farm Insurance (Jon Farney[348]), Citigroup (John C. Dugan[349]), Tencent (Martin Lau[350]), Wells Fargo (Timothy J. Sloan[351]), Albertsons (Vivek Sankaran[352]), Allstate Corp. (Thomas J. Wilson[352]), American Airlines (Robert Isom[352]), PNC Financial Services (William S. Demchak), Turkish Airlines (Temel Kotil[353]), Meijer (Doug Meijer[354]and Hank Meijer[355]), Chrysler Group LLC (C. Robert Kidder[356]), BorgWarner Inc. (Timothy M. Manganello[357]), Activision Blizzard (Bobby Kotick[358]), Restaurant Brands International (J. Patrick Doyle[359]), Guardian Industries (William Morse Davidson[360]), Bloomin' Brands (David Deno[352]), Coinstar (Gregg Kaplan[361]), Craigslist (Jim Buckmaster[362]), Twitter (Dick Costolo[363]), and Bain Capital (Edward Conard[364]).\nAuthors and journalists[edit]\nNotable writers who attended U-M include playwright Arthur Miller,[306] essayists Susan Orlean,[306] Jia Tolentino,[365] Sven Birkerts, journalists and editors Mike Wallace,[306] Jonathan Chait of The New Republic, Indian author and columnist Anees Jung, Daniel Okrent,[306] and Sandra Steingraber, food critics Ruth Reichl and Gael Greene, novelists Brett Ellen Block, Elizabeth Kostova, Marge Piercy,[306] Brad Meltzer,[306] Betty Smith,[306] and Charles Major, screenwriter Judith Guest,[306] Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Theodore Roethke, National Book Award winners Keith Waldrop and Jesmyn Ward, composer/author/puppeteer Forman Brown, Alireza Jafarzadeh (a Middle East analyst, author, and TV commentator), and memoirist and self-help book author Jerry Newport.\nMusic and entertainment[edit]\nMusical graduates include operatic soprano Jessye Norman,[306] singer Joe Dassin, multiple members of the bands Tally Hall and Vulfpeck, jazz guitarist Randy Napoleon, and Mannheim Steamroller founder Chip Davis.[306] Well-known composers who are alumni include Frank Ticheli, Andrew Lippa, and the Oscar and Tony Award-winning duo Benj Pasek and Justin Paul. Pop superstar Madonna[306] and rock legend Iggy Pop[306] attended but did not graduate.\nFilm and television[edit]\nIn Hollywood, famous alumni include actors Michael Dunn,[306] Darren Criss, James Earl Jones,[306] and David Alan Grier;[306] actresses Lucy Liu,[306] Gilda Radner,[306] and Selma Blair[306] as well as television director Mark Cendrowski and filmmaker Lawrence Kasdan.[306] Many Broadway and musical theatre actors, including Gavin Creel,[306] Andrew Keenan-Bolger, his sister Celia Keenan-Bolger, and Taylor Louderman attended U-M for musical theatre. Emmy Award winner Sanjay Gupta attended both college and medical school at the university.[366] Conservative pundit Ann Coulter is another U-M law school graduate (J.D. 1988).[306]\nSports[edit]\nU-M athletes have starred in Major League Baseball, the National Football League and National Basketball Association as well as in other professional sports. Notable among recent players is Tom Brady of the New England Patriots and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.[306] Three players have won college football's Heisman Trophy, awarded to the player considered the best in the nation: Tom Harmon (1940), Desmond Howard (1991), and Charles Woodson (1997).[258] Professional golfer John Schroeder and Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps also attended the University of Michigan; the latter studied Sports Marketing and Management. Phelps also swam competitively for Club Wolverine, a swimming club associated with the university.[367] The Canada national team's Shelina Zadorsky played soccer at the University of Michigan.[368]\nNational Hockey League players Marty Turco, Luke Hughes, Chris Summers, Max Pacioretty, Carl Hagelin, Dylan Larkin, Zach Hyman, Brendan Morrison,[306] Jack Johnson, and Michael Cammalleri[306] all played for U-M's ice hockey team. MLB Hall of Famers George Sisler and Barry Larkin also played baseball at the university.[306] Several team owners have been alumni, including multiple-team owner Bill Davidson (NBA Detroit Pistons, NHL Tampa Bay Lightning, WNBA Detroit Shock, among others) and NFL owners Stephen M. Ross (Miami Dolphins), Preston Robert Tisch (New York Giants), and Ralph Wilson (Buffalo Bills).\nActivists and humanitarians[edit]\nActivists associated with the university include Weather Underground radical activist Bill Ayers,[369] activist Tom Hayden,[306] architect Charles Moore,[370] Swedish hero of the Holocaust Raoul Wallenberg,[371] Civil War General Benjamin D. Pritchard,[372] and assisted-suicide advocate Jack Kevorkian.\nExploration[edit]\nSeveral astronauts attended Michigan including the all-U-M crews of both Gemini 4[373] and Apollo 15.[374] The university claims the only alumni association with a chapter on the Moon, established in 1971 when the crew of Apollo 15 placed a charter plaque for a new U-M Alumni Association on the lunar surface.[306][374]\nNotes[edit]\n^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.\n^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.\n^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c \"U-M's Foundings in Detroit and Ann Arbor: Key Dates\". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2016.\n^ \"Endowment generated 5.2% return in FY '23\". University of Michigan. October 19, 2023. 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Bibcode:2016PhT....69b..40M. doi:10.1063/pt.3.3081.\n^ Newman, Matthew (October 1995). \"U-M faculty's historic teach-in of 30 years ago: 'A Vital Service To Their Country'\". Michigan Today. Archived from the original on June 2, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.\n^ \"A Decade of Dissent: Teach-Ins\". Bentley Historical Library. December 22, 2008. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.\n^ \"AADL Talks To Jim Toy and Jackie Simpson\". Ann Arbor District Library. November 11, 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.\n^ Sullivan, Amy (April 23, 2009). \"Cash-Strapped State Schools Being Forced to Privatize\". Time. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2021.\n^ Weislak, Lance J.; LaFaive, Michael D. (March 1, 2004). \"Privatize the University of Michigan (Viewpoint on Public Issues)\". Mackinac Center for Public Policy. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. 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Johnstone & Company.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to University of Michigan.\nWikiquote has quotations related to University of Michigan.\nOfficial website\nUniversity of Michigan Athletics website\nUniversity of Michigan at Curlie\nNotable Alumni at https://alumni.umich.edu/notable-alumni/?jsf=jet-engine&tax=notable-alumni-category:955 Texts on Wikisource:\nShaw, W. B. (1922). \"Michigan, University of\". Encyclopdia Britannica (12thed.).\n\"Michigan, University of\". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.\n\"Michigan, University of\". Encyclopdia Britannica (11thed.). 1911.\n\"Michigan, University of\". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.\n\"Michigan, University of\". The American Cyclopdia. 1879.\nvteUniversity of MichiganLocated in: Ann Arbor, MichiganColleges\nArchitecture and Urban Planning\nArt and Design\nBusiness\nDentistry\nEducation\nEngineering\nEnvironment and Sustainability\nGraduate Studies\nInformation\nKinesiology\nLaw\nLiterature, Science, and the Arts\nMedicine\nMusic, Theatre, and Dance\nNursing\nPharmacy\nPublic Health\nPublic Policy\nAthleticsTeams\nMichigan Wolverines\nBaseball\nMen's basketball\nWomen's basketball\nField hockey\nFootball\nMen's gymnastics\nWomen's gymnastics\nMen's ice hockey\nMen's lacrosse\nWomen's lacrosse\nRugby\nMen's soccer\nWomen's soccer\nSoftball\nSwimming\nTrack and field\nWomen's volleyball\nVenues\nAlumni Field\nCanham Natatorium\nCrisler Center\nFerry Field\nMichigan Stadium\nPhyllis Ocker Field\nRay Fisher Stadium\nRegents Field\nWaterman Gymnasium\nYost Ice Arena\nOther\nCold War\nLittle Brown Jug\nPaul Bunyan Trophy\nThe Big Chill at the Big House\nMichiganMichigan State basketball rivalry\nMichiganMichigan State ice hockey rivalry\nMichiganOhio State football rivalry\nMichiganOhio State basketball rivalry\nCampus\nAngell Hall\nObservatory\nBurton Memorial Tower\nThe Cube\nThe Diag\nFord Nuclear Reactor\nHill Auditorium\nLibrary\nGerald R. 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Debs Cooperative House\nMichigan Cooperative House\nStefan T. Vail Cooperative House\n\"Let's Go Blue\"\nMichigan Marching Band\nMichigan Ultras\nPhi Delta Theta House\nMen's Glee Club\nNaked Mile\nOrder of Angell\nPops Orchestra\nSocial Venture Fund\nSociety of Les Voyageurs\nSolar Car Team\nStudents for a Democratic Society\nTheta Phi Alpha\n\"The Victors\"\n\"Varsity\"\n\"The Yellow and Blue\"\nHistory\n1965 Teach-in\n2020 graduate students' strike\nAffirmative action\nGratz v. Bollinger\nGrutter v. Bollinger\nMichigan Civil Rights Initiative\nDoe v. University of Michigan\nMichigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan\nTreaty of Fort Meigs\nVietnam War protests\nCampuses\nAnn Arbor (Main)\nDearborn\nFlint\nDetroit\nFounded: 1817\nStudents: 52,065 (2023)\nEndowment: $17.9 billion (2023)\nLinks to related articles\nvteAnn Arbor, MichiganEducationBasic\nAnn Arbor Public Schools\nHuron HS\nPioneer HS\nSkyline HS\nCommunity HS\nClonlara School\nGreenhills School\nRudolf Steiner School\nHigher\nUniversity of Michigan\nConcordia University Ann Arbor\nWashtenaw Community College\nLandmarks\nArborland Center\nThe Ark\nHands-On Museum\nBlind Pig\nBookstore Mural\nBriarwood Mall\nBurton Memorial Tower\nFairy Doors of Ann Arbor\nMichigan Theater\nOld West Side District\nPerformance Network Theatre\nState Theatre\nSt. Patrick's Parish Complex\nTower Plaza\nUniversity of Michigan Health System\nC.S. Mott Children's Hospital\nUniversity Towers\nVeterans Memorial Arena\nCulture\nArt Fairs\nFilm Festival\nArborough Games\nCannabis laws\nHash Bash\nJazz at Ann Arbor\nShakespeare in the Arb\nMedia\nAnn Arbor Argus\nThe Ann Arbor News (AnnArbor.com\nAnn Arbor Business Review)\nAnn Arbor Observer\nAnn Arbor Sun\nAutomobile\nCar and Driver\nFound Magazine\nMidwestern Gothic\nRepast\nRoad & Track\nSignal of Liberty\nTransportation\nTransportation Authority\nBlake Transit Center\nAmtrak station\nMunicipal Airport\nHistory\nAnn Arbor automobile\nAnn Arbor Hospital murders\nMichigan Anti-Slavery Society\nMichigan Murders\nCategory\nvteColleges and universities in MichiganPublic\nCentral\nEastern\nFerris\nGrand Valley\nLake Superior\nMichigan\nAnn Arbor\nDearborn\nFlint\nMichigan State\nTechnological\nNorthern\nOakland\nSaginaw Valley\nWayne\nWestern\nPrivate\nAdrian\nAlbion\nAlma\nAndrews\nAquinas\nCalvin\nCleary\nCollege for Creative Studies\nConcordia\nCornerstone\nDavenport\nDetroit Mercy\nGrace Christian\nGreat Lakes Christian\nHillsdale\nHope\nKalamazoo\nKettering\nKuyper\nLawrence Tech\nMadonna\nNorthwood\nOlivet\nRochester Christian\nSaint Mary's\nSiena Heights\nSpring Arbor\nWalsh\nCommunity\nAlpena\nBay de Noc\nBay Mills\nDelta\nGlen Oaks\nGogebic\nGrand Rapids\nHenry Ford\nJackson\nKalamazoo Valley\nKellogg\nKeweenaw Bay\nKirtland\nLake Michigan\nLansing\nMacomb\nMid Michigan\nMonroe County\nMontcalm\nC. S. Mott\nMuskegon\nNorth Central Michigan\nNorthwestern Michigan\nOakland\nSt. Clair County\nSchoolcraft\nSouthwestern Michigan\nWashtenaw\nWest Shore\nDefunct\nFinlandia\nMarygrove\nRobert B. Miller\nWilliam Tyndale\nvteBig Ten ConferenceEast Division\nIndiana Hoosiers\nMaryland Terrapins\nMichigan Wolverines\nMichigan State Spartans\nOhio State Buckeyes\nPenn State Nittany Lions\nRutgers Scarlet Knights\nWest Division\nIllinois Fighting Illini\nIowa Hawkeyes\nMinnesota Golden Gophers\nNebraska Cornhuskers\nNorthwestern Wildcats\nPurdue Boilermakers\nWisconsin Badgers\nAssociate members\nJohns Hopkins Blue Jays (men's and women's lacrosse)\nNotre Dame Fighting Irish (men's ice hockey)\nFuture members\nOregon Ducks\nUCLA Bruins\nUSC Trojans\nWashington Huskies (all in 2024)\nFormer members\nChicago Maroons\nChampionships & awards\nAthlete of the Year\nB1G Super Saturday\nNational Championships\nSports\nFootball (Standings, Champions)\nMen's basketball (Regular season, Tournament)\nWomen's basketball (Regular season, Tournament)\nIce hockey (Tournament)\nMen's lacrosse\nWomen's lacrosse\nVolleyball\nMedia\nBig Ten Network\nvteAssociation of American UniversitiesPublic\nArizona\nArizona State\nCalifornia\nBerkeley\nDavis\nIrvine\nRiverside\nLos Angeles\nSan Diego\nSanta Barbara\nSanta Cruz\nColorado\nFlorida\nGeorgia Tech\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nMaryland\nMcGill\nMichigan\nMichigan State\nMinnesota\nMissouri\nNew York\nBuffalo\nStony Brook\nNorth Carolina\nOhio State\nOregon\nPennsylvania State\nPittsburgh\nPurdue\nRutgers\nSouth Florida\nTexas\nTexas A&M\nToronto\nUtah\nVirginia\nWashington\nWisconsin\nPrivate\nBoston U\nBrandeis\nBrown\nCaltech\nCarnegie Mellon\nCase Western Reserve\nChicago\nColumbia\nCornell\nDartmouth\nDuke\nEmory\nGeorge Washington\nHarvard\nJohns Hopkins\nMiami\nMIT\nNorthwestern\nNotre Dame\nNYU\nPenn\nPrinceton\nRice\nRochester\nSouthern California\nStanford\nTufts\nTulane\nVanderbilt\nWashington St. Louis\nYale\nvteBig Ten Academic Alliance\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nMaryland\nMichigan\nMichigan State\nMinnesota\nNebraska\nNorthwestern\nOhio State\nPennsylvania State\nPurdue\nRutgers\nWisconsin\nvtePublic Ivy universitiesRichard Moll's 1985 listOriginal eight\nWilliam and Mary\nMiami\nCalifornia\nMichigan\nNorth Carolina\nTexas\nVermont\nVirginia\n\"Worthy runners-up\"\nBinghamton\nColorado\nGeorgia Tech\nIllinois\nNew College\nPennsylvania State\nPittsburgh\nWashington\nWisconsin\nGreenes' Guides 2001 listEastern\nBinghamton\nWilliam and Mary\nPennsylvania State\nRutgers\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nMaryland\nNorth Carolina\nVermont\nVirginia\nWestern\nArizona\nCalifornia\nBerkeley\nDavis\nIrvine\nLos Angeles\nSan Diego\nSanta Barbara\nColorado\nWashington\nGreat Lakes\nIndiana\nMiami\nOhio State\nIllinois\nIowa\nMichigan\nMichigan State\nMinnesota\nWisconsin\nSouthern\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nTexas\nvteCDIO InitiativeAfricaSouth Africa\nJohannesburg\nPretoria\nAsia-PacificAustralia\nChisholm\nCurtin\nQueensland Technology\nRoyal Melbourne Technology\nSydney\nSunshine Coast\nChina\nBeijing Petrochemical Technology\nBeijing Jiaotong\nChengdu Information Technology\nShantou\nTsinghua\nElectronic Science and Technology\nYanshan\nDalian Neusoft\nElsewhere\nMARA Technological (Malaysia)\nUngku Omar Poly (Malaysia)\nIbrahim Sultan Poly (Malaysia)\nTaylor's (Malaysia)\nAuckland (New Zealand)\nSingapore Poly (Singapore)\nNational Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)\nEuropeFinland\nLahti A.S.\nLapland A.S.\nMetropolia A.S.\nNovia A.S.\nSavonia A.S.\nSeinjoki A.S.\nTampere A.S.\nTurku A.S.\nTurku\nRussia\nAstrakhan State\nMoscow State Technical\nCherepovets State\nDon State Technical\nKazan Federal\nMoscow Aviation\nMoscow Physics and Technology\nMoscow Engineering Physics\nNorth-Eastern Federal\nOrel State\nSaint Petersburg Aerospace Instrumentation\nSiberian Federal\nSkolkovo Science and Technology\nTomsk Poly\nTomsk Control Systems and Radioelectronics\nUral Federal\nSweden\nBlekinge Technology\nChalmers Technology\nJnkping Engineering\nKristianstad\nRoyal Technology\nLinkping\nLinnaeus\nLule Technology\nUme 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data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\n2\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nGreece\nKorea\nCroatia\nPoland\nPortugal\nVatican\nGeographic\nMusicBrainz place\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nULAN\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&oldid=1226026492\"\nCategories: University of MichiganPublic universities and colleges in MichiganUniversities and colleges in Washtenaw County, MichiganEducation in Ann Arbor, MichiganFlagship universities in the United StatesSchools of public health in the United StatesEducational institutions established in 18171817 establishments in Michigan TerritoryTourist attractions in Ann Arbor, MichiganBig Ten Conference schoolsBSL3 laboratories in the United StatesUniversities and colleges accredited by the Higher Learning CommissionNeed-blind educational institutionsHidden categories: Harv and Sfn no-target errorsWebarchive template wayback linksCS1 maint: location missing 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Connect with a Specialist online. Or in a one-on-one session at an Apple Store.Shop online with a SpecialistReserve an in-store shopping sessionFrom setting up your device to recovering your Apple ID to replacing a screen, Genius Support has you covered. Get supportSign language interpretation is available at our stores through an on-demand video service, instantly and at no cost to you. An in-person interpreter can be arranged by advanced request for in-store sessions and events, also at no cost.Request an in-person sign language interpreterCome see the best of Apple at our stores.Shop our products and get expert advice in person.Only at AppleExperience Apple Vision Pro.Sign up for a demo at an Apple Store near you.Book a demoiPhone carrier deals.\nFor as low as $0 with trade-in and carrier credits.See all carrier deals at AppleGet it today. Buy online and well have it ready for pickup.Trade InBring in an eligible\ndevice and well trade\nit for instant credit.1See what your device is worthHow to prepare your device for trade-inPay monthly at 0% APR when you choose to check out with Apple Card Monthly Installments.2See financing and credit optionsWell help you find a carrier plan and activate your new\niPhone in person.Well help you get started. And keep going.Every store has dedicated teams for support, learning, and more.Genius BarGet expert service and\nsupport at the GeniusBar.Get help hereHow to prepare your device for your appointmentApple at WorkPut our Small Business\nTeam on your team.See how we can helpWhats happening at Apple.Today at AppleDont miss Apple Camp, free for kids 610 in every store.Get notifiedToday at AppleJoin free sessions at the AppleStore and go further with the products you love.Sign upApple FooterWe use your IP address or browser to approximate your location. This information is discarded at the end of your session or in accordance with your browser settings.\n The information you provide as part of your request for a sign language interpreter will only be used to process your request and provide an interpreter.\n AT&T iPhone15 Special Deal: Monthly price reflects net monthly payment, after application of AT&T trade-in credit applied over 36 months with purchase of an iPhone 15 Pro, iPhone 15 Pro Max, iPhone 15, or iPhone 15 Plus and trade-in of eligible smartphone. Receive credit with purchase of an iPhone 15 Pro or iPhone 15 Pro Max of either $1000, $700, or $350 (based upon the model and condition of your trade-in smartphone). Receive credit with purchase of an iPhone 15 or iPhone 15 Plus of either $700 or $350 (based upon the model and condition of your trade-in smartphone). Max bill credits will not exceed the cost of the device. Requires upgrade of an existing line or activation of a new line and purchase of a new iPhone 15 Pro, iPhone 15 Pro Max, iPhone 15, or iPhone 15 Plus on qualifying 36 month 0% APR installment plan, subject to carrier credit qualification. AT&T Installment Plan with Next Up is not eligible for this promotion. $0 down for well qualified customers only, or down payment may be required and depends on a variety of factors. Tax on full retail price due at sale. Requires activation on eligible unlimited plan. If you cancel eligible wireless service, credits will stop and you will owe the remaining device balance. Activation/Upgrade Fee: $35. Trade in device may not be on existing installment plan. Bill credits are applied as a monthly credit over the 36 month installment plan. Credits start within 3 bills. Will receive catchup credits once credits start. Wireless line must be on an installment agreement, active, and in good standing for 30 days to qualify. Installment agreement starts when device is shipped. To get all credits, device must remain on agreement for entire term and you must keep eligible service on device for entire installment term. Limited time offer; subject to change. Limits: one trade-in per qualifying purchase and one credit per line. May not be combinable with other offers, discounts, or credits. Purchase, financing, other limits, and restrictions apply. Price for iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus includes $30 AT&T connectivity discount. Activation required.\nT-Mobile iPhone 15 Special Deal: Monthly price reflects net monthly payment, after application of T-Mobile trade-in credit applied over 24 months with purchase of an iPhone 15 Pro, iPhone 15 Pro Max, iPhone 15, or iPhone 15 Plus and trade-in of eligible smartphone. Receive credit with purchase of an iPhone 15, iPhone 15 Plus, iPhone 15 Pro, or iPhone 15 Pro Max of $800 or $400 for customers on a Go5G Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your trade-in smartphone); or $300 or $150 for customers on a Go5G, TMO ONE, TMO ONE Plus, Magenta, Magenta MAX, or Magenta Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your trade-in smartphone). Max bill credits will not exceed the cost of the device. Credit comprised of (i) Apple instant trade-in credit at checkout and (ii) T-Mobile monthly bill credits applied over 24 months. Allow 2 bill cycles from valid submission and validation of trade-in. Tax on pre-credit price due at sale. Limited-time offer; subject to change. Qualifying credit, data plan, and trade-in in good condition required. Max 4 promotional offers on any iPhone per account. May not be combinable with some offers or discounts. Price for iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus includes $30 T-Mobile connectivity discount. Activation required. Contact T-Mobile before cancelling service to continue remaining bill credits on current device, or credits stop & balance on required finance agreement is due.\nVerizon iPhone 15 Special Deal: Monthly price reflects net monthly payment, after application of Verizon trade-in credit applied over 36 months with purchase of an iPhone 15 Pro, iPhone 15 Pro Max, iPhone 15, or iPhone 15 Plus. Receive credit with purchase of an iPhone 15, iPhone 15 Plus, iPhone 15 Pro, or iPhone 15 Pro Max of $830 or $415 for customers on an Unlimited Ultimate, One Unlimited, or 5G Get More plan (based upon the model and condition of your trade-in smartphone); or $415 or $200 for customers on an Unlimited Plus, 5G Do More, or 5G Play More plan (based upon the model and condition of your trade-in smartphone). Max bill credits will not exceed the cost of the device. Must be an existing Verizon customer. Credit comprised of (i) Apple instant trade-in credit at checkout and (ii) Verizon monthly bill credits applied over 36 months. Customer must remain in the Verizon Device Payment Program for 36 months to receive the full benefit of the Verizon bill credits. Bill credits may take 1-2 bill cycles to appear. If it takes two cycles for bill credits to appear, you'll see the credit for the first cycle on your second bill in addition to that month's credit. Requires purchase and activation of a new iPhone 15 Pro, iPhone 15 Pro Max, iPhone 15, or iPhone 15 Plus with the Verizon Device Payment Program at 0% APR for 36 months, subject to carrier credit qualification, and iPhone availability and limits. Taxes and shipping not included in monthly price. Sales tax may be assessed on full value of new iPhone. Requires eligible unlimited service plan. Requires trade-in of eligible device in eligible condition. Must be at least 18 to trade-in. Apple or its trade-in partners reserve the right to refuse or limit any trade-in transaction for any reason. In-store trade-in requires presentation of a valid, government-issued photo ID (local law may require saving this information). In-store promotion availability subject to local law; speak to a Specialist to learn more. Limited-time offer; subject to change. Additional terms from Apple, Verizon, and Apple's trade-in partners may apply. Price for iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus includes $30 Verizon connectivity discount. Activation required.\nAT&T iPhone 14 Special Deal: Buy an iPhone 14 128 GB and get $514.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Buy an iPhone 14 256 GB and get $434.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Buy an iPhone 14 512 GB and get $454.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Requires upgrade of an existing line (or activation of a new line) and purchase on qualifying 36-month 0% APR installment plan, subject to carrier credit qualification. $0 down for well-qualified customers only, or down payment may be required and depends on a variety of factors. Tax on full retail price due at sale. If you cancel eligible wireless service, credits will stop and you will owe the remaining device balance. Activation/Upgrade Fee: $35. Bill credits are applied as a monthly credit over the 36-month installment plan. Credits start within 3 bills. Will receive catch-up credits once credits start. Wireless line must be on an installment agreement, active, and in good standing for 30 days to qualify. Installment agreement starts when device is shipped. To get all credits, device must remain on agreement for entire term and you must keep eligible service on device for entire installment term. Limited-time offer; subject to change. Limits: one credit per line. May not be combinable with other offers, discounts, or credits. Purchase, financing, other limits, and restrictions apply. Activation required.\nT-Mobile iPhone 14 Special Deal: Monthly price reflects net monthly payment, after application of T-Mobile trade-in credit applied over 24 months with purchase of an iPhone 14 or iPhone 14 Plus and trade-in of eligible smartphone. Receive credit with purchase of an iPhone 14 or iPhone 14 Plus of $800 or $400 on a Go5G Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your trade-in smartphone); or $300 or $150 for customers on a Go5G, TMO ONE, TMO ONE Plus, Magenta, Magenta MAX, or Magenta Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your trade-in smartphone). Max bill credits will not exceed the cost of the device. Credit comprised of (i) Apple connectivity trade-in credit at checkout and (ii) T-Mobile monthly bill credits applied over 24 months. Allow 2 bill cycles from valid submission and validation of trade in. Tax on pre-credit price due at sale. Limited-time offer; subject to change. Qualifying credit, data plan, and trade-in in good condition required. Max 4 promotional offers on any iPhone per account. May not be combinable with some offers or discounts. Price for iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Plus includes $30 T-Mobile connectivity discount. Activation required. Contact T-Mobile before cancelling service to continue remaining bill credits on current device, or credits stop & balance on required finance agreement is due.\nAT&T iPhone SE 3 Special Deal: Buy an iPhone SE 64 GB and get $358.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Buy an iPhone SE 128 GB and get $264.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Buy an iPhone SE 256 GB and get $184.36 in bill credits applied over 36 months. Requires upgrade of an existing line (or activation of a new line) and purchase on qualifying 36-month 0% APR installment plan, subject to carrier credit qualification. $0 down for well-qualified customers only, or down payment may be required and depends on a variety of factors. Tax on full retail price due at sale. If you cancel eligible wireless service, credits will stop and you will owe the remaining device balance. Activation/Upgrade Fee: $35. Bill credits are applied as a monthly credit over the 36-month installment plan. Credits start within 3 bills. Will receive catch-up credits once credits start. Wireless line must be on an installment agreement, active, and in good standing for 30 days to qualify. Installment agreement starts when device is shipped. To get all credits, device must remain on agreement for entire term and you must keep eligible service on device for entire installment term. Limited-time offer; subject to change. Limits: one credit per line. May not be combinable with other offers, discounts, or credits. Purchase, financing, other limits, and restrictions apply. Activation required.\nT-Mobile iPhone SE Special Deal: Monthly price reflects net monthly payment, after application of T-Mobile trade-in credit applied over 24 months with purchase of an iPhone SE 3 and trade-in of eligible smartphone. Receive credit with purchase of an iPhone SE 3 of $579 or $400 on a Go5G Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your trade-in smartphone); or $300 or $150 for customers on a Go5G, TMO ONE, TMO ONE Plus, Magenta, Magenta MAX, or Magenta Plus plan (based upon the model and condition of your trade-in smartphone). Max bill credits will not exceed the cost of the device. Credit comprised of (i) Apple connectivity trade-in credit at checkout and (ii) T-Mobile monthly bill credits applied over 24 months. Allow 2 bill cycles from valid submission and validation of trade in. Tax on pre-credit price due at sale. Limited-time offer; subject to change. Qualifying credit, data plan, and trade-in in good condition required. Max 4 promotional offers on any iPhone per account. May not be combinable with some offers or discounts. Activation required. Contact T-Mobile before cancelling service to continue remaining bill credits on current device, or credits stop & balance on required finance agreement is due.\n1. Trade-in values will vary based on the condition, year, and configuration of your eligible trade-in device. Not all devices are eligible for credit. You must be at least 18 years old to be eligible to trade in for credit or for an Apple Gift Card. Trade-in value may be applied toward qualifying new device purchase, or added to an Apple Gift Card. Actual value awarded is based on receipt of a qualifying device matching the description provided when estimate was made. Sales tax may be assessed on full value of a new device purchase. In-store trade-in requires presentation of a valid photo ID (local law may require saving this information). Offer may not be available in all stores, and may vary between in-store and online trade-in. Some stores may have additional requirements. Apple or its trade-in partners reserve the right to refuse or limit quantity of any trade-in transaction for any reason. More details are available from Apples trade-in partner for trade-in and recycling of eligible devices. Restrictions and limitations may apply.\n2. Apple Card Monthly Installments (ACMI) is a 0% APR payment option that is only available if you select it at checkout in the U.S. for eligible products purchased at Apple Store locations, apple.com, the Apple Store app, or by calling 1-800-MY-APPLE, and is subject to credit approval and credit limit. See https://support.apple.com/kb/HT211204 for more information about eligible products. APR ranges may vary based on when you accepted an Apple Card. Cardholders who accept an Apple Card on and/or after February 1, 2024: Variable APRS for Apple Card, other than ACMI, range from 19.24% to 29.49% based on creditworthiness. Rates as of February 1, 2024. Existing cardholders: See your Customer Agreement for applicable rates and fee. If you buy an ACMI eligible product by choosing to pay in full with Apple Card (instead of using ACMI), that purchase is subject to the Apple Card variable APR, not 0% APR. Taxes and shipping on ACMI purchases are subject to the variable APR, not 0% APR. When you buy an iPhone with ACMI, youll need to select AT&T, T-Mobile, or Verizon as your carrier when you check out. An iPhone purchased with ACMI is always unlocked, so you can switch carriers at any time. ACMI is not available for purchases made online at the following special stores: Apple Employee Purchase Plan; participating corporate Employee Purchase Programs; Apple at Work for small businesses; Government, and Veterans and Military Purchase Programs, or on refurbished devices. The last months payment for each product will be the product's purchase price, less all other payments at the monthly payment amount. ACMI financing is subject to change at any time for any reason, including but not limited to, installment term lengths and eligible products. See https://support.apple.com/kb/HT211204 for information about upcoming changes to ACMI financing. See the Apple Card Customer Agreement for more information about ACMI financing.\nTo access and use all Apple Card features and products available only to Apple Card users, you must add Apple Card to Wallet on an iPhone or iPad that supports and has the latest version of iOS or iPadOS. Apple Card is subject to credit approval, available only for qualifying applicants in the United States, and issued by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch.\nIf you reside in the U.S. territories, please call Goldman Sachs at 877-255-5923 with questions about Apple Card.AppleRetailApple Park Visitor Center\nShop and Learn\nShop and Learn\nStore\nMac\niPad\niPhone\nWatch\nVision\nAirPods\nTV & Home\nAirTag\nAccessories\nGift Cards\nApple Wallet\nApple Wallet\nWallet\nAppleCard\nApplePay\nAppleCash\nAccount\nAccount\nManage Your AppleID\nApple Store Account\niCloud.com\nEntertainment\nEntertainment\nAppleOne\nAppleTV+\nAppleMusic\nAppleArcade\nAppleFitness+\nAppleNews+\nApple Podcasts\nAppleBooks\nAppStore\nApple Store\nApple Store\nFind a Store\nGenius Bar\nToday at Apple\nApple Camp\nApple Store App\nCertified Refurbished\nAppleTradeIn\nFinancing\nCarrier Deals at Apple\nOrder Status\nShopping Help\nFor Business\nFor Business\nApple and Business\nShop for Business\nFor Education\nFor Education\nApple and Education\nShop for K-12\nShop for College\nFor Healthcare\nFor Healthcare\nApple in Healthcare\nHealth on AppleWatch\nHealth Records on iPhone\nFor Government\nFor Government\nShop for Government\nShop for Veterans and Military\nApple Values\nApple Values\nAccessibility\nEducation\nEnvironment\nInclusion and Diversity\nPrivacy\nRacial Equity and Justice\nSupplier Responsibility\nAbout Apple\nAbout Apple\nNewsroom\nApple Leadership\nCareer Opportunities\nInvestors\nEthics & Compliance\nEvents\nContact Apple\nMore ways to shop: Find an Apple Store or other retailer near you. 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For us it's a walk in the park!As moms, we know how hard it isfinding toys and clothing that hit the sweet spot of style, quality, and sustainability.So we designed our own.\nOur Story\nLoved by Little Ones\nShop Best Sellers\nSold out\nFirst Baby Doll - Pink\nSale price$26.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nBaby Doll - Pink\nSale price$48.00 USD\nSold out\nApple Park Kids - Paloma in Teal Muslin\nSale price$48.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nFrenchy Fox - Plush\nSale price$22.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nApple Park Kids - Ella in Pink Floral Dress\nSale price$48.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nBallerina Mouse - Plush\nSale price$22.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nApple Park Kids - Mia in Purple Floral Dress\nSale price$48.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nBaby Doll - Blue\nSale price$48.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nKozy Koala - Plush\nSale price$22.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nApple Park Kids - Gwen\nSale price$48.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nFirst Baby Doll - Blue\nSale price$26.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nBaby Doll - Cream\nSale price$48.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nFirst Baby Doll - Cream\nSale price$26.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nApple Park Kids - Paloma in Lavender\nSale price$48.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nMini Crinkle Blankie - Carrot\nSale price$13.00 USD\nSold out\nSoft Teething Rattle - Bunny\nSale price$20.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nCupcake the Unicorn - Plush\nSale price$22.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nApple Park Kids - Chloe in Sage\nSale price$48.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nGeorge Giraffe - Plush\nSale price$22.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nMini Avocado Crinkle Blankie\nSale price$15.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nFrenchy Fox - Teething Rattle\nSale price$14.50 USD\n+ Quick add\nMuslin Sleeveless Coverall - Teal\nSale price$32.00 USD\n+ Quick add\nMuslin Flutter Sleeve Romper - Terra Cotta\nSale price$34.00 USD\nSave $10.40\n+ Quick add\nLala Curio Flutter Sleeve Romper - Enchanted Leaves Orange\nSale price$15.60 USD\nRegular price$26.00 USD\nPrevious\nNext\nIts Good to be Green!Certified Organic CottonHealthier for babies, kids & familiesCorn Fiber FillingHypoallergenic, biodegradable & renewableEco-Friendly DyesBeautiful, skin-friendly & nontoxic\nLearn More\nSafe for children, better for the earth,and always beautifully green.Thats the Apple Park Promise.\nJoin Us for a Playdate in the Park!Sign up to enjoy exclusive offers,previews, and 10% off your first orderE-mail\nSubscribe\nAbout Apple Park\nAbout Us\nGood To Be Green\nAmbassador Program\nPress\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms and Conditions\nDo not sell my personal information\nHelp\nContact Us\nFAQ\nShipping & Returns\nDistributors\nAccessibility\nWholesaler\nGift Menu\nGift Card\nRegistry\nAmerican Express\nApple Pay\nDiscoverMeta Pay\nGoogle Pay\nMastercardPayPalShop Pay\nVenmo\nVisa 2024, Apple Park & Organic Farm Buddies. Powered by Shopify", "url": "https://appleparkkids.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Apple Park - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nNavigation\nMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate\nContribute\nHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file\nSearch\nSearch\nCreate account\nLog in\nPersonal tools\nCreate account Log in\nPages for logged out editors learn more\nContributionsTalk\nContents\nmove to sidebar\nhide\n(Top)\n1History\n2Location\n3Design and construction\nToggle Design and construction subsection\n3.1Construction\n3.2Costs\n3.3Energy source\n4Facilities\nToggle Facilities subsection\n4.1Cafs\n4.2Auditorium\n4.3Wellness center\n4.4Research and development facility\n4.5Transportation\n4.5.1Bus\n4.5.2Parking\n4.5.3Cycling\n4.6Apple Park Visitor Center\n4.7Apple Park Developer Center\n5Grounds\nToggle Grounds subsection\n5.1Landscaping\n5.2Historic barn\n5.3Inner courtyard\n6Reception\n7References\n8External links\nToggle the table of contents\nApple Park\n34 languages\nCataletinaDeutschEestiEspaolEuskaraFranaisBahasa IndonesiaItalianoNederlandsNorsk bokmlOzbekcha / Portugus Simple EnglishSlovenina / srpskiSuomiSvenskaTrkeTing Vit\nEdit links\nArticleTalk\nEnglish\nReadEditView history\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar\nhide\nActions\nReadEditView history\nGeneral\nWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDFPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nCoordinates: 372006N 1220032W / 37.3349N 122.0090W / 37.3349; -122.0090\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nHeadquarters of Apple Inc. in Cupertino, California, US\nApple ParkAerial view of Apple Park, April 2018Apple ParkLocation in the San Francisco Bay AreaShow map of San Francisco Bay AreaApple ParkLocation in the U.S. state of CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaApple ParkLocation in the contiguous United StatesShow map of the United StatesAlternative namesApple Campus 2; One Apple Park WayGeneral informationStatusCompletedArchitectural styleNeo-futurismAddress1 Apple Park Way[1]Town or cityCupertino, CaliforniaCountryUnited StatesCoordinates372006N 1220032W / 37.3349N 122.0090W / 37.3349; -122.0090Named forApple Inc.Groundbreaking2013Construction started2014OpenedApril 2017CostUS$5 billion (the land cost was estimated at US$160 million)[3]OwnerApple Inc.DimensionsDiameter0.29mi (0.46km)Circumference0.91mi (1.46km)Other dimensionsAccommodating more than 15,000 staff (as of May 2023)Technical detailsMaterialAluminum, glassFloor count4[4]Floor area2,820,000sqft (262,000m2)[4]Grounds64 acres (0.26km2)[2]Design and constructionArchitect(s)Norman Foster[5]Architecture firmFoster and Partners[4]Structural engineerArup[6]Services engineerArup[6]Other informationParking14,200\nApple Park, also known as Apple Campus 2, is the corporate headquarters of Apple Inc., located in Cupertino, California, United States. It was opened to employees in April 2017, while construction was still underway, and superseded Apple Campus as the company's corporate headquarters, which opened in 1993.[7]\nThe main building's scale and circular groundscraper design, by Norman Foster,[8] have earned the structure the media nickname \"the spaceship\".[9][10][11] Located on a suburban site totaling 1.46km2 (360 acres), it houses more than 12,000 employees in one central four-story circular building of approximately 0.26km2 (64 acres). Apple co-founder Steve Jobs wanted the campus to look less like a business park and more like a nature refuge; 80 percent of the site consists of green space planted with drought-resistant trees and plants indigenous to the Cupertino area, and the center courtyard of the main building features an artificial pond.[11]\nHistory[edit]\nIn April 2006, Apple's then CEO Steve Jobs announced to the city council of Cupertino that Apple had acquired nine contiguous properties to build a second campus, the Apple Campus 2.[12][13] The idea for a new headquarters was conceived by Jobs and Apple's then chief designer Jony Ive.[14] Ive was Apple's immediate choice to design the project, going on to work very closely together with Norman Foster across five years, designing every detail, from the glass panels to the elevator buttons.[15][16]\nPurchases of the needed properties were made through the company Hines Interests,[17][18] which in at least some cases did not disclose the fact that Apple was the ultimate buyer;[18] Philip Mahoney, a partner with a local commercial real estate brokerage, noted that this is common practice in attempts to arrange the purchase of contiguous land made up of multiple parcels with separate owners, in order to keep costs from skyrocketing and not reveal the company's plans to competitors.[18] Among the sellers of the properties were SummerHill Homes (a plot of 8 acres or 3.2 hectares) and Hewlett-Packard (three buildings of their campus in Cupertino).[18]\nUntil April 2008, Apple had not sought the necessary permits to begin construction, so it was estimated that the project would not be ready in 2010 as originally proposed; however, the buildings on the site were held by Apple for its operations. In November 2010 the San Jose Mercury News revealed[19] that Apple had bought an additional 98 acres (40ha) no longer used by HP Inc., just north across Pruneridge Ave. This space had been the HP campus in Cupertino before it was relocated to Palo Alto.\nOn June 7, 2011, Jobs presented to the Cupertino City Council details of the architectural design of the new buildings and their surroundings.[20] He did not live to see construction begin, dying a few months later on October 5.[21]\nOn October 15, 2013, Cupertino City Council unanimously approved Apple's plans for the new campus after a six-hour debate.[22] Shortly thereafter, demolition work began to prepare the site for construction.[23]\nOriginally expected to break ground in 2013 and open in 2015, the project was delayed and started in 2014.[24][25] On February 22, 2017, Apple announced the official name of the campus as the \"Apple Park\", and the auditorium to be named the \"Steve Jobs Theater\".[2]\nThe campus opened for workers in April 2017, despite continued construction work.[26] This was followed by the first event in the Steve Jobs Theater, which took place on September 12, 2017.[27] The Apple Park Visitor Center opened five days later, on September 17, 2017.[28]\nAs a consequence of the presence of the Apple Park in the area, surrounding streets have met with both increased tourism, along with rising real estate values of local housing, often drawing in Apple employees wanting to live near the workplace.[29][30]\nLocation[edit]\nCupertino, California, with the circular building of Apple Park, located north of Interstate 280\nApple Park is located 1.2 miles (1.9km) east of the original Apple Campus. Apple has had a presence in Cupertino since 1977, which is why the company decided to build in the area rather than move to a cheaper, distant location. The campus is also next to a contaminated site under Superfund legislation with a groundwater plume found to contain trichloroethylene from improper disposal of industrial waste by semiconductor manufacturers.[31][32]\nDesign and construction[edit]\nSteve Jobs, in June 2011, in his final public appearance before his death, was quoted as saying:\nIt's got a gorgeous courtyard in the middle, and a lot more. It's a circle, so it's curved all the way round. This is not the cheapest way to build something. Every pane of glass in the main building will be curved. We have a shot at building the best office building in the world. I really do think that architecture students will come here to see it.[33]\nApple Park aerial view during construction in August 2016, north of (below) I-280. The original Apple Campus, located 1.2 miles westwards, is also shown on the top-right, south of I-280.\nThe ring-shaped building, advertised as \"a perfect circle\", was not originally planned as such. The inner rim and outer rim on each floor are left open as walkways. There are eight buildings, separated by nine mini-atria. The campus is 4,805 feet (1,465m) in circumference, with a diameter of 1,512 feet (461m). The one circular building houses most employees.[34] It is four stories above the ground and three stories underground.[35] Apple created life-size mock-ups of all parts of the building to analyze any design issues.\nThe design hides the roads and parking spaces underground. The campus uses only glass for its walls and views of the inner courtyard as well as of the landscape facing the exterior of the building.[36][37] Around 83,000 square feet (7,700m2) of space is for meetings and breakout spaces in the building. The inner part of the circular building contains a 30-acre (12ha) park featuring a pond, with fruit trees and winding pathways inspired by California fruit orchards.\nApple brought to the construction project the same \"fanatical attention to detail\" which the company is famous for lavishing upon its products.[38] Apple insisted on extraordinarily tight tolerances, even for parts of the structure normally hidden from view.[38] Construction workers were often required to wear gloves to minimize accidental damage to surfaces.[38] All interior wood used for furniture was harvested from a certain species of maple, with Apple working with construction companies from 19 countries for designs and materials.[39]\nA breathing, hollow concrete slab acts as floor, ceiling, and HVAC system. A total of 4,300 such slabs were used.[40] Some of the slabs weigh 60,000 pounds (27t).[41]\nConstruction[edit]\nDuring construction, the building's structure was started by Skanska and DPR, but they were removed from the job for undisclosed reasons.[42] Apple hired Rudolph and Sletten and Holder Construction as its new general contractors, and they completed the structure, envelope, and interior buildout.[43] Truebeck Construction (then known as BNBTBuilders) worked on the exterior landscaping, Steve Jobs Theater, and the health and fitness center; a joint venture of BNBTBuilders and Webcor Builders worked on an adjacent group of research and development buildings; McCarthy Building Companies built the parking garage; and Granite Construction performed road widening and utility work.[43] The project created approximately 13,000 full-time construction jobs.[38]\nThe facade panes are produced by Bavarian companies Josef Gartner and Sedak. The latter company is a subsidiary of Seele GmbH; Apple had previously worked with Seele, an expert on glass facades, for some of its more prominent Apple Stores such as the one on 5th Avenue in New York City.[44][45]\nPanorama of Apple Park under construction, July 2016\nCosts[edit]\nApple Park main building (light green) compared to large ships and buildings: The Pentagon, 1,414 feet, 431m RMSQueen Mary 2, 1,132 feet, 345m USS Enterprise, 1,123 feet, 342m Hindenburg, 804 feet, 245m Yamato, 863 feet, 263m Empire State Building, 1,454 feet, 443m Knock Nevis, ex-Seawise Giant, 1,503 feet, 458m Apple Park, 1,522 feet, 464m\nThe land cost was estimated at $160 million. In 2011, the budget for Apple Campus 2 was less than $3 billion.[46] However, in 2013 the total cost was estimated to be closer to $5 billion.[46][47]\nEnergy source[edit]\nThe campus was announced as one of the most energy-efficient buildings in the world,[2] and the main building,[48] Steve Jobs Theater,[49] and fitness center[50] are all LEED Platinum certified. In an April 2018 press release, Apple announced that it had switched to being powered entirely by renewable energy.[51] The solar panels installed on the roof of the campus can generate 17 megawatts of power, sufficient to power 75% during peak daytime,[52] and making it one of the largest solar roofs of the world. The other 4 megawatts are generated onsite using Bloom Energy Server fuel cells, which are powered by biofuel or natural gas.[53] The air flows freely between the inside and outside of the building, providing natural ventilation and obviating the need for HVAC systems during nine months of the year.[2]\nFacilities[edit]\nCafs[edit]\nThe campus has seven cafs, with the largest being a three-level caf for 3,000 sitting people. It has light-colored stone lining and glass railing with no metal support and is surrounded by extensive landscaping. The mezzanine space of 20,000sqft (1,900m2) can accommodate 600 people and 1,750 seats on terraces outside, with a capacity to serve 15,000 lunches a day, housed by specially designed 500 tables made of solid Spessart white oak, measuring 18ft (5.5m) long and 4ft (1.2m) wide.[citation needed]\nThe sports tables and benches resemble those in Apple Stores.[citation needed]\nAuditorium[edit]\nMain article: Steve Jobs Theater\nExternal view of the Steve Jobs Theater at Apple Park\nOfficially known as the Steve Jobs Theater,[2] after the co-founder and former CEO of Apple, the facility is located atop a hill on the campus. It is an underground, 1,000-seat auditorium intended for Apple product launches and press meets. It has a large above-ground cylinder-shaped lobby with stairs down to the auditorium. The theater has 350 parking spaces on North Tantau Avenue and a pedestrian path leading to the main campus located northwest of the theater.\nThe theater plays host to many types of events, from Apple Events such as product announcements, WWDC (Apple's Developers Conference), and shareholder's meetings, to special Apple Music events, such as performances by Billie Eilish and Ludovico Einaudi.\nThe theater's lobby has cylindrical-shaped glass walls and no support columns, which give an unhindered 360-degree view of the surrounding campus. The 80-short-ton (73-metric-ton) carbon-fiber roof, made of 44 identical panels, was supplied by the Dubai-based company, Premier Composite Technologies. Each panel is 70ft (21m) long and 11ft (3.4m) wide and locks in the middle with the other panels.[54] It is the largest carbon-fiber roof and the largest glass-supported structure in the world.[55]\nThe theater also includes a 42-foot (13m) high glass elevator that rotates 171 degrees from the bottom floor to the upper lobby level. The elevator is made from chemically tempered glass, and is considered to be the tallest free-standing glass elevator in the world.[55]\nThe theater's first press event was held on September 12, 2017, where the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, iPhone X, Apple Watch Series 3 and Apple TV 4K were announced.[56]\nWellness center[edit]\nA 100,000-square-foot (9,300m2) fitness center is located in the northwest of the campus. Apart from gym equipment, the fitness center features other amenities like changing rooms, showers, laundry services, and rooms for group sessions.[57]\nResearch and development facility[edit]\nThe research and development facilities feature two large 300,000-square-foot (28,000m2) buildings on the southern edge of the campus and are occupied by more than 2,000 people. The top floor of each building houses the department comprising industrial design and human interface teams formerly headed by design chief Jony Ive.[58]\nTransportation[edit]\nBus[edit]\nEmployees traveling by bus will board and depart from the bus station, which leads to the main campus via two white staircases.[35] The area is also served by the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), which runs a local bus service from Cupertino to nearby cities. Prominent transit consultant Jarrett Walker, who worked with the VTA on providing service to the campus, criticized the campus' design due to its poor access to public transit.[59]\nParking[edit]\nParking is located both underground and in two large parking structures accommodating approximately 14,200 employees.[60] Cupertino regulations required a minimum of 11,000 parking spaces,[61] 700 of which have electric vehicle charging stations.[62]\nThere are 2,000 parking spaces in the subterranean parking garage. The parking is managed by sensors and apps, which manage the traffic and parking spaces.[63]\nCycling[edit]\nThere are 1,000 bikes on the campus for employees to get around, with miles of cycling and jogging trails all over the 175-acre (71ha) campus.[64] There are an additional 2,000 bicycle parking spaces in the subterranean car parking garage.[63]\nApple Park Visitor Center[edit]\nApple Park Visitor Center\nApple Park Visitor Center is a two-story 20,135sqft (1,870.6m2) structure with four main areas: an Apple Store[65] featuring Apple-branded merchandise (T-shirts, hats, tote bags, postcards) not sold at regular Apple stores,[66] a 2,386sqft (221.7m2) caf, an exhibition space which currently showcases a 3D model of Apple Park with augmented reality, and a roof terrace overlooking the campus. It opened to the public on November 17, 2017.[67][68] The estimated cost of the center is $80 million.[69] The property at 10600 North Tantau Avenue (northeast corner of Tantau and Pruneridge avenues) is across the road from the campus proper and abuts a Santa Clara residential neighborhood.[70] The underground parking garage, with close to 700 spaces, has an estimated cost of $26 million. The Visitor Center is the only part of Apple Park which tourists are permitted to visit.\nApple Park Developer Center[edit]\nApple Park Developer Center is a two-story structure across the street from the Apple Park Visitor Center at 10500 North Tantau Avenue (southeast corner of Tantau and Pruneridge avenues). Construction began in May 2021. Apple Park Developer Center was inaugurated on June 6, 2022, during WWDC.[71]\nGrounds[edit]\nLandscaping[edit]\nPark under construction, January 2016\n80% of the campus consists of green space.[72] The spacious courtyard in the middle of the primary building was planted with apricot, olive, and apple orchards, as well as a herb garden near the cafe. Other plants selected for the campus landscape are drought tolerant. Recycled water is used to water the campus.\nIn 2011, Apple hired an arborist, Dave Muffly, to cultivate California's natural environment around Apple Park.[73] Apple's headhunters tracked down Muffly in 2010 after Jobs recognized the quality of the oak trees near the Stanford Dish and asked staff to find the arborist who was caring for them.[73]\nThere are 9,000 trees on the Apple Park campus, of 309 varieties of indigenous species.[2][11] The planted trees are Oak savanna, Oak wood, and fruit trees including apple, apricot, plum, cherry, and persimmon. An additional 15 acres (6ha) are used for a native California grassland.[74] Among the apple varieties represented are Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Gravenstein, and Pink Lady, but the McIntosh is notably absent, due to its incompatibility with the area's climate.[73]\nAfter he began work in earnest, Muffly realized that fewer than a hundred of the 4,000 existing trees were usable.[73] This meant he had to procure from scratch almost all of the 9,000 planned trees.[73] His team went so far as to search abandoned Christmas tree farms, and Apple bought one at Yermo in the Mojave Desert.[73]\nHistoric barn[edit]\nGlendenning Barn as seen from the sidewalk next to Apple Park\nThe land that Apple purchased for the campus came with an old barn that was built in 1916 by John Leonard using redwood planks. Leonard married into the Glendenning Family, who immigrated to the United States from Scotland and settled in the area in the 1850s. After Apple purchased the property, there were discussions between Apple, the Cupertino Historical Society, and the city of Cupertino as to the fate of the barn. The city's interest in the barn stemmed from its 2004 declaration as a historical site.[75]\nEventually, Apple agreed to keep the barn on the property and is using it to \"store maintenance tools and other landscaping materials\". The barn was disassembled during the campus construction and then reassembled in a different location from where it was originally located.[76][77]\nInner courtyard[edit]\nThe inner courtyard is 30 acres (12ha), and lush with fruit trees alongside an artificial pond and a caf. In the center, there is a rectangular field with several arches that resemble a rainbow when seen from a distance.\nReception[edit]\nApple Park aerial view near sunset, November 2023\nThe design of the Apple Park campus has been called the \"ultimate example\" of suburban office parks, which have been in decline as companies seek to relocate to urban areas with better transit, bicycle, and pedestrian access.[78] Kaid Benfield of the Natural Resources Defense Council, a non-profit environmental advocacy group, criticized the proposed campus for contributing to existing suburban sprawl, with car-dependent features and waste of expensive real estate that could have been used for affordable housing.[79]\nThe headquarters also gained unfavorable attention when it emerged in 2018 that two workers had been injured and required hospital treatment after walking into the building's clear glass walls and doors.[80]\nApple received some criticism for the perceived extravagance of its new headquarters, as well as its perfectionist approach to its design and construction. 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ISBN978-0-7352-1353-1.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Apple Park.\n\"One More Thing: Inside Apple's Insanely Great (Or Just Insane) New Mothership\" article, Wired\nvteApple Inc.\nHistory\nOutline\nTimeline of products\nEnvironment\nMarketing\nSupply chain\nProductsHardwareMac\niMac\nPro\nMacBook\nAir\nPro\nMini\nStudio\nPro\niPod\nClassic\nMini\nNano\nShuffle\nTouch\niPhone\nHardware\nHistory\niPhone models\niPad\nMini\nAir\nPro\nAccessories\nAirPods\nPro\nMax\nOther\nApple SIM\nAirTag\nBeats\nPill\nHomePod\nMini\nSilicon\nTV\nVision Pro\nWatch\nSoftwareOperatingsystems\niOS / iPadOS\niPhones\niPads\niOS history\niPadOS history\nApps\nmacOS\nHistory\nServer\ntvOS\nwatchOS\nbridgeOS\nDarwin\nClassic Mac OS\nvisionOS\nCarPlay\nClassroom\nHomeKit\nCore Foundation\nDeveloper Tools\nFileMaker\nFinal Cut Pro\nX\nCompressor\nMotion\nLogic Pro\nMainStage\niLife\nGarageBand\niMovie\niPhoto\niTunes\niWork\nKeynote\nNumbers\nPages\nMail\nQuickTime\nSafari\nShazam\nSiri\nSwift\nXcode\nServicesFinancial\nCard\nPay\nWallet\nMedia\nArcade\nBooks\nMusic\n1\nBeats Music\nUp Next\nFestival\niTunes Radio\nApp\nNews\nNewsstand\nPodcasts\nTV\n+\noriginals\nMLS Season Pass\nCommunication\nFaceTime\nWalkie-Talkie\niMessage\niChat\nApp\nGame Center\nRetail anddigital sales\nApp Store\nmacOS\niTunes Store\nConnect\nStore\nFifth Avenue\nSupport\nAppleCare+\nAASP\nCertifications\nGenius Bar\nProCare\nOne to One\nOther\nID\nSign in with Apple\nOne\nDeveloper\niAd\nTestFlight\nWWDC\niCloud\nMobileMe\nFind My\nFitness\nPhotos\nMaps\nLook Around\nCompaniesSubsidiaries\nAnobit\nApple IMC\nApple Studios\nBeats\nBeddit\nBraeburn Capital\nClaris\nAcquisitions\nCompleted\nAnobit\nAuthenTec\nBeats\nBeddit\nBIS Records\nCue\nEditGrid\nEmagic\nFingerWorks\nIntrinsity\nInVisage Technologies\nThe Keyboard Company\nLala\nMetaio\nNeXT\nNothing Real\nP.A. 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Anderson\nJohn Browett\nGuerrino De Luca\nPaul Deneve\nAl Eisenstat\nTony Fadell\nScott Forstall\nEllen Hancock\nNancy R. Heinen\nRon Johnson\nDavid Nagel\nPeter Oppenheimer\nMark Papermaster\nJon Rubinstein\nBertrand Serlet\nBruce Sewell\nSina Tamaddon\nAvie Tevanian\nSteve Wozniak\nBoard ofdirectorsCurrent\nArthur D. Levinson (Chairman)\nTim Cook (CEO)\nJames A. Bell\nAlex Gorsky\nAl Gore\nAndrea Jung\nRonald D. Sugar\nSusan L. Wagner\nFormer\nMike Markkula (Chairman)\nJohn Sculley (Chairman)\nSteve Jobs (Chairman)\nGil Amelio\nFred D. Anderson\nBill Campbell\nMickey Drexler\nAl Eisenstat\nLarry Ellison\nRobert A. Iger\nDelano Lewis\nArthur Rock\nEric Schmidt\nMichael Scott\nMichael Spindler\nEdgar S. Woolard Jr.\nJerry York\nFounders\nSteve Jobs\nSteve Wozniak\nRonald Wayne\nItalics indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.\nCategory\nvteCupertino, CaliforniaGeographyNeighborhoods\nMonta Vista\nRancho Rinconada\nEducationPrimary and secondary schools\nCupertino Union School District\nFremont Union High School District\nCupertino High School\nHomestead High School\nMonta Vista High School\nOther education\nFoothillDe Anza Community College District (De Anza College)\nSan Francisco Japanese School\nSanta Clara County Library\nOtherLandmarks\nApple Campus\nApple Park\nHollyhill Hummingbird Farm\nMary Avenue Bridge\nVallco Shopping Mall\nThis list is incomplete.\nPortals: San Francisco Bay Area Architecture\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Park&oldid=1224351692\"\nCategories: Apple Inc.2017 establishments in CaliforniaBuildings and structures in Santa Clara County, CaliforniaCorporate headquarters in Silicon ValleyCupertino, CaliforniaFoster and Partners buildingsHigh-tech architectureInformation technology company headquarters in the United StatesOffice buildings completed in 2017Office buildings in CaliforniaRound buildingsHidden categories: Pages with non-numeric formatnum argumentsWebarchive template wayback linksCS1 German-language sources (de)Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataUse mdy dates from August 2018Use American English from March 2022All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishCoordinates on WikidataAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from December 2017Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021Commons link from Wikidata\nThis page was last edited on 17 May 2024, at 21:29(UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\nPrivacy policy\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\nMobile view\nToggle limited content width", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Park" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Apple Park Apple MapsApple ParkApple ParkCorporate Headquarters Cupertino, CaliforniaDirectionsCallWebsiteGetty ImagesAppleGetty ImagesGetty ImagesAppleAppleAppleAppleAppleAppleAppleAppleAppleGetty ImagesAppleAppleAppleAppleAppleAppleAboutApple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. The company's hardware products include the iPhone smartphone, the iPad tablet computer, the Mac personal computer, the iPod portable media player, the Apple smartwatch, and the Apple TV digital media player.MoreLessMore on WikipediaAlso at This LocationMoreApple Park Visitor Center97%(1K)Wolfe Reception CenterApple BuildingCaff Macs - Apple Park93%(552)Apple Fitness Center91%(195)Parking Structure NorthParking GarageParking Structure SouthParking GarageDetailsWebsiteapple.comPhone+1 (408) 996-1010AddressApple Inc.1 Apple Park WayCupertino, CA 95014United StatesPrivacyTerms of UseCopyright 2024 Apple Inc.All rights reserved.PrivacyTerms of UseCopyright 2024 Apple Inc.All rights reserved.", "url": "https://maps.apple.com/place?auid=559098170073364042" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Apple Park | Offices and Headquarters\nBack To TopProjectsExpertiseStudioNewsCareersContactLegal and policies 2024 Foster + Partners. All Rights Reserved.", "url": "https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/apple-park" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Special event at Apple Park - WWDC24 - Apple Developer\nView in English\nOpen Menu\nClose Menu\nOverview\nSessions\nLabs\nGuides\nForums\nCommunity\nSpecial Event\nSpecialevent at ApplePark\nMonday, June 10\nApply now for the opportunity to join us in person for an all-day event at ApplePark on Monday,June10. Watch the Keynote and exciting new programming, meet with Apple experts, and take part in specialactivities.\nPlus, join us on the afternoon of Sunday,June9, to pick up your badge and get a head start on the fun with a welcome reception at Apple InfiniteLoopCampus.\nRequests are closed\nIf you were selected, sign in to RSVP and view attendance information.\nDeveloper Footer\nAppleDeveloperWWDC24Special Event\nTo view the latest developer news, visit News and Updates.\nLight\nDark\nAuto\nEnglish\nCopyright 2024 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nLicense Agreements", "url": "https://developer.apple.com/wwdc24/special-event/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "One Apple Park way - Apple Community\nAppleStoreMaciPadiPhoneWatchVisionAirPodsTV & HomeEntertainmentAccessoriesSupport\n0+\nCommunity\nLocal Nav Open Menu\nLocal Nav Close Menu\nBrowse\nSearch\nSign in\nSign in\nSign in corporate\nApple ID\nUser profile for user:\nstephannie148\nstephannie148\nAuthor\nUser level:\nLevel1\n4 points\nOne Apple Park way\nI have multiple charges of $9.99 and more charges that we hit up to almost $500 from one apple Parkway I dont know how theyre there or where I got them from. I would really like to figure out dont know where all my statements I really need to connect to Apple. Please help me.\nShow more\nLess\niPhone 11,\niOS 16\nPosted on Aug 25, 2023 8:11 PM\nUpvote if this is a clear questionDownvote if this question isnt clear\nMe too(5)\nMe too\nMe too(5)\nMe too\nReply\nQuestion marked as\nBest reply\nUser profile for user:\nmuguy\nmuguy\nUser level:\nLevel9\n76,807 points\nPosted on Aug 25, 2023 8:14 PM\nVisit support.apple.com/billing\nShow more\nLess\nView in context\nSimilar questions\nI have $16.95 charge to my account from apple that I am unable to find in my purchases or subscription's\nI have $16.95 charge to my account on 10/4/2021 from apple that I am unable to find in my purchases or subscription's.\n2 years ago\n2018\n1\nI have five charges on my account for Apple.com in the last week and they do not show up in my purchases under settings. The phone number on the charges goes directly to Apple. What are these charges for?\nI have five charges on my account for Apple.com in the last week and they do not show up in my purchases under settings.\n1 year ago\n156\n1\nDon't know what the iTune charges are for\niTune charges that I don't know what they are for.\n1 year ago\n114\n2\n2 replies\nSort By:Best\nLoading page content\nPage content loaded\nQuestion marked as\nBest reply\nUser profile for user:\nmuguy\nmuguy\nUser level:\nLevel9\n76,807 points\nAug 25, 2023 8:14 PM in response to stephannie148\nVisit support.apple.com/billing\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nstephannie148\nstephannie148\nAuthor\nUser level:\nLevel1\n4 points\nAug 25, 2023 8:22 PM in response to muguy\nThe thing is the payments that were taking out dont show up anywhere but my debit card statement\nShow more\nLess\nUpvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nof\n1\nOne Apple Park way\nWelcome to Apple Support Community\nA forum where Apple customers help each other with their products. Get started with your Apple ID.\nLearn more\nSign up\nApple Footer\nThis site contains user submitted content, comments and opinions and is for informational purposes\nonly. Apple may provide or recommend responses as a possible solution based on the information\nprovided; every potential issue may involve several factors not detailed in the conversations\ncaptured in an electronic forum and Apple can therefore provide no guarantee as to the efficacy of\nany proposed solutions on the community forums. Apple disclaims any and all liability for the acts,\nomissions and conduct of any third parties in connection with or related to your use of the site.\nAll postings and use of the content on this site are subject to the\nApple Support Community Terms of Use.\nSee how your data is managed...\n\nApple\nSupport\nCommunity\nMore ways to shop: Visit an Apple Store, call\n1-800-MY-APPLE, or find a reseller.\nUnited States\nCopyright \n2024 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Use\nSales and\nRefunds\nLegal\nSite Map\nAsk a question\nReset", "url": "https://discussions.apple.com/thread/255088165" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Apple Park | Design, History, Layout\nNews\nReviews\nHow-Tos\nVideos\nDeals\nApple Deals\nMacBook Air Deals\nMacBook Pro Deals\nMac mini Deals\nMac Studio Deals\niPad Deals\nAirPods Deals\nApple Watch Deals\niMac Deals\niPhone Deals\nApple Trade-In Deals\nApple Authorized Resellers\nApple Student Discount\nMacs for Students\nPrice Guides\nApple Prices\nMacBook, iMac & Mac mini Prices\niPad Prices\nApple Watch Prices\niPhone Prices\nApple Accessories Prices\nAirPods & Beats Prices\niPad & iPhone Trade-In Values\nApple A-Z\nAirPods\nApple TV\nApple Watch\nHomePod\niPad\niPad mini\niPad Pro\niPhone\niPhone 13\niPhone 13 Pro\niPhone 14\niPhone 14 Pro\niPhone 15\niPhone 15 Pro\niPhone 16\nMac\nMacBook Pro\nMacBook Air\nMac Studio\niMac\nMac mini\nMore...\nMore\nForums\nPodcasts\nContact Us\nAdvertise\nMerch\nAAPL: 191.385 ( +1.395 )\nCopyright 2024 Quiller Media, Inc. All rights reserved.\nAAPL: 191.385 ( +1.395 )\nAffiliate Disclosure\nIf you buy through our links, we may get a commission. Read our ethics policy.\nApple A-Z\n\nApple Initiatives\nApple Park\nHow-To\nBest Of\nVersus\nThe largest Apple product ever made is not something you'll be able to take home to enjoy, but it is something to behold. Apple Park is the company's second campus built in Cupertino, California, and it was one of the final products pitched by the late CEO, Steve Jobs. The massive ring-shaped building is now an iconic symbol of Apple's dedication to design, green energy, and the future of technology.\n 175 acres\n 2.8-million-square-foot main building\n Main building worth $4.17 billion\n Powered by 100% renewable energy\n Houses 12,000 employees\n Worlds largest panels of curved glass\n Largest naturally-ventilated building ever\n 17MW on-site solar power\n 9,000 drought-resistant trees\n 100,000-square-foot fitness center\n Home of the Steve Jobs Theater\nPage last updated: 1 year ago\nGet Apple News Directly in Your Inbox\nApple calls Cupertino, California home, and its main headquarters had been located at 1 Infinite Loop since 1993. In 2017, the company finished construction and officially moved its employees into the massive \"spaceship\" campus, called The Ring, located at One Apple Park Way.\nA good look at the empty Apple Park campus during a disease outbreak\nThe campus is surrounded by grass and trees, has an orchard in the center of the ring, and contains energy and design innovations throughout. Apple Park is the beacon of creativity and unity meant to drive Apple into the future.\nLife at Apple's new campus was short-lived, however, since the COVID-19 pandemic drove most employees to work from home. Despite being able to hold thousands of employees, only a tiny fraction were able to work on-site from March 2020.\nThe design team at Apple benefits from in-person work. Image source: Wallpaper*\nAfter multiple delays due to the pandemic, Apple was finally able to begin bringing employees back to its campus in April 2022. The move back was slow and highly contested by several employees who wished to work from home, but Apple won out in the end.\nEarly Development and Construction\nThe late CEO and co-founder Steve Jobssaw the rapid growth of the company and knew its current campus couldn't last. So, Apple purchased land formerly owned by Hewlett-Packard, a company important to Jobs' history as he worked there as a summer intern.\nSteve Jobs personally presented an ambitious plan to the Cupertino City Council for building one of the largest office buildings in the world.\nApple met many of its initial goals within its first presentation of the campus, although it took two years longer and went well over cost estimates. Sadly, Steve Jobs died only a few months after that meeting, and it is known as one of his last public appearances. The campus theater is named after him in remembrance.\nIn 2014, Apple began the initial tear-down of the old Hewlett-Packard buildings and broke ground. The project took a little over three years to get finalized and ready for the employee move-in.\nThroughout the construction process, Apple faced several challenges from buying up all the available trees to city taxes coming into question.\nFinal Design and Jony Ive\nJony Ives attention to detail is felt through the campus\nJony Ive was the Chief Design Officer at Apple, and he has since left the company to start his own design firm. While Apple Park was under construction, Ive stepped away from leading the product design team to take a more personal interest in the construction and design of the new campus.\nIve worked closely with the design firm Foster+Partners on this massive undertaking. His design influences are seen throughout the campus, and he speaks of Apple Park in this interviewwith Wallpaper* magazine.\n\"As a design team our goal has been, in some ways, to get design out of the way,\" Ive said. \"We try to define a solution that seems so inevitable that it does recede.\" He stated this referring to the philosophy that is behind everything Apple designs.\nEven the stairs received such scrutiny. \"There are so many connections between floors,\" he continued. \"There are light wells that go all the way down. You have visual connections to the floors and connections by the stairs.\"\nNot even the stairs could escape Jony Ives influence\nWhen discussing the building's flexibility, Ive states, \"Our building is very configurable and you can very quickly create large open spaces or you can configure lots of smaller private offices. The building will change and it will evolve.\"\nThe idea that the building could change as Apple changes was the driving factor behind much of the design.\nThe Ring\nShaped like a large flying saucer of sorts, Apple calls the main campus building The Ring. This massive building features 800 45-foot-tall rounded glass panels that connect all the way around the four-story structure. Some of these panels function as large sliding doors, allowing for the interior to be exposed to the outdoors during nice weather.\nThe main building is called 'The Ring'\nThe Ring usesbase isolation to protect against earthquakes. The isolation system consists of 692 large steel saucers located two stories underground.This system is a modified version of Japan's and will protect the campus from all but the most severe earthquakes.\nThe Ring's interior hosts large rooms with glass walls and entryways, including wide-open spaces that can be collapsed into smaller sections as needed. The Ring is divided into eight identical segments and surrounded by a hallway roughly three-quarters of a mile around.\nThe wide, brightly lit hallway runs around The Ring\nThe Ring uses natural ventilation to aid in making it the greenest office building in the world, requiring no heating or cooling for nine months out of the year. To further its green initiatives, Apple partnered with First Solarto provide 130MW of clean energy to the campus and surrounding buildings.\nDesign rules the campus from top to bottom and will influence the company moving forward. Many consider Apple Park to be an Apple product designed by Jony Ive, his crown jewel before exiting the company and gift to his departed friend Steve Jobs.\nOther structures at Apple Park\nSteve Jobs Theater\nThe Steve Jobs Theater is a 165-foot diameter circular glass building without visible supports. The carbon-fiber roof is the largest in the world, weighing 80 tons. Underneath the glass structure, underground, is an auditorium seating 1,000 people. The theater won the'Structural Artistry'award in 2018.\nSteve Jobs Theater overlooks Apple Park\nApple intended the theater for product reveals and events, but that intention was short-lived due to the pandemic. With the company moving to a more online event style, it seems the theater will be used for pre-recorded event showings rather than a live stage.\nVisitors' Center\nThe Apple ParkVisitor Centeroverlooks the campus and is divided into four sections: a 10,000-square-foot Apple Store, a 2,000-square-foot cafe, an observation deck, and an area for an AR experience. The augmented reality area is a scale model of Apple Park that lets you view the campus via an iPad using AR software.\nThe Apple Park Visitor's Center doubles as an Apple Store\nThis is the only publicly accessible area of Apple Park. Apple sells limited-edition t-shirts and other merchandise at this store.\nGlendenning Barn\nThe Glendenning Barn is a historical landmark moved and restored by Apple during Apple Park's construction. It was originally a part of the farmland that housed apricot, prune, and cherry orchards.\nIt is now used for simply storing groundskeeping tools but still stands as a symbol of community and innovation at Apple Park.\nVirtual Keynotes\nThe Apple Park campus was meant to be the ultimate workspace for its thousands of employees. It was also meant to be a marvel that visitors could enjoy when conducting work or traveling for keynotes. The COVID-19 pandemic made this impossible for months, but Apple made due.\nApple Park viewed in Apple Maps\nStarting with WWDC 2020, Apple held virtual conferences instead of inviting thousands of people to its campus. This allowed the company to expand its reach to more developers and consumers with highly-produced videos rather than a stage performance.\nApple invited people to participate in an in-person WWDC event in June 2022. A pre-recorded keynote was shown to viewers outdoors via a projector set up outside the cafeteria, then developers were able to interact with employees and visit the newly opened Developer Center.\nThis mixed in-person and online style will likely be used for events going forward. They give Apple greater control over product presentation while keeping the campus open for events.\nThe iPhone 14 lineup was revealed at an in-person Apple event held in the Steve Jobs Theater at Apple Park in September 2022. A pre-recorded keynote was shown, but products were viewable in person in a display area afterward.\nWatch the Latest from AppleInsider TVPowered By 10 STOP! Don't Buy a Mac Studio!ShareNextStay\nTable of Contents\nApple Park1. Development2. Final Design and Jony Ive3. The Ring4. Other structuresSteve Jobs TheaterVisitors' CenterGlendenning Barn5. Virtual keynotes\niPhone 15\niPhone 16\nApple Vision Pro\nMacBook Pro Deals\nMacBook Pro\nAirPods\niPad\nMac mini\nMacBook Air\nMore...\nApple Park Related Stories\nApple execs talk future of the iPhone in ride-along Apple Park tour\nApple executives including Greg Joswiak and Kainann Drance have talked about working on the iPhone, and Apple's intentions for the future.\nWilliam Gallagher |\n2 months ago\n3\nApple launches 2024 Swift Student Challenge with an Apple Park trip prize\nApple has started to accept entries to the Swift Student Challenge for 2024, with a top prize of a trip to Apple Park up for grabs.\nMalcolm Owen |\n3 months ago\n0\nTim Cook defends Apple Watch privacy focus in mental health talk\nTim Cook had to defend Apple's privacy policies during a meeting with Jill Biden and political spouses, after an accusation that Apple Watch users are being actively \"watched.\"\nMalcolm Owen |\n6 months ago\n12\n'Scary Fast' adds watch parties and gift bags to an already unusual event\nApple's \"Scary Fast\" is shaping up to be an event unlike any the company usually holds for its launches.\nWilliam Gallagher |\n6 months ago\n5\niPhone 15 launch will keep prerecorded video format\nApple's expected September launch of the iPhone 15 range will reportedly be a recorded video once more, with an invited audience viewing at Apple Park and getting a hands-on demo.\nWilliam Gallagher |\n9 months ago\n8\nAir India is seeking greater collaboration with Apple but for what?\nA delegation from Air India said that they visited Apple Park to discuss a collaboration, but beyond an improved flight navigation app for iPads it's not clear specifically why.\nWilliam Gallagher |\n10 months ago\n7\nEx-Apple staff are behind hundreds of top tech startups\nMany Apple alums have gone on to found startups in climate, health, and other areas, and they attribute their acquired skills and knowledge to their time spent at Apple.\nAndrew Orr |\n11 months ago\n5\nApple Park needed an expansion to contain WWDC headset demos\nA pair of buildings have popped up inside and outside of Apple Park, with one built to house a demonstration area for its hotly-anticipated mixed-reality headset.\nMalcolm Owen |\n11 months ago\n3\nApple Park faces WGA strike on first day of WWDC\nThe Writer's Guild of America will be making its presence felt by Apple, with it continuing its strike action at Apple Park on Monday, the same day as Apple's WWDC keynote.\nMalcolm Owen |\n11 months ago\n8\nApple starts selling 'Ted Lasso' merch, but only at Apple Park\nMerchandise for the Apple TV+ show \"Ted Lasso\" has gone on sale from Apple directly, but only from the Apple Park Visitor Center and not other Apple Stores.\nMalcolm Owen |\n11 months ago\n7\nFollow us on Social Media:\nGet our Mobile App\nMore AppleInsider\nProduct Comparisons\nAdvertise on AppleInsider\nContact Us\nPrivacy Policy\nEthics Policy\nTerms of Use\nPush Notifications\nSupport Our Work\nCopyright 2024, Quiller Media, Inc.\nDesigned by Crafted\nuser-signalWe value your privacyReject allAccept allSummaryPurposes1562 PartnersDo you consent to these personal data processing activities by us and our partners?Store and/or access information on a devicePrecise geolocation data, and identification through device scanningPersonalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development\nSome partners may rely on their legitimate interest. 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Please try again later.Watch laterShareCopy linkCOVID-19Get the latest information from the CDC about COVID-19.CDCSee more resources on GoogleWhy am I seeing this?Watch on0:00 / LiveAn error occurred.Try watching this video on www.youtube.com, or enable JavaScript if it is disabled in your browser.City of Cupertino3.13K subscribersSteve Jobs Presents to the Cupertino City Council (6/7/11)City of CupertinoSearchInfoShoppingTap to unmuteIf playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device.You're signed outVideos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your computer.CancelConfirmShareInclude playlistAn error occurred while retrieving sharing information. Please try again later.Watch laterShareCopy linkWatch on4:41 / LiveAn error occurred.Try watching this video on www.youtube.com, or enable JavaScript if it is disabled in your browser.\nPowered by\nNOW PLAYINGSTOP! Don't Buy a Mac Studio! 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Watch Video", "url": "https://appleinsider.com/inside/apple-park" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "I keep getting Bill Payment APPLE COM ONE - Apple Community\nAppleStoreMaciPadiPhoneWatchVisionAirPodsTV & HomeEntertainmentAccessoriesSupport\n0+\nCommunity\nLocal Nav Open Menu\nLocal Nav Close Menu\nBrowse\nSearch\nSign in\nSign in\nSign in corporate\nWallet\n/\nOther Apple Wallet\nLooks like no ones replied in a while. To start the conversation again, simply\nask a new question.\nUser profile for user:\nGOdawgs_1234\nGOdawgs_1234\nAuthor\nUser level:\nLevel1\n29 points\nI keep getting Bill Payment APPLE COM ONE showing up on my bank statement\nI keep getting Bill Payment APPLE COM ONE / APPLE PARK WAY US CUPERTINO CAUS showing up on my bank statement; these purchases are for $19.00, and seem to repeat every 4-6 days. These do NOT show up in my Apple Wallet, but my debit card is being charged. Does anyone else have this issue, and does anyone know what can be done about it? I hate seeing Apple siphon off my money in my bank account when I don't subscribe to any Apple service.[Re-titled by Moderator]\nShow more\nLess\nPosted on May 18, 2023 1:07 PM\n(501)Upvote if this is a clear questionDownvote if this question isnt clear\nMe too(3165)\nMe too\nMe too(3165)\nMe too\nReply\nQuestion marked as\nBest reply\nUser profile for user:\nStickyOberon\nStickyOberon\nUser level:\nLevel1\n11 points\nPosted on Sep 1, 2023 8:10 AM\nI had a charge on my bank statement of $74.19 yesterday saying the same thing but nothing in Apple purchases. Called Apple and made a report considering they said they couldnt find anything under my account. I did discover Cupertino is where the main Apple office is located which is suspicious. Now I have to cancel my card and dispute the charges. Something is with Apple.\nShow more\nLess\nView in context\n151 replies\nSort By:Best\nLoading page content\nPage content loaded\nQuestion marked as\nBest reply\nUser profile for user:\nStickyOberon\nStickyOberon\nUser level:\nLevel1\n11 points\nSep 1, 2023 8:10 AM in response to GOdawgs_1234\nI had a charge on my bank statement of $74.19 yesterday saying the same thing but nothing in Apple purchases. Called Apple and made a report considering they said they couldnt find anything under my account. I did discover Cupertino is where the main Apple office is located which is suspicious. Now I have to cancel my card and dispute the charges. Something is with Apple.\nShow more\nLess\n(107)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nmicki277\nmicki277\nUser level:\nLevel1\n10 points\nSep 12, 2023 7:32 AM in response to GOdawgs_1234\nI have also been receiving these charges with no purchases. As big as this company is wouldnt it be the right thing to do by looking into this problem and correcting it? If not there will be many growing angry customers . You should be more open to helping instead of just trying to politely sweep us under the mat. At least try to look like you give a ****!\nShow more\nLess\n(61)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nmanahi\nmanahi\nUser level:\nLevel1\n8 points\nJan 29, 2024 10:04 AM in response to GOdawgs_1234\nI keep getting bill payments from Apple.com showing up on my bank statements I would like to know why I getting billed for something I didnt order its scam I like stop charging me and get my money back its two times at $3.99\nShow more\nLess\n(42)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nFoxFifth\nFoxFifth\nUser level:\nLevel10\n469,269 points\nMay 18, 2023 1:18 PM in response to GOdawgs_1234\nThis is primarily a user-to-user support forum; other Apple users like you. We don't have access to information about charges to your account. Apple has a support article about charges see each of the steps in the following instructions. They include information on contacting Apple Support if the other steps don't help. See: If you see 'apple.com/bill' on your billing statement - Apple Support\nShow more\nLess\n(31)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nJeff Donald\nJeff Donald\nUser level:\nLevel6\n13,959 points\nJul 13, 2023 10:21 AM in response to kativia66\nSounds like a $9.99 subscription with sales tax. Are you subscribing to any Apple products or services, Apple TV+, iCloud, iCloud storage, purchase a movie or game, forget to cancel and subscriptions that you started a year ago?Subscriptions and Billing - Official Apple Support\nShow more\nLess\n(26)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nBishopErj\nBishopErj\nUser level:\nLevel1\n8 points\nAug 6, 2023 9:04 PM in response to BishopErj\nIve had this problem before and had to cancel my card, I called and gave all my email addresses and its still happening, what the he..? Apple has all this money and stilling from people that dont have any.\nShow more\nLess\n(23)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nJeff Donald\nJeff Donald\nUser level:\nLevel6\n13,959 points\nSep 10, 2023 11:17 AM in response to tijuana130\nPlease read and follow the steps in the support articles linked below. If you see 'apple.com/bill' on your billing statement - Apple SupportRequest a refund for apps or content that you bought from Apple - Apple Support\nShow more\nLess\n(11)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nJeff Donald\nJeff Donald\nUser level:\nLevel6\n13,959 points\nAug 2, 2023 8:40 AM in response to toussaint_23\nThat is the billing location for some purchases of apps, subscriptions, services and products. Apple bills from locations around the world. Are you in the US, if so please contact Apple Support at 1-800-MY-APPLE. If outside the US, please contact the nearest Official Apple Support, Choose your country or region - Official Apple Support\nShow more\nLess\n(5)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nJeff Donald\nJeff Donald\nUser level:\nLevel6\n13,959 points\nAug 12, 2023 12:04 PM in response to lashena225\nThe same support article is the explanation. Apple bills from multiple locations around the world. This is nothing unique to a multinational company. Banking regulations change from country to country and Apple must comply. If you see 'apple.com/bill' on your billing statement - Apple Support\nShow more\nLess\n(3)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nJeff Donald\nJeff Donald\nUser level:\nLevel6\n13,959 points\nSep 10, 2023 2:06 PM in response to Cierradd\nYes, contactless payments make up a significant percentage of transactions in US. The statistics below are from 2022, I believe. But the real question is how consistently do they use contactless payment methods? Several still dont accept Apple Pay, Amazon and Home Depot to name a few. >>Approximately51% of American adultsare now using at least one form of contactless payment. This figure includes both mobile wallets and tap-and-go credit cards. In response to this trend, many merchants are upgrading their payment processing technology so that they can accept contactless payments.<<https://finicalholdings.com/us-contactless-payment-statistics/\nShow more\nLess\n(3)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nJeff Donald\nJeff Donald\nUser level:\nLevel6\n13,959 points\nSep 12, 2023 7:37 AM in response to micki277\nThese charges are normal. Theyve been on my accounts for decades. In, fact Apple has published an entire support article on what youre perceiving to be an issue. If you see 'apple.com/bill' on your billing statement - Apple Support>>Apple.com/bill appears on your billing statement when you buy an app, music, movie, or other content from Apple. It also appears when a subscription renews and when a family member buys apps or content from Apple.<<\nShow more\nLess\n(1)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nJeff Donald\nJeff Donald\nUser level:\nLevel6\n13,959 points\nSep 13, 2023 8:42 AM in response to micki277\nIt sounds like your Apple ID Account password has been compromised. Please follow the path below,iPhone > Settings app > [Your Name] at top of screen > Scroll down the list of devices and remove any devises that arent yours.If you know all the devices and can account for their whereabouts please reset your Apple ID Password.Change your Apple ID password - Apple Support\nShow more\nLess\n(1)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nJeff Donald\nJeff Donald\nUser level:\nLevel6\n13,959 points\nApr 22, 2024 4:43 AM in response to CruzCtrl69\nIm unclear if youre saying its a legitimate charge or not. You can check the charge by following the steps in the Apple Support article I linked below.If you don't recognize a charge - Apple Support\nShow more\nLess\n(1)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nmicki277\nmicki277\nUser level:\nLevel1\n10 points\nSep 13, 2023 4:41 AM in response to Jeff Donald\nThank you , I too apologize. What lead me here was my search I did for one Apple Park way bill scam search I did. I found I wasnt the only one having this problem. I read . I wasnt ranting. When money is being sucked from your account every 2 days , you know something is wrong.\nShow more\nLess\n(1)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nUser profile for user:\nScoot7966\nScoot7966\nUser level:\nLevel1\n8 points\nMar 12, 2024 5:46 AM in response to GOdawgs_1234\nI have a very similar problem all different amounts from some apple one Cupertino don't even know what that is had to get my card replaced twice six or seven weeks waiting for it each time with my money locked down because of waiting on a card and it then it just happens again after 2 or 3 days of getting my new card I don't know what to do no one will help me\nShow more\nLess\n(1)Upvote if this is a helpful replyDownvote if this reply isnt helpful\nReply\nLink\nof\n11\nI keep getting Bill Payment APPLE COM ONE showing up on my bank statement\nWelcome to Apple Support Community\nA forum where Apple customers help each other with their products. Get started with your Apple ID.\nLearn more\nSign up\nApple Footer\nThis site contains user submitted content, comments and opinions and is for informational purposes\nonly. Apple may provide or recommend responses as a possible solution based on the information\nprovided; every potential issue may involve several factors not detailed in the conversations\ncaptured in an electronic forum and Apple can therefore provide no guarantee as to the efficacy of\nany proposed solutions on the community forums. Apple disclaims any and all liability for the acts,\nomissions and conduct of any third parties in connection with or related to your use of the site.\nAll postings and use of the content on this site are subject to the\nApple Support Community Terms of Use.\nSee how your data is managed...\n\nApple\nSupport\nCommunity\nMore ways to shop: Visit an Apple Store, call\n1-800-MY-APPLE, or find a reseller.\nUnited States\nCopyright \n2024 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.\nPrivacy Policy\nTerms of Use\nSales and\nRefunds\nLegal\nSite Map\nAsk a question\nReset", "url": "https://discussions.apple.com/thread/254873612" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Apples New Campus: An Exclusive Look Inside the Mothership | WIRED\nWIRED Logo\nApples New Campus: An Exclusive Look Inside the Mothership\nClick to share this story on Facebook\nClick to share this story on Twitter\nClick to email this story\nClick to comment on this story. (will open new tab)\nOne More Thing\nInside Apples Insanely\nGreat (or Just Insane)\nNew Mothership\nInside Apples Insanely Great (or Just Insane) New Mothership\nby Steven Levy | photographs by Dan Winters\n05.16.17\nOn June 7, 2011, a local businessman addressed a meeting of the Cupertino City Council. He had not been on the agenda, but his presence wasnt a total surprise. Earlier in the year the man had expressed his intention to attend a meeting in order to propose a new series of buildings along the citys northern border, but he hadnt felt up to it at the time. He was, as all of them knew, in dire health.\nBefore the start of the meeting, Kris Wang, a Cupertino councilmember, looked out the window at the back of the room and saw him walking toward the building. He moved with obvious difficulty, wearing the same outfit he had been seen in the day before when hed introduced new products to the worldwhich is to say, the same outfit that anyone had ever seen him wear. When it was his turn to address the council, he walked to the podium. He began to speak, tentative at first before clicking into the conversational yet hypnotically compelling tone he used in keynotes.\nJune 2017. Subscribe to WIRED.\nHis company, he said, had grown like a weed. His workforce had increased significantly over a decade, coming to fill more than 100 buildings as workers created one blockbuster product after another. To consolidate his employees, he wanted to create a new campus, a verdant landscape where the border between nature and building would be blurred. Unlike other corporate campuses, which he found pretty boring, this would feature as its centerpiece a master structure, shaped like a circle, that would hold 12,000 employees. Its a pretty amazing building, he told them. Its a little like a spaceship landed.\nWhen Wang asked what benefit would come to Cupertino from this massive enterprise, the speaker had a slight edge to his voice as he explained, as if to a child, that it would enable the company to stay in the California township. Otherwise, it could sell off its current properties and take its people with it, maybe to someplace nearby, like Mountain View. That unpleasantness out of the way, the speaker was able to return to the subject of what he would create.\nI think we do have a shot, he told the council, of building the best office building in the world. What he didnt tell themduring what none of them could have known would be his last public appearanceis that he was not just planning a new campus for the company he cofounded, built, left, returned to, and ultimately saved from extinction. Through this new headquarters, Steve Jobs was planning the future of Apple itselfa future beyond him and, ultimately, beyond any of us.\nSteve Jobs makes his pitch for Apples new campus at a June 2011 Cupertino City Council meeting.\nOn a crisp and clear March day, more than five years after Jobs death, Im seated next to Jonathan Ive in the back of a Jeep Wrangler as we prepare to tour the nearly completed Apple Park, the name recently bestowed on the campus that Jobs pitched to the Cupertino City Council in 2011. At 50, Apples design chieftain still looks like the rugby player he once was, and he remains, despite fame, fortune, and a knighthood, the same soft-spoken Brit I met almost 20 years ago. We are both wearing white hard hats with a silver Apple logo above the brim; Ives is personalized with Jony underneath the iconic symbol. Dan Whisenhunt, the companys head of facilities and a de facto manager of the project, comes with us. He too has a personalized hat. It is an active construction site on a tight deadlinethe first occupants are supposedly moving in within 30 days of my visit, with 500 new employees arriving every week thereafterand I felt a bit like one of the passengers on the first ride into Jurassic Park.\nRelated Stories\nEven Steve Jobs Didnt Predict the iPhone Decade\nBy David Pierce\nAaron Sorkin on Turning Steve Jobs Into a Film Icon\nBy Jennifer M. Woodn\n11 Ways to Make Your Office Complex Less Soul-Suckingly Awful\nBy Sam Lubell\nWe drive up North Tantau Avenue, past the buildings that will house employees not fortunate enough to sit in the campuss main headquarters, as well as the half-finished visitors center. Only a few years ago, most of the space was a flat parking lot, but today huge bermsartificial hillshug the road, blocking views of busy Wolfe Road and Interstate 280 and forming a rolling landscape with hundreds of trees, their roots half-buried in wooden boxes, ready for planting. We drive around campus and turn into the entrance of a tunnel that will take us to the Ring.\nOf course Ive seen images of it, architectural equivalents of movie trailers for a much-awaited blockbuster. From the day Jobs presented to the Cupertino City Council, digital renderings of the Ring, as Apple calls the main building, have circulated widely. As construction progressed, enterprising drone pilots began flying their aircraft overhead, capturing aerial views in slickly edited YouTube videos accompanied by New Agey soundtracks. Amid all the fanboy anticipation, though, Apple has also taken some knocks for the scale and scope of the thing. Investors urging Apple to kick back more of its bounty to shareholders have questioned whether the reported $5 billion in construction costs should have gone into their own pockets instead of a workplace striving for history. And the campuss opening comes at a point when, despite stellar earnings results, Apple has not launched a breakout product since Jobs death. Apple executives want us to know how cool its new campus isthats why they invited me. But this has also led some people to sniff that too much of its mojo has been devoted to giant glass panels, custom-built door handles, and a 100,000-square-foot fitness and wellness center complete with a two-story yoga room covered in stone, from just the right quarry in Kansas, thats been carefully distressed, like a pair of jeans, to make it look like the stone at Jobs favorite hotel in Yosemite.\nInside the 755-foot tunnel, the white tiles along the wall gleam like a recently installed high-end bathroom; its what the Lincoln Tunnel must have looked like the day it opened, before the first smudge of soot sullied its walls. And as we emerge into the light, the Ring comes into view. As the Jeep orbits it, the sun glistens off the buildings curved glass surface. The canopieswhite fins that protrude from the glass at every floorgive it an exotic, retro-future feel, evoking illustrations from science fiction pulp magazines of the 1950s. Along the inner border of the Ring, there is a walkway where one can stroll the three-quarter-mile perimeter of the building unimpeded. Its a statement of openness, of free movement, that one might not have associated with Apple. And thats part of the point.\nSince 1997, Jonathan Ive has overseen the design of every Apple productincluding the companys new headquarters.\nWe drive through an entrance that takes us under the building and into the courtyard before driving back out again. Since its a ring, of course, there is no main lobby but rather nine entrances. Ive opts to take me in through the caf, a massive atrium-like space ascending the entire four stories of the building. Once its complete, it will hold as many as 4,000 people at once, split between the vast ground floor and the balcony dining areas. Along its exterior wall, the caf has two massive glass doors that can be opened when its nice outside, allowing people to dine al fresco.\nThis might be a stupid question, I say. But why do you need a four-story glass door?\nIve raises an eyebrow. Well, he says. It depends how you define need, doesnt it?\nWe go upstairs, and I take in the view. From planes descending to SFO, and even from drones that buzz the building from a hundred feet above it, the Ring looks like an ominous icon, an expression of corporate power, and a what-the-fuck oddity among the malls, highways, and more mundane office parks of suburban Silicon Valley. But peering out the windows and onto the vast hilly expanse of the courtyard, all of that peels away. It feels peaceful, even amid the clatter and rumble of construction. It turns out that when you turn a skyscraper on its side, all of its bullying power dissipates into a humble serenity.\nFor the next two hours, Ive and Whisenhunt walk me through other parts of the building and the grounds. They describe the level of attention devoted to every detail, the willingness to search the earth for the right materials, and the obstacles overcome to achieve perfection, all of which would make sense for an actual Apple consumer product, where production expenses could be amortized over millions of units. But the Ring is a 2.8-million-square-foot one-off, eight years in the making and with a customer base of 12,000. How can anyone justify this spectacular effort?\nIts frustrating to talk about this building in terms of absurd, large numbers, Ive says. It makes for an impressive statistic, but you dont live in an impressive statistic. While it is a technical marvel to make glass at this scale, thats not the achievement. The achievement is to make a building where so many people can connect and collaborate and walk and talk. The value, he argues, is not what went into the building. Its what will come out.\nSCROLL DOWN\nNorman Fosters sketch of the buildings evolution, from propeller shape to circle.\nA ring was not what Jobs had in mind when he first started talking about a new campus. Ive thinks it was around 2004 when he and his boss first began discussing a reimagined headquarters. I think it was in Hyde Park, he says. When we used to go to London together, wed spend a lot of time in these parks. We began talking about a campus where your primary sense was that you were in parkland, with many elements that were almost collegiatewhere the connection between what was built and a parkland was immediate, no matter where you were.\nThe discussions continued and widened throughout the company, but it wasnt until 2009 that Apple was ready to actually move on the project. Though vacant land in Cupertino is rare, Apple had purchased 75 acres barely a mile from Infinite Loop, its current headquarters. The company began to seek out the right architectural firm to take on the task, and Jobs came to focus on Norman Foster, a Pritzker Prize winner whose commissions have included the Berlin Reichstag, the Hong Kong airport, and Londons infamous Gherkin tower. Jobs called Foster in July 2009 and told him, in Fosters recollection, that Apple needed some help.\nNorman Foster, one of Apple Parks architects, had 250 people working on the project at its height.\nTwo months later Foster arrived in Cupertino and spent an entire day with Jobs, first at his office at Infinite Loop and later at his home in Palo Alto, and discovered that his new client had a remarkably detailed vision of the glass, steel, stone, and trees that would make up Apples new home. As Jobs spoke, Foster furiously sketched in the A4 sketchbook he is never without, creating a word picture of what Jobs was envisioning. His touchstone was the quad at Stanford, Foster says, referring to the main part of the schools campus where low-slung academic buildings, arranged around large, leafy outdoor areas and designed with open-air pathways where one can walk along the structures edges, offer the sensation of being both inside and out.\nFoster soon brought in reinforcements from his London-based firm, Foster + Partners, for the first of many meetings Jobs would have with a growing team of architects. Though he always professed to loathe nostalgia, Jobs based many of his ideas on his favorite features of the Bay Area of his youth. His briefing was all about Californiahis idealized California, says Stefan Behling, a Foster partner who became one of the project leads. The site Apple had bought was an industrial park, largely covered by asphalt, but Jobs envisioned hilly terrain, with sluices of walking paths. He again turned to Stanford for inspiration by evoking the Dish, a popular hiking area near the campus where rolling hills shelter a radio telescope.\nThe meetings often lasted for five or six hours, consuming a significant amount of time in the last two years of Jobs life. He could be scary when he swooped down on a detail he demanded. At one point, Behling recalls, Jobs discussed the walls he had in mind for the offices: He knew exactly what timber he wanted, but not just I like oak or I like maple. He knew it had to be quarter-cut. It had to be cut in the winter, ideally in January, to have the least amount of sap and sugar content. We were all sitting there, architects with gray hair, going, Holy shit!\nAs with any Apple product, its shape would be determined by its function. This would be a workplace where people were open to each other and open to nature, and the key to that would be modular sections, known as pods, for work or collaboration. Jobs idea was to repeat those pods over and over: pod for office work, pod for teamwork, pod for socializing, like a piano roll playing a Philip Glass composition. They would be distributed democratically. Not even the CEO would get a suite or a similar incongruity. And while the company has long been notorious for internal secrecy, compartmentalizing its projects on a need-to-know basis, Jobs seemed to be proposing a more porous structure where ideas would be more freely shared across common spaces. Not totally open, of courseIves design studio, for instance, would be shrouded by translucent glassbut more open than Infinite Loop.\nAt first, we had no idea what Steve was actually talking about with these pods. But he had it all mapped out: a space where you could concentrate one minute and then bump into another group of people in the next, Behling says. And how many restaurants should we have? One restaurant, a huge one, forcing everyone to get together. You have to be able to bump into each other. In part Jobs was expanding on a concept that he had developed while helping design the headquarters of another company he ranPixarthat nudged collaboration by forcing people to stroll longer than usual to the restrooms. (So involved was Jobs in that project that Pixar-ites call the building Steves Movie.) In this new project, Jobs was balancing an engineers need for intense concentration with the brainstorming that unearths innovation.\nTo accommodate the pods, the main building took the shape of a bloated clover leafpeople at Apple called it the propellerwith three lobes doing a Mbius around a center core. But over time Jobs realized that it wouldnt work. We have a crisis, he told the architects early in the spring of 2010. I think it is too tight on the inside and too wide on the outside. This launched weeks of overtime among Fosters 100-person team to figure out how to resolve the problem. (Their ranks would eventually reach 250.) In May, as he was sketching in his book, Foster wrote down a statement: On the way to a circle.\nAccording to Walter Isaacsons biography of Jobs, there was another factor. When Jobs showed a drawing of the clover leaf to his son, Reed, the teenager commented that from the air, the building would look like male genitalia. The next day Jobs repeated the observation to the architects, warning them that from that point on, youre never going to be able to erase that vision from your mind. (Foster and Behling say they have no recollection of this.)\nBy June 2010 it was a circle. No one takes full credit for the shape; all seem to feel it was inevitable all along. Steve dug it right away, Foster says.\nBy that fall Whisenhunt had heard that a former HP campus in Cupertino might be available. The 100-acre plot was just north of Apples planned site. Whats more, it had deep meaning for Jobs. As a young teen he had talked his way into a summer job at HP, just at the time when its foundersJobs heroeswere walking that site and envisioning an office park cluster for their computer systems division. Now HP was contracting and no longer needed the space. Whisenhunt worked a deal, and Apples project suddenly grew to 175 acres.\nSteves original intention was to sort of blur that line between the inside and outside, says Lisa Jackson, Apples environment czar. It sort of wakes up your senses.\nJobs had always insisted that most of the site be covered with trees; he even took the step of finding the perfect tree expert to create his corporate Arden. He loved the foliage at the Dish and found one of the arborists responsible. David Muffly, a cheerful, bearded fellow with a Lebowski-ish demeanor, was in a clients backyard in Menlo Park when he got the call to come to Jobs office to talk trees. He was massively impressed with the Apple CEOs taste and knowledge. He had a better sense than most arborists, Muffly says. He could tell visually which trees looked like they had good structure. Jobs was adamant that the new campus house indigenous flora, and in particular he wanted fruit trees from the orchards he remembered from growing up in Northern California.\nApple will ultimately plant almost 9,000 trees. Muffly was told that the landscape should be futureproof and that he should choose drought-tolerant varieties so his mini forest and meadows could survive a climate crisis. (As part of its ecological efforts to prevent such a crisis, Apple claims, its buildings will run solely on sustainable energy, most of it from solar arrays on the roofs.) Jobs aims were not just aesthetic. He did his best thinking during walks and was especially inspired by ambling in nature, so he envisioned how Apple workers would do that too. Can you imagine doing your work in a national park? says Tim Cook, who succeeded Jobs as CEO in 2011. When I really need to think about something Im struggling with, I get out in nature. We can do that now! It wont feel like Silicon Valley at all.\nCook recalls the last time he discussed the campus with his boss and friend in the fall of 2011. It was actually the last time I spoke to him, the Friday before he passed away, Cook says. We were watching a movie, Remember the Titans. I loved it, but I was so surprised he liked that movie. I remember talking to him about the site then. It was something that gave him energy. I was joking with him that we were all worried about some things being difficult, but we were missing the most important one, the biggest challenge of all.\nWhich was?\nDeciding which employees are going to sit in the main building and which would have to work in the outer buildings. And he just got a big laugh out of it.\nSCROLL DOWN\nSCROLL DOWN\n1. Hilltop Theater\nA 1,000-seat Steve Jobs Theater features a 20-foot tall, 165-foot-diameter glass cylinder topped with a metallic carbon-fiber roof. Its on a hill, at one of the highest points on this land, Tim Cook says. It felt like him.\n2. Parking Space\nIn 2012, Apple executives worried the project might exceed its budget. It was a bit of a runaway kind of thing, Cook says, leading to what one of the architects describes as a budgetary diet. One concession: Instead of 6,000 underground parking spaces and 3,000 aboveground (the former being more expensive), the ratio was flipped.\n3. Shock Absorbers\nTo withstand earthquakes, the Ring is mounted on huge steel base isolators that ensure the building can move up to 4.5 feet in any direction without losing its vital services. I love that the ambition was about more than just surviving, Ive says. The building could still function.\n4. Tiled Tunnel\nA 755-foot, white-tile tunnel connects Wolfe Road to the campus and the Rings underground parking. Apple prototyped a corner of the tunnel before Ives design team signed off on its shape and tile work.\n5. Wellness Facility\nIn addition to weights and a two-story yoga room, the 100,000-square-foot Fitness & Wellness Center offers employees access to medical and dental services. Im a big believer in people staying active. Its something that makes them feel better and more energetic, Tim Cook says. Its all about the fixation on the customer, and the customers here are our people, our employees.\n6. Breathing Building\nTo fulfill Jobs wish for a building that breathes, the engineering team consulted with experts who optimize airflow in Formula One race cars. The Ring inhales air through soffits (the undersides of the canopies) along its perimeter. Elsewhere, shafts that act like chimneys exhale warm air back outside.\n7. Solar System\nThe 2.8-million-square-foot Ring will run solely on sustainable energy, most of it from the 805,000 square feet of solar arrays on the campus.\n8. Giant Doors\nThe sliding glass doors along the exterior of the caf extend the full four stories of the building. Weighing 440,000 pounds each, they open and close quietly via mechanisms hidden underground.\n9. Native Landscape\nJobs did his best thinking during long walks in nature, and he envisioned a tree-filled campus where Apple workers could find inspiration in what one architect calls Jobs idealized California. Apple will plant almost 9,000 trees, all of them drought-tolerant so that they can survive a climate crisis.\nAll that was left for Apple to do was build it.\nThe board approved Foster + Partners design in 2012. Just as Apples consumer products are obsessively prototyped, its new headquarters would be no different. There would be working models of various sections of the Ring scattered around the area: a mocked-up stretch of a tunnel in one of the HP buildings before it was demolished; an actual working caf near Infinite Loop that served as a scaled-down replica of the Apple Park version. We viewed the construction process as a manufacturing project and wanted to do as much outside of here as possible. Then you begin to put together Legos, says Cook, who built his reputation as a master of supply chain efficiency.\nAs with the suppliers for its consumer products, Apple was demanding with its contractors, requiring them to solve problems they had never contemplated before. Such as: How does one create the largest, strongest pieces of glass in the world? Oh, and they have to be curved. Steve loved the idea of huge pieces of glass, Behling says. In designing its retail stores over the years, Apple has developed a relationship with a German company, Seele Group; the previous pinnacle of their collaboration was the huge glass cage on New York Citys Fifth Avenue store. The Ring makes that widely praised wonder look like a security barrier at a check-cashing counter. Its walls are 45-foot-tall panels of safety glass. Seele already owned the only machine for forging such panels, but even that could bake only one panel at a time. Since the process takes 14 hours and Apple needed 800 panels, Seeles capacity was insufficient. So Seele worked with its autoclave manufacturer to develop a much bigger cooker that could stack five panels at once. The one we had was the biggest in the glass industry by far. This new one is just giant, says Nelli Diller, Seeles managing director.\nThat was the easy part. Seele was also hired to produce the canopies, those fins that give the Ring its space-age vibe. Though theyre now the buildings signature flourish, they were not something Jobs originally wanted, even though he eventually came around to them. In Steves perfect world, there wouldnt have been any canopies, Behling says. Yes, we can produce an all-glass building, but in this climate we have to shade ityou have to have some serious baseball-cap action. Foster + Partners and Ives teams designed the protrusions, and Seele had to figure out how to manufacture them, with the direction that they should be as white as possible.\nThe glass fins that protrude from the Ring at every floor are sloped at a slight downward angle to regulate light and glare. They also prevent rain from streaking down what Ive describes as the miles of glass that make up the Rings walls.\nThe problem was that the canopies also had to be made of glass, and the iron in sand (which, after all, is what glass is) throws off green. Even if you buy the best glass in the world, it still stays green, Behling says. It was killing everyone.\nFortunately Ive is perhaps the worlds most avid connoisseur of whiteness since Herman Melvilleremember the White Whale purity of the early iPod? His design team proposed offsetting the green tint by painting the back of the glass white, then fixing it to perforated metal sheets coated on one side with white silicone. (Behling says a tiny amount of pink was also mixed in with the white pigment.) The solution worked, and it had the added benefit of making the canopies appear to glow.\nThe remaining question was how rain might affect the canopies. Imagine if you made that mistake, and so you had this building with miles of glass but it would be water-streaked because you didnt get the design of the canopy right! Ive says with horror. To ensure water would roll off the canopies rather than staying put (via adhesion), the designers at Apple and Foster + Partners ended up consulting a 1994 study out of the University of MinnesotaThe Teapot Effect: Sheet-Forming Flows With Deflection, Wetting, and Hysteresisthat informed how the canopies would curve to deflect rain.\nFor Seele, the very toughest challenge came from constructing the giant glass sliding doors for the cafthey had to extend from the ground to the roof, a full four stories. Each door leaf is about 85 feet by 54 feet. The only doors I know of in the world that size are on an airplane hangar, Diller says.\nThe steel that frames each leaf weighs 165 metric tons, which is about 360,000 pounds. Structural components, like rods, weigh another 18,000 pounds. Then there are 10 panels of glass, each weighing nearly 6,500 pounds. So you have two leaves, weighing 440,000 pounds apiece, that have to slide open and closed. And its a restaurant, so you want to have it move without any major noise, Diller says. The solution was to put all the machinery underground.\nThough Apples and Foster + Partners teams worked through dozens of such problems over the past few years, everyone insists that the project is more or less as Jobs wanted, at more or less the original estimated cost. When it looked like the budget might get out of control in 2012, they put the project on a diet, Behling says, making trade-offs like giving up some underground parking spaces in favor of less-expensive aboveground garages. (Though Apple wont officially confirm or deny the projects reported $5 billion price tag, Cook doesnt correct me when I cite it during our time together.) I would say that the big picture has not changed at all, Foster says. If Steve could reappear, it would be as he conceived it when he last saw it as drawings. Hed find some of the details that were not addressed in his lifetime, but I believe hed approve them.\nThose post-Jobs details were largely crafted by Foster + Partners and Ives design team, who custom-developed almost every aspect of the building, down to the washbasins and faucets. For Ive, it was not the first time hed imagined what an absent Jobs wouldve wanted. There was a point in time when he was involved in the products and then a point in time when he wasnt, Ive says of the months leading up to Jobs death. Sadly this was no different.\nDuring my tour, when we pass through an aboveground parking garage, Ive quivers with enthusiasm as he describes what were seeing. He points out how smooth the edges are on the concrete beams and how carefully molded the curves are at the rectangular buildings corners, like perfectly formed round-rects on a dialog box. Furthermore, infrastructure like water pipes and electrical conduits is hidden in the beams, so the whole thing doesnt look like a basement. Its not that were using expensive concrete, Ive says, defining what he calls the transformative nature of this parking garage. Its the care and development of a design idea and then being resoluteno, were not going to just do the easy, least-path-of-resistance sort of standardized form work.\nInside the Ring, Ive lingers on another feature that draws special pride: the staircases. Theyre made of a thin, lightweight concrete that achieves the perfect white, and they have unusual banisters that seem carved out from the wall alongside the stairs. You can create a handrail by screwing on a railing system that is essentially an afterthought, he says, with unfettered contempt at those who would. But you actually solve it fundamentally with design.\nLater I learn that the stairwells also qualify as fire stairs; normally these require heavy doors that reduce the spread of fire. But Jobs, inspired by the way fire stairs work on yachts, had suggested that, in cases of flagration, glass encasing the stairwells should be drenched by high-pressure sprinkler heads producing a dense mist, a proposal that apparently satisfied the Santa Clara County Fire Department.\nTo Jobs, trees were the most beautiful bits of art, says architect Stefan Behling. He used to say, The most amazing thing about trees is it doesnt actually matter how rich you are: You can never buy a really old, beautiful tree.\nWhen we examine one of the nearly completed pods, I see what a typical programmers office will be. It starts with the door handle, designed by Apple and Foster + Partners, who wanted the same handle to be used for sliding doors and pivoting ones and went through multiple iterations. Later I get a look at some of the early prototypes, feeling like Im checking the fossil record of some high tech version of the Burgess Shale. Some are long and barely protruding; others are tighter and less forgiving about how you grip them. All seem to be tooled from the same aluminum as a MacBook Pro. And, of course, the final version is designed to be integrated into the doorframeheaven forbid you would bolt something on in Apples headquarters.\nThe panels on the office walls look a lot like what Jobs described during the architects holy shit moment when the project started, but they did not come from trees cut in January. For environmental reasons, Apple created a custom timber veneer from recycled wood. The desk itself is height-adjustable and went through multiple versions, mostly involving different configurations of the brackets that fix it to the wall: These contain the fiber for connectivity as well as electrical wires. (It would be a crime to see them dangling.) To bring the desk up or down, there are two buttons underneath. Users can tell them apart by feel: The convex one raises the table, the concave lowers it.\nJobs had a better sense than most arborists, says David Muffly, whom the Apple chief tapped to handle the trees for the new campus. He could tell visually which trees looked like they had good structure.\nJobs hated air-conditioning and especially loathed fans. (He vigilantly tried to keep them out of his computers.) But he also didnt want people opening windows, so he insisted on natural ventilation, a building that breathes just like the people who work inside it. The flaps and the opening mechanism, Behling explains, all have to relate to sensors that measure where the wind is coming from and how the air goes through it. Unlike sealed buildings in which the temperature is rigidly controlled, the Ring circulates outside air. The concrete in the floor and ceiling is embedded with tubes of water and is supposed to lock in a temperature between 68 and 77 degrees, so that the heating or cooling system will kick in only on very hot or cold days. (In theory some workers can use thermostats to adjust the temperature in a given pod, but only by a couple of degrees.)\nWhen I later discuss the office climate with Apples environment czar, Lisa Jackson, she professes understandingto a point. Its not like were asking people to be uncomfortable at work, she says. Were asking them to recognize that part of being connected to the outside is knowing what temperature it is. We dont want you to feel like youre in a casino. We want you to know what time of day it is, what temperature it is outside. Is the wind really blowing? That was Steves original intention, to sort of blur that line between the inside and outside. It sort of wakes up your senses.\nSlide: 1 / of 7.\nCaption:\nCaption: CEO Tim Cook stands in a finished pod.\nSlide: 2 / of 7.\nCaption:\nCaption: Early sketches of the pods by Norman Foster show how the designers considered issues both large (how each pod fits into the structure of the Ring) and small (where to position the light strips).\nSlide: 3 / of 7.\nCaption:\nCaption: The light fixtures look like luminous strips rather than individual LED bulbs.\nSlide: 4 / of 7.\nCaption:\nCaption: Users can dial in the lights to cast their glow up or down (or both).\nSlide: 5 / of 7.\nCaption:\nCaption: Jobs idea was to repeat the pods over and over: pod for office work, pod for teamwork, pod for socializing, like a piano roll playing a Philip Glass composition.\nSlide: 6 / of 7.\nCaption:\nCaption: Designers hid two buttons (one convex, one concave) under each desk for raising and lowering it.\nSlide: 7 / of 7.\nCaption:\nCaption: Apple and Foster + Partners went through dozens of door handle prototypes before landing on the final iteration: a single piece of milled aluminum that integrates into a doorframe without any visible bolts or screws.\nRelated Galleries\nDisenchantment May Not Enchant Hardcore Fantasy Fans\nThe Sleep Paradox\nSorry to Bother You Is Great Science Fiction, People\nQuantum Computing\nOwning Guns Is Sort of Like Owning Rattlesnakes\nSlide: 1 / of 7\nCaption:\nCaption: CEO Tim Cook stands in a finished pod.\nSlide: 2 / of 7\nCaption:\nCaption: Early sketches of the pods by Norman Foster show how the designers considered issues both large (how each pod fits into the structure of the Ring) and small (where to position the light strips).\nSlide: 3 / of 7\nCaption:\nCaption: The light fixtures look like luminous strips rather than individual LED bulbs.\nSlide: 4 / of 7\nCaption:\nCaption: Users can dial in the lights to cast their glow up or down (or both).\nSlide: 5 / of 7\nCaption:\nCaption: Jobs idea was to repeat the pods over and over: pod for office work, pod for teamwork, pod for socializing, like a piano roll playing a Philip Glass composition.\nSlide: 6 / of 7\nCaption:\nCaption: Designers hid two buttons (one convex, one concave) under each desk for raising and lowering it.\nSlide: 7 / of 7\nCaption:\nCaption: Apple and Foster + Partners went through dozens of door handle prototypes before landing on the final iteration: a single piece of milled aluminum that integrates into a doorframe without any visible bolts or screws.\nRelated Galleries\nDisenchantment May Not Enchant Hardcore Fantasy Fans\nThe Sleep Paradox\nSorry to Bother You Is Great Science Fiction, People\n7\nIts hard not to be overwhelmed by all of this. Ask me sometime about the fonts in the elevator or the hidden pipes in the bathroom commodes. And its hard not to return again and again to the same question: Is Apple Park the arcadia outlined by Jobs in his public farewell, or is it an anal-retentive nightmare of indulgence gone wild?\nApples answer is that the perfection here will inspire its workforce to match that effort in the products they create, that the environment itself is meant to motivate engineers, designers, and even caf managers to aspire for ever-higher levels of quality and innovation. (Francesco Longoni, the maestro of the Apple Park caf, helped Apple patent a box that will keep to-go pizzas from getting soggy.) Were amortizing this in an entirely different way, Ive says. We dont measure this in terms of numbers of people. We think about it in terms of the future. The goal was to create an experience and an environment that felt like a reflection of who we are as a company. This is our home, and everything we make in the future is going to start here.\nFor workers who want to take the cafs pizza back to their pods, Apple created (and patented) a container that lets air and moisture escape so the crust wont get soggy.\nAs Apple Park inches toward completion, its critics are getting louder, and what began with aesthetic judgments of the digital renderingsthe Los Angeles Times architecture critic called the Ring a retrograde cocoonhas lately turned to social and cultural critiques. That the campus is a snobby isolated preserve, at odds with the trendy urbanist school of corporate headquarters. (Amazon, Twitter, and Airbnb are all part of a movement that hopes to integrate tech employees into cities as opposed to having them commute via fuel-gobbling cars or numbing Wi-Fi-equipped buses. ) That the layout of the Ring is too rigid, and that unlike Googles planned Mountain View headquarters (which that company has described as having lightweight blocklike structures, which can be moved around easily as we invest in new product areas), Apple Park is not prepared to adapt to potential changes in how, where, and why people work. That there is no childcare center. Its an obsolete model that doesnt address the work conditions of the future, says Louise Mozingo, an urban design professor at UC Berkeley.\nIts a spectacular piece of formal design, but its contrarian to whats going on in corporate headquarters across the tech industry, says Scott Wyatt, an architect at NBBJ, a prominent international firm that has designed buildings for Google, Amazon, and Tencent.\nFoster will have none of it. Sitting in the gleaming caf that is a model for the much larger version under construction at Apple Park, he doesnt even wait for the question before launching into a defense of his design. This building rose out of the passion of Steve Jobs, he says. The idea that a beautiful object descended on this verdant, luxurious landscape and that it will be inhabited by 12,000 people: That is a true utopian vision. So part of my job is confronting these criticisms and saying, You must be mad.\nThe stone for the exterior of the Fitness & Wellness Center was sourced from a quarry in Kansas and then distressed, like a pair of jeans, to make it look like the stone at Jobs favorite hotel in Yosemite.\nApple Park may be an architectural tour de force, but Foster has grasped its essential truth: At heart it is the realization of a dying mans wish to eternally shape the workplace of the company he founded. Yes, Apple insists that by working in a place where artificial hills are dotted with pines transplanted from Christmas tree farms in the Mojave Desert, its employees will make better products. But didnt Apple create its marvelous Apple II in a bedroom and its groundbreaking Macintosh in a low-slung office park building? The employees who work at the new campus are leaving behind the buildings that provided sufficient inspiration to invent the iPhone.\nIts probably more accurate to say that Apple Park is the architectural avatar of the man who envisioned it, the same man who pushed employees to produce those signature products. In the absence of his rigor and clarity, he left behind a headquarters that embodies both his autobiography and his values. The phrase that keeps coming up in talks with key Apple figures is Steves gift. Behind that concept is the idea that in the last months of his life, Jobs expended significant energy to create a workplace that would benefit Apples workers for perhaps the next century. This was a hundred-year decision, Cook says. And Steve spent the last couple of years of his life pouring himself in here at times when he clearly felt very poorly.\nMore on Steve Jobs\nSteve Jobs: The Next Insanely Great Thing\nBy Gary Wolf\nHow Apple Got Everything Right By Doing Everything Wrong\nBy Leander Kahney\nThe Untold Story: How the iPhone Blew Up the Wireless Industry\nBy FRED VOGELSTEIN\nCould we have cut a corner here or there? Cook asks rhetorically. It wouldnt have been Apple. And it wouldnt have sent the message to everybody working here every day that detail matters, that care matters. That was what Jobs wantedwhat he always wanted. And the current leaders of Apple are determined not to disappoint him in what is arguably his biggest, and is certainly his last, product launch. I revere him, Cook says. And this was clearly his vision, his concept. Our biggest project ever.\nLast December, Cook, Ive, and Apple PR head Steve Dowling met with Laurene Powell Jobs, Steves widow. At the time, the campus didnt have a name. One option was to brand the entire site after the companys late CEO, but that didnt feel right. A more intimate honor would come from lending his name to the 1,000-seat theater in the southeast corner of the campus. Not only had Jobs thought hard about what the theater should look like, but it will also be the stage for product launches like those he had so famously made his own. Its on a hill, at one of the highest points on this land, Cook says. It felt like him.\nAnd so his name will be on the theater. But anyone searching for Steve Jobs fingerprints on Apple Park will find them elsewherein the glint off the Rings curves, in the sway of the trees, and in the thousands of other details we can and cannot see.\nSteven levy (@stevenlevy) wrote about Apples early AI efforts for issue 22.09. He is the editor of Backchannel.\nThis article appears in the June issue. Subscribe now.\ngrooming by raina antle (Ive, Cook); Brynn Doering/Aubry Balk (Foster)\nWe're sorry, but something went wrong.\nMaybe check out these 3D-printed speakers.\nWATCH NOW", "url": "https://www.wired.com/2017/05/apple-park-new-silicon-valley-campus/" } ]

[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "OpenAI API | OpenAISkip to main contentResearchProductsSafetyCompanyFrequently asked questionsJune 11, 2020OpenAI APIWere releasing an API for accessing new AI models developed by OpenAI.Sign up(opens in a new window)Explore the APIIllustration:Ruby ChenWere releasing an API for accessing new AI models developed by OpenAI. Unlike most AI systems which are designed for one use-case, the API today provides a general-purpose text in, text out interface, allowing users to try it on virtually any English language task. You can now request access in order to integrate the API into your product, develop an entirely new application, or help us explore the strengths and limits of this technology.Loading...Given any text prompt, the API will return a text completion, attempting to match the pattern you gave it. You can program it by showing it just a few examples of what youd like it to do; its success generally varies depending on how complex the task is. The API also allows you to hone performance on specific tasks by training on a dataset (small or large) of examples you provide, or by learning from human feedback provided by users orlabelers.Weve designed the API to be both simple for anyone to use but also flexible enough to make machine learning teams more productive. In fact, many of our teams are now using the API so that they can focus on machine learning research rather than distributed systems problems. Today the API runs models with weights from theGPT-3(opens in a new window)family with many speed and throughput improvements. Machine learning is moving very fast, and were constantly upgrading our technology so that our users stay up todate.Loading...The fields pace of progress means that there are frequently surprising new applications of AI, both positive and negative. We will terminate API access for obviously harmful use-cases, such as harassment, spam, radicalization, or astroturfing. But we also know we cant anticipate all of the possible consequences of this technology, so we are launching today in a private beta rather than general availability, building tools to help users better control the content our API returns, and researching safety-relevant aspects of language technology (such as analyzing, mitigating, and intervening on harmful bias). Well share what we learn so that our users and the broader community can build more human-positive AIsystems.Loading...In addition to being a revenue source to help uscover costsin pursuit ofour mission, the API has pushed us to sharpen our focus on general-purpose AI technologyadvancing the technology, making it usable, and considering its impacts in the real world. We hope that the API will greatly lower thebarrier(opens in a new window)to producing beneficial AI-powered products, resulting in tools and services that are hard to imaginetoday.Interested in exploring the API? Join companies likeAlgolia(opens in a new window),Quizlet(opens in a new window), andReddit(opens in a new window), and researchers at institutions like theMiddlebury Institute(opens in a new window)in ourprivatebeta(opens in a new window).Loading...Join our Applied AI team(opens in a new window)Frequently asked questionsWhy did OpenAI decide to release a commercial product?Ultimately, what wecare about mostis ensuring artificial general intelligence benefits everyone. We see developing commercial products as one of the ways to make sure we have enough funding tosucceed.We also believe that safely deploying powerful AI systems in the world will be hard to get right. In releasing the API, we are working closely with our partners to see what challenges arise when AI systems are used in the real world. This will help guide our efforts to understand how deploying future AI systems will go, and what we need to do to make sure they are safe and beneficial foreveryone.Why did OpenAI choose to release an API instead of open-sourcing the models?There are three main reasons we did this. First, commercializing the technology helps us pay for our ongoing AI research, safety, and policyefforts.Second, many of the models underlying the API are very large, taking a lot of expertise to develop and deploy and making them very expensive to run. This makes it hard for anyone except larger companies to benefit from the underlying technology. Were hopeful that the API will make powerful AI systems more accessible to smaller businesses andorganizations.Third, the API model allows us to more easily respond to misuse of the technology. Since it is hard to predict the downstream use cases of our models, it feels inherently safer to release them via an API and broaden access over time, rather than release an open source model where access cannot be adjusted if it turns out to have harmfulapplications.What specifically will OpenAI do about misuse of the API, given what youve previously said about GPT-2?With GPT-2, one of our key concerns was malicious use of the model (e.g., for disinformation), which is difficult to prevent once a model is open sourced. For the API, were able to better prevent misuse by limiting access to approved customers and use cases. We have a mandatory production review process before proposed applications can go live. In production reviews, we evaluate applications across a few axes, asking questions like:Is this a currently supported use case?,How open-ended is the application?,How risky is the application?,How do you plan to address potential misuse?, andWho are the end users of yourapplication?.We terminate API access for use cases that are found to cause (or are intended to cause) physical, emotional, or psychological harm to people, including but not limited to harassment, intentional deception, radicalization, astroturfing, or spam, as well as applications that have insufficient guardrails to limit misuse by end users. As we gain more experience operating the API in practice, we will continually refine the categories of use we are able to support, both to broaden the range of applications we can support, and to create finer-grained categories for those we have misuse concernsabout.One key factor we consider in approving uses of the API is the extent to which an application exhibits open-ended versus constrained behavior with regard to the underlying generative capabilities of the system. Open-ended applications of the API (i.e., ones that enable frictionless generation of large amounts of customizable text via arbitrary prompts) are especially susceptible to misuse. Constraints that can make generative use cases safer include systems design that keeps a human in the loop, end user access restrictions, post-processing of outputs, content filtration, input/output length limitations, active monitoring, and topicalitylimitations.We are also continuing to conduct research into the potential misuses of models served by the API, including with third-party researchers via ouracademic access program(opens in a new window). Were starting with a very limited number of researchers at this time and already have some results from our academic partners atMiddlebury Institute(opens in a new window),University of Washington, and Allen Institute for AI(opens in a new window). We have tens of thousands of applicants for this program already and are currently prioritizing applications focused on fairness and representationresearch.How will OpenAI mitigate harmful bias and other negative effects of models served by the API?Mitigating negative effects such as harmful bias is a hard, industry-wide issue that is extremely important. As we discuss in theGPT-3 paper(opens in a new window)andmodel card(opens in a new window), our API models do exhibit biases that will be reflected in generated text. Here are the steps were taking to address theseissues:Weve developed usage guidelines that help developers understand and address potential safetyissues.Were working closely with users to understand their use cases and develop tools to surface and intervene to mitigate harmfulbias.Were conducting our own research into manifestations of harmful bias and broader issues in fairness and representation, which will help inform our work via improved documentation of existing models as well as various improvements to futuremodels.We recognize that bias is a problem that manifests at the intersection of a system and a deployed context; applications built with our technology are sociotechnical systems, so we work with our developers to ensure theyre putting in appropriate processes and human-in-the-loop systems to monitor for adversebehavior.Our goal is to continue to develop our understanding of the APIs potential harms in each context of use, and continually improve our tools and processes to help minimizethem.Updated September 18,2020AnnouncementsProductAuthorsGreg Brockman, Mira Murati, Peter Welinder, OpenAI Related articlesView all ProductMay 19, 2024How the voices for ChatGPT were chosenMay 16, 2024Improvements to data analysis in ChatGPTMay 13, 2024May 13, 2024May 13, 2024Introducing GPT-4o and more tools to ChatGPT free usersIntroducing GPT-4o and more tools to ChatGPT free usersIntroducing GPT-4o and more tools to ChatGPT free usersYour browser does not support the video tag.Our researchOverviewIndexLatest advancementsGPT-4DALLE 3SoraChatGPTFor EveryoneFor TeamsFor EnterprisesChatGPT login(opens in a new window)APIPlatform overviewPricingDocumentation(opens in a new window)API login(opens in a new window)Explore moreOpenAI for businessStoriesSafety overviewSafety overviewSafety standardsTeamsSafety SystemsPreparednessSuperalignmentCompanyAbout usNewsOur CharterSecurityResidencyCareersTerms & policiesTerms of usePrivacy policyBrand guidelinesOther policies OpenAI 20152024(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)", "url": "https://openai.com/index/openai-api/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "OpenAI PlatformYou need to enable JavaScript to run this app.", "url": "https://platform.openai.com/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "API platform | OpenAISkip to main contentResearchProductsSafetyCompanyThe fastest and most powerful platform for building AI productsBuild transformative AI experiences powered by industry-leading models and tools.Start building(opens in a new window)View API pricingFlagship modelsGPT-4oOur fastest and most affordable flagship modelText and image input, text output128k context lengthInput: $5 | Output: $15 per 1M tokensLearn moreGPT-4 TurboOur previous high-intelligence modelText and image input, text output128k context lengthInput: $10 | Output: $30per 1M tokensLearn more(opens in a new window)GPT-3.5 TurboOur fast, inexpensive model for simple tasksText input, text output16k context lengthInput: $0.50 | Output: $1.50per 1M tokensLearn more(opens in a new window)Powerful models for every modalityDALLE 3DALLE 3DALLE 3Generate imagery of any style from textGenerate imagery of any style from textGenerate imagery of any style from text(opens in a new window)DALLE 3DALLE 3DALLE 3Generate imagery of any style from textGenerate imagery of any style from textGenerate imagery of any style from text(opens in a new window)Text-to-speechText-to-speechText-to-speechTurn text into lifelike spoken audioTurn text into lifelike spoken audioTurn text into lifelike spoken audioYour browser does not support the video tag.(opens in a new window)Text-to-speechText-to-speechText-to-speechTurn text into lifelike spoken audioTurn text into lifelike spoken audioTurn text into lifelike spoken audioYour browser does not support the video tag.(opens in a new window)VisionVisionVisionProduce descriptive text based on image recognitionProduce descriptive text based on image recognitionProduce descriptive text based on image recognition(opens in a new window)VisionVisionVisionProduce descriptive text based on image recognitionProduce descriptive text based on image recognitionProduce descriptive text based on image recognition(opens in a new window)WhisperWhisperWhisperTranscribe spoken audio into textTranscribe spoken audio into textTranscribe spoken audio into text(opens in a new window)WhisperWhisperWhisperTranscribe spoken audio into textTranscribe spoken audio into textTranscribe spoken audio into text(opens in a new window)Tools built for AI developmentView docs(opens in a new window)PlaygroundExplore our models and APIs in the Playground without writing a single line of code.Visit Playground(opens in a new window)Assistants APIBuild AI assistants within your own applications that can leverage models, tools, and knowledge to do complex, multi-step tasks.View Assistants API docs(opens 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Learn more(opens in a new window)Trusted by the world's most innovative organizationsHear it from our customersOur customers are leading the way with AI-powered customer service, knowledge management, recommendation engines, audio translation, content generation, and more.StoryOscar brings AI to health insurance, reducing costs and improving patient careStoryOscar brings AI to health insurance, reducing costs and improving patient careStoryHarvey partners with OpenAI to build a custom-trained model for legal professionals.StoryHarvey partners with OpenAI to build a custom-trained model for legal professionals.SuperhumanSuperhuman introduces a new era of email with OpenAI.SuperhumanSuperhuman introduces a new era of email with OpenAI.HealthifyHealthify collaborates with OpenAI to improve millions of lives with sustainable weight loss.HealthifyHealthify collaborates with OpenAI to improve millions of lives with sustainable weight loss.IroncladIronclad uses GPT-4 to simplify the contract review process.IroncladIronclad uses GPT-4 to simplify the contract review process.Khan AcademyKhan Academy explores the potential for GPT-4 in a limited pilot program.Khan AcademyKhan Academy explores the potential for GPT-4 in a limited pilot program.Covered on compliance and securityData privacyWe never train our models on your API or ChatGPT Enterprise data.Data privacyWe never train our models on your API or ChatGPT Enterprise data.Zero data retentionWe offer a zero data retention policy for organizations with qualifying use cases.(opens in a new window)Zero data retentionWe offer a zero data retention policy for organizations with qualifying use cases.(opens in a new window)BAAWe can sign business associate agreements with healthcare organizations to help support HIPAA compliance.(opens in a new window)BAAWe can sign business associate agreements with healthcare organizations to help support HIPAA compliance.(opens in a new window)AI safetyWe provide tools like free content filtering, end-user monitoring, and specialized endpoints to scope API usage.AI safetyWe provide tools like free content filtering, end-user monitoring, and specialized endpoints to scope API usage.Features for enterprises operating at scaleEnterprise-grade securitySOC 2 Type 2 complianceSingle sign-on (SSO)Multi-factor authentication (MFA)Role-based access controlsData encryption at rest with AES-256 and in transit with TLS 1.2Private Link to securely connect to your Azure instancesAdministrative controlsScope user roles and API keys to individual projectsLimit access to specific models within each projectSet billing and usage restrictions to avoid overagesView granular usage activity by projectAccess to OpenAI expertiseDedicated account team and prioritized supportGuidance on AI deployment and best practices from solutions architectsOpportunity to collaborate with researchers on building custom AI modelsTwo million developers build with OpenAISign up for a developer account(opens in a new window)Talk to our teamOur researchOverviewIndexLatest advancementsGPT-4DALLE 3SoraChatGPTFor EveryoneFor TeamsFor EnterprisesChatGPT login(opens in a new window)APIPlatform overviewPricingDocumentation(opens in a new window)API login(opens in a new window)Explore moreOpenAI for businessStoriesSafety overviewSafety overviewSafety standardsTeamsSafety SystemsPreparednessSuperalignmentCompanyAbout usNewsOur CharterSecurityResidencyCareersTerms & policiesTerms of usePrivacy policyBrand guidelinesOther policies OpenAI 20152024(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)(opens in a new window)", "url": "https://openai.com/api/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "OpenAI PlatformYou need to enable JavaScript to run this app.", "url": "https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "How to subscribe and GPT-4 API access - API - OpenAI Developer Forum\nSkip to main content\nDocumentation\nAPI reference\nSign Up\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nResources\nDocumentation\nAPI reference\nHelp center\nCategories\nAnnouncements\nAPI\nPrompting\nDocumentation\nPlugins / Actions builders\nAll categories\nTags\nchatgpt\ngpt-4\napi\nlost-user\nplugin-development\nAll tags\n\n\nWelcome to the OpenAI Developer Forum!\nWhat to know before posting a new question:\nSearch the forum for similar topics - the question might have been discussed before.\nIf the question relates account issues (e.g., billing and login issues), please contact us through our Help Center.\nPlease be kind and helpful in conversations!\nHow to subscribe and GPT-4 API access\nAPI\ngpt-4api\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nAug 2023\n2 / 11\nAug 2023\nDec 2023\nmohammedtoufiq91Aug 2023Hi,\nI am currently using subscribed Chat GPT-4 online version, and run prompts which looks great. However, I am also interested to subscribe GPT-4 API to run prompts via command line, do you how would I subscribe/pay and obtain the access to it.\nThank you,\nMohammed1\n\ncreated\nAug 2023\nlast reply\nDec 2023\n10\nreplies\n4.1k\nviews\n5\nusers\n9\nlikes\n3\nlinks\n3\n2\n2\nPaulBellowLeaderAug 2023Welcome to the forum. Here you go\nplatform.openai.com\nOpenAI Platform 299\nExplore developer resources, tutorials, API docs, and dynamic examples to get the most out of OpenAI's platform.\n1\nwclayfAug 2023I just did this today myself. Make sure youre in the API area of the website, and then click begin or get started (something like that), then you should see a page with a big $4.99 discount showing. I got started by paying just $5, and getting the API key that way.2 Replies2\nmohammedtoufiq91Aug 2023@wclayf great, thank you so much. It worked.3\noluwaseyisamuel018 wclayfAug 2023Hello @wclayf my organization subscribed for gpt-4 API, but its still not accessible when I try to consume the API and use the gpt-4 model. Please am I missing anything?2 Replies\ncandaceAug 2023gpt-4 worked yesterday but not today.\nMy API key is valid for davinci but not gpt-4.\nI subscribe to ChatGPTPlus and have available API Credit Balance.\nwclayf oluwaseyisamuel018Aug 2023Ive been using the gpt-3.5-turbo model and this endpoint : https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions 39 and they are both working fine right now.\nWhat error message are you getting? You know the API has its own separate signup for the main GPT for end users right?\ncandace1Aug 2023My development code and this test code (api key valid for gpt-4) worked until last night when I exceeding my credit balance; although I added more monies to the balance over 5 hours ago, I still cant access gpt-4 or 3.5 whilst Davinci works. I have ChatGPTPlus subscription and Credit Balance $20.\nimport openai\nopenai.api_key = 'YOUR_API_KEY'\ndef is_api_key_valid():\ntry:\nresponse = openai.Completion.create(\nmodel=\"davinci\",\nprompt=\"This is a test.\",\nmax_tokens=5\n)\nexcept:\nreturn False\nelse:\nreturn True\n# Check the validity of the API key\napi_key_valid = is_api_key_valid()\nprint(\"API key is valid:\", api_key_valid)\nAPI key is valid: True < Davinci\nAPI key is valid: False gpt-4 or gpt-3\nThis worked\ncurl https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions 2\n-H Content-Type: application/json\n-H \"Authorization: Bearer my api key\n-d {\nmodel: gpt-4,\nmessages: [{role: user, content: Say this is a test!}],\ntemperature: 0.7\n}\n{\nid: chatcmpl-7sxzaBmtUbGAG6Q4QIgdZtiZIRHHs,\nobject: chat.completion,\ncreated: 1693334678,\nmodel: gpt-4-0613,\nchoices: [\n{\nindex: 0,\nmessage: {\nrole: assistant,\ncontent: This is a test!\n},\nfinish_reason: stop\n}\n],\nusage: {\nprompt_tokens: 13,\ncompletion_tokens: 5,\ntotal_tokens: 18\n}\n}\nBut I list the models and appears to me no longer have access to gpt-4. I am current on my ChatGPTPlus subscription and it has been over 5 hours since I replenished my balance.\nimport os\nimport openai\nopenai.api_key = My API Key\nopenai.Model.list()\n<OpenAIObject list at 0x7f8350083710> JSON: {\nobject: list,\ndata: [\n{\nid: davinci,\nobject: model,\ncreated: 1649359874,\nowned_by: openai,\npermission: [\n{\nid: modelperm-uJaD4C9nXA6tPNoBII9hcYF4,\nobject: model_permission,\ncreated: 1692634268,\nallow_create_engine: false,\nallow_sampling: true,\nallow_logprobs: true,\nallow_search_indices: false,\nallow_view: true,\nallow_fine_tuning: false,\norganization: \",\ngroup: null,\nis_blocking: false\n}\n],\nroot: davinci,\nparent: null\n},\n{\nid: gpt-4-0314,\nobject: model,\ncreated: 1687882410,\nowned_by: openai,\npermission: [\n{\nid: modelperm-eJxIX8r0jTNkOTBy09sEo3Cp,\nobject: model_permission,\ncreated: 1693326339,\nallow_create_engine: false,\nallow_sampling: false,\nallow_logprobs: false,\nallow_search_indices: false,\nallow_view: false,\nallow_fine_tuning: false,\norganization: \",\ngroup: null,\nis_blocking: false\n}\n],\nroot: gpt-4-0314,\nparent: null\n},\n{\nid: gpt-4,\nobject: model,\ncreated: 1687882411,\nowned_by: openai,\npermission: [\n{\nid: modelperm-tsET7VSHRhiQHP5Qz6TU1FBb,\nobject: model_permission,\ncreated: 1693330062,\nallow_create_engine: false,\nallow_sampling: false,\nallow_logprobs: false,\nallow_search_indices: false,\nallow_view: false,\nallow_fine_tuning: false,\norganization: *,\ngroup: null,\nis_blocking: false\n}\n],\nroot: gpt-4,\nparent: null\n},\n.\n.\n.\nChatGPTPlus was not helpful do I call Billing?\nPaulBellowLeaderAug 2023\ncandace:\nChatGPTPlus was not helpful do I call Billing?\nYeah, I would reach out to help.openai.com 16 good luck.2\ncandaceAug 2023Thanks Paul,\ngpt-4 works [API key since deleted for safety]\nimage1114643 44 KB\n4 months later\nClosed on Dec 17, 2023\nReply\nRelated Topics\nTopic\nReplies\nViews\nActivity\nGPT 4 from within MAKE Integromat\nAPI\ngpt-4\n9\n732\nDec 2023\nHow can I usi ChatGPT 4 API?\nAPI\n9\n3.0k\nSep 2023\nNo access to gpt-4 model despite paying for OpenAI API\nAPI\ngpt-4api\n16\n6.6k\nSep 2023\nChatGPT4 Access (August 1st)\nAPI\ngpt-4\n47\n5.1k\nNov 2023\nCant access GPT-4 while using API Key\nCommunity\ngpt-4\n12\n5.7k\nSep 2023\nOpenAI 20152023\nThe OpenAI developer forum is a place to connect with other people building with OpenAI models.\nResearch\nOverview\nIndex\nProduct\nOverview\nCustomer stories\nSafety standards\nPricing\nSafety\nOverview\nSecurity\nReport illegal content\nHelp\nSupport\nDevelopers\nDocumentation\nService status\nExamples\nCompany\nAbout\nBlog\nCareers\nCharter\nTerms & policies\nPrivacy policy\nBrand guidelines\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://community.openai.com/t/how-to-subscribe-and-gpt-4-api-access/331125" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "OpenAI PlatformYou need to enable JavaScript to run this app.", "url": "https://platform.openai.com/docs/introduction" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Access to new custom \"My GPTs\" through API? - API - OpenAI Developer Forum\nSkip to main content\nDocumentation\nAPI reference\nSign Up\nLog In\n\nTopics\nMore\nResources\nDocumentation\nAPI reference\nHelp center\nCategories\nAnnouncements\nAPI\nPrompting\nDocumentation\nPlugins / Actions builders\nAll categories\nTags\nchatgpt\ngpt-4\napi\nlost-user\nplugin-development\nAll tags\n\n\nWelcome to the OpenAI Developer Forum!\nWhat to know before posting a new question:\nSearch the forum for similar topics - the question might have been discussed before.\nIf the question relates account issues (e.g., billing and login issues), please contact us through our Help Center.\nPlease be kind and helpful in conversations!\nAccess to new custom My GPTs through API?\nAPI\ngpts\nYou have selected 0 posts.\nselect all\ncancel selecting\nNov 2023\n2 / 33\nNov 2023\nFeb 6\nadam.mack1Nov 2023Can I use my API key to access a custom GPT created through the My GPTs feature that was rolled out earlier this week?\nI see mention of using Assistants, but there are some key differences. First, the user-friendliness of the My GPTs is fantastic. Just chat, drag, and drop. But more importantly, there is the issue of internet access. There does not appear to be any ready-made internet access feature for assistants. Maybe something can be coded, but nonetheless, the My GPTs seem like the better product.44\n\ncreated\nNov 2023\nlast reply\nFeb 6\n32\nreplies\n40.0k\nviews\n23\nusers\n97\nlikes\n5\nlinks\n4\n4\n2\nzacharytaylorjohnsonNov 2023This would be an AMAZING feature. Strongly support this update21\nConcerns About File Information Extraction from GPTs Uploads68\nRedsModNov 2023If as you state only assistants are possible to call and configure from the API, how can we cover aspects of the Actions and the knowledge base (Providing files) of the agent in the program ?\nHaving an hybrid agent would be amazing : Able to be created and manupulated in a program. All the capabilities of specialisation of the custom my GPTs.\nAnyway, great work on your side Open AI1 Reply3\ndamirkotoricNov 2023I really hope this is at the top of list of future updates from OpenAI\nEndless possibilities will be unlocked with this1\n_jRegular1 RedsModNov 2023You are free to build a plugin API that a ChatGPT Plus GPT action can interact with in fact, thats the only thing that makes them valuable (your prompt engineering is uninteresting).\nHowever, if you dont merely make a database API or a calculation API, but rather you make an API that is powered by a costly AI where your API allows the GPT user to essentially use your OpenAI API account, then you are the one paying the bill for those enhanced services you offer.\nAPIs assistants are also not really made to service applications like a chatbots functions. They are themselves chatbot agents that may take a long time (or never) to provide an expensive answer - that you get to pay for if you use AI services to power your GPT plugin API for others to use for free.1 Reply1\njapossertNov 2023I agree that this would dramatically improve usability - includnig by keeping a version of truth of ones agents.\nAn easy enough workaround is just to copy the instructions and recreate them -\nalthough any changes would have to be made in both places now1\n8 days later\nSim2K _jDec 2023You can just put the GPT/Assistant behind a pay wall.2\nmihaineacsuDec 2023@Sim2K\nCan you tell me more please. How can you do it?\nsmitDec 2023I can share some of my learnings.\nOn my site (link in my bio) I have over 250+ GPTs and I wanted to give users who dont have ChatGPT Plus the possibility to also use them. (Btw, since today ChatGPT Plus seems available for new subscribers)\nOn my site I now created an experimental possibility for (registered) users to add in their OpenAI API key and then chat with my GPTs.\nI originally wanted to develop Assistants (with similar instructions as the GPTs) but after experimenting I resorted back to using the usual chat completion approach and putting my custom GPT instructions into the system prompt. That seems to work, although not as great as the GPTs (yet).\nTwo reasons why I did not use the API Assistants (I may review later again):\na. The Assistants only work if you have the same API key as were they were created, so this means I either needed to (re)create the Assistants in their account OR I needed give them access to my API Key. I dont like either approach.\nb. I find the costs for using the Assistants too high to be honest. You not only pay for the sessions (threads), but also data retrieval AND for tokens used.\nHope this helps2 Replies4\nadamralphDec 2023How are you managing the conversation history? Are you storing it locally and appending everything to the prompt each time?\nsmitDec 2023Correct, history gets feeded into user prompt as addition, although with some tweaks to ensure it can remain within token limits. I also allow the user to reset history.2\nwolfmoon smitDec 2023Hi! How do you save the information (docs) on which the assistant should be based using chat completion?\nsmitDec 2023Good question. At moment I dont use any docs, even in my Public GPTs. However, in another system that I built I had the documents (hundreds of docs, including very large ones) embedded into/via a vector database, and then used Embeddings to find and extract the relevant text and provide this back to ChatGPT to review and complete. That works quite good in terms of responses, and is also probably cheaper then Assistants as well. But it requires using another vector database and a bit more coding. Ill probably (re)add that functionality in when I have more time.3 Replies1\nwolfmoonDec 2023Thanks for your answer! What vector database were you using in those projects?\nsmitDec 2023Youre welcome.\nI use pinecone.io 307 as a vector database.1\njlvanhulst smitDec 2023Assistants also support adding files to them, so that would be another option?\nHyperloopDec 2023Its too bad that custom GPTs cant be access by the API. I dont find the assistants API to be comparable because it appears to be fine tuned to impersonate a customer support representative, and this behavior often overrides the custom prompting.1\nmatcha72Dec 2023There is no direct way to convert your Custom GPT into api. You would need to use Assistants api to achieve this. There are few open-source projects available in Github which you can search and use to build your Custom GPT with Assistants api2 Replies1\nutopic.dev1Dec 2023Hello fam!, I arrived here with the same intention, I believe and Im hopeful that every 3 days someone will always arrive looking for this API and they will soon make it available to us lol, now Im starting a project and as we still dont have Gpts API Im going to start via Assistants API, has anyone here managed to configure a multimodal Assistants, which text and generates images in the same response?1\nmatcha72Dec 2023Yes, if you enable Dall E as one of the options in the api, your assistant can generate images in addition to text\nInvalid date\nInvalid date", "url": "https://community.openai.com/t/access-to-new-custom-my-gpts-through-api/502769" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "OpenAI PlatformYou need to enable JavaScript to run this app.", "url": "https://platform.openai.com/playground" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Connecting to the OpenAI API - Alteryx Community\ncore.noscript.text\ncommunity\nAlteryx IO\nAlteryx.com\nToggle main menu visibility\nalteryx Community\nSign Up\nSign In\nen\nEnglish (US)\nEnglish (US)\nFranais\nDeutsch\n\nPortugus\nEspaol\nParticipate\nDiscussions\nDesigner Desktop\nDesigner Cloud\nServer\nConnect\nAuto Insights\nMachine Learning\nIndustry\nGeneral\nIdeas\nDesigner Desktop\nAACP\nServer\nConnect\nCommunity\nACE Program\nLearn\nAcademy\nLearning Paths\nInteractive Lessons\nVideos\nCertification Exams\nCertification Resources\nTool Mastery\nChallenges & Quests\nSparkED Education\nAcademic Students\nEducators\nIndependent Learners\nBlogs\nAnalytics\nEngine Works\nAlter.Nation\nData Science\nPodcasts\nAlter Everything\nData Science Mixer\nMaveryx Awards\nSuccess Stories\nLaunch Pad\nSupport\nKnowledge\nDesigner Desktop\nServer\nConnect\nDesigner Cloud\nAuto Insights\nDownloads & Licenses\nHelp Documentation\nRelease Notes\nCommunity Resources\nSupport\nGroups & Events\nUser Groups\nAmericas\nEurope, Middle East, Africa\nAsia-Pacific\nUser Group Resources\nInspire Buzz\nAlteryx for Good\nForum\nKnowledge Base\nWomen of Analytics\nForum\nCommunity Events\nToolbox\nMarketplace\nGallery\nAlteryx IO\nAlteryx.com\nSearch\nGlobal CommunityThis CategoryThis BoardKnowledgeUsersThis BoardGlobal CommunityThis CategoryThis BoardKnowledgeUsers\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a user name or rankTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\nEnter a search wordTurn off suggestions\ncancel\nTurn on suggestions\nShowing results for\nSearch instead for\nDid you mean:\nClose\nFree Trial\nAlteryx Designer Desktop Discussions\nFind answers, ask questions, and share expertise about Alteryx Designer Desktop and Intelligence Suite.\nCommunity\n:\nCommunity\n:\nParticipate\n:\nDiscussions\n:\nDesigner Desktop\n:\nConnecting to the OpenAI API\nConnecting to the OpenAI API\nOptions\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nMark Topic as New\nMark Topic as Read\nFloat this Topic for Current User\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nPrinter Friendly Page\ncraigja\n8 - Asteroid\n03-03-2023\n08:42 AM\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nNotify Moderator\nJust wondering if anybody has managed to get an Alteryx workflow to query the OpenAI API? I dont want to use Phython if I can avoid it and it looks like its supported but no idea how to do it!\nLabels:\nLabels:\nAPI\nReply\n1\nLike\nAll forum topics\nPrevious\nNext\n2 REPLIES 2\nSam_Lempriere\n6 - Meteoroid\n03-14-2023\n08:36 AM\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nNotify Moderator\nTry this:https://community.alteryx.com/t5/Community-Gallery/OpenAI-ChatGPT-Completions-Connector/ta-p/1093372\nReply\n2\nLikes\nDanHare\n11 - Bolide\n04-12-2023\n11:23 AM\nMark as New\nBookmark\nSubscribe\nMute\nSubscribe to RSS Feed\nPermalink\nPrint\nNotify Moderator\nThanks@Sam_Lempriere, but for@craigjabenefit we have published 3.5 Turbo now, quicker and cheaper...https://community.alteryx.com/t5/Community-Gallery/OpenAI-ChatGPT-3-5Turbo-Completions-Connector/ta-...\nReply\n0\nLikes\nPost Reply\nLabels\nAAH\n1\nAAH Welcome\n2\nAcademy\n25\nADAPT\n82\nAdd column\n1\nAdministration\n20\nAdobe\n178\nAdvanced Analytics\n1\nAdvent of Code\n5\nAlias 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "SCP-058 - SCP Foundation\nSCP Foundation\nSecure, Contain, Protect\nAbout\nAbout Us\nSite Rules\nFAQ\nLicensing\nCriticism Policy\nArticle Deletions\nCommunity\nSite News\nIRC Chat\nAuthors' Pages\nContest Archive\nStaff List\nResources\nGuides\nEssays & Resources\nWiki Syntax\nSandbox\nUsertools\nSister Sites\nSCP International\nWanderer's Library\nContact Us\n\nAbout\nAbout Us\nSite Rules\nFAQ\nLicensing\nCriticism Policy\nArticle Deletions\nContact Staff\nCommunity\nSite News\nIRC Chat\nAuthors' Pages\nContest Archive\nStaff List\nResources\nGuides\nEssays & Resources\nWiki Syntax\nSandbox\nUsertools\nSister Sites\nSCP International\nWanderer's Library\nCreate account or Sign in\nGetting Started\nGuide for Newcomers\nJoin the Site\nContribute | FAQ\nUniverse Hub\nMain | Forum\nSCP by Series\nI | II | III | IV | V\nVI | VII | VIII | IX\nOther SCP\nExplained | Joke\nInternational\nFeed\nNew Pages\nShortest | Top Rated\nRecent Changes\nNew Forum Posts\nStories\nTales Hub | Series\nGroups of Interest\nGoI Formats\nCanon Hub\nDiscovery\nArtwork Hub\nCurated Lists\nCurated Tale Series\nTag Search\nRandom\nSCP | Tale | GOI | Art\nRandom Page\nSCP-058\nrating:+902+x\nItem #: SCP-058\nObject Class: Keter\nSpecial Containment Procedures: SCP-058 is to be kept in isolation in a 5m by 5m by 5m containment chamber at all times. Walls are to be constructed of 3m (10 ft) of reinforced heat-resistant steel, backed with a further 10m (33 ft) of reinforced concrete. SCP-058 is to be fed a live cow every three days. Maintenance is to be conducted every sixty (60) minutes while SCP-058 is dormant and every fifteen (15) minutes when SCP-058 is active. Under no circumstances is SCP-058 to be allowed out of its containment area. SCP-058 is to be audio recorded at all times. No personnel are to listen to SCP-058 for more than thirty (30) minutes at a time. In case of escape, facility is to be considered compromised and detonation of on-site nuclear weaponry is to commence. To date, SCP-058 has been responsible for the death of at least one hundred and forty-nine (149) Class-D personnel and fourteen (14) Agents at its current site.\nDescription: SCP-058 resembles a bovine heart, with four (4) arthropod-like legs used primarily for movement, and four (4) tentacles of adjustable length, covered with razor sharp spines. It has a single sharp 'stinger' on its rear, where the hole for the superior vena cava would be in a typical organ. SCP-058's tentacles can be \"whipped\" to a distance of 3.2m (10.5 ft) at speeds in excess of 320km/h (200 mph). SCP-058 is extremely hostile and will use every opportunity afforded to it to inflict damage on its surroundings. SCP-058 has been shown to be highly resilient to trauma, and should be approached with caution even when apparently incapacitated.\nSCP-058 is highly mobile and capable of rapid movement on both horizontal and vertical surfaces. It has been recorded reaching a speed of approximately 90km/h (55 mph) in short bursts, covering distances up to 200m (656 ft), and has the ability to accelerate from 0 to 90km/h (55 mph) in less than two (2) seconds. It has been shown to use its tentacles for increased leverage and stability, as well as utilizing them to pull itself to other surfaces at high speeds.\nSCP-058 'speaks' in a human voice, though no method of producing sound has been observed in its physiology. It speaks with vocal tone and accent of an elderly British male with a slight lisp and deep voice. SCP-058 talks constantly, regardless of conditions: even when attacking, SCP-058's voice and pace of speech are unchanged. The speech of SCP-058 lacks any detectable correlation to events, persons, or exterior locations involved with SCP-058 (see Transcript of Interview 058-04).\nNotes:\nSCP-058 was first encountered at Site as it came out of [DATA EXPUNGED]. SCP-058 was extremely hostile and appeared to be very agitated. Initially SCP-058 attacked Site , which resulted in the death of faculty and Agents. SCP-058 went on to attack the nearby town of , resulting in the death of over [REDACTED] citizens and the destruction of seventy percent (70%) of the surrounding buildings.\nPost-Breach analysis determined a majority of the deaths are attributable to fire and fire-related injuries, resulting from a wide spread of \"stinger fluid\" by SCP-058 from a large structure. This is also blamed for a majority of structural damage. by SCP-058 accounts for only 8% of total deaths, with major evidence [DATA EXPUNGED]\nSCP-058 was finally contained after being crushed and incapacitated by a large amount of masonry from a building that had collapsed on top of it. SCP-058 was then extracted and transported to by Agents and MTF teams. SCP-058 was contained at for three weeks, during which it made minimal attempts to move, attributed both to physical damage and bloating from during the initial breach incident. Testing during this period was limited, with SCP-058 still maintaining a high threat level even in its impaired state.\nSCP-058 breached containment on // during an attempted transfer to an SCP Containment Site, causing multiple deaths and injuries. SCP-058 was eventually incapacitated by Agent , who managed to subdue SCP-058 by running it over with an M1 tank, pinning it beneath the armored vehicle. SCP-058 was subsequently secured and transported to Armed Bio-Containment Area 14.\nAddendum:\nThe SCP-1175 containment team has observed significant agitation in SCP-1175-2 on a number of dates that coincide with prolonged breaches of SCP-058's containment. Additionally, personnel assigned to AI-2471GH2's maintenance have reported inexplicable heart palpatations during similar timeframes. Investigation into possible connections is pending RAISA approval.\nTranscript of Interview 058-04:\nSCP-058: I had dreams of the queen wonders that lived inside the hearts of love and silent treatments of all the elderly that I knew were once whole.\nDr Johnston: What is your name?\nSCP-058: I seek the revelations of all that the holy told to the unwise in the dreams of cold embers in sunlight that fade across lakes of black blood and snakes that eat the loaves of children from lamb trees in autumn.\nDr Johnston: What is your name?\nSCP-058: Endless suffering is the woe of ignorant men who never lack to seek the depth of their own hearts and only see the wealth of a poor world suffering to flay its own back in knife wounds of silver and brutal gladness.\nDr Johnston: Where are you from?\nSCP-058: The nightmare is a dream to the nameless slug that wanders across minefield and the remains of deer and kings.\nPersonnel D-067: This is some creepy ass- (D-067 cuts off into screaming)\nSCP-058: Nightshade is shadows in all honest blinks that sort through the bile of newborn plagues, instant warmth is a mother's milk in dreams before anything was ever evil.\nPersonnel D-067: (Continues screaming)\nDr Johnston: Let him go!\nSCP-058: In seconds the sun is beating like drums in all hearts eat the ear of noise.\nPersonnel D-067: (Screaming is cut short abruptly)\nSCP-058: The sensual violence of lust is all the assurance you will ever need to know the worth of life.\n<End Log>\n SCP-057 | SCP-058 | SCP-059 \nLicensing/Citation\nHideLicensing/Citation\nCite this page as:\n\"SCP-058\" by Unknown author, from the SCP Wiki. Source: https://scpwiki.com/scp-058. Licensed under CC-BY-SA.\nFor information on how to use this component, see the License Box component. To read about licensing policy, see the Licensing Guide.\n_licenseboxaliveauditorybovinehostileketerscp\npage revision: 58, last edited: 2 Oct 2022, 06:56 (605 days ago)\nEdit\nRate (+902)\nTags\nDiscuss (152)\nHistory\nFiles\nPrint\nSite tools\n+Options\nEdit Sections\nAppend\nEdit Meta\nWatchers\nBacklinks\nPage Source\nParent\nLock Page\nRename\nDelete\nHelp\n|\nTerms of Service\n|\nPrivacy\n|\nReport a bug\n|\nFlag as objectionable\nPowered by Wikidot.com\nUnless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License\nOther interesting sites\nRetroWIKI\nRaven Marches\nOpenRPG Dungeons and Dragons 3.5\n\n\nThe Backrooms Z\n\nClick here to edit contents of this page.\nClick here to toggle editing of individual sections of the page (if possible). 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Find out what you can do.\nGeneral Wikidot.com documentation and help section.\nWikidot.com Terms of Service - what you can, what you should not etc.\nWikidot.com Privacy Policy.\nIn other languages", "url": "https://scp-wiki.wikidot.com/scp-058" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "SCP-058 | SCP Database Wiki | Fandom\nSCP Database Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nWiki Content\nCharacters\nJack Bright\nAlto Clef\nD. C. al Fine\nCharles Gears\nBenjamin Kondraki\nTilda D. 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C. al Fine\nCharles Gears\nBenjamin Kondraki\nTilda D. Moose\nAaron Siegel\nGroups & Organizations\nChaos Insurgency\nChildren of the Scarlet King\nChurch of the Broken God\nGlobal Occult Coalition\nMarshall, Carter & Dark, Ltd.\nObskurakorps\nPENTAGRAM\nSarkicism\nSCP Foundation\nSerpent's Hand\nLocations & Sites\nFoundation Facilities\nNexus\nAlagadda\nModular Site\nSite-01\nSite-17\nSite-19\nSite-666\nWanderer's Library\nMeta Info\nTimeline\nObject Classes\nDisruption Classes\nRisk Classes\nSecurity Clearance Levels\nLockdown Response Code\nSCPs\nSCP-001\nSCP-049\nSCP-096\nSCP-173\nSCP-999\nSCP-2000\nSCP-6666\nCommunity\nHelp\nRecent Changes\nin:\nCharacters, Anomalous beings, SCPs,\nand\n4 more\nKeter\nThreat Entities\nKnown Threat Entities\nLiving people\nSCP-058\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nSCP-058\nDepiction of SCP-058.\nBiographical information\nNickname(s)\nSCP-058[1]\"Heart of Darkness\"[1]KTE-2013-Charlie-Kapala-Mendes-Plague[2]\nStatus\nActive[1]\nPhysical information\nSpecies\nBovine heart[1]\nSex\nUnknown[1]\nGender\nMale personality[1]\nSapience\nSentient[1]\nAnomalous information\nContainment Class\nKeter[1]\nAnomalous properties\nAnimate bovine heart[1]Cognitohazardous voice[1]Resistant to thaumaturgy[1]\nCareer information\nAffiliations\nThe Scarlet King's Spears[2]\nSCP-058, also known as the Heart of Darkness, and known to the United Nations Global Occult Coalition as KTE-2013-Charlie-Kapala-Mendes-Plague[2], is an extremely hostile animate bovine heart on legs. It possesses multiple tentacles and a large stinger on its rear. 058 is currently contained at Armed Biological Containment Area-14.\nContents\n1 Biography\n1.1 Discovery\n1.2 Testing\n2 Characteristics\n3 Containment procedures\n4 Meta\n4.1 Appearances\n5 References\nBiography[]\nDiscovery[]\nSCP-058 was discovered coming out of an unidentified object or location in an unknown SCP Foundation site. Due to it being extremely agitated, it attacked the site and attacked site faculty and responding security agents, resulting in double-digit deaths of Foundation personnel. 058 then escaped the site and attacked an unknown town, destroying over 70% of surrounding structures. Untold numbers of deaths were caused as well, mainly due to 058's flammable stinger fluid that caused massive amounts of fire.\nIt was finally incapacitated by masonry from a collapsed building, the entity being extracted by security and MTF agents to an unidentified location.[1]\nTesting[]\nIt was contained for about three weeks due to both the damage it took during its rampage and bloating from a redacted source during the initial breakout. Due to the threat presented, 058 was tested minimally. During an attempted transfer to a containment site, 058 breached, causing multiple injuries and deaths. Due to the actions of a particular agent by pinning it under an M1 Abrams tank, 058 was secured and sent to Armed Bio-Containment Area-14.\nAt Area-14, 058 was interviewed by Dr. Johnston with Class-D personnel D-067 in its chamber, in which it continued its inane speech as it ripped D-067 apart.[1]\nCharacteristics[]\nSCP-058 is a bovine heart with four arthropod legs for locomotion, from which it can move on horizontal and vertical surfaces at speeds of 90 km/h (55 mph) in short bursts, covering distances of up to 200 meters (656 feet). Its acceleration can go from 0 to 90 km/h in less than 2 seconds.\nIt possesses a sharp stinger on its rear, where it can eject a highly flammable stinger fluid. In addition, four tentacles of adjustable length with razor sharp spines protrude from its body. These tentacles can whip to a distance of 3.2 meters (10.5 feet) up to 320 km/h (200 mph) in speed. These tentacles are used for leverage and stability, being used to grapple to other surfaces at high speeds.\n058 speaks telepathically in the voice of an elderly British male with a slight lisp and deep voice, talking constantly; even during battles, his speech never ending. This speech is cognitohazardous after more than 30 minutes of exposure. 058 requires the need to feed, usually feasting upon live cows as part of its containment procedure.[1]\nContainment procedures[]\nSCP-058 is kept in a 5 x 5 x 5 meter (16 x 16 x 16 foot) cell reinforced with 3 meters (10 feet) of reinforced heat-treated steel and 10 meters (33 feet) of reinforced concrete behind that. Maintenance is conducted every 60 minutes while 058 is dormant and every 15 minutes while it is active. A live cow is to be fed to 058 to sate its hunger. Personnel are not to listen to 058 for more than 30 minutes at a time. 058 is never to be let out of its cell; should it escape Area-14, the site is to activate its on-site Alpha warhead to stop 058.[1]\nMeta[]\nAppearances[]\nEntry Page: 058\nReferences[]\n 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Entry Page: 058\n 2.0 2.1 2.2 KTE-2013-Kapala-Mendes\nCategories\nCategories:\nCharacters\nAnomalous beings\nSCPs\nKeter\nThreat Entities\nKnown Threat Entities\nLiving people\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore SCP Database Wiki\n1\nJack Bright\n2\nAlpha-1 \"Red Right Hand\"\n3\nSite-19\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nSCP Database Wiki is a FANDOM Books Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://scp-db.fandom.com/wiki/SCP-058" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "SCP-058 \"Heart of Darkness\" :: SCP: Secret Laboratory Suggestions & Feedback\nLogin\nStore\nHome\nDiscovery Queue\nWishlist\nPoints Shop\nNews\nStats\nCommunity\nHome\nDiscussions\nWorkshop\nMarket\nBroadcasts\nAbout\nSupport\nChange language\nGet the Steam Mobile App\nView desktop website\n Valve Corporation. All rights reserved. All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries.\nPrivacy Policy\n| Legal\n| Steam Subscriber Agreement\n| Refunds\nSTORE\nHome\nDiscovery Queue\nWishlist\nPoints Shop\nNews\nStats\nCOMMUNITY\nHome\nDiscussions\nWorkshop\nMarket\nBroadcasts\nAbout\nSUPPORT\nInstall Steam\nlogin\n|\nlanguage\n (Simplified Chinese)\n (Traditional Chinese)\n (Japanese)\n (Korean)\n (Thai)\n (Bulgarian)\netina (Czech)\nDansk (Danish)\nDeutsch (German)\nEspaol - Espaa (Spanish - Spain)\nEspaol - Latinoamrica (Spanish - Latin America)\n (Greek)\nFranais (French)\nItaliano (Italian)\nBahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)\nMagyar (Hungarian)\nNederlands (Dutch)\nNorsk (Norwegian)\nPolski (Polish)\nPortugus (Portuguese - Portugal)\nPortugus - Brasil (Portuguese - Brazil)\nRomn (Romanian)\n (Russian)\nSuomi (Finnish)\nSvenska (Swedish)\nTrke (Turkish)\nTing Vit (Vietnamese)\n (Ukrainian)\nReport a translation problem\nStore Page\nSCP: Secret Laboratory\nAll\nDiscussions\nScreenshots\nArtwork\nBroadcasts\nVideos\nNews\nGuides\nReviews\nAll\nDiscussions\nScreenshots\nArtwork\nBroadcasts\nVideos\nNews\nGuides\nReviews\nSCP: Secret Laboratory\nStore Page\nView Stats:\nGlobal Achievements\nSCP: Secret Laboratory >\nSuggestions & Feedback >\nTopic Details\nHalf-Life HD Pack M16\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 15, 2023 @ 7:49am\nSCP-058 \"Heart of Darkness\"\n\"SCP-058 resembles a bovine heart, with four (4) arthropod-like legs used primarily for movement, and four (4) tentacles of adjustable length, covered with razor sharp spines. It has a single sharp 'stinger' on its rear, where the hole for the superior vena cava would be in a typical organ. SCP-058's tentacles can be \"whipped\" to a distance of 3.2 m (10.5 ft) at speeds in excess of 320 km/h (200 mph). SCP-058 is extremely hostile and will use every opportunity afforded to it to inflict damage on its surroundings. SCP-058 has been shown to be highly resilient to trauma, and should be approached with caution even when apparently incapacitated\" (Copied from the article).This SCP is honestly one of my favorites on the wikidot, but anyway, this SCP would be a great addition, so here are some stats I've cooked up. Feel free to on my opinion:- Health: 2700- Hume 400 (Note: I want him to be a tank SCP. His health is effectively putting him 2nd to 173)- Speed: 4.4 m/s (049's Speed)- Tentacle swipe: 35 Damage, 0.7s Attack Speed. Has a range of 2 meters (Shorter then the article, but balanced)Abilities:Dash: A 3.0 Burst of speed, totaling 20 m/s, with a 70 second cool down. The dash does 80 damage to whoever is in the way, with 30 splash damage to all those near the dash (Haven't thought of the area of the splash damage)Stinger: Does 10 Damage, but will inject poison, killing the player in a matter of time. Has a cool down of 50s.Enjoy\n<\n11\n>\nShowing 1-9 of 9 comments\nHECU Soldier\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 15, 2023 @ 12:04pm\nI personally love 058, he's one of my favorite SCPs and one I would love to see in game.Imo I think it could be made a little bit more unique, but you're deffo on the right track to creating a good SCP proposal. The artical states that he can move on both horizontal and vertical surfaces, maybe you could do something with that?+1 though, I love my bovine heart boi\n#1\nSamswize\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 15, 2023 @ 12:45pm\nThis sounds like an excellent replacement for 096. Despite 173's high health, it is absolutely NOT a tank and SCPs as a result are typically forced to play a lose-lose game, since they have no way of ending the game themselves (this problem will be mostly solved once 079 can detonate the warhead).Personally, if you're aiming for them to be a tank their stats are far too restrained. 2700 HP and 400 Hume is only slightly above 106, who's survivability is almost exclusively tied to his ability to regenerate Hume on-demand and invulnerability. Especially with a mere 4.4 m/s and (presumably) a large hitbox, it would be very difficult to stay alive with your only mobility option being on the longest cooldown in the game aside from 079's Zonewide Blackout.My suggestions:- 2500 HP, 400 Hume, scaling up to 800 at 20% HP- Has passive damage resistance similar to 049 and 173 - 058 takes 15% less damage from firearms and 60% less damage from explosions, such as grenades.- By default, it moves at 4.4 m/s, but moving forward causes it to accelerate over 2 seconds, increasing to 5.0 m/s until it stops moving forward.- The tentacle swipe deals 40 damage in a wide arc and applies the Concussed status effect, disorienting targets. This would make 058 ideal for taking on large groups of military classes and create openings for its teammates to charge in.- Two abilities - Tentacle Whip and Stinger.- Tentacle Whip causes 058 to lash out a tentacle in a straight line, up to 20 meters in length or until it hits a wall. If it hits a wall, 058 will be pulled towards it and retain the momentum, allowing it to climb vertically (such as the area around the Warhead room on the Surface, or PT00 in Light Containment). This ability should be on a 30-40 second cooldown.- Stinger is a toggle-able ability with only a short 5 second cooldown. When active, 058's primary attack is replaced with their stinger, becoming single target and having a shorter range, but applying a poison effect that will kill them in 5 seconds if they do not use any healing item.\n#2\ni drove over a woman in 2006\nView Profile\nView Posts\nDec 15, 2023 @ 2:02pm\ni love 058, this suggestion lacks a lot of features but by god any 058 fan is a man with good ideas in mind (unless youre a dev from fragmented minds) +10\n#3\nKillerrus.42\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 14 @ 6:11am\n+1\n#4\nRocketPillow\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 14 @ 11:20am\nOriginally posted by Samswize:(this problem will be mostly solved once 079 can detonate the warhead).I like playing 079 as much as anyone who doesn't like putting work into learning how to splatter people across floors, but giving 079 that level of power would be stupid. 079 is already strong enough, able to search entire sectors within seconds, only using cameras, and yet it still has an ability that loudly announces where any humans are. Et cetera, et cetera.The SCPs are powerful enough as is, and that includes humans on SCP items, since that's the only way to survive as a human in SL, is to become an SCP yourself, making it way less fun for anyone who wasn't lucky enough to get coca cola\n#5\nSamswize\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 14 @ 3:23pm\nOriginally posted by RocketPillow:Originally posted by Samswize:(this problem will be mostly solved once 079 can detonate the warhead).I like playing 079 as much as anyone who doesn't like putting work into learning how to splatter people across floors, but giving 079 that level of power would be stupid. 079 is already strong enough, able to search entire sectors within seconds, only using cameras, and yet it still has an ability that loudly announces where any humans are. Et cetera, et cetera.The SCPs are powerful enough as is, and that includes humans on SCP items, since that's the only way to survive as a human in SL, is to become an SCP yourself, making it way less fun for anyone who wasn't lucky enough to get coca cola Tough ? It's confirmed to be coming in a future update.\n#6\nI CAN'T ESCAPE DIGITAL CIRCUS\nView Profile\nView Posts\n(Banned)\nJan 14 @ 5:18pm\nOriginally posted by Samswize:Tough ? It's confirmed to be coming in a future update. Just because it will doesn't mean it should. This \"tough \" philosophy accomplishes nothing and is actively killing the idea of a solution. I highly suggest you keep further insights like this to yourself. Just because something will doesn't mean it has to.\n#7\nSamswize\nView Profile\nView Posts\nJan 14 @ 6:36pm\nOriginally posted by JoshTADC2017:Originally posted by Samswize:Tough ? It's confirmed to be coming in a future update. Just because it will doesn't mean it should. This \"tough \" philosophy accomplishes nothing and is actively killing the idea of a solution. I highly suggest you keep further insights like this to yourself. Just because something will doesn't mean it has to. How about you quit riding my meat, you've been replying to me on every damn post. SCPs are far from broken - they physically cannot deal with large groups of MTF and have to wait, on the MTF's own volition, for them to split up. If the entire wave just decided to move as a collective unit, go from gen to gen and hold it down, there would be nothing 079 or any of the other SCPs could do about it.\n#8\nI CAN'T ESCAPE DIGITAL CIRCUS\nView Profile\nView Posts\n(Banned)\nJan 14 @ 7:17pm\nOriginally posted by Samswize:How about you quit riding my meatHow about you quit saying stupid stuff, Samswine?Originally posted by Samswize: SCPs are far from broken - they physically cannot deal with large groups of MTF and have to wait, on the MTF's own volition, for them to split up. If the entire wave just decided to move as a collective unit, go from gen to gen and hold it down, there would be nothing 079 or any of the other SCPs could do about it. You're biased and 99.99% of your balance changes ever posed reflect that \"muh muh buff 049-2 for no reason\". SCPs can win any fight if they just stick together, it's not that hard. Just because you don't know what to do doesn't mean there's nothing to do. But your favorite character to play as is the most broken one, so everything is just going in one ear and out the other. SCPs are way too easy to win with and lack engaging gameplay because of that. There's no struggle, no thought, no risk, and no reward. Great job at not saying anything related to my comment though!\nLast edited by I CAN'T ESCAPE DIGITAL CIRCUS;\nJan 14 @ 7:18pm\n#9\n<\n11\n>\nShowing 1-9 of 9 comments\nPer page: 1530 50\nSCP: Secret Laboratory >\nSuggestions & Feedback >\nTopic Details\nDate Posted: Dec 15, 2023 @ 7:49amPosts: 9\nDiscussions Rules and Guidelines\nMore discussions\n3\nSCP-127 - The Living Gun\n0\nSCP-235 - Phonographic Records\n0\nFind a way to fix getting kicked during round-restart.\n3\nAdd 999\nReport this post\nREASON\nNote: This is ONLY to be used to report spam, advertising, and problematic (harassment, fighting, or rude) posts.\n Valve Corporation. All rights reserved. All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries.Some geospatial data on this website is provided by geonames.org.\nPrivacy Policy\n| Legal\n| Steam Subscriber Agreement\n| Cookies\nView mobile website", "url": "https://steamcommunity.com/app/700330/discussions/10/4029096934187569832/" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "SCP-058 | Roblox Area 47 Wiki | Fandom\nRoblox Area 47 Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTeams\nGamepass Teams\nO5 Council\nSite Director\nAdministrative Department\nRapid Response Team\nInternal Security Department\nIntelligence Agency\nChaos Insurgency\nThe Administrator\nFree Teams\nClass-D\nFoundation Personnel\nMedical Department\nEthics Committee\nDepartment of External Affairs\nScientific Department\nEngineering and Technical\nSecurity Department\nMobile Task Force\nGamepasses\nGamepass Items\nLevel 4 Keycard\nLevel 5 Keycard\nOmni Keycard\nRiot Shield\nHostile CD 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Pack\nMinigun\nGamepass Teams\nThe Administrator\nO5 Council\nSite Director\nAdministrative Department\nRapid Response Team\nInternal Security Department\nIntelligence Agency\nChaos Insurgency\nSCP-058\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nSCP-058\nGeneral Information\nItem Number\n058\nObject Class\nKeter\nLocation\nSector 4\nSCP-058 also referred to as \"The Heart of Darkness\" which is a Keter-class SCP that appears as a heart of a cow with 4 arthropod legs, 3 tentacles, and 1 scorpion tail with the voice of a British man.\nSCP-058's Location\nSCP-058 is located to the left side from Sector-4's near SCP-352.\nAggression\nSCP-058 shows speeds that are near those of SCP-352 and has strength to that of SCP-966, it would make you fall to the ground if you get too close to it.\nChamber\nThe chamber entrance has 2 doors followed by a maze and a small viewing area.\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nRoblox Area 47 Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://a47.fandom.com/wiki/SCP-058" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "SCP-058 | SCP: Containment Breach Unity Edition Wiki | Fandom\nSCP: Containment Breach Unity Edition Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nSCPs\nList of 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SCPs\nSafe\nSCP-914\nSCP-330\nSCP-500\nSCP-1025\nSCP-2950\nSCP-714\nSCP-207\nEuclid\nSCP-178\nSCP-303\nSCP-012\nSCP-1162\nSCP-205\nSCP-538\nSCP-066\nKeter\nSCP-106\nSCP-727-J\nSCP-1048-A\nSCP-035\nSCP-1013\nSCP-055\nSCP-058\nZones\nList of Zones\nLight Containment Zone\nHeavy Containment Zone\nSuper Heavy Containment Zone\nLiving Quarters\nExterior Containment Zone\nNavigation\nHome\nList of SCPs\nConsole Commands\nDevelopers\nConcept Art\nMost visited articles\nSCP-178\nSCP-207\nSCP-914\nSCP-330\nSCP-500\nAnomalous Ducks\nSCP-173\nSCPs\nSCP-106\nSCP-727-J\nSCP-178\nSCP-914\nSCP-303\nSCP-500\nSCP-1025\nCommunity\n#topusers#\nRecent blog posts\nin:\nSCPs, Keter, Super Heavy Containment Zone,\nand\n2 more\nCharacters\nNot Implemented\nSCP-058\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nSCP-058, or \"Heart of Darkness\", is an upcoming SCP in SCP: Containment Breach Unity Edition that will be added in an as of yet unannounced update.\nDescription[]\nSCP-058 resembles a bovine heart, with four arthropod-like legs used primarily for movement, and four tentacles of adjustable length, covered with razor sharp spines. It has a single sharp 'stinger' on its rear, where the hole for the superior vena cava would be in a typical organ. SCP-058's tentacles can be \"whipped\" to a distance of 3.2m at speeds in excess of 320km/h. SCP-058 is extremely hostile and will use every opportunity afforded to it to inflict damage on its surroundings. SCP-058 has been shown to be highly resilient to trauma, and should be approached with caution even when apparently incapacitated.\nSCP-058 is highly mobile and capable of rapid movement on both horizontal and vertical surfaces. It has been recorded reaching a speed of approximately 90km/h in short bursts, covering distances up to 200m, and has the ability to accelerate from 0 to 90km/h in less than two seconds. It has been shown to use its tentacles for increased leverage and stability, as well as utilizing them to pull itself to other surfaces at high speeds.\nSCP-058 'speaks' in a human voice, though no method of producing sound has been observed in its physiology. It speaks with vocal tone and accent of an elderly British male with a slight lisp and deep voice. SCP-058 talks constantly, regardless of conditions: even when attacking, SCP-058's voice and pace of speech are unchanged. The speech of SCP-058 lacks any detectable correlation to events, persons, or exterior locations involved with SCP-058.\nIn-game[]\nSCP-058is not currently in-game\nCategories\nCategories:\nSCPs\nKeter\nSuper Heavy Containment Zone\nCharacters\nNot Implemented\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore SCP: Containment Breach Unity Edition Wiki\n1\nSCP-178\n2\nSCP-207\n3\nSCP-914\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nSCP: Containment Breach Unity Edition Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab", "url": "https://scp-containment-breach-unity-edition-archive.fandom.com/wiki/SCP-058" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "SCP-058 | Villains Wiki | Fandom\nVillains WikiHi. This is Thesecret1070. I am an admin of this site. Edit as much as you wish, but one little thing... If you are going to edit a lot, then make yourself a user and login. Other than that, enjoy Villains Wiki!!!\nREAD MORE\nVillains Wiki\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Popular Villains\nTwelve Demon Moons\nThe Boiled One\nAM\nJudge Holden\nImmortan Joe\nProximus Caesar\nNakime\nNewly Changed Articles\nHeart of Darkness\nPesanta (Resident Evil)\nPaper Star\nToni Cipriani\nMarina Gregg\nNanashi Uchiha\nPulang Diyablo\nHeadlined Villain - Tirac\nCommunity\nRules\nWiki Activity\nRecent Changes\nDiscord\nFeatured Users\nOrdeaux26\nRed Chevalier\nRussSmalls2008\nMakyzi143!\nX9 The Android\nRecent Blogs\nAffiliates\nStaff\nBureaucrats\nMagma MK-II\nAustinDR\nLove Robin\nAdministrators\nBalthus Dire\nMrs. Super Nova\nJester of Chaos\nLucariobot\nOrdeaux26\nThe Pro-Wrestler\nRed Chevalier\nValkerone\nModerators\n694244\nDark Priest Hargon\nDual89 Proxima\nHeghodge\nLooperreallyreallysucks\nMesektet\nPixarfan1234\nWiki Representative\nBarneymiller123abc\nPure Evil Terms\nPure Evil Criteria\nPure Evil Proposals\nProposal Permissions\nDiscussion Dates\nFANDOM\nFan Central\nBETA\nGames\nAnime\nMovies\nTV\nVideo\nWikis\nExplore Wikis\nCommunity Central\nStart a Wiki\nDon't have an account?\nRegister\nSign In\nAdvertisement\nSign In\nRegister\nVillains Wiki\n76,305pages\nExplore\nMain Page\nDiscuss\nAll Pages\nCommunity\nInteractive Maps\nRecent Blog Posts\nTop Content\nMost Popular Villains\nTwelve Demon Moons\nThe Boiled One\nAM\nJudge Holden\nImmortan Joe\nProximus Caesar\nNakime\nNewly Changed Articles\nHeart of Darkness\nPesanta (Resident Evil)\nPaper Star\nToni Cipriani\nMarina Gregg\nNanashi Uchiha\nPulang Diyablo\nHeadlined Villain - Tirac\nCommunity\nRules\nWiki Activity\nRecent Changes\nDiscord\nFeatured Users\nOrdeaux26\nRed Chevalier\nRussSmalls2008\nMakyzi143!\nX9 The Android\nRecent Blogs\nAffiliates\nStaff\nBureaucrats\nMagma MK-II\nAustinDR\nLove Robin\nAdministrators\nBalthus Dire\nMrs. Super Nova\nJester of Chaos\nLucariobot\nOrdeaux26\nThe Pro-Wrestler\nRed Chevalier\nValkerone\nModerators\n694244\nDark Priest Hargon\nDual89 Proxima\nHeghodge\nLooperreallyreallysucks\nMesektet\nPixarfan1234\nWiki Representative\nBarneymiller123abc\nPure Evil Terms\nPure Evil Criteria\nPure Evil Proposals\nProposal Permissions\nDiscussion Dates\nin:\nMature, SCP Foundation Villains, Internet Villains,\nand\n32 more\nLovecraftian Horrors\nHorror Villains\nMurderers\nHomicidal\nElderly\nEnigmatic\nDestroyers\nSophisticated\nRogues\nImprisoned\nHybrids\nDark Forms\nFaux Affably Evil\nAnimal Cruelty\nParanormal\nGenderless\nForces of Nature\nChaotic Evil\nUrban Legends\nExploitation Villains\nNameless\nDimwits\nFerals\nAnthropomorphic\nOne-Man Army\nImmortals\nPawns\nMutilators\nProvokers\nBrutes\nMaster Orators\nOpportunists\nEnglish\n\nSCP-058\nSign in to edit\nView history\nTalk (0)\nThis article's content is marked as MatureThe page contains mature content that may include coarse language, sexual references, and/or graphic violent images which may be disturbing to some. Mature pages are recommended for those who are 18 years of age and older.\nIf you are 18 years or older or are comfortable with graphic material, you are free to view this page. Otherwise, you should close this page and view another page.\nEvil-doer\nFull Name\nUnknown\nAlias\nSCP-058058Heart of Darkness\nOrigin\nSCP Foundation\nOccupation\nPrisoner of SCP FoundationKeter Class Object\nPowers / Skills\nSpeedDurabilityTentaclesStingerBarbs\nHobby\nNone known.\nGoals\nMurder its victims.\nCrimes\nMass murderGenicideMutilationTortureTerrorismMass destructionAnimal crueltyProperty damage\nType of Villain\nEnigmatic Monster\n\nI had dreams of the queen wonders that lived inside the hearts of love and silent treatments of all the elderly that I knew were once whole. I seek the revelations of all that the holy told to the unwise in the dreams of cold embers in sunlight that fade across lakes of black blood and snakes that eat the loaves of children from lamb trees in autumn. Endless suffering is the woe of ignorant men who never lack to seek the depth of their own hearts and only see the wealth of a poor world suffering to flay its own back in knife wounds of silver and brutal gladness. The nightmare is a dream to the nameless slug that wanders across minefield and the remains of deer and kings. Nightshade is shadows in all honest blinks that sort through the bile of newborn plagues, instant warmth is a mother's milk in dreams before anything was ever evil. In seconds the sun is beating like drums in all hearts eat the ear of noise. The sensual violence of lust is all the assurance you will ever need to know the worth of life.\n\n~ SCP-058's ramblings.\nSCP-058 also referred to as the Heart of Darkness, is an antagonist in the SCP Foundation series. It is a Keter-class creature resembling a bovine heart with barbed tentacles and a scorpion stinger. It can speak in an English man's voice while causing mass carnage and destruction.\nSCP-058 plays an overarching role in \"The Drooling Path\" series.\nContents\n1 Appearance\n2 Behavior and Procedure\n3 Biography\n4 Personality\n5 Gallery\n5.1 Images\n5.2 Videos\n6 Trivia\n7 External Links\n8 Navigation\nAppearance[]\nSCP-058 resembles a large bovine heart, with four long legs and four barbed tentacles protruding from its form. It also has a scorpion tail and stinger protruding from the rear.\nBehavior and Procedure[]\nSCP-058 is an extremely hostile and aggressive creature that continuously works to destroy its surroundings, living or not. It uses its barbed whips, which can extend to enormous lengths and swing over 200 miles per hour, to cause damage to its surroundings. Even when incapacitated, it is still extremely dangerous and harmful. SCP-058 can run on horizontal, diagonal, and even vertical surfaces at speeds over 55 miles per hour.\nSCP-058 is constantly talking through unknown means, regardless of the situation. It speaks with the voice of an elderly British male with a slight lisp and a deep tone, and its pace and tone never change regardless of its actions or surroundings. The subjects it speaks about appear to have no correlation to anything happening around it, nor add up to any conclusion, point or the moment at hand.\nBiography[]\nIt is currently unknown how SCP-058 came to be. What is known is that it had some connection to the anomalies SCP-1981, SCP-2432 and SCP-3008.\nSCP-058 was found at a Foundation site, where it killed much personnel. It proceeded to attack a nearby town and killed presumably hundreds of civilians. It was eventually incapacitated by falling rubble and taken into custody. It breached containment sometime later, leading to more deaths and injuries until it was stopped by being pinned under a tank.\nSo far, SCP-058 is responsible for over 163 Foundation deaths.\nSCP-058 is kept in a five meter by five meter by five meter reinforced steel and concrete cube. Repairs are to be done every 60 minutes while SCP-058 is dormant, and every 15 minutes while active. It is to be fed a live cow every three days. Should it breach containment, on-site nuclear devices are to be deployed.\nAll of the attempts at interviewing SCP-058 have failed and resulted in casualties.\nPersonality[]\nSCP-058 seems to be sophisticated, intelligent, and persuasive when observing its speech, but it is extremely violent, homicidal, unpredictable, and destructive in every other nature. It constantly seeks out to destroy everything around it for no known reason, though its speech does not even reflect this.\nGallery[]\nImages[]\nSCP-058's label.\nVideos[]\nSCP-058 \"The Heart of Darkness\"SCP-058 - Transcript of Interview 058-04SCP 058 Interview Full VersionSCP-058 - Heart of Darkness (SCP ILLUSTRATED)SCP-058 - Heart of Darkness (SCP Animation)\nTrivia[]\nSCP-058 was placed #4 on Tat's TopVideo's Top 22 Scariest SCP II. It was the first video to feature a 3D animated model of SCP-058, which is the design for some of the pictures on this page.\nIn the now deleted SCP-001 (Roget's Proposal), SCP-058 was cross-tested with SCP-1983. The heart was captured and suspended inside SCP-1983-1 by SCP-1983-2, but the repeatedly retaliated against them.\nSCP-058 is one of the few SCPs whose real authors are unknown after their import into the SCP Wiki.\nExternal Links[]\nSCP-058 on the VS Battles Wiki\nSCP-058 on the Monsters Wiki\nNavigation[]\nView\nOrganizations\nMajor Organizations\nAmbrose Restaurants \nAnderson Robotics \nArcadia \nAre We Cool Yet? \nBlack Queen \nChaos Insurgency \nChicago Spirit \nChildren of the Scarlet King \nChurch of the Broken God \nDaevites \nThe Factory \nFifth Church \nGamers Against Weed \nGlobal Occult Coalition \nGreazeburger Incorporated \nGRU Division \"P\" \nHerman Fuller's Circus of the Disquieting \nImperial Japanese Anomalous Matters Examination Agency \nJust Girly Things \nMarshall, Carter, and Dark Ltd. \nOffice for the Reclamation of Islamic Artifacts \nSAPPHIRE \nSarkicism (Adytum's Wake, Church of the Eternal Mother, Church of the Red Harvest, The Hunter's Black Lodge) \nSCP Foundation (O5 Council) \nSerpent's Hand \nTotleighSoft \nValravn Corporation \nVikander-Kneed Technical Media\nMinor/Recurring Organizations\nAccelerate the Future \nAhnenerbe Obskurakorps \nBrazen Heart \nCowboys \nChildren of the Torch \nChosen of God \nCrystal Elms Productions \nFoundation Elimination Coalition \nGiftschreiber \nHANSARP \nHouse of Apollyon \nHouse of Stars \nLight Courier Enterprises \nMyrmidon International \nPENTAGRAM \nProponents of Paranormal Rights \nPokmon Company \nSecond Haptic Assembly \nSin Nombre \nSugarcomb Confectionery \nSyncope Symphony \nTwelve Stars \nWesthead Media \nY.W.T.G.T.H.F.T.\nInternational Organizations\nAnnihilism \nAssociation of Black Magic Power Users \nHive \nJapan Organisms Improvement and Creation Laboratory \nMeat Circus \nP.O.R.A. \nSAPPHIRE \nThe Civilian\nSafe SCPs\nBobble the Clown \nScarlet King \nSCP-072 \nSCP-245 \nSCP-343 \nSCP-432-1 \nSCP-517-01 \nSCP-553 \nSCP-695 \nSCP-875-1 \nSCP-875-3 \nSCP-984-1 \nSCP-1049 \nSCP-1105 \nSCP-1160 \nSCP-1285-3 \nSCP-1312-1 \nSCP-1312-2 \nSCP-1357-A \nSCP-1499-1 \nSCP-1599 \nSCP-1646-1 \nSCP-1757-A \nSCP-1888-2 \nSCP-2069 \nSCP-2264-4 \nSCP-2732-2-B \nSCP-2851-1 \nSCP-3148 \nSCP-3872 \nSCP-4338 \nSCP-4812-S \nSCP-4950 \nSCP-4974 \nSCP-5000- \nSCP-(5.78210)-567 \nSCP-5705-1 \nSuburb Slasher \nSCP-6789 \nSCP-6959 \nSCP-6977 \nSCP-7091-1 \nSCP-7898\nEuclid SCPs\nAnnouncer \nSCP-023 \nSCP-031 \nSCP-046-1 \nSCP-049 \nSCP-071 \nSCP-075 \nSCP-079 \nSCP-080 \nSCP-082 \nSCP-087-1 \nSCP-089 \nSCP-096 \nSCP-136-2 \nSCP-137 \nSCP-153 \nSCP-157 \nSCP-173 \nSCP-178-1 \nSCP-205 Entities \nSCP-230 \nSCP-247 \nSCP-277-R \nSCP-286-1 \nSCP-286-2 \nSCP-303 \nSCP-312 \nSCP-333-C \nSCP-347 \nSCP-372 \nSCP-401 \nSCP-428 \nSCP-439 \nSCP-457 \nSCP-511 \nSCP-513-1 \nSCP-525-1 \nSCP-526-2 \nSCP-542 \nSCP-548 \nSCP-567-9 \nSCP-569 \nSCP-617 \nSCP-625 \nSCP-647 \nSCP-650 \nSCP-666-1 \nSCP-681 \nSCP-693 \nSCP-701-1 \nSCP-735 \nSCP-745 \nSCP-747 \nSCP-748-4 \nSCP-767-15 \nSCP-777-1 \nSCP-797 \nSCP-799 \nSCP-811 \nSCP-823 \nSCP-844 \nSCP-847 \nSCP-899 \nSCP-924 \nSCP-930 Entity \nSCP-932 \nSCP-956 \nSCP-965 \nSCP-966 \nSCP-973-2 \nSCP-974 \nSCP-995 \nSCP-1001 \nSCP-1002 \nSCP-1026 \nSCP-1051 \nSCP-1111-1 \nSCP-1120 \nSCP-1124 \nSCP-1128 \nSCP-1145 \nSCP-1219 \nSCP-1299-1 \nSCP-1316 \nSCP-1337 \nSCP-1451 \nSCP-1471-A \nSCP-1495-M \nSCP-1507 \nSCP-1701 \nSCP-1749-2 \nSCP-1897 \nSCP-1913 \nSCP-1919-1 \nSCP-1972-B \nSCP-2014 \nSCP-2059 \nSCP-2254 \nSCP-2315-1 \nSCP-2363-A \nSCP-2396-B \nSCP-2401-Alpha \nSCP-2419-A \nSCP-2424 \nSCP-2427-3 \nSCP-2522 \nSCP-2611-1 \nSCP-2901 \nSCP-2940-B \nSCP-2999 \nSCP-3008-2 \nSCP-3019-A \nSCP-3114 \nSCP-3166 \nSCP-3280 \nSCP-3325-1 \nSCP-3388 \nSCP-3428 \nSCP-3631-1 \nSCP-3785-1 \nSCP-3786 \nSCP-3838-8 \nSCP-3860 \nSCP-4162 \nSCP-4166-2 \nSCP-4187-1 \nSCP-4231-A \nSCP-4310 \nSCP-4434 \nSCP-4670 \nSCP-4680 \nSCP-4812-E \nSCP-4886 \nSCP-4924-A \nSCP-4959 (SCP-4959-A) \nSCP-4975 \nSCP-5045-1 \nSCP-5935-1 \nSCP-6076 \nSCP-6198 \nSCP-6618-A \nSCP-6661 \nSCP-6979 \nSCP-7533 \nSCP-7579 \nSCP-7725-C \nSCP-7785 \nSCP-7840 \nSCP-7983 \nSCP-8011-A \nSCP-8247 \nSCP-8249 \nSCP-8999\nKeter SCPs\nBlack Moon \nPast and Future \nThe Prototype \nSCP-016 \nSCP-017 \nSCP-019-2 \nSCP-029 \nSCP-035 \nSCP-058 \nSCP-060-Alpha \nSCP-076-2 \nSCP-090 \nSCP-106 \nSCP-140-A \nSCP-165 \nSCP-204-1 \nSCP-231-1 \nSCP-280 \nSCP-307 \nSCP-339 \nSCP-352 \nSCP-354 Entities \nSCP-363 \nSCP-427-1 \nSCP-435-2 \nSCP-469 \nSCP-575 \nSCP-582 \nSCP-589 \nSCP-610 \nSCP-631 \nSCP-682 \nSCP-718 \nSCP-752-1 \nSCP-783 \nSCP-939 \nSCP-940 \nSCP-953 \nSCP-968 \nSCP-1000 \nSCP-1048 (SCP-1048 Duplicates) \nSCP-1155 \nSCP-1179 \nSCP-1322-A \nSCP-1368-1 \nSCP-1447-1 \nSCP-1500 \nSCP-1736 \nSCP-1739 \nSCP-1765 \nSCP-1788-1 \nSCP-1790 \nSCP-1984-01 \nSCP-2030-1 \nSCP-2075 \nSCP-2086 \nSCP-2191-1 \nSCP-2191-2 \nSCP-2191-3 \nSCP-2200-2 \nSCP-2316 Entity \nSCP-2317-K \nSCP-2385 \nSCP-2399 \nSCP-2408-4 \nSCP-2439 \nSCP-2440 \nSCP-2490 \nSCP-2521 \nSCP-2747 \nSCP-2774-A \nSCP-2803-A \nSCP-2807 \nSCP-2846-A \nSCP-2852 \nSCP-2863 \nSCP-2877 \nSCP-2935 Entity \nSCP-2950 \nSCP-3002 \nSCP-3003-2 \nSCP-3004-1 \nSCP-3007 Entity \nSCP-3033 \nSCP-3125 \nSCP-3167 \nSCP-3199 \nSCP-3288 (Emperor Maximilian) \nSCP-3333-1 \nSCP-3340 \nSCP-3456 \nSCP-3503 \nSCP-3643 \nSCP-3760 \nSCP-3799 \nSCP-3997 \nSCP-4105-B \nSCP-4205 \nSCP-4290 \nSCP-4293 \nSCP-4315-2 \nSCP-4335 \nSCP-4666 \nSCP-4715 \nSCP-4812-K \nSCP-4833 \nSCP-4840-B \nSCP-4856 \nSCP-4885 \nSCP-4886 \nSCP-4910 \nSCP-4947 \nSCP-5049-A \nSCP-5167 \nSCP-5172 \nSCP-5267-A \nSCP-5284 \nSCP-5423 \nSCP-5598 \nSCP-5653 \nSCP-5659 \nSCP-5683 \nSCP-5761-1 \nSCP-6004 \nSCP-6013 \nSCP-6096 \nSCP-6427 \nSCP-6455 \nSCP-6596 \nSCP-6789 \nSCP-6810 \nSCP-7219 \nSCP-7380 \nSCP-7436 \nSCP-7569 \nSCP-7776-A \nSCP-7932 \nSCP-8024-2 \nSCP-8097-A\nApollyon SCPs\nWhen Day Breaks \nSCP-3999 \nSCP-6820-A \nSCP-7853 \nSCP-8249\nThaumiel SCPs\nSCP-122-2 \nSCP-3000 \nSCP-4884 \nSCP-5001-A\nEsoteric SCPs\nThe Factory \nSCP-UBU \nSCP-2085-1 \nSCP-2744 \nSCP-2845 \nSCP-3396 \nSCP-3700-2 \nSCP-3895 \nSCP-4444 \nSCP-4971- \nSCP-5004-A \nSCP-5034 \nSCP-5346 Entity \nSCP-5651-1 \nSCP-INTEGER \nSCP-6004 \nSCP-6061-1 \nSCP-6079 \nSCP-6661 \nSCP-6666 \nSCP-6747-C \nSCP-6987 \nSCP-7450 \nSCP-7660 \nSCP-8249\nExplained SCPs\nSCP-1548-EX \nSCP-1933-EX \nSCP-5025-1\nNeutralized/Decommissioned SCPs\nSCP-083-D \nSCP-531-D \nSCP-1682 \nSCP-2480-1 \nSCP-3999 \nSCP-4290 \nSCP-5002 \nSCP-5277 \nSCP-5281-D \nSCP-5739 \nSCP-6097 \nSCP-6373 \nSCP-6572 \nSCP-6624-1 \nSCP-6624-2 \nSCP-6624-3 \nSCP-7115-A \nSCP-7404 \nSCP-8097\nJoke SCPs\nSCP-049-J \nSCP-3-J \nSCP-173-J \nSCP-729-J \nSCP-777-J \nSCP-789-J \nSCP-8==D-J \nSCP-900-J \nSCP-1344-J \nSCP-2103-J \nSCP-4055-J \nSCP-7475-J \nSCP-100000-J \nSCP-@#%&!-J \nSCP-even number-J \nSCP-SCP-J \nSCP-SPOOKY-J \nSCP-TTKU-J\nInternational SCPs\nSpanish Branch\nSCP-ES-045 \nSCP-ES-048 \nSCP-ES-081 \nSCP-ES-113 \nSCP-ES-138 \nSCP-ES-150 \nSCP-ES-156 \nSCP-ES-156-1 \nSCP-ES-266 \nSCP-ES-301 \nSCP-ES-4991-J\nFrench Branch\nSCP-003-FR \nSCP-006-FR \nSCP-023-FR \nSCP-025-FR \nSCP-054-FR \nSCP-060-FR \nSCP-063-FR \nSCP-064-FR \nSCP-075-FR \nSCP-081-FR \nSCP-089-FR \nSCP-096-FR \nSCP-109-FR \nSCP-115-FR \nSCP-132-FR \nSCP-165-FR \nSCP-174-FR \nSCP-181-FR \nSCP-193-FR \nSCP-217-FR \nSCP-218-FR \nSCP-232-FR \nSCP-387-FR \nSCP-451-FR \nSCP-495-FR-D \nSCP-1054-FR-J\nGerman Branch\nSCP-015-DE-J \nSCP-069-DE \nSCP-077-DE \nSCP-087-DE \nSCP-089-DE \nSCP-098-DE \nSCP-123-DE-J \nSCP-131-DE \nSCP-149-DE-A \nSCP-192-DE \nSCP-297-DE \nSCP-307-DE\nPolish Branch\nSCP-PL-009 \nSCP-PL-079 \nSCP-PL-200\nCzech Branch\nSCP-083-CS \nSCP-093-CS \nSCP-101-CS \nSCP-173-CS \nSCP-410-CS\nItalian Branch\nSCP-013-IT \nSCP-015-IT \nSCP-022-IT \nSCP-023-IT \nSCP-027-IT \nSCP-055-IT \nSCP-057-IT \nSCP-066-IT \nSCP-078-IT \nSCP-198-IT\nJapanese Branch\nSakuranushi \nSCP--JP \nSCP-030-JP \nSCP-036-JP Entities \nSCP-070-JP-2 \nSCP-173-JP \nSCP-192-JP-1 \nSCP-268-JP \nSCP-272-JP-2 \nSCP-361-JP \nSCP-444-JP \nSCP-489-JP \nSCP-835-JP \nSCP-910-JP \nSCP-1326-JP-K \nSCP-2455-JP\nKorean Branch\nSCP-056-KO \nSCP-444-KO-5 \nSCP-750-KO \nSCP-755-KO-A\nRussian Branch\nSCP-1026-RU \nSCP-1030-RU Entities \nSCP-1051-RU \nSCP-1069-RU \nSCP-1098-RU-1 \nSCP-1109-RU \nSCP-3321-RU-J\nChinese Branch\nSCP-CN-023 \nSCP-CN-204 \nSCP-CN-673 \nSCP-CN-678 \nSCP-CN-801 \nSCP-CN-1101 \nSCP-CN-1327 \nSCP-CN-1359 \nSCP-CN-1364 \nSCP-CN-1468 \nSCP-CN-1490 \nSCP-CN-1677 \nSCP-CN-1562 \nSCP-CN-1749 \nSCP-CN-1752 \nSCP-CN-1790 \nSCP-CN-1856 \nSCP-CN-2101 \nSCP-CN-2413 \nSCP-CN-2469 \nSCP-CN-2574 \nSCP-CN-2636 \nSCP-CN-2744 \nSCP-CN-2754\nTraditional Chinese Branch\nSCP-ZH-024 \nSCP-ZH-111 \nSCP-ZH-270 \nSCP-ZH-282 \nSCP-ZH-533 \nSCP-ZH-613 \nSCP-ZH-684 \nSCP-ZH-60053-J\nThai Branch\nSCP-003-TH \nSCP-009-TH \nSCP-016-TH \nSCP-025-TH \nSCP-043-TH \nSCP-053-TH \nSCP-072-TH \nSCP-087-TH \nSCP-099-TH-1 \nSCP-111-TH-2 \nSCP-206-TH-3 \nSCP-206-TH-4 \nSCP-222-TH-J \nSCP-345-TH \nSCP-400-TH-1 \nSCP-456-TH \nSCP-495-TH \nSCP-577-TH \nSCP-666-TH \nSCP-707-TH \nSCP-728-TH \nSCP-747-TH \nSCP-878-TH-2 \nSCP-901-TH \nSCP-903-TH \nSCP-925-TH \nSCP-Sans Undertale-TH-J\nPortuguese Branch\nSCP-045-PT-J \nSCP-045-PT-J-01 \nSCP-045-PT-J-02 \nSCP-045-PT-J-03 \nSCP-045-PT-J-04 \nSCP-050-PT \nSCP-101-PT-6\nUkrainian Branch\nSCP-018-UA \nSCP-031-UA \nSCP-086-UA \nSCP-089-UA \nSCP-110-UA-1 \nSCP-666-UA-J \nSCP-692-UA-J\nSCP-001 Proposals\nSCP-001 (The Council) \nSCP-001 (The Database) \nSCP-001 (Atonement) \nSCP-001 (Past and Future) (The Man at the Threshold) \nSCP-001 (The Prototype) \nSCP-001 (The Factory) \nSCP-001 (The Scarlet King) \nSCP-001 (The Way It Ends) \nSCP-001 (The Black Moon) \nSCP-001-A1 (The Preserver) \nSCP-001 (When Day Breaks) (SCP-001-A) \nSCP-001 ([the] [HUMAN!] [element?])\nCanonical SCP Beings\nAbsence \nAdam el Asem \nAlagaddans \nAnnouncer \nApakht \nAuthors \nBlinkers \nBrothers Death \nChildren of the Night \nEnd \nFaeries \nHe-Who-Made-Dark \nHe-Who-Made-Light \nMalidramagiuan \nNeon God \nNeverwere \nPattern Screamers \nQueen Mab \nSCP-5000- \nStriders \nStudio Guardians \nTherion \nUnclean \nWorm\nOld Gods\n \nBlack Moon \nCarnegias \nCrocosquid \nThe Factory \nHanged King \nHe Who Walks Beneath Dreams \nHr'sthnpol \nJeser \nLord Goran \nMa'tol \nMoloch \nSaturn Deer \nScarlet King \nSCP-682 \nSCP-2845 \nSCP-3000 \nSCP-3004-1 \nSCP-4315-2 \nSCP-4947 \nSCP-4950 \nSCP-4971- \nTeran \nThoth \nTitania \nViolet Queen \nVerdant Mage \nVoruteut \nXiolt-la \nYaldabaoth \nZsar Magoth\nOld Gods' Servants\nAdytum's Wake (Cornelius P. Bodfel III) \nAmbassador of Alagadda \nArchons \nBLACKSTAR \nBobble the Clown \nChosen of God \nChildren of the Scarlet King (Elder Rockwell, John Yttoric) \nChurch of the Broken God (Robert Bumaro, Trunnion, Hedwig) \nDaevites (Orvo, Lror, Ydax) \nFifth Church (Celebration 'Big Cheese' Horace) \nGrand Karcist Ion \nJames Anderson \nMr. Redd \nSCP-035 \nSCP-076-2 \nSCP-096 \nSCP-2852 \nSCP-3456 \nSCP-3700-2 \nSCP-3785-1 \nSCP-4231-A\nPersonages\nAdam el Asem \nBlack Queen \nCalvin Lucien \nCarl Fraser \nCornelius P. Bodfel III \nCynthia Cordier \nD-3826 \nD-4986 \nD-7294 \ndado \nDaniel DeVorn \nDr. Dmmer \nDr. Elliott Emerson \nDr. Jack Bright \nDr. Madison Craggs \nDr. W \nDraga Negrescu \nEdwin Falkirk \nElijah \nElizabeth Crocker \nEnigma \nENTITY-NaClO \nEvelyn May \nEzekiel Clark \nFather Pat \nGeneral Bowe \nGrand Karcist Ion \nHedwig \nHerman Fuller \nIris Dark \nJames Anderson \nJames Franklin \nJean Durand and Mtys Neme \nJoseph Lowry \nKeeLee \nKonrad Weiss \nLaurence Michaud \nLeonid Chernoff \nLeopold I \nLovataar \nMadeleine von Schaeffer \nMarshall Ford Everett \nMavra Isimeria \nMilo Igorvich \nMikkel Borov \nMr. Redd \nMr. Night \nNadox \nO5-0 \nOrok \nOtari Iosava \nParis Kiran \nPico Wilson \nPit Sloth \nRandolph Metzger \nRasmin Yelkov \nRichard Chappell \nRobert Bumaro \nRobert Gates \nRuprecht Cartet \nRuiz Duchamp \nRyoto Hishakaku \nSaarn \nSamuel Decard \nSCP-2089-1's Captor \nSerViper1995 \nSimon Oswalt \nSkitter Marshall \nSmiling Man \nThomas Graham \nTraveler \nTrunnion \nUIU 1933-001 \nVincent Anderson\nSCPs in Video Games\nThe Plane \nWhen Day Breaks \nSCP-035 \nSCP-049 \nSCP-079 \nSCP-080 \nSCP-087-1 \nSCP-087-B Entities \nSCP-096 \nSCP-106 \nSCP-173 \nSCP-178-1 \nSCP-245 \nSCP-280 \nSCP-372 \nSCP-427-1 \nSCP-457 \nSCP-513-1 \nSCP-553 \nSCP-650 \nSCP-682 \nSCP-735 \nSCP-860-2 \nSCP-939 \nSCP-956 \nSCP-966 \nSCP-1026-RU \nSCP-1048 \nSCP-1048 Duplicates \nSCP-1499-1 \nSCP-3008-2 \nSCP-3114 \nSCP-XXXX\nDisambiguation Pages\nSCP \nSCP-001 \nSCP-087\nContent relating to the SCP Foundation, including the SCP Foundation logo, is licensed under Creative Commons Sharealike 3.0 and all concepts originate from scp-wiki.net and its authors.\nCategories\nCategories:\nMature\nSCP Foundation Villains\nInternet Villains\nLovecraftian Horrors\nHorror Villains\nMurderers\nHomicidal\nElderly\nEnigmatic\nDestroyers\nSophisticated\nRogues\nImprisoned\nHybrids\nDark Forms\nFaux Affably Evil\nAnimal Cruelty\nParanormal\nGenderless\nForces of Nature\nChaotic Evil\nUrban Legends\nExploitation Villains\nNameless\nDimwits\nFerals\nAnthropomorphic\nOne-Man Army\nImmortals\nPawns\nMutilators\nProvokers\nBrutes\nMaster Orators\nOpportunists\nLanguages\n\nCommunity content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.\nMore Fandoms\nFantasy\nHorror\nSci-fi\nAdvertisement\nFan Feed\nMore Villains Wiki\n1\nTwelve Demon Moons\n2\nThe Boiled One\n3\nAM\nExplore properties\nFandom\nMuthead\nFanatical\nFollow Us\nOverview\nWhat is Fandom?\nAbout\nCareers\nPress\nContact\nTerms of Use\nPrivacy Policy\nDigital Services Act\nGlobal Sitemap\nLocal Sitemap\nCookie Preferences\nCommunity\nCommunity Central\nSupport\nHelp\nDo Not Sell or Share My Personal Information\nAdvertise\nMedia Kit\nContact\nFandom Apps\nTake your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.\nVillains Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.\nView Mobile Site\nFollow on IG\nTikTok\nJoin Fan Lab\nThis Site Uses Cookies Fandom and our partners use technology such as cookies on our site to store and collect information from your browser to personalize content and ads, provide social media features, and analyze our traffic.As set forth in our Privacy Policy, we use these cookies and technologies on the basis of your consent, which you can give by clicking / tapping \"ACCEPT\" below. 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[ { "status_code": 200, "text": "Buy Microsoft Office 2021 | Microsoft 365 Trace Id is missing\nSkip to main content\nMicrosoft\nMicrosoft 365\nMicrosoft 365\nMicrosoft 365\nHome\nProducts\nFor home\nFor home\nPricing for Home\nFor families\nFor individuals\nFor students\nSee all home\nFor business\nFor business\nPricing for Business\nFor Small Business\nFor enterprise\nFor enterprise\nPricing for Enterprise\nFor Enterprise\nFor Frontline workers\nApps and services\nApps and services\nExcel\nMicrosoft Teams\nWord\nOneDrive\nOneNote\nOutlook\nPowerPoint\nProject\nSharePoint\nSee all apps and services\nMore\nMore\nMicrosoft Office\nWindows 365\nMicrosoft Viva\nMicrosoft Authenticator\nEnterprise Mobility + Security\nMicrosoft Edge\nFor Nonprofits\nFor Schools\nWhats new\nWhats new\nMicrosoft Designer\nPlanner\nMicrosoft Copilot for Microsoft 365\nClipchamp\nPlans and pricing\nResources\nStart your Copilot journey\nCopilot for work\nCost savings\nAccounts and billing\nFAQ\nSetup and install\nTemplates\nTraining\nWhat's new\nSmall Business Resource Center\nSupport\nFor personal and family\nFor personal and family\nSelf-help resources\nBilling support\nCommunity\nContact Microsoft Support\nFor work\nFor work\nSelf-help resources\nAdmin self-help\nSupport plans\nFind a partner\nContact Sales\nCommunity\nFor education\nFor education\nSelf-help resources\nEducator Center\nRequest support\nContact Microsoft Support\nCommunity\nFor partners\nFor partners\nBecome a partner\nPartner resources\nSee all support\nTry for free\nMore\nSearch\nSearch Microsoft 365\nNo results\nCancel\nAll Microsoft\nGlobal\nMicrosoft 365\nTeams\nCopilot\nWindows\nSurface\nXbox\nDeals\nSmall Business\nSupport\nSoftware\nSoftware\nWindows Apps\nAI\nOutlook\nOneDrive\nMicrosoft Teams\nOneNote\nMicrosoft Edge\nSkype\nPCs & Devices\nPCs & Devices\nComputers\nShop Xbox\nAccessories\nVR & mixed reality\nCertified Refurbished\nTrade-in for cash\nEntertainment\nEntertainment\nXbox Game Pass Ultimate\nPC Game Pass\nXbox games\nPC and Windows games\nMovies & TV\nBusiness\nBusiness\nMicrosoft Cloud\nMicrosoft Security\nDynamics 365\nMicrosoft 365 for business\nMicrosoft Power Platform\nWindows 365\nMicrosoft Industry\nSmall Business\nDeveloper & IT\nDeveloper & IT\nAzure\nDeveloper Center\nDocumentation\nMicrosoft Learn\nMicrosoft Tech Community\nAzure Marketplace\nAppSource\nVisual Studio\nOther\nOther\nMicrosoft Rewards\nFree downloads & security\nEducation\nGift cards\nLicensing\nUnlocked stories\nView Sitemap\nTry for free\nSign in\nYour modernized Office Create content, stay organized, and work together with updated versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and other apps in Office 2021. See plans and pricing For business For enterprise For home See whats in Office 2021 See whats in Office 2021 Create with confidence Produce engaging documents and presentations with new, modern visuals and quickly find what you need with improved navigation features and search functions. Organize your work and life Efficiently manage your messages, appointments, contacts, and tasks in one place. Easily stay on top of meetings, deadlines, and family time, too. Track and organize effortlessly Use fewer and more robust formulas to quickly build spreadsheets that update as information changes. Find data fast with improved navigation features and search functions. Work together seamlessly Easily share files and get notified when others make edits or mention you in comments and quickly catch up on whats changed every time you open a document.2Improved performance features help your system run faster and new autosave2means youll never lose your work again. Achieve even more with Microsoft 365 Your hub for teamwork Bring all your groups and resources together in one place with Microsoft Teams. Learn more 1 TB of file storage and sharing Stay connected to whats importantlike your files and projectsanywhere, on any device. Learn more Support when you need it Get access to call or chat support around the clock with Microsoft 365 experts. Learn more Choose the best productivity suite for your business Compare and choose from a variety of plans designed for businesses like yours. Office Home & Business 2021 Originally starting from $249.99 now starting from $249.99 $249.99 $249.99 (one-time purchase) The version of Microsoft 365 is not available in your country/region. Visit Microsoft Store to find out which versions of Microsoft 365 are available in your country/region. Buy now One-time purchase for 1 PC or Mac Classic 2021 versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook Access to Microsoft support experts Desktop, apps Word Create impressive documents and improve your writing with built-in intelligent features. Excel Simplify complex data and create easy-to-read spreadsheets. PowerPoint Easily create polished presentations that stand out. Outlook Manage your email, calendar, tasks, and contacts together in one place. Microsoft 365 Apps for business Originally starting from $8.25 now starting from $8.25 $8.25 $8.25 user/month (Annual subscriptionauto renews)1 The version of Microsoft 365 is not available in your country/region. Visit Microsoft Store to find out which versions of Microsoft 365 are available in your country/region. Buy now Try free for one month See trial terms4 Desktop versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook 1 TB of cloud storage per user Standard security Anytime phone and web support Desktop, web, and mobile apps and services: Word Create impressive documents and improve your writing with built-in intelligent features. Excel Simplify complex data and create easy-to-read spreadsheets. PowerPoint Easily create polished presentations that stand out. Outlook Manage your email, calendar, tasks, and contacts together in one place. OneDrive Save, access, edit, and share files and photos wherever you are. Access (PC only) Create and share business apps without being a developer. Publisher (PC only) Create polished, professional layouts without the hassle. Microsoft 365 Business Standard Originally starting from $12.50 now starting from $12.50 $12.50 $12.50 user/month (Annual subscriptionauto renews)1 The version of Microsoft 365 is not available in your country/region. Visit Microsoft Store to find out which versions of Microsoft 365 are available in your country/region. Buy now Try free for one month See trial terms4 Everything in Apps for business, plus: Chat, call, meet up to 300 attendees Business-class email Easily host webinars Manage customer appointments Desktop, web, and mobile apps and services: Word Create impressive documents and improve your writing with built-in intelligent features. Excel Simplify complex data and create easy-to-read spreadsheets. PowerPoint Easily create polished presentations that stand out. Outlook Manage your email, calendar, tasks, and contacts together in one place. Teams Bring everyone together in one place to meet, chat, call, and collaborate. OneDrive Save, access, edit, and share files and photos wherever you are. SharePoint SharePoint, create team sites to share information, files, and resources. Exchange Exchange, work smarter with business-class email and calendaring. Access (PC only) Create and share business apps without being a developer. Publisher (PC only) Create polished, professional layouts without the hassle. Find out which plan is right for you Partial checkmark icons indicate a feature is partially included Checkmark icons indicate a feature is included Office Home & Business 2021 Originally starting from $249.99 now starting from $249.99 $249.99 $249.99 (one-time purchase) The version of Microsoft 365 is not available in your country/region. Visit Microsoft Store to find out which versions of Microsoft 365 are available in your country/region. Buy now Microsoft 365 Apps for business Originally starting from $8.25 now starting from $8.25 $8.25 $8.25 user/month (Annual subscriptionauto renews)1 The version of Microsoft 365 is not available in your country/region. Visit Microsoft Store to find out which versions of Microsoft 365 are available in your country/region. Buy now Or try free for one month See trial terms4 Microsoft 365 Business Standard Originally starting from $12.50 now starting from $12.50 $12.50 $12.50 user/month (Annual subscriptionauto renews)1 The version of Microsoft 365 is not available in your country/region. Visit Microsoft Store to find out which versions of Microsoft 365 are available in your country/region. Buy now Or try free for one month See trial terms4 Partial checkmark icons indicate a feature is partially included Checkmark icons indicate a feature is included Expand all | Collapse all Toggle visibility of 6 table rows below the Teamwork and communication row Teamwork and communication Teamwork and communication Teamwork and communication Teamwork and communication Host online meetings and video calls for up to 300 people with Microsoft Teams3 Host online meetings and video calls for up to 300 people with Microsoft Teams3 Host online meetings and video calls for up to 300 people with Microsoft Teams3 Host online meetings and video calls for up to 300 people with Microsoft Teams3 Chat with your team from your desktop or on the go with Microsoft Teams Chat with your team from your desktop or on the go with Microsoft Teams Chat with your team from your desktop or on the go with Microsoft Teams Chat with your team from your desktop or on the go with Microsoft Teams Bring together all your teams chats, meetings, files, and apps so you can easily connect and collaborate from one place with Microsoft Teams Bring together all your teams chats, meetings, files, and apps so you can easily connect and collaborate from one place with Microsoft Teams Bring together all your teams chats, meetings, files, and apps so you can easily connect and collaborate from one place with Microsoft Teams Bring together all your teams chats, meetings, files, and apps so you can easily connect and collaborate from one place with Microsoft Teams Create team sites to share information, content, and files throughout your intranet using SharePoint Create team sites to share information, content, and files throughout your intranet using SharePoint Create team sites to share information, content, and files throughout your intranet using SharePoint Create team sites to share information, content, and files throughout your intranet using SharePoint Join meetings on the go with a dial-in number using Microsoft Teams Audio Conferencing Join meetings on the go with a dial-in number using Microsoft Teams Audio Conferencing Join meetings on the go with a dial-in number using Microsoft Teams Audio Conferencing Join meetings on the go with a dial-in number using Microsoft Teams Audio Conferencing Available as add-on Host webinars that include attendee registration pages, email confirmations, and reporting Host webinars that include attendee registration pages, email confirmations, and reporting Host webinars that include attendee registration pages, email confirmations, and reporting Host webinars that include attendee registration pages, email confirmations, and reporting Toggle visibility of 3 table rows below the Web and mobile versions of Microsoft 365 apps row Web and mobile versions of Microsoft 365 apps Web and mobile versions of Microsoft 365 apps Web and mobile versions of Microsoft 365 apps Web and mobile versions of Microsoft 365 apps Web versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote Web versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote Web versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote Web versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote Plus a web version of Outlook Always up-to-date versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote for iOS and Android on up to five mobile devices and five tablets4 Always up-to-date versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote for iOS and Android on up to five mobile devices and five tablets4 Always up-to-date versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote for iOS and Android on up to five mobile devices and five tablets4 Always up-to-date versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote for iOS and Android on up to five mobile devices and five tablets4 Plus Outlook Real-time coauthoring so multiple users can work in the same document, simultaneously Real-time coauthoring so multiple users can work in the same document, simultaneously Real-time coauthoring so multiple users can work in the same document, simultaneously Real-time coauthoring so multiple users can work in the same document, simultaneously Toggle visibility of 7 table rows below the Email and calendaring row Email and calendaring Email and calendaring Email and calendaring Email and calendaring Email hosting with 50 GB mailbox Email hosting with 50 GB mailbox Email hosting with 50 GB mailbox Email hosting with 50 GB mailbox Use your own custom domain name (for example, yourname@yourcompany.com) Use your own custom domain name (for example, yourname@yourcompany.com) Use your own custom domain name (for example, yourname@yourcompany.com) Use your own custom domain name (for example, yourname@yourcompany.com) Business-class email on mobile devices, tablets, desktops, and the web with Exchange Business-class email on mobile devices, tablets, desktops, and the web with Exchange Business-class email on mobile devices, tablets, desktops, and the web with Exchange Business-class email on mobile devices, tablets, desktops, and the web with Exchange Manage your calendar, share available meeting times, schedule meetings, and get reminders Manage your calendar, share available meeting times, schedule meetings, and get reminders Manage your calendar, share available meeting times, schedule meetings, and get reminders Manage your calendar, share available meeting times, schedule meetings, and get reminders Schedule meetings and respond to invitations with ease using shared calendars Schedule meetings and respond to invitations with ease using shared calendars Schedule meetings and respond to invitations with ease using shared calendars Schedule meetings and respond to invitations with ease using shared calendars Set up new user emails, restore deleted accounts, create custom scripts, and more from anywhere Set up new user emails, restore deleted accounts, create custom scripts, and more from anywhere Set up new user emails, restore deleted accounts, create custom scripts, and more from anywhere Set up new user emails, restore deleted accounts, create custom scripts, and more from anywhere Enable large cloud archive and long-term preservation policies with Exchange Online Archiving Enable large cloud archive and long-term preservation policies with Exchange Online Archiving Enable large cloud archive and long-term preservation policies with Exchange Online Archiving Enable large cloud archive and long-term preservation policies with Exchange Online Archiving Toggle visibility of 11 table rows below the File storage and sharing row File storage and sharing File storage and sharing File storage and sharing File storage and sharing Store and share files with 1 TB of OneDrive cloud storage per user Store and share files with 1 TB of OneDrive cloud storage per user Store and share files with 1 TB of OneDrive cloud storage per user Store and share files with 1 TB of OneDrive cloud storage per user Work on a file and save it directly to OneDrive or SharePoint; your changes are updated across your synced devices Work on a file and save it directly to OneDrive or SharePoint; your changes are updated across your synced devices Work on a file and save it directly to OneDrive or SharePoint; your changes are updated across your synced devices OneDrive only Work on a file and save it directly to OneDrive or SharePoint; your changes are updated across your synced devices Share files with external contacts by providing access or guest links Share files with external contacts by providing access or guest links Share files with external contacts by providing access or guest links Share files with external contacts by providing access or guest links Securely share documents and send emails so only those with the right permissions can access the information Securely share documents and send emails so only those with the right permissions can access the information Securely share documents and send emails so only those with the right permissions can access the information Securely share documents and send emails so only those with the right permissions can access the information Access and sync files on PC or Mac and mobile devices Access and sync files on PC or Mac and mobile devices Access and sync files on PC or Mac and mobile devices Access and sync files on PC or Mac and mobile devices Security and compliance Security and compliance Security and compliance Security and compliance Protect your email against spam, malware, and known threats with Exchange Online Protection Protect your email against spam, malware, and known threats with Exchange Online Protection Protect your email against spam, malware, and known threats with Exchange Online Protection Protect your email against spam, malware, and known threats with Exchange Online Protection Meets key international, regional, and industry-specific standards and terms, with more than 1,000 security and privacy controls Meets key international, regional, and industry-specific standards and terms, with more than 1,000 security and privacy controls Meets key international, regional, and industry-specific standards and terms, with more than 1,000 security and privacy controls Meets key international, regional, and industry-specific standards and terms, with more than 1,000 security and privacy controls Control who and when someone has access to your business information with security groups and custom permissions Control who and when someone has access to your business information with security groups and custom permissions Control who and when someone has access to your business information with security groups and custom permissions Control who and when someone has access to your business information with security groups and custom permissions Create password policies that require users to reset their passwords after a specified number of days Create password policies that require users to reset their passwords after a specified number of days Create password policies that require users to reset their passwords after a specified number of days Create password policies that require users to reset their passwords after a specified number of days Defender for Business Defender for Business Defender for Business Defender for Business Available as add-on Toggle visibility of 4 table rows below the Support and deployment row Support and deployment Support and deployment Support and deployment Support and deployment Around-the-clock phone and online support Around-the-clock phone and online support Around-the-clock phone and online support Around-the-clock phone and online support Have peace of mind with a financially backed 99.9% uptime guarantee Have peace of mind with a financially backed 99.9% uptime guarantee Have peace of mind with a financially backed 99.9% uptime guarantee Have peace of mind with a financially backed 99.9% uptime guarantee Maximum number of users Maximum number of users For 1 PC or Mac Maximum number of users 300 Maximum number of users 300 Licensed for commercial use Licensed for commercial use Licensed for commercial use Licensed for commercial use Toggle visibility of 5 table rows below the Tools to build and manage your business row Tools to build and manage your business Tools to build and manage your business Tools to build and manage your business Tools to build and manage your business Gather feedback from your customers and employees with Microsoft Forms Gather feedback from your customers and employees with Microsoft Forms Gather feedback from your customers and employees with Microsoft Forms Gather feedback from your customers and employees with Microsoft Forms Create, edit, share, and coauthor professional diagrams and flowcharts with Microsoft Visio for the web Create, edit, share, and coauthor professional diagrams and flowcharts with Microsoft Visio for the web Create, edit, share, and coauthor professional diagrams and flowcharts with Microsoft Visio for the web Create, edit, share, and coauthor professional diagrams and flowcharts with Microsoft Visio for the web Plan schedules and daily tasks with Microsoft Teams Plan schedules and daily tasks with Microsoft Teams Plan schedules and daily tasks with Microsoft Teams Plan schedules and daily tasks with Microsoft Teams Track information and work that matters most to your team with Microsoft Lists Track information and work that matters most to your team with Microsoft Lists Track information and work that matters most to your team with Microsoft Lists Track information and work that matters most to your team with Microsoft Lists Make it easier for your customers to schedule and manage appointments with Microsoft Bookings Make it easier for your customers to schedule and manage appointments with Microsoft Bookings Make it easier for your customers to schedule and manage appointments with Microsoft Bookings Make it easier for your customers to schedule and manage appointments with Microsoft Bookings Toggle visibility of 2 table rows below the Desktop versions of Microsoft 365 apps for PC and Mac row Desktop versions of Microsoft 365 apps for PC and Mac Desktop versions of Microsoft 365 apps for PC and Mac Desktop versions of Microsoft 365 apps for PC and Mac Desktop versions of Microsoft 365 apps for PC and Mac Fully installed and always -up-to-dateversions of Outlook, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote for Windows or Mac(plus Access and Publisher for PC only) Fully installed and always -up-to-dateversions of Outlook, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote for Windows or Mac(plus Access and Publisher for PC only) Fully installed and always -up-to-dateversions of Outlook, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote for Windows or Mac(plus Access and Publisher for PC only) Fully installed and always -up-to-dateversions of Outlook, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote for Windows or Mac(plus Access and Publisher for PC only) Each user can install the Microsoft 365 apps on up to five PCs or Macs4 Each user can install the Microsoft 365 apps on up to five PCs or Macs4 Each user can install the Microsoft 365 apps on up to five PCs or Macs4 Each user can install the Microsoft 365 apps on up to five PCs or Macs4 Toggle visibility of 6 table rows below the Advanced threat protection row Advanced threat protection Advanced threat protection Advanced threat protection Advanced threat protection Get enterprise-grade endpoint security across your devices to protect against ransomware and other cyberthreats Get enterprise-grade endpoint security across your devices to protect against ransomware and other cyberthreats Get enterprise-grade endpoint security across your devices to protect against ransomware and other cyberthreats Get enterprise-grade endpoint security across your devices to protect against ransomware and other cyberthreats Help protect against sophisticated threats hidden in email attachments and links, and protect against phishing attacks with Defender for Office 365 Help protect against sophisticated threats hidden in email attachments and links, and protect against phishing attacks with Defender for Office 365 Help protect against sophisticated threats hidden in email attachments and links, and protect against phishing attacks with Defender for Office 365 Help protect against sophisticated threats hidden in email attachments and links, and protect against phishing attacks with Defender for Office 365 Restrict the copying or saving of company information to unauthorized apps and locations with app protection for Microsoft 365 mobile apps Restrict the copying or saving of company information to unauthorized apps and locations with app protection for Microsoft 365 mobile apps Restrict the copying or saving of company information to unauthorized apps and locations with app protection for Microsoft 365 mobile apps Restrict the copying or saving of company information to unauthorized apps and locations with app protection for Microsoft 365 mobile apps Control who has access to company information by applying restrictions like do not copy and do not forward with Information Rights Management Control who has access to company information by applying restrictions like do not copy and do not forward with Information Rights Management Control who has access to company information by applying restrictions like do not copy and do not forward with Information Rights Management Control who has access to company information by applying restrictions like do not copy and do not forward with Information Rights Management Apply policies that provide pre-breach threat resistance in Windows 11 and Windows 10 with attack surface reduction and exploit protection capabilities Apply policies that provide pre-breach threat resistance in Windows 11 and Windows 10 with attack surface reduction and exploit protection capabilities Apply policies that provide pre-breach threat resistance in Windows 11 and Windows 10 with attack surface reduction and exploit protection capabilities Apply policies that provide pre-breach threat resistance in Windows 11 and Windows 10 with attack surface reduction and exploit protection capabilities Help employees securely access business apps wherever they work with conditional access, while helping prevent unauthorized access. Help employees securely access business apps wherever they work with conditional access, while helping prevent unauthorized access. Help employees securely access business apps wherever they work with conditional access, while helping prevent unauthorized access. Help employees securely access business apps wherever they work with conditional access, while helping prevent unauthorized access. Toggle visibility of 6 table rows below the PC and mobile device management row PC and mobile device management PC and mobile device management PC and mobile device management PC and mobile device management Configure security features and settings on Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs and mobile devices running iOS or Android with an easy-to-use setup wizard Configure security features and settings on Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs and mobile devices running iOS or Android with an easy-to-use setup wizard Configure security features and settings on Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs and mobile devices running iOS or Android with an easy-to-use setup wizard Configure security features and settings on Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs and mobile devices running iOS or Android with an easy-to-use setup wizard Use simplified controls to manage policies applied to Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs Use simplified controls to manage policies applied to Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs Use simplified controls to manage policies applied to Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs Use simplified controls to manage policies applied to Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs Automatically deploy the Microsoft 365 apps to Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs Automatically deploy the Microsoft 365 apps to Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs Automatically deploy the Microsoft 365 apps to Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs Automatically deploy the Microsoft 365 apps to Windows 11 and Windows 10 PCs Configure your PCs to automatically install Microsoft 365, Windows 11, and Windows 10 updates Configure your PCs to automatically install Microsoft 365, Windows 11, and Windows 10 updates Configure your PCs to automatically install Microsoft 365, Windows 11, and Windows 10 updates Configure your PCs to automatically install Microsoft 365, Windows 11, and Windows 10 updates Apply security policies to protect business data on all your devices, including iOS, Android, and Windows PCs with mobile device management from Intune Apply security policies to protect business data on all your devices, including iOS, Android, and Windows PCs with mobile device management from Intune Apply security policies to protect business data on all your devices, including iOS, Android, and Windows PCs with mobile device management from Intune Apply security policies to protect business data on all your devices, including iOS, Android, and Windows PCs with mobile device management from Intune Remotely wipe company data from lost or stolen devices with selective wipe from Intune Remotely wipe company data from lost or stolen devices with selective wipe from Intune Remotely wipe company data from lost or stolen devices with selective wipe from Intune Remotely wipe company data from lost or stolen devices with selective wipe from Intune Office Home & Business 2021 Originally starting from $249.99 now starting from $249.99 $249.99 $249.99 (one-time purchase) The version of Microsoft 365 is not available in your country/region. Visit Microsoft Store to find out which versions of Microsoft 365 are available in your country/region. Buy now Microsoft 365 Apps for business Originally starting from $8.25 now starting from $8.25 $8.25 $8.25 user/month (Annual subscriptionauto renews)1 The version of Microsoft 365 is not available in your country/region. Visit Microsoft Store to find out which versions of Microsoft 365 are available in your country/region. Buy now Or try free for one month See trial terms4 Microsoft 365 Business Standard Originally starting from $12.50 now starting from $12.50 $12.50 $12.50 user/month (Annual subscriptionauto renews)1 The version of Microsoft 365 is not available in your country/region. Visit Microsoft Store to find out which versions of Microsoft 365 are available in your country/region. Buy now Or try free for one month See trial terms4 See more options for Microsoft 365 Shop for business Shop for enterprise [1] Once your paid subscription begins, cancelation policies vary based on your status as a new customer, product, and domain selections on Microsoft.Learn more. Cancel your Microsoft 365 subscription any time by going to the Microsoft 365 admin center. When a subscription is canceled, all associated data will be deleted.Learn more about data retention, deletion, and destruction in Microsoft 365. [2] Documents must be saved in and shared from OneDrive. [3] Compatible with Windows 10 or later. For complete requirements for PC and Macsee system requirements. [4] After your one-month free trial, you will be charged the applicable subscription fee. Credit card required. Cancel any time to stop future charges. Follow Microsoft 365\nWhat's new\nSurface Pro\nSurface Laptop\nSurface Laptop Studio 2\nSurface Laptop Go 3\nMicrosoft Copilot\nCopilot in Windows\nExplore Microsoft products\nWindows 11 apps\nMicrosoft Store\nAccount profile\nDownload Center\nMicrosoft Store support\nReturns\nOrder tracking\nCertified Refurbished\nMicrosoft Store Promise\nFlexible Payments\nEducation\nMicrosoft in education\nDevices for education\nMicrosoft Teams for Education\nMicrosoft 365 Education\nHow to buy for your school\nEducator training and development\nDeals for students and parents\nAzure for students\nBusiness\nMicrosoft Cloud\nMicrosoft Security\nDynamics 365\nMicrosoft 365\nMicrosoft Power Platform\nMicrosoft Teams\nCopilot for Microsoft 365\nSmall Business\nDeveloper & IT\nAzure\nDeveloper Center\nDocumentation\nMicrosoft Learn\nMicrosoft Tech Community\nAzure Marketplace\nAppSource\nVisual Studio\nCompany\nCareers\nAbout Microsoft\nCompany news\nPrivacy at Microsoft\nInvestors\nDiversity and inclusion\nAccessibility\nSustainability\nEnglish (United States)\nYour Privacy Choices Opt-Out Icon\nYour Privacy Choices\nYour Privacy Choices Opt-Out Icon\nYour Privacy Choices\nConsumer Health Privacy\nSitemap\nContact Microsoft\nPrivacy\nManage cookies\nTerms of use\nTrademarks\nSafety & eco\nRecycling\nAbout our ads\n Microsoft 2024", "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/get-started-with-office-2021" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Redirecting\nThis site cant be reached\nThe webpage at https://login.live.com/Me.htm?v=3 might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.\nERR_TUNNEL_CONNECTION_FAILED\nnull\nThe webpage at https://login.live.com/Me.htm?v=3 might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.", "url": "https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/msoffice/forum/all/microsoft-office-2021-lifetime-license-for-one-pc/a40148e9-9081-4f92-9b63-84f7a9bf0047" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Buy Office Home & Student 2021 (PC or Mac) - Download & Pricing | Microsoft Store\nTrace Id is missing\nTranslate to English\nYou are shopping Microsoft Store in: {0}\nAre you looking for Microsoft Store in: {0}?\nStay in {0}\nGo to {0}\nSign me up\nThank you!\nStay informed about special deals, the latest products, events and more from Microsoft Store.\nEmail address (required)\nLocation (required)\nArgentina\nAustralia\nAustria\nBelgium\nBrazil\nCanada\nChile\nColombia\nCzech Republic\nDenmark\nFinland\nFrance\nGermany\nHungary\nIndia\nIreland\nIsrael\nItaly\nJapan\nLuxembourg\nMexico\nNetherlands\nNew Zealand\nNorway\nPoland\nPortugal\nSingapore\nSouth Africa\nSouth Korea\nSpain\nSweden\nTurkey\nSwitzerland\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nI would like information, tips, and offers about Microsoft Store and other Microsoft products and services.\nPrivacy statement\n.\nBy clicking sign up, I agree that I would like to hear from Microsoft and its family of companies about Microsoft Store and other Microsoft products and services.\nTo withdraw consent or manage your contact preferences, visit thePromotional Communications Manager.\nPrivacy statement\n.\nSign Up\nYoure now signed up to receive Microsoft Store emails. 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Privacy Statement Third-Party Cookies\nAccept\nReject\nManage cookies\nSkip to main content\nMicrosoft\nMore\nMicrosoft 365\nTeams\nCopilot\nWindows\nSurface\nXbox\nDeals\nSmall Business\nSupport\nAll Microsoft\nGlobal\nMicrosoft 365\nTeams\nCopilot\nWindows\nSurface\nXbox\nDeals\nSmall Business\nSupport\nSoftware\nSoftware\nWindows Apps\nAI\nOutlook\nOneDrive\nMicrosoft Teams\nOneNote\nMicrosoft Edge\nSkype\nPCs & Devices\nPCs & Devices\nComputers\nShop Xbox\nAccessories\nVR & mixed reality\nCertified Refurbished\nTrade-in for cash\nEntertainment\nEntertainment\nXbox Game Pass Ultimate\nPC Game Pass\nXbox games\nPC and Windows games\nMovies & TV\nBusiness\nBusiness\nMicrosoft Cloud\nMicrosoft Security\nDynamics 365\nMicrosoft 365 for business\nMicrosoft Power Platform\nWindows 365\nMicrosoft Industry\nSmall Business\nDeveloper & IT\nDeveloper & IT\nAzure\nDeveloper Center\nDocumentation\nMicrosoft Learn\nMicrosoft Tech Community\nAzure Marketplace\nAppSource\nVisual Studio\nOther\nOther\nMicrosoft Rewards\nFree downloads & security\nEducation\nGift cards\nLicensing\nUnlocked stories\nView Sitemap\nSearch\nSearch Microsoft.com\nNo results\nCancel\n0\nCart\n0 items in shopping cart\nSign in to your accountSign in\nOffice Home & Student 20210 images Open galleryOffice Home & Student 2021Microsoft Corporation\tOne-time purchase for 1 PC or Mac\nClassic 2021 versions of Word, Excel, and PowerPoint\nAccess to support experts\nCompatible with Windows 11, Windows 10, or macOS*\nFor non-commercial use Works with Microsoft Teams\n*Go to aka.ms/systemrequirements for compatible versions of Windows 11, Windows 10 and macOS and for other feature requirements.\n$149.99 Buy nowBest valueSave when you upgrade to Microsoft 365With Microsoft 365 you get Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, and 1 TB of cloud storage per person for all your files, music, photos, videos, and more. Share and collaborate with others across all your devices.WordExcelPowerpointOutlookOneDriveStarting at $6.99/monthUp to 6 peopleFor 1 person\nOverview\nRequirements\nFAQ\nPrevious\nNext\nKey benefits\nThe essentials to get it all done. Office Home and Student 2021 is for students and families who want classic Office apps including Word, Excel, and PowerPoint for Windows 11 and Windows 10. A one-time purchase installed on 1 PC or Mac for use at home or school.\nA one-time purchase\nInstall on one PC or Mac\nClassic Office apps\nClassic apps for home and school\nWord\nExcel\nPowerPoint\nDon't see the apps you need?\nView all options\nTop questions\nExpand All\n|\nCollapse All\nWhats the difference between Microsoft 365 and Office 2021?\nMicrosoft 365is a subscription that comes with premium apps like Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, Outlook, Publisher, and Access (Publisher and Access available on PC only). The apps can be installed on multiple devices, including PCs, Macs, iPads, iPhones, Android tablets, and Android phones.Microsoft 365also comes with services like 1 TB of OneDrive storage, 60 Skype minutes per month, and Microsoft chat and phone support. With a subscription, you get the latest versions of the apps and automatically receive updates when they happen.\nOffice 2021is a one-time purchase that comes with classic apps like Word, Excel, and PowerPoint for PC or Mac, and does not include any of the services that come with aMicrosoft 365subscription. One-time purchases dont have an upgrade option, which means if you plan to upgrade to the next major release, you'll have to buy it at full price.\nLearn more aboutthe differences between Microsoft 365 and Office 2021in Office Support, or use thecomparison chartto help you pick the right Office version for your needs.\nI'm a student, parent, or educator. Which version of Microsoft 365 should I choose?\nFirst, check if you are eligible forOffice 365 Education, which is free for qualified teachers and students, and includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, Microsoft Teams, and other classroom tools from Microsoft. Office 365 Education is not a trial, and is available for free to accredited academic institutions who have successfully signed up for this program.\nIf your school is not eligible for Office 365 Education, you canchoose from other Office optionsto find the Office version that fits your budget and needs.\nHow do I know if my computer, mobile device, or browser can run Office?\nTo see if your computer, mobile device, and/or browser can run Office, please visit theOffice system requirements page.\nDo I need internet access to run Office?\nInternet access is required to install and activate Office, but not to use Office apps such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint once you have these fully installed on your computer.\nHow do I download, install, reinstall, activate, or update Office?\nOnce you have purchased Office, you can install it from the Services & subscriptions section of yourMicrosoft Account page.\nGo to Office Support for more steps todownload, install, reinstall, activate, or update Office.\nAre there tutorials on how to use the Office apps and services?\nYes, theMicrosoft 365Training Centerhas quick start guides, cheat sheets, tips and tricks, and training courses on how you can make the best use of Office.\nWhy shop at Microsoft Store\nFrom instant downloads to expert support, were here to help you do more with best-in-class resources.\nLearn more\nInstant software downloads\nInstall most apps and software, like Microsoft 365, Windows, and Xbox games, via digital download.\nLearn about digital downloads\nFree virtual workshops\nImprove your skills across core apps and software with free online classes and trainings led by Microsoft Store associates.\nFind virtual resources and classes\nQuestions? We've got answers.\nGet one-on-one support any time via chat or phone, or find answers fast with common FAQs.\nGet support\nProcessor\nWindows 11 or Windows 10 with 1.6 GHz, 2-core processor/recent macOS\nOperating system\nWindows 11 or Windows 10 for PC; Mac OS for Mac\nMemory\n4 GB (64bit), 2 GB (32bit) RAM for PC; 4 GB RAM for Mac\nHard disk space\n4 GB available disk space for PC, 10 GB for Mac\nDisplay\n1024 x 768 resolution for PC, 1280 x 800 for Mac\nGraphics\nDirectX 10 graphics card for graphics hardware acceleration for PC\nAdditional system requirements\nInternet access\nMicrosoft account\nSee System Requirements for the full list of system requirements\nFrequently asked questions\nFind frequently asked questions and answers about Office and Microsoft 365.\nTop questions\nProduct keys, redemption, and activation\nLanguage support for Office\nDownload and install Office\nSupport and resources\nTop questions\nExpand All\n|\nCollapse All\nWhats the difference between Microsoft365 subscription plans and Office as a one-time purchase?\nMicrosoft 365is a subscription that comes with premium apps like Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, Outlook, Publisher, and Access (Publisher and Access available on PC only). The apps can be installed on multiple devices, including PCs, Macs, iPads, iPhones, Android tablets, and Android phones. Microsoft 365 also comes with services like 1 TB of OneDrive storage, 60 Skype minutes per month, and Microsoft chat and phone support. With a subscription, you get the latest versions of the apps and automatically receive updates when they happen.\nOffice 2021is a one-time purchase that comes with classic apps like Word, Excel, and PowerPoint for PC or Mac, and does not include any of the services that come with a Microsoft 365 subscription. One-time purchases dont have an upgrade option, which means if you plan to upgrade to the next major release, you'll have to buy it at full price.\nLearn more aboutthe differences between Microsoft 365 and Office 2021in Office Support, or use thecomparison chartto help you pick the right Office version for your needs.\nHow do I know my PC or Mac can run Office?\nYou can check if your device can support your version of Office by viewing thefull Office system requirements.\nWill Office be identical on a PC, a Mac, and a mobile device?\nNo. Office applications are tailored to work best on each platform and device. The Office applications available for Mac users and the version numbers may be different from those available for PC users.\nCan people with an earlier version of Office open documents I created using Microsoft365 or Office 2021?\nMicrosoft365,Office 2021, Office 2019, Office 2016, Office2013, Office2010, Office 2007, Office for Mac 2011, and Office for Mac 2008 applications can open your documents without any additional action. Customers using earlier versions of Office may need to download andinstall a compatibility pack.\nDo I keep control of my documents with an Microsoft 365 subscription?\nYes. Documents that you have created belong fully to you. You can choose to store them online on OneDrive or locally on your PC or Mac.Learn what happens if you cancel your subscription.\nIs Internet access required for Office?\nInternet access is required to install and activate all the latest releases of Office suites and all Microsoft 365 subscription plans. For Microsoft 365 plans, Internet access is also needed to manage your subscription account, for example to install Office on other PCs or to change billing options. Internet access is also required to access documents stored on OneDrive, unless you install theOneDrive desktop app. You should also connect to the Internet regularly to keep your version of Office up to date and benefit from automatic upgrades. If you do not connect to the Internet at least every 31 days, your applications will go into reduced functionality mode, which means that you can view or print your documents, but cannot edit the documents or create new ones. To reactivate your Office applications, simply reconnect to the Internet.\nYou do not need to be connected to the Internet to use the Office applications, such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, because the applications are fully installed on your computer.\nWhat is a Microsoft account and why do I need it to try or buy Office?\nYour Microsoft account is the combination of an email address and password that you use to sign in to services like Hotmail, OneDrive, Windows Phone, Xbox LIVE, and Outlook.com. If you use any of these services, you already have a Microsoft account that you can use, or you can create a new account.Learn more about a Microsoft account. As part of signing up for a trial or purchasing Office, you will be prompted to sign in with a Microsoft account. You must be signed in with this account to install and manage your Office software, or to use some subscription benefits, including OneDrive storage and Skype minutes.\nWhat is the maximum number of Office licenses I can activate using the same Microsoft account?\nUsers can activate 1 subscription for Microsoft 365 Family and Microsoft 365 Personal and up to 25 licenses for Office Home & Student 2021, Office Home & Business 2021, and Office Professional 2021.\nProduct keys, redemption, and activation\nExpand All\n|\nCollapse All\nI purchased Office. Where can I go to set up my account and install Office?\nTo set up your account and install Office for the first time, visithttps://setup.office.com.Learn more about setting up your account. If you have already created your account, visitaccounts.microsoft.com.Learn more about installing Office.\nWhat is a Product Key and where do I find it?\nA Product Key is a unique 25-character alpha-numeric code used to redeem and activate your Office product. You cannot use a product key for an older Office product (or a different product) to redeem your new copy of Office.\nTo find your Product Key, look for the 25-character alpha-numeric code on the back of the card inside your Office product packaging. Sometimes the Product Key may be printed on your retail receipt. If you purchased Office from a PC manufacturer, your Product Key will be located somewhere in your PC packaging. Sample Product Key format: XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX\nGet information on locating your product key.\nDo I need to keep my Product Key?\nAfter you associate your Product Key to your Microsoft account, you can sign in toaccounts.microsoft.comto install and manage Office. But it's a good idea to keep your Product Key in a secure location as proof of purchase or to help our support agents trace your product.\nShould I use my existing Microsoft account or create a new one?\nIt's best to use your existing Microsoft account. If you use other Microsoft products or services (e.g. Xbox, OneDrive, Outlook.com, MSN, or Bing), you may already have a Microsoft account and wont need to create a new one. If you forgot your username or password, recover those details by returning to sign in and clicking onCan't access your account?\nLanguage support for Office\nExpand All\n|\nCollapse All\nWhich Office products are available in my country/region?\nMicrosoft 365plans are available inmost countries/regions. In countries/regions where Microsoft 365plans are not available, you can still buy an Office 2021 suite. When buying Microsoft 365, its important that you select the country/region in which you will be billed and in which youll use the software. Selecting a different country/region may cause problems with subscription setup and renewal.\nFor which languages is Office available?\nOffice is available in the languages listed below. Not all languages are available in all countries/regions.\nFor PCs running Windows:Arabic, Bulgarian, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay (Malaysia), Norwegian (Bokml), Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Serbian (Latin), Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese.\nFor Mac:Arabic, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Danish, Dutch, English (United States), Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian (Bokmal), Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish.\nFor iOS:Arabic, Catalan, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (United States), English (United Kingdom), Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian (Bokml), Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese.\nFor Android:Arabic, Bulgarian, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian (Bokml), Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Serbian (Latin), Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Catalan, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, Tamil, and Telugu.\nCan I use Office in languages other than the one I originally purchased?\nMicrosoft offers simple and cost-effective solutions for multilingual individuals, families, and small businesses.\nMicrosoft365:Each time you install Office on an additional PC or Mac ataccounts.microsoft.com, you can choose the language in which to install Office.\nOffice 2021:You can install language accessory packs after installing Microsoft Office, to add additional display, help, or proofing tools.Learn more about the Language Accessory Pack for Office.\nDownload and install Office\nExpand All\n|\nCollapse All\nHow do I install Office?\nTo install Microsoft365 or Office as a one-time purchase, visitaccounts.microsoft.comon the PC or Mac that you want to install Office on. Sign in with the Microsoft account that you used to purchase, or have already associated, with the subscription or one-time purchase product, and then follow the onscreen instructions to install Office. Learn more abouthow to install Office.\nIf you need to set up your account and install Office for the first time, visithttps://setup.office.com.Learn more about where to enter your Office product key.\nTo download and install older versions of Office, visitwww.office.com/downloadoffice.\nI have several Office 2021, Office 2019, 2016 or 2013 (one-time purchase) installations under the same Microsoft account and I need to reinstall one of them. What do I do?\nYoull need to determine which Office product keys correspond to each PC.Learn more.\nHow many devices can I install Office on if I have a Microsoft 365 Family or Personal subscription?\nMicrosoft 365 Familycan be shared among 6 users and installed on multiple devices, including PCs, Macs, iPads, iPhones, Android tablets, and Android phones.Microsoft 365Personal is for 1 user and can also be installed on multiple devices.\nCan I install Office on my Mac?\nYes. You can purchase Microsoft 365 subscriptions for both Mac and Windows.Office Home & Business 2021orOffice Home & Student 2021are also available for Mac as a one-time purchase. Office applications available for a Mac are Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, and OneNote. The Publisher and Access applications are not available for Mac. Current Office application versions for Microsoft 365 and Office 2021 are available for both Windows and Mac.\nCan I install Office on a PC that already has an older version of Office on it?\nLearn about which Office versions can work side by side on the same device inthis article.\nHow long does it take to download and install Office?\nThe actual download speed of Office depends on the speed of your Internet connection; a broadband Internet connection is recommended for the best download experience.\nAll versions of the new Office for Windows PCs use a streaming technology that lets you begin to use Office applications before installation is complete.\nIf Office is taking a long time to install,learn about possible solutions.\nHow do I access my applications after I've installed Office?\nIcons for Office applications are created when you install Office. You can start the applications by clicking the icons, which are installed in the following locations:\nWindows\nWindows 7: Start menu\nWindows 8: Start screen and Apps view (the view under the Start screen that includes all apps installed on a PC)*\nWindows 8.1: Apps view*\n*If you cannot find your icons in Windows 8 or Windows 8.1, go to the Start screen and type the name of the application you want to launch (for example, Word).\nWindows 11 or Windows 10: Start menu. You can also type the name of the application you want to launch (for example, Word) in Cortana.\nYou can also pin an application shortcut to your Start screen or your desktop taskbar for convenient access.Learn more.\nMac OS X\n10.6 (Snow Leopard): Dock\n10.7 (Lion): Dock and Launchpad\n10.8 (Mountain Lion): Dock and Launchpad\n10.9 (Mavericks): Dock and Launchpad\n10.10 (Yosemite): You can start the applications by clicking the application icons which can be found in the Launchpad and Applications folder in Finder.\nShould I install the 32-bit or 64-bit version of Office?\nThe 32-bit version of Office is installed by default.\nEven if your computer is running a 64-bit version of Windows, we recommend that you install the 32-bit version of Office, because it is more compatible with the applications and add-ins that work with Office. If you do want to install the 64-bit version of Office, you can do so by visitingaccounts.microsoft.comand following the onscreen instructions to install the 64-bit version. It is not possible to install both the 64-bit version and 32-bit versions of Office on the same computer.\nHow can I change which devices have Microsoft 365 installed?\nIf you have installed Microsoft 365on the maximum number of PCs, Macs, or tablets and want to use Microsoft 365on a different device, you can deactivate a device by visitingaccounts.microsoft.com, after which you can install Office on a new device. The copy of Office on the device you deactivated will revert to read-only mode, which means documents can be viewed but not edited. You will not lose any documents that are saved locally on the original device.\nHow do I uninstall Office?\nTo uninstall Office, first visitaccounts.microsoft.comand follow the onscreen instructions to deactivate Office. Deactivating Office leaves the Office applications on your PC in read-only mode, which means that you can view documents but can't edit or save them, and you cant create new documents. To remove Office entirely, go to your PC's Control Panel and uninstall Office. For Mac, iPad, and Android tablets, follow the instructions on that device to uninstall an application.\nHow do I obtain a back-up copy of my Office product?\nThere are several ways to get a back-up for your Office product:\nMicrosoft 365 customers can download or reinstall from accounts.microsoft.com.\nYou may order a DVD back-up copy for the latest release Office products for a fee. Visit www.office.com/backup for details.\nBack-up copies cannot be shipped to the following countries/regions: Bhutan, Brazil, China, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Cook Islands, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Iraq, Jan Mayen, Kiribati, Libya, Micronesia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, Niue, Palau, Pitcairn Islands, Saba, Samoa, Sint Eustatius, Timor Leste, Tokelau, Wallis, and Futuna.\nWhat mobile apps are available for Office?\nGet the core Office experience for free on your favorite tablets and phones. To find and download apps, visit the following pages:Office for iPad,Office for iPhone,Office for Android tablet, andOffice for Android phone. For Word, Excel, and PowerPoint apps, get premium features with an eligible Microsoft 365 subscription. For information about the premium features for mobile devices that are available with Microsoft 365, visitwww.office.com/information.\nHow do I make sure I always have the latest Microsoft 365 applications?\nMicrosoft 365customers with an active subscription always get the newest versions of the Office applications when they are available. When we release a new version of Office, you will be notified that you have the option to update your software to the latest version.\nI have Office for Mac 2011 as part of my Microsoft365 subscription. How do I get the latest version of Office for Mac?\nThe latest version, Office 2021 for Mac, is now available to Microsoft365 subscribers as part of your subscription. To install Office 2021 for Mac, go toaccounts.microsoft.comand follow the instructions there.\nSupport and resources\nExpand All\n|\nCollapse All\nWhere can I get technical support?\nVisitMicrosoft supportfor help on technical issues, including:\nOrder status\nBilling\nDownload\nProduct key\nInstallation/de-installation\nProduct activation\nProduct use\nAre there other support options?\nFor help and how-to content, visitwww.office.com/support. 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Talk to an expert\nCan we help you?\nChat now\nNo thanks\nThis site cant be reached\nThe webpage at https://login.live.com/oauth20_authorize.srf?client_id=10fa57ef-4895-4ab2-872c-8c3613d4f7fb&scope=openid+profile+offline_access&redirect_uri=https%3a%2f%2fwww.microsoft.com%2fcascadeauth%2faccount%2fsignin-oidc&response_type=code&state=CfDJ8ErKcMLaah5Eq24B2tGmvfyAiyS2uEZlYvG_IuGKZlxEFIqDy26JUBmT3_jakXpYmvvyuLYUe4zXBTkiKDopO8fcJvLY4tR0_sF4KvkX1ExUr0VoBFkXFJbzFvCKTxe8hsZXSiEAErt3nhNoQQcgc-w0cXTiJRkpISt6Vg0ohgDsGkChm6nXTfJEge55fCIZdlahADUOvjhoacVUza_KElktKsdjURXUPaJ96Jt6sY2aGTVNaJ3O10Jt90B9YOHDj75N53RgULhr0IeZiv0hikSau5DhcQvV2HqcCGc5Y-18z3NibCHfhkaheXUB3vQpU1i0sPc7HFF7MhZ1jcP-vcf4n2-7gfcPLkJjHtzu_UHbRUVbEhJe4LjejQvrZNxXEAFMVuuHTvo2tl2ANqAp1TTxNOWs7G7D76Vi_Ry7ofanlFn-bqaXb2KkFwfg5eDV4C6ZQtaLeDM6hyQKTTw__yuXw0iGOTnl6ljlgDCjQQiJqZCOLH4x_PWtCcpX53SKriQb8US-AnL9veN0USuj2qo&response_mode=form_post&nonce=638526027376769404.MDJiZDVlYzQtZTgyNy00YmU1LWFhN2QtZGQwZGU2NjRiYjBiMzRlOGM3ZTUtNzUwNi00NGU5LTlhNzYtMGI2MDJiZGQ4ZWVh&prompt=none&code_challenge=jBDweKrc2LPTgMbztH18jlKqZIzV4DixhnmeyBVe8LA&code_challenge_method=S256&x-client-SKU=ID_NET6_0&x-client-Ver=6.33.0.0&uaid=2f76ea6838e1430c852065e923db0275&msproxy=1&issuer=mso&tenant=consumers&ui_locales=en-US&client_info=1&epct=PAQABDgEAAADnfolhJpSnRYB1SVj-Hgd8OH93RHVfC15wh2FwBPkdcb1yq40tm9ueScMcl4BNAR0OTeA6flhdgL2tpY4fNRzeDjhUZkQr6x27qUTMlhXWXN1c6e_h-09bilV_9C1Vq-pBgQKuwWunu0W48TrNO_jLzW8lXEa5fp8Djzh-wy1o6z9_XCbADUmdz9pXUS0GyKFgRTY-ijvZJFZwPJcRjx47qJlz5kfbEwx66JVvnezFUiAA&jshs=0&claims=%7b\"compact\"%3a%7b\"name\"%3a%7b\"essential\"%3atrue%7d%7d%7d# might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.\nERR_TUNNEL_CONNECTION_FAILED\nnull\nThe webpage at https://login.live.com/oauth20_authorize.srf?client_id=10fa57ef-4895-4ab2-872c-8c3613d4f7fb&scope=openid+profile+offline_access&redirect_uri=https%3a%2f%2fwww.microsoft.com%2fcascadeauth%2faccount%2fsignin-oidc&response_type=code&state=CfDJ8ErKcMLaah5Eq24B2tGmvfyAiyS2uEZlYvG_IuGKZlxEFIqDy26JUBmT3_jakXpYmvvyuLYUe4zXBTkiKDopO8fcJvLY4tR0_sF4KvkX1ExUr0VoBFkXFJbzFvCKTxe8hsZXSiEAErt3nhNoQQcgc-w0cXTiJRkpISt6Vg0ohgDsGkChm6nXTfJEge55fCIZdlahADUOvjhoacVUza_KElktKsdjURXUPaJ96Jt6sY2aGTVNaJ3O10Jt90B9YOHDj75N53RgULhr0IeZiv0hikSau5DhcQvV2HqcCGc5Y-18z3NibCHfhkaheXUB3vQpU1i0sPc7HFF7MhZ1jcP-vcf4n2-7gfcPLkJjHtzu_UHbRUVbEhJe4LjejQvrZNxXEAFMVuuHTvo2tl2ANqAp1TTxNOWs7G7D76Vi_Ry7ofanlFn-bqaXb2KkFwfg5eDV4C6ZQtaLeDM6hyQKTTw__yuXw0iGOTnl6ljlgDCjQQiJqZCOLH4x_PWtCcpX53SKriQb8US-AnL9veN0USuj2qo&response_mode=form_post&nonce=638526027376769404.MDJiZDVlYzQtZTgyNy00YmU1LWFhN2QtZGQwZGU2NjRiYjBiMzRlOGM3ZTUtNzUwNi00NGU5LTlhNzYtMGI2MDJiZGQ4ZWVh&prompt=none&code_challenge=jBDweKrc2LPTgMbztH18jlKqZIzV4DixhnmeyBVe8LA&code_challenge_method=S256&x-client-SKU=ID_NET6_0&x-client-Ver=6.33.0.0&uaid=2f76ea6838e1430c852065e923db0275&msproxy=1&issuer=mso&tenant=consumers&ui_locales=en-US&client_info=1&epct=PAQABDgEAAADnfolhJpSnRYB1SVj-Hgd8OH93RHVfC15wh2FwBPkdcb1yq40tm9ueScMcl4BNAR0OTeA6flhdgL2tpY4fNRzeDjhUZkQr6x27qUTMlhXWXN1c6e_h-09bilV_9C1Vq-pBgQKuwWunu0W48TrNO_jLzW8lXEa5fp8Djzh-wy1o6z9_XCbADUmdz9pXUS0GyKFgRTY-ijvZJFZwPJcRjx47qJlz5kfbEwx66JVvnezFUiAA&jshs=0&claims=%7b\"compact\"%3a%7b\"name\"%3a%7b\"essential\"%3atrue%7d%7d%7d# might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.", "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/p/office-home-student-2021/cfq7ttc0h8n8" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Redirecting\nThis site cant be reached\nThe webpage at https://login.live.com/Me.htm?v=3 might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.\nERR_TUNNEL_CONNECTION_FAILED\nnull\nThe webpage at https://login.live.com/Me.htm?v=3 might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.", "url": "https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/msoffice/forum/all/how-to-download-and-install-microsoft-office-2021/17858869-363c-489f-b958-7a28003e766c" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Redirecting\nThis site cant be reached\nThe webpage at https://login.live.com/Me.htm?v=3 might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.\nERR_TUNNEL_CONNECTION_FAILED\nnull\nThe webpage at https://login.live.com/Me.htm?v=3 might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.", "url": "https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/msoffice/forum/all/microsoft-office-2021-wont-update-beyond-1678-says/af498668-2c7d-4d98-bb98-e7a186b40655" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "I have Office 2021, but Office 365, which I don't want, is linked to it and causing issues. - Microsoft Q&A\nSkip to main content\nWe use optional cookies to improve your experience on our websites, such as through social media connections, and to display personalized advertising based on your online activity. If you reject optional cookies, only cookies necessary to provide you the services will be used. You may change your selection by clicking Manage Cookies at the bottom of the page. Privacy Statement Third-Party Cookies\nAccept\nReject\nManage cookies\nThis browser is no longer supported.\nUpgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support.\nDownload Microsoft Edge\nMore info about Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge\nLearn\nSuggestions will filter as you type\nSign in\nProfile\nSettings\nSign out\nLearn\nDiscover\nDocumentation\nIn-depth articles on Microsoft developer tools and technologies\nTraining\nPersonalized learning paths and courses\nCredentials\nGlobally recognized, industry-endorsed credentials\nQ&A\nTechnical questions and answers moderated by Microsoft\nCode Samples\nCode sample library for Microsoft developer tools and technologies\nAssessments\nInteractive, curated guidance and recommendations\nShows\nThousands of hours of original programming from Microsoft experts\nFeatured assessment\nIt's your AI learning journey\nWherever you are in your AI journey, Microsoft Learn meets you where you are and helps you deepen your skills.\nProduct documentation\nASP.NET\nAzure\nDynamics 365\nMicrosoft 365\nMicrosoft Edge\nMicrosoft Entra\nMicrosoft Graph\nMicrosoft Intune\nMicrosoft Purview\nMicrosoft Teams\n.NET\nPower Apps\nPower Automate\nPower BI\nPower Platform\nPowerShell\nSQL\nSysinternals\nVisual Studio\nWindows\nWindows Server\nView all products\nFeatured assessment\nIt's your AI learning journey\nWherever you are in your AI journey, Microsoft Learn meets you where you are and helps you deepen your skills.\nDevelopment languages\nC++\nC#\nDAX\nJava\nOData\nOpenAPI\nPower Query M\nVBA\nFeatured assessment\nIt's your AI learning journey\nWherever you are in your AI journey, Microsoft Learn meets you where you are and helps you deepen your skills.\nTopics\nArtificial intelligence\nCompliance\nDevOps\nPlatform engineering\nSecurity\nFeatured assessment\nIt's your AI learning journey\nWherever you are in your AI journey, Microsoft Learn meets you where you are and helps you deepen your skills.\nSuggestions will filter as you type\nSign in\nProfile\nSettings\nSign out\nQ&A\nQuestions\nTags\nHelp\nMore\nQuestions\nTags\nHelp\nAsk a question\nSave\nAdd to Collections\nAdd to Plan\nAdd to Collections\nShare via\nFacebook\nx.com\nLinkedIn\nEmail\nI have Office 2021, but Office 365, which I don't want, is linked to it and causing issues.\ngeercom\n76\nReputation points\nFeb 9, 2023, 6:39 PM\nI purchased and use Office 2021. When I load office programs they show as Office 2021. However, Office 365 shows as installed on my PC, and Office 2021 does not show as installed. I never accepted or installed 365 nor do I want it at all.\nNow, when I use Office 2021, such as Word 2021, there are all kinds of freeze ups. I look in the Task Manager and there are all these iterations of Microsoft Edge WebView 2 processes and an ai.exe artificial intelligence host from Microsoft running under the Word process.\nI know the Microsoft Edge WebView 2 is from Office 365. Somehow you have connected the Office 2021 that I bought and want on my PC with Office 365, which I don't want at all.\nI want my Office 2021 separated from Office 365 so I don't get all this. I already tried uninstalling Office 365 and then going to my Microsoft account online and reinstalling the Office 2021 I bought, but the result is the same.\nI use this for work, for my livelihood. Please fix it.\nOffice\nOffice\nA suite of Microsoft productivity software that supports common business tasks, including word processing, email, presentations, and data management and analysis.\n1,366 questions\nSign in to follow\nSign in to follow\n4 comments\nHide comments for this question\nReport a concern\nI have the same question\n2\n{count} votes\nLori Baldridge\n5\nReputation points\nMar 12, 2024, 7:24 PM\ni have the same situation, office 365 took over my Office 2021 and all the shortcuts dont work and i have used the repair tool twice but nothing, i want the shortcuts back on my desktop\n1 vote\nReport a concern\nMD\n0\nReputation points\nApr 15, 2024, 2:59 PM\nI have been having this same issue too. I have the Micrososft Home and Business Office 2021 and when I try to use IT I get 365 instead and when I go into the account and such I see both of them listed. I did receive an initial help to get it to be 2021 but then when setting up my Microsoft Cloud seems to have brought it back again? And now when I \"Log out\" it shows it as my 2021 but when I log in then it shows it as 365! Ugh what is going on?! Why on earth can we not have some kind of TOGGLE to go between the two vs us being sent a way we do NOT want to go?!\n0 votes\nReport a concern\nLori Baldridge\n5\nReputation points\nApr 15, 2024, 5:25 PM\nSince i last posted i have had quite an experience, i was unable to work for 2 days as my office 2021 was held hostage. I signed up for 365 and couldnt use that either. Tech support \"suggested\" it was my computer of course. I bought a new computer, same problem, it became evident that it was my microsoft account. I also had a subscription for onedrive storage that came with microsoft 365 basic. i told them to cancel all those subscriptions from my account and then i rebooted and office 2021 was back and working. whole endeavor cost me a computer i didnt need but i also do need the onedrive storage and several days later microsoft was telling me i had exceed the free basic account storage space and needed to upgrade.. so back to this again. now i have onedrive storage and microsoft basic is not interfering now but if there is another major update its possible i will have to ask them to cancel and/or find another cloud solution. hope this help!\n0 votes\nReport a concern\nUriel Algaba\n5\nReputation points\nMay 4, 2024, 10:51 AM\nI spent my quote in the market, but I'm retired now. It never ceases to amaze me the answers from people fashioning Microsoft badges; are all robotic, given answers like they are addressing users with zero knowledge. It never occurred to them that the fact they came here pointed out that they were already digging around. Please, I know the difference between registration and activation, or authentication: Office has been activated, my account is there when I go to File>Options>Account, and it does not read Office 2021, it says Office 365! Please, people, read twice the questions before answering them.\n1 vote\nReport a concern\nSign in to comment\n1 answer\nSort by:\nMost helpful\nMost helpful Newest Oldest\nMichael Taylor\n49,251\nReputation points\nFeb 9, 2023, 7:05 PM\nOffice 2021 is just the marketing name for the OTS version of Office. Office 365 (or now known as Microsoft 365) is just the subscription based service. They are the same version of the software. You register one with a product key (which is probably tied to your MS account for life) and the other is just tied to your MS account assuming you pay a yearly fee.\nSo at this point I think you are just getting mixed up with the naming. When you open your version of Office, does it have a product key listed? If so then that is the version you purchased at retail. If you go to your MS account you should see it listed as being retail as well. However if you look at your MS account and it is says there is an expiration date then that means you have an active MS 365 subscription as well. You would have had to buy that yourself.\nNote that Windows 10/11 shipped with Windows Store versions of Office that were basically trial ware. To remove them you would use the Apps and Features option or just right click the tile icon and select Uninstall. These versions were designed to get people able to work with Office documents after installing Windows without having to also install Office. If you have a full copy of Office then these extra versions aren't needed.\nEdge has nothing to do with Office. They are not related nor is WebView2. WebView2 is the UI component that wraps the browser and it is required in Windows. You don't have to have Office to get or use it. Again, they are completely unrelated. Most likely what is happening is that your Office addins or documents are trying to open HTML files and that requires a browser which is what would trigger Edge to start up. That has nothing to do with Office 2021 vs Office 365.\nPlease sign in to rate this answer.\n1 person found this answer helpful.\n5 comments\nShow comments for this answer\nReport a concern\nPaul Klippenstein\n0\nReputation points\nAug 5, 2023, 4:00 AM\nThis answer is absolutely worthless. I downloaded and installed MS Office 2021 but am forced to use 365. I can't even find the installed location of 2021 on the computer. This is ridiculous.\n0 votes\nReport a concern\nM J Bill\n0\nReputation points\nNov 2, 2023, 2:12 AM\nOh so I buy a product that is office 2021 but what your saying is that its not office 2021 its office 365 in disguise. WOULD HAVE BEEN NICE TO KNOW BEFORE I BOUGHT IT F YOU MICROSOFT\n0 votes\nReport a concern\nLPG\n5\nReputation points\nNov 25, 2023, 1:59 AM\nI never wanted 365 to show up as my default interface for my PURCHASE of Office 2021. Another BS Microsoft force feed. Please stop adding things NOBODY wants.\n1 vote\nReport a concern\nKevin Harris\n5\nReputation points\nMar 26, 2024, 9:52 PM\nWhy should I pay for a subscription service when I have already purchased Office?\n1 vote\nReport a concern\nLori Baldridge\n5\nReputation points\nMar 27, 2024, 1:22 PM\nWith the last update i had a very expensive problem where i couldnt work for 2 days due to Office 2021 being held hostage . I uninstalled and tried to reinstall as you did. I also have the onedrive storage subscription which also has microsoft basic and the update defaulted to microsoft basic and would not recognize my Office subscription even though it was on my MSA dashboard. None of the 4 technicians could solve this. Finally i asked them to cancel my subscription and voila! i was able to use my Office 2021. Now problem is my onedrive is too large for the free version and they do not offer onedrive storage without this 'ms basic' .. a week later i get notices that i will not have access to my storage. Hard to work with all this so i signed up again. Apparently i need another storage solution, i have an external drive but what a PIA, in the meantime i am able to work and i crossing my fingers no big updates are imminent.\n0 votes\nReport a concern\nSign in to comment\nSign in to answer\nAdditional resources\nQuestion activity\nSign in to follow questions and users\nAdditional resources\nEnglish (United States)\nCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon\nYour Privacy Choices\nTheme\nLight\nDark\nHigh contrast\nManage cookies\nPrevious Versions\nBlog\nContribute\nPrivacy\nTerms of Use\nCode of Conduct\nTrademarks\n Microsoft 2024", "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/1179327/i-have-office-2021-but-office-365-which-i-dont-wan" }, { "status_code": 200, "text": "Redirecting\nThis site cant be reached\nThe webpage at https://login.live.com/Me.htm?v=3 might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.\nERR_TUNNEL_CONNECTION_FAILED\nnull\nThe webpage at https://login.live.com/Me.htm?v=3 might be temporarily down or it may have moved permanently to a new web address.", "url": "https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/msoffice/forum/all/upgraded-to-office-2021-and-now-i-am-unable-to/48f4b044-6907-42f2-899e-f551ddc158a2" } ]